davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1962-08-20
Other Dangers

The time may come, how
ever, when American and Wet
Namese officials cannot move
freely about the country.
The harried Communists
might even turn to more con-
ventional warfare as they did
against the French 10 years
ago. American soldiers say they
would welcome this, however,
because new Army weapons and
tactics would favor the defend
erS in such a war.
Or. the Reds could shift from
convert to overt aggression and
send troops across the border.
Another danger lies in the
precarious situation in Laos.
II the transformations pre-
dictions Of the leaders in
Southeast Asia are accurate,
Laos will slip slowly behind the
Iron Curtain despite the treaty
Of neutrality signed in Geneva
last month.
If this happens, the job in
Wet Nam, in the words Of Ad-
miral Harry D. Felt, head of
the three-service Pacific Com
mand. could be a helluva lot
tougher"
There are contingency plans
for these eventualities, but a
simple list of what the Reds
might do shows why people in
Wet Nam say the war won't
be won for many years-even
decades.
Evening star., 1962-08-20

up to a small village in the
north, fired a volley of shots
and then stormed the bamboo
stockade just finished by the
villagers.
1t was the sort Of raid that
has produced food, guns and
recruits for the Wet Cong
while spreading fear all over
South Wet Nam.
But this time, a handful of
teen-agers in an organization
called the Republican Youth
counterattacked with spears,
croSSbows and swords and drove
the astonished raiders back
into the woods.
This was the first raid on a
strategic hamlet in that prov
ince. There has been one other,
also repulsed by the Republican
Youth.
More and bigger raids will
come, but Wet Namese officials
and American advisers believe
that the strategic hamlet con-
cept already has proved its
value. 1t has started to do the
most important job-Separate
the Communists from the
people.
Evening star., 1962-08-20
Psychological Tricks

The Americans are also
teaching the Wet Namese
psychological warfare.
For instance, some psyche
logical warfare artists in one
village put up prizes for q lot
terry recently. Each ticket ac-
tually was a propaganda leaf
let with q number on it. They
were distributed to the vii
layers weeks before the draw
ing so that each person had
plenty of time to read and
ponder the message. No one
threw the message away, be-
cause it might be a winner.
The final drawing was ac-
companied by Q party and
party line speeches, but there
were lots Of cheap prizeS-pots
and pans. mainly - and the
villagers were as well satisfied
as they were well propa-
gandized.
I'VE even use the Communist
technique Of public self-criti-
ciSm." one soldier said. when
we capture a group Of Vict
Cong we can always find at
least one man who was forced
into Communist service and
hated it. We stand him up in
his own village market place
and let him tell the people in
long detail what numbering,
thieving. torturing. lying SOBs
the Communists are"
Evening star., 1962-08-20

and write. Again. this is prog
reSS.
Are the hamlets working out?
Many Of them seem to be.
Where villagers have been in
duced to help build and man
their own Notifications they
have been separated from the
Wet Cong.
Presumably also. these people
have recognized that effective
power is on the side of the gov
ernment, not the Communists.
They will be reasonably loyal
at least as long as the govern
ment provides them with Sc
curity.
Some strategic hamlets in
Red-zone areas have been built
by force. however. Government
troops have conscripted local
labor to build the villages and
have forced farmers in the sur
rounding areas to move in.
The government says force is
necessary in these places, but
these hamlets may turn out to
be nothing but poorly guarded
concentration camps. They will
diSintegrate amidst a great out
pouring of i'll will, some Ameri-
cans say.
But one basic lesson learned
in Malaga was that even invol-
untary strategic hamlets do iso-
late guerrillaS in the long run.
Evening star., 1962-08-20
Why 1t Works

What. is there about today's
extra push that seems to be
making headway with the
people after other efforts-by
the French, the Wet Namese
themselves and other Ameri-
cans-lost ground steadily?
Americans in Wet Nam say
the program is working because
it makes sense, because 1t is
being acted on, and because a
mighty tough Secretary Of De-
fense is riding herd personally
to see that the program is car
ried out right.
1t is not Mr.. McNamara's
program. BY the nature Of the
situation in South Wet Nam
it cannot even be an American
program. 1t is only American
advice. put together by a
variety of officials in Wet Nam,
the Pentagon, the State De-
partment and White House.
But Mr.. Mcnamara played
the key role in forming the
program. Not only did PreSi-
dent Kennedy put him in direct
charge, but his individualized
style Of management shaped
the plan and its execution.
The Secretary demands that
his idea men pile up a noun
tain of facts. Every proposal
must be justified and all the
alternatives explored. Then,
after the program is under way,
reports in incredible detail on
the progress of each phase
must be made.
The Mcnamara system does
not come up with all of the
answers, but it does force sub
ordinates to be thorough.
Evening star., 1962-08-20
Oscillation Threat

