davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-07-22
BY ARTHUR WEBB
Contributing Writer

LONDON.-Until the results of
the next batch of by-elections be-
come known in the autumn,
Harold Macmillan will be left in
doubt whether the drastic pruning
of his Cabinet can produce the
crop of votes needed to save the
Tory Party from disaster at the
next general balloting.
If the public does not respond
to the new men and new measures
then the Prime Minister will have
to consider seriously his own po-
sition. So far according to the
most candid of his critics. he has
shown no sign that he is per-
sonally responsible for the govern
ment's loss of popularity.
In recent by-elections as many
as IS electors out of 100 have
voted against Tory candidates.
That means they failed to indorse
the policies put into operation by
the Cabinet Minister that he per-
sonally selected-policies that had
his personal approval.
Hopes Are on Common Market
Macmillan is trying to save the
Tory Party-and his own face and
future. But in three years after
being elected on the slogan You
Never Had 1t So Good" he has
seen share prices on the Stock
Exchange slump and a wave of
unrest at the increased cost of
living among all salaried as well
as wage earning classes.
Having made only feeble stabs
at solving Britain's economic diff
ficultieS, he is stalking his future
on getting Britain into the Com
mon Market. But he had dilly-
dallied until De Gaulle has been
able to enforce stiff ground rules
and a high entrance fee on late
stall holders. Because the Tory
government failed to make Britain
an original member they may yet
find the terms of admission are
too high.
1t is on this and other economic
matters that Mr.. Macmillan's
second" will have to concentrate
during the next few months to
save the Tory party. They have
only a limited time but they are
younger than his original team
and include some of the more
critical members of the Tory rank
and file.
If they succeed in recapturing
public confidence no doubt Mr..
Macmillan will claim the credit
but if they fail he will not have
another opportunity before the
next general election to begin
another Cabinet purge. This one
was inspired by panic and it was
more ruthless than any in recent
British history. He is likely to be
remembered as Mac The Knife"
Chat was how many London
editors headlined the news, causing
a new boom in the records of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-07-22
THE FOREIGN SCENE

held. Mr.. Haya de Ia Tore, Fer
nando Belaunde Terry and Gen.
Manuel Odria - all with liberal
planks-were the principal candi-
dates. Mr.. Haya and the Apra
congressional candidates won the
most votes, but Mr.. Haya failed
to gain one-third of all cast
meaning Congress would have to
vote on July %. He was expected
to win. The military, apparently
still bearing a grudge, vowed
ahead of time that it would not
allow Apra to lead the country.
Amfter last months elections, the
military leaders charged the vote
was rugged and that Mr.. Belaunde
had won.
With this as a pretext the
electoral commission, however, re-
fused to bow to pressure and
change its decision the military
seized power on Wednesday, and
arrested President Prado, who has
only a week left in office. Mr..
Haya and Gen. Odria, whom the
former was willing to see as a
compromise President, both went
underground. For the Apra leader,
it was almost routine.
In years past, such a coup would
hardly be noted, but this is sup
posed to be a new era in Latin
America. The Alliance for Prog
ress is dedicated to political and
economic democracy, and the
Peru coup is slap in the face
to liberal leadership in Latin
America. Such. coup can only
help the Castro supporters who
feel democracy is impotent.
The coup raised another polit-
ical headache for President Ken
nedy, who has put his prestige
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-07-22
cian," he said. II think it's a
dor11,ol ernnl kIix4cyb

