davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1962-12-04
Scottsville

Dec. 3-R. G. Ergenbright, Of
Charlottesville. Deputy District
Governor for district 24-C Lions
International, spoke to the Scot
tesville Lions Club here Wednes-
day night. Other guests wer,
Gene Hardin and Sidney Rush
from the Charlottesville Lions
Club ana Robert Jones from the
charleston. West Virginia Lions
Club. Robert w. Coleman presi-
dent. presided.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1962-12-04
Local Distributor
Attends Committee
Meeting Last Week

BURKEVMLE. Dec. 3-Roy
jenkins was one Of II Atlantic
Refining Company distributors
from nine states attending the
annual two-day distributor Ad-
visory committee meeting of the
company at the Barclay Hotel
in Philadelphia.
The men gather to exchange
ideas on distributor operations
with top marketing officials Of
the company.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1962-12-04
Q RIES
Mary Alice Austin
Dies Saturday

CUMBERLAND. Dec. 3 - Flu
neral services for Miss Mary
Alice Austin. Of Cartersville
who died Saturday in Arlington.
were held at pm. Sunday at
Thomas Chapel M e t no d S I
Church. Cumberland. with burial
there.
She is survived by one broth
err, Gordon Austin; one nephew.
Walter Goodman. and one niece
Mrs. Elizabeth Robins.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1962-12-04
Southside Young
FILA Convention
BCHS Friday

The annual area convention Of
Young Farmers and Young
H0memakers in So,lthside Vil'-
ginia will be held at Buckingham
Central High School Friday Dec
z.
There will be an afternoon SEES
sion at Ais O'Clock. and a joint
banquet gathering at 6 pm.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1962-12-04

Don Koontz, Of Ferrum were
dinner guests of Mr.. and Mrs.
E. w. Sanderson Saturday.
Miss Rebecca Hart, who has
recently accepted position with
Hermitage Methodist Home, in
Richmond. spent a week at her
home here.
Miss Joyce Martin and a
friend from Pfeiffer College, N.
c.. Steve Sanderson and a friend
from Hampden-Sydney and John
Sanderson. of William and
Mary. enjoyed the holidays at
home. Many deer were killed.
Steve's was a IA point buck.
Bill Martin, son Of Mr.. and
Mrs. J. P. Martin, left Monday
for Fort Jackson, S. C., for
military training.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1962-12-04
Crazy!

The two travelling bopsters
while in Russia saw a man be-
lfg logged in the public square.
I don't dig the beat said
one, but that sure is a crazy
drum
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1962-12-04
Cedar Hid Club
Plans Bazaar

BUCKINGHAM, Dec. 3-Tne
Cedar Home Demonstration
Club is sponsoring a bazaar Sat
urday December 8 at Dillwyn
in the old barber shop building
opening at 9 am.
They will feature many lovely
home made articles for Christ
mas gifts. There will also be
baked goods.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-11-28
Green Gets
Vundy Job

NASHVILLE, Tenn, Nov. "a
(AP) John S. (Jack) Green
defensive coach at the Univer-
sity of Florida, was named head
football coach at Vanderbilt
University to-day.
Green, 50, former lineman ct
Tulane and West Point, will ar
rive Sunday to take over the
post left by the resignation Of
Art Guepe.
Guepe, winding up his 10th
season at Vanderbilt, resigned
last month in the midst OF the
longest losing streak in Com
mocore history.
Vanderbilt declined to reveal
the terms Of Green's contract.
but it was understood it will
cover a three-year period.
Green was authorized to se-
leet his own staff Of assistants.
He will remain In Florida until
after the Gators close the sea-
son Saturday night with Miami
and Is expected here the next
day.
Green played guard at Tu-
lane as Q freshman In 1912,
transferred to West Point and
was captain Of the l945 Army
team which included the great
Glenn Davis and Doe blanchard
in its backfield.
Green was line coach at Tu-
lane from 1854 through 1859
and has been an assistant to
Coach Ray Graves at Florida
since then. He served there as
assistant to the athletic dfree-
tor and defensive coach.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-11-28
Clemson Top-Roted
In ACES Forecast

