davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Navajo times., 1963-11-21
Mecheem e Reports

"a power over a mans sub
sistence amounts to a power over
his will +" Those words by Alex
ander Hamilton should be tackled
over every breakfast table in New
Mexico.
l am often asked my position, as
your Senator, on public spending,
particularly in connection with
current proposals to reduce in
come taxes.
You have every right to know
the thinking of those you rely onto
represent you in Washington--not
only a right, but an obligation.
It's your money. Moreover, the
way Americans tax money is man.
aged largely predetermines the
social conditions under which you
and your family will pur sue your
hopes for a happy, meaningful life.
And it can determine whether you
will do SO on your own terms or
somebody else's.
1--WE WANT TO SAVE SOME
MONEY!.
A western housewife frustrated
by high income taxes wrote her
Congres ssman recently: eve
strongly feel it's time our federal
government learned toe onomize.
We want TO save some money. No
one begrudges the necessary gov
ernmental expenses, but the vast
is appalling to people who have to
figure constantly--w would it be bet-
ter to spend $40 this way or that.
Darn few of US are going hungry.
but few Of us are able to do much
but maintain (break even) much
less build for the future. What in
the world can we do about it? Has
it reached the point where control
has left our hands?' Not quite. But
we're on our way. What happens
now is up to you.
INCOME TAXES ARE TOO HIGH...
support a tax cut: but don't
stop reading yet. | believe present
tax policies and rates harm the ma
tion. They eat directly into that
too-scanty margin of cur earnings
left over after necessities. For
most of US, that margin is the only
source for savings with which to
build a per sonal eseate--an estate
which can lead to risk income with
its great potentials for freeing US
from the wage slave" category.
Present high income tax rates
discourage inve estment-- not just
by big investors but also by mil
lions of little ones. This inve St
ment capital could be building
of bushes S, large and
small, producing mi lions of new
jobs.
Whom do exorbitant, inc centive-
sapping income taxes hurt most?
Those who can afford it least: low
income groups, unsNlled labor
ers, young people; society ironic-
ally Injuries the very persons who
Navajo times., 1963-11-21

The tire Goodyears Rayon The car
slammed down the track nde flying 80 bone Earring impacts
econdraioad ties biting the rubber with chuckhoe force
but not trace Of the Tufyn tread tough
Tor any Why don't Goodyear TRES with Tufsyn?
Copper River current., 1963-09-26

playing in the school yard, a peculiarly comforting sound to us, the sound of young voices raised in happy merriment, how forum ate we all are to have such fine, healthy children, how fortunate they are to have good school in which to learn and two very fine teachers like the Ken Bunche's to teach them.
 There was an increase in the Clarence Smith family, their pet, Kuyon has six fine pups, they are suspected of being Labrador, anyway they are pretty pups.
 Cecelia Chimmi loslzi s mother is visiting from Pennsyl vania, she is stay1ng at Sourdough Lodge, we wish to make her welcome in our area.
 Last week I ran pre-Automatic Ins tructi o- ns this week I thought every modern house.. wife would like some !Illodern IVashday ins nstruction.
 l. Ollk out for a good Washeteria, cheese one with pretty colored equipment; a soft green is good color-its is equipped with cof Zee ,soft drinks, ci3rette dispensers and ". B. Place the clothes in a large colored \. plastic laundry basket, lay out all shirts, send to finishing laundry.
 Ao Tut on your incest, colorful shorts and rohl your hair, and see that the attendant ; carries the clothes in when you arrive at the washetieria. 4 not like the TV programs, that you will not be bored while clothes drying. ! 6. Fold clothes, place in basket, have att endant carry them to car.
 7. Hurry home. take a little plunge in pool Come in brush your hair, put your pret tiest party dress on, call your hubby and tell him to make dim r reservations at your favorite rest aurant Oh, yes, don't forget to tell your hu Joy how e2<husting washday is. Our life is really long process of educa- tion in finding order of values and choo sing what is best and truest for us.
Copper River current., 1963-09-26
BASIN CALENDAR

