Judgment — ECLI:EU:C:2016:631
Date: 2016-09-07
Language of the case: English
Court formation: Fourth Chamber
Subject matter: Competition;Agreements, decisions and concerted practices
Procedure: Action for annulment;Appeal - unfounded;Appeal - inadmissible
Origin: Germany;United Kingdom;Italy

Summary 120. Given that none of the grounds of appeal put forward by the appellants succeeds, the appeal as a whole is to be dismissed. VI – Costs 121. Article 184(2) of the Rules of Procedure provides that where the appeal is unfounded the Court is to make a decision as to costs. 122. It follows from Article 138(1) and (2) in conjunction with Article 184(1) of the Rules of Procedure that the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been applied for; where there is more than one unsuccessful party the Court shall decide how the costs are to be shared. Since the Commission has applied for costs against the appellants and the latter have been unsuccessful in their pleas, they must be ordered to pay the costs. As they brought the appeal jointly, they must bear the costs jointly and severally. VII – Conclusion 123. On the basis of the above considerations, I propose that the Court should: (1) dismiss the appeal; (2) order the appellants, jointly and severally, to pay the costs of the proceedings. 1 – Original language: German. 2 – Decision by the Commission dated 12 November 2008 in proceedings under Article 81 of the Treaty establishing the European Community and Article 53 of the EEA Convention, C(2008) 615 final (COMP/39.125 — automotive glass, summarised at OJ 2009, C 173, p. 13); corrected by Decision C(2009) 863 final of 11 February 2009 and Decision C(2013) 1119 final of 28 February 2013. 3 – Judgment in Pilkington Group and Others v Commission (T‑72/09, EU:T:2014:1094). 4 – AGC Glass Europe and Others v Commission (C‑517/15 P, OJ 2015 C 398, p. 20). 5 – As the decision at issue was adopted before 1 December 2009, the applicable legal position is that in force prior to the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon. 6 – Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 [EC] and 82 [EC] (OJ 2003, L 1, p. 1, ‘Regulation No 1/2003’). 7 – Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23(2)(a) of Regulation No 1/2003 (OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2, ‘the 2006 Guidelines’). 8 – Hereafter also ‘EUR’. 9 – The General Court justified this decision on costs by the fact that it was only in the course of the first instance proceedings that the Commission issued its amending Decision of 28 February 2013 (see above, point 15 and footnote 2), by which it corrected two errors in calculating the fine (paragraphs 448 and 449 of the judgment appealed against). 10 – Judgments in Team Relocations and Others v Commission (C‑444/11 P, EU:C:2013:464, paragraph 76); Guardian Industries and Guardian Europe v Commission (C‑580/12 P, EU:C:2014:2363, paragraphs 57 and 59); Dole Food and Dole Fresh Fruit Europe v Commission (C‑286/13 P, EU:C:2015:184, paragraphs 148 and 149); LG Display and LG Display Taiwan v Commission (C‑227/14 P, EU:C:2015:258, paragraphs 53 and 55); InnoLux v Commission (C‑231/14 P, EU:C:2015:451, paragraph 50); AC-Treuhand v Commission (C‑194/14 P, EU:C:2015:717, paragraph 64); and Toshiba Corporation v Commission (C‑373/14 P, EU:C:2016:26, paragraph 85). 11 – Judgments in Team Relocations and Others v Commission (C‑444/11 P, EU:C:2013:464, paragraph 77); Guardian Industries and Guardian Europe v Commission (C‑580/12 P, EU:C:2014:2363, paragraph 58); LG Display and LG Display Taiwan v Commission (C‑227/14 P, EU:C:2015:258, paragraph 54); and InnoLux v Commission (C‑231/14 P, EU:C:2015:451, paragraph 62). 