davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1962-01-26

tracts under the San Luis Act within
80 days.
On Dec. 80, Governor Brown jubi.
lantly signed for the State of Cali.
fornia such a contract with the U. S.
Bureau of Reclamation for water
from the San Luis Project.
If Congress fails to uphold the
160-acre limitation by vetoing this
contract, what Theodore Roosevelt
called unjust enrichment will be
enormous. Dry land in that area
gains greatly in value the instant
it gets water-"a Cadillac an acre"
is the California expression.
The factory in the field'' type of
agriculture will compete even more
with thousands of family
type farms in California and through
out the West, with the handicap only
of a SIS yearly service charge per
acre for water. And Mexican nation
ais imported to compete with u. S.
workers will hold wages down.
California farm leader J. B. Quinn
points out that President Kennedy
has demanded the breakup of big
South American land holdings into
family-sized farms, as the price of
American aid. How about California?
Quinn asks.
And land economics expert Mason
Gaffney foresees a wild boom, in
which glib landowners can sell "to
yullible spectators from Tokyo TO
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1962-01-26
Catholic Bishop Warns :.
By IRWIN ST. JOHN TUCKER,
In THE CATHOLIC WORKER

Grim warning of the necessity foi
change of front in Catholic ap.
proaches to Communism in South
America was given by the Most Rev
Bernardo Pinera, bishop of Temuco
Chile, in a number of interviews and
public appearances in Chicago during
October. The bishop was on his way
to Canada, where one diocese, that
of st. Johns, has adopted diocese in
Chile-Santiago.
Communists fight with tenacity
and determination for and with the
working poor to better their lot," said
Bishop Pinera. eff bishops or priests
forthrightly condemn the Commu-
nists, who seemingly are trying to
help the poor, the workers will dis
trust the clergymen, and bracket them
with the rich classes and impersonal
rich countries like the United States"
Telling the worker that Com
munism deprives him of the right
to own private property is no
threat to a man who owns nothing,
hSfSi hdS, anu hCFCT hoPCS 10 oWh
anything under conditions now ex-
listing. Likewise talk of Freedom"
or slogans like Better dead than
Red make no impression on starv-
ing and hopeless people.
PERU
This warning by Bishop Pinera is
of e,to ~ s,,rr 81
which have come from the South
hierarchy within the past
year. Archbishop Leonardo Rodriguez
Ballon, O.F.M., of Arequipa, Peru,
IN a pastoral letter issued August 1
IN connection with Peru's Catholic
Social Week, outlined five steps to
the common good:
1. Naturalization of big business
2. Encouragement of Production
co-operatives
8. High inheritance taxes
A. Business reform to coordinate
production
5. appropriation and redistribution
of private property.
The archbishop explained: "Effec-
i've action by government truly
representative of the common good,
o bring about general redistribution |
# property in Peru, is urgent. 1t is
Necessary to limit the right of owner
hip to force it to fulfill it's social
junction."
He pointed out that in Puno
'rovince, most heavily populated re-
ion outside of Lima, only one half of
ne per cent of the people are prop
rty owners; "All the rest work on
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1962-01-26
Great Universities
from page 2

from page z
starated that respect for intellect and
education which is necessary to the
growth of great universities. Maine
and Idaho probably couldn't raise
the money.
Clearly the new recipe for indus
trialization will not work everywhere
but it does look too good to re-
main indefinitely the secret weapon
of Massachusetts,, California, and the
City Investing Company.
1t will be entertaining to see
what community first shows enough
enterprise to try to break their
monopoly.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1962-01-26

plays on racial problems to defeat
any organizing attempts. Negro
employees were solidly behind the
1910 strike, but were not supported
by While employees. The result now
is that understanding of solidarity
must be built between the two
groups in any successful organic
ing campaign. This is factor care
fully exploited by the quislings at
Reynolds.
Despite all these obstacles, the To-
bacco Workers International regards
the organization of Reynolds as their
prime target, and have asked mem
bers of all other union organizations
not to buy Reynolds products. The
campaign seems to be spreading be-
cause first place cigarette sales have
been lost by Camels and taken over
by union-made Pail Mall, a product
of the American Tobacco Company.
Union members everywhere are
urged to support the fight TWIU is
waging against the r. J. Reynolds
Company, the last bastion of AFRO
gance and paternalism in the cigar
cite industry.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1962-01-26
DON'T Have a Camel
From THE BREWERY WORKER

