davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Kodiak mirror., 1963-05-17

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
 Two cases of V.D. are reported in the Kodiak area for the week ending May 10, according to the Communicable Disease report of the State Department of Health.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-27
.oIIish-Gornon

Mr.. and Mrs. William E.
Wallish Of Shamokin, Pa,
announce the engagement Of
their daughter Maxine Eliza
beth to Mr.. Michael Michel
German, son Of Mrs. John j.
German Of Washington and
the late Mr.. German. A
February wedding Is planned.
Amsterdom-Levitis
DR.. and Mrs. Simon Am
sterdam Of the Bronx, N. Y,
announce the engagement
Of their daughter Karen to
Mr.. Gerald Martin Levitis,
son Of Mr.. and Mrs. Louis
Levitis Of Silver Spring, N. Y.
A June wedding is planned.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-27
Rubin-Fedder

Mr.. and Mrs. Samuel Ru-
bin Of Washington announce
the engagement Of their
daughter Faye to Mr.. Stuart
M. Feeder, son Of Mrs. Ethel
Fodder Of Adelphi. Md. and
the late Mr.. Louis Fodder. A
May wedding Is planned.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-27
Broumos-Bobb


Mr.. and MrA John q.
Broumas Of Chevy Chase,
Nd, announce the engage
ment Of their daughter
Carole Anns 10 Mr.. William
A. Babb, son Of Mr.. and Mrs.
Arnold o. Babb Of Bethesda,
Nd. A June Wedding Is
planned.
McNomee-MiIIer
Mrs. Paul D. McNamee Of
Washington, d. c., announces
the engagem emit Of her
daughter Jeanne Marie to Mr..
s. W. Kent Miller III, son Of
Mr.. Miller, r.. and the late
Mrs. Miller. Miss McNamee Is
also the daughter Of the late
Mr.. McNamee.
A December wedding Is
planned.
Hux-Cormiehoel
Mr.. and Mrs. william L. M.
Hulk Of Portsmouth, Va.
announce the engagement Of
their daughter Rebecca
Lynne to Mr.. Warren r.
Carmichael, son Of Mrs. T. A.
Subbotin Of Cedar Ridge,
Calf. and Mr.. Bradie M.
Carmichael Of Ravenswood,
w. Va. A November wedding
is planned.
Tyree-Beck
Rear Admiral John A. Ty-
rec. comm ander South
Atlantic Forces, and Mrs.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-27
Boker-AbeI

Mr.. and Mrs. William Ed
gar Baker Of New Zion. s. c.
announce the engagement Of
their daughter Margaret Es-
telle Of Charleston, s. c. to
1t. (jg) Jon Frederick Abel.
son Of Mr.. and Mrs. j. Fred
erick Abel Of Arlington, Va.
A December wedding Is
planned.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-27
Sinsky-Eisen

Mr.. and Mrs. Herbert
Sinsky Of Chevy Chase, Md,
announce the engagement Of
their daughter nene Judith
to Mr.. Bruce Melvin Essen,
son Of Mr.. and Mrs. Charles
Essen Of Jamaica. Long Is
land N Y.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-27
Robertson-KorreII

Capt and k=s Charles =.
Robertson Of Woodland Hills,
Calf. announce the engage
ment Of their daughter OAR
rin 70 1t. Harry James
Franklin KoEreH, r., USN,
son Of Mrs. KorTell Of Cat
onSville, Nd. and the late Mr..
Korrell. A December wedding
Is planned.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-27
ENGAGEMENTS
CUMMING
Blackburn

