davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-01

This situation will not &C.
cur for about 20 years. At that
time, however. an appropria-
ton of about 50 billion a year
will be required to maintain
this balance.
Thus, any additional appro-
priations by the Government
to the fund between now and
then would lessen the 50 billion
a-year obligation that faces the
Government and the taxpayers
in the future. But apparently
the Kennedy administration is
following the same policy of the
Eisenhower administration in
deferring action on starting to
reduce the deficit at this time.
Incidentally, Mr.. Kennedy did
ask for Government contribu-
lions of $862,875, 900 for the
coming fiscal year, as required
by law, to match the 61a per
cent salary contributions of
Federal employees.
But this will not reduce the
deficit. In fact, the deficit will
continue to grow larger each
succeeding year unless the Gov
eminent increases its present
rate of contributions.
What worries some employee
leaders is what the attitude of
the Congress and the American
taxpayer will be some 20 years
from now when a So billion an
nual contribution to the fund
will become a necessity If the
retirement system is to live up
to its obligations.
y + +
NEGRO ADVANCEMENT -
While the Kennedy administra-
tons program to provide bet
ter Federal jobs and opportuni-
ties for advancement for Ne
groes has made some progress,
it is being stymied by the fact
that many Negroes do not have
the required college degrees for
many of the better Federal
positions.
This was brought out re-
Gently at the Civil Service Com
missions Interagency Advisory
Group meeting. Warren Irons,
Civil Service Commission execu-
tive director, said many Negro
colleges do not train students
for the varied kinds of profess
Sional occupations found in
Government. For example, there
are relatively few Negroes with
degrees in engineering, eco
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-01
President Sees Hope
For Accord on Laos

President Kennedy believes the Soviet Union is making
effort with the United States get accord in
before we have breakdown of the fire"
At his conference yesterday Mr. Kennedy pointed
three times to this present willingness of Russia press
Laos solution along the lines suggested last during
Arizona sun., 1962-11-22
negro Leaders To Confer
On u. 5. Africa Policy

Africa. They have been express
inc the increased feeling of Negro
communities on the problems OF
the many emerging independent
African states and also those areas
still lacking independence. Confer
ence leaders stated that the re-
sponse has been overwhelming.
Theodore E. Brown, Director OF
the Conference, said: 1.-THE Amer
ican Negro community has spe-
cial responsibility to urge a dyna-
mic policy on our own country.
If the United States can't take
vigorous action to help win free
dom in Africa's troubled zones,
how can we expect to maintain
the trust, the friendship of the
newly independent and soon-to-be
Independent peoples of Africa and
ASia?"
''Since the turn of the century
Negro leaders and scholars have
expressed the concern of Negro
Americans for the elimination of
colonialism and all its evils" Mr..
Brown continued. while our Con-
ference will not initiate a new
interest on the part of American
Negroes, it will launch a more
aggressive determination to make
our influence felt on the policies of
our Government in the critical
areas of that vast continent, eX-
pecially south of the Sahara ~
This will be the largest gathering
of top Negro leadership ever con-
centrated to examine U. S. foreign
policy in terms of American Negro
interest. Although not as large,
the last similar meeting was con-
venedsSas theSfirst Pan-African
Conference. organized by DR.. w.
E. Dubois in 1919.
Arizona sun., 1962-11-22

TAMPA, Fla. - NAACP pro-
tests continue to mount over the
refusal Of the Ferman Chevrolet
Company here to remove jim
Crow signs from its property.
NAACP Florida Field Secretary
Robert w. Saunders first wired
the General Motors Corporation
on October IA protesting racial
discrimination and urging that Gen
eral Motors take Immediate ac-
ton on the matter.
In answer to Mr.. Saunders tele-
gram, however. General Motors
Vice President K. E. Staley stated
that each authorized General
motors dealer is an independent
merchant operating in his own
place of business and on his own
capital We cannot legally
compel any dealer to adopt any
particular business practice. -
In light of this refusal to take
any sort of action on the matter,
the NAACP stated in a reply let
ter to Mr.. Staley that the racial
Arizona sun., 1962-11-22

