davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24
Boothist Fight

The way was paved for Col. Arif
by an intra-Baathist struggle and
conviction by the Army that the
Baathist-s Imported National
Guard. a force of $4,000 men, was
RELOCATING the regular forces to a
back seat.
To add to the confusion and to
underscore the wisdom Of adopt
ing a "wait-and-see" attitude on
the part of outside observers, is
the fact that President Arif has
informed Syria, which Is still
ruled by Baathists. that he will
honor commitments Of unity be-
tween the two countries. Also,
there were indications that
Baathists would be given posts in
his cabinet.
Meanwhile, Radio Cairo has
cheere d the Arif-led coup and
continued to attack the Syria
government.
Whether President Arif will be
able to consolidate his success and
choose to invite Mr.. Nasser to
swim In the rich oil fields of Haq,
something the Egyptian has been
painting to DO remains to be SEEN.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24
GEORGIA

This Georgia case was supposed
to pose the question Of whether
Federal courts have power to deal
with congressional districting. but
in the oral arguments all sides
agreed that they have this power.
A three-judge Federal court
ruled Georgia's 5th district, which
includes Atlanta, was much larger
than other Georgia districts. But
it dismissed a suit contesting the
districting as presenting no Cog
nizable" claim.
One lawyer told the justices
there would be a "traumatic" i'm
pact upon Congress If the court
should require that congressional
districts must be redrawn along
strict population lines.
An Atlanta attorney represent
ing two persons who contested the
States present districting urged
the justices to require equal pop
ular representation in the national
legislatures lower house.
The Justice Department argued
the lower court should retain
jurisdiction of the Georgia case
to give the State legislature time
to act. The department said the
high court need not rule on stand
ards now.
Attorney Bruce j. Terris of the
Solicitor Generals office, said his
tory indicates that congressional
districts were to be generally
equal in size. A second Georgia
lawyer called for dismissal of the
case.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24
On De GouHe

The new estimate of Soviet
ground strength, moreover, makes
President de Gaulle's decision to
build nuclear weapons for France
and Britian's determination to
nourish its own atomic striking
force somewhat more understand
able. At least, American lectures
on the "senseless" policy OF build
ing national nuclear forces when
greater strength in conventional
arms is needed will no longer ring
with the old responsiveness.
Meanwhile, on a more peaceful
United States-S Soviet front last
week, American officials disclosed
that we would resume negotia-
tons for new cultural exchange
pact, despite the heavy-handed
Russian treatment Of Frederick
Barghoorn, a Yale professor who
was arrested on spy charges as he
was about to leave the USSR after
a months visit. Held in prison for
is days, he was released after
President Kennedy vigorously de-
nounced the Soviet Rction and de-
manded the professBr's release.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24

A top United States strategy
meeting in Honolulu last week
charted a course for speeded
war against Communist guerril-
las in South Wet Nam, predict
ed a new junta regime In Sal
gOn would cooperate closely.
CambOdia last week cut eco
nOmic and military aid ties with
the United States.
Turning an old saying inside
out, every silver lining has a dark
cloud. This was. at any rate, the
situation in Southeast Asia last
week from a Washington perspec-
tive
The cheering news came out Of
honolulu. There the highest
Washington officials met to re-
view the entire situation in war
tormented South Wet Nam where
a new military junta, having GUST
ed and murdered President Ngo
Dinh Diem, was busy taking hold
of governmental reins.
The Secretaries of State and
Defense, Dean Rusk and Robert
Mcnamara, together with Gen
Maxwell D. Taylor, Chairman OF
the Joint Chiefs Of Staff, and
McGeorge Bundy. the Presidents
adviser on national security mat
tiers, conferred with Admiral Har-
ry D. Felt, our Pacific military
commander, and Gen. Paul Har-
kins and Ambassador Henry Cabot
Lodge, both in from Saigon.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24
SoYiets:
How Strong?

