davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Navajo times. [volume] (Window Rock, Ariz.) 1960-1984, 1963-09-05

States shall be acknowledged or
ognized as an independent
nation, tribe, or power with whom
the United States may contract
by treaty: Provided further, that
nothing herein contained shall be
construed to invalidate or impair
the obligations Of any treaty here
tofore lawfully made and ratified
with any such Indian Nation or
Tribe" Clearly, tribal groups
were no longer viewed as indie
pendent nations, an one of the
basic attributes of sovereigns, was
formally extinguis he d by Con-
gresS.
Actually, the treaties and
agreements into which the United
States had entered with Indian
tribes, before 1871, had them
selves. impaired tribal severe
ignty, limiting it or placing con-
ditions upon the manner and ex-
tent of its exercise.
AS early as 1882, Congress
prohibited the sale of alcoholic
beverages to Indians, and many
treaties required Indian groups to
remain within the boundaries of
their reservations. However, the
basic right of Indian tribes to
regulate their internal affairs
within the framework of their re-
sidual sovereignty, and within the
limits imposed by federal law,
mained; in fact, this basic
right has been recognized and
reiterated in court decisions over
the course of more than 1OOyears.
BY "r esidual sovereignty" We
mean those powers for self-gov-
eminent which Indian tribes en-
Navajo times. [volume] (Window Rock, Ariz.) 1960-1984, 1963-09-05

joyed originally, and which have
not been taken away from them
by Congress. 1t is set forth, as
a principal of law, that only by
positive enactments, even in the
case of conquered and subdued
nations, are their laws changed
by the conqueror. Although, by
positive enaCtments of Congress,
we have limited and conditioned
multitude of ways since the Amer
lean Revolution those powers which
we have not expressly limited by
statute or treaty generally remain
within the domain oftribal severe
ignty, partly because the federal
government has excluded the juris-
diction of the states over Indian
affairs, and overnmenta au-
thority must be found somewhere.
The somewhere, in this instance
is the tribe itself, a fact which
was given formal recognition by
the Congress. in 1884, with pas
sage of the Indian Reorganization
Act. Not only was it recognized
that tribal groups retain powers
of self-government to the extent
that Congress has not acted to
take them away or condition them.
but also that failure to use resi-
dual powers did not serve to ex-
tinguish them.
INDIAN ACT PASSED
The Indian Reorganization Act,
passed by Congress on June 30,
1884 (also known as the Wheeler
Howard Act) provided, under Sec
tion 16, that Tin addition to all
powers vested in any Indian tribe
or tribal council bv existing law,
lContinued on Page 12)
Navajo times. [volume] (Window Rock, Ariz.) 1960-1984, 1963-09-05
ROBERT w. YOUNG
AREA TRIBAL OPERATIONS
OFFICER - GALLUP

1t is generally known that In
dian tribal groups WELD certain
powers of self-government with
in their reservation boundaries,
usually through the medium of
an elected tribal council, but
there is considerable confusion
regarding the nature and extent
Of those powers.
Here in the Southwest, where
many of the tribal groups are or
gained and politically active, the
press often carrie stories re-
garding tribal affairs. This is es-
pecially true with jurisdictional
onflicts arise between Indian
tribes and agencies of state gov
eminent.
Reference is sometimes made
to tribes and their governing bodies
as "nearly autonomous: some
times they are referred to as
"soverign", or as entities en-
dowed with sovereign immunity"
Although these adjectives are &C
curate in specific instances and
within certain limitations, they
leave the implication that our In
dian tribal groups are, in effect,
nations to themselves within the
view of the fact that Indians, as
citizens of the state and nation,
vote in our state and national
elections, the concept implied by
the term tribal sovereignty be-
comes difficult to fit into a mean
ingful perspective. Intact, the legal
status of Indian tribes is not we'll
defined in all of it's details, and
court decisions bearing on the
subject are sometimes contra
dictory. 1t is a field fraught with
debatable issues--"gray areas,
as they are sometimes called.
Nonetheless, review of the po-
litical history of our Indian tribes,
in a general sense, of the powers
exercised by tribal government
bodies and some of the limitations
that attach to the exercise of those
powers, is helpful in bringing the
institution of Indian self-gov-
eminent, on the reservations, into
clearer focus as a small and little
known part of our we'll migrated
national government system with
its federal, state, county, and mu-
nicipal levels.
To begin with, before the dis
covery of America and for long
period thereafter, Indian tribes
were distinct, independent political
entities: they were sovereign in
every sense of the word. AS such
they made war, entered into trea-
ties, formed confeder atoms among
themselves, established and en-
forced their own laws and did
all the other things that indepen-
dent nations commonly do. Fol-
lowing the discovery and coloni-
cation of America, the Indian tribes
continued this pattern, extending
their war and treaty making &C
tivities to include Great Britain,
France and later the United States.
In fact, the use of treaties as
a medium for dealing with tribal
groups was not abandoned by our
federal government until 1871 and
many Indian treaties still remain
Navajo times. [volume] (Window Rock, Ariz.) 1960-1984, 1963-09-05

