davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Republican., 1962-07-05

bank draft, money order or regis
tered letter, addressed to The Re-
publican, Oakland, Garrett County,
Maryland
Advertising deadline: Wednesday
noon Rates made known upon ap-
lication-Phone DE 4-2631.
IMPORTANT - When changing
address, send us old address as
we'll as new: send address label
from last copy; allow two weeks
tor first copy to reach new address.
Evening star., 1962-01-07
Terror Balance

But the Kennedy adminiStra-
ton has emphasized-quite pru-
IDENTIFY the strengthening of our
conventional forces in order to
give the Nation more flexibility
in meeting the wide variety of pos
sible enemy challenges. There
appears now to be a nuclear
parity, balance of terror" Thus,
the use of conventional forces, in
limited or bruShfire wars, is be-
lieved the more likely event.
If we decided our security de-
manded active entry into the Laos
or South Wet Nam fighting, OBJ
viously two more ready divisions
of ground troops would be valu-
able items. And, if fighting should
break out in another part of the
world simultaneously, these ad-
ditional forces would be even more
essential.
Later this month, 1t was an
nounced last week, the United
States will airlift 5000 troops to
West Germany and keep most of
them there for additional train
ing" Their heavy equipment al
ready has been shipped to the
necessary overseas bases. This
extra fire brigade" will give the
United States and NATO a new
unit for swift deployment to any
nearby trouble area.
Evening star., 1962-01-07
TroubIe Spots

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC-The
anticipated return of the Domin-
lean Republic to democratic rule
led the Organization of American
States to lift its economic and
diplomatic sanctions last week.
The United States wasted no time
in recognizing the new Balaguer-
led government, and promised to
help the country become model
OF democracy in the Caribbean
in contrast to Castros Communist
Cuba.
CONGO.-Observers were still
waiting for President Noise
TShombe's Assembly to act on his
agreement with Congolese Pre-
mier Cyrille Adoula. The agree
ment would end Katanga's seces-
sion and force Katanga to expel
its foreign mercenaries.
Last week, Mr.. Tshombe ex-
planned the eight-point pact to the
Assembly, but neither indorsed il
nor strongly attacked it. Observ-
ers felt that the Assembly would
reluctantly accept the pact, fear
ing renewed fighting with the
United Nations if it does not.
AL G E RIA. - President de
Gaulle'S New Years message in
which he threatened to withdraw
the French army from Algeria
caused several violent demonstra-
tionS by the secret army organi-
zation (OAS). Despite the right
wing demonstration which led to
many deaths in Algeria-French
negotiators were reported contin-
uing secret talks with rebel lead
ers for an end to the seven-year-
old war.
Evening star., 1962-01-07
Background

West New Guinea was the east
ernmost part of the once vast
Dutch East Indies. But when Hol-
land gave Indonesia its independ-
ence in 1949, it did not include
West New Guinea in the freedom
package. The Dutch claimed that
the Stone Age natives of New
Guinea are different from the In
donesians, and were entitled some
day to choose their own form of
governmental sort of self deter
mination.
IndoneSian President Sukarno
has used Dutch retention of West
New Guinea for his own political
purposes. His 3,000-mile-long ma
ton is split by SO many dissident
elements that unification has been
a difficult task.
He has used the West Irian
issue to stir up support for his
governmental device we'll known
to other world leaders. Because of
this issue he has had the full
backing of the army and, reluc-
family, of the Communists.
The Indonesian argument is
simply: West Irian was part of
Dutch East Indies. Indonesia is
the heir Of the Dutch East Indies.
Therefore, West Irian should be
turned over to Indonesia.
To charges that this is just an
other form of colonialism, Mr..
Sukarno turns a deaf ear.
Evening star., 1962-01-07
THE WEEK IN PERSPECTIVE
ms Avoiding a Total Showdown

will recommend to Congress cut
back in the paid reserve or the
National Guard or both. Presi-
dent Eisenhower tried this with
out success.
Meanwhile, unless the world
situation gets worse than it al
ready is, most of the $4,000 re-
serviSts of all services called up
last year will be released before
their maximum 12-month tours
are up-probably by June 80.
With most public attention
riveted on plans for nuclear tests,
fall-out shelters and the prolifera-
ton of balliStic missiles, the queS-
tion arises in the minds of many
citizens as to the significance of
two more Army divisions.
Insofar as the total recapitu-
lation of United States versus
Soviet armed strength is con-
cerned the answer would be, mot
much" Certainly, in an all-out
nuclear war it would not tip the
scales our way.
Evening star., 1962-01-07
Congress-:
Opening Round

