davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-25

Federal Government brought
on by the great depression.
World War II, the cold war
and near 500 billion budgets.
Statistics Given
The first Congress, which
met from 1889 to 1871, intro
duced 268 bills, enacted l0S
public laws. and had l55 COM
mittee reports.
The 87th Congress, which
met in 1851 and 1862, intro
duced 1920 bills, enacted 83a
public laws. and had 1852 COM
mittee reports. ID
The first Congress had only
two committees. In contrast,
the Senate Committee on Gov
eminent Operations reported
that in 1855 and 1866 the Sem
ate alone had II committees
and 129 subcommittee, which,
with Is Joint Senate House
committees, met a total Of
1881 times for a total Of H.
SIT hours.
In 1907, individual Congress-
men were allowed 81, 500 a year
for staff assistance. This rose
to $4,000 in 1917, $4,000 in
1924, 5000 in 1929. and $500
in 1910.
The total cost Of congress
sional staff salaries was So mill
lion in 1920 and SIS million
in 1910.
Now Over $50 Million
The present level Of more
than $50 million could not have
been reached without the lib
eral staff allowances Of the
Legislative Reorganization Aci
of 1916. Congress passed the
act after exhaustive commit
tee hearings on the best ways
to streamline Congress so II
could meet the modern age.
The total number of con-
gressional employees now flucu-
ates from month to month, but
it averages 1850 in the House
and 5000 in the Senate.
OF the House total, 5000
work in the offices of individual
Representatives and 500 work
for committees.
OF the Senate total, 1,70o
work in the offices of individ-
ual Senators and 600 work for
committees.
The rest, including Capitol
policemen, telephone operators
and laborers, serve Congress as
a whole.
Size Of Staffs Varies
The size Of stats varies from
Congressman to Congressman.
Representatives in districts
with more than a half-million
constituents are allowed to hire
10 staff members instead of 9.
Senators from the more pop
ulous States are allowed bigger
staff allowances than Senators
from the smaller States.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-25

w. Smith, Democrat Of Vir-
ginia, crossed the Potomac to
Capitol Hill in 1881, he had an
office staff Of two. Now. 80
years later. he has an office
staff Of three.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-25
BY STANLEY WEISLER
Associated Press Staff Writer

In 1914, when Carl vinson.
a 31-year-old Democrat from
Georgia, came to Congress for
the first time, his staff con-
sisted Of one secretary, paid
$125 a month. The law al
lowed him and all other Con-
gressmen no more.
Today Mr.. Vinson has four
members on his staff. The
average Representative is al
lowed to hire up to nine at an
overall cost of $4,000 a month
The average Senator usually
hires more. And so may the
congressional committees.
In a rush to keep pace with
the onslaught of modern pres
sures, Congress has created its
own private bureaucracy that
includes more than 1000 peo-
pie and costs more than $50
million a year.
There's a chance it soon will
get bigger and costlier.
Proposal Before House
This week the House will de-
bate a proposal. approved by
its Administration Committee,
to swell the office expenses of
each Congressman by $l0,506 a
year SO he can add still another
employe to his payroll.
The huge bureaucracy on
Capitol Hill has provoked crit
icism. particularly from Sen
ator Ellender, Democrat OF
louisiana, who leads a futile
fight each year to wipe out q
good number of the Senate's
subcommittee stats.
Many Of these subcommit-
tees are useless" Senator FL
lender said in an interview. "All
they do is create jobs, mon
opolize space, and glorify Sen
ators. And like old soldiers,
the subcommittee never die"
Senator Ellender pointed out
that the Senate Judiciary Com
mittee has Is regular staff
members while its IA subcom-
mittees have $50 staff members.
I think every Senator on the
committee has a subcommit-
tee," Senator Ellender contin-
ued.
Curtis Supports Stand
Senator BLENDERS stand
draws support from Senator
Curtis, Republican of Nebraska.
In a Senate speech recently,
Senator Curtis said pretty
soon we shall need more
staff to find out what some
other staff is doing :"
But a sturdy defense of big
congressional stats comes
from DR.. George B. Galloway,
senior specialist in American
Government for the Library Of
Congress and former staff di-
rector of the Senate House
Committee that conducted
hearings on the reorganization
Of Congress in 1916.
1.-THE increase in staff is one
of the most favorable develop
ments in Congress-" DR.. Gallo
way said in an interview. "It
is a third force that provides
Congress with information and
intelligence to counterfeit the
interested opinions that come
to Congress from interested
parties on the one hand and
from the Executive Department
on the other"
Cause Simple, He Says
In DR.. Galloway's view, the
cause Of most Of the mush-
rooming is quite simple:
The problems of Congress to-
day are far different and far
more complex than the prob
lens of Congress when Carl
Vinson was a freshman.
Mr.. Vinson, dean Of the
House today with almost so
years service, recalls that Con-
gress didn't have the work then
that it has now"
I'VE we're concerned with
just three issues: Tariffs, a
few agriculture bills, the prose-
cution of World War I" he
told a reporter recently.
Since then :" Mr.. Vinson
stopped. smiled, and with a
swift rotation of his hands,
acted NIT the acralara t{ny1 af
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-25
Increase Seen
In Funds for
Vocational Aid
BY PAUL HOPE
Star Staff Writer


