davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1963-01-21
Poverty Amid Plenty

In 1885, FDR said, II see
before me one-third of the
Nation ill-fed, ill-clothed and
ill-housed."
In 1868, JFK said, ". &.
32,000,000 Americans live on
the outskirts of poverty"
For shame! The wealthiest
Nation the world has ever
had and the victor in the
greatest war the world has
known can't solve the simple
problem of creating a decent
life for all its people. Some
where there must be BRAIN
power sufficient to create a
plan that would insure a de-
cent life for all Americans
willing to accept 1t. And even
If such a program would cost
a few million dollars we
should be able to spare the
small sum out of the billions
of dollars that we devote to
the necessary programs Of
defense, space, and foreign
aid.
John p. Kelly.
Evening star., 1963-01-21

out from under the $3.5-billion burden
assumed with the Jet age, however, they
ask only to be fiscally sound-with any
assist the Government can afford
when they start buying the supersonic
jets at perhaps $40 million each.
The United States already has a
supersonic bomber, the B-58 Hustler in
the air, and the faster RS-70 is sched-
uled for test soon. A good deal of this
know-how will go into the commercial
plane development, yet the expense still
will be great. But 1t seems self-evident
that no expense would be as great as
the loss Of leadership in the air.
Evening star., 1963-01-21
A BOOK FOR TODAY
Greet Battle of Great War Refouoht
BY DONALD MINTZ

alted level of the general
staffs to the individual SOL
der caked with blood and
slime.
Statistics on the casualties
vary, but whatever set Of
figures one accepts, the COM
bined casualties of both sides
reach the staggering total of
over 100000. !. One recent
French estimate that is prob
ably not excessive places the
total French and German
losses on the Verdun battle
field at 100000 dead, and
100000 gassed or wounded;
nearly a million and a quar-
ter in all"
I'm comparison" adds Mr..
Horne, "it is perhaps worth
recalling the overall British
Empire casualties for the
whole of the Second World
War were 1,246,025, of which
353,652 dead and 90,844 miss
ing"
The attentive reader Of
"The Price of Glory" will
himself die some 100000
times, vicariously to be sure,
but miSerably.
MR.. HORNE is PER-
FECTLY aware that there are
no military theories for today
to be found in Verdun, ex-
cept perhaps for the lesson
that there are no lessons.
Why then read his book?
For the reviewer, the answer
is simple. With the late Wool
colt Gibbs he can say that
he read it out of loyalty to
his employers.
No doubt Mr.. Horne is cor
rect in saying that the "Ver-
dun mentality" contributed to
the fall of France in World
War II and that the country
still suffers from a fixation
about this dreadful campaign.
But this hardly seems a sub
stantial reason for reliving it
In such agonizing detail, un-
less Of course one is in Mr..
Gibbs position.
Yet the books about World
War / continue to flood the
market, and presumably to
find willing buyers. There is
something unhealthy in this;
the charnel house is an i'm
proper object for the worship
of a society.
This reviewer therefore de-
clares the armistice in effect
until Wednesday, when we
take our text from 1918.
Meanwhile, we can hope that
the public and the book trade
will agree to a permanent
treaty by the time the spring
lists begin to appear.
Evening star., 1963-01-21
War on the Unit Rule

Although meaningful reapportion-
ment in Maryland has been delayed for
two more years, prospects suddenly have
frightened that the Legislature may act
this session to eliminate a related evil.
This is the iniquitous unit rule, under
which all Of county's electoral units
in Statewide primary races go to the
candidates who win majority Of the
county votes. AS result of the dis
proportionate number Of units held by
rural areas, this practice on occasion
has permitted the nomination of candi-
dates who failed to gather a popular
majority of the total votes.
A three-judge Federal court already
has ruled that the county unit system
as applied in Georgia is unconstitutional,
and arguments on an appeal in that
case were heard by the Supreme Court
a few days ago. In expectation that the
lower-court ruling in Georgia will be
sustained, the Maryland Committee for
Fair Representation has instructed It's
counsel to activate similar suit against
the Maryland rule II the General AS
sembiy fails to abolish the system by its
own action. Happily, there are indica-
tions that the House Of Delegates may
vote to outlaw the rule within the next
several days We hope that 1t does-and
that the Senate will follow suit. This is
much the better path than prolonged
litigation.
Evening star., 1963-01-21
AnqoIu and Ben Bella