year ago were big fellows with
speed, the high school fullback
type. Some could make won
derful guards and tackles, and
that's Nugent's mission for the
spring. Wen convert some of
them to linemen," he says.
-Four of the five departing
first-stringers are linemen-
Guard Walter Rock. Tackles
Dave Crossan and Roger Shoals
and End Tom Rae. The battle
plan now calls for the second
unit men Lou Bury. John
Boinis, Olaf Drozdov and Mike
Funk to move up.
Punting Could Improve
The legitimate frosh line
men, plus the converted ones.
will be allowed to mature slow
lily with reserve units. Top-rated
newcomers include Dick Mel
cher 5000, Tom Gle h o W s k /
$500. Chuck Krahling (203)
and Jim keenan, Q98).
Among the backs, the best
bets include Mickey Melcher,
George Stem. Howard Lusby,
Ray Woitkowski and two quar-
terbacks. Ron Manages and Jim
Lands. The punting game
could improve with jeff Burk-
hardt up from the frosh. jim
Rowe is an exceptional field
goal prospect.
From the scout team, the
Terps will gain Haifback Daryl
Hill, the swift transfer from
Navy. and Tackle Mike Fornili
(255), who was Sidelined early
with an injury. Jerry Fishman,
the 220-pound fullback pros
pect, also could add oomph to
the attack If he ever gets over
muscle pulls that plagued him
all year.
NuEent Encouraged
Ndgent says he's encouraged
by all this, but everything is
relative. Clemson, as Howard
says. will be strong. Duke loses
nine firSt-stringers and three
more off its alternate unit, but
Bill Murray has an assembly
line and hasn't been caught
short of talent yet.
North Carolina and North
Carolina State are almost Ger
tain to improve. Each retains
II Of its top % players, in
GLIDING virtually all the big Of
fensive Weapons. States
Malta" backfield. triggered by
Jim RoSsi, returns intact. The
Tar Heels retain their ace pass
and-catch battery, Junior Edge
to Bob Lacey, plus Fullback
Ken Willard.
The rest aren't so fortunate.
South Carolina, with eight
first-stringers departing, should
drop. Meanwhile, the road back
continues to look steep for Vir-
ginia and Wake Forest. The
Deacons lose six first-stringers
Virginia loses seven. including
Quarterback Gary Cuozzo and
his sub, Carl Kuhn.-GUBACK
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-11-28
BY ROBERT SOMAGERS
Star star writer


It looks as IL both Army and
Navy will be at their physical
peaks Saturday at Philadelphia
Stadium when the Mlddies 60
after their fourth straight tri-
umph in the annual classic.
The Cadets have been short
handed because of injuries to
two. players, but Coach Paul
Dietzel said today by phone
from West Point that they viii
be ready Saturday.
John Ellerson. the team cap
tain who has been out for five
weeks, will return to right end,
replacing Kent Woodbury..
Johnny johnson, q corner back
on the Chinese Bandits, Army's
defensive specialists. is back
after missing two games.
I'VE lost both the games
johnson missed" Dietzel said,
ito Oklahoma State and Pitts
burgh." Navy has everyone in
shape.
Dietzel termed Navy q we'll
balanced team, pointing out
that the Middies can run Is
well as throw.
Army. on the other hand,
plays q conservative brand Of
football which Dietzel, who goes
in for understatement, says is
something short of sensational.
But it has been effective.
Army has won 6 games and
lost 3. Two Of its victories
were over teams which clob-
bered Navy
Army topped Syracuse. s-2.
and Navy lost, 34-6. Army beat
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-11-28
MVP Award Won
By VunderKelen

MADISON, Wis. Nov. %
(AP).-Quarterback Ron VAN
derKelen, who directed the Wis
consin football team to q Big
Ten championship and q Rose
Bowl berth. last night was
named the Badgers most val
liable player.
The 23-year-old Green Bay
senior was presented a trophy
emblematie Of the honor at the
annual Wisconsin football BAN
Quet.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-11-28
King, Wood Tops in Ivy League

