davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-08-18
LETTERS TO THE STAR

for presenting major produc-
tons from here and abroad.
2. A bill to save the Belas-
co Theater, as originally pro-
posed by President Kennedy
and eight Democratic Sena-
tors in 1860. Representa-
tive Kearns would make this
a Children's Theater and
Art Center. He has pointed
to the New York Times
which. in a magazine article
on Washington's cultural
status, said the city was be-
hind all European capital
cities, and even behind Tiflis,
USSR. which has four chill
dren'S theaters.
3. Summer music and the
alter programs on the Mall,
as well as other art pro-
grams. would be provided in
a John Philip Sousa Memo
rial by the third Kearns
measure. Special emphasis
would be given to children's
programs, among which
would be programs by the
great Army, Navy, Air Force
and Marine Corps Bands.
DIR. Frederick Fall,
Conductor-Director, Wash
ington Civic Opera and the
Washington Civic Symphony.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-08-18
Of Old Soldiers

Unless it is Winston Churchill, few
Old Soldiers in our time have a greater
sense of, or participation in, history than
Harry S. Truman and Douglas Mac
Arthur. The destinies of all have often
crossed, in good times and bad, in vic
tory and despair.
Ex-FuSilier Col. Churchill was a
balky invalid, ex-Artillery Capt. Truman
still robuStly intranSigent, when Gen
eral Macarthur went up to Capitol Hill
the other day to receive one more affir-
nation of the Nations appreciation.
1t was a victorious return to the
scene where, II years ago, he addressed
Congress. A few days before that his
toric occasion he had been relieved Of
all his Far East commands by President
Truman-a decision still being hotly de-
bated as to its merits.
Time has way of distilling truth
from raw ingredients of separating fact
from fiction, the heroes from the vii
lains. Time has been kind to Douglas
Macarthur who, at 80, has greater sta
ture than in the days when, to one per-
son he was a demigod, to another
naughty and aloof military man.
Time has, as he must have known
on Capitol Hill, made him symbol Of
resolution to win against all odds. His
tory will judge whether Old Soldier Tru-
man was too harsh in slapping down Old
Soldier Macarthur during the Korean
War. Meanwhile, let us be grateful that
Old Soldiers never die, nor, in fact, even
fade away.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-08-18
Protection Is q Must

From the earliest consideration of
the administrations trade expansion
bill, it has been recognized that lower
ing tariffs on the scale contemplated
probably would harm some American
business enterprises and throw limited
number of workers out of jobs.
Accordingly, the administration pro-
posed protective provision already ap-
proved by the House, which would make
affected companies eligible for Govern
ment loans or other specified aid, and
set up system of supplemental unem-
ployment compensation for affected
workers. Resistance to the extra unem-
ployment compensation plan has arisen
in the Senate Finance Committee on
two grounds-one, that it might force
an increase Of unemployment compen-
Sation tax rates and, two, that it might
be abused through the filing of unjusti-
fled applications and the creation of
preferred" group of unemployed.
One alternative already mentioned
is that the Federal Government should
pay the full unemployment compensa-
ton for displaced workers. Support for
this plan has been expressed in the
Senate committee and Labor Secretary
Goldberg has indicated that the admin
istration would accept it. 1t is estimated
that full Federal financing would cost
between S75 million and $3.50 million
over a five-year period, compared to
a S45 million Federal cost under the
Federal-State formula now before the
committee. If the trade expansion pro-
gram represents what Mr. Goldberg calls
"a deliberate governmental policy en-
acted for the benefit of the Nation as
a WHOLE" transfer of the hardship fl
nancing to Federal hands would not be
unreasonable. A second alternative
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-08-18
VISTAS IN SCIENCE
Report on Moons Topography
By THOMAS R. HENRI

