davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1962-10-08
Bravery Under Fire

While the use Of United States
marShalS in Mississippi has been at
tackled in some quarters, the facts are
that President Kennedy had not only
the law, but logic as well, on his side
in mastering this civilian force. The
law specifically calls for the enforce
ment of Federal Court edicts by the
United States Marshal, who in turn is
empowered "to command all necessary
assistance such as citizen posses to
execute his duties"
When it was evident that State
authorities were defying court orders
to admit James H. Meredith to the
university, Mr.. Kennedy took the obvi-
Gus step and called for enforcement by
the marShals. He may have recalled
that President Eisenhower, in passing
up this gambit in the Arkansas case
five years ago, drew considerable crit
iciSm.
It was only after the failure of two
enrolment efforts, supported by the
marshals, that Mr.. Kennedy resorted to
a Gallup of troopS-and at first only
as an evident show of potential strength.
In fact, no Army troops were on the
campus when rioting first broke out
with $500 students and others facing a
Gordon of 800 to 500 marshals.
There is a difference of opinion as
to the opening barrage, but the Federal
Government version is that the mar
shalS were pelted by bricks, bottles,
firebombS and shots from secret sniperS
in the dark" The withdrawal, for what
ever reason, of the State police left only
the marshals to resist the attacks of
a growing mob.
Attorney General Kennedy, in cit
Evening star., 1962-10-08

In light of unusual and
even illegal actions taken by
some Governmental officials
in respect to certain loyal
American citizens, it is in
teresting to examine what
these same officials have
done vis-a-vis Communist
traitors, apologists for COM
munism, the Communist Par
ty and the Communist con-
spiracy itself.
/. Allowed Soblen, convic-
ted Communist spy to roam
the country on bail. Subse-
quently allowed him to escape
and then failed to act in a
way as to secure his inme-
diate return. Later he was
allowed to wound himself to
insure further delay and fl
nally he was allowed to OBJ
tain barbituates with which
he killed himself, thus twart-
ing justice.
2. Return Of the convicted
arch Communist spy Rudolph
Ivanovich Abel, using the re-
turn of Francis G. Powers as
the reason.
3. Release Of two Commu-
mist spies working as U. N
employees. Release Of two
Communist spies who were
members of the Russian dele
CATION to the U. N.
4. Failure to jail, fine or
prosecute any members Of the
American Communist Party
for failure to register as Com
munist agents, although the
Government has such power,
including filming UP to $4,000
a day.
5. Insisting and demanding
that Communist countries
continue to receive aid from
the American taxpayer. This
included the shipping Of Jet
Evening star., 1962-10-08
High links

The case Of the sleeping
pilots, the merry stewardesses
and the vigilant flight engi-
neers seems to have reached
political significance. A Con-
gressional investigation dis
closes that a real donkey was
allowed free range aboard an
sirliner. 1t was even right
up in the cockpit with the
other donkeys.
I'm disappointed in your
story though. You don't men
ton what would have hap
pened had an elephant been
aboard.
Robert z. Trimble.
Evening star., 1962-10-08

planes to Yugoslavia and
training Of her pilots on
American soil in American
uniforms.
8. Removing travel curbs
on so-called Russian tour
lists" unilaterally. Demand
ing and insisting that no
curbs be placed on the in
flux of tons of Communist
propaganda, much Of it to-
tally unsolicited, the postage
for which is paid by the
American taxpayer.
Z. Failure to support the
Cuban invasion when a few
jets could have made the diff
ference between its failure or
success. Subsequent failure
to defend the Monroe Doc
trine which has permitted the
Communists to create a mill
tary base out of Cuba. The
surrender of Laos to a COM
mie dominated coalition. The
surrender of Dutch New
Guinea to the Communist
dictator Sukarno.
There are undoubtedly
many worse things that could
or should be added.
NelchiOr F. r.. Saverese, MD.
Evening star., 1962-10-08
D. c. Another L. A.?

