davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23

tinuing this threat will be rec
ognized.
8. Third-It shall be the
policy of this Nation to
regard amy nuclear missile
launched from Cuba against
any nation in the Western
Hemisphere as an attack by the
Soviet Union on the Unit d
States requiring a full retalia-
tory response upon the Soviet
Union.
4. Fourth = AS a necessary
military precaution, I have re-
inforced our base at Guantana-
mo, evacuated today the de-
pendents Of our personnel there
and ordered additional military
units to stand by on an alert
basis.
5. Fifth -- We are calling
tonight for an immediate meet
ing of the organ Of consulta-
ton under the Organization Of
American States, to consider this
threat to hemisphere security
and to invoke Articles 6 and 8
of the Rio Treaty in support
of all necessary action. The
United Nations Charter allows
for regional security arrange
ments - and the nations Of
this hemisphere decided long
ago against the military pres
ence of outside powers. Our
other allies around the world
have also beeen alerted.
6. Sixth - Under the Char
ter Of the United Nations, we
are asking tonight that an
emergency meeting Of the Sc
curity Council be convoked
without delay to take action
against this latest Soviet threat
to world peace. Our resolution
will call for the prompt dis
mantling and withdrawal Of all
offensive weapons in Cuba, I'M
der the supervision Of U. N.
observers, before the quaran-
tine can be lifted.
Z. Seventh and finally - ]
call upon Chairman Khru-
shchev to halt and eliminate
this clandestine, reckless and
provocative threat to world
peace and to stable relations
between our two nations. ]
call upon him further to aban-
don this course Of world DOM
nation, and to join in an his
toric effort to end the perilous
arms race and transform the
history of man. He has an OPP
portunity now to move the
world back from the abyss Of
destruction - by returning to
his governments own words
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23

FOLLOWING Is the tert OF
President Kennedy's speech
to- the Nation last night:
Good evening, my fellow cit
liens:
This Government. las prom
iseo, has maintained the closest
surveillance of the Soviet mill
tary build-up on the island OF
Cuba. Within the past week,
unmistakable evidence has es-
tahlished the fact that a Sc
ries. of offensive missile sites
is now in preparation on that
imprisoned island.
The purpose Of these bases
can be none other than to pro-
vide a nuclear strike capability
against the Western Henri
sphere.
Upon receiving the first pre-
linlinary hard information OF
this nature last Tuesday morn
ing at 9 am, I directed that
our surveillance be stepped up.
And having now confirmed and
completed our evaluation of
the evidence and our decision
on a course of action, this
Government feels obliged to
report this new crisis to you in
full detail.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23

attachment to your fatherland.
as one who shares your as
pirations for liberty and justice
for all.
And I have watched Will
deep sorrow how your nation
alist revolution was betrayed
and how your fatherland fell
under foreign domination.
Now your leaders are ND
longer Cuban leaders inspired
by Cuban ideals. They are pup
pets and agents of an inter-
national conspiracy which has
turned Cuba against your
friends and neighbors in the
Americas-and turned 1t into
the first Latin American coun-
try to become a target for nu-
clear war-the first Latin
American country to have these
weapons on its soil.
These new weapons are not
in your interest. They con-
tribute nothing to your peace
and well-being. They can only
undermine 1t.
But this country has no
wish to cause you to suffer or
Ito impose any system upon
you. We know your lives and
hand are being used as pawns
by those who deny you free
dom.
Many times in the past, the
Cuban people have risen to
throw out tyrants who de-
stroyed their liberty. And I have
no doubt that most Cubans to-
day look forward to the time
when they will be truly free
- free from foreign DONNA
ton, free to choose their own
leaders, free to select their own
system, free to own their own
land, free to speak and write
and worship without fear OF
degradation. And then shall
Cuba be welcomed back to the
society Of free nations and to
the associations of this hemi-
sphere.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23
Two Types

The characteristics of these
new missile sites indicate two
distinct types of installations
Several of them include medi-
UNI range balliStic missiles,
capable of carrying q nuclear
warhead for a distance of more
than 1000 nautical miles. Each
of these missiles, in short, is
capable of striking Washing
ton, D. c., the Panama Canal,
Cape Canavefal, Mexico City. or
any other city in the South
eastern part of the United
States, in Central America or
in the Caribbean area.
Additional sites not yet COM
pleted appear to be designed
for intermediate range ballistic
missiles - capable OF travel
ing more than twice as far -
and thus capable of striking
most of the major cities in the
Western Hemisphere, ranging
as far north as Hudson's Bay,
Canada, and as far south as
Lima, Peru.
In addition, Jet bombers, ca
pable of carrying nuclear weap-
ons, are now being uncrated
and assembled on Cuba, while
the necessary air bases are
being prepared.
This urgent transformation
Of Cuba into an important
strategic base - by the pres
ence of these large, long-range
and clearly offensive weapons
Of sudden mass destruction
constitutes an explicit threat
to the peace and security of
all the Americas, in fragrant
and deliberate defiance Of the
Rio Pact Of l947, the traditions
of this Nation and Hemisphere,
the joint resolution of the 87th
Congress, the Charter Of the
United Nations, and my own
public warnings to the Soviets
on September 4 and Is.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23

