davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-23
Text Of President Kennedys Chicago Address

than steel. automobiles, public
utilities and the transportation
industry combined. But now
one farmer can meet the food
and fiber needs of Is Americans,
compared to only seven at the
turn Of the century. High-speed
farm machinery is much more
widespread and much more eff
ficient and automatic. New
fertilizers, insecticides and re-
search are multiplying the yield
per acre and worker. Since
l947. our farms have increased
their output by more than 80
per cent at the very same time
that the number of man-hours
worked on our farms was cut
nearly in half.
Farm employment during
that period declined by 3 mil
lion-an average of 100000 a
year, comparable to the entire
work force of Akron, Ohio,
being thrown out of work each
year. In the last two years
alone, farm employing en-
dropped by 100000 while farm
production and farm income
were both rising. 1t is esti-
mated - as disturbing as it
sounds-that not more than
one out of every 10 boys now
living on the farm will find full
time work in agriculture.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-23
POTOMAC FEVER
BY FLETCHER KNEBEL

Pierre Sanger talks to lady reporters on managed
news His Offer They quit complaining about his manag
ing news-and he won't beef about their trying manage
everything else.
Senate probers say the Penagon made enormous errors
in planning the Tx plane They be right It looked
good but it survive the full blast of the Capitol
Hill wind tunnel?
The administration asks SO Secret Service men to
guard Lyndon Johnson Good idea Unless they watch him
carefully he might slip out some day and actually find
thing to do.
United States foreign aid since World War totals 500
billion It's produced results For example, look at all the
new nations helped get started that vote against
in the u N
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-23
The Change in Our Attitude Toward Evil
And Evil Men Is Called Immense

must attempt to fit today's
thinking into the picture of
the 1898 world. What, for in
stance, would have been
American reaction in 1888
had President Roosevelt in
vited Adolf Hitler as the Ma
tons guest and given all hon.
ors due a great head of state?
What would have happened
had the United States made
a cultural exchange agree
ment with Nazi Germany?
For those too young to re-
member, the great Fren C h
born German pianist Walter
Geiseking was forced to can
Gel a concert at Carnegie
Hall in New York because of
high anti-German feeling.
The famous Waguerian singer,
Kristen Flagstad, was also
taboo because she was said
to have sung before Hitler.
Yet in 1859 there was COM
paratively little protest when
Nikita Khrushchev was the
Nations guest, and now Amer
leans flock to see Russian bal
lets and other Soviet artists.
Then, too, rs years ago
morals were somewhat differ
ent from 1868, to say the
least. Every American child
began his school day with a
salute TO the flag and a
prayer: obscene books were
censored by force of public
opinion, and any dissertation
of religion in any form was
unheard of. But presently
there is a play in Germany
depicting the late Pope Plus
XII as being a heartless man
when he was begged" to pro-
tect the prosecuted German
Jews. No one has protested;
no one reminds the world
that Plus XII gave refuge in
the Vatican to literally thou
sands of German Jewish ref
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-23
Other Factors

There are other trends af-
fecting manpower in the COS.
In addition TO those I have
mentioned:
Far more women are In the
labor market than ever before,
now that so many more Of them
live in urban areas. receive a
better education. enjoy more
labor-saving devices at home
and find more acceptance in
industry.
There are more older work.
ers than ever before, and
those who lose their jobs must
endure an average period OF
unemployment that is far
above the national average.
Job discrimination against
Negroes continues 10 hurt every
age and occupational group,
with even skilled Negro work.
ers finding that their race
keeps them out OF work much
longer and more often thar
their white counterparts.
And particular communities
called distress areas-46 out Of
our $50 major labor market
areas In February-continue u
be extra hard hit by persistent
and substantial unemployment
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-23
JOE ROGALY
Another Congo Ahead?

