Opinion of the Advocate General — ECLI:EU:C:2006:67
Date: 2006-01-26
Language of the case: Italian
Based on: Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (1957)
Subject matter: Competition;Agreements, decisions and concerted practices;Concerted practices
Procedure: Reference for a preliminary ruling
Origin: Italy

summary of the factual and legal context underlying the questions referred for a preliminary ruling is so inadequate and ambiguous that it does not enable all the parties potentially affected to set out sufficiently their observations in that regard, or the Court to provide a useful answer to those questions. 24 Secondly, Assitalia submits that the questions raised by the Giudice di pace di Bitonto are inadmissible in so far as they relate to the interpretation of a provision of the EC Treaty which is manifestly inapplicable to the cases in the main proceedings. 25 The agreement at issue in the main proceedings produced effects limited to Italy and did not therefore appreciably affect trade between Member States within the meaning of Article 81 EC (see, in particular, Joined Cases C-215/96 and C-216/96 Bagnasco and Others [1999] ECR I-135). Further, the non-application of Article 81 EC was not challenged before the national courts and the AGCM’s decision, based on Article 2 of Law No 287/90, has become final. In addition, Article 1(1) of Law No 287/90 states that its provisions ‘shall apply to agreements, abuses of a dominant position and concentrations of undertakings which do not come within the scope of application … of Articles [81 EC] and/or [82 EC], Regulations … or Community acts having a comparable legislative effect.’ Findings of the Court 26 In accordance with settled case-law, in the context of the cooperation between the Court and the national courts provided for by Article 234 EC it is solely for the national court, before which the dispute has been brought and which must assume responsibility for the subsequent judicial decision, to determine in the light of the particular circumstances of the case both the need for a preliminary ruling in order to enable it to deliver judgment and the relevance of the questions which it submits to the Court. Consequently, where the questions submitted for a preliminary ruling concern the interpretation of Community law, the Court is, in principle, bound to give a ruling (see, inter alia, Case C-415/93 Bosman [1995] ECR I-4921, paragraph 59, and Case C-316/04 Stichting Zuid-Hollandse Milieufederatie [2005] ECR I-9759, paragraph 29). 27 However, the Court has also stated that, in exceptional circumstances, it is for the Court to examine the conditions in which the case was referred to it by the national court, in order to assess whether it has jurisdiction (see, to that effect, Case 244/80 Foglia [1981] ECR 3045, paragraph 21). The Court may refuse to rule on a question referred for a preliminary ruling by a national court only where it is quite obvious that the interpretation of Community law that is sought bears no relation to the facts of the main action or its purpose, where the problem is hypothetical, or where the Court does not have before it the factual or legal material necessary to give a useful answer to the questions submitted to it (see, inter alia, Bosman, cited above, paragraph 61, and Stichting Zuid-Hollandse Milieufederatie, cited above, paragraph 30). 28 None of those situations are present in this case. 29 In that respect, the order for reference and the written and oral observations have given the Court sufficient information to enable it to interpret the rules of Community law in relation to the situation which is the subject of the main proceedings (see, in particular, Case C-316/93 Vaneetveld [1994] ECR I-763, paragraph 14, and Case C-378/97 Wijsenbeek [1999] ECR I-6207, paragraph 21). 30 Contrary to the claims of Assitalia, it is not obvious that interpretation of Article 81 EC bears no relation to the facts of the main action or its purpose. Consequently, the objection raised by Assitalia alleging the inapplicability of that article to the cases in the main action does not relate to the admissibility of these proceedings but concerns the substance of the first question. 31 Moreover, it should be recalled that Articles 81 EC and 82 EC are a matter of public policy which must be automatically applied by national courts (see, to that effect, Case C-126/97 Eco Swiss [1999] ECR I-3055, paragraphs 39 and 40). 