davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1963-01-20
Anti-British

Mr.. De Gaulle's analysis Of the
entire situation was regarded as
being too anti-British. Most OBJ
servers believed that once she was
admitted to the Market, Britain
would take an active role in
strengthening European unity. In
fact, Italy and the Benelux ma
tions all support Britains appli-
cation, believing that she will OFF,
set the Franco-German axis which
might weaken the unity of the Six.
Moreover, the greater Euro
peans" those who advocate as
many nations as possible into the
Market-believe Britain must join
If Europe is to prosper. They
disagree with Mr.. de Gaulle's eval-
uation OF Britain's motives. Even
the West German government sup
ported the pro-British faction at
Brussels last week-despite French
determination to call off the talks.
Unless there is some radical
change. the chances for Britain's S
admission are now quite slim.
France at any time can refuse
Britain's application, and that
will be that What may be the
final round OF talks will resume
later this month, giving the dip
lomats a last chance TO work out
an agreement behind the scenes.
Evening star., 1963-01-20

improvement over the still-de-
veloping Nike-Zeus.
Construction of Al more war
ships will be started and 36 other
Navy ships will be modernized.
Counter insurgency forces to COM
bat enemy guerillas and civil de-
fense will be strengthened, More
conventional ammunition, weap-
ons, equipment and helicopters
will be purchased.
A total of 2,695,000 men will
be in uniform by July, 1864, a re-
duction of 5000. Strategic bomber
forces will be cut, with the in
activation Of additional B-47 me-
dium bomber squadrons.
The budget breakdown by serv-
ices showed this: Army, Si2.2 bill
lion, up $500 million; Navy. S15.l
billion, up 5000 million. and Air
Force, $l9.9 billion, down 5000
million.
The national space program,
rising like a rocket, will get an
increase Of rs per cent-up to
to $42 billion, $l.8 billion over
the current year. Much OF this
money will go to the Apollo pro-
gram for putting a man on the
moon and bringing him back.
Evening star., 1963-01-20

would swallow up the European
Community"
3. Someday, perhaps, England
will be able to transform itself"
so that it can join the Market
without reservation. In that case,
France will place no obstacles in
its path.
Mr.. de Gaulle mentioned also
that Britain was asked to join
the Market as a charter member,
but that she refused. The i'm
plication is plain England wants
to join now only because she needs
to sell her industrial goods to a
larger market.
This is true; in fact, it is the
principal domestic argument used
by Prime Minister Macmillan for
joining, So far, however, the Brit
ish have sought compromise that
would not force them to give
up Immediately their economic ties
with the Commonwealth, and
which would give some assurances
TO the weaker nations in Europe,
also seeking admission. The Brit
ish also seek a compromise on the
agricultural pricing problem.
Evening star., 1963-01-20

velopments as predictable If dis
heartening. Washington is COM
mitted to Europe's defense, and
the offer of a multilateral force
was an effort to give the Euro
pean powers more of a say in
their own security. An independ-
ent French force will have only
limited military effectiveness; its
main ability will be to start a
nuclear war, not win or prevent
one. However, Mr. de Gaulle has
never been amenable to pressure
or persuasion. He wants a nu-
clear force because he feels France
as a major power should have one.
Moreover, the United States
fears that If Britain is not ad-
mitted to the Common Market, 1t
will delay implementation of the
grand alliance" and lead to in
creased strains on the present
NATO alliance. The only encour-
agement during the week was
the unanimous stand by the other
five Market members - Germany.
Italy, Netherlands. Belgium, and
Luxembourg - against Frances
Evening star., 1963-01-20
THE INTERNATIONAL SCENE

not at Britain-but at the United
States, the Nation most likely to
prevent French leadership of the
West. Mr.. de Gaulle has shown
no enthusiasm for Mr.. Kennedy's
pleas for "interdependence," call
ing it a disguised attempt at
American control of Europe.
Mr.. de GauIle's distrust of the
United States also was seen in
his decision to turn down the pro-
posal for multilateral nuclear
force. He noted that France must
have its own independent force
for use in the future. He said
France cannot allow its security
to remain in the hands of either
the United States or a multi
lateral, foreign directed force.
On the specific issue arising
from the Nassau Pact, Mr.. de
Gaulle said France had no use for
Polaris missiles-as offered by the
United States. France has no nu-
clear submarines, and by the time
it does, she will have her own
missiles, he said.
The United States sees these de-
Evening star., 1963-01-20
The Pressure

