davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1963-03-17
NATO:
Optimism

Livingston T. Merchant found
substantial support in Great
Britain last week for the Unit
ed States proposals for o NAT0
nuclear force.
The more Livingston T. Mer-
chant talks. the sooner the prob
lens of the NATO nuclear force
seem to diminish. So far, after
stopping In three European capi-
tails Rome, Bonn and London
Mr.. Merchant has been able to
report qualified success at each
station.
AS President Kennedy's special
envoy, Mr.. Merchant has been
given rather far-ranging respon-
sibilities. He is supposed to dis
cuss the general framework Of the
multi-lateral NATO force as re-
Gently devised in Washington. He
also is supposed to sound out the
Europeans on how much money
they will be willing to pay for q
finger on the nuclear button.
Pessimists believed that he
would meet sharp objections to
Washington's plan of rs surface
vessels. manned by nationals from
all NATO countries, and armed
with American Polaris missiles and
warheads. They also believed he
would find Europeans reluctant to
share the costs Of the l0-year. IS
billion program.
Evening star., 1963-03-17
Red Bloc:
Showdown

In an exchange Of letters
with the Soviet Communist
Party published last week, the
Red Chinese invited Premier
Khrushchev TO visit Peking for
a Communist summit meeting
with Mao Tse-tung.
After a bitter, month-long con-
ference in Moscow, in November.
1860, the worlds Communist Par
ties agreed to long communique
that seemed to be a true COM
promise.
The Moscow declaration met
the major objections Of both the
Chinese and the Russians, and 1t
succeeded in healing temporarily
the split In the Communist move
ment.
Ever since the Russians publicly
attacked the Albanian party
and government In october. 1861.
however, the rift has again be-
come public. There have been
brief attempts TO soothe over the
differences. but every time a
world crisis has developed Cuba
and India. the split has widened.
The Russians have generally
taken a rather moderate Marxist-
feminist approach. emphasizing
the peaceful tactics enunciated by
Lenin for dealing with the West.
The Chinese. standing little to
gain by such tactics, have en-
phasized the more military as
poets of both Marx and Lenin.
Evening star., 1963-03-17
For Summit

AS early as last April. the Com
munist Party of Wet Nam, neu-
tral in the dispute, urged both
parties to get together for a sum-
NIT conference. The Moscow dec
laration had provided for such
meetings to clear up differences.
When the texts of the recent
Sino-Soviet exchange Of letters
were published last week, it was re-
vealed that the Chinese supported
the Wet Nam request last April.
The Russians, however, have
been most reluctant to meet the
Chinese-for a variety Of reasons.
Chief among the reasons is a
belief that meeting the Chinese
in a summit arrangement would
give legality" to the Chinese ar
gument, and would give the i'm
preston that the Chinese are the
theological and political equals Of
the Russians. The Russians have
always considered themselves to
be In the vanguard of the revo-
luton.
Under continual pressure from
the Chinese, the Russians agreed
in January to seek a meeting to
discuss the problems. Mr.. Khru-
shchev made such a proposal in
his talk to the East German
Communists. This invitation was
made formal In a letter dated
February 81 and sent TO Mao Tse-
tung by the Soviet Communist
Party.
Evening star., 1963-03-17
THE WEEK IN PERSPECTIVE
Costa Rica A Symbol to Us

President Kennedy arrives In
Costa Rica tomorrow for a
three day meeting with the
Presidents Of five Central Amer
lean nations and Panama.
welcome John F. Kennedy"
posters have been plastered on
San JoSe's walls. The road from
the airport has been gaily dec
Grated. Security plans have been
laid. With tomorrow a special hol-
iday. almost all of Costa Rica's
capital of 250,00O population is ex-
pected to turn out for the first
American leader ever to visit this
Switzerland of the Americas"
When the United States Air
Force Jet sets down on San Jose's
airport - 1870 feet above sea
level-it will mark Mr.. Kennedy's
third trip south of the border
since he took office. Like his visits
to Colombia and Mexico, this will
be another affirmation of Mr..
Kennedy's support of the Alliance
for Progress, first enunciated two
years ago this week by the Presi-
dent.
In the three days set aside for
the Presidents meeting. Mr.. Ken
nedy and his conferees cannot
hope to solve the problems that
have plagued Central America for
years. But the Kennedy presence
should lend considerable psycholo-
gical support for the alliance and
for the United States, in an area
where the people think they are
too often forgotten by the rest of
the world.
Evening star., 1963-03-17