The juxtaposition Of Rob-
ert Moses speech to the Re-
gional Transportation Advis-
ory Board and the photo
graph of the new highway
structures across the WASH
ington Channel, published in
The Sunday Star, rendered
the community real service.
Now we have a more pre-
else idea of the Nations
Capital of the future - an
other pitiful Los Angeles in
the making. Everything will
be done to serve the wheels
of motorized progress because
the legleSs commuter would
rather die than be pulled
from behind his precious
steering wheel. I suggest that
his automobile be buried with
him when he goes to his
happy hunting ground. Such
self-propelled snobbishness
deserves appropriate cere-
mony. The man of the future
needs no casket: Almost 50,-
900 traffic fatalities and more
than 100000 injured people
each year demand more re-
spect. Throw in a few beer
bottles and other litter for
flowers to complete the pic
ture.
No. Let The Star and its
highway enthusiasts read Mr..
Moses with approval. Let us
exult in the massive ugli-
ness and motorized conges-
ton that is New York City.
Let us apply this experts for
mula to Washington so that
the latter resemble a real
United States metropolis.
After all, the experts know
from their statistics what
transit needs will be 80 years
hence!
Meanwhile, forget about the
commuter who is forced to
drive as well as the taxpayer
who pays heavily for high
way Improvements" whether
he needs them or not. Ignore
the thousands who must rely
on inadequate public transit
facilities but who must pay
taxes as well. Let us also
tear asunder what little sta
bility remains in American
society and go. go, go, for
America must move.
Indeed, The Stars horseless
carriage will remain for q
while, but I will bet my
money that some day it will
be replaced as our petroleum
needs depend more and more
on imports. The present glut
of oil on the world market
will not last forever. When
that day comes, we can all
roller skate down these love-
ly free" ways, or else crawl
into million dollar holes dug
for civil defense-holes which
could have been devised from
an efficient dual-purpose rap
i'd transit system.
Lloyd w. Buhrman.
Evening star., 1962-10-08
Justice for q General

The agreement which has been
reached between the Government and
lawyers for General Walker is one which,
in our opinion, serves the ends Of justice.
It is an agreement which accom-
plishes several things The original ex-
cessive bail 0,000-has been re-
duced to $4,000, and General Walker
was released after posting it. It inSureS
that the accused man will receive a
pSychiatric examination to determine
whether he is mentally competent to
stand trial This is the only legitimate
interest which the Government has at
this stage of the case. OF high impor-
tance, however, is the point that the
examination will be conducted in
private hospital by pSychiatrists chosen
by General Walker and by the Govern
ment. In event Of disagreement, we
assume the court will make the final
determination.
The result of this Is, in our judg-
ment, that the public will have conf
dence in the finding, whatever it may be.
This would not have been true had
the Government gone through with its
original plan to have General Walker
examined by Government doctor be-
hind the walls of a prison hospital. 1t
is conceivable that under the original
plan General Walker might have been
declared incompetent and held under
detention indefinitely. And this, in the
light of the dubious procedures by which
he was initially committed, would have
brought reaction most adverse to the
Government.
Now the case can proceed in orderly
fashion. If General Walker is found
incompetent to stand trial meaning
that he is unable to understand the
nature of the proceedings against him
and to assist in his defense-he will be
obliged to undergo psychiatric treat
ment In the more likely event that he
is found competent, he can be brought
to trial on the grave charges, the evi-
dence pro and con will be produced, and
a jury will decide whether he is guilty
or innocent. This is the proper way to
handle a case Of this kind, and we
welcome the decision by the Attorney
General to enter into the agreement.
Evening star., 1962-10-08

was opened TO the tongS.
Companies and tongs, Mr..
Dillon insists, must not be
confused. The latter were in
italy guild-like organiza-
tions. But there was no mis-
the direction which
the so-called fraternal tongs
took in the '70s and '80s, al
though they skillfully shield
ed their operations from the
police, and, indeed, from all
whites. The highbinder or
fighting tongs had no clan or
birthplace requirements for
admission. Members were
drawn from all ranks and
walks Of Chinatown life"
The fighting tongs ran the
rackets and dealt with their
enemies in the simplest and
most final way.
THEY TERRORIZED the
community to such an extent
that when "a hatchet man
stepped on the stage of the
Washington Street Chinese
Theater, and, in full view Of
a packed house, shot down a
well-named (Gong) cymbal-
tSt not one person who
had been present could be
persuaded to give testimony
as a witness"
Mr.. Dillon tells us about
racket kings, killers and COPS
In considerable detail. He also
tells us about the damage
done by racist bigots, among
them members Of legislative
investigating committees bent
on proving their own preju-
dices. These gentlemen had
their counterparts on the op-
posite side: those so angrily
opposed to blatant racisrn as
to deny the existence of gen.
uine problems.
Gradually, of course, the
inevitable happened. The
wave Of crime receded, and
the trend was accelerated by
the great earthquake and
fire. In time the whites dis
covered that the Chinese
were human and the Chinese
decided to come to terms
with the customs Of CAL
ifornia.
Chinatown still exists,
whether as a voluntarily
formed community or a
ghetto in the proper sense
Mr.. Dillon does not say. In
either case, there is a moral
in the fact that "the quarter
is so law-abiding today that
sociologistS study it in hopes
of finding a cure for the in
creasing lawlessnesS of other
areas of the city, State and
Nation"
Evening star., 1962-10-08
WATCHING THE WORLD
De GouIIe Risks His Future
By CROSBY S. MOVES
Foreign Correspondent Of The stor

