davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-11
Cutting Deficits

Last week, the President gave
the congressman something ad-
ditional to chew on as they take
up thsi high-priority measure. He
announced the conclusion, in the
form of treaty, of "the largest
and most complex" negotiations
in the 28-year history of Recipro-
cal Trade.
Mr.. Kennedy claimed a vic
tory which, he said, would aid
our export drive and the fight to
cut our balance of payments def
cit. He cited these figures:
The other signatories at Geneva
gave up tariff and other trade con-
cessions on exports having to-
tai value of $4.3 billion in 1860
whereas the United States made
concessions on imports valued at
$2.9 billion.
What made him happy, the
President added, was that the Eu-
ropean Common Market reduced
its common eXte~ II tariff and
agreed to Vale arrangements
which will ensure for the pres
ent that most agricultural ex-
ports of the United States will be
able to maintain their position"
in the community's markets.
Some American industrial items
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-11

who would have the temerity to
call it a dying gasp?"-belted a
large section of the East Coast as
it rarely has been belted before.
Gale winds and mountainous
waves left resort areas in Mary
land, Delaware, Virginia and New
Jersey a mass of splintered debris.
The health of thousands of per-
sons was menaced by a lack of
pure drinking water and sewage
facilities. Hundreds of homes,
businesses, hotels and motels were
crushed by the sea.
The Governors of the four States
quickly called for Federal aid. And
they got quick pledges Of it.
First, the Small Business Ad-
miniStration offered low-interest,
long-term loans to the coastal
areas for rebuilding purposes.
Then, on Friday, the President
declared the battered zones "dis-
aster areas" This means that the
Federal Government, acting on
determinations of need by the
various Governors, will make
grants Of monies to rebuild and
repair public facilities, such as
bridges, schools and utilities.
The storm, which ragged for
three days, came with little warn
ing.
According to Glen Sachse, chief
forecaster for the Weather Bureau
in Norfolk, Va, this coastal storm
moved in a north to south direc-
ton, just the opposite Of normal.
The low center was about 300
miles off the coast and ordinarily
would have edged further out to
sea. Instead, Mr.. Sachse told the
Associated Press, it deepened and
swung south rapidly and could not
be observed in time.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-11

dustry, are luke warm at best.
Carl A. Gerstacker, chairman of
the board Of Dow Chemical, Inc,
says:
Rapid lowering Of tariffs on
both sides would stifle capital
expansion in the United States.
The administrators proposal for
lower tariffs would leave us vul-
nerable."
A problem his firm faces is one
that concerns almost all industry:
European wages average about 80
cents an hour, Americas about
$3.50.
The manager Of a Houston, Tex.
Shipyard, L. E. Gilbreath, says
our only hope would be to keep
labor costs where they are and
wait until Common Market coun-
tries have advanced toward our
cost. Only then can we compete
effectively"
The president of Bethlehem
Steel Co., Edmund F. Martin,
says while costs in the American
steel industry have been rising,
our foreign competitors have been
able to keep their costs down.
Labor unions in the six Com
mon Market countries have
realized where their best interests
lie"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-11
The Tariff: An Old Fight in the u. S.

