Opinion of the Advocate General — ECLI:EU:C:2006:360
Date: 2006-06-01
Language of the case: French
Based on: Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (1957)
Subject matter: Accession;Energy;Approximation of laws
Procedure: Action for annulment - successful

Summary of the parties’ submissions A – First ground for annulment: inappropriate legal base 1. The European Parliament, supported by the Commission 17. The European Parliament maintains, first, that Article 57 AA is not the appropriate legal base for the adoption of Regulation No 1223/2004. In its view, this regulation should have been adopted according to the normal legislative procedure under Article 95 EC, as proposed by the Commission. Legislative practice provides various examples of temporary derogations being granted to new Member States under this provision and Article 15 EC for such derogations in order to take account of differences in development between economies. It points out that Article 57 AA provides for a procedure for adapting Community legislation by reason of accession and for applying to the new Member States Community acts which have not been adapted by the Act of Accession itself. Amendments going beyond this objective cannot be based on Article 57 AA. That provision cannot be used to introduce new derogations to Community acts. 18. Derogations to Community acts which were not included in the Act of Accession itself can only be based on Article 55 AA. However, this provision is only applicable in respect of Community acts which were adopted between the date of the conclusion of the accession negotiations, the so-called ‘cut‑off date’ (1 November 2002), and the date of the signature of the Treaty of Accession (16 April 2003). The restricted character of this provision is also emphasised by the fact that it requires decision-making with unanimity in the Council. It is therefore inconceivable that Article 57 AA, which only concerns ‘adaptations’ to Community acts, which is not restricted to acts adopted within a defined period and which provides for decision‑making by a qualified majority, could be used for granting derogations from Community acts adopted after the date of signature of the Treaty of Accession. 19. This reading is confirmed by the fact that the parallel provision to Article 55 AA in the Act of Accession of 2005 concerning the conditions of accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union (8) explicitly provides for the possibility of the Council granting derogations to Community acts adopted in the period between the cut‑off date and the date of accession, rather than just between the cut‑off date and the date of signature. This demonstrates that the former possibility is not provided for in the Act of Accession of 2003 and that an Article 57 AA act cannot be used as a basis for granting derogations. 20. As the basic principle in respect of accession is the complete acceptance by the new Member States of the acquis communautaire and the full application of Community law, the provisions permitting derogations to be granted are to be interpreted restrictively. In this regard, the European Parliament points out that where the ‘adaptations’ provided for in Article 57 AA are aimed at facilitating the application of Community law in the new Member States, ‘derogations’ have the opposite effect of rendering certain provisions of Community law temporarily inapplicable. This means that one of the conditions for applying Article 57 AA as a basis for decision-making is not fulfilled. 21. As to the urgency referred to in the Council’s letter of 9 July 2004, the European Parliament notes that the Council did not request it to apply the urgency procedure after the Commission had submitted its proposal. 22. In its submissions in support of the European Parliament’s application, the Commission states that the Act of Accession provides for a coherent system of provisions for making technical adaptations to Community acts and for dealing with developments in the acquis communautaire in the period between the cut‑off date and the date of accession. Article 55 AA represents a kind of continuation of the accession negotiations, as it permits new Member States to request derogations from acts adopted between the cut‑off date and the date of signature. After the latter date, the information and consultation procedure applies. In this context, the new Member States enjoy observer status within the institutions and can submit their requests for derogations during the legislative procedure. 23. Article 57 AA pursues a different objective than Article 55 AA. Indeed, the very coexistence of both provisions demonstrates that the one cannot be substituted for the other. Article 57 AA is intended as a legal base for making the necessary adaptations to Community acts which are indispensable for facilitating accession. Derogations, by contrast, are never indispensable in this sense. Where no choice exists in respect of whether or not an adaptation is necessary, derogations require a political choice to be made. This also explains why qualified majority voting is sufficient in Article 57 AA, whereas Article 55 AA requires unanimity. 