Judgment — ECLI:EU:T:2018:138
Date: 2018-03-14
Language of the case: English
Court formation: Third Chamber
Subject matter: External relations;Common foreign and security policy
Procedure: Action for annulment - unfounded
Origin: Germany

summary of reasons underpinning that decision, with the consequence that judicial review cannot be restricted to an assessment of the cogency in the abstract of the reasons relied on, but must concern whether those reasons, or, at the very least, one of those reasons, deemed sufficient in itself to support that decision, are substantiated by sufficiently specific and concrete evidence (judgments of 21 April 2015, Anbouba v Council, C‑605/13 P, EU:C:2015:248, paragraphs 41 and 45; of 26 October 2016, Portnov v Council, T‑290/14, EU:T:2015:806, paragraph 38; and of 30 November 2016, Rotenberg v Council, T‑720/14, EU:T:2016:689, paragraph 71). 96 To that end, it is for the Courts of the European Union, in order to carry out that examination, to request the competent EU authority, when necessary, to produce information or evidence, confidential or not, relevant to such an examination (see judgment of 28 November 2013, Council v Fulmen and Mahmoudian, C‑280/12 P, EU:C:2013:775, paragraph 65 and the case-law cited). 97 It is the task of the competent EU authority to establish, in the event of challenge, that the reasons relied on against the person or entity concerned are well founded, and not the task of that person or entity to adduce evidence that those reasons are not well founded (see judgment of 28 November 2013, Council v Fulmen and Mahmoudian, C‑280/12 P, EU:C:2013:775, paragraph 66 and the case-law cited). 98 In addition, according to the case-law, in order to assess the nature, form and degree of the proof that the Council may be asked to provide, account must be taken of the specific nature and scope of the restrictive measures and of their purpose (judgment of 30 June 2016, CW v Council, T‑224/14, not published, EU:T:2016:375, paragraph 138; see also, to that effect, judgment of 28 November 2013, Council v Manufacturing Support & Procurement Kala Naft, C‑348/12 P, EU:C:2013:776, paragraphs 74 to 85, and Opinion of Advocate General Bot in Anbouba v Council, C‑605/13 P and C‑630/13 P, EU:C:2015:1, point 111). 99 Last, it must also be noted that, in a situation where the Council defines abstractly the criteria which may justify the listing of a person, or entity, in the list of persons or entities subject to restrictive measures adopted on the basis of Articles 75 and 215 TFEU, it is the task of the Court to determine, on the basis of the pleas in law raised or, where necessary, raised of its own motion, whether the case in point corresponds to the abstract criteria defined by the Council (judgment of 18 September 2014, Georgias and Others v Council and Commission, T‑168/12, EU:T:2014:781, paragraph 74). 100 It is necessary to check in the light of that case-law, first, the description used by the Council in the grounds relating to KNIC in the second set of contested measures and Decision 2016/849 and the relevance of those grounds in the light of the listing criteria and the amended listing criteria, and, second, the sufficiency of the evidence adduced by the Council in support of those grounds. 101 In so far as, by its second plea, KNIC seeks to challenge the description used by the Council in the grounds relating to KNIC in the light of the listing criteria and the amended listing criteria, the Court must find as follows. 102 As regards the argument by which KNIC disputes the relevance of a reason founded on State control in the light of the relevant listing criteria, it is sufficient to note that State control is not a separate ground for listing but one of the grounds relating to KNIC which concerns the listing criteria in question. It is clear that the listing criteria and the amended listing criteria cover all entities engaged in the transfer of funds or of financial assets that could contribute to nuclear proliferation activities, irrespective of their status as a State-owned undertaking or their capital structure. Consequently, in so far as the grounds relating to KNIC refer to the concept of a State-owned or controlled undertaking, they are consistent with the listing criteria. 103 As regards the argument by which KNIC contends that it does not provide financial services that could contribute to the weapons programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea such as those covered by the listing criteria in question, it is sufficient to note that the listing criteria and the amended listing criteria, which are expressed in very general terms, cover not only the entities which provide financial services but also those which provide the transfer to, through, or from the territory of Member States of any financial or other assets that could contribute to the nuclear proliferation-related programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. 104 The term ‘financial services’ is not used in the grounds relating to KNIC, which mention the fact that KNIC was generating substantial foreign exchange revenue. That argument of KNIC cannot, therefore, be accepted. 105 In those circumstances, it must be held that the arguments as to the irrelevance of the grounds relating to KNIC in the light of the listing criteria in question cannot be accepted. KNIC’s challenge as regards the interpretation of the listing criteria, which it raises in the context of allegations based on the insufficiency of the evidence, will be analysed below in addressing those allegations. 106 In so far as, by its second plea, KNIC criticises the Council and the Commission for the insufficiency of the evidence, it must be noted that the grounds which the Council and the Commission are required to substantiate in the present case, in the light of the listing criteria, are those which concern, first, KNIC as a State-owned entity; second, the fact that KNIC generates substantial foreign exchange revenue; and, third, the fact that that revenue could contribute to the nuclear proliferation-related programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. 107 In that regard, it is important to recall, as the Commission points out, that, in the absence of investigative powers in third countries, the assessment of the EU authorities must rely on publicly available sources of information, reports, articles in the press, intelligence reports or other similar sources of information. 108 According to the case-law, press articles may be used in order to corroborate the existence of certain facts if they are sufficiently specific, precise and consistent as regards the facts there described (see judgment of 25 January 2017, Almaz-Antey Air and Space Defence v Council, T‑255/15, not published, EU:T:2017:25, paragraph 147 and the case-law cited). 109 That is the case here, the Council and the Commission having produced a number of public documents and international press articles describing KNIC’s activities in detail. 110 In the first place, it is apparent from the documents submitted by the Council and the Commission that KNIC is a State-owned and controlled company. 111 As was stated by the Commission at the hearing, under Article 21 of the Constitution of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, post and telecommunications, and major factories, enterprises, banks and ports are the exclusive property of the State. According to the same provision, the State gives priority to the protection and growth of its property which plays a leading role in the development of the national economy. 112 In the present case, it is clear from the evidence submitted to the Court that KNIC has a monopoly in the insurance sector and that, therefore, it is a large undertaking. 113 According to the information that was submitted by the Commission and which appears on KNIC’s website, KNIC is the ‘sole insurer of [North Korea]’ and ‘has over 10 provincial insurance branches and over 200 insurance offices at municipal (district) and county levels under its umbrella nationwide and representative offices overseas’. 114 In addition, the information provided by KNIC, which is best placed to provide information challenging the evidence produced by the Council and the Commission, does not contradict the finding that it is a State-owned and controlled company; in fact it confirms it. 115 In that regard and as a preliminary point, it should be pointed out that, while the lawfulness of acts by which the EU institutions adopt restrictive measures may, in principle, be assessed only on the basis of the elements of fact and of law on the basis of which those acts were adopted, the fact remains that a piece of evidence that has been submitted as exculpatory evidence by the person subject to the restrictive measures can be taken into consideration by the Courts of the European Union for the purpose of confirming an assessment of the lawfulness of the contested acts that is based on the elements of fact and of law underpinning the adoption of those acts (see, by analogy, judgments of 3 May 2016, Iran Insurance v Council, T‑63/14, not published, EU:T:2016:264, paragraph 109, and of 3 May 2016, Post Bank Iran v Council, T‑68/14, not published, EU:T:2016:263). 116 Thus, in the present case, it is apparent from the document submitted to the Court entitled ‘Statute and Regulations of the Company’ that the company’s position on the insurance market in North Korea is that of a monopoly. According to the ‘Internal Management Explanatory Note’ also submitted by KNIC, ‘the profits of the Company shall be invested in other State companies and additionally in the reserve fund’. Those profits ‘may also be used for government cash-flow, as security for bonds, for the further development of the Company, and for the welfare of the whole of the people of [North Korea]’. 117 Similarly, according to that ‘Internal Management Explanatory Note’, KNIC is owned by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Point A of that document states that ‘Korea Insurance shall report its activities to the government each year’, that ‘there shall be no shareholders’ general meeting as there are no shareholders’ and that ‘the Company is owned by the whole of the people of [North Korea]’. Likewise, at point E of that document, it is made clear that all the company’s books are to be audited by the government each year. Moreover, at the hearing, KNIC’s representatives were unable to answer a question put by the Court as to who appoints the members of the executive board of KNIC. 118 It follows from the foregoing that the Council did not make an error of fact in stating that KNIC was ‘a State-owned and controlled company’. 119 In the second place, KNIC maintains that the Council and the Commission also erred in asserting that it ‘is generating substantial foreign exchange revenue’. KNIC does not generate foreign currency. The only foreign exchange transactions with which KNIC is concerned are (i) receipts of small premiums in euros from embassies in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea for their motor insurance and (ii) its reinsurance programme, in which it pays out more in euros by way of premium than it receives. 120 It appears from document Coreu CFSP/0229/15 of 11 November 2015 that, according to secret information which the Council considers reliable, KNIC is tasked with obtaining foreign currency in order to support and stabilise the ruling regime of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. It is also evident from that document that the amounts involved are substantial. 121 In that regard, it must be pointed out that KNIC does not dispute its overall profitability. It does, however, take issue with the suggestion that part of those profits are generated in foreign currency by its reinsurance activities. 122 First, it must be borne in mind that a regulation providing for restrictive measures must be interpreted in the light not only of the decision adopted in the framework of the common foreign and security policy referred to in Article 215(2) TFEU, but also of the historical context in which the provisions were adopted by the European Union, that regulation being one such provision (see, to that effect, judgment of 28 November 2013, Council v Manufacturing Support & Procurement Kala Naft, C‑348/12 P, EU:C:2013:776, paragraph 75, and order of 1 December 2015, Georgias and Others v Council and Commission, C‑545/14 P, not published, EU:C:2015:791, paragraph 33). The same applies to a decision adopted in the area of the common foreign and security policy, which must be interpreted taking into account the context in which it is adopted (judgments of 1 March 2016, National Iranian Oil Company v Council, C‑440/14 P, EU:C:2016:128, paragraph 78, and of 12 May 2016, Bank of Industry and Mine v Council, C‑358/15 P, not published, EU:C:2016:338, paragraph 50). 