Several times recently Com
munist jet fighter planes have
flown south across the border
between North and South Wet
Nam, circled the cities of Hue
and Tourane and then returned
behind the Iron Curtain.
Whether they are flown by
North Wet Namese, Red Chi
neSe or Russians, American Of
ficialS do not know. But they
are fully aware that the Jets
represent a Communist threat
to eScalate a war which is now
confined to guerrilla and World
War II-type equipment.
The 1854 Geneva agreement
which gave the Indo-ChineSe
states their independence Speci-
fled that no improved weapons
would be brought into the
country. This froze the planes
on both sides. presumably, at
propeller aircraft.
The United States and South
Wet Nam declined to sign the
agreement France, Britain,
Laos, Cambodia, Russia, Red
China and North Wet Nam
did, but said they would abide
by its terms. The Wet Namese
have broken almost all the
terms of the arms agreement.
The Red jets, then are a
further violation of the agree
ment, a violation of a national
border and a threat to balloon
the war into a modern, all-out
conflict.
To counter this threat, the
United States has moved a few
F-104 jet fighters onto the
Saigon airport-the only field
Evening star., 1962-08-20
The Extra Push: Red Tide Is Recednq
Continued From Page Al

Continued From Page Al
their bloody noses and quietly
disappear. Presumably they
will fight back harder.
They may send in more guer-
rillas from North Wet Nam or
Laotian insurgents guised as
guerrillaS.
They may turn to all-out
terror attacks.
One can walk the streets of
Saigon and many provincial
capitals today without fear Of
harm. but a campaign Of as
sasination and plastic bombing
could disrupt city life.
American advisers could be-
come special targets. Today
even Gen. Harkins moves about
Wet Nam without a bodyguard.
Recently, riding in an Army
Caribou ariplane, he made an
unscheduled landing at q de-
serted airstrip in the northern
part of South Wet Nam. As
he got out of the plane three
ragged soldiers, one carrying
a rifle, approached.
AS his companions watched
apprehensively, Gen. Harkins
started to walk, unarmed, over
to the men.
Are they friends or Com
munists?" one passenger asked.
IF they salute they're
friends; if they shoot they're
Communists" the general said
with a smile as he continued
to walk.
They saluted.
Evening star., 1962-08-20
PLAYING THE PERCENTAGES
McNomoro Measures War

ince during government patrols
after dark in Red-controlled
zones.
Similarly, every other cir
cumstance of the war is count
ed, correlated and analyzed.
BY this fall, the analysts
hope to be able to tell the mill
tary leaders that "Such-and-
such a military maneuver is
umpteen per cent more effec-
tive than the available alterna-
tives under these particular
circumstances. ;"
The officers on the scene
can then advise the Wet Nam
ese to concentrate on the most
effective tactics.
Will it be helpful?
Some military men say one
cannot measure what is es-
sentially a military art. But
others welcome any additional
technique Of seeing through the
traditional fog of battle"
Evening star., 1962-08-20
HeIicopter Use

The touch of modern warfare
is added in Wet Nam by Ameri-
can airplanes, particularly hell
copters. There is one American
helicopter squadron or COM
pany to ever two or three Wet
Namese divisions plus propeller
aircraft for light bombing,
strafing and troop transport.
The choppers are a great tao
tical and psychological success.
They are q dramatic demon
stration Of government power
as they hop about the country.
Here's how one recent oper-
alton went:
A Marine squadron and an
Army company left their bases
in the Mekong delta before
dawn. flew to a nearby Wet
Namese army base and picked
up loads of troops-12 men to
a plane, more than 80 hell
copters.
They headed for a paddy
area where a Wet Cong con-
centration was reported. Under
direction Of the Wet Namese
officers, the Americans put the
men down at dawn in two par
allel lines on each side Of the
enemy concentration and then
flew back for more troops.
On return, they found the
Communists had slipped out
the open ends of the govern
ment formation but still were
visible from the air. The chop
perS brought fresh men to the
new concentration and directed
Wet Namese air force planes
for strafing.
The Reds broke toward the
Cambodian border, but again
the choppers moved, putting a
line Of Wet Namese soldiers in
front Of the escape route.
During a brisk battle more
than 100 Communists were
killed, and the helicopters went
home to await their next
assignment.
Evening star., 1962-08-20
Time for Reform

