davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1962-01-06

said, now can measure time
to a few parts in 100 bill
lion for more than a year.
1t is estimated that instru-
mentS will be made in the
next few years which will
agree to a few parts in 10
trillion and even 10 quad
rillion. The last would be
100000 times more accur-
rate than it ever will be
possible to achieve by as
Economical measurements.
All the measurements can
be made in a few minutes,
compared to the long
watches necessary for star
observers.
World Farley on Standards
Astronomers measure long
periods of time. These are di-
vided into days, hours, min
utes and seconds. The atomic
scientists, on the contrary,
measure small fractions of a
second. These then are add
ed to form seconds, minutes,
days and years.
The question Of atomic
versus astronomical time will
be considered at the 1866
international Conference on
Weights and Measures at
which. many different ma
tions will come to agreements
on standards. A consultive
committee has been appoint
ed for definition of the sec
ond as a fundamental unit
of time.
Agreements will be sought
on the best atoms to use. In
general, the committee has
agreed, it will be impossible
to make the best use of the
atom as long as basic units
continue to be defined by as
Economical terms, and thus
are limited by errors of as
Economical observations.
Evening star., 1962-01-06

Your health for daring to
publish the letter of William
D. Killen in which he deals
so perspicaciously and also
patriotically with the case of
the NAACP dupe Hulda Clark
whose parents sent her to
Russia for a real" education.
I would be only too glad to
help implement his sugges-
tion of a one-way ticket for
the whole family to Moscow.
With one provision, of course
that they never come back.
Fred E. Rick.
Evening star., 1962-01-06

@. Which find it easier to
adjust to the new climate
people who move from a hot
region to a cold one, or peo-
pie who move from a cold re-
gion to a hot one?-W. P.
A. While individuals differ
greatly in their reaction to
changes in climate, people
generally find it easier to be-
come acclimated to heat than
to cold. The human body
adaptS itself more easily to
cope with extreme heat than
it does to cope with extreme
cold.
Evening star., 1962-01-06
LETTERS TO THE STAR

Pen names may be used il
letters carry writers' correct
names and addresses. All let
terS are subject to condenSa-
ton. Those not used will be
returned only tUhen accom-
panied BY self = addressed,
stamped enuelopeS.
Evening star., 1962-01-06

users, they too should be
provided by tax revenue in
the public interest!
You are to be commended
for presenting this issue with
clarity and objectivity, and in
particular for throwing a
spotlight on the large area
Of non-postal expenditures
traditionally used to initiate
the so-called deficit.
Hor,r, nj ALL~A
Evening star., 1962-01-06

bound to grow simmer. However,
survival inevitably must take precedence
over less important programs, however
desirable they may be.
Evening star., 1962-01-06
Answers to Questions
By THE HASKIN SERVICE

A reader can get an answer, BY
mail, TO any question Of fact BY
writing The Star Information Bu-
reau, 635 F street N W. WASHINGTON
4, D. c Please incloSe return post
age or addressed. stamped
envelope
Evening star., 1962-01-06
Innocent Abroad

Henry M. Abbot.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-10
INTERPRETIVE REPORT

Government here, however,
that Premier Khrushchev has
recently appeared to be in
terested in decreasing cold war
tensions and seeking better
avenues of communication with
Washington.
President Kennedy has been
working to the same end.
Whether so designed or not, the
exchange of Capt. Powers and
convicted Soviet spy Rudolf
Abel seems to fit into that pat
tern.
Initially, well informed Off
Gals were inclined to regard the
exchange as meaning more in
the classic tradition of a trade
between nations of men who
were important to each side.
Fitting into this theory is the
fact that some moves in con-
nection with the Power-Abel
deal are reported to have
started as long ago as last May,
a few months after the Ken
nedy administration took Of
flee.
Communist Split Cited
This does not rule out, how
ever. the possibility that the
Soviets, who usually make their
moves for maximum diplomatic
advantage, kept the talks in
motion until they decided the
time had come to achieve what
ever specific aims they had in
mind.
When Moscow radio an
nounced to the Russian people
that Capt. Powers had been
released, it said one of the fac
tors in the decision was 1.-The
desire for an improvement in
relations between the USSR
and the USA."
Mr.. Khrushchev's son-in-
law, Alexei Adzhubei, lunched
here last week with President
Kennedy and his press secre-
tary, Pierre Salinger. A day
earlier Mr.. Salinger had met
in Paris with Mikhail Kharla-
NOV to talk about exchanging
top-level television interviews
ard otherwise improving COM
municationS.
Government officials said
that the Adzhubei and Kharla-
NOV conferences did not deal
with the Abel-Powers exchange
They did, nevertheless, bear
! See POLICY, Page Ala
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-10
Generous Mayor Keeps
Giving Money to Town