except the manufacture Of q Pres
ident." AS soon as voters could
legally get to the polls, Adams got
the bounce.
But a new tariff act, passed in
1882. proved equally unacceptable.
South Carolina declared the act
"null-void and no law" and "a
just cause for secession Of the
State from the Union"
To which President jackson re-
piled: IF one drop Of blood be
shed there in defiance Of the laws
OF the United States, I will hang
the first man of them I can get
my hands on to the first tree I
can find"
Whereupon John C. Calhoun, a
South Carolinian, resigned as Vice
President and was sent to the
Senate to fight for his cherished
doctrine Of States rights.
Cooler heads prevailed, however,
and a compromise tariff, passed in
1888, gradually lowered duty rates
and ignored the States rights is
sue. thus allowing both sides to
claim victory.
Since 1915, the United States has
had some form Of protective tariff,
although the degree Of protection
has varied widely, usually depend
ing upon which political party
controls the Government.
General Tariff Levels
The general tariff level on all
imports reached its all-time high
of 1872 per cent under the Tariff
of denominations In 1880. BY 1861,
it was down to 1921 per cent.
Seven years later, 1t was back to
1885 per cent.
Right now, calculated on q ratio
between collections and total i'm
ports, it is about as low as it ever
has been. In 1859 the last year
for which figures are available, it
stood at 7.02 per cent.
Republicans have been known
as the party of high protection
while Democrats have favored low
tariff rates. But it hasn't always
worked out that way.
When Democratic President
Grover Cleveland set about low
ering tariff rates in 1894, he was
taken aback to learn that Demo-
Gratis from industrial areas be-
haved much like Republicans
when 1t came to lowering the
barriers.
Cleveland. incidentally, gave an
odd reason for attacking the high
tariff. He wanted, he said, Ito pre-
vent the accumulation of a surplus
in the Treasury to tempt (the
Government) to extravagant
waste"
1t was during tariff debates of
1890 that reciprocity" entered the
lexicon. Between nations, 1t
means: If you lower your tariffs
to my goods. I'll lower my tariffs
on yours.
Reciprocity was firmly estab-
lished as the American policy on
foreign trade under the Reciprocal
Trade Agreement Act Of 1884,
which all but extinguished tariff
as a burning political issue.
The act empowered the Presi-
dent to negotiate item-by-item
tariff reductions or boosts, with
out the advice and consent Of the
Senate. 1t has been renewed pc
riodically, the last time in 1858. It
expires next June 30.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-11

bombers increasingly vulnerable.
Actually, there should be little
surprise if the Russians do have
rockets capable of downing planes
at $4,000 feet. Our Army, Navy
and Air Force claim guided mis-
sileS with attitudes in excess of
100000 feet. They are, respec-
lively, the Nike-Hercules, Talos
and the Bomarc B.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-11
The Foreign Scene

Continued From Page d.
throughout the speech was the
obvious fact that if the Soviet
Union and the United States could
sign a disarmament agreement.
millions of rubles now spent on
missiles could be freed for the do
nestle economy.
II anything, the idea of turn
ing rockets into fertilizers must
be a tantalizing prospect for those
Russians who would like an end
to the arms race, and a cold war
peace treaty.
Indications are, however, that
the arms race will continue, and
Russian steak lovers will have to
wait a bit longer for their favo-
rite cuts of meat.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-11
BACK OF THE PRESENT ISSUES
By TOM HENSHAW
Associated Press Staff Writer

The tariff issue has been rest
ing so peacefully for the last 80
years that people could not be
blamed for thinking 1t dead.
Yet when President Kennedy
proposed a new approach to the
time-worn subject in his state-of-
the-Union message to Congress
there was the tariff, basking in
the spotlight and scarcely looking
its age. Tomorrow congressional
hearings will begin on legislation
to alter our tariff policies.
For the first time in this CEN
tury, the United States is faced
with an economically unified Eu-
rope with the potential to bar
American products from European
markets and challenge them sue
cessfully around the world.
Mr.. Kennedy wants Congress to
relinquish to him more power than
any other President has ever had
to juggle tariff rates as q bar
gaining point in getting tariff
concessions abroad.
That's where politics comes in.
Basically, the tariff as a po-
litical issue hasn't changed very
much since the glamorous days
when 1t helped lose q President
his job, prompted a Vice Presi-
dent to resign and brought seces-
sion to a head 80 years before
the Civil War.
It's still free trade VS.. pro-
lection"
Meaning Of Free Trade
Free trade, whose proponents
wrote the first United States tariff
law in 1889, means that the tariff
will be used simply for revenue
and not to restrict or revalue
imports.
Protection, whose godfather was
Alexander Hamilton, means that
the tariff is used to raise the
price of imports to the point
where domestic industry can sue
cessfully compete against them.
Greatly simplified, it works like
this.
Suppose an American shoe fac
tory pays 40 cents for material,
40 cents for labor and makes
profit Of 20 cents in each pair
of shoes that it sells for 81,
purely illustrative figure.
And suppose foreign shoe firm
pays 80 cents for material, 20
cents for labor, 10 cents for
transportation and makes a profit
of 20 cents on each pair of shoes
it sells for 80 cents on the Amer
lean market.
If the quality Of the shoes is
comparable, every economy
minded American probably would
hustle off to the corner shoe store
and buy foreign-made shoes while
the American product rotted on
the shelf.
But, the Government Slaps a Is
per cent Cor 20 cent? tariff on
foreign-made shoes. They rise in
price to a dollar and the Ameri-
can-made shoes are back on equal
footing in the salesroom.
Pretty soon someone asks: Why
should I pay a dollar for an 30
cent pair of shoes just to keep a
shoemaker in business and per-
hapS growing rich on his profits?
And perhaps the shoemaker fig
ures: If I can get the Government
to raise the tariff on shoes to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-11