AT an carrier period IN our ma
tional history the British, and
later the United States, govern
ments maintained a diplomatic
service designed as an interme-
Diary between the colonists and
the Indian tribes; the function of
this service was to maintain peace
between the Indians and the set
tiers. So important was this
governmental function, that as one
of its first acts, in IT'S, the
Continental Congress established
three departments of Indian Affairs
(Northern, Southern, and Middle
Departments) headed by commits
sioners in the persons of Ben
jamin Franklin, Patrick Henry and
James Wilson. This action of the
the choice of per sonnet, reflect
the Importance attaching to these
commissioners at that point in our
national history.
In 1889, the Department of War
was established under the new
national constitution, and the re-
sponsibility for Indian affairs was
placed with the Secretary of War,
where it remained until 1849, at
which time it was transferred to
the newly created Home Depart
ment of the Interior. 1t has re-
manned an important function of
the Department of the Interior
for more than 100 years.
AS the colonization and settle
ment of America gathered mo-
mentum across the span of the
18th and 18th centuries, tribal
groups became subject to wide
variety Of pressures. Pressures
to cede Indian lands we're some
times brought to bear or carried
to conclusion by the military, and
some tribal groups were obliged
to migrate westward; in other
instances, Indian tribes we're en-
quilted and surrounded by the
stream of westward expansion,
and to protect such groups from
humiliation, the federal govern
ment established a system of In
dian reservations in the western
part of the United States. Many Of
the reservations we're formed sub
sequently, and many were expanded
by Executive Orders of the Pre-
sident or by Act of Congress in
later years.
In many parts of the nation,
the traditional economy and way
of life of tribal groups broke down
as a direct result of military
pressure, or as an indirect result
of Eur opean-American settlement.
The nomadic hunting tribes of the
Great Plains, for example, had
always followed the great herds
of buffalo, but as the tempo of
immigration and settlement Quic-
kened, this resource melted away.
The social and political organi-
cation of these groups was keyed
to the needs of hunting society,
and placed on reservations where
there was no longer anything to
hunt, such groups faced seri-
GUS problem of rapid adaptation
to radically new conditions of life
if they were to survive. Tradi-
tional mechaniSms for social con-
troll became imperative under the
conditions of reservation living,
and it became neces sary for the
federal government to step into
the breach. In SO doing, the Con-
gress and the American people
Navajo times. [volume] (Window Rock, Ariz.) 1960-1984, 1963-09-05
Tribal Self-Government Powers Debated

began to the view the Indians
as object of national charity: it
was the beginning of federal pa
ternalism as an important aspect
of our Indian policy, force which
remained at least until the pas
sage OF the Indian Reorganization
Act in 1884
LOST POWER
From a beginning as sover-
eign nations within the bounda-
ries of what have become the
United States, Indian tribal groups
have lost many of the attributes
Of tribal sovereignty as a result
of treaties into which they have
entered with the United States,
or as a result of Congressional
action. This loss was especially
rapid during the 18th century. Not
only did the Federal Government
etinguish or limit legal powers
formerly associated with Indian
tribes as autonomous groups, but
in many instances, Indian COM
munities lost the nee hani m
through which to exercise the
powers which they still retained.
This latter trend gained momen-
tum during the final decades of
the 18th, and the early part of
the present centuries, and federal
authority usually stepped into the
breach, to provide services and
perform functions that the tribes
could no longer accomplish for
themselves. 1t was trend that did
not lose impetus until after the
enactment of the Indian Reorgani-
cation Act in 1884. Of cour Sc, the
extent to which individual Indian
tribes lost powers which they had
formerly possessed as sovereigns.
and the extent to which internal
m e c hanis m of self-government
broke down, depended upon cir
cumStances surrounding individual
groups in the areas in which they
lived.
Our basic national policy in the
field of Indian Affairs was set
forth on Aug. 7, 1889, by the first
Congress and the first President,
in the form of the Northwest Or
dinance. AS stated, it was the
policy of our nation that "the
utmost good faith shall always
be observed toward the Indians;
their land and property shall never
be taken from them without their
consent; and in their property,
rights and liberty, they shallnever
be invaded or disturbed unless
in just and lawful wars authorized
by Congress; but laws founded
in justice and humanity shall from
time to time be made, for pre-
venting wrongs being done to them,
and for preserving peace and
friendship with ther" "
Thus, in 1889, the founders of
our nation clearly recognized the
sovereign character of our tribal
groups, while at the same time,
the Congress had already begun
to assume responsibility for their
protection. Indian tribes we're al
ready beginning to emerge, in the
National policy, as dependent
nations.
The rapio course of events in
the century that followed is re-
Elected in the fact that, on Mar.
3, 1871, Congress passed an Act
that provided, in part, "that here
after no Indian nation or tribe
within the territory of the United
, 1963-04-17


