Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-01-10
Africa In 1852; a.2 -.s..> d
Four Nufions Cot
Their Independence
CONTINUED from Page u

tage Bill in South Africa, designed
to kill any efforts on the part of
Africans to gain human rights,
brought expected resentment from
blacks. The Pan African Congress
announced that new protests would
take the form Of violence" Ex-
plosions took place in various parts
Of the republic, followed by ar
rests Of many Africans.
Other events included:
1. The formation Of a coalition
government in Kenya, following
lengthy talks in London. The two
major political parties, the Kenya
African National Union, led by
Jomo Kenyatta, and the Kenya
African Democratic Union, headed
by Ronald Ngala, agreed to work
together for Kenya's independence
from Britain, tentatively set for
1868.
IA meeting in Hartman, NY,
by 100 top Negro leaders who an
nounced plans to take an active
role in the shaping Of us. policy
toward sub-Sahara Africa.
3. Continued unrest in the Con-
go Geopoldville) marked by
clashes between UN forces and
those Of Noise Tshombe's Katanga
Province.
4. Britain agreed to Nyasaland's
desire to break with the Central
African Federation. A further
break in the European-controlled
Federation was expected after the
coalition formed by Kenneth
Kaunda's United National Inde-
pendence Party and Harry Nkum-
bula's African National Congress
Party, in Northern Rhodesia. Also,
unrest among African nationalists
in Southern Rhodesia, third men,
ber of the Federation, was height
ened by vote favoring continued
racial segregation, and the earlier
banning of the Zimbabwe African
Peoples Union, militant African
political party headed by Joshua
Nkomo.
5. Julius Nyerere returned to
the helm Of the Tanganyika gov
ernment as the first president of
a newly-formed republic in De-
cember, marking the states first
anniversary Of independence.
6. The Ghana World Without a
Bomb parley attracted world at
tention. Later, during the Cuban
crisis, President Kwame Nkrumah
sent messages to President John
F. Kennedy, Premier Nildta Khru-
shchev, and Premier Fidel Castro
urging peaceful solutions In the
crisis.
President William v. s. Tub
man Of Liberia urged peaceful set
tlement both in the U.S.-Cuban
dispute and In the border war be-
tween India and Red China :.
Liberia also In 1862 was the scene
Of mass vaccinations against small
pox, led by a team Of experts from
Cleveland, Ohio. President and
Mrs. Tubman's received a victorian
welcome from Queen Elizabeth
during their London tour. = - }
8. President Felix Houphouet-
Boigny and his beautiful wife, In
a May visit to the United States,
won added favor among Ameri-
cans. The Ivory Coast president
told Of his governments plans to
expand industrial and agricultural
capacity. Nine. Houphouet-B Boigny
received wide press coverage for
her charm, poise and beautiful
gowns.
8. Meetings at Lagos, and Brazz-
aville, and in other African cities
marked continued efforts toward
African unity. The result was the
recent signing Of a charter form
ing the Inter-African and Malag-
asy Organization.
In addition, President Sekou
Toure Of Guinea appealed for unity
between the so-called Monrovia
and Casablanca Groups.
10. The announcement by DR..
Nnamdi Azilxiwe, governor general
Of Nigeria, Of plans to build a
$240, 900, 900 trans-African railway
which would link to Indian Ocean
and the Mediterranean Sea, plans
for an African Development Bank,
and talks on the formation Of an
African Common Market were
among major events related to AZ
rica's future economy. Also, fol-
lowing agreement by the United
States to provide a huge loan,
Ghana moved ahead with plans for
its Volta River Dam project.
IL. The Ethiopian government
denied charges by the Somal gov
ernment that Ethiopia was involv-
ed in q plot to assassinate Alden
Abdullah osman, president Of
Somalia.
II. In one Of the most important
cases to come before the Interna-
tional Court Of Justice at The
Hague, the court ruled that 1t has
Jurisdiction to pass on the claim
Of Ethiopia and Liberia that the
Republic Of South Africa Is violat-
ing the convenant Of the United