32 It follows that the questions referred for a preliminary ruling are admissible. The first question in Cases C-295/04 to C-298/04 33 By its first question, the national court asks, in essence, whether an agreement or concerted practice, such as that at issue in the main proceedings, between insurance companies, consisting of a mutual exchange of information that makes possible an increase in civil liability auto insurance premiums not justified by market conditions, which infringes national rules on the protection of competition, may also constitute an infringement of Article 81 EC in view, in particular, of the fact that undertakings from several Member States took part in the agreement or concerted practice. Observations submitted to the Court 34 Assitalia proposes that the Court answer that, in the light of the purely general and contrived nature of the question, it is impossible to provide a useful answer concerning the application of Article 81 EC. 35 The Italian Government submits that Article 81 EC does not apply to an agreement such as that at issue in the main proceedings. In order for anti-competitive conduct to fall within Community rules, a series of criteria which go beyond the mere participation of undertakings from different Member States must be fulfilled. 36 The Commission of the European Communities submits that Article 81 EC must be interpreted as prohibiting an agreement or concerted practice between undertakings which restricts competition where, on the basis of a set of factors of law or of fact, it is possible to foresee with a sufficient degree of probability that the agreement or concerted practice in question has an influence, direct or indirect, actual or potential, on the pattern of trade between Member States. The fact that certain undertakings from other Member States took part in that agreement or concerted practice is not, in itself, sufficient to conclude that that agreement or concerted practice has such an effect on trade between Member States. Findings of the Court 37 It should be stated from the outset that, contrary to Assitalia’s claims, the question is sufficiently precise to enable the Court to provide a useful answer to the national court. 38 Next, in accordance with settled case-law, Community competition law and national competition law apply in parallel, since they consider restrictive practices from different points of view. Whereas Articles 81 EC and 82 EC regard them in the light of the obstacles which may result for trade between Member States, national law proceeds on the basis of considerations peculiar to it and considers restrictive practices only in that context (see, inter alia, Case 14/68 Wilhelm and Others [1969] ECR 1, paragraph 3, Joined Cases 253/78 and 1/79 to 3/79 Giry and Guerlain and Others [1980] ECR 2327, paragraph 15, and Case C-137/00 Milk Marque and National Farmers’ Union [2003] ECR I-7975, paragraph 61). 39 It should also be borne in mind that Articles 81(1) EC and 82 EC produce direct effects in relations between individuals and create rights for the individuals concerned which the national courts must safeguard (see Case 127/73 BRT and SABAM [1974] ECR 51, paragraph 16 (‘BRT I’), Case C-282/95 P Guérin Automobiles v Commission [1997] ECR I-1503, paragraph 39, and Case C-453/99 Courage and Crehan [2001) ECR I-6297, paragraph 23) and that the primacy of Community law requires any provision of national law which contravenes a Community rule to be disapplied, regardless of whether it was adopted before or after that rule (see, inter alia, Case C-198/01 CIF [2003] ECR I-8055, paragraph 48). 40 However, as is already clear from the wording of Articles 81 EC and 82 EC, in order for the Community competition rules to apply to an arrangement or abusive practice it is necessary for it to be capable of affecting trade between Member States. 41 The interpretation and application of that condition relating to effects on trade between Member States must take as its starting-point the fact that its purpose is to define, in the context of the law governing competition, the boundary between the areas respectively covered by Community law and the law of the Member States. Thus, Community law covers any agreement or any practice which is capable of affecting trade between Member States in a manner which might harm the attainment of the objectives of a single market between the Member States, in particular by sealing off national markets or by affecting the structure of competition within the common market (see, to that effect, Case 22/78 Hugin v Commission [1979] ECR 1869, paragraph 17, and Case C-475/99 AmbulanzGlöckner [2001] ECR I‑8089, paragraph 47). 42 For an agreement, decision or practice to be capable of affecting trade between Member States, it must be possible to foresee with a sufficient degree of probability, on the basis of a set of objective factors of law or of fact, that they may have an influence, direct or indirect, actual or potential, on the pattern of trade between Member States in such a way as to cause concern that they might hinder the attainment of a single market between Member States (see Case 42/84 Remia and Others v Commission [1985] ECR 2545, paragraph 22, and AmbulanzGlöckner, cited above, paragraph 48). Moreover, that influence must not be insignificant (Case C-306/96 Javico [1998] ECR I-1983, paragraph 16). 