davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-01

outer space and does not block
any nation from using nuclear
weapons in war.
Mr.. Rusk urged that no formal
reservation" be added to the
treaty because this would require
that the pact be renegotiated
with the Russians and they
might not accept the addition.
But the Secretary added that it
would be perfectly appropriate"
to make the United States posi-
ton clear by including the Eli
senhower stipulation in the Com
mittee's report recommending
ratification This will done.
Senator Fulbright said that he
did not think the Senate would
need more than a week of debate,
beginning a week from tomorrow,
before it took the final vote on
ratification. Considering the his
torical record Of the greatest
deliberative body in the world"
that sounded more like a hope
than prediction.
What is safer to predict is that
ratification, barring some en-
tirely unexpected adverse develop
ment, will carry easily. perhaps
with even fewer than 20 votes
in opposition. Ratification re-
quires two-thirds the votes Of
those senator's present and voting,
or 81 If all 100 senator's partici-
pate.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-01

Borneo, who have repeatedly
crossed the border into Sarawak
on hit-and-run attacks.
There is good reason to believe
that Indonesia is training and
arming several thousands Of Bor-
neo men, with the aim Of even
tually absorbing both Sarawak and
North Borneo, which share the
same island with Borneo.
Most observers believe Mr..
Thant Is certain to find that the
peoples of Sarawak and North
Borneo do want to join Malaysia.
Barring the unexpected, the fed
Grafton will be formally es-
tablished on September Is.
But Just as certain as formal
federation is continued shipping
and pressure from Mr.. Sukarno.
True, he told a nationwide radio
audience on Wednesday that I'VE
will have to bow our heads and
obey" If Malaysia comes into be-
ing. But he added:
Il again announce openly here
that Indonesia, its people and
government. maintain their OPP
position to Malaysia. We do not
agree with Malaysia"
Just what he intends to do
about the new union remains TO
be seen. Guerrilla warfare on the
island Of Borneo appears likely.
But whether Sukarno would
risk a military encounter with
Great Britain by attacking mem
bers Of the federation directly APP
pears doubtful at this point.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-01
Has His Reasons

But Premier Khrushchev is not
one to fail to rub it in when
he gets the chance. And so he
has carried out his plan to visit
Yugoslavia, beginning a 15-day
visit on August 20. He could not
have been more effusively friendly
to Marshal Tito, the arch Com
munist "reviSionistS," in Peking's
eyes.
There is reason to believe, how
ever, that Mr.. Khrushchev, while
he might enjoy haunting the Chi
neSe Reds, is genuinely seeking
closer ties with the YugoslavS for
good and substantial reasons.
One, Of course, concerns the ideo-
logical battle with Picking. Closer
ties with Belgrade will strength
en- the Kremlin's leadership Of
other Communist states. Also, be-
cause Of Yugoslavia's high status
with many Of the newly indie
pendent countries, the Russians
might gain in their appeal for
these states to shun the West
and try the Marxist-Socialist way.
AS for Marshal Tito, he has
gained stature among both the
East European satellites. some Of
which doubtless long to be as In
dependent. and in the nom
aligned nations group. Mr.. Khru-
shchev has made highly flatter-
ing remarks about the Yugoslavs
during his visit and publicly APP
proved their independent develop
ment.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-01
The Motive?

AS for the De Gaulle motive,
some American officials see it as
a reassertion Of French interest
In what was part of French Indo-
China until the defeat at Diem
Bien Phu in 1854. Others, agree
ing, also view it as part Of Gen.
de Gaulle's bid to bring Wet Nam,
Laos and Cambodia back under
French influence in a relation
ship similar to that France now
holds with its former African
colonies-a relationship outside
the Western camp in a sort Of
Third Force.
The Washington Saigon dispute
and the De Gaulle statement were
headaches enough. But they were
not the only cause of pain last
week. On Friday, Communists
scored hits on Is United States
helicopters ferrying Wet Nam
troops, destroying one and killing
two Americans and wounding
three others.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-01
Test Ban:
Clear Road