ECLECTIC, Ala, Feb. 10
(AP).-"He's one in a Million"
say residents of this Central
Alabama town about their
Mayor.
While the Mayor, John w.
Castleberry, probably would be
the last person to admit it,
here's why:
When the city gets into fl
nancial straits, Mayor Castle
berry digs into his own pocket
book and balances the budget.
His latest gift to the farming
community of 1000 is 100000
with no string attached.
Town officials figure the gift
will pay off all the towns debts
and then some.
This is the second time that
Mayor Castleberry, a successful
lumberman, has given the town
100000.
His first gift came soon after
he was elected Mayor for the
first time in 1856.
And he has come up with
lesser gifts on occasions to pay
for public projects the taxpayers
couldn't afford.
On top of that, Mayor Castle
berry works without pay.
His first gift of 100000 went
to retire $4,000 worth of city
water board bonds, to expand
the water system into a newly
annexed area, and to pave some
new streets.
Town officials plan to use the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-10
BRITISH HEADWORK
Hard Derbies to Foil
London Pay Bandits

LONDON, Feb. 10 (AP),.-A
leading London bank has out
fitted its money carrying
messengers with dent-proof,
shock absorbent derbies to
protect them against club
swinging, pay-grab bandits.
A blow with a club is sup
posed to glance off the new
bowlers that the so messengers
for Coutts & Co. started wear
ing yesterday. A rash of recent
attacks on the messengers
alarmed the banks.
Dressed in their traditional
derbies and maroon jackets
bank messengers and payroll
clerks make easy marks for
bandits lurking in London
alleys and doorWays.
Crooks have made a specially
of clubbing bank messengers
especially on the big payroll
days of Thursday and Friday
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-10

Scotland Yard has already in
creased it's vigilance around the
financial district.
The messengers make their
rounds unarmed and they've
tried any number of ruses to
outSmart bandits-like taking
different routes, riding in cars
and making their rounds in
pairs. But this hasn't halted
the increase in the number OF
aching heads and the loss OF
thousands in cash at a time.
One banking. source said:
"The hat is designed purely
as a security measure. 1t is a
reasonable protection because
it defects blows. 1t has beer
thoroughly tested"
The derbies look like ordinary
ones. They are light and have
leather padding to make the
rim and crown "a shock alb
sorber against the bandits
Gosh Club"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-10

about rs yards to the middle.
There a white line marks the
border between West Berlin and
ISoviet-occupied East Germany.
A group of 10 men came up
and met them from the Soviet
side. The Soviet group also was
in civilian clothes. Both groups
looked serious and little cordi-
Iality was shown.
COMMUTE Wait
For 20 minutes, the two
groups waited while one of the
Americans telephoned to
I"Checkpoint Charlie" When
he returned with news that Mr..
Pryor had reached West Berlin,
the two men were exchanged.
With the Americans was a
clean-SnaVen man IN a 1ur cap,
dark suit and dark overcoat.
This apparently was Capt.
Powers. g.
The Americans climbed into
their cars and drove back
toward the center of Berlin.
The fishermen went on fishing.
Great secrecy and speed
marked Capt. Powers move
ments thereafter. A tight Sc
curity guard was thrown
around him. He left in a United
States Air Force plane so
quickly that he did not even
See EXCHANGE, Page ALI
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-10
HeartBurstinq,
Wife ExcIainls
Porents, Sisters
Also Overjoyed