Cumming
Blackburn
Mr.. and Mrs. Roger Cum
ming Of Arlington announce
the engagement Of their
daughter Mary Lee to Mr..
Clark Waring Blackburn, ir,
son Of Mr.. and Mrs. Black
burn Of Scafsdale, N. Y. A
January wedding Is planned.
Scott-Ames
Mrs. Sarah d. Scott Of
Silver Spring and DR.. Ralph
T. Scott announce the IN
gagement Of their daughter
Claudia Dudley to Mr.. WI
liam Ronald Ames, son Of
Mrs. Leo Donlin and Mr..
Stephen Ames, also Of Silver
Spring, Nd. A December we'd
ding Is planned.
Price-SeIlner
Mr.. and Mrs. Herbert Price
Of Hillcrest Heights, Md, an
nounce the engagement Of
their daughter Regina Marie
to Mr.. Charles N. Sellner,
son Of Mr.. and Mrs. George
r. Sellner Of Falkland, Md.
A December wedding Is
planned.
ChuniS-B orsoni
Mr.. and Mrs. Anthony ].
Chunis Of Wheaton, Nd, an
nounce the engagement Of
their daughter Kathryn Faye
to Altman lie Fred Bor-
soni, son o. Mr.. and Mrs.
John Borsoni Of San Fran.
cisco. An early August we'd
ding Is planned.
Rhymes-Reise
Mrs. Peery Rhymes Of
Guilford, Conn. announces
the emit Of her
daughter Susan Lee to Mr..
Donald Brian REESE, son Of
Mr.. and Mrs. John A. REESE
Of Newport, r. /. Miss
Rhymes Is also the daughter
Of DR.. David I. Rhymes Of
Kensington, Md. An April
wedding Is planned.
Lehrmon-Berry
Mr.. and Mrs. JAG J. Lehr-
man Of Washington an
nounce the engagement Of
their daughter Heidi Jacque-
line to Mr.. Max N. Berry, son
Of Mr.. and Mrs. Aaron s.
Berry Of Tulsa, Okla. A De-
cember wedding Is planned.
EVdns-Foster
Mr.. and Mrs. Robert Bev-
erly Evans Of Crosse Point.
Mich. announce the engage
ment Of their daughter Jane
Preston to Mr.. Ridgely
Manning Foster, son Of Mr..
and Mrs. Gray s. Foster Of
Palm Beach, Fla. and Prouts
Neck, Maine.
EsPosito-Bruner
Mr.. and Mrs. Nicholas
opposite Of Madison. M. an
nounce the engagement of
their daughter Joan Lois to
DR.. Blackwell Bruner, son of
DR.. and Mrs. Weston Bruner
Of Chevy Chase, Md. A June
wedding Is planned.
Gibbons-Moore
Mr.. and Mrs. James Z.
Gibbons Of Bethesda, Md,
announce the engagement Of
their daughter Beverly Anne
to 1t. 0g) Robert L. Moore,
USN. son Of Mr.. and Mrs,
George Herbert Moore, r., Of
Lexington, Mass. A December
wedding is planned.
Strucker-Purker
Mr.. and Mrs. Lyman M.
Strucker Of Alexandria, Va,
announce the engagement Of
their daughter Lynda to Mr..
Roy Tilden Parker, III, son
Of Mr.. and Mrs. Parker Of
Pelh q m, N. Y. and East
Hampton, L. L, N. Y. A De-
cember wedding Is planned.
Skinner-HoImes
Mr.. and Mrs. Dwight
Skinner Of Scarsdale, N. Y.
announce the engagement
Of their daughter Carol Lee
to Mr.. David d. Holmes, son
Of Mr.. and Mrs. Edward H.
Holmes Of Chevy Chase, Nd.
and Kinoefosa AFaa~
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-27
Merrick-Mclntyre

Mr.. and Mrs. Harold E.
Merrick Of Washington an
nounce the engagement of
their daughter Patricia Ann
to Mr.. Terry Vincent McIn-
tyre, son Of Mrs. Melbourne
j. Coffey Of Wolf Point.
Mont. and Mr.. Rom an v.
Mcintyre Of Billings. Mont.
Herson-Cohen
Mr.. and Mrs. Mitchell Her
son Of Washington announce
the engagement Of their
daughter Linda Sue to Capt.
Marvin !, Cohen. USAF, son
Of mrs. Helen Cohen Of Pat
erson. N. j.. and the late Mr..
Sidney Cohen. A March
wedding Is planned.
\Af-II:~L. G~~
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-27
Hux-CormichoeI