Although he faces grave problems
at home-including the threat of eco
nomic bankruptcy and riotouS demon
strations by thousands of his hungry
and unemployed countrymen-Premier
Ahmed Ben Bella Of Algeria does not
hesitate to intervene in the affairs Of
neighboring states. To put 1t mildly,
especially because it can hardly fail to
do harm to his own land, his policy in
that respect amounts to irresponsible
leadership and an arrogant kind of folly.
Thus Mr.. Ben Bella has just openly
boasted to the Algerian Labor Union
Congress that his regime is doing every
thing 1t can to help overthrow the
Portuguese in Angola. 1t is doing so by
supplying arms there to the National
Liberation Front" which also has the
backing of Communists everywhere.
The latter include Cuba's Fidel Castro,
whom Mr.. Ben Bella has visited, and
whose latest speech-calling for violent
upriSings throughout Latin America
has made point of lauding Angola'S
rebels" and associating them with
Red-led "revolutionaries" in South Wet
Nam and other places around the globe.
In the circumstances, DR.. Pedro
Theotonio Pereira, Portugal's Ambassa-
dor to the United States, has been given
reason to declare as follows: "We have
known all the time, and we have said
1t as often as possible, that the so-called
Angola rebels, operating from outside its
frontiers, are Communicated and Com
niSt-indoctrinated. The state
ment by Mr.. Fidel Castro linking
the fighting in Angola with Communist
guerrillas elsewhere in the world is -.
accurate" Certainly, by helping to arm
these rebels" and by training officers
to lead them, Mr.. Ben Bella has left
himself open to the charge that he is
aiding and abetting the Red line, espe-
cially the warmongering one espoused
by Peking and Dictator Castro.
On top of all this, President Bour-
guiba Of TuniSia now has implicated Mr.
Ben Bella in plot aimed at bringing
about Mr.. Bourguiba's assassination.
The accusation may or may not be true,
but the Algerian Premier'S reckless med
ding in Angola is self-avowed, proudly.
France and the United States, upon
whom he particularly depends for Sorely
needed assistance, have reason to take
note of his boast and wonder about the
wisdom of helping him when he follows
policy that promotes armed violence
abroad.
Evening star., 1963-01-21

1t Is a not so curious Gus
tom among preachers of ra-
cial integration that they do
not often hang around to ex-
perience the happy results Of
their agitation.
A recent TV news program
did a profile on newly elected
Senator Birch Bayh of Indi-
ana. There was a sequence
showing the Senator being
greeted by Attorney General
Robert Kennedy at the Jus
tice Department. At one point
Mr.. Kennedy and Mr.. Bayh
mused over a United States
marshal's helmet dented at
the battle of Ole Miss.
Now Attorney General
Kennedy and Senator Bayh
are Doth Democratic liberals.
They heartily indorse mixing
the races. However, before
the meeting was over Sena-
tor Bayh let it be known
that he has fled with his
family to the same fashion,
able Virginia suburb where
the Attorney General now
lives. Washington is a great
town to work in, and the
massively integrated D. c..
public schools look fine
but from a safe distance!
There is little likelihood that
Evening star., 1963-01-21
Mr.. Towes' FIip-FIop

Governor ]. Millard TaweS, who had
promised to throw his full weight behind
the enactment of an effective system of
annual automobile inspections for Mary
land, apparently has suffered a severe
attack OF weakness in the knees.
In his "State-of f-the-State" message
to the Legislature, the Governor sounded
the clarion call for State-operated in
spection system, as proposed by the Leg
islative Council, which would cost about
So million a year. The first signs of
trouble developed several days ago, when
another member of the Democratic hier-
archy backed system of inspections
conducted by private garages. After an
all-day public hearing, in which there
was something less than a meeting of
minds, Mr.. Tawes expressed some second
thoughts about the whole business, and
indicated he might go along with a So
called compromise which in
spections would be required only of We
hicles before they are sold, and vehicles
which are stopped for spot checks on
the highways.
AS to whether annual inspections
should be conducted by the State or by
licensed private garages, 1t is not par
ticularly important, in our opinion,
which Of the two is chosen. The State
Of Virginia has managed to iron out
most of the early difficulties which it
encountered with its system of private
garage inspections. And in the District
Of Columbia, the Marylanders have an
illustration Of nearby municipality
operated system which also is SatiSfac-
tory.
The half-a-loaf substitute toward
which the Governor now appears to be
leaning, however, is ridiculous. If this
is the best Mr.. Tawes thinks he can get,
the State would be better off to wait
until there is stronger hand at the
helm-even though the result would be
the continued presence on Maryland
highways of vehicles which constitute a
serious menace to the public safety.
Evening star., 1963-01-21
Super Speed AIoft

