davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1962-10-01

in a telephoned address to
the American Bar Associa-
tion's convention at San
Francisco, said that the dis
tinguished lawyers of Mis-
siSsippi had not spoken out
in the battle over integra-
ton. Apparently Mr.. Ken
nedy didn't note the speech
made in the Senate Just two
days before by Senator John
C. Stennis of Mississippi, one
of the ablest lawyers in the
country. He has sat on the
bench. He is one of the fair
est-minded men in theASen-
ate. He told OF. the origin of
the case Of James Meredith,
the Negro applicant, as a
private suit against the
board of trustees of Missis-
sippi'S State University and
how a learned judge of the
United States District Court
ruled that the Mississippi
college authorities were JUS
titled in denying admission
to Meredith. Mr.. Stennis de-
scribed the subsequent legal
battles in the United States
Circuit Court Of Appeals. He
referred to the fact that in
the circuit court of appeals
one Judge said he thought
Meredith would be a trouble
maker and should be denied
admission.
But the main point of
criticism made by Senator
Stennis was that the State
of Mississippi was being de-
MED a hearing by the Su-
preme Court of the United
States. The Constitution
specifically provides that the
Supreme Court must hear as
a matter of original juris-
diction" all cases involving
a. conflict between a State
and the Federal Government
and that the lower courts
have no right to decide such
a question. But only one
member of the highest court
Justice Black-ruled on it,
though he claims he con-
suited the other judges in
dividually, since the Court
was not in session. He doesn't
say whether he did this by
telephone or by personal
visits, as the case arose re-
Gently during the, time the
Supreme Court members were
on vacation. Certainly no
opportunity was afforded the
defendants for oral argu-
ment by their attorneys be-
fore the entire court.
This" says Senator STEM
MS, 'is certainly not judicial
consideration of the case on
Evening star., 1962-10-01
POINT OF VIEW


cIore Boothe Luce, playwright,
politician and former Ambassador
TO ltoIy, gives her views on
President Kennedy's handling Of
the Cuban problem in series Of
three articles, Of which this is
the second.
Latin American, ministers.
called by Mr.. Kennedy for
tomorrow in Washington, is
not likely to produce more
than empty condemnations
of Russia's theological exports
into Latin America.
And what, for example, can
any of the OAS members do
to close down Radio Cuba,
which pours Communist pro-
paganda around the clock
into every Latin American
home that boasts a radio?
Moreover, many of these gov
ernmentS are so riddled by
native Communists that even
for those minded to do so,
Communist batting" can be
political suicide.
Brazil an Example
One example OF the Com
munist problem in Latin
America will suffice: Brazil,
which is geographically one
half the area of Latin
America, has. since World
War II, received over 81 bill
lion from the United States
in economic aid.
Nevertheless, today Brazil's
President Joao Goulart is
anti-United States and pro-
leftist. Currently he is seek
ing to elect his brother-in-
law, Leonel Brizola, to the
Brazilian Congress.
Mr.. Brizola's campaign is
based on anti United States
diatribes. On a TV program
he demanded that the United
States Embassy be closed,
and that our Ambassador,
Lincoln Gordon. be sent
home.
1t is safe to say that the
OAS will act in no effective
way against Mr.. Castro.
In the absence of forceful
OAS action. is there. then,
any unilateral action the
United States can take. short
of direct invasion of Cuba.
which might be effective?
The action most people are
urging is a peaceful" naval
blockade.
Former President Eisen-
hover is quoted as having
said recently that he had
heard the term peaceful
blockade" but he didn't know
what the term meant.
Full Enforcement Needed
A naval blockade, If it is to
succeed, must be continuously
maintained and enforced on
vessels of all flags. Allied and
neutral, no less enemy" ves-
sells must be intercepted and
cargoes dumped or returned
to home ports.
International law defines
such a blockade as IAN act
of war carried out by the
warships of a belligerent, de-
tailed to prevent access or
departure from a defined part
of the enemy's coast"
Americans will remember
that Kaiser Wilhelm's har-
Evening star., 1962-10-01
POTOMAC FEVER
BY FLETCHER KNEBEL

The United States Information Agency says stand
Cuba widely applauded abroad In that case, Demo-
cratic candidates say it's bad the fall elections aren't
being held overseas too.
They're calling Teddy Kennedy the who has every
thing-bu who hasn't had it quite long enough yet.
The trouble with most whodunts they turn out to be
whydoits.
Our policy of wachful waiting Cuba is proving
beneficial to the vision that all hands developing 1920
hndsight
Evening star., 1962-10-01
ADVERTISEMENT.
What time is it,.
right now? s

