davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1962-09-16

broke State of Pennsylvania q
happy idea to use private fl
nancing to build a superhigh-
way along an old abandoned
railroad right-of-way, and let
the turnpike users pay off the
bonds directly.
The road was such a success
that several other States were
soon infected by the toll road
virus.
! Perhaps q weak case can be
made for bond financing of
such roads before Congress
provided in its 1856 legislation
that Uncle Sam would put UP
90 per cent Of the costs Of
building an interstate system
of superhighways. There Is no
doubt that Pennsylvania and
other States are being penal
lied for building superhighways
on their own before the 90-10
formula was adopted.
But from 1856 on, every State
was forewarned that it could
build superhighways mostly at
Federal expense. But, because
some oddly worded contradic-
tory sections Of the law, toll
roads also were allowed to be
part Of the interstate system.
The gold rush for turnpike
was on. So was
double taxation for those who
Evening star., 1962-09-16
u. Red Clash Seen
Aiding Western Europe
BY J. EDWARD MURRAY

Dy De EOEVAAsO 4sAOkeASAA p
After completing q trip
through eight European coun-
tries, ! have been asking my
self the questions people us
ually ask.
The questions are the big,
tough ones. The answers can
only be guesses.
Question: What's really hap
pening in Europe, anyway?
Answer: There's a new and
tremendous prosperity in the
last three years. The great
postwar effort to rebuild after
destruction, plus United States
aid, plus the common market
have made much Of non-Com-
munist Europe more wealthy
in material goods than it has
ever been.
The prosperity is spreading,
pulling Portugal, Spain. Greece
and even Yugoslavia in its
wake. 1t is also a threat to
the old-fashioned economies of
these countries. It is a trade
threat to the United States.
It is giving Khrushchev fits.
Question: Who is winning?
Answer: Not Russia, nor the
United States, in my opinion.
But Western Europe. She is
getting rich while the big two
knock themselves out on gi-
gantic military budgets, on the
expensive space race and on
big foreign aid expenditures.
The dollar is actually a bit
Evening star., 1962-09-16
BY RONALD ARIAS
Associated Press Staff Writer

BUENOS AIRES, Sept. IS
The fuzzy faced 15-year-old
flushed with pride as the room
full Of teen-agers fixed their
gaze on him. Standing erect,
he raised his arm in a stiff
Nazi salute and shouted "Hail
Tacuara."
Hail Tacuara," echoed 9TH
ers as their 24-year-old leader
nodded approval.
Behind bolted doors in q
small flat in the heart of Bue-
nos Aires, this reporter was
permitted to watch q ceremony
which could have taken place
in Hitler's Germany.
Thirty youngsters, most Of
them high school age, had
gathered to initiate new mem
bers into Argentina's Tacuara
organization, whose keystone is
anti-Semitism. It's leaders va
riously boast from $500 to
1000 members throughout the
country and claim it Is grow
ing rapidly.
Rigorous Training
AS each convert went
through the ritual, he pledged
allegiance to the Nationalist"
cause. With rapt attention I
heard Tacuara's soft spoken
chief, Alberto Ezcurra, tell him
his mission would be to flight
against capitalism and Zionism
with one hand, and with the
other hand against commu-
nism."
The ceremony over, Mr.. Ez-
curra gave the new members
Evening star., 1962-09-16

States. But the new feeling Is
one Of rediscovered self-confi-
dence. a resumption Of the old
European posture Of superior
ity to the United States be-
cause of age, experience. his
tory and wisdom. -
Question: What are the
chances of WARP
Answer: A major war seems
unlikely. Only q Communist
miscalculation, it seems to me.
could spark an atomic holo-
caust. There are plenty Of
internal stresses and troubles
in the Communist camp, which
could cause the Red leaders to
divert home attention to al-
legged foreign menaces. But
Russian missile successes and
bomb testing also teaches the
horrors CT megaton atomic
bomb explosions and therefore
deterrence from war-risk ad-
ventures.
There is widespread, and
growing, fear Of Western Ger
many among the former Ger
man victims: Yugoslavia,
Czechoslovakia and Poland.
This is the fear Russia seeks
to fan on the Berlin issue. So
Berlin is still the main war
seed. 4
Question: What Is your main
impression from the trip? g
Answer: Surprising, explosive
change. I thought I had Eu-
rope pretty well taped from
living there, from return trips
and from close attention to for
eign news. Nevertheless, I was
repeatedly brought up short by
new developments.
Evening star., 1962-09-16

