Opinion of the Advocate General — ECLI:EU:C:2018:535
Date: 2018-07-05
Language of the case: French
Subject matter: Telecommunications
Procedure: Reference for a preliminary ruling;Reference for a preliminary ruling - decision unnecessary
Origin: France

summary application lodged on 6 July 2015 at the secretariat of the judicial section of the Conseil d’État (Council of State, France), France Télévisions requested the annulment of that formal notice, claiming that Playmédia cannot benefit from the obligation provided in Article 34-2 of that law. France Télévisions argued, in that regard, that the conditions provided in Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive are not satisfied when, in particular, it is impossible to assert that a significant number of end-users use the network as their principal means to receive television broadcasts. 14 In those circumstances, the Conseil d’État (Council of State) decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling: ‘(1) Must an undertaking that offers live streaming of television programmes online be regarded, on the basis of that fact alone, as an undertaking providing an electronic communications network used for the distribution of radio or television broadcasts to the public within the meaning of Article 31(1) of the [Universal Service Directive]? (2) If the answer to the first question is in the negative, can a Member State, without infringing that Directive or other provisions of EU law, impose an obligation for the distribution of radio and television services on both undertakings providing electronic communications networks and on undertakings which, without providing such networks, offer live streaming of television programmes online? (3) If the answer to the second question is in the affirmative, is it open to the Member States not to make the “must carry” obligation, on the part of service distributors not providing electronic communications networks, subject to all the conditions laid down in Article 31(1) of the [Universal Service] Directive, even though the fulfilment of those conditions is required on the part of network operators under that Directive? (4) Can a Member State imposing a “must carry” obligation for the transmission of certain radio or television services on certain networks impose, without infringing that directive, an acceptance requirement for the distribution of those services on those networks, including distribution online, where the service in question already distributes its own programmes online? (5) With regard to distribution online, must the condition requiring a significant number of end-users of networks subject to the “must carry” obligation to use them as their principal means of receiving radio and television broadcasts, set out in Article 31(1) of the [Universal Service] Directive, be assessed in relation to all users viewing television programmes streamed live online, or only in relation to users of the site subject to the “must carry” obligation?’ Consideration of the questions referred The first question 15 By its first question the national court asks, in essence, if Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive must be interpreted as meaning that an undertaking which offers the possibility to live stream television programmes online must, based on that fact alone, be regarded as an undertaking which provides an electronic communications network used for the distribution of radio and television channels to the public. 16 In that regard, it must be noted that, under Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive, the Member States may, under certain conditions, impose ‘must carry’ obligations on undertakings under their jurisdiction providing electronic communications networks used for the distribution of radio or television broadcast channels to the public. 17 The ‘provision of an electronic communications network’ is defined in Article 2(m) of the Framework Directive as ‘the establishment, operation, control or making available of such a network’. That definition is applicable in the context of the Universal Service Directive pursuant to Article 2 of that directive. 18 The activity which consists in offering live streaming of television programmes online does not come under that definition. The mere fact that an undertaking, in order to offer those services, is a user of an electronic communications network as defined in Article 2(a) of the Framework Directive, namely, the Internet, does not demonstrate that it is, itself, a provider of such a network. 19 In this instance, an undertaking, such as Playmédia, which limits itself to offering the live streaming of television programmes online does not provide an electronic communications network, but offers, in contrast, access to the contents of audiovisual services provided on the electronic communication networks, as noted by the Advocate General in point 23 of his Opinion. 20 It clearly follows from recital 5 of the Framework Directive that it is necessary to separate the regulation of transmission from the regulation of content, and that the common regulatory framework, of which the Universal Service Directive is part, does not cover the content of services delivered over electronic communications networks using electronic communications services (see, to that effect, judgment of 7 November 2013, UPC Nederland, C‑518/11, EU:C:2013:709, paragraph 38). 21 Furthermore, pursuant to recital 45 of the Universal Service Directive, the services providing content are not covered by the common regulatory framework for electronic communication networks and services and those services are not concerned by the universal service obligations for those activities. It follows that an undertaking which limits itself to offering, by means of a website, access to content provided on the Internet does not come under Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive. 22 In those circumstances, the answer to the first question is that Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive must be interpreted as meaning that an undertaking which offers the live streaming of television programmes online must not, based on that fact alone, be regarded as an undertaking which provides an electronic communications network used for the distribution of radio or television channels to the public. The second to fourth questions 23 By the second to fourth questions, which it is appropriate to examine together, the referring court asks, in essence, whether the provisions of the Universal Service Directive or other EU law rules must be interpreted as precluding a Member State from imposing, in a situation such as that at issue in the main proceedings, ‘must carry’ obligations on undertakings which, without providing electronic communication networks, offer the live streaming of television programmes online. 24 The relevance of those questions is attributable to the fact that, in the case in the main proceedings, it appears that the ‘must carry’ obligations were imposed, under national law, on undertakings not covered by Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive. As evidenced by the order for reference, the scope of the ‘must carry’ obligation referred to in Articles 2-1 and 34-2 of the Law of Freedom of Communication is different from that which is provided for in Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive. In the context of the dispute in the main proceedings, it is for the referring court to establish if ‘must carry’ obligations have in fact been imposed on undertakings such as Playmédia. 