Judgment — ECLI:EU:C:2016:716
Date: 2016-09-22
Language of the case: Dutch
Court formation: Eighth Chamber
Subject matter: Free movement of goods;Common customs tariff;Customs Union
Procedure: Reference for a preliminary ruling
Origin: Netherlands

summary of the relevant findings of fact determined by the referring court, which makes it possible to ascertain the reasons which prompted it to inquire about the validity of the relevant part of that regulation. 38 Second, suffice it to note that, in the judgment of 4 March 2004, Krings (C‑130/02, EU:C:2004:122), whereas the order for reference related to products which were not identical but merely similar to those referred to in the relevant part of the annex to the classification regulation the validity of which the Court was asked to rule on (see paragraphs 34 and 35 of that judgment), it nevertheless ruled on the validity of that regulation (see paragraph 1 of the operative part of that judgment). 39 It follows from the Court’s established case-law that if a classification regulation is not directly applicable to products which are not identical, but only similar to the product covered by that regulation, the latter is applicable by analogy to such products (see, to that effect, inter alia, judgments of 4 March 2004, Krings, C‑130/02, EU:C:2004:122, paragraphs 34 and 35, and 13 July 2006, Anagram International, C‑14/05, EU:C:2006:465, paragraphs 31 to 33). Therefore, where a national court has doubts as to the validity of a classification regulation which it must apply by analogy to goods which are sufficiently similar to those covered by that regulation, it is justified for that court to submit a request for a preliminary ruling to the Court to assess the validity of that regulation (see, to that effect, inter alia, judgment of 19 February 2009, Kamino International Logistics (C‑376/07, EU:C:2009:105, paragraph 69). 40 An answer must therefore be given to the question referred. Substance 41 It should be borne in mind that, in paragraph 2 of the operative part of the judgment of 27 April 2006, Kawasaki Motors Europe (C‑15/05, EU:C:2006:259), the Court held that ‘new all terrain four-wheeled vehicles with one seat only, fitted with Ackerman steering controlled by a handlebar, equipped with a towing hitch and the technical characteristics of which enable them to push twice their own weight or more, must be classified in subheading 8701 90 of that Nomenclature. It is for the Gerechtshof te Amsterdam (Amsterdam Regional Court of Appeal) to classify such vehicles in the subheadings which correspond to their engine power.’ 42 CN subheading 8701 90 relating to tractors other than pedestrian-controlled tractors, road tractors for semi-trailers and track-laying tractors, which fall under subheadings 8701 10 to 8701 30, covers two categories of tractors, namely: – first, agricultural tractors (excluding pedestrian-controlled tractors) and forestry tractors, wheeled, and – second, tractors other than both tractors coming within subheadings 8701 10 to 8701 30 and agricultural and forestry tractors (‘other tractors’). 43 Other tractors are covered by an eight-digit subheading, namely subheading 8701 90 90. 44 On the other hand, agricultural tractors and forestry tractors are covered by different eight-digit subheadings. First, they are distinguished according to whether they are used, in which case they come under subheading 8701 90 50, or new. Next, new agricultural tractors and forestry tractors are divided into six eight-digit subheadings depending on their engine power, namely subheadings 8701 90 11, 8701 90 20, 8701 90 25, 8701 90 31, 8701 90 35 and 8701 90 39. 45 CN subheading 8701 90 has no other eight-digit subheading than those mentioned in the two preceding paragraphs of the present judgment. 46 It follows from that observation that paragraph 2 of the operative part of the judgment of 27 April 2006, Kawasaki Motors Europe (C‑15/05, EU:C:2006:259), concerns only the CN eight-digit subheadings 8701 90 11 to 8701 90 39, relating to new agricultural tractors and forestry tractors, the Court having interpreted those subheadings as meaning that they are relevant for the tariff classification of vehicles such as those described in paragraph 2, the individual subheading being determined by the engine power of the vehicle to be classified. Therefore, subheading 8701 90 90, relating to other tractors, is irrelevant for the classification of such vehicles. 47 It should be noted, moreover, that the vehicle described in paragraph 2 of the annex to Regulation No 1051/2009 is similar to those at issue in the case having given rise to the judgment of 27 April 2006, Kawasaki Motors Europe (C‑15/05, EU:C:2006:259), having regard to the description given in paragraphs 26 to 31 of that judgment. That conclusion is supported by the fact that one of the models of the vehicles at issue in the main proceedings having given rise to that judgment, namely the KVF‑650 4x4 model, is also at issue in the present case. As was noted in paragraph 36 of the present judgment, the vehicles at issue in the main proceedings, are, without distinction, similar to those described in paragraph 2 of that annex. 