Columbia's Archie Roberts
wound UP as the leagues top
passer and record holder, as
did Browns John Parry in pass
receiving. Roberts had 81 COM
pletions in 141 losses for 934
yards. Parry had 20 receptions
for 374 yards and five touch
downs.
Cornell's Ed Burnap won the
league punGIng IILle w4.I a
S6.2-yard average.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-11-28

NEW YORK, Nov. % CAP).-
Quarterbacks Billy King Of
Dartmouth and Gary Wood of
Cornell rewroue the Ivy League
record books during the 1862
football season.
Wood, a junior from Cort-
land, N. Y. who already held
the total yardage record, in
creased his two-year total
offenSe to 2306 yards with
1915 yards in 1862. He also
broke the season rushing mark
with Sl3 yards. The old record
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-11-28

One reason ClemSon's Frank
Howard gets his name in the
papers is that he usually has
something to say. The 1852 At
lantic Coast Conference foot
ball season wasn't even over
when Howard chomped down
hard on his tobacco, took a
deep breath, and then let some
folks in on a little secret.
Gentlemen" Howard an
nounced. next year I'm gonna
have a team thatn burn any
body's hide"
Sixteen of Clemson's first 2:
players return from a club thai
closed with four straight vic.
tories and finished second only
to Duke in the ACC.
II this makes Clemson the
early bird favorite for 1868.
Duke is still likely to be heard
from despite heavy graduation
losses and Maryland shoul d
continue to be there or there
abouts.
Lose Eight Players
Here's the ACC picture with
particular e m phasiS on the
TerpS:
Maryland loses eight Of its
top % players, including five
first-stringers, and will have to
accomplish much this spring.
The freshman team won three,
lost two.
I'VE didn't think we'd have
much of a freshman record"
Coach Tom Nugent reports. "Of
the 80 players on the roster,
81 were backs"
What the Terps recruited .
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-11-28

was 500 yards by Dartmouth's
Al Rozycki.
King. a senior from Rich
mond, Va. finished second in
total offense with 1921 yards,
breaking the old mark Of s34
set by Princeton's Hugh Scott.
He also broke two season marks
in scoring.
Kings Is touchdowns sur
passed the old record Of 10 by
Columbia's Tom Haggerty last
year. His 81 points also bet-
tered Haggerty's 81.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-11-28
DuIIos Signs Rookie

DALLAS, Nov. % (AP) The
Dallas Cowboys last nigh t
signed their first rookie for the
1858 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Har-
old Hays of Mississippi South
ern, future in last years NIL
draft.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-11-28
ELLERsoN, WOODBURY. BACK
Injured Army Players
To Be Ready for Navy

Penn State, 9-e, and Navy lost.
Alt. But Pittsburgh. beat
Army. rs. and Navy thumped
Pitt, 32-9.
Like the oddSmakers say. 1t
figures to be toSsup.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-11-28

Inc pEOS groove thciT nc.
livery for consistency.
One secret that all star bowl
ers have to a great degree is
consistency. Their stance is
always the same. Their path to
the foul line is always the same.
They release the ball the
same way each time. applying
Just the same amount Of finger
lift and /or wrist turn each time.
This means the speed of the
ball doesn't vary. The action
Of the ball is the same each
time, too. When lane condi-
tons cause the balls actions to
vary, the pro usually changes
his angle slightly, since that's
the easiest adjustment to make.
But make your stance, ap-
proach and delivery as con-
sistently the same as possible.
You can get q wealth Of added in
formation from my big, 36-page book
let, Your Bowling Handbook" Send
35 cents and your name and address
10 me, Joe Wfiman, care Of The Star.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-11-28
I-WAY NYLoN
go: ): g: g.: :,

GUARANTEED 10 MONTHS.
Designed for extra trcction and
pull power" on wet or icy pave.
ment. MUlti-row skid.resistor
tread; rugged, Apply NyIon for
hecvy.dvty blowout protection.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-11-11