24. In the light of the different wording of these two provisions in the Act of Accession, their role and place in the system of that act and the different decision‑making procedures, it is clear that Article 57 AA cannot be used as a basis for granting derogations to Community acts. Even regarded in isolation, Article 57 AA cannot be used for this purpose as ‘derogations’ are not to be regarded as mere ‘adaptations’. Whereas the latter are necessary for integration, the former, rather, constitute an element of disintegration. 25. The Commission concludes that as neither Article 55 AA nor Article 57 AA was applicable in the present case, the normal legislative procedure under the EC Treaty should have been followed. It adds that it is possible to take account of requests by newly acceding Member States for derogations in that case or otherwise to adopt them after accession and give them retroactive effect. 2. The Council, supported by the Estonian and Polish Governments 26. The Council submits that Articles 55 AA and 57 AA should not be interpreted in a literal manner, but should be interpreted in the light of their objectives and context, which is to facilitate the accession of the new Member States, at the same time guaranteeing the full and uniform application of Community law as from accession. 27. Article 55 AA allows the new Member States to request temporary derogations to Community acts adopted between the cut‑off date and the date of signature of the Act of Accession. It thus reflects the principle of international law that treaties remain the subject of negotiation until they have been signed. This also explains why Article 55 AA requires derogations to be formally requested and decisions on granting them to be taken with unanimity. After the signature of the Act of Accession, it is more appropriate that modifications to Community acts are adopted within the Community legislative framework under Article 57 AA. 28. Article 57 AA is to be regarded as a lex specialis vis‑à‑vis the relevant provisions in the EC Treaty which serve as the legal base for the adoption of Community acts according to the normal legislative procedure. Its objective is to provide for a flexible procedure for the adaptation of acts which had not been adapted in the Act of Accession itself. (9) The Council observes that there is nothing to indicate that an ‘adaptation’ within the meaning of Article 57 AA cannot take the form of a derogation. This provision can be applied for the adaptation of Community acts if the conditions laid down in this provision are complied with. In the present case, the Council points out that Regulation No 1223/2004 was adopted to adapt Regulation No 1228/2003 for reasons related to the accession of Slovenia to the European Union and that this adaptation had not been provided for in the Act of Accession. As is indicated in the preamble to Regulation No 1223/2004, without a transitional period the ongoing efforts of the Slovenian energy‑intensive industries to restructure and comply with the Community acquis applicable to electricity production would be compromised. The regulation was, therefore, correctly based on Article 57 AA. The Council adds that its interpretation is confirmed by previous legislative practice, in that similar derogations have been adopted on the parallel provisions to Article 57 AA in earlier Acts of Accession. 29. The Council next maintains that it was not possible to use the normal legislative procedure for the purpose of granting the derogation requested by Slovenia. The provisions in the EC Treaty cannot be used to regulate the situation in respect of acceding Member States prior to the ratification of the Treaty of Accession. The information and consultation procedure, which applied after the date of signature of the Treaty of Accession, provided for a framework distinct from that of the Community institutions. The Council therefore takes the view that it was not possible to include the derogation requested by Slovenia in Regulation No 1228/2003. It could only be granted separately on the basis of the relevant provisions in the Act of Accession. 30. As to the fact that the Act of Accession of 2005 concerning the conditions of accession of Bulgaria and Romania now contains an express provision permitting derogations to be granted between the cut-off date and the date of accession, the Council remarks that this provision must be regarded as a clarification of the existing situation and was included as a guarantee in case the Court were not to subscribe to its interpretation of Article 57 AA. 31. For broadly the same reasons as those advanced by the Council, the Estonian Government considers that Article 57 AA was the appropriate legal base for the derogation granted to Slovenia in Regulation No 1223/2004. 