BA2LN CAlEMDAR Sept 27 tn = Kenny Lclzc Comm1nit ty sochsl Oct lst Game Night, Legion Hall, 7;3O1M Oct Nd 1'ost 27 Legion Hall 8;OOPM Oct. 3 I'd Homemakers FAA, Rec. Hall
 8:OO Pm Oct tn Deadline for c. R. c. Ads
 5:oo PM Oct r tn = Deadline for c. R. c. News and Calendar 5:OO I'm Oct 9th 2 Game Night Legion Hall 7:3O PM Oct 9 " tn Auxiliary Legion Hall 7:30 I : Oct IA tn = Lions Dinner Meeting >:.> Location to be announced . G4KoMA NEVIS. Shirley Smith
 Velda and Harold Talk had week end guests from Anchor" e, tie MT. and Mrs .Lemoyne Ueb5er, and Children. They greeted many o1d friends in this area.
 Earl Ba rnard, Ken Hughs and Kelsey Shell have been in Cordova for the past week. Earl has been surveying down there with the help of Ken and Kelsey.
 The Gakona hill road construction is up for bids this week. Everyone in our area is happy to see that something is finally going to be done, It has become a hazard for every motorist, we have been most for tunate that there have been no accidents on this piece of road.
 :. Roy Sundt is due to fly home via Cordova ~ Airlines, Friday, after hsi two weeks hitch in the army He will probably have some tall tales fro everyone Welcome home Roy.
 We aren't very newsy this week I guess autumn's goden mantle has settled upon us 
 early morning air. We can hear the kids (ConItl l-
Navajo times., 1963-11-21

group was brought under close con-
troll by the Federal Government.
By 1865 the military had become
aware of the fact that Navajo
political organization, along con-
ventional European lines, did not
exist, and it was at Fort Sumner
that the first plans were laid for
the development of political or
ganization deemed necessary for
cont oil of the captives. The plan
involved settlement of the exiles in
twelve villages, each under the
leadership of a chief or headman
to be appointed by the Command
ing Officer Writing in 1865, Gen.
eral Carleton expressed the view
that "Once / can divide up the
land so as to let a given guam
tity be set apart for a certain
number of Indians, and have it
defined by a wall, which they can
make, once the lines are drawn,
the great step towards organiza-
t1On Will at once commence. Now
have but a mass of Indians with
no acknowledged head, and no sub
divisions. :"
With further reference to the
proposal that a form of govern
ment be developed for the Nava-
jos in exile at Fort Sumner,
military report dated April 26,
1865 included the details of the
proposed plan of organization. 1t
was pointed out that "Bearing in
mind the fact that the government
of the Navajos has always been
patriarchal, without a rec ognized
or acknowledged head of the ma
tion, and that each chief had su-
preme control of his own family
or band, it became apparent to
the board that this form of govern
mem should be adopted as far as
practicable and consistent with the
Navajo times., 1963-11-21

emoluments in exchange for keep
ing the peace. This effort was
perhaps somewhat more effective
than the previous system of reta-
liatory raiding, but did not wholly
accomplish its objective.
General Kearney took Santa Fe
in August of 1916 and almost i'm
mediately came into contact with
raiding Navajo war parties. The
latter stole some of his live ock,
raided some of the nearby Rio
Crande Valley settlements, and
brought him face to face with the
same problems of establishing and
maintaining peace in the newly
acquired territory that had beset
his predecessors in the New Mexi-
can capitol for more than a CEN
tury. In fact, as the United States
Government groped for an effective
means thr rough which to deal with
a people that was not organized
along conventional political lines,
its representatives recapitulated
most of the errors and fallacies
attendant upon previous efforts by
the Spanish, and later the Mexican,
Governments.
Kearney dispatched an expedi-
tion against the Navajo, under the
leadership of Col Doniphan, and
about 500 Navajos we're forced to
attend a meeting at Bear Spring
(later the site of Fort Wingate).
The turn of events was explained
by Doniphan. and the Navajos a.
greed to sign a treaty of peace
within the United States. 1t was
signed. on behalf of the Navajos,
by fourteen headmen, the troops
returned to Santa Fe, and to the
CONSERVATION of General Kearney,
Navajo raids continued unabated.
Apparently, the American military
did not realize the nature of Nava-
jo social organization, with its lack
of a formal political system. be-
cause onSeptember 9, 1849 another
''Treaty of Peace" was signed with
the Navajo. This treaty was rati4
fled by the Senate exactly one year
later, in 1850, and proclaimed by
the President on September "a of
the same year. On behalf of the
Navajos, the treaty of 1849 was
signed by Mariana Martinez, under
the title of "Head Chief" and
Chapitone, identified as "Second
Chief"
The treaty of 1849 cited certain
provisions of the Treaty of Guada-
Navajo times., 1963-11-21