The nations 100 top Negro lead
ers will convene at a three-day
summit meeting the weekend OF
November 23rd at Columbia Uni
versity's Arden House Campus
in Hartman, New York. Led by
such leaders as Martin Luther
King, Jr. Roy Wilkins, Whitney
Young, A Philip Randolph, and
others the Conference will examine
critically the role Of the American
Negro community in U S policy
in Africa. Specifically, it will be
the opening effort on the part OF
Negro leaders to create program
that will involve a stepped-up In
terest of Americas 10 million Ne
groes in their own political influ-
ence on their governments policy
in sub-Sahara Africa.
The specific areas of Africa with
which the Conference will be con-
cerned are: the Congo, South
Africa. Southwest Africa, Angola,
Mozambique, Central African Fed
GRAFTON, Kenya, and the High Com
mission Territories. In addition to
the specific areas of Africa, one
of the principal topics of the con-
ference will be. American Negro
Participation in Government and
Priv Se Overseas African Pro
grams: Racial Illustrations and
Exclusions. In preparation for
the Conference the following dis
tinguished scholars, since Septem-
Der 1st, have been preparing back
ground papers on the areas above;
they are:
Allard Lowenstein North Caro-
University and st. Clair Drake
Roosevelt College)-Central All
rican Federation.
Allard Lwenstein North Caro-
lima State College)-SouthweSt AT
rica.
John Marcum OincOln Univer-
sity-Pa.) .)-Angola.
Eduardo Mondlane (Syracuse
UniverSity)-MoZamb
George Houser american Com
mittee on Africa)-Union of South
Africa.
John A. Davis college of the
City of New York; and others
American Negro Participation in
Government and Private Overseas
African Programs: Racial Frus-
trationS and Exclusions.
The Negro leaders will represent
a broad spectrum of Organizational
heads from religious, civil rights,
fraternaT, sorority, business, pro-
fessional, educational, labor, and
social groups. The decisions of the
Conference will be expressed in
resolutions and the Conference
Statement at the concluding plen-
ary session Sunday morning, No
vember 25th. Negro leaders have
been concerned increasingly about
the U. S. policy in Sub-Sahara
Arizona sun., 1962-11-22
A Great Lady Passes

No group in American to The Worlds Great Lady
than the Americans African des
Those of who old enough to remember the second
who lived the south at the time remember how
hated the south and accused of the vleSt
deeds connection with her Negro friends. one in
which she attempted to deny of these vile statements
and put-together pictures.
Roosevelt completely ignored these attacks
efforts Negroes all possible situations
and in all possible ways We had not then and will have
than this greatly beloved and
ady Nav we and our children always remember her with the a
fection and the veneraiion that she deserves
w. A. ROBINSON
Arizona sun., 1962-11-22
YOUNG ADULT unit

DAYTONA BEACH, Fla. = The
Florida NAACP state conference
of young adults was formed here
this week comprising personnel
from across the entire state.
William T. Wynn of Sanford, was
named president. He announced
that young adult NAACP units will
be formed in every major city in
the state. Membership ages range
from 18 to 35.
Other officers of the Florida
body are Elliot Scavella, Miami,
first vice president; Emmett Cop
ley, Ferandina, second vice pres
ident; Wardell Herring. Havana,
third vice president and John
Frank, Daytona Beach, fourth vice
president
Secretaries are Johnny Jones,
and John Hall, both of Branden-
ton. Jerome Stephens of DaytOna
Beach is treasurer.
Arizona sun., 1962-11-22
NAACP PROTESTS CONTINUED
GENERAL MOTORS JIM CROW

segregation policies at Ferman are
"a direct affront upon the many
Negroes who have helped to make
this firm one Of the largest dealers.
in the nation For this reason the
Tampa branch will continue its ef-
forts to seek a change in the
present policy
Commenting upon the Ferman
Company's status as an independ-
ent dealer, Mr.. Saunders pointed
out that operating under the
franchise granted by your COM
pany, it would appear that in the
interest of good public relations
General Motors would seek to per
suade this company against .frac-
tees of racial discrimination" "
Arizona sun., 1962-11-22
It happened 100 YEARS ago

