davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1963-02-03
They Expressed Horror

Many transport authorities
overseas have visited the United
States and closely studied Amer
ica's problems In order to acquire
ideas on what to do with their
own ballooning automobile traffic.
These informed officials ex-
pressed outright horror at the way
Americans build expressways into
cities with apparently little
thought Of CO ordinating these
fine auto roads with existing sur
face and underground railroads.
And where rail services exist in
American cities, Europeans are in
credulous that public officials
want these facilities to pay their
way all the way. and in addition,
contribute tax revenues to gen.
eral Government purposes (some
OF which sometimes include the
creation Of competitive facilities).
Railroads and subways on the
Continent do not pay taxes be-
cause they are publicly owned, in
the first place, and because they
usually run at vast deficits, In
the second.
AS seen from abroad, one Of the
major United States problems
(perhaps the major one) is that
governments here have set I'D
elaborate systems for obtaining a
massive flood Of money from
highway users to be spent for
highway purposes, while no sys-
tenn exists for acquiring money .
for rail transit. Thus, If cities are
to develop rail transit, they are
faced with the need to levy spe-
cial taxes, float special bond is
sues or dip into general Govern
ment revenues which are already
over obligated for myriad other ,
purposes. One of President Ken
nedy'S current proposals for ur-
ban transportation legislation at
tempts to right this lopsided road
rail situation by providing funds
for transit deveopment from the
Federal treasury. The big cities
themselves, meanwhile, have done
all too little at the local level to
meet this challenge, and much of
what they were doing has now
ground to a near-halt as every /.
one waits to see If Washington
(meaning the United States tax
payer) will put up the dough.
Evening star., 1963-02-03

is to expand the underground
systems and suburban railways"
European cities have to con-
tend with one unusual limiting
factor that may paradoxically
prove their salvation: their old
city centers with churches, forts,
palaces, guildhalls and market
places have an overriding histor-
ical and cultural significance.
They are going to be preserved
and will not be leveled for ex-
pressways. The resulting trans
port pattern is for highways to
be built In concentric circles at
varying distances from the city
center. These cut across mass
transit lines radiating out from
the downtown area, which in
turn, channel the flow Of people
that cars and buses gather to-
gether at the city's outskirts.
System in Copenhagen
Copenhagen officials neatly
point up this approach. Rail lines
radiate out from this gay port
city like fingers Of a hand. Faced
with a constantly rising auto
ownership. the city is planning
two rings Of circumferential high
ways, with parking facilities at
the points where the roads cross
the radial rail lines. 1t is planned
not to charge the motorist who
parks at outer ring lots and then
shifts to q train. However, there
will be moderate charge at the
inner ring lots; and II the motor
ist drives all the way into the
city. he will pay stiff and per-
haps prohibitive parking fees. All
this is calculated to make the
motorist leave his car at home
or, II he uses 1t, to leave 1t as
far as possible outside the down.
town area and turn to rapid
transit.
The city of ancient Rome has
all the problems of coping with q
deluge Of auto traffic coupled
with the impossibility Of WIDEN
ing streets and otherwise tearing
up and improving the historic
area around the Roman Forum
and the Colosseum. There are
projects galore for constructing
downtown subways. including one
from the main railroad station to
st. Peters, plus three rings Of ex-
pressways at distances Of roughly
Evening star., 1963-02-03


Mr.. Sites is assistant to the
vice president Of the AssOcia-
tiOn Of American Railroads. His
study Of rapid transport situa-
tiOn In cities abroad leading to
conclusions In favor Of more
construction Of rail transit ia
cilities was made on an
Eisenhower Exchange Fellow
ship and appears In the Amer
lean Legion Magazine for Feb
ruary. It will appear also as n
chapter In his book "Quest for
Crisis: A World Ranging Search
for Clues to the Transport Fu-
ture.' The heart Of his argu-
ment is In this excerpt.
Evening star., 1963-02-03
How European Cities are Tack|ing Traffic Jams