| FROM l. he DfLE w EN- WOhhEh
Smokers of non-union cigarette!
produced by the R. J. Reynolds To
bacco Co. puffed up profits of the
company to record net sales in 1866
totaling $794.2 million, and making
1878 net on every dollar or half again
as much as the American Tobacco Co.,
and other unionized companies.
BY a blend of arrogance and pa
ternalism the anti-union Reynolds
Company has performed a gestapo-
like job of brainwashing 1900
employees and the entire company
town of Salem, North
Carolina.
Reynolds is the only major tobacco
company in the United States that is
non-union, and the anti-union policy
has paid off well for Reynolds. A part
of the paternalism policy is a much
advertised profit sharing plan, where
by employees automatically receive a
share of company profits up to as
high as fourteen per cent of their
annual wages.
But here are some of the facts that
seldom filter through to Reynolds
employees.
In 1860, Reynolds made net prof
it on each employee of $4,000, in
Guiding the cost of the profit sharing
plan. This contrasts with $4,000 for
$4,000 for Lorillard;
$4,000 for Liggett and Myers; and
$4,000 for Philip Morris. In other
words, all the later named companies
are sharing their profits with their
much more than Reynolds
proclaims.
RATES LOWER
Hourly wage rates at Reynolds are
from SO to 10f less than rates in
union plants. In all five major COM
panies, employees get three weeks
vacation after ten years, but at
Reynolds it is fifteen years. There
S no fourth week at Reynolds, and
where paid holidays in union COM
oanies number seven and eight,
Reynolds workers get only six.
Here are more facts that have been |
'mokescreened. In union plants one
operator works on one machine pro-
lucing filter tips at the average rate
# 1921 per hour. At Reynolds, one
nan operates two machines produc-
ng winston" and Salem cigar
.ttes for 1928 per hour. Operators
Producing non-filter "Camels'' run
hree machines and get 1892 per
lour. Reynolds operators who run
My one machine only get 1920.
Several attempts to organize at
reynolds have been beaten off by
killful combination of paternalism
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1962-01-26
Must Act
congress Must Act
Interior Ruling Creates Huge
New Hole In I6O-Acre Limit
By ROSCOE and WILLIAM N. FLEMING,

~ 1VON3ON1I1 dHu WILI1IFANI FLFINIIIVN DeIVtT
After surviving 60 of assault the homestead of family
farm provisions of the National Reclamation Act the famous
loo-acre limitation has huge hole driven through it by
fulng however reluctant of the Kennedy Administration
The provision that recla
NATION works cannot be sold to gate than 100
one oWnershipmodfied in community states to 800
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1962-01-26
DON'T Have a Camel
Reynolds Enforees Open Shop
With 'Gestupo-Lik Operation

| and intimidation. The first attemp
was in 1913 when the Tobacco Work
ers international Union won a 36'
per hour wage increase.
| However, it wasn't long before
| Reynolds had reduced the wages to
Pre-contract levels, largely because
the new union members failed to
remain militant. In 1943, the now
defunct Eta won a contract but
in 1947 the Reynolds company re-
fused to renew it and broke a
strike.
UNION MAKING PROGRESS
In 1850, the Tobacco Workers In
ternational Union was defeated in an
election by five to one margin, but
in 1866, it lost by only three to
two margin. TWIU predicts that
Reynolds will eventually be organ
lied, but it will not be an easy vic
tory.
Here are just few of the obstacles.
Reynolds officials make no attempt
to hide the fact that the company as
sumes control of their employees
social, home and working lives. To
this end the company employs nearly
two hundred ministers of various
Protestant denominations, who's job
it is to counsel with dissatisfied en-
ployees. Grievances are handled by
the company-paid clergymen, and
employees are urged to pray with
them for settlement.
In addition, Reynolds president
issues a newsletter for all employees,
and the Reynolds president also owns
both newspapers in the company
dominated town. The morning Win
ston-Salem Journal and the Evening
Sentinel are both owned by the presi-
dent of the r. ]. Reynolds Tobacco
Co.
OPERATION
With typical Brother tactics,
Reynolds maintains a file on each
worker containing indications on his
private life, his relations with neigh |
bors, and even chance conversations
with other workers are recorded. |
Consequently, no worker is ever fired
for showing interest in joining
union, but for an accumulation of |
little sins that have been collected in
he Reynolds gestapo file.
The company also has Patterson
tradition of hiring relatives and has
built such a pitch ON this that family
members are afraid to break the
,hain. Union organizers have dis
covered that husbands and wives of
Reynolds employees are afraid to let
Zach other know about signing an
card.
AS another weapon, Reynolds
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1962-01-26

