Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-09

emerged recently as the dominant
force In Negro labor demonstra-
tons at Philadelphia and In
jackson, Miss. Its most far
reaching victory remains the
Supreme Court school desegrega-
ton decision Of 1854, financed
and fought through by its legal
defense and education fund.
Roy wilkins Is the NAACPs
leader as executive secretary. Re-
Gently arrested in Jackson--some
said he deliberately went there to
achieve this-he has shown mill
fancy and courage, does not hest
tate to accuse Mississippi officials
Of "Nazism and Hitlerism."
NATIONAL URBANLEAGUE-
Founded in 1910, it Is a non-profit
community service agency focus
ing on practical job placement
for Negroes. plus housing, health,
welfare, education and youth in
centive work. Under Whitney M.
Young, IT,, its executive director,
the league has avoided picketing
and sit-in techniques, preferring
"taw-bone" legislation behind the
scenes to get results.
Not q membership organization,
It has IS offices in major United
States cities where n per cent Of
the Negro population lives, uses
q professional, trained staff Of
500.
BLACK MUSLTMS - Though
claiming half q million followers,
the total Of signed-up members
is estimated by the FBI at around
$4,000. As preached by their
leader, Elijah Muhammad, the
sect's goal is complete physical
separation from American whites
through acquisition Of several
States exclusively for Negroes,
with United States foreign aid to
get them started.
Muslims are regarded as the
extreme fringe (''The tree Of Jim
Grow bears strange fruit" COM
ments Edwin c. Barry, Chicago
Urban League director), and their
Separation and anti Christian
doctrine so far have been re-
jected by most Negroes. But
police worry about their ability to
cause riots. Malcolm x, q min
lister, Is q shrewd Washington
Muslin leader.
NATIONAL NEGRO LABOR
OUNCIL-Organized in 1860
to fight racial discrimination, this
group Is headed by A. Philip
Randolph, venerated president Of
the Brotherhood Of Sleeping Car
Porters and only Negro member Of
the AFL-CIO executive board.
Mr.. Randolph was best known
in World War II for persuading
President Roosevelt to set I'D the
Fair Employment Practices COM
mission.
SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN
LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE =
Led by the Rev. Martin Luther
King, who is probably the leading
symbol Of Negro protest today, the
SCLC is only q few years old and
is headquartered in Atlanta. It
serves as the principal co-ordinat-
ing agency for a number Of af-
filiated non-violence groups.
Mr.. King, only "a, sprang to
national prominence in Mont
gomery, Ala. in 1856 when he sue
cesSfully led a bus boycott. He
subsequently has been shot at,
stabbed. bombed. and arrested no
less than IL times, probably q
record for anyone holding q Pho.
in theology. He consults fire.
quently with the President and
Attorney General Kennedy, is not
always in accord with them.
STUDENTS NON VIOLENCE
CO-ORDINATING COMMITTEE
-Nicknamed "Snick." this organ
ization actually is an outgrowth
Of Mr.. Kings SCLC and originally
was organized to exchange IN
formation on protest techniques.
Its membership is tiny. mostly
college age.
Rivalry between Snick and the
SCLc broke out IN December,
1861 in Albany, Ga. when the
acting chairman Of q coalition
Negro movement there publicly
rejected the SCLC's leadership.
The competition has smoldered
ever since.
CONGRESS ON RACIAL
EQUALITY-Formed in 1912 at
the University Of Chicago by
white and Negro students, CORE
is headed by James Farmer.
Publicity is the major weapon
Of CORE demonstrators, and the
group has shown some Of the most
ingenious techniques In this field.
Among them: The sit-in at lunch
counters; the "dwell-in" where q
Negro family occupies an apart
ment after a white family leads
the way: the "swim-in" testing
integrated beaches. In 1861 CORE
claimed $4,000 members, prob
ably has thousands more volun-
teers today. Many are white.
Youth predominates among
CORE, Snick and the SCLc fol-
lowers. and mass demonstrations
have great appeal TO them be-
cause of their impotence and
need for action.
But the NAACP Is wary OF
these huge public turnouts and
marches where no specific OBJ
jective exists and where the ex-
pense cuts into It's budget for
other activities. The costs Of the
freedom rides at jackson. Miss,
for example. were astronomical
because Of bonding and other
legal expense. Often groups dem
onstrate. then turn 10 the NAACP
for financial aid literally 10 bail
them out.
Money was a key 10 Mr.. Kings
move into Birmingham. The flow