davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-02-28
Communism In Africa
through. The Eyes

Of Atrieu Student
Editor: It is now clear-through
reading our newspaper and others
that some African heads oi
states are employing colonial ant
imperialistic techniques in suppress.
sing and oposing legitimate strug.
gle for progress in Africa. These
leaders label any call for political
social, and economic changes by
the young, educated, and progres.
sive youths, a communistic OF
neighbor state inspired struggle
This is far from the truth.
The fact is that these heads Of
state are accusing others of the
same Crime" they themselves
were accused of when they were
fighting for independence. It is a
known fact that DR.. Nkrumah
president Of Ghana, and many
other African leaders with African
interests at heart have, at one
time or other, been called commun-
lists. If by calling them commun.
lists it means that they are work
ing for Russia's interests, there
is nothing to prove this assertion
The fact is that most of those
accused Of communistic activities
are those who really want to work
for true political, economic, social
and even spiritual progress and In.
dependence in Africa.
The accusors, for example, Pres
ident Tubman Of Liberia who Is
accusing the African youth of ir-
responsibility, are those who have
ruled for years, and yet did moth
ing for the people.
Liberia is one among the most
underdeveloped states in Africa
Yet this country has had politica.
independence for about 100 years
This Is intolerable to any right
thinking Negro youth everywhere
The article in the Minneapolis
Tribune Of January %, 1868, by
that able writer and friend of AT
rica, Miss Miriam Album, show.
how far Tubman has been anC
still Is a stooge for the imperial
istic world. A worker in Liberis
earns only ten cents per hour.
He ought to respond to the you'll
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-02-28
DRY POINTS
BY FRED GRAM

The marvel IL not that all those
people were able to endure 80 miles
Of hiking. The marvel Is that they
were able to survive so miles Of
dodging highway traffic.
Americans are painfully aware
Of the uses made Of the hammer
In that Communist emblem. But.
considering the state Of agricul-
ture In the Red world, what earth
ly use do they have for the sickle 2
Exposures Of the college basket
ball scandals should not necessari-
ly discourage honest gamblers. To-
day you put your money not on
which alumni were most success
ful In buying the best players, but
on which syndicate was most sue
cessful In corrupting them.
.
Between the medical, wonder
drug. automotive and dietetical in
dustries, we are now at a point
where we can die Of virtually any
cause we choose except boredom.
Ths only occasion we can think
Of for one Of those long hikes Is
no good either. II It's too cold for
the internal combustion motor. it's
too cold for the human locomotor.
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-02-28

famed Negro poetess, visited Gen
George Washington on her birth
day.
Feb. 2s, 1912 - Anti-Negro riots
In Detriot.
Feb. 2S, 1865 - Beginning Of
bus boycott in Motgomery, Ala
which resulted In desegregation ot
public transportation facilities.
Feb. %. 1857 - Court rules jim
crow buses unconstitutional.
Feb. 2S, 1857 - Federal Civil
Rights Commission created.
Feb. %, 1860 - First student
sit-in at A & T college, Green's
boro, N. c.
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-02-28
FRANKLY SPEAKING
BY Everett Luona

An individual is affected less by
the society as a whole than by the
subdivisions, or groups, to which
the individual belongs. These
groups with which an andividual
associates are determined mainly
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-02-28

