davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-06-17

with the play Of thought" CThe
great majority probably claims it
belongs to the latter)
How We Waste Time
The book is the result of a
three-year study of the subject of
leisure by the Twentieth Century
Fund, busy philanthropic foun-
dalton for research and public ed
ucation. Mr. de Grazia, who has
a tart way of writing things, does
not fill the $50 pages of text and
tables with generalities on how to
think. Rather, the book seems to
be critical analysis of how we
waste our time and why.
He attacks with effectiveness
machines and the myth that we
have more free time on our hands.
He tears up another study which
claims full-tin1e workers have
picked up Is hours of free time"
since 1850. At best, it might be
around a few hours, he said.
We are spending our So-called
free time getting to and from
work, shopping, doing household
chores, moonlighting and repair
ing the wonderful machines we
bought to give us more free time.
Some people even help to do the
dishes.
And this is also going on
The more (the individually
spends to save time and buy
status the more he must work to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-06-17
We're All Working Too Much. {.

have the money to save time. To
find his way out he seems to know
no better than to bounce from one
purchase to another like balls In
a pinball machine, lighting up the
lights. ringing the bells and to-
falling things in the millions"
The Big Spenders
We are the big spenders. As
products change, we are told the
changeS are Improvements,
labor saving, time-saving, scien-
tific, progressive and democratic"
Credit is eased. There is always
an installment plan around. But
if you try to save, if you tell the
builder you would prefer to have
the toilet placed in the back yard,
you run up against the au-
thorities.
Examining how Americans do,
use their free time, the book finds
the average household spends
only 5 per cent OF its total on
recreation - which, perhaps, ap-
proaches leisure. Over one-quarter
went into "the radio and TV area"
The same proportion was spent
on toys and sports equipment; less
than one-tenth on motion pic
lures; s per cent on reading;
per cent on gardening; S per cent
on clubs and per cent on theater
and opera; and less than per
cent on attending baseball and
other games.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-06-17

viously, it will take time to set
up an operating network. It will
require an extremely complex or
ganization of experienced people.
Advocates of Government own
ership make the amazing claim
that the Federal Government sin
glehandedly, without any expert
ence, could magically operate this
most technical and revolutionary
project ever envisioned. In the
same breath, they picture the
same Government suddenly i'm
potent and unable to restrain the
proposed corporation, despite a
century of experience in success
full utility regulation.
Labor Leader Speaks
A national labor leader, Joe
Beirne, president Of the Commu-
nications Workers of America,
significantly testified that the
privately owned, managed and OPP
Grated company renders better
service to the public. provides
superior wages and working con-
ditions, and charges no greater
rates than does the publicly
owned company" He pointed out
that domestic telephone rates,
under FEC jurisdiction, have been
cut by 10 per cent since 1910,
despite general costs doubling,
and wages TRIPPING in the same
period.
Under our bill, the taxpayer
will benefit directly by not hav-
ing his tax money used to build
the new system. The corporation
will construct and pay for the
system as well as its own con-
tinuing research. Furthermore,
the corporation will Immediately
pay State and local ad valorem
taxes: and when a profit is
earned, if present law continues,
So cents Of every dollar made will
be paid as income tax.
agree with President Kennedy
that "the direct benefits, eco
nomic, educational and political,
Of this improved worldwide COM
munication will be invaluable" It
would be most damaging to the
United States and to our prestige
in the world should the Soviets
pre-empt this prize. We simply
cannot now afford to jeopardize
our world leadership and our ma
tional security by philosophical
pickering or delay.
I'm confident the Kerr agnu-
son bill will soon be passed. We
can then watch developments
with keen anticipation and graft
fication. We will experience ever
increasing pride in our free enter
prise syste m. We will achieve
greater prestige around the world
as this new corporation moves
majestically ahead in. building
and operating an ever-expanding
worldwide system of communica-
ton satellites.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-06-17

