Judgment — ECLI:EU:T:1998:242
Date: 1998-10-15
Language of the case: French
Court formation: Fifth Chamber, Extended Composition
Based on: Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (1957)
Subject matter: Dumping;External relations;Commercial policy
Concepts: Statement of reasons;Applications by natural or legal persons;Anti-dumping and anti-subsidy measures;Effects of a declaration that a measure is void
Procedure: Action for annulment - unfounded
Origin: France

summary was annexed to those documents, in particular the letter from PEM to the Commission of 5 August 1993 on the technical work carried out at its La Roche de Rame factory, the PEM internal memoranda and the letter of 19 August 1993 from PEM to Mr Rambaud. 119. With respect in particular to the letter of 5 August 1993, its five introductory lines could not be regarded as a non-confidential summary within the meaning of the basic regulation, when the document concerned was a technical memorandum of 18 pages. 120. In any event, even supposing that the technical memorandum or certain parts of it were not capable of being summarised in a non-confidential manner, respect for the right to a fair hearing would have required a list of the annexes supplied by PEM to the Commission to be appended to that letter, with the comment 'confidential, not transmitted‘. 121. Moreover, the communication of that technical memorandum to the applicant was the result of the latter's persistence, and did not comply with any of the criteria laid down, whether with respect to date, author, or extent. 122. First, it was only after numerous complaints both to the Commission and to PEM and its lawyer that the applicant eventually received the technical memorandum on 21 May 1994, the date of expiry of the time-limit for it to submit observations on the provisional regulation. The applicant then had to protest energetically to obtain from the Commission an additional period of a few days, which is why its statement was submitted on 27 May 1994. 123. As regards the identity of the sender, the applicant observes that although the obligation to communicate was on the Commission, it was eventually PEM which, despite its lawyer's refusal, agreed to send it the document. The Commission thus failed altogether to carry out its duty to make an objective assessment of whether or not the documents were confidential. 124. With respect, finally, to content, the applicant submits that three highly confidential items were not communicated to it: the plan of the factory's furnace, correspondence concerning cored wire and an invoice from a local workman. 125. The applicant considers that communication of the technical memorandum was essential in the context of the case, since it made it possible to assess whether PEM had made genuine attempts to supply it. 126. The Council observes that the applicant knew of the existence of the documents, since it produced a list of them in annex 53 to its application, a list which the Commission had communicated to it. 127. With access to the non-confidential file, the applicant had sufficient information on the content of the documents to be able to make use of its procedural rights. The technical memorandum of 5 August 1993 was communicated to the applicant on 21 May 1994, with the exception of three highly confidential items, namely the plan of the furnace at the La Roche de Rame factory, the correspondence on cored wire and an invoice from a local workman, which it was not possible to summarise in a non-confidential manner. Moreover, the applicant commented on the technical memorandum in its statement of 27 May 1994, in connection with its observations on the regulation imposing provisional duties. 128. In any case, the applicant does not contest the confidential nature of the documents as against exporters and the other importers. 129. PEM and the Chambre Syndicale endorse the Council's arguments. — Findings of the Court 130. The applicant complains that the Commission, first, wrongly classified a number of documents as confidential, at least with respect to the applicant, second, failed to communicate to it certain items in the case-file, and, with respect to the conditions of access to the case-file, delayed in communicating to it certain documents from the confidential file and failed to forward to it a non-confidential version or summary of some of those documents. 131. Those three complaints relate essentially to the four documents, listed in the schedule of confidential documents which the Commission sent to the applicant, mentioned in paragraph 116 above. 132. The applicant does not claim that those documents were not confidential vis-à-vis third parties. It merely asserts that they were not confidential vis-à-vis itself. 133. With respect to the non-communication or belated communication of certain documents and the lack of a non-confidential version of the documents regarded as confidential, a distinction must be drawn between on the one hand those mentioned in the list sent by the Commission to the applicant of which the applicant was aware, and on the other, those mentioned in the lists sent to the applicant but of which it was not aware. 134. The applicant knew of the following documents: the report of Mr Plasse's visit to the applicant of 17 August 1993, the five letters exchanged between PEM and the applicant from 10 to 17 August 1993 which were annexed to PEM's letter to the Commission of 19 August 1993, the letter from the applicant to PEM of 4 August 1993 annexed to PEM's letter to the Commission on 11 August 1993, the 13 letters annexed to PEM's letter to the Commission of 5 August 1993, and the letter from the applicant to PEM of 19 November 1992. 135. As the Commission had classified them as confidential and communicated a list of them to the applicant, and in view of the fact that the applicant had at its disposal the originals or copies of the letters, the Commission was not obliged either to send copies of those documents or to prepare a non-confidential version, at least as regards the applicant. By providing a list of the letters between PEM and the applicant which PEM had produced to the Commission, the latter put the applicant in a position to put forward its views effectively and make full use of its procedural rights. 136. As regards the documents of which the applicant was not aware, namely the letter of 19 August 1993 from PEM to its lawyer Mr Rambaud, the covering letters from PEM to the Commission of 5, 11 and 19 August 1993 and PEM's letter of 5 August 1993 on the technical work which had been carried out at its La Roche de Rame factory, the Commission was required under Article 8(4) of the basic regulation to ask PEM for a non-confidential version, unless it was not possible to produce a summary of that kind. 137. Nevertheless, the failure to communicate non-confidential summaries would have been capable of constituting a breach of procedural rights justifying annulment of the contested regulation only if the applicant did not have sufficient knowledge of the essential content of the document or documents in question and as a result was unable properly to express its point of view as to their validity or relevance. 138. That was not the case here. 139. With respect in particular to PEM's letters to the Commission of 5, 11 and 19 August 1993, the applicant did not make a written request for communication in accordance with Article 7(4)(a) of the basic regulation. The Commission was therefore not obliged to transmit them. In its letter of 5 October 1993 the applicant stated that it had seen the list of the documents sent by PEM to the Commission and that some of those documents were known to it, since they were letters between itself and PEM. It had therefore limited its request for access to the Commission's confidential file to the following three items: the letter from PEM to Mr Rambaud of 19 August 1993, the report of the visit by Mr Plasse to the applicant of 17 August 1993, and the letter of 5 August 1993 from PEM to the Commission concerning the technical work carried out by PEM in its factory at La Roche de Rame. 140. Furthermore, the Commission confirmed at the hearing, in reply to questions from the Court, that the letters of 5, 11 and 19 August 1993 from PEM to the Commission were mere covering letters enclosing the correspondence between the applicant and PEM. In those circumstances, even supposing that the Commission was obliged to communicate those documents despite the lack of an express written request to that effect, the failure to communicate them did not, in this case, involve a breach of the applicant's procedural rights. 141. As regards PEM's letter of 19 August 1993 to its lawyer, the applicant itself acknowledged at the hearing that it was manifestly confidential in the light of the judgment of the Court of Justice in Case 155/79 AM & S Europe v Commission [1982] ECR 1575 (paragraphs 21 to 23, 25 and 28) on the protection of communications between a client and his lawyer. 142. As to PEM's memorandum of 5 August 1993 on the technical work carried out at PEM's La Roche de Rame plant, that could properly be classified as a confidential document within the meaning of Article 8 of the basic regulation, since it contained confidential information on PEM's manufacturing processes. However, in that respect, it is clear that the Commission did not comply with its obligations concerning access to the case-file. To begin with, it replied with considerable delay to the applicant's legitimate requests. Next, it did not provide a real non-confidential summary of the letter in question. Finally, it has not shown that it made the necessary efforts to obtain a non-confidential version of the document in question. In the end it was at the request of the applicant, not the Commission, that PEM decided to transmit the document to the applicant, on 21 May 1994. 143. Nevertheless, despite all these irregularities, the applicant was able to submit its observations on the document in question in good time on 27 May 1994, that is, before the contested regulation was adopted. In those circumstances, the irregularities in question did not prevent the applicant from expressing its point of view on the validity or relevance of the document. 144. As regards the three confidential items in PEM's technical memorandum of 5 August 1993 which were neither communicated to the applicant nor summarised for its benefit, namely the plan of the furnace of PEM's factory, correspondence concerning cored wire and an invoice from a local workman, it must be observed that the applicant does not dispute their confidential nature, nor does it dispute the Commission's assertion that it was impossible to prepare a non-confidential summary. Finally, the applicant does not claim that it was not in a position to express its views with respect to the technical memorandum because of the failure to communicate the three confidential items. 145. In those circumstances, the second limb of the plea must be rejected. Third limb: infringement of Article 7(4) of the basic regulation and breach of the right to a fair hearing, in that the Commission refused to communicate to the applicant information which was essential for it to be able effectively to make observations — Arguments of the parties 146. The applicant submits that it was not in a position to discuss certain factors which were necessary to justify the imposition of the contested duties. Throughout the investigation it disputed a number of factors on the basis of which the Commission had imposed anti-dumping duties, in particular the choice of the United States as reference country and the under-use of PEM's production capacity, without ever having at its disposal the information on which the Commission based its decision. The applicant considers that that constituted a breach of its procedural rights even though it was able formally to express its point of view on the disputed points of the case-file. 147. The applicant had on several occasions asked the Commission to explain which documents it had taken as the basis for treating the United States as reference country, as there was nothing in the case-file. In that respect it criticises the Commission not for denying it access to the file but for failing to provide it with information justifying the choice of the United States as reference country. Such information was all the more important in that, by taking the American prices asthe basis of calculation, the Commission had arrived at excessive margins and anti-dumping duties which could only strengthen the monopoly position of the Community producer. Even during the first investigation the applicant had challenged the choice of country and requested that the constructed value of calcium metal be used. 148. The applicant submits that the Commission could have either given it a list of the American producer's customers, so as to enable it to verify what type of product that producer was selling, or informed it of the volume of its sales of the unprocessed product compared to sales of cored wire. The latter information would not in itself have raised any problem of confidentiality and would have enabled the applicant to verify whether, as the Commission claimed, the American market could be chosen as the reference market. 149. The applicant further asserts that during the investigation it disputed the rate of utilisation of production capacity by PEM, which according to that undertaking had stabilised at slightly over 50%. On this point, it learnt during the investigation that in fact some customers had been unable to obtain supplies from PEM. 150. The applicant considers that the Council cannot criticise it for not producing figures to contradict the rate of 50% determined by the Commission. It was for the Commission to provide it with information enabling it to verify that it had carried out a correct assessment of the facts. 151. The Commission had provided no information at all on the alleged efforts and investments made by PEM in attempting to supply the applicant. The latter therefore does not see how the Commission was able itself to verify that PEM had produced sufficient evidence of its investment in equipment, in view of the technical nature of that information, which was thus outside its purview. 152. The Council submits that the correspondence between the applicant's lawyer and the Commission between 12 August 1993 and 22 August 1994 shows that the applicant did actually discuss the points mentioned by it. 153. It observes that the Commission has to communicate only the information requested by an interested party, and only if it is relevant to the defence of its interests and if the request can be granted without infringing the principle of confidentiality. In any event, the applicant did in fact have an opportunity to state its case on the matters relevant to the defence of its interests. 