moved as soon as costs were
amortized.
Congress in its 1888 Federal
Aid Highway. Act asked the
Bureau Of Public Roads to in
vestigate and report on the
feasibility Of toll roads for a
transcontinental system of
highways.
The bureau came back with
a strong anti-tol report saying
that the system would not come
within so per cent Of self-liqui-
dation if operated as a toll
facility and would not meet
the most urgent national high
way needs. Since 1893, many
bills have been introduced in
Congress favoring a national
system Of toll roads, but none
was enacted.
But some sleepers in the
1856 act gave toll-road en-
thusiasts their greatest break,
although the law still pays lip
service to Federal aid for toll
free roads only.
President Eisenhower's Ad-
visory Committee on a National
Highway Program, headed by
Gen. Lucius Clay, recommended
to Congress in February. 1855,
that the Federal Government
should not enter into toll-road
construction, nor provide e
funds for deficit financing of
otherwise nonself supporting
projects"
However, it said existing toll
roads meeting the standards of
the interstate system should be
incorporated into the system
and credit given the States for
such toll roads on the condi-
ton that any excess beyond
financing requirements would
be used for other highway i'm
.provements.
Weeks Favored Toll Roads
Mr.. Eisenhower's Secretary
of Commerce, Sinclair Weeks,
reported to Congress in April,
1855, that toll roads should be
permitted on the interstate
system when they were UP to
standard and, when there are
reasonably satisfactory alter
nate free roads"
The compromise version Of
the 1856 Federal-aid highway
bill, approved by both House
and Senate, laid the ground
work for the present confusion
over the intermixture of toll
and free roads on the interstate
system.
The Secretary of Commerce
Evening star., 1962-09-16
YOU PAY AS YOU Go-TWIcE
Federal Law LoophoIes
Perpetuote oil Roads

dropped money into the toll
boxes and paid steep State anC
Federal highway-user taxes fol
the interstate system.
AS the bondholders begar
debating where toll boxes
should go and competing su.
perhighways should not bt
built, the hope Of Federal plan.
ners for q toll-free network OF
superhighways was dashed.
Dagger to TOll-Free Roads
The public is only now be-
ginning to realize that the Fed
eral Highway Act of 1856, once
called the Magma Charts
Of automobile travel in this
country, actually plunged a
dagger into a long-standine
Federal policy of encouraging
only toll-free roads.
Since the first Federal-aid
road act was passed in 1916,
the statutory policy of the
Federal Government has been
to prohibit the use Of Federal
aid highway funds for toll
roads.
"All roads constructed under
the provisions Of this act shall
be free of tolls Of any kind" I"
the 1916 law proclaimed. In
1921, the provision was re-
iterated and broadened by
Congress to provide that, "all
highways constructed or re-
constructed under provisions
Of this act shall be free from
tolls Of any kind"
Toll Road Probe Asked
Legislation in 1927 made an
exception on Federal aid to
toll bridges and approaches,
but a requirement was added
that tolls should be used only
to pay for the toll facilities and
that toll charges would be re-
Evening star., 1962-09-16
ccnuI Maps ReudY