RusSia's top track. He was the top man in rae
ing in Russia and he and a few others had
waited at the airport for "a hours before leav
ing They had just missed u.s."
Mr.. Dolmatov arranged luncheon at the
Hippodrome. 1.-TWO bars for 20 people," Mr.
Cascarella says. these people can drink
liquor Mr.. Dolmatov gave toast He talked for
two minutes and Edmund Stevens, a CORE
SpOndent, interpreted. Then he drained the
glass. slipped on mine and there was dead
silence. Mr.. Stevens said, You'll have to drink
the whole glass down or commit severe in
suit Red Smith broke out in a cold sweat. l
drank it down, but left drop on the bottom.
MIR. DolmatOv pointed to it. / told him that
the spirit of friendship is brought out in many
ways. In our country we do not drink the last
drop. 1t is bond, a memory Of the friendship
Red Smith almost fell off his chair
Il asked 100 jillion questions about their
two horses and got answers. Then / asked
about all my correspondence and why never
heard from them. Mr.. Dolmotov said, Some
times it is little Slow it takes time, but it can
be done was furious. said, This is not the
era of the yak service They didn't understand
me and Mr.. Stevens hushed me up"
The next day, Mr. Cascarella got shock. E.
Tschekemenen Deputy Minister of Agricul-
ture, nonchalantly told him that if he had not
made the trip to Russia the Russians would
not have sent their horses to Laurel
Can you beat that?" Mr. CaScarella asks.
The Russians did come Gernier finished
sixth and Zaryad last in field of 10, but their
presence gave the race special significance A
crowd of 4O,276, a record for the State of Mary
land, wagered a record $2,645, 834. Laurel
never before had had more than 1900 fans.
The Russians finished fifth and eighth in
1859, third and fourth in 1860, fourth and
eighth last year.
Mr. Cascarella says he learned two lessons
from his experience. 1T is an impenetrable
thing OF life, the way these stole AsiaticS be-
have" he says. But on the other hand, the
Russian people amaze me with their friendli-
ness. After all that trouble, the Russian racing
people were the easiest and incest of ALL"
-RIII EII(AS
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-11-11

1t was bright June day in 1857 when Mr..
CaScarella, one-time Senators, Athletics and
Red Sox pitcher decided to 60 after the Rus
SLAMS The International Race, originated by
Track President John D. Schapiro in 1854, al
ready had won acceptance as a colOrful fix
ture on the fall racing scene. Il wrote to Rus
sian Ambassador Georgi N. Zarubin on June
H." Mr.. Cascarella says. Quite frankly, when
wrote felt like fish swimming up stream
didn't expect any results"
But two weeks later, Mr.. Cascarella re-
ceived letter from Anatolyn Goryachev Sec
Ond secretary at the Russian Embassy, inform
ing him that his letter has been forwarded to
the appropriate organization of the USSR"
for consideration.
Five months later, on November 18-one
week after Sam BoulmetiS piloted Mahon to
victory for the United States in the 1857 Inter
national-Mr Cascarella received this dis
patch from Mr.. Goryachev:
unfortunately the Minister of Agriculture
of the USSR received information on Laurel
Race Course in 1857 too late to make necessary
arrangements for sending horses to race, but
wanted information on next Laurel race
course and requirements"
Then. nothing Mr.. Cascarella wrote sew
eral more letters, and received no answers. He
took the Soviet second secretary to lunch a
few times, but could get no information
Then on September Is, 1958-1O months
after the last previous correspondence from
the Russians Mr.. Cascarella received this
shocking communication from Mr.. Goryachev
II would like to advise you that Soviet
horse racing team of five people with two
horses will take part in the International Race
in Laurel on November II, 1883"
"Just like that" Mr.. Cascarella says. LAS
though we had been negotiating every day"
Mr. Cascarella was elated but there was a
major problem. Nobody knew anything about
70
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-11-11