building tunnels and laying track.
Government units generally put
up the money for original con-
struction and charge 1t off to
general public services. If fares
were raised high enough to cover
both transit operating and orig
inal construction costs, Europeans
fear they would probably be SO
high that customers would not be
attracted out of their own cars.
The major problem is that mo-
torists add UP and compare COM
muting costs in terms of gas
money and parking fees and ig-
more car purchase and repair bills.
No transit operator can do this,
however; SO fares must cover all
his expenses.
Evening star., 1963-02-03

when the need for rail service
became unquestionably evidently
Next, Europeans build a met
ropolitan" railroad to handle ma
jor passenger movements within
the city itself; this is labeled a
Metro (Paris) Underground Oon-
dom, Tunnelbana (Stockholm)
or plain old subway New York;.
Finally. roads for auto and bus
services are developed to COM
plement and extend these basic
rail networks. In other words, au-
tomobiles, trains and buses are
paired up into a team pulling
together in harness. In fact, Eu-
ropeans consider the train a cars
best friend-and the other motor
car a motorcar's worst enemy.
Accordingly. construction Of urban
subways is considered the best way
to relieve traffic congestion on
city streets, and new or extended
rail services are being built or
planned in virtually every major
foreign city from Oslo to Athens.
Breokine BottIenecks
Europe's cities are doing vast
amounts Of street work to break
up road bottlenecks and expedite
the flow Of surface vehicles. Like
America, they are putting in park
ing facilities, shifting to one-way
street patterns and installing
modern traffic control signals.
But unlike the United States,
foreign cities are not being gouged
open to make way for giant ex-
pressways and mammoth down.
town parking lots. The realiza-
ton has dawned abroad, as one
expert put 1t, that autos and cities
simply don't 60 well together, and
that a cities center area has to
have fast, high-capacity. mass
transit service In order to survive
and prosper.
America is our grim warning"
states A. B. B. Valentine, chair
man of London Transport. which
operates both underground trains
and surface buses as far out as
rs miles from Charing Cross. I'm
spite Of the spending Of vast sums
on their highways, the attempt
in American cities to rely mainly
on private transport has mani
festly failed. The only alternative
to strangulation Of our traffic by
the excessive use Of private cars
Evening star., 1963-02-03
The Problem in Moscow

The traffic problem is far less
pronounced in Moscow and Iron
Curtain capitals. the reason ap-
parently being the low level of
auto ownership. For instance,
while there is one car to every
three Americans, there is only one
for $50 Russians, forcing Musco-
vites to use the 50-mile-long Mos
COW Metro not just for travelling
to and from work but also
throughout the day. Communist
officials in Moscow related that
only 35 per cent Of their total
daily travel volume Of 3 million
riders is handled In the four peak
hours. This compares with 80 to
80 per cent in Western cities.
1t costs 5 kopecks (about 51a
centS) to ride anywhere in Mos
COW on the Metro. The Commu-
nists expect surface traffic of
taxis, buses and trucks to in
crease considerably in coming
years and therefore are anxious
to have the people continue to
use rail transit instead of cars
If and when available. The Com
munists are even thinking of al
lowing free travel on the Metro,
official thinking being that 1t will
be cheaper to the overall COM
munity to provide free subway
fares then to attempt to build
enough highways and parking lots
to accommodate Western-style
street traffic.
Much of this same viewpoint
exists In Western Europe. Holland
has been conducting studies and
holding meetings among top
transportation leaders to consider
paying the full bill for construct
ing highways to handle auto traf-
fic in cities like Amsterdam and
Rotterdam. The unpublicized con-
clusion was that such a program
would not only bankrupt the ma
ton, but might even increase
street congestion by inducing peo-
pie to buy and use still more
autos. Further development of rail
transit is therefore being pushed
to the hilt. And the radical step
Of barring all private automobiles
from downtown streets may even
tually be taken.
A city's subway system in Eu-
rope is expected to have a fare
structure which will cover its
operating and equipment costs but
never any tax payments and sell
dom the capital investment for
Evening star., 1963-02-03

track. And now proposed is con-
struction Of the l1ha-mile- long
Victoria Line subway which would
connect with every existing un-
derground route and many surface
railroad stations, and redistribute
much Of the load in downtown
London. Yet the problem Of
handling this peak passenger load
remains. AS one official cogently
commented: II don't believe Lon
don or any other city has enough
wealth to provide enough capacity
to meet peak demands. Demand
itself must be attacked. The peak
hour movements must be spread
out by staggering work hours.
And since exhortation doesn't
seem to achieve this. perhaps the
final answer is simply to let over
crowding build up such back pres
sures that people will stop travel
ing at peak hours or else move
their offices out to the suburbs"
, 1963-10-02
Be Slim

