davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-18

ing figures and found what seemed
conclusive evidence that many
branch votes were being rugged.
One after another. newspapers be-
gan to expose this. Byrne had to
keep quiet. He knew that if he
made the slightest false move. the
Communists would have him out
But with the suppression of the
Hungarian uprising, Byrne found
a new and unexpected ally. Leslie
Cannon had always seemed
among the most volubly doctri-
naire of Communists. At the time
of the Hungarian uprising he was
imparting doctrine to students at
the ETU residential college, but
shortly afterwards he resigned
from the party. Early the next
year the college was closed be-
cause of financial difficulties and
Cannon was discharged.
Opposed Red Leaders
A younger man than Byrne,
with indefatigable energy and
talent for underground maneuver,
he constantly visited branch
meetings up and down the coun-
try opposing the strategems of the
Communist leadership. Bitter ami
mostly grew up between him and
his former colleagues.
In 1858, when Cannon was elected
a delegate to the Trades Union
Congress but disqualified from at
tending, the TUG at last in
terested themselves in the state
Of the ETU to the extent Of ask
ing the leaders for their COM
mentS on the allegations of ballot
rigging and Communist control
which were constantly m a d e
against them. A long drawn out
correspondence followed, during
which the ETU held their own
inquiry into the accusations and
exonerated everybody. Meanwhile
the ballot rigging went on and
was continuously exposed in news
papers and on televiSion.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-18

the Congolese government, the
katanga government and the Bel
gian state. Belgium's share was
only $1,763,323.
High Payments to Congo
The Belgian colonial admins
tration for the Congo in Leopold
vile received the bulk of these
benefits until the Congo'S indie
pendence day on June 80, 1860.
After that the Leopoldville gov
eminent received nothing.
When President Noise Tshombe
of the Katanga provincial govern
ment declared his province indie
pendent on July IL, 1860, he Or
dered Union Miniere to pay all
taxes, royalties and duties due the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-18

Central Leopoldville government
into his National Bank of Ka-
tanga."
Union Miniere copper produc-
ton for 1851 has been announced
as 293, 500 tons, about 1000 tons
less than in 1860. This means that
in 1861 Tshombe's unrecognized
state of Katanga" collected in
the neighborhood of $50 million
to carry on his feud with the CEN
trail government and what he
called his glorious war" with the
United Nations.
And that Is how Union Miniere
gets into the deep, deep troubles
of the Congo.
In an economic sense at least,
Katanga today is the Union Mi
Mere and the independent bust
nesses which have capitalized on
its success.
Union Miniere is the largest
company in the Congo.
At independence, Union Miniere,
with its subsidiary and associated
companies, was the largest con-
tributor to the budget of the Leo
poldville government.
Central Authority
Tshombe's annexing these
funds, combined with an army
mutiny, then Prime Minister Pat
rice Lumumba's adventure in die
tatorship, Soviet efforts to support
Lumumba and the almost total
lack of preparation for freedom,
produced collapse of the central
governments authority.
United Nations policy from the
beginning has been to restore the
unity of the Congo. Under pres
sure from Tshombe and doubtful
about the ability of the central
government to restore its author
ity, Union Miniere has been Of
ficially silent.
Some officials privately have
criticized the United Nations use
of force in Katanga. One official
in Elisabethville said the COM
pany's only aim was to produce
copper and the Tshombe govern
ment had provided the stability
required for a record year of
100000 tons in 1860.
About one fifth of Union
Miniere's copper production is al
ways in the pipeline from mine
to consumer and the country has
been able to maintain deliveries.
In fact, until the fighting broke
out between Katangese forces and
United Nations troops in Deem
Der, there was very little inter-
ruption of mining operations. But
company shares, selling TO- 81 200
before independence, are now
down around $500.
At present some of Union
Miniere's installations in Elisa
bethville are occupied by United
Nations troops. but operations are
continuing at the other main
centers around Kolwezi, Jadot-
vile and KipuShi
Union Miniere taxes and royal
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-18

