davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-10

Jordan and Saudi Arabia as enc
mics of Cairo.
Many observers have believed
that Egypt has been waiting for
the day when 1t could use its
long-range Jet bombers to attack
Saudi Arabia in an effort to trig-
ger an army coup there. Because
Of the monarchies in both Saudi
Arabia and Jordan, there are
many officers known to be SYM
pathetic to coup d'etat.
Since all Arab states have made
it their sworn enemy, Israel has
watched the current developments
with great concern. She has en-
phasized the massive strength Of
Nasser's Soviet supplied force
(Which includes four-engine Jet
bombers), and she has feared a
strong Arab union Of Iraq, Syria
and Egypt.
So far, Israeli observers believe
that the eoups IN Iraq and Syria
do not indicate move toward
this sort Of militant Nasser-
dominated union. Instead, the Is
raelis believe that events In Syria
and Irau indicate that the PEN
dulum Of power has switched
again to the elements in society
who seek change and not neces-
sarily by democratic means but
who fear the authority Of Nasser.
Thus, In coming weeks, it is be-
heved that efforts will be made
in the name of Arab unity toward
closer cooperation among the
states, but with little results. The
reasons are varied, but funda-
mental is the fact that Egypt is
poorer than h-aq and Syria. And
with its larger populations, Egypt
threatens the security and ma
tional interests Of the Syrians and
Iraqi who are as nationalist as
they are pan-Arab.
Since the revolts have been
largely national ones. the Com
munist parties in both countries
have not played a positive role.
In Iraq, in fact, vast prosecutions
Of local Communists led to pro-
tests from Moscow.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-10
Hope fOrEon

Many observers saw In the
Rusk talk of discomfort in Cuba
q hope and even an oblique pre-
diction that the Castro regime
would fall from within, perhaps
in the not-too- distant future.
There are, however, at least
two major factors which could
affect the Administrations pa
tient approach toward a solution
to the Cuban problem. One, Of
course, would be for the Rus
slams to send strategic weapons
into Cuba again. an unlikely
event at this point. or for the
Cubans to attack United States
or Latin American shipping or to
send Sabotelrs or guerTillas into
other hemisphere countries.
A second major factor which
could provoke the administration
into stronger. and perhaps risk
Ter, action against Castro is the
drumfire Of criticism of our cur
rent policy. The critics, though
mainly congressional Republicans,
number influential Democrats in
their ranks.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-10
Resentment

Since the Senate must ratify
any treaty by two-thirds majori-
ty, resentment on Capitol Hill
cannot be overlooked by the
White House. In his press con-
ference, the President tried to 81
lence his critics by promising not
to sign any treaty that did not
give assurance that the United
States could detect any series Of
tests underground.
His statement did not jibe with
those Of Mr.. Foster and Mr.. Fish
er who said risks have to be
taken. But since the United
States and the Soviet Union are
still far apart. Mr.. Kennedy's
statement had no immediate eff
feet.
According TO Senator Pastore,
head Of the Atomic Energy Com
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-10
Adenouer Approves

Nevertheless. at the close of
last weeks talks, Mr.. Adenauer
signified his governments will
ingness TO Join In the surface
vessel force. Mr.. Merchant ex-
planned that until more details
are worked out. every country in
volved will have a veto on the
use Of weapons. This gives the
United States ultimate control
as demanded by United States
law-and yet gives the Europeans
q modicum Of power also.
This temporary arrangement Is
designed TO satisfy congressman
who have seen no reason for
yielding control to other nations.
And 1t should also calm jittery
Russians who fear a nuclear-
armed German force, free OF
American restraints.
In other matters. the German
government announced II was es-
tabliShing a trade mission In Po-
land as part of an effort 10 In
crease trade with the Communist
country. This Is a major policy de-
cision for the Bonn government
since II previously has withheld
any sort Of official contact with
all the Soviet bloc countries ex-
cept the Soviet Union.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-10
NucIeor:
What Risks?

