davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
The photographers

But l9l members Of them were
enough to keep 10000 men and
women out of work. They rejected
a new contract their own leaders
had recommended Wednesday, and
reporters all across Manhattan
had to tear up half-written sto-
ries. The final obstacle: Photo
engravers wanted IA hours cut
from their work week, to make
1t an even 35 hours. Yesterday It
again appeared that a final settle
ment was near.
AS they had for 10 days, the
presses remained silent. In Cleve-
land. the Plain Dealer and Press
d News also remained shut down
In a similar strike that began
last November 20.
In addition to the newspaper
blackout. which prevented them
from reaching their customers
through advertising. department
stores In New York also suffered
from the bitter winters effect on
shoppers.
Last week the Government
listed another weather victim. The
frigid temperatures destroyed so
many crops, particularly In Flor
ida, that the cost-of- living index
has been pushed 10 a record by
soaring prices on scarce fruit and
vegetables. II reached 1861 in
February biased on 100 for 1857
1859 prices).
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
Chips to Fall

But his attitude and the COM
bative "eye-for-an-eye" approach
he and certain Of his aides have
demonstrated toward the SUBJ
committee is adding more heat
than light to the inquiry and
doubtless viii iengthen it.
The Secretary said he Is con-
WINGED that nothing but harm
will come from the hearings. II
his congressional and public rela-
tons appear to be early casual
ties, he cannot fairly blame the
subcommittee Chairman McClel-
Ian is determined TO "let the
chips fall where they may" II
Mr.. McNamara's decision was the
correct one. he needn't worry
about being buried by them.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31

German scientists, to build the
A-bomb.
He worked on the two bombs,
known today as the Little Boy"
and the Fat Man" These were
the weapons-the 40 lousy little
kilotons" - that ushered in the
age Of nuclear warfare.
World War II ended. What was
to become of Los Alamos? An Of
fetal document says:
THE intense technical effort =.
when followed by the climax of
victory, naturally resulted in a
psychological change at Los Ala
mos.
MANY scientists were troubled
that perhaps in creating atomic
bombs they had done more harm
than good for civilization. There
was the worry also that the lab
oratory would be abandoned; it
had been repeatedly stated during
the war that the project was only
temporary"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
The Group That Stoyed

So, for a variety Of reasons
a guilt complex. uncertainty about
the future. higher salaries else
where-the scientists began leav-
ing Los Alamos. The document
continues:
Another group of key individ-
uals were convinced that the Ma
ton needed a laboratory for re-
search into the military applica-
tons of nuclear energy they
were willing to gamble that the
Government eventually would
come to agree with them"
DR.. Bradbury's name heads this
list.
He was not then, nor is he to-
day, among those who believe the
Big Weapons should not have
been used. He says:
Il thought it was right to drop
them. People get killed in wars
and probably more would have
been killed If we had invaded
Japan.
But whether we had dropped
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
Powell Blasted

Up in New York. In mid-week,
the split among Negroes on how
best TO campaign against bias,
recently dramatized by Repre-
sentative Adam Clayton Powell's
call for all-black organizations,
again came TO the fore. ~
Former Baseball Star Jackie
Robinson wrote in q column dis
tributed TO IL Negro newspapers
that Mr.. Powell had failed mis-
erably" as q Negro leader and
denounced him for his vicious
attacks" on the National Associ-
alton for the Advancement Of
Colored People. Referring TO the
Congressman's Capitol Hill diff
culties over expense accounts, Mr..
Robinson told him:
"You set up the usual cryhaby
yell that you were being perse-
cuted because you are a black man
when II was pretty obvious that
you had placed yourself In q yul-
nerable position" f
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
The Economy:
Finding Jobs