12 – Judgments in Team Relocations and Others v Commission (C‑444/11 P, EU:C:2013:464, paragraph 76); Guardian Industries and Guardian Europe v Commission (C‑580/12 P, EU:C:2014:2363, paragraph 57); Dole Food and Dole Fresh Fruit Europe v Commission (C‑286/13 P, EU:C:2015:184, paragraph 148); and LG Display and LG Display Taiwan v Commission (C‑227/14 P, EU:C:2015:258, paragraph 53). 13 – See, to this effect, judgment in LG Display and LG Display Taiwan v Commission (C‑227/14 P, EU:C:2015:258, paragraph 57). 14 – Judgments in Team Relocations and Others v Commission (C‑444/11 P, EU:C:2013:464, paragraph 76); Guardian Industries and Guardian Europe v Commission (C‑580/12 P, EU:C:2014:2363, paragraph 57); Dole Food and Dole Fresh Fruit Europe v Commission (C‑286/13 P, EU:C:2015:184, paragraph 148); LG Display and LG Display Taiwan v Commission (C‑227/14 P, EU:C:2015:258, paragraph 53); and InnoLux v Commission (C‑231/14 P, EU:C:2015:451, paragraph 55). 15 – See, to this effect, judgment in LG Display and LG Display Taiwan v Commission (C‑227/14 P, EU:C:2015:258, paragraph 57), in which the Court made it clear that point 13 of the 2006 Guidelines, ‘covers, in fact, sales in the relevant market, which is the market concerned by the infringement’. 16 – On this point, see again point 26 of this Opinion, and footnote 10. 17 – Judgments in Team Relocations and Others v Commission (C‑444/11 P, EU:C:2013:464, paragraph 77); Guardian Industries and Guardian Europe v Commission (C‑580/12 P, EU:C:2014:2363, paragraph 58); LG Display and LG Display Taiwan v Commission (C‑227/14 P, EU:C:2015:258, paragraph 54); and InnoLux v Commission (C‑231/14 P, EU:C:2015:451, paragraph 62). 18 – Paragraphs 224 and 226 of the judgment under appeal. 19 – Even cartel agreements which are ultimately not carried out by the participating undertakings, or which do not have the desired effect on the market, are and remain infringements of the competition provisions which can and should be pursued by the competition authorities. 20 – As regards the relevant of the criterion of a distortion of the market, see also the judgments in LG Display and LG Display Taiwan v Commission (C‑227/14 P, EU:C:2015:258, paragraph 63), and InnoLux v Commission (C‑231/14 P, EU:C:2015:451, paragraph 61). 21 – Judgments in Team Relocations and Others v Commission (C‑444/11 P, EU:C:2013:464, paragraph 77); Guardian Industries and Guardian Europe v Commission (C‑580/12 P, EU:C:2014:2363, paragraph 58); and LG Display and LG Display Taiwan v Commission (C‑227/14 P, EU:C:2015:258, paragraph 54). 22 – Again, on this point see judgment in LG Display and LG Display Taiwan v Commission (C‑227/14 P, EU:C:2015:258, paragraph 57) and the reference to ‘sales in the relevant market, which is the market concerned by the infringement’. 23 – Judgments in Team Relocations and Others v Commission (C‑444/11 P, EU:C:2013:464, paragraphs 75 to 78); Guardian Industries and Guardian Europe v Commission (C‑580/12 P, EU:C:2014:2363, paragraphs 57 to 59); Dole Food and Dole Fresh Fruit Europe v Commission (C‑286/13 P, EU:C:2015:184, paragraphs 148 and 149); LG Display and LG Display Taiwan v Commission (C‑227/14 P, EU:C:2015:258, paragraphs 53 to 58 and 64); and InnoLux v Commission (C‑231/14 P, EU:C:2015:451, paragraph 51). 24 – Hereafter also ‘GBP’. 25 – OJ 2008 C 290, p. 6. 26 – The original amount fixed of 370 million euros also stays under — albeit only just — the 10% upper limit, if one assumes the average exchange rate. 27 – Judgment in Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission (C‑189/02 P, C‑202/02 P, C‑205/02 P to C‑208/02 P and C‑213/02 P, EU:C:2005:408, paragraph 282). 