davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1962-12-30
u. N. Involvement

The q. N. has been involved in
the Congo almost from the start.
The Congo situation posed a uni
que question. Katanga's secession
was an internal affair of the
Congo. Should the U. N. take part
in nations civil war?
The anticolonial bloc of Afro
ASians said yeS-and the United
States, for its own reasons, agreed.
The u. N. decided that Mr..
Tshombe was supported by for
eign "mercenaries" and so it
voted to kick these white men
out. The u. N. decided that a
civil war might break out. and so
the u. N. voted authority to its
forces in the Congo to prevent
such a civil war.
And since the U. N. forces faced
danger, the u. N. voted permis-
sion for them to return fire II
attacked. These are the opera
tional instructions that have per-
mitted the fighting. Thus, last
weeks shooting, the U. N. said,
started when Katangese soldiers
opened fire.
The U. MS role in the Congo
has gone beyond these instruc-
tons. U. Thant, the secretary
general. has been working for
more than year to reconcile the
rich Katanga with the poor CEN
tral government, headed by Cyrille
Adoula. Ideally, a united Congo
would allow the u. N. to pull its
forces out and reduce its $40
million q month expenditure,
financed mostly by the United
States.
Evening star., 1962-12-30
Usual Confusion

AS usual, there was great con-
fusion as to how the latest fight
ing began. The u. N. said
Katangese police started it. A
spokesman in Washington said it
was possible a nervous Ethiopian
fired the first shot. What is clear
is that both the U. N. and
Katanga had been building forces
for a showdown, and now that
it has come, the U. N. seems the.
victor.
Time, indeed, seems to be run
ming out for President Tshombe's
secessionist province. In the 80
months of its separate existence,
Katanga has defied the Central
Congo government, the United
Nations and the United States. 1t
has fought twice with the U. NJ,
winning one and losing the other.
U. N. and United States officials
have a deep hatred Of the ambi-
tious Katangese leader. In a sense,
the Katanga issue has become the
U. Ms cause celebre. The United
States has viewed the secession as
a cold war issue.
Basically, Mr.. Tshombe pulled
out of the Central Congo on July
IL, 1960-arguing that the anar-
chy in the Congo threatened his
people. His opponents claim he
ordered the secession to keep Ka-
tanga's fantastic mineral wealth
for his own use. Because the Union
Miniere is European owned, Mr.
Tshombe's Afro-Asian opponents
charge him with being in the pay
Of the imperialists.
Evening star., 1962-12-30
Nassau Pact:
France Ponders

President de GauIIe reserved
Judgment last week on the
AnglO-American plan to set up a
multilateraI nucIear force.
More important than Washing
tons optimism or Lord Beaver
brooks anger is what Charles de
Gaulle thinks about the Nassau
Pact. Whether his thumb goes up
or down, his decision will have
far-reaching effect within the
strained Western alliance.
If the French leader accepts the
Joint Macmillan-K Kennedy invita-
ton to buy Polaris and go NATO,
it will give solid backing for Mr..
Kennedy's plea for greater Allied
"interdependence" in military
matters. If he rejects the plan,
it will mean continued policy de-
bates within the alliance.
At the moment these debates
are mainly theoretical. since the
United States and Britain have
a virtual monopoly on Western
nuclear weapons. But before the
end of this decade, France will
have its own nuclear striking
force. The Nassau Pact is an ef-
fort by the United States, grud-
gingly supported by Great Britain,
to direct the future development Of
the Vests defenses.
The Kennedy administration has
beeen increasingly concerned over
the growing desire of its European
Allies to have their own nuclear
forces. But, in recent months, 1t
has recognized that the Europeans
and more specifically, France. will
not stop work because Washing
ton doesn't like what they are
doing.
Accordingly, the administration
has tried TO evolve a plan which
takes account Of the realities Of
Evening star., 1962-12-30
BY WILLIAM r. FRYE
Contributing Writer

UNITED NATIONS. N. Y.-His-
torians may record that the year
1862 was a decisive turning point
in relations among the East, the
West. and the neutral world.
II was the year when Moscow
and Peiping came within an eye
lash of q final, open break.
II was the year when an aroused
United States Government threw
a blockade around Cuba a-and the
Soviet Union backed away from
challenging II.
II was the year when Red China
plunged a knife into India and
drove the worlds leading neutral
into a de facto military alliance
with the West.
Each OF these major develop
ments. and many more OF lesser
Importance. changed the psyche
logical. military. and diplomatic
shape OF the world.
Virtual naturalization OF the
Sino-Soviet alliance shifted the
balance OF power in the Vests
direction. IL was q propaganda as
set. And II gave promise that, one
day. Soviet Premier Khrushchev
Evening star., 1962-12-30
He Got Paid