Be Slim
friends will think you are
nuts, but you will feel better
for the exercise.
RULE NUMBER EIGHT:
Think lovely thoughts.
wouldn't dwell on thoughts
about food, though.
Now, then. | have just listed
eight easy rules for losing
weight. At the end of six
weeks you will have a lovely
figure, period. If yo.u follow
all of the rules you will also
be friendless, divorced, sober
and fatfooted. It's your choice.
, 1963-10-02
speeding Car

tailiight; Consul, 2139, a rear
glass, steering wheel, dash
board, front grille, hood, right
the complete left side,
bumper and radiator.
Maria Garcia, was a passen-
ger with Castro. Both were
taken to the hospital complain
ing of pains in their stomachs.
Castro was charged by
Patrolman Benjamin with
speeding and reckless driving.
, 1963-10-02

Scouts =.
ted by the Engineering Service
of the Boy Scouts of America.
The design and final plans
were done by Eric Bonnelii of
S.. Thomas.
Local Scout officials have
expressed their desire for the
appearance OF the building
to be a visible symbol Of the
progress of the youth of the
Virin Islands as well as set
ting a pattern for the future
plans for redeveloping the
Brracks Yard Urban Renewal
Area.
National Scouting Officials
have hailed this project under
taken by the Government Of
the Virgin Islands which has
laid the groundwork for
greater reconition for Scout
ing Of the Virgin Islands in
the near future.
, 1963-10-02
THANKS

The. st. Croix Parachute
Club would like to express
its gratitude to ali its spon-
sors, John L. Alexander,
manager of the Alexander
Hamilton Airport, the Off
Gals Of the FAA and, in
particular, to the members
Of the Fire Department for
making the SKYDIVING
EXHIBITION possible.
, 1963-10-02

A prospectus is being issued
issued by the National Park
Service to all persons and cor
porations interested in prov1d-
ing and operating these faci-
tiles. Additional information
is available at the Office of the
National Park Service in St.
Thomas.
, 1963-10-02
NATL PARK WANTS
CONCESSIO
FOR v. /. PARKS
Nutnl Business Il.

FOR ". /. PARKS special event and activity
~ No+ioa,1 porl service each day throughout the BPW
- ! 81 tbo Week.
winter season 4 new overnight This is a great event in the
camnground and some rental BPW years calendar and we
overnment = owned tropical look to our colleagues, our
baach cottages now under con- friends and Would-be new
struction, according to Frank members to follow the weeks
R Giyens, Superintendent of program, and to participate in
Virgin Islands National Park. parts thereof Whenevre posi-
The Department Of the Int bic. In fact, we invite all BUSH
rior is seeking a qualified and ness and professional women
competent concessioner to to join the Chrlstlansted Busl-
nrovide the supervision, ope- enss and Professional Womens
ration and maintenance of Club, for,we believe that by
these twelve QO new rental doing 50 you will gain real
units, and to provide such stimulation in your leadership
supplies, materials and equip ability. The old saying, Lea
ment as are essential to camp dership is a matter OF record"
ers and to renters of the beach could so easily apply to you.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-14
Essentials Of y. S. Stand, Given by Rusk,
Are Described as Five Months Late