123 In the present case, it is apparent from recital 11 of Decision 2013/183 that UNSC Resolution 2094 (2013) decides that States are to prevent the provision of financial services or the transfer to, through or from their territories of any financial or other assets or resources, including bulk cash, in relation to activities that could contribute to the nuclear or ballistic missile programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, or other activities prohibited by UNSC Resolutions 1718 (2006), 1874 (2009), 2087 (2013) or 2094 (2013), or to the evasion of measures imposed by those resolutions. 124 Likewise, it is apparent from recitals 14 and 15 of Decision 2016/849 that UNSC Resolution 2270 (2016) expands the scope of the measures applicable to the financial sector. In the context of the measures applicable to the financial sector, the Council considers that it is appropriate to prohibit transfers of funds to and from North Korea, unless specifically authorised in advance, as well as investment by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea in the territories under the jurisdiction of Member States and investment by nationals or entities of the Member States in North Korea. 125 Having regard to the foregoing, the grounds relating to KNIC must also be read in the light of the listing criteria in question, which are formulated in very general terms and refer to the concepts of ‘any financial or other assets or resources’. Furthermore, the listing criteria in question are also based on the transfer to, through or from the territories of the Member States, and that should be taken into account in interpreting the expression ‘generating foreign exchange revenue’ which is used in the grounds for the listing of KNIC. 126 Consequently, the expression ‘generating foreign exchange revenue’ used in the grounds relating to KNIC must be interpreted in accordance with its wording and its purpose not as referring to the foreign exchange profits obtained by KNIC but as referring to any foreign exchange resource generated by the entity concerned as a result of its activities. 127 Second, with regard to the expression used in the grounds relating to KNIC according to which KNIC is generating substantial foreign exchange revenue, the Council and the Commission relied, in that respect, on publicly available sources concerning KNIC’s activities, such as its website, the excerpt from the commercial register relating to Korea National Insurance Corporation Zweigniederlassung Deutschland (‘KNIC ZD’), KNIC’s branch in Germany, and press articles. It was apparent from all of that information that KNIC operates on the territory of the European Union, in particular, by concluding contracts with large economic operators in the insurance sector, and that it is in the context of the latter activity that KNIC is generating foreign exchange revenue. 128 According to information taken from that website and submitted by the Commission, KNIC is active both in the field of life and non-life insurance and in the field of reinsurance, among other activities such as trade operations. It is apparent from that website that KNIC generates a substantial annual profit (11.5 billion North Korean won (around EUR 80.5 million) in 2014 alone). 129 As the Commission correctly noted, since money is fungible, even if, as KNIC argues, KNIC’s ‘reinsurance’ branch generates losses, it still provides KNIC with a source of foreign currency and, so far as the losses are concerned, these can easily be offset by profits in other areas of KNIC’s activity. 130 Third, the information provided by KNIC does not contradict the statement that it is generating foreign exchange revenue. 131 While asserting that the reinsurance programme costs it more in premiums than it receives in insurance claims, KNIC explains, putting forward a quantified analysis in support of its assertions, that, over the past five years, it has paid a total of EUR 441 060 102 in premiums to reinsurers and has made reinsurance recoveries totalling EUR 324 412 306. 132 In so doing, KNIC itself acknowledges having received foreign currency in excess of EUR 300 000 000. That must be regarded as a substantial sum. 133 Moreover, KNIC does not dispute information supplied by the Commission according to which KNIC’s reinsurance business involves international insurance companies, some of which are within the territory of the European Union. Furthermore, in the reply, KNIC confirms that it carries out foreign exchange transactions. It is also apparent from the letter from KNIC of 16 June 2016 that KNIC had to ‘convert some of its Korean won income into euros ... in order to pay premiums to its reinsurers’. 134 KNIC also emphasises that it was subject to legal proceedings in the United Kingdom in connection with allegations of false reinsurance claims. According to the Washington Post article submitted by the Council, those proceedings before the courts of the United Kingdom culminated in KNIC receiving USD 58 million. 135 KNIC is highly critical of the information concerning possible reinsurance fraud. 136 It is sufficient in that regard to note that the issue of fraud is outside the scope of the listing criteria and the amended listing criteria. Nor is the fraud issue among the grounds relating to KNIC. Accordingly, there is no need for the Court to rule on KNIC’s claims in relation to that issue. 137 Having regard to all of the foregoing, it must be concluded that the Council did not make any error of assessment in finding that KNIC generated substantial foreign exchange revenue. 138 In the third place, as regards KNIC’s contention that the revenue it generates could not contribute to nuclear proliferation-related programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, there are two elements that must be distinguished in KNIC’s arguments. 139 First, KNIC claims that the expression ‘contribute to the programmes’ in the listing criteria in question must be interpreted as requiring either a direct payment or payments of such significance that, without them, the weapons programme would be materially affected. 140 In that regard, it should be noted that KNIC did not put forward a plea of illegality, as provided for in Article 277 TFEU, on account of the allegedly disproportionate nature of the listing criteria in question. By its arguments, however, KNIC criticises the Council’s and the Commission’s interpretation of the listing criteria in question. 141 It should be recalled, first of all, that the Council enjoys a broad discretion as regards the general and abstract definition of the legal criteria and procedures for adopting restrictive measures (see, to that effect, judgments of 28 November 2013, Council v Manufacturing Support & Procurement Kala Naft, C‑348/12 P, EU:C:2013:776, paragraph 120, and of 29 April 2015, Bank of Industry and Mine v Council, T‑10/13, EU:T:2015:235, paragraphs 75 to 80, 83, 84 and 88). 142 In the present case, neither the listing criteria nor the amended listing criteria require that direct payments or quantitatively significant payments be made to the nuclear proliferation-related programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. 143 The terms used in the relevant provisions applicable in the present case are clearly those of economic resources and assets that ‘could contribute’ to those programmes. 144 Contrary to what is maintained by KNIC, the listing criteria in question do not cover all entities linked to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea or all North Korean taxpayers but, in essence, persons and entities providing financial services or the transfer to, through or from the territory of Member States of any financial or other assets that could contribute to the nuclear proliferation-related programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. 145 In the light of the actual purpose, nature and object of the restrictive measures in question, the criterion ‘could contribute’ as set out in the listing criteria and the amended listing criteria must be interpreted as relating to persons and entities whose activities could contribute to nuclear proliferation given their status in the regime in question, even if they do not, as such, have any direct or indirect link with nuclear proliferation. 146 As is apparent from paragraphs 130 to 137 above, in the context of its activities, KNIC generates substantial foreign exchange revenue and its overall profitability is in excess of EUR 80 million per year. Accordingly, it does not, in any event, fall within the category of ordinary taxpayers to which it refers. 147 Furthermore, the arguments of KNIC based on the judgments of 12 May 2016, Bank of Industry and Mine v Council (C‑358/15 P, not published, EU:C:2016:338), and of 16 July 2014, National Iranian Oil Company v Council (T‑578/12, not published, EU:T:2014:678), and according to which the reference to a weapons programmes ‘contribution’ covered by the relevant listing criteria should be interpreted as requiring either a direct payment or payments of such significance that, without them, the weapons programme would be materially affected cannot call those findings in question. 148 The interpretation of the relevant listing criteria that is proposed in the present case is entirely consistent with the statements on interpretation recalled by the Court of Justice in the judgment of 1 March 2016, National Iranian Oil Company v Council (C‑440/14 P, EU:C:2016:128). Thus, it was held that a regulation providing for restrictive measures must be interpreted in the light not only of the decision adopted in the framework of the common foreign and security policy referred to in Article 215(2) TFEU, but also of the historical context in which the provisions were adopted by the European Union, that regulation being one such provision. The same applies to a decision adopted in the area of the common foreign and security policy, which must be interpreted taking into account the context in which it is adopted (judgment of 1 March 2016, National Iranian Oil Company v Council, C‑440/14 P, EU:C:2016:128, paragraph 78). 149 As has already been pointed out in paragraph 92 above, the restrictive measures against the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea were imposed in response to a number of nuclear tests carried out by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, which were condemned by UNSC resolutions and considered a serious threat to an important objective of the European Union, that of maintaining international peace and security. 150 In that context, if, as KNIC submits, the restrictive measures in question covered only entities or persons directly linked to nuclear proliferation activities and contributing directly to those activities, and not also entities and persons who ‘could contribute’ to those activities, the attainment of the Council’s objectives might be frustrated since support, particularly financial support, for nuclear proliferation activities could easily be given through other entities or persons indirectly linked with those activities. 151 It follows that the Council was entitled to consider that the formulation of the listing criteria in question and the adoption of restrictive measures against KNIC was likely to contribute to putting pressure on the North Korean regime that might put an end to, or attenuate, the nuclear proliferation activities (see, to that effect and by analogy, judgment of 5 November 2014, Mayaleh v Council, T‑307/12 and T‑408/13, EU:T:2014:926, paragraphs 147 and 148). 152 Second, in so far as KNIC relies on the insufficiency of the evidence and disputes the fact that the revenue which it generates contributes to the nuclear proliferation-related activities of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, suffice it to note that, in the light of the listing criteria in question, the Council is not obliged to present evidence that the resources of a particular entity have been used directly for the purposes of the nuclear proliferation-related programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; rather, it is for the Council to substantiate its decision in the most plausible manner possible with a body of evidence showing that those resources may contribute to that end (see, by analogy, judgment of 21 April 2015, Anbouba v Council, C‑630/13 P, EU:C:2015:247, paragraph 53). 153 Any other interpretation would conflict not only with the wording of the listing criteria in question but above all with the object and purpose of the restrictive measures regime in relation to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. In addition, in the absence of investigative powers in third countries, gathering evidence of a tangible contribution to nuclear activities in that State is, at the very least, excessively difficult. 154 In the present case, first of all, it must be pointed out that KNIC has acknowledged that it paid ordinary tax to the North Korean State, although it did not specify the amount. 155 Next, it must be noted that it is apparent from the analysis in paragraphs 112 to 114, 120 to 121 and 130 to 137 above that KNIC is a profitable undertaking, with a monopoly in the insurance market, which generates substantial foreign exchange revenue. 