davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-22

self as the heir Of these ira
ditions or will he be content
with subtle strategy?
In one Of the most impress
sive parts Of his message,
President Kennedy appealed
to the American Negroes to
make reason and justice
their supreme advocates, and
to avoid the folly Of believing
that Congress can be coerced
into concessions by demon
strations and violence.
Their Purpose Achieved
On this point the Negroes
would be wise to remember
the teachings Of experience.
The demonstrations have
amply achieved their purpose
by dramatizing the Negro
cause so that the whole proc
ess Of desegregation has been
immeaSurably quickened. To
persist in these demonstra-
lions, or to hold them as q
suspended threat over Con-
gress, would expose the Me-
groes to a serious loss in
public confidence during the
very weeks and months when
national respect is essential
to q fair disposal Of their
case. They will only hurt
their cause If they convince
the American people that
they are trying to extort by
intimidation what cannot be
gained by the methods Of
reason.
With great respect, 1t must
be said that the Negro lead
ers have miSread the impor-
lance Of mass uprisings in the
GROWING phase Of the strug-
gle for freedom. They point
to midas contest with the
British, to Ireland's un-
quenched flame of resistance,
and to Israel's conflict with
Britain as proof of the shame
full truth that men are often
ready to give the victory to
violence which they are eager
to refuse to justice. But none
of these analogies is pertinent
to the American experience
today.
In each Of these examples
there was q clash, massive
and continued, between
the forces Of authority and
the forces Of protest. In
America, by contrast, we have
the almost unique situation
in which a large part Of au-
thority has sanctioned the
protest and has sponsored its
claims. The Supreme Court
has defended Negro rights;
many members Of both par
ties are ready to support new
guarantees; and the Presi-
dent has placed his full au-
thority behind the civil rights
program. In these circum-
stances, agitation and DEM
onstration in the streets, be-
yond their present point,
cease to have a useful prac-
tical purpose and can easily
stir resentment that will
bring even a just cause into
disrepute and danger of de-
feat.
a roa0
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-22
CoIumnist Stands by His Judicial Guns

In a letter Of "rebuttal"
by Paul Frederick Heller to
my articles of June IL and
Is, he says lit is we'll settled
that the laws Of the United
States do not consist solely
Of statutory enactments by
the Congress, but include as
well judicial decisions Of
the Federal courts" and that
"the statutes cited above
make the legality and con-
stitutionality Of the Presi-
dents action q closed ques-
ton"
I suggest Mr.. Heller read
the views Of other attorneys
on these points in the "Con-
gressional Record" Of Sep
TENDER 26, 1862. These con-
tain an article by Arthur j.
Sweppe. former dean OF the
law school and professor OF
constitutional law at the
University Of Washington
(Seattle) and member Of the
board Of editors OF THE
Journal" OF the American
Bar Association. and another
by w. Scott wilkinson, a
prominent attorney Of
Shreveport, La. Both deal
with the question OF what
constitutes the laws OF the
United States" and with the
legality and constitutionality
OF the action Of President
Eisenhower In sending Fed
eral troops 10 Little Rock
under the same sections OF
the United States Code-332,
1913 and 334 OF title 10 as
were used by President Ken
nedy In deploying Federal
troops and federalizing the
National Guard in Alabama.
Mr.. Heller apparently
read hastily the part OF my
article OF June IL, In which
after pointing out that
neither at Little Rock nor
at Tuscaloosa were there
any specific laws involved
that deal with desegregation
Of public educational In
stltutions," I wrote:
Congress, however, on
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-22
Money for Teachers

The Montgomery County Council
obviously is not overjoyed at being put
on the spot for its slash of funds for
needed school teachers. 1t is also obvi
GUS, however, that there is good chance
of offsetting the effects of this unwiSe
cut.
In a legal opinion overlooking
with ifs, ands and butts, County Attor-
ney Tobin hints that some Of the money
already appropriated to the school board
for other purposes Just may possibly be
transferred to this use. And Council
President Floyd, in an equally indefinite
comment, promises to give voice to some
thoughts he has on the matter at
council meeting next week.
The implication, In both instances,
Is that this after all is not really coun-
Gil problem, but one for the school board
to grapple with itself. And nothing
could be further from the truth. The
fact is that the school board requested
funds for an additional 222 teachers
to cover an expected enrolment in
crease Of 5000 pupils next year. It was
the council, acting on its own initiative,
which cut the request to the bone, and
which, as result, owes the school board
every bit Of cooperation it can give.
For our part, we are confident that
If the pressure is kept on both groups a
substantial part Of the necessary funds
will be found. The school board decision
to seek the use Of up to $250,000 Of an
anticipated surplus for this essential
purpose is a good first step.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-22

