davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Jackson advocate., 1963-11-09

The signing of the Emanci-
patton Proclamation in 1868,
and the end of the Civil War in
1865, ended for the Negro more
than two hundred and fifty
years of slavery, while giving
them their freedom, at the
same time, launched them, all
but helpless, upon the free mans
most important, and most val
liable quest, the quest for educa-
tion. Thus the year 1866 marks
the beginning of the history of
Negro education in the State of
Mississippi.
In Mississippi, starting off
against the back ground of more
than two hundred and fifty
years of Negro slavery, during
which time it was high crime
to be caught teaching a Negro
slave how to read and write,
sometime punishable by death;
with the Negro arousing little
sympathy or concern with his
urgent need for education in the
minds of the White people into
whose hands fell the power and
authority to provide them educa-
tion at the end of the Recon-
struction Era, Negro education
in the state got off to a slow
and tortuous start.
In the years Immediately fol-
lowing the end of the Recon-
struction Era, what education
that the Negro in Mississippi
had the opportunity of obtaining
provided by the Freedmen's Bu-
reau, created by an act of Con-
gress on March 8, 1866, to help
the newly freed slaves to under
stand the value and responsible
Jackson advocate., 1963-11-09

the funds that have been pro.
vided by the states.
Since March, 1866, 5089 new
classrooms have been complet.
ed; 1909 class rooms are under
construction at this time; anc
applications have been approx.
ed for an additional 486 class.
rooms. Many Of the buildings
have combination auditorium.
gymnasiums, cafeterias OIL
cafetoriums. Some of the build.
ings have auditoriums and gym.
nasiums but the state does not
pay the total cost of providing
both facilities.
The deplorable condition ot
Mississippi schools for Negroes
prior to 1854 all but defy the
imagination. In the same ad.
dress to the Eighth Annual Ed
ucation Conference in 1854 re-
ferred to above, concerning the
condition Of Negro schools in
the state the speaker had this to
say: The condition of Missis-
sippi's schools for Negroes in
rural areas is pathetic and in
some cases it is inexcusable.
Hundreds Of children of the
Negro race are compelled to at
tend school - if they attend
at all - in unpainted, unheated
and unlighted buildings that
are not fit for human habita-
ton and should have been con-
demned many years ago. There
are very few rural schools for
Negroes in Mississippi that
have sanitary drinking water
facilities or sanitary toilet faci-
lities.
In the matter of Negro teach
ers salary, as poor as it was,
the same speaker had this to
point to. According to the re-
port of the State Auditor, in
many counties money speci-
fically appropriated for equal
izing the pay Of Negro teach
ers. which was sent to the coun-
ties for that purpose never got
to the Negro teachers.
The Negro teacher in the
early period of public educa-
tion for Negroes, was poorly
paid, and for the most part,
poorly educated and trained for
the job of teaching; neverthe-
less, the vast majority of them
came into the profession with
a high and noble sense of pur-
pose, and an almost sacred ded-
ication. 1t was the high sense
of purpose, and great dedication
of these early Negro teachers,
that enabled them, despite the
Jackson advocate., 1963-11-09

thereafter was to see little ef-
fort to raise the standard Of
Negro education from the one
teacher, one-room Negro school,
but prevailed while the Freed
mems Burau and the. education
missionaries were at work in
the state.
Developments in national pol
itics with the restoration of
political power into the hands
Of the southern White people
had already led to the dissolu-
tion of the Freedmen's Bureau;
while at the same time the poll
tical atmosphere in the south
had caused, for the most part,
the withdrawal of the northern
White educational missionaries
and greatly reduced the activi-
ties Of their southern contem-
poraries.
The one-teacher one-room Me-
gro school with their crippling
effect on Negro educational op-
portunities i nthe state, together
with the wide disparity in the
ALLEGATION of public money for
Negro and White education in
the state was to exist, with lit
lie, if any changes, from 1890
unil 1854, when the system of
Negro education in the state be-
gan to feel the impact of suits
for equalization of Negro ed
ucation, in accordance with the
constitution of 1890, filed by
the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored Peo-
pie.
The wide lack of equality of
Negro education and the wide
disparity in the ALLEGATION of
public money for Negro and
White public education in the
state, that prevailed during the
period from 1890 to 1854 may
be seen in the following state
ments made by a White Mis-
sissipian, regarded as an auth
ority on the states educational
system, at the Eighth annual
Education conference on June
9, 1854, sixty-four years after
the adoption of the State Con-
stitution of 1890 with the pro-
vision for racially Separate but
Equal" education.
The school census showed
298,86 educable Whites against
496,913 Negroes. In the facility
phase, here is what was shown
lby the State Department of
Education. White high schools
and junior colleges,> "a, against
6 for Negroes. High school and
elementary schools, 410 for
Jackson advocate., 1963-11-09