The American Youth Hostels,
Inc, has prepared a series Of
maps Of the C & o Canal from
Georgetown to Harpers Ferry,
showing points Of interest, ac-
cess points and giving histori-
cal notes. The series is avail
able for rs cents at the AYH
Washington office, 1884 Con-
necticut avenue NV.
Evening star., 1962-09-16

was authorized to permit inter-
state toll roads II he found they
promoted an "integrated" sys-
tenn.
A ban on Federal financial
aid for toll roads was inserted
into the law, but the major
sleeper was q provision allow
ing Uncle Sam to shell out 90
per cent help on interstate ap-
proaches to toll roads, provid-
ing only they have some use
irrespective Of Qeading to) the
toll facility"
Ramp Leads to Pasture
In other words, Congress
seems to have given its blessing
to such ludicrous examples Of
"other uses" Of a free federally
aided interstate highway as one
with q solitary ramp leading to
a COW pasture. This is the pro-
vision that created toll traps"
all over the country.
The unregulated mushroom
ing of toll roads on the inter-
state system was further en-
couraged by Federal policy to
allow the States to call the
turn on whether proposed in
terstate toll-free roads COM
peted with toIl-built turnpikes.
On September 10, 1856, Louis
s. Rothschild, then Undersec-
retary Of Commerce for Trans
portation, assured turnpike
authorities that free interstate
highways would not be allowed
to be competitive with turn
pixies.
This was reaffirmed on May
16, 1861, when Rex M. whitton,
present Federal highway ad-
ministrator, testified before the
House Public Works Committee:
I'VE think it the intent Of
Congress that we not build a
free road within a mile or two
or five Of q parallel toll road"
Tomorrow: Half toll, half
free.
Evening star., 1962-09-16

Every doy millions Of American
motorists ore eIinkins dimes ond
quarters into toll boxes for the
privilege Of driving on the fed
erolIy finoneed interstote high
woy network. This IS the first
Of six ortieIes on how toll road
authorities have used little
understood eIouses in the 1856
Hiehwoy Act to create toll
trops" oil over the country.
Evening star., 1962-09-16
m WORLD SPOTLIGHT !
Teen-Agers Use Nozi Salute

trance of a Buenos Aires thea
ter showing q Jewish play. But
all three denied they belonged
to the nationalist organization.
Mr.. Ezcurra echoed the de-
nial in an interview after the
initiation ceremony.
I'VE had nothing to do with
the shooting" he declared.
"It wouldn't have been ham
died so clumsily If we had done
it."
Claims Serious Purpose
Insisting that Tacuara has q
serious purpose, he observed:
Even many armed forces Of
ficers are favoring our cause.
Fortunately Tacuara Is
treated much better under this
government than under Presi-
dent Arturo Frondizi's regime"
Under Mr.. Frondizi, Tacuara
leaders were grilled by police
and several were jailed on
charges of violating the ma
tons. security.
Under President Jose Maria
Guido's regime, Tacuara mem
bers have had free rein to dis
tribute anti-Semitic pamphlets
and posters.
Federal Police Chief Enrique
Green brushes aside complaints
about the organization, assert
ing that anti-Semitism in Ar
gentina has been exaggerated
and exploited by the Commu-
nists." 1
"They seek to show that ra-
cial persecution exists here"
he said. ''Racism exists, but on
q evry reduced scale and car
ried out by q minority" -
Evening star., 1962-09-16

softer than the Ira or franc
or mark for the first time in
many decades, a sign that
United States economic policy
needs drastic overhaul with
reference to our Western allies.
Russia is in deep trouble with
collectivized farming.
So Western Europe is win
ming at the, moment. That
means our side, to be sure. But
the Western alliance is full Of
uneasy STRINGS.
Question: What do they
think Of us now?
Answer: Europeans are think
ing less about Americans than
they have since the war. Even
though their leaders know that
the United States is still carry
ing the lions share Of the Euro
pean defense budget, average
Europeans I talked to seemed
to feel quite independent of the
United States.
There is probably some resi-
due of gratitude toward and
solidarity with the United
Evening star., 1962-09-16