looking for gravity waves"
-wave-like oscillations in q
gravitational field.
The Einstein theory Of rel
ativity predicts they would
be present in a gravitational
field of such q mass as a
double star. They never.
however, actually have been
demonstrated.
The Air Force program Is
described by 1t. Col. Joseph
E. Duval Of the Office Of
Aerospace Research in a bull
letin just issued. DR.. ]. Web
er Of the University of Mary
land, under an Air Force
contract is building a detec-
tor with which he will search
for gravity waves in inter-
stellar gas. He also is con-
structing a generator and ex-
poets shortly to demonstrate
that the waves can be pro-
duced in the laboratory.
Seeks Gravity Waves
The detector, as described
by Col. Duval, is a one and
one-half-ton aluminium CYL
Under housed in a vacuum.
Gravitational radiation on
the cylinder is expected to
cause it to vibrate.
Prof. Weber in tie n DIS to
search for gravity waves
from space. His generator is
an aluminium cylinder eight
inches in diameter and six
feet long. The two cylinders
are isolated from each other
by being suspended in vac
UNI c h a m b erS which are
mounted on insulatorS to
isolate them from earth vi
brations. Thus it is expected
that interactions between
cylinders will be through the
gravitational field. One may
expect the apparatus to be
sensitive to gravitational ra-
diation from interstellar
space.
The value of the investi-
CATION lies not in the posi-
bility that gravity can be
harnesSed in a manner SINH
lar to electromagnetic but
in the fact that by solving
some of the problems asso-
ciated with gravity we may
learn something new about
the universe which will have
a more direct application to
Air Force problems that at
present are not even antici-
pated.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-08-18

ton prohibits one branch
from acting on the subject
Of religion. why does it not
also prohibit the other two?
Or does the Constitution
merely prohibit the Legisla-
tive branch from acting on
the subject of religion, but
leave the Executive and the
Judicial branches free to do
so? If that is the state of
our constitutional law 1t is
time that the people should
know about it.
In ding the First
Amendment one would natu-
rally assume that it could be
invoked only by citing some
law enacted by Congress in
contravention thereof. But
Congress has enacted no
such law. Moreover, the Su-
preme Court does not con-
tend that Congress has en-
acted any such law. What
the court contends Is that
the restrictions upon Con-
gresS under the First Amend
ment-to make no law Cd
respecting an establishment
of religion, or CO prohibit
ing the free exercise of reli-
gion-have been extended
and made applicable to the
States by the Fourteenth
Amendment. There is a seri-
GUS question. however,
whether the establishment"
clause, or the free exercise"
clause, of the First Amend
ment were actually affected
by the language, history, and
purpose of the Fourteenth
Amendment.
The term religion" is not
used in the Fourteenth
Amendment, nor was any
other comparable term used.
Moreover, the legislative his
tory of that amendment
shows that it was considered
by Congress without any ap-
parent intent that it would
apply to religion, although
it definitely was not intended
to apply to the public
schools of any State. These
facts are clear from the
statements made in Congress
by the sponsors and support
ers of the proposed Four
tenth Amendment during
the debate occurring while
it was under consideration
in Congress. Yet, on the
stated basis of this amend
ment the Supreme Court has
presumed to outlaw a volun-
tary prayer in the public
schools of the State Of New
York.
The language Of the first
section of the Fourteenth
Amendment is essentially the
same as that of the Civil
Rights Act of 1866. It had
no relation to religion or to
public schools. Its sponsors
said that it was intended to
make that Act a part of the
Constitution, and thus place
it beyond possible amend
ment or repeal by any Con-
gress at a later date. The
Fourteenth Amendment con-
tains a clause prohibiting
any State from making or
enforcing any law depriving
any person Of life, liberty,
or property, without due
process Of law" The Su-
preme Court has held that
the word liberty" as used
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-08-18

