davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-29

tions. believe in equality Of tax
alton. I b lieve that every
exemption you make will be I'M
Democratic, un-Republican and
un-American, because you will
thereby create two classes tax
paying class and a mountaineering
class, Let him (the working mani
pay one-tenth of l per cent and
graduate it higher and higher"
Representative Champ Clark,
Democrat Of Missouri:
1.-THE wit Of man never devised
fairer or juster tax than a grad
uated income tax"
Representative Ollie James,
Democrat Of Kentucky:
LET those who prosper greatly,
pay greatly; for certainly they
have been most blessed and are
therefore more indebted to the
Government. Who is prepared to
defend as Just a system Of taxa
ton that requires q hodcarrier
to pay as much to support this
great Republic as John D. Rookie
Teller, whose fortune Is so great
that 1t staggers the imagination"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-29

money, but 1t should also be rec
ognized by the way in which he
pays for the protection the State
gives him.
ION the one hand 1t Is desirable
that he should assume his full
and proper share Of the burdens
Of taxation: on the other, 1t is
quite necessary that In this kind
Of taxation, where the men who
vote the tax pay little of 1t, there
should be clear recognition Of the
danger Of inaugurating any such
system save in a spirit Of justice
and moderation"
Woodrow Wilson, favoring the
tax:
THE tax collector is never
esteemed a lovable man. His
methods are too blunt, and his
powers too obnoxious His req
uisitions always leave our pockets
lighter and our hearts heavier"
The Democratic platform Of
1908:
1--WE favor an income tax &.
to the end that wealth may bear
its proportionate share Of the bur-
dens of the Federal Government.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-29
A 5OTH ANNIVERSARY
When the Income Tax Was New
A 5OTH ANNIVERSARY

Fifty years ago-at 9:10 p. m.
on october 8, 1913-President
Woodrow Wilson signed into law
the first permanent Federal tax
on individual incomes.
The income tax law, just 10
pages long, was part Of the mas
Sive Tariff Act Of 1918, which cut
Americas traditionally high tar
ifs. The income tax was added,
almost incidentally, to help offset
the loss of revenue.
The income tax provided a
$4,000 exemption for a married
couple, and set tax rate Of one
per cent on the first $4,000 of
taxable income, with the rate riS-
ing to seven per cent on incomes
over 100000. Less than one per
cent Of the population had to pay
any tax at all.
This was the climax Of years Of
nationwide debate which pitted
many Republicans and Eastern
manufacturers, who favored high
tariffs, against the Democratic
leaders who wanted to substitute
an income tax frankly aimed at
the weather. classes.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-29
Rockefeller Alarmed

John D. Rockefeller:
when a man has accumulated
a sum Of money within the law
that Is to say, in the legally cor
rect way-the people no longer
have any right to share In the
earnings resulting from the &C
emulation"
Senator Anslem McLaurin, Dem
ocrat Of Mississippi:
II think 1t Is fair and Just that
there should be an income tax to
compel those Of wealth, who have
great incomes, to pay some part
Of the expenses Of the Govern
ment. I favor it not only because
it Is Just, but because the i'm
mensely wealthy then would be
interested in an economical ad-
miniStration Of the Government"
Representative Ebenezer ]. Hill,
Republican Of Connecticut:
I'm times Of peace, the revenues
Of this country should be derived
from customs duties and internal
revenue (excise) taxes; and If
these are not sufficient, as pru-
dent people we ought to reduce
our expenditures.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-29
GLOSSARY

bad scenes. Places or situations fraught
with danger.
Bash Queen, the Ethel.
big cool, the The balance Of world power
(Which nobody wants to blow.
burn. Borrow.
high growers. The elite in government.
hit on. Poster. annoy: also. flirt; Hit on
the chick. man. She won't bite"
Court.
hubcaDs. Peripheral high groovers.
leaners. Lobbyists
move and groove. Wheel and deal
rainin. Complaining.
Sans people. o. 8. citizens Americans.
shutters. Tourists.
sidemen. Congressman and Senators
They're in The Mans band but they
seldom SOLO
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-29

