davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Jackson advocate., 1963-09-21
Say Young

Continued From Page One)
more job openings than quail
fled Negroes can fill. Spokes-
men for the League and the
United Negro College Fund, he
added, frankly admit that this
general lack of readiness among
Negro-college students will get
worse, not better"
Calling for crash programs
'study-ins' that involve both
vocational guidance and aca-
demic preparation" Lomax said
having won at least the legal
right to compete, we must stage
study-ins to catch up
study-ins are the way out for
the Negro college"
Describing study-ins as re-
medal courses to correct high
school deficiencies, vocational
guidance to broaden profession
al horizons, accelerated and ex-
panded academic courses, Lo-
max said it is a disgrace" for
a Negro-college student to grad
uate with BA degree "only
having grown sophisticated
about his intellectual shortcom-
ings and crippled by lack of
ambition"
Another vital step is over
hauling the curricula of Negro
colleges which Lomax said are
afflicted by a liberal arts con-
cept that "dooms, rather than
dedicates." He also cited the
burning need" for raising aca-
demic standards.
~ am unwilling to blame all
Jackson advocate., 1963-09-21
" accidentally killed the youth

ly accidentally killed the youth
when they began firing rifle and
shotgun blasts over his head at
ter he had been ordered to stop
the rock throwing. In subur-
ban Sandusky, some distance
from the scene, 13-year-old Vir-
gil Ware was allegedly shot to
death by two white youths on
Motor Scooter.
The funeral Of 14-year-old
Carol Robinson was held Tues
day at st. John AME Church.
Of the more than 1000 in attend
ance there was an estimated
100 white people. The funerals
of the other three victims of
the church dynamiting were set
for Wednesday.
The Prosecuting Attorneys
office announced Tuesday that
murder charges had been filed
against two white youths ac-
cused of the Staying of 13-year-
old Virgil Ware. One of the
youth has allegedly confessed
that he fired the fatal shot from
a 22-calibre pistol.
The bombing of the church
Sunday which was followed by
hours of terror brought bitter
protest from National Negro
Jackson advocate., 1963-09-21

of the failures in Negro educa-
ton upon segregation and dis
elimination. Yet I refuse to
abandon this generation of Ne
gro-college students to Negro
mediocrity," Lomax insisted.
Urging a combined Negro
white all-out effort "to prepare
our youth for life and work in
the American mainstream," Lo-
max said "the sit-ins demon
strated our concern for free
dom. Study-ins will demonstrate
our concern for responsibility"
Jackson advocate., 1963-09-21
Pres. Declines
Continued From Page One)

Continued From Page One)
have been held, and from which
a number Of local freedom
marches have originated, was
hit by a dynamite blast of such
force that one of the victims
could be identified only by her
shoes; another of the victims
had her head blown off. The
church is pastored by Rev. John
Cross who has been playing an
active role in the local civil
rights movement. AS the -dy-
Mantle blast hit the church the
Jackson advocate., 1963-09-21

