davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1963-12-03

seriously reduced the crop in
most areas.
Pastures and winter grazing
crops supplied about 20 per cent
Of the forage requirements for
dairy cattle, 40 per cent for beef
cattle and SIS per cent for sheep.
all below recent years for this
date.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1963-12-03
Another Legal Step

ANOTHER step along the road in the
long legal effort of Prince Edward
County to seek solution of the public
school dilemma was taken Monday,
when the Virginia Supreme Court of
Appeals sustained the declaratory
judgment Of Richmond Circuit Court
Judge John Wingo Knowles
Judge Knowles decision stated brief
ly that the State Board of Education
has no duty to operate public schools
in Prince Edward or any other county;
that Prince Edward School Board had
performed its duty: that there is no
provision in the L. S. Constitution re-
curing State to maintain public
schools that the Constitution Of Nir-
glnla does not prohibit the payment of
grants for education regardless Of
whether public schools are in operation
in a community: that funds required
under the Virginia Constitution to be
paid to localities are limited to use in
elementary education Each Of these
points was sustained by the Virginia
Supreme Court Of Appeals
The next legal step is to be deter
mined by the Supreme Court of the
United States. Before this Court is an
appeal for stay Of the decision Of the
Fourth Circuit Court, which in effect
stated that the Richmond Federal Court
should have abstaned from making any
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1963-12-03

For Fast Result Use The
Classified Section
Evening star., 1963-01-23

cided that a given type Of mis-
sle will be launched success
fully 95 times out Of 100, will
hit within one mile Of the tar
get SO times out of 100 and
then knock out an enemy air.
field 10 times out Of 100.
Putting all such probabih-
ties together, they might de-
eide that a Minuteman missile,
for instance, has a so per cent
chance Of destroying an air
base or enemy missile.
Assign a second Minuteman
to the same target and the
kill probability goes up to rs
per cent.
One half of that remaining
Is per cent uncertainty can be
eliminated by assigning a third
Minuteman. With four such
missiles the rate rises to SO
per cent, six give 98 per cent
seven 80 per cent.
Unless there is a single
weapon that is 100 per cent
certain Of destroying the tar
get, a 100 per cent kill prob
ability is unattainable.
Military analysts chartine
these kill probabilities find that
the first few additional mis-
sles assigned to q target jump
Evening star., 1963-01-23
INTERPRETIVE REPORT.
Deciding Our ICBM Goal

the probability of kill signifi-
cantly, But if they assign more,
they find that they are spend
ing a great deal to achieve an
insignificant additional degree
Of kill probability.
COmputer War Games
To help arrive at the final
decision, analysts play war
games" on computers.
They start by feeding into
machines certain assumptions
that the probability of kill
has been cut off at, say, 80 per
cent, that the enemy invades
Europe and the West must re-
taliate, that we fail to achieve
a surprise; that he does not hit
our cities so we spare his; that
our intelligence count Of the
vital targets is correct; that
the enemy destroys perhaps 40
per cent Of our weapons. etc.
The computer then calculates
the damage done on both sides
and indicates who has won or
lost.
The whole thing is done over
and over again assuming differ
ent kill possibilities and every
different kind of war that the
analysts can dream up.
The result is a mass Of calcu-
lations indicating how much
Evening star., 1963-01-23
New Ethics Directive
Sent to U. S. Employees

in q few days an Interpretation
of the new legislation. Among
other things the legislation en-
ables the Government more
readily to employ experts from
the outside.
The President asked each de-
partment and agency to review
its regulations covering con-
flicts Of interest and ethical
conduct to insure that they are
consistent with the new law and
make full use Of the provision
for employing experts from out
side the government with ap-
propriate safeguards. He asked
each department and agency
head to submit to him by
March IL two copies of the re-
vised regulations.
Since Mr., Kennedy took office
the White House has issued a
number of executive orders and
memorandum setting up guide
lines for maintaining high ethi-
cal and moral standards in the
operation of the Governments
affairs.
Evening star., 1963-01-23

President Kennedy has en-
phasized anew that all Govern
ment officials and employees
must act with integrity, i'm
pArtiality and devotion to the
public interest"
The Presidents words we're
contained in a memorandum
yesterday to the heads Of all
Executive departments and
agencies.
The memorandum called at
tention to legislation enacted
by the last Congress revising
and strengthening the laws re-
lating to bribery and conflicts
Of interest of Government per-
sonnel. The legislation became
effective yesterday.
The Presidents memorandum
said the Justice Department is
preparing and will distribute to
agencies and departments with
Evening star., 1963-01-23
catholics in Science
Lectures to Open