Castro has demanded a price
for his seeming benevolence. He
got, as stated, $50 million in sorely
needed food and medicines for re-
leasing the Bay of Pigs captives.
And when he allowed the relatives
to leave, they had to turn over
virtually all their property, in
cluding their homes and auto
mobiles, to the Cuban government.
President Kennedy, who long
ago assumed the full responsibility
for the Bay of Pigs fiasco, was
one Of the happiest Americans
over the return of the captives.
This Christmas will be a little
brighter for all Americans because
these men are being united with
their loved Ones" he said on Mon
day.
Later, he and Mrs. Kennedy re-
ceived several Of the returned
rebel leaders at the winter White
House In Palm Beach. Then. yes
terday, the President went to Mi
ami to address the prisoners and
their families in assembly at the
Orange Bowl. He was given a rebel
battle flag.
After reviewing the released
freedom fighters, Mr.. Kennedy as
serted to the laundering applause
Of 10000 in the stands:
II can assure you that this flag
Evening star., 1962-12-30
THE NATIONAL SCENE
Hopes and Promises
For Freed Cubans

Premier Castro last week
released lib Bay Of Pigs pris-
Oners for a ransom of S53
million In food and medicines
and then allowed 922 relatives
Of the men to leave Cuba.
President Kennedy yesterday
hailed the freedom fighters in
Miami and told them their flag
would again fly In a free Cuba.
The long night that began a
year ago last April on the sandy
beaches south of Havana have
come to an end for the lib cap
tured members Of the anti Castro
assault brigade.
After two previous unsuccessful
attempts to negotiate with tn e
bearded dictator for their freedom,
the Cuban Families Committee,
headed by James Donovan, a New
York lawyer, obtained release of
the captives for a heavy ransom.
The rebels, defeated and taken
prisoner in their attempt to over
throw Castro when their 1861 in
vasion at the Bay of Pigs was
crushed, arrived in Miami on Sun
day and Monday to a dramatic
and emotional welcome from their
loved ones. fellow Cuban citizens
and American friends and SYM
pathizers.
Evening star., 1962-12-30

Britain had long prided itself on
its independent" nuclear capa-
bility. Thus, British opinion al
ways counted on being able to
defend Britain, even If the United
States failed to respond to her
defense.
The loss Of the Skybolt means
that Britain's expensive V-bomber
force will grow obsolescent,
eventually leaving England with
out it's own nuclear force.
Since Defense Secretary Nc
Namara has publicly attacked the
concept of other Allied nations
having independent nuclear forces,
many Britons especially in the
Beaverbrook press and in the
Labor Party the dropping of
the Skybolt as a crude attempt to
knock Britain out of the nuclear
club. Mr. Mcnamara argues that
small, independent forces are dan
gerous, being able to provoke wal
but not win 1t.
Evening star., 1962-12-30

the Macmillan government for its
attempt to get into the Common
Market-a loss of political and
economic independence. To these
nationalistS, the Nassau Pact elm
mates Britain's military inde-
pendence.
Opinion in the United States
is not all favorable to the Nassau
pact. Senator Symington, a for
mer Secretary Of the Air Force,
promised to fight in Congress 70
restore the Skybolt.
West Germany has made no
official comment on the pact,
but most observers believe the
multilateral concept appeals to
Chancellor Adenauer. Some Ger
mans have long resented not being
permitted a voice in nuclear
matters.
The key to the Pact, of course,
is the concept of a NATO nuclear
force. Such forces impact would
be lessened If France develops
her strike force independently OF
NATO. For this reason, Mr.. Mac
milan and Mr.. Kennedy sent let
ters to Mr.. de Gaulle proposing
that he accept Polaris missiles on
the same terms as Britain.
In the past, Mr.. de Gaulle has
rejected United States offers of
NATO Polaris submarines,
mainly because the United States
would man the subs and would
have a veto over the use of the
weapons. The Nassau Pact, how
ever, allows the submarines
to be manned by Britons (or
Frenchmem without the United
States having q veto.
The weapons would presumably
be fired under orders of a NATO
command. If France agrees to the
scheme, most likely the nuclear
powers would have the final say
"a sort Of Big Three Directorate
long sought by Mr.. de Gaulle.
Evening star., 1962-12-30
Labor:
Dock Strike

