davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15
Back Of the Fight for the TYo Mountain Area

now called Alto Adige--with the
more populous and overwhelm.
ingly Italian-speaking Trentin
province. thus nullifying the ear
lier Italian promises. The CAM
paign to COLOMBO the former Aus
TRAN territory resumed in more
subtle form than under Mussolini,
but with equal determination. And
Tyrolian resentment. which had
built up for more than g decade,
has now burst out-with dyna-
mite sticks flying into power
plants and running gun battles
between Tyrolian "terrorists" and
Italian troops flaring up sporad-
ically throughout the beautiful
land Of the mountains
Back in 1850, when the first
deaths In the conflict occurred.
the Austrian government called
upon the United Nations to In
tervene on behalf Of the Tyrolians
in the name Of the right Of self
determination Of the peoples. But
its request was poorly received
both by the Afro-Asian majority.
at the U. N. And 1t got short
shrift from the representatives Of
great powers. the degree Of sim
certify of whose professed devotion
to self-determination 1t threat
ened to bring into broad daylight.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15

with an almost mystical love Of.
and devotion to Austria.
In the background Of this tiny
human groups die-hard patri-
otism is q rather unique story
Of q mountain community's
struggle for its way Of life, in
terwoven with the larger con-
flicts Of Europe.
The area, which was originally
the abode of the Rhaetian Gauls,
was conquered and annexed to
the Roman Empire by the legions
Of Augustus, then conquered again
and Germanized in the Fifth Gen.
tury Of Our Era by the Skeirei
Goths Of King Othowakar who
were driven out Of the steppes of
Russia by the Huns. The Ostro-
goths OF Theodore the Great, who
came on the scene later, REIN
forced the Teutonic element of
the area, which the salubrious
pine forests enabled to survive the
successive plaques that killed off
their kinsmen in the Italian low
lands further South.
The original county Of Tyrol
was formed in 1888 by Count
Meinharti Of Meran, who named
it after his castle. Schloss Tirol.
In 1868 Tyrol was made over
by its reigning countess, Margaret
Maultash. whose only son had
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15
East Germany's Struggle for Youths

police boats or drown" he told me.
Nevertheless. the escape at
tempts continue.
THE pressure to conform some
times gets so heavy you Just don't
think you can take 1t any longer"
a Dresden student said.
He told of required lectures on
communism where you waste
half your student years listening
to propaganda so-called VOL
untary labor on government
owned collective farms and of
pressure to show undertaking
party loyalty.
But the worst part" he con-
tinued, sis the demand that you
become an informer, that you be-
tray your closest friends and even
family If the opportunity develops.
Young people who tip off the
police about would-be refugees are
given expensive rewards and are
celebrated as heroes.
Nov and then you hear even
children have informed on their
parents.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15

son. whose principle Of self-deter-
mination Of peoples ii violated.
Mussolini's long and cruel per-
secution Of the Tyrolian peasants
which shortly followed the session
of Tyrol aroused great sympathy
for the hapless Tyrolians in many
parts Of the world, and especially
in England. Thus after World
War II, when the fate Of Tyrol
was again being decided by the
victorious Allies, the Attlee Gov
eminent sought to undo the Iska-
Motto bargain Of the earlier British
Government and return the prov
ince to Austria. But the Soviets,
with an eye on the powerful COM
munist movement In Italy, opposed
London, and Secretary of State
Byrnes sided with the Soviets and
against England on the matter,
and South Tyrol, which had been
occupied by the Allies. was handed
back to Italian rule,
At first, the Fascist policies Of
forced INFLAMMATION of the ter
ritory were abandoned and the
Italian Government solemnly
promised to respect the areas
autonomy and ethnic character.
But in 1948 the new Italian con-
stitution merged South Tyrol-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15
Foreign Aid: A Changed Procedure for Changed World