43 Thus, an effect on intra-Community trade is normally the result of a combination of several factors which, taken separately, are not necessarily decisive (see Bagnascoand Others, cited above, paragraph 47, and Case C-359/01 P British Sugar v Commission [2004] ECR I‑4933, paragraph 27). 44 In that regard it should be stated, as the Advocate General rightly pointed out in paragraph 37 of his Opinion, that the mere fact that the participants in a national arrangement also include undertakings from other Member States is an important element in the assessment, but, taken alone, it is not so decisive as to permit the conclusion that the criterion of trade between Member States being affected has been satisfied. 45 On the other hand, the fact that an agreement, decision or concerted practice relates only to the marketing of products in a single Member State is not sufficient to exclude the possibility that trade between Member States might be affected (see Case 246/86 Belasco and Others v Commission [1989] ECR 1-2117, paragraph 33). An agreement, decision or concerted practice extending over the whole of the territory of a Member State has, by its very nature, the effect of reinforcing the partitioning of markets on a national basis, thereby holding up the economic interpenetration which the Treaty is designed to bring about (Case 8/72 Vereeniging van Cementhandelaren v Commission [1972] ECR 977, paragraph 29, Remia and Others v Commission, cited above, paragraph 22, and Case C‑35/96 Commission v Italy [1998] ECR I‑3851, paragraph 48). 46 Further, in the case of services, the Court has already held that an influence on the pattern of trade between Member States may consist in the activities in question being conducted in such a way that their effect is to partition the common market and thereby restrict freedom to provide services, which constitutes one of the objectives of the Treaty (see Case 30/87 Bodson [1988] ECR 2479, paragraph 24, and AmbulanzGlöckner, cited above, paragraph 49). 47 It is for the national court to determine whether, in the light of the characteristics of the national market at issue, there is a sufficient degree of probability that the agreement or concerted practice at issue in the main proceedings may have an influence, direct or indirect, actual or potential, on the sale of civil liability auto insurance policies in the relevant Member State by operators from other Member States and that that influence is not insignificant. 48 However, when giving a preliminary ruling the Court may, where appropriate, provide clarification designed to give the national court guidance in its interpretation (see, inter alia, Case C-79/01 Payroll and Others [2002] ECR I-8923, paragraph 29). 49 In that regard, according to the case-law of the Court, since the market concerned is susceptible to the provision of services by operators from other Member States, the members of a national price cartel can retain their market share only if they defend themselves against foreign competition (see, as regards imports, Belasco and Others v Commission, paragraph 34, and British Sugar v Commission, paragraph 28, both cited above). 50 The national court’s decision indicates that the AGCM observed that the market for civil liability auto insurance premiums has considerable barriers to entry which have arisen primarily due to the need to set up an efficient distribution network and a network of centres for the settlement of accident claims throughout Italy. However, the national court also points out that insurance companies from other Member States but with activities in Italy also took part in the agreement ruled unlawful by the AGCM. It therefore appears that the market concerned is susceptible to the provision of services by insurance companies from other Member States, although such barriers make the provision of those services more difficult. 51 In such circumstances, it is a matter, in particular, for the national court to examine whether the mere existence of the agreement or concerted practice was capable of having a deterrent effect on insurance companies from other Member States without activities in Italy, in particular by enabling the coordination and fixing of civil liability auto insurance premiums at a level at which the sale of such insurance by those companies would not be profitable (see, to that effect, British Sugar, cited above, paragraphs 29 and 30). 