With a warning stlll echOlng
from President Kennedy Of I
per cent unemployment ahead.
Labor Secretary WirtE last week
gloomlly forecast an almost
unbelievable" growth In the
work force. Meanwhile. the cost
Of living hit q record high, and
labor troubles continued 10
plague several areas.
The Red Queens famous re-
mark 10 Alice In Through the
Looking Glass" about running
Just TO stay In the same place
seems wryly appropriate 10
America.
II seeps into debates about the
missile gap. II hangs over the
spectacle Of American industry
battling Japanese transistors and
German Volkswagens In world
markets. And more than ever. II
forms an obbligato 10 the themes
OF economic growth and I'M
employment this year.
Unless we run faster. i.e.. spur
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
West German Politicians Show
Little Interest in Arms Debate

situation is that there hasn't been
one.
AS with so many things here
lately, the trail leads back to the
famous "Spiegel" affair.
AS few remember, the affair be-
gan last october with the news
magazines devastating critique of
the NATO exercise "Fallex 3d."
The article questioned the very
fundamentals of West German
defense policy in concluding that
an undermined Bundeswehr was
a major factor in present West
ern incapacity to halt a Com
munist advance or deter a Com
munist attack.
The attorney generals office,
with the whole hearted support
Of ex-Defense Minister Franz-Jo-
sef Strauss, reacted by occupying
the magazines offices, selling its
files and arresting its editors for
investigation Of a treason charge.
The results Of the affair that
shook West Germans like the hy-
pothetical nuclear attack the
magazine described have to date
included:
. The fall Of one government.
. The end, for the time-being,
Of West Germany's most interest,"
ing postwar political career, the
career Of Strauss.
Q Civil war in Strauss party, the
Bavarian Christian Social Union
(CSU).
Q Steep ascending curve Of SPD
votes in recent state elections in
Hessia, Bavaria and Berlin.
. New high in inter-party acri-
mony.
But the results have yet to in
clude a defense debate which is
what the original "Spiegel" article
was about.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
THE NATIONAL SCENE

our growth rate with a $l0.3 bill
lion tax cut. President Kennedy
told a Chicago audience. unem-
ployment will climb steadily and
swiftly" to Z per cent. That is
considered by the administration
as a recession level. Seven per cent
joblessness also is politically haz-
ardous, as the Republicans dis
covered in 1858 when unemploy-
ment at this level cost them seats
In Congress.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
Grondiose Confusion

The affairs grandiose confusion
reached q new high with the an
nouncement that the federal at
torney generals office was con-
sidering charges against Ham
burg's Minister Of the Interior
Helmut Schmidt.
Mr.. Schmidt, q former SPD
deputy, is remembered for q round
Of refreshingly indecorous debates
with Mr.. Strauss in Bonn's or
dinarily decorous Bundestag. AS
a merciless critic of Mr.. Strauss
policy, he subsequently wrote
West Germany's only serious study
Of strategy in the nuclear age.
Last week, as Mr.. Schmidt ironi-
cally was appearing on West Ger
man movie screens to warn
against Communist subversion, he
found himself facing q possible
treason charge for his alleged role
as one Of Spiegel's sources.
In its single-minded pursuit Of
Mr.. Strauss, the SPD let itself be
caught with its fingers in the
cooky jar Of parliamentary min
utes. Its whip, Gerhard jain, re-
signed on admission that he had
passed q committee document to
Spiegel editor Hans Schmelz for
calculation that he hoped would
incriminate Strauss.
The CDU, happy to be distracted
from its own War of the West
German Succession. roared for an
investigation: OF Schmidt, of
jain, Of anything that might even
the score and recoup recent elec-
toral loses.
And any third party who still
remembered 1t, reflected that the
apparent harmony between Mr..
Merchant and Mr.. Hassel had less
to do with agreement on mutual
ly satisfactory answers to common
problems than that West Ger
many's politicians were too busy
attacking each other to ask ques-
tons about their national defense.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
By DAVID SCHOENBAUM
Contributing Writer


"A country in West Germany,s
situation can't afford Easter
marches. But recent weeks make
observers here wonder whether 1t
can even afford a defense debate.
The defense question was de-
cided for most Germans In 1852
when the Bundestag ratified the
European Defense Community
treaty and accepted the principle
Of German rearmament.
Since then. most Germans have
regarded their national defense
and the induction of $4,000 Of
their sons. Europe's biggest single
defense contribution - with fatal
ViStic impassivity.
The failure Of an anti-atom
movement In the late SOS is typi-
cal.
Are Germans in favor Of the
bomb? Are Germans in favor of
earthquakes? So long as the
caInembert tariff fell, the wage
level rose and the trains ran to
Naples, most Germans preferred
not to worry.
: Nothing is quite so characters
tic Of public indifference as the
level Of defense discussion.
Chancellor Adenauer's foreign
policy harks back to the days Of
Secretary of State Dulles. That
his defense policy should bark
back to Admiral Radford and
Engine Charlie" Wilson is only
consistent.
g. Whether consistency is the best
defense policy. of course, is an
other question.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31