Representative Boiling Of
Missouri on Wednesday dropped
out of the race for House Demo-
cratic leader, clearing the way
for election of Representative
Albert of Oklahoma.
There are a good many rouSing
battles due in the second half Of
the 87th Congress, which recon-
venes on Wednesday. Such elec-
tion-year issues as medical care
for the aged and liberalized tar
iff program assure this.
But there was one highly pub
licized battle which will never take
place, although there are likely TO
be scars from the preliminary
.5kirmishing. This was the race
between Representatives Albert
and Boiling for House Majority
Leader. The post is being vacated
by Representative Mccormack of
Massachusetts, who is slated to
succeed the late Sam Rayburn as
Speaker.
At the beginning, perhaps due
to the liberals more highly devel-
oped skill at orchestrating their
public relations output, Mr.. Boil
ing was given a fighting chance
particularly if President Kennedy
would intervene for him, openly
or behind the scenes.
But conservative Southern
Democrats, led by Representative
Smith of Virginia, many Western
ers and a number of big-city
Continued on Page B-2
Evening star., 1962-01-07
South Wet Nam

Last year at this time, the
chances for war seemed gravest
in Southeast Asia where Com
munist forces were seizing con-
troll over large areas of Laos.
If the fighting continued much
longer, it was feared, hostilities
might spill over into neighboring
South Wet Mama member of
SEATO, and a strong American
ally.
This threat of another Korea
led President Kennedy to address
a special plea to Mr.. KhruShchev
to use his power and end the
fighting. Mr.. KhruShchev - ap-
parently not wanting to provoke
a war in Laos-agreed to another
conference, and called off the
fighting.
The situation in Laos still is
not settled, mainly because the
country's three warning princes
cannot agree on a cabinet. The
most reluctant prince is Boun
Gum, the most right wing of the
three, and the one who is Of
ficially recognized by the United
States.
While the Laotian situation has
gained the most world attention,
a more crucial series of events
has been taking place in South
Wet Nam. Ever since the 1854
Geneva conference divided Wet
Nam into a Korea like Commu-
mist north, and pro-Western south,
there has been intermittant guer-
rilla warfare.
The Communists tactics have
been to avoid a full-scale war
as long as possible, and to sub
vert the country by a variety of
means. Their work has been
helped by a general apathy on
the part of South Wet Mans pop
ulation- estranged from the rul-
ing clique of President Ngo Dinh
Diem.
United States observers have
long noted this apathy, and have
preSsured Mr.. Diem to make need
ed political, social, and economic
reforms. With the Communist
threat increasing, Mr.. Diem
agreed last week to these reforms.
To show its good faith, the
United States agreed to increase
its military and economic aid pro-
grams to Saigon, and to supply
him with needed technical advis-
ers. The hope in Washington is
Evening star., 1962-01-07

autonomy. Thus, legally, Angola
and Goa were called overseas
provinces.
But this gained as little sup
port abroad as did French in
corporation of Algeria. In An
gola, rebels have been stirring up
trouble for more than a year, and
in Goa, Indian nationaliStS fl
nally persuaded Prime Minister
Nehru to embark upon war of
liberation"
The Goan issue was relatively
clear cut. Portugal refused for
years to give up Goa to India:
India claimed that Portugal was
committing aggression" by hold
ing Indian territory" and thus
invaded and conquered the small
coastal area.
The new nations in Africa and
Asia applauded the war of lib
GRAFTON" as did the Soviet bloc.
The West, led by the United
States and Great Britain, deplored
the action, and tried to use the
U. N. to bring a cease fire. The
U. NJ, dominated in the General
Assembly by the o-ASianS, and
hampered in the Council by the
Soviet veto, did nothing.
The inaction pointed up a
double standard" in the U. N.
in which aggression is condemned
If carried on by a major power
the Suez attack, but, allowed
if it is done by an Asian African
one.
Evening star., 1962-01-07
Combat Power