A wife whose heart is just
bursting" parents who were
"just tickled to death" and
sisters who couldn't believe
their ears were jubilant today
at the news of the release OF
w. Pilot Francis Gary Powers
I'm so happy. Believe me
My heart is just bursting. I'm
so elated I can hardly speak
I'm just overjoyed," said the
pilots wife Barbara at Mil
ledgeville, Ga.
1T was so unexpected and
wonderful that I've just been
crying for joy - I really have,
she said later during a brief
news conference on the porch
of the one-story frame house
where she has been staying
with her mother. Mrs. Monteen
Allen, the Associated Press re-
ported.
The 27-year-old Mrs. Powers
said she was going to nearby
Macon to meet her brother, the
Rev. Jack Moore, an Air Force
chaplain, who is coming from
Charleston, S. c., this after
noon. Then they will fly to
Washington.
Ordeal Almost Over
Mrs. Powers said that she
had been deeply emotional and
sometimes respondent the year
and nine months since he1
husband was downed in the
Soviet Union. But now my
ordeal is almost over, but not
quite" she said. "It will be
when I see him again"
She said she didn't know
where they will live in the
future. She added he had al
ways been a flyer and I assume
he will continue flying, but it is
up to him"
Mrs. Powers commented that
the last letter she received
from her husband about three
weeks ago, said he had no hope
of clemency. Thus, she said
his release came as a complete
surprise to her.
"Tickled to Death"
| At Norton, Va, Capt. Powers
father, Oliver Powers, sale
"we're just tickled to death.
He added:
His mother and I though
it would probably be a much
longer time-at least four o.
five years. And our son though
it would be much longer thar
that. We didn't have any ides
this would happen-and he ap
parently didn't either.
MY wife and I were asleel
when the big word came, bu
it's not very hard to keep awak
now" he added.
The pilots two sisters, VIII
live in the Washington area
also were joyful over the news
Mrs. Veril w. Melvin of 100
, Nealon drive, Falls Church, Va
said she was so excited afte
receiving the news early thi
See FAMILY, Page Al
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-10

release OF a second American In
the exchange - Frederic L
Pryor, 28-year-old economics
students held by the East Ger
mans.
Then the exchange of Capt
Powers for Col. Abel was made
in the center of Glienicke Bridge
in the Berlin suburb of Wansee
Details Of Exchange
Mr.. Pryor, who had been held
since he vanished on a visit to
East Berlin August Is, was re-
leased at Checkpoint Charlie,
the United States crossing point
in West Berlin.
Informed sources gave this
account of the secret exchange
of Capt. Powers for Col. Abel:
Just before 8 am. about 10
Americans arrived at Glienicke
Bridge. They rode in German
made sedans bearing license
plates issued to private cars of
United States civilians in Ger
many.
It was just after dawn, with
the weather cloudy and chilly
A few fishermen on the banks
of the Havel River watched
curiously.
The Americans wore civilian
clothes and overcoats. In the
group, apparently, was Col.
Abel.
The Americans parked their
cars off the bridge, and walked
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-10
DeGau||e IsHiI
ByLeft, Right
Squeeze Play
Failure to QueII
OAS Inks Public;
Reds See Chance

PARIS, Feb. 10 (AP).-Presi-
dent Charles de 'Gaulle, try
ing to achieve peace with the
Algerian rebels, was under at
tack today from the right and
the left, both seemingly in
tent on toppling his govern
ment before he can bring it off.
The right wing Secret Army
Organization directs its cam
paign to keep Algeria French
at the De Gaulle govern
ment in hope that his fall
would bring on a Paris govern
ment more to its liking, if not
of its choosing.
Frances big Communist
Party sees in the rightist shoot
ings and bombings a tailor
made excuse to rally opposition
to the De Gaulle government.
The Communists are on record
as supporting Algerian indie
pendence and presumably would
be expected to help Gen. de
Gaulle achieve this goal.
The Communists are obvious
ly looking beyond, however.
They have always wanted Gen.
de Gaulle out, but had been
unable to dent his popular
backing among the great ma
jority of Frenchmen.
Discomfort Rising Now
Now, for the first time since
Gen. de Gaulle came to power
in June 1858, the Communist
Party appears to have aroused
serious discomfort aainst gov
eminent authority. Unable to
hurt him with frontal attacks,
the Communists are making
Roadway at his flank by using
the Secret Army as an issue.
Public anger is aroused, both
at the rightists for their ter
rorist activities that daily be-
come more numerous and bold
er in France itself, and at the
government for its seeming in
ability to put the rightists
down. Unable to strike back at
the clandestine Secret Army,
many Frenchmen of a wide
range of political shades vent
their anger on the government
Interior Minister Roger Frey
charged that the Communists
provoked Thursday nights
bloody rioting that broke out
during a leftist-called demon
stration of 10000 against the
Secret Army. Eight persons
were killed; 140 policemen and
uncounted numbers of demon
strators were injured.
Motives Investigated
Maurice Legacy, director of
municipal police, blamed the
violence on organized and
trained commando groups of
Is to 80 persons" each with
a leader and acting like we'll
trained soldiers"
The government said it was
investigating the motives be-
hind the rioting, indicating it
believed it was not aimed at
the Secret Army but at Gen
de Gaulle.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-10
Ronlney Enters
Governor Race
Seeks 6. O. P. Bid
In Michigan