seven. The ,000-strong wood
workers union was also for a time
in imminent danger. So was the
large union of civil service clerks.
BY the time of the Marshall
Plan and the beginning Of the
cold war, the Communist
leaderships had taken alarm. The
TUG from l948 EDWARDS issued a
series of long statements attack
ing Communist tactics. Organized
but unofficial Communist
groups were formed in many I'M
ions and, though undisciplined
compared with Communists, grad
ually threw them back. The larg-
est union of all, the 1.3 million
strong Transport and General
Workers Union, adopted a reso-
luton debarring Communists from
office.
District Secretary Counts
In the ETU the Communists
were consolidating but they could
not get rid of all the non-Commu-
mist elected district secretaries.
One who stood out was a man
named John Byrne in Glasgow, a
Catholic in an area where the
Catholic vote is important but
which also has Red traditions.
Byrne is a small man, unimpres-
sive and unobtrusive, without the
gift of eloquence or any other
outstanding gifts except, in the
highest degree, the good, old
fashioned trade union qualities of
integrity and obstinacy. One would
have said that he was born to
be union district secretary, but
destiny has made him national
figure.
Whenever the chief officials
came up for reelection, which
happened every five years, he was
the opposition candidate and al
ways got a substantial vote. But
as time went on people began to
examine and compare branch vot-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-18
X OF COMMUNIST SETBACK
BY E. L, WIGHAM
Contributing Writer

LONDON. British Communists
suffered their worst defeat in
many years when they were
ousted from control of the
quarter-million-strong Electrical
Trades Union from the beginning
of this year. The Communist
Party has never been of much
Importance politically in Britain.
They have no member of Parlia-
ment and little chance of getting
one. Their only source of power
is in the unions.
Control of the ETU was of cru
cial Importance to them, partly
because it was their only large
union, but even more because it
gave them finger in most i'm
portant industries. Basically,
though its membership includes
semi skilled workers and women.
it is a craft union. That is to say
it enrolls electricians wherever
they are to be found, which is
practically everywhere.
Its two biggest sections are in
electricity supply and electrical
contracting, but 1t has many
members in engineering and ship
building, in construction and steel
in motor manufacture and at the
airports. 1t was the electricians
and the engineers who stopped
the London newspapers in 1855.
1t is a comparatively new union,
since the use of electricity has
only spread widely this century,
and it is still a rapidly growing
one.
In all the industries where the.
ETU has influence, it led the call
for militant" action, for extrav-
agant wage claims and strikes.
The president or general secre-
tary was usually the mover of
the main party-line resolutions at
the annual Trades Union Con-
greSS.
No National Figures
This leadership has gone and
there is no other national union
with Communist leaders to take
their place. The coal miners
general secretary is Communist
but acts under the watchful eye
of a non-Communist executive.
There are fellow travellers else
where, in the foundry workers
union, for instance, but no other
Communist trade unionist who is
a national figure.
They still have their enclayes,
of course. They have for years
had dominating position in the
Scottish area of the miners union
and have recently come out on top
in the South Wales area. They
control several districts of the
Million strong Amalgamated En-
cheering Union, including those
of London and Sheffield. They are
strong in number of minor I'M
ions, including some small white
collar ones.
The astonishing aspect of the
ETU affair is that they were able
to establish and maintain control
for so long, in spite of years of
newspaper and television publicity
accusing the leadership of ballot
rigging and malpractice, not to
mention three years of panied in
quiries by the TUG. In last years
court case, which finally led to
their downfall, there was an es-
innate that / per cent of the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-18

tanga. They pointed to the con-
slant tribal strife in the province.
They asked how, in an "oasis of
peace and order" Lumumba and
two associates could be beaten
up and murdered. They say sub
urban and remote villas had been
vacated by fearful whites long
before the fighting started.
AS for being an anti Communist
bulWark, it was Tshombes Minis
ter of Interior, Godefroid Mu-
nongo, who threatened to ask for
assistance from the Communist
bloc for Katanga.
Tanganyika Concessions Ltd,
which includes Rhodesian and
South African capital, owns 1447
per cent of Union Miniere shares.
Societe Generate holds 4.64 per
cent and Compagnie Du Katanga,
an affiliate of Societe Generate,
8.77 per cent.
Another 1914 per cent formerly
owned by the Belgian colonial
administration is now held in trust
for the Congolese Nation until the
present political dispute is settled.
French Shareholders
The remainder, or SO .98 per cent
is divided among 10000 share
holders, mostly in Belgium and
France. There have been reports
that Rockefeller interests held
some share in Union Miniere, but
a Brussels spokesman said that if
this is true the shares never had
been represented at share
holders meeting.
1t was Edgar Sengier, still
director although past 80, who in
great secrecy shipped 1000 tons
of uranium ore in steel drums
to a New York warehouse in 1910.
He had been informed the Ger
mans we're working on an atomic
bomb and that uranium was of
the utmost Importance.
A year later, when the Man
haitian project in charge of the
United States atomic bomb re-
search needed uranium, Sengier
signed over the steel drums.
At least one Union Miniere Of
fetal noted that, in the light of
this, he could not understand how
the United States could airlift
United Nation troops to Katanga
during the December fighting.
Katanga's copper was known to
the Africans centuries before
Leopold's prospectors arrived. The
earliest explorers in Africa found
the Africans had been melting
malachite or copper ore and max
ing ingots. Katanga tribes used
copper cross as a form of cur
rency.
Leopold began to take an in
tereSt in Africa in 1876 In 1892,
a geologist with one of his ex-
petitions, Jules Cornet, in a little
more than a month, discovered
the immense copper riches. Cornet
had been sent out to look for gold.
Union Miniere was not formed
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-18
Soviet 'Fee|ers' Give
Hope for Detente