The chairman Of a House
Education subcommittee says
he thinks chances are good fol
granting a $23 million increase
in Federal aid to vocational ed
ucation this year.
Representative Perkins, DEM
ocrat Of Kentucky, made the
statement as his subcommittee
opened hearings today on that
section of President Kennedy's
omnibus education bill.
The subcommittee today
heard Francis Keppel, United
States Commissioner of Edu-
cation. Labor Secretary Wirtz
is expected to testify later.
DR.. Keppel told the subcom-
mittee that "if we do not make
provisions in our schools fol
vocational education opportuni-
ties for everyone who might
need them we will be CON-
pounding for the future oui
present problem of the hard
core unemployed"
School DrOpOuts Cited
Most Of these, he said. are
school dropouts Of past years
The President has asked that
vocational education funds fol
the next fiscal year be in
creased from $50 million to SIS
million.
The bill also would remove
restrictions which allow Fed
eral aid only In particular vo-
cational education categories.
THE occupational categorie:
In the present statutes" DR.
Keppel said, ARE no longer
adequate to meet the needs Of
our rapidly changing labor mar
ket the appropriation
levels authorized by the pres
ent statutes are insufficient In
view Of our rising population
and school costs"
To Examine Program
Subcommittee members made
It clear they want to examine
in detail the operation Of the
vocational education program
II am q little concerned that
we don't really know very much
about how this program is be-
ing carried on" Representa-
tive Brademas, Democrat OF
Indiana, said.
Representative Goodell. Re-
publican Of New York, asked If
the bill would provide more or
less Federal control. DR.. Keppel
said he thought it would give
more flexibility to the States"
in deciding what is most appro-
pirate for them.
DR.. Keppel also said he
thought that increasing the
Federal contribution would
stimulate the States to increase
their funds for vocational
education. He said the States
are providing four to
five times the amount being
contributed by the Federal Gov
The hearings are among
several scheduled on parts OF
the Presidents $5.4 billion
omnibus education bill.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-25
BY JOSEPH YOUNG
star staff Writer

A fairly recent incident IL
illustrates how efficiency and
economy in Government Is
sometimes brushed aside in the
interest Of political expediency.
The office Of Defense Secre-
tary Mcnamara some months
ago sent a memorandum 70
Army. Navy and Air Force De-
partments asking their reaction
TO a proposal for using more
civilian employees. The civilians
would be used TO replace mill
tary personnel who would be re-
assigned TO combat-type du-
ties, and also to do some Of the
functions now contracted out 70
private firms and organizations.
The theory behind this Is that
II would be more economical 70
have civilians in essentially
civilian-type Jobs that the mill
tary we're filling, since II costs
more 10 maintain a military
man than a civilian employe.
Firmer Control Seen
In addition. employment OF
additional civilians 10 do some
of the tasks now contracted
out would give the Defense De-
partment more firm control
and direction over these prof.
ects. II was felt.
Army. Navy and Air Force
Departments liked the idea
This includes most Of the mill
tary commanders OF the various
installations.
However. the entire proposal
was suddenly dropped. Penta-
gon insiders say the "thumss
down" decision was made by
the Budget Bureau with White
House approval.
The main reason is said 10
be political. The plan would
have meant the hiring OF more
civilians. And even though II
would have been more econom-
zeal and efficient, the Kennedy
administration apparently felt
II would be politically unwise
For some reason. the hiring
OF additional civilian employees
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-25