Of aid is becoming increasingly
effective - through the Develop
ment Assistance Committee in
Paris. the World Bank and the
international Development Asso-
citation. and the consortia ar
rangements for such countries as
Pakistan. India. Greece and Tur-
key.
This very moment Of time,
therefore. Is characterized on the
one hand by the evolving COM
petence Of the United States aid
effort, the increased efforts Of our
allies, and q record of demon-
strable achievement. while on the
other hand we see q renewed In
terest in the economic arena with
a release Of tensions, q focusing
OF efforts on development by the
Soviet Union and It's satellites,
and stepped up probings. economic
and military. by Red China.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15

died. to her cousin, Rudolph Nv.
Duke of Austria, and it remained
an Austrian province until 1919.
During those centuries the AUS
TRAN rulers found the silver and
copper mines Of Tyrol o source Of
great wealth. They also found the
hardy Tyrolian mountaineers to
be the best and most faithful sol-
diers of their ever-expanding do
mains, and showered favors on
them. Thus Frederick w, who
reigned from 1406 to 1899, grant
ed Tyrol a constitution which
made its burghers and farmers
equal with the feudal lords In the
Diet of Meran-the first demo-
cratic constitution in Continental
Europe. And Frederick Tvs great
grandson, Emperor Macmillan
the Fair, swore that an angel In
the guise Of q Tyrolian peasant
had saved him from deathly peril
in the mountains and willed to
be buried in Tyrol.
During the Thirty Years War
the Tyrolians also successfully de-
Tended the Habshurg dynasty
against the Swedish Armies which
ravaged the Holy EmpiKe, and
during the Napoleonic campaigns
the Tyrolian patriots earned their
greatest renown as the champions
Of Austria and her Emperor,
Between 1907 and 1910 Andreas
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15

for five successive years. but are
no longer dependent on aid.
Q Ten more have reached this
record Of growth. have made pro-
gress in limiting dependence on
aid, and several, such as Israel,
Greece and Taiwan, viii soon be
independent Of external aid.
o Nine more countries have at
tanned a satisfactory growth rate
but win continue to depend on
substantial aid.
Q Only eight cannot be said to
have reached q satisfactory rate
Of growth. Seven Of these are in
Latin America where aid In sub
stantial amounts has only Just
began.
What about social and political
progress In these countries7 Does
aid help or hinder? In virtually
all Of the "a countries in the
first two groups, democratic In
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15
Youth Ceremonies

An apprentice mechanic told me
teen-agers court almost certain
trouble by refusing to participate
in Youth Dedication" ceremonies
of the FDJ, o pagan rite replace
ing religious confirmation in East
Germany.
when we reach our 14th BIRTH
day." he said, I'VE 60 through a
series of extra courses on Marx
ism-Leninisn and atheism TO give
us q Socialist outlook on life and
then attend a swearing-in cere-
mony where we promise to follow
the party wherever it leads"
Teen-agers who refuse to partic-
ipate in the dedication ceremonies
he said, see their education ended,
get poorly paying jobs land are
virtually cut off from any posi-
bilities of advancing in life"
Their parents" he added,
"can expect orders to appear be-
fore the security police and that
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15

forces and Tyrolian nationalist,
an Austrian appeal to the United
Nations, and the current acrimo-
NOUS debate between the govern
ments in Vienna and Rome. In
it the Austrian government has
charged the Italian authorities
Of South Tyrol with torture of
pro-Austrian Tyrolians and the
Italian government has Coun-
tered by charging the Austrian
authorities in Northern Tyrol
with melting outrages in the
Italian section of the province
and with harboring South Tyro-
Ian "terrorists."
At stake for italy in the cur
rent clash are the great hydro
electric works which tap the
great water-power resources Of
the waterfalls and swift rivers of
South Tyrol. Those power sta
tons have been erected at great
cost by the successive italian
governments, starting with the
Fascist regime Of Mussolini and
continuing with the various post
World War II democratic teams.
and provide today the bulk of
the industrial power for the pros
porous cities Of North Italy.
The TyroIian Nationalist
stake in the beginning guerrilla
struggle is apparently their sur
vival as q unique ethnic group
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15

stitutions have been strengthened
or less democratic regimes have
been liberalized.
We should not claim too much.
The development Of nations with
free institutions. with the capacity
to manage effectively, is o long
and arduous process, with many
unpredictable turns in the road.
But it is clear that United States
aid has already built q record of
significant achievement.
We can look forward with salts
faction to the graduation to self
sufficiency of at least half q dozen
countries. The transition from de-
pendence on aid has started with
loan terms being such as to make
the element Of United States sub
sidy minimal. These same nations
are already beginning to assist
others.
The international coordination
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15
tTrom the Conversational Record,