the Russian horses, their jockeys or their train
ers with all the other countries, we know the
horses we're inviting" Mr.. CaScarella pointed
out "The Russians are the lone exception.
There was no way for US to find out anything
about the horses behind the iron curtain"
He hoped the information would not be
hard to acquire. At meeting in Washington
with Russian officials few days later, he de-
scribed his needs records backgrounds, pic
lures. You'll get information" the Russians
told him.
Il got nothing he says.
Time was running out. NewSmen were
pleading for information on the Russian en-
tries, and there was none
Then, sitting in my office, ! got the sudden
idea to 60 to Russia" Mr.. CaScarella says. IF
someone else had suggested it 10 minutes pre-
ViOuSly, would have labeled them insane. l
got in touch with the Russians at the embassy
They said they would take care of visas for me
and for Red Smith, the New York Herald Trib
une columniSt whom asked to accompany me-
1--WE were supposed to go October Is and
the race was November II and no visas came. /
became alarmed. l called the Russian EN-
bassy. What got for my trouble was their fav
orite expression: at will be done"
Red Smith said the best thing to do was
get the visas through the Intourist Agency a
private concern that expedites tourists to the
USSR. They did it in "a hours"
When the two men finally arrived in Mos
cOw-two days late because of bad weather.
there was no one at the airport to meet them
The girl at the desk at the Hotel Metropole did
not speak English. But she did speak Italian as
does Mr. Cascarella. Then felt big hand on
my shoulder" Mr.. CaScarella recalls Behind
me was the prototype of the Russian bear, a
big, swarthy man, and for minute wondered
if were under arrest. He was Yvgeni Dolma-
tov, director of racing at the Hippodrome,
SUNDAY MAGAZINE. THE WASHINGTON STAR. NOVEMBER
The Republican., 1962-03-22
KITZMILLER

Roy Jones. Canon. O.. and Mr.
and Mrs Howard Suckler and
children Kcyscr visited Mrs
Charley Jones and daughter
Mrs Milton Pritts has returned
to her home from Washington d
Miss Lucy Poole returned home
from Garrett County Memorial
hospital. Oakland
Rev. Joseph Phillips visited his
family in Philadelphia. Pa
Mr. and Mrs Jimmy Phillips of
Baltimore, visited Mr. and Mrs.
Aubrey Phillips
Charley Totcdo, Blaine is a
patient in Garrett County Mcmori-
al hospital. Oakland
Mrs Mary Wilson visited Mrs.
Paul Snyder and family, Morgan
town
Mr.. and Mrs. Hugh Wilson, Elk
ridge, visited Mrs Myrtle Wilson
Mrs Anna King, Riddle, Ore
is visiting her father, George Say
crS, who is ILL.,
Mrs Asbury Harvey, Peerless,
is i'll at her home
Mrs Myrtle Paugh Ethel Harvey
and Geraldine Paugh we're shop
ping in Cumberland Friday
Mr. and Mrs Nay Paugh and
family visited his parents. Mr.
and Mrs Miles Paugh, Peerless
Mrs Myrtle Wilson received
word of the marriage of her
granddaughter Isobellc Virginia
Snyder former resident to d
H. Nickless. The ceremony was
performed in Seattle. Wash. on
March 3. The couple will reside
in Seattle after returning from
honeymoon trip to Los Angeles.
Mrs Minnie Mexican visited in
Oakland, Saturday.
Mr. and Mrs Eddie Shaffcr and
children, Gormania. we're Sunday
guests of Mr.. and Mrs. Charley
Whctscll, Elk Garden.
Rev Walter Ling is holding
series of meeting in the Pcntc-
costal church in Kitzmillcr.
Richard DcLOach and family
we're weekend visitors of Mr. and
Mrs. John DcLoach
Miss ElaVla James visited her
mother. Mrs. Irma James, over the
weekend
Mr.. and Mrs. Galcn Harvey and
Mrs Nell Harvey we're Sunday
guests Of the William Shrouts, at
KingWood
Revival services arc being held
in Blaine throughout the week.
Miss Ethel Smith, kcyscr. Wis
tied Mrs. Charley James.
Miss Cora Shiplcy, of Baltimore.
visited Mr. and Mrs Aubrey Phil
lips, over the weekend
Mrs Murray. Glen Bmnic. Wis
tied Mrs. Leroy Props
Mrs. Nellie Pratt is a patient in
Garrett County Memorial hospital,
Oakland
Mrs. Anne Totcdo visited her
husband who is a patient in Gar
rctt County Memorial hospital.
Mr.. and Mrs Lawrence Weaver
The Republican., 1962-03-22
EducationC
Set For Baltimore

