davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09
MuItiIoteroI Force

Second, Mr.. Macmillan may
have urged Mr.. Kennedy to stop
BY for q discussion of a project
dear to the Presidents heart and
one which repeatedly is running
into difficulties in Britain. This
Is the plan for a multilateral nu-
clear force within NATO, one
which would be composed Of sur
face ships armed with Polaris
missiles and mixed-manned by
crews from participating nations.
- But the British have not only
been dubious about the effective
ness and survivability Of the force.
they are concerned about the cost
of 1t. Under present plans. the
British would be expected 10 con-
tribute about 10 per cent OF the
lO-year cost Of IS billion, or about
$50 million a year. That is not
much for the United States, but
II is for Britain.
And so, Mr.. Kennedy will have
an opportunity TO turn his powers
Of persuasion directly on Mr..
Macmillan. How we'll he succeeds
may determine the future OF the
'multilateral force.
Al any rate, he has reasons for
seeing Mr.. Macmillan now.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09
Action Urged

The panel. on which the United
States was represented, urged q
prohibition OF international Com
munist meetings; a ban on travel
10 Cuba (this would bar the
transit OF Latin Americans INTO
and out OF schools for subyersion
on the island, and a system Of
inter- American cooperation In the
field OF security.
II is believed by many observers
that the United States will back
the recommendations. But will
the GAS Council approve them
when II meets In Washington on
July 3 to debate It's committees
report7
The recommendations are not
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09

American continent. The gaze Of
millions Of people in Latin Amer
lea is now directed toward heroic
Cuba. You, courageous fight
ers for the freedom Of Cuba, have
lit the sacred fire Of the Great
October Revolution in the West
ern Hemisphere"
These and other statements by
the Soviet Premier made 1t plain
that the Soviet Union, far from
growing weary Of substituting the
economically troubled Castro
regime, is determined to carry on
its aid and to maintain its mill
tary base in the strategic Carib-
bean island.
Last week, a new focus was
put on the matter of subversion
by a special eight-nation COM
mittee of the GAS. The group.
which indirectly underscored the
warning Of the Senate Prepared
ness Subcommittee cited above.
reported that there had been a
substantial increase In Cuban
based subversion in Latin America
during the last year. 1t declared:
Undoubtedly Cuba now con-
stitutes the regional center for
subversive action by International
communism in America. This is
true not only with regard TO the
spread Of Communist theology,
but also. and what is more danger
Gus, because 1t constitutes a near
by center for training agents OF
every kind whose function 1t is
TO carry on subversion In the
countries OF the hemisphere"
The GAS panel also asserted
that Havana's steady advocacy
since last october OF armed in
Surrection In Latin America had
led II 10 conclude that "the Cuban
regime has begun a new phase OF
promoting and encouraging violent
subversion in other countries"
Perhaps more significant than
these declarations were the recon-
mendations for action proposed
by the GAS investigators.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09
The Pope:
The Succession

Pope John XIII died on
Monday In his Vatican apart
ment. He was 81. The College
Of Cardinals decided 10 meet on
June 10 10 select n successor.
"Vere Papa mortuus est" lin
truth the Pope is dead.
These prescribed Latin words,
spoken at 7:49 pm. last Monday
by Cardinal Cento In the papal
apartment In the Vatican Palace.
proclaimed officially the end Of
one Of the most remarkable reigns
Of a supreme pontiff Of the Ro-
man Catholic Church In modern
times.
Pope John XIII. a stout son
Of the soil, a man OF extraordi-
nary warmth and humanitarian
ism, had succumbed 10 peritonitis
and a stomach tumor after q
deathbed agony OF four days
which commanded the attention
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09
Trouble Elsewhere