kFfOm buc Cvukhcsekou9l HoCOkuJ
Senator Clark, Democrat Of
Pennsylvania: Mr.. President, on
June ~ Of this year. ] had occa-
sion to appear before the sub
committee on the Standing Rules
of the Senate, Of the Committee
on Rules and Administration. so
ably headed by the President pro
tempore Of the Senate, who now
is our presiding officer. At that
time. in speaking in support Of
resolution which would create
a limited rule of germaneness In
the Senate. I quoted from Thomas
Jefferson's manual, which is
printed as part Of the Senate
manual. and which states:
No one is to speak imperti-
nently or beside the question. su-
perfluously, or tediously.
At that point the Senator from
Nevada (Mr. Cannon) inter-
jected.
How are you going to legislate
against that?
I replied:
I am very conservative on this.
/ think we have to allow 6ena-
tors to speak superfluously and
tediously. This is part Of our
constitutional right. And perhaps.
every now and then, imperti-
nently, within the limitations of
rule XIX, section 2.
But I do think we could go
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15
BY LOYAL GOULD
Associated Press Staff Writer

DRESDEN, East Germany. -
Ever since the Communists put up
their wall through Berlin two years
ago they have felt that time Is on
their side, that all East Germans
eventually win swing toward q
view Of the world as seen through
Red-tinged glasses.
They especially counted on win
ming over the youth.
But has the youth Of this So
Fiet satellite fallen in step with
the drill barked out by raspy-
voiced Walter Ulbricht, Moscow's
chief lieutenant here2
There are indications that de-
spite their carrot and stick meth
DDS the Reds still have some con-
vincing to do.
Ulbricht himself recently told q
conclave Of party big shots he is
certain that while East German
young people listen to required
lectures on Marxisna Leninism
they have other thoughts run
ming through their heads"
''The Communists here have
never caught on that we young
people - just like young people
everywhere like to form our own
thoughts and ideas" Q Dresden
student told me.
Most Of those East Germans
brave or daring enough to try to
escape from the country are
young people.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15
The Events That Make Up Life

saw that life (my life or any
other) was q succession Of days
and nights. Of toll and rest, Of
meetings and talks, Of pleasures
and nuisances. sometimes called
events: that II was confused ac-
emulation Of impressions. pic
lures. and images. Of which only
the most insignificant land that
even heaven knows why and how
remained with us: that it was a
ceaseless flow, never stopping for
one moment, OF incoherent feel
ings and thoughts. Of confused
recollections Of the past and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15
BY ALICK DE MONTMORENCY
star Special Writer

ny A6kOM OE NORTHUMBERLAND
star Special Writer
Bloodshed has come to one Of
the most beautiful and formerly
peaceful corners Of Western Eu-
rope.
Involved in this strife is South
Tyrol on the Italian Austrian
border, q 5,526-square-mile ter
ritory Of mountain meadows, ice
fields and dark pine forests, well
known to foreign tourists as q
picture card country Of skiing
champions, sturdy mountain
farmers-and sharpShooters. It is
also the legendary "land Of the
mountains" Of medieval chron-
icles.
Pitted in the current struggle
are q quarter of q million, au-
tochtonous people Of Austrian
nationality and sympatkces and
about half that number e ITALIAN
settlers, Italian administrators
and Italian troops, brought into
the beautiful province by the sue
cessive Italian governments to Sc
cure Italian rule over the area.
The most recent Developments
In the conflict, which has been
smoldering for 20 years, have
been ambushes, dynamitings and
fatal clashes between Italian
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15
The Freedom to Be a Bore