President Kennedy reaffirmed
last week that the United
States would sign a nuclear test
ban treaty only II Il "gives us
every assurance that we could
detect 4 series Of tests UNDER
ground"
The debates over a nuclear test
ban have boiled down to this:
Are the risks worth it2
Any doubts about the risks were
removed by testimony last week
before the Joint Congressional
Committee on Atomic Energy.
Scientists told the committee they
had no foolproof way Of detect
ing every nuclear test UNDER
ground. Even with on-site In
spections. they said there is q
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-10
Hidden Caves

It is almost certain. however.
that congressional critics win keep
prodding Mr.. Kennedy and that
Mr.. Kennedy will keep prodding
the Kremlin until all or nearly all
of the Russian troops are pulled
out.
There was additional testimony
put on the record last week re-
garding Soviet troops and what
they are up to in Cuba. Mai.
Gen. Alva r. Fitch, the Army's
chief intelligence (G-2) officer.
told the Senate Preparedness
Subcommittee that many Of the
thousands Of caves In Cuba are
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-10

Last week the critics, while
continuing their pressure on Mr..
Kennedy to get the Russian
troops out. talked Of an alleged
photo gap" last September, a
few weeks before the missile crisis
developed.
The administration denied that
there was such a gap" but 1t
has been strongly suggested that
Continued on Page BE-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-10
Iroq Recalled

In many ways. the revolt on
Friday was similar 10 the coup
staged by the Iraqi officers. It
was under the banner Of Bath
socialism and was apparently
quite anti Communist. Both
coups pledged themselves 10 ARAB
unity" but said nothing about any
formal unions. And both new gov
ernments said they sought posi-
tive neutralism" and promised 10
carry out foreign obligations.
II there is any connection be-
tween the two revolts II is this:
o Iraq and Syria are neighbors
and are culturally quite similar.
The Bath Party is strong In both
Iraq and Syria. and the moderate
military men who have taken
power In both countries seem TO
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-10

President Kennedy on
wednesday said he was not
satisfied with the rate of Rus
sian troop Withdrawals from
Cuba. He rejected the idea Of
q new blockade Of the island
at this time.
Secretary Of State Rusk last
week reported increasing dis
content in Cuba and pointed TO
predictions that the Castro re-
gime would be overturned by
the Cuban people. III
AS the debate over the admin
istration's Cuban policy, past and
present, continued to dominate
the front pages of many of the
Nations newspapers, a clearer
picture of how the President aims
to cope with the Communist
stronghold in the Caribbean has
begun to appear.
Mr.. Kennedy has not stated in
so many words how he plans to
achieve his goal of bringing down
the Castro regime, but what he
and Secretary of State Rusk said
in separate statements last week
provide, perhaps, good clues.
The administrations Operation
Cuba contemplates no military
action-not even a partial block
ade - under present circum-
stances. Rather 1t apparently
seeks, with cautious hopes and
increasing cooperation by other
members of the Organization Of
American States, to so Isolate
Cuba that Castro and his Com
munist regime will fall from
within.
At the same time, the admin
istration is prodding the Soviet
Union to pull its troops out Of
Cuba, as Premier Khrushchev has
promised to do. and thereby re-
move one of Castro's principal
props.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-10
Police State

Basically, Egypt Is q military
police state. It is the most heavily
armed one In the area. with the
largest population, and the loudest
radio. 1t has preached constantly
for Arab unity, but under Cairo's
leadership. This has been inter-
preted by most Iraqi and Syrians
as meaning another United Arab
Republic. with Egyptian officials
ruling the roost.
The Bath Party is illegal in
Egypt-as are all but the ruling
National Union-and 80, Baths
ideas Of some sort Of Arab fedora
ton, recognizing the individual
differences Of the Arab nation
states, have never been accepted
by the Egyptian government.
Although Egypt has received
large amounts of aid from the
United States $500 million since
1850, the country is In financial
straits. With ~ million people
so per cent of the whole Middle
East - Egypt has shown expan-
sionist tendencies to find food
and resources for its hungry
population.
The Syrian union was one at
tempt; now Egypt Is involved
heavily in the backward state Of
Yemen. at the foot Of the Arabian
Peninsula. About $4,000 Egyptian
forces. armed with the latest So
Wet equipment, have been fight
ing a bloody battle on behalf of
the Yemen army led by Col. Sal
lal which staged a coup d'etat last
fall. Egypt's opponents are the
tribesmen loyal to the former
Imam 0king) and they receive
help from neighboring Saudi Ara
bia. From Yemen, Egypt would be
A.. al Al.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-10
Less Expensive