156 Last, as is apparent from the analysis in paragraphs 110 to 118 above, KNIC is a State entity, the property of the North Korean State. 157 Given all those points, it must be held that, as the Commission correctly submits, the fact that KNIC is a State entity would tend to indicate that the foreign exchange revenue generated by that entity may contribute to the State programme of nuclear proliferation, in so far as the North Korean State can decide how the revenue generated by KNIC is to be used. Accordingly, the Council and the Commission did not make any error of assessment in finding that the revenue generated by KNIC could contribute to the nuclear proliferation-related programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. 158 In the light of the foregoing, it must be held that all the abovementioned matters constitute a set of indicia sufficiently specific, precise and consistent to establish in all likelihood that KNIC is a State-owned and controlled company and that it is generating substantial foreign exchange revenue which could contribute to the nuclear proliferation-related programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. 159 In those circumstances, it must be held that the Council and the Commission did not make any error of assessment in stating, in the grounds relating to KNIC, that KNIC is a State-owned and controlled company and that it is generating substantial foreign exchange revenue which could contribute to the nuclear proliferation-related programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. 160 In the fourth place, as regards the existence of a link between KNIC and Office 39, which KNIC denies, it must be noted, having regard to the file submitted to the Court, that, in the absence of any information or evidence as to the nature and existence of that link, the Council and the Commission have not substantiated to the requisite standard that aspect of the grounds. 161 However, the fact that the Council and the Commission have not substantiated to the requisite standard that aspect of the grounds at issue before the Court does not call in question the legality of those grounds. It is evident from the case-law that if, at the very least, one of the reasons mentioned in the summary provided is sufficiently detailed and specific, that it is substantiated and that it constitutes in itself sufficient basis to support that measure, the fact that the same cannot be said of other such reasons cannot justify the annulment of that measure (see, by analogy, judgment of 14 January 2015, Abdulrahim v Council and Commission, T‑127/09 RENV, EU:T:2015:4, paragraph 68 and the case-law cited). 162 In the present case, the finding that KNIC is a State-owned and controlled company which is generating substantial foreign exchange revenue that could contribute to the nuclear proliferation-related programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea constitutes in itself sufficient basis for the entry of KNIC’s name on the lists at issue. 163 Consequently, the second plea in law must be rejected. Third plea, alleging breach of data protection principles 164 By its third plea, KNIC claims that the Council and the Commission are required by Article 4 of Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2000 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data by the Community institutions and bodies and on the free movement of such data (OJ 2001 L 8, p. 1) to ensure that all personal data are processed fairly and lawfully, are accurate and up to date and, if not, are erased or rectified. Under Articles 14 and 16 of that regulation, the data subject is entitled to have inaccurate data rectified without delay and to have those data erased if their processing is unlawful. 165 KNIC maintains that the Council and the Commission published incorrect data in this case, implying that KNIC was involved in unlawful activity connected with the unlawful development of weapons of mass destruction, in breach of those articles. The publication of the data had a severe impact on KNIC. The negative effect on its reputation is, or should be, self-evident. It submits that there might be practical consequences too of making unfounded allegations of serious wrongdoing of this kind. 166 The Council and the Commission dispute KNIC’s arguments, contending that they cannot affect the legality of the second set of contested measures and Decision 2016/849. 167 By this plea, KNIC claims, in essence, that the Council and the Commission infringed Articles 4, 10, 14 and 16 of Regulation No 45/2001. 168 It should be pointed out that, while confining itself to listing the provisions of Regulation No 45/2001 and passages from an opinion of the European Data Protection Supervisor, KNIC’s overall claim is that the Council and the Commission published incorrect data implying KNIC’s involvement in unlawful activities. 169 According to KNIC, unless the Council and the Commission can establish that KNIC’s listing is well founded, its listing will involve a breach of data protection principles. 170 It is sufficient in that regard to find that, in the light of the examination of the second plea in the present action, the grounds relating to KNIC are not vitiated by an error of assessment and, consequently, the Council and the Commission did not publish incorrect data implying KNIC’s involvement in unlawful activities. 171 The present plea cannot, therefore, succeed. 172 In any event, this plea is ineffective. 173 Even if the Council and the Commission had processed personal data concerning KNIC in a way that was inconsistent with Regulation No 45/2001, that could not lead to the annulment of the second set of contested measures and Decision 2016/849. However, were KNIC to be in a position to prove that data were processed in that way, it could invoke an infringement of that regulation, in the context of an action for damages (see, to that effect, judgments of 30 November 2016, Rotenberg v Council, T‑720/14, EU:T:2016:689, paragraph 140, and of 22 November 2017, HD v Parliament, T‑652/16 P, not published, EU:T:2017:828, paragraphs 33 and 34). 174 In those circumstances, the present plea in law must be rejected as unfounded. Fourth plea, alleging disproportionate restriction of fundamental rights 175 By its fourth plea, KNIC claims that there has been a disproportionate restriction of the right to property and of the freedom to conduct a business within the meaning of Article 16 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights. It recalls that the right to respect for its private and family life, its home and its reputation are protected by Article 8 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, signed in Rome on 4 November 1950 (‘the ECHR’). KNIC relies in that regard on the principle of proportionality, one of the general principles of EU law. 176 According to KNIC, the second set of contested measures and Decision 2016/849 severely restrict its ability to deal with its property. As demonstrated in the witness statement of Mr Paek Ju Hyok, the practical effect of those acts is that third parties are reluctant to do business with KNIC. The consequence of this, according to KNIC, is that it is no longer able to place reinsurance cover, recover debts due to it from overseas counterparties, gain access to its international assets or do business with its international counterparties. 177 KNIC argues that the harm caused by the second set of contested measures and Decision 2016/849 is on any view wholly disproportionate to their aims, since KNIC generates no revenue for the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. It is therefore neither appropriate nor necessary to freeze KNIC’s assets in order to pursue the aim of preventing the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea from advancing its nuclear proliferation programmes. 178 The Council and the Commission dispute those arguments. 179 By its fourth plea, KNIC relies, in essence, on the disproportionate restriction of its right to property and its freedom to conduct a business. Since the reference to the infringement of Article 8 of the ECHR is not substantiated by any argument, that complaint must be rejected as inadmissible, in so far as it does not satisfy the requirements of Article 76 of the Rules of Procedure as to clarity. 180 In the first place, on the assumption that, by those very general arguments, KNIC is challenging the proportionality of the listing criteria in claiming that the entry of its name on the lists in question and the harm caused by the second set of contested measures and by Decision 2016/849 is disproportionate to the aims of those measures, suffice it to note that KNIC did not put forward any plea of illegality, as provided for in Article 277 TFEU, in respect of the listing criteria and the amended listing criteria. 181 However, KNIC cannot dispute the proportionality of the listing criteria without invoking their illegality by means of a plea of illegality under Article 277 TFEU (see, to that effect, judgments of 20 February 2013, Melli Bank v Council, T‑492/10, EU:T:2013:80, paragraphs 58 and 59, and of 20 March 2013, Bank Saderat v Council, T‑495/10, not published, EU:T:2013:142, paragraphs 53 to 59). 182 Moreover, and in any event, it must be pointed out that the arguments put forward by KNIC in connection with the present plea do not call in question the legality of those listing criteria. Those arguments are based on KNIC’s particular circumstances, in that they were formulated by reference to its specific situation and are based on the alleged harm caused by the entry of its name on the lists in question and not on the lack of proportionality of those criteria as such. 183 In the second place, KNIC bases its argument as to the disproportionate nature of the restrictive measures to which it is subject on the premiss that it does not generate any revenue for the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. It infers from this that it cannot be appropriate or necessary to freeze its assets in order to pursue the aim of preventing the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea from advancing its nuclear proliferation programmes. 184 However, as is apparent from the examination of the second plea in the context of the present action, the grounds relating to KNIC are not vitiated by an error of assessment. 185 Accordingly, the present plea must be rejected. 186 In the light of all the foregoing considerations, KNIC’s action in Case T‑264/16 must be dismissed in its entirety. The action in Case T‑533/15 The action brought by the applicants in Case T‑533/15 with regard to the first set of contested measures – First plea, alleging breach of the obligation to state reasons 187 By their first plea, the applicants in Case T‑533/15 submit that the Council and the Commission failed to fulfil their obligation to state clear, unequivocal and specific reasons for including the applicants’ names on the lists concerned. 188 According to the applicants in Case T‑533/15, the first set of contested measures does not indicate which precise element of the listing criteria set out in the first set of contested measures is being invoked with respect to each of them. Furthermore, Mr Kang Song-Sam submits that, by designating a person who does not exist, namely Kang Song-Nam, the first set of contested measures infringes the obligation to state reasons. 189 The applicants in Case T‑533/15 dispute the finding that they acted ‘on behalf of KNIC’. In their submission, the question arises whether that expression refers to an entity that exists, such as KNIC ZD or KNIC. In the latter case, the entity is a non-designated entity, which cannot be relevant to the initial listing criteria. If, on the other hand, that expression refers to a non-existent entity, namely ‘KNIC GmbH’, any actions would be on behalf of an entity that does not exist. Furthermore, they claim that the names of Mr Sin Kyu-Nam and Mr Pak Chun-San were wrongly included in the lists in question on the basis that they are ‘former’ authorised plenipotentiary representatives of KNIC GmbH. 190 The Council and the Commission dispute the arguments of the applicants in Case T‑533/15. 191 The Council reiterates that the statement of reasons concerning the applicants in Case T‑533/15 refers to the fact that they hold offices in KNIC ZD and act on behalf of KNIC or at its direction. Furthermore, the Commission notes that it is sufficient for the Council and the Commission to explain the roles in which those individuals, as representatives of KNIC ZD, acted on behalf of KNIC or at its direction. 