davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-11-23
FOUR INCUMBENT NEGRO CONGRESSMAN
REELECTED; ONE NEW REPRESENTATIVE,
AUGUSTUS HAWKINS ELECTED FROM CALF.

Los Angeles (ANP) - Inc elec-
ton Of Augustus F. Hawkins as a
member Of the United States Con-
gress, a foregone conclusion since
his nomination, was confirmed by
voters here last week. Hawkins Is
q real estate man.
As a result he will take his seat
along with William L. Dawson Of
Chicago, Adam Clayton Powell,
Jr., Of New York City, Charles G.
Diggs, Detroit and Philadelphia's
Robert N. c. Nix. all democrats
who easily won reelection.
The only excitement provided in
the campaigns Of the Negro con-
gressmen was In the case of Chi
cago's Bill Dawson, generally re-
garded as the nations most power
full Negro politician and the dean
Of Negro federal legislators.
In a realignment Of congression-
al districts, Dawson's was radical
ly changed to include a large num-
Der Of middle and upper class Ne
gro homeowners who were expect
ed to vote independently Of the
wishes of the Dawson machine.
However, neither this nor his
physical breakdown near the end
of the campaign which put him in
the us. Naval Hospital at Bethes-
da, Md, appeared to help the cause
Of young Republican attorney Ben
jamin A. Buster who was showed
under by a three-to-one vote.
Powell took his reelection for
granted and announced beforehand
that he wouldn't make one speech
nor turn the crank Of his mimeo-
graph machine once In an effort 70
defeat his two opponents, Repubh-
can Ramon H. Martinez and Liber-
al party candidate Mae p. Watts,
Diggs and Nix were also Shoe
ms.
Though opposed by Republican
Herman T. Smith, Hawkins cleo
ton too, was regarded as a mere
formaity, because Of the heavy
margin he ran up in normally heav-
lily Democratic Los Angeles In the
primaries. He and Smith, a A.
year-old Negro attorney, ran In
the 21st congressional district.
Hawkins, IS, Is known to his
friends as Gus.
Longtime Assemblyman
Born in Louisiana, he has been
a member of the California Leg
islature from the 62nd Assembly
District since 1894.
Hawkins came to Los Angeles at
the age of II. He attended local
schools, including jefferson High
in the district he later represented
at Sacramento. He was graduated
from UCLA as an economics ma
jor and from the University Of
Southern California Institute OF
Government.
For years, he has been active In
juvenile delinquency prevention
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-11-23

If loaded on a single train, it
would take 1926 freight cars,
stretching 127A miles, to haul
the 1873, 1000, 900 lbs. Of US. farm
abundance CARE will deliver over
seas during fiscal year 1e62-63.
Contributions to the CARE Food
Crusade, New York 10, NY, help
send this aid to hungry people.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-11-23
JUDGE IGNORES
CODE OF THE Hills

Greenevlle, Tenn. (ANP) - A
federal judge sent two men, both
identified as east Tennessee moon
sinners, to Jail for adhering to 1.-THE
code Of the hills"
The two refused to tell where
moonshiners or moonshine stills
might be found - on grounds 1.-THE
code Of the hills" forbade them to
do so.
US. Dist. Judge Charles Neese
said his court didn't recognize that
code, and sent the moonshiners to
Jail for contempt
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-11-23
RAY CHARLES SCORES IN
CONCERT IN MIAMI

Miami, Fla. CAMP - Ray
Charles and Is 16-piece orchestra
and the Raelets scored a big hit
in a concert in the Miami Beach
Auditorium here last Saturday.
The one-night concert billing
Charles as the Genius Of Music
and Song drew a large throng
into the auditorium.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-11-23
Loot Carries Sure

OEV0uWuY TOT DUTSIuIS
New Orleans (ANP) - James
Poche last week reported to police
that someone broke into his car,
apparently left unlocked, and stole
$3.50 worth of mems women's and
infants clothing, two suitcases, an
overnight case and about $25
worth Of toys.
One item taken from the car
could be a sure giveaway for the
urglars: 80 pounds of garlic.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-11-23
SHE'S ON ALERT. 700

