davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1963-05-26
FroH Agreement

But trouble at City Hall threat
ened to destroy the fragile truce.
Montgomery actually had two
Mayors. After putting in white
supremacist Art Hanes as Mayor
and Eugene "Bulr' Connor as his
commissioner, voters later abol-
ished their form of government
and elected a new set of officers
in the bargain. A Hanes-Connor
lawsuit kept two sets Of officials
in power, and the segregationists
refused to recognize the compact
with Negroes.
Last Thursday two events
brought some security to the un-
happy city. A State Supreme Court
ruled Hanes and Conner must
quit. They promptly did and in
came new Mayor Albert Boutwell,,
a moderate on racial matters who
seemed likely to let the contract
stand.
Second, a Federal Court order
by Chief Judge Ebert P. Tuttle
directed the Montgomery Board
of Education to take back 1,l00
pupils. The board had suspended
them on grounds they had been
charged with parading without a
permit. Judge Tuttle replied that
was their constitutional right.
Evening star., 1963-05-26
Farm:
Setback

Farmers sent the admins
tratiOn's wheat scheme to Obliv-
ion last Tuesday in a 597,776 to
547,151 vote against tight con-
trolls and high price props. The
repercussiOns reached all the
way from Canada to Red China.
In the State of Maine, Presi-
dent Kennedy won a clear victory
for his price-propping wheat plan
last week. The vote was "a farmers
in favor and 8 against.
That was about the best ma
jority anywhere, but as Maine
went, only a handful of tobacco
growing States followed. The rest
of the Nation, including the
wheat-growing States, handed the
administration a smarting defeat.
Faced with this bag of chaff, the
White House turned philosophical.
"Ths is a free country" Mr.. Ken
nedy remarked at his press con-
ference. Now the farmers have
chosen to plant freely without
controls and without that high
support. Wen have to see what
the effects will be-"
Evening star., 1963-05-26
THE NATIONAL SCENE
Federal State Issue
In Courts Again

Alabama, until recently fight
ing its own battles on desegre-
CATION, became a larger arena
last week with legal tests on
several points between Federal
and State authorities. But peace
hopes rose in Birmingham as
mOderates took office and 1,1O0
Negro pupils returned to school.
Like a stone tossed into a quiet
pond, the demonstrations went al
most unnoticed on their first day
April 3 in Birmingham. But in
overwhelming ripples, they spread
to the corners of the world.
At their peak, Moscow claimed
that Alabama troopers were using
police dogs especially trained to
hate Negroes. In Africa, United
States prestige sagged out of sight.
Last week, when the violence
seemed to have been stilled, the
crisis became test of wills be-
tween Federal authority and Ala
bama's diminitive, stubborn Gov.
George C. Wallace.
Mr.. Wallace, who earlier had
filed suit in the Supreme Court
asking for restraining orders
against use Of Federal troops at
Birmingham, made headlines
Tuesday with a threat on another
front:
II embody the sovereignty of
this State and 1 will be present to
bar the entrance of any Negro
who attempts to enroll at the Uni
versity of Alabama" he declared.
Two Negroes plan to enroll June
10.
Evening star., 1963-05-26
French SkepticoI

The French, Of course, believe
that the exercise is much-ado
about nothing because 1t does not
add single megaton to the Vests
overall nuclear power. Nor does
it. they say. ease the dependence
Of the rest of the alliance upon
Americas power and control.
The French did not object, how
ever, to the agreement which, It
has been reported, was worked out
before the Ottawa meeting began.
The only stipulation the French
made was that the "inter-allied
force" not be given a formal
name. They don't consider It
something new" but look upon
1t rather as a re-arrangement of
forces already available TO NATO.
American officials, however, see
the Ottawa pact as a major de-
velopment in the political and
military relations OF the alliance.
They say that under 1t a way is
opened for the United States to
share some tunspecifiedD nuclear
secrets with the Europeans; that
1t gives West Germany. for the
first time. an active nuclear strike
role and that 1t is a tentative
first step toward a true integra-
tion OF nuclear forces. present and
future, owned by NATo nations.
tThe bulk Of American nuclear
striking forces remains outside
the NATO commando.
Evening star., 1963-05-26
Geneva Talks