white and 279 for Negroes. Ele-
mentary only: $40 Whites 2,049
for Negroes.
In q county with 81 percent
of its population Negroes, the
expenditure per White pupil was
$270.69 against $23.36 for Ne
groes. One school district ir
a Delta county with 1900
Whites and 10000 Negroes, ex-
penditures per White pupil were
shown at $469.49, and only
$13.71 for Negroes. A central
sector county with popula-
tion Of $4,000 Negroes to 5000
Whites, $30O.33 was spent per
White student against $46.20 for
each Negro.
In the 1941-42 session Negro
teachers were paid an average
Of 1882 per year. In the 1941-42
session the average White
classroom teachers salary was
$735 in the 1928 session the
average White classroom teach
er's salary was $2,1O9 against
$1,153 for Negroes.
In the 1928 term, we spent
$,476,753 transporting White
children to school and $1,179,-
826 for Negroes.
Mississippi spent $23,536,O22
on instruction for White child
rem, and $8,816,670 on Negroes.
The above statements taken
from a speech made at the
Eighth annual Education Con-
ference on June 9, 1854 pictures
Negro educational opportunity
in the state up to the United
Safes Supreme Court decision
in the same year, outlawing
the separate but equal" doc
trine, which brought about a
more hopeful and enlightened
view of Negro education in the
state.
In an effort to equalize school
facilities between the races, the
Btate, now contributes $1,000
annually for each child in aver
age daily attendance until 1882
and an additional $500 for each
Negro child in average daily at
tendance until 1864. This plan
became effective July l., 1854
and school districts mey secure
loan or an advance from the
State Educational Finance Com
mission of 75R of the fund that
it will be entitled to for a period
of twenty years. A total of GOA
projects have been approved.
The state has approved appli-
cations in the amount of $9,061,-
837.60. Local districts have pro-
vided $6O,OOO,OOO in addition to
Jackson advocate., 1963-11-09

and authority in the hands Of
the White people, Senator Rev
els was offered the suggestion
to voluntarily resign from the
United States Senate with the
promise that upon his resigna-
ton, the White girls school at
Rodney would be converted into
college for Negroes with Sen
ator Revels becoming its first
President. The Senator accept
ed the suggestion and the pro-
mise. Thus in that year Alcorn
College was established to be-
come the first public Negro
College in the state.
Alcorn College, after more
than three quarters of a GEN.
tury is still laboring towards
accreditation.
There are now three institu-
tions Of higher learning for Ne
groes in the state, all of them
still laboring towards full ac-
creditation.
In 1910 the state took over
Jackson College, in Jackson,
which had existed for many
years as a Baptist Church re-
lated educational institution for
Negro students, the name of
which has been since changed
to Jackson State College.
In 1945 the state purchased
some portion of a cotton planta-
ion on the outskirts of the town
of Itta Bena in the heart of the
Mississippi Delta, to begin
building from the ground up,
Mississippi Vocational College,
which to be called the youngest
and fastest growing Negro col
lege in the state.
In the period since 1854 the
great improvement in school
buildings and educational facili-
ties for Negroes in the state
has been matched by a corres-
ponding increase in salary of
Negro teachers, which is now,
in some aspects, the equal of
White teachers.
In this Tooth anniversary
year of the signing of the
Emancipation Proclamation, and
seventy-three years after the
adoption of the State constitu-
tion of 1890 with its Separate
by Equal" provision, it may now
be well said that a new period
of enlightment and progress
has developed for Negro educa-
tion in the state.
Kodiak mirror., 1963-04-05
KODIAK, ALASKA, APRIL 5, 1863