the title of the youngest grand
parents in Congress"
In addition, the Republican
captains biography notes that he
is a former San Diego Junior
Chamber of Commerce president,
IAN outstanding amateur chef"
and IAN honorary member of XII
wants and the Optimists."
Mr.. Kirwan, an Irish city poll
tician Of the old school, believes
any politician worth his salt can
detect the "th-r-r-r-end" in a ma
tional election by keeping his ears
open to what his own constitu-
ents are saying.
Mr.. Wilson, representative of
the new breed, believes in polls.
He has a friend from his adver-
Using days who includes few
political questions in a super
market survey he takes, and Mr..
Wilson can tell you week by week
how he and other California pol
iticians stand with the public.
The two men agree on the i'm
portance Of "pocketbook issues"
To Mr.. Wilson, that spells fiscal
responsibility. The best reason
for voting Republican, he says, Is
that Republicans are more re-
sponsible with the peoples liberty
and the peoples money! slogan
that neatly capsules the history
of the G. o. P. from Abra-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-06-17

Mr.. Kirwan broke into politics
as member of the Youngstown
City Council, came to Congress in
1887 and has run the Democratic
Congressional Campaign Commit
tee in eight campaigns.
Mr.. Wilson heads the national
Republican effort for the first
time this year and is the young
est man ever to hold the job. He
was launched into politics in San
Diego in 1910, when he served as
chairman Of the local Young Re-
publican campaign for Wendell
Willkie.
The highlight Of that year, for
him, was a torchlight parade in
which he rode with Representa-
tive Halleck Of Indiana, the man
he was later to help elect as Re-
publican leader Of the House.
After Army service in World
War II, Mr.. Wilson managed the
campaign In which a Jaycee
buddy defeated the incumbent
district attorney of San Diego.
His advertising firm handled
number of political accounts and
in 1852. he says, the Republicans
were pretty desperate for a con-
gressional candidate, so they
asked me-" He won the election
over the Democratic nominee, who
happened to be his wife's cousin.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-06-17

tinction is meaningless in con-
nection with a worldwide satellite
communications system.
Every aspect of the satellite sys-
tenn will be intimately connected
with our foreign policy and the
national interest. Only the Gov
eminent can negotiate the impor-
tant and very complex multilat-
eral agreements necessary for the
establishment and operation of a
satellite communication system.
The conduct of this vital Amer
lean foreign policy should not be
delegated to a privately owned
monopoly.
AT6T Dominance
The earliest proposals for pri-
vate ownership of the satellite
system would have limited owner
ship of the satellite corporation
to international communications
carriers. 1t was evident that
private corporation owned exclu-
sively by international carriers
would be completely dominated by
AT&T. Immediate objections we're
raised to these proposals. Do
nestle carriers felt that they
should have been included. Aero
space manufacturers recognized
that there would be an inevitable
tendency for the carriers to favor
their own manufacturing divi-
Sions and subsidiaries in procure
ment for the satellite operation.
There was also recognition from
all sides that such a plan could
not be carried out in a way that
would insure adequate protection
of the public interest.
More recent proposals have ia
vored broadening the base of
ownership of a private corpora
ton. This would allow persons
who could afford 500 per share
to join Nn ownership of the pri-
vate satellite corporation. Three
reasons have been advanced for
this broadening of the base Of
ownership.
First, 1t has been stated that
since the public generally has
made the satellite system posi-
BILE through the payment Of taxes.
they should be allowed to partici-
pate in the profits through the
purchase of stock. I believe that
all the people should share in the
profits, not just those few who
have more money to invest in
stock.
Second, it has been argued that
a broader base of ownership will
make it more difficult for AT&T
to dominate a private satellite
corporation. This is without
foundation. AT&T would in
evitably dominate the private
corporation. 1t will be a major
user of the satellite system, the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-06-17
Should Private Firms Run Space Communications?