This is much less expensive
than q force Of nuclear subma-
rines. Presently, the United
States and Great Britain plan to
contribute these submarines, but
the other NATO countries are be-
ing asked to share the costs Of
the surface vessels only.
The revelation of the costs
came during the Bonn talks be-
tween Mr.. Merchant and Ger
man Defense Minister Kai-Uwe
Won Hassel. So far there has
been no solution to the other
problems that are nagging the
whole idea Of the multi-lateral
force.
The principal question Is how
this force is to be controlled.
Many Europeans feel that unless
the United States gives up its
veto on use Of atomic weap-
ons the multi-lateral force will
be that in name only, since It
would be controlled by the United
States.
Chancellor Adenauer is known
to favor a majority rule for de-
Gliding whether to use the weap-
ons. He Is not so much afraid Of
American dominance as Of re-
luctance by some future left
wing government in Italy or Brit
ain to respond TO a danger.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-10
Miitory Support

AS in most underdeveloped
countries, no government can
exist without military support,
but since the military itself is
divided. this leads to a permanent
instability.
The latest example Of this ever
changing environment took place
on Friday in Syria, the most un-
stable nation Of all. Early reports
were sketchy. but it seems that q
section of the military sympathetic
to the aims Of the Bath Party,
the leading socialist party (but
anti-communist) In the Arab
world. overthrow a rather con-
sentative middle-of- the-road gov
eminent.
This coup was the third in less
than two years. Like its predeces-
sors, this one also stemmed from
the breakup in 1861 Of the
United Arab Republic. The UAR
was formed in 1858 by Syria and
Ekypb 90 Tic AhoS otCP OA tAAC
road TO Arab unity.
Attempts by Egypt to dominate
Syrian affairs. however. led to a
revolt in September. 1861, by ma
tionalist- minded officers. Last
spring. an army faction favorable
TO Nasser tried to stage a coup.
but after brief success 1t failed
and a conservative government
headed by Premier Khaled Azem
took charge.
Premier Azem's government was
the black sheep Of the Arab
world, without friends In any
other country. 1t was violently
anti-Nasser. and was cool towards
Kassem's Iraq. After the Iraqi re-
volt last month, most observers
believed II was only q question
Of time before the moderate So
cialism Of Baghdad spread TO
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-10
The Question

VIII the Russians, who have
not built any solid reputation as
keepers of promises, remove all
or the bulk of the 1900 or more
troops they still have stationed
in Cuba and thus, in effect, CO.
operate to that extent in our
plan to pull down Castro?
This, of course, remains to be
seen, but last week both the
President and Mr.. Rusk had
something to say about those
Russian troops.
At his news conference on
Wednesday morning. Mr.. Kenne-
dy said Cd he was not satisfied
with the rate of withdrawal Of
Soviet soldiers from Cuba, 90 he
had no accurate information as
to how many had been with
drawn and CD the Kremlin had
not agreed to any method Of
verification Of the removals, II
and when they take place.
Two days later. Mr.. Rusk. also
meeting the press. struck a more
hopeful note. He said that Rus
sian troop movements "are under
way" and that enough Soviet
ships are I'm Cuba or en- route
to lift several thousand men by
March Is. If they do. the day win
clearly be no Ides Of March for
us. But Mr.. Rusk did not predict
the number
Later on Friday, Soviet Afnbas-
sador Anatoly s. Dobrynin told
reporters that he had informed
Mr.. Rusk that I'VE viii withdraw
several thousand troops" before
next week end. 1--WE viii do what
we promised we win do" he said.
The Ambassador would not say
how many is several thousand. I"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-10

risk Of one side Implicitly. the
Russians) cheating.
The administration, through
Adrian s. Fisher, deputy director
of the United States Arms Con-
troll and Disarmament Agency,
said last week that the risks were
worth 1t. He was repeating the
words Of his boss, william C..
Foster, who earlier had told a
Republican test-ban committee
that "the risks Of secret evasion
and Of surprise abrogation we're
outweighed by the risks Of con-
tinued unlimited testing on both
sides"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-10
Federation Idea

