davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21
A Noted Historian Looks at the Civil Rights Issue

Attorney Generals explanation Of
the section on private business
my crystal ball clouds with end
less legislation defining his phrase
substantial business
THE success Of the movement
rests on the adoption Of the Ken
nedy administrations proposals.
Voluntary business agreements
provide only a possible and the
final answer" Ultimately these
goals will not be achieved by free
dom rides but by Federal action
and augmentation by q SYM
pathetic and vigorous president.
But the initiative for civil
rights in modern times has been
taken by the Supreme Couft.
''Yet the effect Of this complete
reversal in the Courts conserva-
tive role would hardly have been
realized without q growing pres
sure in the Negro community. As
pronounced as President Tru-
mans 1948 platform was In favor
of civil rights, he was really quite
ineffective. His Negro support did
not have the militancy It does
under Kennedy - without this
militant pressure we would have
another do-nothing administra-
ton.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21

ment measure has been approved
by both houses in Arkansas. Idaho,
Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Mon
tana, Nevada, Oklahoma, South
Carolina, South Dakato, Texas,
Washington and Wyoming.
Mr.. Shanahan says the Court of
the Union measure has been ap-
proved by both legislative houses
in Alabama, Arkansas. Florida.
Louisiana and Wyoming.
Backers Of the proposed amend
ments hope to have Congress call
a constitutional convention for
proposal Of the measures. Thirty
four legislatures would have to
request calling Of the convention.
The amendments, If proposed by
such a convention, would have to
be ratified by action in three
fourth Of the States. The conven-
ton method has never been used
to initiate amendments.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21
While the World Listened

Last week the and obscure uttered these thoughts
posterity:
shall start off by the right awayPNta
Khrushchev nuclear test ban talks opened
have always believed in the principle that public officials could
disagree without dsagreeabe
Godsen to Worcester County critics ASsateague
Hell into that red hot instead
Chicago Watson trainer for Floyd Patterson cham
pionshp fight tomorrow night
I'm not accustomed to much caviar smoked salmon sturgeon
chicken Kiev vodka and wneSheey Winters she had
to have her stomach pumped out in Moscow recently.
Its true that the extreme Right wng-he nuts
we call them In Caloniacan make plenty Of trouble for
they did for me in California But do not think they will dom
nate the convention Former Vice President Nixon, g.
affairs.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21
Would Undo Apportionment

A third measure would undo the
Supreme Courts historic appor-
tionment decision and place ques-
lions Of legislative makeup beyond
the reach Of the Constitution or
the Federal courts. -
Chief Justice Warren, who last
spring called for q great national
debate" on the measures, said the
amendments, If adopted. could
radically change the character OF
our institutions"
The three proposed amendments
were approved last December at q
Chicago meeting Of the General
Assembly Of States. Since then, ID
States have acted favorably on one
or more Of the proposals.
The ABA Journal, In presenting
the article, said it was not indors-
ing any Of the measures. The ABA
Board of Directors already has
opposed both the Court Of the
Union and the amending pro-
posas.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21
By N. A. STEERS
Contributing Writer

When the question Of civil
rights comes before the Nation it
is often studied in an atmosphere
Of hysteria rather than history,
generating the impression Of noble
Northern liberals pitted against
sinister Southern conservatives
for the benefit Of the Negro.
The first Negroes, like many
whites, were brought to the
United States as bond servants.
Less than 20 years after the first
English settlements in 1906, men,
bers Of the Senegalese. Mandin-
gees, Pawpaws, Whydah, Bantu
and other tribes landed and grew
to 4,441 $3.50 at the start of the
Civil War.
Economically vital, enslaved but
never ignored, the legal story Of
the Negro community is one of
the unifying themes in American
history.
C. Vann Woodward, a Sterling
professor in American history at
Yale University and the leading
historian on the South and the
racial question, has illustrated
the problem Of civil rights for the
Negro beyond time and section
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21
Sees 1t as Too UnwieIdIy