Three area scientists will par
ticipate in a series Of lectures
beginning at 8 pm. tomorrow
on Catholics in Science" to be
held at Blessed Sacrament
Auditorium, 5S4l Chevy Chase
parkway NV.
John A. OKeefe, assistant
chief of the theoretical division,
Goddard Space Flight Center.
will speak tomorrow on Pieces
of the Moon" Charles G.
Zubrod, director of intramural
research. National Cancer In
stitute, will talk on "Viruses
and Cancer" on January 81,
and j. Frank Schairer, physical
chemist. Carnegie Institution,
will speak February Z, on
What's Our Earth Made OFF,
Evening star., 1963-01-23

ments and calculations could
be wrong, and the United
States could be buying either
overkill or underkill.
But assuming that the selec-
ton of targets is q wise one,
the Kennedy program does not
nuclear weapons be
yond all rational need"
Evening star., 1963-01-23
Western Hospitals
Potential Cited

STAUNToN. Va, Jan. %
(AP). = The new superinten-
dent Of Western State Hospital
said yesterday "the potential is
here for one Of the best mental
hospitals in the State"
DR.. James H. Druff, who as
sumed his post December l
made the comment in q brief
ing session for newsmen con-
cerning the hospital.
He said the hospitals prime
goal is to get hospitalized pa
tients returned TO the commu-
nifty and reduce the number OF
admissions.
Evening star., 1963-01-23
BY JOSEPH YOUNG
Star staff Writer

Several top Republican mem
bers of the House Civil Service
Committee will ask that the
group investigate the pressure
and coercion on Government
career employees to attend last
weeks sl00-a ticket Democrat
ic gala.
Representative Gross Of Iowa
said, This political blackjack
ing Of Federal career employees
must not be allowed TO go un-
punished or forgotten. The en-
tire Government career service
has been tremendously hurt, its
integrity jeopardized and the
morale Of its employees seriously
impaired"
Mr.. Gross said he would ask
Chairman Murray 10 authorize
an investigation as soon as
possible
Representative Corbett OF
Pennsylvania. the committees
ranking minority member, also
repeatedly wants an investiga-
ton.
Mr.. Gross wants TO call the
various department and agency
heads before the committee and
find out their part In the
coercion and pressure brought
10 bear on Federal workers to
buy the 500 tickets 10 the af-
fair TO raise Democratic cam
paign funds.
The Iowan wants 10 know the
part played by department and
agency heads and their sub
ordinates IN furnishing the
Democratic National Commit
tee with the lists OF Federal
career employees In upper-grade
Jobs for solicitation purposes.
He also wants 10 know their
role In the pressuring Of en-
ployes on the Job and In such
gimmicks as cocktail party tie
ins with the 500 affair, etc
Meanwhile, Mr. Gross dis
closed a letter received from
Civil Service Commission
Chairman John Macy In reply
10 his demand why the csc
hasn't done something about
the situation
MIR Macy said the commits
Evening star., 1963-01-23

the different kill probabilities
affect the outcome of the wars,
The statistics go to the Joint
Chiefs of Staff and Mr.. Nc
Namar. There the chiefs intro
duce a new factor: Military ex-
perience, judgment and intui-
ton.
The chiefs may say that some
Of the computer games are too
improbable-wars Just don't go
that way. They indicate which
games are more useful and give
their judgments on the opti-
mum kill-probability cutoff
point for various possible wars.
Uusally the Air Force chief
will argue for a higher cutoff
point.
The Final Decision
Mr.. Mcnamara makes the
final decision, based on the
judgment Of the military men
and the war-game and weapon
cost figures supplied by the
analysts.
He may decide that the
United States must have 80 per
cent probability of killing
enemy ICBMs, so per cent
probability Of killing airbases
in Siberia and 10 per cent
probability Of knocking out
radar stations around Moscow.
The technicians then can
simply count the number Of
ICBMs and bombs needed to
attain these probabilities.
The decision today is that
Evening star., 1963-01-23

the United States needs 1,40O
bombers and $50 ICBMS to do
the cptimum wartime job.
In 1866, according to a PEN
tagon budget briefer. the
United States will need 700
bombers and 1,100 ICBMs, The
new budget foresees a need for
at least 1900 ICBMs and a
diminishing number of bonn
bers beyond 1866.
Since no one knows for sure
how a future nuclear war
would 20. all Of these judg-
Evening star., 1963-01-23
GETS CARNEGIE HERO AWARD