TIMES and much else in Southern
California.
SO Solicitor Frank j. Barry of the
Interior Department recently ruled
on the two aspects of the 160-acre
provision. One concerned the Kings
River development, where the big
landowners proposed to pay off all
water-costs in advance, and thus
evade the 160-acre limitation. Barry
said they couldn't do this.
The other concerned the 1860 San
Luis authorization act. Barry ruled
that the limitation doesn't apply here.
UDALL URGES VOTE BY
CONGRESS
These rulings were sent by Secre-
tary Udall to Attorney-General Rob-
ert F. Kennedy. On Dec. 20 the latter
reluctantly agreed that the San Luis
act "does not require" the 16O-acre
limitation. But he urged Congress
to take action. BY action of the ap-
committee, either House or
Senate can veto water service con-
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1962-01-26
Catholic Bishop Warns .
Church Must Push Social
Reform In Latin America

IIIH America
the lands of the rich for starvation
wages"
In similar vein Archbishop Luis
Chavez v Gonzales, of San Salvador,
called for immediate social reforms
throughout the republic.
Capital is in the hands of relative
ly few he said, in urging redistribu~
ton of the national income.
There is no reason why the poor
should always be the ones to suffer,
when it is more reasonable for the
rich to make sacrifices. There is no
time to be lost"
COSTA RIGA
Archbishop Carlos HI. Rodriguez of
San Jose, Costa RIGA, announced to a
gathering of 5000 representatives of
trade unions and employers this pro
gram:
Improving the socio-economic
order.
Education, with evening classes
for children.
Family salaries, and adequate
insurance for workers.
Fighting usury which cruelty
devours the salaries of the peo-
ple'.
Increasing co-operatives, i'm
proving workers housing"
ECUADOR
The bishops of Ecuador in a joint
pastoral letter condemned blindness
of big landowners in refusing to heed
the church's teachings on social JUS
tice and redistribution of wealth."
Anti-social activities of some of the
rich, they said, result in sudden and
violent outbursts by the down-trodden
Indian population.
christians of today sometimes
need the jolt of Communism to be
awakened to the reality of the Cos
pels," said the pastoral, published
after national meeting of the Epis-
copate at which Cardinal de la Tore,
of Quito, presided. The
pastoral added:
eff we condemn the injustices of
capitalism and the landed exploiters
of the Indians, and speak out against
the soft life of many Catholics who
waste the money of the poor on luxu-
-ies and social festivities, we are iden-
lifted with Communism.
"The time has come for action,
not just talk, in the field of social
REFORM
All this is in conformity with i'm
ulses from the Holy See. Pope Johns
ncyclical "Mater ct Magistra" set
orth ideals for improvement of exist
ng conditions. In personal appear
noes he stressed the same necessity.
peaking at Castel Gandolfo August
1, he said: ''The rich should help the
DOR, and the poor should help them
elves"
OLIVIA
Cardinal Cushing of Boston, speak
lg in New York, on his return from
CRYING as papal legata at national
ucamistic Congress in Santa Cruz,
olivia, said:
eff these changes are not made i'm
peaceful way through legislation,
ley are going to be made by the COM
on enemy of us all-international
Solar as careful observer can de-
rmine, these warnings have passed
most entirely without notice in the
merican secular press. Certainly the
attn American press ignores such
arnings of the bishops, perhaps be-
use these journals are owned by
representatives. of the extremely
ealthy class against whom protests
e directed. In every message and
storal is common note of urgen-
;. "Act before it is too late" they all
iterate-but nothing happens.
One third of all the reported
World membership of the Roman
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-25
Britain Finds Rails in Trouble