onism has given Khrushchev a
motive to send out new feelers
toward the West. A fundamental
realignment of the worlds power
forces, with Russia joining the
West against rampaging China,
is obviously very long way off;
but Mr.. Khrushchev may we'll be
thinking in terms Of decades.
The political precondition which
Mr.. Khrushchev long has regarded
as essential for East-West rap
prochement - acceptance by the
West of the partition of Europe
now exists.
Agreement on Partition?
The West did not knock down
the Berlin wall. nor is it seriously
trying to eliminate it by diplo-
macy. The West has in effect
agreed that Europe's partition is
an established fact - though in
Difference to Chancellor Adenauer,
the West is not prepared to codify
that fact in a treaty.
What Ambassador Thompson
and Foreign Minister Gromyko
have been talking about in Mos
cow Is essentially modus vi
vendi-a way of living with exist
ing conditions in Berlin and Ger
many.
Meanwhile, Mr.. Khrushchev's
cold-War policy, dating from the
Inflated 1860 summit conference,
has not been serving Russia's in
terests effectively. He thus has
another practical reason for shift
ing signals.
Peace in Algeria
Things have been going badly
for Mr.. Khrushchev on several
fronts:
. Algeria. Peace, now so tanta-
lizingly close, would tip the bal
ance of power substantially in the
Vests favor by adding a mill
tarily significant France to the
NATO posture in Europe.
. The Congo. Slow progress con-
tinues to be made toward pacifi-
cation and unification. Soviet eff
forts to disrupt the U. N. opera
ton have backfired, antagonizing
many middle of-the-road Afri-
cans.
. Guinea. Communist penetra-
ton of Africa has been further
set back by Guinea's indignation
at Moscow plot to overthrow
President Sekou Toure. Once vir-
tually a Soviet satellite, Guinea
now is a center Of spreading dis
affection.
. Asia. PreSSures on Laos and
South Wet Nam have produced
a deep and growing commitment
Of American armed forces in the
latter country, making Communist
seizure Of Southeast Asia a much
more distant prospect.
. The Balance of Military Power.
The United States apparently is
on the verge of major atomic
test series.
Thus there is every motive for
Mr.. Khrushchev to try once again
to sweet-talk the free world out
Of its chosen course of thought
and action. The trick this time
will be to extract from Mr..
Khrushchev more than words as
the price for any Western CO.
operation which Is forthcoming.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-18

