davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-11
Arrests by u. S. MorshoIs in Alabama
Are Termed Only Legal Procedure for u. S

Of the militia or the armed
forces.
The impression given by
the Presidents proclamation
is that there has been a ire
bellion" and that the State
of Alabama, itself, as we'll as
its citizens and local officials,
has resisted a law Of the
of the United States.
But the fact is that there
has never been a statute
passed by Congress requiring
deSegregation of bile
schools, and there is no men
ton of education in the Con-
stitution. The Fourteenth
Amendment itSelf-on which
the court rulings are based
specifies that Congress
alone shall pass laws en-
forcing its provisions.
The Governor of Alabama
has a right to decline to &C
cept what he considers an
unwise decision by the Su-
preme Court relating to a
State law, and to test it again
and again. The 1854 ruling
Of the high court was rem
dered in a particular case,
and it is the right of litigantS
to bring in other cases with
new facts and to carry them
to the Supreme Court on the
theory that a new argument
might be devised which would
modify or reverse a previous
decision.
Yet the President in his
proclamation takes 1t for
granted that a Federal court
decision and a Federal law
are the same thing, and that
the statutes which give him
authority to use troops to
enforce the laws of the
United States are the same
as a statute authorizing the
use Of troops to enforce court
decisions. The method of
enforcement of court orders
arrest by United States
marshals-is the only one at
present provided by Congress.
Congress has been in SeS-
sion almost uninterruptedly
while the crises in Alabama
and Mississippi have been
going on and, although a
majority of both houses of
Congress are in the same
political party as the Presi-
dent, there has not been a
statute passed authorizing
the use Of troops to enforce
court orders or requiring de-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-11
MAX FREEDMAN

PETERBOROUGH, N. H
BY every available test of
public opinion Senator Gold
water now holds a command
ing and perhaps decisive
lead over Gov. Rockefeller in
this State for the Republican
presidential nomination.
It is taken for granted
here that both men are can
didates, even though neither
has yet announced his inten-
tons. At the moment the
Rockefeller camp is diSpirited
and the Goldwater followers
are jubilant. Sentiment may
change between now and next
March when the New Hamp-
shire primary takes place, but
at this point the Governor is
far behind in the race.
The history of the Repub-
lican Party in New Hamp-
shire makes 1t an excellent
forum for testing the politi-
cal strength of these two
leaders. One section Of the
party, interested in reform
and in Americas role as a
world leader, has a tradition
of progressive thought dating
back to the proud days of
Teddy Roosevelt. The other
section is more parochial in
outlook, but still in the high
minded New England man
ner, and is alarmed over the
growing concentration of
power in Washington.
Unfortunately, this clash
over principles has been
twisted into an ugly Repub-
lican feud. The Republican
organization in New Hamp-
shire is a house divided
against itself. 1t has been
able to agree neither on a
leader nor on a program. The
quarrel became bitter and
extreme last year during the
primary contest to pick a
candidate for the seat long
held by the late Senator
Styles Bridges.
The discordant ambitions
and intrigueS of various lead
ers came into painful COM
petition as Mrs. Bridges
struggled for the nomination
against former Represent
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-11
Senator's Lead in New Hampshire Called
Decisive, With Governor in Dilemma

alive Perkins Bass. The shah
by and venomouS campaign
failed to defeat Mr.. Bass in
the primary; but the dissen-
SionS provoked by this con-
test fingered on, and had no
negligible influence in the
surprising election of a Dem
ocrat to the Senate. Now Mr..
Bass is supporting Gov.
Rockefeller and Mrs. Bridges
is working for Senator Gold
water.
About six months ago the
Governor seemed undecided
about New Hampshire. He
returned vague and lethargic
answers to questions from his
friends. He offered no help
to those who wanted to build
a Rockefeller organization.
Recently this attitude has
changed. Now he is showing
a quickened interest. Plans
are taking shape to rally his
friends and to make a major
bid for new support.
Throughout New Hamp-
shire one hears references to
Gov. Rockefeller's divorce
and re-marriage. Some of
this discussion is spiteful
gossip and is entitled to no
respect by serious citizens.
But many thoughtful and
decent people are saying he
cannot hope to exclude his
personal values, as shown in
his private life, from a con-
sideration Of his fitness for
the Presidency.
How can Gov. Rockefeller
meet this criticism? 1t is as
difficult a task as croSs-ex-
aiming a prejudice. In 1860
Senator Kennedy had a large
body Of public support on his
side as he challenged the
tradition which denied the
Presidency to a Roman Cath
Ole. At all events the Cath
Ole issue was capable of pub
lie debate, and Mr.. Kennedy
did, in fact, discuss it with
candor and courage. But how
can anyone discuss his own
divorce and marriage without
an intolerable invasion of his
privacy?
So the Governor is caught
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-11
DAVID LAWRENCE