bination Of taunts from Peking
and the obvious nuclear superior
ity Of the West has led Mr.. Khru-
shchev to accept more hard" ad-
vice from his military leaders.
This would explain the large
amount Of publicity given In the
Soviet press recently to the power
of the Soviet military-to the de-
velopment of nuclear Polaris-type
submarines, to the operational use
Of guided missiles fired from
bombers.
1t is also possible that the Rus
slams may have been demonstrat-
ing their "toughness" when they
ordered the overflights recently
of several American aircraft car
riers at sea, and when two Soviet
reconnaissance planes flew over
Alaskan territory on Friday.
The Alaskan overnight - over
the barren southwest corner
resulted in a note from the State
Department to the Kremlin. In
that area of the world where Si-
IBERIA and Alaska are close BROTH
ers, reconnaissance planes often
fly close to each others borders.
It was not known whether the
flights were deliberate, or were
the result of instrument failures.
In any event. they did not seem
to serve the Soviet Union much
good. If they were deliberate. they
were obviously provocative with
out gaining much information. If
they were accidental and the
Kremlin apologies, it will be used
by Peking against it.
Evening star., 1963-03-17
Old Argument

This type Of argument has
plagued Marxists ever since the
10th century. There have always
been those who advocated peace
full methods; their opponents call
them "revisionists." Those who
call for violent revolution are
called "dogmatists" by their enc
mics for not adapting Marxism
to living conditions"
The Russians feel confident
that they can muster much more
support among the worlds Com
munist Parties. since the. Soviet
line Of peaceful coexistence meets
the realities of life. The Chinese
feel - with justification - that
they are closer TO the real views
of Marx and Lenin and thus have
legality" on their side in any dis
pute.
Some observers believe that the
continued pressure from the left
wing" Of the Communist move
ment-to act tougher toward the
West-has had visible effects In
Moscow.
According TO this view. the COM
Evening star., 1963-03-17
Fights Back

Last Wednesday. the secretary's
statement, 80 pages long. was
placed In the record. He viii not
be called for questioning on it
before the end Of this week at
the earliest. Meanwhile, he gave
the subcommittee something to
chew on. 1t was the usual strong,
generally persuasive and some
what abrasive kind Of statement
that has come to be expected Of
Mr.. Mcnamara. 1t answered
many questions and raised others.
The secretary, taking full re-
sponsibility for the awarding Of
the contract (the preliminary one
for research and development, to-
falling $28 Million, denied that
four separate Air Force Navy
studies had recommended Boeing.
He pointed out that in the final
evaluation report the services
made no recommendation, but
reported that both contractors
COulu uuAlu y pidllC WAlACh WOuAu
add significantly to their tactical
air power.
Mr.. Mcnamara told the sub
committee his overriding interest
was to obtain a single tactical
fighter which could be used by
the Navy and Air Force and thus
save "a billion dollars in develop
ment, production, maintenance
and operation costs"
This was the crucial" factor
of "commonality," he said. on
which Boeing fell far short. In
fact, he added, Boeing was ac-
tually proposing the building Of
two planes because the Navy and
Air Force versions would be so
different. He said:
"In short. Boeing simply did
not meet the fundamental re-
quirement of minimum divergence
from q common design. No
amount of peripheral technical
argument should be permitted to
obscure this central and crucial
fact"
Evening star., 1963-03-17

Rica where the standard Of living
is twice that of other Central
American countries the area is
still underdeveloped. The Presi-
dents are expected to ask Mr..
Kennedy to devote more attention
to the problems Of Central
America, an area of rich poten-
tials.
The Central Americans-and the
Panamanians- SHAVE argued that
Washington has eyes only for the
giants of South America such as
Brazil and Argentina, but has for
gotten its true friends closer to
home.
But even as Mr.. Kennedy gets
ready to sign what will probably
be a 5000 million check for area
development (roads, electrical
link-ups, industrial planning), he
will have to face another crisis
brewing in troubled Argentina.
Still unable to solve the politi-
cal problems Of their country. Ar
gentine politicians and military
officers are again on the verge
Of an internal split. As before.
the problem again Is over the
Peronistas- the followers Of for
mer dictator Juan Peron.
With an election scheduled for
June 20, the army went on alert
last week as reaction against
the legalizing Of the Peron party
by an Argentine court. It is too
soon to forecast the outcome Of
the present crisis.
Evening star., 1963-03-17
Polite Note