therein, includes religious
liberty" and thus no State
may deprive any person Of
religious liberty" without
due process of law. This in
depreciation, however. would
seem to be able to stand
upon its own basis, without
any reference to the First
Amendment. Essentially it
prohibits any State from
abridging religious freedom,
and hardly authorizes the
action taken by the Supreme
Court.
If the Supreme Court had
found that New York had
abridged religious liberty by
instituting the voluntary
prayer in its public schools,
such a finding would have
been as absurd as If the
Court had found that the
earth is flat, but it would
have been at least within
the letter Of the Fourteenth
Amendment, provided the
Court could also have found
that the New York authori-
ties had failed to observe due
process Of law. In view of
the care and precaution ex-
ercised by the State authori-
ties it would have been diff
ficult, if not impossible, for
the Court to make such a
finding. It therefore became
necessary, If the Court was
to condemn the prayer in
question, to borrow a phrase
from the First Amendment,
namely, that relating to an
establishment of religion.
which contained no qualifi-
cation concerning the due
process Of law. This the
Court did by finding that
the New York authorities
had created something ere
specting an establishment Of
religion" 1t also became
necessary for the Court to
use the questionable basis Of
the Fourteenth Amendment
in holding that the "eStab-
lishment clause" in the
First Amendment had been
extended and made appli-
cable to the States. Herein
lies the fundamental error
in the Courts decision, al
though Mr.. Justice Potter
Stewart wrote a dissenting
opinion largely upon the
basis of the Courts misuse
of the establishment clause"
in the First Amendment.
Even if this Fourteenth
Amendment had contained
any language clearly pur-
porting to extend the re-
strictions Of the First
Amendment to the States, it
would still have constituted
a questionable basis for the
Courts decision, because of
the doubt existing concern
ing the validity of the Four
tenth Amendments addi-
ton to the Constitution.
The Constitution requires a
vote of two-thirds of the
members of each house Of
Congress to propose an
amendment to the States for
possible ratification. When
the final vote was taken on
the Fourteenth Amendment
in the House in 1866 it re-
ceived q vote of 100 out Of
q total membership Of 1874.
or 3 votes less than the re-
quired two-thirds majority.
Robert c. Alexander
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-08-18
Supreme Court Versus Constitution

The last word has not
been written or spoken re-
garding the recent decision
of the Supreme Court en-
gel v. Vitale) outlawing a
prayer recited voluntarily by
pupils in the public schools
of New York.
Many who disagree with
the decision are inclined to
fear that it has barred all
prayers from public schools,
but that does not seem to be
an accurate appraisal of the
courts Judgment, which was
based primarily upon an I'M
derStanding that the prayer
in question was formulated,
or instituted in the New York
public schools, by certain au-
thorities of that State. Six
of the nine members Of the
court did not think that such
action by the New York au-
thorities was constitutional,
holding that it was prohibited
by the First Amendment of
the Constitution, as that
amendment was believed to
have been extended and made
applicable to the State gov
ernments by the Fourteenth
Amendment.
The pertinent portion of
the First Amendment states
that Congress shall make
no law respecting an estab-
lishment of religion or pro-
hibiting the free exercise
thereof" This is a limita-
ton upon the power of Con-
gress, but it does not even
purport to limit the power
of any State. It clearly con-
StituteS a two-fold restric-
ton upon Congress, prohibit
ing the national legislature
from enacting any law re-
specting an establishment"
of religion. or any law pro-
hibiting the free exercise
thereof.
In explanation Of the
phraseology of the First
Amendment, Justice Story in
his Commentaries on the
Constitution" published in
1888, during the "a years
Q811-1845) he served as
member Of the Supreme
Court, asserted that the pur-
pose of the amendment was
not to discredit the Their
existing State establishments
of religion, but rather "tc
exclude from the Nationa,
Government all powers tt
act on the subject. Thus
he said, "the whole power
over the subject of religion
is left exclusively to the
State governments, to bt
acted upon according tt
their own sense of justice
and the State constitutions.
If the First Amendment
was intended to exclude from
the National Government al
powers to act on the subject
of religion, where did thu
Supreme Court-a part o
that Government-get it.
jurisdictional authority tt
act on the subject, and, in 81
acting, to interfere with
the free exercise of religion
one of the two things pro
hibited by the First Amend
ment? The National Govern
ment is composed of three
distinctly separate and CO.
equal branches-the Legis
lative. Executive and Ju
dicial-and If the Constitu
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-08-18