154. On the question of the reference country, PEM and the Chambre Syndicale note that Article 8 of the basic regulation, on confidentiality of information, applies also to information provided by the undertakings of the reference country. Information used for determination of the normal value is clearly of an essentially confidential nature. — Findings of the Court 155. It must be ascertained whether the applicant was given sufficiently detailed information on the facts and considerations on the basis of which it was intended to propose that definitive measures should be imposed on imports of calcium metal originating in China and Russia. 156. The Commission's non-confidential file was consulted by the applicant on five occasions, namely on 27 April 1993, 4 October 1993, 17 May 1994, 8 July 1994 and 26 July 1994. 157. The Commission then, by letter of 11 August 1994 sent pursuant to Article 7(4)(b) and (c) of the basic regulation, communicated to the applicant's lawyer the principal facts and considerations on the basis of which it was intended to propose that definitive anti-dumping measures be imposed on imports of calcium metal originating in China and Russia. 158. As regards the choice of the United States as reference country, the Commission explained in detail, in recitals 12 to 18 of the provisional regulation, the reasons why it considered that the choice of the United States was appropriate and not unreasonable within the meaning of Article 2(5) of the basic regulation. 159. Recital 15 of the contested regulation states that the institutions considered the criticism by the applicant of the choice of reference country in terms of whether the sales of the United States producer used were representative and whether the products were similar. 160. In those circumstances, the applicant was given sufficient information by the Commission with respect to the criteria used to select the United States as reference country. 161. The only criticism which could be made of the Commission would be that it did not provide the applicant with the evidence to substantiate the view that the sales of calcium metal on the domestic market by the United States producer used for calculation of the normal value were representative. 162. However, the volume of sales by that producer on its domestic market constitutes confidential information, as is not contested by the applicant. The Commission was therefore not obliged to communicate it to the applicant. 163. Nor could the Commission have recourse to the other two methods of communication referred to by the applicant (see paragraph 148 above), since it had never suggested them before. 164. Moreover, communication to the applicant of the list of the United States producer's customers, in order to enable it to ascertain what kind of products are sold by it, would involve the communication of confidential information, as the applicant itself acknowledges. 165. In addition, the applicant has not shown that communication of the volume of sales of the unprocessed product by the American producer compared to sales of cored wire would not have informed it, indirectly, of that producer's volume of domestic sales of calcium metal. 166. Finally, it has not shown how the failure to disclose that information could have affected its opportunity to defend its interests or the outcome of the procedure, especially since, as the Council rightly points out, it never put forward an alternative proposal to the choice of the United States as reference country. 167. The complaint relating to the choice of the United States as reference country must therefore be rejected. 168. As regards the Commission's failure to communicate the information that would have enabled the applicant to ascertain whether the assessment of PEM's rate of utilisation of production capacity was correct, the provisional regulation gave the following details (recitals 29 to 31): — as from 1989, the Community producer invested in new furnaces and slightly increased its production capacity (index 103 in 1990, 107 in 1991 and 111 in 1992, against 100 in 1989); — production was stable: index 88 in 1990, 94 in 1991 and 101 in 1992, against 100 in 1989; — the rate of capacity utilisation reflected the benefit derived from the imposition of anti-dumping duties in 1989; then it stabilised at a lower level, slightly above 50%. 169. In the contested regulation (recital 20), the Council states that it considered the doubts expressed by the applicant and the Commission's findings, and concluded that PEM's rate of capacity utilisation remained low, fluctuating between approximately 50% and 60% during the period under consideration. 170. It follows that the Commission explained the parameters it used to reach the conclusion that the rate of capacity utilisation of PEM during the investigation period, in other words the ratio of actual production to PEM's production capacity, fluctuated between 50% and 60%. It also appears to have re-examined the question when, after the adoption of the provisional regulation, the assertion was made, without any evidence, that some customers could not be supplied by PEM. 171. In those circumstances, the applicant's complaint that the Commission did not provide it with any information to enable it to ascertain whether the assessment of PEM's rate of capacity utilisation was well founded must be rejected. 172. As regards the documents on which the abovementioned calculations were based, the Commission was not obliged to give the applicant access to them under Article 8 of the basic regulation, since they were of a confidential nature, as the applicant does not contest, and a non-confidential summary of the information was not feasible. 173. Moreover, the applicant has not established how the failure to disclose those documents could have affected its opportunity to defend its interests or the outcome of the procedure, especially as it never produced any evidence to show that the Commission's calculations were incorrect. 174. The complaint alleging failure to communicate information on the efforts and investments made by PEM in an attempt to supply the applicant must also be rejected for the reasons set out in paragraphs 142 to 144 in connection with the second limb of the plea. 175. With respect to the question whether the applicant was in a position to express an opinion on the facts and considerations on the basis of which it was intended to propose that definitive measures should be imposed on imports of calcium metal originating in China and Russia, it must be recalled that the applicant asked to be heard, in accordance with Article 7(5) of the basic regulation. That hearing took place on 4 May 1993. 176. Furthermore, the applicant communicated its views to the Commission throughout the investigation, as may be seen from the chronology of the correspondence between the applicant's lawyer and the Commission, as summarised by the Council: — letter of 31 May 1994 (Annex 40 to the application): the applicant communicates its non-confidential observations on the provisional regulation; in this document it contests the choice of the United States as reference country, the Community producer's rate of capacity utilisation of 50%, the purpose of the investment by PEM and the criterion of 96% purity adopted by the Commission; the Commission replied by letter of 14 June 1994; — letter of 11 July 1994 (Annex 42 to the application): the applicant replies to the Commission's letter of 14 June 1994, confirming the criticisms expressed in its letter of 31 May 1994; — letter of 22 August 1994 (Annex 62 to the application): the applicant comments on the letter of 11 August 1994 in which the Commission set out the principal facts and considerations on the basis of which it was intended to propose that definitive measures be imposed; the applicant's remarks relate inter alia to the choice of reference country, the rate of capacity utilisation of PEM, the degree of purity of the calcium and the efforts made by PEM to supply a product in conformity therewith. 177. It is thus apparent that the applicant had ample opportunity to express its views on the choice of reference country, the determination of the rate of utilisation of production capacity in PEM's factory, and the information on the investments made by PEM with a view to supplying the applicant. 178. Consequently, the third limb of the plea must also be rejected. 179. The plea in law must therefore be rejected in its entirety. Third plea in law: infringement of Articles 4(4) and 2(12) of the basic regulation and manifest error of assessment — Arguments of the parties 180. The applicant submits that the Council and the Commission were wrong to conclude that calcium metal originating in China and Russia, on the one hand, and that produced by PEM, on the other, are interchangeable in their applications and are thus like products within the meaning of Article 2(12) of the basic regulation. The concept of likeness is equivalent to that of interchangeability. Whether the products in question are alike must therefore be assessed by reference to their physical and technical characteristics and their applications. 181. According to the applicant, standard calcium originating in China or Russia and that produced by PEM do not have the same physical characteristics. The former comes in the form of turnings (or chips) which are shiny and homogeneous, whereas the latter is calcium in irregular chunks, of fibrous and porous appearance and always has a dull surface. 182. The technical characteristics of the products are radically different. Chemical analyses of the aluminium and magnesium content show that the products are not the same. Community calcium has a much higher oxygen content than calcium of Chinese or Russian origin. It follows from the different oxygen contents that the oxidation level of PEM's calcium is four to five times higher. 183. It is because of its high oxidation compared to calcium from other world producers that PEM's calcium cannot be used by the applicant. The excess oxygen level causes lime to be deposited in the furnaces, which blocks the applicant's equipment. Moreover, PEM itself acknowledges that its calcium contains a much higher level of oxygen. 184. In the applicant's opinion, that characteristic of PEM's calcium is fundamental, all the more so because, in the case of an industrial product intended for the manufacture of a derived product as opposed to a product intended for the final consumer, it determines the conditions of use of the product and has a considerable effect on the production process and costs. The economic effect of the physical difference in oxygen content is considerable. 185. PEM's argument that the difference between the two products derives not from the calcium itself but from the specific process used by the applicant is unacceptable for reasons of both fact and law. 186. The fact that other users are able to use PEM's calcium metal proves only that the same product may be used for different purposes and under different conditions. Standard calcium metal can belong to different markets. It may be used by the lead and ferro-alloy industries or as a raw material for producing broken calcium. In the former case the differences in purity are immaterial, as is the oxygen level. By contrast, the oxygen level is fundamental in the latter case, which represents a substantial proportion of calcium applications. 187. Calcium metal is a raw material which is processed for use in the three sectors mentioned above, namely the lead industry (340 tonnes, 40% of calcium applications), the steel industry (570 tonnes, 46% of calcium applications) and high-temperature calcium treatments (100 tonnes, 11% of calcium applications). Standard calcium from PEM can be used without difficulty in the lead industry, but is unusable for all high-temperature treatments and for almost half of the products used for treating steel. 188. PEM's reasoning is flawed. According to the applicant, it is not possible to jump from calcium metal as a raw material to the end uses of the product derived from the raw material without taking account of use at the intermediate stage for the production of broken calcium metal. It is only by reference to that intermediate market that the conditions of use should be assessed, since the argument concerns imports of standard calcium metal, not broken calcium. 189. Having regard to those facts and to the substantial proportion of calcium applications involved in the treatment of steel, it cannot be concluded that the differences in use are unimportant or even marginal. On the contrary, in only one of the three applications — the lead industry — are standard calcium from PEM and standard calcium of Chinese or Russian origin similar. For the other two applications, PEM is obliged to have recourse to distilled calcium. The two products cannot therefore be regarded as like products by the Community authorities. 190. In conclusion, they are not interchangeable. 191. According to the Council, a trader such as the applicant which develops a new process for reducing a certain product to granules does not create two different products for the purposes of the basic regulation simply because its process, unlike the existing processes, is particularly sensitive to certain impurities. Differences of quality or use are not enough in themselves to distinguish two products. It must be examined whether the differences in quality or use are perceived by the market in general as distinguishing two products. 192. It is not impossible for the applicant to use PEM's product, but such use would involve it in additional expense. 193. The applicant may not rely on differences of cost in relation to its own use without taking into account the fact that the Chinese and Russian products are obtained by a process of electrolysis which, in a market economy, entails higher production costs. 194. According to the Council, the question of the identity of the chemical element or compound must not be confused with the question of the presence of impurities. A varying level of impurities does not necessarily affect the similarity of the products. The calcium metal produced by PEM is the same chemical element as the calcium metal produced by China and Russia. The level of variation of impurities did not appear to the institutions to have any effect on the use of PEM's standard product by processors other than the applicant. 195. Calcium metal imported from China or Russia can be substituted for calcium metal produced by PEM in all sectors because, for 86% of industrial consumers of calcium metal (the lead, ferro-alloy and steel industries), calcium obtained by the aluminothermic process and a fortiori calcium obtained by electrolysis satisfy their technical requirements. For 11% of industrial consumers (high-temperature calcium treatment), calcium produced by electrolysis is preferred, and PEM can supply it by distilling its standard product. For 3% of industrial consumers (the nuclear industry), a high-purity product is required, which PEM can also supply in the form of its nuclear-quality calcium. 