II you can't look at your watch
and be sure let US look at
your watch and give it the re-
liable Burk Cure. i. Well clean,
adjust, repair and you'll get q
full years unconditional guaran-
tee, including breakage. NOW
you know what time it Is .a:s.
time to have your watch fixed.
Estimate free while you wait.
Ernest Burk, Inc, 6l4 18th st.
NV, between F and G SITS.
Next to First Federal. Our only
store. @1961
Evening star., 1962-10-01
We Must Accept DEGREES of Courts,
However Wrong We May Think Them

upon a race problem of
whose actual conditions-as
opposed to theories = they
have not had the slightest
clue.
I know of the agonizing
effort so long made by you
and many like you to balance
off these actual conditions
against the demands of his
tory. I know, f.. example,
that you yourself refused to
use the mechanical cotton
picker because it would have
destroyed most Of the Negro
families who have their liv-
ing from your place.
Evening star., 1962-10-01

What follows is a copy of
a letter to an uncle who is a
plantation owner in the
Mississippi delta.
My dear Uncle -:
I apologize for two
breaches of taste. I must
make public use of this pri-
vate letter; and I must be
emotional in public.
I write about Mississippi. I
understand the Illustration
you and others like you have
felt at the self Righteousness
of those who have so long
instructed you in Mississippi
Evening star., 1962-10-01

Clare Boothe Luce, playwright,
politician and former Ambassador
to ltoIy, gives her views on
President Kennedy's handling Of
the Cuban problem in a series Of
three articles, Of which this is
the SECOND.
Evening star., 1962-04-19
Friendship 7
To Be Exhibited
On World Tour
BY the Associated Press

Friendship Z, the space cap
sule in which Marine 1t. Col
John H. Glenn, jr., orbited the
earth, is being sent on a round
the-world exhibition tour.
The National Aeronautics
and Space Administration an
nounced yesterday the space
craft will be displayed in major
cities during a 20-stop tour be-
ginning tomorrow.
The United States Informa-
tion Agency will handle exhibi-
ton of the Mercury capsule
Col. Glenn, who rode the cap
sule through three orbits Feb
ruary 20, won't be along this
time. He will be working on
the scheduled flight Of Astro-
naut Scott Carpenter, who is
to undertake a three-orbit space
mission next month.
Major stops on the Friend.
ship Z tour will be in nations
cooperating in the Mercury
tracking program-Spain, Great
Britain, Nigeria, Zanzibar, Aus
tralia and Mexico. The capsule
will be displayed in Hamilton
Bermuda, tomorrow.
Evening star., 1962-04-19
Election Funds Action
Seen Possible This Year

'of the commission was that
Congress repeat in 1864 the au-
thority it gave radio and tele-
vision networks in 1850 to ex-
tend free time to the presiden-
tial candidates of the major
parties without being required
to give equal time to splinter
parties.
Expects Re-enaetment
This Is not covered In the
general campaign bill passed by
the Senate, but Chairman Mag
nuson of the Senate Commerce
Committee predicted today the
free-time law will be re-enact-
ed before 1864. His committee
would handle this question.
This would pave the way for
a repetition of the debates
which proved a highlight of
President Kennedy's 1860 cam
paign. Mr.. Kennedy said re-
Gently he would be glad to de-
bate the issues again in the
1864 campaign.
The Senate bill would require
all political committees oper-
ating in two or more States to
report all contributions and ex-
penditures Of 500 or more. It
also would increase the arbi-
trary ceilings now placed on
congressional candidates and
National committees.
Evening star., 1962-04-19
Paul ReVeres'
RideforG.0.P.
BY the Associated Press