The Russian note was very po-
lite, and presented no conditions
for the meeting. It noted that
there are emerging different ap-
proaches in understanding cer-
tain questions of current world
development" The Soviet note
emphasized that this m Getting
would be a unity conference" TO
end the public nature of the split.
In reply. the Chinese agreed In
principle TO the meeting. But the
tone Of their letter was much
harsher than that Of the Russian
note, and 1t demanded certain
conditions be met first.
The most crucial condition was
that the Russians take the initia-
tive In restoring good relations
with Albania, Mr.. Khrushchev's
favorite foil when crtticizing the
Chinese. While making this de-
mand, the Chinese continued 10
attack "Yugoslav revisionism,"
even though they know that the
Russians have made efforts TO
bring Yugoslavia back into the
Red camp. The Chinese have also
attacked Yugoslavia when they
mean Russia"
The Chinese suggested that Mr..
Evening star., 1963-03-17
THE NATIONAL SCENE
Row Over Tx Job
Wide in Its Scope

Defense Secretary Mcnamara,
charging that a Senate hear
ing was undermining public
confidence In PentagOn leader
ship, last week defended his
award Of new fighter plane con-
tract 10 high bidder.
The final sum involved is about
$6,5 billion, more money than
Franklin d, Roosevelt spent to
run the entire Federal Govern
ment In the bottom Of the
Great Depression year Of 1898.
The impact on the economy the
expenditure of this enorm Gus
amount would have is clear. It
would mean thousands Of jobs,
millions in profits and dividends
in short, prosperity-for the
unions. companies, cities and
even the States affected. It could
affect, too, the election of Sena-
tors, Representatives and State
officials.
Accordingly. the ferocity of the
competition for one Of the big
gest pluns ever awarded by the
Defense Department, the contract
to develop and build a new fight
er plane TO serve both the Air
Force and the Navy. is under
standable.
The plane is now called the
Tx (for Tactical Fighter Ex-
perimentaD. 1t will have a top
speed Of 2.5 times that of sound.
extra-long range and will be able
to take off and land on short, un-
prepared air fields.
Six companies were originally
involved in the competition. This
was narrowed to two, Boeing and
General Dynamics, after the first
go-round. Last November, Defense
Secretary Robert Strange McNa-
mara decided for General Dy-
namics.
Evening star., 1963-03-17
Cost Estimates

Boeing also failed" Mr.. Nc
Namara's test on a third critic
rion: It's cost estimates were un-
realistic. "It appeared to me that
Boeing (Which offered a more adj
vanced design for less money!
simply did not appreciate the
complexities Of developing the
Tx" the secretary asserted.
Curiously enough, it was on
this point that Mr.. Mcnamara,
the champion of the computer
approach to military problems.
disavowed the electronic marvel,
saying:
"The predictable result Of the
lack of appreciation of the scope
of a problem is delay and In
creased costs. the extent of which
is essentially unpredictable, and
therefore not susceptible to anal
ysis by the application Of statisti-
cal factors"
The Tx represents the first
really full-scale effort by the sec
retary to build a common weap-
ons system for more than one
service-the key objective Of
which Is to save money.
The validity Of this approach
has not yet been questioned by
Congress. although military wit
nesses touched on 1t in testimony
before the Mcclellan group. In
effect. 1t means that the United
States will deliberately take less
than the best 1t can produce in
weapons systems In order to re-
duce defense spending.
The question in this case.
Continued on Page ca
Evening star., 1963-03-17
Some Questions

A good many questions were,
therefore, raised In the minds Of
the subcommittee members as to
the Judgment of Mr.. Mcnamara
and his reasons for deciding
] against Boeing.
3 The public wondered whether
political influence was in any
way involved. Boeing had planned
to build the plane in Kansas, a
Republican State. General Dy-
nnniics plans to produce 1t in
Texas, the home Of Vice Presi-
dent johnson.
That Mr.. Mcnamara fuIned at
this state Of affairs was clear.
His press chief. Assistant Secre-
tary Of Defense Arthur Sylves-
ter, who is at least as outspoken
as his boss, blistered the subcom-
mittee in remarks-made without
attribution-to Pentagon report
ers.
you will hardly get a judicial
rendering by committee in
which there are various Senators
Evening star., 1963-03-17
The Developments