196. PEM and the Chambre Syndicale submit, on the basis of the Commission's decision-making practice, that for products to be alike it suffices if Community products and products from non-member countries have basic physical and technical characteristics in common and have the same basic functions and potential uses which make them largely interchangeable, even if differences in characteristics, appearance or quality reduce the degree of interchangeability. 197. In the present case, Community calcium metal and calcium metal originating in China or Russia are like products. 198. Notwithstanding a slight variation in purity level, and correspondingly in the oxygen content, as a result of the production process used, Community calcium metal and Chinese or Russian calcium metal have physical and chemical characteristics which are sufficiently close to be regarded as like products. 199. The two products also have the same end users. 200. Finally, both production processes enable 'standard‘ primary calcium to be obtained, which is used principally either in solid lumps, in the lead and ferro-alloy industries, or in broken form. 201. For utilisation of calcium metal in solid lumps (representing 40% of requirements), Community calcium metal and Chinese or Russian calcium metal are completely interchangeable. For utilisation of calcium metal in broken form in high-temperature treatments, calcium of greater purity must be used. However, that calcium metal may come either from producers established in China and Russia using the electrolytic process, or from those using the aluminothermic process, including PEM. The latter process also enables calcium with a very high degree of purity to be obtained, the only difference being the price, since Chinese or Russian calcium has a high degree of purity and is less expensive because of dumping. Community calcium metal and imported calcium metal ultimately have the same basic functions and potential uses in respect of 86% of applications, and the greater purity of the calcium metal used, in up to 11% of applications, in high temperature treatments may be found in the case of both PEM and the producers established in China and Russia. Those products are therefore like products within the meaning of the basic regulation. — Findings of the Court 202. Article 4(1) and (4) of the basic regulation provides: 'A determination of injury shall be made only if the dumped or subsidised imports are, through the effects of dumping or subsidisation, causing injury, i.e., causing or threatening to cause material injury to an established Community industry or materially retarding the establishment of such an industry ... ... The effect of the dumped or subsidised imports shall be assessed in relation to the Community production of the like product ...‘ 203. Article 2(12) of that regulation states: '... ”like product” means a product which is identical, i.e., alike in all respects, to the product under consideration, or, in the absence of such a product, another product which has characteristics closely resembling those of the product under consideration‘. 204. The institutions enjoy a wide discretion in analysing complex economic situations (see, for instance, Case T-164/94 Ferchimex v Council [1995] ECR II-2681, paragraph 66), and the determination of 'like products‘ falls within that context (Case T-170/94 Shanghai Bicycle v Council [1997] ECR II-1383, paragraph 63). 205. In those circumstances, it must be ascertained whether the institutions made an error of fact or law or a manifest error in the assessment of the facts which entailed an incorrect appraisal of the similarity of the products (see, to that effect, Case 188/95 Fediol v Commission [1988] ECR 4193, paragraph 6). 206. In the present case, the Council, in examining the question of the similarity of the products, took account of the physical and technical differences between PEM's product and that imported from China or Russia and of the effect of those differences on intermediate producers such as the applicant. 207. The Community institutions may consider that a Community product and a dumped product are like products despite the existence of physical or technical and other differences which restrict their potential use by the ultimate purchasers. On this point, the Court of Justice has held, with reference to anti-dumping duties on plain paper photocopiers originating in Japan (see, for instance, Case C-171/87 Canon v Council [1992] ECR I-1237, paragraphs 47, 48 and 52; Case C-174/87 Ricoh v Council [1992] ECR I-1335, paragraphs 35, 36 and 40; and Case C-179/87 Sharp v Council [1992] ECR I-1635, paragraphs 25, 26 and 30), that the Community institutions did not make a manifest error of assessment by regarding, for the purposes of assessing the injury suffered by the Community industry, as 'Community production of the like product‘, production of all photocopiers, in all segments merged together, with the exception of machines for which there was no Community production, despite the existence of technical differences between the various photocopiers. 208. In the contested regulation (recitals 11 and 12), the Council stated without being contradicted by the applicant that, as regards applications in the lead and ferro-alloy industries and in the steel industry, the standard quality calcium metal produced by PEM and that imported from China or Russia are completely interchangeable, and hence like products within the meaning of Article 2(12) of the basic regulation. 209. That likeness of products thus relates to 86% of the Community market in calcium metal, since the lead and ferro-alloy industries on the one hand and the steel industry on the other represent 40% and 46% of that market respectively. 210. As regards the steel industry, however, the applicant considers essentially that in assessing the similarity of the products account should be taken not of the ultimate purchasers but of the intermediate purchasers, that is, the undertakings which process calcium metal into broken calcium metal. The applicant, as an undertaking which processes calcium metal into broken calcium metal, cannot use the standard quality calcium metal produced by PEM. That product and the product originating in China or Russia cannot therefore be regarded as like products. 211. That argument is unfounded. 212. Where the Community institutions — the Commission and the Council — conclude that the imports in question are being dumped, they must, pursuant to Article 4(4) of the basic regulation, determine the effect of those imports on like products in the Community. 213. The similarity of the basic products (raw materials), that is, their interchangeability, must be evaluated having regard in particular to the preferences of the end users, given that demand for the basic product on the part of processing undertakings depends on demand by end users. 214. It is not enough, on the other hand, to consider the preferences of processing undertakings, which may for technical or economic reasons prefer one basic product to another. 215. It must also be considered whether or not the products which incorporate the basic product are in competition with one another, in particular where, as in the present case, the value added by the processing of the basic product is relatively small in relation to the price of the end product. 216. In such a case, an increase in demand for the basic product — here calcium metal of Chinese or Russian origin — as a result of dumping may entail a fall in the price of the processed product — the broken calcium produced by the applicant. That situation may in turn bring about a fall in demand for the other processed product, broken calcium from PEM, a fall which may in turn cause a decline in demand for the other basic product, the calcium metal produced by PEM. 217. Injury is then suffered by the producers of the latter basic product, the use of which does not create any particular problems for the end user. 218. Processing undertakings using PEM's basic product may be induced to cease buying that product, by definition more expensive than the basic product from China orRussia. They may then either have recourse to producers from those non-member countries or else, if they are vertically integrated like PEM, lower their prices by reducing their profitability and probably incurring losses, in other words, injury within the meaning of Article 4 of the basic regulation (see Case T-166/94 Koyo Seiko v Council [1995] ECR II-2129, paragraphs 32 to 42, especially paragraphs 35 and 36). 219. In those circumstances, the conclusion must be drawn that the institutions neither made an error of fact, nor infringed Articles 4(1) and (4) and 2(12) of the basic regulation, nor made a manifest error of assessment by considering that the calcium metal produced by PEM and calcium metal from China and Russia were like products within the meaning of Article 2(12) of the basic regulation. 220. As regards applications in high temperature calcium treatments, it would appear necessary to use calcium metal whose degree of purity is greater than that of the standard quality broken calcium metal of the Community producer. However, those applications form only a small proportion (11%) of the total applications of the product in question in the Community. Consequently, the fact that it is not possible to use PEM's standard quality broken calcium metal in this area cannot call into question the soundness of the institutions' analysis as to the similarity of the product in question. 221. The third plea in law must therefore be rejected. Fourth plea in law: infringement of Article 4(1) of the basic regulation and manifest error of assessment 222. According to the applicant, PEM could not claim to have suffered injury within the meaning of Article 4 of the basic regulation because, first, it had made no attempt to supply the applicant, second, it could not claim that imports at dumping prices had obliged it to reduce its prices for broken calcium and, third, the greater part of the imports concerned derived from the fact that the applicant did not succeed in obtaining supplies from PEM. 223. The applicant does not deny the existence of injury on the part of the Community industry, but confines itself to contesting either the causal link between the dumped imports and the injury or the extent of the injury. Those challenges must be considered in turn. 1. Causal link 224. The applicant denies the existence of a causal link between the dumped imports and the injury to the Community industry. In support of its argument it asserts, first, that PEM made no effort to supply it with primary calcium metal of standard quality and, second, that PEM was responsible for the fall in the price of primary calcium metal from which the injury to the Community industry derived. (a) The complaint that PEM made no effort to supply the applicant with standard quality calcium metal Arguments of the parties 225. With respect to the first point, the applicant observes that after attempting for two years to supply it with a product comparable to Chinese or Russian calcium metal PEM was still unable to do so, even though: — it knew as soon as relations resumed the reason for the difficulties encountered by the applicant in using the standard quality calcium metal produced by it; — it had stated that it was able to provide the applicant with a satisfactory product; — the Canadian producers had taken only a few weeks to resolve similar technical difficulties; — PEM claims to have spent considerable sums on research and investment with a view to supplying the applicant; — Péchiney is a large group which has considerable research facilities. 226. That impossibility of supplying standard calcium is confirmed by the fact that PEM definitively abandoned its attempts to do so, since the last trials related to nuclear calcium. 227. In fact PEM made no attempt at all to supply the applicant. On the contrary, it deliberately decided not to supply it, as is shown not only by the chronology of relations between the applicant and PEM and the facts mentioned in the preceding paragraph, but also by the following factors: — although it knew from December 1992 that its product was not suitable for the applicant's manufacturing process because of its high oxygen content, PEM wrote in August 1993 that its practice was to draw its (calcium) ingots from the furnace when hot (which contributes to oxidation of the calcium); — PEM's memorandum of 5 August 1993 on the technical work carried out in its factory at La Roche de Rame, which described the investments made in order to improve its product, remained confidential for a long time; — PEM was able, throughout the trials, to secure sensitive information from the applicant, enabling it to obtain anti-dumping duties fixed at a level at which its competitor was neutralised on the market (as shown by the steps taken by PEM immediately before the imposition of the definitive duties and by that undertaking's abuse of its dominant position, consisting principally of an abuse of process: see the seventh plea in law). 228. The applicant asked on several occasions during the investigation for an expert report to be ordered, to establish what adjustments had been made by PEM and whether they were likely to improve its product. That was always refused. The applicant therefore consulted an independent expert, Mr Laurent, who reported on 19 May 1995. According to his report, PEM was aware from the outset of the pernicious incidence of oxygen in its calcium. Moreover, it had available in its own factories all the appropriate means to remedy that problem without being obliged to have recourse to trials, which could be expected to be negative, at the applicant's plant. Finally, it had complicated and delayed the most obvious findings, since a rigorous methodology, followed if necessary by independent experts, would have made it possible to avoid expensive trials and reach clear conclusions within a short time. 229. In the Council's opinion, the question whether it was impossible for PEM to supply the applicant comprises an element of fact and an element of law. The question of fact is to determine whether PEM was unable to supply the applicant, in which case the point of law is whether injury may nevertheless be established. The Council concedes that PEM was not able to supply a standard quality product meeting the applicant's requirements. However, the applicant cannot claim that its attitude, as disclosed by the documents in the case, was altogether constructive. 230. As to the alleged refusal by PEM to make the adjustments necessary in order to be able to supply the applicant, the Council submits that the documents in the case do not show that PEM did not take reasonable measures to that end. Findings of the Court 231. The applicant's argument is that PEM made no attempt to supply it with calcium metal suitable for its needs. The overall relationship between the applicant and PEM must be examined to determine whether that argument is founded in fact. 232. Relations between Extramet, which later became IPS, and PEM were interrupted from 1985 to 1991, at least with respect to calcium. 