Fourteen Republican Con
gressmen, tying their efforts II
Paul Revere's ride, havt
launched a campaign to war;
against what they term danger.
of the Kennedy administration
The group picked the an
niversary of the revolutionary
hero's ride to publicize their
Paul Revere Panels" which
will stump seven Eastern States
on the week ends that start
May 18 and 25.
The leader Of the generally
youthful group, Representative
Robert Michel of Illinois, told q
news conference, I'VE hope to
awaken the country as he did
to the dangers which face it.
Assembled newsmen were
given a preview of the groups
strong criticisms of the Ken
nedy administration on taxes
civil rights, agriculture, trans
portation, education and for
eign policy.
They'll carry the message to
Connecticut, Maryland, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania
Delaware and Massachusetts,.
They will split up into three.
man panels and hope to ap.
pear at college campuses
Young Republican meeting
and anywhere they can find
forum.
Representative Avery, Re
publican of Kansas, said Pres
ident Kennedy in his fight tt
roll back the $6-a-ton stee
price increase last week useC
powers and pressures" in
way 81 am sure was never con
ceived by the founders of thi'
| country.
Representative Lindsay, Re
publican of New York, hit a
the Kennedy record on civi
rights as substituting publi,
relations for substance"
In addition to Mr.. Michel
Mr.. Avery and Mr.. Lindsay, tn
panelists include Representa-
tives Sibal of Connecticut
John B. Anderson of Illinois
Bromwell Of Iowa; Devine o
Ohio; Frelinghuysen Of Ney
Jersey; Gubser Of California
Harvey of Michigan; Mathia
of Maryland; Moore of Wes
Virginia; Vernon w. Thomson
of Wisconsin and James F
| Battin of Montana.
Evening star., 1962-04-19
INTERPRETIVE REPORT--
Miracle Of Light That Cuts

efficiency, continuously operat-
ing laser. With this, DR.. Lewis
and other experts are conf
dent the necessary gadgetry for
reducing laSers to practical use
will come. Quite probably the
first uses will be military ones,
on the tactical battlefield and
in the endless reaches of space.
Already under development
Is a laser system for short
range distance determination.
The military wants a 20-pound
kit which can be taken onto
the battlefield and will shoot a
sharp, invisible beam Of mira
red light at a tank or other
target, and determine within a
foot or two how far away ths
target is.
In space, a tightly focused
laser beam could bore a hole
in an incoming missile war
head, destroying it more quick
ly and surely than any anti
missile missile ever conceived.
In the operating room, the
laser beam can be a valuable
tool in some repair operations
and possibly in curative pro-
cedureS. A New York physician
already has fixed retinaS that
have become detached from the
rear of the eyeball by weld
ing" them with a pinpoint of
laser light. Conceivably, the
laser could also be used as a
surgical cutting tool.
AS both a cutter and a
welder the laser looks promis-
ing in the factory. Laser ex-
perts say welding by this
means would be cleaner and
quicker than any other method
because the tool would never
have to be brought close to the
work.
Evening star., 1962-04-19
Small, Hot Beam

As its name indicates, the
laser uses light. But laser light
does not behave like normal
light. 1t violates laws" OF
optics - particularly the one
that says you can't increase the
surface brightness Of a beam OF
light by focusing it through a
lens system. You can with laser
light; you can beam it through
a lens down to microscopic
point thousands Of degrees hot.
This is what scientists at
General Electric in Schenec-
tady, N. Y, did the other day
in order to bore a hole In &
diamond.
One might ask, who says
you can't do that with ordinary
light? Hasn't every Boy Scout
started a fire by focusing sun
light on twigs through a mag
nifying glaSs?"
Actually, the two cases are
not the same. The Boy Scout Is
concentrating sunlight on his
kindling-but he is not produc-
ing a point of light hotter than
the suns surface. With the
laser, the pinpoint Of light is
actually Of a much higher tenn
perature than its source. In
fact, the source quite likely
to be a crystal cooled to several
hundred degrees below zero.
Evening star., 1962-04-19
Suit Against Airline
Settled for $400.0OO

TAMPA, Fla, April 10 (APJ
"A Tampa dentist, who was
paralyzed from the waist down
when he fell while leaving an
airplane, settled a damage suit
against Trans World Airways
yesterday for approximately
100000.
DR.. Byron G. Wilson's suit
charged the loading ramp
moved while he was leaving the
aircraft, causing him to fall 10
feet. His spinal cord was sew
cred, doctors testified.
Evening star., 1962-04-19
U.S.. Will Shoot Another
Photo Spocecrdft at Moon

The United States will try
again next week to hit the
moon and take closeup photo
graphs Of its surface on the
way in.
The launching Of the lunar
spacecraft Ranger-4 can take
place only during three pre-
cisely defined afternoon periods
on Monday, Tuesday and
Wednesday. If the 100000
pound Atlas-Agena B rocket
does not get of the pad be-
fore 5:46 pm. (EST) Wednes-
day, the launching will have
to be delayed until late May.
This will be the second at
tempt in the National Aeronau-
tics and Space Administrations
Ranger series to put an instru-
mented payload on a collision
course with the moon. The
first attempt, on January 26
resulted in a 22,862-mile miss
caused by excess velocity in the
Atlas launch vehicle.
Rangers, the spacecraft
which will make the quarter
million-mile trip, weighs 73O
Evening star., 1962-04-19
Dividend Withholding
Draws Brokers' Fire

