davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-03-21

were reelected to three year terms
on the board of directors. Wesley
Simmons was elected to the super
visory committee.
Reports of the officers covered
the one year operation ending De-
cember 81, 1862.
A financial report issued showed
the comparison between the years
1860, 1861 and last year.
Total income for 1862 in in
terest and other income was
$14,918.O9 an increase of $4,577.-
II over the preceding year.
The credit union paid a AZ
dividend, in 1862 to shareholders
amounting to $3,s3O.33. A total
of $1,491.s1 was transferred tc
the reserve fund and $451.95 went
to undivided earnings.
Credit union members borrowed
over 100000 from the organiza-
ton in 1862.
Total Of assets in 1862 repre-
sented $156, ,O91.45 a gain of $685.
1S4.17 over 1851.
Ashby Gaskins, union secretary
treasurer reported that the union
continues its phenomenal growth
in the present year.
A slide showing demonstrate
ing the growing jealousy Of
banking institutions Of the credit
union system which has five
millions Of dollars In shares was
shown by a Minnesota Credit
Union official.
Winners Of door prizes received
handsome cigaret lighters.
Coffee and cake were served
following the meeting.
The Associated Negro Credit
Union was founded over % years
ago by the late Talmage B. Carey
and Is members Of the Minnesota
Iowa club. The organization plans
to secure a framed photo of Mr..
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-03-21
EXAMS OPEN FOR
MAIL HANDLERS, ST.
PAUL POST OFFICE

United States Civil Service ex-
aminations are now open for Mail
Handler positions in the st. Paul
Post Office.
These positions offer promotion
al opportunities, as well as num-
erous fringe benefits.
If you are interested in taking
the examination, or desire further
information, please contact the
us. Civil Service Commission or
the Postmaster's office, both To-
Gated in the st. Paul Post Office.
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-03-21
MonweIl Croft Retired
After 40 Years Of
RoiIrood Service

Monwell N. Craft with over 4C
years Of combined dining car and
private car service, retired, May,
1862 after serving 33 years with
the Great Northern Railroad.
Immediately after his retire
ment he became i'll. This delayed
story Of his retirement.
Mr.. Craft was originally en-
ployed as waiter and valet on a
special car which transported dis
tinguished parties and dignitaries
over the Great Northern Railroad
After this service was discon-
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-03-21

KEW. EARL II. WILLIAMS
41st anniversary Sunday, March
"a, with the theme for the day,
Our Manifestation OF The Tie
That Binds Our Church.
Guest speaker, Rev. Earl r,
Williams, st. Louis, Missouri, pas
tor Of Christ Pilgrim Baptist
Church, will speak at both the II
am. and 4 pm. services.
A banquet will be given on Sat
urday evening, March 20, at 1880
pm. Donations are 81. with chill
dren under IL years 81. Come and
enjoy an evening Of wonderful
fellowship.
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-03-21
Two Mill City
Boys Join Marines;
Report March rs

Kenneth Earl Boudreaux and
Joseph Daniel Camp, Jr. enlisted
in the Marine Corps ~" program
and have received orders to report
to the Marine Corps Recruit De-
pot, San Diego, California on
March %.
The ~" program Is a special
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-03-21

Wen meet you at the Queen OF
Hearts Ball, Saturday night,
March 2S, from o pm. until. The
gala ctOwnlng Of this years queen,
with good music for dancing Is an
annual feature Of the yearly af-
faIr.-AdVt.
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-03-21

Carey to hang in its office in the
Spokesman and Recorder building
at 3744 Fourth Av. S., Minneapolis.
Door prize winners were Eddie
Robbins, Mrs. Jessie Coleman,
Mrs. Mary Gratz, Jessie Wiley,
Wesley Simmons and Cecil New
man.
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-03-21

Everybody always has a good
time at the annual Queen of
Hearts Ball, sponsored by LOafer's
Inc. This years bill at the Arizona
Room, the Prom Ballroom, St Paul
Saturday, March 28.-Advt.
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-03-21

Have You Got Your ''WIsp Oh
Spring Fashion" Tickets Yet?
They are now on sale by all men,
bers of clubs affiliated with the
Twin City Council Of Clubs
Advt.
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-03-21
Drive Muy Become Nufionvvide:
SeIective Buying Programs
Continue Successful In
us. Survey Shows
Drive Muy Become Nationwide:

According to survey made by United Press International
the almost spontaneous drive Negroes for jobs and upgradng
with type of boycott succeeding in number of cities
Barney Sebert UPI writer reports The latest Negro drive
for equal equality in the pay envelope and at the hiring
tablehas begun in several U.S. cities It may become nation
wide.
In New York, Philadelphia Atlanta Denver Los Angeles
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-03-21

A third reason why the us. should act
Is that the security of the US. as well as
the whole world is unquestionably threat
ened by the conflict in South Africa. If this
is not obvious to the whole world shortly.
Just as the massacre at sharpeville brought
the South African issue to the U.N Securi-
ty Council. So will future events involving
riots, police killings, calling up troops to
quell demonstrations 80" bring the issue
forcefully to the United Nations.-America
Committee on Africa.
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-03-21
President Kennedy Says
Negro Press Inspired
Group To Progress

Washington DC-n tribute to the Negro Press on its
6h anniversary President Kennedy has declared that spite
harsps Negro newspapers have never stopped working
toward the goal of equal opportunity"
The White House went to the National Newspaper
Publishers Association the of the founding date of
Freedoms American Negro newspaper which
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-03-21
Mount OliVef
Baptist To Observe
41Sf AnniVerSoTV

Mt. Olivet Baptist Church, Cent
raj and Mackubin St., Rev. B. H.
Hunter, pastor, will celebrate its
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-03-21

Detroit and some smaller cities
Negro leaders are experimenting
with an so-year-old weapon the
Irish used against greedy land
lords - the boycott.
Most of the leaders are minis
ters. The Rev. Martin Luther King,
Jr., a major force in these "selec-
tive patronage campaigns" has
said he may call a nationwide con-
ference Of Negro leaders to coor-
dinate and plan future efforts.
Leaders of Negro communities
in Boston, Baltimore, San Fran
cisco, Wilmington, Del, Atlantic
City, N. j., and others in Texas,
Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana
and New Mexico are studying the
campaigns and considering similar
action.
Drive Targets
Targets in the drive to date
mainly have been dairies, bakeries
and food stores, but department
stores, breweries, soft drink bot
tiers and a couple of transporta-
ton companies also have been in
volved.
The Rev. Ralph D. Abernathy
of Atlanta, Ca, explained the sue
cess of the movement this way:
Nobody wants to go to Jail, but
everybody can safely switch to
another brand of bread or stop
buying someone's soda pop"
The word boycott" comes from
Ireland's County Mayo where
farmers refused to pay the rents
demanded by a land agent named
(COntinDsd ON Page ~
Minneapolis spokesman., 1963-03-21
Both Groups SfereofyPOd

For nearly a century we southerners
have stereotyped not only the Negro but
ourselves. We now find it difficult to see
ourselves or Negroes as complex human
beings each with varying gifts and differ
ences and all with the same civil rights.
Instead we see ourselves as nice people,
who, if not pushed too hard, will give Ne
groes a bag of goodies now and then. We
see ourselves graciously handing them little
bits of their rights (which are not ours to
hand), doling them out as (our grand
fathers used to dole out fat bacon and
sweets and cornmeal at Christmas.-Lillian
Smith.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-20
The Strategic Hamlet in Wet Nam Now

Theodore ]. C. Heavier, then
deputy director OF the Wet
Nam Working Group in the
State Department, gave an
appraisal of the progress Of the
fight against Communist guer-
rillaS in Wet Nam in a recent
speech before the VFW in Sc
attic.
An important part Of the Wet
Nam defense against the guer-
rillaS has been the organization
of the SO-called strategic ham,
let" system. This is how Mr..
Heavier described 1t:
An even more important indi-
Gator of progress against the
Communists is the number of
people who enjoy protection
against Wet Cong terror and ex-
tortion. This is always difficult
to measure, but our people in
Wet Nam estimate that in the
past year nearly l million Wet
nameSe who were formerly subject
to sporadic Communist incursions,
or even outright Communist con-
troll, are now covered by effective
government administration and
protection. This has been achieved
largely through the strategic ham,
let program. This program is the
heart of the war effort in Wet
Nam. It is a co-ordinated across
the-board political, economic and
military response to the Commu-
mist threat.
There has been some misunder-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-20