permitted to circulate since
then have confused the
American people and led to
assertions BY critics that the
policy actually had been
weakened.
Thus. for instance. Presi-
dent Kennedy In his televi-
sion address Of October ~.
1862, said:
ITO halt this offensive
build-up. q strict quarari-
tine on all offensive military
equipment under shipment
TO Cuba is being initiated. All
ships Of any kind bound for
Cuba, from whatever nation
or port, will. II found TO con-
tain cargoes Of offensive
weapons. be turned back.
This quarantine will be ex-
tended. II needed, TO other
types Of cargo and carriers"
But at his news conference
on March 6, 1868, the Presi-
dent said that oil-usually
considered q strategic COM
modity-could not be kept
from entry into Cuba by q
blockade. because this would
be IAN act Of war" No such
Interpretation was given by
the President last October,
and hence members OF Con-
gress are again questioning
why there Is q seeming re-
Taxation Of the basic policy Of
quarantine" or blockade"
Also, 1t is being asked Why It
took five months TO bring to
a head the question Of Rus
sia's failure to withdraw IT,
900 Of her troops and tech
nicians from Cuba,
There's q lack Of clarifica-
ton, too, Of the issues in the
dispute over whether the
United States. in order to
secure Moscow's withdrawal
Of Offensive" weapons last
autumn, made q concession,
in effect. both to Fidel Cas-.
tro and Nikita Khrushchev by
allegedly pledging that there
would be mo invasion" Of
Cuba by United States forces.
State Department officials
have repeatedly denied that
any pledge against invasion
was given and have said that
any proposals along this line
were dependent upon accept
ance by Moscow Of Washing
tons demand for "on-site in
spection" to verify whether
the Soviet weapons had been
withdrawn.
But Mr.. Kennedy, in Q
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-14
POTOMAC FEVER
By FLETCHER KNEBEL

Russia charges warships fired on Soviet trawer
off the Virginia coast Moscow claims It's our most unendy
act since the last American plane got in the Of MIG
target practice.
JFK says budget cut would recession II Gov
eminent economy causes bad times can look forward to
100 years Of prosperity.
Scientists discover how to send Tv pictures through
millions Of miles Of outer space That's the way It goes We
spend billions on spaceo get Jack paar rating on the
Big Dipper.
Vice President johnson raps Republicans for critcizng
the Governments Cuba policy Other Democrats are grateful
At least the Republicans to be concedns that there
policy. fEtt
Defense Secretary Mcnamara denies military mon
arch It's true he gets royal reception before congressional
committees He's been crowned often his head ringing
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-14
Democratic Elders Seem to Observer
Unable to Moke a Concerted Effort
DORIS FLEESoN

Both President Kennedy
and Congress are engaged in
brisk efforts to improve their
public relations positions in
connection with a tax cut.
Both were nonplissed when
tax cutting failed Of instant
popularity. The situation
forces leadership on them,
not In broad general terms
alone but In specifics.
Legislatively speaking,
such specifics are far In the
future. The House Ways and
Means Committee continues
to afford q forum at which
the various interests In
volved. including labor, speak
their pieces. These pieces are
nearly always q lforegone
conclusion and attract few
headlines.
Ways and Means Chair
man Mills Is keeping his
own counsel. He was taken
aback when the President re-
treated from the tax reforms
favored by Mr.. Mills and
Treasury Secretary Dillon.
During the period Of the
hearings he is not obliged to
indicate what he intends to
do, and perhaps he doesn't
know.
The chairman has no rec
ord as a last ditch fighter.
His associates have, however.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-14

television appearance on De-
cember II. 1862, told a Ma
tionwide audience that he
didn't really expect the Rus
SLAMS TO agree to "on-site In
spection," because he felt
that e totalitarian system
cannot accept the kind Of
inspection which really is de-
sirable."
Now that Secretary Rusk
considers that Soviet troops
and technicians In Cuba
could be used in an "offen-
sive" action against Latin
American countries and says
that the United States will
use force to prevent any such
action, there are members Of
Congress who wonder why a
quarantine" Of ships carry
ing strategic supplies to Cuba
can't be underSsken at once
without involving ian act Of
war" any more than did the
interception of Russian ships
last autumn.
Secretary Rusk made one
comment in his speech this
week which win add TO the
emotions Of the political de-
bate. He injected, perhaps
unwittingly, q partisan note
when be said that Having
failed TO take the steps that
might have prevented in
years past the establishment
Of q Marxist-Leninist regime
In Cuba, the problem Of find
ing q cure Is more difficult"
But It viii be recalled that In
October, 1860. after many
vigorous protests, our AM
bassador was recalled from
Havana, an embargo was
placed on most exports to
Cuba, and the ORGANIZATION
Of American States was alert
ed to the growing capacity
Of Cuba ito give armed sup
port to the spread Of its
revolution In other parts OF
the Americas" Finally, on
January 3. 1861, diplomatic
relations with Cuba were Sc
vered by the Eisenhower adj
ministration.
The massive military build
up which finally brought
matters to o climax didn't
really begin, however, until
early 1o62--after the Ken
nedy administration had been
in power for more than q
year. When the military
threat arose. the "cure" came
clearly into view-to rid
Cuba Of Soviet armament
and troops by whatever
means are necessary.
Copyright, 1851
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-14