through the home Of one Of the
leaders of the vote registration
drive. "3
Meanwhile, the Negro leaders
kept rallying their forces. One,
a minister, told an audience Of
400: Il believe in prayer. But It's
never put q Governor In office.
We need the vote. Get. your
freedom. Register to vote"
Yesterday, they got Federal
help. The Justice Department
formally entered the dispute when
1t asked a Federal court to enjoin
city and Leflore County officials
from interfering with the Negroes
right to register. The department
also asked that the Negroes who
had been arrested in connection
with the voting registration drive
be released on their own recogniz-
ance. ism
Whether the controversy has
really moved from the streets TO
the courtroom remains to belseen,
however. ~
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
A Prodisious Work

. Be that as II may. Congress-
men and others remembering his
terrific drive. talent and temper
should not be unduly surprised
that he now has produced a
prodigious opus on the ConSti-
tuition.
What will surprise some. how
ever. IL that In this two-volume
monumental survey Of the pres
ent status and past development"
Of the Constitution the 40-year-
old scholar goes out Of his way
10 be calm. soft-spoken. un-
opinionated and at times almost
mellow In his comments and re-
Elections.
The twin tones. for all OF their
pon-controversial tone. undoubt-
edly afford room for disagree
fnent with some things Or.
Schwartz says. Not every stu
dent OF political science or OF the
Constitution Is likely 10 concur
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
The SPD's Role

But 1t takes two to discuss 1t
and the opposition Social Demo-
Gratis (SPD) pulled the rug out
from under the discussion with
their spectacular self : dedication
to the cause of NATo in June
1860.
From then on the only ques-
tons left we're technical and the
: combination Of public indiffer-
ence, official dogmatisrn. and So
cialist reluctance to rock the boat
tended to leave even these un-
asked.
West Germany today imports
its. strategic ideas like its weap-
ons. The finance-conscious gov
eminent gets its ideas from the
Washington Of the more bang
for q buck massive retaliation"
era, the opposition from the
Washington Of Gen. Taylor and
the London Institute for Strate-
gic Studies.
The defense debate takes place
at international conferences or
NATO meetings. not at home.
All this qualities the apparent
success Of Ambassador Livingston
Merchants recent tour Of Bonn.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
Automotion's Impact

The postwar baby crop is reach
ing employment age. Last year
2.8 million OF them reached age
is. This year 3.8 million will. The
labor market must absorb 40 per
cent more new workers In the
l960s than II did In the l950s.
Unions or not. automation is
displacing more people. PRODUCE
ton rose nearly 20 per cent In
the last six years. but production
workers declined by 100000.
II assume we will find these
Jobs because we must find the
Jobs" said Mr.. Writ.
In New York. the antiuuated
bargaining machinery OF the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
BY ROBERT X. WALSH
Star Staff Writer

Bernard Schwartz whose gov
ernmental career exploded on a
congressional committee launch
ing pad five years ago has taken
off smoothly into a less fiery but
loftier orbit
Just published are two volumes
OF his commentary on the United
States Constitution. THE Powers
Of Government" Macmillan;
sI250. The work deals with Fed
= eral and State and Presidential
powers in the light - or twilight
of Supreme Court decisions. A
later book will cover the rights
Of the individual.
Certain areas Of Capitol Hill
still quake at the memory Of the
1858 blow-up. The young law pro-
lessor from New York then was
chief counsel Of q House subcom-
mittee which unearthed irregu-
larities In Federal regulatory
agencies and unseated Presiden-
tial Assistant Sherman Adams.
Most Of that happened after
the abrupt firing of DR.. Schwartz
In O spectacular setting wherein
the subcommittee investigated its
own top investigator. 1t heard
complaints that he kept members
in the dark. attacked witnesses
with Napoleonic fervor and sane
, toned q briefcase hidden tape re-
corder TO get evidence.
Even his congressional critics
credited him with spadework, per-
sistence and prodding that led to
later exposures. But DR.. Schwartz
wrote an angry book In 1859, 1.-THE
Professor and the Commissions. I"
10 charge that the subcommittee
not only smeared him but merely
scratched the surface of the FEC.
SEC. ice. CAB. FPC and FTC.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31