There is now a very good chance
that, say in about 10 years and 81 bill
lion from now, we will be shooting from
New York to Paris via an American su-
personic airliner in something like two
hours.
This breath-taking prospect has
moved closer to reality with a report by
10-man advisory committee urging full
speed ahead in the development Of a
craft capable Of flying at 1900 to 1900
miles an hour. The conclusions of the
group, headed by retired Air Force Gen
eral Orval R. Cook, were not made Of
pipe dreams, They represented sound
study of more than year.
Involved is a great deal more than
speed records. The committees study
had to take into account that the British
and French are we'll on their way In a
joint effort TO put 1,700-m.p.h super
jet in the skies by 1870. AS Senator Engle
of California warned recently, "If the
BritiSh-French partnership succeeds in
capturing the world market for super
sonic transports, the U. S. will lose ex-
ports Of as much as $4 billion and some
$4,000 Jobs per year for years"
The advisory committee echoed this
concern about loss OF leadership and
urged Federal Aviation Administrator
Halaby to expedite the development pro-
gram. Not to be discounted, the report
said, was the possibility that Russia also
would figure In the supersonic race.
With the outlook Of a man who still
regards 81 billion as more than pocket
change Mr. Halaby has asked the COM
mittee TO spend the next few months OF
the fiscal year dredging up better figures
on development costs before production,
cost per plane the airlines would pay,
and operating costs Of the planes.
There is every reason to believe that
the administrator, who said the COM
mittee had made powerful" case for
immediate action, is eager to get on
with the job, once he has better figures
TO show Congress. Likewise, the air
lines are in accord with any program
that they can afford. Just now, coming
Evening star., 1963-01-21
Defends De GouIIe

Your January 16 editorial
implying Gen. de Gaulle is
"unrealistic" concerning Brit
aims application to the
European Common Market
contradicts Gen. de Gaulle's
reputation for political as
tuteness, as exemplified by
his recent settlement in AL
geria.
Gen. de Gaulle is not
against cooperative ventures
per Sc, as your editorial sug-
gests: this is evident from
the fact that De Gaulle him
self is spearheading the Com
mon Market. What he does
seem to oppose is United
States business, Singularly or
through branch offices in
Britain, economically domi-
mating the six countries who
will be full members of the
Common Market.
Gen. de Gaulle wishes to
ensure that American quasi
monopolies, which have mas
tered the techniques Of
smooth organization and
have nearly unlimited re-
sources at their fingertips, do
not superimpose their meth
ods onto the more freely
competitive European soil.
Already, AT&T, which con-
trolls almost all telephone,
telegraph and national de-
Tense communications in the
United States, is seeking to
extend its influence through
out the world. In addition,
other American concerns,
such as General Motors and
Evening star., 1963-01-21

Its critics have variously ac-
cused the U. N. of having no
right to be in the Congo, of
denying self determination to
the Katangese, and denying
them the right of revolution;
the U. N. has also been
charged with committing
atrocities and with setting a
dangerous precedent by in
terfering in the sort of sit
uation that has heretofore
been regarded as an internal
matter. These critics ignore or
forget the facts of the case.
BY a Security Council reso-
luton, the U. N. launched its
operation in the Congo at the
express request of the legal
Congolese Government after
the country collapsed into to-
tai chaos in July 1860. (The
Katanga Province, as a
whole, was no more free of
chaos than other provinces0
The Security Council resolu-
ton to send a u. N. force
into the Congo was taken
without a dissenting vote
July IA, 1860. This decis-
ion was reaffirmed by the Sc
curity Council again and
again (July %, 1860, August
8, 1860, February 81, 1861,
November "a, 1861. The In
ternational Court Of Justice
upheld the legality Of the
Secretary Generals mandate
to act as he did in the Congo.
In May 1860, the Belgians
organized the only elections
ever held in the Congo. In
Katanga Province. Mr..
Tshombe's party, the Coma
kat tthe political arm OF the
Lunda and Bayeke tribes
which support him) won 9l,-
ll6 votes. The Conakat had
run on a platform of seces-
sion. The Balubakat party
which opposed secession re-
ceived 1895 votes. Mr..
Tshombe lost in his own cap
ital city of Elisabethville. In
fact considerably more than
half of Katanga's population
belongs to the tribal elements
opposing the tribes that fol-
low Tshombe.
But the armed forces of
Katanga we're from Mr..
Tshombe's tribes which may
partly explain how he man
aged to rule even though he
lost the election.
Even so. did not this mi-
nority government have the
right Of revolution7 Not II
their revolution meant they
would commit genocide on the
Katangese majority opposed
10 Mr. Tshombe's revolution.
Mr. Tshombe's armed forces
did not choose peaceful po-
litical means TO impose their
pro secessionist policy.
Charles Griffith. one OF
Tshombe's foreign soldiers,
speaking on the British
Broadcasting Corporation,
told OF orders he had TO kill
all Balubas-the tribe that
opposes secession. Mr.. Grif-
fifth was then asked by the
BIC interviewer II men,
Evening star., 1963-01-21
LETTERS TO THE STAR