32. The Polish Government submits that Article 57 AA should be interpreted in the light of the objective of the Act of Accession to facilitate the accession of the new Member States and in the light of the principles of solidarity and loyalty between Member States. This means that there should be a possibility of granting temporary derogations to Community acts adopted after the date of signature of the Act of Accession where the immediate entry into force on accession of such an act would be impossible or would have serious social and economic consequences for a new Member State. The interpretation defended by the European Parliament would make it impossible to provide for transitional periods in respect of Community acts adopted after the date of signature. This would undermine the autonomy of the acceding Member States, contrary to the international law principle of equality between States. The Polish Government doubts whether the necessary derogations could be granted on the basis of Article 95 EC which is aimed primarily at eliminating restrictions to freedom of movement and distortions of competition. (10) B – Second ground for annulment: insufficient statement of reasons 33. As its second ground for the annulment of Regulation No 1223/2004, the European Parliament submits that there has been a failure to give sufficient reasons for the regulation, as the justification for using Article 57 AA as a legal basis, rather than the provisions invoked by the Commission in its proposal, is not in any way apparent from the recitals in the preamble to the contested regulation. The reasons for adopting this course, set out in the letter sent by the Council’s Secretary‑General to the President of the European Parliament, cannot be regarded as a statement of reasons within the meaning of Article 253 EC. Be that as it may, the Council did not request the European Parliament to apply the urgent procedure for adopting the contested regulation. 34. The Council, supported by the Estonian Government, retorts that it is sufficient that the legal base of an act is clearly reflected by the content of that act without detailed reasons having to be given for that choice. The fact that the Council applies a different legal base from that proposed by the Commission does not need to be explained specifically. At any rate, the preamble to the contested regulation clearly sets out the reasons granting Slovenia a transitional period for applying Regulation No 1228/2003. C – Limitation of the temporal effects of the judgment in case of annulment 35. In view of the need to avoid a situation of uncertainty for economic participants, investors and workers in the electricity sector in Slovenia, pursuant to the second paragraph of Article 231 EC, the Council, supported by the Estonian Government, requests the Court, in case the European Parliament’s application is successful, to maintain the effects of Regulation No 1223/2004 until a new regulation replacing it is adopted. 36. The Commission, too, agrees with the Council’s request, indicating that a simple annulment of the contested regulation would put Slovenia in a situation of breach of Community law without its being responsible for this. 37. The European Parliament observes that its application does not concern the question whether or not the derogation granted to Slovenia is justified, but that it is restricted to challenging the legal base of the contested regulation. It therefore does not deem it necessary to take a stance on the Council’s request. VI – Assessment A – The first plea of illegality: Article 57 AA as a legal base for Regulation No 1223/2004 38. As was pointed out by both the European Parliament and the Council, it is settled case‑law that the choice of the legal basis for a Community measure must rest on objective factors amenable to judicial review, which include in particular the aim and the content of the measure. (11) 39. In the present case, the central question is whether Article 57 AA can be used in order to grant a derogation, such as that included in Regulation No 1223/2004. This involves an examination of the substantive and temporal scope of Article 57 AA. 40. Article 57 AA constitutes one element of the system laid down in Part Five, Title II, of the Act of Accession which determines the conditions governing the applicability of Community acts in the new Member States. The basic rule is that directives and decisions within the meaning of Article 249 EC apply to the new Member States upon accession and that by that date the necessary implementation measures should have been adopted, unless other time-limits have been provided for in the Act of Accession or its annexes (Articles 53 AA and 54 AA). 41. As the acquis communautaire continues to evolve after the conclusion of the accession negotiations and the finalisation of the text of the Act of Accession, there is obviously a need for the possibility of granting temporary derogations to such acts. Article 55 AA provides for this possibility. It is, however, expressly restricted to Community acts which were adopted before the date of signature of the Treaty of Accession. Derogations granted under this provision must be formally requested by a new Member State and are granted by unanimous decision of the Council on a proposal of the Commission. 