it Is demanding a "pay pause" in
all other industries.
The task of putting the British
railways in good shape has been
given to DR.. Richard Beeching, a
physicist with a passion for pure
science and research in electron-
les, who became one of the tech
nical directors and organizers of
Imperial Chemical Industries (the
British Duponts). He is the high
est paid man on the government
payroll-he gets about $4,000 a
year, the same salary that he
earned with ICI and over twice
that received by Gen. Brian Rob-
ertson whom he succeeded as
chairman of the Transport Com
mission.
DR.. Beeching's biggest job is to
convince the Government that the
British railways can at least equal
the French and his new stream
lined luxury trains will rival the
best of Americas crack expresses.
DR.. Beeching must prune the most
Improbable services and rebuild
many terminals while regarding
many tracks that were neglected
or damaged during the war years.
Meanwhile, suburban jewellers
feel that they will get a fair deal
as DR.. Beeching is himself COM
muter, and takes the 8.34 am.
train to London from his Sussex
home.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-25

Possibly the most damaging evil
dence in this respect was offered
by Dudley Senanayake, UNP lead
er and former prime minister. It
was not denied by the govern
ment. Mr.. Senanayake, one of the
two UNP leaders implicated by
the government in the coup, said
it had prepared a white paper
on the lines of the one under
which President Kwame Nkrumah
of Ghana has charged opposition
leaders with fostering his over
throw and has locked them up.
Mrs. Bandaranaike's principal
adviser, 29-year~old Finance Min
isvur Felix DiaS Bandaranaike, a
cousin of the late prime minis
ter, recently told the Sinhalese-
Soviet Friendship Society that "a
little bit of totalitarianism" might
be good for Ceylon.
But it would be a mistake to
think that the present prize min
lister is told what to do by the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-25
BY DAVID VAN PRAAGH
Contributing Writer

COLOMBO, Ceylon.-This love-
ly island nation, once a model
Of young Asian democracy, has
taken two steps deeper into a
life-sapping morass of political
intrigue, economic unrest and
racial and religious antagonism.
The first step was the at
tempted coup d'etat on the night
of January 81 against the gov
eminent of Mrs. Sirima Banda
ranaike, the worlds only woman
prime minister. Like the murder
of her husband, Prime Minister
s. w. r. D. Bandaranaike, on
September Is, 1859, this kind of
thing had never happened before
in civilized. cultured Ceylon.
The second step was the gov
ernment's reaction to it's at
tempted overthrow by a group of
high-ranking army and police Of
ficerS. Mrs. Bandaranaike blamed
the forces of reaction" behind
her husbands assassination. What
she meant was revealed in Parlia-
ment when the government i'm
plicated not only the leaders Of
the conservative opposition party
but also Ceylon's governor gen.
eral, the representative of Queen
Elizabeth in this Commonwealth
country.
Moreover, members Of the rul-
ing Sri Lanka Freedom Party
charged there was a conspiracy
of British and American "im-
perialists," the Vatican and the
United National Party (UNP)-
the pro-Western conservative OPP
position-to make "a last-ditch
stand against the forward march
of the people"
Ceylon's latest forward march
also was marked by the govern
ment's railroading through Par
lament a bill providing for trial
without jury and without appeal
by three government-appointed
Supreme Court judges, Of the 20
persons arrested in the coup at
tempt. The maximum penalty for
conviction would be death instead
of 20 years imprisonment as it is
now, and a suspect could be de-
tanned so days without trial.
Democracy in Danger
1t is still open to question
whether democracy is in danger
in Ceylon. which has practiced it
more vigorously perhaps than any
other Asian African nation in
heriting British traditions. Like
the late Mr.. Bandaranaike, Cey-
lonese intellectuals talk of par
liamentary democracy not being
the best means to rule a new ma
ton.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-25
BY ARTHUR WEBB
Contributing Writer

LONDON. - Railroad share
holders at the beginning of the
century smiled smugly when the
first motor cars began dropping
nuts and bolts and teams of
horses towed casualties into
makeshift service stations.
Today they look back yearn-
ingly to those days of high divi-
dend when railroads virtually
had a monopoly for the trans
portation of goods and passen-
gers.
The financial condition of the
railroads weighs heavy on Great
Britain because it's railroads have
been nationalized. Some sections
of the British railways are losing
more every year than it cost to
build them 100 years ago.
During this year a loss of over
$500 million will fall on the Brit
ish taxpayer. And that is not the
end of the story. The railways
are understaffed and without the
immigrants from the West Indies
and Pakistan and India many
more stations would be closed.
The lines still have big place
In the nations life and carry half
a billion passengers a year
but this Is at a loss despite
big increases in fares and heavier
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-25
Threats to Real Democratic Government
In Cey|on Feared in Overthrow Move