Defense Secretary Mcnamara
on Monday cited Americas
overwhelming military power
and said NATO has more ground
forces in Central Europe than
does the Soviet bloc.
For months reports have floated
forth from the Pentagon to the
effect that the favorite American
estimate Of Soviet troop
strength-175 active divisions
was unrealistically high.
Some observers. both f foreign
and domestic, wondered whether
it was simply a case of Defense
Secretary McNamara's ia mou S
computers blowing their fuses.
Others dered whether the
ground work for new and impor-
tant decisions was being laid Ger
tainly, the talk of Washington
cutting back the number of Amer
lean troops in Europe persisted,
despite official denials of such an
intent by the administration.
In major address before the
Economic Club of New York on
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24

Alabama: congressional district
ing in New York and Georgia.
However. the cases affect other
Americans as we'll because they
pose a basic question: Can a
State arrange its ALLEGATION Of
legislative seats so some citizens
votes count more than others?
If this can be done. without
violating the Constitution. then
States can give rural residents
or perhaps other groups deemed
deserving legislative voice out
Of proportion to their numbers.
One way, for example. would
be to give a rural county with
$1,000 persons one State Senator.
while giving a county with AGO.
900 persons only one State Sem
ator too-which is the greatest
disparity in Maryland.
Or to allocate-as has been
done in Virginia-three delegates
to a county with 10000 people,
while providing that another
county with only $1,000 inhab-
itants should have one delegate.
And there may be reasons why
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24

next year. The budget is now in
the final stages of preparation.
Mr.. Mcnamara, perhaps giving
clue to fiscal 1865 plans, said that
1.-THE defense budget will level off
and perhaps decline a little"
If either or both of the above
considerations were uppermost in
Mr.. McNamara's mind, his speech
did nothing to advance a long
standing effort on the administra-
tons part to persuade, pressure
and cajole our European allies to
increase their ground and conven-
tional forces.
On the contrary, Mr.. McNama-
ra's sudden optimism" as one
West German newspaper put it, is
likely to confirm the belief on the
part of most other NATO nations
that spending more money on
conventional forces is unnecessary
at this time-not that they had
planned to do so in any event.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24
Iroq::
Old Story

A military coup last week
ousted the Baathist regime in
Iraq, with NaSserite emerging
as the new man at the top.
When it comes to political
ferment, even Latin America, the
land Of the coup, must yield to the
Arab world.
From the Turkish border to
Egypt's western rim, claShin G
forces have been in constant mo-
ton since before the end of World
War II and when they will sub
side no one knows. At the risk of
oversimplifying. it may be said
that there are two broad areas of
conflict:
In one, pan-Arab socialism, as
promoted by President Canal Alb
del Nasser of the United Arab
Republic egypt, is pitte d
against the surviving feudal mon
arches, particularly Jordan and
Saudi Arabia.
In the other, the socialists
themselves-Mr. Nasser and the
Baathists of Syria and Iraq-are
at odds.
Against the royalists Of Yemen,
Mr.. Nasser used military force to
help native insurgents gain sue
cess. Against the Baathists in Sy-
ria, who broke up his United Arab
Republic which briefly tied Cairo
and Damascus together, and in
Iraq, Egypt's glory-seeker has en-
ployed radio propaganda, subver-
sion and intrigue with still unde-
termined results.
Last week, there was another
change in governmental leader
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24
Argument:
An Art

Exaggeration has a place in
legal arguments-as in art-to
make a point.
An exchange In the reappor-
tionment arguments just conclud-
ed demonstrates the technique
The lawyer was arguing in sup
port Of a system for apportioning
the New York legislature that gives
less populous areas more represen-
tation than numbers alone would
warrant.
Here is how 1t went:
Justice Black-What is the
population Of New York City?
Lawyer-New York City's
present population would be
about 8 million. i don't know
exact figures. Maybe 8 million.
Justice BIack-What Is the
population of the rest Of the
State?
Lawyer-ArOund 16 million.
Justice Black-Just as a test
of the figures, suppose they had
decided to give New York City
one Senator and one Represen-
tative and to give the rest of the
State a hundred. What would
you say about that?
Lawyer latter an initial false
start)-First Of all, / wouldn't
say there is a categorical answer
to that II would depend f.
Now, of course, you can have a
situation -.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24
By DANA BULLEN
Star staff Writer

