Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1963-07-20
Few Negroes -.

~ hciuicIH MOIidHu, professor
Of sociology at Randolph-Macon
Woman's College Lynchburg,
Virginia, and published by the
Authorization League of
B'nai Birth and the Southern
Regional Council.
The study is the first of several
publications planned by ADL and
SRC on problems of degeneration.
A second study, to be released with
in the next month, Is a psychiatric
analysis of the effect of school de-
segregation in the South, by DR..
Robert M. Coles.
The fact that 996 per cent Of
Negroes in all the school districts
of the eleven states are still at
tending all-Negro schools was at
tributed to "fear of Indignation it
self" and "subterfuge in complying
with the Supreme Court directive"
The eleven states are Alabama, Ar
Mississippi. North Carolina. South
Carolina Tennessee, Texas, and
Virginia
379 LAWS PASSED
Professor Morland said at least
379 laws have been passed by state
legislatures since 1854 in attempts
to legally avoid compliance with the
Supreme Court ruling. He described
the following as typical methods
of keeping school indignation at
token levels:
Pupil placement laws authorizing
state or local board to assign
pupils individually to different
schools. When an Negro child ap-
plies for admission to white
school, the Board CT Education
can turn him down, not on grounds
of race, but on as many as 20 de-
t allied considerations including
transportation. health, etc.
Local option" provisions which
allow communities to close their
public schools.
Tuition grants enabling pupils
to attend private, nonsectarialn
schools
Restrictive transfer arrange
ments in schools which comply
with the Supreme Court decision
by assigning pupils to the school
nearest their homes, and then auto
matically grant white students
tra nSfers IN the nearest school in
which whites are a majority.
According to the Morland study,
no precise cataloging of the costs
involved in these devices" can be
made. However, estimates show
that the price is high. for example.
a total of 293 court cases have
been filed in state and federal
courts at an average cost of about
SIS 900 each; in Louisiana, tuition
grants amounted to some $3.50, 900
in four months and five 'Exera-
VI OCoSlOl1S lAC1O ny GLlC SUoO
legislature to prevent desgregation
programs cost 1894 900; Virginia's
tuition grants totaled-- more than
seven million dollars in five years;
Georgia's legislature was forced to
amend its law after tuition grants
reached $215 ,987 in one year.
In direct contrast to the efforts
of the resistant" states to circum-
vent desegregation are the results
in six compliant" states which
have tended to go along with the
Supreme Court decision. In these
States-Delaware Kentucky, Mary
land Missouri, Oklahoma, and West
Virginia-51.1 per cent of Negro
to non-racial schools with whites
and changeovers from bi-racial to
Foon-racial school systems have
been made for the most part
"creatively and successfully"
FEARS REFUTED
Although segregationists VARIED
against dire consequences" for the
quality of education if changes were
made, the study declared areas re-
flute the fears. The general con-
senSuS was that indignation had
not lowered the academic achieve
ment of either white or Negro stu
dents. In addition, school children
had shown themselves able to solve
problems of adjustment to inte-
grafton after the initial confront
alton was over.
Professor Morland listed these a.
mong the factors determining when
designation will become a reality:
The vigor of the federal govern
ment sin demanding the eliminat-
ion of discrimination. The federal
courts, he went on to say, have be-
come 'leSS and less patient" with
token indignation devices and have
"blunted and eliminated" many
such plans.
The speed with which pupil
placement laws, initially accepted
as constitutional on their face, are
declared unconstitutional as pract-
iced in some school systems.
The extent to which school
closing is challenged when other
public schools in the state remain
open, and restricted transfer pro-
visions that result in resegregation
are rejected
Professor Morland warned that
token integration has essentially the
same goal as massive resistance
because it seeks to preserve the
established pattern of segregation.
He added. however, that the effort
"will be futile in the long rum"
Federal courts are not going to
permit the continuation of racial
schools, and states may we'll be