He says the Court Of the Union
would be too unwieldy and that
undoing the reapportionment de-
cision would be "the first diminu-
ton since our history began Of
any Federal constitutional guaran-
tee Of liberty. justice or equality"
Mr.. Shanahan lists 10 States as
having approved the Constitution
amending provision, Is the appor-
tionment measure, and the
Court Of the Union proposal.
One or more Of the measures
have been rejected in about a
dozen States, according to the
Council Of State Governments, and
the proposals have not been intro
duced yet in legislature in II other
States.
Mr.. Shanahan says the amend
ing proposal has been approved by
both houses in Arkansas. Florida.
Idaho, Illinois, Kansas. Louisiana,
Missouri. New Hampshire, Okla
homa, South Carolina, South
Dakota. Texas and Wyoming.
He reports that the apportion-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21
By DANA BULLEN
star Staff Writer

A new chapter has been added
to the dialogue under way in the
Nations legal community over
three proposed States rights con-
Stitutional amendments.
The current issue Of the Amer
lean Bar Association Journal
presents arguments for and against
the proposals in parallel articles
and urges lawyers to lead public
discussion Of the measures.
Author Of the article supporting
the amendments is Frank E.
Shanahan, jr., Vicksburg, Miss,
attorney. Opposing views are ex-
pressed by Professor Charles L.
Black, jr.. Of the Yale law school.
Two of the amendments would
(a) create q Court Of the Union
to review Supreme Court decisions
affecting Federal-State relation
ships and CD alter the process
for amending the Constitution.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21

spectacular beauty Of the Atlas
Mountains. To the south the
countryside became poorer, more
sparSely inhabited by the mile,
until we reached Laghouat, the
old desert outpost of the Foreign
Legion. We spent the night
there, arose at sunrise, took q
lonely desert road until with sur
priSing suddenness there lay be-
fore us the village Of Ain Chou
hada.
This once comfortable village
had been destroyed by the Foreign
Legion. Rooms spacious with
tiled floors, walls up to three
feet thick, its layout generous
and handsome. Now there were
only the roofless ruins, the scat
tered human bones. The survivors
had returned to the life Of their
forbears. Some were living in
caves, others in nomad tents,
visiting the village only for water.
The Consultation Room
Official and tribal notables
greeted us and took us to the
one building, a short distance
away, that had escaped destruc-
ton. Here we set up my consulta-
tion room. A board on barrels,
covered by a sterile sheet was our
instrument and medication table,
tiny canvas stools our seats.
Water was boiled on q portable
gas stove. We arranged our sup
plies: antibiotics for acute infec-
-tions, indications against rheu-
matte and neuralgia pain, antacids
and sulfa drugs for common
stomach disorders, drugs for dys-
EMERY, parasites and lice, vitamins
and, of course. lollypops for the
children.
Outside, more than a hundred
men and children were milling
around. But when it came to
starting my consultations only six
or seven old woman entered
silently through the back door.
Our hearts sunk. Was this all?
No children, no young women?
We need not have worried.
Worn by age and deprivations,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21
Negro Leaders at Odds

But Negro organizers in the
latter part Of the 10th century
and early part Of the Goth cen
fury were at cross purposes. Mill
tant leaders such as the brilliant
and controversial w. e. B. Du
Bots. who helped found tho Ma
tional Association for the Ad-
vanecement Of Colored People,
were purposefully weakened by
Booker T. Washington whose
strategy was TO politically appeass
Southern whites and to attract
Northern philanthropy"
The Professor believes that the
Negro has made and will continue
to make his most impressive gains
through direct action.
Although the scheduled march
Of 100000 on the Nations capitol
on August % is classified as direct
action he doubts its wisdom.
THE history Of direct marches
on Washington is not very reas-
surfing as a device for the coer-
cion Of Congress" he said.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21
BY WILLIAM r. FRYE
Star Special Writer

The world does not yet know
whether the historic split between
Russia and Red China Is now, at
last, final and definitive. In all
probability, it is not. Further
peace efforts undoubtedly will be
made.
But the rift has reached such
a point Of depth, intensity, and
scope as to be irremediable in
the near future. 1t therefore makes
sense to begin assessing the world
scene on the basis Of a new as
sumption-the assumption Of &C
tive Sino-S Soviet hostility.
Already. an effect on Soviet
Western relations is apparent. It
was seen this past week at the
Moscow teSt-ban talks. 1t is likely
to go on being felt If the negotia-
tons broaden to take in European
security, Berlin, and further dis
armament measures.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21
Sees Reds Weakened