25 In that regard, it must be noted that, pursuant to Article 1(3) of the Framework Directive, the directives which form part of the common regulatory framework are without prejudice to measures taken at national level, in compliance with EU law, to pursue general interest objectives, in particular relating to content regulation and audiovisual policy. 26 Furthermore, it is apparent from recital 5 of the Framework Directive that the common regulatory framework, of which the Universal Service Directive forms part, does not cover the content of services delivered over electronic communications networks using electronic communications services and therefore does not prejudice the measures relating to those services taken at European Union or national level, in compliance with EU law, in order to promote cultural and linguistic diversity and to ensure the protection of media pluralism. 27 Therefore, the Universal Service Directive leaves the Member States free to impose ‘must carry’ obligations, outside of those covered by Article 31(1) of that directive, in particular on undertakings which, without providing electronic communication networks, offer the live streaming of television programmes online. 28 To the extent that the referring court cites ‘other rules of EU law’, it must be noted that the request for a preliminary ruling does not serve to identify more precisely the provisions of EU law of which the referring court seeks interpretation. 29 Admittedly, by imposing ‘must carry’ obligations on undertakings which are not covered by Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive, Member States must comply with EU law, namely the rules relating to the freedom to provide services enshrined in Article 56 TFEU. 30 Assuming that the mention of ‘other rules of European Union law’ found in the order for reference must be understood as relating to Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive, it must be borne in mind, however, that the provisions of the FEU Treaty on the freedom to provide services do not apply to a situation which is confined in all respects within a single Member State (see, to that effect, judgment of 15 November 2016, Ullens de Schooten, C‑268/15, EU:C:2016:874, paragraph 47 and the case law cited). 31 In this case, the elements of the dispute in the main proceedings all seem to be confined within the French territory. In those proceedings, a French undertaking and the CSA are in dispute over the undertaking’s opposition to the streaming, by another French undertaking, of programmes which it has produced. 32 In paragraphs 50 to 53 of the judgment of 15 November 2016, Ullens de Schooten (C‑268/15, EU:C:2016:874), the Court referred to the four situations in which it could, nevertheless, be necessary for the resolution of the disputes in the main proceedings to interpret the provisions of the Treaties relating to fundamental freedoms, even though the disputes in the main proceedings were confined in all respects within a single Member State (judgment of 20 September 2018, Fremoluc, C‑343/17, EU:C:2018:754, paragraph 20). 33 Nonetheless, the Court of Justice has held that, in a situation such as that at issue in the main proceedings, which is confined in all respects within a single Member State, it is for the referring court to indicate to the Court of Justice, in accordance with the requirements of Article 94 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court, in what way the dispute pending before it, despite its purely domestic character, has a connecting factor with the provisions of EU law on the fundamental freedoms that makes the preliminary ruling on interpretation necessary for it to give judgment in that dispute (judgment of 15 November 2016, Ullens de Schooten, C‑268/15, EU:C:2016:874, paragraph 55). 34 In this case, the referring court has not indicated in what way the dispute pending before it, despite its purely domestic character, has a connecting factor with the provisions of EU law on the freedom to provide services that makes the interpretation of Article 56 TFEU necessary for it to give judgment on that dispute. 35 In those circumstances, it must be declared that the second to fourth questions are inadmissible, inasmuch as they concern ‘other rules of EU law’. 36 In those circumstances, the answer to the second to fourth questions is that the provisions of the Universal Service Directive must be interpreted as not precluding a Member State from imposing, in a situation such as that at issue in the main proceedings, a ‘must carry’ obligation on undertakings which, without providing electronic communication networks, offer the live streaming of television programmes online. The fifth question 37 By its fifth question, the referring court asks, in essence, whether, in a case such as that in the main proceedings, the condition under which a significant number of final users of the networks subject to the ‘must carry’ obligation must use those networks as their principal means to receive television channels, referred to in Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive, must be assessed in the light of the users who view television programmes online as a whole, or solely of the users of the website who belong to the undertaking subject to that obligation. 38 In this case, as evidenced by paragraphs 19 and 21 of the present judgment, an undertaking such as Playmédia does not come under Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive. As regards undertakings which do not come under that article, EU law does not impose compliance with the condition under which a significant number of final users of the networks subject to the ‘must carry’ obligation must use those networks as their principal means to receive television channels. 39 In those circumstances, there is no need to reply to the fifth question. Costs 40 Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs of those parties, are not recoverable. On those grounds, the Court (Fourth Chamber) hereby rules: 1. Article 31(1) of Directive 2002/22/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on universal service and users’ rights relating to electronic communications networks and services (Universal Service Directive), as amended by Directive 2009/136/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009, must be interpreted as meaning that an undertaking which offers the live streaming of television programmes online must not, based on that fact alone, be regarded as an undertaking which provides an electronic communications network used for the distribution of radio or television channels to the public. 2. The provisions of Directive 2002/22, as amended by Directive 2009/136, must be interpreted as not precluding a Member State from imposing, in a situation such as that at issue in the main proceedings, a ‘must carry’ obligation on undertakings which, without providing electronic communication networks, offer the live streaming of television programmes online. [Signatures] * Language of the case: French.