Atlantic and Gulf Coast ports
were shut down last week after
longshOremen ignored a plea by
President Kennedy for a 9O-day
truce in contract fight with
shippers.
The injunctive provision of the
controversial Taft-Hartley Act,
which provides for an 80-day
cooling off" period when man.
agement and the unions cannot
agree on a new contract before
the old one expires, has been a
useful tool for the settlement Of
labor disputes. ...
But last week, aft-Hartley was
not equal to the task of bringing
peace between the International
Longshoremen's Association
which represents anywhere from
$4,000 to 10000 dock wallopers,
who handle goods and baggage
along the East and Gulf ports,
and the ship owners and steve
dore companies.
The result is that major ports
from Searsport, Me-, to Browns
vile, Tex, today are immobilized
for the second time this year.
The LILA went on strike on Oc-
tober /, but four days later Pres
ident Kennedy sought and OBJ
tained a Federal Court injunction
for an 80-day cooling off period
upon the assertion that the walk
out endangered the national
health and safety.
The 80 days expired at 5 pm.
Continued on Page B-2
Evening star., 1962-12-30

mainly jet planes-for the U. N.
forces.
This cold war inspiration for
U. N. action has not been popular
in the United Nations itself. The
Afro-Asian supporters so detest
Mr.. Tshombe that they see no
reason to use the cold war as a
basis for action. Indeed, Adlai
Stevenson told press conference
recently that Soviet influence in
the Congo was slim.
The Congo's future basically
remains in Mr.. Tshombe's hands.
If he co-operateS-or capitulateS
as he calls it-then the situation
may become normal again. If he
fights a guerrilla war, or refuses
to cooperate, the U. N. and the
United States may become even
more involved in the unhappy
African country.
Evening star., 1962-12-30

began to apply 1t In the China
India case. straddling the moral
issues and trying TO compromise
the practical ones.
But the hard fact was that neu-
tralism had been proved ineffec-
tive. Prime Minister Nehru rec
ognized and accepted the fact. In
practice, though he still sought,
with some success. 10 keep the
Soviet Union uncommitted In the
struggle.
All three principal events Of
1862, therefore. produced impor-
tant net gains for the West. It
was a bad year for Mr.. Khru-
shchev.
In the U. NJ. Russia was forced
TO give in and let one man
U Thant Of Burma-.be elected as
secretary general. The "troika"
died: the U. N. retained It's veto-
free executive.
In Geneva. Mr.. Khrushchev's
diplomats were almost completely
isolated In their resistance TO min
imum on-site inspection for a nu-
clear test ban. Russia at last be-
gan TO take q little Of the prop
aganda licking II deserved for
blocking q test-ban treaty.
In Cuba, Mr.. ks popularity fell
10 zero, and below. as q result
Evening star., 1962-12-30
A Beginning

The Nassau Pact obviously is
only a beginning toward the
American goal Of a multi-lateral
NATO force. Technical problems
of command and armaments re-
main to be worked out.
Moreover, nuclear forces are
only part of a total defense struc-
ture. NATO's conventional forces
are still undermanned. and un-
doubtedly the United States
return for supplying the Polaris-
will press for an increase in
Europe's contribution to the
NATO land army.
Mr.. de Gaulle has been con-
sidering the Nassau Pact at his
home in eastern France. His first
impressions may be made public
on New Years eve when he ad-
dresses the French people. Mr.. de
Gaulle has argued that France Is
a great nation and must be armed
as a great nation. He may be at
Continued on Page B-2
Evening star., 1962-12-30
THE WEEK IN PERSPECTIVE
The Congo: To Arms Again

Sharp fighting broke out again
last week between Katanga and
United Nations forces.
On the outskirts Of Elisabeth
vile three days ago. the staccato
of automatic weapons sounded the
word: The third and rubber match
between Katanga and the United
Nations had begun.
BY yesterday morning, U. N.
forces had moved into the center
Of the quaint, semi European city.
The post office, the radio station
and the roads-military symbols
of control-had fallen without
fatality to the U. MS Asian and
African soldiers.
A Swedish Jet had dropped five
bombs on Elisabethville's airfield,
knocking out the majority of
Noise Tshombe's bush league air
force. At U. N. headquarters in
New York, officials were speaking
to reporters in the cocky language
Of victors.
This time there will be no
stopping short of total victory.
We did not seek this fight. 1t
was forced on us. But we will
finish it, promise you that"
Evening star., 1962-12-30
Reject