Rear Admiral John A. Ty-
rec. comm ander South
Atlantic Forces, and Mrs.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-27
Socknoff-Kone

Mr.. and Mrs. Serge Sack
noff Of Washington, an
nounce the engagement Of
their daughter Marianne to
MIR. Ronald Gordon Kane,
son Of Mrs. Joseph Kessler,
also Of this city. A March
wedding Is planned.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-27

Ms. James Elwood Gayle,
ST., Of Suffolk, Va, announce
the emit Of her
daughter Shirley May to Mr..
Harold John Rietveld, son Of
Mr.. and Mrs. John William
Rietveld Of Chicago. III. Miss
Gayle Is also the daughter OF
the late Mr.. Gayle. A Deem
49,. yrrnS1s,,r, d y.rawv.ad
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-27
Forr-Auronson

Mr.. and Mrs. Earl w. Farr,
jr. Of Washington announce
the engageme emit Of their
daughter Joan to Mr.. Russell
T. Aaronson, jr., son Of Mr..
and Mrs. AaronSon Of Aber-
deem, Md. A Juns wedding is
planned.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-27
-hunis-

Mr.. and Mrs. Anthony ].
Chunis Of Wheaton, Nd, an
nounce the engagement Of
their daughter Kathryn Faye
to Altman lie Fred Bor-
soni, son O. Mr.. and Mrs.
John Borsoni Of San Fran
cisco. An early August we'd
ding is MANNED
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1963-10-27
Price-SeIIner

Mr.. and Mrs. Herbert Price
Of Hillcrest Heights, Md, an
nounce the engagement Of
their daughter Regina Marie
to Mr.. Charles N. Sellner,
son Of Mr.. and Mrs. George
r. Sellner Of Falkland, Md.
A December wedding Is
planned.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1963-01-25
Rieder Seeks Big
from page /


Gil after exhaustive study of state
land rentals. The new bill, which
Rieder says is more than fair to
Montana stockmen", will increase
rental income by approximately 80
per cent, as compared with the dou-
bled amount proposed under HB 49,.
Last year, with the price. of cattle
down, school grazing lands brought
in only $559,000. Under lib 100,
with similar price for cattle, the
rental would be $977,000, or 80-81
cents per Animal Unit Month, as COM
pared with 46 cents per AUM this
past year.
In revenue-raising potential the
Senate bill is comparable to Rep.
Leuthold's HB 35, but would involve
a different formula in determining
rental schedules.
Stockmen legislators in the 1861
House savagely attacked the bi-parti-
san Legislative Councils proposals
Incorporated in lib 33, and with the
assistance of Montana Stockgrowers
Association, were able to kill the bill
on adverse committee report, 53-40.
Since then a continuous campaign
to secure more realistic rentals from
school grazing lands has made this
an issue of major Importance through
out Montana. With property taxes
constantly increasing, more and more
Montxnans are looking askance at
grazing rental schedules which III
many instances are less than prop
erty taxes paid on privately-owned
grazing lands of comparable carrying
capacity.
Probably no issue in the 1862 CAM
paign was more difficult for Republi-
can legislative candidates to salts
factorily explain than the refusal by
the GOP-controlled 1861 House to
do anything about this Subsidy to
stockmen, particularly large live
stock corporations such as Rock
Island Oil Co., of Wichita, Kansas;
United Properties (Hamm's Brewery
Family of Minnesota, and Montana's
own Wellington d. Rankin.
Sen. Rieder's bill, along wi tn Rep.
Leuthold's HB 35, are meritorious
legislative proposals.-HLB
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1963-01-25