leads later this year to border
skirmishes between the So
mali Republic and an inde-
pendent Cor nearly independ-
ent) Kenya, 1t might affect
the delicately contrived sta
bility Of the whole East
African area, Tanganyika
and Uganda included. Enough
Western aid has been wasted
on intertribal squabbles in
the Congo already-there is
no call for further waste in
East Africa.
A Kenya-Somali war would
not only fatally breach the
African unity that Tin the
interests of economic stabil-
ity) Washington so earnestly
hopes will one day be brought
about. 1t would also affect
the Moslem world. President
Nasser is a supporter Of the
Kenya nationalist, Jomo
Kenyatta; his technicians
and. officers are, neverthe-
less, training Somalis in their
capital of Mogadishu. Euro
pean interest in Somaliland
has long been fostered by
military thinkers: The Horn
is strategically placed Just
across the Gulf Of Alden from
the oil-rich Arabian PENN
sula. And Washington, Lon
don and Paris are not neces-
sarily going to find them
selves on the same side Of the
argument.
Inevitably, the United
States will be called upon to
take sides. 1t will be caught
between the undoubted JUS
tice Of the Somali claim to
"self-determination, and the
need to placate the Nairobi
politicians; this is Just how
the British Colonial Secre-
tary was caught. 1t might
be caught between conflict
ing Arab and African de-
mands. And who can say
which of the competing par
ties is most likely to bring
the Russians in on its own
side before the other side
thinks Of it2
This Column, Representing The
Economist on Todays World"
G1o63 by the Economist
Intelligence Unit Limited
american Media Servicel
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-23
Attenuation

8. Finally, underlying all of
these trends is a third phe-
nomenon, both cursed and
praised; and that is technology
cal advance, known loosely by
the name of "automation. "
During the last six years, this
Nation increased its manu-
featuring output by nearly
20 per cent-but it did so
with 100000 fewer production
workers; and the gain in white
collar jobs did not offset this
loss. Since the second world
war, the real output of the
private economy has risen 81
per cent, with only a 3 per cent
raise in man-hours. I do moi
with to be misunderstood; in
creasing productivity and ad-
vancing technology are essen
tial to our ability to compete
and to progress-but we also
have an obligation to create an
additional 2 million jobs each
year for those displaced by
these gains.
This city Is no stranger to
these problems. You have seen
your railroads laying off ma
chinists and boilermakers as
the proportion of diesel loco
motives rose from less than is
per cent of all locomotives in
1947 to more than 81 per cent
today. You have seen your
downState coal mines laying
off workers as new machinery
makes it possible for as men to
produce the coal dug by 100
workers in l947. And you have
seen your steel mills employ 70
men to produce the steel prod
ucts which required 100 men
only a short decade ago.
Chicago. I might add paren-
thetically, also provides the ex-
ception to this pattern-since
it now takes 10 men to manage
the Cubs instead of oneD
This Is not a blue collar
problem alone. Office and
clerical workers are increas-
ingly being displaced by auto
matte computers and professors
i know, for example, that the
Farmers Home Administration
processes 35 per cent more
loans per employee than 1t did
only two years ago. This ad-
ministration intends to pres:
ahead with its efforts fol
Government economy-but We
must also expand the private
economy to find jobs for al
who are willing.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-23

Look back a quarter of a
century and try to recall the
attitude Of public opinion.
How did the world look them
For one thing, everyone was
amused by Wrong Way"
Corrigan, an absent-minded
young man who flew from
Brooklyn to Dublin without
a passport.
In 1888 Pope Plus XII died
and was succeeded by Cardi-
nal Pacelli as Plus XII. Italy
invaded Albania; Spanish in
surgents bombed Barcelona in
the Spanish civil war; Hitler
took Austria; the japanese
were fighting in China; and
on August "a Nazi Germany
and the Soviet Union signed
a l0-year non-aggression
treaty. On September 80 Brit
ain and France yielded at
Munich to Nazi demands for
cession of the Sudetenland
to Germany by Czechoslova-
kia. Hitler signed a peace
declaration" with Britain,
and President Roosevelt asked
Hitler to preserve peace.
The great young generation
Of today is trying desperately
to find the answer to peace,
but they are not old enough to
have known the atmosphere
Of those days rs years ago.
At that time public opinion
vigorously supported that
which was good and vigor-
ously fought evil. And Hitler
was the most hated man. His
prosecutions of the Jews
shocked the world and the
United States fearleSsly re-
called its Ambassador from
Berlin in protest.
But today, public opinion
has made a complete about
face. In order to realize just
how far 1t has turned, one
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-23