Los Angeles (ANP) - During
the recent run on canned goods a
supermarket manager observed one
woman who bought: "A load Of
food which included two cases Of
Metracal for her bomb shelter"
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-11-23

He was chairman Of the Assembly
Rules committee and the Joint
Committee on Legislative Organ
ization.
, 1962-05-01
Word ConodoY Tells
Congress Of Dungers
in Tax Revision

in Tax Revision
One Of the largest land
owners IN the Virgin Islands
and director of the Federal
supervised Virgin Islands
Corporation told Congress
yesterday insular econo-
mic development will suffer
il real estate held by US.
citizens becomes subject to
estate, according to an ar
ticle in the San Juan Star.
Neither the Interior De
partment nor the Virgin Is
lands Government appar-
emily agreed with him, how
ever, the article said.
THE warning came from
Why's Overland Corpora
ton executive Ward M. Ca
naday in a prepared state
ment read for him by an as
sociate at a Senate Finance
Committee hearing on the
Administration tax pro-
gram. Canaday said inclu-
sion Of insular holdings in
the taxable estate of u. S.
citizens would discourage
the development of tourist
facilities. He urged retain
ing the current exclusion
or allowing a ten year tran
sition period before the
change takes effect. Sources
here estimated Canadav
some $500 acres in the Is
lands.
An Interior Department
spokesman said a review
showed the estate tax
would not adversely affect
the insular economy or hurt
the interests of native is
landers. The insular govern
ment has not asked the de-
partment to change its po-
sition,'' the article said.
, 1962-05-01
Meet Cutting dnd
P~uckdging Demon.
utFe deral Exp. Stution

qtFe derol Exp. Station
The public is invited to
attend a demonstration OF
meat-cutting and packaging
at the Federal Experiment
Station at Kingshill at 5
o'clock tomorrow night.
Charles Schuster we'll
known local dairyman and
meat specialist, will be in
charge Of the demonstration
which comprises Lesson ~
in the series Of instructions
in the short courses on the
care and management OF
goats and sheep.
Mrs. Amy Mackay, Home
Demonstration Agent, will
also give a lecture-demon-
stration on meat processing
and preparation.
The public is invited to
attend, and to be on time.
Business. P Professional
Womens Clubs Hold
Joint Meeting in Fsted
Committee made up of
members OF the CHRISTIAN
sted and Frederiksted Wo-
mems Professional Clubs
held a joint meeting in Fred
eriksted on Sunday last and
discussed plans for the com
ing State Convention to be
held in St. Croix during
the latter part of May. The
Frederiksted Club will be
host. However, the Chris
tiansted Club is cooperating
to help entertain the mem
bers from st. Thomas and
ST. John.
The convention, original
ly scheduled for Carlton,
will be held instead at the
Buccaneer.
, 1962-05-01
Indidns Defeat
Pirutes SunddY Lost
BY d Score Of Az

49,
BY d Score Of Az
The Carib Indians defeat
ed the Pirates baseball team
en- the Canegata Ball field
on Sunday afternoon by q
score of AZ, The game was
played out to nine innings.
Starting pitchers Wer, Dan
lei James for the Indians,
"Spic'' Gonzales for the Pi-
rates.
The Pirates scored one
run in the 1st inning; In
dians tied the game up in
their half of the second in
ming and added 3 more runs
in the third to lead Al. Pi-
rates scored again in the
18th inning. James held the
Pirates in check for the rest
Of the game to take the win
AZ.
In the second game Of the
afternoon the Phillies came
from behind in the 18th to
whip the Orioles by a score
Of 5-4. Orioles had a Al lead
until the 7th when the roof
fill in and Phillies scoring
fell in & the Phillies scored
4 runs to put the game on
ice.
The starting pitchers were:
Terrence Martin for the
Continued on Page ~
Basketball Comes
Cancelled by Rdinfoll
All basketball games that
were scheduled for Friday
night on the Christiansted
Court were cancelled on ac-
count of rainfall.
The Christiansted High
School team was scheduled
to play the Monarchs and
the Knicks against the
Coasters.
These games will be play
ed at a later date.
, 1962-05-01
Three U. S. Worships
to Visit ST. Croix
MdY 4th Thru 28th


