Judgment — ECLI:EU:C:2008:621
Date: 2008-11-13
Language of the case: French
Court formation: Third Chamber
Based on: Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (1957)
Subject matter: Right of establishment;Approximation of laws;Freedom to provide services;Anti-discrimination;Non-discrimination on grounds of nationality
Concepts: Concessions;General;Equal treatment and transparency;'In house' exemption
Procedure: Reference for a preliminary ruling
Origin: Belgium

Summary of the Judgment 1. Freedom of movement for persons – Freedom of establishment – Freedom to provide services – Concession to operate a public service (Arts 43 EC and 49 EC) 2. Freedom of movement for persons – Freedom of establishment – Freedom to provide services – Concession to operate a public service (Arts 43 EC and 49 EC) 1. Articles 43 EC and 49 EC, the principles of equal treatment and of non-discrimination on grounds of nationality and the concomitant obligation of transparency do not preclude a public authority from awarding, without calling for competition, a public service concession to an inter-municipal cooperative society of which all the members are public authorities, where those public authorities exercise over that cooperative society control similar to that exercised over their own departments and where that society carries out the essential part of its activities with those public authorities. In order to determine whether a concession-granting public authority exercises a control similar to that which it exercises over its own departments, it is necessary to take account of all the legislative provisions and relevant circumstances. It must follow from that examination that the concessionaire in question is subject to a control which enables the concession-granting public authority to influence that entity’s decisions. It must be a case of a power of decisive influence over both strategic objectives and significant decisions of that entity. In that regard, where decisions regarding the activities of an inter‑municipal cooperative society owned exclusively by public authorities are taken by bodies, created under the statutes of that society, which are composed of representatives of the affiliated public authorities, the control exercised over those decisions by the public authorities may be regarded as enabling those authorities to exercise over the cooperative society control similar to that exercised over their own departments. (see paras 28, 42, operative part 1-2) 2. Where a public authority joins an inter-communal cooperative of which all the members are public authorities in order to transfer to that cooperative society the management of a public service, it is possible, in order for the control which those member authorities exercise over the cooperative to be regarded as similar to that which they exercise over their own departments, for it to be exercised jointly by those authorities, decisions being taken by a majority, as the case may be. Such control must be similar to that which the authority exercises over its own departments, but not identical in every respect. The control exercised over the concessionaire must be effective, but it is not essential that it be exercised individually. Where a number of public authorities elect to carry out their public service tasks by having recourse to a municipal concessionaire, it is usually not possible for one of those authorities, unless it has a majority interest in that entity, to exercise decisive control over the decisions of the latter. To require the control exercised by a public authority in such a case to be individual would have the effect of requiring a call for competition in the majority of cases where a public authority seeks to join a grouping composed of other public authorities, such as an inter-municipal cooperative society. Such a result, however, would not be consistent with Community rules on public procurement and concession contracts. Indeed, a public authority has the possibility of performing the public interest tasks conferred on it by using its own administrative, technical and other resources, without being obliged to call on outside entities not forming part of its own departments. That possibility for public authorities to use their own resources to perform the public interest tasks conferred on them may be exercised in cooperation with other public authorities. Therefore, where a number of public authorities own a concessionaire to which they entrust the performance of one of their public service tasks, the control which those public authorities exercise over that entity may be exercised jointly. As regards collective decision-making bodies, the procedure which is used for adopting decisions – such as, inter alia, adoption by majority – is of no importance. (see paras 46-51, 54, operative part 3)