should be called to what is
generally known as the Posse
Comitatus Act" which is sec
ton 1885, title Is Of the U. s.
Code. It provides criminal
penalties for whoever, ex-
cept in cases and under cir
cumstances expressly author
ICED by the Constitution or
Act Of Congress. wilfully uses
any part Of the Army or the
Air Force as a posse conf
tatus or otherwise to execute
the laws" When Congress re-
pealed in 1857 the statute
under which the President
could use military forces ito
aid in the execution Of Judi
cial process" 1t withdrew any
authorization TO the Presi-
dent to use military forces as
a posse comitatus" TO assist
u. s. Marshals in enforce
ment Of court DEGREES or
orders. AS Mr.. Heller HIM
self comedies. 1.-The sole issue
there Cat Tuscaloosa was en-
forcement Of a Federal court
Decree"
Mr.. Heller questions the
applicability 10 the Presi-
dents action in federalizing
the militia at Tuscaloosa OF
section $500 OF title 10 Of the
u. s. Code. which is the au-
thority for the President In
specific circumstances 10 call
into Federal service the Army
National Guard ITO repel the
invasion, suppress the rebel
lion, or execute those laws
(of the United States :" The
sections-332, 1913 and 334 OF
title l0-cited by the Presi-
dent in federallzing the Ala
bama National Guard are ex-
tensions OF that authority.
Only In section $500 is the
procedure for calling the Ma
tional Guard into Federal
service specified-and II Says
that "orders issued for these
purposes shall be through
the Governors OF the States"
This was not done and that's
the point I stressed in my
article OF June Is.
David Lawrence.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-22
THE ECONOMIST
ShibboIeths Stating Economy?
ON TODAY'S WORLD

United States to follow the
successful European example
and use its fiscal policy much
more freely to promote do
nestle expansion, relying on
higher interest rates to make
an impact on the external
payments deficit.
A Dubious Aspect
SO far so good. But an
other aspect Of the pre-
scription given by this influ-
entail organ is much more
dubious, and deserves the
close attention Of Americans
from quite another stand
point. This is its austere re-
lection Of the widely held
belief that new ventures need
to be taken to create q
stronger system Of inter-
national credit. Here the BIS
reverts to traditional bankers
style, maintaining that q
stringency Of international
credit is needed to persuade
countries to put their pay
ments in order. But the un-
comfortable fact is that
without this international
safety net countries tend to
become obsessed, as today
they increasingly are. with
their balance Of payments.
BY all trying at the same
time the impossible task OF
improving exports but not
their imports, they are in
danger Of spinning the West
into a world slump.
1t Is not fanciful to speak
In these terms. Expansion In
continental Europe, which in
the past few years has been
the main driving force in the
West, is already slowing
down, and the BIS urges that
1t may have TO be checked
deliberately in order to fight
wage initiation. So II the
United States and Britain,
which are today in the best
position TO expand their out
put back TO true full en-
ployment levels, are them
selves inhibited by the need
10 put their balances OF pay
ments right Immediately,
then there will be no major
area In the free world pro-
viding an impetus OF growth.
The lesson for America
as for Britain-is plain. Go
ahead with domestic expan-
sion. facing the fact that this
means deficit financing; act
on the external deficit by
much freer use OF interest
rates. facing UP 10 the
difficulties with Congress:
and create the necessary
leeway for balances Of pay
ments 10 swing about. rs
they will. by backing a bold
rather than a timid scheme
for international monetary
reform - confronting the
conservative financial off,
cials OF Continental Europe
with q united fronts-FRED
HIRSCH. s
q 1893, By the Kconouis,
tntelliGenoe Unit Limited
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-22
THE PASSING SCENE
The Presidents Rights Program
By MAX FREEDMAN

