davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1963-05-19

our displeasure has been to block
the accreditation Of Hungarian
representatives to the United Ma
tions.
In its note to the congressional
committees, the State Depart
ment observed that conditions in
Hungary today are "a decided
improvement" over those OF pre-
revolt days and over the 1883
period of repression following the
crushing of the 1856 uprising. 1t
emphasized the recent March 2D
amnesty affecting between 5000
and 1000, many Of them political
prisoners, and added:
"The situation Of the Hun
garian people is comparatively
better than that Of peoples in the
Soviet-bloc countries, other than
Poland. Since 1861 there has
been a gradual shift in the Hun
garian governments approach to-
ward the Roman Catholic Church.
evidently aimed at some accom-
mediation with the Vatican"
While State Department sources
made 1t plain that no decision on
Hungary had yet been made, the
memorandum was considered as
a sort Of setting the stage by
Evening star., 1963-05-19
Suggested Reasons

One. the shots were called off
to show the Soviet Union. which
said a couple days earlier that it
would not "stand by idly watch
ing the United States perfect its
nuclear weapons" our good faith
and sincerity in the pursuit Of
treaty.
Two. the cancellation followed
an urgent plea to do so from
British Prime Minister Macmil-
Ian, who has been having do
mestic difficulties with Ban the
Bomb" demonstrators.
Whether this gesture or tactic
will help save the talks and ease
the path to a treaty is highly
doubtful. 1t clearly is United
States policy not to resume test
Evening star., 1963-05-19
REPORT FROM THE u NJ
Free Enterprise Scores Again

pride that they were now free to
determine their own economic des-
tiny. that external influences had
been removed. Foreign invest
ment means foreign domination" :"
they said.
This attitude is understandable,
perhaps, after Indonesia's expert
ence with the Dutch, who con-
tinue TO symbolic capitalism to
them and who tried TO cling to
political influence through eco
nomic means after independence.
But the tragic result for Indo-
nesia is apparent on every hand.
Only 20 per cent OF the produc-
tive capacity OF the country is
being utilized, due largely to lack
Of raw materials.
These shortages In turn arise
from scarcity OF foreign exchange
the effect OF naturalization
and the flight Of foreign capital.
1ndonesia normally imports
goods worth $700 million a year.
At least $400 million is absolutely
essential 10 keep the country's
productive plant In operation. In
fact, imports are running at q rate
OF about 500 million q year.
Automobiles and buses have
ground TO q halt by the thou
Evening star., 1963-05-19

This discussion brings together
for the first time concrete infor-
nation concerning the socio-eco-
nomic backgrounds, education,
and career routes Of women execu-
tives in our Federal Government.
The data presented here concern
a sample of las women in high
civil administrative posts located
in both Washington, D, c., and the
field.
Our sample Of las women exec
utives comprises an estimated rs
per cent of all women In the Fed
eral civil service at General Sched-
ule (GS) grades IA land the equiv
alent in other pay systemO or
higher. Translated into income,
most of these women were receiv-
ing salaries of between $ll 1855 and
$17,500 at the time Of our study
(spring of 1850, but three were
receiving from $l7.500 to $25, 5000
or so. Three-quarters Of them were
employed in the Washington area
and the rest elsewhere.
While women have for the last
few years comprised some 25 per
cent Of the total Federal civil serv-
ice. they held in 1859 less than 2
per cent Of all top positions at the
levels dealt with here. Moreover,
Sc per cent of the sample we're at
the GS-14 level with another %
per cent at GS-l5. Only IL per cent
we're at higher levels, with Just
three women q per cent? In what
might properly be termed "politi-
cal" positions close to the very top.
These figures are very similar to
those for women as a whole at
these levels. Even so, there Is a
considerably higher proportion of
women executives here than is
found in industry at comparable
levels.
There is no need to go into re-
search methods in detail. Suffice 1t
to say that the data we're obtained
from questionnaires filled in by
the executives themselves. There
is every reason to believe that the
information presented here for las
women is generally representative
Of the 600 or so women at these
levels in our Federal civil service.
Evening star., 1963-05-19
Eyes on Nosser