standing about this program in
the United States. The Communist
charge that the strategic hamlets
are concentration camps" has
even gained some currency. Let
me tell you how the Vietnamese
make a hamlet strategic"
The first step in the setting up
of strategic hamlet is essentially
military, a defense perimeter is
established, more or less elaborate
as the local authority situation
demands and a hamlet militia is
trained and armed. The second
step, which takes place immedi-
ately after or even at the same
time as the first, is purely polit-
ical. This is the election of a
strategic hamlet council. This is
the first time in Vietnamese his
tory that hamlet councils have
been elected. 1t is also the first
time in VietnameSe history that
the national government has been
effectively plugged in" to hamlet
level society.
The third step is economic and
social in nature. Schools, dis
penSaries, maternity clinics, agri-
cultural extension work, and cheap
agricultural credit are provided.
Materials and technical advice to
enable the villages to undertake
their own "self-help," such as
access roads and irrigation works,
also come from the government.
In short. the population Of the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-20
Trip for FideI

The violent line was adopted by
Communists in other Latin Amer
lean areas, bringing about cleav-
ages in the party. The Kremlin
appeared worried.
Mr.. KhruShchev brought Castro
to Moscow and lionized him for a
month. This appeared to have lit
tie effect on the bearded Cuban's
thinking, however. At the July IS
Cuban revolutionary anniversary
celebration, Castro outlined the
duty of a revolutionary as violent
revolution e.. mot waiting for
the miracle of social revolution"
And little later, Castro laid
down the line once again. He said:
Revolutions in Latin America
are inevitable say definitely
that what happened in Cuba will
happen in other Latin American
countries"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-20
Results of Truce

Who won and who lost?
The question will be debated
for a long time. The full cost
for solution of the crisis to both
great cold war antagonists cannot
be fully assessed. But there was
a price on relief from the i'm
mediate threat of nuclear war.
Both sides likely will make in
Stallment payments for many
years.
The crisis had effects like these:
Q 1t had a strong bearing on
development of Washington Mos
COW contacts which led to agree
ment on a partial nuclear test
ban.
. It played a large part in
bringing the Chinese Soviet Com
munist differences into the day.
light glare of world publicity
and helped crystalline a split in
Communist ranks around the
world.
Q 1t made Cuba in some respects
a difficult satellite for the Soviet
Union.
. It seemed to imply that the
United States would coexist with
a Communist regime 90 miles
from United States shores. Pre-
mier Khrushchev insisted he had
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-20
Timid Mr.. K?

In Picking. the Red Chinese
Scornfully labeled Mr.. Khru-
shchev coward, the architect of
new Munich" a man who was
scared stiff" of the United States.
But thousands of Soviet troops
remained in Cuba. Some sources
estimated the total to about 40
900. The administration at the
beginning of the year said the to-
tai was about 1900. Mr.. Khru-
shchev said the troops were there
only to instruct CubanS in the use
of modern weapons.
A hot controversy developed on
Capitol Hill about the extent of
the Soviet buildup in Cuba, but
the administration i sis e d the
sort of weapons stocked on the
island were not the types which
imperiled United States security.
A few thousand Soviet troops left
early in the spring, but this did
little to end the debate. And no.
body could say how many thou
sands of Red bloc technicians were
Swarming over the island.
The Kremlin was having its
own troubles over the Cuban crisis.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-20
The Strain on Men

Men and ships can take Just
so much strain. Nearly all of
the ships with the exception of
the nuclear-powered carrier Enter
prise, were of World War II VIM
tage.
After the crisis began, the
crews were working four hours
and sleeping four hours. Normally
they would be on duty four hours
and off eight hours.
There were no requirements
readily available for either men
or ships.
After it was all over, Admiral
Robert L. Dennison, commander
of the Atlantic Fleet, said the
quarantine" demonstrated the
need for more destroyers, espe-
cially newer and faster ones.
The bright spot was this:
During the 1861 Berlin crisis
the ground troops were in some
cases woefully i'll equipped.
When Mr.. Kennedy assumed Of
flee he promised to beef UP the
ground forces and improve their
equipment. This promise he be-
gan carrying out. 1t took time.
So, by the time of the Cuban
crisis, the ground forces were
certainly in better shape then
they had been a year earlier if
the 1st Armored is any indica-
ton.
When orders came for the LIST
Armored to move, it was pre-
pared.
In the move. the LIST Armored
used 1887 flatcars, 228 gondolas
in lieu of flatcars and so boxcars.
But the railroad cars had to
be assembled from places as far
away as Maine and California
and it took some doing-another
transportation problem.
While their equipment went by
rail most of the troops eventually
moved by air in lao chartered
aircraft.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-20
Question of Mobilization