233. The evidence in the case-file makes it possible to reconstruct the relationship between the applicant and PEM in the period from 1991 to 1994. 234. In July 1991 the applicant ordered 500 kg of calcium from PEM. The goods were delivered that month, accompanied by a sample of 50 kg of calcium metal in splintered form. The applicant itself admits that it refrained from pursuing commercial relations at that time, so as not to influence the procedure before the Conseil de la Concurrence, in view of the fact that PEM's lawyer had made use of that order to support its position. On 19 November 1992, five days after publication of the notice of 14 November 1992 concerning the anti-dumping proceeding, it wrote to PEM criticising the quality of the calcium supplied in July 1991. 235. For the investigation period from 1 July 1991 to 31 October 1992, PEM cannot therefore be considered to have been the author of its own injury. During that period, the applicant on the one hand did not think it appropriate to resume commercial relations with PEM, and on the other, obtained supplies of calcium metal from China and Russia despite the imposition of anti-dumping duties. 236. However, it has been held (Case T-161/94 Sinochem Heilongjiang v Council [1996] ECR II-695, paragraph 88) that consideration of data which postdates the investigation period may prove necessary if such data discloses new developments which make the planned imposition of an anti-dumping duty manifestly inappropriate. 237. The applicant's argument that developments after the end of the investigation period were such as to make the imposition of the duties at issue manifestly inappropriate must therefore be considered. 238. For this purpose only facts prior to 19 October 1994, the date of adoption of the contested regulation, may be taken into consideration. By contrast, later facts which might confirm or invalidate the institutions' analysis on the question of the causal link must be excluded. 239. On 21 December 1992 the manager of PEM's calcium operations met the chairman of the applicant company at the latter's head office. 240. During that meeting, they agreed on the following points: — it was agreed that the oxygen content could be the cause of the problems encountered by the applicant; — PEM would offer consignments of calcium metal to the applicant in order to carry out trials to attempt to reduce the oxygen content; — it was also agreed that measuring the oxygen and taking samples were especially delicate procedures and that the results obtained hitherto were not reliable, those two aspects requiring special development to enable a continuing assessment of PEM's progress in terms of reducing the percentage of oxygen in the calcium. 241. The two undertakings proceeded to carry out several trials in 1993. By letter of 26 April 1993, a draft commercial agreement was proposed by PEM to the applicant, in the light of the results of the first trial. 242. By fax of 3 May 1993, set out in Annex 15 to PEM's statement in intervention, the applicant stated that the maximum oxygen content found in PEM's samples was 0.36%, not 0.4% and 0.5% as in the results of the initial analyses. It stressed that 0.36% was the maximum content acceptable to it. According to PEM, the minimum purity of calcium acceptable to the applicant at the time was 97% and the difficulty was to determine the proportion of oxygen in the calcium with great precision and with no chance of error. 243. By that same fax of 3 May 1993, the applicant recommended that the Centre Européen de Recherche en Métallurgie des Poudres (Cermep), Grenoble, the analytical laboratory it normally used, should be asked to perfect a method for analysing the oxygen in the calcium. On 4 June 1993 PEM and the applicant visited that laboratory. The method of analysis then proposed by the applicant was abandoned. Various methods of analysis were considered. PEM and the applicant eventually agreed on a method consisting in oxidising all the calcium in the sample of metal in order to determine the original lime and hence the oxygen content. 244. On 6 May 1993 an agreement was concluded for the delivery of five tonnes of splintered calcium (rather than calcium in chunks as in the case of the April 1993 trial). A second trial took place in June 1993 with the consignment of five tonnes of splinters. The trial with splintered calcium was a failure, as the deposit in the vessel was twice that of the previous trial. 245. By letter of 2 July 1993, PEM confirmed to the applicant that it intended to pursue commercial discussions with a view to concluding a supply contract, while expressing concern as to the method of checking the oxygen in the calcium. It also stated its intention of carrying out technical improvements in its factory in order substantially to reduce the amount of lime in its calcium. Those technical improvements consisted in equipping the furnaces in PEM's factory with a system of cooling under argon. 246. On 15 July 1993 Cermep communicated the results of its analyses to the applicant. The analyses showed that PEM's calcium had an oxygen content of the same order as that of Chinese or Russian calcium. After expressing doubts as to the reliability of the method used by Cermep, PEM suggested delivering a tonne of calcium cooled under argon, not in the open air, with a view to carrying out a fresh trial. In its letter to PEM of 11 August 1993, the applicant shared PEM's scepticism as to the analyses carried out by Cermep and stated that it was agreeable to send a sample to that laboratory for analysis. 247. From 13 to 16 September 1993 a third trial took place at the applicant's premises, using two tonnes of calcium which had been cooled under argon. That trial failed. Nevertheless, since the thermocouplers regulating the high and low zones of the furnace had been inverted by the applicant's personnel when emptying out the installations, PEM considered that the regulation of those installations might notcorrespond to what was required for accepting calcium of other than Chinese or Russian origin. While acknowledging that there had been a mistake, the applicant considered that the mistake had not had any effect on the result. 248. Meanwhile, following the conduct by the applicant of comparative analyses of standard calcium from PEM and that from the Canadian producer, which tended to show that the problem of the high oxidation of PEM's calcium derived from its lack of compactness, PEM had analyses carried out of those two types of calcium. Despite results which were contrary to those of the applicant's analyses, it experimented with increasing the compactness of its calcium ingots. It produced six tonnes of compact calcium metal, manufactured by means of double-cone condensation. In the end that product was not offered to the applicant, because its oxygen content subsequently proved to be 0.4% to 0.5%, that is, a percentage considerably higher than the tolerance level of the applicant's furnace. 249. A fourth trial took place on 15 and 16 November 1993 using five tonnes of calcium cooled under argon, with the applicant's agreement. As the trial again failed, PEM considered that more fruitful trials could be carried out at the applicant's factory using its nuclear calcium (N calcium) (report of visit to PEM's factory of 28 November 1993). 250. It therefore prepared for the applicant a consignment of five tonnes of N calcium with an average level of 0.22%, to confirm that there was a linear relation between the oxygen level and the rate of contamination of the applicant's furnace. The consignment was not accepted by the applicant until February 1995, on the occasion of trials carried out from 28 February to 3 March 1995, in other words after the adoption of the contested regulation. 251. At the same time, during the period from December 1993 to April 1994, PEM pursued its theoretical examination of all the possible sources of oxidation of the calcium (imperviousness of the furnaces, residual carbonates in the lime, oxygen introduced by secondary chemical reactions depending on the vacuum and temperature, effect on oxygen of the level of aluminium in the calcium). Although it did not dispute that those steps were taken, the applicant complained of not having been given precise information on the extent and results of those trials and analyses. 252. By letter of 21 July 1994, PEM made a further commercial proposal to the applicant: essentially, it was prepared to share the costs of a trial with five tonnes of calcium which had been ready from the end of 1993 and undertook, if the trial were successful, to supply the applicant with 100 to 150 tonnes a year for five years. In view of those amounts, it allowed the applicant price terms which were especially favourable for nuclear calcium (N). However, according to the applicant, those price terms were still well above those for standard calcium, so that it was excluded from the market. 253. In late March 1994 PEM, in an attempt to satisfy the applicant's requirements, committed FF 1.5 million to the following sectors: investment/furnaces, FF 0.5 million; oxygen control equipment, FF 0.1 million; unstructured research and development costs, FF 0.9 million. According to PEM, the item for research and development costs represented, in 1993, 8% of the annual item for 'analyses‘ of PEM's central research laboratory, while the other expenditure amounted to 25% of PEM's annual investment in its La Roche de Rame factory. 254. The applicant asserts moreover that, according to oral statements by PEM technicians, the research and development costs were treated as overheads and allocated to the various activities of the company. On this point, it suffices to note that the applicant does not dispute that the costs were actually incurred, but simply contests, without producing any evidence, their allocation to one or other budget heading. 255. In the light of the foregoing, it is established that the Community producer PEM made substantial efforts to adapt in order to meet the applicant's technical requirements. 256. Consequently, the institutions did not make any errors of fact or manifest errors of assessment of the facts with respect to PEM's willingness to supply the applicant. To consider that the efforts made by PEM did not demonstrate a willingness to supply the applicant and that the causal link was therefore broken by reason of the conduct of the European industry would be tantamount to making it impossible to impose anti-dumping duties on imports of dumped raw materials where the Community industry is unable to supply certain importers because of the special features of their production processes. That would be incompatible with the aim of the basic regulation, which is to protect the Community industry against unfair price practices of non-member countries. 257. That conclusion is not invalidated by the arguments put forward by the applicant. 258. The applicant submits to begin with that the investments carried out in PEM's factory corresponded to PEM's individual requirements. It must be stated, however, that those investments were also intended to meet the applicant's requirements. In that respect, according to the applicant itself, the fact that the calcium ingots were drawn from the furnace when hot contributed to the oxidation of the calcium. Even supposing that PEM might have been able to solve that problem sooner, the fact remains that drawing of the ingots when cold was likely, as the applicant itself suggested, to solve the problem of oxidation of PEM's calcium metal. 259. The applicant also relies on the report dated 19 May 1995 by an expert instructed by it, Mr Laurent, which finds that there were inconsistencies and needless digressions in the methodology followed to solve the problem and a clear intention on the part of PEM to complicate and delay findings which were obvious, such as the source of the problem. However, that report was drawn up after the adoption of the contested regulation, so that the institutions could not take it into account. Moreover, it is not decisive, as its conclusions are contradicted by the report of Professor Winand, an expert instructed by PEM. 260. The applicant considers that the opinion of the latter expert, dated 18 December 1995, is based on an analysis of a single letter from PEM to the applicant, that of 20 May 1994, whereas Mr Laurent's opinion is based on an examination of all the documentation. In that respect, it suffices to state that the letter from PEM examined by Professor Winand sets out the essential aspects of the relationship between the two companies for the period from December 1992 to April 1994. In those circumstances, Professor Winand's report is no less creditworthy than that of Mr Laurent. 261. The applicant cannot criticise the Commission for not, in this context, having had recourse to an independent expert to verify that PEM had made efforts to supply it with a suitable product. First, the basic regulation did not require the institution to act in such a way before proposing definitive measures. Second, the facts in the case-file were verified by the Commission's officials and discussed between PEM and the applicant. Finally, the institutions must act within necessarily restricted time-limits for the adoption of definitive measures, and it is always for them ultimately to assess the facts adduced by the parties in an anti-dumping proceeding. 262. In those circumstances, the Commission did not exceed its discretion in the matter. 263. This complaint must therefore be rejected. (b) The complaint that PEM was responsible for the falls in prices of broken calcium metal which caused the injury to the Community industry Arguments of the parties 264. The applicant submits that, according to the information it gave the Commission by letter of 25 August 1994, it was PEM which on its own initiative reduced prices without being forced to do so, since the applicant's prices were always higher than PEM's, contrary to what is stated in recital 19 of the contested regulation. The surveys of PEM's prices communicated to the Directorate-General for Competition (DG IV) show, on the contrary, that PEM followed a policy of excluding the applicant from the market by systematically aligning its prices at 10% to 15% below those of the applicant, without at any time taking account of its actual costs. 265. The Council submits that PEM's prices are not prices which PEM simply communicated, as the applicant did to DG IV, but accounting data verified by the Commission on the spot at PEM's premises. By contrast, the applicant refused to provide data on its resale prices and the Commission had to use the available information, namely the fact that PEM's prices had fallen by 17%. In so doing, the Commission acted on the basis of Article 7(7)(b) of the basic regulation. 