WHAT Gov. Wallace Of
Alabama did may be subject
to wide criticism, but, viewed
strictly from a constitutional
standpoint. President Ken
nedy had not one iota of
authority to use troops in
Alabama. Many people will
say that the end justified
the means, but this is ex-
actly the rule of expediency
which has been used again
and again throughout the
world to justify a military
coup d'etat or a dictator
ship.
This weakness on the con-
stitutional side emerged
when President Eisenhower
used troops at Little Rock,
Ark, and when President
Kennedy did the same at
oxford, Miss, and more re-
Gently at Tuscaloosa, Ala.
The proclamation and exec
utive order issued by Mr..
Kennedy cites two specific
statutes as giving him au-
thority for his action, but
nowhere in these statutes is
the Chief Executive au-
thorized to use Federal
troops to enforce court Or
ders. There was once a law
which gave such authority
to the President, but it was
repealed by Congress just
before the Little Rock cpl
sode in 1857.
Today the only constitu-
tional method of enforcing
court orders is by arrests
made by United States mar
shals, followed by contempt
proceedings If necessary,
and sentences by judges in
courts of law.
The two statutes cited
Sections 1892 and 1913 of Title
10 Of the United States
Code-permit the use Of
armed forces whenever
there is ANY instruction,
domestic violence, unlawful
combination, or conspiracy"
that hinders the execution
of the laws of a State or the
laws of the United States,
or that impedes the course
of justice under those laws.
But the desegregation de-
cisions of the Supreme Court
have never been enacted into
law and can be legally en-
forced only by the judicial
process itself, without the use
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-11
POTOMAC FEVER
By FLETCHER KNEBEL

School One thing got to say for Alabamas
Gov. Wallace Nobody yawns in class in his State
X 4 X X
The Postmaster General is expert public fl
That figures If he expert the Post Of
flee they'd make him head of the Bureau of Mines.
It's getting hard to remember which first the Ken
nedys televiSion
New FrontierSmen resent charges that they're making
the mistakes the Eisenhower team did When
to mistakes, they boast they're blazing trails.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-09-11

The signed columns on these pages, like the
cartoon bezoU intended to present Star readers
with 1Ode range of opinions on issues of the day.
including opinions 1Ohtch conflict 1Uith our olOn.
"he Stars UieWS are expressed In its editorials
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-27
japan Deporting
Defectorto Pekino

TOKYO. Dec. 81 (AP).-
Japan decided today to deport
Communist Chinese defector
Chou Hung-ching to Red
China despite objections from
Nationalist China.
The Nationalist Chinese
government claims Chou, A,
was presSured by Communist
sympathizers into
reversing a decision to seek
political asylum on Formosa.
The case has strained Japa-
nese Nationalist Chinese rela-
tons and prompted Japan to
send Torao Ushiroku, chief of
its Foreign Office Asian Affairs
Bureau, to Taipei to explain
the Japanese position.
Chou, an interpreter for a
Red Chinese scientific mission,
sought asylum at the Soviet
Embassy in Tokyo october 7.
The Russians turned him over
to japanese authorities. A
Justice Ministry spokesman
said the japanese government
had decided to return him to
Red China because he had
finally decided TO go back to
Peking.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-27
Two-Second Session
Sets Senate Record

Democrat Of oregon, and Ku-
chel, Republican of California,
the G. o. P. whip. were on
hand for the brief session. Un-
der previous agreement, no
business was permitted. The
session was necessary to COM
ply with the constitutional rule
that neither house may adjourn
for more than three days with
out the consent Of the other.
Senator Morse told a reporter
he will make a floor fight Mon
day on the compromise foreign
aid bill. which includes a rider
giving President johnson dis
cretionary authority to direct
the use Of Government credit
to underwTite wheat and other
commodity sales to the Soviet
bloc. The House approved the
compromise, 189 70 1853, early
Tuesday morning after many
of its members had been called
back from Christmas holiday
trips.
Senator Morse said he will
demand a quorum of 81 Sena-
tors on Monday and will in
sist on a roll call on final pas
sage.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-27
CYPRUS -.
Peril of NATO Rift Seen
Continued From Page Al