AT Lne nearL OF Tine problem,
perhaps, is a deeply held convic-
ton Of many Arab intellectuals
that the Crescent should be
united by some sort of pan-Arab
federation.
There is disagreement on how
far to stretch the union. Some
intellectuals see the Crescent it
self serving as the natural limits;
others see the union stretching
to the Atlantic Ocean, taking in
the Arab brothers of the Magreb.
This pan-Arab concept, q nat
ural result of both socialism and
Islam, has run against the pow
erful attraction Of nationalism,
the force that separates Iraqi
from Egyptians, that makes Sy-
rians distrustful of Saudi Arabi-
ans. Since these forces have been
relatively well balanced there has
been little stability. Coups d'etat
have been common, and govern
ments have fallen with an ease
that makes Latin American gov
ernments rocks Of Gibraltar in
comparison.
In all these areas, the army has
been the principal source Of
change. The officers often are the
best educated, and most familiar
with Western ideas. They also are
often the most nationalist, and
quick to resent civilian misman-
agement.
Because Of traditional apathy
to democracy In the Middle East,
the officers have looked with dis
trust on rule by civilians. The
two best-known rulers in the Mid
die East have been the late Abdel
Kassem of Iraq and President
Nasser of Egypt. Both led success
full military coups.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-10
THE WEEK IN PERSPECTIVE
Near { asst Unity at Stake

The Syrian government was
OverthrOwn on Friday by a mill
itary coup d'etat, following by
about a month a similar coup
in Iraq.
The Fertile Crescent, arching
northward from Egypt on the west
to the Persian gulf in the east,
defines the political, cultural and
economic heart Of the Middle
East. 1t is here, where millions Of
Arabs, Christians and Jews have
lived for centuries, that the ten
sions of modern civilization are
most apparent.
Because of its heterogeneous
character, the Crescent has been
exposed to constant influences
from within and from without.
All forms Of political life-mon-
archy, democracy, feudalism, mil
itary dictatorship and socialism
have flourished here. Western
culture, brought by Mediterra-
mean winds, clashes with the ira
ditions Of Islam. Rich capitalists
live side by side with poverty
stricken masses, attracted by the
sirens Of communism.
Since World War II, the Cries.
cent has been in the vanguard Of
the underdeveloped colonial coun-
tries seeking independence both
political and economic. No less
than the new nations of Africa
and the Far East, the Middle East
has been a hotbed Of discomfort,
its flames nourished by the pro-
found differences among the Arab
brothers, as well as by the crea-
ton of a Jewish state in the
midst Of the Crescent.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-10
NATO:
The Costs

Livingston T. Merchant,
President Kennedy's personal
envoy, arrived in Bonn last
week for talks on the multi
lateral nuclear force under
NATO. --.
For months now, many Euro
peans have been dreaming about
q nuclear force Of their own. Few
had given much thought, how
ever. to the costs associated with
membership in the nuclear club
even If several nations ar6
helping to pay for it.
Livingston T. Merchant, Presi.
dent Kennedy's special repre-
sentative, has had the figures in
his attache case. Last week, he
made the staggering costs public,
He estimated that a Cheap
force Of rs surface vessels, manned
by mixed NATO crews and armed
by $50 Polaris missiles, will cost
IS billion over 10 years. The costs
alone may reduce enthusiasm in
many European capitals for menu
bership. The Germans and Ital-
ians, however, are still interested.
Evening star., 1963-04-22
IF YOU CAN'T RECEIVE.
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sure it's q UHF-Vt1F set equipped to receive
all 81 teIevision channels. Every deport-
nent and appliance store in town sells oil
channel UtiF-Vl4F TV sets.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-14
Court Rules Two Ways
On Absent Defendants