q copy Of the poem may be
printed at this point In my re-
marks. N
There being no objection, the
poem was ordered to be printed
in the Record. as follows:
THE FIFTH FREEDOM
(Note Senator Joseph 8. Clark
Of Pennsylvania draws the line
at tampering with q Senator's
immemorial right to be q bore.
He said, I'm not sure we could
or should deny members right
to speak tediously. News item.l
Hark. HGrk. The Clark at
He0Den's gate sings,
And freedoms on the rise.
Then blessed be the man Uho
brings
This speakers paradise.
oh, none could wdCe so iDise q
FIGHT
As he. our Senator.
To saue this immemorial right,
The right to be a bore.
Yet speaking for this paper,
peH,
The themes not apropos:
ITS sCfiters on OLYMPUS diDeH
As Sunday readers knop.
But Uhen mvl verses crot0 iHept
and slip to bad or medium,
Then PH acclaim Joe Clark
tDho kept iRf
This country free for tediam.
tr David s. stern.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15

overall responsibility, development
based on programs tailored to
each country. emphasis on loans
over grants, increased procure
ment OF goods and services in the
United States, meaningful con-
centration among countries, aid
geared to self help, O broader role
for private enterprise. and termi-
nation Of aid when countries be-
come able to maintain their own
momentum.
Here Is the record. Aid is now
planned and largely administered
through the Agency for Tnterna-
tional Development. The reor-
ganization Of 1861 Is now COM
pleted. Planning Is now done on
a country rather than q project
by-project basis. Loans have in
creased from 10 per cent to go
per cent Of economic aid. Loan
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15
Is This opportunism2

Asked II this was not sheer
opportunism, a student who had
joined the conversation replied:
"You can call il opportunism II
you want. But the main qualifi-
cation for studying and making
your way is o show Of party loyal
ty."
Many young people are doing so
and increasingly have taken over
leading positions in the arts and
sciences, industry, the party, gov
eminent and economics.
''These young people have be-
come the most privileged group in
the country" an elderly Dresden
office worker said.
"They get the best Jobs, high
pay, chauffeur driven cars, good
apartments and sometimes even
weekend houses.
They are not completely reli-
able, though, because they're basil
cally opportunists who might Just
as well swing over to some other
side tomorrow If the chance
comes"
There are other young people,
however, who try to change o bit
the condition under which they
live.
Ask q young East German about
persistent reports Of rebellious
young artists, writer's or students
and you're likely to get an answer
like this:
That's right. / did hear some
thing about trouble over In Leip-
zig, but I don't know the details"
Probably he does not know the
details, as reports Of instruction
are never published.
But repeatedly the Leipzig stu
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15

vague anticipations Of the future;
and withal. something which
seemed to contain q certain kernel,
a certain meaning and purpose,
something extremely important
which 1t Is quite impossible TO
put into words. and. connected
Herewith. an everlasting antici-
patton: anticipation not merely
Of happiness, OF It's peculiar full
ness, but also of something else
In which once IL came, that
essence, that meaning, would at
last reveal itself and be grasped.
Ivan Bunin In The Well Of Days.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15

Foreign aid Is in trouble in
Congress. When the bill was
passed by the House i'm August
Il was cut from SAL billion to
SIS, the severest reduction to
date.
Frank M. Coffin, deputy adj
ministrator for operations
agency for the Agency for In
transitional Development, out
lined the present status Of our
foreign aid In . speech at q
Regional Foreign Policy con-
ference in Boston last Wednes-
day. This IL an excerpt from It:
How often have we read the
sage comment of q columnist that.
while he agrees with the basic
policy Of foreign aid. the basic
problem Is how 1t is administered.
He predictably concludes that
what is needed is q massive re-
appraisal. The last time I came
across this wisdom was last week.
As for Congress, it YEARLY as
sumes that 1t is dealing with the
same program it has reviewed for
Is years.
The fact is that aid today is
not what it was 10 years ago, or
even five years ago. There Is no
function of government which
has been so studied and reor-
ganized. It has passed through
seven structural changes and no
fewer than eight presidential
committees. These committees,
headed by such men as Gordon
Gray, Nelson Rockefeller. Clar-
ence Randall. Benjamin Fairless.
toe late Eric Johnston, William
-Yaper, and-nost recently--Gen.
nay. have not essentially differed
on the why, what, when, and how
Of aid. They have laid the basis
for q national consensus on aid
one integrated organization with
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15

terms. now all repayable In dollars,
have hardened for q number of
countries. United States procure
ment has increased from about 40
per cent to over 80 per cent,
with aid-financed exports TRIPPING
from $500 million in 1862 to 50
billion in 1854. Military and sup
porting assistance have decreased
by one half.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15

can lead to amost anything, in
GLIDING JAIL"
IF you play ball, you get an
education, summer vacations In
the other Soviet Bloc countries and
the guarantees Of good job" an
FDJ member told me.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15