in dens by early November and hi- bernate until early April. On Afog- nak some will stay in the heavy timber near the beach and live on beach shrimp or whatever floats in.
 Cubs are generally born the lat ter part of February, and it is said that the mother does not waken when the birth takes place. During the first year female may have only one cub, but two years there after she can have two, three, four and even five. The cubs stay with their mother until the second year when they go on their own. Old males aren't above devouring the young cubs, even though the mother will fight them off.
 THIS THEY EAT
 In the early spring the Kodiak bruins eat young shoots of grass, the tips off skunk cabbage, wild celery and potatoes. Also they will eat the bark off small alders along with kelp and other sea weeds.
 During the summer months and early fall salmon is their main diet supplemented by berries. In the late fall the bears are on the ridges and exist mostly on moss berries, cranberries and an occasional fish. When on the beaches they will also eat any dead seal, sea lion or what may drift in from the ocean.
 He concludes that the Kodiak bear can be crossed with other types and tells of crossing Kodiak bears with Polar bears. A litter of three was born and one died. The two survivors at the Washington, DC, zoo are known as Pokodiaks and they attract more attention and are found to be more intelligent and amusing than the Kodiaks.
 A copy of the interesting bro- chure may be obtained without cost by writing Ali Madsen at Box 925, Kodiak, Alaska.
Kodiak mirror., 1963-04-05
Bartlett Measure Would LegaIize Fish Bargaining

Senator Bob Bartlett, along with Senator Warren Magnuson (D- Wash.) has introduced legislation in the Congress which would per nit fishing vessel owners to join crew members in associations for bargaining purposes on the sale Of their products. In addition the measure would permit buyers to associate themselves on an indus try-wide basis for the purpose of bargaining on fish prices. All such associations would be held free of violation of the antitrust or trade laws.
 Hearings on the measure were held in Kodiak last year.
Kodiak mirror., 1963-04-05
Biggest Share Of Alaska King Crab Taken By Russians

According to figures released this week by Senator Bob Bartlett, the Russian take of king crab near ly doubles the combined take of the United States and Japan.
 Between 1857 and 1861 the US. catch of the king crab expanded from IA million pounds to over 43 million pounds and Japan's total reached 34 million pounds in 1861, having hit a high of AT million pounds in 1857. Russia's take over those four years ranged from 66 million pounds to 81 million pounds.
 We understand that at the pres ent time the Russians and the Jap
Kodiak mirror., 1963-04-05
PAGE 3

anese are engaged in an extensive king crab operation in the Bering Sea on the continental shelf and have been for a number of years.
 We understand, also, that ef- forts may be made to extend this operation into the Gulf of Alaska" Bartlett said in calling for the US. government to establish exclusive rights to the crab resources of the shelf
Kodiak mirror., 1963-04-05
KODIAK MIRROR

All MduSen, well known KODIAK guide and outfitter, got bit tired of answering questions about Ko- diak's big bears with letters coming from hunters, housewives and school children. So recently he had printed 2,5OO copies of a six page brochure telling all about the bears.
 Here are some interesting facts that even Kodiakans may not know about these huge animals.
 Scientists and anthropologists who have unearthed remains of bears generally believe that tn; bears possibly reached Kodiak Is- land over the Great Ice Cap mil lions of years ago. The Boring Sea and Straits were solid bridge of ice and some bears wandered on and on and finally reached Kodiak where food was plentiful and they were marooned when the ice re- ceded and grew to be the largest species in the world.
 HOW MANY OF THEM
 A conservation estimate of e bear population of Kodiak, Afcg- nak, Raspberry and Shuyak island is that there are 2,OOO bears, but Madsen says from aerial surveys made during the salmon season when most bears are feeding that for every bear observed there are at least five in the brush.
 In the last 10 years the average kill by resident and nonresident hunters has not exceeded 1855 bears per year.
 The scientific name for Kodiak bears is Ursus Middendorfi and his cousin on the Alaska Peninsula is Ursus Guyas
 Madsen writes that he weighed a number of bears ranging from 10 feet, four inches to II feet, three inches with the heaviest bear meas uring II feet three inches and his weight 1920 pounds. The average 10 foot bear will weigh approxi- mately 1000 pounds during the late fall season. In the early spring he is at least 25O pounds lighter. Average female in the fall will weigh about 800 pounds.
 LIVE TO BE 50
 The Kodiak bear may reach the ripe old age of 50 years or more, and the guide says that he and hunter killed huge bear on Nov. 26, 1884 on the upper reaches of the Uganik River which squared out at II feet 4 inches. He had no teeth-just empty holes where his teeth had once been. His eyes were coverd by an opaque skin, indi- eating near blindness. His left hind quarter contained an old Russian musket ball which had flattened considerably by the impact, appar- ently at close range. This type of musket ball had not been in use for over 30 years and it is safe to assume that this huge bear was over the half century mark. It is
Kodiak mirror., 1963-04-05
Here Are The Bare Facts Concerning kodiak's Famous 'Ursus Middendorfi"