leaders. Notably Rev. Martin
Luther King, Jr., President and
founder Of the Southern Chris
tian Leadership Conference, and
Roy Wilkins, Executive Secre-
tary of NAACP. The Rev. King
predicted that the blasting of
the church will cause the worst
racial holocaust this nation has
ever seen" in Birmingham un-
less the federal government
moves swiftly. King in a tele-
gram to President Kennedy
promised to try to persuade Bir-
mingham Negroes remain non
violent. He flew here from At
lanta Monday to carry-out his
promise. Rev. King told Presi-
dent Kennedy in his telegram
that his pleas might fall on
deaf ears unless civil rights leg
islation is quickly approved.
Wilkins said anything less
than strongly reinforced civil
rights bill' would be a "con-
fession that the federal govern
ment is willing to occupy a
spectator role :"
"If we are not to have more
than picayune and piecemeal aid
against this type of bestiality,"
Wilkins wired Kennedy, please
tell us now so that we can
marshall such resources as we
possess and employ such meth
DDS as our desperation may die
tate in defense of the lives of
our people"
In a bitter telegram to Ala
bama Gov. George Wallace,
King said "the blood of four
little children is on your
hands. Your irresponsible and
misguided actions have created
in Birmingham and Alabama the
atmosphere that has induced
continued violence and now
murder"
The Presidents reaction to
the demands of Negro leaders to
send federal troops into the city
where the federal government
has already started a massive
investigation of the Sunday
Church bombing headed by three
top Kennedy aides, Burke Mar
shall, John Dolan, and John No
Ian, and bombing experts, was
announced Tuesday. A White
House spokesman said the Pres
ident has declined to send fed
eral troops to the city for two
reasons. The first reason. That
there appeared to be no viola
ton of Federal Law in the Sun
day Church bombing. The Sec
ond reason. There is ample evil
dence that the law enforcement
forces already on the scene will
be able to maintain law and
order in the city.
In the meantime as the in
vestigation continued the re-
wards for the arrest and con-
viction of the Birmingham
Bombers, there has been some
40 that remains unsolved, con-
.tinued to mount. On Monday,
Dr.. A. G. Castor, Birmingham's
Negro millionaire, whose home
was fire-bombed last week add
ed $4,000 to the rewards which
now total more than $50 600.
In the latest Washington de-
velopment on Tuesday, sorrow
full Negro leaders and indignant
Senator'S appealed for a Ma
&;nx. s,,sd. na.r -
Jackson advocate., 1963-09-21

protest the Church bombing and
death of the four children.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1963-03-21

! 956 MERCEDES-BENZ, 19O-SL con-
vertible, black. red interior.
KE l-0l60.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1963-03-21

BIG black beautiful Buick LeSabre
Estate wagon, 1859, power, all the
extras, air conditioning; Sl00
equity and take up $50 payments:
must see and drive y appreciate
". 6-4l03 after $50 pm.
1860 DODGE Dart Phoenix, 2 door
hardtop, loaded with extras; ex-
ceptionally clean. inside and out,
low mileage, original owner.
VII 4-4l83 after $50 pm. or
Weekends
1862 CHEVROLET Impala hardtop,
Al shape, best offer VIII. 3-l76O
1857 PONTIAC, stick shift. by own
er, $3.50. Ii. l-0584 after pm.
1856 FORD 2-door wagon; Va
runs well, clean inside and ou'
new shocks, s325 or best offer
942 1855.
1855 BUICK, SIPS. 944-6287.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1963-03-21

1858 FORD wagon. like new,
stainless steel welded in center
panels. CHI. 8-l594.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1963-03-21

| $50 FALCON. door, deluxe, STAN
dard transmission. fully equipped
owner, perfect body and mech
anically daily except Saturday,
VIII. 3-4C54
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-04-02

mated that the application Of
such criteria could result ir
substantial savings in selected
programs over the next one tC
three years.
Considerable progress has al
ready been made along these
lines. While the number of for
mer colonies achieving indie
pendence has heightened the
total list of countries receiving
assistance. 80 per cent Of all
economic assistance now goes to
only 20 countries; and military
assistance is even more
narrowly concentrated. TIL G
proportion of development
loans, as contraSted with out
right grants, has increased from
10 per cent to go per cent.
We have placed all our de-
velopment lending on a dollar
repayable basis; and this year
we are increasing our efforts. as
the Clay committee recommend
ed, to tailor our loan terms so
that intereet rates and MATURE
ties will reflect to a greater ex-
tent the differences in the abil-
ity of different countries to
service debt.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-04-02

emphasize the overriding i'm
portance of the efforts in which
we are engaged.
At this point in history we
can look back to many successes
In the struggle to preserve free
dom. Our Nation is still daily
winning unseen victories in the
fight against Communist SUBJ
version in the slums and ham
lets, in the hospitals and schools,
and in the offices Of govern
ments across a world bent
on lifting itself. Two centuries
of pioneering and growth must
be telescoped into decades and
even years. This is a field Of
action for which our history has
prepared us, to which our aspi-
rations have drawn us, and
into which our national interest
moves us. -.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-04-02