The oldest incorporated trade association in the country
the United States Brewers Association, was organized III
1862 :. the same year that
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23
Threat Increased

Nevertheless, American citi-
zens have become adjusted to
living daily on the bulls eye
of Soviet missiles located in
side the USSR or in subma-
rines. In that sense, missiles in
Cuba add to an already clear
and present danger - al
though. it should be noted, the
nations Of Latin America have
never previously been subjected
to a potential nuclear threat.
But this secret, swift ant
extraordinary build-up Of Com.
munist missiles = in an area
well-known to have a special
and historical relationship to
the United States and the ma
tions of the Western Henri
sphere, in violation Of Soviet
assurances, and in defiance of
American and hemisphere pol
icy - this sudden, clandestine
decision to station strategic
weapons for the first time out
side of Soviet soil - is a de-
liberately provocative and I'M
justified change in the status
quo which cannot be accepted
by this country, if our courage
and our commitments are ever
to be trusted again by either
friend or foe.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23
Bellies Soviet

This action also contradicts
the repeated assurances OF So
Wet spokesman, both publicly
and privately delivered. that
the arms build-up in Cuba
would retain its original de-
fensive character, and that the
Soviet Union had no need or
desire to station strategic mis-
siles on the territory Of any
other nation.
The size of this undertaking
makes clear that 1t had been
planned some months ago. Yet
only last month, after ! had
made clear the distinction be-
tween any introduction OF
ground-to-ground missiles and
the existence of defensive anti
aircraft missiles, the Soviet
government publicly stated on
September II that "the arma-
mentS and military equipment
sent to Cuba are designed exc
clusively for defensive plIr-
poses" that there is no need
for the Soviet Union to shift
its weapons for a retalia-
tory blow to, any, other coun-
try, for instance Cuba" and
that "the Soviet Union has SC
powerful rockets to carry these
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23
PACIFIC BLOCKADE
U. S. Calls 1t Quarantine, Thus No Act Of War

with the commercial rights Of
uninterested countries by the
establishment Of a blockade in
the absence Of a state of war, "
as Secretary of State Robert
Lansing informed France in
1916.
The French had notified the
United States that the Entente
powers had decided to blockade
Greece and allowed 48 hours
for vessels of third powers to
leave Greek harbors.
The United States took the
same attitude toward a Ger
man blockade of Venezuela in
1902 and an 1897 blockade of
Crete.
According to the Lansin g
ruling Of 1916, 1.-THE United
States does not acquiesce
in any extending of the doc
trine of peaceful blocka d e
which may adversely affect the
rights of states not parties to
the controversy or discriminat-
ing against the commerce of
neutral nations; and my Gov
eminent reserves all of its
rights in the premises"
japanese Action
Japan, in proclaiming its
blockade of the Chinese coast
on August 26, 1887, announced
it as a measure of self defense
and applied it only to Chinese
vessels.
The Japanese said: Peaceful
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23

to secure their withdraw or
elimination from the Western
Hemisphere.
Our policy has been one OF
patience and restraint, as BELTS
a peaceful and powerful ma
ton, which leads a worldwide
alliance. We have been deter
mined not to be diverted from
our central concerns by mere
irritants and fanatics.
But now futher action Is
required-and it Is under
way; and these actions may
only be the beginning. We will
not prematurely or unnecessar-
lily risk the costs of world
wide nuclear war in which
even the fruits of victory
would be ashes in our mouth
but neither will we shrink from
that risk at any time it must
be faced.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23
Seyen-Point Course

