Judgment — ECLI:EU:C:2012:631
Date: 2012-10-16
Language of the case: German
Court formation: Grand Chamber
Subject matter: Approximation of laws;Fundamental rights;Data protection
Procedure: Action for failure to fulfil obligations - successful
Origin: Austria

Summary – Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber), 16 October 2012 1. Approximation of laws – Protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data – Directive 95/46 – National supervisory authorities – Requirement of independence – Scope – National legislation providing for personal and organisation links between the authority and the State – Not permissible – Failure to fulfil obligations (European Parliament and Council Directive 95/46, Art. 28(1) second para.) 2. Approximation of laws – Protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data – Directive 95/46 – National supervisory authorities – Requirement of independence – Scope – Requirement of a separate budget – Lack (European Parliament and Council Regulation No 45/2001, Art. 43(3); European Parliament and Council Directive 95/46, Art. 28(1) second para.) 1. The words ‘with complete independence’ in the second subparagraph of Article 28(1) of Directive 95/46 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data must be interpreted as meaning that the supervisory authorities for the protection of personal data must enjoy an independence which allows them to perform their duties free from external influence. In that regard, the fact that such an authority has functional independence in so far as its members are independent and are not bound by instructions of any kind in the performance of their duties is not by itself sufficient to protect that supervisory authority from all external influence. The independence required under the second subparagraph of Article 28(1) of Directive 95/46 is intended to preclude not only direct influence, in the form of instructions, but also any indirect influence which is liable to have an effect on the supervisory authority’s decisions. Moreover, in the light of the role assumed by the supervisory authorities as guardians of the right to privacy, the second subparagraph of Article 28(1) requires that their decisions, and therefore the authorities themselves, remain above all suspicion of partiality. Consequently, a Member State fails to fulfil its obligations under the second subparagraph of Article 28(1) of Directive 95/46 by failing to take all of the measures necessary to ensure that the national legislation meets the requirement of independence with regard to the supervisory authority, more specifically by laying down a regulatory framework under which – its managing member is a federal official subject to supervision, – its office is integrated with the departments of the Federal Chancellery, and – the Federal Chancellor has an unconditional right to information covering all aspects of the work of the authority. (see paras 41-43, 52, 66, operative part) 2. In order to be able to satisfy the criterion of independence set out in the second subparagraph of Article 28(1) of Directive 95/46 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, a national supervisory authority for the protection of personal data need not be given a separate budget, such as that provided for in Article 43(3) in Regulation No 45/2001 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data by the Community institutions and bodies and on the free movement of such data. Member States are not obliged to reproduce in their national legislation provisions similar to those of Chapter V of Regulation No 45/2001 in order to ensure the total independence of their respective supervisory authorities and they can therefore provide that, from the point of view of budgetary law, the supervisory authorities are to come under a specified ministerial department. However, the attribution of the necessary equipment and staff to such authorities must not prevent them from acting ‘with complete independence’ in exercising the functions entrusted to them within the meaning of the second subparagraph of Article 28(1) of Directive 95/46. (see para. 58)