Mr.. Tshombe was forced to give
up when 1t became obvious that
the well-equipped U. N. forces
were much too strong for his
Katanga soldiers. Moreover, Bel
gium and Britain exerted con-
siderable pressure on him not to
provoke an armed showdown
which might lead to riots and un-
told destruction of property.
Belgian and British Consuls. in
fact, were largely responsible for
persuading Mr., Tshombe to re-
turn to Elisabethville for his "ca-
pitulation" after his unscheduled
departure for Northern Rhodesia
last week end.
Mr.. Tshombe agreed to end his
armed rebellion Che went TO Kol-
wezi yesterday TO arrange the sur
render there); and to participate
In the U Thant unification plan.
which includes a new constitu-
tion, and share-the-w wealth and
integrate-the-a schemes.
Evening star., 1963-01-20
The Effect

At a press conference last Mon
day Mr.. de Gaulle addressed him
self to the question of Britain's
joining the market. Since his con-
ference preceded by only one day
the resumption OF the Brussels
talks was obvious that he
wanted his strong words TO have
the disastrous effect they did He
said:
/. BY its very maritime tradi-
,tions. England is different from
the nations OF the Market. It's
largely industrial society is fed by
a combination OF imported cheap
food. and highly subsidized home
grown varities. This means that
the Englishman pays less for his
food than a Frenchman or Ger
man whose farmers receive a con-
trolled price.
For Britain 20 enter the Mar
ket. II would have 10 give up
preferences TO the Commonwealth,
drop its commitments TO the Euro
pean free trade area and alter
It's agricultural policies at home.
2. Admission Of Britain TO the
Market would lead TO entry OF
other nations, enlarging the COM
munity beyond the Six. Soon there
would appear colossal Atlantic
community" under American de-
pendence and leadership which
Evening star., 1963-01-20
Military Outlay

Where will the $98.s billion gop
BY far the largest outlay will be
for the military. The Pentagon's s
budget is up S2.7 billion over last
year TO a record peacetime high
OF $52.l billion.
when foreign military aid,
Atomic Energy Commission ex-
penditures. civil defense, stock
piling Of strategic materials and
several other related items are
added. the total spending for ma
tional defense rises to $56.7 bill
lion.
Specifically Mr.. Kennedy has
called for a strengthening of the
strategic striking forces with the
procurement OF six more Polaris
submarines EARNED with 96 mis-
siles) and $50 more Minuteman
ICBMs. Substantial sums also will
be spent on the more advanced
Nike-X anti-missile missile. an
Evening star., 1963-01-20
THE NATIONAL SCENE

vision that permits debate to be
halted by two-thirds of those
Senators present and voting. This
chilled the hopes Of the liberals.
Then he added more cold water
by saying that he would move to
table any motion to change the
rule, thereby assuring an early
vote. II the tabling move sue
ceeded, a long debate over the
rules changes would be averted
and the Senate could go on to
other business. II 1t failed. a
long Southern filibuster would be
likely. The test may come on
Tuesday.
On the House side last week.
Democrats voted two administra-
tion hackers TO posts on the Ways
and Means Committee. They are
Representatives Jennings of Vir-
ginia and Bass Of Tennessee.
Evening star., 1963-01-20
Chances Slim