The Supreme Court, after
searching arguments last week by
D small army of lawyers, has
taken under Amusement a group
Of re-apportionment cases invOlv-
ing the political face of the
Nation.
But politicians are not the only
ones involved. All Americans have
an important stake in the cases
because they reach basic ques-
tons Of representative govern
ment.
A Government worker in Ar
hngton, a farmer in Alabama, a
New York City dweller, rural
Georgians, a Baltimore house
wife-all these are directly in
volved. So are all other residents
Of these States.
The cases before the court
specifically deal with: State leg
islative apportionment in Mary
land. Virginia, New York and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24

Thursday. A New York Times
dispatch from Paris said that
Prince Sihanouk had asked for
French economic aid to replace
the American program.
President De Gaulle has been
said to be intent on renewing
French Influence in what was
once French Indo- China, particu-
larry in Wet Nam and Cambodia
He has recently renewed a COM
mercial agreement with the Com
munist government Of North Wet
Nam American observers, while
not happy over the De Gaulle bid.
would doubtless welcome it If only
to keep out the Red Chinese. who
have been counting Prince Siha-
nouk for months in an about dip
lomatic-propaganda effort.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24
Foreign Review Hopes and Concerns in Sc Asia

ship in Iraq and Mr.. Nasser, while
his role in it Is somewhat obscure,
appears to have profited. at least
temporarily. A military coup,
headed by Abdel Salam Arif, de-
posed the B a athist regime and
seized control of the country.
Arab politics are never always
what they seem and Col. Arif, one
of the leaders of the revolt which
tumbled the regime of Iraq
strong man Gen. Abdul Karin
Kassim last February. was Presi-
dent, albeit a figurehead, under
the newly deposed Baathist group.
The colonel remains as President,
but to emphasize he has become a
real one, he has taken over the
post of COMMUNICATIVE hief of
the armed forces.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24

The Federal constitution pro-
vides in Article I, Section 2. that
the House of Representatives
shall be composed Of members
chosen every second year by the
people Of the several States"
It says the times. places and
manner of holding elections for
both Senator's and Representa-
tives shall be prescribed in each
State by the Legislature thereof"
but Congress can make or alter
such rules.
The Fourteenth Amendment
provides for equal protection Of
the laws and says that Represent
atives shall be apportioned
among the several States accorC
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24

4 Although State constitutions
usually contain provisions deal
ing with legislative apportion-
ment, the Federal Constitution is
virtually silent as to the proper
form for such bodies.
It says only that the United
States shall guarantee to every
State in this Union a Republican
Form of Government" The Four
teenth Amendment says there
must be equal protection Of the
laws"
The claim in the apportion-
rnent cases is that the States, by
ALLEGATION of seats or by failure
to reapportion fairly where pop
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24
MARYLAND

The Maryland case poses the
question Of whether both houses
of q State legislature must be re-
lated to population. or whether
one house can be set up on area
or some similar basis.
The highest State court ruled a
year ago, 4 to 8, that the State
Senate does not have to be related
to population. The present ap-
portionment is claimed to short
change Montgomery. Prince
Georges, Anne Arundel and Balti-
more Counties and Baltimore City.
Attorney Alfred L. Seaman ar
gued that equal suffrage must be
the basic standard for electing
members Of the upper house. He
left the door open for some de-
parture from a strict population
standard for both houses, how
ever. 49, -E.s
At present, he told the Justices.
14'per cent of the people from the
less populous counties can elect
a Senate majority. The State
constitution gives one Senator to
each county and six to Baltimore
City.
Assistant Maryland Attorney
General Robert S. Bourbon ar
gued it would be illogical to bar
States from using a system Of
area representation in one house
while the United States Senate
does this.
Justice Black answered that
area representation in the United
States Senate was part of the
compromise that led to forma-
ton of the Nation. He said coun-
ties in a State have different
status. ....
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24
Appointment in State Legislatures

the standard in the lower house.
1t said this should be given the
heaviest weight in the upper
house, but other factors could be
considered.
The Justices scheduled argu-
ments in the Delaware case on
speeded-up basis in an order
handed down just last month.
raising the possibility they may
wait to consider all the cases
together before setting down leg
islative apportionment guidelines.
Here are the main facts and
arguments presented to the JUS
tices in the legislative apportion-
ment cases:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24
Congress Districts