Where will the plans for a new
United Arab Republic go from
here If the Baathists consolidate
their holds in Syria and Iraq?
The Baathist motto now appears
to be "Nasser Without Nasser-
ties" They want equality within
the Arab union with Egypt. Will
Mr.. Nasser agree?
The answers to these questions
might be forthcoming soon. The
Egyptian strcngman, who dreams
OF Arab Union and a big voice
In African affairs as well, has
completed back-to-back visits to
Algeria and (last week. to Yugo-
slavia. He may speak out and
make clear his strategy for meet
ing the new developments In the
Fertile Crescent"
In another Middle East devel-
opment last week, the fabulously
rich oil-producing sheikdom OF
Kuwait became the lllth member
OF United Nations organization
which is desperately trying to
stave off bankruptcy.
Evening star., 1963-05-19
Hungary:
New Outlook

The nOrmaliEation Of United
States-Hungarian relations was
reported near last week as the
State Department noted a liber-
alizati0n Of the Kadar regime
and rumOrs OF the early release
Of Cardinal Mlndszenty clrcu-
lated.
Ever since Soviet tanks brutally
crushed the Hungarian peoples
revolt in 1856 and installed Janos
Kadar as Premier. relations be-
tween that Communist satellite
and the United States have been
colder than a Winnipeg winter.
Last week, however, the State
Department indicated that a
warming trend was setting in. It
was, In fact, considering whether
Washington should resume normal
relations with Budapest. Diplo-
Evening star., 1963-05-19
While the World Listened

Last week the great and obscure uttered these words
for posterity
"Roger, Roger, feel comfortable real comfortable.
In fact had little nap"Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper.
ITO those who estheticaly for Athens it is like
red flag to bul"-Greek newspaper on plan to erect
bronze statue there Of Harry Truman.
"You can say that some of my best friends are Nj
gras-Col Albert Lingo, head Of Alabama State troop
ers, Birmingham.
"It cost me more than $4,000 year out of my own
pocket just to answer my mail and then 1t was made
quate."-Richard Nixon, on life out of office.
Each year approximately $50 deaths are attributed
TO misuse Of pesticides in the United States The num-
Der OF nonata posonings only be estimated Pres
identia Report on Pesticides.
"Just because someone might have been bitten by a
horse not necessary TO burn down the barn to get rid
Of the rats Maryland alderman ordinance to ban
horses from Annapolis.
Evening star., 1963-05-19
Minor Executives

The shift out of the lower into
the higher ranks of the white
collar occupations is most appar-
ent In the occupation of minor
executive. Only 9 per cent of the
women began their careers as mi
nor executives, but this figure
steadily increases until, after is
years, one in four (26 per cent? is
In this category. The percentages
who report themselves major ex-
ecutiveS do not increase quite this
way, but in 10 or Is years jump
from to 10 per cent. After fifteen
years, only 10 per cent were major
executives.
Thus we have seen that the pro-
feSsions are the principal route for
women into the higher ranks of
Government service, with about
one-fourth coming from the white
collar occupations. When we con-
slider that most women in the Fed
eral Government cat the lower lev
els) are engaged in white-collar
clerical work, it is clear that only a
few manage to rise above this oc-
cupational level. The principal
route Is elsewhere = through the
professions. However, we may say
here that women are not unusual
among Federal executives in the
fact that they move primarily
through the ranks of the profess
Sions. This is one of the major dis
tinctions between the career routes
of executives in Government COM
pared to those in business.
AS for the rapidity of rise to
high position, women executives at
all levels are slightly older than is
typical Of all Government execu-
tives at similar levels. Even so,
the typical woman executive, aged
52.3 years, is slightly younger than
Evening star., 1963-05-19
About This Article

The first comprehensive study
of women executives in the Fed
eral Government has just been
made with a grant from the
Carnegie Foundation. Called The
Study of Federal Executives, 1t
is a part of a survey Of all Gov
ernment executives. The results
Of the study concerning women
were published in Public Per-
sonnel Review" and the authors
were w. Lloyd Warner of Michi-
gan State University, Paul P.
Van Ripper of Cornell, Norman
H. Martin of New York Univer-
sity, and Orvis F. Collins Of
Michigan State. This article is a
condensation of some Of the in
teresting facts from their find
ings.
Evening star., 1963-05-19

high explosive. The latter and one
nuclear detonation we're to have
been at ground level; the other
in a shallow underground en-
placement.
No official explanation was
given for the cancellation. But two
unofficial suggestions were voiced.
Evening star., 1963-05-19