Developments last week. how
ever, so sharply reduced Britain's
chances for admission. that even
Foreign Office spokesmen were
short on optimism. 1t became
clear that as the negotiations en-
tered their final stage. the prin-
cipal obstacles to an agreement
not only were still there but
seemed higher than ever.
These obstacles stem largely
from Mr.. de Gaulle's interpreta-
ton Of what the Common Market
should be. He sees it principally
as a European" pact meaning
continental Europe. He sees 1t
evolving as a tightly-united eco
nomic body, with its political
structure directed from a firm
Franco German axis. He does not
see the Market as a first step
toward an Atlantic Union as
suggested many times from this
side Of the ocean.
Evening star., 1963-01-20
Continued From Page D-I

Continued From Page D-I
expenditures are believed to be
politically sacrosanct, they eat up
well over half Of the total budget
and efforts to trim them doubt
less will be made.
Mr.. Kennedy has laid particu-
lar stress on the fact that the
total Of all other spending -ex-
cept defense. space and fixed in
terest charges on the more than
5000 billion national debt-will be
held under the 1868 outlay.
But he is recommending in
creases in certain areas, such as
education, health. worker refrain
ing, urban transportation and
housing programs. and these will
be scrutinized-and jeopardized-
by Congress.
Evening star., 1963-01-20
Surprise Vote

The vote was something OF a
surprise. Another aspirant for
assignment TO the committee.
Representative Landrum Of
Georgia, was expected by many
observers TO be named. The en-
tire Georgia delegation had backed
the administration on increasing
the size Of the House Rules Com
mittee from ~ TO Is members. In
the last Congress the Georgians
voted 8 to against such an ex-
pansion.
II was widely rumored that the
Georgians had made a deal" with
administration leaders ~ support
for the Rules Committee enlarge
ment in return for a Ways and
Means post for Mr.. Landrum. The
Democratic House leadership re-
portedly tried. but failed. to de-
liver for the Georgian.
Evening star., 1963-01-20

influence his old friend not to veto
Britain's application.
Mr.. Macmillan is being urged
by some Europeans to meet all of
Mr.. de Gaulle's demands - thus
forcing Mr.. de Gaulle to back
down. This, however, does not
take into account the British po-
litical situation. The Conserva-
tive Party Is already behind in
public opinion polls, and a COM
plete surrender to Mr.. de Gaulle
probably will mean a Labor victory
in the next election, and repudia-
ton Of the Market. The untimely
death of Labor leader Hugh
Gaitskell is not believed likely to
change this forecast. Britain still
is a nation which votes for the
party-and not the man.
Evening star., 1963-01-20

instead of consuming those Of
fered by the Common Market.
Once again, what is to be done
to make Britain, such as 1t is,
enter that system?
One was sometimes led to be-
lieve that our English friends, in
applying for membership in the
Common Market, agreed to
change their own ways even to
the point of applying all the con-
ditons accepted and practiced by
the six. but, the question is to
know If Great Britain can at
present place itself, with the con-
tinent and like it, within a tariff
that Is truly common, give up all
preference with regard to the
Commonwealth, cease to claim
that its agriculture be privileged
and, even more, consider as nall
and void the commitments it has
made with the countries that are
part of its free trade area. That
question is the one at issue.
One cannot say that is has
now been resolved. viii 1t be so
one day2 Obviously Britain alone
can answer that.
The question Is raised all the
more since, following Britain,
other states which are, I repeat,
linked to it in the free trade area,
for the same reasons as Great
Britain, would or will want to
enter the Common Market.
1t must be agreed that the entry
first of Great Britain and then
that Of those other states will
completely change the, series of
adjustments, agreements, COM
pensations and regulations al
ready established between the six,
because all these states, like Brit
ain, have very important traits
of their own. We would then have
to envisage the construction of
another Common Market. But the
1l-member, then 13-member and
then perhaps 18-member Com
mon Market that would be built
would, without any doubt, hardly
resemble the one the six have
built.
Moreover, this community,
growing in that way, would be
confronted with all the problems
of its economic relations with a
crowd of other states, and first
of all with the United States.
1t is foreseeable that the CO.
hesion of all its members, who
would be very numerous and very
diverse, would not hold for long
and that in the end there would
appear a colossal Atlantic COM
munity under American depend
ence and leadership which would
soon completely swallow up the
European community.
Evening star., 1963-01-20