Two memorials are before
the Legislature requesting the
Congress to amend the Recla-
nation Act of 1902 as it per-
tains to the 160-acre limit on
irrigated projects in Montana.
These memorials are: Hum 2, by
Jensen. Turnage, Leuthold, Bremen,
Garrison. Schepens and Stranahan,
and SUM 3, by Gerard, Bremen, Bal
cord, MCGOWAN and McElwain.
Each memorial makes number
of seemingly sound arguments for
lifting the acreage limitation !.
including the law is outmoded
based on half-century ago farm
ing methods one man can handle
two to five times the amount ham
died so years ago 100 acres isn't
enough to provide adequate income
to maintain a decent standard of
living elevations of parts of
Montana are too high to permit in
tensive agricultural cropping, etc.
Funny thing about all these rea-
sons they've all been used doz-
ems of times before by those (par-
ticularly large landowners who
have desired all the benefits of
federal irrigat ton projects but don't
want to confine those benefits to
100 or 800 acres of their holdings.
Land spectators, too, have fought
for repeal or easing of the 16O-
acre limit in order to make kill
ing'' sometimes ranging up to SO
times over when dry land comes {
under an irrigation project.
A couple of years ago, Angus Nc
Donald of National Farmers Union,
prepared an exhaustive paper on this
subject for the Public Affairs In
stitute-a copy of which | have at
hand. In this paper, "The Story of
the Autobiography Law, Mcdonald
reviews the many efforts made to
knock out the limitation; the argu-
ments used, which parallel those in
HUM 2 and SIM 3, and how Con-
gress. although bending at times, has
stood firm on the Reclamation Acts
basic principle to foster the family
type farm as the foundation of Amer
lean agriculture.
To the claim that elevations are
too high, and economic returns are
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1963-01-25
ASKS REDRESS OF A LONG
STANDING INJUSTICE

Senator Ed Carney (D-Daniels) is
pleading for the third session in a
row to have the State via SB 81
make some payment in lieu of the
taxes Daniels and "a other counties
are not getting, because of the one
quarter of his county being owned
by the state. The state selected lands
in Daniels county for its share under
federal grants because other areas
In the state were occupied. Daniels
taxpayers are paying from % to SIS
per cent higher taxes to run their
county because of state ownership of
agricultural lands there.
Back in 1926 and '28 the state
sold $4,000 of these acres but had
to take back 10000 acres because
the people were unable to make the
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1963-01-25
Just a Little Bit

The most dangerous hazard during
the first quarter of this legislative
session has been the grave possibility
of expiring from an aggravated case
of boredom. On top of that there was
little anticipation that anything would
happen to leave an everlasting mark
on history.
Early session drag is characteristic,
but in this one even the prospects
have not been promising. Going into
the last lap on the deadline for intro
duction of bills, there are those who
will tell you the atmosphere of sweet
ness and light still prevails.
The Montana Power lobby is less
evident than in past sessions and it
is generally accepted they are direct
ing from the wings in this perform
ance.
The ACM lobby dozes in the gal
lery.
One of the more interesting ex-
changes on the floor was over increas-
ing the weight of ice cream from a Il
pounds to the gallon to AZ pounds
to the gallon.
The sponsor of the bill was asked
what ingredients would be added to
make up the II pound. His answer
was, nothing, they would just cut
out some of the air.
This kept conversation going in the
gallery for several minutes while we
tried to equate the weight of air.
There was the let-down when no
one made fight to save the bill that
would change the names of the Uni
versity Units.
However few bills are beginning
to see the light of day that create
some partisan exchanges.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1963-01-25
DussuUIf Bill Seeks
Modernizufion of
Credit Union Law