ing to their respective numbers. :.
This would seem like quite a
good deal of constitutional Ian
guage on the composition Of the
national legislature. but it does
not discuss specific standards for
House of Representative districts.
Proponents Of redistricting
along fairly close population lines
argue that the phrase election 'by
the people," coupled with the
equal protection clause. make this
the clear constitutional standard.
Here are the case situations and
the main arguments presented to
the court in the two congressional
districting cases before It:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24
Outlook Good

While there was skinny news
from the one-day session. the Of
ficially r ele ased statement said
that there was IAN encouraging
outlook for the principal objective
of Joint United States-Viet Namese
policy in South Wet Nam" APP
parently underscoring the opti-
mism, it was also said that 1000
American military memo ut Of
1880 now there-would be sent
home from South Wet Nam before
the epd of the year.
But while the leaders assessed
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24

ulation is the standard, have CIV
en- rural residents an edge over
city folk.
The Federal Government.
which entered the cases as a
friend Of the court. argues that
population is the starting point
in apportionment and substantial
departures must be justified.
Where the departure leads to
a crazy quilt" or goes beyond
any permissible legislative pur-
pose or creates gross inequalities,
the Government contends 1t
would violate the equal protection
clause.
Under one or more Of these
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24
NEW YORK

The question in this New York
case is whether congressional dis
tricting in Manhattan has "herd-
ed" Negroes and Puerto Ricans in
a single district, and whether this
would be unconstitutional
A three-judge Federal court
ruled, 2 to /, in the case that
those protesting the 1861 district
ing that laid down the present
lines had failed to show any viola
ton of constitutional rights.
Attorney Justin N. Feldman
of New York asked the justices to
strike down the present Manhat-
tan congressional districting as a
clear case of "racial gerry
wandering"
Mainly involved are the con-
stituencies of Representative Lind
say, Republican of New York, and
Representative Powell. Democrat
of New York. Mr.. Powell's lawyer
said the lines should be left as is.
Beneath the surface of the case
is the possibility that the Republic
can-controlled legislature m ay
have wanted to keep Negro Demo-
Gratis out of Mr.. Lindsay's 18th or
silk stocking" Republican dis
trict.
The justices. for their part,
seemed to be thinking during the
arguments last week that 1t all
sounded like a political question
that they should keep out Of
rather than a constitutional issue.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24
ALABAMA

The Alabama case raises ques-
tons of whether both houses of
legislature must be apportioned
strictly according to population
and how courts should go about
enforcing apportionment stand
ards.
The States Legislature had not
been reapportioned in so years
when a Federal court stepped In
after the Supreme Courts 1862
reapportionment decision and or
dered a temporary reorganization.
The legislature was to finish the
job. But attorney w. Mclean
Pitts, of Selma, told the Supreme
Court that 1t should upset its 1862
decision and thereby keep Federal
courts out of State politics.
I'VE simply say that if the Leg
islature Of Alabama is to be re-
apportioned it should be reap
portioned by the Legislature Of
Alabama and not by a Federal
court" Mr.. Pitts said.
State Attorney General Richard
M, Flowers said the prior appor-
tionment had approached the
ridiculous" He said the Supreme
Court should set apportionment
standards to guide lower courts
and legislatures.
Attorney John w. Mcconnell
jr.. of Mobile, said the standard
should be population for both
houses. Solicitor General Archi-
bald Cox said one house could
draw away from population if the
other followed it.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24

and planned, some reports from
South Wet Nam declared that the
Red guerrillas had made the gov
ernment's position in several areas
of the rice-rich Mekong Delta
desperate"
At almost the same time. an
even darker cloud appeared for
United States policy and aims in
Southeast Asia. Prince Sihanouk
of Cambodia ordered the cancel
lation of all American aid, military
and economic. because. he alleged,
this aid was being used to under
mine his government. He has &C
cused the United States of sup
porting an anti-Sihanouk rebel
group based in South Wet Nam.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24

standards, Solicitor General
Archibald Cox urged the jus
tices during arguments In the
present cases to strike down the
legislative appointments in each
of the States involved.
In addition to the four legis-
lative apportionment cases Just
argued. the Justices will hear ar
guments on December 8 in a Del
aware case in which a lower Fed
eral court ruled both houses must
be reapportioned along popula-
ton lines.
The lower court, throwing out
the States 1868 reapportionment.
said strict population should be
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24
VIRGINIA