country-and t city. In the
last decade, fol example, ar
rests of youth increased So per
cent. What will the figure be
for the next decade, when the
net increase of potential young
workers in the labor force rises
is times as fast as it did in
the 1906?
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-23
Quarrel of SomoIi and Britain
May Point to Bio Tab Again

a vast semidesert occupied
by about 100000 wandering
Somalis and kindred tribes
men, and camels. The trouble
is that the district amounts
to about 40 per cent Of
Kenya's total area, and
African politicians in Nairobi,
Kenya's capital, refuse to
allow one inch of it to 60 to
their African brothers in the
Somali Republic.
Caught between Somali
demands and Nairobi politics,
the British colonial secretary.
Mr., Duncan Sandys, decided
on March 9 that he had to
bow to Nairobi politics. He
announced that the northern
frontier district is to be
carved UP, with the eastern
portion (nearest to Somali-
land and containing most
Somalis) forming a separate
near self governing region
within Kenya. Under Kenya's
new constitution, a region
will have less autonomy than,
say, a United States State
or a Canadian province, but
enough fiscal and constitu-
tional power to ward off
undue interference from the
center.
For the Somali Republic,
Mr.. Sandys' judgment Of
Solomon was not enough. On
March 16 the Somalis
solemnly broke off diplomatic
relations with Britain, in
spite of an appeal from Presi-
dent Kennedy that they think
again. The British Broad
casting Corporations power
full relay station at Berbera,
an antidote against Com
munist broadcasts to the
Middle East, will have to be
closed down. The Somalis
have bravely refused to &C.
cept further British aid rum
ming at some $2.8 million a
year,, even though their
budget amounts to only 500
million q year.
The repercussions Of this
quarrel could be widespread.
If, as is quite possible, 1t
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-23
The National
PERSPECTIVE

The same Is true on a larger
scale of the Nation as a whole.
Our civilian labor force grew by
nearly IL million during the
last is years. but the number
of jobs grew by only 10 mil
lion. In the last five years we
saw an annual increase Of only
l75,000 private jobs outside of
agriculture, compared to 700,-
900 in each of the previous 10
years. Our total output (GNP)
grew at a rate Of only 3 per
cent-while unemployment re-
NAMED continuously at 5 pei
cent or above. And last years
loss Of manhours, in terms OF
those willing but unable to find
full-time work, was a staggering
one billion work days, equiva-
lent to shutting down the en-
tire country with no produc-
ton, no services and no pay
for over three weeks. Some II
million Americans had some
unemployment in 1862. And
% per cent Of last years un-
employed were out of work
is weeks or longer-15 per cent
we're out Of work a full six
months or longer. This Nation
can do better than that.
The trouble Is that each of
these figures grows worse after
each recession-and each one is
bound to grow worse in the COS
as the labor force increases even
faster. unless we take actions
to reverse these trends and
make the most of our man.
power. Unless we step up our
rate Of growth-unless we Gre
ate a supply of jobs that is
more equal to the demand-our
rate Of unemployment will
steadily and swiftly climb to
the recession level Of Z per cent
even without a recession.
without full employment,
consumer markets are below
their potential. Without strong
er consumer demand, plant
capacity is not fully in use,
Without full plant utilization,
profit margins are reduced.
Without higher profits, invest
ments lags behind. And so the
sagging spiral continues.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-23

fore, the only program we have
offered.
To mention but a few:
We urgently need to improve
our schools and colleges-to
reduce the number of dropouts
to reduce the number of I'M
skilled workers-to keep young
people out of the labor market
until they are ready for the
jobs which attenuation creates,
instead Of those 1t is sure to
replace.
We urgently need a new
youth employment opportu-
mites program. to give young
people training and job expert
ence, and to put their energies
to good use.
We need to step up our eff
forts for aid to distressed areas,
for the retaining Of the unem-
ployed, for more security fol-
the aged, for improving oul
housing and our transportation
industries, and for ending racI
discrimination In education
and employment.
These are all controversial
measures. They all take time Il
enact and take effect. But
meanwhile, the growing poo
of manpower continues to grow
"a burden that should be 8
blessing, a liability that could
be an asset.
I have no doubt that these
problems will someday be
solved. The question is: Will
they be solved in ways that
impoverish us with reStric-
tons on the work week, or on
efficiency, or on competition?
Or will they be solved in ways
which enrich us-by expanding
our economy and putting all
hands to work? The choice is
up to us ALTO you in Chicago
as well as to those Of US in
Washington. 1t depends on the
will Of the people as well as the
will Of the Congress.
Twenty-Five hundred years
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-23