May 4th Thru 28th
Three naval vessels are
scheduled to visit st. Croix
during the period May 1
through May %, it was an
nounced by the Honorable
Ron de Lugo today.
The LIST "Sheboygan
County will arrive here on
May 4 and remain through
May 18th. She carries a COM
pliment of two hundred
men; the The Dahlgren a
Guided Missile Frigate with
four hundred and fifty men
will visit here May 9Th
through 9th and May 18th
through May 18th, THE
Graham County an LIST
with one hundredand TWEEN
U&H fANMMI EH#N#
ty-five men will be here on
leave.
Mr.. de Lugo received the
Information through an ov-
Continued on Page A.
Sergt. Meredith Mursh
Of st. John S is Squdd
Leader with Sd Arm.
GERMANY : Army Ser
geant First Class Meredith
S. Marsh, 80, whose wife
Margarete, lives in Lexing-
ton Park, Maryland, parti-
cipated in the u. S. Army
Small Arms Matches in Ora
fenwhor, Germany. Til
matches ended recently.
Winners Of these rifle
and pistol matches, will re-
present the in
All-Army Championship at
Fort Benning, Georgia
Sergeant Marsh, a squad
leader in Troop 4 Of the
Sd Armored Cavalry Regi-
ment's Sd Reconnaissance
Squadron in Kaiserslautern
entered the Army in 1851
Continued on Page a
Minneapolis spokesman., 1962-04-06
Almost About
Every thing
BY PERCY VILLA

mas card from him. He is one per-
son that has been a friend Of mine
for years and years too.
Christmas always brings a card,
too, from the Honorable Judge
John A. Weeks. Way back when
we were both in our early twent-
les he and I did his entire ward,
door to door campaigning for John
when he ran for his first public
office - that Of Alderman and
which he won handily. didn't do
quite as well when I ran against
those two stalwarts, Don Wright
and Maybeth Paige Hurd for Rep
resentative in the old 30th Dist
rict, nor when I ran against HUI
bert Humphrey for Mayor of Min
neapolis. Am glad I didn't, for life
has been good to me, letting me
travel the world over and write
ten books on my travels and gain
ing me the title of Mr.. See Amer
lea First himself. So guess what
we think at the time are hard
knocks turn out to be real bless
ings in disguise.
And speaking of old friends,
just this morning after Mass at
st. Anthony's here in Long Beach
I ran into a couple of ex-Minne-
sotans - Bob Dewitt and his fine
wife. Bob is an outstanding young
attorney out here and is the broth
er of the Hon. Judge Edward De-
witt of the Minnesota Supreme
Court and former Congressman
from st. Paul.
1t seems my life is tied to poll
ticians, no matter how I try to
forget that phase of my life - so
how did I get to be such a good
friend of Percy Villa. I'll tell you.
Through another love of mine
LAS VEGAS. It was when he
used to be a star columnist for
the SUN out there and 1 was just
beginning as a columnist for FAB
ULOUS LAS VEGAS MAGAZINE
that is edited and owned by mu-
tual friends, Jack and Eta Cor
tez.
If Percy will close his eyes and
not delete the following lines I
want to tell you, his readers, that
he is the greatest booster Mime
apolis has and he has built the
same reputation in Las Vegas. He
is an interchangeable letter writer
and never misses an opportunity
to write when he sees a person
mentioned in a paper or maga-
zine, or when he reads an article
he thinks might be of interest to
someone else he sends it on.
Percy should have my LIES
motto for his own, or in fact both
Of my notices which are: NEVER
LOSE AN OPPORTUNITY TO
MAKE A FRIEND, (He never
does, and keeps them too) and
LIVE LIFE, DON'T JUST PASS
THROUGH IT (He really does
too) - both are PHILOSOPHERS of
HILLSWAY and me personally.
Minneapolis spokesman., 1962-04-06
TWIN CITIES LADIES
March 27