owned by Frank Ayeres of Ft. Col linS. Colo, who killed it.
 URSUS MIDDENDORFI
 The Kodak bear has been named UrSus Middendorfi after the Rus sian scientist and naturalist, Mid dendorfi. In 1796, this huge car nivore became known to the out side world and he was known as Ivan the Terrible"
 Bears were hunted for more than 100 years by both the Russians and Aleuts for the market. From the records of the Alaska Commercial Co.,, it is indicated that an average of over 500 bears a year were taken from Kodiak Island. They were used for silver buffers and Rus sian C0ssack hats.
 Largest bear ever taken by nonresident hunter was killed by Erling Hansen of Seattle on Oct. 15, 1861, at the Uganik Lake Camp with Walter Panamaroff acting as guide. The skull measurements were totaled at 3O-11/16. Weight was approximately 1,25O pounds and the pelt squared at 10 feet, 8 inches.
 MEASURING SKULL
 For Boone and Crockett compe- tition skull must first have the lower jaw removed. The width and Tenth combined give you the total score. A skull does not qualify un- til it has dried for a period of 50 days. The minimum score to enter the B & c book is 27 inches. The largest bears in the world have come from Kodiak and the Alaska Peninsula.
 Madsen believes that still larger bear will be found in coming years.
 He points out that the accepted method of measuring hide is to lay it loosely on the ground and measure from tip of nose to tip of base of tail and from claw to claw These two measurements are added and divided by two, giving the squared measurement of the hide.
 And he doesn't recommend going after them with a bow and arrow unless you have a powerful rifle nearby.
 They can be dangerous, he points out, especially male during mating season, female with young cubs. However, most bears will avoid encounters with men and quickly put distance between himself and his pursuers.
 ARE CANNABALISTIC
 The bears can be cannibalistic and Madsen points out that the carcass of a bear which has been skinned and left in the field will usually disappear within few days. Larger males will drag the carcass to brushy or sheltered spot and cover it with grass and sod.
 Most of the bears head for the hills in the middle of November and only a few are found around the lakeshores or bays. Many are
Kodiak mirror., 1963-04-05

CMirrOr Classifieds Bring Results
Kodiak mirror., 1963-04-05

owned by Frank Ayeres of Ft. Col lins. Colo, who killed it.
Evening star., 1963-05-04
Builders Report
UNICOM
Talk Set


John I. Zerbe, assistant
director Of engineering and
technology for the National
Lumber Manufacturers As
sociation, will address q
dinner meeting of the Home
Builders Association of Mont
gomery County at Z pm.
Thursday at the Kenwood
Country Club, Ralph Duffie,
president, has announced.
Mr.. Zerbe will speak on
THE UNICOM Method Of
House Construction"
SubuFbon Builders
Name Editor
Mrs. Kay Heron has been
appointed editor of the Sub
urban Maryland Builder.
monthly publication Of the
Suburban Maryland Builders
Association, Albert Turner,
president, announced this
week.
Mrs. Heron is a graduate
of George Washington Uni
versity and the University
of MisSouri's School Of
Journalism. In recent years
she has done publicity for
funds drives Of the Silver
Spring YMCA, the Salvation
Army Of Prince Georges
County. the Arlington YMCA
and United Cerebral Palsy Of
Washington. She is the wife
of Paul Heron, a former
real estate editor of the
Washington Post.
Fast Leaves
NAHB Institute
Bruce o. Fast has resigned
from the Research Institute
Of the National Association
Of Home Builders to start his
own home building firm,
Candlelight Homes. Inc.
With the Institute, he has
worked on improvement Of
construction methods and on
cost analysis studies. He
plans to build in the Fort
Washington area.
Evening star., 1963-05-04
New Forecast
Model Home

Style-Rite builders have
included q Forecast Model
Home in their Potomac Hills
development in the Bethesda
area Of Montgomery County.
The house, which earns its
forecast" designation by
including a complete line Of
gas equipment and appli-
ances. is a two story home
that has four bedrooms, with
a fifth optional, and three
baths. 1t is called THE Falls
Valley"
Evening star., 1963-05-04
THIS HOUSE WEARS cOOD
IKE A DOAlICILE SHOULD!