Undoubtedly the continued
presence Of Soviet troops in Cuba
will be discussed at the confer
ence, and means to force the Rus
slams out of the hemisphere will
be gone over. There were these
late developments last week:
. The Soviet Union slowly con-
tinued to evacuate its military
forces from Cuba. Premier Khru-
shchev had promised Mr.. Kennedy
that "by the middle Of March" he
would remove several thousand"
troops. BY March is, there seemed
to be about $4,000 Russians still
in Cuba, 5000 having gone home.
Because the administration be-
lieves that Mr.. Khrushchev has
kept his word on his major Cuban
promises, 1t was reluctant to criti-
cize the slow rate at which Mr..
Khrushchev was bringing his
forces home.
Presumably, as long as trans
port ships keep arriving at Cuban
ports to take on Russians, WASH
ington will not call public atten-
ton to those remaining. The ad-
ministration. however. knows that
If Moscow leaves a large contin-
gent in Cuba about 10000 men
for example, criticism will again
be heard from those who want
stronger action taken to force the
Russians out.
In the past week, the congress
sional critics were silent, await
ing the outcome of the Soviet
withdrawal from Cuba.
o Top officials emphasized that
the United States would prevent
the Russians from sending troops
to Cuba to put down q revolt.
They said there would be no
Hungary" in the Western Hemi-
sphere.
o Edwin M. Martin, Assistant
Secretary of State for inter-Amer-
ican affairs, said that the United
States would send military help
to any country in the hemisphere
threatened with Communist at
tack or subversion.
In San Jose, Mr.. Kennedy prob
ably will discuss military aid with
the various leaders. This, how
ever. is a delicate area. for the
goals Of the Alliance for Progress
call for social progress In all the
Americas. In some countries ruled
by right-wing military dictators,
1t is conceivable that under the
cloak of a Communist threat"
aid might be used to keep the
people from the political, eco
nomic, and social benefits prom
ised by the alliance.
Costa Rica is an example Of a
country that believes social and
economic progress can prevent
Communists from gaining a foot
hold. Costa Rica has no army
only q small civil guard-in a
hemisphere noted for strong and
influential army officers.
Evening star., 1963-03-17
italians Agree

In Italy. he got agreement In
principle from Premier Faniani's
government, but because Of next
months general ele ction, Mr..
Fanfani could not commit him.
self on the delicate matter Of
costs and port facilities.
In Bonn. Chancellor Adenauer's
government agreed to pay their
share about 20 per cent-of the
force, and to abide by the United
States proposal to make all COM
mand decisions conditional on q
unanimous vote. This built-in
veto allows the United States TO
have ultimate control over the
weapons involved. as required by
law. The veto, however. could tie
the forces initiative II one coun-
try baked at the use OF "nukes."
This would not endanger United
States security since the United
States would still have a sub
stantial force outside the NATO
navy.
In London, last week. Mr.. Mer-
chant had long talks with Prime
Minister Macmillan's government.
which unlike the Italians and the
Germans. already has It's own
nuclear force. Since the British
are committed to the idea Of q
NATo force, the discussion was
mostly on costs.
Britain plans TO build several
nuclear submarines capable Of
firing Polaris missiles. Since this
is a very expensive project. the
British are not enthusiastic about
contributing funds for the
cheaper" surface force. Britain
conceives OF the NATO force be-
ing based on surface vessels,
manned by multi-national crews,
and on some submarines manned
by Americans and some by Brit
ish.
London did agree 10 providing
port space and TO contribute crew
members TO the surface force.
Many questions remain particu-
larly In command and control.
The question Of how to decide
Continued on Page ca
Evening star., 1963-03-17

with State self-interest in where
the contract goes" he said.
1t was the subcommittee's turn
to fume and 1t did. Mr.. Sylvester
then identified himself as the au-
thor Of the blast and apologized
for 1t. But when he was inter-
rogated by the subcommittee he
did not back down on his charge.
Mr.. Mcnamara, who had re-
quested that he be the last to
testify, decided 1t was time to
put his explanation Of the Tx
contract on the record without
delay. But before doing it, he, too,
took a swipe at the subcommit-
tee, saying that its piecemeal re-
lease of testimony was undermin-
ing public confidence in top PEN
tagon officials.
Evening star., 1963-03-17
Economic Front

on the economic front, Mr..
Kennedy will be briefed by the
Central Americans on their inter-
esting experiment In breaking
down trade barriers. Since 1860.
the five Central American coun-
tries Costa Rica joined In 1882
have participated in the Central
American Common Market
tCACMD, a regional attempt to
do away with tariffs on trade
among the five countries.
This has led TO a 30 per cent
increase in trade among the coun-
tries, and TO the creation Of sew
eral local industries. The COM
mon tariff wall on outside goods
protects the local businessmen.
Despite these economic advances
- nowhere more than in Costa
Evening star., 1963-03-17