cian," he said. IT think it's a
damned good thing"
Used to Influence the Vote
Although the word scientific"
is lavishly used in describing
polls, even their staunchest advo-
Gates warn they should never be
accepted blindly. It's not the col
Letting Of questions but the ana
lying of meanings that separates
the men from the boys in this
business.
Polls are guidelines, not blue
prints.
But the average voter probably
is most affected by the use to
which polls are put to influence
the election itself.
Private polls, you will recall,
are supposedly confidential. Most
contracts say the contents are to
be kept that way, to be released
only with the consent of both
patries and then only in full.
The reasoning: Every poll
dredges UP dreadful as well as
pleasant news for our hero.
To give out only cheerful items
destroys every pretense to a sci
entic survey of public opinion.
Mr.. Roper is most concerned
about unethical practices such as
leaking a part of a poll to some
body, maybe to the press or to
another politician, and leaking
only that part of the poll that
puts the candidate in a favor
able light"
Behind scenes, results Of pri-
vate polls may be used as clubs,
to persuade potential candidates
to get in or (more likely get out
of a race, or to convince reluctant
contributors to put their money
on winner.
The Nixon Complaint
Out front. the polls have been
used in an attempt to sway votes.
Mr.. Nixon complains that near
the end of the presidential cam
paign an effort was made to make
it appear as if Mr.. Kennedy was
on blitz.
A sample newspaper quote:
"Kennedy's private polls show an
increasingly upward trend. Ohio,
tipping toward the Senator at
better than SO to 48. California
moving his way"
This leak, whatever It's mott
walton and its source, was mag
nificently wrong, of course. Mr..
Kennedy lost both Ohio and
California.
But depend upon it. The bitter
will not be leaked with the sweet.
How bitter poll can be is dis
closed by Mr.. Kraft, who once
set out to discover why a certain
politician was. unpopular. One
complaint kept recurring. The
great man was a limp and lousy
handShaker.
One voter declared:
Its like shaking hands with
liver"
That sort of thing, dear voter,
is never leaked.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-07-22
Macmillan May Find Proof
Of Pruning in Fall Elections

that air from the Threepenny.
OPERA.
Like President Kennedy the
Prime Minister needs to create
more favorable atmosphere for
his policies. Unlike the President.
he has no difficulty in putting
them through the legislature. He
still has big and docile majority
in the House of Commons and
only token opposition in the House
of Lords, which does not possess
the wide powers Of the United
States Senate. ;:
However. unlike the President:
a British Prime Minister has only
a narrow circle from which TO-
pick his Cabinet. In theory, any
American man or woman can Be
a member of the Cabinet of the
United States. In Britain, the
Prime Minister does not go out
side members of his own party
who have seats in the Commons
or Lords. And only about 100 out
of about $50 MPs and Members
of the Peerage Life or Heriditary)
have qualifications for admin
iStrative posts.
The President can sack one or all
members of his Cabinet. So can
the Prime Minister. But where
as the President remains in Of
flee for four years (unleSs inn
peached) the Prime Minister has
no security of tenure. He can be
forced out of office by a vote of
no confidence in the House of
Commons. -
His own Cabinet could Gin exs
IRENE circumstances compel him
to resign, if they felt that his
program was contrary to the best q
interests of the country, by
threatening to walk out in a body.
Examples Thot Haunt
Pressure inside his Cabinet
forced the retirement of H. H.
Asquith after military reverses IN
World War I and saw Lloyd
George take over the Premiership.
Churchill and his followers eased
Neville Chamberlain out of office
when the country demanded
stronger and more resolute leader
ship in the Second World War.
More recently Anthony Eden's
own supporters split over his ham
ding of the Suez affair and forced
him to give way to Harold Mae
milan. .-,.
Sitting in the sideline today are
many Tory politicians anxious to
step in if Mr.. Macmillan falters
again. Richard A. Butler, belatedly,
recognized as Deputy Prime Min
lister, still hopes to get the top
office that everyone expected
would be his when Mr.. Eden
stepped out. And Selwyn Lloyd
who was sacked after undertaking
the thankless jobs of Foreign
Minister and Chancellor of the
Exchequer, has hopes one day Of.
moving to No. 10, Downing street,
the official residence of the Prime
Minister. -,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-07-22
The Congo:
u. S. Warning

The State Department last
week sharply attacked the
''intr ansigence" of President
Tshombe and warned that the
United States would take all
action short of force to end
Katanga's secession from the
Congo.
Seven months ago today, Ka-
tanga President Noise Tshombe
and Premier Cyrille Adoula of the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-07-22
EscoHy Sound

Z Peru's economy is one of the
most stable in Latin America. 1t
has ayerted initiation, and it re-
ported a balance Of payments sur
plus of $37 million.
with Mr.. Prado's term due to
end on July 28. elections were
planned for last month. A long
and open political campaign was
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-07-22