To call this an ambitious pro-
gram would be an underState-
ment because, as the President as
serted, it would mean the capacity
to almost double the combat
power of the Army in less than
two months"
Things happened, however, be-
fore this plan could really get
under way and very little is being
said about it at the Pentagon
today. The deterioration of the
Berlin situation necessitated, in
the opinion of the President, the
Gallup of about 10000 Army re-
serves and GuardSmen early last
fall. This operation revealed flaws
in mobilization procedures, pro-
voked criticism on the part of a
vocal minority of the citizen SOL
dierS and led to anti-administra-
ton attacks in the press and on
the part of some congressman.
The Star weeks ago reported
that the administration was plan
ming to give the Army two new
regular divisions.
The Pentagon then its disil-
lusionment clearly showing -ad-
mitted it was reviewing its long
range plans for the reserves, the
indication being that it would not
again call them up for cold war
or deterrent duty.
Confirmation of the policy re-
versal came in the Palm Beach
announcement on Wednesday. In
a major way, the new approach
is more palatable politically. Also,
it pleases the Army, which pre-
ferred an increase in regular troop
strength as the best way to meet
its worldwide commitments.
Evening star., 1962-01-07
u. N. Aid Sought

The Dutch tried to end the long
standing fight last year by asking
the United Nations to administer
the territory, but Indonesia would
have no part of such a plan. In
the wake Of India'S successful con-
quest of Goa, Mr.. Sukarno recently
has been calling for a war of
liberation"
Aware of the immense logistic
problems involved, however, Mr..
Sukarno has indicated he is willing
to negotiate with the Dutch-H
the Dutch will give up the land.
The Dutch are ready to talk-but
probably will refuse to yield West
New Guinea outright.
Mr.. Sukarno is believed pre-
pared to alter his demands some
what. Under a compromise ar
rangement, he may propose that
1ndonesia be given West New
Guinea as a protectorate-to rule
until self-determination is pos
sible-rather than as a land to
be integrated into Indonesia itself.
Evening star., 1962-01-07
Portugors Role

For Portugal, ruled for more
than 80 years by the benevolent
Salazar dictatorship, the U. N. in
action called attention to the pre-
carious position of Portugal in
the world arena.
On the one hand, it is a men,
Der of NATO, presumably subject
to the same Soviet retaliation in
time of war, but on the other
hand, because of the realities of
international affairs, none of its
allies will give it military aid in
its territories.
Mr.. SalaZar has had trouble at
home from dissident groups last
weeks attempted army mutiny
was the latest example and it
seems his speech threatening to
withdraw from the U. N. may
be an attempt to focus on ex-
ternal matters and away from
his own domestic problems.
PortugaPs withdrawal from the
U. N. would probably not be dis
Evening star., 1962-01-07
Indonesio:
UnWdnted War

IndOneSia last week continued
its war of nerves with the
Netherlands over Dutch West
New Guinea.
Most people call it Dutch West
New Guinea. The Dutch, how
ever, have changed its name to
West Papua, in honor of local ma
tiveS. And the Indonesians have
given it the title of West Irian.
Whatever its name, the western
half of the island of New Guinea
still threatened last week to be-
come the scene of bitter conflict
between the Dutch and the In
donesians.
If war does come over this
jungle area, it will be a classic
case of madness. The Dutch say
they do not want the territory, but
refuse to hand it over to the In
donesians. They also lose $50 mil
lion year in trying to civilize
the area.
The Indonesian government, it's
economy already or the rocks,
stands to gain nothing by owning
the former head-hunting paradise
except some questionable political
prestige.
Evening star., 1962-01-07
On CoIoniuIism