Just two days after the GAS
report, armed pro-Castro terrorists
in Venezuela provided an example
Of what might lie ahead. Eight
night raiders sacked and burned
the office Of the United States
Army mission in Caracas. forcing
both American and Venezuelan
Army men to strip to their shorts.
Elsewhere in the Caribbean last
week, the United States decided.
undoubtedly with some reluctance,
to resume normal diplomatic re-
lations with the dictatorial regime
Of President Francois Duvalier In
Haiti. Diplomatic contacts were
suspended on May is, on the eve
of DR.. Duvalier's second term, a
term we regard as illegal.
DR.. Duvalier has shown over
the last weeks that he is In firm
control Of his island nation and
that the prospects for a success
full revolt against him are slim.
Washington. unable to find q way
10 topple the dictator without the
use Of American armed force. is
simply recognizing a de facto
situation.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09

United States would take strong
measures to assure that such a
development did. not take place.
We have urged our fellow
members Of the Organization of
American States (OAS) to
pledge similar action. We have
black-listed foreign-flag ship
which have engaged in the Cuba
trade since last January. Earlier,
Of course. the United States
financed Alliance for Progress was
created, in part. in order to re-
duce the receptivity for commu-
nism among the Latin masses.
But despite Defense Secretary
McNamara's soothing statement
over Nationwide television last
February that II have no evi-
dence that Cuba is being used as
a base for subversion directed
against other Latin American
countries" the information has
been piling up that this is pre-
cisely what is and has been hap
pening.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09

who exclaimed simply and sor-
rowfully:
HE was a good man. He was
a good man."
But If Pope Johns death
brought worldwide sorrow it
brought worldwide speculation,
too. Not only over who would be
named successor, but whether
this successor would choose to
see the Ecumenical Council-now
in a midstream state of suspen-
sion-complete its work.
The answers will not be known
until some time after June 10, the
date the College Of Cardinals has
set for its election meeting. Not
all Of the 50 princes Of the church
are expected to be able to attend
the Vatican meeting. but two
thirds or more Of those present
must vote for a candidate before
he can become Pope. The cardinals
will ballot, twice a day II neces-
sary. until q successor TO Pope
John is picked.
Most observers believe an
other Italian will be named. The
last non-Italian pontiff was
Adrian vi, q Dutchman, who died
In 1928. There are presently 30
Italian cardinals, by far the larg-
est national group. Next are the
French with eight, the Spanish
with six and the Americans with
five.
1t never has been easy TO FORE
cast the election Of an individual
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09
THE FOREIGN SCENE

Of the world and the prayers Of
Catholic and mont Catholic, Chris
tian and non Christian alike.
Many have noted and much
has been written Of Pope Johns
two major encyclicals. Mater ct
Magister (mother and teacher)
and Pacem in Terris tpeace on
EARTH.
The former called for a greater
voice for workers in management
on all levels and reminded the
wealthy nations Of their RESPONSE
bility to aid the underdeveloped
and poorer ones.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09
Senate Report

Last month. the Senate Prepar-
edness Subcommittee released an
interim report on the Cuban mill
tary buildup in which II addressed
itself briefly TO the point. promis-
ing a fuller report on Cuba as a
base for subversion at a later time.
The subcommittee said:
1T is clear that as a source
OF weapons and small bands OF
provocateurs. saboteurs, agents of
revolution and chaos II (Cuba) is
a distinct and present threat to
all OF the Latin American nations
with shores on the Atlantic ocean
and Caribbean Sea =.
"Gunrunning is an ancient art
In Central and South America.
well-practiced and well-under-
stood in many quarters. Modern
facilities make Cuba. as a CEN
trally located base for such Com
munist operations, a present and
grave menace 10 the peace and
security Of the Western Hemi-
sphere"
Later in the month. IN a speech
winding ZIP the official portion OF
Cuban Dictator Fidel Castros
five-week visit In the Soviet Union.
Premier Khrushchev set the
Kremlinologists Of the Western
World 10 specializing that the
Kremlin had approved Of Castro's
proposition that revolution should
be achieved in Latin America by
violent means.
Citing Lenin's concept Of revolu-
ton as a FESTIVAL Of the oppressed
and the exploited" Mr. Khru-
shchev declared in a burst OF
flattery and optimism.
THE Cuban revolution signifies
the dawn OF a new life on the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09
Red Cuba:
'OAS Action?