28 – Judgments in Musique diffusion française and Others v Commission (100/80 to 103/80, EU:C:1983:158, paragraphs 119 and 121); Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission (C‑189/02 P, C‑202/02 P, C‑205/02 P to C‑208/02 P and C‑213/02 P, EU:C:2005:408, paragraphs 280 and 281); Britannia Alloys & Chemicals v Commission (C‑76/06 P, EU:C:2007:326, paragraph 24); and YKK and Others v Commission (C‑408/12 P, EU:C:2014:2153, paragraph 63). 29 – Judgment in YKK and Others v Commission (C‑408/12 P, EU:C:2014:2153, paragraph 63). 30 – Article 14 of Regulation No 1/2003. 31 – Decisions by the Commission to impose fines under Article 23(2) of Regulation No 1/2003 are made under the principle of collective responsibility (see Article 1 of the Rules of Procedure of the European Commission, as well as Article 17(6)(b) TEU and Article 250 TFEU). 32 – See to this effect also judgment in YKK and Others v Commission (C‑408/12 P, EU:C:2014:2153, paragraph 64, last sentence). 33 – The question as to the exchange rate at which turnover of individual companies in a group is brought into account in determining the group’s consolidated turnover — the average rate for the relevant accounting year or the rate applicable on a particular date — is not the subject of the present proceedings, and was not considered by either of the two parties. Therefore, I too will not discuss this issue in the present Opinion. 34 – Paragraph 415 of the judgment under appeal. 35 – Judgments in Enso Española v Commission (C‑282/98 P, EU:C:2000:628, paragraph 59); Sarrió v Commission (C‑291/98 P, EU:C:2000:631, paragraph 89); and Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission (C‑238/99 P, C‑244/99 P, C‑245/99 P, C‑247/99 P, C‑250/99 P to C‑252/99 P and C‑254/99 P, EU:C:2002:582, paragraph 606). 36 – On this point, see point 48 of this Opinion and footnote 28. 37 – This is particularly clear from the judgment in Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission (C‑238/99 P, C‑244/99 P, C‑245/99 P, C‑247/99 P, C‑250/99 P to C‑252/99 P and C‑254/99 P, EU:C:2002:582, paragraph 605). 38 – Judgment in Sarrió v Commission (T‑334/94, EU:T:1998:97, paragraph 403). 39 – To this effect see also judgments in Musique diffusion française and Others v Commission (100/80 to 103/80, EU:C:1983:158, paragraph 135). 40 – Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 1268/2012 of 29 October 2012 on the rules of application of Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 966/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the financial rules applicable to the general budget of the Union (OJ 2012 L 362, p. 1). 41 – To this effect see judgments in Enso Española v Commission (C‑282/98 P, EU:C:2000:628, paragraph 59); Sarrió v Commission (C‑291/98 P, EU:C:2000:631, paragraph 89); and Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission (C‑238/99 P, C‑244/99 P, C‑245/99 P, C‑247/99 P, C‑250/99 P to C‑252/99 P and C‑254/99 P, EU:C:2002:582, paragraph 604). 42 – See below, point 73 of this Opinion. 43 – Judgments in Akzo Nobel Chemicals and Akcros Chemicals v Commission (C‑550/07 P, EU:C:2010:512, paragraph 54), and Guardian Industries and Guardian Europe v Commission (C‑580/12 P, EU:C:2014:2363, paragraph 51); to the same effect see judgment in the early case Ruckdeschel and Others (117/76 and 16/77, EU:C:1977:160, paragraph 7). 44 – Judgments in Arcelor Atlantique et Lorraine and Others (C‑127/07, EU:C:2008:728, paragraph 23); Akzo Nobel Chemicals and Akcros Chemicals v Commission (C‑550/07 P, EU:C:2010:512, paragraph 55); Guardian Industries and Guardian Europe v Commission (C‑580/12 P, EU:C:2014:2363, paragraph 51); and P and S (C‑579/13, EU:C:2015:369, paragraph 41). 45 – Judgment in Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission (C‑189/02 P, C‑202/02 P, C‑205/02 P to C‑208/02 P and C‑213/02 P, EU:C:2005:408, paragraph 281). 