DETROIT, Feb. 10 (AP).-
IndustrialiSt George Romney
became a candidate today for
the Republican nomination for
Governor of Michigan.
He announced he was taking
a leave as president and chair
man of American Motors Corp.
for the political step he took
today-a step which some see
as leading toward possible
G. o. P. nomination for Presi-
dent in 1864.
Both Former President EiSen-
hover and Former Vice Presi-
dent Richard M. Nixon have
said Mr.. Romney would make
IAN attractive candidate" on
the national scene. Mr.. Romney
said today such comments
played no part in his decision
to run for Governor and de-
clined to discuss any plans for
1864.
In announcing, Mr.. Romney
said he would not become an
active candidate until latter
completion of my responsible
tiles" as a delegate to Michigan's
current constitutional conven-
ton, expected to adjourn by
April /.
The 54-year-old Romney
against whom Republican lead
ers anticipate no August pri-
mary opposition, presumably
will contest with 36-year-old
Democratic Gov. John B
Swanson, who said in COM
menting on Mr.. Romney's can
didacy:
after the longest publicity
countdown in Michigan politica,
history, the announcement
comes as quite an anti-clima2
and surprises no one.
1T is curious, however, thai
someone who has complained
about the sorry record of the
Republican Party and abou
being forced to publicly iden,
tify himself as a Republican
now is so eager to become it
. leader"
Mr.. Romney was accom-
panied to his news conference,
; by his wife, Lenore, and II
: year-old son, Mitt. He hat
! spent a night of seclusion a
his home in suburban Bloom
} field Hills, where he prayer
: fully sought guidance beyon,
= that of man." A devout Nor
Y mon, he occupies a post in tn
Mormon Church equivalent t.
that of a bishop.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-10

latest gift to pay off another
waterworks bond issue, to help
pay for a new City Hall, put in
another city well and maybe
buy a new fire truck.
Mayor Castleherry was born
near Eclectic 68 years ago and
moved into town more than &c
years ago.
He wouldn't say much tc
newSmen about his gifts.
I'D rather this wasn't publ
cized," he said.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-10
TILE WEATuED. Full Report
I'LL VLAIHEN' on Pose AZ

District and vicinity-Fair and colder to-
night, lows l6 in the city and IL in suburbs.
Increasing cloudiness and continued cold
tomorrow. High and low of last "a hours:
High. "a. at 10 am. yesterday; low, Is, at
8 am. today.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-10
W Pilot Powers Freed by Reds
Allies Thwart
Red Attempt
On Corridors
Two Incidents
Threaten to Heat
Berlin Situation

BERLIN, Feb. 10 (AP) The
United States and its Western
allies blocked a Soviet bid for
a partial take-over of the all
corridors that link isolated West
Berlin to the outside world, il
has been disclosed.
Inside the divided city itself
Col. Andrea I. Solovyev, the
Soviet commander, yesterday
failed to break a ban on his
entering the United States
sector. He turned back without
a word when an American mill
tary policeman at the Commu-
mist wall asked him:
"Are you Col. Solovyev?"
The two incidents threatened
to heat up the atmosphere in
Berlin, which has been rela-
lively relaxed since the New
Year. They occurred just as
United States Ambassador Lew
ellyn Thompson and Soviet
Foreign Minister Andre Gro
myko met once more in Moscow
in an attempt to make some
progress on the problem.
Air Center Still Operates
Planes flying to and from
West Berlin cross ITO miles of
Communist East German ter
ritory through one of three
corridors. Use of the corridors
is regulated by the Berlin Air
Safety Center, one of the last
places in Berlin where Soviet
officers still work with Amer
lean, British and French repre-
Sentatives. The center has been
operating in West Berlin ever
since the end Of World War II.
On Wednesday, a Soviet Off
Ger at the center startled Amer
lean, British and French Off
GERS with the request to reserve
the Frankfurt-Berlin corridor
up to an altitude of 1000 feet
for 3 hours and 20 minutes on
the following morning. The
space was needed, he said, for
Soviet military transports.
No, said the Western allies.
The rules call for all flights in
the corridors to be announced
separately - no booking of
"blocks of altitude.
On Thursday the Soviet Off
Ger came back with another
request. He wanted the Berlin
Hanover and the Berlin Ham
burg corridors reserved for
hours that morning, up to 1000
feet.
No, said the allies again.
Fly as usual
Both times the Western con.
trollers served notice Western
commercial and military plane.
would be flying the corridors a.
usual.
Gen. Lucius D. Clay, Presi
dent Kennedy's envoy to Der,
lin. and West Berlin Mayo
Willy Brandt were on one of tn,
United States Air Force trans
ports which tested what tn
Soviets would do by flying tn
Hamburg corridor en- route Il
Bremen yesterday. The Rus
slams did nothing. The Ameri
can pilot had orders to sta
below the 7,500-foot limit.
Other allied transport plane
made similar flights.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-10
Effect Of Spy
Debated
Some See Action
Easing Cold War
BY JOHN M. HIGHTOWER
Associated Press Staff Writer