52 The answer to the first question in Joined Cases C-295/04 to C-298/04 must therefore be that an agreement or concerted practice, such as that at issue in the main proceedings, between insurance companies, consisting of a mutual exchange of information that makes possible an increase in civil liability auto insurance premiums not justified by market conditions, which infringes national rules on the protection of competition, may also constitute an infringement of Article 81 EC if, in the light of the characteristics of the national market at issue, there is a sufficient degree of probability that the agreement or concerted practice at issue may have an influence, direct or indirect, actual or potential, on the sale of those insurance policies in the relevant Member State by operators established in other Member States and that that influence is not insignificant. The second question in Cases C-295/04 to C-297/04 and the third question in Case C-298/04 53 By this question, which should be examined before the second question in Case C-298/04, the national court asks, essentially, whether Article 81 EC is to be interpreted as entitling any individual to rely on the invalidity of an agreement or practice prohibited under that article and, where there is a causal relationship between that agreement or practice and the harm suffered, to claim damages for that harm. Observations submitted to the Court 54 Assitalia proposes that the Court answer in the affirmative, noting, however, that in the absence of Community rules governing the matter, it is for the domestic legal system of each Member State to designate the courts and tribunals having jurisdiction and to lay down the detailed procedural rules governing actions for safeguarding rights which individuals derive directly from Community law, provided that such rules observe the principles of equivalence and effectiveness (see Courage and Crehan, cited above, paragraph 29). 55 According to the German Government and the Commission, Article 81 EC should be interpreted as entitling third parties who have a relevant legal interest to rely on the invalidity of an agreement or practice prohibited under that Community provision and claim damages for the harm suffered where there is a causal relationship between the agreement or concerted practice and the harm. Findings of the Court 56 First, it should be noted that Article 81(2) EC provides that any agreements or decisions prohibited pursuant to Article 81 EC are void. 57 According to settled case-law, that principle of invalidity can be relied on by anyone, and the courts are bound by it once the conditions for the application of Article 81(1) EC are met and so long as the agreement concerned does not justify the grant of an exemption under Article 81(3) EC (see on the latter point, inter alia, Case 10/69 Portelange [1969] ECR 309, paragraph 10). Since the invalidity referred to in Article 81(2) EC is absolute, an agreement which is null and void by virtue of this provision has no effect as between the contracting parties and cannot be invoked against third parties (Case 22/71 Béguelin [1971] ECR 949, paragraph 29). Moreover, it is capable of having a bearing on all the effects, either past or future, of the agreement or decision concerned (see Case 48/72 Brasserie de Haecht [1973] ECR 77, paragraph 26, and Courage and Crehan, cited above, paragraph 22). 58 Further, as was noted in paragraph 39 of this judgment, Article 81(1) EC produces direct effects in relations between individuals and creates rights for the individuals concerned which the national courts must safeguard. 59 It follows that any individual can rely on a breach of Article 81 EC before a national court (see Courage and Crehan, cited above, paragraph 24) and therefore rely on the invalidity of an agreement or practice prohibited under that article. 60 Next, as regards the possibility of seeking compensation for loss caused by a contract or by conduct liable to restrict or distort competition, it should be recalled that the full effectiveness of Article 81 EC and, in particular, the practical effect of the prohibition laid down in Article 81(1) EC would be put at risk if it were not open to any individual to claim damages for loss caused to him by a contract or by conduct liable to restrict or distort competition (Courage and Crehan, cited above, paragraph 26). 61 It follows that any individual can claim compensation for the harm suffered where there is a causal relationship between that harm and an agreement or practice prohibited under Article 81 EC. 62 In the absence of Community rules governing the matter, it is for the domestic legal system of each Member State to designate the courts and tribunals having jurisdiction and to lay down the detailed procedural rules governing actions for safeguarding rights which individuals derive directly from Community law, provided that such rules are not less favourable than those governing similar domestic actions (principle of equivalence) and that they do not render practically impossible or excessively difficult the exercise of rights conferred by Community law (principle of effectiveness) (see Case C-261/95 Palmisani [1997] ECR I-4025, paragraph 27, and Courage and Crehan, cited above, paragraph 29). 