Continued From Page Al
armored squadron also is being
moved from Libya to Cyprus.
From his ranch in Texas,
President johnson appealed to
Cypriots to make any sacrifice
to end this terrible fraternal
strife" He also promised Ito
support any and all actions"
by Britain, Greece and Turkey
to achieve peace.
The messages went out
Christmas night to the Presi-
dents Of Cyprus and Turkey
after the Chief Executive had
conferred several times with
Secretary Of State Dean Rusk
by telephone. A third appeal
went to the Vice President Of
Cyprus. The temporary White
House released all yesterday.
The President expresse d
deep concern" and offered to
do everything possible to end
the bloodshed. II will not pre-
sumo to Judge the root causes,
or right and wrongs I hope
and trust that tomorrow will
find all Cypriots living in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-27

in the future only for impor-
tant tasks.
In the following years he met
with jackson and another man
named Bonar, mostly In an
apartment at mo. 1888 on 77th
street in the eastern part OF
the city" Georgiev's connection
with these two men lasted until
1861, when he was called back
to Bulgaria.
(The Soviet news agency
Tass, in an account of the trial
relayed abroad from Moscow
reported: There was laughter
in the hall when Georgiev said
he wanted to become Secretary
General of the United Ma
tions.~
BTA said Georgiev was ar
rested "by Bulgarian organs in
Moscow"
About 80 witnesses are sched-
uled to testify. The trial is be-
ing held publicly. BTA said
some foreign as well as Full
garian newsmen are attano.ng.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-27
Toss Reps British
On Cyprus Action

MOSCOW, Dec. 81 (AP).-
Tass news agency accused the
British today of trying to take
over Cyprus and asserted events
on that troubled island threat
en- "a serious international con-
flict."
The article bore the dateline
Of Nicosia but as is usual in
these cases, probably repre-
sented the work Of the agency
editorial board in adding semi
official comment.
The article said the British
commander demanded that all
Greek and Turkish police and
troops on the divided island
surrender their arms. It added
The aim Of this order il
clear: To disarm not only the
terrorists but also the security
forces Of the republic. They
want to make the Makarios
government a captive of the
British colonialists and Of the
most aggressive NATO forces.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-27
POLL
GoIdwoter's Total
Cut Nearly in Half

Continued From Page Al
strongest candidate for the
Republican nomination."
2. Whom do you think the
party will nominate?"
Results Of the two surveys
were:
Dec. Oct.
No. participating 1851 1.404
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-27
PRICES

Continued From Page Al
fuel oil prices rose seasonally.
Household operation and house
furnishing costs also increased.
The housing index was Ia per
cent higher than that Of a year
earlier mainly because Of in
.creaSes in costs Of home owner
ship and those for housekeeping
services and rents.
Pay Up 2 Cents
In q companion report, the
Bureau of Labor Statistics re-
ported a 2-cent rise in average
hourly earnings Of factory
workers to $2.49 an hour.
Take-home pay-Gross earn
ings less social security and
Federal income taxes-rose by
46 cents to $88.77 a week for
workers with three dependents,
A worker without dependents
received $S0.93. In each case, this
represented a gain over figures
for a year ago Of about $3.50.
Arnold Chase, assistant COM
missioner Of the bureau. esti-
mated that for the entire year,
consumer prices will be about
1.6 per cent above those of
1852. This would be one OF
the largest increases in recent
years.
Mr.. Chase predicted an in
crease in consumer prices in
the area Of 1.3 to is per cent
in 1864.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-27

peace with one another and
with the three nations which
have special treaty responsible
ity for the security Of Cyprus, I"
he said.
The conflict also caused deep
concern at the headquarters Of
the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization in Paris. Both
Turkey and Greece are NATO
members. An open breach be-
tween them over Cyprus would
weaken the alliances eastern
flank. NATO's permanen t
council met Christmas to con-
slider the crisis.
The British, Turkish and
Greek governments agre e d
yesterday to join in military
patrols under 1t. Gen. P. G..
Young, British Army COM
mander on Cyprus. In addition
to the British troops, there are
$50 Greek soldiers and $50
Turkish troops on the island
under the 1860 treaty granting
Cyprus independence from
Britain.
Since a Christmas eve cease
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-27