any Kennedy children or
Bayh children will ever be
subjected to the ordeal of
attending, say, Eastern or
Dunbar District high schools.
Party labels are meaning
less in this day and age.
Members of both the major
parties have learned to talk
out of both sides of their
mouth when it comes to in
dorsing a way of life that
they have little intention of
following themselves.
Ronald HI, Harner.
Evening star., 1963-01-21

also probable that troops
which had been under fire
and were trying not to make
themselves targets, could not
see too clearly what was in
side a car that might be an
other sneak attacker.
But, as l said before, these
are only explanations. AS a
U. N. official I cannot offer
excuses. There is no excuse
for the death of these two
women and for the anguish
of that man. Our stringent
measures to avoid such Incl
dents broke down tragically
in this case and so now, be-
cause of this one incident,
we are again charged with
atrocities. On this charge the
International Press Institute
has said that to accuse the
U. N. Of atrocities Implying
the deliberate taking of civil
ian life was a blatant mis-
representation" And Frank
Aiken, Irish Foreign Minis
ter. has spoken of "a delib-
crate war of nerves and SLAM
der against the U. NJ" The
representative of the Interna-
tional Committee of the Red
Cross repudiated a statement
attributed to him in which
he allegedly condemned
"U. N. atrocities"
Even so, critics complain
that the U. N. has set a dan
gerous precedent by interfer-
ing in what they consider a
civil war. a purely internal
matter. To start with, out
side interference. actual and
potential, was so heavy that
this was hardly a civil war
when the U. N. became in
volved. More fundamentally,
however, I think we must
consider the consequences Of
the thermonuclear era In
which we live.
1t is no longer possible for
one or another great power
to impose world peace as did
the Roman and British en-
pires. No one power can und-
ertake such a task without
risking war and a thermo-
nuclear war will have no
victors-only vanquished.
Yet, occasionally, order
still breaks down, chaos oc-
ours, some vacuum is created,
inviting outside interference
and becoming thus the fuse
that could explode our earth.
Mankind, therefore, has seen
itself obliged TO seek some
new means OF preserving in
ternational law and order.
We cannot stop seeking or
experimenting.
The U. N. operation in the
Congo has been such a quest,
has been such an experiment.
II has not been perfect, ex-
perlments seldom are, but
without them there can be
no discovery and-in the po-
litical context-there can be
no delivery from the fear Of
war.
Philip Deane,
Director.
U. N. Information Center.
Washington. d. c.
Evening star., 1963-01-21