and turn over the mines intact,
the -month-old secession may
truly be called over.
President TShombe Chis office
comes from a vote by the Katan-
ga Parliament in 196O agreed to
the U. Ms entry early last week
in the latest of the "capitula-
tions" that have earned him the
U. Ms distrust over the last two
years.
Ralph J. Bunche, U. N. under
secretary, symbolized this wari-
ness Of the surrender when he
said in New York: 1T is not a
question of not counting the
chickens until they hatch. With
Tshombe you have to wait until
they cackle."
Evening star., 1963-01-20
The Congo:
Time Will Tell

Katangan President Noise
TshOmbe returned to Elisabeth
vile last week and capitulated
to the United Nations demands.
He announced, in effect, that
his 31-mOnth-old secession was
over.
BY tomorrow, we should know
whether Noise Tshombe's "capit-
ulation" was fact and not an
other hoax. For tomorrow morn
ing, U. N. troops are scheduled
to enter Kolwezi, the last Tshom-
be stronghold. If the Katanga SOL
diers surrender their weapons,
Evening star., 1963-01-20
Adenouer Visit

Between now and January 28th
when the talks resume. the vari-
Gus capitals viii be busy trying to
avoid a complete collapse Of Brit
aims chances. Much will depend
on tomorrow's visit 10 Paris by
Chancellor Adenauer. Although
this meeting was scheduled several
weeks ago, It now takes on special
Importance In view OF Germanys
public support Of Britain's ad-
mission. II is not known, however,
whether Mr. Adenauer will try TO
Evening star., 1963-01-20
Civilian Payroll

With everything else getting
bigger, so will the Federal civilian
payroll-in workers and money.
BY the end Of fiscal 1864, there
will be 2,570,533 Government
workers, a rise Of 36.492 for the
total expected as OF next June 80
and $3.50 more than we're em-
ployed last June 30 The payroll
itself will 90 TO $15.6 billion. up
5000 million.
The President carried through
on his promise TO cut lin the planJ
Evening star., 1963-01-20

continental countries and they are
confronted by the same single
threat from one end of their terri
torial grouping to the other.
Finally, they have a feeling of
solidarity because not one of them
is linked on the outside by any
special political or military agree
ment.
Thus 1t has been psychology
cally and materially possible to
organize an economic community
of the six. Moreover, this was not
without difficulty. When the
Treaty of Rome was signed in
1857, it was after long discus
Evening star., 1963-01-20

the treaty, in other words, to a
practical beginning of applica-
tion, we were led to set the entry
of agriculture into the Common
Market as a formal condition.
This was finally accepted by our
partners, but very complex and
difficult arrangements were
needed. And some of these ar
rangementS are still being worked
out, I will note in passing that,
in this vast undertaking, all the
decisions taken were taken by the
governments, for nowhere else is
there any authority or RESPONSE
bility. But I should say that, in
order to prepare and clarity mat
ters, the Brussels Commission
worked in a highly objective and
pertinent fashion.
Then Great Britain applied for
membership in the Common Mar
ket. 1t did so after refusing earlier
to participate in the community
that was being built, and after
then having created a free trade
area with six other states, and
finally-I can say this, the ne
gotiations conducted for so long
on this subject can be recalled
after having put some pressure on
the six in order to prevent the
application of the Common Mar
ket from really getting started.
Britain thus In its turn requested
membership, but on its own
conditions.
This undoubtedly raises for
each of the six states and for
England problems of very great
dimension.
Evening star., 1963-01-20
De GouIle's Egoism

The de Gaulle roadblock was
interpreted by Washington OBJ
servers as another example of Mr..
de Gaulle's extreme egotism. They
believe his main thrust was aimed
Evening star., 1963-01-20
Continued From Page d.