the provision as the biggest
item in the bill for closing tax
loopholes. 1t has estimated
that the withholding will pick
up $3.50 million annually in
taxes now evaded.
Carmine c. Saccardi, appear
ing for the Association of Stock
Exchange Firms, urged that the
various exemptions from with
holding provided in the House.
passed bill be eliminated.
These exemptions are de-
signed to protect those who
owe no income tax, such as
many retired persons.
Mr.. Saccardi said the ex-
emption system would cause
heavy difficulties for stock ex-
change firms. He proposed as
a substitute a system Of i'm
mediate refunds through local
post offices.
The witness, an officer of
Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner 8,
Smith, said his firm alone
credited Z million separate
dividend payments to customer
accounts last year.
Adding an exemption to the
already huge job of withholding
taxes on all dividend payments
would make the administrative
task almost impossible, he said.
Edwin s. Cohen, New York
attorney appearing for the In
veStment Company Institute,
said "the problem of designing
a dividend and interest with
holding system which is both
humane and administratiyely
feasible has not been solved"
He urged the committee to
kill the provision and rely in
stead on the new system of
taxpayer account numbers to
pick up evaders.
Evening star., 1962-04-19

taken by American space tech
nologists. It involves a mis-
sion Of more than 2-and-a-half
days duration, during which q
number Of intricate maneuvers
must be made. Complexity OF
the flight plan is believed to
exceed that Of either Lunik II
which hit the moon in Sep
tember 1859 - or Lunik III -
which photographed the far
side of the moon a month later
Ranger-4 is the second OF
three spacecraft equipped with
TV, gamma-ray and moon
quake instruments. Subsequent
Rangers will have more cam
era equipment aboard and will
concentrate on perfecting sci
ence's picture of the moons
surface.
;. First 2 Were Tests
Rangers / and 3 were test
vehicles which were not aimed
at the moon. They failed tc
achieve their principal objec-
tive of testing equipment in
deep space, but did perform
some Of the functions for
which they were built.
Ranger-3, after missing the
moon because of excessive We
locity. went into orbit ground
the sun at a mean distance
about 7 million miles greater
than that Of the earth's orbit
It is circling the sun with q
year" about 13-and-a-hali
earth months long.
Evening star., 1962-04-19
BY WILLIAM HINES
Star Science Writer

Announcement this week of q
light beam that can drill holes
in diamonds focuses attention
on q new electronic gadget that
is potentially
A surgical instrument or a
death ray; a welder'S rig or a
defense against ballistic mis-
Siles; a revolutionary manufac-
turing tool or a new communi-
cations medium.
Undoubtedly there are other
uses for the diamond-drilling
light beam. but these are OBJ
vious possible applications for
the exciting-and still expert
mental-new electronic devel-
opment called the laser"
The word laser stands for
light amplification by stimu-
lated emiSSien of radiation. In
other words, you put light in,
you get brighter light out.
This is very much like what
the "maSer" does with micro
wave radio frequencies. The
maSer revolutionized radar and
radio astronomy. Scientists say
the laser will open up even more
exciting frontiers.
Evening star., 1962-04-19

of a millionth of an inch and
vibrateS at a frequency of SOC
million megaeycles a second
Numbers like these do not
mean much to the layman, but
Ithey mean a lot to people who
are worried about the worlds
crowded radio waves. If light
can be disciplined" by means
of the laser, they reason. it can
be used just as any other type
of electromagnetic radiation
can be used. To put it another
way, there is no real difference
between red Lighter blue light
and the signal from a radio
station except for frequency
and wave length.
Communication Uses
Because the radio waves are
so crowded, communications
looks like the best bet for early
practical use of the laser. For
the whole radio spectrum up
through X-band radar there is
only about 10000 megacycles
of bandwidth. But from X-band
radar through ruby-laser light
there is $4,000 times that much
bandwidth, and hence $4,000
times as broad a highway" to
carry the radio-type traffic of
the future.
One of the biggest problems
now with the laser is to i'm
prove its input-output ratio.
The best laSers in the labora-
tories today are probably not
more than 1/10 of l per cent
efficient. Another problem is
that the best lasers have to
operate today on a pulse"
basis; that is, they take on en-
ergy. then dump their load of
coherent light, and then start
the cycle over again.
The goal. clearly. is a high
Evening star., 1962-04-19
BY the Associated Press