pect him to make fun use Of
the government controlled
television, which is q devas-
tating political weapon in his
hands.
Referendum Victory Seen
There can be little doubt
about the result of the refer
endum. His threat to resign
If he is defeated, coupled
with the anxiety Of the coun-
try over the continuing ex-
tremist threats, virtually as
sure him victory in this round
of the showdown.
The most conservative OBJ
servers, both inside the gov
ernment and out, are pre-
dieting a modest but safe
majority for Gen. De Gaulle.
The same observers, how
ever, predict quite the oppo-
site when it comes to the
elections. In fact they be-
lieve Gen. De Gaulle's sup
porters of the Union for the
New Republic may be the
chief losers in the contest
and that the new Assembly
will be, if anything, more
openly hostile to Gen. De
Gaulle than the old one.
If this should happen. the
Generals dilemma will be
very serious indeed. Under
the constitution the assembly
could not be dissolved again
for a year. And an assembly
that Stubbornly refused to
cooperate or to approve the
new government could COM
pletely paralyze the regime.
Faces Three Alternatives
In this situation, Gen. De
Gaulle would be faced with
three alternatives-all very
unpleasant.
He could scrap the ConSti-
tuition and seize power IL
legally. ..
He could resign, leaving the
country in the most deplor-
able political posture since
the beginning of the Third
Republic in 1877.
Or finally he could knuckle
under to his opponents, ac-
cept the limitations they
seek to impose on his personal
power and in, all likelihood,
accept a number of them In
to his government.
Among these alternatives,
it is hard to say which would
be the least disagreeable so
far as Gen. De Gaulle is con-
cerned.
Although a compromise
with his opposition would be
clearly in the best interests
of the country it would also
perhaps be the bitterest pill
for the general to swallow.
The real wonder and
tragedy of the present situa-
ton is that Gen. De Gaulle
should have exposed himself
to this kind of danger at a
time when national unity and
political calm are the coun-
try's greatest needs.
Evening star., 1962-10-08

ing their bravery and devotion to duty,
commended the men of Chief Marshal
James McShane for acting with ere
straint and judgment" and fully obeying
"orderS to use the minimum force nee
essary to protect lives and refrain from
returning fire." For their ordeal through
long, bitter night, we believe the praise
to be fully merited.
Evening star., 1962-10-08
LETTERS TO THE STAR

shame the devil" in the
Three Sisters Controversy;
then If there is an actual
need for yet another bridge
at the sacrifice Of the Pali-
sades and parklands, it will
be built-but If no more
plausible excuse for its con-
struction exists than as a
financing gimmick," it is
the responsibility of the ap-
preparations committees to
kill it.
Capt. r. W. Curtis,
Arlingtonians for PreServa-
ton of the Palisades.
Evening star., 1962-10-08

PARIS-There is a wide
spread feeling here that
President Charles De Gaulle
may have overreached him.
self in forcing a showdown
with the political parties.
The danger is that any
thing less than complete
victory in his appeal to the
French electorate could re-
suit in dangerously weaken
ing the effectiveness of his
regime. 1t might even even
tually bring about its COL
lapse.
Gen. De Gaulle undoubted-
ly is confident OF total VIC
tory. There is no other logi-
cal explanation for the fact
that he has deliberately
decided on a crucial test of
strength with the political
leaders of the country.
He knew perfectly well
that his proposal to amend
the constitution would bring
about the censure of the
government by the National
Assembly. 1t was indeed the
essential first step in his plan
to dissolve the Assembly and
take the whole issue to the
country in general elections.
The test of strength will
take place in two rounds. The
first will come in a popular
referendum on October % in
which the public will be
asked to approve his plan to
elect future French presi-
dents by universal suffrage.
The second round will come
the first two Sundays in
November when elections for
a new National Assembly
presumably will be held.
Triumph or Humiliation?
Total victory for Gen. De
Gaulle in these contests
requires more than a sub
Stantial majority in the
referendum. It also demands
that the deputies who have
opposed Gen. De Gaulle on
the constitutional issue be
defeated in the elections to
follow and that his own sup
port In the Assembly be sub
Stantially strengthened.
If this happens Gen. De
Gaulle can complete his tri-
umph - and humiliation of
the political parties-by re-
appointing the same govern
ment the rebellious deputies
have just overthrown. There
are reports that this, in fact,
is precisely what he plans
to do.
It is dangerous, Of course,
to predict how the French
will respond to this latest ap-
peal from Gen. De Gaulle.
Since 1858, his confidence in
his own popularity has been
amply justified on many oc-
casions. In this case, he has
chosen an issue calculated to
appeal to the average voter
and put his political opposi-
tion in the worst possible
light. Between now and the
end Of october, one may ex-
Evening star., 1962-10-08
A BOOK FOR TODAY
18th Century Tong Warfare in West
BY DONALD MIMI