42. Article 57 AA provides the basis for Community acts being adapted by reason of accession where the necessary adaptations have not been provided for in the Act of Accession or its annexes. This provision does not contain a similar temporal restriction to that laid down in Article 55 AA: all acts adopted prior to accession can be adapted on the basis of this provision. Adaptations are adopted by the Council acting by a qualified majority on a proposal of the Commission, or by the Commission alone, depending on the authorship of the act requiring adaptation. To this end, the ‘necessary texts’ are to be drawn up by these institutions (Article 57(2) AA). 43. If Article 57 AA is read in conjunction with Article 55 AA, it is evident that both provisions serve a different purpose in the period prior to the formal accession of the new Member States to the European Union. This is apparent both from the differences in terminology and the procedural requirements for the adoption of measures under each provision. 44. The terminological difference focuses on the concepts ‘temporary derogations’ in Article 55 AA and ‘adaptations’ (necessary by reason of accession) in Article 57 AA. As was pointed out by the European Parliament and the Commission, the essential difference between these two concepts is that whereas ‘derogations’ are aimed at temporarily rendering an element of the acquis communautaire inapplicable in a Member State in order to grant it the necessary time to take the necessary steps to permit it to comply fully with its Community obligations, ‘adaptations’ are aimed at the opposite effect of making the acquis applicable on accession. In other words, whereas the former delays the application of a given Community act in a new Member State, the latter is indispensable for the immediate application of a Community act on accession. 45. In its EHLASS judgment, (12) the Court had the occasion to pronounce on the substantive scope of the parallel provision to Article 57 AA in the Act of Accession of 1994. (13) As regards Article 169 of that Act of Accession, which is identical to Article 57 AA, the Court held that ‘the sole purpose of the adaptations made on the basis of Article 169 is to extend to the new Member States the application of Community measures which have not been adapted by the Act of Accession itself. No other amendments can, therefore, be based on Article 169 of that Act’. (14) In the same judgment, it repeated that ‘Article 169 may be relied on solely for the enactment of adaptations designed merely to render the measures concerned applicable in the new Member States, to the exclusion of all other amendments’. (15) 46. The necessary implication of these observations is that the concept of ‘adaptations’, which at first sight appears to be more general in scope, cannot, in the context of Article 57 AA, be construed as encompassing substantive amendments to Community acts or measures permitting derogations to these acts. It therefore only covers inescapable adaptations to a Community measure which are incited by technical necessity rather than political opportunity. The fact that the term ‘adaptation’ has not been defined in the Act of Accession and that it does not exclude it including derogations, as was submitted by the Council and the Polish Government, is of no relevance as this difference in meaning between the two concepts can be clearly derived from the function of Articles 55 AA and 57 AA. 47. The procedures prescribed for adopting the measures under each provision reflect the difference. As the grant of a temporary derogation amounts to the authorisation of the non-compliance with certain Community law obligations for a given period, which is primarily in the interest of a particular acceding Member State, the underlying decision is of a political nature. This explains why Article 55 AA prescribes decision‑making with unanimity and that the decision is taken at the request of the new Member State concerned. By contrast, the adaptation of Community acts in order to make them fully applicable in the new Member States at the date of accession flows directly from the principle that the new Member States must adopt and apply the acquis communautaire in full upon accession. Such adaptations are, by definition, not political in character, so that they can be made, independently of a request by a new Member State, by the Council acting by a qualified majority on a proposal of the Commission, or by the Commission alone in respect of acts adopted by it. 48. I would like to point out that, if it were possible to base temporary derogations on Article 57 AA, Article 55 AA would serve no independent purpose in view of the fact that the former provision also applies to acts adopted in the period immediately after the cut‑off date. It would even mean that, if a derogation could not be granted under Article 55 AA for lack of unanimity within the Council, it might nevertheless be possible to grant it, through the mere passage of time, after the date of signature of the Treaty of Accession by qualified majority within the Council. As this would amount to a circumvention of the procedural guarantees laid down in the Act of Accession for the adoption of derogations, this clearly could not have been the intention of the authors of the instruments of accession. 