A special investigating COM
mlttee Of the GAS reported
on Wednesday that Cuban
sponsored subversion In Latin
America had increased consid-
erabIy In the last year.
one Of the chief concerns Of the
administration since the missile
crisis OF last fall. a compromise
which left the Soviet Union with
q firm foothold In the Caribbean,
has been that Communist Cuba
would be used as a base for the
expectation Of subversion and rev.
ohition TO the rest Of Latin
America.
This concern prompted Presi-
dent Kennedy TO pledge that the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09

fetal exchange rate of 21a rubles
to the pound. Average earnings on
the farms, which employ over 35
per cent Of the labor force, are
very much lower probably only
half as much. Unfortunately, too,
the official exchange rate greatly
exaggerates the Soviet workers
purchasing power. This is shown
both by the extraordinary fact
quite staggering in the land Of
the Sputnik-that diplomats in
Moscow still buy virtually all their
supplies from abroad (even i'm
porting meat and milk on the
overnight train from HelsinkD
rather than buy Soviet goods at
the official rate; and by our spot
checks on the low quality goods
in the drab department stores,
which seemed to be two or three
times as expensive as equivalent
goods In Britain.
But here it is necessary to make
another extrapolation, which our
Soviet hosts might sensibly have
trusted US to make. If the Of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09

far-reaching and probably would
not in themselves provide a cor
don sanitaire for the hemisphere.
But If the GAS cannot agree on
even these steps-and some large
Latin countries like Brazil and
Mexico probably will not-then an
increasing amount of Communist
inspired violence could plague the
hemisphere in the months ahead.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09

even patents and the like); no
difficulties about enforcing a
planned wages policy on the trade
unions when some Soviet econ
omists explained their planned
target of raising average basic
wage rates In their region by 212
per cent year, while raising la
Dor productivity by between 7 and
per cent, they did not entirely
understand our grins) no bar
riers in the way of substituting
exports or doing other things
with the tax and the foreign ex-
change systems which the stuff
est circles in the Bank Of Eng
land and Whitehall would regard
as simply not done. Above all,
there throbs through Soviet life
an emphasis on industrial growth
which has become part of the ma
tional ethos and religion; 1t often
attains to the stage Of ridiculous
ballyhoo, but (perhaps particu-
larry in Asian and formerly Mos
lem parts of Russia) 1t has trans
formed the mode of thinking Of a
nation.
Why No More Progress?
With all this, it might seem
that there should be no limit to
the economic progress which the
Soviet Union could have made. In
the limited fields on which 1t has
concentrated most Fundamentally,
there is not. The far side of the
moon bears witness to that. The
Moscow and provincial theaters
Especially of course the ballet),
some of the public parks, a few
Of the public utilities (but most
definitely excluding all public
plumbing) provide occasionally in
spiriting evidence of public af-
fluence amid private squalor. More
significantly for ordinary people,
there Is at least real signs that
in the vast new prefabricated
blocks Of apartments springing up
on the edge of every big town
the Russians have transformed
nearly half Of their previous APP
palling urban housing problem
within the last six or seven years
and may thereby be achieving
something Of a world break
through In speed Of construction.
They are aided here by three
factors: An abundance Of land
for suburban building (even Mos
COW streets end abruptly in open
country, like some Midwestern
prairie town.; no restrictive prac-
tices by building workers in the
face Of new techniques; and no
difficulties from anti-ugly fanat-
les or other planning aesthetics.
Admittedly, our few strictly private
visits to the interior of these new
buildings showed that the stand
ard Of finish and fittings land
their tiny rooms) still fell very far
short Of mid-20th century West
ern standards. And In the older
buildings, In which more than
half Of urban Russians still live,
the degree Of overcrowding is still
generally execrable-often a whole
family to a single bed living room,
with communal kitchen and toilet
facilities shared.
The impression therefore re-
mains that the Soviet Union is
not yet getting, in terms Of living
standards, the full return that it
should get from the vast educa-
tional and investment effort which
1t has made. This must be be-
cause its resources are not yet
being used with full efficiency. 1t
must, in other words, be at least
partly due to mistakes that have
been made in the operation of
its planning system.
Q 1888, The Economist
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09
a Good Man