46 – To this effect see judgments in Enso Española v Commission (C‑282/98 P, EU:C:2000:628, paragraph 59); Sarrió v Commission (C‑291/98 P, EU:C:2000:631, paragraph 89); and Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission (C‑238/99 P, C‑244/99 P, C‑245/99 P, C‑247/99 P, C‑250/99 P to C‑252/99 P and C‑254/99 P, EU:C:2002:582, paragraph 604). 47 – Judgments in Akzo Nobel Chemicals and Akcros Chemicals v Commission (C‑550/07 P, EU:C:2010:512, paragraph 100) and Ålands Vindkraft (C‑573/12, EU:C:2014:2037, paragraph 127); see also judgments in Van Es Douane Agenten (C‑143/93, EU:C:1996:45, paragraph 27) and Association nationale d’assistance aux frontières pour les étrangers (C‑606/10, EU:C:2012:348, paragraph 76). 48 – Judgments in ArcelorMittal Luxembourg v Commission and Commission v ArcelorMittal Luxembourg and Others (C‑201/09 P and C‑216/09 P, EU:C:2011:190, paragraph 68); ThyssenKrupp Nirosta v Commission (C‑352/09 P, EU:C:2011:191, paragraph 81); and Ålands Vindkraft (C‑573/12, EU:C:2014:2037, paragraph 128). 49 – Judgments in Guardian Industries and Guardian Europe v Commission (C‑580/12 P, EU:C:2014:2363, paragraph 55); LG Display and LG Display Taiwan v Commission (C‑227/14 P, EU:C:2015:258, paragraph 51); and InnoLux v Commission (C‑231/14 P, EU:C:2015:451, paragraph 48). 50 – Paragraph 420 of the judgment under appeal. 51 – See above, point 73 of this Opinion. 52 – Judgment in Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission (C‑238/99 P, C‑244/99 P, C‑245/99 P, C‑247/99 P, C‑250/99 P to C‑252/99 P and C‑254/99 P, EU:C:2002:582, paragraph 604). 53 – Judgments in Enso Española v Commission (C‑282/98 P, EU:C:2000:628, paragraph 59); Sarrió v Commission (C‑291/98 P, EU:C:2000:631, paragraph 89); and Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission (C‑238/99 P, C‑244/99 P, C‑245/99 P, C‑247/99 P, C‑250/99 P to C‑252/99 P and C‑254/99 P, EU:C:2002:582, paragraph 604). 54 – Paragraph 421 in conjunction with paragraphs 415 and 416 of the judgment under appeal. 55 – Judgment in Galp Energía España and Others v Commission (C‑603/13 P, EU:C:2016:38, paragraph 72). 56 – Judgments in France v Commission (15/76 and 16/76, EU:C:1979:29, paragraph 7); Crispoltoni and Others (C‑133/93, C‑300/93 and C‑362/93, EU:C:1994:364, paragraph 43); IECC v Commission (C‑449/98 P, EU:C:2001:275, paragraph 87); and Schindler Holding and Others v Commission (C‑501/11 P, EU:C:2013:522, paragraph 31). 57 – Paragraph 397 of the judgment under appeal. 58 – Judgment in Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission (C‑189/02 P, C‑202/02 P, C‑205/02 P to C‑208/02 P and C‑213/02 P, EU:C:2005:408, paragraph 312). 59 – First sentence of Article 51(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights; for completeness, see the declaratory reference in recital 37 of Regulation No 1/2003, according to which the regulation is to be interpreted and applied consistently with the rights and principles laid down in the Charter. 60 – To this effect see judgments in Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission (C‑189/02 P, C‑202/02 P, C‑205/02 P to C‑208/02 P and C‑213/02 P, EU:C:2005:408, paragraphs 304 and 319); Alliance One International and Standard Commercial Tobacco v Commission (C‑628/10 P and C‑14/11 P, EU:C:2012:479, paragraph 58); and Guardian Industries and Guardian Europe v Commission (C‑580/12 P, EU:C:2014:2363, paragraph 62). 61 – See, in that regard, points 66 and 67 of this Opinion above. 