Mr. Murray wus q foreign eorespon-
dent in Europe l943-4s, covering
World War u ond its immediate
aftermath. He has revisited thot
oreo in q month-long survey for
the Arizona Republic. where he Is
now managing editor. This Is his
report os distributed by the As
soeioted Press.
Evening star., 1962-09-16

10 terse rundown on training
courses. There would be trips
to the pampas where they
would be taught physical fit
ness and drilled in the nation
alist- fascist theology Of Tacua-
ra.
Stressing the Importance of
this training, Mr.. Ezcurra cited
the youth leagues of Spain and
the United Arab Republic.
I'VE have to be strong, be-
cause our movement in Argen-
tina is revolutionary, and log
ically we cannot work COM
pletely out in the open yet, I"
he said.
As the doors were unbolted,
the youths stood up and gave
the Nazi salute.
Hail Tacuara," they cho-
rused, and filed out of the
room.
Organized in 1855
Tacuara, named after the
cowboy word lance. has ex-
listed since 1855 when Dictator
Juan D. Peron was thrown out.
II didn't gain much public at
tention until this year.
In recent months, its mem
bers have ranged cities distrib-
uting anti-Semitic propaganda.
Argentine Jewish. organizations
charge it has gone further Of
late, smearing school buildings
with tar, terrorizing wis h
children and damaging syna-
gogues.
Tacuara's name cropped up
when three 19-year-old youths
were arrested on charges Of
firing pistol shots into the en-
The frontiersman., 1962-04-26
THE LIMIT

Come to think of it the cost of living hasn't changed much in recent years-it has always taken all most people can get.
The frontiersman., 1962-04-26
Larry vasanoja
 Elected as
 Moose Governor

Members of the Palmer Moose lodge this week elected Larry Vasanoja as new gover- nor. Named to serve with him during the coming year are Bill Hayes, junior governor; Wayne Burkhart, prelate; Jim Frey, treasurer; and Gerald McNally, three-year trustee.
 Installation of officers will be held at 8 pm. May at Moose lodge.
 Appointed officers include J i'm Demming, sergeant at arms and Orin Peterson, inner guard.
 Other officers of the lodge, whose terms have not yet ex- pired, are Harold Hughes, sec retary, and Art Pierson and L. P Rorrison, trustee.
The frontiersman., 1962-04-26
Emblem Club Holds Annual Installation of Officers

Officers of the Palmer Elm hlem Club were installed in their offices in a ceremony held at Elks hall April 21. A dinner prepared by the Elks, proceed ed the ceremonies and organ music, played by Ray Holtz, was furnished during the din- her.
 The impressive installation services. followed the dinner, in which Dorothy Woods was installed as president, along with her officers. The installing suite consisted of Lee Ehrhart, past president of the Palmer Emblem Club and installing chaplain, was installing officer. Rivera Hiber, also past presi- dent of the Palmer club was in- stalling chaplain. Carolyn Ahl- strom, president of Anchorage Emblem Club, installing mar shall; Mrs. Osky Weeda, in- stalling junior past president; Peggy Burnett installing vice president; Cookie Hall, install ing trustee. All three women are past presidents of the An ehorage club. Lola Mallory of Anchorage played organ music during installation.
 Retiring president, Midge Hadgins, introduced Ben Cabo, eXalted ruler of the Palmer
The frontiersman., 1962-04-26

Rose Evans and Janet Lewis, guards; Vera Hayes, historian; Karla Duff, press correspon- dent; Agnes Zaborac, chaplain; Mitzie Graves, first marshall; Marylyn McRae, second mar shall; Betty Rice, organist; Lee Ehrhart, Rivera Hiber, Midge Hudgins, and Carol Kon- ikson, advisory board; and ap- pointive officers, Joan Kogele, marshall and Ida Stadler, cor responding secretary.
 After the installation cere- mony President Wood presided over short meeting during which she named committees for the coming year.
 The program was concluded with a smorgasbord and danc- ing.
The frontiersman., 1962-04-26
PIONEERS TO MAKE SUMMER PLANS AT MAY ' MEETING