Welfare, and the Department OF
Labor, which have only one out Of
20 Of the total civilian executives.
Two-thirds of the women execu-
tives are scattered elsewhere. In
proportion to their total numbers,
women are more highly rep
resented than men in the Depart
ments Of State, Justice, and Agri-
culture, in the Executive Office of
the President, and the Civil Serv-
ice Commission. The activities Of
these agencies represent new from
tiers for women executives. For the
other agencies, the proportions Of
women are less than those for men.
This is especially true Of the De-
partment of Defense which carries
on the traditionally male military
functions. Here only 486 per cent
Of women executives are found,
compared with 23.2 per cent of all
civilian executives.
Evening star., 1963-05-19

Mr.. Bakr promptly formed a new
cabinet, from which Nasserites
we're excluded.
The Syrian Revolutionary Coun-
Gil, the power behind the scenes in
Damascus, named DR.. Sami Jundi,
an independent, to form a gov
ernment. But when the Nasserites
denounced him as a front" for
the Baathists, Mr.. Bitar again
took over as Premier. Two Syrian
army strongmen have key posts
in the cabinet-the ministries of
Interior and Defense.
Evening star., 1963-05-19
u. S. Position

The position Of the United
States has been that there could
be no normal relations with Hun
gary until the Kadar regime liber-
allied the treatment of its citi-
zens and eased its repressive con-
trolls. One way we have shown
Evening star., 1963-05-19

(25 per cent? women executives en-
tered through the white-coll oc-
cupations of clerk or salesman.
These are the women who came
into public and private enterprises
and worked their way up through
the secretarial and office ranks.
The women who moved out of these
ranks did SO rapidly. Ten years aft
er becoming self-supporting, only
4 per cent are in the lower white
collar occupations; and Is years
later, the movement is complete
one Of the women remains in these
occupations.
Evening star., 1963-05-19

Washington (Seattle); and NIT.
The same is true at the masters
level, where Columbia 70 women),
Chicago (8), and Harvard and CAL
ifornia g each) lead, as opposed
lin order) to Harvard, George
Washington, Columbia, and Chi
cago for the men. At the doctoral
level, it is Chicago and Columbia
again "A each), compared to Har-
ward and Chicago.
From the above, several conclu-
sions stand out. Certainly many Of
the women, lacking advantages in
other respects for executive life,
are to some extent making up for
this through the route of graduate
education.
Evening star., 1963-05-19
Careers: Routes and Speeds

~SHS~NSs bNSShSS S"S ~F~SSS
At the higher levels in the Fed
eral Government almost two
thirds of the women began their
careers by becoming established In
a profession, with over one out of
five 90 per cent? beginning as
public school teachers. Fifteen
years later the public school
teachers were absorbed elsewhere
among the occupations, with only
per cent remaining in this pro-
fession. Closely allied with public
school teachers are the per cent
who began their careers as college
professors. This per cent rose to
per cent five years later, re-
mained there 10 years later, and is
years later dropped again to 4 per
cent. For this 26 per cent who be-
gan their careers In education, the
movement out Of education was
quite rapid, with only 5 per cent
remaining is years after becoming
self-supporting.
While movement out of the edu-
cation profession is rapid, over the
15-year period movement into med
icine, law, and the behavioral SCI
ences steadily increases: medicine
increases from 4 to 8 per cent; law
from to g; and the behavioral
sciences from 5 to 13 per cent. The
aggregate increase here is from IA
per cent when first self-supporting
to 80 per cent is years later - an
advance of 16 per cent. 1t is clear
that during the first Is years Of
their careers these women prepared
themselves through the profess
sional route, buttressed by pro-
feSSional status.
Among those women who did not
enter the Federal service through
the professions, the concentration
is in two categories. One in four
Evening star., 1963-05-19

ing in the atmosphere unless the
Russians do. Perhaps the best
thing we can hope for at this
point is an informal moratorium.
Evening star., 1963-05-19
Few at the Top

rev at the Top
Although at the lower levels
women compose a great proportion
Of white-collar employees in Gov
ernment, relatively few rise to the
top. Even among those who do, 66
per cent have reached only the GS-
IA level, AS the grades advance
above GS-14 there are relatively
fewer opportunities for women. For
many years women have found op-
portunity for employment in the
white-collar ranks of the Federal
establishment, but, while some are
rising each year. they have not yet
achieved anything like equal op-
portunity with men in competition
for the higher executive levels.
Once in the Federal service they
have been somewhat concentrated
In the agencies most closely con-
cerned with problems traditional
ly associated with the interests of
women. Over the years, however,
their roles have moved consider
ably beyond traditional bounda-
ries; and we find them occupying
positions of an executive nature in
all important agencies. Neverthe-
less, most women executives have
risen neither as far nor as fast as
the men.
These women who have managed
to penetrate into a world domi-
mated by men do so with no special
advantages of birth, occupation,
or geographical origin. In place of
such advantages, we must postu-
late energy and singleness of pur-
pose. Some evidence of this kind OF
drive lies in the greater proportion
Of women than men undertaking
graduate education, and in the
greater shifting of women from
organization to organization in
search of opportunity. But even
these endeavors have not been
enough.
Evening star., 1963-05-19