newspaper industry was never
more pitifully exposed than last
Wednesday. Although the print
ers' union originally brought
about the blackout. beginning De-
cember z, contracts covering some
Of the nine other unions involved
began expiring as the strike
dragged on. 1t was one Of these
that snagged everything.
The 5000 printers involved tout
Of 10000 made idle) ratified an
agreement a week ago. granting
them a $l2.63 per week package
over two years. Mailers quickly
followed suit. That left only the
photoengravers, q relatively tiny
segment.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31

Americans since they have their
own rluclear force independent Of
NATO?
A. -. I suggested, after the
3 construction phase, when the
rocket fleet is in practical opera
ton, that unanimity be replaced
by majority voting.
@. Did you have the impression
in Washington that the Ameri-
cans we're prepared later on to ac-
cept majority voting and give UP
their veto2
A. didn't discuss the question
when I was in America. I only
pointed out that the question had
a lot Of meaning for us. ! re-
served the question for Ambas-
sador Merchant and made the
suggestion TO him.
@. How did Ambassador Mer-
chant react?
A. I had the impression that
the Americans considered this
compromise suggestion as an In
teresting solution.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
Continued From Page B.,

Continued From Page b.
contract was awarded, going to
such lengths In trying to build
up his case?
This is not, Of course. to say
that Mr.. Mcnamara made the
wrong decision. Many more wit
nesses are still to be heard. Mr..
Mcnamara himself is yet to be
questioned in detail.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
Never Trust the Infested

On the need for nuclear test
ing-"I would never trust an I'M
tested weapon. If want to 60 into
something new, I'd better test 1t.
Approximations are not enough"
On the Russians 100-megaton
bomb - Il haven't the faintest
idea why they built one. It could
be for psychological purposes"
On the political effects Of nu-
clear weapons-"Are they chang
ing the course of history? Per-
haps, If people are more careful
today not to start mess" q
AS for the potential develop
ment Of an A-bomb by the Red
Chinese, he asks three questions:
What are you going to do with
one A-bomb? What good Is 1t
without the means of delivering
it to the target with missiles or
ships? In short, what would this
mean in terms Of immediately
Transforming China into asnu-
clear power?" t-
He adds, however, that II Peking
some day detonates nuclear de-
vice. 1T will probably scare the
daylights out Of the Russians"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31

gains came from bigger cars
rather than the compacts. The
Industry had no immediate ex-
PLANTATION.
Amid all the talk Of deficits, at
least one corner Of the economy
demonstrated 1t had money to
burn. Embarrassed Federal Re-
serve Bank officials in San Fran
cisco admitted last week they had
accidentally touched a match to
$50 million In Treasury securi-
ties, apparently last summer.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
He's No Slow Poke

Not long after. noting DR..
Bradbury's foresight and achieve
ments, the Denver Post dubbed
him Mr.. Los Alamos."
Norris Edwin Bradbury is So, a
thin, sinewy six-footer. His grey
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
Auto Sales Soar

About the only bright spot was
Detroit. The auto industry re-
ported last week that dealers sold
223,932 models in the March ii-20
period. up 10 per cent from the
like period last year
Curiously. most Of the selling
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
Civilization

To sustain a civilization with
the Intensity Of It's first ardor re-
quires more than learning. Ad-
venture Is essential-namely, the
search for new perfections.-A-
fred North Whitehead In AdveH-
lures OF ideas.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
Whot 20 KiIotons Did