women and children were
covered by his orders. He re-
piled: "Our instructions vern.
shoot the lot; If you can't
shoot them, starve them"
AS a result of such treat
ment, the majority of the
Katangese population that
opposes secession was in
grave danger. They had tri-
bal allies in other parCs of
the Congo. Such are tribal 10y
alties that they alone would
have made inevitable a war
between Tshombe and the
rest Of the Congo. Tshombe
obtained foreign military
supplies and personnel for his
side.
If the U. N. had not been
there, Tshombe's opponents
would have sought outside
military aid also. There was
a clear danger of the Congo
becoming an international
battle-ground. That is why the
U. N. Security Council con-
sidered the Congolese civil
war a threat to world peace
and security, and ordered the
Secretary General to prevent
this civil war.
To prevent civil war and
genocide, the U. N. needed
freedom of movement t
throughout the Congo, in
cluding Katanga where Mr..
Tshombe's forces were mas
sacring Balubas. Fighting
broke out only wherever Mr..
Tshombe's foreign soldiers
attacked the U. N. force with
the express purpose Of max
ing its presence in Katanga
impossible. From December
%, 1862 until December %,
1862, U. N. troops we're sub
jected to constant fire. A
U. N. helicopter was shot
down and one of its occu-
pants wounded. He was SUBJ
sequently kicked TO death by
Mr.. Tshombe's troops. After
holding its fire for a week,
the U, N. was forced to act
In self-defense. to clear the
positions from which 1t was
being attacked.
What followed was a COM
plete collapse OF Mr..
Tshombe's forces into a dam
gerous rabble. Civilian Off
cials in town after town
asked the U. N. to advance
farther and protect them
from this rabble. In enter
ing the town OF Jadotville,
U. N. troops shot at a civil
ian car, wounded the driver
and killed his wife and an
other woman passenger.
The heartrending photo
graph Of the bleeding, be-
reaved man has shaken the
world. There are no excuses
for this incident and the ex-
plantations are inadequate.
II is a fact that civilian
cars have sped through U. N.
troops repeatedly In the past
TO fling out a hand-grenade.
II is a fact that the Inter-
national Red Gross protested
the use OF It's emblem by
such civilian cars that were
firing against the U. N. II is
Evening star., 1963-01-21
Questions and Answers

BY THE HASKIN SERVICE
o question Of
washington a.


have any festival at about
the same time Of year as our
Christmas?-D. N.
A. Yes. In mid-December,
the Romans celebrated the
Saturnalia, festival honor
ing the Golden Age OF Sat-
urn, the father OF Jupiter
and the god OF agriculture.
Gifts Of wax fruit. candles.
and dolls we're exchanged.
During the Saturnalia, wars
halted. schools closed. and
general masquerading took
place. Social distinctions were
often reversed; for example.
a master might serve his
servants. The Saturnalia was
at first celebrated for only
one day. but In the first
century AID, II was extended
for five days.
Evening star., 1963-01-21

not excluding the Federal
budget, will in time be a
great deal better off for it
all.
To Congress, however, the
here-and-now is rather more
important than this vision of
the future. And the fact that
this is the highest peace
time budget in history is
hard to swallow, even though
this is "peacetime" in only
the most nominal sense and
even though the budget is as
large as it is solely because
the cold war takes no holi-
day.
(The true heart of the
thing is that the President
is determined to build the
mightiest, the most unchal-
lengeable, military strength
in history-and If Congress
really wants to make signifi-
cant reductions, Congress
must start here.)
And the swallowing be-
comes even more difficult
because Congress is at one
and the same time being
asked to accept a large tenn
porary deficit and to vote
heavy cuts in taxes.
Traditional Dispute
The central and ultimate
reality, nevertheless, is that
in his two messages-the one
on the State of the Union
and one on the budget-the
President has opened a brisk
fight with Congress, but not
a civil war. War would have
come had he not retrenched
a bit on his reformist and
welfarist programs - which
he has in fact done.
Thus, the dispute, however
vigorous, will be traditional
and will be kept within
bounds. For while the bread
and-butter issues always
evoke great concern in Con-
gress, there is in them little
of the passion instantly
aroused when a Presidents
main demands lie in the area
of untried innovations like
civil rights, Federal sub
sides to public education and
compulsory medical care.
So, we shall have a loud
mic argument all
through this session of Con-
gress, but we shall not have a
virulent contest involving not
merely pocketbooks but the
deep emotions and principles
and prejudices Of men.
Evening star., 1963-01-21

@. What is perlite, and
what is 1t used for2-W. N.
A. Perlite is volcanic glass.
OF varying chemical compost
ton since 1t Is a rock and
not a mineral. Huge deposits
Of II are sometimes found,
resembling grayish rock.
When crushed and heat
treated, It's particles expand
into a glass bubble" materi-
al which is proof against fire,
sound. and vermin, and
which makes an excellent In
sulator. Much Of this coun-
try's production Of expanded
perlite is used TO replace sand
In gypsum plaster. 1t is find
ing many uses In other
fields. as we'll.
- Y~aA A. ....E...N xDas,an ,aa
Evening star., 1963-01-21

Coca Cola, have branch Of
fices throughout Europe, and
will probably increase their
foreign operations as a result
of the recently passed trade
bill.
David L, Levy,