The annual professional confer
cnce on public secondary education
in Maryland viii be held on Thurs
day and Friday March % and %,
in Baltimore over 500 principals;
supervisors. superintendent. and
other secondary scnool educators
will attend.
The central topic selected for
discussion is Public secondary
Education in Maryl.nd-A Design
for the Decade Ahead" The con-
tents of the Report of the State
Committee TO Study the Maryland
Public Secondary Schools will con-
stitutc the major basis for discus
sion. The conference members will
assemble in four groups TO under
take detailed analyses of the ma
jor sections Of the Rcuort
DR. Thomas &. Pullcn, Jr., Stalr
Superintendent of Schools, will cX-
tend greetings Thursday morning
and DR.. Ole Sand. Director, Proi-
Get on Instruction, National Educa-
tiOn Association, will deliver the
keynote address, on Curriculum
Decisions for the Sixties
Featured speaker at the dinnCr
meeting Thursday evening will be
DR.. NJ. NJ. Chambers, educator
and political scientist, who IS
Executive Director of the Michigan
Council of State College Presidents.
The title of his address is New
Roles for Higher Education"
At the Friday luncheon meeting
William S. Schmidt, Superintendent
of Schools in Prince Georges
County, will talk on observations
of Russian Life and Education"
Attending the meeting from Gar
rctt County will be Mir Willard
Hawkins, Supt of Schools; Albert
Ringer High School Supervisor; w
Kenneth Johns, Principal of South
crn High School and Robert Rode
HEAVIER, Principal of Northern High
School
MIR Ringer viii lead one of the
afternoon discussion groups.
The Republican., 1962-03-22

japanese beetles have spread from \
10 Ohio Scattered colonies also exist
i'm other Midwest states. Ironically,
this insect is more damaging in this
country Than i'm its native Japan
Beetle grubS spend about 10 months
of the year in the ground, feeding
ON plant roots, especially grasses.
Lawns often are ruined when heavily
infested by the inch-long white grubS.
BY May or June grubS stop feed
ing, take a brief rest in pupal stage.
then emerge as shiny. mclalic-grc
beetles with coppcry-broWn wings.
They arc about an inch long, After
digging To the surface, Japanese
beetles are extremely active. cSpc-
cially on warm days. They rapidly
dcvour lcaYes and fruits A badly
attacked plant may have all its leaves
skclctoni1cd very quickly. Important
agricultural crops and home garden
plants are among the different types
of vegetation favored by this pest.
Timcline>S and thoroughncSs of
inSccticidc application are most i'm
portant 10 prevent serious damage.
a ncw-typc pcNticidc called SEWN Of
fcrS particularly effective japanese
beetle control. Main advantages of
this carbamate inSccticide are its
broad-range effectiveness against
many plant pests. combined with its
greater safety to warm blooded
animals.
EntomologiStS suggest several ways
to reduce Japanese beetle damage.
The Republican., 1962-03-22
FRIEND STOCkYARD
Accident, Md
March ID. 1862

Steers. Good % choice, "a 90 %
26l0 cWt medium to good, 2lO0
to 1890 cWt; common to medium,
100 to 2050 cWt.
Hcifcr,: Good to choice. 22OO to
400 ~Wl medium to good, 2000
to n so cwt., common to medium.
1900 to 1875 cwt.
Bulls 1920 to 22.50 cwt
Cows Commercial to good. 1900
10 1880 cWt.; utility. l450 to 1880
cWt Gamers, 1900 to l410 cwt..
shells, 80 cWt down
Veals Good to choice, 5000 to
$3.50 cot: medium to good, 2400
to 1J.75 cWt; common to medium