The armed forces are sup
plying an increasing amount
Of physical security to the Wet
NameSe people. Even the mill
tary men say, however, that q
successful war can do nothing
more than buy enough time for
civilian leaders to evolve q
government that has the volun-
tary support Of most Of the
people. .
While the armies hold the
line. the government must re-
form itself at a gallup.
But reform today, many OBJ
servers in Wet Nam say, is
going along at an uncertain
trot.
There are no democratic
leaders in Wet Nam in the
Western sense, American Off
cials say. The country has no
democratic heritage and little
understanding of the necessity
of self-discipline and public
responsibility.
Americans can only push
President Ngo Diem Diem
toward more political and
economic reforms and hope
that the time provided by the
armies is enough to get the
government over the hump.
The seeds sown by the extra
push are growing nicely today
and should start to bear real
fruit in October when the rainy
season ends. Wet Namese oper-
ations should show great effec-
tiveness by then and, logically,
the Communists should start
their own counter drive.
After a few months the ef-
fectiveness Of the extra push
should be clear. and a new ap-
proach-or a stand-pat policy
can be ordered.
No course Of action in Wet
Nam will be easy, but one can
hope.
The villagers are at least
waving back today.
Evening star., 1962-08-20
The Beginning

The genesis of the program
goes back to october IL of last
year when President Kennedy
sent a special mission to Wet
Nam to see what extra push"
was needed to save the country.
Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor,
then the Presidents personal
military adviser, and Walt w.
Rostow, then the tough man"
among the White House for
eign policy advisers, made the
quick fact-finding trip.
They recommended that
more American advisers and
trainers be sent to Wet Nam,
and the President started the
extra push November 16 by or
dering the men sent.
The interested American
agencies, working with the Wet
Namese government, started to
put a program of action to-
gether. They built it on the
existing small but active mill
tary aid program and copied
major parts from the opera
ton which successfully cleared
Communist guerrillas from
Malaga.
Last January American ex-
pertS in guerrilla war, commu-
nications, logistics and trans
portation began pouring into
the country. Today there are
about 10000 Americans in
South Wet Nam, about 5000
of them military men.
The extra push, broadly
speaking, is this:
. Fertilization of villages -
the so-called strategic hamlets.
. Stepped up training and
operations.
. New tactics.
Q Civic reform.
A few weeks ago a little band
Of Communist guerrillas crept
Evening star., 1962-08-20

In q fort Of some kind and
wait for an attack. In guerrilla
war, this hands the country
side to the enemy, lets him
build up for major attacks and
eventually lets him pick off
the forts one by one.
The Wet Namese have forts
all right. the strategic hamlets,
but the Americans are prodding
the Wet Namese officers into
keeping two-thirds Of their men
out Of the forts on patrol all
Of the time.
1t is not working that way
yet, the advisers tell Gen.
Harkins. but the percentage
Of men on patrol mounts
steadily.
The patrols accomplish q
great deal. The wide-ranging
soldiers catch q lot of Wet
Cong. But just as important,
they make it difficult for the
Communists to train, plan,
find food, repair equipment,
recruit and rest.
Evening star., 1962-08-20
Wet Mans Army

Actually there are three kinds
of ground forces in Wet Nam.
There are the regulars, seven
divisions plus reserves. Another
division will complete training
next month and a ninth will be
ready in mid-March.
They are good soldiers, able
to hold their own in any Asian
war. But the divisions are short
Of officers and non-coms be-
cause many Of these men are
being used to train other
soldiers and build special para
troop and ranger outfits. The
shortage should be ended by
the close Of next year, however.
with the graduation of 5000
men from officer training
school.
The second kind of army is
the Civil Guard, something like
the American National Guard.
Each province has a battalion.
serving under the governor who
normally is q military officer
appointed to his civilian-mili-
tary job.
When the extra push started,
there were about 10000 almost
unframed Civil Guardsman. BY
the end of this year these men
will have been run through a
training course about half as
long as the regulars get.
Finally. there is the Self De-
fense Force-local semi mill
tary troops who provide the
guard for each village. There
we're $4,000 unframed SDF
troops in January. There will
be more than $4,000 trained
men by the end Of the year.
In battle, American advisers
say. all three types of Wet
Namese soldiers stand up we'll
While the unframed soldier had
a tendency a year ago to cut
and run under attack, the
newly trained troops hold and
fight intelligently.
Evening star., 1962-08-20