Technically, this may be quite
accurate. Certainly. the LIST Ar
mored Division was not modified
IN the strictest sense.
The ultimate, overall cost of
this military activity was later
estimated by the Budget Bureau
to be in excess of 500 million.
This included the cost of recall
ing $4,000 Air Reservists.
1t was on October %. too, that
the Strategic Air Command (SACD
officially went on a full alert.
About so per cent of all SAC
bombers were kept in the air at
all times.
BY the time Mr.. Kennedy COM
pleted his speech, Florida was al
ready beginning to resemble an
armed camp.
The troops arrival had mo-
ments of irritation. All the Army
conveys from Fort Pierce south
used the Florida turnpike, a toll
road.
Each convoy had to halt while
the vehicles we're counted and a
voucher signed so the Federal
Government could pay the toll.
BY October %, the 5th Marine
regiment from Camp Pendleton,
less the one battalion already sent
ahead, was being embarked on
six ships at San Diego.
Then came the climax. On Oc-
tober % Soviet Premier Khru-
shchev announced the missiles
would be withdrawn from Cuba.
The crisis was over.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-20
Reodyine Push Buttons

In the eight days between Oc-
tober IA and October %, so the
Pentagon claims, the United
States began readying the push
buttons on more than 500 long
range missiles. mastering over
$4,000 men, 1873 ships and more
than $500 aircraft.
The Department of Defense
says the Soviets really did with
draw their missiles from Cuba.
Indeed, it has said so repeatedly.
Even so, there still seems to be
a dispute over the matter in
some quarters.
For any reasonably astute OBJ
server. the Cuban crisis would
seem to indicate:
% There was something woe
fully wrong with the Nations in
telligence operations at the time.
90 The Navy suffered a severe
shortage of ships. especially ships
for the transport of troops.
The one bright spot was the
improvement in the readiness of
the so-called conventional war
ground forces since the Soviet
inspired demand for the removal
of Western troops from Berlin in
mid-l961.
To take up these points in
order:
Gen. Carter of the CHA made
the point that there was no rea-
son for the Soviets to place long
range missiles in Cuba.
If the Soviet Union did in fact
have enough intercontinental
range missiles in the homeland
to destroy a goodly portion of
the United States in a surprise
attack there would be little point
in placing missiles in Cuba
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-20
While the World Listened

Last week the uttered these thoughts for
poSterity:
He might have over-active ghost Presi-
oen EISENHOWER explaining changeabe of odwate
whenever you call upon shall speak. only when
necessary When much his words 20 nheeded
Retiring Chancellor Konrad Adenauer ,..
When paper dies, it doesn't make difference
you're king or peasant Davis assistant
city editor the New Mirror
My people anyone chiefly the Americans
without some MADAME Nhu
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-20
Split Widens

The events Sharpened differ
ences among Communists in Latin
America-the impatient ones ach-
ing for swift, violent revolutions,
and the careful, more orthodox
Communists who needed MoScoW's
words of caution.
MoScow's quarrel with Red
China became noisier and more
violent every day. Mr.. Khrushchev
accused the Red Chinese of want
ing to foment nuclear war be-
tween the Soviet Union and the
United States, so that China then
could step in and pick up the
pieces. The Red Chinese said Mr..
Kh1ushchev was unfit to lead the
worlds Communists because he
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-20
Sign Of Weakness

But suppose the Soviet Union
had fewer intercontinental range
missiles at home than the United
States suspected?
Suppose the Soviet Union be-
heved the only way it could
achieve missile parity with the
United States was to place its
shorter range missiles in striking
distance of targets they couldn't
reach from the homeland?
If such be the case, then the
Soviet-Cuban operation becomes
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-20
Agent Reports Missile

On or about September 8 an
agent in Cuba reported that at
least one nuclear missile had
arrived in that Communist ruled
country.
BY September 81, so the reports
go, the CHA had obtained CON
elusive" evidence from agents
that nuclear missiles had arrived
in Cuba.
From mid-September onward,
the CHA sought Photographic evil
dence of the missiles presence,
using high-flying w. spy planes.
What happened between Sep
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-20
BY WILLIAM L. RYAN
Associated Press Staff Writer