192 As has previously been observed, while the statement of reasons required by Article 296 TFEU must disclose in a clear and unequivocal fashion the reasoning followed by the institution which adopted the measure in such a way as to enable the person concerned to ascertain the reasons for the measures and to enable the court having jurisdiction to exercise its power of review, that statement of reasons must, however, be adapted to the nature of the act at issue and to the context in which it was adopted. In that regard, it is not necessary for the reasoning to go into all the relevant facts and points of law, since the question whether the statement of reasons is sufficient must be assessed with regard not only to its wording but also to its context and to all the legal rules governing the matter in question and, in particular, in the light of the interest which the addressees of the measure may have in obtaining explanations. Consequently, the reasons given for a measure adversely affecting a person are sufficient if that measure was adopted in a context which was known to that person and which enables him to understand the scope of the measure concerning him (see judgment of 28 March 2017, Rosneft, C‑72/15, EU:C:2017:236, paragraph 122 and the case-law cited). 193 In the present case it must be noted that recitals 1 to 12 of Decision 2013/183 set out the relevant elements of the political context in which the restrictive measures at issue were adopted. Furthermore, it is apparent from recital 1 of Regulation No 329/2007 that, as a result of the nuclear test conducted on 9 October 2006, the UNSC found that there was a clear threat to international peace and security. Those acts, which the first set of contested measures seeks to amend and which therefore form part of a context that was known to the applicants in Case T‑533/15, thus describe the overall situation that led to their adoption and the general objectives they were intended to achieve. 194 The first set of grounds relating to the applicants in Case T‑533/15 is set out in paragraph 16 above. 195 In that context, the applicants in Case T‑533/15 claim that the Commission tacitly changed the reasons underpinning the first set of contested measures in order to treat the reasons given in relation to KNIC GmbH as though they had been given in relation to the head office of KNIC. They state that they are obliged to guess what the Commission and Council mean by the reasons given for their designation and as to how it is said that those reasons fall within the listing criteria. 196 Admittedly, it must be noted that the first set of grounds is somewhat imprecise in that reference is made to the entity ‘KNIC GmbH’ as the entity within which the applicants in Case T‑533/15 supposedly held positions. However, as is evident from the explanations given by the Council and the Commission, the reference to the entity ‘KNIC GmbH’ is an error in the name of the entity to which the Council intended to refer: KNIC ZD, KNIC’s branch in Hamburg, Germany. The reference to ‘KNIC GmbH’ must therefore be understood as referring to KNIC ZD. 197 Nevertheless, the first set of grounds relating to the applicants in Case T‑533/15 enabled them to understand that the Council was relying on the positions held within KNIC ZD in order to justify the inclusion of their names on the lists concerned. First, it must be noted that the parties are agreed as to the fact that the entity called KNIC GmbH does not exist. Second, it must be pointed out that the reference to ‘KNIC GmbH’ was accompanied by a reference to Hamburg or to the address of ‘KNIC GmbH’ in Hamburg which was the same as the address of KNIC ZD. Third, in view of the positions held by the applicants in Case T‑533/15 within KNIC or KNIC’s branch in Germany, those applicants could not have been unaware of the fact that KNIC operates in Germany through its branch office, KNIC ZD. Therefore, the applicants in Case T‑533/15 were, notwithstanding the error in the name, in a position to understand that the reference ‘KNIC GmbH’ corresponded to KNIC ZD. 198 In the case of Mr Kim Il-Su, Mr Choe Chun-Sik, Mr Sin Kyu-Nam, Mr Pak Chun-San and Mr So Tong Myong, as is demonstrated by their witness statements and the arguments set out in connection with the second plea in the present action, alleging a manifest error of assessment, the lack of precision of the first set of contested measures did not prevent them from understanding that they had been targeted because of the positions they held in KNIC in Germany and their actions on behalf of KNIC or at its direction. 199 In the case of the person identified in the first set of contested measures as ‘Kang Song-Nam’, as the Commission submits, it is sufficient to note that transliteration from Korean to English often gives rise to a number of possible and acceptable translations. Consequently, that error does not in any way preclude Mr Kang Song-Sam’s understanding of the first set of contested measures by which the Council targeted him because of the position he held, namely as authorised plenipotentiary representative of KNIC ZD, as is, moreover, confirmed both by the fact that Mr Kang Song-Sam brought the present action and by the fact that he relies, in the second plea, on manifest errors of assessment. 200 Since the first set of grounds relating to the applicants in Case T‑533/15 specifies in respect of each applicant the nature of his relationship with the designated entities, those grounds are such that those applicants are able to understand what is in fact alleged against them, and are thus in a position to determine whether the allegation is well founded and to challenge it with precision. Consequently, it must be held that the statement of reasons is sufficient. 201 In the light of the foregoing considerations, the plea alleging breach of the obligation to state reasons must be rejected, while the merits of the reasons on which the Council relied in the first set of contested measures with respect to the applicants in Case T‑533/15 must be assessed in the context of the second plea. – Second plea, alleging manifest error of assessment 202 By their second plea, the applicants in Case T‑533/15 submit that the Council and the Commission manifestly erred in taking the view that the initial listing criteria were satisfied in their case. 203 They restate their argument that KNIC GmbH does not exist. KNIC’s office in Germany is KNIC ZD, which is a branch office, not a subsidiary, of KNIC. Because KNIC GmbH does not exist, the reasons set out in the first set of contested measures cannot apply to them or be well founded. 204 In essence, the applicants in Case T‑533/15 submit that they no longer represent or have never represented KNIC ZD or KNIC. 205 The Council contends that the applicants in Case T‑533/15 hold offices in KNIC ZD and act on behalf of KNIC or at its direction. According to the Commission, it is established that the applicants in Case T‑533/15 act on behalf or at the direction of KNIC or are under its control. 206 In the first place, it must be stated that the review as to whether the inclusion of the applicants in Case T‑533/15 on the lists annexed to the first set of contested measures was well founded must be carried out by assessing whether their respective situations constitute sufficient evidence to establish that those applicants satisfy the general criteria laid down by the Council in Article 15(1)(b)(ii) of Decision 2013/183 in order to define the circle of individuals who may be subject to such measures. Such an appraisal must be carried out by examining the evidence not in isolation but in the context in which it fits (see, by analogy, judgment of 21 April 2015, Anbouba v Council, C‑605/13 P, EU:C:2015:248, paragraph 50 and the case-law cited). 207 On a general note, it must be stated that, in the context of the restrictive measures adopted in order to exert pressure on the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, the listing criteria contained in the legislation applicable at the time of the adoption of the first set of contested measures covered direct involvement in the programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea based on engagement in or support for nuclear proliferation-related programmes (Article 15(1)(a) of Decision 2013/183); responsibility for those programmes (Article 15(1)(b)(i) of Decision 2013/183); the provision of financial services that could contribute to the programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (Article 15(1)(b)(ii) of Decision 2013/183); and the supply of arms (Article 15(1)(b)(iii) of Decision 2013/183). The applicable legislation also defined, in Article 15(1)(b)(ii) of Decision 2013/183, the listing criteria capable of constituting the legal basis of the listing of entities or natural persons which were based on the links maintained with a person or entity providing financial services or the transfer of any financial or other assets or resources that could contribute to the programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. 208 The applicants in Case T‑533/15 fall within the category of persons acting on behalf, or at the direction, of persons or entities within the meaning of Article 15(1)(b)(ii) of Decision 2013/183 and of Article 6(2)(b) of Regulation No 329/2007 as amended by Regulation No 696/2013. 209 In the present case, it is necessary, therefore, to examine the validity of the listing of the applicants in Case T‑533/15 in the light of their links with the entities on whose behalf they are deemed to act. 210 In the second place, it must be pointed out that, in the first set of grounds relating to the applicants in Case T‑533/15, the Council emphasised the link between those applicants and KNIC GmbH, as well as the link between those applicants and KNIC. 211 First, as regards the various positions held by the applicants in Case T‑533/15 in KNIC GmbH, it is apparent from paragraphs 196 and 197 above that the error in the name of the entity to which the Council intended to refer did not prevent those applicants from understanding the meaning and scope of the first set of grounds. Thus, it is apparent from the arguments which the applicants in Case T‑533/15 put forward in the present action that the reference to ‘KNIC GmbH’ must be, and has been, construed as referring to KNIC ZD, a designated entity. 212 In any event, the listing of the entity named ‘KNIC GmbH’, which must be construed as covering the activities of the branch office of KNIC in Germany, is not the subject matter of the present action. 213 Second, as regards actions taken on behalf or at the direction of KNIC, it is common ground that KNIC is not an entity that is designated by the first set of contested measures. 214 However, it must be noted that, as regards KNIC, the first set of grounds relating to the applicants in Case T‑533/15 is not based on specific positions held but on the fact that those applicants are ‘acting on behalf of KNIC or at its direction’. The Council asserts that the first set of grounds is based on the fact that the applicants in Case T‑533/15 hold offices in KNIC ZD and are acting on behalf of KNIC or at its direction. Furthermore, the Commission notes that it is sufficient for the Council and the Commission to explain the roles in which those individuals, as representatives of KNIC ZD, acted on behalf of KNIC or at its direction. 215 It is evident from the German commercial register submitted by the Council in Annex B.4 to the defence that KNIC ZD is a branch office of KNIC, a company governed by North Korean law. As is clear from the witness statement of Mr Paek Ju Hyok, Vice-President of KNIC, in Annex A.10 to the application, KNIC ZD is a representative office of KNIC in Germany, the purpose of which is to provide a point of contact for reinsurance companies. 216 In that regard, in the present case, the reference to KNIC in the first set of grounds relating to the applicants in Case T‑533/15 must be understood as reinforcing the summary of reasons establishing the link between the activities of those applicants and KNIC in its capacity as an entity controlling the activities of KNIC ZD in Germany. In other words, as is apparent from the explanations given by the Council at the hearing, KNIC ZD was designated in order to cover the business conducted by KNIC in Germany through its branch office. This is, moreover, confirmed by the wording of the second set of contested measures, which designated KNIC and its branch offices by name. 217 In all events, as was confirmed by all the parties at the hearing, in the light of the very purpose, nature and object of the restrictive measures at issue, it must be possible to list the name of an entity or a natural person ‘acting on behalf of or at the direction’ of entities falling within Article 15(1)(b) of Decision 2013/183 and Article 6(2)(b) of Regulation No 329/2007, as amended by Regulation No 696/2013, even if the latter entities have not themselves been designated. 218 Consequently, it must be held that, in order to substantiate the fact that a person had been correctly designated as acting ‘on behalf of KNIC or at the direction of KNIC’, the Council was obliged to prove the links between the applicants in Case T‑533/15 and KNIC or KNIC ZD, in accordance with the terms of the first set of grounds relating to those applicants. 219 In the third place, as regards the evidence relating to the links between the applicants in Case T‑533/15 and KNIC or KNIC ZD, the Court must find as follows. 220 In this context, it must be noted at the outset that the applicants in Case T‑533/15 themselves confirm their links with KNIC ZD and KNIC, whilst emphasising that they had severed those links before the first set of contested measures was adopted or because of their adoption. 