THE HATCHET MEN, the
Story of the Tong Wars in
San Francisc0's China
town. BY Richard H. Dill
lon. 375 pp., illus. Coward
McCann, Inc; $3.50
During its early years, San
Francisco's Chinatown was
remarkably free from crimes
of violence. Yet by the '80s
and '90s of the last century,
murder had become so fire.
quent that the newspapers
took to running totals of the
number Of corpses produced
in a given period of time.
These killings were not crimes
Of passion but the results Of
implacable warfare carried
on by tongs, organized Grim
ulIldI gangs
1.-THE Hatchet Men" by
Richard H. Dillon, head Of
the Sutro Library in San
Francisco, is a book about
these tong wars. The crude
promotional literature not
withstanding, it is also a
book about social and eco
nomic change, community at
titudes, both ancient and rel
atively recent, and race rela-
tions.
For, after all, an outstand-
ingly peaceful community
does not suddenly turn vio-
lent without palpable cause.
So Mr.. Dillon begins with an
informal survey of the soci-
ology of Chinatown prior to
the period of tong warfare
and a brief portrait Of the
average resident.
THOUGH THE REASONS
for the outbreak of hoStili-
ties were complex, Mr.. Dillon
feels that the extraordinary
fury and long duration Of the
wars" can be attributed to a
considerable extent to a sim
gle, immediate cause. China
town was largely ruled by the
Six Companies, benevolent
associations uniting individ-
uals who came from the
same areas of China and
spoke the same dialects. In
the '90s, however, the Six
Companies made a serious
gamble ION the constitution
atty of the Geary Act. Under
the leadership of Chin II
Chu, president of the Sam
Yup Co., the people of China
town were told not to sign
the registration documents
instigated by the provisions
of the act. The Six Com
panies' leadership was hu-
inflated when the plan Of
peaceful resistance crashed
down around their queues.
The Geary Act was held con-
stitutional by the Supreme
Court"
Though it is unlikely that
documents can be ''insti-
gated" it is plain that hu-
initiation is a serious matter
in q society where consid-
erations of face are impor-
tant.
Thus, the Six Companies
lost authority and the way
Evening star., 1962-10-08

Pen names may be used II
letters carry turiterS' correct
names and addresses. All let
terS are subject to condensG-
ton. Those not used tdu be
returned only tDhen accom-
panied By self addressed,
stamped envelopes.
Evening star., 1962-10-08
Answers to Questions
BY THE HASKIN SERVICE

Q. Who were the Lake Poets
Of England.-N. S.
A. william Wordsworth,
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and
Robert Southey we're named
the Lake Poets" or Lake
School Of Poets" because they
lived as neighbors in the lake
country Of northern England.
Evening star., 1962-10-08
Three Sisters Bridue