George J. PreiSsler, 81, of 1900 Arlington
boulevard, Arlington, craftsman at Mariani
g. Associates, 1145 Nineteenth street NV,
will receive the Carnegie Silver Medal for
crawling through makeShift tunnel to res
cue 44-year-Old man trapped in a mine
cave-in at Britannia Beach, British Column
bia. Canada, on October 81, 196O-AP Photo.
Evening star., 1963-01-23
THE FEDERAL SPOTLIGHT
: House Civil Service Republicans
: Call for Probe of Gala Pressure

sion does not have the author
ity to question and investigate
agency officials about the pres
suring Of Federal career en-
ployes to buy the 500 tickets
to the Democratic affair. He
said the csc could investigate
only complaints made by the
employees but had received
none.
In a sharply worded reply
to Mr.. Macy, Mr., Gross said he
didn't expect that Federal ca
reerists would jeopardize their
jobs by making any official
complaints to the csc. But he
declared that 1t was the CSC's
duty TO investigate the sltua-
ton to determine the extent
OF the pressure and coercion on
career employees.
IL Is the commissions duty
to protect the rights OF Fed
eral career employees. Mr.. Gross
declared, adding that nowhere
in Mr.. Macy's letter was con-
cern for the rights OF employees
and the integrity OF the civil
service system expressed.
Ass
SALARY GARNISHMENT-
Representative Curtis. Repub-
lican Of Missouri. has sponsored
a bill TO permit garnishment OF
Federal employe salaries for
unpaid bills and other debts.
Similar legislation has been
opposed by previous admins
trations on the grounds that II
would pose too much admin
istrative burden on the various
agencies.
However, the Civil Service
Commission recently. at the di-
rection Of the White House, has
been working on the problem
Of what steps the Government
should take 10 insure that en-
ployes take steps 10 settle
reasonable debts.
DEFENSE ATTRITION The
Defense Department has an
nounced that the 10000 civilian
employe cut necessitsted by
President Kennedys 1864
budget requests will be accom-
pliShed solely by attrition- not
filling some Of the normal per-
Evening star., 1963-01-23

sonnel vacancies that occur.
Thus. no firings Of present en-
ployes will be necessary. defense
officiss said.
Defense said the policy of
leaving personnel vacancies un-
filled wherever possible in order
to absorb the 10000 civilian
employment cut will begin next
July /.
LITHOGRAPHERS - Organ
izing plans of the International
Lithographers Union among
Federal lithographers will be
disclosed at a meeting Of the
Interdepartmental Lithographic
Board at $3.50 am. tomorrow
in the Interior Department
Auditorium.
COMMERCE - More than
10000 Commerce Department
employees in the Washington
area this week are getting first
hand reports from Secretary
Hodges and members OF his
staff on the departments ac-
complishments In 1862 and Its
aspirations for this year. Dur
ing this week Mr.. Hodges and
his aides are meeting at diff
ferent times with employees In
the departments auditorium.
FHA - Philip Brownstein. a
longtime Government career
employe, has been appointed by
President Kennedy as Commits
sioner OF Federal Housing Ad-
ministration. A political inde-
pendent, Mr.. Brownstein has
been an outstanding Federal
career employe since h. en-
tered Government In 1894. He
has been the Veterans Admin
istration's chief benefits
director.
ELECTION - Milton Aron-
STAN OF Navy has been elected
chairman OF the Potomac area
chapter OF the Federal Safety
Council. Richard Davis OF
Army's Arlington Hall Station
was elected vice chairman and
Okey Gallagher Of the Post Of
flee regional office, secretary.
Evening star., 1963-01-23
By RICHARD FRYKLUND
star staff writer