266. With respect to the argument that it did not communicate its resale prices, the applicant submits that those figures were available, since they had been in the possession of DG IV from the lodging of the complaint on 12 July 1994, and that they are also in the possession of the Council, having been annexed to the application for annulment. The applicant has seen nothing to show that those figures are incorrect. 267. As regards the applicant's letter of 25 August 1994 to DG IV, which the applicant relies upon to support its assertion that PEM was the first to reduce its prices, the Council observes that the letter was addressed to DG IV, with no copy for the Directorate-General for External Economic Relations (DG I). Findings of the Court 268. Article 7(7)(b) of the basic regulation provides: 'In cases in which any interested party or third country refuses access to, or otherwise does not provide, necessary information within a reasonable period, or significantly impedes the investigation, preliminary or final findings, affirmative or negative, may be made on the basis of the facts available. Where the Commission finds that any interested party or third country has supplied it with false or misleading information, it may disregard any such information and disallow any claim to which this refers.‘ 269. In support of its allegation that it was PEM which was the first to reduce its prices and is therefore the author of its own injury, the applicant refers to its letter of 25 August 1994 to DG IV, annexed to which was a table summarising the prices charged by the applicant on the market in broken calcium. 270. As the Council rightly observes, however, it did not transmit that table to DG I, the directorate general solely responsible for investigations in anti-dumping proceedings. 271. In those circumstances, the Commission was unable to obtain that information from the applicant, since it always refused to provide data on its sales on the market in broken calcium. The applicant cannot therefore rely on such data in its action against the contested regulation. 272. Furthermore, the table in question was supplied to DG IV without any supporting documentation. By contrast, the prices charged by PEM on the market in broken calcium are accounting data verified by the Commission on the spot, at PEM's premises. In those circumstances, faced with the applicant's refusal to provide data on its resale prices, the Commission was entitled, in the light of the available information and pursuant to Article 7(7)(b) of the basic regulation, to conclude that PEM's prices had fallen by 17% as a result of dumping by the Russian and Chinese producers. 273. This complaint must therefore be rejected. 2. Extent of the injury Arguments of the parties 274. The applicant submits that the greater part of the imports in question derived from the fact that it was unsuccessful in obtaining supplies from PEM. It states that from 1989 to 1993 it imported between 62% and 97% of imports of the products in question from China and Russia to the Community, or 70% on average, and 65.7% during the investigation period, not 50% as the Council asserts in the contested regulation. In those circumstances PEM cannot point to any injury resulting from those imports, since it is unable to produce calcium with the same uses. Any injury suffered by PEM could at most relate to the 30% imported by other users in the Community. 275. The Council observes that the injury must be determined having regard not only to sales of imported calcium metal but also to sales of calcium processed into granules. If it were otherwise, the absurd conclusion would be that fair competition cannot be restored in a case where the dumped product is always processed before being sold. 276. Even on the assumption that PEM is incapable of supplying the applicant with a product in conformity, the imports effected by the applicant still cause PEM injury, since the imported product is sold in the form of granules in competition with the calcium in granules sold by PEM. The dumping prices for imports have an effect on the resale prices of (spherical) granules of calcium, and hence cause injury to PEM, which also sells (non-spherical) granules of calcium on the Community market. The applicant is thus wrong to assert that the injury can relate only to imports by other users in the Community. 277. As to the applicant's assertion that it imported between 62% and 97% of the products imported from China and Russia, not 50% as stated in the contestedregulation, the Council submits that even if those figures were correct, which they are not, the injury would be even greater, since a larger quantity would be sold in the form of (spherical) granules of calcium on the market. 278. As regards the injury to PEM on the market in calcium in granulated form, the Council considers that the applicant has not shown that it made a manifest error in the assessment of the injury suffered by the Community industry. Findings of the Court 279. The applicant's argument raises a point of fact, namely that of the precise volume of the applicant's imports, and a point of law, namely the soundness of the applicant's argument that its imports should not come into consideration in determining the injury because it was impossible for PEM to supply it with standard quality calcium metal. Since the point of fact is material for the outcome of the case only if the legal point raised by the applicant is correct, the latter should be examined first. 280. On this point, as is stated in recital 19 of the contested regulation, a correct analysis of the effect of the dumped imports must take into account not only sales of imported calcium metal which has not been processed but also sales of calcium metal processed into granules. Were it otherwise, it would not be possible, for example, to restore fair competition in a case where a dumped product was processed before being sold. 281. The imports effected by the applicant are such as to cause injury to PEM, since the imported product is processed and then sold in powder form in competition with the calcium in granules sold by PEM. As the Court held in paragraphs 212 to 219 above, the dumping prices for imports have effects on the resale prices of the (spherical) calcium powders produced by the applicant, and thereby cause injury to PEM, which sells (non-spherical) calcium granules on the Community market, using primary calcium metal of Community origin. The applicant is therefore wrong to assert that the injury could not be connected with its imports into the Community. 282. In those circumstances, the question of the accuracy of the figures for imports of calcium metal from China and Russia is not material for the outcome of the case. Even supposing that the applicant's figures are correct, the quantity imported by it would have been larger and the injury at least as great, since that imported quantity would have been sold in the form of (spherical) calcium powders on the Community market. 283. It follows that this complaint must also be rejected. 284. The fourth plea in law must therefore be rejected in its entirety. Fifth plea in law: infringement of Article 12 of the basic regulation and manifest error of assessment A — Introduction Arguments of the parties 285. The applicant submits that the Council wrongly concluded that definitive measures should be imposed in the Community interest. That interest in fact did not require the imposition of anti-dumping duties which were liable to create or strengthen a dominant position by PEM on the European market in primary calcium metal and broken calcium metal, while virtually eliminating the applicant from the European market in broken calcium metal. 286. That creation or strengthening of PEM's dominant position on the calcium metal market is alleged to derive from the following factors: — the impossibility of importing Chinese or Russian calcium metal, having regard in particular to the amount of the duties imposed and their specific, not ad valorem character; — the impossibility of obtaining supplies from the North American producers; — the prohibitive cost of the nuclear quality calcium metal produced by PEM. 287. In those circumstances the balance of interests in the Community required the Council, according to the applicant, to ascertain whether the positive effects of the measures would outweigh their negative effects. In comparison with the effective strengthening of PEM's dominant position on the calcium metal market and the equally effective elimination of its principal competitor on the market in broken calcium, namely the applicant, the positive effects stated in the contested regulation would have been very small. 288. The Council considers, on the basis of the criteria stated in the contested regulation, that definitive anti-dumping measures had to be imposed in the Community interest. 289. It submits that a dominant position on the part of the Community producer has not been shown to exist, and that the applicant's argument thus has no factual basis. 290. PEM and the Chambre Syndicale agree with the Council. They submit that the absence of measures would be very serious for the Community because it would directly jeopardise the survival of the only Community producer. It would in all probability induce PEM to buy calcium metal in China and Russia and so put an end to all Community production of that metal. In the short term, that would mean a serious industrial site problem for PEM, which would be obliged to close its factory at La Roche de Rame. That would have adverse consequences for an entire French region. In the long term, the absence of anti-dumping duties would leave the field clear for producers in China and Russia to impose their prices on the Community market in calcium metal. That would entail the risk of an organised shortage coupled with price rises, as was the case with molybdenum, tungsten and antimony in 1993 to 1994. In the even longer term, it would offer producers in China and Russia the market in broken calcium metal, on which they are already present, with dependence by Community processors and users of that product as the inevitable consequence. Findings of the Court 291. Under Article 12(1) of the basic regulation, a definitive anti-dumping duty may be imposed only 'where the facts as finally established show that there is dumping ... and injury caused thereby, and the interests of the Community call for Community intervention‘. 292. According to the case-law, the question whether the interests of the Community call for intervention involves appraisal of complex economic situations and judicial review of such an appraisal must be limited to verifying whether the procedural rules have been complied with, whether the facts on which the contested choice is based have been accurately stated, and whether there has been a manifest error of assessment of those facts or a misuse of powers (Sharp v Council, paragraph 58). 293. It must therefore be examined first whether the institutions made an error of fact or a manifest error in assessing the facts in the analysis on the basis of which they considered that the imposition of anti-dumping duties did not create or strengthen a dominant position on the part of PEM on the calcium metal market. B — PEM's position on the calcium metal market before the imposition of the duties at issue 294. The Court considers that the first question which arises is whether PEM held a dominant position before the duties at issue were imposed. 295. On this point, it should be noted that, as the Commission stated without being contradicted by the applicant, it follows from the provisional regulation (recitals 26 and 32) that the market shares of the undertakings operating in the market in primary calcium metal in the Community were as follows in the years 1989 to 1992: Year China and Russia PEM Others 1989 35.3% 50.2% 14.5% 1990 40.7% 44.0% 15.3% 1991 48.8% 34.7% 16.5% 1992 52.8% 31.7% 15.5% 296. Those figures show that in the period from 1989 to 1992 PEM lost 18.5% of the Community market, imports from China and Russia having increased by 17.5% of the market and those from other sources by 1%. During that period, PEM was thus unable to act independently of its competitors, since it lost a substantial part of its share of the Community market, despite the imposition of anti-dumping duties on Chinese and Russian imports in 1989. 297. In those circumstances and in the absence of other evidence, it cannot be said that the Council made an error of fact or an error of assessment in considering that PEM did not have a dominant position on the calcium metal market in the Community before the anti-dumping duties at issue were imposed. C — PEM's position on the markets in primary calcium metal and broken calcium metal following the imposition of the duties at issue 298. The Court considers that the question also arises whether, as a result of the imposition of the anti-dumping duties at issue, PEM was enabled to acquire a dominant position not only on the market in primary calcium metal but also on the secondary markets in broken calcium. 299. The contested regulation (recitals 30 and 31) rules out the risk of a sharp decrease in effective competition on the Community market, on the basis of the following factors: — the possibility for intermediate users to continue purchasing Chinese or Russian calcium metal at fair prices, — the possibility of purchasing calcium metal from North American producers; — the possibility of reviewing the situation six months, or at the latest one year, after the imposition of the duties at issue. 1. PEM's position on the market in primary calcium metal (a) The possibility for intermediate users to obtain supplies of calcium metal imported from China or Russia Arguments of the parties 300. The applicant submits that the imposition of a 'specific‘ anti-dumping duty rather than an 'ad valorem‘ duty can only strengthen PEM's dominant position, since no Chinese or Russian calcium metal will be imported into the Community any more. Following the imposition of the duties at issue, moreover, imports of Russian calcium plummeted by 84% (from 56.5 tonnes a month for the first four months of 1994 to 8.9 tonnes a month for the next eight months). For China the fall in imports was 98% (from 29 tonnes a month to 0.6 tonnes a month). 301. The Council states that it imposed the duties in the form of specific duties in order to minimise the risk of duty being evaded by manipulation of the price. Following the adoption of Regulation No 2808/89, producers established in China and Russia had reduced their export prices in order to absorb the duties imposed by that regulation. With specific duties, if exporters reduce their prices the amount of duty charged is not reduced. The duties were not fixed by reference to a threshold import price, which would have had the effect of guaranteeing a minimum price for calcium in the Community. 