davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1962-04-01

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Evening star., 1962-07-15

which the survivors would emerge
after two weeks would most likely
be uninhabitable.
This kind of massive attack, it
is estimated, might involve $4,000
megatons or so billion tons of
TINT.
The kind of nuclear war which
the OCDM believes to be more
likely is aimed largely at missile
and military sites rather than
cities. Defense officials continue
to speak largely in terms of nu-
clear war limited to striking at
military personnel and objectives.
Khrushchev on Cities
However, hope for immunity for
civilian populations may have
been dashed this week by Soviet
Premier Khrushchev. In an ad-
dress to the Peace Congress in
Moscow, he said:
'Nuclear-misSile war erases the
line between the battlefield and
the rear entirely. 1t is the civilian
population that will be the first
prey of the weapons of mass an
Inhalation. In a war of that sort
just few thermonuclear bombs
are likely to wipe out entire states,
let alone the biggest industrial
centers."
AS both East and West con-
tinue to concentrate on developing
more efficient and more powerful
weapons, plans for adequate de-
fense and protection for civilian
populations become increasingly
more difficult to devise.
The questions Of civil defense
are still open; the answers Srlll
uncertain.
Evening star., 1962-07-15

can wipe out civilization and awed
by other laboratory miracles
which promise to prolong life and
wipe out disease.
with blinking eyes," says DR..
Gray, the Colorado philosopher,
man stands before the authority
of science much as his medieval
counterpart stood before the
priest but he doesn't know
which road leads to salvation,
which to perdition."
Meanwhile, the cold war affects
government and the processes of
democracy. 1t makes big govern
ment bigger. 1t gave President
Kennedy the club-his threat of
withdrawing defense contracts
that made the steel industry re-
treat from a price rise.
1t made the unfamiliar a per-
manent condition large military
forces and a huge arms industry.
The combination of the two has
an influence felt in every city,
every Statehouse, every office of
the Federal Government" PreSi-
dent Eisenhower warned as he left
office. THE potential for the dis
astrous rise of misplaced power
exists and will persist"
Red Fear Meons Gosh
1t has changed political dis
course and the very practice of
government. Sen. Humphrey notes
Seldom does a Senator talk
these days on almost any subject
without basing his argument on
the threat of communism.
I'VE talk about education but
we no longer talk about it in
terms of the richer life it could
bring. Now we talk about it as
an additional weapon against
communism - about the scientists
and engineers it may produce for
our overall defense and space
effort.
THE continuing feeling of cri-
sis also creates a tendency to be
less thoughtful and more careless.
In space legislation, for example,
there is a tendency in Congress
to hurry. Thus, we actually invite
waste. I've seen us pass appro-
priations for space and defense in
minutes without really under
standing what we were doing"
Crisis, the Senator says, polar
ICES authority and strains repre-
sentative government.
Congress Losing Power
1T used to be traditional that
Congress would authorize the use
or disposition of military forces
only after considerable delibera-
ton. Today there is no time for
discussion. You just have to trust
the executive branch.
so far, so good. There has been
no real abuse. But If it continues
Evening star., 1962-07-15
Kennedy Bid for Shelters Appears Fruit|ess

Of the Congressman in their dis
trictS showed not only a signifi-
cant lack of enthusiasm for it but,
in some cases, outright opposition.
A survey taken by the Census
Bureau in January revealed that
not more than three-tenths to
five-tenths of one per cent of the
Nations owner-o occupied units had
fallout shelters. Less than per
cent of homeowners reported plans
for building shelters within IL
months.
Why Is Public Apothetic
Significantly, the survey was
taken at the height of the Gov
ernment's publicity campaign on
the high-survival value of shelters
and the protection they offered
against lethal doses of fallout in
the event of nuclear war.
The bureaus survey contrasts
sharply with one recently con-
Quoted by Elmo Roper Associates,
to which OCDM officials now re-
fer, which indicated decisive public
support for its shelter program.
Public apathy and opposition to
the national shelter program, quiet
apart from important moral ques-
tions, may be explained by the
inadequacies and limited nature
of the program itself, even if
measured merely in terms of the
survival it purports to insure.
The national shelter survey to
identify potential fallout shelter
space in existing buildings is pres
emily the core of the Federal Civil
Defense program. Space for so to
go million has been marked in
buildings found to meet the OCDM
criteria. This calls for space ade-
Evening star., 1962-07-15