Your editorial, Needless
Restriction" sounds like
"sour grapes" If the restric-
ton placed on expenditure of
the Three Sisters Bridge con-
struction money conditional
ly approved by the Senate
should be stricken in confer
ence, as you suggest, it will
be the same sort of double
cross" as took place in the
Merrywood rezoning. You be-
cloud the issue by implying
that planning for the bridge
has been halted. Not so!
Planning money has been
available but has not been
obligated because this in
expedient project has only
lately been advanced as a
funding tool. Construction
money, as opposed to plan
ming money, is what has now
been conditionally approved.
If this restriction is lifted,
the keystone segment of a
multi-million dollar project
viii have been firmly nailed
down and the bulldozers can
start tearing up Arlington
County.
There are grave doubts
that the Three Sisters Bridge,
Route 266 through Spout
Run Parkway and Route SO
from the Capital Beltway to
Theodore Roosevelt Bridge
are needed for traffic. There
is no doubt. however, that
each seq m ent Is vital in
forming an integrated, con-
Meeting network so that it
can be labeled along with
the Inner Loop as Inter
state Highway" and make
the whole system eligible for
90-10 funds.
If no strings had been at
tached to this 100000 item,
Congress would be condon-
ing continued flouting of its
will by the D. c. Highway
OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES the
balanced transportation plan
to be reported by Meta in
less than a month. There can
be no doubt that the attrac-
ton of vast sums of Inter
state Highway funds have
stimulated an attempt to
rush through an all-highway
system which, by itself, can
not solve Greater Washing
toms commuter profile s.
Why then does your editorial
staff take the same short
sighted and parochial atti-
tude that the highwaymen
do?
The Commissioners we'll
may be anxious to begin de-
sign work on the bridge as
soon as possible. What's
stopping them other than
the real doubt that the
bridge proposal can stand up
under thorough, unbiased ex-
animation? On the other side
Of the Potomac the Arling-
ton County Board has pub
licly stated its unanimous
opposition to the bridge
and they are elected officials.
responsive to the people they
representa-
1t is expected that the
META will tell the truth and
Evening star., 1962-10-08
Edits OurCopy

Your Capsule Careers -13;
So You Want to Be q Jour-
nalist," published September
% for teen-agers, contains
inaccuracies.
Your articles "qualifica-
tions" for the future journal
ist failed to list ability to
write" This error of on1is-
sion was compounded by the
statement: "It necessary
college degree) does not have
to be a journalism degree; a
good liberal arts background
will do just as we'll"
Journalists have to know
how to write. Also, about the
only place most students can
learn to write these days is
in the Journalism schools and
departments. Other academic
departments admit their fail
ure or have almost given UP
trying to teach students how
to write. One perhaps could
learn fundamentals of news
and feature writing on the
Job. But employers require
even beginners to produce
publishable copy without su-
pervision.
One of the reasons liberal
arts majors (graduates) don't
flock into writing Jobs Is that
they are not prepared for
them, do not know what to
expect. They have not stud
led the press Cor the other
mass media Of comlnunica-
tion), its duties and respon-
sibilities, its ethics, law and
history. Students get these
professional subjects only in
journalism schools and de-
partments.
These two statements may
be true, but they are mislead-
ing: "The beginning reporter
can expect about $71 q week
or better" "The average pro-
fessional earns in the neigh
borhood of $4,000 a year"
There is a shortage Of be-
ginning professionals. If a
journalism graduate goes out
for anything like $71, it is
because he wants q particular
job. He has the choice of
jobs that pay much better.
Journalism and other col
lege graduates are not "av-
erage" professionals, nor do
they expect to be. They aim
much higher. These people
already occupy many Of the
top jobs in the writing pro-
feSsionS - and those include
other media than newspapers
which your article does not
mention.
Young people and career
counselors may receive up-to-
date, accurate information on
journalism careers by asking
the American Council on Ed
ucation for Journalism CProf.
John Stempel, secretary at
Indiana University, Bloom
ington, for its booklet PRO
grams in Journalism" This
lists IA sources Of reliable
information on careers in
journalism.
Our collection at Maryland
also includes the lists and the
sources (book, pamphlets,
etc..
Alfred A. Cr0well,
Head of Department Of
journalism and Public Rela-
tions, University Of Mary
land.
Evening star., 1962-10-08
Scales of Justice

Lloyd w. Buhrmar
, 1962-01-23

gram under age 26, and after
October 4, 1861, and who
thereafter failed to participate
satisfactorily in Reserve train
ing. Prior to the passage CT
that law, only men who enlist
ed in these programs under
age 18h were liable to be GER
titled for accelerated induc-
ton.
Local boards of Selective
Service act simply as agents
to deliver such unsatisfactory
reserviStS for induction, the
State Director explained. De
termination of unsatisfactory
reservists for participation and
certification of the reserviSts
for induction are functions of
the Armed Forces. When such
reserviSts are inducted into
the branch of the armed forces
of which their reserve compo-
nent is a part.
, 1962-01-23
AMENDMENTS


the criteria from the reguIa-
tons will emphasize their ad-
viSorv nature.
The third major change in
the regulations implements le-
gislation which authorized the
summary induction of any
man who enlisted in the so
~A-l4lontn reserve pro-