Where the Money Goes
AS for concentration, 80 per cent
Of economic assistance goes to 20
countries, 80 per cent Of military
assistance goes to 10 countries.
Projects and programs are In
creasingly tied to self help. In
vestment guaranty agreements
have been signed with almost 20
additional countries In the past
two years. with guarantees them
selves running at three times the
rate Of two years ago. A number
Of missions in the field have been
consolidated with embassies. Pro-
cedures are being updated and
simplified. At least half the mis-
sions have had an infusion Of new
executive leadership. Increasing
use is being made Of land grant
colleges, co-operatives, savings
and loan associations. Instead Of
helping European countries, these
same countries are now furnishing
40 per cent Of free world aid.
The irony Is that at the very
time when the planning and exc
cution Of aid Is better than ever
before. the general view Is that
nothing has changed In 10 years.
The historic fact is the United
States aid has steadily evolved
through the past decade and q
half. acquiring new tools. finish
ing the job in many countries,
moving to new areas Of concern
TO the United States, and develop
ing new principles. It is now
ready. given steady support from
the people and the Congress, TO
play q major foreign policy role
in the formative years Of the I'M
committed one-third OF the globe.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15
Political Achievement

Politically, we can cite two kinds
Of achievements. Either by gener-
ating rapid economic growth from
within or by resisting aggression
from without, we helped to bring
about the rebirth Of Europe, the
survival Of Greece and Turkey, the
emergence Of a free and prosper
GUS Japan, the rapid building Of
Taiwan and Israel, and con-
tinued, IL contested, independence
throughout the Far East. There
has been @ second kind Of achieve
ment, less precise but no less real.
BY offering, through assistance.
an alternative to either the ex-
IRENE right or left, we have
exerted q continuing and growing
influence on development. In
Africa 1t can be seen In. the re-
lection Of reliance on Communist
economic idealogy by the very
nations which have experimental
with 1t. In Latin America, we can
point with hope TO the dramatic
reduction Of juntas and dictators
which has taken place over the
past decade. In view OF the world
wide conformation Of ways OF
life, II Is remarkable that OF the
46 nations that have won their
independence since World War II,
not one has elected to become q
bloc satellite.
What about economic develop
ment2 There are some who would
say aid should frankly be used
only for short-run political pur-
poses, because real development Is
a hopeless task. Let's look at the
record.
OF the IL major aid receiving
countries we have helped since
l945. these are the results:
Q Fourteen - Western Europe,
Japan, Spain and Lebanon--have
not only reached q satisfactory
growth rate Of at least LIS per cent
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15

back to Thomas jefferson at least
TO the extent OF saying that a
member should not be permitted
to speak beside the question ex-
cept under pretty carefully laid
down restrictions.
That statement Of mine was
picked up In Philadelphia. and a
little poem entitled The Fifth
Freedom" was published in the
Sunday Bulletin magazine on
September l.
/ ask unanimous consent that
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15

ton depends on our steady support
of what is becoming truly q free
world aid movement.
The field win not be uncontested.
Already the Sino-Soviet bloc has
over 10000 nationals abroad in
aid work in over 80 countries.
Even more to the point is the new
efforts and incentive Of Red China.
which has shown its determine
ton to extend its influence not
only from Korea westerly to India
and Pakistan, but even in Africa
and Latin America.
At the same time, we can point
to concrete record of achieve
ment in every part of the world
where development assistance has
been made available in any sub
stantial amount.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-15
European Aid

EuFopeon Aid
The timing could not have been
better. Development assistance
viii play an even more important
part In terms Of our leadership,
respect. and influence should there
be a genuine lessening of world
tensions. In this we shall not be
alone. The nations Of Western
Europe, Canada, Japan and
Oceania have also moved into this
field. almost eQualing our capital
aid. and maintaining IL times as
many technicians abroad as we
do. Their increasing participa-