62 – To this effect, see judgment in Alliance One International and Standard Commercial Tobacco v Commission (C‑628/10 P and C‑14/11 P, EU:C:2012:479, paragraph 58), according to which, when the amount of the fine is determined, there cannot, by the application of different methods of calculation, be any discrimination between the undertakings which have participated in an agreement or a concerted practice contrary to Article 81(1) EC. 63 – On this point, see my Opinion in Joined Cases Alliance One International and Standard Commercial Tobacco v Commission (C‑628/10 P and C‑14/11 P, EU:C:2012:11, paragraph 57). 64 – Judgment in Putters International v Commission (T‑211/08, EU:T:2011:289, paragraph 74). 65 – To this effect, see judgment in Putters International v Commission (T‑211/08, EU:T:2011:289, paragraph 75); in addition, see the Resolution of the European Parliament of 10 March 2015 on the Report from the Commission on EU Competition Policy 2013, submitted on 6 May 2014 (Parliament Resolution P8 TA (2015) 0051, paragraph 29). 66 – See, instead of many more, judgments in Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission (C‑189/02 P, C‑202/02 P, C‑205/02 P to C‑208/02 P and C‑213/02 P, EU:C:2005:408, paragraph 177); Dole Food and Dole Fresh Fruit Europe v Commission (C‑268/13 P, EU:C:2015:184, paragraph 58); and Toshiba Corporation v Commission (C‑373/14 P, EU:C:2016:26, paragraphs 40 and 41). 67 – Judgments in JCB Service v Commission (C‑167/04 P, EU:C:2006:594); Telefónica and Telefónica de España v Commission (C‑295/12 P, EU:C:2014:2062, paragraph 189); and LG Display and LG Display Taiwan v Commission (C‑227/14 P, EU:C:2015:258, paragraph 67). 68 – As the General Court emphasised in its judgment in Novácke chemické závody v Commission (T‑352/09, EU:T:2012:673, paragraph 139), the position of the Almamet undertaking was characterised by ‘high value materials with a low margin’. 69 – On this point, see my Opinion in Schindler Holding and Others v Commission (C‑501/11 P, EU:C:2013:248, paragraph 222). 70 – Judgments in Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission (C‑189/02 P, C‑202/02 P, C‑205/02 P to C‑208/02 P and C‑213/02 P, EU:C:2005:408, paragraph 319), and Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission (C‑204/00 P, C‑205/00 P, C‑211/00 P, C‑213/00 P, C‑217/00 P and C‑219/00 P, EU:C:2004:6, paragraph 365). 71 – On this, see my discussion of the second plea in law above, in particular in point 48 of this Opinion. 72 – Judgments in Musique diffusion française and Others v Commission (100/80 to 103/80, EU:C:1983:158, paragraphs 119 and 121); Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission (C‑189/02 P, C‑202/02 P, C‑205/02 P to C‑208/02 P and C‑213/02 P, EU:C:2005:408, paragraphs 280 and 281); Britannia Alloys & Chemicals v Commission (C‑76/06 P, EU:C:2007:326, paragraph 24); and YKK and Others v Commission (C‑408/12 P, EU:C:2014:2153, paragraph 63). 73 – To this effect, see judgments in Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission (C‑189/02 P, C‑202/02 P, C‑205/02 P to C‑208/02 P and C‑213/02 P, EU:C:2005:408, paragraph 327); SGL Carbon v Commission (C‑308/04 P, EU:C:2006:433, paragraph 105); and KME Germany and Others v Commission (C‑389/10 P, EU:C:2011:816, paragraph 103); in the same vein, see the judgment in the early case of IAZ International Belgium and Others v Commission (96/82 to 102/82, 104/82, 105/82, 108/82 and 110/82, EU:C:1983:310, paragraphs 54 and 55). 74 – See above, point 59 of this Opinion. 75 – Paragraph 442 of the judgment under appeal. 76 – The terms used by the appellants. 77 – Judgment in Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission (C‑204/00 P, C‑205/00 P, C‑211/00 P, C‑213/00 P, C‑217/00 P and C‑219/00 P, EU:C:2004:6, paragraph 365). 