lupe Hidalgo, signed by represen-
tatives of the Mexican and United
States Governments on February 2,
1848, wherein the Navajo along
with other Indian Tribes in the
ceded territories were placed un-
der ''the exclusive jurisdiction and
protection" of the United States.
1t bound the Navajos and the Uni
ted States to Perpetual peace and
friendship" placed them under fe-
deral laws governing trade and
intercourse with Indians, annexed
the territory of the Navajos TO
New Mexico. provided for adjust
ment of boundaries by the United
States, the establishment of mill
tary posts, and the return of pro-
perty stolen by the Navajos, in
conjunction with other customary
treaty provisions. Needlessto say,
the Treaty of 1849 was no more
effective than Doniphans effort at
Bear Spring. In fact, it is very
doubtful if the Navajos participa-
ting in this treaty even under stood
the import of the stipulations it
contained. Even today, with the
comparatively broad background
of information in the possession
of the average Navajo, interpre-
tation and comprehension of the
provisions of the Treaty of 184o
would not be easy: in 1849 parts
of the document would have been
virtually impossible to interpret,
especially as such explanation in
volved concepts bearing on federal
responsibility for regulation of
''trade and intercourse" with In
dians, and similar matter. What
ever the case the pledge of two
Navajo headmen could not possi-
bly, affect the future relationship
between the United States Govern
ment and the Navajo Tribe. These
two men may have been entirely
sincere in their promises, but
the position of affluence their trea-
ty titles imply was fictional. Mel
ther of them was "Head Chief"
with respect to all the Navajo
people: they we're merely two of
many local leaders.
PLAN OF ORGANIZATION
1t was not until General Carle-
ton decided, in 1868, to open an
Indian war in New Mexico, that
the raiding career of the Navajo
Tribe was finally ended and the
Navajo times., 1963-11-21
From MAYA 10 YEARBOOK
NAVAJOS LED BY tIEADMEN

NAVAJOS LED BY EIEADMEN
A little over century ago the
territory occupied by the Navajo
people became part of the United
States. At that time, and dprevious-
1y, the Navajo Tribe did not exist
in the ordinary political sense.
There was group of people shar-
ing common language and cul-
ture, but political organization ap-
parently did not extend bey ond the
local bands led by headrnen called
naat' aanii ("speech makers" }. The
headmen enjoyed varying amounts
of power based on their persuasive
ability, but no powers of coercion
were attached to the office: the
position of headman was not here
ditary, and coalitions of headmen
were probably few and of short
duration. In short, the Tribe did
not constitute political entity.
According to legend the Tribe
was once more closely knit poll
tically under the naachid, an or
ganization reportedly composed of
twelve Peace Chiefs and twelve
War Chiefs, elected for life. 1t is
said that the naachid gathered
periodically for ceremonials and
council, and that such conventions
were dominated by one or another
category of naat' aanii as circum-
stances might require. If such an
organization was indeed functional
in recent times it quite apparently
was not a potent force in Navajo
affairs at the time the United States
Government first entered the pic
ture in 1916.
In fact, lack of formal political
organization, and especially of
responsible tribal leader ship, con-
stituted a serious problem for
American military and admins
trative personnel charged with
responsibility for treaty making,
control and program direction. An
agreement with one headman or
band, or even with a group of
headmen or bands was not binding
upon other Navajos who had them
selves been parties to the same
agreement. In fact, a headman
might find himself unable to con-
troll all of the people over whom he
ordinarily exercised influence, and
might find himself powerless to
uphold his end of an agreement.
The Spanish and Mexican govern
ments before 1916 had experienced
similar difficulties in their rela-
tionship with the Indios Barbaros
or Wild Tribes, and had attempted
by various means to establish a
peaceful relationship between
these Indians and the colonists.
In the late zoos an effort was
made by the Governor of New
Mexico to establish such a rela-
tiohship through diplomacy and
bribery. This involved the pro-
motion of certain Navajo headmen
to the title of Captain or General,
and persons elevated to this rank
received regular gifts or other
Navajo times., 1963-11-21
he Origin and Development Of Navajo Tribal Government