Such negotiation will be con-
Quoted in the context of a new
balance Of military and diplomatic
power. World communism has
been significantly weakened. Mos
COW may attempt to disguise the
fact, but her bargaining posture
cannot help but take it into &C
count.
And the West is by no means
the only part Of the world that
will be affected. India is likely to
be one Of the first and most
important beneficiaries. There no
longer is logical motive for So
Wet Premier Nikita Khrushchev
to withhold significant military
aid to Delhi In the Sino- Indian
conflict; indeed, there Is every
motive for him to extend it. And
he Is expected to lose little time
in doing so.
The West, therefore, may find
itself soon in the curious posi-
ton Of sharing q, military ally
with the Soviet Union. No one in
India will refer to the position
officially in these terms, but that
will, in fact, be the reality.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21
The DuIIed Sickle

Much Of the hope Of better
EaSt-West relations has rested on
evidence that Russia's revolution
airy zeal has in fact moderated
over the years and been sup
planted in part by a determine
ton to make better life for its
citizens. This remains the most
probable Soviet policy line. He
need not make sweeping changes
to retain control of the world
Communist movement. He has the
advantages Of money, geography,
experience and industrial might.
Thus the net impact Of the
Sino-Soviet split Is likely to be
good for the Free World. It can
produce. and is producing, an
easing Of some cold war tensions;
it is reducing the danger Of q
Soviet-American atomic war.
Ten years hence, 20 years hence,
the story may be different; today
the Free World can handle two
mutually antagonistic Communist
giants much better than it could
have handled a closely co-operat-
ing Sino-Soviet alliance.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21
There Are Dangers, Too

Not all Of the results Of the
Sino-Soviet split, however. are
likely to be good. The West must
now deal with q Red China which
is casting off whatever restraint
Moscow hitherto has been willing
and able to apply. Some Of Mos
cows restraint appears to have
been applied in Laos. It's loss could
be very bad news for Vientiane.
Peking now may attempt there q
graphic demonstration of what it
can do to spur and assist PRO
letarian world revolution"
Hitherto, Picking has seemed
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21
Fooled ldeols

The reformers were naive, ex-
hausted and soon more interested
in cementing the union than in
the egalitarian ideas that had
divided 1t. The Executive, Legisla-
tive and Judicial branches Of the
Government also failed to COIN
eide on a course for insuring the
rights Of the freedman.
Before the South had even
begun TO be readmitted in 1858.
a united North in the Congress
could have voted the funds and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21

to impose it on the victorious
North.
"RaciSm was q national con-
sensus. Opposition to slavery was
in the North, but that did not
mean acceptance Of the Negro. 1t
was that prevalence that stood in
the way of Civil War commit
ments.
1.-THE South really imported seq
regation from the North In the
1905 when the demand for Jim
Crow legislation was rising. Out
side the South, in restaurants,
churches, schools and trains. such
discrimination existed.
Before the Civil War the
Negro was excluded from the bal
lot in all but five States outside
the South"
Certainly the North was not to
be blamed for everything. The
South produced a vigorous count
er-revolution. AS a native son of
eastern Arkansas, from q town
named Vanndale after his grand
father, Prof. Woodward is well
aware of the forces that worked.
But he noted the disinterest Of
the northern liberals after the war,
saying:
I'm the 1880s, when the Su-
preme Court found unconStitution-
al a law prohibiting discrimina-
ton in public Accommodations,
there we're hardly any protests in
the North. In 1896, when the
courts Plessy decision upheld the
concept Of separate but equal &C
commodations there was no
Northern protest at all. Even that
militant old war horse for aboli-
ton, william Lloyd Garrison. by
1874 was saying that the Negro
should stay out Of politics and
improve his morals"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21
Needed for Proper BOIOnes