ficient concern, says DR.. Frank.
Here, it needs to be pointed out
that DR.. Frank and many other
intellectuals are disturbed by the
Governments policy toward nu-
clear disarmament. They see in 1t
a dangerous drift toward nuclear
war as Russia and the United
States seek to match each other,
test for test, bomb for bomb.
They see danger in a growing
casualneSS toward casualty fig
ures. One expert says a nuclear
attack will kill 20 million Ameri-
cans. Another says is million will
die. A third says, with a massive
civil defense program, "only" 5
million would be lost.
The problem. says DR.. Frank,
is deciding what is the proper
level of public concern; too much
could lead to panic. too little to
a sleep walk into oblivion.
National Unpreporedness Seen
While these questions of mass
emotional reaction to the cold war
remain difficult to answer with
precision, there are other effects
of the pressure cooker of crisis
easier to recognize.
1t has shaped or colored our
thinking, our view of ourselves
and the world, our politics, our
government, education, economy
and creative output. 1t found us
unprepared.
We were not only unaccuStomed
to crisis; we were unaccustomed
to leadership, the criticism which
leadership inevitably brings, to
doubt cast on our omnipotence,
to shadows cast on our success
story, to the fact that we have
had an enemy in the world almost
since the end of the last war, to
lingering danger and hostility
which remains unresolved.
Supreme Court Justice William
o. Douglas points out that the
Chinese word for crisis is made up
of two characters, one meaning
danger; the other. opportunity.
Accent on the Negative
"A crisis environment could be
energyzing, could be a time of
idealiSm and sacrifice and great
effort" Justice Douglas adds.
THE trouble with the present
tension is people can only see the
negative side. Truman and Eisen-
hover sold them on the idea of
defending the country against
Communism. The people were slow
to wake to the fact that Russia
was no longer backward country,
that Russia was strong, that war
was now impossible. 1t was a rude
awakening. The bottom dropped
out of peoples sense of security.
Americans have been told only
of the danger, not of the oppor-
tunity. A whole generation has
Evening star., 1962-07-15
BY LILLIAN LEVY
Contributing Writer

To shelter or not to shelter. as
a question of national survival, is
once again subject of debate.
The issue was reopened by
President Kennedy at his latest
news conference when he reaf-
firmed his support of the national
fallout shelter program and ap-
pealed to Congress to hold hear
ings on the request made last
February by the Office of Civil
Defense Mobilization (OCDM) for
$400 million to expand it.
Public interest in shelters has
declined sharply in recent months.
Indeed, this indifference, reflected
in Congress, appears to have
doomed the administrations pro-
gram.
Despite the Presidents appeal,
the House Armed Services Com
mittee has no plans for hearings
on either the original OCDM
money bill or the supplemental re-
quest for $35 million for food sup
plies to stock areas already des-
ignated as shelters by the OCDM
shelter survey.
Mail in Support Is Light
Although members of the COM
mittee on both sides of the po-
litical aisle favor an adequate civil
defense, not one indicated any
willingness to press Chairman
Vinson, the Georgia Democrat, to
hold hearings.
This indifference on the part of
the legislators is largely due to
the fact that they have received
little or no mail from their con-
stituentS urging support of the
administrations shelter program.
Independent polls taken by some
Evening star., 1962-07-15
On Living in the Shadow Of Atomic War

Editors NOte-In its quest
for knowledge, science has un-
locked pOwer-but never be-
fore the power of the sun. In
his evolution, man has known
challenge-but never before a
challenge to his very survival.
Such are the awes0me facts of
life in the Cold War. How does
this affect Americans-their
thoughts, their society. their
life? Here is an insight into
the soul Of America in crisis.
Evening star., 1962-07-15
ProIonging Life

The OCDM program is estimated
at about 50 billion. However, the
OCDM maintains that shelters
meeting its criteria will make pos
sible the survival of 40 to so mil
lion people, enough to carry on
the business of the Nation. even in
the event of an all-out nuclear war.
If there were a general nuclear
war, according to DR.. John N.
Wolfe of the Atomic Energy Com
MISSIONS division of biology and
medicine, shelter protection would
only prolong life. 1t would not
mean survival. The world into
Evening star., 1962-07-15