interests of the government and
the good of the tribe.
"The first step towards this
end is the dividing them off into
Continued on Page 2O)
Navajo times., 1963-11-21

1t was not until General Carle-
ton decided, in 1868, to open an
Indian war in New Mexico, that
the raiding career of the Navajo
Tribe was finally ended and the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-17
OLDSMOBILE


20, "a, 81. We have the finest selee.
ton Of models IN me area. AL fully
equipped, some air conditioned re,
duced for quick sale.
Suburban Cadillac OldS
700 Ari. Rd.. Bethesda OIL 677ot
OLDsMOBILE 80 I-dr. sedan, p.S.
air c0nd., heater, less than 500 mi
Excel. cond., $500. EX. 3-3o2s.
PLYMOUTH 80 demonstrainr Bel
Vedere 4-dr., We, auto, power
steering, T. and h. Wv. tires, Z
800 mile warranty. SELLERS
SALES & SERVICE. 672s BALTIC
ave. on Route ], WA. 1900.
PLYMOUTH FURY 1853. SAVE 81, ;,
400 ON FACTORY OFFICIAL
CARS, 20 to choose from. all colors
A-dr. hrdtp., auto, T. and h., p.s.i
tinted glass, air cond., low mileage.
Easy terms
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-17
Hill & Sanders

THE BEST PLACE TO BUY
1880 Viers Mill Rd.s Wheaton, Nd.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-17
GEM MOTORS

PONTIAC go A-dr., vs., auto, r. and
\ h., black with white top, perfect
condition, tl,lsS, $50 dr., long time
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-17

IMPERIAL 80 Le Baron A-door
hardtop, dual air cond., Syears So.
immed. SELLERS SALES & SERV.
ICE, 622e BALTIC. ave. on Route l,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-17

Valiant Plymouth Chrysler-Impe
1910 Wilson Blvd Arl.. Va.
IA 1.x1n1
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-17

| AUTOMOBILES EoR SALE AUTOMOBILES EoR SALE

0LDS. 'N va" Holiday sedan,
green, factory air, special, 81 US.
Capitol Cadillac-Olds Co.
lzeo md s.. NV. FE. 7-zSoc
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-17

FONT. 81 Tempest G-doOr sedan,
new tires. auto. trans, excellent
eond- Pvt, owner 81 zoo. Call after
sp.m. E3s-1s7l.
PONTIAC 20 Bonneville z-door hard,
top. Has everything including fscto-
~ air conditioning. Showroom sp-
peaTances 1900 actual miles. 81.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-17

PLYMOUTH 80 radio, heater, auto
maic Transmission, factory air con-
ditioning and power steering, expec-
tional value At 81 AS,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-17

1879 Colesvills Road
SILVER Spring, Nd. MA. 2-34oo
PONTIAC 'ss 2-dr. We, std. shift,
new tires, clean, good cond.' must
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-17