The seasons last meeting of Pioneers of Alaska Igloo 3l will be held at 8 pm, Monday, May 2 at Legion hall. A sum- mer recess will extend through the months of June, July and August. Plans for the Pioneers picnic, usually held at the Reinie Snider residence on Lake Lucille, will be discussed. Buttons will be available at the meeting and pictures taken at Igloo institution may be order ed at the Palmer Drug store.
 Don Ingalls,, Igloo secretary, says there are some interesting notes on membership in the To- cal Igloo, including two father and son combinations = the Smiths of Wasilla and the Talks of Palmer; three sets of broth ers-the Kirchers, Kosloskys and Grows. The eldest member IS Jacob Berg of Matanuska and the youngest, Lauritz Lo- berg, who attained the requir- ed age only the day before the Charter was closed. M. D. Snodgrass and Walter Iceland have the longest Alaskan resi- 'dences.
 Information recently receiv- ed from the Grand Igloo indi- cates that the last Igloo formed previous to the local unit, was as Craig, over 30 years ago.
The frontiersman., 1962-04-26
Laura Barnes Resigns As Chamber Secretary

Mrs. Laura Barnes, who has served as secretary of the Mat anuSka Valley Chamber of Commerce for over a year last week resigned from the board of directors due to pressure of business. Mrs. Barnes owns and operates Totem Land Realty, with offices in both Palmer and Chugiak and with increas- ed activities in both areas, felt she could not devote the neces- sary time to her position on the Chamber board.
 Mrs. Marie Van Aukens has been named new secretary of the Chamber.
The frontiersman., 1962-04-26

Martin Betts and Frank Smith left Wasilla early last week for the Nabesna area. Both are employed by M.E.A.
 Work progresses daily at the new Gillow building just west of Wasilla while in the opposite direction new slash lines are showing up and will soon be streets in the new Smith sub- division.
 Mel Bjorn of Knik Drilling has started new well almost on Main street that will ser vice new building soon to be erected on the corner of Main street and the Big Lake High way. More about this project after we've seen the owner.
 Mrs. Chester Peterson and Mrs. Louise Purvis drove from Anchorage last Thursday to at tend the Wasilla School Band and Chorus concert. MT. Pet erson is Superintendent of Wasilla Schools and MT. Purvis is Principal of the Wasilla High School
The frontiersman., 1962-04-26
WASILLA COUPLE NOW AT HOME FOLLOWING WEDDING TRIP

MT. and Mrs. Allan E. Ger Shmal, who were married April 21 in the Church of Christ in Wasilla, are now at home in Wasilla following a short we'd ding trip.
 The bride is the former Wy thle Heaven, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Foster Heaven of Wasilla. The bridegroom is the youngest son of Harold Ger shmal, both long time residents of Wasilla.
 The Rev. Wenter D. Harvey performed the double ring marriage service, witnessed by 75 friends and relatives. The church was decorated with Easter lilies, baskets of iris and mums decorated the altar. John Blissard sang, q Love You Truly, accompanied at the piano by Miss Helen Carter.
 For her wedding the bride chose a chapel length gown of white floral lace over taffeta. The bodice and cap sleeves were of nylon tulle, patterned with pearls and iridescent se- quins. Her finger-tip length veil fell from a tiara of rhine stones and she carried white Bible and an orchid.
 Bridesmaids were Miss Elsie Gerdig of Fairbanks, Miss Sharon Ruff and Miss Sandra Minick. Their gowns were of street length in lilac, rose, and pale green and they carried bridal muffs.
 Jerry Cottle, brother-in-law of the bridegroom, was best man. The ushers were Don Wagner, also a brother-in-law of the bridegroom and LeRoi Heaven, brother of the bride.
 Following the wedding cere- mony a reception was held in the Wasilla community hall, where floral arrangements were furnished by Mrs. Rose
The frontiersman., 1962-04-26