In recent years, however, cold
war issues have been pushed
aside often and replaced by is
sues revolving around colonialism.
The reason for the change is re-
flected by the increase in U. N.
membership - from the original
81 to 104 today.
These new Asian African coun-
tries have a compulsion to end
colonialism as soon as possible,
even when a country is hardly
ready for Self-rule in modern
terms (e.g. the Congo. Great
Britain and France - the two
great colonial powers before
World War II-have in a sense
anticipated this movement, and
have trained their colonies for
self-rule, giving them independ-
ence as soon as feasible.
Portugal, however, instead of
following this course, set about
to give her colonies a semblance of
Evening star., 1962-01-07

Ambassador Thompson re-
sumed exploratory talks on Ber-
lin with Foreign Minister Gro
mykO in Moscow last week.
The United States and South
Wet Nam announced a broad
program to improve the living
standards of the Wet NameSe
people, and increase their re-
sistance to communism.
In old Russia, the peasants
used to say that the best time
Of year followed the first SHOWS.
Not only was the harvesting
done, but the wise peasants knew
that there would be no war-at
least until the next spring. No
car would be mad enough to
start one while the roads and
fields were covered with snow.
Although modern technology
has given mankind the dubious
ability to fight a war in any
climate, the peasants prediction
of a peaceful winter appears valid
today. The first SHOWS seem to
have smothered the flaming ten
sions and war psychoses that had
flared up in late summer.
On paper, the situation in the
worlds two tinder boxes Berlin
and South Wet Nam - is not
much better than it was in Sep
tember. Troops glare at each
other across the Wall, and guer-
rillas ambush troops in the South
Wet Nam jungles.
The Soviet Union and the
United States both have called
for increased military budgets in
1862, and no end to nuclear test
ing in the atmosphere is in
sight.
East and West, however, both
appear to agree that a total show
down must be avoided, and this
has increased the hopes for
peaceful winter.
This was the situation last
week:
Evening star., 1962-01-07
UnitedNotions.
Threats

Premier Salazar last week
threatened to withdraw POrtu-
gal from the United Nations
after the U. N. failed to con-
demn the Indian invasion of
Goa.
From the beginning, the United
Nations has been beset by nu-
merous contradictions.
1t is supposed to be composed
OF equal, sovereign states, yet the
Soviet Union refused to partici-
pate unless Byelorussia and the
Ukraine were admitted. 1t would
be something like Texas and New
York having seats along with
the United States. The U. N. is
a world body, but one nation can
block the worlds will.
1t is a world legislature, but
any nation can refuse to pay it's
assessment; and it is a peace
maker, without a standing police
force.
In short, the United Nations
has evolved into a meeting place
where prevailing world sentiments
are echoed and recorded.
Evening star., 1962-01-07
THE NATIONAL SCENE
New Army Divisions
Recost Defense Plans

President Kennedy last week
announced the activatiOn of
two new Army divisions, the
first step in formulating the
White HOuse-PentagOn revised
thinking" on military prepared
ness.
1t has been clear for weeks that
the administration. insofar as the
Army reserve and National Guard
forces are concerned, did not love
them in December as it did in
May.
Therein is the story of the re
VlSed thinking" the Pentagon had
announced it was undergoing on
the long-range planning for use
OF reserves, a story, the first
chapter of which was formally
published last week at the winter
White House in Palm Beach, Fla,
with the announcement that two
new Army divisions would be ac-
tivated for a grand total
strength of 16.
1t had been the hope of the
administration to rely on its "citi-
zen soldiers" for a quick buildup
Of its forces to meet both cold
war and hot-War crises. AS a move
to fulfill this hope, President
Kennedy announced last May 25
a preparedness program for the
Army's inactive forces. He told a
joint session of Congress:
THE Army is developing plans
to make possible a much more
rapid deployment of a major por-
ton of its highly trained reserve
forces.
when these plans are COM
pleted and the'reserve is strength
ened, two combat-equipped divi-
sionS, plus their supporting forces,
a total of $4,000 men, could be
ready in an emergency for opera
tionS with but three weeks no
tlce-two more divisions with but
five weeks notice and six addi-
tional divisions and their support
ing forces, making a total of 10
divisions, could be deployable with
less than eight weeks notice"
Evening star., 1962-01-07
Berlin