49. As the contested regulation was adopted after the date of accession (1 May 2004), the question as to the temporal scope of Article 57 AA also arises. In other words, can this provision be used as a legal base for the adoption of adaptations after the date of accession to Community acts adopted prior to accession? 50. This question was also dealt with by the Court in the EHLASS judgment. Again in relation to Article 169 of the Act of Accession of 1994, which, as pointed out above, is identical to Article 57 AA, the Court noted that ‘under Article 2(3) of the Treaty of Accession, the Community institutions “may” adopt before accession certain measures referred to in, inter alia, Article 169 of the Act of Accession. Consequently, Article 2(3) does not place any restriction on the use of Article 169 after the entry into force of the Treaty of Accession, but merely authorizes its use before that date.’ (16) 51. The European Parliament’s objections that such an interpretation would amount to the unrestricted use of Article 169 and that that provision provided for the entry into force of adaptations as from the date of accession, thus implying that acts adopted subsequently would be endowed with retroactive effect, were dismissed by the Court. As to the first, it answered that the contested act had been adopted within ‘a reasonable period’ after the entry into force of the Treaty of Accession. As to the second, it accepted the necessity of the entry into force of the contested act as from the date of accession, pointing out that it had not been alleged that this would infringe legal certainty or the protection of legitimate expectations. 52. Although not entirely convinced by the Court’s refutation of the European Parliament’s arguments on this point, I do consider that the very fact of accepting the possibility of adaptations adopted under Article 57 AA having retroactive effect in itself confirms the finding that such adaptations must necessarily be restricted in scope and certainly cannot amount to a substantive amendment or temporary suspension of obligations flowing from a Community act. 53. In view of the fact that the derogation granted to Slovenia could be based neither on Article 55 AA, as it falls outside its scope rationetemporis, nor on Article 57 AA, as it falls outside its scope rationemateriae, the necessary implication is that, in the absence of any other explicit provision relating to this particular situation, the contested regulation should have been based on the provision which served as the legal base for Regulation No 1228/2003, that is Article 95 EC. In this respect, as was pointed out by the Commission, after the signature of the Treaty of Accession the information and consultation procedure, referred to in point 5 above, provided the necessary framework for accommodating requests of the acceding States to take their interests into account in the preparation of new Community legislation. In this context, it might be added that, given the particular interests of Slovenia underlying its request for a derogation, reference might also have been made to Article 15 EC as a supplementary legal base. This article permits temporary derogations to be made to Community acts in order to take account of differences in development between the economies of the Member States. 54. It may be true, as was asserted by the Council, that adopting the contested regulation under the co-decision procedure prescribed by the relevant provisions in the EC Treaty would have been somewhat cumbersome. Under that procedure, the necessary modification of Regulation No 1228/2003 would only have been adopted at a much later date, giving rise to a prolonged period of legal uncertainty for the electricity sector in Slovenia and to a situation in which Slovenia was temporarily in breach of its Community law obligations. However, the fact that there certainly are drawbacks to the normal legislative procedure being applied cannot serve as a justification for creating the required legal base through an extensive interpretation of Article 57 AA. 55. Where there was an obvious need for an explicit possibility for granting temporary derogations from Community acts adopted prior to the date of accession of the new Member States, the absence of such a provision created a regulatory gap in the transitional arrangements in the Act of Accession which could only be remedied by having recourse to existing legislative powers of the Community institutions. The existence of this regulatory gap is highlighted by the Act of Accession of 25 April 2005 relating to the imminent accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union. (17) By contrast with