Khrushchev come to Peking when
he goes to Cambodia (no such
trip is scheduled) or that plans
be made for some other arrange
ment. The Russians have not re-
piled yet.
Presumably a meeting will have
to be held. after all this publicity.
Failure to hold one will aggra-
vate the differences and further
divide the Communist movement.
1t would surprise most observers,
however, If Mr.. Khrushchev
agrees to the conditions laid
down by the Chinese.
Evening star., 1963-03-17

the status quo in Latin America.
but they questioned United States
ability to lead the Americas.
The Organization Of American
States, which often irks WASH
ington by its lengthy debates on
crucial issues, fully supported
President Kennedy's actions at
the time of last October's crisis.
This OAS Endorsement was ap-
preciated by the administration.
and led Mr.. Kennedy to make
even stronger efforts to meet some
of Latin Americas problems.
Tabor City tribune., 1963-09-11

not enjOy) while their managers
grow fatter, more sassy and more
powerful. In pioneer days, this state
of affairs would have called for
strong action"
Newsmen, though, with their duty
to inform the people should look a
little more closely into the matters
about which they speak.
In this case, the fact that should
be considered is that when the REA
loans were established, there were no
Co-Ops to amount to anything. The
money was designed to be used by
the private power companies.
One of the provisions that had to
be met to borrow the money was
complete coverage of the area each
company served. The money was
hardly touched for two years, and
the rural people still did not have
electrification.
so, the Co-OpS We're set up as a
last resort.
But, for Il last-ditch, desperation
Soiutioh TO Il tough problem they have
done an astounding job.
Today farm wives. like city house.
wives, harness myriad appliances to
" '"Sh VI lhe Wofk the women tor
merly had to do by hand.
People in the rural portions of the
lwln City Community now enjoy lust
about all the advantages of city folk.
many OF the rural folks remembering
the days when children studied bv
lamp light because private power Just
would not tackle the risky Job of pro-
Nldlng power to rural folks.
We can't help but wonder how
many newspapers who get heaps of
advertising from private power COM
panles would oppose REA rates today
If that money had been obtained, as
1t could have been, by private power
to do job that needed doing.
Tabor City tribune., 1963-09-11
By Olin Miller

~ O"f .htiIfl
II seems plausible TO as
sumo the number of traffic
accidents is an index to the
overall enjoyment of those
who lake trips on holidays:
II so. those who did so ON
Labor Day weekend and sur
vived uninjured must have
had a highrOlling good time.
An old timer says the
march on Washington by the
intergatiOnists wasn't nearly
so entertaining as the march
made on it years ago by the
suffragetteS.
Safety belts will be stand
ard equipment on most 1864
model cars" Reckless drivers,
who need most to use them.
Will not do so. however. AZ
they are foolish optimists.
"A book by Presidential
assistant tells how White
decisions are made" Press
report. II might be worth the
price of the book to find out
whether or not some of these
decisions aren't unpremedit-
ated.
"A psychologist says babies
are bored great deal of the
time. No d0ubt-babies are
Tabor City tribune., 1963-09-11
Ray S Ranblin' S
By Ray Wicker
Ray Wicker

ence that gentlemen from
Peru to Poland built them
selves fine houses modelled
after Versailles and adorned
them with classical Statuary
and baroque paintings. Like
the Grand Monarch himself.
these ariStoCratS wore high
heels. pcrIwigS. laccS and
flowery waiStcoatS. They
prided themselves on being
able to converse in French.
the language of true cult
ure."
International intcllc ctua |
cooperation, according to the
Durants, began in the Europe
of Louis XIV. Car Peter Of
Russia visited most of the
countries of western Europe
10 study their social and tech
nIcal organization. before
dragging Russia. "groanine
and protesting" out of the
Middle Ages. Louis actually