der the United Nations Char
ter.
Under one Interpretation, the
United States quarantine is a
form of pacific" blockade new
7er before invoked by this coun-
try.
According to a United States
Government Digest of Inter-
national Law" written in 194s
by the State Department legal
adviser, G.. H. Hackworth, and
reprinted in 1861, there are two
kinds Of blockade, pacific"
and "belligenerent."
A pacific blockade" Of
which the quarantine is ap-
parently one type, the Hack
worth digest states, is regard
ed as an act short of war, by
which one state undertakes to
blockade the ports of another
state for the purpose of COM
polling the latter to make
amends or reparation for some
injustice claimed to have been
caused by the blockaded state. "
A 'ReprisaP
This form of blockade, Hack
worth com m ents, sis more
properly to be termed a repri-
sal. If no attempt is made to
extend the measures to citi-
zens and property of a third
state, there is in it nothing
exceptionabIe from a legal point
of view"
The term pacific blockade,
according to one authority cit
ed in the digest, "refers to cut
ting off of access to or egress
from a foreign port or coast
by a naval operation designed
to compel the territorial sover-
eign to yield to demands made
of it, such as the granting Of
redress for the consequences Of
its wrongful conduct, and by
process whereby the blockading
state does not purport to bring
into being a state of war.
Not Always Illegal
"Such action is to be deemed
pacific merely in the sense that
the blockading state is disposed
to remain at peace, while the
state whose territory is block
AIDED does not elect to treat the
operation as one constituting
an act of war or as compelling
it to make war upon its adj
verSary. 80.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23

fits in the second and third
contract phases Of the health
plans, the total reserves are ex-
pected to dip below the $47.4
million surplus.
However, csc officials pre-
dict there still will remain a
substantial reserve.
4 =
POSTAL WORK MEASURE
MENT-The Post office De-
partment has designated Oc-
tober 81 through November 2
as the once-a-month week in
which the work production OF
postal workers will be measured.
The two major postal clerks
unions-the AFL-CIO United
Federation of Postal Clerks and
the National Postal Unioh-in-
tend to make an about fight
on the work measurement sys-
tenn.
They are seeking White
House action to halt it. If this
fails, they will seek legislation
from Congress next year to
abolish 10. The unions claim the
work measurement system de-
stroys employe morale and de-
feats its own purpose. On the
other hand, postal officials say
the system is needed to insure
adequate work performance
standards by employees.
4 =
INDUSTRIOUS COL
LEAGUES-An imposing num-
Der of people who later became
famous were Federal civil serv-
ants at some period in theil
lives.
A few of them include Knute
Rockne, the Notre Dame foot
ball coach, who was a clerk II
the Chicago post office from
1907 to 1910; Clara Barton
founder Of the American Red
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23
Lesson of the '30s

The 1930s taught us a claer
lesson: Aggressive conduct. If
allowed to grow unchecked and
unchallenged. ultimately leads
to war.
This Nation is opposed to
war, We are also true to our
word. Our answering objective,
therefore. must be to prevent
the use of these missiles against
this or any other country, and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23
Mid-City Citizens
Support Arrests

The Mid-City Citizens Asso-
citation met last night and
passed three resolutions.
The first expressed opposition
to the Horsky Committee rec
concentration that the Metro
|politan Police Department dis
continue making arrests for
investigations.
The second commended Sem
ator Byrd, Democrat Of West
Virginia, for the manner in
which he pursued the investi-
cation Of the welfare rolls Of
the city.
The final resolution expressed
satisfaction that Chief Murray
has decided to remain as Chief
Of Metropolitan Police Force.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23

commerce carried on by third
powers will be fully respected,
the Japanese Navy having no
intention of interfering with
it," A few days later Japan said
it would pay due respect to
the peaceful commerce of third
powers" with which 1t did not
intend to interfere.
The latest American move
makes no specific attempt to
distinguish third parties, al
though officials asay they in
tend to let pass cargoes found
not to be offensive.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23

that it had no need to station
missiles outside its own terri
tory, and withdrawing these
weapons from Cuba - by re-
framing from any action which
will widen or deepen the present
crisis-and then by participant
ing in a search for peaceful
and permanent solutions.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23

rations continue, thus increas-
ing the threat to the hemi-
sphere, further action will be
justified. / have directed the
armed forces to prepare for any
eventualities; and I trust that,
in the interest of both the Gu
ban people and the Soviet tech
nicians at these sites, the haz-
ards to all concerned of con-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23
Dangerous Course