might change their minds in the
last few weeks Of the campaign.
Unlike the Digest, they bounced
back. bigger and more confident
than ever.
The Privote Polls Value
But it's the private poll, an
offspring of the published opin-
ion survey, that primarily con-
Germs us here.
When Mr.. Kennedy and Mr..
Nixon held major strategy ses-
sions, Lou Harris and Claude
Robinson, their respective private
opinion samplers, were there to
advise, to warn, to reassure their
clients.
In the words of Alwyn F. Mat
thews, executive director of the
Senate Democratic Committee:
POLLS give candidates a chance
to learn the weaknesses of their
own plans, the places they must
defend, the places they can take
the offensive. They eliminate
wasted time and motion. They're
a shortcut to the answer to a
problem"
To see what a poll-taker does,
let's drop in on one Of the better
known practitioners, John Kraft,
in his New York Madison avenue
office.
Mr.. Kraft lists these require
ments for effective results:
Framing questions that get
meaningful answers; hiring
skilled interviewers, usually
housewives: making sure the
questions are asked of q repre-
sentative croSs-section of the
electorate; Analysing the answers
and suggesting a course of action
for the candidate.
It's Open to Abuse
Even q casual observer realizes
the private poll is an easy mark
for abuse.
For one thing, the poll is good
only for the day it is taken.
Events may change opinions
drastically. For another, it's diff
ficult to determine if those inter-
viewed will really vote.
Curiously, the one danger that
worries the outsider doesn't
bother those most concerned with
polling.
A democracy depends on the
quality of its leadership. If a Rep
reSentative or a Senator traipses
after his constituency and never
leads it, wouldn't it be more eff
cient to toss him out and install
a business computing machine to
follow dictates of polls?
The almost unanimous answer:
Politicians who follow their voters
every whim have always been this
way. The polls, the experts say,
have this advantage: now the
candidate knows, and doesn't
have to guess, what his folks really
want.
Mr.. Scammon goes a step fur
ther.
Il don't think it's a bad thing
that people influence the politi-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-07-22
Business Does Most Polling

Picking the wrong man wrecked
the Digest.
But even before the Digest
floundered. attempts were being
made to find an accurate way
to sample public opinion. These
were carried on by market re-
searchers. To this day most of
the polling is for business.
In 1885 first Elmo Roper and
then DR.. George Gallup started
publishing opinions based on
carefully chosen samplings.
The theory is simple: If you
question 1900 people across the
country who represent each ele-
ment in proportion to the total
population, the results will show
what 1876 million of us believe.
Scientific samplers did marvel
ously in 1910 and 1914. But in
1948 they said Thomas E. Dewey
was a shoo-in over Harry Truman.
They had to eat crow, but the
crow turned out to be nourishing.
They scientifically explained
that their scientific polls had fall
tered because they hadn't realized
that unscientific human beings
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-07-22

should turn so quickly to such
o lowly question. Nor would it
astonish any other practicing
politician.
For the confidential poll, han
died so quietly the average voter
knows little about 1t, has become
one of this Nations fastest grow
ing industries.
It is still small; only a half
dozen political pollsters operate
nationally. But whereas in 1913
practically nothing was invested
in private polls, possibly SIS mil
hon was spent on them in the
1860 campaign. And it may be no
accident that the biggest spender
was also the most successful.
Those in the polling business
guess that Mr.. Kennedy spent
around $3.50, 900 on private polls
during the campaign. They sus-
pect again proof is lacking -
that the President still turns to
private polls to check on how he
is doing with the public.
Certainly polls helped boost Mr..
Kennedy into the White House.
In the West Virginia pri-
rnaries. for example, polls showed
religious bias against him.
Toetie in West Virginia
Bob Mellace. political editor Of
the Charleston (W. Va Daily
Mail, who participated in the
polling, says that as a result of
the survey Mr.. Kennedy changed
his tactics, met the religious is
sue head-on and finally won
going away.
With MIR. Kennedy and Mr..
Nixon sold on polls. with Gov. Nell
son A. Rockefeller Of New York
a steady user. lesser politicians
naturally want them, too.
So right now, in every State
where there is q major contest,
pollsters are taking soundings.
They are trying to learn whom
you prefer, and why. And they es-
pecially are seeking issues most
likely to excite you.
Private polls will be taken by
either one or both parties in 90
Of this falls 38 senatorial races.
Most Of the exceptions are in
the South. where everything is
already over but the formalities.
BY election time, November 6,
hundreds Of thousands of dollars
will have been paid-or owed-to
the private opinion sampling
firms.
The crafty, often cynical boss,
so beloved in fiction and drama,
Is still around. But the candidates
ear now is often tuned to the
brisk, knowledgeable fellow with
the charts, tables and analyses.
Some OIdtimers Doubtful
Not every politician is impressed
with this trend, of course. Many
an oldtimer figures he under
stands his constituency far better
than any whippersnapper of
question: nd-answer man. Many
a youngster still isn't convinced
that polls are necessary.
Representative Hechler, Demo-
crat Of West Virginia, is a politi-
cal science teacher by trade.
II really don't believe in polls"
Mr.. Hechler says. II think you
should go out and project your
self and your image-and work
hard"
Still another, and possibly more
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-07-22
Continued on Page E-2