Soulville. Africa
sound. To feel q cat out.
sour scratchers. Alsop and Bartlett, etc.
David Lawrence is, perhaps. the Daddy
sour scratcher.
SDanks the plank. oreets Literally, shakes
hands.
Store, the. The White House
stones. Monuments.
sweet scratchers. Walter Lippman, James
Reston, ETC.
The Man. John r. Kennedy.
taking care Of business. Running the
show. doing the important job.
topic as Matters Of great import. such
as "Tshombe or not Tshombe?"
Upstairs. The Hill.
Wheel the. The Pentagon-
where they bake the bread. The Treasury
Department.
whole bit. the. The world.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-29
Editorial Comment
The New York Sun:

The New York Sun:
1.-the income taxi is taxation
Of the few for the benefit of the
many"
The st. Louis Globe Democrat:
"It Isl the most Objectionable
of all forms Of taxation"
The Baltimore Sun:
1913 will be unlucky for loafers,
monopolists, shirkers, bigamistS,
loan sharks, reactionaries."
Representative William Sharp,
Democrat Of Ohio:
"a modest income tax-exempt-
ing, If you please, all incomes be-
low SIS, 000-would, I believe, easily
yield an annual revenue Of more
than 500 million" I'm 1862, in
dividual income tax collections
totalled $50 billion)
Representative Richard Bar
tholdt, Republican Of Missouri:
II am opposed to all exemp-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-29
This Article

"The American Federal Ex-
ecutive," q study Of the social
and personal characteristics of
the civilian and military leaders
of the United States, was pub
lished last Wednesday yale
University Press; $3.50. It is
by four university professors:
w. Lloyd Warner and Orvis F.
Collins Of Michigan State, Paul
p. Van Ripper Of Cornell and
Norman H. Martin of New York
University. It contains many
statistics and interpretations.
One chapter Is on Personalities
Of Federal Executives" and in
1t appears this portrait Of a
veteran In public service IA
hypothetical william John Nc
CullOugh) as he surveys his
career upon nearing retirement.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-29

faireSt and cheapest Of all taxes"
Representative Cordell Hull,
Democrat Of Tennessee, a. he
opened House debate on the tax
provision which he wrote:
"The fairest and most Just Of
all taxes Is that which Is levied
upon the citizen according to his
ability to pay, and that result can
best be accomplished by imposing
a tax on net incomes. The
very fact that this Is q Just tax
means that 1t will meet with OPP
position; the beneficiaries Of I'M
just taxation and many who
measurably escape all taxation
will always be found opposing an
honest and fair tax upon selfish
grounds.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-29
Some Thoughts Government Career Of 81 Years
WILLIAM JOHN MCCULLOUGH:
LOSS OF DEDICATION

WILLIAM JOHN MCCULLOUGH:
LOSS OF DEDICATION
And there are some who hare
no memorial
And hare persisted as though
they had not Hved
And haze become as though they
had not been.
With their children after them.
Yet these Were nercitul men
And their uprightneSS has not
been forgotten.
EccleSidSteS 44:9.
1t is probably natural for a per-
son as he approaches sixty to be-
lieve that much of the worlds work
has been fruitless, that ones task
is beyond the scope Of reasons
capacities and to feel a measure
of despair. And to say along with
Santayana:
As It is, we live experiment
tally, modify, in the dark each
generation breaks its eggshell
with the same haste and as
surance as the last, pecks at
the same indigestible pebbles.
dreams the same dreams, or
others Just as absurd and II it
hears anything Of what former
men have learned by experience
it corrects their maxims by its
first impressions. and rushes
down any untrodden path which
it finds alluring. to die in its
own way. or become wise too
late and to no purpose.
This Is precisely William John
McCullough's attitude toward him
self, his work and the world. To-
day. at SO, he is weary and closely
approaching cynicism. He seems
to be looking beyond. Thirty-four
years ago when he went to WASH
ington he would not have uttered
such thoughts nor would he have
felt them. He had then a strong
sense of mission, a belief in the
moral goodness Of man; his was
a dedication to progress and a
conviction Of its inevitability. How
then this change?
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-29
easy Preparation Seen

Probably two-thirds Of the in
come tax proposed as to individ-
uals would be deducted and with
held at the source Of the income
and paid in full to the Govern
ment. This method of collection
saves the taxpayer annoyance and
at the same time practically dou-
bleS the amount Of revenue the
Government would otherwise re-
ceive
las soon as this tax and its
administrative machinery be-
comes fairly understood by the
people, its operations and effects
will meet with as much general
satisfaction as any tax law :.
Those citizens required to do so
can well afford to devote q brief
time some one day in each year
to the making out Of q personal
return for purposes of taxation.
This is done without complaint
under the operation Of all the
general property laws Of the
States. All good citizens, it is
therefore believed, will willingly
and cheerfully support this. the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-29
GroduoI Change