! share of the burden is diminish.
ing. The flow Of funds from
other industrialized countries
now totaling on the order of S:
billion a year - is expected tt
continue; and we expect tC
work more closely with these
other countries in order to make
the most effective use Of oul
Joint efforts.
In addition. the international
lending and technical assist
ance agencies - to which we
contribute heavily - have ex-
banded the schedule anu scope
of their operations; and we
look forward to supplementing
those resources selectively in
conjunction with increased con-
tributions from other nations
We will continue to work with
our allies, urging them to in
crease their assistance efforts
and to extend assistance on
terms less burdensome to the
developing countries.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-04-02
Private Investment
In New Nations

Objective No. 6: To increase
the role Of private investment
and other non deraI
resources in assisting develop
ing nations. In recent months
important new steps have beer
taken TO mobilize on behalf Of
this program the competence Of
a variety of n-Governmenta'
organizations and individuals ir
this country. Co-operatives anc
savings and loan associations
have been very active in estab-
fishing similar institutions
abroad, particularly in Latin
America. Our land grant ano
other universities are establish
ing better working relationships
with our programs TO assist
overseas rural development. Al
ready there are 81 United States
universities and land grant in.
stitutions at work In Latin
America. for example. with q
substantial increase expected
during the coming year. -.
" PRIVATE INVESTMENT
The primary new initiative In
this years program relates tC
our increased efforts TO encour.
age the investment OF private
capital In the under developed
countries. Already considerable
progress has been made foster.
ing United States private in
yestment through the use OF
investment guarantees - with
over 5000 million now outstand-
ing 49, and by means OF cost
sharing on investment sur
veys. loans OF local currencies
and other measures provided
under existing law. During the
first half Of this fiscal year
alone, SIT million in local cur
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-04-02
Actions to Assist
Investments

Legislatively, I am recon-
mending the following:
(A) An amendment to the
Internal Revenue Code for q
trial period to grant United
States taxpayers a tax credit
for new investments in develop
ing countries, which should also
apply to some extent to rein
vestmentS of their earnings In
those countries. ...
OBJ Amendments In the In
vestment guaranty provisions
of the Foreign Assistance Act
designed to enlarge and clarity
the guaranty program.
v. THE ALLIANCE FOR
PROGRESS
In a special sense, the
achievements of the Alliance for
Progress in the coming years
will be the measure of our de-
termination, our ideals and our
wisdom. Here in this hemi-
sphere, in this last year, our re-
Sourcefulness as a people was
challenged In the clearest terms
We moved at once to resist the
threat Of aggressive nuclear
weapons in Cuba, and we found
the nations of Latin America on
our side. They, like ourselves
were brought a new awarenes
of the danger Of permitting the
poverty and despair of a whole
people to continue long any,
where in this continent.
Had the needs of the people
of Cuba been met in the pre-
Castro period - their need for
food, for housing, for educa-
ton, for jobs, above all, for q
democratic responsibility in the
fulfillment Of their own hopes
= there would have been no
Castro, no missiles in Cuba,
and no need for Cuba's neigh
bors to incur the immense risks
of resistance to threatneed ag-
erosion from that island.
There is but one way to avoid
being faced with similar diem
mas in the future. 1t is to bring
about in all the countries of
Latin America the conditions of
hope, in which the peoples of
this continent will know that
they can shape a better future
for themselves. -.
In less than two years, the 10
year program of the Alliance
for Progress has become more
than an idea and more than q
commitment of governments.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-04-02