My fellow citizens: Let no
one doubt that this is a diff
ficult and dangerous effort on
which we have set out.
No one can foresee precisely
what course it will take or what
costs or casualties will be in
CURED.
Many months Of sacrifice
and self discipline lie ahead =
months in which both our will
and our patience will be tested
- months in which many
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23
Salute to
Cuban People

Finally, I want to say a few
words to the captive people OF
Cuba, to whom this speech is
being directly carried by spe-
cial radio facilities.
I speak to you as a friend,
as one who knows Of your deep
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23
GAS Sanction

If the Organization of Ameri-
can States acts today to sane
ton the American quarantine,
as the United States confident
ly expects, it will have acted
as a regional organization set
up by the 1947 Rio Treaty I'M
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23
Legal Basis Cited

According to this procedure,
the United States can claim its
quarantine is a use of force
falling short of war. This legal
basis is cited:
Article 2, Paragraph 4. of the
United Nations Charter, pro-
videS that AL membeS-s shall
refrain in their international
relations from the threat or use
of force against the territorial
integrity or political independ-
ence of any state, or in any
other manner inconsistent with
the purposes of the United Ma
tons"
Article 81 provides: Nothing
in the present Charter shall
impair the inherent right of in
dividual or collective self-de-
tense if an armed attack &C.
ours against a member of the
United Nations, until the Sc
curity Council has taken meas
ures necessary to maintain in
ternational peace and securi-
ty.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23

It is now up to Cuba and
Russia as to whether the Unit
ed States quarantine" of Cuba
is an act of war or a use Of
force short of war, whether it
is q pacific" blockade or q
"belligerent" blockade.
State Department legal ex-
perts do not regard the quar-
antine as an act of war. They
do acknowledge it is a use Of
force. they contend the method
is sanctioned by the United
Nations Charter.
The use of the word GUAR
antine" by President Kennedy
to describe United States moves
against Cuba is seen by some
experts on international law as
an attempt to establish a new
legal weapon in world politics
that lacks the warlike como
tations of the more familiar
blockade"
Administration advisers, seek
ing to explain the Unit ed
States move as something short
of a war-like blockade, con-
tended that the quarantine is
a move within a regional group
of nations.
Traditional Rules
But the quarantine will be
operated, a high State Depart
ment official said, according to
the traditional rules" mean
ing the rules Of a blockade.
Ships will be asked to stop
for search. They will have the
option of permitting a search,
continuing in defiance of the
orders to stop. or turning back.
Officials emphasized that every
opportunity would be afforded
the ships to turn back if they
are carrying prescribed cargoes.
However, if no offensive
weapons are found, the ships
will be allowed to continue
their Journeys to Cuban ports.
While Defense Department
briefers said the United States
was prepared to sink ships,
State Department officials were
milder.
The shot fired after a warn
ing went unheeded would be
aimed with the idea of mini
MIXING casualties" an official
emphasized, in accordance with
the principle of using the mini
mum amount of force neceS-
sary to inforce a blockade.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-23

.Follo,uing Is the tert OF
President Kennedy's speech
to- the Nation last night:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-21

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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-21
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Jackson advocate., 1962-01-06
z Outstanding
Continued From Page One)

CONTINUED From Page One
ming their work.
Mr.. Robinson has a B. A.
in architecture and an M. S. in
city planning from the Illinois
Institute of Technology. He re-
Gently worked for an organiza-
tion which is preparing a master
plan for urban renewal of
5-1/2 square mile area on the
west side of Chicago. He also
worked for the city of Chicago
one year-just before joining
the Peace Corps-as an opera
tions analyst.
Mr.. Robinson was born and
raised in Chicago, where his
family still resides. He gradu-
ated from Hyde Park School in
1854 and won a Robert E. Wood
scholarship to attend the Illinois
Institute of Technology. He was
long active in the Chicago Boys
Club and became the first men,
ber of the Club to become elect
ed to its Board of Managers.
Baseball is his favorite sport,
but he also participates in many
others.
When his training in India is
completed,-about the end of
Jackson advocate., 1962-01-06
March Off,.