largest single investor and will be
well represented on the board of
directors. Furthermore, the other
communications carriers are de-
pendent on ATSET in their normal
business operations. In view Of
all these factors, it would be
unreasonable to assume that
AT&Ts position would not be one
Of dominance.
Stock Distribution
Third, advocates of private
ownership have contended that a
wide distribution of stock can
prevent the satellite corporation
from being monopoly. This is
not true. The distribution of stock
ownership will not in any way
reduce the monopolistic position
of private satellite corporation.
AT&T itself has more than 2
million shareholders but no one
would contend that it is not a
monopoly.
Government ownership can in
sure equitable access to the satel-
lite system on a non-diScrimina-
tory basis. 1t can decrease pres
ent dependence of other carriers
on AT&T and stimulate COM
petition in the communications
industry. Government ownership
can also insure competition in
supplying goods and services to
the satellite system and protect
the position of small business.
Vice President johnson who
heads the Presidents Space
Council has characterized satel-
lite communications as lone of
the most dramatic advances in
human history" Yet AT&T and
the other communications carriers
have consistently taken the posi-
ton that satellite system is only
an extension Of the existing COM
munications system "a mere
cable in the sky"
The view Of the carriers illus
trateS the danger inherent in
turning over to a private monop-
oily a development so closely con-
nected with the public interest.
The satellite system represents a
strong competitive force for the
carriers. 1t may make facilities in
which the carriers have large in
veStments obsolete within a very
short time. Any private monopo-
list is naturally reluctant to in
troduce too rapidly a technology
that would make obsolete facili-
ties that otherwise would have a
longer income-producing life.
Conflict Of Interest
Only If the satellite system is
retained by the Government can
We be sure Of its most rapid and
complete utilization. Only in this
way can we eliminate a conflict
of interest in the introduction of
the latest scientific advances.
An underlying assumption of
the proposals for private owner
ship of a satellite corporation has
been the possibility of adequate
regulation by the FEC to protect
the public interest. Such an as
sumption is without basis in fact.
On April Is Of this year study
of the FEC made for the Bureau
of the Budget by Booz-Allen and
Hamilton, private management
consultants, was made public. 1t
concluded that the FEC is unable
to discharge its public RESPONSE
bilities and has been ineffective
in protecting the public interest
where AT&T is concerned. The
Bell system. which accounts for SO
per cent Of the telephone service
and 81 per cent of the operating
revenues received by all telephone
companies subject to FEC regula-
ton, has never been adequately
regulated. Efforts at regulation
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-06-17

were described as superficial"
The situation has been made
worse by the fact that the Bell
system has been allowed to pur-
chase virtually all its equipment
from a wholly-owned subsidiary,
the Western Electric Co. In 1860
alone purchases by the Bell sys-
tenn from Western Electric to-
tailed l.8 billion dollars. This
amount became a part of the rate
base of the Bell companies on
which these companies earned q
return through the rates charged
to customers. The FEC has shown
little concern with the problem of
the reaSonableness of charges to
the Bell system by its subsidiary
Western Electric.
Some of the inadequacies Of
regulation of telephone rates can
be charged to lack Of staff and
funds on the part Of the FEC. The
causes, however. go far beyond
this.
Certainly the public interest
would not be served by turning
over the regulation of another
huge private monopoly to an
agency which has such a record as
that Of the FEC in its attempted
regulation of AT&T.
The planning for United States
participation in an international
satellite system must be carried
out by the Government. II a pri-
vate corporation is created now,
this governmental function will
be turned over to private buSi-
ness interests.
Experiments Needed
More experiments must be con-
Quoted before final decisions can
be made as to the most desirable,
type of satellite system. Only Gov
eminent ownership can combine
the necessary flexibility with rapid
development to insure the best I
workable satellite system at the
earliest possible date.
The taxpayers Of the Nation
have made possible a satellite
communications system which
presents us with great oppor-
tunity to bring all people Of the
world closer together and further
the cause of world peace. -
Efforts are under way to give
the control of this new COM
munications satellite system to
a Government created private
monopoly. Such a scheme, II
adopted, would be in conflict with
over 300 years Of traditional anti
monopoly policy and would operate
against the public interest. "
A giveaway of hundreds Of mil
lions of taxpayers dollars is bad
enough. 1t is worse If the give
away is to a private monopoly.
1t is unspeakable if, in addition,
it is a giveaway of an asset
which, if not given away, might
contribute to world understanding.
Therefore, the satellite commu-
nications system should be re-.
tanned as a part Of the public
domain for the benefit of all the
American people.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-06-17
Against
By SENATOR ESTES KEFAUvER