The Senate Foreign Relations
Committee on Thursday APP
proved the limited nuclear test
ban treaty by a 16-to-1 vote.
The Senate Foreign relations
Committee, which has a key re-
sponsibility in recommending to
the Senate whether a treaty en-
tered into by the President Of the
United States should be ratified,
is divided along party lines this
way: IL Democrats and 5 Repub-
,ncans.
While from the beginning a de-
termined effort has been made TO
avert any political partisanship,
Including the invitations TO Re-
publican Senators Saltonstall and
Aiken to attend the formal sign
ing in Moscow early last month, II
was generally expected that the
doubts voiced by some @. o. P.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-01
Reservation

Gen. Eisenhower listed one
specific reservation to his sup
port Of the treaty. This provides
that "in the event Of any armed
aggression endangering a vital
interest Of the United States this
Nation would be the sole judge
Of the kind and type Of weaponry
and equipment 1t would employ,
as well as the timing Of their
use"
Secretary OF State Rusk came
back on Wednesday to answer
questions which were raised
during the IL days Of Committee
hearings and he tackled the Ell
senhower reservation" 49, appar-
emily to the satisfaction of the
Senators.
He testified that both the
United States and the Soviet
Union agree that the treaty only
bars nuclear testing in the at
mosphere, underwater and in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-01
Back of Vote

What produced such an over
whelming Eyes" vote2 The con-
sensus is that the administration
marShalled its forces with con-
summate skill. presented its argu-
ments with great effectiveness
and, accordingly, submerged the
opposition.
This was no easy task when the
brilliant and eloquent DR.. Edward
Teller, "the father of the hydro
gen bomb" is leading the opposi-
ton and Lewis L. Strauss, former
chairman Of the Atomic Energy
Commission, Gen. Thomas s..
Power, boss Of the Strategic Air
Command, and Admiral Arleigh
A. Burke, former Chief OF Naval
Operations, are joined with him.
Doubtless the fact that the
Joint Chiefs Of Staff, however re-
luctant some Of its members
night have been, unanimously
supported the treaty after the
safeguards they demanded were
met by the administration, was
important in the margin OF the
vote. SO, too, was former President
Eisenhower's support for the
treaty, which was contained in a
letter 10 the committee.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-01
YugosIovd:
VIP Visitor

Visiting Soviet Premier Khru-
shchev and President Tito Of
Yugoslavia declared last week
that their countries are united
on all major world problems.
Until a very few months ago,
the Chinese Communists used
President Tito and his Yugoslav
regime as the target at which
1t fired bitter broadsides really
meant for Premier Khrushchev
and his policy OF peaceful CO.
existence with capitalist nations.
The Peking Moscow split is
completely in the open now and
the Chinese attacks land Soviet
counter attacks) are without the
slightest trace Of ambiguity.
The Soviet's signing Of the
partial nuclear test ban treaty,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-01
Still Independent

What about the impact Of the
Khrushchev visit on Yugoslav re-
lations with the United States
Some members OF Congress will
certainly point to the Tito-Khru-
shchev expressions OF Communist
solidarity and this could embar-
rass the administration in its eff
forts TO do all 1t can to keep Mr..
Tito on an independent course.
But administration officials are
happy that the Yugoslav leader
has made 1t plain that his coun-
try will not Join the Kremlin's
version Of the Common Market,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-01
THE INTERNATIONAL SCENE

Senators would find expression
when the committee came to a
vote on ratification of the lin
tied nuclear test ban treaty.
But although there were some
Republican-and Democratic, too
- efforts to delay a vote until
more information was made avail
able through official documents
and additional testimony from
witnesses, when the committee,
headed by Senator Fulbright of
Arkansas, took the crucial ballot
there were a pair Of surprises:
First, the nearly unanimous vote
for ratification Q6 to u. Second
not a single Republican voted in
opposition, the distinction in this
case belonging to Senator Long,
a Democrat of Louisiana.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-01
Malaysia:
New DeodIine