302. The Council considers the assertion that imports of Chinese or Russian calcium metal will cease to be pure speculation, especially as, according to import statistics, 71 tonnes of Russian calcium were put into free circulation in the period from May to December 1994. Moreover, temporary imports are not affected by the duties. Taking temporary imports into account, 298 tonnes were imported from Russia and 209 tonnes from China in the period from May to December 1994, of which 427 tonnes (219 tonnes + 208 tonnes) were imported into France. 303. Despite the imposition of anti-dumping duties, the applicant remains free to continue obtaining supplies from China and Russia. As a result of calculating the normal value on the basis of the domestic prices charged by the American producer, the alternative sources of supply in China and Russia have, by the imposition of the duties, been converted in a sense into sources from a country with a market economy. Findings of the Court 304. The applicant's argument on the consequences of the imposition of specific duties cannot be accepted. As the Council rightly observes, the imposition of a specific duty, as opposed to fixing the duty by reference to a threshold import price, makes it possible to minimise the risk of duties being evaded by manipulations of prices, since the amount of duty levied is not reduced if exporters reduce their prices. That method of proceeding enables a minimum price to be guaranteed for calcium in the Community, while allowing imports at fair prices, that is, prices which enable a Community producer to realise an adequate profit margin. 305. In those circumstances, the Council was entitled to consider that the imposition of a specific duty did not in itself have the effect of preventing imports from China and Russia. 306. As to the question whether the institutions made an error of fact or a manifest error in assessing the facts with respect to the possibility of continuing to obtain supplies from China and Russia, regard may not be had to what actually happened after the anti-dumping duties were imposed. The only point to be examined is whether the institutions could, having regard to the evidence available to them at the time of adoption of the contested regulation, consider that after the imposition of anti-dumping duties China and Russia would continue to be a source of supply for European users. 307. The only argument against such a forecast is based on the increase in import prices after the imposition of the duties at issue. That is not, however, capable of calling into question the Council's original forecast. It is common ground that the level of the duties was calculated on the basis of the average production cost of the Community producer plus a profit margin of 5%, which means that the processing undertakings competing with PEM, including the applicant, ought to have been able to continue obtaining supplies from China and Russia without thereby suffering a competitive disadvantage on the market in the processed products, unless of course their production costs were substantially higher than PEM's. Since the applicant did not inform the Commission of its production costs during the administrative procedure prior to the adoption of the duties at issue, the Community institutions cannot be criticised for not taking that factor into account when assessing the Community interest. 308. Besides, a failure to impose anti-dumping duties on the sole ground that the consequence of imposing those duties would be the elimination of the competing undertakings with the highest production costs would not be compatible with the maintenance of undistorted competition in the common market. Since the essential aim of establishing a system ensuring that competition in the common market is not distorted, provided for in Article 3(g) of the Treaty, is to enable a correct allocation of economic resources, the elimination of economically viable undertakings in order to ensure the survival of an undertaking with higher production costs cannot be justified. 309. The institutions consequently did not make an error of fact or a manifest error of assessment by considering that intermediate Community users of calcium metal would be able to continue obtaining supplies from China and Russia. 310. This complaint must therefore be rejected. (b) The possibility for IPS to obtain supplies from the North American producers Arguments of the parties 311. The applicant submits essentially that the North American suppliers could not constitute alternative sources of supply in view of the difficulties it had encountered in obtaining supplies from them. 312. The American producer manufactures essentially for its own use and itself imports substantial quantities of Chinese or Russian calcium. It also manufactures cored wire — a product which contains calcium with no other additive — and exports part of that production to Europe. Cored wire and calcium in chunks are classified under the same customs code, which has the effect of abnormally increasing the figures for the latter product. Moreover, there are three other producers of cored wire in the United States which use calcium powders and re-export finished products to Europe under the same customs code as calcium metal. It is therefore not possible in practice to analyse the statistics for products imported into Europe from the United States. Moreover, the availability of calcium in chunks from the United States has not changed. According to the applicant, the order it placed in December 1994 was not fulfilled until December 1995. 313. As to the Canadian producer, it follows a strategy of concentrating on its leading product, magnesium. In addition, contrary to the Council's assertion, no increase can be seen as compared with the years preceding the imposition of the anti-dumping duties. The applicant imported 47 of the 126 tonnes imported from Canada in 1994, to meet its requirement of 700 tonnes. The remainder of the imports from Canada, 79 tonnes, is comparable with the 61 tonnes mentioned by the Council for 1992. That producer then suspended deliveries. In 1995 it made no offer, despite several requests by the applicant. In 1996 it offered 100 tonnes, but without specifying a price. It is therefore pursuing a strategy which consists of supplying only when that suits its own convenience and giving preference to the magnesium trade over the calcium trade. All those factors were duly substantiated to DG IV on several occasions. 314. In those circumstances, users and processors of primary calcium metal are completely dependent on the European producer. 315. The Council observes that the Eurostat statistics show a distinct increase in imports from the United States. In 1994 a quantity of 76 tonnes was imported into free circulation, as against 18 tonnes in 1993, 49 tonnes in 1992 and 60 tonnes in 1991. Those statistics also show a clear increase in imports from Canada. In 1994 a quantity of 126 tonnes of calcium metal was imported into free circulation, as against 61 tonnes in 1992, 30 tonnes in 1991 and 49 tonnes in 1988. Those figures cast doubt on the applicant's assertions that the American producer manufactures essentially for its own use and that the Canadian producer is currently pursuing a strategy of concentrating on magnesium. The United States and Canada thus constitute two further sources of supply. Findings of the Court 316. The Council considered (recital 30 of the contested regulation) that the Community processors, including the applicant, could continue to obtain supplies from the United States and Canada. 317. As the Court held in paragraph 306 above, in order to ascertain whether the institutions made an error of fact or a manifest error in assessing the facts in this respect, account may not be taken of what happened after the anti-dumping duties were imposed. Account must be taken only of the evidence available to the institutions at the time of adoption of the contested regulation. 318. In support of its complaint, the applicant essentially puts forward a single argument, namely that after the imposition of the anti-dumping duties it encountered difficulties in obtaining supplies from the North American producers. In that respect, the first point to note is that during the administrative procedure prior to the adoption of the contested regulation the applicant did not mention difficulties relating either to the quality of the North American products, or to the prices charged by the North American producers, or to their production capacities; second, in any event, the figures for imports of calcium metal from the United States and Canada after the imposition of the first anti-dumping duties in 1989 but before the contested regulation show, for example, as the applicant itself acknowledges in Annex 18 to its observations on PEM's statement in intervention, that the amount imported in 1990 (78 tonnes) increased in 1991 (90 tonnes) and 1992 (110 tonnes), before falling in 1993 (67 tonnes) because of exports dumped by Russian and Chinese producers which in 1993 were not yet subject to anti-dumping duties. 319. In those circumstances, the institutions were entitled to consider that the same process of increasing imports would occur once the imposition of specific anti-dumping duties had restored fair competition in the Community. 320. This complaint must therefore be rejected. (c) The possibility of reviewing the state of the market six months, or at the latest one year, after the imposition of the duties at issue Arguments of the applicant 321. The applicant doubts the purpose of the possibility, referred to in the contested regulation (recital 31), of reviewing the situation six months after its entry into force if conditions of competition so require, or otherwise one year after the imposition of the duties at issue. Since market conditions have, according to the applicant, changed entirely since the adoption of the provisional duties, it cannot see in what circumstances a review could have taken place. Findings of the Court 322. By means of the recital providing for the review in question, the Council created an instrument allowing the duties at issue to be altered or even abolished if necessary, if maintaining them might entail a substantial deterioration of competitive conditions in the Community. Far from serving no purpose, the provision made for review confirms that the Community institutions took account of fears of a possible deterioration of competitive conditions in the Community after the imposition of the duties at issue and that, in balancing the interests concerned, they duly took into consideration the aims of Community competition policy. 323. It follows that this complaint must be rejected. (d) Conclusion 324. In those circumstances, the conclusion must be that the institutions did not exceed their discretion by considering that the imposition of the anti-dumping duties at issue was not liable to create or strengthen a dominant position on the part of PEM on the Community market in primary calcium metal. 2. PEM's position on the market in broken calcium metal Arguments of the parties 325. The applicant submits that PEM is its biggest competitor on the market in broken calcium metal. Since the contested duties were imposed, the applicant has lost 76% of its share of the Community market. The imposition of those duties therefore allowed PEM to occupy the same dominant position as on the market in primary calcium, with the European market being considered the relevant geographical market in view of the barriers to entry created by the imposition of the duties. 326. The Council observes that it is not unusual for an importer to lose market shares as a result of the imposition of anti-dumping duties. As to the assertion that the applicant has 'virtually been eliminated from the market‘ and its repeated allegation that PEM has a dominant position, the Council refers to its earlier observations, adding that a significant part of the applicant's activity consists of the processing into granules of calcium imported under temporary import arrangements (without paying duties), an operation which PEM cannot carry out with its own calcium. According to Eurostat statistics, that part of the applicant's activity was not curtailed by the imposition of the duties, but even increased. Findings of the Court 327. The applicant has not established that, having regard to the possibilities of obtaining supplies from outside the Community referred to in the contested regulation, the Council could have anticipated, in the light of the information available at the time, that a dominant position on the part of PEM might be created on the market in broken calcium following the imposition of anti-dumping duties. 328. The applicant merely asserts, without producing any supporting evidence, that it lost 76% of its share of the market in broken calcium after the adoption of the regulation. Nor has it produced any evidence to show that it was the imposition of the anti-dumping duties at issue, rather than its inability to produce at competitive prices, which caused the alleged loss of that market share. 329. In those circumstances, the institutions did not exceed their discretion by considering that the imposition of the anti-dumping duties at issue was not liable to create or strengthen a dominant position on the part of PEM on the Community market in broken calcium metal. 330. This complaint must therefore be rejected. D — Consideration of the interests of intermediate users, including the applicant, and end users and of PEM's conduct in the examination of the Community interest in imposing the duties at issue 331. The applicant submits that the institutions should have balanced the interests involved, ascertaining whether the positive consequences of the anti-dumping measures outweighed the negative consequences, namely the alleged dominant position acquired by PEM. In that respect it criticises the arguments put forward by the Council in the contested regulation to justify the Community interest in imposing the anti-dumping duties in question, concerning (a) the possibility of the applicant making sales abroad with the benefit of the inward processing procedure, (b) the consideration of the consequences of the dumped imports for PEM, (c) the effect of the anti-dumping duty on the end users and intermediate users, (d) the impact of the duties imposed by the contested regulation on PEM's turnover compared to the applicant's, and (e) the failure to take into consideration the under-use of PEM's production capacity and PEM's responsibility for the falls in prices. 332. Although it has already been found that the imposition of the anti-dumping duties was not liable to create or strengthen a dominant position on the part of PEM on the Community markets in primary and broken calcium metal (see points 324 and329 above), the applicant's criticisms of those arguments must be considered. 