fundia" and call for nationalist
ton gained them the antagonism
OF the ruling business and landed
classes.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-07-22
Admiral Felt: Tough Pacific Boss

Admiral Felt entered the Naval
Academy and was graduated with
the class Of 1928. He made good
grades but also established a
reputation as a nonconformist. He
earned as many dement's as al
most anyone in his class and
wound up in the middle ranks
traditional spawning ground for
admiralS.
He moved slowly through the
ranks as a junior officer aboard
destroyers and battleships. Then
he discovered flying.
Commended Sixth Fleet
He commanded an air group
aboard the USS Saratoga which
took part in the first American
offensive action of the war at
Guadalcanal.
Admiral Felt attended the Ma
tional War College in the late
1905 and one officer classmate
later recalled a prediction I'VE
figured even then that Capt. Felt
would some day be a four-star
admiral"
He rose rapidly in the Navy
and in 1856 was given lis first
major command, the Sixth Fleet
in the Mediterranean. He got his
four stars months later in a move
to Washington as Vice Chief of
Naval Operations, a job he held
until the Pacific assignment came
along.
There is room for little in the
admiral's life besides his mission.
Admiral Felt was offered the
Pacific Command in the summer
of 1858. He jumped at the chance,
explaining later he didn't want
to spend the rest of his career
behind desk.
The admiral has no known
hobbies except poker. He's an ex-
pert.
Symbol of Unified Defense
Under his military Jurisdiction
are some of the worlds nastiest
problems. It's his task to deal with
Communist-inspired troubles in
Wet Nam, Formosa, Thailand and
Laos.
He stands more than any other
military man as a rallying point
for Communist nations in
Asia. He is the symbol of a unified
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-07-22

potent, reason deters other poll
ticians. Polls are expensive.
In the average State 1t takes
from $4,000 to $4,000 to have a
couple of polls-an early check to
see what should be done, a later
one to see If what is being done
is getting results.
But three samplings are even
better, and in a big, complex
State like New York the costs can
run from $4,000 to $4,000.
Yet if polling is expensive, so
is all politicking these days.
Spend Plenty for Stickers
Richard M. Scammon, a politi-
cal scientist who heads the Gen.
sus Bureau, believes the costs of
polls have been exaggerated.
Sure they cost money" Mr..
Scammon says, "but the reason
people balk at the poll is that this
cost Is new to them. But they
think nothing of ordering two
million bumper stickers at IT
cents a sticker."
: Stuart Chase says in his book,
American Credoes," that as far
back as 1924 a Harrisburg (Pa.)
newspaper had its reporters ask
pedestrians whether they would
vote for Henry Clay, Andrew Jack
son, John Quincy Adams or Will
liam H. Crawford for President.
But random sampling received
staggering blow in 1886 when
the Literary Digest, after mailing
out 20 million postal cards,
elected ALI Landon over Franklin
D. Roosevelt.
Since the Digest cards went to
those listed as automobile own
ers and public utility users. they
were answered by voters who
were, comparatively speaking, well
off financially. Probably the poll
accurately portrayed the senti-
ments of the middle and upper
economic classes.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-07-22
GUIDES. TO CAMPAIGNS
GUIDES TO CAMPAIGNS
Candidates Eye Private Polls
By ARTHUR EPSON
Associated Press NeWsfeatures writer