221 As regards Mr Kim Il-Su, he was designated by the first set of contested measures because of his position as authorised plenipotentiary representative of the EU-designated KNIC GmbH, acting on behalf of KNIC or at its direction. 222 Mr Kim Il-Su states that he worked for KNIC ZD from February 2009 until June 2015. He continued to work for KNIC, but was not a representative of KNIC ZD, plenipotentiary or otherwise, as explained in his witness statement. 223 It is apparent from the excerpt from the commercial register relating to KNIC ZD dated 30 June 2015 in Annex B.4 to the Council’s defence that Mr Kim Il-Su was authorised to represent KNIC ZD. He was named, as successor to Mr Pak Chun-San, as KNIC ZD’s representative by a certificate issued by KNIC and sent to the Amtsgericht Hamburg (Local Court, Hamburg, Germany) dated 28 July 2009, attached as Annex B.7 to the Commission’s defence. In addition, in his witness statement, attached as Annex A.4 to the application, he does not dispute having taken over in 2009 the position of KNIC ZD’s representative previously held by Mr Pak Chun-San; on the contrary, he confirms this. 224 As regards the witness statement of Mr Kim Il-Su, it must be observed that, pursuant to settled case-law, the activity of the Court of Justice and of the General Court is governed by the principle of the unfettered evaluation of evidence, and that it is only the reliability of the evidence before the Court which is decisive when it comes to the assessment of its value. In addition, in order to assess the probative value of a document, regard should be had to the credibility of the account it contains, and in particular to the person from whom the document originates, the circumstances in which it came into being, the person to whom it was addressed and whether, on its face, the document appears to be sound and reliable (see, to that effect, judgment of 27 September 2012, Shell Petroleum and Others v Commission, T‑343/06, EU:T:2012:478, paragraph 161 and the case-law cited). 225 It must be observed, however, that the witness statement of Mr Kim Il-Su was made specifically for the present action and that, originating as it does from a person subject to the restrictive measures at issue, the witness statement has little probative value. The Council and the Commission could therefore properly rely on the excerpt from the commercial register in relation to KNIC ZD, dated 30 June 2015, and the certificate by KNIC that was sent to the Amtsgericht Hamburg (Local Court, Hamburg), which were public documents available at the time of the adoption of the first set of contested measures, and use them as proof of the position held by Mr Kim Il-Su. 226 Last, the statement by Mr Kim Il-Su that he had ceased to hold that position in January 2015 is contradicted by the excerpt from the commercial register dated 16 March 2016 submitted by the Commission in Annex F.1 to its observations on the statement of modification, from which it is apparent that Mr Kim Il-Su appeared in that excerpt as the person authorised to represent KNIC ZD. 227 The grounds for his listing are not, therefore, vitiated by an error of assessment. 228 As to the situation of Mr Kang Song-Sam, he was designated by the first set of contested measures because of his position as authorised plenipotentiary representative of the EU-designated KNIC GmbH, acting on behalf of KNIC or at its direction. 229 Mr Kang Song-Sam states that he continues to act as representative of KNIC ZD, and not of KNIC GmbH, which does not exist. His status as representative of that company is not, he maintains, by itself sufficient to justify his listing. 230 It must be noted that, by those arguments, and by his witness statement, attached as Annex A.5 to the application, Mr Kang Song-Sam neither disputes nor calls in question the Council’s and the Commission’s assertions that he was KNIC’s representative in the Hamburg branch office at the time of the adoption of the first set of contested measures. Thus, it is apparent from that witness statement that he has occupied that post since December 2013 and that he succeeded Mr Sin Kyu-Nam. It is also apparent from his witness statement in Annex E.7 to the statement of modification of the form of order sought that he occupied that post at KNIC ZD in Hamburg until September 2015. The grounds for his listing are not, therefore, vitiated by an error of assessment. 231 As regards Mr Choe Chun-Sik, he was designated by the first set of contested measures because of his position as authorised plenipotentiary representative of the EU-designated entity KNIC GmbH, acting on behalf of KNIC or at its direction. 232 Mr Choe Chun-Sik states that, in January 2015, he was asked by KNIC to become its chief representative at its office in Hamburg, to replace the previous representative, Mr Kim Il-Su. However, he submits that, as explained in his witness statement, attached as Annex A.6 to the application, he never acted as such because he was refused a visa by the German authorities. 233 It must be noted in that regard that Mr Choe Chun-Sik does not deny having been chosen by KNIC to become its representative at KNIC ZD in Germany. The fact that he was in fact unable to take up his post in Hamburg because of the refusal of a visa does not mean that he is not linked to the activities of KNIC ZD or of KNIC and, therefore, does not in any way affect his capacity as a person acting on behalf of KNIC and at its direction in the generation of foreign currency by KNIC. 234 First, as Mr Choe Chun-Sik himself indicates, he holds the post of director in the reinsurance department of KNIC in Pyongyang, which is an activity carried out by KNIC in Europe as a result of which it receives foreign currency. 235 Second, as was pointed out in paragraph 215 above, it is clear from the witness statement of Mr Paek Ju Hyok, Vice-President of KNIC, in Annex A.10 to the application, that KNIC ZD was a representative office of KNIC in Germany, the purpose of which was to provide a point of contact for reinsurance companies. 236 Furthermore, it is apparent from paragraph 216 above that KNIC is the entity which directs and controls the activities of KNIC ZD in Germany, and, moreover, from the file submitted to the Court and in particular the witness statement of Mr Kim Il-Su attached as Annex A.4 to the application, that the branch office of KNIC in Germany was a point of contact between KNIC, reinsurance companies and European brokers, that it was not authorised to sign contracts or to make or receive any payments and that it did not have a bank account. Consequently, the individuals holding management positions within KNIC’s reinsurance department may be regarded as being involved in the generation of foreign currency referred to in the grounds at issue with respect to KNIC ZD and KNIC. 237 The grounds for the listing of Mr Choe Chun-Sik so far as concerns his acting ‘on behalf of KNIC or at its direction’ are not, therefore, vitiated by an error of assessment. 238 As regards Mr Sin Kyu-Nam, he was designated by the first set of contested measures because of his position as head of department of KNIC headquarters in Pyongyang and former authorised plenipotentiary representative of KNIC GmbH in Hamburg. He acted on behalf of KNIC or at its direction. 239 Mr Sin Kyu-Nam indicates that, as explained in his witness statement, attached as Annex A.7 to the application, he held the position of representative at KNIC’s office in Hamburg from June 2008 to November 2013. He states that he continues to work at KNIC, but is not a representative of KNIC ZD. Likewise, he is not ‘Head of Department of KNIC Headquarters in Pyongyang’, as the head of department is the managing director, whereas the applicant is only a director within that department. 240 In that regard, it must be noted that Mr Sin Kyu-Nam does not deny having held the post of representative at KNIC’s Hamburg office from June 2008 to November 2013. 241 In addition, it must be pointed out that the fact that he ceased to hold the post of KNIC’s representative in Hamburg does not mean that he is not linked to the activities of KNIC ZD or of KNIC. 242 First, as is apparent from Annex 5 to the letter of 21 July 2016 submitted to the Court, Mr Sin Kyu-Nam acknowledges and confirms not only that he had a post within KNIC ZD but also that he subsequently held the post of director in the reinsurance department of KNIC. The veracity of the grounds underpinning the inclusion of his name on the lists in question cannot be called in question. 243 Second, Mr Sin Kyu-Nam indicates that he holds the post of director in the reinsurance department of KNIC, reinsurance being an activity which KNIC carries out in Europe. 244 Third, as is apparent from paragraphs 235 and 236 above, the individuals holding positions within KNIC may be regarded as being involved in the generation of foreign currency referred to in the grounds at issue with respect to KNIC ZD and KNIC. 245 Having regard to all of the foregoing, the grounds for listing Mr Sin Kyu-Nam are not, therefore, vitiated by an error of assessment. 246 As regards Mr Pak Chun-San, he was designated by the first set of contested measures because of his position as head of department of KNIC headquarters in Pyongyang and former authorised plenipotentiary representative of KNIC GmbH, acting on behalf of KNIC or at its direction. 247 Mr Pak Chun-San confirms that he worked at KNIC ZD from September 2005 until January 2009. He states that he continues to work at KNIC, but is not a representative of KNIC ZD. Furthermore, he is not ‘Head of Department of KNIC Headquarters in Pyongyang’, as the head of department is the managing director, whereas the applicant is only a director within that department. 248 It must be noted in that regard that it is apparent from the power of attorney of 8 August 2006 in Annex B.6 to the Commission’s defence that Mr Pak Chun-San was appointed as the chief representative of KNIC in Hamburg. It is also apparent from the documents in Annex B.8 to the Commission’s defence that Mr Pak Chun-San was empowered to represent KNIC ZD and that his signature was certified by notarial act of 11 July 2008 in Hamburg. In addition, in his witness statement of 10 September 2015, attached as Annex A.8 to the application, he does not deny having been the Chief Representative of KNIC ZD and KNIC itself in Germany from September 2005 until January 2009. In his 2015 witness statement, he also confirms that after returning from Germany, where he acted as a representative of ‘KNIC Germany’, he held an important managerial position at KNIC in Pyongyang. In a subsequent witness statement, he claims to have taken early retirement in December 2015, but does not substantiate his assertion with any documentary evidence. 249 Last, the fact that he ceased to hold the post of KNIC’s representative in Hamburg does not mean that he is not linked to the activities of KNIC ZD or of KNIC. 250 First, as is apparent from Annex A.8 to the application, Mr Pak Chun-San acknowledges and confirms not only that he had a post within KNIC ZD but also that he subsequently held an important managerial post in KNIC in Pyongyang. The veracity of the grounds underpinning the inclusion of his name on the lists in question cannot be called in question. 251 Second, Mr Pak Chun-San indicates in Annex 4 to the letter of 21 July 2016 submitted to the Court that he held a post in the reinsurance department of KNIC, reinsurance being an activity which KNIC carries out in Europe. 252 Third, as is apparent from paragraphs 235 and 236 above, the individuals holding positions within KNIC may be regarded as being involved in the generation of foreign currency referred to in the grounds at issue with respect to KNIC ZD and KNIC. 253 The grounds for the listing of Mr Pak Chun-San are not, therefore, vitiated by an error of assessment. 254 Last, in the case of Mr So Tong Myong, he was designated by the first set of contested measures because of his position as managing director of KNIC GmbH, acting on behalf of KNIC or at its direction. 255 Mr So Tong Myong states that he left KNIC in 2014 and no longer has any connection with that company. He claims never to have acted as managing director of KNIC ZD and that the allegation that he is ‘Managing Director of KNIC [ZD] Hamburg, acting on behalf of KNIC or at its direction’ is incorrect. 256 In that regard, it can be confirmed, on the basis of the documents submitted to the Court, that, between 1 October 2007 and May 2012, Mr So Tong Myong was mentioned in a number of documents as president of KNIC. That fact, which is not disputed by the person concerned, is also borne out by his witness statement, attached as Annex A.9 to the application, in which he states that his term as president of KNIC lasted from 2007 until October 2014. 