78 – On this point, see my Opinions in Nederlandse Federatieve Vereniging voor de Groothandel op Elektrotechnisch Gebied v Commission (C‑105/04 P, EU:C:2005:751, paragraph 137) and Schindler Holding and Others v Commission (C‑501/11 P, EU:C:2013:248, paragraph 190); to the same effect, see the judgments in Schindler Holding and Others v Commission (C‑501/11 P, EU:C:2013:522, paragraph 155 and 156) and Kone and Others v Commission (C‑510/11 P, EU:C:2013:696, paragraphs 40 and 42). 79 – Judgments in Baustahlgewebe v Commission (C‑185/95 P, EU:C:1998:608, paragraph 128); Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission (C‑189/02 P, C‑202/02 P, C‑205/02 P to C‑208/02 P and C‑213/02 P, EU:C:2005:408, paragraphs 244 and 303); and Papierfabrik August Koehler and Others v Commission (C‑322/07 P, C‑327/07 P and C‑338/07 P, EU:C:2009:500, paragraph 125). 80 – Judgments in Baustahlgewebe v Commission (C‑185/95 P, EU:C:1998:608, paragraph 128); Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission (C‑189/02 P, C‑202/02 P, C‑205/02 P to C‑208/02 P and C‑213/02 P, EU:C:2005:408, paragraphs 244 and 303); and Papierfabrik August Koehler and Others v Commission (C‑322/07 P, C‑327/07 P and C‑338/07 P, EU:C:2009:500, paragraph 125). 81 – Judgments in Weig v Commission (C‑280/98 P, EU:C:2000:627, paragraphs 63 and 68); Sarrió v Commission (C‑291/98 P, EU:C:2000:631, paragraphs 97 and 99); and Alliance One International and Standard Commercial Tobacco v Commission (C‑628/10 P and C‑14/11 P, EU:C:2012:479, paragraph 58). 82 – Judgments in E.ON Energie v Commission (C‑89/11 P, EU:C:2012:738, paragraph 126) and Schindler Holding and Others v Commission (C‑501/11 P, EU:C:2013:522, paragraph 165). 83 – I have discussed the legal requirements arising out of the principles of equal treatment and proportionality in the first part of the third plea in law (see above, points 91 to 109 of this Opinion). 84 – Judgments in Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission (C‑238/99 P, C‑244/99 P, C‑245/99 P, C‑247/99 P, C‑250/99 P to C‑252/99 P and C‑254/99 P, EU:C:2002:582, paragraph 692); KME Germany and Others v Commission (C‑389/10 P, EU:C:2011:816, paragraph 130); AC-Treuhand v Commission (C‑194/14 P, EU:C:2015:717, paragraph 74); and Galp Energía España and Others v Commission (C‑603/13 P, EU:C:2016:38, paragraph 75). 85 – Judgments in Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission (C‑238/99 P, C‑244/99 P, C‑245/99 P, C‑247/99 P, C‑250/99 P to C‑252/99 P and C‑254/99 P, EU:C:2002:582, paragraph 692) and Prym and Prym Consumer v Commission (C‑534/07 P, EU:C:2009:505, paragraph 86). 86 – See in particular paragraphs 431, 432 and 434 of the judgment under appeal. 87 – Paragraph 441 of the judgment under appeal. 88 – See above, points 106 to 108 of this Opinion. 89 – See in particular point 35 of the 2006 Guidelines: ‘In exceptional cases, the Commission may, upon request, take account of the undertaking's inability to pay in a specific social and economic context. It will not base any reduction granted for this reason in the fine on the mere finding of an adverse or loss-making financial situation. A reduction could be granted solely on the basis of objective evidence that imposition of the fine as provided for in these Guidelines would irretrievably jeopardise the economic viability of the undertaking concerned and cause its assets to lose all their value.’ 90 – Judgments in Commission v Verhuizingen Coppens (C‑441/11 P, EU:C:2012:778, paragraph 80) and Galp Energía España and Others v Commission (C‑603/13 P, EU:C:2016:38, paragraph 90). 91 – Judgments in E.ON Energie v Commission (C‑89/11 P, EU:C:2012:738, paragraphs 125 and 126); Schindler Holding and Others v Commission (C‑501/11 P, EU:C:2013:522, paragraphs 164 and 165); and Telefónica and Telefónica de España v Commission (C‑295/12 P, EU:C:2014:2062, paragraph 205).