State Senator Edward Dussault Cd
Missoula) Wednesday introduced SB
81. a 24-page proposal pertaining
to credit unions. In introducing the
bill Dussault said that in spite of the
length of the bill it makes no major
changes in the existing law, but mere
ly brings the state law pertaining to
credit unions in line with and COM
parable to the Federal Credit Union
Act. This law would encourage the
organization of more state credit
unions, whereas under the present
statute they are inclined to be organ
lied under the federal act, he said.
Primarily the proposed law has
been drawn to clarity and place in a
more orderly, logical sequence the
provisions found in the present law,
and vests. more authority to the state
banking department in the supervision
and administration of the act, ac-
cording to the Missoula county Sena-
tor.
The Montana Credit Union Act
was enacted in 1929 and since that
time there have been only three minor
amendments to the law.
Dussault said SB 81 does not ex-
tend any privileges not presently in
corporated in the law, but does clarI-
fly certain provisions that are amblg-
uous in the existing statute.
At the present time there are lO8
Federal Credit Unions and 80 State
Credit Unions serving approximately
$4,000 members in the State of Mon
tana.
In addition to Senator Dussault,
;SB 81 is sponsored by Ed Carney
(D-Daniels).
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1963-01-25
List|ess Legislature Livens

have the same partisanship for county
superintendent?
And Eskildsen brought the House
down when he countered, II am go
ing to support the motion to bring
HB 121 back to life so it can be de-
bated, because l am just as contrary
as you are".
Action and comments ON HB 121
might also presage the fate.of SB "a,
(by MCGOWAN, Dussault, Duree, I'LL
lom, Lehrkind and Hilling), which
proposes making the office of State
Superintendent of Public Instruction
non-partisan.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1963-01-25
Diverse Groups Appeal To
LEGISLATURE For Redress

There are three bills before
the Senate which more or less
show that the Supreme Court
of Montana is only one court
of last resort.
Senate Bill 40 concerns one of
those special circumstances where
redress is sought because of an arbi-
trary action of an administrative
board, which was backed up by the
Supreme Court.
In Baker, company was formed
to run a livestock selling ring. but
three times they were denied certifi-
cate to operate by the Livestock Com
mission so the action was carried to
the Supreme Court. Why the Mon
tana Supreme Court should be inter
ested in protecting the livestock rings
in North and South Dakota from
competition is one of those things
about which only Satan could know.
They said that it would not serve
public convenience or necessity.
SB 40, championed by Sen. Gene
Huntley (D-Fallon), is framed in
general language but is really to
permit one company to begin opera
ton.
Huntley expects the established
rings in the state to scream opposi-
tion to the provisions which allow
ring to be established to serve areas
within 65-mile radius by paved road,
but expects the solons to be fair
minded about the basis of free enter
prise. Entrenched powers that be,
such as our livestock rings, shy at
shadows. They wouldn't lose a dime
but maybe little coin would be
dropped in Montana instead of the
Dakota rings which now serve the
Baker area.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1963-01-25

Partisanship in races for govern
ment office got an airing on the floor
of the House Wednesday morning
when Gordon Twedt (D-Hill) tried
to breathe life into HB 121 which
had been killed Tuesday by an adj
verse committee report. HB III
would have made the County Super
intendent of School a non-partisan
job.
Perhaps more significant than the
defeat by 1851 vote of the at
tempt to revive non-partisanship for
this specific office will be some of
the side effects of the debate.
Republican breast-pounding rhetor-
ic about the virtues of partisanism
in educational offices in our demo-
cratic system, stopped over into the
present non-partisan judicial ballot,
which one gathered was proven moth
ing more or less than a farce in the
1862 elections. The results of nom
partisanism was called "sordid
thing: a politically sterile" atti-
tude. and one in which these unde-
cided people can always seek the
anonymity of the Independent ticket.
The side effects of the debate on
HB 121 will probably be a bill to
return the Supreme Court Justices
to a partisan ballot. Rep. Bradford
(D-Cascade) said this gave him en-
couragement and he might put a bill
in. There is a bill in the hopper at
present to make the high court JUS
tees appointive and subject to zap
prevail of the people after certain
term of service. (See editorial, page
~
Rep. Haughey (R-Yellowstone),
who opposed non-partisanism, was
asked by Rep. Eskildsen (D-Phillips)
if he would support bill putting
Supreme Court Justices back on a
partisan basis and Haughey said he
would if that was the only alterna-
tive. but he was supporting the ZAP
pointive" bill. Commonly referred
to as the moscow Plan").
To which Eskildsen replied. That
answer you gave me is typical
it was no answer at all.
Haughey came back with the ques-
ton to Eskildsen, would you not,
then. agree with me that we should
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1963-01-25