Mr.. Mcnamara was con-
cerned last December to find
that American military men
advising the Wet Namese gov
ernment did not have the facts
of the war readily at hand in
statistical form.
He is changing this, and men
are now at work gathering the
figures, and more are In Saigon
running the figures on the slide
rules.
The statistical inflow not
only counts the incidents" in
the war and records the num-
ber of killed and wounded and
the amount of arms capture
and territory traded, but it
also tells where and how these
things happen.
Figures show at a glance, for
instance. how many persons
were shot by rifles held by Ma
tional Guardsmen in tx" prov
Evening star., 1962-08-20

Just as playing the per-
centages helps win baseball
games, close attention to battle
ground statistics can raise the
anti-Communists' standing in
the Wet Namese guerrilla war,
Secretary Of Defense Mcnamara
believes.
For this reason he has
ordered a massive program of
statistics gathering and ana
lysis in Wet Nam.
Mr.. Mcnamara hopes that
by the end of this year the
figures will show him exactly
how the war is going day-by-
day and which techniques are
paying off.
One military leader in Wet
Nam said that Mr.. Mcnamara
is doing what any good baseball
manager tries to do: Analyze
his players and strategy mathe-
matically.
Evening star., 1962-08-20
A Primitive War

Today 1t is still a primitive
war in many respects. Some
key operations are carried out
by helicopter, but basically it is
a war of small bands, hand
weapons, ambusheS and hit
and-run.
One recent victory at sea was
won by a force from a flotilla
of government junks which
surprised some Communist
power-driven junks on the
beach one night. In a wild at
tack across the sands eight
Communists were killed and
$50 prisoners rounded up Gin
cluding a district Wet Cong
chief who was carrying an
autographed picture of him
self with the North Wet Nam
Leader Ho Chi Minh.O
This is the kind Of war
which President Kennedy is
convinced the free world will
be fighting until the Commu-
mist bloc changes its tactics
again. 1t is the kind of war
which modern arms have fail
ed to deter and which some
body must fight.
The trick in Wet Nam and
the rest of Asia is to get the
local army to fight these wars
with American aid.
In Laos, because the local
army could not be induced to
fight with skill and vigor, Mr..
Kennedy decided that it would
be useless in the long run If
the government had to be
propped up by American
troops. So he sought and got
a compromise settlement and
a new, neutral government.
In Wet Nam the situation is
different. The government does
have a large army willing to
fight the Communists. The
problem is to make it effective.
American advisers therefore
give top priority to training for
specialized, counter insurgency
warfare. Existing forces are
being retrained, and new re-
cruits are being run through
the courses by the scores of
thousands.
Evening star., 1962-08-20
The Fortified Hamlet

Strategic hamlets are now
scattered all over South Wet
Nam. More than 1000 have
been fortified since March;
about 1000 will be fortified by
the end of the year.
Flying over the delta one
can see large triangular earth
works thrown up next to vii
lagos. These are forts, manned
by government troops and well
armed.
Elsewhere one must drive up
to village before seeing that
it is ringed by a simple fence
of sharpened bamboo stakes
and a series Of foxholes.
Each fortification varies with
the area threat, but it is de-
signed to be enough to stop
raids-provided the people and
the soldiers there fight back.
So far the defenders have lost
only a few battles. The Com
muniSts are denied intelligence
information, food and recruits.
But equally important, the
strategic hamlets try to give the
people a positive reason for
turning their backs on the Wet
Cong.
Each hamlet has a medical
kit and one person trained in
its use. This is quite an i'm
provement in a country where
only the lucky provinces have
a doctor.
Also, each hamlet has an
elected mayor, an important
experiment in grassroots de-
mocracy.
In each hamlet there also is
a school, even If it is just a
thatched roof set on bamboo
poles, presided over by a teach
xr,IaN Aaya Iai,>asa1f
Evening star., 1962-08-20
Guerrilla Training

Since the loyal troops no
longer drop their guns under
attack, the Wet Cong is being
cut off from one major source
Of new weapons.
The Wet Namese are being
taught modern counter in
surgency" tactics. This is guer-
rilla and counter-guerrilla war
fare that is as old as war itself.
There are many facets. to the
art, but the American advisers
in Wet Nam stress one princi-
pie: Keep moving.
The tendency Of soldiers
when left alone is to hole up
Evening star., 1962-08-20

in South Wet Nam with a
runway long enough for them.
These jets are not being used
In the war. They just sit there
for all who land at the airport
to see. They act as a deter
rent to the enemy use Of Jets.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1962-11-01
WILLOWICK