1t took only q record two
seconds today for the Senate
to convene and adjourn until
10 am. Monday, when it will
act on final passage of the con-
troversial So billion foreign aid
bill. That action will pave the
way for adjournment until
January Z.
The pro lorna session was
adjourned by Senator Metcalf,
Democrat Of Montana, almost
as soon as he sat down as pre-
siding officer. The previous rec
ord Of a three-second session,
established July S, was tied on
August 3.
Charles Watkins, Senate
parliamentarian, held the stop
watch on the two-second
timing, and it goes into the
official Senate records.
AL that had to be done was
for Senator Metcalf to say:
Under previous order, the
Senate stands adjourned until
10 am. Monday next"
Only Senators Proxmire, Dem
ocrat of Wisconsin, Morse,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-27

fire. the fighting has simmered
down to infrequent bursts Of
shooting. But the roar of two
jets on low-level flights over
Nicosia yesterday sent fears
through the Greek community
that Turkey wanted to settle
the dispute by force.
The United States and other
Western powers are trying to
avert an embarrassing con-
formation between Turkey and
Greece at the council table,
diplomatic sources said.
The two nations became di-
rectly involved in the dispute
when their troops, stationed at
adjoining camps outside Of Nj
COSTA, moved into the capital
Christmas Day. The Greeks
said they took up positions in
the Greek quarter after Turk
ish troops went into the Turk
ish quarter.
Since the first clash last
Saturday, the Turkish Embassy
said so Turkish Cypriots had
been killed, but the Greeks said
the figure was exaggerated.
The fighting began when q
Greek Cypriot police patrol
halted some Turkish CypriotS.
Each side accused the other of
firing first.
Greek Cypriots vigorously de-
MED Turkish charges that they
had maSsacred Turkish Cypriot
women and children. Interior
Minister Polycarpos Yiograd-
jis said:
II want to state most en-
phatically that there have not
been any intentional and or
ganized acts of violence or or
ganized murder Of women and
children during the lamen-
table events in Cyprus.
1T is unfortunately unavoid-
able that during armed con-
flicts within inhabited areas
innocent people get killed. In
fact I know that women and
children, both Greek and Turk
ish. have been victims Of fly
ing bullets"
The government allowed
newsmen into an area in the
Greek quarter where about SOC
Turkish Cypriot women and
children are being held In
protective custody.
The Turks did not complain
Of their treatment but said
they wanted to return to Their
homes. The government said
they were removed from Their
homes in the fighting zone fol
their own safety. Some press
reports had claimed they were
taken as hostages.
In London, the opposition
Labor Party denounced Prime
Minister Sir Alec Douglas
Homes decision to send ir
British reinforcements.
I'VE do not want British
troops shot at again." sale
Patrick Gordon Walker, thu
Labor Party's chief foreign af'
fairs spokesman. He urged {
settlement through the United
Nations.
The current trouble stem!
from Archbishop Makarios' re,
cent proposals to change TIL;
Cyprus constitution to strin thu
Turkish community of its vett
rights on legislation.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-27
BULGARIA
Music Code Told
By Spy Defendant

accused him Of having sold
military, economic and political
information to the CHA over a
six-year period.
(In Washington, the CHA
declined comment. A State
Department spokesman said:
1--WE do not know anything
about the matter. We assume
the Bulgarians are preparing
a show trial for their own
purposes
The indictment said Georgiev
received 100000 for his serv-
ices, most of which he spent
on several mistresses in Bull
garia and abroad" The de-
PENDANT is married. He has no
children.
Georgiev told the court he
entered the service Of the CHA
voluntarily. He said his "politi-
cal and theoretical instability"
was responsible for this step.
Outline of His Story
Highlights of his story yester-
day, as recounted by BTA:
He met a former colonel Of
the United States Intelligence
Service, French banker Angel
(Anzhelo) Koyumdzhiyski, in
Paris in 1850. Koyumdzhiyski
tried to blackmail him into
joining the CHA by claiming
that he would be put on trial
in Sofia.
Georgiev refused and re-
turned to Sofia, where he
worked at the Sofia State Uni
versity and at the Institute OF
Law of the Bulgarian Academy
of Sciences from 1950-56.
In 1856 he was appointed
counselor to the Bulgaria U. N
delegation. On his way to New
York he stopped over in Pari!
and told Koyumdzhiyski HI
had decided to work for thu
CHA. The banker arranged TO
him to be met by a membel
of CHA after his arrival in New
York.
This contact was made by ;
man who identified himself al
Anderson, but whose real NAM
was Cyril Black. For two year
Georgiev then passed on tt
Black all the political. eco
nomic and military informa'
ton he could obtain.
OBJECTED 70 DoWngrad1ng
In 1858 he interrupted hi
activities for CHA for a tint
because the intelligence serv'
ice degraded my position II
that of an ordinary police in.
formant."
Georgiev also was angereC
because the CHA had refused
to give him 100000 promised
to him for the foundation o
an International institute o
philosophy in which he wanted
to play a leading part.
Georgiev said he had thel
written a complaint to Allel
w. Dulles, who was then di,
rector Of the service. AS a re
suit Georgiev was consulted b!
a man named Jackson. whit
promised that he would beylseC
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-27
BULGARIA
Continued From Page Al

