Judgment — ECLI:EU:T:2009:467
Date: 2009-11-25
Language of the case: German
Court formation: Fifth Chamber
Based on: Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (1957)
Subject matter: State aids;Competition
Concepts: Aid to small and medium-sized enterprises
Procedure: Action for annulment - unfounded
Origin: Germany

summary information whenever, in pursuance of this Regulation, an aid scheme is implemented or an individual aid outside such schemes is granted, with a view to publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities. For the same reasons, it is appropriate to establish rules concerning the records that Member States should keep regarding the aid exempted by this Regulation. For the purposes of the annual report to be submitted to the Commission by Member States, it is appropriate for the Commission to establish its specific requirements, including, in view of the wide availability of the necessary technology, information in computerised form.’ 3 Article 9(2) of the Regulation exempting SMEs, headed ‘Transparency and monitoring’ provides: ‘Member States shall maintain detailed records regarding the aid schemes exempted by this Regulation, the individual aid granted under those schemes, and the individual aid exempted by this Regulation that is granted outside any existing aid scheme. Such records shall contain all information necessary to establish that the conditions for exemption, as laid down in this Regulation, are fulfilled, including information on the status of the company as an SME. Member States shall keep a record regarding an individual aid for 10 years from the date on which it was granted, and regarding an aid scheme, for 10 years from the date on which the last individual aid was granted under such scheme. On written request, the Member State concerned shall provide the Commission, within a period of 20 working days or such longer period as may be fixed in the request, with all the information which the Commission considers necessary to assess whether the conditions of this Regulation have been complied with.’ Background to the dispute 4 By two letters dated 26 July 2006, the Commission of the European Communities requested the Federal Republic of Germany to provide it with information relating to aid schemes XS 24/2002 and XS 29/2002, in order for it to verify whether those schemes were consistent with the Regulation exempting SMEs. In particular, the Federal Republic of Germany was requested to provide the Commission with a list of recipients of aid exceeding EUR 200 000 in 2005 under those schemes, and information concerning those recipients. The Federal Republic of Germany complied with those requests on 24 August 2006 in the case of aid scheme XS 24/2002 and on 1 September and 25 October 2006 in the case of aid scheme XS 29/2002. 5 In two letters dated 30 October 2006 concerning aid schemes XS 24/2002 and XS 29/2002, respectively, the Commission stated that the schemes in question appeared to be consistent with the provisions of the Regulation exempting SMEs. After restating the intention it had expressed in its letters of 26 July 2006 to verify compliance with that regulation as regards a limited number of aid measures, the Commission requested that information be provided in respect of aid schemes XS 24/2002 and XS 29/2002 concerning the five recipients which had received the major aid measures in 2005. 6 With regard to aid scheme XS 24/2002, in a letter received by the Commission on 10 November 2006 the Federal Republic of Germany refused to provide fresh information on the projects at issue. The Commission again, on 21 December 2007, sent a request for information to the Federal Republic of Germany, then a reminder on 9 February 2006. On 18 April 2007 the Federal Republic of Germany confirmed its refusal to provide the information requested. 7 With regard to aid scheme XS 29/2002, in the absence of a written reply from the Federal Republic of Germany to its letter of 30 October 2006, the Commission sent that Member State a reminder on 19 December 2006. On 29 January 2007 the Federal Republic of Germany refused to provide the information requested. That refusal was confirmed on 18 April 2007. 8 On 18 July 2007 the Commission adopted Decision C(2007) 3226 requiring the Federal Republic of Germany to provide certain information concerning aid schemes XS 24/2002 and XS 29/2002 (‘the contested decision’). 9 By letter of 30 August 2007 the Federal Republic of Germany provided the Commission with the information requested, whilst maintaining its position that the Commission had no power to order it to provide that information when there was no doubt on the latter’s part that the obligations laid down in the Regulation exempting SMEs had been fulfilled. The contested decision 10 Paragraphs 14 to 25 of the contested decision, headed ‘General remarks’, read: ‘14 The information sent by the Federal Republic of Germany in response to [the] request for information [of 26 July 2006] is incomplete and does not enable the Commission to assess the compatibility of the abovementioned aid schemes with the [Regulation exempting SMEs]. 15 The Federal Republic of Germany refuses to send information concerning the individual cases in which the aid schemes have been applied on the ground that, under Article 3(3) of the [basic regulation], the Commission must have specific doubts whether the Regulation exempting [SMEs] is being applied properly in order to be able to send a Member State a request for information. 16 The German authorities contend that the provisions relating to monitoring and transparency contained in Article 9 of the Regulation exempting [SMEs], which permit the Commission to request all the information which it considers necessary to assess whether the conditions for exemption have been complied with, do not confer on the Commission a general right of review, but limit that right to cases in which there are doubts. 