tural opportunity for the many
young people who visit WASH
ington each spring"
NJ. Robert Rogers, manager
Of the National Symphony or
chestra, issued the following
statement In regard to the
State Department decision:
Since we had been perform
ing in the auditorium with
great success upon the invita-
ton Of the State Department
for the past two seasons, we
assumed that the same ar
rangement would hold this
year.
Disappointed by Decision
I'VE are grateful for the use
of the hall in the past, but
are disappointed that we can
not use it this season, because
we think the series has a posi-
tive value in the national and
international cultural program
of the United States.
I'VE must depend upon the
cooperation Of the Federal
Government for a hall since it
is not feasible to hold these
free concerts in the larger pri-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-25
:THE FEDERAL SPOTLIGHT
!" Military Personnel Replacement
!: By Civilian Employees Is Dropped

Service Committee on import
ant employe legislation won't
take place until at least May.
At that time hearings are
expected to be scheduled on
such items as pay raise adj
tustments. optional retirement
on full annuities after 80 years
Of service at age IS. $1,000 to
$4,000 increase In insurance
policy values under the Gov
eminent employe life insurance
policy values. with the addi-
tional unit not TO decline in
value after age IS as is the
case with the present insur-
ance, and Liberalization OF
health insurance benefits.
The late start by the House
and Senate committees isn't
too serious, since from all in
dications Congress will be in
session until middle or late fall
and there Is plenty OF time
left for action.
HIGHER LEVEL PAY-The
Post Office Department has
issued regulations 10 guaran-
tee postal workers on tenn
porary assignment 10 higher
level duty the higher pay that
goes with the Job.
JOB HUNTING - Clarence
Osthagen. former Assistant
Secretary OF Commerce in the
Truman administration. re-
Gently was In town looking for
a Job In the Kennedy admin
istration. Mr.. Osthngen now
has an executive Job in Nor
folk. Va.
DEPUTY PMG-Fred Belen.
who has done an excellent Job
as Assistant Postmaster Gen.
eral. is being doomed by his
friends for the Deputy Post
master General Job. The Dep
uty PING position has been va
cant since II. william Brawley
left nearly six months ago. Act
ually. Mr.. Belen has taken over
most OF the Jobs duties since
then.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-03
l8OGruduute
AtU. of Nd.
In Europe

HEIDELBERG. Germany.
June 3 (AP).-Gov. Tawes Of
Maryland and French writer
philosopher Andre Maurois were
among the dignitaries attend
ing yesterdays commencement
ceremonies for more than 100
graduates of the University Of
Maryland's European division.
The University Of Maryland
president. DR.. Wilson H. Elkins.
handed bachelor degrees TO stu
dents ranging in age from ~
to "a.
Among the attendants at the
ceremony held In the new au-
ditorium Of Heidelberg Univer-
sity, were IL United States
Army and Air Force generals.
The university's European
program stretches across the
free part OF the old continent
and covers parts Of Northern
Africa and the Middle East.
II enables members Of the
United States Armed Services
10 complete studies they started
before entering the military.
Sunday marked the 10th time
such commencement services
we're held at Heidelberg uni
tersity.
A total Of $4,000 students
ere now enrolled In Maryland's
European program, according
to Mason DAILY. director Of the
university's European division.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-03
Luncheon forMinister

DR.. Albert J. Mccartney. for
many years minister Of National
Presbyterian Church. then
known as Covenant-First Pres
byterian Church, viii be honor
ed at a luncheon by fellow
ministers at 1890 pm. We'd
nesday In Universalist National
Memorial Church, 1910 Six
tesbth street NV.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-03
3 Units Retain
AidetOCOnlbat
Race Petitions