63 Accordingly, the answer to the second question in Cases C-295/04 to C-297/04 and the third question in Case C-298/04 must be that Article 81 EC must be interpreted as meaning that any individual can rely on the invalidity of an agreement or practice prohibited under that article and, where there is a causal relationship between the latter and the harm suffered, claim compensation for that harm. 64 In the absence of Community rules governing the matter, it is for the domestic legal system of each Member State to prescribe the detailed rules governing the exercise of that right, including those on the application of the concept of ‘causal relationship’, provided that the principles of equivalence and effectiveness are observed. The second question in Case C-298/04 65 By this question, the national court asks, essentially, whether Article 81 EC must be interpreted as precluding a national provision such as Article 33(2) of Law No 287/90 under which third parties must bring their actions for damages for infringement of Community and national competition rules before a court other than that which usually has jurisdiction in actions for damages of similar value, thereby involving a considerable increase in costs and time. Observations submitted to the Court 66 Assitalia observes that Article 33(2) of Law No 287/90 applies only to actions for damages based on infringement of national provisions protecting competition and that, conversely, actions for damages based on infringement of Articles 81 EC and 82 EC fall, in the absence of express legal provisions, within the competence of the ordinary courts. 67 Accordingly, in the light of the principle of the procedural authority of the Member States, if the national court were called upon to review observance of the principles of equivalence and effectiveness in relation to Article 33 of Law No 287/90, it could not fail to observe that the legal position based on Community law is better protected, having regard to the guarantee of two levels of jurisdiction, than that based on national law. 68 The Italian Government submits that it is exclusively a matter for the administration of justice in each of the Member States to confer jurisdiction to hear the disputes at issue, subject to the principles of equivalence and effectiveness. 69 The Commission argues that a national provision laying down rules on competence for civil actions based on infringement of Community competition rules different from those applicable to similar domestic actions is compatible with Community law where the former are not less favourable than the latter and do not render practically impossible or excessively difficult the exercise of rights conferred on individuals by Community law. Findings of the Court 70 First, as for whether Article 33(2) of Law No 287/90 applies only to actions for damages based on infringement of national competition rules or also to actions for damages based on infringement of Articles 81 EC and 82 EC, it is not for the Court to interpret national law or to assess its application in the present case (see, inter alia, Case C-435/93 Dietz [1996] ECR I-5223, paragraph 39, and Case C‑265/04 Bouanich [2006] ECR I-0000, paragraph 51). 71 Secondly, as follows from paragraph 62 of this judgment, in the absence of Community rules governing the matter, it is for the domestic legal system of each Member State to designate the courts and tribunals having jurisdiction and to prescribe the detailed procedural rules governing actions for safeguarding rights which individuals derive directly from Community law, provided that such rules are not less favourable than those governing similar domestic actions (principle of equivalence) and that they do not render practically impossible or excessively difficult the exercise of rights conferred by Community law (principle of effectiveness). 72 The answer to the second question in Case C-298/04 must therefore be that, in the absence of Community rules governing the matter, it is for the domestic legal system of each Member State to designate the courts and tribunals having jurisdiction to hear actions for damages based on an infringement of the Community competition rules and to prescribe the detailed procedural rules governing those actions, provided that the provisions concerned are not less favourable than those governing actions for damages based on an infringement of national competition rules and that those national provisions do not render practically impossible or excessively difficult the exercise of the right to seek compensation for the harm caused by an agreement or practice prohibited under Article 81 EC. The third question in Cases C-295/04 to C-297/04 and the fourth question in Case C-298/04 73 By this question, the national court asks, in essence, whether Article 81 EC must be interpreted as precluding a national rule which provides that the limitation period for seeking compensation for harm caused by an agreement or practice prohibited under Article 81 EC begins to run from the day on which that prohibited agreement or practice was adopted. Observations submitted to the Court 74 Assitalia argues that, in accordance with the principle of the procedural authority of the Member States, it is for the national courts to specify limitation periods and detailed rules for their application, in the light of their own legal systems, in conformity with the principles of equivalence and effectiveness (see Case C-312/93 Peterbroeck [1995] ECR I-4599). 