the negotiations be resumed In
May still 60 days from contract
expiration. The companies agreed.
But Mr.. Kennedy, whose cam
paign to keep the recovery wagon
on the road has not been easy,
would have none Of that. Fearing
buildup in steel inventories by
customer manufacturers as a
hedge against a strike, he sent
kilograms to both sides urging
them to start bargaining again
by March Il.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-11
The Wages Question

However, other spokesman ques-
ton how long European wages
will stay down.
An analyst for New York's
Chase Manhattan bank notes that
Europe is rapidly reaching full
employment. This could mean
harder bargaining by unions and
attendant wage boosts there.
For instance the analyst said
wages in West Germany are
climbing faster than productivity.
George Meany, president of the
AFL-CIO, says European wages
rose twice as fast between 1853
and 1859 as American wages.
Per-hour labor costs can be
misleading anyway, says a spokes-
man for Celanese Corp. Robert
w. KixMiller says fringe benefits
are a bigger portion of costs in
Europe than America and that
higher production per-hour is pos
sible with Americans because of
their superior training and the
bigger investment in machinery.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-11
Trouble Spots

ALGERIA-For the fourth con-
sec"tive week, the terrorists con-
tlnued their work in Algeria. And
to show that the European Secret
Army Organization is not the only
group able to kill, the Algerian ma
tionalists engaged the French
troops in fighting near the Tuni-
sian border.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-11
The Question

The Senate committee, judging
from the congratulatory express
sions Of it's members when it had
finished its rather gingerly ques-
tioning Of Mr.. Powers, agreed with
the CHA. It amounted to a sort
Of national apology to the pilot.
But when it was all over there
was a distinct feeling that the
whole Powers story still had not
been told.
One of the key questions, with
military-d efense implications,
which was not satisfactorily an
swered in the opinion Of many OBJ
servers was just how the Powers
U-2 was brought down.
According to the pilot, the plane
was not hit directly. He felt and
heard an explosion which rocked
it when he was flying at $4,000
feet. at really don't know" he
replied to Senators who asked him
what he thought nearly hit him.
Chairman Vinson Of the House
Armed Services Committee said
that the CHA apparently believes
that a Soviet ground-based anti
aircraft rocket was responsible for
downing the w..
Some American military men
had doubted that the Russians
had a surface -to-air missile ca
pable of knocking down a plane
at that altitude. If they have, it
means that their rockets can
reach the highest flying Amer
lean bombers.
The President on Wednesday, in
explaining his go-slow policy on
the extremely expensive BIO pro-
gram, mentioned the development
of anti-aircraft rockets-with the
implication that they would make
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-11