Malaga announced on Fri
day that the new federation Of
Malaysia would come into be-
ing on September Is. President
SukarnO Of IndOnesia on
Wednesday said he still opposes
the union.
President Sukarno many times
has said he opposes the formation
OF Malaysia, a federation which
would weld Malaga, Singapore,
Sarawak, North Borneo, and,
eventually, the sultanate Of Brunei
into an anti-C Communist bulwark
OF former British colonies in
Southeast Asia, on the ground
that 1t would be a "neo-colonial-
list" development.
At the recent summit" meet
Ing In Manila. he pressured Tunku
Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister
OF Malaga, into delaying its crea-
ton while a United Nations team
appointed by Secretary General
U Thant determined whether the
peoples Of Sarawak and North
Borneo really wanted to Join
Malaysia. The Malayan leader
agreed to postpone federation day
from August 81 only for the in
terests Of peace and good will.
The U. N. survey team mem
bers arrived in Sarawak and
North Borneo a couple weeks ago,
but the Sukarno-provoked contro-
versy over the number Of In
donesians to be allowed to enter
as observers delayed the begin
ming Of the survey until last Mon
day. No agreement on observers
could be reached-either with In
donesia or the Philippines, which
seems to following the Sukarno
lead, and so the U. N. proceeded
without thay1n
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-01
National Scene

Continued From Page b.
begin deliberations within 80 days
Of the bills enactment. It must
make its decision on the two issues
so days after that. The award
will 60 into effect so days later
and will hold for two years.
The bill, in the form Of q reso-
luton by Congress, will expire 1870
days from enactment last Wednes-
day. While 1t is in force, unions
cannot strike or carriers make
unilateral changes in conditions.
There was still minor hitch
as the week ended. Unions and
management we're unable TO agree
on names Of the three neutral
board members. But the bill had
foreseen that. too, and provided
the President must name them In
such an event. He must do so by
midnight next Saturday.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-01

the United States began his re-
marks to the Congress with this
statement:
"For generations, Americans
have prided themselves on being
a people with democratic ideals
"a people who pay no atten-
ton to a mans race, creed, or
color. This very phrase has be-
come truiSm. But it is a
truism with a fundamental de-
fect-it has not been true"
Is there an honest person in
this country today who will deny
this statement?
In answering these questions,
we should first take notice that
the landmark 1854 school deseg-
regation case has received both
more support and more opposition
than any case in our century. The
support it has received is enor-
nous. Organizations sprang up to
implement its philosophy, people
who had been apathetic to all
things public suddenly took a
new interest in the Common
wealth, a wave of idealism swept
the country-especially its COL
lege youth-to see the old consti-
tutional principle of equal justice
given effect in the problems of
the day. Even foreign nations
looked at us with new respect
as we began to practice what for
so long we had merely preached.
Fighting Old Wrongs
But the civil rights cases also
provoked opposition. Men whose
positions had been entrenched
upon the foundation Of old in
justices resisted the righting Of
wrongs. Unthinking men, men
used to old customs and old
thoughts, refused to alter their
ways. And many others were fear
full, unused to change, and were
not ready to accept what was for
them a revolution in their lives.
And so these court decisions
which have provoked such popu-
lar enthusiasm from many of our
citizens stand in need of even
further support. The voices of the
judges have struck note Of con-
science in the breast Of America,
and America has stirred to new
efforts in behalf Of an old ideal
ism. But so entrenched an evil is
not so easily overcome. The rock
of Selfishness, the hard core of
racial injustice, is not so easily
dissolved. Idealism. alone Is not
enough. There must be q recogni-
ton by all our people that we
have been wrong, morally wrong,
in our treatment of the Negro.
There must be a day of repent
ance. There must be a determina-
ton to repair the injustice of the
past and a firm resolve, by all
branches of the government, and
by the people, that the long suf-
fering Of the Negro shall not have
been in vain.
Leaders for Justice
Thus we see that In the areas
of religious freedom, criminal law,
reapportionment and racial justice
the courts have indeed played a
leading role in expanding human
freedom in our time. And for this
they, particularly the Supreme
Court, have been subjected to a
barrage Of calumny and vilifica-
ton in some parts Of our country.
Even thinking men, men of good
will whose roots in the fight for
human freedom go very deep, de-
plore the leadership which the
current Supreme Court has given
in the current fight for social and
political justice. They say they
fear rule Of judges. I say their
fears are foolish fancies. The
judges have nothing to enforce
their rule but the conscience of
America. AS long as we are ruled
by the informed and CHALLENGED
conscience Of America, we have
nothing to fear.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-01

Continued From Page B-1
known by Washington for more
than a year.
But the restatement at this
critical time was not at all appre-
ciated. Moreover. Washington be-
heves the French leaders pro-
posal Is highly premature.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-01
Fundamental Freedoms

