St. Paul recorder., 1963-01-10
Africa In 1852:
Four Ndfions COT
Their Independence
CONTINUED from Page II

tage Bill In South Africa, designed
to kill any efforts on the part of
Africans to gain human rights,
brought expected resentment from
blacks. The Pan African Congress
announced that new protests would
take the form Of violence" Ex-
plosions took place in various parts
Of the republic, followed by ar
rests Of many Africans.
Other events included:
1. The formation Of a coalition
government in Kenya, following
lengthy talks in London. The two
major political parties, the Kenya
African National Union, led by
Jomo Kenyatta, and the Kenya
African Democratic Union, headed
by Ronald Ngala, agreed to work
together for Kenya's independence
from Britain, tentatively set for
1868.
2. A meeting in Hartman, NY,
by 100 top Negro leaders who an
nounced plans to take an active
role in the shaping Of us. policy
toward sub-Sahara Africa.
3. Continued unrest in the Con-
go (Leopoldville) marked by
clashes between UN forces and
those of Noise Tshombe's Katanga
Province.
4. Britain agreed to Nyasaland's
desire to break with the Central
African Federation. A further
break in the European-controlled
Federation was expected after the
coalition formed by Kenneth
kaunda's United National Inde.
pendence Party and Harry Nkum-
bula's African National Congress
Party, in Northern Rhodesia. Also
unrest among African nationalists
in Southern Rhodesia, third mem
ber of the Federation, was height.
ened by vote favoring continued
racial segregation, and the earlier
banning of the Zimbabwe African
Peoples Union, militant African
political party headed by Joshua
Nkomo.
5. Julius Nyerere returned tc
the helm Of the Tanganyika gov
ernment as the first president Of
a newly-formed republic in De.
cember, marking the states first
anniversary of independence.
6. The Ghana World Without q
Bomb parley attracted world at.
tention. Later, during the Cuban
crisis, President Kwame Nkrumat
sent messages to President Johr
F. Kennedy, Premier NilIita Khru'
shchev, and Premier Fidel Castro
urging peaceful solutions in the
crisis.
President William v. s. Tub
man Of Liberia urged peaceful set
tlement both in the U.S.-CubaI
dispute and in the border war be
tween India and Red China
Liberia also in 1862 was the seen,
Of mass vaccinations against small
pox, led by a team Of experts from
Cleveland, Ohio. President ant
Mrs. Tubman's received a victorian
welcome from Queen Elizabel
during their London tour.
8. President Felix Houphouet
Boigny and his beautiful wife, II
a May visit to the United States
won added favor among Ameri
cans. The Ivory Coast presiden
told Of his governments plans t
expand industrial and agriculture
capacity. Nine. Houphouet-Bo Boign!
received wide press coverage TO
her charm, poise and beautiful
gowns.
8. Meetings at Lagos, and Brazz
aville, and in other African cite
marked continued efforts towart
African unity. The result was tn,
recent signing Of a charter form
ing the Inter-African and Malag
asy Organization.
In addition, President Sekol
Toure of Guinea appealed for unit!
between the so-called Monrovii
and Casablanca Groups.
10. The announcement by DR.
Nnamdi Azikiwe, governor genera
Of Nigeria, Of plans to build I
$24O, 900, 900 trans-African railwa,
which would link to Indian Oceal
and the Mediterranean Sea, plan
for an African Development Bank
and talks on the formation Of al
African Common Market wer,
among major events related to AZ
rica's future economy. Also, fol
lowing agreement by the Unitet
States to provide a huge loan
Ghana moved ahead with plans TO
its Volta River Dam project.
IL. The Ethiopian governmen
denied charges by the Somal gov
ernment that Ethiopia was involv
ed in a plot to assassinate Adel
Abdullahi Osman, president o
Somalia.
IL. In one Of the most importan
cases to come before the Interna
tional Court Of Justice at Tn
Hague, the court ruled that 1t hal
Jurisdiction to pass on the CLAIM
Of Ethiopia and Liberia that tn
Republic Of South Africa Is violat
ing the convenant Of the Unite,
Nations by practicing segregation
in the mandate taFTifoYSv NJ South