Associated Press Staff Writer
Soviet release of U-2 Pilot
Francis Gary Powers effec-
lively closes the book on one
of the most famous spy cases
of history. What it means to
United States-Soviet relations
can only be judged by future
events.
There is a keen aWareneSs
in the highest quarters of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-10
Soviet Trades Flyer and Student
For Col. Abe|> Top Secret Agent
Return to u. 5.
Set for Today
Or Tomorrow
BY EARL HI. VOSS
Star Staff Writer

The United States and the
Soviet Union snapped con-
victed spies today-American
U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers
for Soviet secret agent Ru-
dolf Abel. simultaneously,
East Germany released Fred
eric L. Pryor, an American stu
dent detained since last Au-
gust.
American authorities quickly
whisked Capt. Powers out of
Berlin, where the exchange was
made. He was flying to the
United States in an Air Force
plane.
White House Press Secretary
Pierre Salinger said Capt. Pow
ers would arrive in the United
States "either today or to-
morrow" but refused to an
nounce where or when he
WOulu ldIlu.
The U-2 pilot is returning in
an Air Force propeller-driven
plane, not a jet. After he ar
rives he will see his family and
Government officials, but will
not see the press for 10 days
or two weeks, Mr.. Salinger said.
There is no plan for the Presi-
dent to see Capt. Powers Eat
this time" he added.
The U-2 pilot, whose craft
crashed deep inside the So
Wet Union on May /, 1860,
walked back into the free world
across Glienicke Bridge be-
tween East Germany and West
Berlin at 1852 am. (2:52 am.
Washington time) today, less
than two years after his ill
fated flight.
Two Pass on Bridge
At the middle of the bridge,
which is usually closed, he
passed Col. Abel, whose 30
year sentence had been COM
muted by President Kennedy in
a secretly-arranged deal to
get Capt. Powers back.
American officials refused to
characterize the return of the
men as an exchange. Negotia-
lions for the trade had been
opened between Col. Abel's de-
Tense attorney. James B. Dom
ovan Of New York, and Mrs.
Abel in East Berlin a month
to six weeks ago.
Mrs. Abel had been seeking
her husbands release in ap-
peals to the United States
Government through Mr.. Dom
ovan since 1860.
Capt. Powers pleaded guilty
to espionage charges in a
Soviet court after he survived
the crash of his U-2 plane
on May Day, 1860. He was
given a 10-year sentence by
the Soviet court-three years
in prison and seven at a work
camp-after a trial attended
by his wife and parents.
Khrushchev Used Incident
Soviet Premier Khrushchev
used the w. incident to tor
pedo the Big Four summit
conference in Paris in May,
1860. He also Cancelled Presi-
dent Eisenhower's visit to the
Soviet Union.
Whether the swap signals
a new peace offensive by the
Kremlin remains to be seen,
officials said. Aside from wider
implications, both sides gained
merely by the exchange of the
two men.
The United States wants to
confirm its suspicious, for in
stance, that Capt. Powers w.
fell within the reach of Soviet
fighters because of a flameout.
Premier Khrushchev claims
See POWERS, Page Ala
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-10
CAPITAL MUSLIMS
BEGIN FASTING

RAMADAN, the ninth month Of
the lsIomie Iunor yeor, hos special
significance to MusIims who beson
o month-lons fost, speeioI prayers
ond olms- giving this week. A re-
port on its observance in Wosh-
ineton is on Poee AS.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-10
Spy Swap Carried Out
With Speed, Secrecy
Berlin Bridge Incident Had Aura
Of Cloak -und-Duqqer Mystery

BERLIN, Feb. 10 (AP).-U-2 Pilot Francis Gary Powers
exchanged today for Soviet spy Rudolph Abel in
hushhush operation Berlin bridge soon afterward
Capt Powers flew off to Washington
Informed sources said the exchange was held up for
about 20 minutes while check made to confirm the