the travellers from the main
land to the Islands with con-
Meeting Caribair fights.
Prior to this, a double
system of luggage checking
had been in effect since the
early part Of this year. The
new system will result in
more effective transfer in
San Juan.
, 1963-04-17
GOVERNOR APPROVES BUDGET BUT
VETOES PAY INCREASES

Governor Ralph Paewonsky gave his approval to
the 1963-64 Budget passed by the Legislature but vetoed
the Pay Plan which would have increased the salaries of
certain unclassifed and classified government employees
at the cost Of almost one million dollars. and said he
would call the Legislature into special session during
the month of June.
, 1963-04-17
the month of June.

The special session is being
called to reconsider certain
reduction in the operating
budget made by the Legis1a-
ture, to discuss the possibility
off, later pay increae for UNI
classified employees should the
revenue picture improve, and
to correct any iniquities which
may develop with regard to
the number of changes made
by the Legislature in titles of
unclassified positions,
The reductions refef1edto
by the Governor affect the De-
partment's of Finance, Educa-
ton, Health, Public Works,
Public Safety and Social We'll
fare. Reports by the heads of
these offices were included in
the Governors message to the
President of the Legislature.
The Governors letter states
that he has sanctioned and APP
proved Bills 1741, 1743, 1744
and l74S with the exception
Of certain items, parts or por-
tons thereof"
I'm view of my disapproval
of the Pay Plan, / have found
it necessary to disapprove,
within these budgets, compar-
able increases which the legis-
lature approved as line items
for unclassified employees. Be-
cause of the number Of changes
made by the Legislature in
titles Of unclassifed positions,
especially within the Depart
ment of Public Works, it is
possible that some cOmpar-
able pay plan increases for
unclassifed employees have
not been eliminated. Any such
iniquities which may develop,
will have to be corrected at a
special session Of the Legisla-
, 1963-04-17

ture which / plan to call dur
ing the month of June" he
wrote.
The Governor also wrote that
he has found it necessary to
remove all but the statutory
unclassified positions in the
Department of Health and in
the educational programs of
the Department of Education.
This action is mandatory in
the case. of the Department of
Health i'm may
continue to- be eligible for.
Grant-m-Aid funds from the
Federal Government. In the
case of the educational pro-
facilitate the goal OF accredi-
gram, the action is in order to
tation for our high schools.
Comments from each Com
missioner were cited. DR.. San
chez wrote that "on the basis
of our estimates, it appears as
if the Department of Education
Continued on Page a
Visitors To v. /. Con
Check Luggage to
Mdinlund
Visitors to the Virgin Isl
ands and residents can
again check their luggage
through to the mainland, it
was announced recently by
Commissioners of Commerce
Henry L. Kinelpan. The
establishment of this sys-
tenn was the result of meet
ings between Commissioners
KimeIman and Donisio Tor
go, president Of Caribair.
The thorough checking
system will also apply to
, 1963-04-17
Lnrqe Turnout for
Democratic Spunish
Meeting lost Sunday

A large and enthusiastic
group of st. Croix citizens
OF Puertorican descent,
were on hand Easter Sun
day at the Jungle Casino as
the Christiansted Demo-
cratic Club inaugurated its
Spanish Meetings. Senior
Fabian Martinez, Secretary
Of the Christiansted Club
presided. He introduced
the officers of the Club to
the large gathering of new
members. Father Thomas
Gibbs welcomed the new
members. Remarks were
made by the Vice President
Calvin Burke and the Trea-
surer, Hezekiah Walcott
Observation-Disclosures
gustin DoWard and Ron de
Lugo also spoke. The audi
ence responded warmly
when st. Croix District
Senator Augustin Coward
delivered his address in
Spanish. Franco Brignoni
led the group in prayer at
the opening of the program
and Thomas Legillou point
ed out the Importance of
an integrated political org
anization composed of all
segments of the population
whether they be Puertori-
can, Crucians or mainland
ers.
, 1963-04-17
st. Croix Mental
Health Meeting Set
For April 25th