Acting, therefore in thu
defense of our own security anc
that of the entire Western
Hemisphere, and under the au'
thorityI entrusted to me by the
constitution as Endorsed by the
resolution of the Congress, ]
have directed that the follow
ing initial steps be taken i'm
mediately:
1. First - To halt this Of
fensive buildup, a strict quar-
antine on all offensive military
equipment under shipment to
Cuba is being initiated. All
ships of any kind bound for
Cuba, from whatever nation or
port, will, if found to contain
cargoes Of offensive weapons,
be turned back. This Quaran-
tine will be extended, if needed,
to other types Of cargo and
carriers. We are not at this
time, however, denying the ne
cessities of life as the Soviet
attempted to do in their Berlin
blockade of 1913.
2. Second - I have directed
the continued and increased
close surveillance Of Cuba and
its military buildup. The for
eign ministers Of the GAS in
their communicate of october G
rejected secrecy on such mat
tiers in this hemisphere. Should
these offensive military prepa-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23

ION certain occasions Euro
pean states have found it pos
sible to resort to pacific, block
ade without producing a state
of war. The instances have suf-
feed in number to justify the
conclusion that such a proce-
dure does not necessarily con-
stitute internationally illegaI
conduct. ~ sr''ii'F '''H
1.-THE United States has new
er had recourse to pa cifiC
blockade. Its chief interest In
the employment thereof by 9TH
err states has been confined to
the question whether such ac-
ton was or should be designed
to apply to the ships and COM
merce of a third power"
u. S. Denied Right
International Law Studies by
the United States Naval War
College in 1888 reported that
g. The United States has
consistently denied the legality
of interference with vessels OF
third states by a squadron ap-
plying a pacific blockade. As
there is no war and therefore
no belligerent rights, legally
there can be no visit and
search, but a blockading vessel
has the right to identify ships
attempting to pass the block
ade." ass
In the past the United States
has not conceded the right OF
a foreign power "to interfere
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23

lnuclear warheads that there
lis no need to search for sites
for them beyond the bounda-
ries Of the Soviet Union"
That statement was false.
Only last Thursday, as EVIL
dence of this rapid offensive
build-up was already in my
hand, Soviet Foreign Minister
Gromyko told me in my office
that he was instructed to make
it clear once again, as he said
his government had already
done, the Soviet assistance to
Cuba pursued solely the pur-
pose Of contributing to the de-
tense capabilities Of Cuba"
that training by Soviet spe-
cialists of Cuban nationals in
handling defensive ornaments
was by no means offensive"
and that "if it were otherwise.
the Soviet government would
never become involved in rem
dering such assistance"
That statement also was
false.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23
THE FEDERAL SPOTLIGHT
Health Insurance Rates Build
Reserve Fund of $47.4 Million

Cross, who was a clerk in the
Patent Office in 1854 to 1855.
Also, Walt Whitman, the
poet, was an Interior Depart
ment clerk in 1865; Washington
Irving, the author, was an
attache and later secretary of
the United States legislation in
Madrid and London, from 1926
to 1882, and later was United
States minister to Spain from
1912 to 1846.
The most famous civil servant
Of them all was Abraham Lin
coin, who was postmaster in
New Salem, H., from 1888 to
1886.
CAPITAL ROUNDUP - The
District of Columbia Depart
ment of the American Fedora
ton of Government Employees
will hold a cocktail-buffet from
g to 9 pm. next Monday to
meet and greet the Ages new
president. John F. Griner
Other national officers who will
be guests Of honor at the affair
to be held at the Presidential
Arms, 1920 G street NV, are
Esther Johnson, secretary
treasurer; and Adrian Roberts
AFGE vice president from the
Washington area. The
Retirement Federation Of Civil
Service Employees which Is
composed of present Govern
ment workers interested in re-
tirement matters, holds its an
nual convention Thursday anc
Friday at the Shoreham Hotel
Samuel CAM Labor De-
partment career employe fol
the last 20 years, has been ap-
pointed research director OF
the departments office of man.
power, attenuation and train
ing.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23
Ready to Argue Case