1. Possibility of the applicant making sales abroad with the benefit of the inward processing procedure 333. The contested regulation (recital 30) mentions the possibility of the applicant selling outside the Community with the benefit of the inward processing procedure. On this point, the applicant submits that it has always been present on foreign markets, but that PEM has as well. That argument may not therefore be used for the benefit of one party and not the other. 334. In that respect, it suffices to note that the inward processing procedure by definition applies only to imports of calcium metal and not to Community production. The fact that PEM is present on the export markets does not therefore call into question the finding by the Council in the contested regulation that Community intermediate users could continue not only to buy Chinese or Russian calcium metal at fair prices with a view to processing and selling it in the Community, but also to buy the calcium at dumping prices without the imposition of anti-dumping duties with a view to processing it under customs control and selling it on external markets. That substantial part of the applicant's activity will remain unaffected after the imposition of the duties at issue. Since the position of the applicant, considered as an importer of Chinese or Russian calcium metal, and that of PEM, considered as a Community producer of calcium metal, differ from the point of view of the opportunities for using the inward processing procedure, the Community institutions were right to take that difference into consideration in assessing the Community interest in imposing the duties at issue. 335. This complaint must therefore be rejected. 2. Consideration of the consequences of the dumped imports for PEM 336. In the contested regulation (recital 28), the Council considered that the anti-dumping duties were likely to prevent the closure of PEM's factory. The applicant submits that it is itself established in the same region of France, employs a workforce comparable to that of PEM's calcium section, has never formed part of a nationalised group, and is struggling with all its strength by developing new products in the endeavour to survive. 337. On this point, it should be noted that the applicant merely points to the existence of certain features common to its plant and PEM's, and to the fact that it does not form part of a nationalised group, but without thereby showing that those factors were overlooked by the institutions. On the contrary, in recital 30 of the contested regulation, the Council considers the impact of the duties at issue on several categories of users, including the applicant. 338. This complaint must therefore be rejected. 3. Effect of the anti-dumping duty on end users and intermediate users 339. As regards the effect of the anti-dumping duty on end users and intermediate users (recital 30 of the contested regulation), the applicant confines itself to criticising the Council for completely ignoring the existence of the intermediate producers, one of whom has virtually been eliminated from the European market and the other has strengthened its position to such an extent that it alone now dictates calcium prices on the European market, for both calcium metal and calcium in granules. 340. In addition, the applicant submits that the Council could not, without further explanation, merely state that the imposition of the duties would have only a minimal effect on end users, on the ground that the cost of a tonne of lead would increase by only 0.3% and the cost of a tonne of steel before rolling by less than 0.2%. It submits that PEM's net profit in 1993 was 0.31% of its turnover. In those circumstances, if a reduction of 0.3% had been applied to all the selling prices of PEM's products, PEM would have been 'in the red‘ in 1993. 341. As regards intermediate users, it suffices to note that their interests were taken into consideration by the Council, as explained in paragraphs 304 to 310, 316 to 320 and 333 to 335 above with respect to the possibility open to them of obtaining supplies of calcium metal from outside the Community and making use of the inward processing procedure. 342. As to the fall of 0.3% in the selling prices of PEM's products, the applicant has not shown how this could call into question the Council's assessment that imposing the duties at issue would have only a minimal effect on end users since, in its opinion, the cost of a tonne of lead would increase by only 0.3% and that of a tonne of steel before rolling by less than 0.2%. 343. It follows that this complaint must be rejected. 4. Impact of the duties imposed by the contested regulation on the turnover of PEM compared to that of the applicant 344. The applicant is unclear as to the basis on which the Council decided that it was in the Community interest to protect one Community producer to the detriment of another. Calcium metal represents 0.05% of PEM's turnover, whereas calcium in granules represents 85% of the applicant's turnover. 345. However, the Court considers, in the first place, that dumping may not be justified on the ground that only the Community producer is able to subsidise its production by means of the profits made on other products and, second, that the aim of the anti-dumping legislation is to maintain fair conditions of competition for the various sectors of production where they suffer injury as a result of dumped imports. 346. This complaint must therefore be rejected. 5. Failure to take into consideration the under-use of PEM's production capacity and PEM's responsibility for the falls in prices 347. According to the applicant, recital 28 of the contested regulation, which refers to 'the already precarious situation of the Community industry‘ and the 'detrimental‘ effects on competition if the industry were forced to cease production, cannot justify the imposition of the duties at issue, in view of the lack of alacrity and the inconsistent behaviour of PEM in its supposed attempts to supply the applicant, when the quantities requested by the latter would have amply covered the alleged under-use of the production capacity of PEM's plant. 348. Finally, it submits that it was PEM which initiated a price war policy, by systematically lowering prices in the 1980s by reference to the prices of products from China and Russia. 349. According to the applicant, it is therefore wrong, to say the least, to use such arguments to claim that the balance was in favour of adopting anti-dumping duties. 350. These complaints must be rejected for the reasons set out in connection with the fourth plea in law concerning the injury to the Community industry (see paragraphs 231 to 263 and 268 to 273 above). 351. It follows from all the foregoing that the fifth plea in law must be rejected in its entirety. Sixth plea in law: infringement of Article 190 of the Treaty Arguments of the parties 352. The applicant submits that the Council failed to fulfil its duty to state reasons with respect to the complaint lodged by it with the Commission on 12 July 1994 alleging an abuse of a dominant position by PEM. No reference was made to that complaint in the contested regulation. That omission is sufficient, having regard to the background to this case, to entail annulment of the regulation for failure to state reasons on an essential point. The Council should have explained its position on that complaint. 353. The applicant observes that its complaint was especially well documented and that it had submitted an expert report on the relationship between itself and PEM between 1992 and 1995. That report highlighted PEM's inconsistencies, the lack of a rigorous methodology, PEM's systematic advance announcements of false hopes of achieving results, and the hasty dispatch of commercial proposals with no guarantee of conformity or capacity to supply, doubtless to demonstrate to a third party that it was capable of satisfying the applicant. 354. Finally, DG IV had informed DG I of its doubts as to the adoption of anti-dumping measures because of the issues of competition raised in the case. 355. The Council submits that it took account of the factors relating to competition policy and was therefore not obliged to refer to the complaint of 12 July 1994 in the reasons for the contested regulation, especially as it provided for a review. 356. The Council submits that an examination of the complaint shows that the applicant did not rely on any factor which it had not already relied on in the anti-dumping investigation. Findings of the Court 357. It is settled case-law that the statement of reasons required by Article 190 of the Treaty must show clearly and unequivocally the reasoning of the Community authority which adopted the contested measure, so as to inform the persons concerned of the justification for the measure adopted and thus to enable them to defend their rights and the Community judicature to exercise its powers of review. However, the statement of the reasons on which regulations are based is not required to specify the often very numerous and complex matters of fact and law dealt with in the regulations, provided that they fall within the general scheme of the body of measures of which they form part (Case 203/85 Nicolet Instrument v Hauptzollamt Frankfurt am Main-Flughafen [1986] ECR 2049, paragraph 10; Case 240/84 NTN Toyo Bearing and Others v Council [1987] ECR 1809, paragraph 31; Case 255/84 Nachi Fujikoshi v Council [1987] ECR 1861, paragraph 39; Joined Cases C-63/90 and C-67/90 Portugal and Spain v Council [1992] ECR I-5073, paragraph 16; and Case C-353/92 Greece v Council [1994] ECR I-3411, paragraph 19; Joined Cases T-466/93, T-469/93, T-473/93, T-474/93 and T-477/93 O'Dwyer and Others v Council [1995] ECR II-2071, paragraph 67). 358. With respect more particularly to the statement of reasons for regulations imposing anti-dumping duties, the institutions are not in principle obliged to respond to complaints lodged pursuant to Article 3 of Regulation No 17 of the Council, First Regulation implementing Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty (OJ, English Special Edition 1959-1962, p. 87) by importers of the product which is the subject of the anti-dumping duties, on the basis of possible infringements of the Treaty rules on competition by the Community producers. It is sufficient for the reasoning of the institutions in the regulations to appear clearly and unequivocally. 359. In the present case, moreover, the key elements of the complaint of 12 July 1994 were known to the Community institutions, since they had been relied on in connection with the anti-dumping investigation, and were dealt with in the contested regulation. 360. In that complaint the applicant essentially does no more than refer to abuses on the part of PEM: first, its refusal to supply the applicant with standard quality calcium metal and, second, its lodging of the anti-dumping complaint and misuse of the anti-dumping procedure. 361. The alleged abuses by PEM, in making technical efforts with the aim of needlessly complicating the search for a solution to the applicant's technical problems and thereby delaying the provision of supplies of standard quality calcium metal, were examined by the Council in recitals 23 to 25 of the contested regulation. 362. There is thus no failure to state reasons in the contested regulation with respect to that part of the complaint. 363. As to the alleged misuse of the anti-dumping procedure by PEM, it is said to have consisted essentially in knowingly deceiving the Commission during the anti-dumping proceeding by leading it to believe that PEM was suffering injury, and in making use of the anti-dumping proceeding to find out its competitors' positions and costs on the markets concerned. On this point, it follows both from the account of the procedure in recitals 1 to 7 of the provisional regulation and recitals 2 to 5 of the contested regulation, and also from the structure of the latter regulation taken as a whole, that the Council did not regard either the lodging of the anti-dumping complaint or the course of the procedure before the institutions as designed to create or strengthen a dominant position on the calcium market. 364. The Commission stated in recitals 1 to 7 of the provisional regulation that it had verified the information provided by PEM and, as far as possible, the applicant, and had heard all the interested parties, including the applicant, throughout the procedure up to consultation of the advisory committee. 365. Finally, since the applicant did not claim either that the rules on confidentiality laid down by the basic regulation had been breached with respect to the information it had supplied during the administrative procedure, or that there had been amanifest error of assessment in determining the level of the duties at issue, the Council was not required expressly to state its views on this aspect of the complaint. 366. The contested regulation is therefore not vitiated by a failure to state reasons with respect to the second part of the complaint. 367. Consequently, the sixth plea in law must be rejected. Seventh plea in law: misuse of powers Arguments of the parties 368. The applicant claims that the Commission aided and abetted the use of an anti-dumping proceeding for anticompetitive purposes. 369. PEM is the only Community producer on the market in the raw material in question and thus represents the Community industry. It also operates on all the secondary markets, in particular the market in broken calcium, where the applicant is its principal competitor. Since the applicant entered that market, PEM has continually sought in every way to exclude it. 370. The applicant asserts that in its complaint of 12 July 1994 and in its observations in reply it showed how PEM made use of the anti-dumping procedure for the sole purpose of strengthening its dominant position and eliminating a rival. 371. In view of the precedent constituted by the Extramet II judgment, in which the Court of Justice criticised the institutions for not taking PEM's anticompetitive conduct into account when assessing the injury, the applicant hoped that in the new anti-dumping proceeding the Commission would act with greater circumspection and would be totally objective in considering its arguments. That did not happen; quite the contrary. The way in which the procedure developed from July 1992 was ample proof that PEM and the Commission were colluding and that the latter was party to that abuse of process. 372. In support of this plea, the applicant refers to the procedural irregularities complained of in its first and second pleas in law, namely the unlawful resumption of the investigation, the difficulties encountered in obtaining repayment of the duties which had been annulled, and the difficulties in gaining access to the case-file. It further points to mistakes by the Commission in assessing the actual circumstances, referred to in its third and fourth pleas in law, with respect in particular to the possibility of the applicant using the nuclear quality calcium metal produced by PEM, the efforts made by PEM to adapt its plant, the acceptance of PEM's technical arguments alone and the refusal to order an expert report on PEM's attempts to supply the applicant. It refers, finally, to the failure to take into consideration the complaint it had lodged on 12 July 1994 under Article 86 of the Treaty, as criticised in the sixth plea in law, and to the personal approaches made by certain officials of DG I, at the same time as PEM, to certain influential members of the anti-dumping committee. 