President Kennedy warned
In his stated -the-Union mes
sage against multiplication of
awesome weapons beyond all
rational need" Then. in his
defense budget, he asked for
billions of dollars to continue
building toward nuclear ar
senal Of more than 1900 ICBMs
on top Of many hundreds Of
bombers.
Does his program square
with his words?
Some top military men
particularly in the Army and
Navy--have said that most of
Russia could be wiped out
with a few hundred missiles
How many times, then, does
the Pentagon want to kill each
Russian? Is 1t true, as defense
critics say, that the United
States has an "overkill" policy2
Defense Department officials
say no.
First, they say, this Nations
nuclear war targets will not
be people at all, but enemy
missiles, bombers and defenses
unless the enemy tries delib-
erately to destroy American
cities.
And, second. a look at the
Vests complicated "targeting"
process shows that the United
States is not in fact buying
enough weapons TO be positive
Of 'killing" each enemy target
even once.
Air Force officers even claim
that If a war comes, many I'M
portant enemy targets will go
free.
Secretary Of Defense Nc
Namara and q majority of the
Joint Chiefs Of Staff maintain
q middle position between the
group crying "overkill" and the
other bemoaning 'underkill."
Question Of Targets
Here, in brief, is how the
Pentagon has arrived at the
actual number of weapons in
the arsenal and on order:
First. the Defense Depart
ment uses intelligence reports
to estimate the number, type
and location Of enemy targets
now and in the future.
The argument starts right
here. What Is a target?
Critics of "overkill" say that
1t will be necessary only to
destroy enemy cities. The
threat to do this will deter ag-
gression; the actual destruction
of his cities will defeat Che
enemy.
The Air Force says the United
States must have cities on the
target list just in case the
enemy starts such a suicidal
of lives, but that it is
more important to plan to de-
stroy the weapons that can
hurt us.
All the enemy's long-range
striking weapons must be listed,
plus the interceptor planes and
rockets protecting those weap-
ons. the Air Force says.
Mr.. Mcnamara accepts the
basic Air Force position, but he
suspects that the Air Force may
be exaggerating the number of
targets that really exist and the
number that is truly vital in a
war.
Weapons Per Target?
But, given a list OF targets,
how many weapons are needed?
This depends upon the effec-
tiveness Of our weapons and
the enemy's defenses and the
course of the future war.
Civilian analysts and Navy
and Air Force officers estimate
the chances of each type of
American weapon hitting a tar
get and destroying it.
For example. IL might he de-
Evening star., 1963-01-20
CompuIsion in Space

A decade or so ago, our country was
spending practically nothing on spatial
research and development. But now, for
the coming fiscal year, the President has
requested Congress to appropriate $5.7
billion to finance the operations of the
National AeronauticS and Space Admin
iStration, which did not even exist until
1858
This sum is SIS percent more than
the $3.6 billion appropriated for NASA
for the current fiscal year. Moreover,
besides NASA'S projected outlays, the
new Federal budget calls for large spend
ing by other agencies active in space
programs, chiefly the Atomic Energy
Commission and the Defense Depart
ment. These have requested funds add
ing up to almost So billion.
Thus the prospect is that Federal
appropriations for spatial activities in
fiscal 1964-NASA'S and the others COM
bined-will total some $7.6 billion, as
against about $5.5 billion in fiscal 1868.
The bulk of the increase will be invested
in the effort to land Americans on the
moon, and bring them back alive, before
the 1960s come to an end. AS for the
years beyond fiscal 1864, Administrator
James E. Webb has hazarded the guess
a guess that could be shattered by some
major Soviet advance-that NASA's an
nual expenditures probably will level off
on a plateau Of around Sc billion. Ac-
cordingly, assuming that the Aces and
the Pentagon's outlayS in the same field
remain about what they are now, our
country'S work in space will cost approx
imately SO billion yearly, give or take a
few hundred million, for an indefinitely
long time to come.
Considering that in the relatively
recent past our country spent not a
penny on outer space, these figures are
truly astonishing. But the expenditures
they represent have been made inevita-
BILE and inescapable by what the Soviets
have been accomplishing. We cannot
withdraw from the race; we must keep
on orbiting men and vehicles; we must
go to the moon and beyond. Not to do
so would be to invite the danger of
waking up one day to find ourselves
fearsomely outclassed by the Russians,
politically, economically, militarily and
otherwise.
So we have no choice but to move
forward in space as vigorously and as
imaginatively as possible, and with all
the courage that the enterprise demands.
No one can be sure of what the end re-
suits will be, but history bears witness
to the fact that exploration OF the un-
known is one Of mans compulsions and
that 1t has always led to new enlighten-
ment bringing great good with it, even
II at times 1t has brought great evil as
well-as in the case of the atom. I
Evening star., 1963-01-20