Another characteristic Of new
comers within an occupational
setting is the tendency first to
seek positions Of a staff nature in
which they can exercise their ex-
pertise without generating direct
authority conflicts. But, whatever
their roles when they first entered
the upper echelons, women in the
Federal Government are no longer
confined to staff functions. Nearly
half (46 per cent? of the women
executives in our sample regard
themselves as functioning primar-
lily In line as opposed to staff po-
Sitions.
Did these women who accom-
plished the relatively rare feat of
moving up into the top segment Of
the Federal hierarchy begin life
with unusual advantages?
To some extent, yes, but by no
means entirely so. Two-thirdS (65
per cent? of the women executives
had fathers who were professional
men, business executives, or busi-
ness owners. OF this two-thirds,
about half ga per cent? were
daughters Of professional men.
Among those who came from fam
lilies whose fathers engaged
in other occupations. IA per cent
are daughters of farmers 90 per
cent from farms with paid help
13 per cent are daughters of labor
ers 0argely skilled laborers), but
almost none have moved in one
generation from unskilled or farm
laborer backgrounds into top Gov
ernment posts. And only 7 per cent
Evening star., 1963-05-19

its members living in communities
of $500 or less.
In the preceding paragraphs we
have seen that women are not
strikingly different from other
governmental executives in their
occupational and geographic orr
gins. There are, however, certain
interesting educational differences.
But these show up much more
clearly at the graduate than the
undergraduate collegiate level.
Women executives, like the men,
are highly educated. Some 81 per
cent of both men and women have
graduated from college. Nine wom-
en- executives are college gradu-
ates for every one person in the
national population, compared to
a ratio of 81 to one for top career
civil servants. This indicates that
the women (who are primarily
careerists) are slightly more high
ly educated than the totals for all
top career civil servants, 78 per
cent Of these women were college
graduates in 1859.
College Graduates
On the other hand, the ratio Of
nine to one for women executives
is lower than the 9.78 to one for
foreign service and 1000 to one
for political executives, 88 per cent
of the former having graduated
from college and 80 per cent of the
latter. However, a considerably
higher proportion Of all govern
mental executives (81 per cent?
had graduated from college by 1859
than was true for business leaders
as Of 1852 (57 per cent?, the last
date for which accurate informa-
ton is available.
Finally, what about the caliber
Of the colleges and universities
where these women received their
education? At the undergraduate
level the institutions attended by
three or more women (nearly 40
per cent of those graduating) are:
California g women; George
Washington 90; Vassar (5); Wis
consin "a; and Columbia, Cornell,
Minnesota, Missouri, Mt. Holyoke,
Nebraska, and Smith g each).
Certainly, these II institutions
compare well to the top IL (in or
der) attended by the men at this
level: George Washington; city
College of New York; California;
Harvard; Minnesota; illinois;
Michigan; Wisconsin; Ohio State;
Evening star., 1963-05-19

her male counterpart in business,
who in 1852 averaged 53.7 years.
Actually, however, the discrepancy
in age Of women executives in
creases sharply as the GS level in
creases; women executives at the
higher levels are considerably older
than their male counterparts. Not
only do fewer women proportion
ately move above GS-14, but those
who do expend longer in making
the movement.
, 1963-04-16