The st. Croix Mental
Health Association will
hold its monthly meeting
on Thursday, April Is, 1868
at 500 pm. in the library
of the Christiansted High
School.
The guest speakers will
be DR.. Claude Fuentes, Psy-
chiatrist, and Wilson Con
zalez, Clinical Social Work
er, both of whom are with
the Veterans Administra-
ton in San Juan, Puerto
Rico. They will discuss the
Foster Home and Trial Visit
Programs for the mentally
i'll. This promises to be an
Informative and interesting
meeting for members as
well as interested persons
in the community.
Refreshments will be
served.
, 1963-04-17
Y. A. Director Tells Of
Grunts for Special
Dwellings

Assistance to eligible vet
Grams is authorized by Pub
lie Law 7O2, Both Congress,
as amended by Public Law
286, 81st Congress, for the
purpose of acquiring spe-
cially adapted housing
which they require by rea-
son of service connected
disabilities.
Approximately $500 ply
sically handicapped veter-
ans have received more
than $64, OOO, 900 in grants
thru Veterans AdminiStra-
ton.
DR.. Jose Chaves-E Estrada,
Director of the Veterans
Administration Center in
Continued on Page A
II go
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-20

each with q camera photo
graphing his sailboat.
Luis Miguel Dominguln's
wife is distressed at his plans
to fight in the bull ring again
And Antonio Ordonez says
he'll fight in Pamplona next
year Mime. Pandit Will
make her speech to the UN
General Assembly on October 4.
Her aides say it will be an
impromptu speech.
When the gifted young per-
formers Of The Establishment
were in Zagreb, they visited q
c hurch. Eleanor BrOn was
startled to see OrsOn Welles
there, deep in prayer. She
pointed him out to her COM
panions, then asked: who on
earth could Orson Welles be
praying tor"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-20
THE LYONS DEN

NEW YORK - Irving Wal
lace, whose Chapman Report"
and 1.-THE Prize" were best sell
ers, says he's finished with
writing sexy books. His new
novel will be about a Negro who
becomes President Roberta
Peters win star in the Ameri-
can premiere of Gian-CarlO
Memoirs 1.-THE Last Savage" at
the Metropolitan Opera in
January.
Last week, when Vivien Leigh
Learned that Harry S. Truman
was seeing "Tovarich," she
sent q messenger during the
intermission. inviting him
backstage afterwards. Truman,
ever gallant, said: "I'll come
right now" He followed
the man backstage, to Miss
Leigh's dressing room. TIL e
star, who wasn't expecting
visitors, was in the midst of
changing costumes when HIST
came in.
Carson Kanin and Ruth
Gordon are thoroughly dis
Iciplined writer's. They adhere
to a precise work schedule
every day. The Kanins learned
this from their good friend, w
Somerset Vaughan who once
told them that he always
rises early and finishes foul
hours Of work by noon >.
Never more than four hours2'
Kanin asked =. Sometimes
more" Vaughan replied. "but
never less"
S. HurOk and John House
man will produce an interna'
tional tribute to Eleanor
Roosevelt at Philharmonic
Hall, October 81. AdIai Steven
son, Nine. Pandit and U Than
will speak. On November 7, thu
anniversary of her deathp thu
Eleanor Roosevelt Memoria
Foundation will have a me
mortal pilgrimage to Hyd,
Park :. Daryl Hickman vii
succeed Robert Morse In "Hoy
Ito Succeed" Mrs. Estes Ke
fauver, widow Of the Senator
has decided against RUNNING
for Congress.
4 4 y
Theodore SOrensen's book
Decision Making in the Whit
House." was published thi
month by Columbia Universit
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-20
No More Sex,
Says Wallace
BY LEONARD LYONS