group into consideration.
Because all individuals wish to
be accepted by the groups with
which they associate, they adjust
their thinking so as to be In con-
formity with the general view
point of the group. This is true
whether the group is a highly
cooperative one as certain early
Indian tribes were or if it gives a.
high premium to individual aggres-I
siveness as most groups do within
the United States. 81
Individuals with similar interests
tend to congregate and discuss pro-
blems that they have in common.
Through this discussion, solutions
to these problems are formalized.
Generally speaking, solutions to
problems are formalized by indiv-
iduals who are accepted by the
group as leaders.
An effective method therefore
of keeping groups with similar
problems disorganized is to con-
stantly harass individuals who
wish to become leaders.
An example Of this harassment
Is the treatment presently ex-
perienced by the leaders In the
present Negro civil rights strug-
gle.
The ideas that the members of
various groups tend toward are
ideas that the group believes to be
beneficial to the well-being of the
group as a whole. Because differ
ent ideas are beneficial to different
groups, conflicting viewpoints may
prevail between groups.
Because different viewpoints are
beneficial to individuals with pro-
perty as compared with individuals
without property, primary cleav-
age is found within society. This
cleavage becomes the difference in
views between the employers and
the employed.
The employer is concerned with
the profits he can make on his
property and the employee Is con-
cerned with a return for his labors.
This difference in views cannot
be reconciled because there is no
way OF determining what Is a fair
wage as there Is no way of deter
mining what Is a fair profit. The
side that prevails is dependent on
the political and economic power
Of these conflicting interests.
The complexity of American
government is utilized by the pro-
pertied interests to prevent a
group mind from being formulated
that would unite the non-propert-
led interests. AS a result, labor
organizations are weaker within
the United States than they are
within any other of the Western
countries that can be considered
democratic.
The group mind Of the work.
ing class has generally been mis-
placed because Of ineffective pol
itical leadership. The white men,
bers Of the working class con-
slider the primary threat to their
status aS being the Negro and
as q result their group mind is
directed moro toward holding the
Negro down than uniting with
the Negro 30 that together they
can rise.
This misdirection Of antagon-
isms makes 1t safe for Congress
to be as anti-labor as the present
Congress Is. More anti-labor legis-
lation viii probably be passed this
year TO add to the Taft-Hartley
Law and the Landrum-G Griffin Bill.
This win occur until labor unites
politically and recognizes that the
reasons for poverty among all
peoples are the same.
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-02-28
Minneapolis City Council
"Cleans Up" Prostitution
By "Lynching'' Key Club

As this newspaper predicted some weeks ago
the Minneapolis city council after "Iynching" the
Key Club and its owner Henry sabes by revoldng
the bar licenses has decided to close its hearings and
findings on other night spots which It aegedly had
on the carpet.
This is the pattern which has been followed In
Minneapolis for years: Go through the motions OF
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-02-28

disastrous years Of war. It is with
in the capacity of men to avert
such a collision. The experience of
Algeria can serve both to warn
and to help.
Experts in the problem of power
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-02-28
Look 1T Up In The Oxford

Readers Of the Minneapolis daily papers have
been writing In to say that they don't think much Of
Washington Columnist Richard Wilson's petty at
tacks upon the Kennedy administration
They have used many words to describe these
Is the longest in the dictionary.
It's Observation-Disclosures In other
words ALWAYS belittlin'"
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-02-28

in human affairs will start with
the fact, left to itself, power has
its necessities" AS a showdown or
test Of power approaches, every
thing else Is subordinated to it
Chicago DEFENDER.
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-02-28
VIEWS & OPINIONS
THE WORLD OVER
Thinks Both Parties
Know RoIVoag Hos

"oH NUbtbHS SOWCHu0H SulP
1t Is also a matter Of fact that
both parties know now, even
though the court has still to go
through the motions Of ruling on
each classification of challenges,
that Karl Rolvaag will be declared
winner three weeks from now. And
we are predicting that Elmer L.
Andersen will promptly file an ap-
peal with the state Supreme Court,
not with any hope Of winning, but
with the single thought Of hanging
on to the governors chair just a
little longer. - Trimont (Mlnn. }
Progress.
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-02-28
Careers For Young Men

Many mistake thinking Of only In
that number Of
important represented occupations not
Sasmanshp example Of the
country Many them well educated cultured
them salaries and perform services Of high
society.-The Daily S1xeston (Ndo) Standard
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-02-28

by his sex, age,
and economic sta
tus. The actions
and attitudes of
any single indiv-
idual within such
a group cannot
be accurately de-
scribed wit hou I
taking the re-
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-02-28
Rhodesias Face Crisis;
Hopes Lessons From
AlnMwSsp MFsgH kRmRv,