17 The German authorities are of the view that Article 9 of the Regulation exempting [SMEs] does not give the Commission any powers other than those resulting from Article 3(3) of the [basic regulation]. That is why the element of doubt must be regarded as restricting the Commission’s power of review. 18 The Commission’s response to that is that monitoring cannot be considered to have finished once a number of individual aid measures granted under the aid scheme selected have been examined. 19 The Commission adds that Article 3(3) of the [basic regulation] merely lays down the general minimum requirements with regard to transparency and monitoring and does not have the effect of limiting the Commission’s power of review only to suspicious cases. 20 The obligation on the Commission to lay down rules with regard to monitoring in accordance with Article 3(1) of the [basic regulation] must be interpreted in the light of recital 10 in the preamble to that regulation, which states that ‘the Commission is under an obligation, in cooperation with Member States, to keep under constant review all systems of existing aid’, as required by Article 88(1) EC. 21 That is why Article 9 of the Regulation exempting [SMEs] cannot be regarded as conflicting with the [basic regulation]. 22 It follows, therefore, that by refusing to provide the information requested the Federal Republic of Germany is failing to comply with its obligation under Article 9 of the Regulation exempting [SMEs], which is based on Article 3 of the [basic regulation] and Article 88(1) EC. 23 It should be noted that the Court has held that the Commission is entitled to take protective measures in order to maintain the status quo, since the practice of some Member States results in the scheme provided for in Articles [87 EC] and [88 EC] being distorted or circumvented. 24 Compliance with the provisions of the Regulation exempting [SMEs] relating to transparency and monitoring is an essential precondition for aid to be exempted from notification pursuant to Article 88(3) EC. That is the reason the Commission is not, in such circumstances, always in a position to decide whether every aid measure that might be granted under that aid scheme fulfils all the conditions of the Regulation exempting [SMEs], as required by Article 3(2)(a) of that regulation. 25 The Commission has therefore decided to order the Federal Republic of Germany to provide the information it has already requested under Article 9 of the Regulation exempting [SMEs]. The information requested must be sent to the Commission within a period of 20 days.’ Procedure and forms of order sought 11 By application lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 26 September 2007, the Federal Republic of Germany brought the present action. 12 The Federal Republic of Germany claims that the Court should: – annul the contested decision; – order the Commission to pay the costs. 13 The Commission contends that the Court should: – dismiss the action; – order the Federal Republic of Germany to pay the costs. Law 14 In support of its action the Federal Republic of Germany relies on two pleas in law, alleging, first, that the Commission lacked competence to adopt the contested decision and, second, infringement of the principle of non venire contra factum proprium (equivalent to estoppel). First plea: the Commission’s alleged lack of competence Arguments of the parties 15 The Federal Republic of Germany claims that the Commission lacked competence to adopt the contested decision, since the fourth sentence of Article 9(2) of the Regulation exempting SMEs, interpreted in the light of the second sentence of Article 3(3) of the basic regulation, did not afford it the power to request that it be provided with information concerning aid schemes coming under the Regulation exempting SMEs, in the absence of evidence raising doubts regarding compliance with the conditions of that regulation. 16 It is necessary to interpret the fourth sentence of Article 9(2) of the Regulation exempting SMEs in the light of the second sentence of Article 3(3) of the basic regulation, due to the vagueness of that provision. The Federal Republic of Germany points out that the fourth sentence of Article 9(2) of the Regulation exempting SMEs states merely that the Commission may request the Member State concerned for information in order to assess whether the conditions for exemption have been complied with. Hence, that provision, taken in isolation, does not make clear whether a request for information is possible only where there are grounds for such a request or irrespective of whether such grounds exist. 17 The Federal Republic of Germany considers that the second sentence of Article 3(3) of the basic regulation permits the Commission to request a Member State to provide information only when the Commission has evidence for doubting that the conditions laid down in an exemption regulation have been complied with. 18 Consequently, in the light of the wording of the second sentence of Article 3(3) of the basic regulation, the discretion which the Commission has under the fourth sentence of Article 9(2) applies, in its view, only with regard to the volume of information to be provided and not to the grounds justifying the request for information. 19 Moreover, the Federal Republic of Germany claims, with reference in particular to recital 20 in the preamble to the Regulation exempting SMEs, that the purpose of Article 9 of that regulation is not to ensure effective monitoring in a general way but rather to ensure effective monitoring within the meaning of Article 3 of the basic regulation. It infers from this that the extent of the Commission’s monitoring powers must be assessed in the light of the only real criterion, which is Article 3 of that regulation. 