257 Moreover, Mr So Tong Myong’s claim to have left KNIC in 2014 is contradicted by the excerpt from the commercial register of the Amtsgericht Hamburg (Local Court, Hamburg) dated 16 March 2016 produced by the Commission, which shows that the person concerned was still the serving president of KNIC on that date. Denials of the probative value of the register excerpt cannot be accepted since Mr So Tong Myong did not produce any evidence apart from his own witness statement. 258 As has previously been noted, in accordance with settled case-law, the activity of the Court of Justice and of the General Court is governed by the principle of the unfettered assessment of the evidence, and it is only the reliability of the evidence before the Court which is decisive when it comes to the assessment of its value. In addition, in order to assess the probative value of a document, regard should be had to the credibility of the account it contains, and in particular to the person from whom the document originates, the circumstances in which it came into being, the person to whom it was addressed and whether, on its face, the document appears to be sound and reliable (see, to that effect, judgment of 27 September 2012, Shell Petroleum and Others v Commission, T‑343/06, EU:T:2012:478, paragraph 161 and the case-law cited). 259 It must be observed that the witness statement of Mr So Tong Myong was made specifically for the present action and that, originating as it does from a person subject to the restrictive measures at issue, the witness statement has little probative value. 260 This is particularly so where a witness statement is contradicted by a public document, submitted by the Commission, such as the excerpt from the Hamburg commercial register. 261 The grounds for the listing of Mr So Tong Myong are not, therefore, vitiated by an error of assessment. 262 In those circumstances, it must be held that the links, the positions held and the actions in question, as evident from the first set of grounds relating to the applicants in Case T‑533/15, have been demonstrated to the requisite legal standard and have not been contradicted in any detail by those applicants. 263 The present plea in law must therefore be rejected. – Third plea, alleging breach of data protection principles 264 By their third plea, the applicants in Case T‑533/15 rely, in essence, on infringement of Articles 4, 10, 14 and 16 of Regulation No 45/2001. 265 It should be pointed out that, while confining themselves to listing the provisions of Regulation No 45/2001 and passages from an opinion of the European Data Protection Supervisor, the applicants in Case T‑533/15 are claiming in essence that the Council and the Commission published incorrect data. In so doing the Council and the Commission had implied that the applicants in Case T‑533/15 were involved in unlawful activity connected with the unlawful development of weapons of mass destruction. 266 It is sufficient in that regard to find that, in the light of the examination of the second plea in the present action, the first set of grounds relating to the applicants in Case T‑533/15 is not vitiated by an error of assessment and, consequently, the Council and the Commission did not publish incorrect data implying the applicants’ involvement in unlawful activities. 267 The present plea cannot, therefore, succeed. 268 In any event, this plea is ineffective. 269 Even if the Council and the Commission had processed personal data concerning the applicants in Case T‑533/15 in a way that was inconsistent with Regulation No 45/2001, that could not lead to the annulment of the first set of contested measures. However, were the applicants in Case T‑533/15 to be in a position to prove that data were processed in that way, they could invoke an infringement of that regulation, in the context of an action for damages (see, to that effect, judgments of 30 November 2016, Rotenberg v Council, T‑720/14, EU:T:2016:689, paragraph 140, and of 22 November 2017, HD v Parliament, T‑652/16 P, not published, EU:T:2017:828, paragraphs 33 and 34). 270 In those circumstances, the present plea in law must be rejected as unfounded. – Fourth plea, alleging disproportionate breach of fundamental rights 271 By their fourth plea, the applicants in Case T‑533/15 claim that there has been a disproportionate restriction of their right to property and of their freedom to conduct a business within the meaning of Article 16 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and also of the right to respect for their private and family life, their homes and their reputation, within the meaning of Article 8 of the ECHR. 272 According to the applicants in Case T‑533/15, the inclusion of their names in the lists in question serves no useful purpose, even if it were appropriate to list KNIC ZD itself. They do not cause KNIC ZD to generate any revenue or assist it in doing so. Apart from Mr Kang Song-Sam, those applicants do not represent KNIC ZD. In their submission, in those circumstances, there has been a manifestly disproportionate restriction of their liberty. 273 The Council and the Commission dispute those arguments. 274 In the first place, on the assumption that, by those very general arguments, the applicants in Case T‑533/15 are challenging the proportionality of the listing criteria in claiming that the entry of their names on the lists in question and the harm caused by the first set of contested measures is disproportionate to the aims of those measures, suffice it to note that the applicants in Case T‑533/15 did not put forward any plea of illegality, as provided for in Article 277 TFEU, in respect of the listing criteria. 275 However, the applicants in Case T‑533/15 cannot dispute the proportionality of the listing criteria without invoking their illegality by means of a plea of illegality under Article 277 TFEU (see, to that effect, judgments of 20 February 2013, Melli Bank v Council, T‑492/10, EU:T:2013:80, paragraphs 58 and 59, and of 20 March 2013, Bank Saderat v Council, T‑495/10, not published, EU:T:2013:142, paragraphs 53 to 59). 276 Moreover, and in any event, it must be pointed out that the arguments put forward by the applicants in Case T‑533/15 in connection with the present plea do not call in question the legality of the relevant listing criteria. Those arguments are based on the particular circumstances of these applicants, in that they were formulated by reference to their specific situation and are based on the alleged harm caused by the entry of their names on the lists in question and not on the lack of proportionality of those criteria as such. 277 In the second place, the applicants in Case T‑533/15 base their arguments on the fact that KNIC ZD does not generate any revenue for the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and that they do not cause KNIC ZD to generate any revenue or assist it in doing so. In that regard, it should be noted that it is apparent from the examination of the second plea in the present action that the first set of grounds relating to the applicants in Case T‑533/15 arises from the fact that they were acting on behalf of or at the direction of KNIC and, therefore, is not vitiated by an error of assessment. 278 Accordingly, the present plea must be rejected as unfounded. The action brought by the applicants in Case T‑533/15 with regard to the second set of contested measures and Decision 2016/849 279 By documents lodged at the Court Registry on 27 May and 3 June 2016, the applicants in Case T‑533/15 modified the application so as to include annulment of the second set of contested measures and Decision 2016/849, in so far those measures and that decision concern them. 280 In modifying the application to include the second set of contested measures, the applicants in Case T‑533/15 maintained the four pleas invoked with regard to the first set of contested measures and put forward additional arguments relating notably to the fact that the Council had, in the second set of contested measures, to some extent changed the grounds on which their listings were based. In modifying the application to include Decision 2016/849, the applicants in Case T‑533/15 maintained the four pleas previously invoked, without putting forward any additional arguments. 281 It should be noted that, by the second set of contested measures, the references and grounds relating to the applicants in Case T‑533/15 were slightly altered, without any changes being made to the listing criteria applicable. As regards Decision 2016/849, it should be noted that the listing criteria for natural persons were slightly altered, but that those changes in wording cannot affect the substance of the analysis. Furthermore, the listing grounds set out in Decision 2016/849 in relation to the applicants in Case T‑533/15 are, in essence, identical to those set out in the second set of contested measures. 282 In that context, the Court considers it appropriate, in the light of the minor differences between the grounds at issue, to examine together the action in so far as it is directed against the second set of contested measures, and the action in so far as it is directed against Decision 2016/849. – First plea, alleging breach of the obligation to state reasons 283 In the light of the changes to the grounds relating to the applicants in Case T‑533/15, those applicants maintain that the fact that KNIC GmbH was removed from the lists in question and that the reasons given for the inclusion of their names were amended in the second set of contested measures amounts to a tacit acknowledgement by the Council and the Commission that the designation of KNIC GmbH was wrong and that the reasons given for the designation of the individuals referred to in the first set of contested measures were inadequate. According to the applicants in Case T‑533/15, notwithstanding the amendment of the reasons, they remain unclear. 284 According to the applicants in Case T‑533/15, the second set of contested measures contains no information that would enable them to understand the basis on which they are alleged to be capable of influencing KNIC’s activities in generating substantial foreign currency revenue that could contribute to the weapons programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. 285 The Council and the Commission dispute those arguments. 286 In the present case it must be noted that the second and third sets of grounds relating to the applicants in Case T‑533/15, set out in the second set of contested measures and in Decision 2016/846, fully satisfy the obligation to state reasons as interpreted by the case-law referred to above. 287 The second and third sets of grounds relating to the applicants in Case T‑533/15 satisfy the listing criteria and the amended listing criteria, and clearly and intelligibly identify the positions held by those individuals in KNIC ZD or in KNIC, as well as the activities in KNIC of which they are accused. 288 Moreover, neither the second nor the third set of grounds relating to the applicants in Case T‑533/15 refers incorrectly to KNIC GmbH. Consequently, the arguments of the applicants in Case T‑533/15 which refer both to the listing of KNIC GmbH and to the issue of the nature of the grounds relating to KNIC are ineffective. Finally, the name of Mr Kang Song-Sam is written correctly, contrary to his claim. 289 In those circumstances, it must be held that, on reading the grounds in the second set of contested measures and Decision 2016/849, the applicants in Case T‑533/15 were in a position to understand that their names were retained on the lists at issue because of the positions they held within KNIC, as is confirmed by the fact that, in the context of the second plea, they specifically challenge the merits of the Council’s reasoning in that respect. Furthermore, as the reasons for the Council’s choice were clearly stated in the second set of contested measures and in Decision 2016/849, the Court is in a position to assess whether those reasons are well founded. 290 Accordingly, the present plea must be rejected. – Second plea, alleging manifest error of assessment 291 The applicants in Case T‑533/15 claim that the reasons provided in the second set of contested measures are not sufficient for their names to be entered on the lists in question. In particular, Mr So Tong Myong claims to have left KNIC in 2014 and no longer to have any connection with that company. The assertion that he is ‘President’ of KNIC is incorrect. If the intention was to designate him on the basis of a former role, it would be incumbent on the Council to explain why his designation is still appropriate and warranted. 292 Furthermore, according to the applicants in Case T‑533/15, the reasons given in their case amount to nothing more — save in the case of Mr So Tong Myong — than a statement that those individuals work for KNIC. That is not sufficient in the light of Article 13(1)(b) or Article 15(1)(b) of Decision 2013/183. It was incumbent on the Council to establish by clear and precise evidence that each of those individuals was in a position to influence KNIC in the conduct of its activities, which would have justified the entry of their names on the lists in question. 