THIS year, 3-bedroom ranch must
be seen to be appreciated; In ex-
cellent condition with lots of ex-
tras; large living room, large eat
ing space in kitchen, recreation
room In basement. gas heat 2i2-
car garage. large fenced yard; az
improvements In and paid: close
10 schools, churches and shopping
possible G.I. assumption; low. low
$4,000. VIII 3-5939
LAKE Shore blvd, 27760; builders
home, sacrifice on account of i'll
ness; room brick ranch, 3 large
bedrooms, nice home for large
family or income, s3l 500.
RE 2-ol67
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1962-11-01
YOIIR NEW HOME

LOCATED in Wickliffe's quietest
finest neighborhood; beautifully
handicapped y acre: contains
stunning fireplace. spacious living
room, large cabinet-filled kitchen,
3 large bedrooms, IL baths. 2i2-
car garage: many custom extras
Is available now by calling
VIII d-248q
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1962-11-01
UNUSUAL, DECOR

3-year-old air-condi-
toned ranch: full basement. Cy-
clone fence, extra lot included in
this price OF $4,000 Leo Baur
Realtor, UMLS, 1864 Chardon re .,
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1962-11-01
OPEN SAT. 2.6 PM.

EUCLID. 21130 Lake Shore blvd. !:
7-room brick colonial: 3 bedrooms
up. down. IL baths. built-in
oven and range. storms and
screens, 2-car garage, cement
drive, handicapped; low taxes: Holy
Cross parish, s27,5O0. Tomasello
Cnrefr1lctinr, HI 0-2n20
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1962-11-01
BUNGALOW

THIS beautiful 3-bedroon home
with large rooms. can be purch-
ased for only $4,000; carpeting,
storms and screens. 1i2-car ga
rage. walking distance to shop
ping center, churches, schools;
seeing is believing; owner leaving
city. Edw. J. Eckart, Broker,
RE. 2-259s.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1962-11-01
EUCLID-Sl8,900

OPEN Saturday and Sunday. is
p. m. 1880 Meredith; 3-bedroom
colonial: recreation room, 2ia-car
garage: large lot " 1929.
REMODELED ranchette: glass en-
closed family room, tr. dining
room, partial basement, 90 foot
frontage: s71 10 per month plus
taxes and insurance. CT. nothing
down, $4,000. Yakkel Realty.
VIII l-514n
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1962-11-01

ON a street with expensive homes
Mentor bungalow. full dining
room, attached heated garage
rooted front porch. desirable
section, sic 900. G.I. Yakkel Realty
WI I5AAU
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1962-11-01
BERKSHIRE HILLS
MENTOR VILLAGE

, BEDROOM ranch, room for ex-
pansion: family room with sano-
rome fireplace; separate clnlns
room. built-ins, loads Of cup
boards, large utility room; garage
20x25 finished; city water, gas
available; lovely wooded 10y,
SOx19O: many extras Must see 10
.pr1rec4ate PT 1890
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1962-11-01
EuCID-GREEN

5-5 z FAMILY, lovely condition: q
car garage; low pos. Leo Baur
Realtor. UMLS, 1864 Chardon I'd.
IV 6-165S
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1962-11-01
4 BEDROOM

EUCLID-Chardon Hill area; at
tached double garage; IL baths,
laundry room, kitchen, 14x28 ma
hogany paneled family room with
wood-burning fireplace: large lot
with Metropolitan Park your
neighbor: open to offer. EdW. J.
Eckart. Broker. RE 2-8596.
CT. Nothing Down: Modern year
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makers dream" kitchen with
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appealing to the pocket book as
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Realty. VIII 4-544O
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1962-11-01
Sl7 500

3 LARGE bedrooms, 2 down. I'D
attached 2-car garage with large
patio, beautifully Handicapped: 30.
day occupancy. Fdw. J. Eckart
Proker RE 2-4596
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1962-11-01

SERVICE station; student, part time
and weekends. experienced; APP
ply before 4 p. m. Zimmerman
Sunoco. 1872 Noble rd
CUSTODIAN: white couple. Lake
Shore East 152nd area. apartment
building; suite. heat, electric, gas.
telephone and small salary in ex-
change for services. HO. 9-19l2.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1962-11-01
1860 FALCON

2-Door Sedan. Excellent condition,
never driven on soIty roads. New
tire. now battery, nav spork
plugs. Owner died; will soerifies.
l21 Eost 225th. RE. I-7237.