The great agony Of transition
now confronted by the Rhodesias
calls for the utmost clarity Of an
alysis. Its nature Is that Of a trans
fer Of power from white settlers
to Africans.
Left to follow its own course the
transfer could be extremely pain
ful. In Algeria 1t has taken seven
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-10
u. S. Shifts Views on Reds

wide-ranging theological fer
ment within the Red world,
have not been lost on the
United States.
There has been considerable
debate within the administra-
ton on what policy the United
States should take toward the
Communist countries.
Mr.. Kennedy's speech indi-
Gates that those advocating q
more flexible approach toward
the Red nations seem 10 have
won his approval.
This view holds that II is In
the Soviet national interest 10
prevent a nuclear war and the
United States should appeal
10 those within the Kremlin
who advocate peaceful CO.
existence" with the West.
The general tone OF Mr..
Kennedy's speech. HIS cordial
remarks about the record OF
the Soviet Union during
World War II and the great
achievements OF the Soviet
Union In science. seemed TO
be directed at those In the
Kremlin whom the admins
tration believes want closer
ties with the United States.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-10

means not ends. A dispute over
how best TO bury the free
world is no grounds for West
ern rejoicing"
Today. however. Mr.. Ken
nedy said I'VE must re-examine
our own attitude toward
the Soviet Union, toward the
course OF the cold war and
toward freedom and peace here
at home"
He said the United States
and Russia have a mutually
deep interest In a just and
genuine peace and In hating
the arms race. Agreements 10
this end are In the Soviets'
interest as we'll as ours"
The agreement by Mr.. Khru-
shchev for high-level meetings
with American and British
officials on a nuclear test ban
was seen by experts here as very
significant.
II indicates that Mr.. Khru-
shchev is willing 70 run the
risk Of further antagonizing
the Red Chinese. even as a
Chinese delegation is due in
Moscow July 5 for high-level
discussions Of the sino-Soviet
rift.
The July talks, and the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-10
Iruniun Pickets
Huruss Shah Kin

NEW YORK, June 10 (AP) /.
Princes Ashraf Pahlevi, sis
ter of the Shah Of Iran. arrived
last night from Paris and Wit
messed a noisy airport demon
stration by 20 Iranian pickets
which ended with the arrest Of
one of them.
Princess Ashraf was given an
eight-man police escort through
public health, immigration and
customs facilities at the air.
port and taken to a limousine
in a courtyard at the side Of
the international arrivals
building.
AS her car. preceded by a
port authority police car. swung
out Of the yard. one Of 20
pickets broke from behind a
wire fence and ran to the car,
shaking his fists and shouting:
Down with the Shahl"
Three port authority police
men took the picket into Gus
tody.
The pickets told newsmen
they we're students at American
universities and colleges.
Princess Ashraf will stay
with members Of the Iranian
delegation to the United Ma
tons before going to Washing
ton where she will attend an
international women's organi-
zation meeting.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-10
Text Of Presidents ADDRESS at American University

do. I believe we can help them
do it, But I also believe that
we must re-examine our own
attitude--aS individuals and as
a nation-for our attitude is
as essential as theirs. And ev-
cry graduate of this school,
every thoughtful citizen who
despairs Of war and wishes to
help bring peace, should be-
gin by looking inward-by ex-
aiming his own attitude to-
ward the possibilities Of peace,
toward the Soviet Union, to-
ward the course of the cold
war and toward freedom and
peace here at home.
First: Let us re-examine our
attitude toward peace itself.
Too many Of us think 1t inn
possible. Too many think 1t
unreal. But that is a dangerous.
defeatist belief. It leads to the
conclusion that war is in
evitable-that mankind is
doomed-that we are gripped
by forces we cannot control.
We need not accept that
view. Our problems are man
made-therefore; they can be
solved by man. And man can
be as big as he wants. No
problem Of human destiny is
beyond the reach Of human
beings. Mans reason and spirit
have often solved the seeming
ly unsolvable-and we believe
they can do 1t again.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-10
Arms Essential
To Keeping Peace