ago. the Greek poet Alcaeus
laid down the principle which
best sums up the greatness OF
Chicago. mot houses firmly
rooted" he wrote. "or the
stones of walls well builded,
nay, nor canals and dockyards
make the city-but men able
to use their opportunities"
Chicago is blessed to have
such men at its helm. And my
fervent hope is that the United
States Of America, in meeting
the needs of this decade, will
also be peopled and governed
by men able to use their OPP
portunities."
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-23

The former colonial powers
are withdrawing from Africa
so fast they can hardly help
leaving some meSses behind
them. One mess, the Congo,
has so far cost the United
States more than 500 mil
lion in direct aid, plus $50
million in purchases Of
United Nations bonds, plus
the major share Of the mas
sive bill for the U. N. opera
ton in the Congo. On top of
this, American policies for
the Congo have differed from
the policies put forward by
Britain, France and Belgium
and the conflict has led to
friction between Washington
and the European capitals.
All this might be repeated.
leaving another huge tab for
the United States to pick up,
If Britain fails to clear away
the current mess in the Horn
Of Africa. Time is short:
Britain may withdraw from
Kenya, and direct power in
the area, before the end Of
this year. OF the many
reasons for fearing another
Congo-like imbroglio in East
Africa, the most prominent
right now is the mushroom
ing quarrel between the
Somali Republic population
two million) and Britain
population fifty million)
The Somalis are a distinct,
Hamitic race, speaking their
own language, and practicing
the Moslem religion. They
are fiercely nationalistic, and
claim, as part of a Greater
Somalia," the tiny French
enclave around Djibouti; part
Of neighboring Ethiopia
Whose only important rail-
way outlet runs through
DjiboutD; and the northern
frontier district of Kenya.
In each case, the basis for
the claim is that the terri
tory under dispute is occupied
by Somalis.
None Of the territories is
worth much, least of all the
northern frontier district,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-23

Half of the patients are now
working full-time," says DR..
Lertora, land half have re-
turned to their families or to
foster homes"
The patient is first assigned q
job at the hospital after much
vocational testing. There are
reports and discussions. Then,
working on this basis from
three months to a year, she
may be placed in outside en-
ployment If it is available.
Government Jobs F"
Much of the employment is
by the Federal Government.
although a few employers are
beginning to show some inter-
est. Insurance companies are
often the most reluctant, says
one Of the rehabilitation couri-
selors.
There are usually more op-
portunities for women in WASH
ington. being a non-industrial
CITY," said Mrs. Gertrude Big
man, supervisor of vocational
rehabilitation at the hospital.
often as not the patient fits
right in with her new job, al
though she may still be living
at the hospital and undergoing
some treatment"
AS for the 35-year-old house,
keeper, when she entered the
hospital IL years ago she was
withdrawn and seclusive.
At Wednesdays session at
Richardson Service. however,
she was talking about plans for
her future. She feels quite
comfortable now. -
There are IL different serv-.
ices at st. Elizabeths which
conduct rehabilitation programs
for male as well as female
patients.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-23
UPHILL FIGHT FOR JOB
Ex-MentoI Patients
Slowly Finding Jobs

Gathered around the long
table during the 2-hour con-
ference Wednesday were three
psychiatrists, three nurses, two
attendants, five social workers,
three occupational therapists
and two rehabilitation spe-
cialists.
The subject: A 35-year-o
housekeeper who works in q
Washington home and lives al
st. Elizabeths Hospital where
she has been a patient for the
last IL years.
Their object: To ease the
patient back into the commu-
nifty that rejected her because
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-23

a distressed area. You have
your share of jobless Negroes
and women and older workers
and all the rest. even though,
under Mayor Daley's hard
driving, Woodworking leader
ship, this city is creating new
Jobs faster than most.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-23
CHICAGO