MFR. Shanahan contends that the
amendments are necessary to pre-
serve the proper balance" between
state and Federal power. He says
expanding Federal power has en-
croached on the States.
"The trend toward centraliza-
ton Of power in the Federal
Government has become SO pro-
nounced that only a solution
based on reforms at the most
basic level will have any probable
ity Of success" he asserts.
Noting the 1862 reapportion-
ment decision, Mr.. Shanahan
saws that reform cannot be in
definitely delayed" If IAN equita-
Bile balance" in the Federal
State relationship Is to be main
tanned.
In its apportionment decision
last year, the Supreme Court
ruled that courts could hear such
questions. The decision led to q
flood Of legislative and court
action TO make governing bodies
more representative.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21
Brewing a Crisis?

Thus there is a real possibility
that Picking desperate in its new
semi-isolation, and furious at So
viet-American impeachment will
precipitate a major Chinese Amer
lean crisis. Nationalist China
would, Of course, welcome such
a turn Of events.
There is certain to be an in
tensified Sino-Soviet struggle for
control Of the worlds 70 lesser
Communist parties. This preSuma-
bly, will mean competition to see
who can make the most trouble
for capitalists.
Red China has virtually an
nounced a stGpped-up drive to
communize the poor countries of
Asia, Africa and Latin America.
Premier Khrushchev may feel
obliged to match this zeal. The
charge that Moscow has gone soft,
putting its revolutionary fight in
its pocket, is a truly monstrous
fabrication and SANDER" the
Kremlin's July IA reply to Picking
said. The danger for the outside
world is obvious.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21
TO AID FORGOTTEN
A Washington Doctor in the Sahara
TO AID THE FORGOTTEN
BY DIR. CATHARINE KNOB
Contributing Writer

Like many other American ply
sicians I recently volunteered for
the MEDICO = CARE program
overseas. In q world where half
the people never see q physician
from the day they are born till
the day they die, American doc
tors are trying to bring hope and
health to nearly q half Q million
people.
The team Of which I was q
member went to Algeria, where
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21
The Sino-Soviet Split:
An Early Assessment

hesitant to risk a direct con-
frontation of Chinese and Ameri-
can military power in Wet Nam
and in the Formosa Strait. With
out Soviet backing, Red China
logically should now be even more
cautious. But logic in this case
could easily be supplanted by
Illustration and anger. Peking
might believe it could force Mos
COW to rally behind its Commu-
mist brother if a sufficiently Seri-
Gus crisis were created.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21

DIR. KnOp Is . Washington
pediatrician. A German-bOrn,
naturalized American citizen,
she is an assistant professor Of
pediatriCs at Georgetown Uni
versity.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21

the women were rheumatic, I'M
dernourished and almost blind. I
could not help their sight, but I
could relieve the pain Of eye in
flammation. Beyond that I had
to resign myself to telling them
that there are hospitals where one
day people like them would be
treated. We gave them food and
vitamins. They left as quietly as
they had come, but once outside
in the courtyard we could hear
their voices rise to a crescendo as
they reported to the others.
In no time a crowd Of mothers
and children was trying to push
its way into our tiny room. The
noise Of their excited voices be-
came deafening. We all had to
shout, I, the interpreter, my hus-
band into his tape recorder, the
nurse for her supplies. The boiling
water added to the heat and fine,
flour-like sand kept drifting into
and over everything.
The Toboos Melt Awoy
1t was a happy moment when
the first children were brought
to me. Unlike the blind, rheu-
matte, tubercular and sometimes
cancer stricken women, could
help most Of these children with
their ear-infectionS, tonsillitis, in
festival disorders and parasites,
impetigo, lice and usually NAL
nutrition. On the other hand
there were, fortunately few, chill
dren with tuberculosis, neurology
cal disorders and post-polio con-
ditions which I could only dag
nose without being able to treat
them.
The physical examination Of the
women presented a problem quite
different from what we had an
ticipated. Subject to the strictest
taboos. they may, never show
themselves to q man not their
husbands except under the most
impermeable cover Of wells, and
even then quite rarely. Yet they
had no conjunction to unveil
themselves and bare their breasts
before the men Of our group. And
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21