Today the expenditure Of
billions Of dollars every year
on weapons acquired for the
purpose OF making sure we
never need to use them is es-
sential 70, keeping the peace.
But surely the, acquisition Of
such idle stpckpiles-which can
only destroy and can never
creates not the only. much
less the most efficient, means
Of assuring peace.
! speak Of peace, therefore,
as the necessary rational end
Of rational men. I realize that
the pursuit Of peace is not as
dramatic as the pursuit of war
and frequently the words OF
the pursuer fall on weary ears.
But we have no more urgent
talk.
Some say that it is usless
to speak Of world peace, Of
world law or world disarma-
ment-and that it will be USE
less until the leaders of the
Soviet Union adopt a more en-
lightened attitude. I hope they
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-10
BY BERNARD GwERTZMAN
star staff Writer

President Kennedy's call to-
day for increased understand
ing" between the United States
and Russia marks a sharp
change In the administrations
attitude toward the Communist
camp. b
For the first time, the adj
ministration publicly is sup
porting Premier Khrushchev
In the bitter dispute between
Russia and Red Chinese.
Mr.. Khrushchev has been
roundly attacked by Chinese
leaders for trying 10 reach
East-West agreements at the
expense. say the Red Chinese,
Of the Communist movement.
In the past. administration
Spokesman have tried 10 avoid
taking Mr.. Khrushchev's side
In the dispute. feeling that
American support OF the Pre-
miers apparent desire for some
accommodation-or at least
coexistence-with the West
would hamper him.
In his state-of-the- Union
speech last January IN fact,
President Kennedy said the
Sino-Soviet dispute was over
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-10
Urges Stronger
United Nations

while, we seek 10
strengthen the United Nations,
TO help solve It's financial prob
lens. TO make II a more effec-
tive instrument Of peace. TO
develop II into a genuine world
security system--a system cap
able OF resolving disputes on
the basis Of law. Of insuring the
security OF the large and the
small, and OF creating condi-
tons under which arms can be
finally abolished.
Al the same time we seek 10
keep peace inside the nom
Communist world. where many
nations. all OF them our friends.
are divided over issues which
weaken Western unity. which
invite Communist intervention
or which threaten TO erupt into
war.
Our efforts in West New
Guinea, in the Congo. in the
Middle East and In the Indian
subcontinent, have been per-
sistent and patient. despite
criticism from both sides. We
have also tried 10 set an ex-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-10

FOLLOWING Is the prepared
teTt Of President Kennedy's
address today at American
University:
There are few earthly
things more beautiful than a
university" wrote John Mase-
field, In his tribute to the Eng
lish universities - and his
words are equally true here, He
did not refer to spires and tow
ers. to campus greens and ivied
walls. He admired the splendid
beauty of the university, he
said, because 1t was I" a place
where those who hate igno-
rance may strive to know.
where those who perceive truth
may strive to make others see."
I have. therefore. chosen this
time and this place to discuss
q topic on which ignorance too
often abounds and the truth is
too rarely perceiyed--yet it is
the most important topic on
earth: World peace.
: What kind Of peace do /
mean? What kind of peace do
we seek? Not q Pax Americana
enforced on the world by
American weapons of war. Not
the peace Of the grave or the
security of the slave. I am
talking about genuine peace
the kind of peace that makes
life on earth worth living-the
kind that enables men and ma
tons to grow and TO hope and
to build a better life for their
childrenAnOt merely peace for
Americans but peace for all
I1nen--not merely peace In our
time but peace for all time.
Z speak Of peace because Of
the new face of.war. Total war
makes no sense in an age when
great powers can maintain
large and relatively invulnera-
BILE nuelear forces and refuse
to surrender without resort to
those forces. 1t makes no sense
in an age when a single nu-
clear weapon contains almost
10 times the explosive force
delivered by all Of the Allied
air forces in the Second World
War. 1t makes no sense in an
age when the deadly poisons
produced by a I1uclear ex-
change would be carried by
wind and water and soil and
seed to the far corners of the
globe and to generations I'M
born.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-10
War Is Adhered
BY Both Sides