grown up seeing only the negative
side. There has been no organized
idealism for youngsters since
World War IL"
Since 1861, however, the Judge
has been encouraged by a new
positive emphasis, of which the
Peace Corps, he says, is a good
example.
This rigidity of thought, which
against background of Armaged-
don divides the world into good
and evil. brought other results,
some obvious, some subtle.
The Hozords Of Hysterio
1t produced or made possible
"McCarthyism" and the spectacle
of a Government distrusting itself.
1t has again begotten a rise in
the extreme right and a mutual
suspicion of Americans for Amer
leans.
Under the strains and fruStra-
tionS imposed by constant ten
sion and harassment lin the cold
war;" President Kennedy said in
1861, "the discordant voices of ex-
tremism are heard once again in
the land. They look suspi-
ciously at their neighbors and
their leaders. They call for a man
on horseback because they do not
trust the people. They find trea-
son in our finest churches, in our
highest court, and even in the
treatment of our water"
The cold war not only aroused
the right; it also, on occasion,
shook the great middle road of
American thought. 1t touched off
a kind Of intellectual panic when
we discovered that Russia could
do something better than we.
What's wrong with our schools?
we cried when Russia beat us to
outer space with Sputnik.
DR.. William Van Til of the New
York University School of Educa-
ton remembers 1857 as "the year
of loss of confidence in America,
of scapegoating of our schools, OF
impossible demands for the in
slant creation of supermen, of the
beginning of idolatry of Soviet ed
ucational procedures.
While DR.. Van Til and other
educators agree that the academic
hysteria of 1857 has begun to
subside, there is still in American
learning a rising emphasis on the
sciences over the humanities, still
a great cry for the technical gen.
fuses who will build the rockets
that will save us.
An Adjustment Needed
We are in history's greatest age
of science and we still don't know
what to make of it. We are daz-
zled by rockets that fly $4,000
miles an hour, by spaceships
which soon will reach the moon.
We are stunned by bombs which
Evening star., 1962-07-15
We've Suffered Less

DR.. Gordon Airport, Harvard So
cial psychologist, calls the process
an lego defensive apathy-a de-
fensiveness against facing the
worst" He is reminded of study
made of the German Jews under
Hitler which showed that even as
the persecution grew, many Jews
refused to believe it.
First, they argued that it wasn't
happening. Then further rational
izations: Well, maybe it can hap
3 pen in the north among those
crazy Prussians, but certainly not
here in Bavaria. Well, they got
away with it in Germany but they
wouldn't dare try it here in Aus
tria. And finally, even as they
walked toward the crematorium,
there evidently were still Jews who
refused to believe they were walk
ing to their death.
Evening star., 1962-07-15

For the average American. SAYS
Dr. Airport, it is even more diff
cult to imagine the worst. I'VE are
less equipped to live with crisis"
he says, because we've had less.
We never lost a war. We never
suffered a big invasion or great
destruction. Thus, we are more
likely to get apathetic or hyster-
ical, purely from inexperience."
I'VE seem unable to sustain our
feeling of fear in the presence of
a constant. continual danger"
says DR.. Jerome Frank, psychia-
triSt at Johns Hopkins. Thus, he
says, some of us find intellectual
escape matches. A tomahawk could
leave you just as dead as an
H-bomb; therefore, why worry
about the bomb? Since the world
began, people have been predicting
its end and it never happened;
so why think so now?
The Refuge Seekers
Inevitably" wrote DR.. Sanford
Clifford, Harvard psychiatrist,
leach person seeks refuge accord
ing to his own temperament; in
apathy. in gallows humor, in false
assumptions Of nationality, or in
the romanticism of multipurpose
shelters combination mauso-
leumS and family dormitories that
provide absolute safety against
moderate fallout, dignified crema-
ton under direct hits and econom-
ical future burial arrangements in
case of peace"
Among people who think about
it, there is some agreement that
the Nation might be much the
worse If Americans generally were
more actively concerned about
nuclear war.
IF more people were worrying
about it" says DR.. Oscar Handin,
Harvard historian, they might
begin to panic mentally. There
might be a kind of general rush
for the nearest exit, or the near
est solution, or the nearest scape-
goat"
There might be many more peo-
pie seeking preventive war or
any war just to settle things
rather than live with continued
unresolved fear.
The Worry Over Alarms
Combat soldiers" says David
ReiSman, the Sociologist, "are ia
miliar with the phenomenon of
fleeing forward when out of
near-paralyzing fear soldiers rush
at the enemy to get it over with;
nuclear war wipes out the dis
tinction between soldiers and ci-
villains and a whole population
may be driven to prefer fleeing
forward, whatever the realistic
choices"
There is also danger in insult
Evening star., 1962-07-15