By SENATOR ESTES KEFAUVER
The revolutionary nature of
space satellite communications
makes it one of the most signifi-
cant developments in the world
Of communications in this CEN
tury. The possibilities of such a
system extend far beyond the
ability to send messages from one
point on the globe to another by
a new and different method. 1t
will be used for space communi-
cations, international telecasting
and data transmission. Eventu-
ally the satellite system will also
include both meteorological and
navigational functions as well as
communications functions.
1t is too early at this time to
judge what the limits Of this
new development will be. Undoubt-
edly uses will be discovered which
cannot even be imagined today.
System Possible
There is no doubt that an
operational satellite communica-
tons system can be developed in
the near future. Such a system is
possible only because Of the ire
mendous amount Of taxpayers
money that has been spent in the
development of the Nations space
program and communication
satellite technology.
Legislation has been proposed
that would give the benefits of
this tremendous investment of the
taxpayers money to a Govern
ment-created private monopoly to
be exploited for private profit.
Legislative creation of such a mo-
nopoly is. to the best of my
knowledge, without precedent in
our country's history. This unique
business organization would be a
corporation financed through the
sale Of stock to existing private
communications carriers and to
members Of the general public
who might be able to afford the
purchase price. The corporation
would own the United States por-
ton Of worldwide satellite COM
munications system.
The public investment which
has made 1t possible for us to
have a satellite communications
system has, Of course, been fl
nanced by all the taxpayers. 1t
is my belief that all Of the same
taxpayers should be able to bene-
fit directly and automatically
from the operation of a satellite
system.
If the communications satellite
system is turned over to a private
corporation, it will undoubtedly
constitute the biggest giveaway in
the history Of the United States.
Foreign Policy
The foreign policy implications
Of satellite communications sys-
TEN are extensive. There has been
widespread recognition in this
country and abroad Of the eco
nomic and political benefits that
a successful system will provide.
The system will by nature be
worldwide and will require CO.
operation and negotiation that
can be successfully conducted
only at the governmental level.
Proposals supporting the creation
of private satellite corporation
have tried to distinguish between
Cd certain types of business"
negotiations to be conducted by
the corporation and CD types of
negotiations involving national
policy which will be conducted by
the State Department. Such dis
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-06-17