At Nassau, Mr.. Kennedy offered
Mr.. Macmillan the Skybolt project
If he wanted to pay for it, but
the British government rejected
this offer.
Finally, both sides agreed on a
compromise widely criticized by
jingoist elements in England, but
hailed as an astute step by in
formed opinion.
Basically, the United States
agreed to sell Britain Polaris mis-
siles, without nuclear warheads.
Britain would build its own sub
marines and add its own "nukes."
Britain, in return, would have to
promise to use these forces in a
combined NATO force, together
with similar American submarines.
In case of a supreme national
emergency" Britain would be per-
mitted to use them unilaterally.
This was believed to be a sop to
British public opinion.
Since the United States would
control the output of Polaris mis-
siles, the plan was attacked in
Britain as "a sell-out to WASH
ington." The British government,
especially Defense Minister Peter
Thorneycroft, backed the plan,
however. as "an imaginative pro-
posal."
AS more informed Britons
noted, moreover, the Polaris would
lessen the chances Of Britain be-
ing attacked by the Soviet Union.
Once the V-bombers become OBJ
solete, there viii be fewer targets
for Soviet missiles. The Polaris, Of
course, will be at sea.
Much Of the resentment in
England seems emotionally mott
waited. The shock of the American
action, and the rapidity with
which Mr.. Macmillan agreed to
take Polaris, have rubbed Britons
the wrong way. Many Britons,
too. were already angered with
Evening star., 1962-12-30
The Brighter Side

1t was a happy ending to one
Of the saddest chapters in recent
American history. Faulty Ameri-
can direction and cancellation of
critical air support by President
Kennedy during the Bay of Pigs
operation are generally regarded
as the keys to the failure of the
invasion attempt.
While many Americans were
disturbed over the payment of
ransom to a dictator-the United
States Government acted be-
hind the scenes to smooth the
way for contributions of money
and drugs - there were few who
could not see the brighter side
of the freedom operation, coming
as it did curing the Christmas
season.
The undaunted spirit of the
former prisoners, who vowed to
return to their native island to
smash the Communist dictator
ship which has seized it, struck
a warmly responsive note among
Americans who cheer their deter
mination and share their hopes.
The release of the prisoners
was not the only good news of the
week.
The unpredictable Castro,
perhaps bewildered by what he
considers his betrayal by the
Soviet Union over the missile
withdrawal, allowed 922 relatives
Of the freedom fighters to leave
Cuba on Wednesday. They arrived
by ship in Florida on Thursday.
Furthermore, Castro has indi-
Gated to Mr.. Donovan that he
agrees 'in principle" to discuss
the release of % American "coun-
ter-revolutionaries" who are now
in Cuban jailS.
Evening star., 1962-12-30
Second Strike Weapons

These "second-strike" weapons
include the hardened" ICBM
sites, armed with liquid-fuel Atlas
and Titans, and solid-fuel Minute
men missiles. And they include
the highly successful nuclear sub
marines, armed with Polaris mis-
siles. Most experts believe that
the Navy's Polaris summaries are
the most effective deterrent weap-
ons since they are hidden at sea
and do not tempt the enemy to
attack the homeland.
When Washington announced
its plans to stop work on the
Skybolt, 1t was a harsh blow for
the Macmillan government. A pi-
oneer in nuclear development.
Evening star., 1962-12-30

the situation-the fierce French
desire to be a nuclear power -
and the strategic necessity to keep
nuclear forces united. Washing
ton envisages a nightmarish pos
sibility where a country with a
comparatively few missiles could
plunge the world into a nuclear
war. A united force would prevent
this.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-11-19
Larceny Suspect
Grabbed by Police
At Station Window

Hearing a tinkle of glass at
1903 am. today, William I. Har-
low, station clerk of the Police
traffic division at the Municipal
Building, walked into the next
office to find window Of
the Accident Investigation Unit
broken.
Peering outside, he saw a
man gazing at the window.
Mr.. Harlow arrested James
Anspach, III, %, printer liv-
ing in the 4400 block of Faraday
place NV. He was charged
with being drunk and disorderly
and with destroying District
property.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-11-19
ST Pct. Mortgoged

Fifty-seven of every 100 nom
farm homeowner properties in
the United States were mort
gagged and a total mortgage
debt of $117.2 billion was re-
ported in the 1860 census of
housing.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-11-19
: ELEGANT WATERFORD CRYSTAL,
A PLEASURE TO OWN AND TO GIVE

Elegant Citing lovely Waterford crystal ho deserves its
place add
spong bhfonce the fine these lovely With pride
sparkling Shown left right $3.50 Memore
500 9nch Salad Is Salt
pepper 1850 Sugar 1000
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-11-19

lOc fare permits 2 hours shop
ping, runs every S minutes at
regular bus stops on F, nh and
9th Streets, NV.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-11-19