The case from Virginia pre-
sents a different problem. Here
both houses are related gener-
ally TO population. and the issue
is whether a formula allegedly
shortchanging certain populous
areas is permissible.
A three-judge Federal court in
Alexandria a year ago struck
down, 2 to /, the States 1862 re-
appoTtionment because Of "invid-
ious discrimination" against Ar
lington, Fairfax and Norfolk res
idents.
The three-judge court. in an
opinion by United States 4th
Circuit Judge Albert " Bryan.
said population. while not the
sole criterion for ALLEGATION of
legislative seats. should be the
overriding one.
The State appealed. In argu-
ments before the Supreme Court.
Attorney David ]. Mays contend
ed the Federal court should not
have acted in the case because
possible State remedies were
available.
Robert D. McIlwaine II, of
Richmond, an assistant State
attorney general. told the JUS
tees there must be some &C
commodation for thinly populated
areas" to enable them to have an
effective legislative voice.
Attorney Edmund Campbell,
representing the four Northern
Virginia legislators who contested
the Legislatures organization,
said the State practices massive
resistance to equitable apportion-
mont -
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24
This Article

Before the Supreme Court are
cases involving changes in the
way the country Is divided into
political units to represent the
people. Legal points and Ian
guage make difficult the basic
issues involved. This is an out
line Of the cases before the court
in an effort to clarity the prob
lem.
The court may rule on the
issue of the Congressional rep
resentation soon, the decisions
on the State legislatures are not
expected until later, probably
next spring.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24
The Estimate

Then putting the East-West
military situation into further per-
Spective, the Secretary asserted
that NATO ground forces total 80
million men against 3 million for
the Warsaw Pact, which includes
the Soviet Union and her East
European satellites. He added:
I'm Central Europe, NATO has
more men, and more comb t
troops, on the ground than does
the (Soviet) Bloc. 1t has more
men on the ground in West Ger
many than the Bloc does in East
Germany. 1t has more and better
tactical aircraft, and these planes
on the average carry twice the
payload twice as far as the Soviet
counterpartS."
Why did the Secretary speak
out so optimistically on this
subject, with obvious White House
and State Department blessing, at
CnlS LlmeG
There was a feeling in some
quarters that he sought to reas-
sure the America n people and
their allies that NATO is strong
enough vis-a-vis the Soviet Union
to permit the planned withdrawal
from Europe of bomber and tacti-
cal air squadrons and a number Of
logiStical troops.
Other observers believe that Mr..
Mcnamara, who painted q picture
of overwhelming United state S
nuclear striking power, was pre-
pairing the public for a reduction
in the national defense budget for
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-24
NEW YORK

The New York case involves the
permissibility Of some refine
ments on a formula for both
houses based generally upon pop
ulation that has the effect of
favoring certain less populated
areas.
The formula provides that a
county with over per cent of
the States population gets a
smaller part-about go per cent
of the Senate representation
per capita that it otherwise would
have.
In the lower house, each coun-
ty is assigned one representative,
and the remainder Of the seats
are divided by population. A Fed
eral court ruled the overall sys-
tenn was not shown to be discrim-
inatory.
Leonard B. Sand, representing
the New York radio station that
contested the system, told the
Justices that the States appor-
tionment formula was designed to
discriminate against big city vo-
tiers.
Assistant Solicitor General Irv-
ing Gait, representing the State,
said the formula prevents sprawl
ing, diversified districts, helps
avoid multi-county districts and
provides proper diffusion of po-
litical power"
An apparent factor in the case
is the likelihood that a strict
population standard would give
New York City, with its big Dem
ocratic vote, a controlling hand
in the Republican-controlled Leg
iSlature