davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-22
Wet Man,:
Bad News

Defense Secretary Mcnamara
returned Friday from a two
day inspection trip to South
Wet Nam grim but Optimistic"
on anti-Red military campaign
there.
How badly is the South Wet
Nam-United States military effort
against the Wet Cong Communist
guerrillas going?
Did the United States err in
encouraging the November coup
d'etat by an army junta which
has so far been ineffective in
rallying the country against the
enemy?
What is the present state of
Washington's plan to withdraw
by the end Of 1865 almost all of
the 10000 or more American mill
tary advisers" now in South Wet
Nam?
These are some Of the ques-
tons which are being asked more
and more frequently by Ameri-
cans at home as discouraging re-
ports from Saigon and the battle
fronts Of South Wet Nam pile up.
There has been a general feel
ing that the American people
have never really been given a
full and completely frank ap-
praisal Of the anti-Communist
campaign since the United States
Government increased its military
aid in 1861. The johnson admin
istration now has an excellent OPP
portunity to inform the public Of
the true situation.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-22
Soviet Union:
Racial Strife

African students scuffIed with
Soviet police In Red Square ON
Wednesday as they demon
strated in protest over the
death Of q Ghanaian and nj.
legged racial discrimination.
The United States has been in
the throes Of a wrenching racial
revolution for the last two years
or more as our Negro citizens
have fought for their civil rights
and for changes IN age-old social
patterns.
North and South, there have
been demonstrations in the
streets. both peaceful and violent;
there have been riots, killings, and
an endless string Of court cases.
All Of this has produced, along
with some gains for Negroes, a d.
visiveneSs in the country which
has contributed as much as any
other single factor to what more
than a few observers call an at
moSphere Of hate.
Perhaps this is the price which
must be paid for forced social
change. but it has only been part
OF it. The foreign press, in both
friendly and hostile countries, has
lectured and lambaSted the Unit
ed States as we have sought q
solution to our most agonizing
problem.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-22

october Is, 1916, Boiling was
awarded the Expert Aviator's Ger
tificate mo. 81. When President
Wilson modified the National
Guard, Bolling's Aero Company
was ordered to recruit enough
men to bring it to full strength.
They trained at Mineola for
three months.
On April 6, 1917, when President
Wilson delivered his war mes
sage to Congress, Boiling was a
major in the Air Service Of the
Signal Corps, United States Re-
serve. On the following day he
put on his uniform and requested
continuous active duty. Leaving
his wife and four children in
Connecticut. he went to Mineola
to await orders from Washington.
It was obvious that Major Boil
ling's wide business experience
combined with his knowledge Of
aviation was too valuable to be
wasted on an ordinary assignment.
Here was a man who would be
most helpful In the development
Of an aeronautical organization.
His first duty, therefore, was to
draft a bill to be presented to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-22
New Version

The State Department, upset at
this development, gathered report
ers together and issued its version
of what Mr.. Rusk had said. In his
brief" remarks on Sino-Soviet
relations, the Department said,
the Secretary noted that ut would
seem that the peaceful coexist-
ence theory better serves our
interest" than one Of militancy
toward the West.
There was some doubt that the
explanation really changed very
much. Mr.. Rusk. Of course, prefers
peaceful coexistence (Which is
what the Russians declare they
WANT to militancy (Which is what
the Red Chinese preach. But, in
acknowledging that, how can he
create an image Of a man not
taking sides?
Just what the next step will be
in moving ahead for further East
West agreements was not stated
by the NATO Council. But it
seems likely that Mr.. Butler, who
will attend the disarmament talks
sometime after they resume next
January 81, will meet with Soviet
Foreign Minister Gromyko in
Geneva for probing discussions.
Although none of the Western
Big Four foreign ministers is
really optimistic about quick new
tension leSSening agreements with
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-22