the courts, not to mention the
manpower, to enforce such legis-
lation as the Force Bills Of the
1868 and 1870's. which allowed
the President to use Federal
troops in congressional elections
to insure everyone's voting rights,
the Professor asserted, adding:
''One doesn't know what would
have happened II Lincoln had
lived. One only knows that the
Civil Rights Act OF 1866 was
passed over the veto Of his Vice
President Andrew johnson.
THE Supreme Court which
spoke for the Nation simply did
not respond to the idealism in the
Civil War amendments. 1t virtual
ly nullified them by handing down
decisions in the laissez-faire,
States rights spirit. And in the
1865 and 1905 only one Of the
Justices was O southerner.
Historic Irony
1.-THE real irony in that is that
John M. Harlan, grandfather Of
the present Justice Harlan, came
from Kentucky but wrote the only
dissent in 1888 when the Court
declared unconstitutional a law
passed by the Congress in 1875
prohibiting discrimination in pub
lie Accommodations"
TIL Harlan opinion. that Con-
gress had the authority to protect
the civil rights 1t had created and
that in so far as anyone served
the public he was also an agent
Of the State, is being revived to-
day as an alternative TO the
Courts original Interpretation OF
the l4th Amendment as offering
Federal protection against the
State but not against private &C
ton depriving individuals Of their
rights.
Prof. woodward, who finds him.
self in the same quandry as many
legislators, said: II believe the
Government should 60 TO private
business and enforce these meas
ures against discrimination. But
should the ground for this action
be the l4th Amendment, which
the Supreme Court has definitly
limited TO States. in hope OF a
new interpretation Or should 1t
be the interstate commerce clause2
II am not satisfied with the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21
To Make Stotes 'FinoI Arbiter'

Mr.. Shanahan said that one
OF the proposed amendments
would "nullify" the apportion-
ment decision. Another, he says,
would make States the final
arbiter" of States rights disputes.
! The Court Of the Union pro-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21

indications and Instructions. We
felt a life had been saved.
The Hadj's wife turned out to
be three wives. The tent was
closed and almost dark and in
contrast to the mornings noise
all was serenity. The wives spoke
in a whisper, their 20 children
moving quietly and saucer-eyed In
and out as directed by the almost
wordleSs authority Of the father.
Fortunately, most Of these chill
dren were well, in need solely Of
extra nutrition. It was evening
now, and time to leave. But more
children were coming and still
more. Where did they all come
from?
Endless Potients
Our supplies were exhausted
and we had to pack up. Yet 1t
was almost impossible to leave.
On the way to the car I was way
laid by fathers with sick children
in their arms and pleading old
women, until I seemed to hear no
other words but rheumatism,
cough, pain, eyes. When we
reached the station wagon . child
with q severely infected hand was
thrust in my lap. In the crowded
car we unpacked our instruments,
cleaned up the hand and ban
daged it.
Rarely has q decision been as
painful to me as the one that
night to move on. Even as we
slowly drew away from the tents
we could see people come in from
the outlying areas. Three men
closest to the car tried to wave
us to a halt, pointing in mute
supplication to their eyes. They
could not know that there was
nothing more we could do that
night, but their despair made us
pledge ourselves to see that this
was not the end, but q beginning.
We drove past sheep flocks and
camel herds. The moon rose in o
clear sky and the desert became
lonely and silent. When, we won
dered, would the next doctor come
to Ain-C houhada and all the 9TH
er places like 1t?
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-07-21
PenieiIIin Helps Save Boy

PeniciIIin Helps Save Boy
I was asked to examine the
Hadj's wife in her tent. The pri-
vacy Of q tent in which there are
women Is perhaps the most jeal-
ously guarded mores Of the Arab
and the old desert hands in our
party were incredulous when my
husband and the interpreter were
allowed to join my nurse and me
in the tent.
As we were about to enter I
noticed an old man standing mo-
tionless, his eyes fastened to a
baby Graded in his outStretched
arms. One glance told me that
the little boy was desperately i'll.
I took him in the tent and found
he had pneumonia with high
fever. Crouched on the carpet we
administered penicillin. The moth
er was found, given follow-up