The first reaction to Presi-
dent Kennedy's civil rights
program has been moderately
encouraging. Some Of his
supporters in Congress would
have liked an even stronger
message. but they are ready
to rally to this standard and
to take risks for its success.
The opposition of the South
remains mistaken, but it
has yet to become fierce and
implacable.
Many Southern members,
at least privately, admit that
changes in the status of the
Negro can be denied or de-
layed only at the price Of
cruel repressions which
Americans in their conscience
no longer can accept. These
members also respect the
Presidents appeal to reason
and his refusal to cast all the
blame on the South. Thus
far we have had a good be-
ginning to the hard and pain
full skirmishes that await us.
In this swiftly changing
political scene the Republi-
can role has steadily become
more important. 1t has al
ways been clear that without
publican support the
Southern filibuster could
never be broken. Slowly but
irresistibly another reality
has emerged on the political
horizon - the Republicans
have the power to shape a
settlement that can keep the
congressional struggle with
in bounds. The use which
the Republicans make Of
their power has now become
one Of the great test ques-
tons in the whole situation.
The choice before the Re-
publicans can be easily de-
fined. It Is q choice between
voting your conscience and
voting your calculations.
The Question for Dirksen
AS they ponder the situa-
ton, the wiser Republicans
know that the answer of
their party will depend on
whether 1t is thinking of
immediate gains or enduring
reform. They know that in
10 years many changes which
now appear intolerable to the
South will in fact have be-
gun to prevail. But what
happens in the next five or
10 years? There may be votes
to be gathered and elections
won by a clever appeal TO
Southern discomfort.
For a political strategist,
even a decent and honorable
one, this can hardly be con-
sidered an easy choice to re-
solve. But the country is en-
titled to remind the Repub-
licans of their own best
traditions. They belong to
the party Of Lincoln, Of Taft,
and Of Vandenberg. They
have their own proud mem
cries Of brave campaigns for
freedom when freedom was
often a forlorn cause. Will
Senator Dirksen regard him.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-22

September o. 1859, had spe-
officially repealed those sec
tions Of the then existing
law which authorized the
President to employ land or
naval forces to aid in the
execution Of judicial proc
esses."
Mr.. Heller says Of this
paragraph, Nothing could
be further from the truth"
I refer him to section 122 OF
the Civil Rights Act Of 1857,
which says explicitly:
Section 1889 Of the Revised
Statutes (42 U. s. c. 1899 is
hereby repealed" President
Eisenhower signed this bill
into law on September 8.
1857. Section 1898 Of title AZ
Of the u. s. Code which was
thus repealed was the only
one which had empowered
the President TO use the Ma
tons armed forces or militia
Ito aid in the execution Of
judicial process" issued under
the chapter In the u. s.
Code on civil Rights"
I did not at any time sug-
gest that the statutes from
which sections 1872, 1913 and
1884 OF title 10 Of the Code
are derived have been re-
pealed. What was repealed
was the section which had TO
do with the execution OF
judicial process" in civil
rights" cases.
Mr.. Heller misinterpreted
what ] wrote when / said
that there is a Federal stat
ute which specifically for
bids the use Of either the
Army or the State militia rs
a posse comitatus' TO execute
court orders" In his letter he
wrote that no Federal stat
ute specifically forbids the
fuse OF the armed forces or
the State militia" but he falls
TO include the important
qualification from my state
ment as 10 such use "as q
posse comitatus' TO execute
court orders"
Mr.. Helfer's attention
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-22
LETTERS TO THE STAR

Pen names may BE- used u
letters carry tDriters' correct
names and addresses. All let
tiers are subject to condenSd-
ton. Those not used tDiu be
returned only tDhen accom-
panied By self addressed,
stamped envelopes.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-22