quate for so persons per shelter
and fallout protection factor of
at least 100. A protection factor of
100 means that if radiation levels
outside the shelter reached 1000
roentgens, the level inside would
be no more than 10 roentgens.
Further surveys planned for
mines, caves, tunnels as we'll as
the proposed shelter incentive pro-
gram is expected to raise the total
of shelter spaces to 235 million by
1867,
The OCDM has made it clear
that none of these would afford
protection against blast or heat or
a firestorm. A typical group shell
ter, as advocated and tested by the
Atomic Energy Commission, would
accommodate 100 persons, would
have a protection factor of TO-
900 against fallout and be able to
withstand a firestorm and a blast
pressure of 35 pounds per square
inch. 1t is estimated that the cost
of such protection for the total
population would exceed the $500
billion national debt.
Evening star., 1962-07-15
An Adjustment Needed

We are in hiStory's greatest age
of science and we still don't know
what to make of it. We are daz-
zled by rockets that fly $4,000
miles an hour, by spaceships
which soon will reach the moon.
We are stunned by bombs which
Evening star., 1962-12-05
$40 Oil Pointing
A MASTERPIECES;
Brings $4,000

BIRMINGHAM, England,
Dec. 5 (AP).-The city art gall
lery yesterday paid a factory
worker E4,400 (S12,320) for a
painting he bought IS years
ago for El0 (then worth about
s40).
Norman Compton. AZ. bought
the picture at a house sale in
Wales in l947. Experts now
have identified 1t as a missing
masterpiece by the 18th century
French landscape artist, Claude
Lorrain.
The painting. The Embarka-
: ton OF st. Paul" was COM
n1issioned by a young Roman
/. fl0bleman, was finished in 1855
and disappeared a few years
later.
Mr.. Crompton, the el6-a-
week ($44,S0) factory worker,
said, "Others at the 1947 Wales
sale were concentrating on at
tractive pictures to adorn their
homes, but I bought this paint
ing, which though dirty had
possibilities"
A few months ago Crompton
took the painting 10 Birming-
ham Art Gallery for an opinion.
Tests showed II was the missing
Claude Lorrain obscured by dirt
and discolored old varnlsh. the
gallery said.
After cleaning. the painting
emerged as a brilliantly colored
sunrise seascape showing the
embarkation Of ST. Paul from
Caesarea 10 Rome.
Evening star., 1962-12-05
UIbricht Drops Threats,
Takes Soft Berlin Line

BERLIN, Dec. 5 (AP). -
East German Communist leader
Walter Ulbricht joined an East
Bloc switch to a soft line on
Berlin today, dropping his usual
threats and calling for compro-
mise.
In a speech at Cottbus last
week end. published today in
the Communist Party paper
Neues Deutschland, Mr.. Ul-
BRIGHT called for "a flexible pol
icy of negotiation, leading to
normalization of relations be-
tween the two German states"
He said "the living together Of
the people of the two German
states would be made possible" T"
thereby.
Evening star., 1962-12-05

he said, that our role involves
no authority whatsoever con-
cerning the affairs Of Fairfax
County. We have accepted the
responsibility Of making the
study at the request Of a sub
stantial number OF Fairfax
County citizens"
Vice chairman Of the study
committee Is Francis j. Copen-
haver, who is chairman Of the
Smyth County School Board
and president Of the Virginia
School Boards Association.
Serving as secretary is Robert
F., Williams, who is secretary
of the YEA.
Among members OF the COM
mittee are Barnard Joy, men,
ber Of the Arlington County
School Board, and DR.. Dabney
s. Lancaster. former State su-
perintendent.
Evening star., 1962-12-05

gained more than 1000 votes.
The official tally Of the origi-
nal count gave him q 3,09l-
vote advantage out Of q total
of 81 million votes cast.
Gov. Volpe. who sought a
second two-year term, told a
news conference yesterday that
despite the trend he wants a
complete recheck.
Evening star., 1962-12-05