48 Therefore, it follows from the findings made in paragraphs 46 and 47 of the present judgment that Regulation No 1051/2009, in so far as it classifies the vehicle described in paragraph 2 of its annex under CN subheading 8107 90 90, and not under one of the subheadings 8701 90 11 to 8701 90 39 thereof, on the basis of the engine power of that vehicle, is incompatible with the scope of those subheadings as established in paragraph 2 of the operative part of the judgment of 27 April 2006, Kawasaki Motors Europe (C‑15/05, EU:C:2006:259). 49 The objections raised by the Commission are not such as to undermine the finding of invalidity which should normally result from that incompatibility. 50 In that regard, it must be stated, in the first place, that, in paragraph 2 of the operative part of the judgment of 27 April 2006, Kawasaki Motors Europe (C‑15/05, EU:C:2006:259), the Court merely interpreted the eight-digit subheadings coming under CN subheading 8701 90 in the light of the characteristics of the vehicles described by the referring court, as it was requested to do by that court in its second question, inviting that court to classify those vehicles itself. 51 In the second place, the Commission’s argument cannot be accepted that the decisive reason for the classification of the vehicle described in paragraph 2 of the annex to Regulation No 1051/2009 under subheading 8701 90 90, namely that the ‘classification as an agricultural or forestry tractor is excluded, as the vehicle neither has a power take-off, a hydraulic lifting device nor a winch’, derives from the Explanatory Notes to the CN, in so far as those notes specify, as regards subheadings 8701 90 11 to 8701 90 50, that ‘agricultural tractors are generally equipped with a hydraulic device enabling agricultural machinery (harrows, ploughs, etc.) to be raised or lowered, a power take-off enabling the power of the engine to be used to operate other machines or implements, and a coupling device for trailers’ and that ‘a … feature of forestry tractors is the presence of a permanently attached winch enabling timber to be hauled.’ 52 The value of those Explanatory Notes is recognised by the Court’s case-law as they may be an important aid to the interpretation of the scope of the various tariff headings, even though they do not have legally binding force (see, to that effect, inter alia, judgment of 17 July 2014, Sysmex Europe, C‑480/13, EU:C:2014:2097, paragraph 30 and the case-law cited). 53 In that regard, it should be noted, first, that the passages of the CN Explanatory Notes to which the Commission refers are not absolute. As regards the presence of a hydraulic device enabling agricultural machinery to be raised or lowered and a power take-off enabling the power of the engine to be used to operate other machines or implements, in so far as concerns agricultural tractors, those passages merely state that such tractors are ‘generally’ equipped with these. However, as noted by the referring court, it follows from that wording that the absence of those elements is not sufficient to rule out the agricultural use of tractors. The explanation given by the Commission, that that wording corresponds to a reversal of the burden of proof of the intended use of the vehicle cannot be accepted. The scope of those passages does not depend on those Explanatory Notes, a conclusion which is, moreover, supported, in the statement of reasons for the classification made in paragraph 2 of the annex to Regulation No 1051/2009, by the fact that nowhere is it stated that the other characteristics of the vehicle concerned do not establish its intended agricultural purpose. 54 Second, in accordance with General Rule 1, for legal purposes, the classification is to be determined according to the terms of the headings and any relative section or chapter notes, in addition to other general rules, provided such headings or notes do not otherwise require. General Rule 6 provides that, for legal purposes, the classification of goods in the subheadings of a heading is to be determined according to the terms of those subheadings and any related subheading notes and, mutatis mutandis, according to the other general rules. Finally, it follows from General Rule 3(a), that where goods are prima facie classifiable under two headings, the most specific description is to be preferred to headings providing a more general description. 55 In the present case, it is undisputed that commercial vehicles such as those referred to in paragraph 2 of the annex to Regulation No 1051/2009 must be categorised as ‘tractors’ within the meaning of subheading 8701 90, which concerns only commercial vehicles. The main distinction within that subheading is based on the intended use — agricultural, forestry or other — of the tractors covered. 