Stock Exchange firms. life
insurance companies and banks
told the Senate Finance Com
mittee yesterday of problems
involved in the proposed tax
withholding system on dividend
and interest income.
Some of the witnesses asked
that the provision be elimi-
mated entirely from President
Kennedy's tax revision bill.
Others proposed changes they
said would make the system
more workable.
The administration regards
Evening star., 1962-04-19
Joint Choir Service

The combined choirs Of
Charles Wesley M tn dist
Church and Chesterbrook Pres
byterian Church, directed by
Carlton E. Blake, at 8 pm.
tomorrow in the Chesterbrook
Church, Westmoreland and
Kirby roads, Falls Church, Va.
Evening star., 1962-04-19
By ]. A. O'LEARY
Star staff Writer

Representative Ashmore,
Democrat of South Carolina,
said today Congress may enact
this year some of the recon-
mendations made yesterday by
q bipartisan presidential COM
mission for more realistic con-
troll over political fund raising.
As chairman of the House
Elections Subcommittee, Mr.,
Ashmore Is co-sponsor of a bill
which already has passed the
Senate, raising the limits on
campaign funds for both presi-
Dental and congressional races,
and requiring more complete
reporting Of both collections
and expenditures.
Senator Cannon, Democrat
Of Nevada, got this bill through
the Senate last September, and
Mr.. AShmore had one hearing
on it last month. He has been
awaiting the White House re-
port before holding further
hearings.
Credit Plan Not Likely
Although some legislation
this year is possible, the out
look is not bright for pas
sage Of the commissions recon-
mendation that individuals be
given a tax credit for half of
a campaign contribution up to
q maximum of $40 in credits
in one year.
The Senate had to eliminate
the feature from its bill because
of, the constitutional require
ment that tax laws must orig
mate in the House.
After receiving the report
yesterday, President Kennedy
told his news conference the
recommendations were being
examined by the administra-
ton and will be used as the
basis for legislation.
The President didn't specify
what the legislation would call
for, but said the commissions
proposals represent "the ad-
vancement Of the public inter-
est in this very vital field"
Means Group Busy
Mr.. Ashmore still has the tax
credit in his version of the
Senate bill, but even if the
Elections Subcommittee ap-
proves it, the tax feature would
still have to be submitted to
the powerful Ways and Means
Committee.
That committee is so deeply
involved in other tax matters,
including tariff revision and
medical care for the aged, that
informed sources believe there
is little chance it would con-
slider the tax credit for politi-
cal contributions this year.
One other recommendation
Evening star., 1962-04-19
Complicated Principle

The principle by which the
laser works is a frighteningly
complicated one involving
uuantum mechanics, a branch
of physics. But the general idea
Of the laser is not too difficult
to understand.
Every substance IS made up
Of atoms, which in turn con-
tain a nucleus and a cloud OF
electrons. Certain atoms have
the property of being excited
by electromagnetic radiation
like radio waves or light. Prop
erly handled, these atoms car
be made to take on. and then
give off, radiation.
The beautiful part about
these atoms is that they will
accept almost any old kind OF
radiation, but give off only a
very particular kind Of radia-
ton in exchange. And this ra-
diation, because it is OF uniform
wavelength and frequency, is
practicable in its behavior
coherent" as the scientists
say.
One Of the substances that
works this way under the right
conditions is the common ele-
ment chromium. Another is the
atom-bomb element uranium.
Both substances are useful
for laser purposes only when
present in precise quantities as
impurities" in carefully grown
crystals. Chromium works in a
ruby crystal and uranium in a
crystal of calcium fluoride. The
ruby crystal was used by GE
for it's hole-drilling demonstra-
ton.
Laser Research Head
One of the Nations top ex-
pertS on lasers is DR.. Henry r,
Lewis of the Radio Corp. OF
Americas David Sarnoff Re-
search Center at Princeton,
N. j. He heads a vigorous laser
research program in which the
Defense Department repeatedly
is interested.
Dr.. Lewis explains that when
a crystal of the right sort is
exposed to light, the electrpns
in the crystals impurities are
sent to a higher energy level
pumped uphill, as it were
When more than half the total
number of electronS in the i'm
purities are uphill" they pour
out their accumulated energy
in a sudden burst. This is the
laser effect.
Using the ruby laser as ar
example, a flood of incoheren
light-light of a great man!
frequencies from great man!
different directions - is mad
to shine on the crystal. Whel
the laser emits its beam. how
ever, the beam is a tightly di
rectional bundle of rays o
pure red light. Each wave ha
q uniform length of a Fraction