OLDs. 81 station wagon. -Fss," ra-
do, heater, automatic transmission !,
81 .Sks-
Lindsay OldS-Cadillac
HARRINGTON SHOPPING CIR"
ON. 3-o3So ALEXANDRIA
OLDs IS "ss" 7-dr. bdtp., 2. and b.,
p-s., p.b., $50 or best offer. Plus a
ssS Olds 7-dr. "se." An parts for
sale. OV. 3-7i1 after 4 pm
OLDS 20 "ss" sports sedan, all pow
er, factory air eoud-, 1000 mi fac
tory warranty. s. .zsS QRUISN NO
TORS, Iol W. Broad ST. Falls
Church, N. l-7iz7.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-17
OIDSMORu,ES
MANY OTHERS TO CHOOSE FROM
MD TnVn

MIN. ILOI y
3rd and K ST, NV. 63S-7177
OLDs. '63 "ss'' sedan. black, factory
air, very clean, special, S3,695.
Capitol Cadillac-OldS Co.
1850 22nd St. NV. FEE. 1900
OLDSMOBILE 's6 4-dr. 1900 mi,
owner since new. sq99. FLOOD
PONTIAC, 472l Conn.
OLDs. 80 "ss" sedan. white, very
clean, special, s2,6sS.
Capitol Cadillac-OldS Co.
1870 lind s.. NV. FE. 1-76oC
OLDs 80 4-door sedan 49," excel.
brakes, electric eve, original owner
$3.50. Elk. $500. Ewes, JU. 7-s246.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-17

PLYMOUTH 'H 7-dr. station wagon
VS., automatic, clean int, real nice
body, S very good tires, 50 900 mi,
well taken care Of since new, pvt.
owner. Sz2S for quick sale. EX. ,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-17
AIS MOTORS

.
A-dr. hrdtp., auto, T. and h., pS.p
tinted glass, air cond., low mileage.
: Easy terms.
AIS MOTORS
Valiant Plymouth Chrysler-Imperial
1910 Wilson Blvd, Ari., Va.
IA. 2-llo7
PLY. Sta. Wag. s.pass., We, de luxe,
orig. owners, carefully maintained
md car, torque flite, ps., T. and h.,
roof carrier, other extras, actual
mileage under 5000 per VI. since
purchased in Sept. 50. SsqS. Call
owner 7s7-6sS6
PLYMOUTH 80 radio, heater, auto
maic transmission, factory air con-
ditiOning and power steering, expec-
tional value at 81 AS.
Lindsay OldS-Cadillac
HARRINGTON SHOPPING CTR, {"
OV. 5o35o ALEXANDRIA
PLYMOUTH 'H 7-dr. station WAGON
| VS., automatic, clean int, real nice
body, very good tires, 5000 mi,
/ well taken care Of since new, pvt.
owner. Sz2S for quick sale. EX. ,
/ s2le.
PLYMOUTH 80 Savoy sedan, 6-cyl.
| inder motor, stand. drive, excel
cond. Dec. sale priced, sl27.
TRIANGLE FORD
3olo r. l. Ave. NE. La. $1,000
PLYMOUTH IS, taxicab, reasonable,
call TU. 7.sl7l.
PONTIAC IS 4-dr., low miles,
owner since new. $5sS. FLOOD
PONTIAC L27l Conn.
PONTIAC SO wagon, factory air,
owner since new. S999. FLOOD
PONTIAC, 427l Conn.
PONTIAC '62 Bonneville hardtop
coupe, white, black trim, power
steering. brakes, very sharp, $7.39S.
Capitol Cadillac-Olds Co.
1850 27nd 81. NV. FE. 1.76oo
PONTIAC 80 LeMans Tempest. IN.
der 5000 mi. immac. s2,34S. FLOOD
PONTIAC, l27l Conn.
PONTIAC 'ss Starcnief 4-dr., new
tires, owner, immac., e9s9
FLOOD PONTIAC, 4z2l Conn.
PONTIAC 80 l-dr., vs., auto, r. and
h., black with white top, perfect
condition. sl,iss, $50 dn., long time
GEM MOTORS
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-17
TRIANGLE FORD

FORD go Calaxie Tudor sedan,
sparkling 2-tone green finish, radio,
heater, automatic, power steering.
Sold and serviced since new by US,
Immaculate condition throughout,
Sl,1qS, cash, trade or terms.
Copper River current., 1963-11-21
EDUCATION.