Camp in PlattSburgh, N. Y.
Seventy prominent young New
Workers attended. Among them
was First Lieutenant Raynal C.
Boiling with the First Motorized
Machine Gun Company, which he
had organized in 1915. He soon
earned q promotion to Captain In
the Signal Corps, National Guard
Of New York.
Flight Instruction
Upon returning from camp, the
eager soldier-lawyer let no grass
grow under his feet. While at
Plattsburgh he had received some
elementary flight instruction in
a Gallaudet aircraft, and the
seeds that were planted in his
fertile mind began to blossom.
Boiling realized the tremendous
military potentials Of the aero
plane" Because Of his untiring
efforts, an Aero Company Of the
New York National Guard was
organized. By the spring Of 1916.
due to Bolling's persistence, it
occupied five hangers at the old
Hampstead Plains aviation field
at Mineola, Long Island. On
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-22
NATO::
Optimism

Secretary of State Rusk
urged at a NATO meeting on
Monday that the West seek new
accOrds with the Soviet Union
whose government on the same
day announced a $3.50 million
cut In its defense budget
A number Of internal difficult
ties are besetting the nations Of
the North Atlantic Treaty Organi-
zation-foreign trade, aid to
underdeveloped countries, military
and political strategy and conven-
tional and nuclear force levels, to
cite major ones.
But when the NATO Ministerial
Council completed its shortest
meeting in history in Paris last
Tuesday, it acted like diplomats
usually do in reporting the re-
suits: Agreements were stressed
and problems minimized or large
ly ignored.
Thus the NATO communioue
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-22
The Wall Opens

Then Defense Secretary Nc
Namara, whose recent sharply
downward reaSSesSment of Soviet
ground forces strength amazed
some Europeans, said he could not
understand why anyone should
think that because Of it there Is
no longer any urgency for beefing
up NATO conventional units.
In its formal communique, the
council noted that freedom of
access to Berlin, which was de-
scribed as a real cause of
tension" had been upheld despite
recent incidents on the autobahn.
There was another development
concerning the divided city last
week. For the first time since the
infamous wall was erected by the
Communists in August, 1861, the
East Germans allowed West
Berliners to visit their relatives on
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-22
Devil Tomorrow

Five hundred African students
demonstrated in Red Square-the
first organized protest in that
Moscow Landmark since the Trot-
zky-Stalin feud Of the 1905
following the death Of q Ghanai-
an medical student they asserted
had been killed by q Russian be-
cause he was about to marry q
Russian girl.
The Soviet government denied
the charge and contended that
the man had been drinking, COL
lapsed In the snow and froze to
death.
The African demonstrators srap-
pied with Soviet police and car
ried signs reading, Friend today.
devil tomorrow" Moscow, a SEC
ond Alabama" and "Stop killing
Africans"
1t was clear that the protest
was directed at more than the
case Of the medical student. It
was against alleged racial discrim-
ination in the Soviet Union. Many
Russian men resent Africans dat
ing Russian women and are quick
to show it. Moreover, some Rus
slams repeatedly feel that Africans
are backward people, that many
are still really jungle folk.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-22
Soviet Arms

On this latter point. Moscow
announced ON Monday that 1t
would reduce its military spending
by 800 million rubles $3.50 mil
hon), or about 4 per cent. next
year.
The current talk Is that the
East and West might be able to
agree to slash their military
budgets by 10 per cent-about SIS
billion for the United States-and
that Washington and London
have already indicated they would
II independent auditors were
allowed to check the Soviet
budget.
But while there was certainly
corridor talk about disarmament
and cutting military spending,
there also was talk of troop
strength at the NATO meeting.
First, President johnson sant a
message to the Ministers pledging
full and continued United States
support Of NATO and the main
tenance Of six American Army
divisions in Europe. Mr.. johnson
even went q bit beyond the late
President Kennedy's promise on
the divisions when he said that
they would stay as long as they
are needed and added there is no
doubt that they will continue to
be needed"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-22
Up Peking's Alley