Considerable areas Of the
moons surface must be COW
cred with thick dust. The
maximum density of the lu-
mar atmosphere, If any ex-
lists, hardly can be a mil
lionth that Of the earth at
sea level.
These are conclusions from
all as yet known about the
earth's cold satellite in a re-
port just issued by the SCI
entific com m and Of the
United States Air Force.
The material of the moons
surface, according to this re-
port, is something that can
not be matched with any
thing known on earth. This
is deduced from a COMPARE
son of the variation in color
as a function of brightness
with similar variations in
terrestrial rocks.
Million Features Mapped
Up to now, according to
the report, about a million
various features on the
moons surface have been
mapped and described to
some degree. Notable among
the topographic details rec
ognized are:
Continents" Of Zig h r
color, covering about so per
cent of the visible surface.
Maria, or Seas" which
cover the remaining 40 per
cent and produce the dark
spots on the surface visible to
the naked eye.
Walled plains of large size,
from 40 to 1870 miles in d.
ameter, mostly Of polygon
shape.
Craters of more or less
round shape from 40 miles
to a fraction of a mile in
diameter. The mum Der OF
these increases with dimuni-
ton of diameter and runs
into many thousands.
Great mountain ranges,
mostly on the edges Of the
maria.
Although many theories
have been advanced, at pres
ent no consistent theory of
the physical properties of the
moons surface can be ad-
vanced, according to the re-
port.
The average density of lu-
mar material is only a little
more than half that Of ter
restrial material.
Air Force scientists are
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-08-18
THE POLITICAL MILL
Mixing Economy and Politics
By GOULD LINCOLN

that a Nationwide congress
sional election is less than
three months away. Quite
naturally he did not wish to
tell the country that his ad-
ministration had failed to the
extent that a quickie tax cut
was necessary to boost the
economy.
He knew. nevertheless, that
there remains the chance
that som e hing may go
wrong, that a Nationwide
railroad strike is threatened,
that the AFL-CIO continues
to insist that a recession is
on the way, using another
set OF figures than those he
presented to prove its case.
And quite naturally he left
himself an out. He promised
that if later reports showed
a decline in the economy he
would call Congress back into
session and then urge an i'm
mediate tax reduction as a
stimulant. The difficulty here
is that it might prove to be
another case of closing the
barn door after the horse had
run out.
Also the comment here is
that the President, while
making his promise to rec
ommend a reduction in in
come taxes, business and per-
sonal, across the board. may
find conditions next January
such that a tax cut would
be not only hazardous, but
that Congress would not go
for it. Further, he did not
give any details regarding
the promised cut. In fact,
the Providence Journal edi-
torially declared that Mr..
Kennedy, in his discussion Of
the economy. had produced
no new facts and figures,
that the only news he gave
was that he would not call
Immediately for a tax cut,
and that some Of the Presi-
dents predictions were diff
cult to swallow.
Ignores Labor Drive
The President omitted, too,
comment on the drive which
the AFL-CIO is planning for
a 35-hour work week - in
stead Of the present 40-hour
week-with no reduction in
take-home pay. Such a drive
on the part Of Big Labor. If
successful, could knock the
economy OF the country into
a cooked hat. Outside of urg-
ing organized labor to use
restraint, Mr.. Kennedy has
done nothing about the ire
mendous power which 1t has
to wreck the economy at any
time it sees fit to do so. But
organized labor consistently
supports Democratic candi-
dates. 1t does a great job Of
getting its voters registered.
and it works on them to vote
right"
1t is noticeable that ALL
CLIO President George
Meany, while expressing dis
appointment that Mr.. Ken
needy had failed to go along
with an immediate tax cut.
said organized labor would
60 to the polls as it has in
the past. The Presidents adj
dress, he said, has not
changed the political situa-
ton as far as we are con-
cerned." All of which should
be reassuring to the Presi-
dent and the Democrats who
are running for Congress.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-08-18
PROVIDENCE, r.