Continued From Page D-1
always been on French President
de Gaulle's side because he held
a veto over Britain's admission
to the Common Market -the SUBJ
ject Of these long, complex and
frustrating talks.
Until last week, the British were
not discouraged by Frances mega
tive response to their bid for
membership. They knew they had
the support of other members Of
the Common Market and the solid
backing of the United States.
Evening star., 1963-01-20

spending other than defense.
space and interest charge items.
He said the total outlays for the
other Government functions would
total $27.4 billion, down $500 mil
lion from this year.
Evening star., 1963-01-20

view. This was demonstrated in
Washington by the joint Fanfani-
Kennedy communique calling for
the multilateral force, and for
Britain's admission to the Market.
Evening star., 1963-01-20
JustifiobIe Assumption

This is an assumption that can
be perfectly justified in the eyes
of some, but it is not at all what
France wanted to do and what
France is doing, which is a strictly
European construction.
Then, it is possible that Britain
would one day come round to
Transforming itself enough to be-
long to the European community
without restriction and without
reservation, and placing 1t ahead
of anything else, and in that case
the six would open the door to
Evening star., 1963-01-20
AS an InsuIor Power

England is, in effect, insular,
maritime, linked through its trade,
markets and food supply to very
diverse and often very distant
countries. Its activities are essen
TALLY industrial and commercial,
and only slightly agricultural. It
has, throughout its work, very
marked and original customs and
traditions. In short, the nature,
structure and economic context of
England differ profoundly from
those of the other states of the
continent.
What is to be done so that
Britain, such as 1t lives, such as
1t produces and such as it trades,
be Incorporated into the Common
Market such as 1t has been con-
ceived and such as it functions?
For example, the means by
which the people of Great Britain
nourish themselves is in fact by
importing foodStuffs purchased at
low prices in the two Americas
or in the former dominions, while
still granting large subsidies to
British farmers. This means is
obviously incompatible with the
system the six have quite nat
urally set up for themselves.
The system of the six consists
of making a pool of the agricul-
tural products of the entire COM
munity, of strictly determining
their prices, of forbidding sub
sidizing, of organizing their con-
sumption between all the mem
bers and of making it obligatory
for each of these members to pay
to the community any savings
they might make by having food
stuffs brought in from outside
Evening star., 1963-01-20

President de GauIle Of France
explained in a press conference
last week his opposition to
Great Britain's entering the
Common Market, and in effect,
taking a role in the evolution
Of a united Europe. The French
position on this question has
an important bearing on the
shape of the world in the flu
ture. 1t has been often inter-
preted and misinterpreted; so
it was with more than usual
eagernesS that the exact words
Of Mr.. de Gaulle we're received
here. They follow:
Question: Can you explicitly de-
fine Frances position concerning
the entry Of Britain in the Com
mon Market and the political evo-
luton of Europe?
Answer: That is clear ques-
ton which l am going to try to
answer clearly.
When we talk about economic
matters, and even more when we
are dealing with them, 1t is essen
tial for what is said and what
is done to conform to reality, for
otherwise we end up in deadlocks
and sometimes even ruin.
Concerning this very important
question of the European Eco
nomic Community and also that
of the possible membership of
Great Britain. it is the facts
which must be considered first.
Sentiments, as favorable as they
might be and as they are, cannot
be put forward in opposition to
the real factors of the problem.
What are these factors?
The Treaty of Rome was con-
cluded between six continental
states. States which, economically
speaking, are in short of the same
nature. Whether in terms of their
industrial or agricultural produc-
ton, Of their foreign trade, of
their commercial customs and
clients. or of their living and
working conditions, there are
many more similarities than diff
ferences between them. Moreover,
they are adjacent, they inter-
penetrate, they are extensions Of
each other through their commu-
nications. The very fact of group
ing them and linking them to-
gether in such a way that what
they produce, buy, sell and con-
sumo, they produce, buy, sell and
consume by preference within
their own grouping thus conforms
to reality.