Technical experts from the
United States and the Common
Market countries France, west
Germany, Italy, Belgium. the
Netherlands and Luxembourg be-
gan discussions last month in
Geneva In an effort 10 iron out
these and other differences In an
effort 70 clear the decks for the
meeting OF the ministers OF the
a nations which are signatory
10 the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade,
When the GAIT ministers
opened their talks a week ago last
Thursday the experts had little
70 show them In the way OF ac-
compliShmcrts ThcKe was pessi-
mism In the air and former Sec
retary Of State Christian Herter,
our chief tariff negotiator, spoke
OF "irreconcilable' differences.
This gloomy outlook prevailed
for five days. But then on the
sixth - last Tuesday - the sun
came out Mr. Herter and the
Common Market officials agreed
TO an llth-hour compromise So
luton credited 10 Or. Ludwig
Erhard, the West German eco
Monies minister and the genius
behind his country's postwar
prosperity,
The agreement approved by
GAIT. which is a consultative as
Continued on Page B-1
Evening star., 1963-05-26
Legal Moves

On Thursday, the Federal Gov
ernment filed an answer to the
Governors suit in Supreme Court,
declaring its duty in preserving
peace and protecting citizens
rights could not be left depend
ent upon the wishes of State Of
ficials."
Meanwhile, the Supreme Court
handed a separate victory to
Negroes in a decision involving
lunch counter demonstrations.
The tribunal said on Monday
that city with an official policy
Of segregation cannot prosecute
Negroes for seeking service at
privately owned stores.
The decision, involving 81 dem
onstrators of both races in four
Southern States. was expected to
prompt more sit-in demonstra-
tionS.
Another development in Wash
ington was introduction by 20 Sem
ators Of two bills to speed school
desegregation and halt diScrimi-
nation in public business. Both
would give the Attorney General
authority to go into courts to
enforce citizens rights.
The bills would supply Federal
officials with authority that Presi-
dent Kennedy in his Wednesday
press conference said might be
needed. Chances for enactment
are not considered promising,
however. The coalition of South
ern Democrats and conservative
Republicans in the House has
been able to beat off similar bills
in the past.
Evening star., 1963-05-26

Muscovites jammed in Lenin
Stadium for a farewell rally for
the visiting Cuban leader, Fidel
Castro, Mr.. Khrushchev charged
that "madmen" in the United
States were calling for "a blockade
or even an attack" on Cuba. He
said such a course would lead to
a more dangerous crisis than that
Of last fall.
Then, in the final communique
on the visit, in which Mr.. Khru-
shchev accepted an invitation TO
visit Cuba at some unspecified
time. the two leaders declared:
IF an attack was made on Cuba
in violation of the commitments
undertaken by the United States
President not to invade Cuba, the
Soviet Union will render 1t
necessary aid for the defense
Of the Cuban Republic with all
the means at its disposal The
organizers of aggression should re-
member that an invasion of Cuba
will place mankind before a dew
astating nuclear war"
CMr. Kennedy pledged "no-in-
vasion" in return for on-site in
spection to verify the removal of
Russian offensive weapons in
Cuba-a condition which the
Soviets have not metz
Evening star., 1963-05-26
NATO

The question was discussed at
the meeting of the NATO foreign
and defense ministers in Ottawa
after the ministers formally agreed
upon the creation of an inter-
allied nuclear force.
The agreement, which grew out
of a plan developed by President
Kennedy and British Prime Min
lister Macmillan at Nassau last
December, calls for:
. The British V-bomber force
Q80 planes), three United States
Polaris submarines and fighter
bomber units from Canada, West
Germany, Italy, the Netherlands,
Greece, Turkey and France to
be assigned to NATOs Supreme
Allied Commander, Europe. The
present commander is Gen. Lyman
L. Lemnitzer, an American.
Q A deputy commander to be ap-
pointed to take charge Of nuclear
force matters. A Dutch general
is said to be under consideration
for the post.
. Arrangements to be made for
NATO member nations to partici-
pate in "nuclear activities" in al
lied commands and coordination
of operational planning and tar
getting at Strategic Air Command
headquarters in Omaha.
. An interchange Of fuller nu-
clear information among member
countries.
What is the significance of all
this? This is a question which
is being widely debated, but 1t
would appear that there is less
there than meets the eye.
Evening star., 1963-05-26
Europe's Role