The Ladies have just three
weeks Of season competition left,
April "a will be roll off, night
for the teams who do not finish
in the position they were in at
the close Of the first half in De-
cember. The first four teams are
in a tight" race for the top spot.
Lucille Palacios captain Of the
Chickettes who bowls at Oxford
lanes came with her good friend
Ruth Hickman, like all persons
who have bowling fever Lucille
wanted to bowl Glad to see pat"
Lee filling her old spot beside
"Bea" Walton, Ted Steicher be-
came a sponsor as of Tuesday
taking the former Just Rite team
they are now Associated Sales.
Toya and Debbie Mason were
smart in plaid skirts with match
ing weskits. Jimmy Schuck was
charming all the ladies as usual
until Mana" Betty Dodd) came
for him. Darlene Hall visited with
"Quan," Henry Jackson, Ed Hat
ton, Richard Crum, Bob Yaeger
and Richard Washington complet-
ed the "galleryites" list.
Minneapolis spokesman., 1962-04-06
~~~~~S~~~~~~~

TOday's guest column is writ
ten by my friend of long stand
ing - Roland L. Hill, publisher
Of HillSway (tells you where to
eat, play and stop newspaper
man and formerly Of MInne-
apolls. Roland has three homes:
He spends the summers in Mora,
Minnesota and winters in Las
Vegas and Long Beach, Calf
ornia. Between times he man
ages to travel in dozens Of
states yearly and every few
years goes to Europe.
Hill, never writes a harsh
word about anyone and can dish
out those adjectives like no
body else even about yours
truly, which made me blush.
BY Roland Hill
Am happy to be asked by my
very good friend, Percy Villa, tc
be a guest columnist of his, and
will do my best to find something
interesting for his Twin City read
ers. Just last evening my chest
swelled with pride when driving
from LA on the freeway to Long
Beach I heard my old and good
friend, Bob Short, on the air be-
tween halves of the Los Angeles
Lakers-Detroit basketball game.
swelled with pride because 1 think
I am the first person to give Bob
a chance to do public speaking
when he was just a youngster and
I used to be head of the Young
Democrats of Minnesota. He spoke
often for my groups during cam
paigns and I billed him as the
BOY ORATOR. He was later Ma
tional Champion Debater of the
country and now owns the LAX
ERS lock, stock and barrel, and
is one of the most outstanding
young men of Minneapolis-lives
in Edna with his beautiful wife
and seven handsome and perfectly
behaved children. 1 wish the lis
teners last night could know Bob's
background like 1 do and then they
would know why he gave such a
perfect speech between halves.
Was sorry to learn of my good
friend, Bob Packs death during
the Holidays. Bob was President
of the Northern States Power
Company in Minneapolis for Sc
many years and my old boss when
was paymaster there in years
past. With his death came the re.
tirement of one of the grandest
women in Minnesota, that of Alice
Mclaughlin, who had been Mr.
Packs secretary since way back
in the Twenties. Alice is a charm
ing person and has headed more
organizations than any other per,
son in Minnesota I am sure and
has raised more money for char
tiles, clubs, and lodges than any
other person, bar none. Her name
is legion and has more friends
than any person 1 have ever
known. Now she will enjoy a de-
served rest in her lovely home out
by Lake of the Isles where she