All these trends you have
seen In this city and State
workers displaced by automa-
ton, school drop-outs roaming
the streets, men looking for
work who have left the farm
or the mines or a railroad or
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-23

Of the stigma" OF mental
illness.
Its not a very easy job"
says DR.. John L. Lertora, one
of the psychiatrists involved in
the conference. Apparently, in
the world outside the brick
walls of st. Elizabeths, one is
greeted with the suspicion that
once a mental case, always a
mental case. ..-
A patient Is released from
the hospital after five years Of
confinement. The personnel
director asks the job-seeker
And what have you been doing
since 1882"
The prospective employe an
swers that question.
"Oh?" says the interviewer,
his fixed smile giving way to a
frown. well, don't call us,
Wen call you. Neextl"
This kind of treatment
doesn't exactly help the ex-
mental patient trying to return
to the community. The stigma
is fixed and the rejection COM
plete, all because Of a little
blank space on an employment
application.
Truthful Answer
The program for the women
at st. Elizabeths' Richardson
Service was begun in the sum-
mer Of 1861. About "a patients
have been processed and 80
have been discharged.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-23
Farm

1. First is the labor released
by the revolution In farm tech
nology. Agriculture has long
been this Nations largest en-
ployer-engaging more people
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-23
Youth

z. This leads us 70 the Sec
ond growing tide Of manpower
our Nations youth. The crest
of the postwar baby flood has
swept through the elementary
and secondary schools and is
now about to engulf the labor
force. Last year, for example,
2.8 million young Americans
reached the age of 16-but this
year there will be 3.8 million
reaching that age. Altogether,
in the 1905, 26 million new
young workers viii enter the
labor MARKHAM increase of 40
per cent over the SOS and a far
greater number than this coun-
try has ever had to train and
absorb in any previous 10-year
period.
Already workers under the
age of rs, though they COM
prise less than one-fifth Of the
labor force, constitute more
than one-third Of the unem-
ployed. Last year the unem-
ployment rate for men age 25
and over was roughly "A per
cent-but for those age 20 to
"a il was 9 per cent, and for
those age IA to 10 1t was a
shocking Is per cent.
Although young people are
staying In school longer than
their fathers, the rate Of school
drop-out-four out Of every 10
is still far too high; for job
openings for the unframed and
the unskilled are declining, in
factories and mines, on farms
and railroads, In the construc-
ton and service industries.
DrOp-Outs Cited
Moreover, the jobless rate Is
always highest among unskilled
and semi-skilled workers. In
our modern society, even high
school graduates find their
skills too often insufficient.
But Labor Department surveys
show that their rate Of unem-
ployment is at least far below
that of school drop-outs, not
only in the year Of leaving
school but In later years as well.
The latest available survey
also showed a rate Of unem-
ployment among college gradu-
ates, whose Job opportunities
are broadening continually, TO
be only one-fifth as high as II
was among those who had not
completed elementary school:
but, unfortunately. only one
out Of 10 finishes college.
In short, as challenging as II
will be TO provide first jobs
for the 20 million new young
workers entering the labor
market in the sos, far more
difficult will be the problems
posed by the rs million OF
them who will not have COM
' pleted high school. including
nearly 2.5 million who will not
even have completed the eighth
grade.
! I ask you 10 mark those fig
: ures well; for youth unemploy.
! ment poses one Of the most
: highly explosive social and eco
E nomic problems now facing this
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-03-23
Our Monpower
Program for the sos

Our task is TO reverse this
spiral-and no single magic
solution will solve all Of our
manpower problems.
Above all. we need TO release
the brake Of wartime tax rates
which are pow holding down
growth at the very time we
need more growth to create
more jobs. Ten billion dollars
more in tax savings, In the
hands of American consumers
and investors, as I have pro-
posed to the Congress. viii be
multiplied many times in new
markets. new equipment, new
Jobs, new payrolls end then
still more consumption and
investment.
As this decade is unique In
terms Of the trends converging
on II, so is 1868 uniquely quail
fled to be the year we cut Fed
eral taxes. Inflationary pres
sures are at bay. No world
crisis strains our resources.
The dollar is strong and re-
spected. New investment In
centives have been enacted.
World raw material prices are
stable. And the number Of idle
men and machines can clearly
absorb more expansion.