The Ottawa agreement is part
Of the United States answer TO
European desires for more OF a
say on nuclear policy and for a
greater sense Of participation in
the operational forces. II Is linked
10 the next step, which American
officials are vigorously pushing
the multi-lateral nuclear force.
Under this latter plan, NATO
members are being invited TO Join
In the formation Of a surface fleet
OF merchantships armed with Po-
laris missiles and (mixed) manned
by nationals OF the participating
countries.
Back OF United States policy is
this basic consideration: We ur-
gently desire that there be no fur
ther proliferation OF independent
national nuclear forces.
We particularly do not want
a situation TO develop under which
the West Germans will decide they
must build their own nuclear
weapons. We are afraid that the
decision by President de Gaulle
Evening star., 1963-05-26

to create a French nuclear strik-
ing force. or force de frappe. will
create Just such a situation II an
integrated NATO force is not es-
tablished.
Mr.. Kennedy has tried every
way he knows how to dissuade
the French leader from continu-
ing on his independent course,
without success. 1t appears GER
tain that the force de frappe will
be built. Perhaps when 1t is,
France will agree to some kind of
formal, direct cooperation with
NATO If 1t will not actually as
sign its nuclear force to the al
lance command.
Evening star., 1963-05-26
MurviHe Visit

One Of the interesting. but as
yet unexplained. developments at
Ottawa, was the request by the
French Foreign Minister, Couve
de Murville. to see Mr.. Kennedy.
The two met at the White House
yesterday for an hours talk.
There were other developments
worthy of note, too. In a speech
before the NATo Council. Mr..
Rusk cautioned that the West
may expect new trouble from the
Soviet Union. He specifically men,
toned Berlin. Cuba and south
Wet Nam.
According TO the Secretary,
there has been a Soviet policy lull
brought about by political and
economic re-thinking by the
Kremlin since the Cuban crisis.
Once this is completed-and 1t
may be after the Sino-Soviet
meeting beginning July on the
theological differences between the
two munist giants a
tougher line toward the West is
likely TO be taken.
Lord Home agreed on the pos
sibility Of a harsher Soviet APP
proach. He listed these reasons
for what he called the Kremlin's
'agonizing reappraisal:"
A realization that the Soviet
Union is inferior, militarily. TO
the United States; domestic agri-
cultural and industrial failures:
demands for more independence
on the part OF East European
Communist countries and defeats
for Soviet policy in the Middle
East and Africa.
Many observers would add an
other reason 10 Lord Homes list:
Moscow's theological battle with
Peking.
Evening star., 1963-05-26
The WEEK IN PERSPECTIVE
Resetting East VS.. West STAGE

The NATO Council Of Min
listers agreed last week in OF
tawa on the creation Of an
inter-allied nuclear force.
Premier KhruShchev pledg-
ing eternal friendship TO FideI
Castro, warned the United
States Of dire consequences II
1t blOckaded or attacked Cuba.
Since the "eyeball to eyeball"
conformation between the United
States and the Soviet Union last
fall over Russian ballistic missiles
in Cuba and the nuclear war
threat it represented, there has
been comparative easing of ten
sions between the Free World and
the Communist bloc.
While the continued Soviet mill
tary presence - thousands Of
troops with modern arms, tanks
and planes - on Fidel Castro's
island has resulted in a running
domestic controversy in the United
States over what to do about 1t,
much of the spotlight has been
diverted to such areas as Laos and
South Wet Nam and to the intra-
camp difficulties which have been
and are facing both the super
powers.
But last week, although the
crises and within-the- alliance diff
ferences remained very much alive,
statements by Secretary of State
Rusk, British Foreign Secretary
Lord Home and Premier Khru-
shchev raised this question:
Are the East and the West about
to enter a new and more perilous
period in their relations toward
each other. with the spotlight re-
turning to the most dangerous
trouble spots, Berlin and Cuba2
Evening star., 1963-05-26
New Legislation

The President may try another
tack this week to deal with racial
matters. White House officials
said the Justice Department may
propose putting the Government
into planning school desegrega-
ton and also may announce a
method for handling segregation
at lunch counters.
Congress now is considering an
administration bill designed to
Evening star., 1963-05-26
An OAS Role?