293 In reply to the arguments that Mr So Tong Myong and Mr Pak Chun-San have retired and no longer hold any positions in KNIC, in the former case even before the first set of contested measures was adopted, and in the latter case after those measures were adopted, the Council observes that those arguments are contradicted by the information in its possession concerning the applicants in Case T‑533/15, which was disclosed to them (see Annexes B.1, B.2, B.3 and B.4 to the defence). In addition, according to the Council, the mere fact that those individuals claim to have retired does not mean that that is actually the case. Finally, even if they have formally retired, that does not mean that they can no longer act on behalf of KNIC, whose headquarters is in North Korea. 294 As regards Mr Kim Il-Su, Mr Kang Song-Sam, Mr Choe Chun-Sik and Mr Sin Kyu-Nam, the Council emphasises that, according to the information on which their initial listing was based and which can be found in Annexes B.1, B.2, B.3 and B.4 to the defence, those applicants were not listed solely because they were employed by KNIC but because they acted on behalf of KNIC or at its direction. 295 According to the Commission, the fact that certain individuals, who are shown to have held significant positions within the only insurance company in North Korea, claim to have taken retirement, whether early retirement or not, following the sanctions imposed, without adducing the slightest evidence, does not suffice to contradict the assumption that they act on behalf or at the direction of KNIC. The Commission disputes the veracity of the assertions relating to the retirement of Mr So Tong Myong and the departure of Mr Pak Chun-San. 296 In conclusion, according to the Commission, the applicants in Case T‑533/15 have, through their own witness statements, substantiated the reasons for their listing. 297 In the first place, as regards the claims relating to the inadequacy of the evidence regarding the positions held within KNIC, it must be held that the relevant information submitted by the Council constitutes proof that the second and third sets of grounds relating to the applicants in Case T‑533/15 are substantiated. In particular, Annex B.3 contains a detailed description of the positions held within KNIC by the applicants in Case T‑533/15. The Commission also submitted official certificates to the Court, including letters of appointment. The latter documents relate for the most part to the period before the adoption of the second set of contested measures. 298 Thus, as regards Mr Kim Il-Su, he is identified by the second and third sets of grounds relating to the applicants in Case T‑533/15 as a manager in the reinsurance department of KNIC based in the headquarters in Pyongyang and former authorised chief representative of KNIC in Hamburg, acting on behalf of KNIC or at its direction. 299 It should be borne in mind in that regard that it is evident from the assessment of the legality of the first set of contested measures that the reasons for listing Mr Kim Il-Su in those measures, namely his position as authorised plenipotentiary representative of EU-designated KNIC in Hamburg, acting on behalf of KNIC or at its direction, were not vitiated by an error. In addition, in his witness statement, attached as Annex A.4 to the application and as Annex 9 to the letter of 21 July 2016, he does not deny having taken up in 2009 the position of representative previously held by Mr Pak Chun-San, or having held it from January 2009 until January 2015; on the contrary, he confirms this. Last, that fact is also confirmed by the excerpt from the commercial register dated 16 March 2016 submitted by the Commission in Annex F.1 to its observations on the statement of modification, from which it is apparent that Mr Kim Il-Su was shown in that register to be the person authorised to represent KNIC ZD. The contentions relating to that excerpt cannot be accepted, since they arise from and are based on the witness statement of Mr Kim Il-Su alone. 300 Furthermore, in his witness statement in Annex 8 to the letter of 21 July 2016, Mr Kim Il-Su confirms that he held the position of manager in the reinsurance department of KNIC after his return from Germany. 301 Last, the fact that Mr Kim Il-Su may have ceased to hold the post of KNIC’s representative in Hamburg would not mean that he is not linked to the activities of KNIC ZD. 302 First, it is apparent from the preceding paragraphs not only that Mr Kim Il-Su held a post within KNIC ZD, but also that he subsequently held an important managerial post in the reinsurance department of KNIC in Pyongyang, reinsurance being an activity that KNIC carries out in Europe. The veracity of the grounds underpinning the inclusion of his name on the lists in question cannot be called in question. 303 Second, as is apparent from paragraphs 235 and 236 above, the individuals holding positions within KNIC may be regarded as being involved in the generation of foreign currency referred to in the grounds at issue with respect to KNIC ZD and KNIC. 304 The grounds for the listing of Mr Kim Il-Su’s name are not, therefore, vitiated by an error of assessment. 305 As regards Mr Kang Song-Sam, he was identified in the second set of contested measures as a former authorised representative of KNIC in Hamburg, continuing to act for or on behalf of KNIC or at its direction. 306 It must be borne in mind in that regard that it is evident from the assessment of the legality of the first set of contested measures that the reasons for listing Mr Kang Song-Sam in those measures, namely his position as authorised plenipotentiary representative of the EU-designated entity KNIC in Hamburg, acting on behalf of KNIC or at its direction, were not vitiated by an error. Accordingly, the entry of his name on the lists in question on the ground that he is a former authorised representative of KNIC in Hamburg cannot be called in question. 307 In addition, the information in the witness statements produced by Mr Kang Song-Sam for the purposes of the judicial proceedings does not contradict those grounds. As he indicates in his witness statement in Annex A.5 to the application, he is ‘currently employed as the Representative of [KNIC’s] branch office in Hamburg, Germany’. He has been in that post since December 2013 and took over from Mr Sin Kyu-Nam. Furthermore, in his witness statement in Annex 7 to the letter of 21 July 2016 submitted to the Court, Mr Kang Song-Sam confirms that he holds the position of manager in the reinsurance department. The grounds for his listing are not, therefore, vitiated by an error of assessment. 308 As regards Mr Choe Chun-Sik, he was identified as a director in the reinsurance department of KNIC based in the headquarters in Pyongyang, acting on behalf of KNIC or at its direction. 309 It must be noted that, in successive modified versions of the application dated 27 May and 3 June 2016, Mr Choe Chun-Sik contends that he has never been a representative of KNIC ZD, that he was supposed to start working for that company in February 2015 but his visa application was refused, and that the allegation that he is an authorised plenipotentiary representative of the EU-designated entity KNIC ZD, acting on behalf of KNIC or at its direction, is incorrect. However, those arguments cannot call in question the reason for listing Mr Choe Chun-Sik, namely the fact that he is a director in the reinsurance department of KNIC based in the headquarters in Pyongyang, acting on behalf of KNIC or at its direction. 310 In addition, Mr Choe Chun-Sik himself confirms that he has been linked to KNIC. Thus, he acknowledges in his witness statement, attached as Annex A.6 to the application, that in January 2015 KNIC asked him to become its chief representative at its office in Hamburg, to replace the previous representative, Mr Kim Il-Su. It is clear from all the witness statements of Mr Choe Chun-Sik that he is a director in the reinsurance department of KNIC in Pyongyang. The grounds for his listing are not, therefore, vitiated by an error of assessment. 311 As regards Mr Sin Kyu-Nam, he was identified as a director in the reinsurance department of KNIC based in the headquarters in Pyongyang and former authorised representative of KNIC in Hamburg, acting on behalf of KNIC or at its direction. 312 It should be borne in mind in that regard that it is evident from the assessment of the legality of the first set of contested measures that the reasons for listing Mr Sin Kyu-Nam in those measures, namely his position as head of department of KNIC headquarters in Pyongyang and former authorised plenipotentiary representative of KNIC in Hamburg and the fact that he acted on behalf of KNIC and at its direction, were not vitiated by an error. Accordingly, the entry of his name on the lists in question on the ground that he is a former authorised representative of KNIC in Hamburg, acting on behalf of KNIC or at its direction, cannot be called in question. 313 As is apparent from the statement of modification of the form of order sought dated 27 May 2016, Mr Sin Kyu-Nam does not dispute having worked at KNIC ZD from June 2008 to November 2013, and then having worked at KNIC’s headquarters in Pyongyang. 314 It must, moreover, be noted that those facts are confirmed by Mr Sin Kyu-Nam. Thus, he declares in his witness statement, attached as Annex A.7 to the application, that he held the position of representative at KNIC’s office in Hamburg from June 2008 to November 2013. Furthermore, as is apparent from Annex 5 to the letter of 21 July 2016 submitted to the Court, Mr Sin Kyu-Nam acknowledges and confirms not only that he had that post within KNIC ZD, but also that he subsequently held the post of director in the reinsurance department of KNIC. The grounds for his listing are not, therefore, vitiated by an error of assessment. 315 As regards Mr Pak Chun-San, he was identified as a director in the reinsurance department of KNIC based in the headquarters in Pyongyang at least until December 2015, and former authorised chief representative of KNIC in Hamburg, continuing to act for or on behalf of KNIC or at its direction. 316 First of all, it must be observed in that regard that it is evident from the assessment of the legality of the first set of contested measures set out in paragraphs 248 to 252 above that the reasons for listing Mr Pak Chun-San’s name in those measures, namely his position as head of department of KNIC headquarters in Pyongyang and former authorised plenipotentiary representative of the EU-designated entity KNIC in Hamburg, acting on behalf of KNIC or at its direction, were not vitiated by an error. 317 Second, it must be pointed out that Mr Pak Chun-San merely states that he is not ‘Head of Department of KNIC headquarters in Pyongyang’ and does not dispute having worked at the headquarters in Pyongyang at least until December 2015. 318 Third, it should be emphasised that Mr Pak Chun-San’s assertion that he left his position before the adoption of the second set of contested measures and Decision 2016/849 is not based on any documentary proof, even though the applicant is in the best position to produce evidence that would call in question the reasons for his listing. 319 However, in the present case, it cannot be regarded as established that Mr Pak Chun-San no longer works at KNIC solely on the basis of witness statements that were made specifically for the present action and originated from the person subject to the restrictive measures in question. 320 In addition, Mr Pak Chun-San has maintained substantial links with KNIC over many years. It is apparent from the case file that KNIC regularly called on Mr Pak Chun-San to hold key posts and that he has had a long career with that company during which he has simultaneously had a number of important functions as director in the reinsurance department of KNIC and former chief representative of KNIC in Hamburg. 321 In the light of those points, it cannot be regarded as established, in the absence of any evidence, that he no longer has any links with KNIC. 322 The grounds for his listing are not, therefore, vitiated by an error of assessment. 323 As regards Mr So Tong Myong, he was identified as president of KNIC, acting on behalf of KNIC or at its direction. 324 In that regard, it is apparent from the documents submitted to the Court that, between 1 October 2007 and May 2012, Mr So Tong Myong was referred to as president of KNIC. That was borne out by his witness statement, attached as Annex A.9 to the application, in which he states that his term as president of KNIC lasted from 2007 until October 2014. 325 As regards the arguments set out by Mr So Tong Myong who confirms that he retired in October 2014, it must be noted that the Commission produced an excerpt from the commercial register of the Amtsgericht Hamburg (Local Court, Hamburg) dated 16 March 2016, which shows that he was still in office as president of KNIC at that date. 326 It is true that, in Annex 2 to the letter of 21 July 2016 submitted to the Court, Mr So Tong Myong states that that information was correct only between 2010 and 2014, the year in which he took retirement. 