sweep through lands which
contain one out of every three
people in the world. The in
dustrial and scientific revolu-
ton is spreading to the ia I
corners of the earth. And two
irreconcilable views of the val
lie, the rights and the role OF
the individual human being
confront the peoples of the
world.
In some 80 developing ma
tons, countless large and small
decisions will be made in the
days and months and years
ahead - decisions which, taken
together, will establish the COO
nomic and social system, deter
mine the political leadership.
shape the political practices,
and mold the structure of the
institutions which will promote
either consent or coercion for
one-third of humanity. An d
these decisions will drastically
affect the shape of the world
in which our children grow to
maturity. -.
The United States - the
richest and most powerful of
all peoples, a Nation committed
to the independence of nations
and to a better life for all
peoples - can no more stand
aside in this climactic age of
decision than we can withdraw
from the community of free
nations. Our effort is not mere
ly symbolic. 1t is addressed to
our vital security interests.
1t is in this context that I
hope the American people,
through their representatives in
Congress, will consider our re-
quest this year for foreign aid
funds designed carefully and
explicitly to meet these specific
challenges.
III. OBJECTIVES FOR I'M
PROVEMENT
In a changing world, our pro-
grams of mutual defense and
assistance must be kept under
constant review. My recommen-
dations herein reflect the work
Of the Clay Committee, the
scrutiny undertaken by the new
administrator Of the Agency for
international Development, and
the experience gained in our
first full year Of administering
the new and improved program
enacted by the Congress of 1861.
There is fundamental agree
ment throughout these reviews:
That these assistance pro-
grams are of great value to
our deepest national interest
that their basic concepts and or
ganization, as embodied in the
existing legislation, are proper
ly conceived-that progress has
been made and is being made
in translating these concepts
into action - but that much
still remains to be done to i'm
prove our performance and
make the best possible use of
these programs.
In addition, there is funda-
mental agreement in all these
reviews regarding six key rec
concentrations for the future.
Objective No. 1: To apply
stricter standards Of selectivity
and self-help in aiding Develop
ing countries. This objective was
given special attention by the
Committee to Strengthen the
Security of the Free World,
(the Clay Report, which eSti-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-04-02
Accomplishments
Are Striking

Some striking accomplish
ments are already visible.
New housing is being expanded
in most countries of the region.
Educational facilities are grow
ing rapidly. Road construction,
particularly in agricultural areas
is accelerating at a rapid pace.
With United States funds, over
2 million text books are being
distributed to combat the illit-
eracy of nearly half of the 210
million people of Latin Amer
lea. In the countries of the ALI
ance for Progress, the diets of
8 million children and mothers
are being supplemented with
United States Food for Peace,
and this figure should reach
nearly 16 million by next year.
In trouble-ri Northeast
Brazil. under an agreement
with the State Of Rio Grande
do Norte, a program is under
way to train 5000 teachers,
build 1000 classrooms, 10 voca-
tional schools, 8 normal
schools, and 4 teacher train
ing centers. A $50 million slum
clearance project is underway
in Venezuela. In Bogota, Colon
bia, the site of the old airport
is becoming a new city for
II, 900 persons who are build
ing their own homes with sup
port from the Social Progress
Trust Fund. ...
Since 1861. IL Latin Ameri-
can countries-Argentina, Bra
I'll. Colombia. Chile, Costa
Rica. the Dominican Republic,
Ell Salvador, Mexico. Panama.
and Venezuela - have made
structural reforms In their tax
systems. Twelve countries have
improved their income tax laws
and administration.
New large scale programs for
improved land use and land re-
form have been undertaken in
Venezuela, the Dominican Re-
public and two states in Brazil.
More limited plans are being
carried out In Chile, Colombia,
Panama. Uruguay and Central
America.
Six Latin American countries
= Colombia. Chile. Bolivia,
Honduras. Mexico. and Vene-
zuela - have submitted de-
velopment programs to the
panel OF experts OF the Organi-
zation OF American States.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-04-02
Funds to Aid
Schools. HOSPITALS

One relatively minor change
I am proposing is for a sepa-
rate authorization for the APP
preparation Of funds to assist
American schools and hospitals
abroad. A number of these
schools sponsored by Americans
have been most successful in
the developing countries in pro-
viding an education built upon
American standards. Until now
some assistance has been made
available to these schools from
general economic aid funds, but
this is becoming increasingly
inappropriate. Separate author
ization and appropriations
would be used to help these
schools carry out long-term
programs to establish them
selves on a sounder financial
footing, becoming gradually in
dependent, II at all possible, OF
United States Government sup
port.
Finally, I am requesting the
Congress in this legislation to
amend that section Of the Trade
Expansion Act which requires
the denial Of equal tariff treat
ment to imports from Poland
and Yugoslavia. 1t is appropri-
ate that this amendment should
be incorporated in this bill since
1t is my conviction that trade
and other forms of normal re-
lations constitute a sounder
basis than aid for our future
relationship with these coun-
tries.
VII. CONCLUSION
In closing. let me again
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-04-02
Aid Programs
Did the Job

