Judgment — ECLI:EU:T:2009:193
Date: 2009-06-11
Language of the case: Italian
Court formation: Eighth Chamber, Extended Composition
Based on: Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (1957)
Subject matter: State aids;Competition
Concepts: Applications by natural or legal persons;Public undertakings;Compensation for the costs connected with a public service mission;Damage to competition and effect on trade;Existing aid and new aid;General
Procedure: Action for annulment - unfounded;Action for annulment - inadmissible
Origin: Italy

Summary of the Judgment 1. Actions for annulment – Natural or legal persons – Measures of direct and individual concern to them – Commission decision prohibiting a sectoral aid scheme (Art. 230, fourth para., EC) 2. State aid – Effect on trade between Member States – Adverse effect on competition – Criteria for assessment (Art. 87(1) EC) 3. State aid – Commission decision declaring an aid scheme incompatible with the common market – Obligation to recover all sums received by the beneficiaries of the scheme – None (Art. 88(2) EC) 4. State aid – Existing aid and new aid – Classification as new aid (Art. 88 EC; Council Regulation No 659/1999, Art. 1(b)(i) and (v)) 5. State aid – Definition – Measures intended to compensate an undertaking for the costs associated with its public service mission – Excluded (Arts 86(2) EC and 87(1) EC) 1. Natural or legal persons other than the addressees may claim that a decision is of individual concern to them only if that decision affects them by reason of certain attributes which are peculiar to them, or by reason of factual circumstances which differentiate them from all other persons and thereby distinguish them individually in the same way as the person addressed. An undertaking cannot, as a general rule, bring an action for the annulment of a Commission decision prohibiting a sectoral aid scheme if it is concerned by that decision solely by virtue of the fact that it belongs to the sector in question and is a potential beneficiary of the scheme. Such a decision is, vis-à-vis such an undertaking, a measure of general application covering situations which are determined objectively and entails legal effects for a class of persons envisaged in a general and abstract manner. However, an undertaking which is concerned by the decision at issue not only as an undertaking in the sector in question and a potential beneficiary of the aid scheme concerned but also as an actual recipient of individual aid granted under that scheme, recovery of which has been ordered by the Commission, is individually concerned by the decision and the action which it brings against it is admissible. (see paras 40-42) 2. In assessing whether aid affects trade between Member States and distorts or threatens to distort competition, the Commission is required, not to establish that the aid has a real effect on trade between Member States and that competition is actually being distorted, but only to examine whether that aid is liable to affect such trade and distort competition. In the case of an aid scheme, the Commission may confine itself to examining the characteristics of the scheme in question in order to determine, in the grounds of its decision, whether, by reason of the terms of the scheme, it is likely to benefit in particular undertakings engaged in trade between Member States. Moreover, any grant of aid to an undertaking pursuing its activities in the Community market is liable to cause distortion of competition and affect trade between Member States. There is no threshold or percentage below which trade between Member States can be said not to be affected. The relatively small amount of aid or the relatively small size of the undertaking which receives it does not as such exclude the possibility that trade between Member States might be affected. As regards the condition relating to the effect on inter-State trade, the fact that an undertaking which is the beneficiary of a State measure operates only on its national market or in its territory of origin is not decisive. Inter-State trade is affected by the measure in question when undertakings established in other Member States have less chance of providing their services in the market of the Member State concerned. (see paras 66-69, 80) 3. Abolishing unlawful aid by means of recovery, together with appropriate interest, is the logical consequence of a finding that it is incompatible with the common market. That applies to both individual aid and aid paid under an aid scheme. However, where an aid scheme has been analysed in a general and abstract manner, the possibility cannot be ruled out that, in an individual case, the amount granted under the scheme escapes the prohibition laid down in Article 87(1) EC, for example, because the grant of individual aid is covered by the de minimis rules. Although, where the Commission takes a decision declaring aid incompatible with the common market, the role of the national authorities is confined to implementing that decision and they do not enjoy any discretion in that regard, the national authorities may nevertheless, when implementing that decision, take such reservations into account. Therefore, the Commission is simply required to order recovery of aid within the meaning of Article 87 EC and not of amounts which, while paid under the scheme in question, do not constitute aid or constitute existing aid or aid that is compatible with the common market under a block exemption regulation, the de minimis rules or another Commission decision. The national court has jurisdiction to interpret the concepts of aid and existing aid and can adjudicate on any particular circumstances in which they may apply, where necessary by referring a question to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling. (see paras 85-88) 4. It is clear from both the terms and purposes of Article 88 EC that aid which existed before the entry into force of the EC Treaty and aid which could be properly put into effect in accordance with the conditions laid down in Article 88(3) EC, is to be regarded as existing aid within the meaning of Article 88(1) EC, while, on the other hand, measures to grant or alter aid, where the alterations may relate to existing aid or initial plans notified to the Commission, must be regarded as new aid subject to the obligation of notification laid down by Article 88(3) EC. Where the alteration affects the actual substance of the original scheme, it is transformed into a new aid scheme. However, there can be no question of such a substantive alteration where the new element is clearly severable from the original scheme. (see paras 97, 101) 5. A State measure which constitutes compensation for the services provided by the recipient undertakings in order to discharge public service obligations, so that those undertakings do not enjoy a real financial advantage and the measure does not therefore have the effect of putting them in a more favourable competitive position than the undertakings competing with them, does not, as a general rule, constitute State aid within the meaning of Article 87(1) EC. However, for such compensation to escape classification as State aid, a number of cumulative conditions (set out in the judgment in Altmark), must be satisfied. Among these is the condition that the recipient undertaking must actually have public service obligations to discharge and the obligations must be clearly defined, as well as the condition that the compensation cannot exceed what is necessary to cover all or part of the costs incurred in the discharge of the public service obligations, taking into account the relevant receipts and a reasonable profit for discharging those obligations. The condition that the recipient undertaking must actually have public service obligations to discharge also applies in connection with the derogation laid down in Article 86(2) EC concerning undertakings entrusted with the operation of services of general economic interest or having the character of a revenue-producing monopoly. In both cases, a measure must, in any event, comply with the principles governing the definition and award of public services and the principle of proportionality. (see paras 123-127)