56 According to the Court’s case-law, the intended use of a product may also constitute an objective criterion for classification if it is inherent to the product, and that inherent character must be capable of being assessed on the basis of the product’s objective characteristics and properties (judgment of 17 July 2014, Sysmex Europe, C‑480/13, EU:C:2014:2097, paragraph 31 and the case-law cited). 57 Moreover, in view of the scope of General Rule 3(a), if a tractor has such objective characteristics, it should be classified under the most specific subheading. 58 In the present case, as is apparent from the CN Explanatory Notes, the agricultural or forestry use of tractors may derive from their design and the presence of devices or equipment which make them suitable for use in the context of agricultural or horticultural holdings, without there being any need to link a priori the presence of certain devices or equipment exhaustively listed to that intended use. 59 As is clear from the description of the types of vehicles referred to in the judgment of 27 April 2006, Kawasaki Motors Europe (C‑15/05, EU:C:2006:259), which corresponds, in essence, to that of the vehicle referred to in paragraph 2 of the annex to Regulation No 1051/2009, the vehicles referred to in that judgment are characterised, in addition to their high towing capacity, by their special design, in particular as regards the engine, tyres and suspension, which allow them to move in difficult natural terrain, in combination with equipment which may be attached to them by means of various coupling devices. All of those characteristics are general, objective and visible. 60 In the third place, it is irrelevant that, as mentioned by the Commission, tractors apparently intended for agricultural or forestry purposes may have a recreational use. It should be recalled that if the objective characteristic of a product can be established at the time of customs clearance, the fact that it may also be possible to envisage another use for that product will not preclude its classification for legal purposes. For its classification for customs purposes, that product does not have to be solely or exclusively intended for use corresponding to that objective characteristic. It suffices if that is the main use for which it is intended (judgment of 13 July 2006, Anagram International, C‑14/05, EU:C:2006:465, paragraph 26). In any event, that objection cannot justify the classification of the types of vehicles concerned under subheading 8701 90 90, which, like all the subheadings under CN heading 8701, covers commercial vehicles. 61 In the fourth and last place, the classification of vehicles such as those referred to in paragraph 2 of the annex to Regulation No 1051/2009 in subheadings 8701 90 11 to 8701 90 50 does not mean that subheading 8701 90 90 is to be interpreted as devoid of content. It is sufficient, in that regard, to note that the CN Explanatory Notes relating to that subheading refer, by way of examples of vehicles coming within that subheading, to public works tractors and single-axled tractors for articulated motor vehicles. 62 It follows from all the foregoing considerations that, by adopting Regulation No 1051/2009, in so far as it classifies the vehicle described in paragraph 2 of its annex under CN subheading 8107 90 90, and not under one of the subheadings 8701 90 11 to 8701 90 39, which correspond to the engine power of that vehicle, the Commission altered, by reducing it, the scope of those subheadings and, therefore, exceeded the powers conferred on it in Article 9(1)(a) of Regulation No 2658/87 (see, to that effect, inter alia, judgment of 4 March 2004, Krings, C‑130/02, EU:C:2004:122, paragraph 26). 63 Therefore, the answer to the question referred is that paragraph 2 of the annex to Regulation No 1051/2009 is invalid in so far as it classifies the vehicle described in that paragraph under CN subheading 8107 90 90 and not under one of CN subheadings 8701 90 11 to 8701 90 39, which correspond to the engine power of that vehicle. Costs 64 Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs of those parties, are not recoverable. On those grounds, the Court (Eighth Chamber) hereby rules: Paragraph 2 of the annex to Commission Regulation (EC) No 1051/2009 of 3 November 2009 concerning the classification of certain goods in the Combined Nomenclature is invalid in so far as it classifies the vehicle described in that paragraph under subheading 8107 90 90 of that Combined Nomenclature, as amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 948/2009 of 30 September 2009, and not under one of subheadings 8701 90 11 to 8701 90 39 of that Combined Nomenclature, which correspond to the engine power of that vehicle. [Signatures] * Language of the case: Dutch.