the situation under the Act of Accession of 2003, the Act of Accession of 2005 now does provide for an explicit provision permitting temporary derogations to be granted in respect of Community acts adopted in the period between the cut-off date and the date of accession. (18) To my mind, this adaptation in the most recent Act of Accession only serves to emphasise the fact that Article 57 AA could not be used as a basis for granting temporary derogations. In this regard, it is also significant that it was not the scope ratione materiae of the parallel provision to Article 57 AA which was adapted in such a way as to permit derogations to be adopted, but that it was the scope ratione temporis of the parallel provision to Article 55 AA which was extended. In this light, the Council’s explanation of this adaptation in the Act of Accession of 2005 vis-à-vis the Act of Accession of 2003 that an express legal base was created in the former because there was no guarantee that the Court would interpret Article 57 AA along the lines suggested by the Council appears to be somewhat incredulous. 56. The Council’s argument that the Community legislature cannot legislate in respect of acceding States which are not yet full Member States of the Union must also be rejected. Indeed, Article 2(3) of the Treaty of Accession lays down that very principle in respect of the provisions granting legislative powers in the Act of Accession. (19) Where no explicit competence is created in the Act of Accession, there is no inherent restriction on the Community legislature to anticipate the accession of new Member States in legislation adopted under the EC Treaty prior to accession. The fact that the acceding States are, at that time, not involved in the legislative process does not affect the Community legislature’s competence to adopt such Community acts. In addition, it may be presumed that where the Community legislature takes account of the situation in an acceding Member State in legislation prior to accession this will be on the basis of information it has received from these States in the context of the information and consultation procedure. Any such provision will be aimed at facilitating accession of the Member State concerned and may be regarded as an expression of the loyal cooperation between the Community institutions and the acceding States in the period prior to accession. The only legal requirement in respect of such provisions would be that their entry into force be made conditional on the actual accession of the State concerned. 57. As Article 57 AA cannot serve as a legal base for the contested regulation, its scope being restricted ratione materiae to the adaptation of Community acts, the Council’s contention that Article 57 AA must be regarded as a lex specialis vis‑à‑vis the provisions in the EC Treaty is no longer relevant and does not need to be considered further. 58. Finally, the Council and the Polish Government observe that past legislative practice provides various examples of temporary derogations being based on the parallel provisions to Article 57 AA in earlier Acts of Accession. (20) Clearly, the fact that this provision has been used for this purpose in the past does not in itself indicate that this practice was lawful. As the validity of the Community acts in question apparently has not been challenged before the Court, this practice has not yet been subject to judicial scrutiny and, consequently, there is no case law sanctioning it. At any rate, it should have been abundantly clear as from 2 October 1997, following the Court’s unequivocal ruling in EHLASS that provisions such as Article 57 AA cannot be used for adopting amendments to Community acts, (21) that the practice of granting derogations under this provision was legally perilous. 59. I therefore conclude that, as Article 57 AA does not constitute the appropriate legal base for Regulation No 1223/2004, the regulation was adopted in infringement of an essential procedural requirement within the meaning of Article 230 EC and consequently should be annulled. B – Second plea of illegality: insufficient reasons 60. As I consider the first plea of illegality to be well founded, there is no reason to examine the second ground advanced by the European Parliament. C – Maintenance of the effects of Regulation No 1223/2004 61. The Council requested that, should the Court decide to annul the contested regulation, its effects be maintained, as provided for in the second paragraph of Article 231 EC. The European Parliament observes that its application concerns only the legal base of the contested regulation and not its content. 