373. The Council observes that in its seventh plea in law the applicant summarises its other pleas and deduces therefrom that the Commission was party to an abuse of process on the part of PEM with the sole purpose of consolidating its alleged dominant position. The applicant is thus making serious accusations against the institutions, unsupported by evidence. 374. The Commission states that the applicant's insinuations are incapable of giving any substance to its plea. 375. It notes that under Article 12(1) of the basic regulation a proposal to impose definitive duties must be made to the Council 'after consultation‘ of the advisory committee and that under Article 6(1) of that regulation the advisory committee is chaired by the Commission. The applicant had moreover made observations to the committee. As to the reference to 'personal approaches‘, by which the applicant may be implying that the actions of Commission officials went beyond the normal exercise of their duties, the Commission emphasises that it cannot take a stance on vague insinuations which give no indication of the time of the alleged approaches, the identity of the persons referred to or the nature of the accusations. Findings of the Court 376. It is settled case-law that a Community decision or measure is vitiated by a misuse of powers only if it appears, on the basis of objective, relevant and consistent evidence, to have been adopted in order to achieve purposes other than those for which it was intended (Case C-323/88 Sermes v Directeur des Services des Douanes de Strasbourg [1990] ECR I-3027, paragraph 33, and Case T-167/94 Nölle v Council and Commission [1995] ECR II-2589, paragraph 66). 377. As the Council rightly points out, the applicant in its seventh plea merely produces a summary of its other pleas in law seeking annulment without contributing any new information beyond that already set out in connection with those pleas. Since the criticisms in those pleas have been rejected in the context of those pleas, they must likewise be rejected in the context of the present plea. 378. As to the applicant's assertion that certain officials of DG I made personal approaches at the same time as PEM to certain influential members of the anti-dumping committee, it is not accompanied by any details of the time of the alleged approaches, the identity of the persons referred to or the nature of the accusations. It does not show that the Commission aided and abetted the use of an anti-dumping proceeding for anticompetitive purposes and thereby committed a misuse of powers. 379. The seventh plea in law must therefore be rejected. II — The alternative claim for a declaration that the contested regulation is unenforceable against the applicant Arguments of the parties 380. The applicant claims, in the alternative, that the regulation should be declared unenforceable against it on the ground of manifest error of assessment, in that the Council imposed anti-dumping duties having general effect with respect to all imports of calcium metal originating in China and Russia. 381. It submits that it is unable to use PEM's standard calcium without incurring an increase in its production costs of over 70%, which means that the Community producer's calcium metal and calcium from China or Russia are not the same. Moreover, the Community producer cannot claim to have suffered injury by reason of the applicant's imports, which represent between 62% and 97% of imports from China and Russia between 1989 and 1993. Even if PEM can claim injury, such injury cannot in any event derive from the applicant's imports. 382. The applicant operates, as a processor, only on the market in finely divided calcium. PEM holds 48% of that market. Processors of calcium metal imported from China and Russia represent for their part less than 13% of the market. Besides, those processors can choose their suppliers. They are free to obtain supplies from PEM in order to avoid paying duty, which further strengthens PEM's position as a supplier. Hence it may not be concluded that the applicant has an anticompetitive advantage over those processors. On the other hand, the payment of duty places it at a competitive disadvantage compared to PEM, which is precisely the objective pursued by the latter. 383. The basic regulation contains no provision expressly prohibiting the exemption of a specified importer from payment of anti-dumping duties. 384. Moreover, having regard to the wide discretion which the Community institutions are acknowledged by the case-law to enjoy in implementing the anti-dumping rules, there is nothing to prevent the applicant from being the subject of special treatment. 385. In the Council's view, if the alternative claim were well founded, which it is not, the applicant would itself have an anticompetitive advantage over other processors of calcium metal imported from China and Russia, who would have to pay duty. 386. The claim is unfounded because the basic regulation does not allow the Council to exclude a specified importer from the scope of a regulation imposing anti-dumping duties. The only possible derogation is in the case where a supplier, that is, an exporter, gives an undertaking under Article 10 of the basic regulation. 387. While the basic regulation does not contain any provision prohibiting the exemption of a particular importer from the payment of anti-dumping duties, Article 8(2) of the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) provides that anti-dumping duties must be collected on a non-discriminatory basis. The wide discretion enjoyed by the institutions cannot dispense them from observance of that principle. Findings of the Court 388. No provision of the basic regulation expressly prohibits the exemption of a specified importer from payment of anti-dumping duties. However, both Article 8(2) of the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of GATT (OJ 1980 L 71, p. 90) and the general principles of Community law preclude anti-dumping duties from being levied in a discriminatory manner. The wide discretion enjoyed by the institutions cannot dispense them from observance of that principle. 389. Consequently, the applicant's argument cannot be accepted. Failure to impose anti-dumping duties on the applicant would have had a discriminatory effect against PEM and the other processors. If the applicant could import dumped products without being subject to anti-dumping duties, PEM's factory might sooner or later, as is stated in the contested regulation without being seriously challenged by the applicant, be compelled to cease production. That would be contrary to the objectives of the anti-dumping legislation and of the anti-dumping duties at issue, and would also put PEM and the other processors at a competitive disadvantage, in that they, unlike the applicant, would not be able buy Chinese or Russian calcium metal at dumping prices in order to compete with the applicant on the market in broken calcium metal. 390. As regards the other two arguments relied on by the applicant, namely the impossibility of using PEM's standard calcium and the lack of injury to PEM (see paragraph 381 above), they cannot be accepted, for the reasons set out in connection with the third and fourth pleas in law, in the context of which the Court found that the institutions did not make an error of fact or of law or a manifest error of assessment in determining the like product or in examining the injury to the Community industry (see paragraphs 202 to 221, 231 to 263, 268 to 273 and 279 to 283 above). 391. The alternative claim must therefore be rejected. 392. In the light of all the foregoing, the application must be dismissed in its entirety. Costs 393. Under Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been applied for in the successful party's pleadings. Since the applicant has been unsuccessful, it must be ordered to pay the costs of the Council, including those relating to the application for interim measures, as applied for in the form of order sought by the defendant. 394. The interveners PEM and the Chambre Syndicale have applied for the applicant to be ordered to pay the costs of their intervention. 395. In the circumstances of the case, the applicant must be ordered to bear the costs incurred by PEM. 396. The Chambre Syndicale intervened in the proceedings only in its capacity as an association defending the general interests of the Community industry, and not as a Community producer directly affected by the dumping practised by the Russian and Chinese producers. In those circumstances, there are no grounds for ordering the applicant to bear the costs of its intervention. The Chambre Syndicale must therefore bear its own costs. 397. Under the first subparagraph of Article 87(4) of the Rules of Procedure, the institutions which intervened in the proceedings are to bear their own costs. The Commission must therefore bear its own costs. On those grounds, THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Fifth Chamber, Extended Composition) hereby: 1. Dismisses the application; 2. Orders the applicant to bear its own costs and those of the Council, including those of the application for the adoption of interim measures, and the costs of the intervener Péchiney Électrométallurgie; 3. Orders the Chambre Syndicale de l'Électrométallurgie et de l'Électrochimie and the Commission to bear their own costs. Azizi Vesterdorf García-Valdecasas Moura-Ramos Jaeger Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 15 October 1998. H. Jung J. Azizi Registrar President Summary Facts of the case II - 3 A — The Extramet case II - 3 B — The product II - 4 C — The applicant company, Industrie des Poudres Sphériques II - 5 D — Administrative procedure II - 5 Procedure before the Court II - 6 Forms of order sought by the parties II - 7 Admissibility II - 8 Arguments of the parties II - 8 Findings of the Court II - 9 Substance II - 10 I — The claim for annulment of the contested regulation II - 10 First plea in law: infringement of Articles 5 and 7(9) of the basic regulation and disregard of res judicata and the conditions for regularisation of an administrative act II - 10 Arguments of the parties II - 10 — First limb: infringement of Articles 5 and 7(9) of the basic regulation II - 11 — Second limb: disregard of the force of res judicata II - 12 — Third limb: disregard of the conditions for regularisation of an administrative act II - 14 Findings of the Court II - 16 Second plea in law: infringement of Articles 7 and 8 of the basic regulation II - 18 First limb: Breach of the right to a fair hearing, in connection with the belated communication of the memorandum filed by PEM on 1 July 1992 II - 19 — Arguments of the parties II - 19 — Findings of the Court II - 20 Second limb: infringement of Article 7(4) of the basic regulation, in that the Commission failed to forward to the applicant certain documents produced by PEM, and of Article 8 of the basic regulation II - 21 — Arguments of the parties II - 21 — Findings of the Court II - 23 Third limb: infringement of Article 7(4) of the basic regulation and breach of the right to a fair hearing, in that the Commission refused to communicate to the applicant information which was essential for it to be able effectively to make observations II - 26 — Arguments of the parties II - 26 — Findings of the Court II - 27 Third plea in law: infringement of Articles 4(4) and 2(12) of the basic regulation and manifest error of assessment II - 30 — Arguments of the parties II - 30 — Findings of the Court II - 34 Fourth plea in law: infringement of Article 4(1) of the basic regulation and manifest error of assessment II - 36 1. Causal link II - 37 (a) The complaint that PEM made no effort to supply the applicant with standard quality calcium metal II - 37 Arguments of the parties II - 37 Findings of the Court II - 39 (b) The complaint that PEM was responsible for the falls in prices of broken calcium metal which caused the injury to the Community industry II - 44 Arguments of the parties II - 44 Findings of the Court II - 44 2. Extent of the injury II - 45 Arguments of the parties II - 45 Findings of the Court II - 46 Fifth plea in law: infringement of Article 12 of the basic regulation and manifest error of assessment II - 47 A — Introduction II - 47 Arguments of the parties II - 47 Findings of the Court II - 48 B — PEM's position on the calcium metal market before the imposition of the duties at issue II - 49 C — PEM's position on the markets in primary calcium metal and broken calcium metal following the imposition of the duties at issue II - 49 1. PEM's position on the market in primary calcium metal II - 50 (a) The possibility for intermediate users to obtain supplies of calcium metal imported from China or Russia II - 50 Arguments of the parties II - 50 Findings of the Court II - 51 (b) The possibility for IPS to obtain supplies from the North American producers II - 52 Arguments of the parties II - 52 Findings of the Court II - 53 (c) The possibility of reviewing the state of the market six months, or at the latest one year, after the imposition of the duties at issue II - 54 Arguments of the applicant II - 54 Findings of the Court II - 54 (d) Conclusion II - 54 2. PEM's position on the market in broken calcium metal II - 55 Arguments of the parties II - 55 Findings of the Court II - 55 D — Consideration of the interests of intermediate users, including the applicant, and end users and of PEM's conduct in the examination of the Community interest in imposing the duties at issue II - 56 1. Possibility of the applicant making sales abroad with the benefit of the inward processing procedure II - 56 2. Consideration of the consequences of the dumped imports for PEM II - 57 3. Effect of the anti-dumping duty on end users and intermediate users II - 57 4. Impact of the duties imposed by the contested regulation on the turnover of PEM compared to that of the applicant II - 58 5. Failure to take into consideration the under-use of PEM's production capacity and PEM's responsibility for the falls in prices II - 58 Sixth plea in law: infringement of Article 190 of the Treaty II - 59 Arguments of the parties II - 59 Findings of the Court II - 59 Seventh plea in law: misuse of powers II - 61 Arguments of the parties II - 61 Findings of the Court II - 62 II — The alternative claim for a declaration that the contested regulation is unenforceable against the applicant II - 63 Arguments of the parties II - 63 Findings of the Court II - 64 Costs II - 65 1: Language of the case: French.