F. B. ROGERS SILVERPLATED HOLLOWARE
lasting gifts that she'll cherish years GOMEZ give
serving pieces Of F. B. Rogers serpo You'll love the elegant way they
company especially during the holidays.
Copper River current., 1962-08-16
PRESS RELEASE

Two bid contracts awarded by Dept. of Hi gh- ways totaled more than mi llion dollars for work the Glenn Hwy. and the Matanus- ka River bank. Stoen Construction Co.,, Seattle submi ted low bid of $369, ,O6O for const1uctio of 1.8 miles of dikes arnd furni shing and placing loose riprap for bank protection the Matanuska River on mile 46 and between Mileposts 63 and 72. Burgess Construct on Co. and Reed & Martin, Inc. were given the contract on a low bid of $774,035 for grading, drai mage and bi tum- inous surface treatment of 7.04 miles of Glenn Hwy between Ii tile Tok River to Bar-. tell Creek.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-07
HES Sheridan
Will Benefits3
DC. Churches

Henry Cation Sheridan, bust
neSsman and banker here for
many years, has left substan-
tial amounts Of money to three
Washington churches in a will
filed for probate at District
Court.
Mr.. Sheridan, who died at 80
at the University Club on jan
uary 81, left no surviving
widow or children and no other
legal heirs, papers filed at the
Courts Wills office said.
He was a director of the Ma
tional Metropolitan Bank from
1917 to 1858 and one of the
original owners of the Wash
ington Hotel, where he lived
from 1917 until it was sold in
1910.
Papers filed by attorney C.
F. R. Ogilby said Mr.. Sheridan
had a total of $457, 400 in per-
sonal property when he died.
He did not own any real estate,
it was reported.
After setting aside legacies to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-07
Eight U.S.. Prosecutors
Are Appointed Here

ate of Harvard Law School,
who formerly served as a law
clerk in the United State At
torney's Office and is assigned
to Municipal Court.
John E. Hogan, SO, of James,
vile, Mimi. a 1857 graduate OF
George Washington University
Law School, a former attorney
at the Federal Reserve Board
and a former law clerk for Dis
trict Court Judge Leonard P
Walsh, who has been assigned
to Municipal Court.
Robert A. Levetown, 26, a
graduate of Harvard Law
School and former tax attorney
with a Washington law firm,
who has been assigned to
Municipal Court.
Miss Barbara A. Lindemann,
%. of New York. a 1856 gradu-
ate Of Yale Law School, for
merly associated with law firms
in New York, who has been as
signed to the Criminal Divi-
sion at District Court.
B. Michael Rauh, 25, OF
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-07

a number of individual bene-
ficiaries and costs, the remain
der of the estate is to be split
into four shares for division
among the three churches.
1t was estimated more than
100000 will be left to be split
up among the churches.
Two shares of the four are
for the Protestant Episcopal
Cathedral Foundation of
Washington. One-quarter of
this is for general endowment,
and three quarters is for the
church building fund.
The income from one share
each is to go to the First
Church Of Christ Scientist,
Columbia road and Euclid
street NV, and the Fourth
Church of Christ Scientist,
3505 Sixteenth street NV.
The sum of $4,000 was set
aside for annual prizes for
ladies competing for the Sheri-
dan Golf Cup at the Chevy
Chase Club. Mr.. Sheridan
established this award in 1928.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-07

DEAR ABBY: My husband
tends bar in a cocktail lounge
that hires only shapely wait
resses who wear as little as
the law allows. One girl
started to work there last
month and my husband came
home and told me what a
"swell kid" she was. He
couldn't stop talking about
her. He met her husband
and said they acted very
much in love. Then he
added that the husband re-
minded him Of HIMSELF
when he was about 30!
I told him that he really
was coveting another mans
wife, but took comfort in the
fact that the woman HE
wanted loved a man who re-
sembled HIM! He said I was
crazy and should quit reading
Freud. In your opinion, was
my husband mentally I'M
faithful to me? I am So and
he is Sc. NO FOOL.
Men are not jailed for their
thoughts, nor should your
husband be condemned by
you. P.S.: Freud would have
been more interested in you
than your husband.
DEAR ABBY: Since when
do they pick bridesmaids &C
cording to weight My
daughters friend is being
married in June and she told
my daughter if she lost 20
pounds by that time, she
could be a bridesmaid. Other
wise, she could preside at the
guest book. My daughter is a
little overweight, but I don't