lives with her sister Ora (French
teacher at West High, Lucille
and her son Jim, and brother EN-
NETT. This is one of the finest fam
lilies have ever known and have
been a guest in their home toe
many times to remember.
Another death that grieved me
terribly lately was that of young
Nc Laughlin who was the son Of
Dan Nc Laughlin, an attorney in
Minneapolis and who used to be
my Senior Patrol Leader when ]
was Scoutmaster of Troop III at
the Basilica under Monsignor
James Reardon. And speaking of
the good and eminent Monsignor
always enjoy a personal Christ
Minneapolis spokesman., 1962-04-06
~ TWIN CITY
W. - Pin PATTER| = Il
@EW IN BY LOUISE THOMAS
Midway 5-S373
By LOUISE THOMAS
Midway 5-S373

Lexington KWIK Shop, 27s7.
Individual High Single Game:
Howie Barrett, 235 and Clifton
Burns, 232.
Individual High Series: Clifton
Burns, 643; Howie Barrett, 63s;
Jack Hyatt, $40; Vernon Bradley,
GOT and Lawrence Walton, 602.
TWIN CITY BOWLERS' GUILD
TEAM STANDINGS
w L
Jets 43h 32h
Rockets 40 80
Tiger Sharks 1914 361s
Pinlovers 20 At
Team High Single Game: Jets,
971; Pinlovers, 895 and Rockets,
S91.
Team High Series: Jets, 1850;
Pinlovers, 2579 and Rockets, 24s7.
Individual High Single Game,
Men: Arthur Moore, 1893; William
Bedell, 1877 and Ebert Clark, 1856.
Women: Crystal Harris, IT'S; N.
Buckney, III and Daisy Lee, 169.
Individual High Series, Men:
Arthur Moore, $50; Elbert Clark,
533 and Jack Adams, 504.
Women: Lauretta Moore, 454;
Daisy Lee, 440 and Crystal Harris,
433.
Minneapolis spokesman., 1962-04-06
PINBUSTERS

Team High Single Game: Happy
Hour Bar, 945; Northside Clean
ers, 931 and Northwest Airlines,
S14.
Team High Series: Northside
Cleaners, 1858; Northwest Airlines,
2545 and Northwest Cleaners 2491.
Individual High Single Game:
]. Hymes, 234; L. Mammen, 223
and Jack Hyatt, 221.
Individual High Series: ].
Hymes, 594; L. Mammen, 57S and
B. Bearman, 554.
NORTHERN LIGHTS
The Lights have two more bowl
ing sessions to complete for the
season after which the "rolloffs"
will be held at a time not yet
designated. This month (April)
teams from Des Moines, Iowa will
engage the Lights in heated COM
petition on the lanes. Dates not
yet completed. Banquet will be
held May IL at Nicollet hotel.
Elaine Childress and Bertha
Cornelius made their first appear
ance of the season in the gallery.
The Lees" Alan, Diane and Fred,
Jr., "Benjie" Nellie with his
friend Martin Masouth, Nathan
Slayton, Margo Pleasant, Jackie
Glanton and Jimmie Robinson
were other galleryites. Dolly AL
sup and Frank Alsup. Jim Crow
der gave us a pat on the back"
for which thanks a lot"
NORTHERN LIGHTS
Individual High Single Game,
Men: B. Green, 266; r. Judy, 1888;
B. Cornelious and w. Berry, 226.
Individual High Series, Men:
B. Green, GIG; r. Judy, 5S5; c.
Lam and B. Cornelious, 571.
Individual High Single Game,
Women: B. Green, 1913; G. Lain,
1876 and H. Underwood, 180.
Individual High Series, Women:
G. Lain, 5O6; H. Underwood, 492
and E. Judy, 484.
Team High Single Game: Gate
lys, 1901; Old Southern Bar-B-Q,
972 and Parkside Shell, 972.
Team High Series: Gatelys,
2S15; Sally and Jays, 2SO5; Old
Southern Bar-B-Q, 2791.
"B" Division
Individual High Single Game,
Men: Fats Bedell, 207; ]. Black,
189 and w. Pierson, 1S0.
Individual High Series, Men:
Fats Bedell, 531; D. Wheaton, 493
and w. Pierson, 4S1.
Individual High Single Game:
M. Bell, 199; A. