Opinion of the Advocate General — ECLI:EU:C:2017:479
Date: 2017-06-20
Language of the case: German
Subject matter: Trade marks;Intellectual, industrial and commercial property
Procedure: Reference for a preliminary ruling
Origin: Austria

Summary of the observations submitted 38. Of the three options of the referring court, Mr Raimund supports the last, that is, that a definitive declaration of validity, in counterclaim proceedings (or, perhaps, in administrative proceedings) is necessary if an action for trade mark infringement is to be dismissed as to the substance. 39. Mr Raimund bases his rejection of the first option (it is sufficient merely for the counterclaim to be brought in order to comply with Article 99(1) Regulation No 207/2009) on its being irreconcilable with the purpose of that provision. He therefore agrees with the referring court that the scheme of Regulation No 207/2009, in the light of Article 104 thereof too, gives counterclaims precedence over pleas in infringement proceedings, when a declaration of invalidity of a trade mark is sought. That precedence is derived from the effect erga omnes of judgments delivered at the end of the former, as opposed to the effect merely inter partes of judgments delivered on the latter. 40. Mr Raimund likewise finds it inconceivable that the EU legislature would be satisfied with the mere procedural act of bringing the counterclaim. To accept that argument in order to hold that Article 99(1) of Regulation No 207/2009 has been satisfied would render Article 100(7) of that regulation meaningless. 41. As regards the second option (the necessity of simultaneous judgments in the infringement and counterclaim proceedings), Mr Raimund rejects this because it would not prevent contradictory decisions, as the Oberster Gerichtshof (Supreme Court) acknowledged in its order for reference. (14) 42. Mr Raimund therefore argues in favour of the third option (a decision is not to be given on the infringement action until a final judgment is given in the counterclaim for a declaration of invalidity), because it respects the effect erga omnes of judgments declaring a trade mark invalid in counterclaim proceedings. Mr Raimund relies on reasons of procedural economy in support of that interpretation. 43. For her part, Ms Aigner supports the first option put forward by the referring court. She bases her view on the literal interpretation of Article 99(1) of Regulation No 207/2009. In her view, all that that provision requires is that the counterclaim should have been brought (it is enough if the validity of the mark has been ‘put in issue’), but not necessarily that it should have been decided on in a judgment, still less that that judgment should have become final. 44. Moreover, in accordance with Article 99(3) of Regulation No 207/2009, it may be claimed that a trade mark is invalid, on the grounds that the proprietor acted in bad faith, when an action for infringement is contested, for such a mark ‘could be declared invalid’ on account of an earlier right of the defendant’s, without any reference being made to a definitive judgment on invalidity. 45. Ms Aigner points out that neither the wording nor the purpose of Article 99(1) of Regulation No 207/2009 supports the aim of preventing divergent decisions in proceedings for infringement (with effect inter partes) and proceedings for a declaration of invalidity (with effect erga omnes) of a trade mark. It is for national law to resolve this problem, which the EU legislature was already aware of and had accepted; furthermore, the more recent Regulation 2015/2424 did not amend the relevant provisions. 46. Lastly, and in the alternative, should the Court disagree with her position, Ms Aigner proposes that the answer to the second question should be that dismissal of an action for infringement of a trade mark entails, at least simultaneously, a declaration of invalidity of the mark on a counterclaim, which requires the proceedings to be joined. Otherwise, the risk of divergent decisions on the merits would not be eliminated. IV. Analysis A. Preliminary remarks 47. The particular features of these proceedings may confuse those who are used to a system of civil procedure in which a counterclaim (not only in the area of trade mark law) is brought in the same proceedings and before the same judge or court as that hearing the main action, with that judge or court ruling on both at one and the same time in a single judgment. (15) 48. It appears from the order for reference that Austrian law of civil procedure does not necessarily follow the same lines, wherefore I believe it appropriate to put forward some considerations that may lead to a better understanding of the questions at issue. 49. In the first place, the Oberster Gerichsthof (Supreme Court) states that, according to the Austrian law of civil procedure, ‘a court hearing infringement proceedings would … examine (on a preliminary basis) the claim for invalidity of a national mark even if the defendant had not filed any application for cancellation with the patent office (counterclaims are not provided for in relation to national trade marks)’. (16) However, that court accepts that this is not the case where EU trade marks are concerned. 50. In the second place, if by counterclaim is meant, in general, a cross-action lodged by the defendant in proceedings brought against him by the applicant before the same court, (17) from the formal point of view Ms Aigner committed no error in making a counterclaim in the proceedings, because she lodged her counterclaim with the competent EU trade mark court in Austria.(18) 51. In the third place, and from a different perspective, it must be borne in mind that the national court has referred its questions on the assumption that the infringement proceedings could not, in this case, be dismissed on grounds other than bad faith on the part of the applicant (for example, no likelihood of confusion between the parties’ goods). The national court presumes that, those other criteria being met, it will not be essential to rule on the counterclaim as a preliminary issue. B. The first question 52. Does Article 99(1) of Regulation No 207/2009 permit an action for infringement of a trade mark to be dismissed on the grounds that the person who filed the trade mark acted in bad faith, when the defendant has, in turn, brought a counterclaim (also on the basis of bad faith) seeking a declaration that the trade mark is invalid and a decision on that counterclaim has not yet been given? That is, in short, the referring court’s first question. 53. I believe that it would be too simplistic to give an answer based solely on the wording of Article 99(1) of Regulation No 207/2009. For want of other references in case-law (since, unless I am mistaken, that provision has not yet been interpreted by the Court), the answer must be based on two elements underlying the provision to be interpreted and others in the same legislative context. 54. The first of those elements is the unitary character of the EU trade mark, the importance of which must not be disregarded. According to recital 3 thereof, the aim of Regulation No 207/2009 is to introduce EU arrangements for trade marks which grant those trade marks uniform protection so that they produce their effects throughout the entire area of the Union. 55. That aim appears in Article 1(2) of Regulation No 207/2009, in accordance with which an EU trade mark has unitary character, has equal effect throughout the EU and may not be registered, transferred or surrendered or be the subject of a decision revoking the rights of the proprietor or declaring it invalid, nor may its use be prohibited, save in respect of the whole of the European Union. (19) 56. Recitals 16 and 17 of the same regulation emphasise the unitary character of the EU trade mark. According to them, on the one hand, decisions regarding the validity and infringement of EU trade marks must cover the entire area of the European Union, in order to prevent inconsistent decisions on the part of the courts and the Office and to ensure that the unitary character of those trade marks is not compromised. On the other hand, they stress the necessity of avoiding contradictory judgments in actions involving the same acts and the same parties and brought on the basis of an EU trade mark and parallel national trade marks. (20) 57. The second important element is the presumption of validity enjoyed by EU trade marks, following the checks carried out by EUIPO in its examination of trade mark applications. Observance of the principle of the rule of law means that it must be acknowledged that such marks are fully effective (in that their registration is an act emanating from an EU body), so long as they have not been declared invalid by another act to the contrary, issued by a competent court, that has become final. (21) 58. The legislative framework of that presumption is found in Article 99(1) of Regulation No 207/2009, pursuant to which all concerned, including national courts, must treat EU trade marks as valid in principle. 59. The mechanisms for challenging the validity of an EU trade mark are provided for in Article 52(1) of Regulation No 207/2009 and amount to two only: (a) administrative proceedings before EUIPO on application by a party (22) and (b) a counterclaim in infringement proceedings; that is, legal proceedings before the national EU trade mark courts. 60. It may be inferred from those provisions, taken together, that EU trade mark courts are prohibited from examining of their own motion whether a trade mark is invalid and that, in the proceedings brought before them, it is for the defendant, by a counterclaim, to seek a declaration of invalidity (23) of the trade mark which, in the main proceedings, it is alleged he has infringed. (24) 61. However, under Article 99(3) of Regulation No 207/2009, a defendant in infringement proceedings may (25) submit a plea relating to invalidity without having to bring a counterclaim, but only if he relies upon an earlier right over the sign at issue. (26) That is not the case in this instance. 62. It follows from Articles 52(1) and 53(1), read in conjunction with Article 99(1) and (3) and Article 100(1) of Regulation No 207/2009, that a declaration of the invalidity of an EU trade mark in legal proceedings may be requested only by way of a counterclaim. This must be based on one or more of the grounds listed in Articles 52 (absolute grounds for invalidity) and 53 (relative grounds for invalidity) of that regulation The sole exception to that rule, included in Article 99(3) to which I referred above, is not applicable to the present case. 63. That decision of the EU legislature is consistent with the unitary character of the EU trade mark and with the aim of preventing inconsistent judgments being given in relation to the same sign which has been registered by EUIPO. 64. Judgments given in proceedings for infringement of EU trade marks have effect inter partes, so that, once they are final, the force of res judicata binds only those who were parties to the proceedings. However, in upholding a counterclaim, judgments declaring a trade mark invalid have effect erga omnes. This is why, under Article 100(6) of Regulation No 207/2009, EUIPO has to ‘mention the judgment’ (on annulment) in the Register of EU trade marks, and that judgment will have retroactive effect, in other words, effect ex tunc. (27) 65. If it were accepted that any defendant in an action for infringement of a trade mark could simply put forward as a plea the (absolute or relative) grounds for invalidity of that mark, there would be a risk that similar actions brought by the trade mark proprietor in different jurisdictions would lead, in some cases, to a declaration of invalidity of the mark and, in others, to the opposite outcome. It should be borne in mind that, under Article 97(5) of Regulation No 207/2009, when bringing infringement proceedings the proprietor has the choice of the forumdelicti commissi as an alternative to the courts of the place where the defendant is domiciled. (28) 66. The EU legislature intended, therefore, that, in national legal proceedings, the validity of an EU trade mark could be challenged only by means of a counterclaim. At the same time, it created a security measure to deal with the possibility of numerous actions, whether infringement proceedings or counterclaims: a stay of proceedings, as provided for in Article 104(1) of Regulation No 207/2009. 67. Against this background, the interpretation of Article 99(1) of Regulation No 207/2009 proposed by Ms Aigner cannot be accepted. In her submission, a plea relating to the invalidity of the mark could be upheld, in infringement proceedings, provided that the counterclaim has been brought (but not yet decided upon). 68. As the referring court rightly observes, that approach is incompatible with the aim of the provision. It is difficult to understand why the EU legislature would require the proceedings to be stayed when there exists lis pendens between two trade mark courts, as a means of avoiding divergent judgments on identical subject matter, but not impose that obligation when infringement and counterclaim proceedings are allocated to the same EU trade mark court (even if sitting as two different benches). 69. It is true that, as a result of their procedural autonomy, (29) it is for each Member State to determine the structure of its EU trade mark courts and to establish the rules of procedure for those courts, without prejudicing observance of the rules laid down in Regulation No 207/2009. However, the system of conferral of powers (and, in that connection, the system of allocation of cases within a single court which has more than one bench of judges) on national EU trade mark courts may not frustrate the aim of preventing inconsistent judgments in relation to the same mark. 70. The procedure for bringing a legal challenge against an EU trade mark distinguishes between a defence as to the merits (plea) and a counterclaim. The only possibility for a defendant of putting forward a plea relating to the invalidity of a mark in infringement proceedings arises when that defendant himself has an earlier right over that sign (Article 99(3) of Regulation No 207/2009, cited above). (30) 71. Apart from that situation, anyone who is sued for infringement of an EU trade mark and who argues that that mark is invalid must use the counterclaim procedure. A claim for a declaration of invalidity so raised automatically becomes a preliminary issue in relation to the action for infringement itself, for the presumption of validity of the mark is called into question. Before examining whether the rights inherent in the mark were infringed, it is necessary to determine, as an essential preliminary issue, whether that distinctive sign remains valid, which is precisely what the defendant has questioned by means of the counterclaim. 72. It would not make sense; procedurally, to dismiss the infringement proceedings (except in the situation mentioned by the referring court) without dispelling the uncertainties regarding the invalidity of the trade mark raised in the counterclaim. That lack of procedural sense would arise either if the cases were heard by different EU trade mark courts or if they were heard by a single court (in this case, the Handelsgericht Wien (Commercial Court, Vienna)) sitting as benches of judges seised of those proceedings separately. 73. The answer to the first question should therefore be that, on a proper construction of Article 99(1) of Regulation No 207/2009, when a counterclaim has been brought seeking a declaration of invalidity of an EU trade mark on the grounds that the proprietor filed the mark in bad faith, the court with jurisdiction to hear the main action for infringement of that mark may not uphold that ground for invalidity, raised as a plea in defence, until judgment has been given on the counterclaim. C. The second question 74. The second question of the Oberster Gerichtshof (Supreme Court) is referred if the first question should be answered in the negative, as I have proposed. 75. The referring court’s second question is based on the presumption that, in the circumstances set out above, the EU trade mark court has to wait for judgment on the counterclaim before deciding on the infringement proceedings. Is it sufficient that that judgment has been given or must it have become final? 76. If the decision on the counterclaim is favourable to the defendant (that is, if the sign is declared invalid), the trade mark court could, in accordance with its national law, (31) either dismiss the action in the infringement proceedings or declare it devoid of purpose, because a trade mark that has lost ex tunc the protection of registration cannot be infringed. 77. In making the judgment in the infringement proceedings conditional on a prior decision on the counterclaim, the competent court fulfils the aim of avoiding contradictory judgments, which could have jeopardised the unitary character of the EU trade mark. 78. However, the Oberster Gerichtshof (Supreme Court) fears that the procedural conduct of the parties to the infringement proceedings and the counterclaim proceedings could again sap the consistency achieved by simultaneous judgments, if, for example, an appeal to a higher court was brought against only one of those judgments. (32) 79. The referring court asks whether, in such a situation, precisely in order to prevent any inconsistency, the first court must be required to refrain from deciding on the infringement proceedings until the favourable judgment on the counterclaim has acquired the force of res judicata. 80. In my opinion, Regulation No 207/2009 does not contain a certain rule providing that the court with jurisdiction must wait until the judgment upholding the counterclaim is final. Nor does it contain a rule preventing that. 81. Of those articles of Regulation No 207/2009 that refer explicitly to a judgment having become ‘final’, (33) Article 56(3) links this to a court in a Member State having adjudicated between the same parties on an application with the same subject matter and the same cause of action, and to that decision having become final (in other words, the decision cannot be overturned and no appeal can lie against it). (34) 82. However, those provisions give no clarification as to how the judgments in the respective disputes are to be treated until such time as those judgments have become final. The explanation for that legislative silence is probably that Regulation No 207/2009 deals with the finality of judgments from the point of view of the consistency between decisions of the Office and decisions of national EU trade mark courts. It is appropriate to look briefly at this point 83. Unlike the procedure for registration of EU trade marks, which, in the scheme of Regulation No 207/2009, is established as being the exclusive task of EUIPO, unaffected by any decision of a national court, (35) competence for decl aring an EU trade mark invalid is shared between the national EU trade mark courts and the Office. 84. However, that competence must be exercised alternatively and exclusively; that is, only the first body seised of the dispute (36) (whether an EU trade mark court before which a counterclaim has been brought, or EUIPO, if an application for a declaration of invalidity has been filed with it) may rule on the validity of the industrial property right. In order to prevent inconsistent decisions, the other body must stay the proceedings before it until the first proceedings have been resolved, in accordance with Article 104 of Regulation No 207/2009. 85. That stay of proceedings (37) and the duty (Article 100(6) of the regulation) of the national EU trade mark court to notify EUIPO of its judgment, when the decision declaring an EU trade mark invalid has become res judicata in proceedings on a counterclaim, are the mechanisms whereby the legislature seeks to ensure that decisions on invalidity are consistent and that the register of EU trade marks matches the reality of the signs it protects. 86. When it is the same court that must, at different times, decide on an action for infringement of a trade mark and on a counterclaim seeking a declaration that that mark is invalid, consistency with its own decision on the counterclaim will prevent the decision on infringement being contradictory. However, I can find no basis for requiring that court, in the light of Regulation No 207/2009, to stay the (second) set of proceedings to take account of the vicissitudes of the proceedings in the higher courts. 87. The duty of an EU trade mark court, to which I referred in my analysis of the first question, is to await the outcome of the counterclaim, before ruling (at the same time or later, depending on the national procedural provisions) on the action for infringement. I believe that, once judgment has been given on the former, that duty need not necessarily be made conditional upon the procedural strategies of the parties, more or less dependent on their chances of succeeding in subsequent appeals. 88. I agree with the Oberster Gerichtshof (Supreme Court) that linking the outcome of the infringement proceedings to the conduct of the parties in relation to subsequent appeals against the judgment allowing the counterclaim would, in all likelihood, lead to significant delays in the adjudication of those proceedings. The aim of preventing divergent judgments in relation to the same trade mark has been satisfied by giving priority to the judgment on the counterclaim, in the light of which the infringement proceedings will be determined. 89. The parties to the two sets of proceedings being the same, albeit in opposite procedural positions, they enjoy the same rights of defence and must bear the consequences of their own acts. Admittedly, either of them may, by successive appeals, delay the effect of res judicata of the judgments at first instance, but that possibility must not take precedence over the duty of the court that has to settle the case before it. 90. That said, I wish to make it clear that, although Regulation No 207/2009 does not provide that the court hearing and determining the infringement proceedings must wait until the decision on the counterclaim becomes final, I cannot find any provisions of that legislative text that preclude such a delay either. The procedural rules of each Member State, as interpreted by their highest courts, may opt for either approach, failing any rules of EU law in that regard. 91. It may be that no appeal is brought against the judgment on the counterclaim, in which case it will be for the court that delivered that judgment to notify EUIPO of its judgment having the force of res judicata. Given that the period allowed for lodging an appeal will not be particularly long, I see no reason why the national court should wait for the judgment on the counterclaim to become final before ruling on the infringement proceedings. If, however, an appeal is brought against the judgment on the counterclaim, the national court will have to assess the specific features of the infringement proceedings (38) and whether those proceedings ought to be stayed until the judgment on the counterclaim has become final. 92. In the light of the foregoing considerations, I believe that the answer to the second question should be that an EU trade mark court may dismiss an action for infringement of a trade mark, on the grounds that the applicant filed that trade mark in bad faith when, at least at the same time, the counterclaim seeking a declaration of invalidity of that mark is upheld on the same grounds. EU law does not oblige an EU trade mark court to wait until the judgment on the counterclaim has become final before ruling on the infringement proceedings, but nor does it preclude that court from doing so. V. Conclusion 93. In the light of the arguments set out, I propose that the Court reply as follows to the questions referred for a preliminary ruling by the Oberster Gerichtshof (Supreme Court, Austria): (1) On a proper construction of Article 99(1) Council Regulation (EC) No 207/2009 of 26 February 2009 on the European Union trade mark, when a counterclaim has been brought seeking a declaration of invalidity of an EU trade mark on the grounds that the proprietor filed the mark in bad faith, the court with jurisdiction to hear the main action for infringement of that mark may not uphold that ground for invalidity, raised as a plea in defence, until judgment has been given on the counterclaim. (2) An EU trade mark court may dismiss an action for infringement of a trade mark, on the grounds that the applicant filed that trade mark in bad faith when, at least at the same time, the counterclaim seeking a declaration of invalidity of that mark is upheld on the same grounds. EU law does not oblige an EU trade mark court to wait until the judgment on the counterclaim has become final before ruling on the infringement proceedings, but nor does it preclude that court from doing so. 1 Original language: Spanish. 2 Also ‘the Office’. 3 I shall use the term ‘excepción’ [plea] in its procedural sense, derived from the Roman exceptio with which the defendant contested the applicant’s actio. 4 According to Mr Raimund. 5 Council Regulation (EC) No 207/2009 of 26 February 2009 on the Community trade mark (OJ 2009 L 78, p. 1). That regulation was amended by Regulation (EU) 2015/2424 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2015 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 207/2009 on the Community trade mark and Commission Regulation (EC) No 2868/95 implementing Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 on the Community trade mark, and repealing Commission Regulation (EC) No 2869/95 on the fees payable to the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OJ 2015 L 341, p. 21). However, Regulation 2015/2424 does not apply ratione temporis to these proceedings, although it is useful for interpretation. 6 Article 96(c) refers to claims for compensation under Article 9(3) of Regulation No 207/2009, which are not relevant to these proceedings. 7 The account of the facts has been deduced from the order for reference and the documents in the case file. As is logical, it is for the national court to make a final declaration regarding the facts which it considers to be sufficiently established. 8 The preparation is mixed with that type of alcoholic beverage, creating a warm feeling in the stomach from which its name is derived, since the literal translation of the sign is ‘stomach warmer’. 9 Nice Agreement concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the purposes of the Registration of Marks of 15 June 1957, as revised and amended. 10 Although the order for reference mentions the claim for withdrawal from use (‘Beseitigung’), it appears from the documents in the case file sent by the Oberster Gerichtshof (Supreme Court), in particular from the judgment under appeal before that court, that Mr Raimund also put forward a claim for destruction (‘Vernichtung’). 11 It may be inferred from the case file sent by the referring court that the action for trade mark infringement and the counterclaim were brought before different panels of judges within the Handelsgericht Wien (Commercial Court, Vienna). That is probably due to the two-year time lapse between the action for trade mark infringement and the counterclaim, as Mr Raimund points out in his observations. In any event, there is no suggestion that the cases have been joined. 12 According to the order for reference, in Austrian trade mark law a declaration of invalidity, with effect erga omnes,of a national trademark falls within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Patentamt (Patent and Trade Mark Office). 13 Underlined in the original. 14 That court presents a list of situations in which, following a declaration of invalidity of the mark in the counterclaim and dismissal of the action for infringement, subsequent appeals (that brought by the applicant only against the judgment allowing the counterclaim or that brought by the defendant against only one of the two judgments) could, if successful, lead to irreconcilable judgments. 15 A counterclaim is simply a separate action, albeit one brought in the same proceedings by the defendant against the applicant, using the opportunity provided by the action brought by the applicant when there are certain connecting factors between the two and the court has jurisdiction to give judgment on both in a single judgment. In any given case, the defendant may either defend himself (raise pleas against the applicant’s action) or counterattack (seek his own forms of order against the applicant) in a counterclaim. Although some legal systems allow ‘counter pleas’ or implicit counterclaims (for example, in relation to the set-off of claims or the nullity of certain legal transactions), there is no need to refer to these in connection with the present preliminary-ruling proceedings. 16 Point 3.2 of the order for reference. I do not know whether this point could be related to the lateness of Ms Aigner’s counterclaim and to the fact that she claimed bad faith as a substantive plea in her defence to Mr Raimund’s action. 17 Procedural economy and prevention of the risk of contradictory judgments are usually cited as aims of a counterclaim. See Okońska, A., Die Widerklage im Zivilprozessrecht der Europäischen Union und ihrer Mitgliedstaaten, ed. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, 2015, pp. 269 and 270. 18 It is unclear why that court did not join the two sets of proceedings so that it could decide on them at the same time. Indeed, it does not appear to be usual practice to allocate a counterclaim to a different court or panel of judges: in the proceedings which led to the judgment of 11 June 2009, Chocoladefabriken Lindt & Sprüngli, C‑529/07, EU:C:2009:361, paragraphs 3 and 4, the same panel of judges of the Handelsgericht Wien (Commercial Court, Vienna), sitting as the EU trade mark court of first instance, was seised of both the EU trade mark infringement proceedings and the counterclaim. 19 Judgment of 12 April 2011, DHL Express France, C‑235/09, EU:C:2011:238, paragraphs 40 and 41. 20 Ibid., paragraph 42. 21 See, in that connection, judgments of 13 February 1979, Granaria, 101/78, EU:C:1979:38, paragraph 5, and of 28 January 2016, Éditions Odile Jacob v Commission, C‑514/14 P, EU:C:2016:55, paragraph 40. 22 The decision given by the Office, allowing or dismissing the claim for a declaration of invalidity, may be challenged before the Boards of Appeal; their decision may, in turn, be contested before the General Court, whose judgments are open to appeal before the Court of Justice. However, strictly speaking, a declaration of invalidity is made in the administrative proceedings, since a subsequent judicial review (by the EU judicature) is restricted to an examination of the lawfulness of that declaration. A trade mark may be declared invalid in legal proceedings only where an appeal is brought against the dismissal of an application for a declaration of invalidity and that claim is upheld by one of the EU Courts. 23 The defendant may also seek revocation of the mark as a possible basis for his counterclaim. I shall not refer to this possibility, not germane to the subject matter of the dispute. 24 In administrative proceedings, EUIPO also lacks the power to examine the question of invalidity of its own motion. Under Article 56(1) of Regulation No 207/2009, it is left to rival economic operators to seek, as one of my predecessors put it, the cleaning-up of a registration, whilst the Office must remain completely neutral. See, in that connection, the Opinion of Advocate General Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer in Silberquelle (C‑495/07, EU:C:2008:633), point 46. Although that case dealt with revocation, the argument can be applied to the field of invalidity. 25 Referring directly to Article 96(a) of that regulation. 26 The amendment introduced by Regulation 2015/2424 has removed that possibility because it created uncertainties regarding its compatibility with the principle of priority in that it required the proprietor of an earlier right to obtain a declaration of invalidity of the later sign in order successfully to contest that sign. The new wording of Article 9 of Regulation No 207/2009 should dispel those uncertainties. See Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property and Competition Law, Study on the Overall Functioning of the European Trade Mark System,Munich, 2011, p. 108. 27 According to Article 55(2) of the regulation, and subject to the need to respect legal positions already acquired referred to in Article 55(3). 28 In those cases, Article 98(2) restricts the jurisdiction of an EU trade mark court to acts committed within the territory of the Member State in which that court is situated. Although that requirement is not particularly compatible with the principle of the unitary character of the EU trade mark, its aim is to prevent forum shopping, which is always undesirable. See Sosnitza, O., ‘Der Grundsatz der Einheitlichkeit im Verletzungsverfahren der Gemeinschaftsmarke — Zugleich Besprechung von EuGH, Urt. v. 12.4.2011 — C‑235/09 — DHL/Chronopost’, GRUR, 2011, p. 468. 29 See, inter alia, judgments of 11 September 2003, Safalero, C‑13/01, EU:C:2003:447, paragraph 49; of 2 October 2003, Weber’s Wine World and Others, C‑147/01, EU:C:2003:533, paragraph 103; of 7 January 2004, Wells, C‑201/02, EU:C:2004:12, paragraph 67; and of 13 March 2007, Unibet, C‑432/05, EU:C:2007:163, paragraph 43. 30 That assertion is supported by Huet, A., ‘La marque communautaire: la compétence des juridictions des États membres pour connaître de sa validité et de sa contrefaçon [Règlement (CE) n.º 40/94 du Conseil, du 20 décembre 1993]’, Journal du Droit International, No 3, 1994, p. 630, and Gallego Sánchez, F., ‘Artículo 96 — Demanda de reconvención’, in Casado Cerviño, A., and Llobregat Hurtado, M.L. (Coord.), Comentarios a los reglamentos sobre la marca comunitaria, La Ley, Madrid, 2000, p. 874. 31 In accordance with Article 14(1) of Regulation No 207/2009 ‘… infringement of an EU trade mark shall be governed by the national law relating to infringement of a national trade mark in accordance with the provisions of Title X’. 32 For more details, see footnote 14 of this Opinion. 33 Article 55(3)(b), Article 56(3), Article 84(3), Article 100(6) and Article 112(6). 34 Article 100(2) of Regulation No 207/2009 extends that same effect (but without referring to ‘res judicata’, given the administrative nature of the body) to ‘final’ decisions of EUIPO ‘relating to the same subject matter and cause of action and involving the same parties’. 35 Judgment of 21 July 2016, Apple and Pear Australia and Star Fruits Diffusion v EUIPO, C‑226/15 P, EU:C:2016:582, paragraph 50. 36 Subject to the possibility provided for in Article 100(7) of Regulation No 207/2009, to the effect that the national trade mark court may stay the counterclaim proceedings before it and remit the decision on invalidity to EUIPO, on application by one of the parties. 37 The new wording given to Article 100(4) of Regulation No 207/2009 by Regulation 2015/2424 requires the EU trade mark court with which a counterclaim for a declaration of invalidity has been filed to stay the proceedings in accordance with Article 104(1) until the decision on the application for a declaration of invalidity by EUIPO is final. 38 It should be noted, by comparison, that the obligation to stay the proceedings laid down in Article 104(1) of Regulation No 207/2009 is not absolute, since it is made conditional on there being no special ground for continuing the proceedings.