The answer is not clear. GER
tainly not to Mccullough. He has
little insight into this aspect Of
himself, for this change took place
gradually with no major shifts in
his orientation and to episodes of
sharp impact The metamorphosis
OF his personality-a transforma-
ton from a major to a minor key
through an almost imperceptible
series Of inevitable notifications
was inherent to Mccullough the
person, an intrinsic part Of his
developmental process, his very
nature.
Except for an abiding devotion
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-29

to serving mankind, he did not
possess a definite and sure con-
ception Of the role Of the govern
mental process or his place within
1t. His first post was an easy one,
as were those Immediately follow
ing. In these he was in a posi-
ton to see the direct impact and
relationship Of his actions. He
served under a strong personality;
policy was clear-cut, complexities
were few. Later. however, as he
moved into positions of greater
responsibility and more difficult
administration his capacity was
lacking. Or he was unable to mo-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-29
Some Dire Mornings

The passion Of the debate, the
dire warnings and the too-modest
predictions about the income tax
are reflected In the following quo
tations Of the time.
The House Ways and Means
Committee. in reporting out the
tax measure, explained the phi
losophy and the hopes that lay
behind the bill:
THE amount each citizen con-
tributes Gin taxeS) Is governed,
not by his ability to pay tax. but
his consumption Of articles taxed
=. The result Is that the poorer
classes bear the chief burden Of
our customhouSe taxation.
THE tax upon incomes Is levied
according to ability to pay, and it
would be difficult to devise o tax
fairer or cheaper Of COLLECTION
1.-THE revenues from all income
taxes readily respond to changes
of rates, and the latter can be
raised or lowered within a few
days Congress could, If nee
essary, should annually raise or
lower the income tax rates in such
manner as would prevent a deficit
or a surplus in the Treasury
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-29

Billie sufficiently, either intellec-
tually or emotionally, to cope with
crisis.
Parts were parts for him and
not integral sectors OF q larger
whole. Events existed and were
interpreted only as isolated seq
ments. Insights into relationships
among units, actions. and people
were at best blurred, half formed
images. 1t was not that he lacked
fundamental intelligence. For q
number Of reasons he would not
integrate experience.
AS a child he was what might
be called precocious, and his ed
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-29

admit his inability. Step by step
he has been driven into this po-
sition and now there Is no place
else to go-nothing to do but be
stubborn. Puzzled, insure, in awe
of authority and Of the vast,
imperSonal network Of relation
ships Of which he Is a part, he
follows the book, drifting along
on policy and the course Of events.
His thoughts and he had
them at one time-remain I'M
shared; plans and projects are
formulated but never put forth.
1t is as though there is no center
within himself, no organizing
focus, no beginning. middle, or
end. At least this is the case as
far as the world of action Is con-
cerned, the world In which he
spends most Of his working hours.
His salvation is that his position
has placed him in the center Of
power and action, into the highly
structured universe Of govern
ment. 1t is this structure that
gives him direction and meaning.
The Focode FoIIs
1t is only in the warm comfort
Of his family that Mccullough Is
able. In any sense Of the word.
to be himself. In this atmos-
phere he Is q warm, kind, gentle
person. Here he can freely and
truly relate, voice his thoughts.
promulgate his plans, both give
and receive. In his children.
cherished and dear. his faith
found its locus. They could have
been the realization Of all he had
hoped for. the assurance. the
reality. But they have gone off
busy with concerns of their own,
and only his wife remains. With
them there Is aloneness. His cir
Gle Of real relatedness is narrowed.
Ultimately 1t will diminish to
nothingness.
To fully appreciate this man,
however, 1t Is necessary to look
at his spiritual life. He goes to
church, as others do. Beneath
this overt demonstration Is q
deep and firm sense Of the reli-
gious. Mccullough Is no mere
yes-seeking man; he is God-Seek-
ing. Perhaps long ago his real
focus Of attention shifted from
the everyday universe Of worldly
affairs TO the timeless world Of
the eternal.
All these people lived all their
lives In faith. and died without
receiving what had been prom
Used; they only saw 1t far ahead
and welcomed the sight Of It,
recognizing that they them
selves were only foreigners and
strangers here on earth.-San-
tayana.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-29
Estronged Life

