Judgment — ECLI:EU:C:2005:333
Date: 2005-05-31
Language of the case: Greek
Court formation: Grand Chamber
Based on: Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (1957)
Subject matter: Competition;Agreements, decisions and concerted practices
Concepts: Definition of court or tribunal of a Member State
Procedure: Reference for a preliminary ruling - inadmissible
Origin: Greece

Summary of the Judgment Questions referred for a preliminary ruling — Reference to the Court — National court or tribunal for the purposes of Article 234 EC — Meaning — ‘Epitropi Antagonismou’ (Greek Competition Commission) — Excluded (Art. 234 EC) In order to determine whether a body making a reference is a court or tribunal for the purposes of Article 234 EC, which is a question governed by Community law alone, the Court takes account of a number of factors, such as whether the body is established by law, whether it is permanent, whether its jurisdiction is compulsory, whether its procedure is inter partes, whether it applies rules of law and whether it is independent. In addition, a body may refer a question to the Court only if there is a case pending before it and if it is called upon to give judgment in proceedings intended to lead to a decision of a judicial nature. The Epitropi Antagonismou (Greek Competition Commission) does not satisfy those criteria. First of all, it is subject to the supervision of the Minister for Development, which implies that that minister is empowered, within certain limits, to review the lawfulness of its decisions. Next, even though its members enjoy personal and operational independence, there are no particular safeguards in respect of their dismissal or the termination of their appointment, which does not appear to constitute an effective safeguard against undue intervention or pressure from the executive on those members. In addition, its President is responsible for the coordination and general policy of its secretariat and is the supervisor of the personnel of that secretariat, with the result that, by virtue of the operational link between the Epitropi Antagonismou, a decision-making body, and its secretariat, a fact-finding body on the basis of whose proposal it adopts decisions, the Epitropi Antagonismou is not a clearly distinct third party in relation to the State body which, by virtue of its role, may be akin to a party in the course of competition proceedings. Finally, a competition authority such as the Epitropi Antagonismou is required to work in close cooperation with the Commission and may, pursuant to Article 11(6) of Regulation No 1/2003 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, be relieved of its competence by a decision of the Commission, with the consequence that the proceedings initiated before it will not lead to a decision of a judicial nature. (see paras 29-37)