BALTIMORE, June 3 (AP).
- Representatives of eight
Baltimore area organizations
have retained Lyman A. Press
man, Baltimore controller
and civic watchdog, to co-ordi-
nate a legal attack on refer
endunl petitions challenging
Maryland's new public accom-
modations law.
Mr.. Pressman, elected city
controller last month, said he
would serve without fee. He
said he accepted the job to help
prevent the State from be-
coming involved in a racial dis
turbance which would bring the
disgrace of Arkansas and Mis-
sissippi upon Maryland"
Samuel j. Setta Of Easton.
chairman Of the Referendum
Committee Of Maryland, which
was formed to help collect the
petitions, was at the Secretary
OF States office when the
pressman group arrived.
He insisted that legal clear
ance be obtained before they
photographed the documents.
Attorney General Thomas B.
Finan informed the secretary's
office and Mr.. Setta that they
were public records and could
be photostated.
Peoples Right Defended
Secretary of State Lloyd L.
Simpkins directed that three
employees be assigned to watch
the work with the petitions,
which have not yet been ex-
amined In detail by his office.
They were submitted Friday
night IL minutes before the
midnight deadline.
Mr.. Setta. q motel operator
at Easton. said his primary
concern was with the right of
the people to a referendum.
National leaders have spok-
en- and the legislature has
passed this law" he said.
Now the people should have
a chance to decide for them
selves, at a free election In
1864, If a law that is SO wide in
scope 1t will eventually force
integration of barber shops,
beauth shops, real estate, tav-
ems, motels, restaurants, bowl
ing alleys, and swimming pools
should take effect in Maryland. I"
The law, as drawn, applies to
hotels, motels and restaurants
in Baltimore City and IL coun-
ties. All Of the Eastern Shore
except Cecil County is exempt
Tax Cost Stressed
Mr.. Setta said he also pro-
tested that Mr.. Pressman, "as
controller Of Baltimore, at the
taxpayers expense, is prosecut-
ing this case for the integra-
tionists."
Mrs. Juanita jackson Mitch
ell, legal council for the Mary
land NAACP, was present for
the petition screening and copy
ing along with other represent
atives of groups represented by
Mr.. Pressman.
The petitions with 1895 sig
natures were just enough to
prevent the law from going into
effect Saturday.
If all were legal and another
1O,755 valid signatures are filed
by June 80, the law viii be
suspended pending q referen-
dunn in November. 1864.
The Attorney Generals office
win be asked for an opinion on
whether signatures on the petit
lions from the II counties ex-
etmpted from the bill should be
valid.
Question Called "Obtuse"
Robert F. Sweeney, deputy
attorney general. today called
1t a very obtuse legal ques-
ton"
He said he knows Of no prec-
edent for holding that voters
unaffected by q law are barred
from petitioning it to referen-
DUN.
He added the request for an
opinion from % members OF the
House of Delegates had not
been received. but promised one
us soon as possible.
Evening star., 1963-04-23

there are more than 100000 Of
them in the Apollo spacecraft-
will be tested and re-tested at
all levels under stresses up to
100 times more stringent than
anticipated in space"
He said that "if we predict,
based on failure rate data
available today, how reliable
our missions will be, the
answers are discouraging. But
Evening star., 1963-04-23
Tax DeIinquencies
In Area Decrease

Senator williams, Repub-
lican Of Delaware, told the SEN
ate yesterday that the Mary
land-District Of Columbia area
showed substantial progress
last year In lowering delin-
quency in the payment Of
Federal taxes.
In making his annual speech
in the Senate on the subject,
Senator williams said the
Baltimore Internal Revenue
office turned in q good report
for 1862 with q reduction Of
25.4 per cent in total tax
delinquencies.
For the country as q whole,
the Senator said delinquencies
increased 3.5 per cent last
year.
Evening star., 1963-04-23
P|anner
CaIIsfor Better
Rocket Parts

DALLAS, Tex, April %
(AP) "A leading United States
space planner said today that
aerospace firms must improve
the quality of rocket and
spacecraft parts to insure sue
cess of this Nations effort to
land men on the moon.
Developing reliability of
thousands Of components so
they all work together without
error is the one main area
where we need a big Jump in
the state Of the art in the
Apollo lunar landing pro-
gram" Joseph F. Shea, deputy
director Of the National Aero
nautics and Space Admins
tration's Office Of Manned
Space Flight. said.
Mr.. Shea made the plea for
better quality work at the fac
tory level I'd more than 500I
space scientists and engineers
from government and indus
try who are attending al
manned space flight confer
ence. He promised more strin-
gent NASA checks to develop
reliability.
Reliability" he said, means
that a contractors attitude
should not be one of getting the
equipment by the door-'by the
inspectors'-if possible, and let
the follow-on checks take care
Of any deficiency.
Rather. the contractor must
be more rigorous, If possible,
than the customer"
Mr.. Shea said this should
apply also to the thousands of
persons involved In development
OF rocket or spacecraft equi-
ment.
I'VE have a long way to CO."
he commented, before all the
many tiers Of people who work
on our programs-any one of
whom may handle a part which
Evening star., 1963-04-23