62. As the substance of Regulation No 1223/2004 is not contested by the applicant and the simple annulment of the regulation would lead, as was pointed out by the Council, the Estonian and Polish Governments and the Commission, to a situation of great uncertainty for the electricity sector in Slovenia, there is sufficient reason to accede to the Council’s request to maintain the effects of Regulation No 1223/2004. VII – Conclusion 63. On the basis of the foregoing observations, I would recommend the Court to: – annul Council Regulation (EC) No 1223/2004 of 28 June 2004 amending Regulation (EC) No 1228/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the date of application of certain provisions to Slovenia; – maintain the effects of the annulled regulation; – order the Council of the European Union to pay the costs; – order the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Poland and the Commission of the European Communities to bear their own costs. 1 – Original language: English. 2 – Council Regulation (EC) No 1223/2004 of 28 June 2004 amending Regulation (EC) No 1228/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the date of application of certain provisions to Slovenia (OJ 2004 L 233, p. 3; ‘Regulation No 1223/2004’ or ‘contested regulation’). 3 – Regulation (EC) No 1228/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 on conditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity; (OJ 2003 L 176, p. 1; (‘Regulation No 1228/2003’). 4 – Act concerning the conditions of accession of the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic and the adjustments to the Treaties on which the European Union is founded of 23 September 2003 (OJ 2003 L 236,. p. 33; (‘Act of Accession’ or ‘AA’). 5 – Case C‑413/04 European Parliament v Council pending before the Court. 6 – ‘1. Congestion management method(s) implemented by Member States shall deal with short-run congestion in a market-based, economically efficient manner whilst simultaneously providing signals or incentives for efficient network and generation investment in the right locations. 2. The [transmission system operators], or, where appropriate, Member States, shall provide non-discriminatory and transparent standards, which describe which congestion management methods they will apply under which circumstances. These standards, together with the security standards, shall be described in publicly available documents. 3. Different treatment of the different types of cross-border transactions, whether they are physical bilateral contracts or bids into foreign organised markets, shall be kept to a minimum when designing the rules of specific methods for congestion management. The method for allocating scarce transmission capacity must be transparent. Any differences in how transactions are treated must be shown not to distort or hinder the development of competition. 4. Price signals that result from congestion management systems shall be directional.’ 7 – Explanatory memorandum to the Commission’s proposal (COM(2004) 309 final, paragraph 2). 8 – Act concerning the conditions of accession of the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania and the adjustments to the Treaties on which the European Union is founded of 25 April 2005 (OJ 2005 L 157, p. 203). 9 – Case C‑259/95 European Parliament v Council [1997] ECR I‑5303, paragraph 27; hereinafter also referred to as the ‘EHLASS judgment’. 10 – Case C‑491/01 British American Tobacco(Investments) and Imperial Tobacco [2002] ECR I‑11453, at paragraphs 60 and 61. 11 – See, inter alia, Case C‑300/89 Commission v Council [1991] ECR I‑2867, paragraph 10; Case C‑281/01 Commission v Council [2002] ECR I‑12049, paragraph 33; and Case C‑178/03 Commission v European Parliament and Council [2006] ECR I‑0000, paragraph 41. 12 – Cited in footnote 9. 13 – Act concerning the conditions of accession of the Kingdom of Norway, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden and the adjustments to the Treaties on which the European Union is founded, OJ 1994 C 241, p. 8. 14 – Cited in footnote 9, at paragraph 14 of the judgment. 15 – At paragraph 19 of the judgment. 16 – Cited in footnote 9, at paragraph 18 of the judgment. 17 – Cited in footnote 8. 18 – Article 55 of the Act of Accession (2005) which provides as follows: ‘At the duly substantiated request of Bulgaria or Romania submitted to the Commission no later than the date of accession, the Council acting on a proposal from the Commission, or the Commission, if the original act was adopted by the Commission, may take measures consisting of temporary derogations from acts of the institutions adopted between 1 October 2004 and the date of accession. The measures shall be adopted according to the voting rules governing the adoption of the act from which a temporary derogation is sought. Where these derogations are adopted after accession they may be applied as from the date of accession’ (emphasis added). 19 – This article provides: ‘Notwithstanding paragraph 2 [entry into force on 1 May 2004], the institutions of the Union may adopt before accession the measures referred to in Articles ... 55 to 57 of the Act of Accession ... . These measures shall enter into force only subject to and on the date of the entry into force of this Treaty.’ 20 – See, for example, Council Directive 94/72/EC of 19 December 1994 amending Directive 91/439/EEC on driving licences (OJ 1994 L 337, p. 86). 21 – Cited in footnote 9, at paragraph 14 of the judgment.