specter Of Roman Catholic back
ing for the coup.
1t is true that most of the con-
spirators arrested are Catholic. It
also is true that there is much re-
sentiment among Christians, who
make up less than 10 per cent of
the population, at the govern
ment's recent takeover of denomi-
national schools as part of its ma
tionalization program.
But it is agreed by impartial
observers here that the Freedom
party'S anti-Catholic propaganda
has the same basis as its earlier
moves against the Tamil Hindu
minority, which makes up about
a fifth of the population. This is
its appeal to the common man."
which in party Technology means
the Sinhalese peasant.
Rioting Of 1858
1t is was Sinhalese- Tamil riot
ing in 1858 that first exposed the
seams in Ceylonese society. Trou-
BILE arose over the late Prime Min
lister Bandaranaike's regime try
ing to make Sinhalese the official
language at the expense of Tamil
and English. When he began to
relent, he was assassinated by q
Buddhist monk.
Mrs. Bandaranaike's govern
ment finally made Sinhalese the
official tongue last year. The
Tamils have been unhappy but
quiet so far, although Ceylon's
present state of emergency dates
from the 1861 language act.
With Tamils and Catholics
feeling discrimination, the rich
feeling dispossessed since the last
brief UNP regime in 1860, and the
the middle classes feeling new
taxes, the labor unions feeling left
out, and the Marxists feeling that
naturalization has not gone far
enough toward taking over for
eign- tea and rubber plan
tations, it may have been inevi-
table that the government should
turn to the peasants.
But it is argued that most Of
it's troubles are of the govern
ment's own making. There is no
question that Mrs. Bandaranaike
has her hands full dealing with
them. Whoever is to blame, Chris
tan and Hindu have been set
against Buddhist, Tamil against
Sinhalese, worker against peasant,
rich against poor, even literate
against il1terate and military au-
thority against civil.
Despite it's stumbling economy,
Ceylon still has a higher standard
of living than most Asian coun-
tries and its literacy rate Of s.
per cent compares with neighbour
ing midas Is per cent.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-25

lieve the power of the GAS has
been exaggerated. Its techniques
have been calculatedly sensation
al. 1t has deliberately sought to
"intoXicate" world opinion - and
may well have succeeded to con-
siderable extent.
Even the OAS' own supposed
bases of support, the professional
army and the European settlers,
owe allegiance in part because
they have been intimidated and
terrorized. This kind of political
structure can collapse very fast,
especially when its architects are
shown to be failing in their pri-
mary purpose.
The U. Ms Role
The U. N. has played useful
part in achieving peace in AL
geria. Gen. de Gaulle could pre-
tend to ignore U. N. pressures, but
his very irritation with them
proved they are having an effect.
The U. N. helped cushion some
of the worst by-products of the
year of the war in Sakiet Sidi-
Youssef Q958) and Bizerte
Q96D, thus helping to prevent
a spread of the war to neighbour
ing countries and hence, per-
haps, beyond the African con-
tinent.
By providing an outlet for
North African indignation at
times of greatest fury. the U. N.
may also helped prevent Morocco,
and the United Arab Republic
from turning wholly to Moscow
and becoming entrapped in the
Soviet spiders web.
Principal credit, however, for
peace in Algeria must obviously
go to Gen. de Gaulle, who had
the courage, the stamina, and
the wisdom to stick with a prof.
ect which often seemed hopeless,
and the leadership necessary to
bring the French nation along
with him.
Gen. de Gaulle now has all but
accomplished the principal task
for which he assumed office near
ly four years ago. Had his place
in history not already been as
sured, it would be now. The man
who kept alive Frances fighting
will during long years of Nazi
occupation has now contributed
nightly to the strength of the
nation he then helped save.
He is wrong about Indignation
of NATO, wrong about disarm-
ament, wrong about European
unity, largely wrong about nego-
tiations with the Soviet Union,
and difficult if not wrong about
a dozen other subjects, including
his own excessively autocratic
powers.
But he has been proved ever
lastingly right about Algeria, and
for this the free world has rea-
son to pay him homage.