The crisis broke like q sudden
storm. Through six agonizing
days, a trembling world stood
on the Threshold Of nuclear hell.
Even now It is impossible to
calculate the full impact of the
drama which began a year ago
today. But the Soviet-American
conformation over Communist
missiles in Cuba surely was one
of the most significant and
decisive moments of the global
cold war.
The nuclear powers, as Secre-
tary of State Rusk was to say
months later, for the first time
had chance to peer into the
pit Of the inferno" and were re-
quired to calculate soberly just
what a nuclear exchange might
mean. The possibilities were
awesome.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-20

logical. This implies an overestl-
mate Of the Soviet nuclear arse
nal to begin with.
There is a further aspect. All
United States missile and bomber
defenses are oriented northWard.
If the Soviet Union could keep
missiles in Cuba, it would force
the United States to spend bill
lions on defensive warning meas
ures along the Nations southern
frontiers.
AS for the ship shortage, the
Navy had to use every available
transport in the Atlantic to keep
the 5000 Marines afloat-the
original Vieques unit plus rein
forcements.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-20

in the water. The strategic ham
let is the net to get the Wet Cong
fish out of water. By giving the
whole population the means-and
the will-to defend themselves
against Communist demands for
food and recruits, the basic
strategy of the Communist war
of national liberation" is being
met and defeated.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-20

hamlet is given the means to de-
fend themselves, plus an economic
and political stake which they
will want to defend. I think you
will agree that this is a strange
description for a concentration
camp.
Mao TSe-rung nas said that
the guerrilla fighter must live
among the people as the fish lives
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-20
These Men Would Have Fought:
How Prepared Were They?

TENDER 81 and October IA
If anything-is known only in
the White House, the CIA and the
Pentagon.
There is some indication, how
ever. that photographs were OBJ
tanned during this period of mis-
sile site construction. but the in
telligence community assum d
they we're for anti-aircraft mis-
siles only.
Further. on six Of these days
the cloud cover over Cuba pre-
vented the U-2s, flying at around
$4,000 feet. from obtaining any
photographs at all.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-20
Morines at Key West

There was a furry of activity
on october 81.
A battalion of Marines arrived
at Key West, Fla, from the 82d
Airborne at Fort Bragg, N. c., and
the lOlst at Fort Bragg, N. c., and
the 10lSt at Campbell, KY, began
conVerging on Florida.
BY the morning of October %
a number of mobile radar and
anti-aircraft missile groups we're
either en- route to Florida or
under orders to go.
BY the time Mr.. Kennedy began
addressing the Nation at 7 pm.
October %, the harbors up and
down the East Coast were almost
empty of naval warShips.
This was the speech, thrice re-
written, in which Mr.. Kennedy
announced the naval "quaran-
tine" of Cuba. No more ships
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-20

showed himself afraid Of revolu-
ton.
The quarrel reached its peak
with the initiating in Moscow last
summer of the partial nuclear test
ban, to which the Cuban crisis
had contributed so much. Peking
and Moscow seemed close to a fl
nal parting of the ways.
Castro apparently took a dim
view of the test ban, too, although
under pressure from the Russians,
he was in no hurry to sign it. In
deed, in early September. Castro
pointedly declared he had not
made up his mind about it. The
Russians seemed annoyed. There
was even a hint of Castro black
mail in thiS-an implied threat to
cast his lot publicly with the Red
Chinese unless the USSR came
through with far more significant
help for his regime.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-20
Soviet Ships UnIood

Clouds of the crisis began to
gather over the Caribbean early
in the fall, after Moscow had
disclosed an agreement to
Cuban request for new military
equipment Twenty Soviet ships
unloaded huge cargoes in Cuba.
Thousands of Soviet military per-
sonnet arrived in the island.
The United States verified that
the Russians had sent nuclear-
capable missiles and jet bombers
to the Castro regime.
Suddenly, on October %, Presi-
dent Kennedy imposed a block
ade. He called it a quarantine"
Soviet ships would be stopped and
searched for offensive cargoes,
and the word to United States
forces was shoot if necessary"
Six tension-packed days fol-
lowed before Soviet Premier
Khrushchev backed down and
agreed to dismantle the missile
bases in Cuba. By December 7,
the United States announced it
was satisfied that the AZ medium
range missiles and AZ jets bombers
had been removed from Cuban
soil. The Soviet troops remained.