WON WOrk OUT.
Estronged Life
In time one comes to recognize
this trait In men-a characters
tic differing only in strength and
display. Springing from different
sources, 1t Is undoubtedly quite
common. In McCullough's case.
this negativism stems not only
from loss of q real sense Of the
purpose Of his being, but also
from a distrust Of other men and
himself.
He cannot relate to the world In
any significant sense. No longer
believing in himself and unable
TO establish contact with others
or with events which he cannot
comprehend. he moves laterally
with the world rather than en-
gaging 1t. His is O peculiar hest
tation OF action brought about
by q continuing fear OF separa-
ton. Yet this very fear and con-
Germ furthers such an alienation,
for he cannot be himself. His
only relationship with the world
is through his outer self-the
mask-and TO sustain this he
does not posses the techniques
necessary to social intercourse.
As time passes. the separation
becomes more and more complete.
He desperately wants TO relate.
but he does not know how. BY
vigorously shutting his eyes to
change he can. In q measure,
live with himself. Otherwise he
would be helpless and forced to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-29
Shrinking Horizons

SHIinkIHY IlOIlzOHS
Perhaps 1t is this way with many
individuals. Once their full pro-
ductive powers have been utilized
there is nothing left. The spirit
withers, the world becomes sharp
ly circumscribed, without romance,
without possibility. and without
dimension. Only a shell remains.
Little by little certainty was re-
placed by perplexity. Where once
there were clarity and sureness,
there was faltering. and then came
a strong negative turn. Any OBJ
server Of Mccullough can imme-
diately discern his defensiveness.
So apparent is this orientation, so
persuasive is its manifestation,
that 1t appears to clothe his en-
tire personality. Any suggestion
made. any proposal. any idea meets
with a thousand reasons why 1t
can't be done. 1T won't work."
is his standard response.
Nor is this posture confined
purely to a state Of mind. His
physical being reflects 1t. Sitting
behind his desk. his balding head
thrust forward from between his
hunched shoulders. he rarely con-
fronts a visitor directly with his
gaze. Some object on his desk
always appears to occupy his at
tention: a paper clip. q pencil, O
match book. Rarely initiating con-
versation, he sits thus until the
speaker has finished. Then he
leans back.
Speaking not directly to the 9TH
err person but to the ceiling or the
window or some other physical OBJ
ject. he delivers a series OF skepti-
cisms, usually in highly abstract
form, difficult TO counter and fire.
quently to understand. II pressed,
he refers either TO past ways Of
doing things, ways which support
his position, or he appeals to ALL
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-29

ucation came easily. He achieved
a mastery Of both the arts and
the sciences and was graduated
from college magma cum laude.
Nothing was too difficult for him,
and he succeeded in everything he
tried. After college he went on TO
graduate school, taking his mas
ter's degree In history. with an
honors thesis.
He might we'll have gone farther
In education but deferred work on
a doctorate in order TO move into
the action field. At the Sugges-
ton Of q professor Of political SCI
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-29

thority. policy. and rule. If pressed
even further. and especially II the
other person is superior to him
in authority, he usually gives in
abruptly saying. "I'll try 1t, but it
won't work out"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-29

IT believe that It Is the most
easily concealed Of any tax that
can be laid; that 1t Is, in Q word,
tax upon the income Of the
honest men and an exemption, to
a greater or less extent, on the
income Of the rascals."
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-29

ence, he went to Washington and
into the governmental service.
Mccullough was one Of the
most gifted students have had.
His mind was capable Of roam
ing far and wide. He had what
would call the capacity Of Gre
alive synthesis. Take his thesis
on "Locke's Contribution to The
ology." consider 1t a signifi-
cant contribution to knowledge
(From a report by his faculty
advisor.
But then, somehow, this great
capacity was diSSipated. Nc
Cullough could. In a sense, go no
farther. He had reached the sum-
NIT Of his creative power in his
early years and could not extend
the boundaries Of his talents. His
potential had been realized and
atrophy set In.
Evening star., 1963-03-24
THE NATIONAL SCENE