Continued From Page d.
only a marginal worth as a de-
terrent?
These are two of the big ques-
tons he must face.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-11

the first protective tariff with an
average duty rate of 20 per cent.
Representative Henry Clay of
Kentucky promoted it as "the
American system"
High tariff would encourage
manufacturing in the North, Gre
ating market for food from the
West and cotton from the South.
Tariff money would build roads
and canals for the benefit of all.
The theory was working fine
until it dawned on the South that
its cotton pickin' farmers were
paying more for food, clothing and
equipment while, under the same
law. Yankee factory owners were
getting rich.
What followed can be called
tariffs finest hour in the political
arena.
Important Amendments
Southern Congressman knew
they lacked the power to lower
rates so they thoughtfully
amended the Tariff Act of 1928,
Slapping duties on almost every
thing in sight, including raw ma
terials needed by Northern fac
tories.
No one liked the act, not even
the congressman who voted for
it. It was called the tariff of
denominations" President John
Quincy Adams was roundly de-
nounced for signing it.
Snorted Senator John Randolph
Of Virginia: 1.-THE bill referred to
manufactures of no sort or kind,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-11
Business Community Is Divided
Over Merits of Freer Trade -.

Europe in the last three years.
This Is an answer the Kennedy
administration has frowned upon
as adding to che Nations danger
GUS outflow of money.
Changing the Product
Industry is looking to other
ways to compete better, tailoring
its products to the European con-
sumner, asking the Government for
tax help in replacing old ma
chinery with new.
Industry is studying closely de-
velopments in European labor
costs, still well below ours but
rising. and looking for ways to
fight the difference with higher
per-hour output, higher quality
products.
Industry reaction to the Com
mon Market is divided. Some
mouths water at the vision of all
those consumers, hungry for goods
Americans take for granted.
Others think nervously of Euro
pean competition at home.
But both industry and Govern
ment find it hard to look away
from the problem.
The number of American Jobs
that hinge directly on world trade
is estimated variously at between
4 to million.
America exported some $40 bill
lion in 1861, about 4 per cent of
its total product. 1t imported
about $14.4 million.
One industrial analyst sees
these exports as the most vul-
nerable to European tariffs: Ma
chinery, electrical equipment, in
Struments, finished chemicals,
wheat, animal fats and oils.
He sees as virtually unaffected:
Aircraft, scrap metals, metal ores,
basic chemicals, cotton and soy
beans.
In between are automobiles,
iron and steel, corn and feed
grains, tobacco, petroleum and
coal.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-11
international Attitude

AS industries are affected, so
do they view the Common Market.
Banks and other industries deeply
involved internationally favor
going full speed ahead on trade
ties with the Common Market.
Others, like the chemical in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-11

best. he was considered a luckless
technician who chauffeured the
high-altitude U-2, with it's cam
eras and electronic-r ecording
equipment.
Last week, Mr.. Powers, who was
repatriated in February in ex-
change for Rudolph Abel, a Soviet
master spy, went before the Sen
ate Armed Services Committee in
public session which lasted 80
minutes.
Before the hearing, the Sena-
tors and the House Armed Serv-
ices Committee issued a report
based on their earlier questioning
of officials of the Central Intel
ligence Agency, Mr.. Powers en-
ployer.
The report revealed that the
CHA did not require the pilot to kill
himself If captured and, in fact,
had directed him to cooperate
with his captors and talk freely
to them about his mission.
It revealed, too, that the CHA
and a special investigating panel
led by Federal Judge E. Barrett
Prettyman, found that the pilot
had lived up to "the terms of his
employment and instructions in
connection with his mission and
in his obligations as an American"
The Nome nugget., 1962-10-19
Friday, October IS. 1862
Flys for Three Hours Without Ieatina Ground

EUGENE, Ore R - Charlie Holeomb flew plane for nearly three hours last Friday without leaving the runway.
 He told about il in= recalling his strange experience in the violent Windstorm which raked the West Coast.
 Ifolcomb.- of Eugene. landed a s13o,o00 tWia=engine= Aero=Goa- mander at Eugene's Municipal Air port dt the height of the storm The wind speed was 85 miles an hour and Holeomb said be knew he could not cut the engines and tie the plane down. All l=he could dc was keep the propellefs Whirl- ing and the plane headed into the wind
 T kept the nosesear touching tie runway all right. he said. but most Of the time the other tNo wheels were up =in the ar.
 He said he had a problem keep ing the plane from semersaulting OF tipping on one wing.
 sAs long as Ii was daylight used a puddle of water to see which way the wind was =turning, he sad. sBut when il grew dark just feit my way.
 Finally, after two hours and 45 minutes, the wind t. up, HeleoaE managed 10 taxi into a hangar and cut the engines. The plane is owned by United States PIyWooe Corp.
The Nome nugget., 1962-10-19
Fire Destroy Dave Brewer Home