Fundamental Freedoms
Moreover, freedom under our
Constitution is not subject to any
elections, State of Federal. The
fundamental freedoms announced
in the Bill of Rights are inalien-
able and the protection of those
rights, by the Constitution itself,
is consigned to the courts. With
Mr.. Justice jackson they say:
Perhaps the most dramatic DEM
onstration Of the difference be-
tween these two schools of thought
occurred during World War II.
The Jehovah's Witnesses expert
enced wave Of persecution in our
country because of their unusual
religious beliefs and practices.
Matters reached a climax when
a number of local school boards
required that school children-in-
GLIDING Jehovah's Witnesses-give
a daily pledge Of allegiance to the
flag. The Jehovah's Witnesses re-
fused to do this, for they felt that
such an act was contrary to the
Bibles command, Thou shalt
have no other gods before me-"
AS a consequence of this refusal,
Jehovah's Witnesses across the
country faced the prospect of hav-
ing their children expelled from
school, arrested as truants, taken
from their parents, and sent to
reform schools.
Eventually this problem arrived
in the courts-in our highest tri-
bunal, the Supreme Court-as it
seems almost every major social
problem does today. In a straight
forward statement of the views
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-01
Rebel Support

But this kind of delaying tactic
and the continuation Of warlike
statements on the part Of Indo-
nesia's military chief OF staff, Gen.
A. H. Nasution, are probably not
as important. or as dangerous.
as the support Mr.. Sukarno is
giving to rebels" from IndonesIan
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-01

Of the advocates Of judicial re-
straint, the Supreme Court an
nounced that 1t would not inter-
fere with the requirement Of the
pledge of allegiance. 1t recognized
a major conflict between the
freedom Of belief of the individ-
ual child and his parents versus
the power Of the state to COM
mand allegiance. But, said the
Court, the reconciliation of that
conflict must be left to the peo-
pie and their elected representa-
tives-thiS could not be done for
them by judges. If the RESPONSE
bility for protecting the freedom
Of the individual we're left to
the people, said the Court, the
people would rise to that RESPONSE
bility.
Need for GuideIines
But, without guidance from the
Supreme Court, the people mis-
read their responsibilities. From
the standpoint Of religious free
dom and respect for human
rights, the effect Of that Supreme
Court decision in the first flag
salute case was disastrous. School
board after school board adopted
new requirements commanding
the flag salute, on pain of ex-
pulSion or other penalties. And
often the school boards would
quote the very words of the Su-
preme Court opinion in juStifica-
ton Of their action. In many
cases the flag salute requirement
was used simply as a device to
eXpel the unpopular Jehovah's
Witnesses. The words of the Su-
preme Court, that the protection
Of freedom could best be left the
responsibility Of local authorities,
were perverted and used as an
excuse for what was in effect
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-01
A Letter

The Eisenhower letter. which
perhaps more clearly and sue
cinctly than any previous testi-
mony, weighed the advantages and
risks Of the treaty. focused on
the intangible that probably had
as much to do with convincing
the doubters they should vote for
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-01

after it had, according to Picking,
reneged on a promise to provide
nuclear weapons data to its erst-
while fraternal partner, has made
the Chinese Reds almost hysteri-
cally angry.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-01