"A week after their bitter presi-
Dental campaign, John F. Ken
nedy paid his historic visit to
Richard M. Nixon, the man he
had so narrowly beaten.
According to Mr.. Nixon, the
two had scarcely met when Mr..
Kennedy asked:
How do you evaluate the
private polls you had taken?
"Miraculously accurate" Mr..
Nixon said.
The then Vice President wasn't
surprised that two men who had
battled for such a lofty position
Editors note - Some pOliti-
clans wouldn't touch q scien-
tific survey with a 10-fOot pole.
Others think they are the best
development since baby kissing.
But like them or not, that new
variety known as the private
poll Is going to be a major fac
tor in this falls congressional
races.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-24

with the opening Of a special
art exhibit at the Smithsonian
Institution November rs. The
exhibit will be on display until
December 8. On the Kings
birthday, December 5, a recep-
ton will be held at the Smith
sonian.
During the week Of December
8 there will be special activi-
ties in District schools in con-
nection with the sister city
program, and children will be
encouraged to write to pen pals
in Thailand. The Recreation
Department will show fins on
Thailand at Roosevelt High
School on December 8 and 7.
Edward r. Murrow. director
of the United States Informal
ton Agency, will speak at a
luncheon at the Statler Hotel
December 6. The luncheon will
be sponsored by the Friendship
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-24

be used as a fallout shelter. to
the Rocking Horse Road Ele-
mentary School.
The subcommittee also OBJ
served that there is genuine
desire on the part Of many OF
the citizens Of the county to
operate a kindergarten" 1t rec
commended establishment of a
county operated kindergarten
system financed by buttons
until such time as the pro-
gram can be completely oper-
ated and financed by the
county"
William S. Schmidt, superin-
tendent of schools, proposed re-
Gently that the county take
over administration of existing
kindergartens, which are now
run on a cooperative basis and
paid for by parents. The school
board agreed to meet with the
incoming county commissioners
after the election to discuss the
proposal.
Would Expand Gap
Another recommendation In
the report is that the salary
gap between teachers with
bachelors degrees and those
with masters degrees be ex-
banded to encourage advanced
study. THE subcommittee noted
that 2,173 Of the county's 2,942
teachers in the 1862 school
year held bachelors degrees,
and that 433 had masters de-
grees. Teachers without degrees
numbered 1876, and only one
had a doctorate.
In Montgomery County, 2,445
Of the 3,710 teachers had bach
elor's, 913 had masters and 224
had doctorate degrees, and 1866
were without degrees.
Members of the subcommittee
that made the study are Paul
L. Fowler, chairman, and James
Lohr, representatives Of the
Junior Chamber of Commerce;
Joseph Deckman of the county's
Economic Development Com
mittee; Mrs. Mildred Hardness
of the County Council of PTA's,
and John Meloy Of the South
ern Maryland Board Of Trade.
The Progress and Publicity
Committee is composed Of IA
civic and professional organ
izations. It was created last
year by a group Of businessmen
who were concerned about the
kind of publicity the county
was getting.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-24
FoIIout-SheIter Schools
Are Urged for County

the school could provide radia-
ton fallout protection for 1000
persons for two weeks. For re-
cess, students at Artesia go to
the 21-inch, concrete-slab roof,
which accommodates two bas-
ketball courts, hop scotch lanes
and benches. The dual purpose
roof eliminated the need for
acquisition of land for both a
school and playground, the
subcommittee noted.
u. S. Funds Aided
Federal funds paid $131 ,943
of the schools $468,623 total
cost.
There are presently no pub
lie schools with fallout shelters
in the Maryland suburbs.
Montgomery County is adding
eight rooms, part of which will
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-24
Pet Shop Case
Fines Suspended

An Arlington Circuit Court
Judge has, suspended $1,100 in
fines imposed in county court
upon an Arlington pet shop
owner convicted of maltreating
animals and maintaining I'M
sanitary premises.
Judge Emory N. Hosmer sus-
pended the fines yesterday after
Wayne G. Parker, 81, owner OF
the Arlington Pet Shop at 2700
Columbia pike, pleaded guilty
in his appeal of the county
court conviction.
The result yesterday OF his
appeal was that the fines were
suspended on conditions Of good
behavior for a year.
Arlington authorities charged
that some of Mr.. Parker's ami
mails had died from starvation
diets and lack of water.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-24
BY DANIEL GREENE
Star Staff Writer

Prince Georges County was
urged today to study the FEAST
bility of constructing under
ground schools which could
double as fallout shelters.
The recommendation was in
a report on the public school
system issued by a subcommit-
tee of the county's Progress and
Publicity Committee, an organ
ization dedicated to improving
the public image of Prince
Georges.
The subcommittee suggested
building underground schools
similar to one recently opened
in Artesia, N. Mex, where 460
elementary students attend air.
conditioned classrooms, 10 feet
below the surface.
In the event of nuclear war,