The use Of United States force.
Of course, has been ruled out. So,
too, has military action by the
Dominican Republic. The Presi-
dent Of that nation, which shares
the island Of Hispaniola with
Haiti. was ready to invade his
neighbor when DR.. Duvalier's
troops entered the Dominican
Embassy in Port-au-Prince In Q
hunt for anti-Duvalier leaders.
But the United States put heavy
pressure on the Dominicans TO
try for a peaceful solution to their
differences.
There has been some talk about
the Organization Of American
States instituting economic sane
tions against Haiti on the ground
that the Duvalier regimes denial
Of human rights Is linked to the
question Of international ten
sions in the Caribbean and the
consequent threat to peace. But
even should the OAS 90 this far,
and there Is little reason to be-
lieve that 1t will, it would by no
means assure the overthrow Of
DR.. Duvalier.
Evening star., 1963-05-26

speed legal attacks against voting
discrimination. The bill also
would provide Federal aid for
school districts that desegregate.
One of the most sensitive points
in a pact between Montgomery's
merchants and the Negro COM
munity has been whether the city
administration would honor it.
The terms. though modest, did
not appear destined to survive the
stormy riots accompanying their
birth, A product Of long sessions
attended by Assistant Attorney
General Burke Marshall, they
called for desegregation Of lunch
counters within 80 days, non-dis-
criminatory hiring within 60 days.
Evening star., 1963-05-26
Trade:
Inside the Egg

The United States and the
Common Market agreed last
week TO . general formula for
reducing tariffs and HberalizinE
trade. Negotiations for actually
cutting customs were Det for
May, 1864.
When the Common Market, be-
cause Of President de Gaulle's In
siStence, blocked Great Britain's
bid for membership last January,
1t became evident that United
States negotiations with the Euro
pean group for freer trade were
going to be difficult.
The significance of one Of the
major provisions Of the Trade Ex-
pansion Act Of 1862 was largely
dependent upon British member
ship. This is the one which gives
the President the power to elimi-
nate entirely United States tariffs
on those items Of which we and
the Common Market countries
supply 80 per cent or more of
the worlds exports.
With Britain on the outside
looking in, this meant that the
number Of potentially duty-free
goods would be substantially re-
duced, Aircraft, vegetable oils and
perfumes still qualify. but not
machinery. transportation equip
ment, photo supplies. metal man.
ufacturers, rubber goods and
chemicals, to name a few.
There were other major prob
lens. The United States wanted
across-the-board percentage cuts
In tariffs-the Trade Act allows
the President TO slash duties up
TO so per cent over a five-year
period - while the Market coun-
tries, led by France, proposed that
a target tariff level OF 10 per
cent be set and then the DIFF
ference between II and present
duties be cut SO per cent.
Evening star., 1963-05-26
u. S. Unpopular

The situation in Haiti at the
end Of the week appeared to be
relatively quiet and stable. Many
foreign observers in Port-Au.
Prince are convinced that no op-
position group within Haiti Is
strong enough now to overturn
DR.. Duvalier. They report, too,
that the United States has few
friends there today. The Duvalier
people, Of course. are angered by
Washington's efforts to topple the
dictator; the anti-Duvalier groups
blame the United States for fore
ing the crisis over the second
term" without knowing how to
liquidate it.
On Thursday, Washington
called home Ambassador Ray
mond Thurston for consultations.
There is an apparent hope that
these discussions with the man
who has been on the scene win
provoke some new ideas for the
frustrated administration on what
can be done. If anything, to pro-
woke the custer Of DR.. Duvalier.
Evening star., 1963-05-26
KHRUSHCHEV

As n 10 underline Mr. Rusk's
words. Soviet Premier Khrushchev
on Thursday trumpeted a new
warning for the United States 10
keep IT'S hands off Cuba.
Speaking In unreasonable heat
(85 degrees F. before i25. 900
Evening star., 1963-05-26
Canada Problem

One effect worrying the State
Department is Canada. A major
wheat-producer in world markets.
Canada last year exported up
Continued on Page B-2
Evening star., 1963-05-26
More Soviet Arms

This Soviet contribution to the
Cuban economy and military
power continues, According to the
Associated Press. United States
Evening star., 1963-05-26

the internal ones generated by op-
positionists who have threatened
to aSsasSinate him.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-01-11

provide, for the first time, a forum in
which the political leaders, who have
the ultimate power Of decision over local
affairs, could discuss their common prob
lens and agree, If possible, on regional
solutions. It's evolution has been slow
for the precise reason that its members
have been extremely wary of any action
which might remotely encroach upon
their local authority. And 1t is hard to
imagine that any form Of expansion Cat
least of a meaningful nature) could
occur without the complete agreement
and support of these local officials. The
potential of the council as valuable
co-ordinating voice in the region, how
ever, remains great.
Moreover, both the proposed budget
increase for the coming year and the
increased contributions being sought
from local jurisdictions are modest. The
governing bodies of Montgomery and
Prince Georges should continue the sup
port which they have given the council
since its formation.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-01-11
Outrage in Laos