> fa cigarette should taste "good" then
house should wear good, even though the
grammar be incorrect, the rhetoric inele-
CANT, and the logic completely yinconclusive!
> Pictured here is house (or domicile)
that looks good, is good, wears good, and is
good for you. It's good for you because.
, First, it has eight wonderful rooms,
two complete baths, an additional powder
room, an oversize garage, and delightful
front porch.
, Second, it has 13-cubic-foo refrigera-
tor, washer and dryer that match,
built-in wall-oven, and tabletop range
all by General Electric.
, Third, every square foot of its grounds
is completely, beautifully and profession
ally Handicapped.
Evening star., 1963-05-04

'na > Fourth, it's price of $17,990 can be paid
the by modest down payment of $79O and
ele- $132 monthly thereafter. For sheer value
i've! we've never equaled those figures, and in
ile) the past 33 years we've built over sixty
d is thousand houses!
- , Fifth; everything you see Except furni-
MS ture) you get! There are no hidden charges,
oer no closing costs, no extras Of any kind Just
uW plain, honest goodness all the way thru!
, So drive over and see this gem as well
as bevy of other beauties some priced
lower some, higher. All are exquisitely
furnished and all are open every day until
9P. Well be delighted to see you.
ion P. S. And all houses are completely air.
conditioned by Westinghouse, too!
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-04-14

authority to keep the bridal
party together for this, 10
minutes. Make 1t clear that II
an usher or bridesmaid sud-
denly does a disappearing act,
there will be no waiting for
him or her TO return. q
= = = -
Question: I am to be guest
Of honor at q dinner. ) MY
husband wfll be with me. Ny
question is, should we leave
first when the evening is over
or do all the other guests have
to leave before we do?
Mrs. P. L. D.
Answer: The guest Of honor
should always leave before
the other guests. It is up to
you to be Sthoughtful, and
even II having q very good
time, take your departure at
q fairly early hour. For ex-
ample, II a dinner begins at
eight o'clock, you should get
going about ten-thirty, and
certainly not later than
eleven.
Rssistered. o. Q. Patent offies)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-04-14

Of writing thank you notes
for gifts received after the
wedding. Among them is a
large silver bowl sent by the
firm that my husband works
for. The card has several
names on 1t, and I am at a
loss to know how to address
the letter. I can't put all the
names on 1t!
Mrs. E. F..
Answer: Address the letter
to the ranking" person who
signed the card. By this I
mean, the president Of the
firm or the head Of q depart
ment, whichever 1t may be.
Ask him to express your APP
probation to all the others.
= y
Question: I recently at
tended q wedding, and I was
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-04-14

thoroughly disguised before
1t was overl After the cere-
mony. we arrived at the club
where the reception was being
held. and by actual checking
Of q watch, we waited over
three-quarters Of an hour,
standing around in q long
line Of restless people. also
waiting. All this because
photographs were being taken
Of the bridal group. We have
had this happen before, and.
I am wondering If there isn't
some way that those running
q wedding can work things
out SO the guests won't be
imposed upon?
Mrs. r. c.
Answer: The procedure Of
which you speak is quite COM
mon, and why the hosts at q
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-04-14
MODERN MANNERS
Answers to Question Box

was expected Of me. I STUN
bled to my feet, red-faced
and miserable. and mumbled
something like. God bless our
food" Wasn't my hostess
wrong in placing me in such
a position? MRS. l.. e. H.
Answer: She most certainly
wasl Usually those who do
say Grace at meals dispense
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-04-14

with it when they are enter
tanning. If they don't, either
the host or his wife should
give it. not q guest. It was
an extremely thoughtless
thing to do, and I would
certainly ask her not to en-
barrass you in such a way
again. The saying of Grace
is a wonderful custom to
those who understand. But,
even II the host says Grace,
1t can be awkward when en-
tertaining because the guests
may not expect it and may
keep on chattering until
brought to an embarrassed
stop when they are asked to
keep quiet.
EA
Question: ! was recently
married and am in the throes
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-04-14

wedding reception don't seem
to realize It. I will never
knowl 1t is q definite affront
to ones guests and Is
absolutely inexcusable. It Is
brought about by two things
the natural desire Of the
family to have pictures Of the
great event, and the over
powering desire Of the pho
tographer to get as many
shots as he can because he
knows 1t will be a big order.
The whole bridal group can
not be together until after
the ceremony. This, Of course.
makes 1t difficult. However.
it can be handled by using
an iron hand on the photog-
rapher by telling him he has
10 minutes-and no more.
Also, designate someone in