Since August 18th, the city of
Berlin has been split in two by
the Wall-a grotesquely symbolic
structure that has been the scene
of almost weekly incidents be-
tween East and West.
Despite its obvious propaganda
drawbacks, the Wall has served
the Communists well. Except for
a few desperate escapes, the
refugee flow from East Germany
to the West has been stopped.
Before the Wall went up, any
East German who got to East
Berlin could walk across the bor-
der to West Berlin and become a
political refugee.
This door to freedom" was
Premier Khrushchev's bone in
the throat" So many people used
it that it was running the East
German economy, and was caus-
ing agitation among other East
Europe satellites who lacked a
West Berlin of their own.
Without a doubt, the refugee
problem was at the heart of Mr..
Khrushchev's demands for sep
arate peace treaties with the two
Germanys, and his demand that
West Berlin be set up as an in
ternational free city.
Evening star., 1962-01-07

asterouS, but it would symbolic
the growing disenchantment with
the U, MS role in ex-colonial
areas. Critics have been heard
especially in Western Europe
charging the U. N. with acting
not as a peace-maker, but as an
aggressive partisan for ending CO.
lonialism. This may be a worthy
aim, but the U. N. charter makes
no provision for this function.
Evening star., 1962-01-07
Cutbock Possible

1t is not. however, good news
for the taxpayer. The cost for
an enlisted reservist-48 paid drills
and two weeks active duty-runs
about $1,40O a year. The mainte-
nance price for a regular is 300.
There are other chapters yet
to unfold in this story. Specula-
ton is heavy that Mr.. Kennedy
Evening star., 1962-01-07
Guarantee Asked

To prevent the hostilities that
would result, the West has sug-
gested to Mr.. Khrushchev that
If he insists on signing peace
treaty with East Germany, he ar
range modus vivendi with the
West. 1t would guarantee the
security of West Berlin, and the
Vests rights in the city.
Ambassador mpson last
week began to sound out Mr..
Gromyko to learn exactly what
the Russians intentions are. Most
observers believe that the Soviet
Union does not want to start a
war over the access routes to
Berlin; that the Wall has ac-
complished most of its aims
anyway.
If this view is correct, then
there is good chance that one
of two things will happen later
this winter:
l. Formal negotiations will be
held between East and West, clar-
flying the situation in Berlin.
2. The Soviet Union will make
a declaration affirming it's in
tentionS not to change the status
quo in Berlin, before signing a
peace treaty with East Germany.
Such declaration might pro-
vide for turning over control of
the access routes to East Ger
many, but it would have to con-
tain provision guaranteeing
Evening star., 1962-01-07
Soviet Goal

Since the Walls establishment,
this bone" has been removed,
and Mr.. Khrushchev is under no
pressure to achieve his ends i'm
mediately. His optimal goal is:
. The signing Of the peace
treaties. and the removal of West
ern troops from West Berlin. This
probably would demoralize the
city and might lead to its "neu-
tralization" into East Berlin. It
also might lead West Germany to
make some deal with East Ger
many-Such as giving up NATO
and the Common Market in re-
turn for unification.
The West has not done any
thing about the Wall, and has
told Mr.. Khrushchev it would do
nothing if he signed a unilateral
peace treaty with East Germany.
The West has affirmed on many
occasions that its only interest
is in protecting it's rights in
West Berlin.
These rights could be infringed
upon in the following way:
. A conclusion of a Soviet East
German peace treaty leading to
control of the Berlin access routes
by East Germany. Followed by
. Interference by the East Ger
man authorities with the Western
rights along the 110-mile corri-
dor to Berlin or in Berlin itself.
Evening star., 1962-01-07

that if Mr.. Diem gains the sup
port of his people, he will be
better able to combat the Com
munist subverSion of his country.
Evening star., 1962-01-07

that the East Germans would not
interfere with the Vests rights.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-15
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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-15
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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-15
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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-15
WESTERNERS
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Original Designs

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