20 The Commission contends that that plea in law should be rejected. Findings of the Court 21 It should be noted first of all that the Federal Republic of Germany’s reasoning with regard to the Commission’s alleged lack of competence to adopt the contested decision does not contain, either expressly or implicitly, an assertion that the fourth sentence of Article 9(2) of the Regulation exempting SMEs is unlawful since it conflicts with the second sentence of Article 3(3) of the basic regulation, which the Federal Republic of Germany acknowledged at the hearing and of which the Court took formal note. Thus, the Federal Republic of Germany’s arguments are based solely on the alleged ambiguity of the fourth sentence of Article 9(2) of the Regulation exempting SMEs and the resulting need to interpret it in the light of the basic regulation. 22 According to settled case-law, when the wording of secondary Community law is open to more than one interpretation, preference should be given to the interpretation which renders the provision consistent with the Treaty. An implementing regulation must also be given, if possible, an interpretation consistent with the provisions of the basic regulation (Case C‑61/94 Commission v Germany [1996] ECR I‑3989, paragraph 52, and Case C‑90/92 Dr. Tretter [1993] ECR I‑3569, paragraph 11). However, that case-law does not apply in the case of a provision of an implementing regulation whose meaning is clear and unambiguous and therefore requires no interpretation. 23 Clearly, the wording of the fourth sentence of Article 9(2) of the Regulation exempting SMEs contains no ambiguity as to its precise meaning. It is clear from it that the Commission is entitled to request Member States to provide it with all the information which it considers necessary to assess whether the conditions of the Regulation exempting SMEs have been complied with. 24 It follows necessarily from the clear and unambiguous wording of the fourth sentence of Article 9(2) of the Regulation exempting SMEs that by virtue of that provision the Commission is entitled to request a Member State to provide it with information in all circumstances. 25 The reference made by the Federal Republic of Germany to recital 20 in the preamble to the Regulation exempting SMEs cannot cast doubt on that conclusion. Indeed, reading that recital does not reveal any conflict with the fourth sentence of Article 9(2) of the Regulation exempting SMEs capable of giving rise to any ambiguity as to the meaning of that provision. In that regard, it should be noted that that recital contains no reference to the circumstances in which the Commission is entitled to request a Member State to provide information concerning exempted aid schemes. 26 It is therefore apparent from the clear wording of the fourth sentence of Article 9(2) of the Regulation exempting SMEs, on the one hand, that it is not necessary to interpret that provision in the light of the second sentence of Article 3(3) of the basic regulation and, on the other hand, that the Commission did not exceed its powers under that provision in adopting the contested decision. 27 The first plea in law must therefore be rejected without the need to assess the extent of the powers conferred on the Commission by the second sentence of Article 3(3) of the basic regulation. Second plea in law: alleged infringement of the principle of non venire contra factum proprium Arguments of the parties 28 The Federal Republic of Germany contends that the Commission published several proposed amendments in connection with the reform of the law on State aid, from which it may be inferred that it did not have the power to carry out checks in the absence of grounds to justify them. 29 First, it is apparent from paragraphs 52 and 54 of the State aid action plan, to which the Commission referred in its letters of 26 July 2006, that its purpose is ‘to enable the Commission to verify the compatibility of aid in case of doubts or complaint’. 30 Secondly, the Federal Republic of Germany refers to a proposed amendment of the basic regulation, the purpose of which is to afford the Commission the opportunity to carry out spot-checks without having any evidence which leads it to doubt whether an exemption regulation is being applied properly. It is clear from this that such an opportunity is not available under the law as it stands. 31 Thirdly, the same conclusion should be drawn from the draft General Block Exemption Regulation in the area of State aid, put forward by the Commission in 2007 (OJ 2007 C 210, p. 14). The Federal Republic of Germany points out that the Commission proposes to introduce a new paragraph 7 into Article 9, stating that it will ‘regularly monitor aid measures of which it has been informed pursuant to paragraph 1’. 32 The Federal Republic of Germany infers from the above that the Commission infringed the principle of non venire contra factum proprium. In its reply it adds that the Commission infringes the principle of protection of legitimate expectations in departing from that earlier position. At the hearing it also referred to the Commission’s practice of not carrying out checks except where there is doubt as to compliance with the conditions of the Regulation exempting SMEs. 33 In response to the Commission’s assertion that the principle of non venire contra factum proprium does not constitute a principle of Community law, the Federal Republic of Germany submits that the Community courts have referred on several occasions to that ‘principle’. It also points out that it is in practice close not only to the principle of protection of legitimate expectations but also to the principle of legal certainty. 34 Moreover, the Federal Republic of Germany disputes the Commission’s view that this plea is not supported by arguments to demonstrate that legitimate expectations exist. 