75 The Italian Government submits that it is from the day on which the agreement, decision or concerted practice was adopted that protection against its negative effects is effective. It is therefore from that time that the limitation period for the claim for damages based on Article 81 EC begins to run. 76 The Commission argues that, in the absence of Community provisions governing the matter, it is the legal system of each Member State which governs questions such as the expiry of the limitation period for bringing actions based on infringement of Community competition rules, provided that that period is not less favourable than that applicable to similar domestic actions and that it does not render practically impossible or excessively difficult the exercise of rights conferred by Community law. Findings of the Court 77 As was pointed out in paragraph 62 of this judgment, in the absence of Community rules governing the matter, it is for the domestic legal system of each Member State to lay down the detailed procedural rules governing actions for safeguarding rights which individuals derive directly from Community law, provided that such rules observe the principles of equivalence and effectiveness. 78 A national rule under which the limitation period begins to run from the day on which the agreement or concerted practice was adopted could make it practically impossible to exercise the right to seek compensation for the harm caused by that prohibited agreement or practice, particularly if that national rule also imposes a short limitation period which is not capable of being suspended. 79 In such a situation, where there are continuous or repeated infringements, it is possible that the limitation period expires even before the infringement is brought to an end, in which case it would be impossible for any individual who has suffered harm after the expiry of the limitation period to bring an action. 80 It is for the national court to determine whether such is the case with regard to the national rule at issue in the main proceedings. 81 The answer to the third question in Cases C-295/04 to C-297/04 and the fourth question in Case C-298/04 must therefore be that, in the absence of Community rules governing the matter, it is for the domestic legal system of each Member State to prescribe the limitation period for seeking compensation for harm caused by an agreement or practice prohibited under Article 81 EC, provided that the principles of equivalence and effectiveness are observed. 82 In that regard, it is for the national court to determine whether a national rule which provides that the limitation period for seeking compensation for harm caused by an agreement or practice prohibited under Article 81 EC begins to run from the day on which that prohibited agreement or practice was adopted, particularly where it also imposes a short limitation period that cannot be suspended, renders it practically impossible or excessively difficult to exercise the right to seek compensation for the harm suffered. The fourth question in Cases C-295/04 to C-297/04 and the fifth question in Case C-298/04 83 By this question, the national court asks, in essence, whether Article 81 EC must be interpreted as requiring national courts to award punitive damages, greater than the advantage obtained by the offending operator, thereby deterring the adoption of agreements or concerted practices prohibited under that article. Observations submitted to the Court 84 Assitalia submits that the question regarding recognition of punitive damages to third parties adversely affected by anti-competitive behaviour falls once again within the scope of the principle of the procedural authority of the Member States. In so far as there are no Community provisions on punitive damages, it is for the legal system of each Member State to set the criteria for determining the extent of the damages, provided that the principles of equivalence and effectiveness are observed (see to that effect, inter alia, Joined Cases C-46/93 and C-48/93 Brasserie du pêcheur and Factortame [1996] ECR I-1029, paragraphs 89 and 90). 85 The Italian Government submits that punitive damages are foreign to the Italian legal system and to the rationale of compensation. The latter is designed to make good proven harm suffered by the victim. In no circumstances can it have a punitive or repressive function, since that function falls within the scope of statute. 86 The German Government considers that that question must be answered in the negative. 