B.P.O. ElkS lodge and present. ed him a check for S781.79, part of which will go to the Elks Cerebral Palsy Fund, and part for lodge use expenses. Several gifts were presented installing officers and the outgoing president.
 Officers installed included: Dorothy Woods. president; Midge Hudgins, junior past president; Eleanor Mrak, vice president; Myrtle Hume. sec ond vice-president; Jean O. Neill, financial secretary; Neola Bowers. treasurer; and Hazel Harris, recording secretary.
 Also, Gertrude Burcher, head trustee; Charlene Rock ritz. Clara Buzby, Kathryn Cot ten, and Betty Moffitt, trustees;
The frontiersman., 1962-04-26

Page s = The Frontiersman Thursday. April 26. 1862
The frontiersman., 1962-04-26

Johnson. Mrs. Don Wagner and Mrs. Jerry Cottle, sister of the bridegroom, presided at the guest book and served the three-tiered wedding cake. Punch and coffee were served by Don Wagner and Jerry Cot tie. Presiding at the gift table were the bridesmaids.
 The bridegroom is employed at the Alaska Agricultural Ex- pertinent Station farm.
The frontiersman., 1962-04-26
Local Church Will Observe Silver Anniversary May 6

The United Protes { a n { Church will celebrate it's 18th anniversary on Sunday, May 6 with fellowship dinner at 6 pm. to be followed at 7::30 pm. by a service at which Dr. Earl Jaekman will be guest speaker.
 Dr. Jackman has been affil- lated with the United Protest ant Church for a number of years as secretary for work in Alaska under the Board of Ma tionaI Missions, Presbyterian Church. U .S.A.
 Former pastors and charter
 members will receive special
 invitations 10 attend the ob- servance and all friends and
 former members of the
The frontiersman., 1962-04-26
Pat Green Named Queen Contestant

Miss Patricia Green, daugh- ter of MT. and Mrs. Les Green of Wasilla, has b cen named Miss Matanuska Valley" and will represent the valley in the Miss Alaska Beauty Pageant to be held in Fairbanks on May 3, 1t was announced this week by Harold Dunn, chairman of the Alaska State Fair, Inc. queen contest committee.
 Miss Green is student at the University of Alaska and was contestant in the 1862 ASF queen contest.
 The winner of the Fair banks Pageant. which is be- ing sponsored by the Com munitY Recreation League of Fairbanks. will be designated as Miss Alaska Beauty Pa geant and will be entered in the Miss Universe contest la ter this year.
 Pat Schoeporster, also a con- testant in the Fair queen con- test last year, was invited to participate in the Fairbanks contest as Miss Palmer. How ever, due to a pressure of stud ies and other commitments, she was unable to accept.
The frontiersman., 1962-04-26
church are urged 10 attend.

church are urged to attend.
 The first service in the val ley, led by the Rev. Bert J. Bingle, was held in a tent on Mothers Day, 1885. The first service held in the present church building was on Easter Sunday, 1887, with 75 people in attendance. Charter mem bers numbered about 59 and since that time there has been an increase to the present 200 membership figure.
 A commemorative history of the church, compiled by D o n Irwin, will be available from the church office after May for 75 cents a copy.
The frontiersman., 1962-04-26
WaSilla News Notes
By Jane Browne

Linda Bergman and Florene Neal, both 1861 graduates of Wasilla High School, are now employed in Anchorage follow ing a winters course at the Anchorage Business College. Linda is with F.A.A. and Flor enc is at the New York Life Insurance Go. office. The girls will continue night classes at the Business College.
 
 MT. and Mrs. Joe Montgom- cry and daughters spent the Easter holiday at their cottage on Lucille Lake MT. Montgom- cry is the Principal of West Anchorage High School.
 Mrs. Wilfrid MyrD Osborne arrived home last Wednesday following five months treat ment at the Stanford Medical Center in Palo Alto, California. Mrs. Osborne also visited with seven sisters and brother dur ing her stay in the Oakland area. During her absence MT. Osborne and daughter Patsy moved into 4heir new home.