327 However, as has previously been noted, the activity of the Court of Justice and of the General Court is governed by the principle of the unfettered assessment of the evidence, and it is only the reliability of the evidence before the Court which is decisive when it comes to the assessment of its value. In addition, in order to assess the probative value of a document, regard should be had to the credibility of the account it contains, and in particular to the person from whom the document originates, the circumstances in which it came into being, the person to whom it was addressed and whether, on its face, the document appears to be sound and reliable (see, to that effect, judgment of 27 September 2012, Shell Petroleum and Others v Commission, T‑343/06, EU:T:2012:478, paragraph 161 and the case-law cited). 328 It must be observed that the witness statement of Mr So Tong Myong was made specifically for the present action and that, originating as it does from a person subject to the restrictive measures at issue, that witness statement has little probative value, unlike a public document such as an excerpt from the commercial register. 329 Given the lack of documentary proof from Mr So Tong Myong and his position as president of KNIC, it cannot be regarded as established that he no longer has any connection with KNIC and that he is not acting for or on behalf of KNIC or at its direction. 330 The grounds for his listing are not, therefore, vitiated by an error of assessment. 331 In the light of the foregoing, the Council and the Commission were properly able to conclude, at the time of the adoption of the second set of contested measures and of Decision 2016/849, that the applicants in Case T‑533/15 were still acting on behalf of KNIC or at its direction. 332 In the second place, as regards the argument of the applicants in Case T‑533/15 concerning the lack of proof of their ability to influence the activities of KNIC, it is sufficient to note that they fall within a listing criterion covering ‘persons or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction’ within the meaning of Article 15(1)(b)(ii) of Decision 2013/183 and Article 27(1)(b) of Decision 2016/849. 333 In the light of the listing criteria and the amended listing criteria, the legality of which has not been called in question by the applicants in Case T‑533/15, those applicants fall within the category of persons acting on behalf or at the direction of the designated entity that may be involved in generating money that could contribute to the nuclear proliferation-related activities of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. 334 In those circumstances, that criterion does not necessarily require the applicants in Case T‑533/15 to be the individuals deciding on the transfer of financial assets that could contribute to the nuclear proliferation-related activities of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, or to be in a position to influence such a transfer. They must, however, have a link to the activity referred to in the grounds at issue read in the light of the relevant criteria, namely the generation of foreign currency revenue which could contribute to the nuclear programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. 335 The Court has already held that a person exercising functions which confer on him the power to manage an entity covered by restrictive measures may, as a general rule, himself be considered to be involved in the activities that justified the adoption of the restrictive measures covering the entity in question (see, to that effect, judgments of 12 December 2013, Nabipour and Others v Council, T‑58/12, not published, EU:T:2013:640, paragraph 110, and of 5 November 2014, Mayaleh v Council, T‑307/12 and T‑408/13, EU:T:2014:926, paragraph 143). 336 As regards the argument of the applicants in Case T‑533/15 based on the judgment of 12 December 2013, Nabipour and Others v Council (T‑58/12, not published, EU:T:2013:640), it must be noted that, unlike the relevant provisions in the present case, in the judgment of 12 December 2013, Nabipour and Others v Council (T‑58/12, not published, EU:T:2013:640), the applicant’s listing was based on criteria that differ from those at issue here. Although, in that judgment, the natural persons subject to the restrictive measures had to have a link with nuclear proliferation activities, in the present case, the natural persons subject to the restrictive measures must simply maintain a link with the activity of providing financial services or transfers of funds, assets or resources that could contribute to the nuclear programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and it is not necessary for those persons to be specifically linked to nuclear proliferation activities. 337 Thus, in the present case, neither the criteria nor the grounds at issue underpinning the listing of the names of the applicants in Case T‑533/15 require that a link between the person concerned and the entity engaged in the field of nuclear proliferation be established; they do, however, require that a link be established between the person concerned and the entity which provides or ensures the transfer of financial assets that could contribute to the programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea that are related to nuclear proliferation. 338 In this instance, the applicants in Case T‑533/15 all performed managerial functions within KNIC, as is apparent from paragraphs 298 to 331 above. Mr Kim Il-Su is a manager in the reinsurance department of KNIC and former authorised chief representative of KNIC in Hamburg. Mr Kang Song-Sam is the former authorised representative of KNIC in Hamburg and holds the position of manager in the reinsurance department of KNIC. Mr Choe Chun-Sik is a director in the reinsurance department of KNIC. Mr Sin Kyu-Nam is a director in the reinsurance department of KNIC and former authorised representative of KNIC in Hamburg. Mr Pak Chun-San was a director in the reinsurance department of KNIC and the former chief representative of KNIC in Hamburg. Mr So Tong Myong was the president of KNIC. Accordingly, it must be held that their respective roles in KNIC’s reinsurance business, as manager in KNIC’s reinsurance department, director of that department or president of KNIC, are sufficient for the conclusion to be drawn that they have a link with KNIC’s activity of generating foreign currency, acting on behalf of KNIC or at its direction, and, moreover, that, beyond verifying the accuracy of the second and third sets of grounds relating to the applicants in Case T‑533/15, it is not necessary to rely on the evidence concerning their individual actions for the purpose of establishing that they were designated in accordance with the listing criteria adopted. 339 In those circumstances, the present plea must be rejected in its entirety. – Third plea, alleging breach of data protection principles 340 By their third plea, the applicants in Case T‑533/15 claim, in essence, that Articles 4, 10, 14 and 16 of Regulation No 45/2001 have been infringed. 341 It should be pointed out that, while confining themselves to listing the provisions of Regulation No 45/2001 and passages from an opinion of the European Data Protection Supervisor, the applicants in Case T‑533/15 are claiming in essence that the Council and the Commission published incorrect data. In so doing the Council and the Commission had implied that the applicants in Case T‑533/15 were involved in unlawful activity connected with the unlawful development of weapons of mass destruction. 342 It is sufficient in that regard to find that, in the light of the examination of the second plea in the present action, the second and third sets of grounds relating to the applicants in Case T‑533/15 are not vitiated by an error of assessment and, consequently, the Council and the Commission did not publish incorrect data implying the applicants’ involvement in unlawful activities. 343 The present plea cannot, therefore, succeed. 344 In any event, this plea is ineffective. 345 Even if the Council and the Commission had processed personal data concerning the applicants in a way that was inconsistent with Regulation No 45/2001, that could not lead to the annulment of the second set of contested measures and Decision 2016/849. However, were the applicants to be in a position to prove that data were processed in that way, they could invoke an infringement of that regulation, in the context of an action for damages (see, to that effect, judgments of 30 November 2016, Rotenberg v Council, T‑720/14, EU:T:2016:689, paragraph 140, and of 22 November 2017, HD v Parliament, T‑652/16 P, not published, EU:T:2017:828, paragraphs 33 and 34). – Fourth plea, alleging disproportionate breach of fundamental rights 346 In setting out the arguments put forward in respect of the first set of contested measures, the applicants in Case T‑533/15 add that the harm caused by the second set of contested measures is wholly disproportionate. 347 The applicants in Case T‑533/15 maintain that they do not cause KNIC ZD to generate revenue or assist it in doing so, since it generates no revenue, neither now nor when it was operational. Furthermore, it is submitted that two of those applicants, Mr Pak Chun-San and Mr So Tong Myong, are retired and do not work for KNIC, while the other four applicants do not generate revenue in their various roles within KNIC. The inclusion of their names on the lists at issue serves no useful purpose, even if it were appropriate to list KNIC ZD itself. In their submission, in those circumstances, there has been a manifestly disproportionate restriction of their liberty. 348 The Council and the Commission dispute those arguments. 349 Since the present plea is based on arguments that are virtually identical to those set out by the applicants in Case T‑533/15 in connection with the fourth plea put forward in respect of the first set of contested measures, it must, in the light of the arguments in paragraphs 274 to 277 above, be rejected. 350 Having regard to all of the foregoing, the action in Case T‑533/15 must be dismissed in so far as it seeks annulment of the second set of contested measures and Decision 2016/849. 351 Consequently, the Court must, in Case T‑533/15, dismiss the action in its entirety. Costs 352 Under Article 134(1) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. 353 Since the applicants in Case T‑533/15 have been unsuccessful, they must be ordered to pay the costs, in accordance with the form of order sought by the Council and the Commission. 354 In Case T‑264/16, since KNIC has been unsuccessful, it must be ordered to pay the costs, in accordance with the form of order sought by the Council and the Commission. 355 Under Article 138(1) of the Rules of Procedure, Member States which intervene in the proceedings are to bear their own costs. The United Kingdom must be ordered to bear its own costs in Case T‑533/15. On those grounds, THE GENERAL COURT (Third Chamber), hereby: 1. Dismisses the actions; 2. In Case T‑533/15, orders Mr Kim Il-Su and the other applicants whose names appear in the annex to pay the costs, with the exception of those incurred by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; 3. In Case T‑264/16, orders Korea National Insurance Corporation to pay the costs; 4. In Case T‑533/15, orders the United Kingdom to bear its own costs. Frimodt Nielsen Kreuschitz Półtorak Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 14 March 2018. E. Coulon S. Gervasoni Registrar President Table of contents Background to the dispute Restrictive measures adopted against the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Restrictive measures adopted against the applicants Procedure and forms of order sought Law On the procedural consequences of the repeal and replacement of Decision 2013/183 The order in which Cases T 533/15 and T264/16 are to be dealt with The action in Case T 264/16 First plea, alleging breach of the obligation to state reasons Second plea, alleging manifest error of assessment Third plea, alleging breach of data protection principles Fourth plea, alleging disproportionate restriction of fundamental rights The action in Case T 533/15 The action brought by the applicants in Case T 533/15 with regard to the first set of contested measures – First plea, alleging breach of the obligation to state reasons – Second plea, alleging manifest error of assessment – Third plea, alleging breach of data protection principles – Fourth plea, alleging disproportionate breach of fundamental rights The action brought by the applicants in Case T 533/15 with regard to the second set of contested measures and Decision 2016/849 – First plea, alleging breach of the obligation to state reasons – Second plea, alleging manifest error of assessment – Third plea, alleging breach of data protection principles – Fourth plea, alleging disproportionate breach of fundamental rights Costs * Language of the case: English. 1 The list of the other applicants is annexed only to the version notified to the parties.