Il think we should all take q
look at the photographs Of Hiro-
shima and Nagasaki, from time
to time, to remind ourselves of
what 20 lousy little kilotons did"
For more than 20 years, DR..
Bradbury has been living with
these baleful questions.
He is the Director Of the Los
Alamos Scientific Laboratory, the
main center for weapons develop
ment in the United States.
He worked on the first A and
H bombs. And he has been a part
Of the SWIFT proliferation of
weapons systems that flowed
from these discoveries.
Senator Clinton Anderson,
Democrat Of New Mexico, once
remarked:
Norris is q weapons genius.
When he meets q problem, it's as
though two antennae In his fore
head begin to culver. Pretty soon,
up comes the answer"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
The Fiery Mr.. Schwartz
Turns Mellow Author

completely in the dominant theme
that the Federal Government sis
endowed with all the necessary
authority to enable 1t to fulfill
the high purpose set forth in
the Constitution"
DR.. Schwartz takes issue with
former President Humans claim
of presidential inherent power to
seize steel plants
He holds that the indefinite
and indeterminate continuation
of presidential and congressional
war powers" into peacetime is
most dangerous to constitutional
government"
Yet he defends what he calls
the "accordian-like" authority of
the President to cope with prob
lens such as atomic attack and
oxford, Miss.
DR.. Schwartz believes the caliber
of Supreme Court Justices might
be better If the tribunal itself had
veto over appointees.
He warns that excessive pub
licity and a Roman circus" at
mosphere at congressional COM
mittee hearings may violate the
fundamentals Of fair play as much
as does a Star Chamber pro-
ceeding."
Yet, a reader who recalls the
stormy sessions involving DR..
Schwartz and the Legislative
Oversight Subcommittee Of the
House Commerce Committee In
early 1858 will be hard put 10
pick a real fight with him as
author Of these weighty books.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
The Political Angle

Mr.. Hassel's careful reminder
at recent press conference that
the political components of the
multilateral force are at least as
important as the military" gets
closer to the heart Of the matter.
The key TO the problem, as Ger
man participants agreed at a
recent United States sponsored
seminar In Munich, was not
bombs but confidence.
The question was not whether
NATO had enough bombs but
whether 1t had enough confidence
in United States willingness to use
them. If not, neither submarines
or merchant ships, aircraft or pi-
Gus wishes, were any substitute,
as Mr.. Hassel implicitly conceded.
Careful readers of the German
press could find two answers.
The first was government spokes-
man Won Hassel's. THE Ameri-
cans carry an enormous nuclear
burden" he said last week. Its
clear that they will say that as
long as they pay the ticket, SO
long as they maintain the nu-
clear force, they have the right Of
decision"
His conclusion was that the
Federal Republic could and should
buy a share Of the decision-as-
Stunning the United States was
prepared to sell one.
The alternative view was SPD
spokesman Fritz Erler's.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
By RELMAN MORN
APP NewSfeatures Writer

LOS ALAMOS, N. Mex. Can
Red China develop its own
A-bomb without Russian helpp
II know of no reason why not"
says DR.. Norris Bradbury. "If the
Chinese want it badly enough,
they can build it." He adds,
everyone else has who put his
mind to It,"
theoretically, then, the ''nu-
clear club composed of nations
that now possess nuclear weapons
could increase in direct ratio
to the desire Of other govern
ments to have atomic weapons.
In that case, what is the outlook
for an end to nuclear tests?
"A moratorium on tests may
never be formalized," DR.. Brad
bury says. But I think It will
come. The handwriting seems to
be on the wall. Picture the situa-
ton, say 20 years from now, If
the stockpiles go on building up.
Or look back few years.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-31
His Background

With degrees ranging from ABB.
and LIB. 10 Pho. at New York
and Harvard Universities and
Cambridge University in England
DR.. Schwartz has been director
OF the New York University School
OF Comparative Law, a law pro-
fessor there since l947. author OF
several books on American. Brit
ish and French law.
That experience and the
tumultuous climax with the Legis-
latlve Oversight Committee formed
a comparatively small part Of his
expert qualifications for what his
publisher debatably halls as "the
most comprehensive commentary
on the Constitution yet 10 APP
pear" But perhaps II gave him
a sharper insight which prompted
him TO comment In these books:
The Framers Of the Constitu-
ton. II must be emphasized. we're
anything but dogmatic Missionaries
who sought at all costs 10 trans
late their doctrinal preconceptions
into the polity they we're creating.
on the contrary. practical men
that they were. they well realized
that government In books and
government In action we're two
entirely different things"