PROVIDENCE, II. i.
New Englanders, like the
people in other parts Of the
country. hope that President
Kennedy was right when he
told them Monday night
there is no immediate dan
ger of a recession and prom
Used a tax cut in 1868
retroactive cut covering that
entire year. But they remain
many of them-puzzled.
They do not understand the
President when he says he
and his administration in
tend to spend all the money
necessary to keep the econ
omy whirling, in an upward
spiral and at the same time
see that prices do not in
crease, that the dollar re-
tains its value. that taxes are
cut and cut materially next
year.
Some New Englanders re-
tain ideas of thrift, exempli-
fled in the story told in Bos-
ton Of a young man Of edu-
cation and good manners but
who was Stunned. A stranger
visiting the Hub of the uni
verse" met the rather attrac-
tive young man. The stranger
was puzzled because Of the
cold shoulder the younger
man was receiving. He asked
an acquaintance: why do
you pass that young man by
and not speak? He seems q
man Of worth and good ap-
pearance.
The reply was crisp and to
the point: He dips into his
principal"
Administration "Dips In"
The Kennedy administra-
ton has been doing far more
than dipping into its princi-
pal. 1t has been spending
money the Government does
not have. 1t apparently be-
lieves that deficit spending is
entirely justified as Of today.
Further-and this also Is
puzzling-the President. dis
cussing the national debt,
now close to the $500 billion
mark, commented that he
took some pride because the
country's wealth has in
creased to a point where the
percentage Of our wealth
to the national debt has sub
stantially gone up since the
end Of the Second World War
and Is being steadily in
creased. This, he commended,
has reduced the actual bur-
den of the national debt in
relation to the Nations out
put.
Yet the burden Of taxation
has not been reduced, nor
has the actual national debt
been leSsened. On the con-
trary, taxes remain as high
as ever, except for a few
changes in so-called excise
taxes, and the national debt
has increased several billions.
Also he has asked Congress
to raise the debt ceiling by
another $40 billion and Con-
greSs has done Just that
temporarily. This is the kind
of thing which makes some
doubt the Presidents opti-
mistic views.
The President, in making
his address to the people,
made the best picture he
could of what has been ac-
complished in his year-and-
a-half in the White House,
He was concerned not only
with reassuring the people
so far aS the economy is con-
cerned but also with the fact
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-08-18

might be sufficiently careful writing
of the regulations to block any unjuSti-
fled applications.
At any rate, reasonable protection
of workers and companies should be
fully guaranteed in the law.
Evening star., 1962-09-09
TR IRIS 18TH ANNIVERSARY
b WENDELL PHnLRPr

Managins Editor. Indianapolis Nswa
writtsn for ths Associated Pzsas
Evening star., 1962-09-09

troll of outside special interests
that is supposed to regulate
J to the detriment of the public
interest.
He. contends that Mr.. Halaby
has weakened efficiency by de-
centralizing responsibility for air
traffic control into seven geo.
graphical FAA regions. He says
that Mr.. Halaby is asking Con-
gress for more money and more
Government employees than nee
essary to do an effective job of
policing the Nations airways.
Denies Allegations
Mr.. Halaby denies every allega-
ton. He accuses the former ad-
ministration of "phasing out" the
Federal aid airport progra
Whereas he claims $375 million
in Federal funds will be needed
to help meet $12 billion in new
airport requirements for jet facil-
tiles in the next five years.
He also claims that the present
air traffic control system is "out
of date" and that it viii take
three to five years to bring it
up to proper standards" He says
it will be 1865, and more likely
1867, before FAA will have a sys-
tenn that will assure safe separa-
ton of aircraft on landing, take
off and en- route between airports.
I'VE have been getting quite
number of reports of near misses
between aircraft" Mr.. Halaby
warned. "There has been and will
continue to be a period of calcu-
lated and unavoidable risk. We
have to accept the risks and CO.
ordinate the delays.
"FAA has gone to great lengths
Evening star., 1962-09-09

q dirty, white undershirt tsymbol
Of ceasefire) on top Of q half
track and took off. He told his
subordinates, IF I'm not back IN
two hours, give it all you've got"
Oran capitulated. The Roose-
welt legend was established. While
many stories grew up about him
which were not necessarily true
(four jeeps shot out from under
him in Normandy. for example)
his exploits we're so great that
exaggeration almost became syn
onymons with the truth.
Gen. Omar Bradley also recalls:
"One night as I stood with
Roosevelt watching blacked out
convoy .a.. Teddy turned to me
in the darkness and said, Brad,
I'll bet that I've talked to every
man in this division. They'd know