Ironically. while the world read
Of the Moscow incident, Premier
Chou En-lai Of Communist China
was in the middle Of the first
week Of q six-week tour of Africa.
Peking, which has been engaged
in fierce theological fight with
Moscow. has often accused the
Soviet Union Of discriminatory
policies against all the major COL
ored races-black, brown and vel.
low.
It would not be surprising If
Chou Seizes upon last Wednes-
days demonstration to push his
anti Russian line.
Meanwhile, the Soviet Union
apparently was In no mood to pla-
cate the African students. On Fri
day, TaSs, the official news agen.
cy. while denying there was dis
elimination against blacks In the
USSR, said:
IF these are people who do not
like the Soviet laws and do not
want to obey them, these people
can leave our country at any
moment"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-22
Indian Ocean Fleet

The United States needs no per-
mission from anyone to sail her
ships on the high seas anywhere,
but stories coming out of India
suggested that Gen. Taylor was
seeking such assent. Prime Min
lister Nehru tried to clear up the
matter for his countrymen and
others-like the Russians and
Red Chinese, both of whom have
objected to the American fleet
plan-when he asked:
How can we object to anyone
going where they like in the
ocean?"
The United States believes that
a naval task force presence in
what the vast ocean power va
cuum stretching from Africa to
Indonesia would underline Amer
lean interests in the area and
contribute to the confidence of
independent nations there that
we are ready, willing and able to
help them resist aggression.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-22
Combodio

Interest was also centered in
another area Of Southeast Asia
Cambodia-last week. Diplomatic
talk on the possibility of an in
ternational conference to REIN
force the neutrality Of the Bud
dhist kingdom bordering on South
Wet Nam increased.
The British Foreign Office an
nounced on Friday that it favored
the conference in principle. The
United States has not revealed
Its attitude officially, but it was
understood that Secretary Of State
RuSk discussed the matter on his
stop-over visit in London last
week.
Prince Sihanouk, the Cambo-
dian ruler, recently ordered all
American aid programs in his
country terminated as of Janu-
airy /. He has accused the United
States of completely in connec-
ton with clandeStine rebel Cam
bodian radio broadcasts emanat-
ing from South Wet Nam. Wash
ington has denied the charge.
There was diplomatic activity
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-22

was an optimistic, positive docu-
ment which looked yearningly at
further agreements with the
Soviet Union leading Ito q genu-
Inc and fundamental improve
ment IN East West relations"
This was the theme hit hard by
Secretary Of State RuSk and
British Foreign Secretary r. A.
Butler in their addresses to the
council. In urging NATO to seek
new accords with the USSR, Mr..
Rusk observed, it was reported,
that it makes sense for the West
to promote peaceful coexiStence
with the Soviet as a check against
the militancy of Communist
China.
Mr.. Rusk, who was once quoted
as saying that he did not intend
to carry ON the foreign policy Of
the United States on the front
pages Of the newspapers, found
himself in the middle Of an en-
barrassing communications break
down. He did not call q press
conference to discuss his speech;
a spokesman" briefed reporters.
Some Of the subsequent stories
indicated that Mr.. Rusk had
taken sides"-presumably the
last thing he wants to do publicly
in the current theological dis
pute between Moscow and Peking.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-22

the other side. The permission, for
those who apply, began on Thurs
day and will last throughout the
Christmas holiday season to
January 5.
While the agreement worked
out between West Berlin and East
Germany was cheering news to
Berliners, the East Germans
almost Immediately began to
taunt Bonn, asserting that recog-
milton Of the Pankow regime was
implied. Mayor Willy Brandt of
West Berlin emphatically denied
this; so did the American, British
and French commandments of West
Berlin.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-22
By WILLIAM ID. FEENY