CONTINUED From Page One)
that fought polio during the
terrible years when the disease
swept unchecked across the ma
ton, the team that finally
smashed down the barriers of
ignorance and produced the Salk
vaccine.
Today, with paralytic polio
rapidly diminishing as q public
health problem, the March of
Dimes team is "redoubling the
search for knowledge" to aid
victims of other crippling di-
seases. A big part of its job is
the work of rehabilitating the
$4,000 polio victims who con-
tilue, to need assistance from,
National Foundation chapters.
But the knowledge and expert
ence acquired in the polio fight
have enabled it to take on other
enormous problems of disease
that hare defied solution since
the beginning of time.
The rev targets are birth
defects and arthritis. Mans ig-
norance of these conditions has
been so complete that their oc-
currence has been accepted as
an unavoidable tragedy. The
March Of Dimes "team" proved
that polio could be controlled.
Ana it is determined , to find
Jackson advocate., 1962-01-06

January Mr.. Robinson will be
assigned to the Government
Engineering College in Chandi-
gragh (Punjab State) where he
will work with its Rural Hous-
ing Unit to help build model
villages.
Mr.. Pittman graduated from
the Paririe View A & M Col
lege, Prairie View, Texas in
1857, majoring in agricultural
engineering. He then served two
years i'm the u. S. Army, most
of this time in Germany.
Joe Pittman was born and
raised on his fathers farm,
near Gonzales, Texas where he
worked until joining the Peace
Corps. He has been a leader in
Al Club work and in the New
Farmers of America. With his
farm experience and his college
training he is we'll acquainted
with live stock production and
farm management. He also is
qualified for a secondary teach
ing certificate in Texas.
Joe Pittman helped work his
way through college by work
ing as a janitor, as an orderly
at the Gonzales Rehabilitation
Center, and also as a meat cut
ter. His hobby is photography
and he participates actively in
a great variety of spotrs.
After his training in India is
completed-about the end of
January-Mr. Pittman will be
assigned to an experimental
: agricultural program of the
Ludhiana Agricultural College
working alternately in the near
Jackson advocate., 1962-01-06

| causes and cures and prevent
ives for birth defects and artn-
ritis, and to bring modern med
| ical care and treatment to those
already afflicted.
Using techniques developed
through "a years Of intensive
experience both with the immed-
iaSe problems of the disabled
and the long-range problems Of
scientific research, The National
Foundation has organized its
forces on local and nationwide
levels. Supported by contri5u-.
tions to the March Of Dimes.
rrecical workers and chapter
volunteers are teaming up to
create special treatment cent
ers where victims or birth de-
feets and arthritis receive total
medical care from teams of ex-
rerts. Such {. i'ters will conce'l-
trate on early diagnosis, pre-
vcut;on of dlsa6:lity, rehabiii-
tation and the expansion Of
knowledge If I'LL phases of
treatment Chapters in ar.as
isolated from large medical cen
ters are joining forces in or
ganizing local Evaluation Clin-
les stated by teams Of visiting
medical specialists to help the
disabled on an outpatient<basis.
At the same time, a wide net
work of Clinical Study Centers
is being established by the ma
tional office of the March of
Dimes organization to do re-
search as well as focus intensive
study upon patient aid problems
in each of the three problem
areas - birth defects, arthritis
and polio. Here will be develop
ed the techniques and the tools
to eliminate the wastage of hu-
man life through crippling. Ply
sicians, nurses and other spec
ialists will be trained to provides
total care for the individual pa
tlent. From these centers will
grow an ever-increasing army
OF trained medical personnel,
capable of dealing with the COM
plex task of restoring the dis
abled to useful living.
Meanwhile, other members of
the team are at work in the ma
tion's laboratories, probing the
mysterious world of microscopic
viruses and human cells, adding
to the mountain of new scien-
tific knowledge already accum-
ulated in the fight against polio,
bringing closer the day when
arthritis and birth defects will
be listed among the health prob
lams which man has learned to
control.
Forgive us our ignorance"
DIR. Sims has said. He might
have added that medical science
will not tolerate that ignorancel
The partnership of the Ameri-
can people, the scientist and the
physician is a formidable team.
1t has worked near miracles in
the past. And it will do it again.
Jackson advocate., 1962-01-06
Public Parks.
Continued From Page One)


objected but was forced to cease
operating the facilities Jan. l
when the commission drastically
cut the agency's budget for this
year.
All playground equipment,
benches and other removable
items were taken from the parks
during the closing preparations
late last month. Holes on the
green's at four golf courses were
filled to prevent golfers from
continuing to use the facilities.
Also closed were 81 parks and
eight swimming pools. Untouch-
ed by the colsing were Vulcan
Park atop Red Mountain, the
city zoo and botanical garden
and Woodrow Wilson park be-
tween City Hall and the county
courthouse.
The commission wanted the
facilities padlocked and no tres
passing signs posted. The park
boards refusal to go along re-
suited in only community CEN
ters being posted, with parks
legally closed but still open for
use.
Police could tell any one US
ing the facilities they were
closed but arrests would de-
pend on possible charges of