This Nation is prepared to
present its case against this
Soviet threat to peace, and our
own proposals for a peaceful
world, at any time and in any
forum = in the GAS, in the
United Nations, or in any 9TH
er meeting that could be use
full - without limiting our
freedom of action.
We. have in the past made
strenuous efforts to limit the
spread of liuclear weapons. We
have proposed the elimination
of all arms and military bases
in a fair and effective disar-
mament treaty.
We are prepared to discuss
new proposals for the removal
of tensions on both sides =
including the possibilities Of a
genuinely independent Cuba,
free to determine its own deS-
tiny. We have no wish to war
with the Soviet Union - for
we are a peaceful people who
desire to live in peace with all
other peoples. i
But it is difficult to settle
or even discuss these problems
in an atmosphere of intimida-
ton. That is why this latest
Soviet threat - or any other
threat which is made either in
dependently or in response to
our actions this week - must
and will be met with determin-
alton. Any hostile move any
where in the world against the
safety and freedom of peoples
to whom we are committed
including in particula r THE
brave people of West Berlin -
will be met by whatever action
is needed.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23
AssoiIs Deception

Neither the United States Of
America nor the world commu-
nifty Of nations can tolerate
deliberate deception and often
sive threats on the part Of any
nation, large or small.
We no longer live in a world
where only the actual firing of
weapons represents a sufficient
challenge to a nations secur-
ity to constitute a maximum
peril.
Nuclear weapons are so de-
'structive, and ballistic missiles
are so swift, that any substan-
TALLY increased possibility Of
their use or any sudden change
in their deployment may well
be regarded as a definite
threat to the peace.
For many years, both the
Soviet Union and the United
States - recognizing this fact
= have deployed strategic nu-
clear weapons with great care.
never upsetting the precarious
status quo which insured that
these weapons would not be
used in the absence Of some
vital challenge
Our own strategic missiles
have never been transferred to
the territory of any other ma
ton under a cloak Of secrecy
and deception; and our history
. unlike that Of the Soviets
since World War II demon
strates that we have no desire
to dominate or conquer any
other nation or impose our
system upon its people.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23

threats and denunciations will
keep US aware of our danger.
But the greatest danger Of all
would be to do nothing.
The path we have chosen for
the present is full of hazards,
as all paths are-but 1t is
the one most consistent with
our character and courage as
a Nation and our commitments
around the world.
The cost Of freedom is al
ways high - but Americans
have always paid it. And one
path we shall never choose is
the path of surrender or sub
mission.
Our goal is not the victory
OF. might but the vindication
of right - not peace at the
expense of freedom, but both
peace and freedom, here in
this hemisphere. and, we hope.
around the world. God willing,
that goal will be achieved.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23
Catholic U. Students
To Hear Moth TuIks

Catholic University plans a
series Of lectures on mathemat-
ical statistics and probability
theory beginning at $3.50 pm.
Friday in Mcmahon Hall, on
the university campus here.
Scheduled to speak at the
first meeting is Professor Muir
ray Rosenblatt Of Brown Uni
versity, who will discuss Zero
Crossing Probabilities for Sta
tionary GausSian Processes.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23
By JOSEPH YOUNG
Star staff Writer

The Civil Service Commits
sion's first report on the Gov
eminent employe health insur-
ance program shows that the
program is in excellent finan-
cial condition.
Yhe So participating plans in
the program had reserve funds
totalling $47.4 million at the
end of the first contract period
July 1, 1860 to october 81,
1862, the csc reported today.
This means that lis per cent
Of the combined Federal en-
ploye-Government premiums
were not used and are part OF
the reserve fund.
During the first contract pc
Rod, the covered hospital and
medical expenses incurred by
Federal employees and mem
bers of their family totalled
1898 million. OF these total ex-
penses, the two Government
wide plans incurred $3.50 mil
lion in medical and hospital
expenses, the Is employe or
ganization plans $45 million,
the l3 group-practice plans
sl6.9 million, and the eight in
divdual-practice plans SOL
million. ,
The experience of the first
contract period enabled most
of these plans to add new pene-
fits during the second contract
period without raising premium
rates. Fifteen Of the expert
ence-rated" plans, including
the two Govern m e n t-wlde
plans, will also be able to hold
their initial premium rates
through the third contract pc
rod which begins November l.
1852, and ends october 81, 1868
Because of the added bene-