dominated by the less numerous
rural voters.
The 1862 landmark case, involv-
ing Tennessee litigants, has re-
suited in q furry Of legal and
political activity:
Fifteen States have reappor-
toned their Legislatures to give
more Of a say to urban voters.
Seventeen States have reappor-
tionment plans under considera-
ton. Seventy-eight lawsuits have
been instituted In 3S States to
combat the rural domination Of
State Legislatures. Eleven cases
are on the United States Supreme
Court docket. (See Detailed Story
on Reapportionment on Page B-3).
The high court decided another
voting case last Monday when 1t
ruled, 8 TO l, that Georgia's county
unit system Is unconstitutional.
The decision apparently also
dooms similar systems in Mary
land and Mississippi.
Each county. under the Geor-
gia system. is assigned q certain
number of unit votes. A candi-
date in the Statewide primary
who obtains q majority Of votes
in q county wins all the unit votes
in that county. Accordingly. an
individual may win q majority OF
all unit votes while receiving q
minority Of the total popular vote.
Justice Douglas wrote the courts
opinion. In II, he set forth this
announcement:
"The conception Of political
Evening star., 1963-03-24
HELICOPTERS THE KEY
BY RICHARD TREGASKIS
Contributing Writer

HONOLULU, Hawaii. - Ameri-
cans in Wet Nam are fond Of
paraphrasing an old quote Of q
famous Marine General, Smedley
Butler: 1T might not be much
Of a war, but it's the only one
we've got"
ericans are only joking
when they apply this to the Wet
Nam War, because they know the
Wet Nam campaign is really one
Of the most important In our his
tory (though 1t Is right now our
only shooting war; and 1t is very
important, too, in military his
tory because 1t is the worlds first
helicopter war.
It's really q heck Of O war, q
bloody one. wherein 10000 Wet
Namese servicemen have been
killed and wounded In the last
year Of fighting, and casualties
among our airmen, soldiers. sail
ors and Marines have been
mounting week by week.
Wet Nam, where almost every
week hundreds Of helicopters lift
troops into air-phibious assaults
on VIC Communist. or Wet Cong)
positions, is really the war Of the
future. a type which we may ex-
pect to see all across the world
as we come into contact with ag-
gressive communism.
Evening star., 1963-03-24
McNomoro's Role

The Defense Secretary is q bril-
liant. highly competent and i'm
patient-some say intellectually
arrogant-man. He knows" he
made the right decision in the
Tx case. He knows" his judg-
ment Is more expert than that
Of any member Of the Mcclellan
group. Accordingly. he could not
and cannot understand why the
subcommittee Is, In his opinion.
challenging either his decision or
his Judgment.
Mr.. McNamara apparently
doesn't fully appreciate the rights
and prerogatives OF q congress
sional committee. He may even
tually convince the Mcclellan
group and the Nation that he
was right In deciding that the
Boeing cost estimates were un-
realistically low and that his new
policy OF accepting something less
than the best In new weapons
systems. In order 10 save money.
Is valid.
But his approach has added i'm
measurably 10 his already heavy
burden at the Pentagon, where he
works 10 10 IL hours a day. six
and sometimes seven days q week.
The Mcnamara hackers In Con-
gress see the issue as one OF
civilian control at the Pentagon.
Senator Mcclellan obviously feels
that this Is a diversionary gambit.
He says:
IAN that we In the committee
Evening star., 1963-03-24
Ideos Misfired

Both ideas backfired. Newspa-
per editorials denounced them as
gim mmicks imported from the
United States. and foreign to the
Canadian way Of conducting elec-
tions. Some Liberal candidates for
Parliament refused to distribute
the coloring book. and told the
truth squad to stay away. Mr..
Diefenbaker turned the truth
squad to his advantage. mocking
and ridiculing its members as
they sat scribbling notes at his
rallies. In Halifax the truth squad
had to call for police protection
against q hostile crowd. After o
week Of bad publicity Mr.. Pear
son himself ordered 1t disbanded,
but many observers believed 1t
had already done substantial
harm to his election chances.
Thus heading into the cam
paign's home stretch Mr.. Diefen-
baker appears to have greatly mar
rowed Mr.. Pearson's initial lead,
but still perhaps not enough to
catch him by April 8.