Among the many traits the
peoples Of our two countries
have In common. none is
stronger than our mutual ABB
horrence Of war. Almost unique
among the major world powers,
we have never been at war
with each other. And no nation
in the history Of battle ever
suffered more than the Rus
slams suffered In the course Of
the Second World War. At
least 20 million lost their lives,
Countless millions Of homes
and farms we're burned or
sacked. A third Of the nations
territory. including nearly two
thirds Of its industrial base,
was turned into a wasteland--
a loss equivalent 10 the devas-
tation OF all this country east
Of Chicago.
Today. should total war ever
break out again-no matter
how--our two countries would
become primary targets. II is
an ironical but accurate fact
that the two strongest powers
are the two In most danger OF
devastation. All we have built
up, all we have worked for,
would be destroyed. And even
I'm the cold war-which brings
burdens and dangers 10 so
many countries. including this
Nations closest allies-our two
countries bear the heaviest
burdens.
For we are both devoting
vast sums 10 massive weapons
that could better be used 10
combat ignorance, poverty and
disease. We are both caught
up In a vicious and dangerous
cycle In which suspicion on one
side breeds suspicion on the
other. and new weapons beget
counter-weapons. a
In short, both the United
States and It's allies. and the
Soviet Union and It's allies.
have a mutually deep interest
in q Just and genuine peace
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-10
Practical Goals
Should Be Aim

/ am not referring to the
absolute, infinite concept of,
universal peace and good will
of which some fantasies and
fanatics still dream. / do not
deny the values of hopes ana
dreams, but we would merely
invite disbursement and in
credulity by making that our
only and immediate goal.
Let us focus instead on a
more practical, more attainable
peace-based not on q sudden
revolution in human nature but
on a gradual evolution in hui
man institutions-on a series
of concrete actions and effec-
tive agreements which are in
the interest Of all concerned.
There is no single, simple key
to this peace--no grand or
magic formula to be adopted
by one or two powers. Genuine
peace must be the product of
many nations, the sum Of many
acts. It must be dynamic, not.
static. changing to meet the
challenge of each generation.
For peace is a process way
of solving problems.
With such a peace, there
will still be ,quarrels and con-
flicting interests, as there are
within families and nations.
World peace, like community
peace, does not require that
each man love his neighbor-
1t requires only that they live
together with mutual tolerance,
submitting their disputes to a
just and peaceful settlement.
And history teaches US that
enmities between nations, as
between individuals. do not last
forever. However fixed our likes
and dislikes may seem. the tide
Of time and events viii often
bring surprising shifts in the
relations between nations and
neighbors.
So let us persevere. Peace
need not be impracticable-
and war need not be inevitable.
BY defining our goal more
clearly-by making 1t seem
more manageable and less re-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-10

ample for others-by seeking
to adjust small, but significant
differences with our own closest
neighbors in Mexico and in
Canada.
Speaking of other nations, !
wish to make one point clear:
We are bound to. many nations
by alliances. Those alliances
exist because their concerns
and ours substantially overlap.
Our commitment to defend
Western Europe and West Ber-
lin, for example, stands I'M
diminished because of the
identity of our vital interests.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-06-10
Soviet Writings
Are Discouroging

Second: Let us re-examine
our attitude toward the Soviet
Union. 1t is discouraging to
think that their leaders may
actually believe what their
propagandists continually write.
1t is discouraging to read a
recent authoritative Soviet text
on military strategy and find,
on page after page, wholly
baseless and incredible claims
such as the allegation that
American imperialist circles
are preparing to unleash diff
ferent types Of wars that
there is q very real threat of
q preventive war being I'M
leashed by American imperial
lists against the Soviet Union
(and that the political
aims Of the American i'm
perialists are to enslave eco
nomically and politically the
European and other capitalist
countries !. (and) TO achieve
world domination by means
Of aggressive wars"
Truly. as it was written long
ago: THE wicked flee when no
man pursueth." Yet it is sad to
read these Soviet statements
to realize the extent of the gulf
between us. But it is also a
warning-a warning to the
American people not to fall into
the same trap as the Soviets,
not to see only a distorted and
desperate view Of the other side,
not to see conflict as inevitable.
accommodation as impossible
and communication as nothing
more than an exchange Of
epithets and threats. ~
No government or social sys-
tenn is so evil that its people
must be considered to be lack
ing in virtue. AS Americans, we
find communism profoundly
repugnant as a. negation Of
personal freedom and dignity.
But we can still hail the Rus
sian people for their many
achievements-in science and
space. in economic and indus
trial growth. in culture and in
acts Of courage. A.