Press. The foreword is by Pres
ident K edy. The editors
asked If he could deliver the
foreword in two weeks. JFK
delivered it in 10 days.
James b. Donovan now holds
the Red Cross top award. He
received it from Gen. Gruen-
Their for his services in freeing
prisoners in Cuba :. Roman
POlanski, the Polish film d.
rector of "Knife in the Water"
is making his first visit to New
York. He rides In the front
seat of cabs. stating II want
to see more" He plans to make
a film here Peter Cook ex-
poets to open the new off
Broadway Strollers Theater, on
East Fifty fourth street, No
vember 2.
S. -
/ Bill Baird's marionette COM
pany opened its State Depart
ment-sponsored tour. in Mos
COW July IA. No reviews Of the
show appeared in the Russian
papers. That's the Soviet Gus
tom The show was a sell
, out throughout the USSR
Baird Just learned that his
show will be reviewed next
, month. He said: TITS q good
, thing we didn't stay UP fol
, the notices"
&. Although Khrushchev told I
> Thant, in Moscow, that he
won't come to the UN Genera
t Assembly, he'll come up from
Cuba if a meeting with JFE
: and Macmillan can be ar
: ranged Marshal Tito alsC
r will visit Cuba soon ThC
2 films taken of the event show
: Bob Hopes hands trembling
I for the first time, when he re-
E ceived the Congressional Med
e al from JFK Jack E
/ Leonard told Cassius Clay, a
: the Toast: "If you're SIN art
E &c hallenge Carl Sandburg II
i fight and Liston to recite poe
v try"
Is
:, A man named Hall, who own
g a 65-foot sailboat, saw tn
Honey Fitz cruising nearby AM
started to sail around 1t. TO
:, a closer look at the Kennedy'
e The sailboat dipped, at a pre-
S carious angle - and Hall fl
y nally glimpsed JFK's party
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-20

Theodore SOrensen's book
Decision Making in the White
House." was published this
month by Columbia University
, 1963-12-21
GOVERNMENT OF
THE VIRGIN ISLANDS OF THE UNITED STATES
Christiansted, ST. Croix
ADVERTISEMENT FOR BIDS

Sealed bids, in quintuplicate, will be received at the De
partment Of Property and Procurement, Division Of Procure
ment and Supply, Chrstiansted, St. Croix, Virgin Islands
until 200 PM, Monday, December 80, 1868 and then publicly
opened for the following:
Iii N sTATIoN.WAcoN
bids, to waive any informality in bids, and unless otherwise
specified by the Government or by the bidder, to accept any
item in the bid.
Copies of Invitation to bid may be obtained from the
Department Of Property and Procurement, Division Of Pro
curement and Supply, upon request.
IA. q. ANDREWS
Deputy Commissioner
, 1963-12-21
EDITORIAL


IA FAMOUS RETIREMENT
MARIAN ANDERSON IS ending her singing career. She
will make her final tour in 1854, and bring her ilustrious
career to a close with a recital in Carnegie Hall in New
York in April 1885.
MISS ANDERSON is a Philadelphia girl now living
in Connecticut, but she is also a world citizen. She has ira
yelled everywhere, spreading Joy and the beauty Of her voice.
with millions. Indeed, she became unofficial ambassador OF
her country, making her greatest contribution in q PeoPle'to
people relationship.
COMING ALONG at a time when color was an even
greater liability tban today, Miss Anderson overcame it all
climbing to great fame as an Individual and an American.
She gave early concerts, and won scholarships TO study with
leading teachers. Then came q period in which headway
seemed most difficult, Il not impossible. The story IS told that
she headed for Europe, and while in Germany paid $50 for
her first concert. Said one newspaper, this was the best NJ
oestnnena she eUer made.
I'M OF THE best ways Of receiving recognition at
home IS to 90 abroad and make good Having won Europe,
where critics gave her highest praise, Miss Anderson headed
for home, and was accepted But the bars were still up, com
ING to 4 climax in the incident which saw her shut out from
Constitution Hall in Washington, DC. The Daughters Of the
American Revolution, which owns the building, refused to
let her sing there, and a mild storm Immediately blew up
Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt resigned forthwith from the Daugh-
tiers, and Miss Anderson then sang on the steps OF the Lin
coin Memorial AS he introduced her, the impresario, Sam
Hmok, kissed her hand, amid thunderous applause.
FORTUNATELY for Us. Miss Anderson has sung in
these Islands, and may include them il her farewell concert
If she does, we might follow many an example, and make
her an honorary citizen Of these Islands. AT her stage, geo
graphic boundaries have long fallen.
mBsA NATTER Of understandable pride that one Of
NJ wn~1Is NV voices mi onIV came ont of America
but was used for the ediHcation Of her fellowmen.
, 1963-12-21
TELEPHONE CORPORATION

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS
JUDICIAL DIVISION OF ST. CROIX, AT CHRISTIANSTED
IN RE ESTATE OF WILLIAM F. HILBERT, dcsd:
Probate No. 9-1963
NOTICE OF HEARING ON FINAL ACCOUNT
10 WHOM 1T MAY CONCERN: NOTICE is hereby given that the
nearing on the final account of c. de Witt Rogers, Jr, Adninistra-
at the District Court in Chrstiansted. Anyone wishing to file
any objection to said account shall file and serve same upon c.
de Witt Rogers, il. Administrator at IA Church Street, Chrisiansted,
st. Croix, Y. l. in writing prior to said hearing date.
Dated: December 8, 1863
c. dewitt Rogers. y administrators
21-2S-31-6