GOVERNMENT OF
THE VIRGIN ISLANDS OF H UNITED STATES
Christiansted, st. Croix
Department of Property & Procurement
"A L 81 BIDS
Sealed bids, in quadruplicate, will be received at
the Department Of Property & Procurement, Division of
Procurement, Christiansted, St, Croix, u. S. Virgin
Islands until 100 am. April 10, 1868.
Ready Mixed Concrete
The Government reserves the right to reject any or
all bids, to waive any informality in bids. and unless
otherwise specified by the Government or by the bidder,
to accept any item in the bid.
Copies of Invitation to bid may be obtained from
the Division Of Procurement, Christiansted, St. Croix,
US. Virgin Islands.
MARIO LEWIS
Commissioner of Property & Procurement
Per:
ALPHONSO ROMNEY ~
District Supervisor
Jackson advocate., 1963-03-30

dence and had already asked
that 1t be vacated when he
learned that it was being used
as SNCC headquarters.
What success the drive was
having in registering prospec-
tive Negro Voters was not i'm
mediately available at the local
registrar office, and following
the fire in the SNCC headquart-
ers Monday, Sam Block who is
directing the drive said that all
of its records had been destroy
ed including the names of Ne
groes who had been contacted in
an effort to get them to regist-
er. The number was estimated to
be between four and five hun
dred.
Informed sources here and
throughout the state say that
the continued sending of federal
authorities into the area follow
ing ever request from the Stu
dent Non-Violent Coordinating
Committee, CORE, NAACP, and
Rev. Martin Luther King, is
increased Negro voter registra-
ton in Leflore County, and in
the rest of the state, nor to the
creating of a climate of opinion
needed before the really respon-
sible White and Negro Citizens
of the state can begin working
towards a solution of its pro-
blems.
In some quarters the feeling
was expressed that the tragic
incident at Ole Miss, the Incl
dents that have already occurred
in Leflore County, will become
relatively insignificant when
compared with what might hap
pen if the President succumbs
Jackson advocate., 1963-03-30

the Albanian became Georgia's s
first Negro senator since Recon-
struction.
Attorney General Kennedy
rated his honor, according to the
NNPA announcement, because
of his untiring efforts to pro-
tect civil rights and his assist
ance to the courts in civil rights
cases as head of the Department
of Justice. DR.. Weaver, was list
ed for the efficient manner in
which he has headed the nations
top housing agency. The Gus
tafson salute was for meritor-
ious services to sports.
Mr.. Gustafson was responsible
for the first appearance of Ne
gro athletes in the annual
Jackson advocate., 1963-03-30
Diggs May...
Continued From Page One)

Continued From Page One)
population will be reduced in
number from three to two.
Oakland and Macomb coun-
ties, as well as portions Of
Wayne County outside Of De-
troit, will receive more repre-
sentation.
Michigan became entitled to
a 10th seat in Congress after
the 1860 census showed that the
states population had mush-
roomed to almost 100000. Re-
alignment of the districts is the
responsibility of the State Leg
islature.
Legislature in 1861 and 1862
argued over how the new dis
tricts should be made up. The
bills offered at that time were
vetoed by Governor John B.
Swanson. Consequently, last
fall the state was forced to elect
a congressman-at-large rather
than from a district.
The bill now received most
favorable consideration has been
advertised by its sponsor, Sena-
tor Farrell E. Roberts (R-Pon-
tiac) as having the guidance and
blessing of Gov. Romney's Of
flee.
The Roberts bill, if passed,
would eliminate what is now the
18th District Congressman
Diggs' district) and add portions
of it to others.
One local Democrat said,
"There are many ways in which
the realignment can be accom-
plished without erasing the dis
trict of a congressman with as
Jackson advocate., 1963-03-30
Negro Pub b...

Continued From Page One)
ton Rhodes - NNPA president,
Philadelphia.
The honorees as listed by N
NPA are:
James H. Meredith, Univer-
sity of Mississippi, Miss, Harv-
ey Cant, Clemson University,
Clemson, S. c., and Miss Sidna
Brewer, University of Mississip-
pi, Oxford, Miss, students; re-
ligious leaders Archbishop
Lawrence J. Shehan, Catholic
Diocese of Baltimore, Maryland,
and the Rev. Leon Sullivan, Phil
adelphia, Pa.
Honorable Edward Brooke, at
torney general, Commonwealth
of Massachusetts, Boston, and
Georgia State Senator Leroy
Johnson, Atlanta, state politi-
cal figures; u. S. Attorney Cen
eral Robert F. Kennedy, Wash
ington, d. c., and DR.. Robert
Weaver, administrator, Housing
& Home Finance Agency, Wash
ington, D. c., and Andy Gustaf-
son, head football coach, Univer-
sity of Miami, Florida.
The Russwurm Awards are
given annually by NNPA Gin
recognition of outstanding ach-
ievement in making possible a
richer conception of democratic
principles and in tribute for up
holding those highest traditions
known as the American Way of