q feeling that tax reform
means q great deal to him
and they doubt that he win
give up to b simple tax cut
made quickly.
In q speech to the ADJ
,vertisillg Council. the Presi-
dent shifted the burden to
Congress. It had to act on
tax cuts, the national debt
limit and the size Of the bud
get. he said, and "the wrong
answer" would spell down
turn and disaster" The
President brought his top
team with him to fortify his
arguments.
Democrats are split three
ways. Some argue for q
bigger slash m ade more
quickly. A few, powerful be-
cause seniority has put them
in powerful places. win drag
their feet on the issue. Most
Of them win be for what the
President wants. or failing
that. what appears in the end
to be possible of attainment.
Republicans do not want
to bear the no-tax-cut re-
sponsibility as 50 much Of
business sentiment favors it.
They are trying to make some
kind Of budget cutting record
with 1t but 50 far 1t Is Q
sham battle.
The chance Of bold leader
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-14

Why has It taken five
months for the American
people 10 be told Just what
the policy OF the United States
Government Is toward the
Soviet military activity in
Cuba7 Why was It neces-
sarye for members Of Con-
gress OF both parties to keep
prodding the administration
before q clear-cut statement
Of the intentions Of the Uni
ted States became available
In the form Of q speech by
Secretary Of State Dean
Rusk this week9 These ques-
tons are being asked on
Capitol Hill. but haven't as
yet been answered.
Plenty Of comments have
been made by administration
Spokesman in denouncing as
irresponsible" or partisan"
those members Of Congress
who feel the American peo-
pie are entitled 10 have their
questions about Cuba an
swered. But, at last, Secre-
tary Rusk has made clear the
essentials Of American policy.
as follows:
I. The United States under
no circumstances will "ac-
cept or tolerate the rein.
PRODUCTION Of offensive wea-
pons into Cuba"
2. The armed forces Of the
United States and other
countries in this hemisphere
are available to see TO 1t that
any arms now in Cuba shall
not be used outside Of that
country, either in ian or
ganized effort or through
piecemeal infiltration."
3. Surveillance will con-
tinue and, II necessary, force
viii be used TO protect "the
free and active use Of inter-
national waters and air
space" in the Caribbean.
Secretary Of Defense Rob-
ert Mcnamara, moreover,
told the House Armed Ser
vices Committee in testimony
released this week that, II
there is an uprising in Cuba
and the Soviets send in
more troops. the United
States win consider this IAN
invasion"
Broad statements indicat-
ing Q firm policy toward
Cuba were made originally
on October % last by Presi-
dent Kennedy, but, unfort-
unately, the notifications
and interpretations which
the administration itself has
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-14
CONSTANTINE BROWN r''7
V0ticon-KremIin Muneuvers

these incarcerated prelates
has been q long planned goal.
1t will be recalled that one
Of the first acts Of Pope
John was TO break diplomatic
relations with all the govern
ments In exile from behind
the Iron Curtain.
Communications In one
form or another between the
Vatican and the Kremlin are
growing. One of the latest.
the first peace prize Of the
Balkan Foundation was
awarded to Pope John for his
efforts In reconciling the re-
ligions Of the world. One Of
the judges Of this new peace
prize was Moscow University
Prof. Norair M. Slssakian. He
stated TO the press that
Premier Khrushchev per-
sonally highly appreciates
the efforts Of Pope John in
the cause Of peace among
all peoples and congratulates
the committees decision" "
There Is little doubt In,
Rome that diplomatic rela-
tons between the Kremlin
and the Vatican win occur
In the near future. And one
can hardly believe that when
Mr.. Khrushchev finally de-
cides to visit Rome to return
the cali Of former President
oronchi 10 Moscow ne viii
not be invited to the Vatican.
And this will be q real turn-
ing point In world affairs,
both In religious and political
circles.