statement in open court by
the defendant himself should
be required" Judges Charles
Fahy and George T. Washing
ton concurred.
But in the case of John r
Pearson, 80, of PooleSville, Md.
convicted of unauthorized use
of a car and transporting il
in interstate commerce, the APP
pellate court said United States
District Court Judge David A
Pine was clear in instructing
the defendant of his right OF
waiver.
In explaining the courts
opinion, Judge Walter M. BaS-
tan wrote that although Pear
son insisted on leaving the
courtroom during the trial
Judge Pine gave him ample
opportunity to change his
mind, in spite of the disturb
ance he was creating"
Judge Bastian said thai
Judge Pine handled the matter
properly and that Pearson wa
told that he could remain in
the courtroom if he behaved.
Judge Henry w. Edgertor
and Judge Washington con.
Cured in the opinion thai
Pearson had vigorously ex,
pressed aloud his desires t.
leave the courtroom" and tina
the defendant had competent
counsel. The conviction wa,
upheld.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-14
Arlington Youth
Fatally Hurt in
Crash Near GA

An Arlington youth died in
Fairfax Hospital last night
from injuries suffered earlier
when his car went out of con-
troll on Route 1913 near the
Central Intelligence Agency
headquarters.
Charles E. Pack, jr., of 1912
North Richmond street, a stu
dent at Washington-Lee High
School, died at $50 pm. with
out regaining consciousness,
according to Fairfax County
police.
He was the driver of a 1858
convertible which swerved off
the right side of the road, cut
back across both lanes of the
dual highway, skidded along
an embankment and then
Tipped over across a ditch,
| ponce Sdlu.
The accident occurred short
ly before 1915 am. yesterday
while the car was headed north
on Route 1913, a half-mile south
of the CHA building, Langley.
A passenger in the car, Dan
iel H. Smith, II, of 100 North
George Mason drive, Arlington,
received only minor injuries
and was released after treat
ment at the hospital.
The Pack boys death was
the 40th from traffic accidents
in the county so far in 1868.
There were % at the same date
last year.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-14
BY WILLIAM BASHAM
Star Staff Writer

Two defendants who claimed
they didn't get fair trials be-
cause they were absent from
part Of the proceedings got
opposite decisions today from
the United States Court of
Appeals.
In the case of Harold S.
Cross, 81. of the $500 block of
Gay street NE, convicted of
assaulting a policeman, the ap-
pelate court said he deserved
a new trial in United States
District Court. The court said
Cross wasn't properly advised
of his rights to be present at
his trial before the presiding
judge ordered attorneys to pro-
coed in his absence.
Writing for the court, Judge
]. Sicily Wright said that
even though Cross declined to
return to the courtroom dur
ing the trial, Judge Edward A.
Tamm should have seen to it
that Cross made an "intelli-
gent and competent waiver"
Judge Wright said that since
the right to be present at a
trial is scarcely less important
than the right of trial itself
"at least an on the record
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-11-14
Virginia BoPtists Elect
Falls Church Postor

The Rev. Richard NJ. Ste
phenson, pastor of Columbia
Baptist Church. Falls Church,
Va. was elected president Of
the Baptist General Association
of Virginia yesterday.
Mr.. Stephenson, pastor of
Columbia Church since 1850,
succeeds Charles H. Ryland, an
attorney of Warsaw, Va.
Other officers chosen by the
1.400 delegates to the 140th an
nual meeting of the body were
DR.. L. H. Rawls. jr., a layman
of Suffolk. Va, first vice presi-
dent; the Rev. Ralph ]. Kirby,
pastor of Calvary Baptist
Church. Portsmouth, Va,
clerk; DR.. L. M. Polhill of Rich
mond. executive secreatry, and
DR.. Kenneth E. Burke of Rich
mond. treasurer.
A native of South Hampton,
Va, Mr.. Stephenson is a grad
uate Of Hampden-Sydney Col
lege, 1913, and Southern Bap-
fist Theological Seminary,
1916.
He served as pastor of the
First Baptist Church, Fort
Myers, Fla, from 1860.
While there he was president
of the Fort Myers Ministerial
Association.
He came to Colum b Il a
Church, now the largest Bap-
fist congregation in Northern
Virginia with 1859 members, in
June. 1850. Since then the AZ
year-old clergyman has served