ties enabled Tshombe to build and
equip an army of 10000 men and
hire white mercenary troops.
African natlonalists frequently
allege that Union Miniere built
up Tshombe as stooge, supported
him politically and finally helped
him in his fight with the United
Nations, paying the mercenaries
and furnishing arms.
President Robiliart, in one of
the company's rare official COM
ments, denied during a New York
visit that it had any part in the
dispute.
On StobiIizine Kotoneo
While many Belgian employees
of the company in Katanga I'M
doubtedly favor secession and OPP
pose United Nations intervention,
a company spokesman here said
only one employee had been de-
tanned as a possible mercenary
He was later released. Other en-
ployes favor U. N. efforts to sta
billie Katanga but deplore use of
force.
1t is acknowledged that Ka-
tangese troops fired on United
Nations forces from company
property. A company spokesman
said there was no way for Union
Miniere to stop Katangese forces
from deploying as they wished.
The spokesman denied there
had been firing from a company
hospital. He said it came from
the grounds of nearby convent.
The United Nations Commission
investigating Lumumba's murder
in Katanga quoted one witness
as saying Lumumba's body had
been kept in laboratory refrig-
orator of Union Miniere for a
time.
1--WE made a careful check" the
Brussels spokesman said. I'VE do
have refrigerators at several points
in Katanga. The story was not
true"
A powerful "Katanga lobby" in
London came to Tshombe's sup
port during his fight with the
United Nations. This was not sur
prising. Tanganyika Concessions
Ltd, a British company, has held
a large interest in Union Miniere
since its founding in 1906 The
British company has always been
represented on the Union Miniere
board.
BuIwork Against Communism
The Katanga lobby opposed the
supply of British bombs for the
Indian Canberra planes being used
in the Congo 1t took the position
that Tshombe was a bulWark
against communism in Katanga,
that he had created an "oasiS
of peace and order" and that a
true, multiracial society had been
formed there.
Supporters of the United Ma
ton and Congolese unity drew
much less idyllic picture of Ka-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-18
BY WILLIAM r. FRYE
Contributing Writer

SoAsAAbbcAhe WAlbCL
UNITED NATIONS, N. WHAT
- Nikita Khrushchev up to now?
4 Within the last few months, he
has made a number OF gestures
OF apparent sweet reasonableness
reminiscent of the "thaw" of
1D58-9.
He has:
q Agreed to an exchange of spy
prisoners, billing it as a goodwill
gesture.
9 Agreed in principle to a Joint
television appearance with Presi-
dent Kennedy-giving the United
States an audience in Russia far
more impressionable than the
American audience Khrushchev
would get in return.
. Allowed Izvestia to publish in
full an interview with Kennedy.
Q Authorized a follow-up social
visit to the White House by his
son-in-law.
o Proposed summit conference
on disarmament to give impetus"
to upcoming arms negotiations.
Those who dismiss these gestures
as OF little or no significance could,
Of course. be right.
The Powers Exchange
The Powers-Abel exchange can
be explained, not as a goodwill
move at all but as a device to
encourage surrender rather than
suicide when caught in the Soviet
Union in the future on such mis-
sions. Powers served only %
months.
The disarmament-summit idea
can be discounted as nothing more
than an effort to top" the West
in the propaganda arena. The
West had proposed a meeting of
foreign ministers.
There is little sign Of any sub
stantive progress on any major
outstanding issue: Berlin, nuclear
testing, arms control. Indeed,
there continues to be on-again,
off-again pressure on Berlin.
Nevertheless, when all this has
been said, there remains a new and
tantalizing air Of flexibility about
Mr.. Khrushchev's recent diplo-
macy which cannot be wholly ex-
planned away.
. Diplomats here have raised their
most sensitive antennae to feel
out the atmosphere. They are fas-
clnated by the possibilities.
Is the world in for another
period of relative detente-with
its opportunities and it's chal-
lenges?
Victories Inside KremIin
Frequently before, when Mr..
Khrushchev has scored victories
over his Stalinist opponents in
side and outside the Kremlin, his
victories have been followed by
a period Of calmer East West at
mospher1cs.
Last October, Mr.. Khrushchev
apparently scored another such
victory. The outside world does
not know whether, or to what ex-
tent, it has been consolidated. But
that there was such a victory is
attested by many clear signs,
including the sudden walkout by
Red China's Chou En-lai from
the 22d Party Congress.
Increasing Sino-Soviet antag-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-18
BY LYNN HEINZERLING
Associated presa Staff urjtar