may later fail In flight-meet
these demands fully"
Mr.. Shea said that with the
Gemini two-man and Apollo
moon programs, his office is in
sisting on check and recheck of
every item before it leaves the
factory.
We will be as rigorous as pos
sible with our testing" he de-
clared. "Components - and
Evening star., 1963-04-23
Heavier Elements Seen
Much Older Than Earth

all osmium- 1856 now present has
always been present.
The California physicist said
his studies indicate that some
thing in the range Of 10 to Is
per cent of the rhenium-l37 hac
decayed to osmium-l In the
time interval between the crea-
ton of the rhenium-l87 and
formation Of the solar system
Such a percentage Is roughly
the equivalent to a time spar
Of clio billion years.
Margin for Error
DR.. Clayton emphasized that
there is wide margin for error
in the calculations, owing to the
fact that rhenium-187's decay
rate, or "half-life," is not pre-
cisely known, and also to lack
of good information on the
cross sec ions Of the two os-
MUM isotopes. Work 10 current
ly going on to refine these
numbers, however, he said.
Asked where the iron and
other heavier substances came
from II they existed before the
solar system was born, Or. Clay.
ton gave this explanation:
Vast clouds Of hydrogen ga'
probably filled space before the
galaxy took shape. These clouds
gradually CONCEALED into masses
which became stars. Some oi
these stars then blew UP, al
supernovae, scattering newly
created heavy elements into In.
terstellar space. These mixed
with the hydrogen clouds anc
in time the enriched cloud;
CONCEALED into masses, one oi
which finally became the solal
system.
As to where the hydrogen ga'
cloud came from originally, DR.
Clayton said he would rather
not speculate.
Evening star., 1963-04-23
BY WILLIAM HINES
star Science Writer

The iron in Your car and the
gold in yoru teeth may be 6 to
10 billion years older than the
earth from which they were
mined.
A California Institute OF
Technology physicist has de-
viSed q new method of dating"
the universe which indicates
that the heaviIr substances
found on earth - from iron on
up - were formed in star ex-
plosions long before the solar
system took shape. Er. Donald
d. Clayton described his method
In q paper presented yesterday
at the opening Of the American
Physical Society meeting here.
Many Of the heavier SUBJ
stances in the periodic table of
elements can be created only In
the "very drastic environments"
Of supernovae, or exploding
stars. DR.. Clayton said. Study
Of certain forms Of these heav-
Ter elements can yield informa-
ton on when they were cre-
ated, he explained
Such dating has been tried
without success using the we'll
known radioactive isotopes Of
uranium, the fashionable bomb
material U-23C and the nom
fashionable U-238. BY using the
less well-known substance os-
MUM In two of its forms. DR..
Clayton has calculated that
heavy-element formation ante
dates the earth's existence by
billions Of years.
Uses Osmium IsOtOpe
One Of the isotopes used Is
osinium-l87, q decay product Of
the radioactive element rhen-
ium-l87. The other type Of os-
MUM has O weight Of 1856.
Rhenium-le7 decays into the
heavier osmium isotope at
q very slow rate, so that half
the original rhenium Is trans
formed in about 40 billion years.
Osmium-1S7 found on earth
was originally created in two
ways. through the decay Of
rhenium- 1877 and through direct
formation In star explosions.
Just as rhenium, urnaium and
other such elements were
formed. One difficulty lies in
determining how much Of each
type is now present, since they
cannot be distinguished by any
known chemical or physical
means.
Or. Clayton attempted to solve
this mystery indirectly, by an
alysis Of atomic probabilities
called "neutron capture cross
sections" of osmium-187 and its
slightly lighter twin, osmium-
1855. Since osmium- 18e is not
radioactive and does not decay
1t Is reasonable to assume that
Evening star., 1963-04-23

we are convinced that the past
need not be extrapolated for
ward.
THE success of the last
string Of mercury orbital
launches and the first four
Evening star., 1963-04-23

Saturn launchings is, we be-
lieve, tangible proof that this
Nation can indeed exercise the
design skill and attention to
detail so essential to successful
space flight programs.
Evening star., 1963-04-23
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less protection American Homeown Standard Family Policy gives you
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Evening star., 1963-04-23
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