EDU DUCAIIUN:
 We learn from experience, but we learn more from our teachers, for nal and informal. We thank them for the opportunity. Educa ion week is the. occasion to honor: teachers above| all others. We can appreciate and honor the teachers most highly when we realize. their problems: children Of parents who neither care nor. wi s}1| to know what their children do, diff lculties obtaining needed equipment lnsuffi tent time to prepare and
 check lessons, too many pupils to allow effective teaching, the frus- tratiOn of too many duties demanding attention and the resulting inade- quate private life.
 However, a teacher may feel comp ensated for these pains by knowing the benefits of formal schooling. in education is an enri chment of our lives. It goes on all the time. We begin to understand nature and the physical history of the land, of theI development of nations, of the di- .versity of people. Education acq- uaints us with art, drama, and music and the people involved. It enables us to compare our own social situ- atiOn wi tn that of others. Such an education is joyous and exciting.
 Education gives us knowledge of places, things, and people; of pro- cedures and reasons. Education pro- vides the basis for wise decision making regarding occupation and rec- reation, for citi zen ship and friend-| ship, and it provides us ith the Languages and techniques to contrib ute to, and be supported by, the
 economy.
 By Samuel N LightWood { Note- This editorial was writ tten by Mir LightWood originally for Education Meek; even though that special week has passed, we felt his| article to still be of interest. LightW0od is a homesteader living in the Kenny Lake district, married and wi tn ? children. Both he and his| wife are teachers, and Sam has taught at the Kenny Lake School.
Copper River current., 1963-11-21
K ENVY LIKE NOTES
Howard Kibble

Since this area is primarily one given to the pursuit of agri culture, there is a piece of legislation that should be of interest to most of it's residents.
 There is a source of financial aid to farmers and others in agriculture endeavors, known as the Alaska Revol- ving Fund; working with appropri ati onS from the legislature and admin ste teredI by off cials from Department of Agri- culture, Div of Natural Resources of the State. It has done a great deal in the past to assist farmers in es- tabli shing a stable economy in this field here in Alaska.
 The appropriation has been made by the Legi stature for next year for this fund, and it wi II go out of ex- istance and seriously effect the growth of an important segment of the overall business picture of the State unless something cab be done soon.
 There S in the House at the present time a Bill (lO8) Wbich would solve this problem and change: a practice which would seem to not be in the best interests of all state residents, not just the farmers here. Up until now the State Employees Retirement Fund and the State Teachers Retire. ment Fund have been invested outside : of ia ska in bonds, mutual funds and other channels of regular state and munlc1pa 1nVeS StmentS. These funds cannot be invested in Alaska in like-| interest producing channels such as the .4la ska Revolving Fund { where the return would be- the same and admin S. tratiOn costs would rema in unchanged)| J unless the present law concerning these funds S rewritten slightly to enable the people in charge of. in vesting this money to- keep it within the Stat
 Expecting that the law would be re-' written to allow this, the legi stature made no appropriation for this fund, however there is a possibility the law will remain unchanged, either thru lack of time or interest on the part of delegations in steering it thru the proper channels.
 l am opposed, vehemently so, to the practice of long years standing of siph0ning inve stments and profits out of the state. There is of course, Out side money invested in our state from which a reasonable share stay here, but something should be done toward retaining certain portion of profit headed out of Ala aska.
 Cont in1G6 Col
Copper River current., 1963-11-21

cont from col 2n~ Whether it s spent here as capital improvement or invested locally, it bound to give us a broader base iron which to cleave from the topheavy military and federal spending that we so heavily depend on now. . Write about lO8. .it' S part of your future.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1963-01-24

Mrs. Bandy reported tn