This is a partial text Of a
speech by Judge ]. Sicily Wright
of the United States Court of
Appeals before the Second Meth
Odist Conference on Human
b. Relations in Chicago on Thurs
day. Judge Wright has been a
supporter Of the idea that the
courts should have an active
role in the current fight for
social and political justice. On
the other hand some judges
Justice Harlan Of the Supreme
Court Is One-feel the courts
should not give in to pressure
to exceed traditional roles. Judge
Harlan says serious mischief
could be done under the idea
that "aIl DEFICIENCIES in our
society which have failed Of
correction by other means
should fine a cure in the courts"
Judge Wright was appointed
to the Court Of Appeals here in
April, 1862. He had been a Fed
eral Judge in New Orleans and
issued the original order de-
segregating the schools there.
There is abroad in this country
q major debate concerning the
role of the courts in expanding
individual freedom and In increaS-
ing respect for human rights.
Passive Role?
One school Of thought, known
as the advocates Of judicial re-
straint, has advised the judges to
move cautiously. Judges cannot
give the people more freedom than
the people themselves want or
deserve, they tell us. And what
ever freedom the people want or
deserve cannot be kept from them
by the judges. So from this point
Of view, it is useless for the judges
to concern themselves with ex-
panding the sphere Of human
freedom. 1t may be worse than
useless, for judicial protection Of
individual rights may well trench
on the powers and prerogatives
of other branches Of our Govern
ment, thereby upsetting our con-
stitutional system Of checks and
balances.
= Thus, 1t is said, 1t is to State
legislatures and to Congress, rath-
er than to the courts, that the
people must look for the protection
of their rights. Moreover, if the
judges take the burden of defend
ing and expanding freedom upon
their own shoulders, then the
people may grow lazy, and less
vigilant, and neglect their own
duties in protecting freedom. 1t
is the efforts Of the people them
selves, expressed through the
election of their chosen repre-
-sentatives, which underlie what
ever freedom exists in our Nation.
Or so the advocates Of judicial
restraint would have it.
Collective Conscience
But the rival school Of thought,
derisively called the judicial activ-
lists, has taken quite different
view. For them, it is the duty Of
the courts to do all in their power
to protect those freedoms which
our Constitution grants. The
courts will not be able to do all
that Is necessary by themselves.
The courts have no army like the
President, nor can the judiciary
declare war like the Congress. But
the courts can act as the collec-
tive conscience of a sovereign
people-just as once nations had
chancellors to act as conscience
to the king. With the courts per-
forming their duty of proclaiming
the eternal rights and liberties of
the people, the people will not be
slow to defend the banners raised
by the courts. And the President
and the Congress will fall In line.
This judges must do. according
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-01

the Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance (COMECON), and has
won Soviet approval Of its indie
pendent line.
Evening star., 1963-05-31
Jagan Stoned,
Gas Halls Riot

GEORGETOWN, British
Guiana, May 81 (AP) Police
used tear gas to break up an
anti-government riot outside a
cemetery in Georgetown last
night during the funeral Of the
Minister for Home Affairs,
Claude Christian.
Premier Cheddi Jagan and
his wife, who were attending
the ceremony. were stoned by
hostile demonstrators.
A number Of persons were
reported injured four
seriously.
Mr.. Christian was q member
Of DR.. Jagan's Progressive
Peoples Party. The trouble APP
parently arose because of
rumors here that he died from
injuries received during a
stormy party meeting May 16,
The rumors have been denied
officially. The doctors report
is that he died from heart
disease.
The incidents began as the
cortege entered the cemetery
DR.. Jagan and his wife were
booed as they went in and a
hostile few threw mud and
stones at them.
Later several fights broke
Evening star., 1963-05-31
CIoudbursts Hit
Two Texas Areas

LUBBOCK. Tex. May 81
AP.-Cloudbursts and hurri-
cane-force winds battered two
widely separated areas in West
Texas last night.
Rain estimated at 10 inches
drenched the village of Well
man, sent muddy water tapping
at the doorsteps of some homes
at neighboring Brownfield and
temporarily marooned five
families at Union. all SOUTH
west of Lubbock.
Winds hitting an estimated
IS to 100 miles per hour felled
most of the power lines at Bal
morhea in far West Texas.
wrecked the outdoor screen Of
q drive-in theater. uprooted
scores Of trees and took the
roof off a farm home. Hail
flattened cotton crops.
Evening star., 1963-05-31
u. S. Aid Issue Raised
In Indonesiu Oil Move

general and in particular the
settlement of the foreign aid
bill"
Mr.. Saleh said President Su-
karno desires a speedy and
friendly agreement.
Mr.. Saleh denied that In
donesia plans to nationalize
the oil firms and said Mr.. Su-
karno merely wants "a new
concept of cooperation"
1ndonesia's recent oil decree
calls for government ownership
Of the firms. with the present
owners becoming industrial
contractors" and getting 40 per
cent Of the profits for operat-
ing the oil fields and exploring
new areas.
Caltex and Stanvac Indo-
nesia, together with the Brit
ish owned Shell Indonesia,
which also faces government
control, contribute about 1927
million annually to Indonesia' s
foreign exchange earnings.
Their exports constitute about
26.3 per cent of the nations
yearly exports, second only to
rubber.