Continued From Page A.
rallied in front Of the legation
to protest the Bay Of Pigs in.
vasion of Cuba. They hurled
stones at the building anc
smashed windows.
In recent months Bulgarian
Communist leaders have re.
peatedly limited they would like
better relations with the United
States. Mrs. Eugene Anderson
the American minister, has ap-
peared on the Bulgarian state
television network several
times. She is now in the United
States.
The bulgarian News Agency
BTA. in reporting Georgiev's
plea Of guilty, quoted him as
saying:
Il have committed the heavi-
est of crimes that can be done
by q man, a crime which has
always received the severest
punishment at all times.
II made a full confession
about all my activities immedi-
ately after my arrest. There
was no calculative spirit behind
these confessions and they were
not made with a view to detract
from my guilt"
The maximum punishment
under Bulgarian law is death,
Use Of Music Described
BTA reported the 56-year-
old ex-diplomat testified before
the Supreme Court in Sofia
today that the United States
Central Intelligence Agency
used the music of Beethoven
and Schubert as code signals
in radio communications with
him.
Highlights Of today's testi-
mony, as relayed by BTA:
Georgiev said he had been
given a special radio receiver
equipped with earphones to
pick up intelligence broadcastS
that were preceded by five
minutes of music. For the sake
of secrecy, there we're two types
of transmissions-real and fic-
titious. The ones which begar
with an excerpt from the Fifth
Piano Concerto by Beethoven
were real, while those preceded
by Schubert's Unfinished Sym
phony were designed merely Il
mislead interceptors.
Georgiev received the radit
communications at certain
times-the first and the thirC
Friday of the month at 9:3I
am.
Presiding Judge Angel Vele'
and Prosecutor Ivan Vachko'
questioned Georgiev about plan
for his escape from Bulgarii
If he feared discovery. MI
Vachkov asked ironically:
And yet the all-powerf'r
American intelligence proves
powerless to take you out?
Eyes, percisely, the all
powerful intelligence provet
powerleSs to take me out,
Georgiev replied.
A victim Of high blood pres
sure. the ex-diplomat becam
Ill yesterday and the session
was recessed until today.
Georgiev had been questione,
by the prosecution after read
! ing Of the indictment. whicl
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-27
British Weigh
Full Probe Of
Lakonia Fire

LONDON. Dec. q CAP) -
Prime Minister Sir Alec Doug
las-Home is studying demands
for q full British inquiry into
the Lakonia ship disaster.
Latest figures issued by the
ships Greek owners put the
number Of known survivors at
sol. the dead at 90 and the
missing at 81.
The Greek line said no
official list of the dead and
missing would be issued before
Wednesday morning to permit
double checking.
The Prime Minister agreed
last night to consider the
demand Of Patrick Gordon
Walker. Labor Party spokes-
man on foreign affairs, for q
British inquiry.
Press Supports Demand
Most British newspapers
supported the demand.
The Daily Express said:
THE public win be satisfied
with nothing less than q full
investigation carried out by
British officials under British
rules Of evidence. There are
many disturbing questions"
Noting that Greek authori-
ties have promised an inquiry,
the Daily Mirror commented:
Whatever inquiry Is carried
out under Greek law, only q
British inquiry can fully satisfy
people in this country"
The ships owners have
refused to answer in detail
allegations by ssome survivors
that members Of the Lakonia's
crew behaved badly. The ship
ping line said its first duty was
to repatriate survivors and
inform relatives Of casualties.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-12-27

ADVERTISEMENT.