Despite noisy OppOSlIlOn IrOH
the very first days - despite
dire predictions that foreign aid
would bankrupt" the Republic
- despite warnings that the
Marshall Plan and successor
programs were throwing our
money down a rat-hole" - de-
spite great practical difficulties
and some mistakes and disap-
pointments - the fact is that
our aid programs generally and
consistently have done what
they were expected to do.
Freedom is not on the run
anywhere in the world - not in
Europe. Asia, Africa. or Latin
America - as 1t might well
have been without United States
aid. And we now know that
freedom - all freedom. includ-
ing our own is diminished
when other countries fall under
Communist domination, as in
China in l949. North Wet Nam
and the northern provinces Of
Laos in 1854, and Cuba in 1859.
Freedom, all freedom, is threat
ened by the subtle, varied and
unceasing Communist efforts at
subversion in Latin America,
Africa. the Middle East and
Asia.
And the prospect for freedom
is also endangered or eroded in
countries which see no hope -
no hope for a better life based
on economic progress. educa-
ton, social justice and the de-
velopment Of stable institutions,
These are the frontiers of free
dom which our military and
economic aid programs seek to
advance; and in so doing, they
Tsve our deepest national in
terest
Il This view has been held by
three successive Presidents -
Democratic and Republican
alike. 1t has been Endorsed by
a bipartisan majority Of nine
successive Congresses. II has
been supported for II years by
a bipartisan majority Of the
American people,
And II has only recently beer
reconfirmed by a distinguished
committee OF private citizens
headed by Gen, Lucius Clay O.,
Their report stated I'VE believe
these programs, properly con.
ceived and supplemented, to bt
essential TO the security OF oui
Nation and necessary TO thu
exercise OF It's worldwide re.
sponsibilities."
II. PRESENT NEEDS
The question now Is: Wha
about the future7 In the per-
spective OF these past gains
what is the dimension Of pres
ent needs. what are our op
portunities, and what changes
de WE face at this juncture II
world history
/ believe 1t is a crucial juno
ture. Our world Is near the eli
max Of an historic CONFUSION
A tidal wave Of national inde
pendence has nearly finished II
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-04-02

of the Central American Presi-
dents to move boldly in this
direction impressed me greatly
during my recent meeting with
them in San Jose, Costa Rica;
and the Agency for Interna-
tional Development has already
established a regional office in
Central America, is giving sup
port to a regional development
bank and has participated in
regional trade conferences. :.
vi. THIS YEARS AUTH
ORIZING LEGISLATION
Translating the foregoing
facts and principles into pro-
gram costs and appropriations
based on the application Of the
standards set forth above and
affirmed by the Clay Commit
tee, yields the following results
First, upwards of 5000 million
Of economic assistance funds
now available are expected to
be saved and not used in the
present fiscal year, and upwards
Of 500 million of these I'M
used funds will remain avail
able for lending in the future.
Second, in addition to the
savings carried forward into
next year, close review has in
dicated q number of reductions
that can be made in the original
budget estimates for economic
and military assistance without
serious damage to the national
interest.
Together these factors permit
a reduction in the original
budget estimates from $40 bill
lion to $4.5 billion. This
amount reflects anticipated re-
auctions in military and eco
nomic assistance to a number
of countries, in line with these
standards and recommended
tons, and unavoidable increas-
es to others. The principal net
increases proposed in 1864 APP
preparations are the following
An additional 1925 million fol
lending in Latin America-$125
million through the Agency fol
international Development and
5000 million through the Social
Progress Trust Fund, admins
tered for the United States by
the Inter-American Develop
ment Bank (for which no APP
preparation was needed in fiscal
year 1868 because a two-year
appropriation had been made
the year before).
An additional $85 million fol
lending elsewhere in the world
mostly in countries such as In
dia, Pakistan and Nigeria,
which are meeting those high
standards of self-help and fiscal
and economic progress which
permit our aid to be directed
toward ultimate full self-sup-
port.
An additional $50 million for
military aid. including the in
creased requirements for India
(but still far below the fiscal
1861 leveD and
An additional $50 million for
the contingency fund, which
provides a flexibility indispen-
sable to our security. We can
not ignore the possibility that
new threats similar to those in
Laos or Wet Nam might arise in
areas which now look calm, or
that new opportunities will open