Mr.. Ulbricht said this was "a
long term policy Of peaceful
coexistence in Germany which
would lead to a German peace
treaty. confederation (of East
and West Germany and to re-
unification."
Calls Compromise Necessary
Mr.. Ulbricht conceded some
people were surprised when So
Wet Premier Khrushchev COM
promised over Cuba. But he
said:
II want to say frankly TO you
that the policy of peaceful CO.
existence demands many COM
promises. In the relations be-
tween us and the Adenauer
Evening star., 1962-12-05
Foirfox School Board
Firinqs Being Probed

and cities and for the State as
a whole,
Such recommendations may
require modification OF State
law and, II so, will be brought to
the attention Of the General
Assembly"
Or. Willett said he would like
emphasis put on the commit
tees position that I'VE will not
sit In judgment on the right
ness or wrongness' Of the SUI
pervisors' discharge OF school
board members In Fairfax.
I'VE wish to make II plain y
Evening star., 1962-12-05
Pokistun Purchases
Butterfut From U. S.

The Agriculture Department
announced a Food-for-Peace
agreement yesterday providing
for the sale to Pakistan of
$l7.2 million worth of ghee.
Ghee is produced by the re-
moval Of moisture from but
ter by boiling. 1t is one Of the
main forms of butterfat used
In the Far and Middle East.
Evening star., 1962-12-05
Peabody Adds
To His Lead

BOSTON, Dec. S (AP). -
Democrat Endicott Peabody's
lead over Republican Gov. John
A. Volpe continues to grow as
the recount Of the Massachu-
sets gubernatorial election n
heads into the final lap.
With three-quarters of the
States 2,0ll precincts re-
checked, Mr.. Peabody has
Evening star., 1962-12-05

mulka, the Polish Communist
leader, also pointedly omitted
from a speech the usual de-
mands for the treaty and with
drawal Of Western troops from
Berlin.
Evening star., 1962-12-05
Vent Rutio Revealed

NEW YORK. .-Attics insu-
lated on the floor only need a
square foot OF vent for every
500 square feet OF floor space.
experts estimate.
Evening star., 1962-12-05

NAOA1MJANL(t Nhst DSSs VI
special committee OF the Vir-
ginia Education Association
says It's investigation Of whole
sale dismissals OF Fairfax
County School Board members
could have far-reaching effects
on other areas of Virginia.
II said Its findings may re-
suit In recommendations TO the
General Assembly TO modify
State law.
The statement came late yes
terday from DR.. Henry !. Will
lett, Richmond school super
intendent, who heads q YEA
committee appointed TO study
the Fairfax situation.
Early In November, the Fair
fax Board OF County Supervi-
sors fired five OF the seven
members OF the County School
Board after a dispute over
school construction policies.
One Of the holdover members
since has resigned and the
board last Saturday completed
appointment OF new members
10 fiji the six vacancies,
The special committee was
appointed by the Statewide as
sociation at the request Of an
affiliate. the Fairfax Educa-
tion Association. which was
disturbed over the upheaval
within the county school ad-
ministration,
Plans Joint Meeting
After q closed-door session
of the YEA committee, DR.. Will
lett said he win contact the
Fairfax Board of County SUI
pervisors to arrange for a Joint
meeting next January or Feb
ruary.
"An opportunity will also be
given 10 other interested groups
and individuals to present per-
tinent facts 10 the committee"
DR.. Willett added.
DR.. Willett. as designated
spokesman for the l0-member
committee. made his announce
ment following an appearance
by two officers Of the Fairfax
County association. william j.
Burkholder. president. and Paul
y. Peter executive secretary.
Fairfax is one Of only four
Virginia counties where the
local governing bodies appoint
their school boards. The others
are Eeng1co. next 10 Richmond:
AIbensr1e. NEXT 10 Charlottes-
vile. and Arlington.
Only in Arlington does the
governing body appoint school
board members for definite
terms. In the other three. the
school board members serve "at
the pleasure" Of the county
supervisors, Elsewhere IN Vtr-
ginia. county school board
members are appointed hnG1-
rectly through lncal circuib
court Judges I
Relati0nsilin STUDY
1T will ne mir nllrnuSer tn
make a case stildy Of the sitlla.-
tion in FsirfaZ County as IL
applies 20 tfae basic principles
Of school board surhnrtry f1r
the operation Of schools" said
DR.. Willett after yesterdays
meeting. These principles in
volve the relationships between
school boards and governing
bodies.
"On the basis Of the Fairfax |
County study and other devel- |
opments relating to the func-
tions of school boards in Vir-
ginia and the Nation. the COM
mittee expects to make recon-
mendations that will have i'm
plications not only for Fairfax
County, but for other counties