35 With regard to the Commission’s argument that the principle of protection of legitimate expectations is not infringed since the fourth sentence of Article 9(2) of the Regulation exempting SMEs allows checks where no doubt exists, the Federal Republic of Germany reiterates its arguments, raised in connection with the first plea, concerning the meaning to be ascribed to that provision. It infers from this that the amendment to the Commission’s practice does indeed constitute infringement of the principle of protection of legitimate expectations. 36 With regard to the Commission’s assertion that the purpose of its draft amendment of the basic regulation was solely to make clear that it is entitled to carry out checks whether or not there is any doubt, the Federal Republic of Germany considers that it is not convincing. In essence, it submits that the need for such clarification implies that the Commission does not consider that Article 3 of the basic regulation allows it to undertake such checks. 37 Lastly, with regard to the conclusions which the Commission draws from the fact that its draft General Block Exemption Regulation is based on the basic regulation, the Federal Republic of Germany considers in essence that they are founded on an incorrect interpretation of the basic regulation. 38 The Commission contends that this plea in law should be rejected. Findings of the Court 39 In the context of this plea, the Federal Republic of Germany contends, in essence, that the Commission itself interpreted the fourth sentence of Article 9(2) of the Regulation exempting SMEs as not authorising it to carry out checks where there is no doubt regarding compliance with the conditions laid down, which is reflected in its decision-making practice. Hence, it is not entitled to depart from that interpretation. That is what may be inferred from its claims alleging infringement of the maxim non venire contra factum proprium, and subsequently at the reply stage, alleging infringement of the principle of protection of legitimate expectations. 40 That line of argument is not persuasive. With regard to the clear terms of the fourth sentence of Article 9(2) of the Regulation exempting SMEs, the Federal Republic of Germany could not be in any doubt as to the precise extent of the Commission’s powers under that provision. It cannot therefore plead infringement of the principle of protection of legitimate expectations in order to limit the extent of the powers afforded to the Commission under that provision. 41 In any event, the various factors put forward by the Federal Republic of Germany are not capable of giving rise to legitimate expectations regarding the way in which the Commission intends to use its powers under the fourth sentence of Article 9(2) of the Regulation exempting SMEs. 42 In the first place, with regard to the arguments put forward by the Federal Republic of Germany at the hearing, concerning the existence, between the entry into force of the Regulation exempting SMEs and the requests for information at the origin of the contested decision, of a Commission practice of carrying out checks only where there was doubt about compliance with the conditions of that regulation, it should be noted that according to settled case-law there can be no legitimate expectation that an existing situation which is capable of being altered by the Commission in the exercise of its discretionary power will be maintained (see, to that effect and by analogy, Joined Cases C‑189/02 P, C‑202/02 P, C‑205/02 P to C‑208/02 P and C‑213/02 P Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission [2005] I‑5425, paragraph 171, and case-law cited). 43 In the second place, the Federal Republic of Germany refers to the fact that the Commission wrote in paragraph 52 of its State aid action plan that ‘Member States should engage more actively to ensure that the conditions for the exemptions are fully respected and that necessary information is kept …, in order to enable the Commission to verify the compatibility in case of doubts or complaint’. However, as the Federal Republic of Germany itself acknowledges, that passage must be read in conjunction with paragraph 54 of the action plan, in which the Commission states it will step up its monitoring. Consequently, no clear indication of the Commission’s intention to limit the exercise of its power to monitor compliance with the conditions of the Regulation exempting SMEs merely to circumstances in which there are doubts emerges from a combined reading of those two paragraphs. 44 In the third place, the fact that the Commission, in its draft General Block Exemption Regulation, envisaged a different definition of its powers in respect of monitoring exempted aid does not affect the clear meaning of the fourth sentence of Article 9(2) of the Regulation exempting SMEs, which alone applies in the circumstances of this case. 45 Lastly, with regard to the fact that the Commission proposal to amend the basic regulation is designed to afford it the power, under that regulation, to carry out spot checks, it should be stated that it concerns the interpretation of the second sentence of Article 3(3) of the basic regulation and cannot therefore be taken into account. Since no plea of illegality has been raised with regard to the fourth sentence of Article 9(2) of the Regulation exempting SMEs, and in the light of the clear wording of that regulation, the meaning of the second sentence of Article 3(3) has no effect on the outcome of this action. 46 Consequently, the second plea in law must be rejected, as must, therefore, the action as a whole. Costs 47 Under Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. Since the Federal Republic of Germany has been unsuccessful, it must be ordered to pay the costs, in accordance with the form of order sought by the Commission. On those grounds, THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Fifth Chamber) hereby: 1. Dismisses the action; 2. Orders the Federal Republic of Germany to pay the costs. Vilaras Prek Ciucă Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 25 November 2009. [Signatures] * Language of the case: German.