Is economic progress in the
free world being held back by
outworn shibboleths and an
Ceient prejudices2 Is our abil-
ity to tackle unemployment
in West Virginia, slums in
England and mass poverty
and backwardness in Asia and
Africa being frustrated by
stale slogans and imprisoned
minds?
These are not mere rhe-
torical questions culled from
one Of Mr.. Kennedy's cleo
pioneering speeches or dug
out from the bad old 1930s.
These issues are prompted by
the recent publication Of a
remarkable report by the
Bank for International Set
Elements, the little known but
influential institution that
sits quietly In Basic, Switzer-
land. Bravely. the BIS now
points out to Americans how
their own prosperity is being
held back by false notions;
yet, at another vital point,
the BIS itself falls victim to
facilitating conformism.
On American policy the
BIS Is blunt, sensible, and
not at all what one is accus-
toned to expect from bankers,
American or foreign. The BIS
estimates that American out
put could be raised by as
much as 10 per cent, which
is another way Of saying that
another 10 cents in every dol
lar to spend, or. II he chooses,
TO give away to poorer peo-
Piles. What. then. Is keeping
the American economy so far
below Its capabilities?
The only way Of raising
production, the BIS report
points out, is for the Govern
ment itself 10 stimulate it.
by releasing more purchasing
power 10 the public through
tax cuts, and by spending
more itself. Both these poll
cies involve. OF course. an
increase in the budget deficit:
And here comes the thought
block.
The Usual Deficit View
Most Americans are con-
WINGED. not from any eco
nomic knowledge but as part
OF their inherited beliefs. that
budget deficits are always in
flationary and un-American.
SO the size OF the deficit, and
with II the growth rate OF the
economy. Is determined not
by economic circumstances
but by what the President
and his advisers think they
can persuade a suspicious
Congress 10 accept. As the
BIS shrewdly states:
1.-THE ceiling on the nation
al debt may be considered
the symbol Of reluctance 10
use fiscal policy to make full
employment an operating
objective"
SO It's advice Is for the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-08-04
X ANNO open stock soIid mopIe bedroom furniture
SIS ....

Even the youngest. most modest budgets can
clifford to indulge desire for good furniture
OF these open stock pricesl This completely Co
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to modern living. Every piece with lovely hand
rubbed finish. dovetoiled construction, center
guided brewers and antique type metal hard
ware For lifetime comfort and pleasure buy
what you need now odd to il over the years.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-08-04
1899 Sc,

Enjoy the deep down luxurious comfort of no
3-inch. not 4-inch. but full 6-inch deep PoEure
thone foam mottress with sturdy coil box spring
Lightweight. firm and comfortable. these sets are
built for years Of restfUI sleep and fine service
OUroble woven stripe ticking.
double size set. 5o.es
Motrsssss-FOUnh Floor Washington Level Arlington
Evening star., 1963-05-15
Remove Smoke, OdOrs
With Berns Air King
Range Hood

The becUtY Of these Air King Ronge
hoods (oside from the obvious beouN
of their oppeoronce) is the fact that
they require no woIl openings or ducts.
They install costly olmost anywhere
ond go right to work keeping your
kitchen free of smoke and odors. Smoke
and odor filter is chemicoI-ccfion :.
and there's q lifetime grease filfer foo,
plus pvsh-bUtton control and light.
(7-oo6,lD
Evening star., 1963-05-15
Double Bowl
White Sink
O. - An with
p S+S Stainless
- Steel Rim

Enjoy the advantages ond con.
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ot an exceptionally low price. This
Is a ledge-Npe sink Of heavy steel
construction, finished In white poree.
loln enameL Fully rounded corners
mean cosy cleaning. 32"x2l"x7zS".
(5-l644,9
Evening star., 1963-05-15
Stainless Steel
Drop-In Bar
Sink $27.67

The right size, the right mafeioEI
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This Iedge-fYpe sink comes eompIete
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size, l3sS"xl47S"x6". (5-l63s, 9ll
Evening star., 1963-05-15
Stainless Steel
Drop-In Sink
$27.67

Add cleaning, durable bs1uiy 10
your kitchen with q sink Of siclnIess
steel Above sink q self-Eimming
Iedge-typs, drilled with holes for
dfoin end 4 fGveeis. OveFulI size,
25"x22x7sS. (5.l634l
Jackson advocate., 1963-01-12
FORGIVEN"