BRUSSELS. - The Union Mi
Mere du Haut-Katanga has never
lost the regal touch of King Leo
pold II of the Belgians.
THE Congo is richer than you
think: work." the crusty old mon
arch told his prospectors and en-
gineers more than so years ago.
And for half century, Union
Miniere has been tearing a fab
ulous fortune in copper from the
bleak landscape of the Congos
Katanga Province.
No task has been too great, no
setback too disastrous, no horizon
too distant to impede or intimi-
date Union Miniere.
More than 6 million tons of
Katanga copper have poured into
the worlds markets in the last
so years. The company supplies
some so per cent of the worlds
cobalt, almost the entire world
stock of radium and smaller
amounts of germanium, cadmium
and zinc.
Profits too have poured out of
Union Miniere in royal profusion
SAT million net in 1860, $40 mil
lion in 1859, $48 million in 1858.
The figures for 1861 are not yet
available.
The company proudly acknowl-
edges that it supplied from its
ShinkolobWe mine most of the
uranium for manufacturing Amer
lean atomic bombs during World
War II.
But company officials quietly
explode the durable myth that
Union Miniere made vast profits
from this uranium.
From the beginning, Union Mi
Mere has been financed and nur-
tured by the most powerful and
austere of Belgium's huge holding
companies, the Societe Generate
de Belgique.
Conservative Management
The Societies headquarters in
BRUSSELS are just across the Rue
Montague du Pare from Union
Minieres head office. The Union
Miniere Building is a staid, seven
story, stone structure. It's long,
carpeted corridors of inlaid wood
are lined with scores of oak doors
with brass handles.
Behind these doors sit some of
the most conservative and retiring
of mining men - Chairman Paul
Gillet, Vice Chairman Edgar van
der Straeten, President Herman
Robilliart and dozens of the
worlds best mining engineers and
administrators.
They almost never speak for
publication. A company spokes-
man said he could not even pro-
vide their pictures.
The two office buildings, where
so much wealth in Belgium and
the Congo is controlled, lie I'M
pretentiously between the massive
royal palace and the stern Gothic
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-12-07
United Air Lines
Ready To Hire
Air AoSfeSSeS

Pittsburgh, Pa. (ANP)-United
Air Lines will employ Negro hos
tesses.
This was revealed by the Urban
League of Pittsburgh in an an
nouncement last week that United
Air Lines has invited them to re-
fer candidates for employment as
airline hostesses.
Recruiting will be done for the
Great Lakes region and Pittsburgh,
Buffalo, Cleveland and Detroit, the
region under the direction of Doug
las Schwartz.
In announcing this recruiting
the Urban League declared 1t
would be happy to receive and
process the applications of all
young women who wish to be con-
sidered for hostess employment.
High school graduation is re-
quired and preference is given to
those who have two years of col
lege.
Public contact experience Is val
liable but is not required. The ac-
ceptable age span is 20-26.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-12-07

tional Symposium on Basic de-
sign sponsored by the University
of. Minnesota Architecture School,
Dec. 8 and 7.
He is Kermit X. Keith who has
Joined such other nationally known
architects - George Nelson, NY.
City and professors Albert Szabo,
Harvard university; James La
Mantia, Tulane university; John
Valley, university Of Illinois and
Jesse Reichek University of Calf
ornia in conducting four panels on
IAN Appraisal Of Basic Design"
Examples of basic design Great
ed by the panelists and by their
students as well as many pieces
Of work by University Of Mime
sofa faculty and students will be
exhibited in Frederick Mann court
of the University architecture
building during the symposium.
The exhibit, varying from tiny
models of primitive houses to oils
painted by Professor LaMantia,
also a well-kn9wn professional art
list, will be open to the public.
Prof. Keith received his Bachel-
or of Architecture degree from
Howard University in 1919; Master
of Architecture degree from Cath
Ole University in 1852. He is cur
rently doing advance work towards
a doctorate Of Architecture at
Catholic University in Washington.
At Howard Mr.. Keith Is in
charge of the first year Of Design
in Architecture. He also teaches
Planning Principles and Architec-
tural Philosophy and Advanced
Design at Howard "U".
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-12-07
NotiVe Of Hair
To Deliver InifidI
Message At Zion

The Rev. Mr.. Gerard Laroche
will deliver his initial message as
part-time assistant pastor of Zion
Baptist Church, Sunday, December
8, at the 8 am. and IL am. service.
The subject of his sermon will be
They Call Him Mono.
Rev. Laroche was born in Cap
Haitien, Haiti. In 1851 he came to
the United States and attended
Sioux Falls College. He graduated
with a Bachelor of Science de-
gree in Agriculture. After obtain
ing his BIS. degree, ne entered
Bethel Seminary in st. Paul, where
in 1860, he received a Bachelor
of Divinity degree. He has also
done graduate work at the Uniy.
ersity Of Minnesota.
Among Rev. Laroche's accomp-
Hshments, is that of being a ling
uist. He speaks French, English,
and Spanish fluently.
Rev. Laroche is married to the
former Miss Carolyn Seese, who
is presently completing work for
a B.A. degree in Education at
the University Of Minnesota. The
Laroches have one child, Roger,
age two.
The public Is invited to worship
at Zion at both of the services.