The Communicated Pathet Lao,
which is part of the three-party gov
eminent of Laos, has taken an outra-
geouS position in connection with the
shooting down of two American relief
planes in the past six weeks.
Thus, speaking through Phoumi
Vongvichit, the Red-tinged Minister of
Information in the troika regime, the
Pathet Lao has issued rather insolent
warning. 1t has served notice that there
will be additional incidents of the same
kind unless the regimes two other ele-
mentS-one led by pro-WeStern Prince
Boun Gum and the other by neutral
list" Prince-Premier Souvanna Phouma
sign agreements with it as to Just how
the American supplies are to be dis
tributed.
When one keeps in mind that the
flights involved are purely non-military
and that they have been undertaken at
the request of the Laotian government to
help refugees stranded in central Laos,
the attitude of the Pathet Lao Commu-
niSts can only be regarded as arrogance
and inhumanity Of the worst kind. After
all, as the State Department has de-
clared through Lincoln White, "TheSe
humanitarian operations are e. open
to inspection, the planes are civilian
and unarmed. The food they carry is
desperately needed by the refugees
whose plight the royal Lao government
is trying to alleviate"
Premier Souvanna, who heads that
government, has expressed regret that
our planes are being shot at, and he has
promised that he will meet with the
Pathet Lao leaders in an effort to settle
the matter. This is a typically neutral
list" approach. What must be hoped for,
with fingers crossed, is that 1t will work.
II it doesn't, this mercy airlift should
be abandoned.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-01-11
Time for q CHANCE?

Once upon time lin 1946) Congress
decided to change its ways. 1t passed
bill about it, in fact, but not until spon-
Sors of the measure had agreed to lot
of compromises on their original recon-
mendations-as the price of getting
House Rules Committee clearance on
one side of the Capitol and avoiding a
Senate filibuster on the other. Some
old ways are not subject to change at all.
One of the recommendations was
that Congress should stand in adjourn
ment each year from late June until
early October, except in time of war or
in periods of national emergency pro-
claimed by the President. But when the
bill was passed. it provided that Congress
should adjourn sine die by July 81 Of
each year 1t has succeeded in doing
this once, in 1856. Last year it was
weary band of lawmakers who quit "the
hill" on October Is, barely three weeks
before all House seats and one-third of
the Senate places were open to the
whims of the voters.
Refreshed though it is, Congress
OllCG again 10 Ill41lh4llS Va changing 4Oo
ways. 1t is dreaming again, as it did in
1916, of a summer vacation-So 1t can
frolic with families, as other people do.
On the Senate side, Majority Leader
Mansfield has made some suggestions
and has named committee. He picked
an experienced chairman, too, in Sem
ator Mike Monroney, Oklahoma Demo-
crat, who was a sponsor Of the 1916 plan
as a member of the House. Mr.. Mon
roney learned then about how to nego-
tiate with the rest of Congress on how
to reform all of Congress.
One of Mr.. ManSfield'S suggestions
would authorize the summer recess with
a return to duty in the autumn. An
other, and much more revolutionary
suggestion, would schedule Senate ses-
sionS only on Tuesdays through Thurs
days, beginning at $50 am. instead of
the traditional noontime, with commit
tees to work full days on Mondays and
Fridays. House members are said to be
interested, whatever that may mean.
On many matters, Congress is very
touchy about outside advice. So we just
hope it pleaseS itSelf-and maybe friend
wife and the kiddies, too--about all this.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-01-11
Good for PhiIY

Education is about TO take on a new
and better look in Philadelphia, and a
fine thing 1t is, too Public school Off
Gals in the City OF Brotherly Love, with
the advice and consent Of student coun-
ellis, have put out a code OF appropriate
classroom dress for the boys and girls.
Out OF fashion from now on will be
such male horrors as hob-nailed boots
and beatnik haircuts and such female
offenses as beehive hair = dos, tight
Stacks and messy makeups. Acceptable
alternatives are informal enough TO be
comfortable and inexpensive, but not
freakish. No longer will a classroom
look as II 1t we're populated by ami
mated figures whose dress and features
were copied from totem pole. 1t
may even be possible that marks and
manners will reflect a comparable Inn
provement In due time.