FAIRBANKS - \ fire raced through the home of well-knoWn Point Barrow merchant David Brewer late Monday in that Arctic Coast community
 The fire consumed the building so quickly that nothing from the building was able to be saved.
 According to several eye. vii aesses =the.fire reported b have started in the wall where the wiring entered the structure, and cause of the fifs has been attributed to defective wiring, smoke was first seen coming from this point
 Tie structure vas burned to the ground Loss K estimated at S35 600.
The Nome nugget., 1962-10-19
IS Alaskan Cities
 Takes Steps Toward Patent on Tidelands

JUNEAU GR - Eighteen Alaskan cities have received patent or have taken substantial steps leading toward q patent on tidelands with in their boundaries, State Lands Director Roscoe Bell said Wednes- day
 Bell said the IS cities were SkagWay. Pelican, Seldovia, Craig, Juneau, Port Chilkoot, Sitka, Hoo nah, Saxman, Valdez, Petersburg, Wrangell, Haines, Cordova, An chorage, Kodiak, Ketehikan and Douglas
 Six other cities, Kotzebue, Bar row, Bethel, King Cove, Seward and Yakutat, have submitted ap- plications for patent to their tide lands but. have not yet been able to finance the survey required to obtain title
 Six more cities, Hydaburg, Rake, Nome. Port Alexander, Unalaska and KlaWock, have not submitted applications, Bell said.
 Cities and individuals have until July 20, 1863, to make application for title to tidelands fronting the cities or tidelands on which in- proVements have been made.
The Nome nugget., 1962-10-19
First Aid Classes Scheduled for Nome
1at Tt1:s Year

MT James Messiek, Safety Su- peHVisor for the Alaska Depart ment of Highways, will be in Nome again this fall or winter conducting first aid classes.
 First aid classes wi. be much the same as last year The stand ard course 10 hours, 3 sessions of 3 hours cach1 is offered for those who have no first aid background or whose 3 year standard card has expired. Again, these classes are open 10 the public, with highways personnel having first option. Ad- vanced courses el6 hours, ses- sions of 3 hours eaehl will be of fered on a limited basis, where sufficient interest warrants this extensive class.
 The exact dates of these class will be announced al later date,
The Nome nugget., 1962-10-19

FOR SALE: Government surplus pipe line and tanks. The U s. Army Engineer District Alaska, is issuing Invitation for Bids 62-38 offering for sale steel tanks T 400 gallons each. 10ia.x37s buried, and approximately. 200a f.. of 6-Inch pipeline at Nome Field Alaska. Bids to be opened 200 pm, ;. NoVem- ber 1862 Further information and bid forms may be obtained by calling at Room I'D, Bldg 2f-700. Elmendorf Air Force Base. or by writing to the US. Army Engineer District. Alaska, 20. Box 7002 Anchorage. Alaska. Attn: Real Estate Division.
 Pub: Oct 10. 19 31. 1862.
The Nome nugget., 1962-10-19

"A UNITED STATES
 SENATOR
 "A UNITED STATES
 REPRESENTATIVE
 A GOVERNOR OF THE STATE OF ALASKA "A SECRETARY OF STATE TEN (l0) STATE SENATORS
 FORTY t40) STATE REPRESENTATIVES and for voting on the following questions:
 INITIATIVE NO. l ION RELOCATING THE CAPITAL)
 FOUR (4)
 BONDING PROPOSITIONS THE RETENTION OF TWO (2) SUPREME COURT JUSTICES Location of polling places and precinct boundaries will be posted in two (2) places in each voting precinct in all Election Districts. Further information regarding polling places and precinct bound aries is available for the North western District at the Office of Mrs. Mary Andersen. Election Supervisor. Nome. Alaska.
 HUGH J. WADE.
 Secretary of State Pub: Oct. 19, Nov 2, 1862.