We have the forgive
ness of sins, according to the
riches of His grace" (Eph.-
1:7.
The climax of PauPs first
recorded sermon is reached in
Verses 38 and 80 of Acts 13,
where he declares:
"Be it known unto you there
fore, men and brethren, that
through Man is preached unto
you the forgiveness of sins:
"And by Him all that believe
are justified from all things,
from which We could not be
justified by the law of Moses"
Thus God, through Christ,
first forgives and thereupon
iustifies those who believe.
Nor is that all that was ac-
complished for US by the death
of Christ at Calvery. There is
also reconciliation, baptism by
the Spirit into Christ and His
Body, position at Gods
right hand in the heavenlies
and all spiritual blessings
there.
%The forgiveness OF sins"
must come first, however, and
the above passage assures us
that in Christ we have this
not barely, but according to
the riches of His grace" In
deed, the next verse continues:
WHEREIN He hath abounded
toward us
Thus Eph. 2:2-7 declares
that though we were "the
children Of disobedience. and
therefore "by nature the child
rem of wrath" "God, who is
rich in mercy, for His great
love wherewith He loved US"
has given us life and raised
us from the dead, exalting
us to "heavenly places in
Christ.
The reason for all this!
"That in the ages to come
He might show the exceeding
riches Of His grace in His
kindness toward us in Christ
Jesus" Verse y.
When God forgives US He
no longer sees US in our poor
Jackson advocate., 1963-01-12

walk through mobs to get to school, 1t
demands great force and great cunning
continually to assault the mighty and in
different fortress of white supremacy"
The Negro, says Baldwin, "haS the
great advantage of having never believed
that collection of myths to which white
Americans cling: that their ancestors
were all freedom-loving heroes, that they
were born in the greatest country the
world has ever seen, or that Americans
are invincible in battle and wise in peace,
that Americans have always dealt honor
ably with Mexicans and Indians and all
other neighbors or interiors, that Ameri-
can men are the worlds most direct and
virile, that American women are pure.
Negroes know far more about white
Americans than that" =
In short, whites
have made themselves the victims of
their own brainwashing. Baldwin fears
that "this dishonored past will rise up
soon to smite all of us "A bill is com
ing in that fear America is not prepared
to pay" The question of. color is "fear-
full and delicate problem, which compro-
misses, when it does not corrupt, all the
American efforts to build better world
here, there, or anywhere. 1t is for this
reason that everything white Americans
think they believe in must now be re-
examined i. i. Color is not human or a
personal reality it is political reality
distinction that Western nations have
not yet been able to make. "And at the
center of this dreadful storm, this vast
confusion, stand the black people of this
nation, who must now share the fate of a
nation that has never accepted them, to
which they were brought in chains. Well,
if this is so, one has no choice but to do
all in ones power to change that fate, and
at no matter what risk-eviction, i'm
prisonment, torture, death. For the sake
of ones children, in order to minimize
the bill that they must pay, one must be
careful not to take refuge in any delusion
and the value placed on the color of
the skin is always and everywhere and
forever delusion.
"When was very young, and was deal
ing with nv buddies in Harlem's wine
and urine-stained Railways, something in
me wondered, What ,OiI happen to all
that beauty? -. And when | sat at
Elijahs table and we talked about
God's-or Allah's-vengeance, l won
dered, when that vengeance was achieved,
What ,ciH happen to all that beauty
then? I could also see that the intransi-
gence and ignorance of the white world
might make that vengeance inevitable
!. And here we are, at the center OF
the arc, trapped in the gaudiest, most
valuable, and most. improbable watel
wheel the world has ever seen II we
whites and blacks] do not falter. in our
duty now, we may be able, handful that
we are, to end the racial nightmare, and
achieve our country, and change the his
tory Of the world. If we do not now dare
everything, the fulfllment of that proph-
ecy. rc-created from the Bible in song by
slave, is upon u.s..
God gave Noek the RAINBOW sign, .
.Nc.ssass uoter. The ~ .s1sb kastjs
Jackson advocate., 1963-01-12
ONWARD,
MISSISSIPPI!

In both his public written and
spoken statements, this writer
has said repeatedly that the
only certain fulfillment Of last
ing good racial relations in our
State lies over the road of
mutual faith, trust, and just
plain common sense.
/ have always been, am now,
forever propose to be deeply re-
sentful resisting with every
faculty and facility at my COM
mand Of any attempt TO
hinder the progress Of Missis-
sippi though attempts to divide
our citizenry, regardless Of the
motive. II / have learned any
thing at all from my forty-odd
years of service in human rela-
tionships it is the efficacy OF
the conference table as against
the folly of employing disrup-
ton as a solution of anything.