87 In the opinion of the Austrian Government, in order to guarantee application of Article 81 EC it is not necessary to award punitive damages automatically to injured third parties since the enrichment of the injured person is neither contemplated nor necessary. The majority of the legal systems of the Member States do not attach legal consequences of that type to an infringement of Article 81(1) EC. They provide instead for rights to damages and prohibition, which suffice for the effective application of Article 81 EC. 88 The Commission takes the view that, in the absence of Community provisions governing the matter, it is the legal system of each Member State which governs questions such as that of the award for harm flowing from infringement of the Community competition rules, provided that the compensation for the harm in such a case is not less favourable for the injured person than the compensation which he could have obtained by similar domestic actions. Findings of the Court 89 In accordance with settled case-law, the national courts whose task it is to apply the provisions of Community law in areas within their jurisdiction must ensure that those rules take full effect and must protect the rights which they confer on individuals (see, inter alia, Case 106/77 Simmenthal [1978] ECR 629, paragraph 16, Case C-213/89 Factortame and Others [1990] ECR I-2433, paragraph 19, and Courage and Crehan, cited above, paragraph 25). 90 As was pointed out in paragraph 60 of this judgment, the full effectiveness of Article 81 EC and, in particular, the practical effect of the prohibition laid down in Article 81(1) EC would be put at risk if it were not open to any individual to claim damages for loss caused to him by a contract or by conduct liable to restrict or distort competition. 91 Indeed, the existence of such a right strengthens the working of the Community competition rules and discourages agreements or practices, frequently covert, which are liable to restrict or distort competition. From that point of view, actions for damages before the national courts can make a significant contribution to the maintenance of effective competition in the Community (Courage and Crehan, cited above, paragraph 27). 92 As to the award of damages and the possibility of an award of punitive damages, in the absence of Community rules governing the matter, it is for the domestic legal system of each Member State to set the criteria for determining the extent of the damages, provided that the principles of equivalence and effectiveness are observed. 93 In that respect, first, in accordance with the principle of equivalence, it must be possible to award particular damages, such as exemplary or punitive damages, pursuant to actions founded on the Community competition rules, if such damages may be awarded pursuant to similar actions founded on domestic law (see, to that effect, Brasserie du pêcheur and Factortame, cited above, paragraph 90). 94 However, it is settled case-law that Community law does not prevent national courts from taking steps to ensure that the protection of the rights guaranteed by Community law does not entail the unjust enrichment of those who enjoy them (see, in particular, Case 238/78 Ireks-Arkady v Council and Commission [1979] ECR 2955, paragraph 14, Joined Cases C-441/98 and C-442/98 Michaïlidis [2000] ECR I-7145, paragraph 31, and Courage and Crehan, cited above, paragraph 30). 95 Secondly, it follows from the principle of effectiveness and the right of any individual to seek compensation for loss caused by a contract or by conduct liable to restrict or distort competition that injured persons must be able to seek compensation not only for actual loss (damnum emergens) but also for loss of profit (lucrum cessans) plus interest. 96 Total exclusion of loss of profit as a head of damage for which compensation may be awarded cannot be accepted in the case of a breach of Community law since, especially in the context of economic or commercial litigation, such a total exclusion of loss of profit would be such as to make reparation of damage practically impossible (see Brasserie du pêcheur and Factortame, cited above, paragraph 87, and Joined Cases C-397/98 and C-410/98 Metallgesellschaft and Others [2001] ECR I-1727, paragraph 91). 97 As to the payment of interest, the Court pointed out in paragraph 31 of Case C‑271/91 Marshall [1993] ECR I-4367 that an award made in accordance with the applicable national rules constitutes an essential component of compensation. 98 It follows that the answer to the fourth question in Cases C-295/04 to C-297/04 and the fifth question in Case C-298/04 must be that, in the absence of Community rules governing that field, it is for the domestic legal system of each Member State to set the criteria for determining the extent of the damages for harm caused by an agreement or practice prohibited under Article 81 EC, provided that the principles of equivalence and effectiveness are observed. 