By SENATOR ROBERT S. KERR
1t is later than we think in the
critical race to get the eyes and
ears Of the world. If Russia should
win a masterful voice in space,
then we know the Communists
would keep a closed circuit for
themselves and their party line.
In the United States, the great
est number who know the most
on the subject of communications
satellites firmly believe that the
Kerr-Magnuson bill would give us
the best chance to hold our lead
ership. This legislation sets up a
corporation, privately owned,
half-and-half between communi-
cations companies and public in
veStors, including individuals.
Only a very limited few seek
Government ownership. But this
little group, using loud-speakers,
tries to pin "give-away" on any
thing short of Government own
ership.
2 I say, unless we continue to
utilize the best brains we have
in both private industry and Gov
eminent, we will throw away" a
gittering opportunity for world
leadership. This is a decisive con-
test in the cold war, involving
vital links with people every
where.
Recently in the United States,
Soviet CoSmonaut Titov gave a
striking example of Russian
tight-lipped secrecy. The Commu-
nists are trying to hoard all their
scientific treasures. But if we can
open up our lines in space to the
free world, our message and our
prestige will soar to new heights.
A Task for Experts
This fierce competition between
the free world and the Iron Cur
tain involves a most difficult OPP
Grafton, obviously a task for the
very best we have, from Gov
eminent and private sources, to
do the big Job.
The wisdom and SoundneSs of
this approach in our bill has COM
manded general support. The
Senate Space Committee reported
it out unanimously-a bipartisan
product. Similar legislation has
overwhelmingly passed the House
of Representatives by a vote of
354 toe.
The Senate Committee united
on the Kerr agnuson bill, after
thorough hearings with witnesses
from every affected segment of
labor, Government and industry.
The United States is now ready
to widen our lead in this fan
tastic new system of global COM
munications. We know we can
soon place these orbital "eyeS-
and-ears" in space.
Our progress thus far has in
deed been phenomenal but it has
goaded the Russian Bear to make
a mighty effort. 1t must spur us
to Guido both our own record and
their possibilities. Congress
should promptly charter a cor
poration to build, maintain and
operate a worldwide system of
communications satellites.
President Kennedy, himself,
stated in his proposal that "our
studies have convinced us that
the national detectives can
best be achieved in the frame
work of privately owned corpo-
ration, properly chartered by the
Congress"
The Kerr-Magnuson bill does
exactly this. The corporation will
have is directors; SO to be ap-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-06-17
New Ideas

An idea must not be condemned
for being a little shy and inco-
herent; all new ideas are shy when
introduced first among our old
ones. We should have patience
and see whether the incoherency
is likely to wear off or to wear on,
in which latter case the sooner
we get rid Of them the better
Samuel Butler in The Notebooks,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-06-17
These Articles

The Senate began debate
Friday on a bill to create a
privately owned corporation to
launch and operate a world
wide system Of communication
by relay satellites. It has aroused
much controversy because of
the private industry angle. The
measure has passed the House
and has been reported by a
Senate committee. In these ar
ticles. Senator Kerr, Democrat
Of Oklahoma, speaks for passage
of the bill and Senator Kefauver,
Democrat of Tennessee, speaks
against it.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-06-17

pointed by the President, six to be
elected by the investing public, and
six by the participating companies.
Activities of the corporation,
including international opera
tions, will be supervised by the
President and have the benefit
of the advice of the State De-
partment. The Federal Communi-
cations Commission will provide
adequate regulations, and the
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration will cooperate
effectively.
Also, the Kerr agnuson bill in
cludes all the recommendations of
the Justice Department designed
to eliminate any domination of
the new corporation by a limited
few. The safeguards cover not
only the operations Of the COM
pany, but also insure competitive
bidding for procurement of equip
ment, supplies and construction.
Our bill has an effective system
of checks and balances. Actually,
there is no more reason for Gov
eminent ownership of this COM
munication system than of our
broadcaSting industry, telephone
or telegraph companies. 1t is true,
the Government has spent big
money in space research but pri-
marily for national defense pur-
poses. The satellite communica-
tons plan Is a by-product, an ex-
ira bonus which we must use most
wisely.
Space Research
The investor-owned commune
cations companies have spent
hundreds of millions of dollars on
space research which will contrib
ute much to the new system. Ac-
tuaIy. it was private industry
that first suggested communica-
tons by satellite before we even
had one space rocket.
II satellite stock were available
only to private citizens, barring
the carrier companies, then who
would provide the necessary
know-how and experience for q
successful operation? Under the
most favorable management, the
company cannot expect to pay
dividends for a number of years.
There are many compelling rea-
sons that this new venture must
be completely successful. I am
confident that it can and will be,
with the proper direction.
In the next few months the
Telstar and Relay satellites will
be launched from Cape Canav-
eral, pointing toward a worldwide
system. One of these-Telstar-is
being built by a private company
with its own funds. Both are ex-
perimental. designed to supply
more necessary information. OBJ