On April 8, 1917, the United
States entered World War I. As
o newborn baby arrives in the
world unclothed and totally unable
to care for itself, America became
involved In q large-scale war
which It was unprepared to fight.
This was particularly true Of the
Air Service. which at that time
was the infant Of the Army Sig
nal Corps. Not only did the United
States lack a significant air arm.
this great industrial nation was
not producing q single airplane
capable Of fighting the enemy.
Nevertheless, American squad
rons did arrive at the front and.
equipped by our Allies, contrib
uted brilliantly and fearlessly to
the pages Of aviation history. This
achievement was due largely to
the efforts Of Colonel Raynal c.
Boiling.
Raynal Cawthorne Boiling
lawyer, cavalryman, aviator-was
born in Hot Springs. Ark, on
September l, 1887. At the age
Of Ia he accompanied his par
ents to California; Q year later
the Boiling family moved again,
this time to live in Philadelphia.
Pa.
While attending Penn Charter
School, young Raynal decided that
he would become a lawyer. He
was admitted to Harvard College
and received his ABB. degree In
1900. He then entered Harvard
Law School and in 1902 was
granted the LIB. degree.
Raynal Bolling's first employ
ment after graduation from law
school was in the office Of Guth-
RE, Cravath and Henderson, Q
private law firm in New York. The
young lawyer had q strong re-
forming instinct and was aiming
for q career in politics, but the
more he learned about the reali-
ties Of working with a political
machine, the more Boiling real
lied Of working with q political
machine, the more Boiling realized
that It was not the life for him.
Within q year he Joined the Law
Department Of the United States
Steel Corp. as Assistant to
the General Solicitor, q position
which he held for 10 years.
Was in covoIy Unit
Keenly interested in physical
fitness and military training, Boil
ing Joined Squadron A Of the New
York National Guard on February
8, 1907. He served in this cavalry
unit for seven years and three
months as what we today call a
citizen soldier" or weekend war
rior." Raynal Bolling's philosophy
on preparedness was similar to
that Of Theodore Roosevelt and
General Leonard Wood.
Four months after joining the
National Guard, Boiling married
Anna Tucker Phillips and in 1909
they built a house in Greenwich,
Conn, where they planned to live
for the rest Of their lives.
Boiling seemed destined for sue
cess, for in 1918 the United States
Steel Corp. promoted him to
General Solicitor. He was still
working in this capacity when the
United States entered World War
I.
Gradually the news from Europe
worsened in the years before the
United States entered the war,
and after the sinking Of the Lusi-
tania the Harvard Club Of New
York sponsored q Business Mans
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-22
His Third Visit

Defense Secretary Mcnamara
returned to Washington on Fri
day night from his third inspec-
ton visit to South Wet Nam since
May, 1862, and his second since
late September. Plenty happened
shortly after the latter trip. With
in a month or so a skillfully Or
ganized clique Of generals over
threw the regime of President Ngo
Dinh Diem and murdered him
and his brother and chief adviser,
Ngo Dinh Nhu.
Mr.. Mcnamara was thoroughly
briefed by South Wet Nam and
American political and military
officials. He was given the facts
behind what has been the worst
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-22