99 Therefore, first, in accordance with the principle of equivalence, if it is possible to award specific damages, such as exemplary or punitive damages, in domestic actions similar to actions founded on the Community competition rules, it must also be possible to award such damages in actions founded on Community rules. However, Community law does not prevent national courts from taking steps to ensure that the protection of the rights guaranteed by Community law does not entail the unjust enrichment of those who enjoy them. 100 Secondly, it follows from the principle of effectiveness and the right of individuals to seek compensation for loss caused by a contract or by conduct liable to restrict or distort competition that injured persons must be able to seek compensation not only for actual loss (damnum emergens) but also for loss of profit (lucrum cessans) plus interest. Costs 101 Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs of those parties, are not recoverable. On those grounds, the Court (Third Chamber) hereby rules: 1. An agreement or concerted practice, such as that at issue in the main proceedings, between insurance companies, consisting of a mutual exchange of information that makes possible an increase in premiums for compulsory civil liability insurance relating to accidents caused by motor vehicles, vessels and mopeds, not justified by market conditions, which infringes national rules on the protection of competition, may also constitute an infringement of Article 81 EC if, in the light of the characteristics of the national market at issue, there is a sufficient degree of probability that the agreement or concerted practice at issue may have an influence, direct or indirect, actual or potential, on the sale of those insurance policies in the relevant Member State by operators established in other Member States and that that influence is not insignificant. 2. Article 81 EC must be interpreted as meaning that any individual can rely on the invalidity of an agreement or practice prohibited under that article and, where there is a causal relationship between the latter and the harm suffered, claim compensation for that harm. In the absence of Community rules governing the matter, it is for the domestic legal system of each Member State to prescribe the detailed rules governing the exercise of that right, including those on the application of the concept of ‘causal relationship’, provided that the principles of equivalence and effectiveness are observed. 3. In the absence of Community rules governing the matter, it is for the domestic legal system of each Member State to designate the courts and tribunals having jurisdiction to hear actions for damages based on an infringement of the Community competition rules and to prescribe the detailed procedural rules governing those actions, provided that the provisions concerned are not less favourable than those governing actions for damages based on an infringement of national competition rules and that those national provisions do not render practically impossible or excessively difficult the exercise of the right to seek compensation for the harm caused by an agreement or practice prohibited under Article 81 EC. 4. In the absence of Community rules governing the matter, it is for the domestic legal system of each Member State to prescribe the limitation period for seeking compensation for harm caused by an agreement or practice prohibited under Article 81 EC, provided that the principles of equivalence and effectiveness are observed. In that regard, it is for the national court to determine whether a national rule which provides that the limitation period for seeking compensation for harm caused by an agreement or practice prohibited under Article 81 EC begins to run from the day on which that prohibited agreement or practice was adopted, particularly where it also imposes a short limitation period that cannot be suspended, renders it practically impossible or excessively difficult to exercise the right to seek compensation for the harm suffered. 5. In the absence of Community rules governing that field, it is for the domestic legal system of each Member State to set the criteria for determining the extent of the damages for harm caused by an agreement or practice prohibited under Article 81 EC, provided that the principles of equivalence and effectiveness are observed. Therefore, first, in accordance with the principle of equivalence, if it is possible to award particular damages, such as exemplary or punitive damages, in domestic actions similar to actions founded on the Community competition rules, it must also be possible to award such damages in actions founded on Community rules. However, Community law does not prevent national courts from taking steps to ensure that the protection of the rights guaranteed by Community law does not entail the unjust enrichment of those who enjoy them. Secondly, it follows from the principle of effectiveness and the right of individuals to seek compensation for loss caused by a contract or by conduct liable to restrict or distort competition that injured persons must be able to seek compensation not only for actual loss (damnum emergens) but also for loss of profit (lucrum cessans) plus interest. [Signatures] * Language of the case: Italian.