In all the outpouring Of trib-
utes which followed upon the
news Of his death--and they
flowed In an amazing PROPULSION
from President Kennedy 10 Pre-
mier Khrushchev, Queen Eliza
beth TO President de Gaulle, the
Archbishop OF Canterbury 10 the
American Jewish Committee
perhaps the most poignant and
universal one was uttered by a
mourner In st. Peters Square,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09
While the World Listened

IAN christendom the death Of Pope John XIII
great ana good man-Bishop F. corson president World
Methodist Council.
Jews Professionals and men Of all faiths win Join in sadness
and mourning at the loss OF moral giant
Maurice Eisendrath president Union American Hebrew
Congregations.
He the chosen leader world Catholicism but his
concern for the human spirit tanscends all boundaries Of belief
geography President Kennedy
I'VE retain good Of John XIII whose fruitful
activities for the manance and strengthening peace earned
him wide recognition and him the respect Of peaceovng
peoples"-Nkita Khrushchev.
His death touched not only the Catholic Church but
all mankind" President Heinrich Lubke West Germany.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09

Continued From Page Ell
the American press that perhaps
this was not an suspicious time
for q presidential journey to Eu-
rope particularly when Negro
,militancy in the rights fight is
rising so sharply here at home.
Adding Mr.. Macmillan to the
list Of those to be visited could
dilute the above feeling and
produce a popular consensus that
the trip may, after all, be worth
while and even necessary.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09

overcrowded old ones. Food is
dearer than in Britain, but ex-
brilliantly so only If one insists
on eating Western dishes rather
then the local favOurites.
Prices in department stores we're
misleading because the authorities
maintain a state Of constant de-
mand initiation, by the economi-
cally screwy method of bringing
forward new models Of clothes
and other consumer goods at
prices below those of the older
models already on the shelves. In
areas like Moscow, with above
average earnings, these new goods
are then snapped up quickly.
queues forming like lightning as
soon as a new consignment ap-
pears; often, by the time our
party arrived with their notebooks,
ready to compile comparative
price lists, the only goods left were
the shoddier and more expensive
models which nobody wanted. In
provincial centers like Georgia's
Tbilisi and Central Asia's Tash-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09

fetal exchange rate really were
as much as two or three times
too high, so that the average in
dustrial wage was only the equiva-
lent Of somewhere between about
e. 15s ($770) a week and "a
17s.6d., Q3.53) it is mysterious
that the Russians now manage to
dress reasonably well and GER
tainly do not often appear to be
starving. The explanations we ar
rived at are as follows. all of
them tending to give a less I'M
favorable picture Of living con-
ditions:
Rents are heavily subsidized,
both from state funds and by the
fact that socialist calculus makes
no allowance for the real cost of
interest rates and of land in the
big cities. Those workers whom we
were able to question in Moscow
were generally paying 5 or 10
rubles a month in rent If they
lived in a modern apartment
building, and less if they lived in
ore of the still more dreadfully
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09
This Article

Russia's immediate future
hinges on two forthcoming en-
counters: The Soviet COmmu-
mist Party's own theological de-
bate on June IS, and the con-
frOntatiOn with the Chinese on
July 5. At the time these dates
were being finally fixed six
members Of the staff of The
Economist Of London were be-
ing entertained on a visit TO
the USSR by the Union of So
Wet Journalists. In this article
various members Of the British
party wrote about different as
poets Of the rapidly changing
Soviet society.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09

as Pope and with 80 cardinals, a
record number. it is perhaps more
difficult this time than ever be-
fore.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09