Congress for the authorization of
the Air Service program.
Now that the United States was
an active participant in the war,
1t was expected not only to supply
men and combat units, but also
to gear its massive industry to
the best possible advantage Of the
allies. At that time America had
no aircraft suitable for combat.
but its factories could manufac-
ture foreign designed airplanes
that had already been successfully
tested in battle. There were many
types Of British, French and
Italian planes used In the fighting
and someone had to choose which
Of these would be the best for
America to build. It was decided
that . team Of specialists would
be sent TO Europe to confer with
the Commander Of the Allied Ex-
peditionary Forces. They would
find out how the American air
effort - including training, air.
plane production and combat or
ganization-could be best co-ord-
mated with that Of the allies.
Pioneer Air Mission
The task Of heading the team
was given to Maj. Boiling and on
June 20, 1917. Just Is days after
the arrival Of Gen. Pershing, the
Boiling Commission" consisting
Of II Army, Navy and civilian
technical experts, landed In Liver
pool.
A clue to the Importance Of this
assignment Is found in q letter
written to Mai. Boiling on June
II. 1917, by Howard Coffin, chair
man Of the Aircraft Production
Board. Coffin wrote, 1.-THE speed
with which the United States
launches its aircraft program de-
ponds largely on you. Your good
judgment and tact may easily
bring results Of the greatest in
ternational Importance"
With regard to flight training,
the Boiling Commission agreed
that American cadets would re-
ceive preliminary instruction In
the States and then be shipped
overseas to receive advanced
courses in English, French and
Italian flying schools.
Selection Of the right allied air.
craft to be manufactured In the
United States proved to be a
man-sized job. Maj. Boiling be-
lieved that the best qualified
judges Of combat aircraft were
the pilots who flew them-the
leutenants and captains in the
fighting squadrons who daily flew
their planes into combat against
the best the enemy had to offer.
Despite the infancy Of military
aviation, there were probably more
types Of combat planes in World
War I than in World War II. The
French put into service more than
so types, the British flew more
than 40. and the Italians more
than 80, against the more than
80 types Of combat planes used
by the Germans. There was a
further complication: The air.
plane was the most short-lived
weapon Of the war and new types
were brought out in such rapid
succession that few planes main
tanned their superiority for more
than six months. If the United
States manufactured an aircraft
that was still In the experimental
stage. 1t might prove to be a
failure at the expense Of precious
time and money. On the other
hand, If Uncle Sam decided to 60
into production on a plane that
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-22

to the West of CANDIDA, too. The
principal diplomat" in this case
was Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor,
chairman Of the Joint Chiefs Of
Staff, who has been on a mission
to India and Pakistan.
One of the items on the Taylor
agenda concerned United States
plans for sending a naval force,
composed Of an aircraft carrier
and several destroyers, on an
Indian Ocean patrol-with pos
sible calls at Indian and Pakistan
ports.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-22

month-the 30 days since the fall
Of DENIM the long history Of
the guerrilla war.
Presumably. he also heard criti-
cismS Of the junta for its failure
to date to rally the people for the
war effort. Charges have peen
aired in Saigon newspapers that
the military men have been too
deeply engaged in domestic politi-
cal warfare and that the junta
leader, Maj. Gen. Duong van
Mini, has been too timid and
cautious.
The Secretary's reluctance to
discuss his findings with report
ers and his rather brusque re-
plies to them, indicated to many
that what he saw and heard in
South Wet Nam did not add up
to any Christmas present for the
forces Of freedom.
Mr.. Mcnamara said for publ
cation only that he was "opti-
mistic as to the progress that can
be made during the coming year. Z"
This does not, Of course, answer
any Of the questions listed at the
beginning Of this discussion. The
hope remains that now that he
has briefed President johnson
yesterday either he or the
President will give a full report
to the American people.
Meanwhile, the administration
may alter the late President Ken
nedy'S plan for the withdrawal
Of American forces from South
Wet Nam within the next two
years. The war there is far from
over: the Communist guerrillas
are still full Of fight and in some
sections Of the country appear
to be growing stronger.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-22

ed. And they have tainted and
condemned.
On wednesday. the Russians
found themselves embarrassed
with q racial incident Of their own
which captured headlines around
the world.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-22
This Article

In celebration Of the sOth an
niversary Of aviation, the true
stories Of flyers for whom the
United States Air Force Bases
are named Is told I'm q new book
"In Their Honor" by William d.
Feeny Duel, Sloan and Pearce,
$4.95). This book tells the stories
Of many men whose names are
household words but whose ca
reers are less wen known. They
include such men as Horace
Meek Hieham, Samuel Pierpont
Langley, Eugene Hoy Barksdale.
One Of the most interesting Il
Raynal CaWthorne Boiling, for
whom Boiling Field here II
named. This Is . chapter from
Mr.. Feeny's book.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-22
On Other Foot

Our greatest detractor, yielding
place only to Communist China.
has been the Soviet Union. While
true reporting Of racial strife in
the United States would tarnish
our image, the Russians often
have not been content to limit
themselves to the facts. They
have embroidered and exaggerat-