grade in the dry years. Land Board
policy is not to sell agricultural land
because the yield from sharecroppers
is much higher than can be obtained
from taxes. However Senator Carney
is quite concerned about the people
who have to wrest their living from
the State land. A very large and dis
portionate number of the children in
the west half of the county are not
able to leave the land to obtain high
er education, because of financial
arrangements pitted against the de-
pendence on the weather is bleeding
the people as we'll as the county gov
eminent.
The principle of payments in lieu
of taxes is recognized on the federal
level and maybe the third time will
be a charm for Carney.
NURSES SEEK ASSISTANCE
Senator Leland HI. Schoonover ID
Lake) is using the Senate as a Court
of Last Resort in an entirely differ
ent field. Mary Munger, executive
secretary of Montana Nurses Asso-
citation. has asked him to push legis-
lation as embodied in SB "a which
simply assures that health centers
will bargain in good faith. 1t does
not establish a union but provides
for an orderly negotiation with hos
pital arrangements. 1t will not affect
nurses working for doctors or private
individuals, or aides, only registered
nurses and licensed practical nurses
who presently have no method of
bargaining collectively.
If negotiations break down, the
Labor Commissioner can be brought
in for an opinion and then it is left
up to public opinion to settle the
matter. No provision is made for
strikes.
These are three very diverse groups
Ia livestock ring, county, and the
nurses, who must receive special con-
sideration where there now is none
by LAWS
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1963-01-25
WAYRYNEN WOULD LET
BLEWETT DOWN

AS time drags, no chance for levity
is overlooked. When Ray Wayrynen
(D-Silver Bow explained HB 81
which he hopes will be identified as
the Mortician's Better Practices Act
and not by some of the more (sup-
posedly) amusing applications that
have been accorded it, he beat the
boys to the punch on the Undertaker's
jokes. (Wayrynen is mortician).
Alex Blewett (R-Cascade) was
concerned about the constitutionality
of the bill and said he would prob
ably vote against it on that basis even
though he approved of what it was
supposed to accomplish.
One wonders, often, why legislators
with legal training feel they must not
only sit as lawmakers but as the
Supreme Court, too.
Wayrynen's bill will have no trouble
passing the House, therefore he was
able to answer the dozen or so ques-
tions from Blewett with aplomb and
assure him, 81 may be the last per-
son to let you down..
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1963-01-25
TWO STUDIES BASED
IN MONTANA


Turning to the question of "what
about the size of irrigated farms
needed to-support a family?" Nc
Donald reports that the U. 5. De-
partment of Agriculture and other
public agencies have made eleven
studies of this question. Two of
these studies were based in Montana.
Here is McDonald's brief summation
of each, along with official sources
for same:
Zone hundred irrigated farms were
studied in Montana, so of them IN
Clarks Fork area in the southern
part of the state, and SO In the
Greenfield and Conrad-Valier area
in the northern part of the state.
Fifty-eight of these 100 irrigated
farms included 1886 acres or less
of irrigated lands. 1870 included
farms on which 1882 acres or less
were irrigated. Much of the land was
not irrigated at all but was consid-
cred to be of great economic I'M
portance by the farmers and by those
making the study. (For further de-
tails see Farm Organization ana FRO
duction Requirements in Selected r.
rigated Areas.-Bulletin 453, Oct.
1948.)
"Another Montana study is signifl-
cant from the standpoint of income.
This bulletin (Resource Needs and
Income Potentials on Newly Irrigated
Family-Operated Farms Lower Marlas
Project, Montant State College Bulle-
tin 521, June, 1866 indicates that
a dairy farmer could make good
living on 100 acres or less of irrigated
land. Five different farm plans were
studied. Results varied, but it was
concluded in all instances that lao
acres of irrigated land was enough
to support farm family. One OF the
farms it was found, would yield at
the 215 index price level Chat is at
prices 2.15 times as much as they