treme right and left wings but his own
position near the middle was one of
conviction, not of expediency. AS leader
of the governments opposition, Mr..
Gaitskell spoke as thoughtful student
of contemporary history keenly re-
Sponsive to the social and economic
changes within his own country and
the Commonwealth, and fully aware of
the great stakes involved in free world
unity and in the most subtle aspects
Of the struggle with communism.
1t was a virtual certainty that Mr..
GaitSkell would one day have become
the Prime Minister of the United King
dom. Many believed that that day was
not far away. General elections must
be held in Britain by the fall of 1864,
and may take place earlier If Conser-
vative Prime Minister Macmillan so
decides. In recent months, the Labor
Party had shown increasing strength.
But deprived of Mr.. Gaitskell's leader
ship, there is no assurance now as to
where the party will turn for successor
or even whether any successor will
be able to hold the party together
effectively for a nationwide test at the
polls. The full impact of Mr.. Gaitskell's
death must await the writing of other
chapters of history.
Evening star., 1963-01-20
Defiance in Alabama

In his ranting inaugural speech
Gov. George c. Wallace of Alabama
sounded very much like man who can't
wait to carry out campaign pledge to
go to Jail rather than tolerate integra-
tion
Breathing fire at his old enemies,
the Federal judiciary, Mr.. Wallace gave
the impression he is looking forward to
an almost certain clash with the same
forces that wedged James Meredith into
the University Of Mississippi. Long be-
fore his election, the new Governor
openly outlined his strategy, sort of
modern-day martyrdom which would
find him standing alone at the school
house door when the marShals came.
There his defiance nominally would
end. AS he sees it, the arrest of a Gov
ernor would wake up the country"
and achieve his ends without the bloody
rioting that rocked Mississippi
AS 1t now looks, Gov. Wallace is
making up new ground rules for the
same game Gov. Barnett lost at Ole
Miss. His idea, apparently, is to test
the validity of Governors arrest by
the Federal Government. If these as
SumptionS seem premature, they are no
further advanced than the intention of
several Negroes to enroll in Alabama
universities. Almost certainly, there
will be a showdown in Alabama this
year.
In demagogic appeal for national
support, Gov. Wallace undoubtedly en-
hanced his popularity with many Ala
bamans. But If he believes he can per-
manently buck the tide, and whip the
Federal Government, he would do we'll to
consult with Gov Barnett. Even his own
Attorney General, Richmond Flowers,
though also committed to segregation,
has warned against a policy that would
invoke military law and bring disgrace
upon the State. Gov. Wallace also
should have chat with Attorney Gen
eral Flowers.
Evening star., 1963-01-20

The death Of Hugh Gaitskell at Sc
is sad loss to much more than the
British Labor Party which he had
headed so skillfully since 1855. Mr..
Gaitskell had achieved a stature in the
politics Of his country and Of the free
world that entitled him TO the highest
respect. His abilities had become recog-
nized and admired not only across party
lines, but across national frontiers. In
Washington, he had become well known
and we'll liked, and his every visit here
was a stimulating experience for those
who came in contact with him.
Mr. Gaitskell's commitment to the
socialist principles Of the Labor Party
was that Of an intellectual, not of an
emotional crusader fitting at the wind
mills Of a class warfare that no longer
needs TO be fought. To become party
leader, he demonstrated a resourceful
toughness In the handling of bitter
factional differences between the ex-
Evening star., 1963-01-20

struction. They should unite
to resist this combination.
Color seems to the whites to
be unconstitutional. They
should not only be willing to
live for Lincoln but to die
for him. He thanked God
that in some Of the Northern
States colored people were al
lowed to vote. They should
educate themselves to a high
er development, for they
never would be able to COM
pete with the white man un-
less they become a compare
lively educated people. They
had trusted to the abolition
lists to develop them. which
never would result in any
thing unless they took the
matter in hand themselves.
AS a beginning they should
educate their ministry. II all
the pulpits in the land had
been occupied by educated
ministers, they would have
been a different set Of peo-
pie. They should enrich
themselves-get money-for
they would not be appreci-
ated by the whites unless
they did. Money was, after
all, the principal thing. After
the abolishment Of slavery,
the Northern people, who are
now more prejudiced against
the colored race than those
In the South. will become
more virulent than ever.
They must prove to the world
they are capable Of governing
themselves. He did not think
that the black man would
ever sit in the cabinet or
Congress. He did not believe
In the feasibility Of the re-
moval Of the colored people
by force or fraud en- masse
from this country. They
should do as the white man,
and not go groveling on their
knees, but 20 out with the
determination of making
their fortune"