in some social services (although
certainly not in all; the collective
farmers, who make up such q
large proportion of the popula-
ton and are not counted as state
employees, get no old age pensions
at alb.
Lower QuoIity Of Goods
Some Of these figures may, adj
mittedly, be too favorable to the
Soviet Union because Of the much
lower quality of some Soviet
goods, particularly perhaps in
very light goods like razor blades
and household ware. Moreover, in
personal services like ease of
shopping and comfortable eating
in restaurants, the West is a very
long way ahead; the fact that so
many Russian women go out to
paid employment, instead Of stay
ing at home to do the housework,
makes these latter shortcomings
a particularly heavy burden on
the Russians standard Of life.
The general picture, however,
Is that Of a people, at least in
the towns. which is now reason
ably supplied with basic necessi-
ties, and may at last be padding
on the foreshore of the consumer
durables revolution that Western
Europe has experienced in the last
decade. The next question which
will infuriate devout Communists
is: Why on earth have they
not broken through before? It is
by now an entirely fair question,
not so much in relation to pre-
revolutionary Russia = which is
today as irrelevant q criterion as
pre-l9l3 South America or Japan
but in relation to the vast po-
tentialities Of the Soviet economy.
More Tools
For here is this new genera
ton Of educated youth coming
forward into an economy where
investment has for many years
run at between Is and 80 per
cent Of gross national product.
The authorities claimed that, al
ready, their stock of metal-cut-
ting machines is something like
80 per cent of that in the United
States. This figure is wildly sus-
pect, partly because of the in
exact form in which 1t is made.
But there is no doubt that Rus
sia's increasingly skilled indus
tria labor force has by now been
given a very considerable volume
Of mechanical power to its elbow.
Allied with this are certain eco
nomic advantages which the So
viets undoubtedly derive from
their system: No restrictive prac-
tees Tin our sense) on the part
Of either labor (there had better
not be- or management (not
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09

kent, where average earnings are
lower. rather more of the newer
bargains remained In the shops
for a rather longer time, which
is why 1t at first seemed that
prices were lower there.
Most Women Work
When allowance is made for all
these factors, and for the fact
that there are no deductions
from wages for national insur-
ance contributions and the like,
our very rough guess is that the
average industrial wage Of be-
tween 80 and 100 rubles month
is equivalent to a weekly wage Of
between f6 ($16.80) and e.
t$19.60) in Britain. 1t must also
be remembered that in Russia
nearly 80 per cent Of adult women
60 out to work, and that by law
women's wages are equal to mems;
in addition, old age pensions-for
those who have worked uninter-
ruptedly In industry throughout
their lives-are closer to the aver
age industrial wage. 1t follows
that there is now probably a large
block of median family incomes
in big SOVIET towns of between
about f12 ($33.60) and Ella
($39.20) q week, compared with
the average household income
de-, total personal consumption
plus personal savings divided by
total number Of households) Of
rather over EGO ($56) q week IL
Britain.
This is an urban standard Of
living that can be compared very
broadly (even though not yet
completely favorably) with that
Of the japanese (who have many
more consume r durables but
often even worse housing condi-
tons than many Russians) or
some Southern Europeans such as
Italians outside the most pros
porous north. 1t can also be very
roughly compared-as general &C.
onomic conditions can also be-
with something approaching the
living standards in Britain and
much Of Northern Europe in the
late 1940s and early 1950s, Just
before the real onsurge into the
consumer durables revolution be-
gan.
N ScoFce
This picture is borne out by
some of the other available sta
tistics. Between is and 20 per
cent Of Russian homes now have
television sets, compared with 80
per cent in Britainl and nearly
so per cent in Japan. In some
recent estimates for the Rand
Corp.-which would seem to be
broadly right-Janet @. Chapman
has estimated that the average
real industrial wage in the United
States is more than four times
as large as in the Soviet Union,
but average consumer income per
head only about three times as
large.
The American people buy SO
times as many motor cars per
head as the Soviet people, about
IL times as many refrigerators,
have about 4 times as much
housing space, buy 3 times as
many eggs, twice as much meat,
shoes and radio sets.
But in purchases Of clothing
0eaving aside questions Of fash
ion) the volume Of purchases in
the two countries is more nearly
equal, while the Russians surpass
the Americans In cinema attend
ances per head remember Brit
ain in 1892, In second best dur
ables like motor bicycles and sew
ing machines. in starchier foods
like bread and potatoes and also
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09
The Average Monthly Wage

Our researches thereby elected
fairly clearly that the average
factory workers earnings are be-
tween 30 and 100 rubles q month
which would mean between
about f8 IS ($23.1O and 60 IS
(s25.9) a week at the present Of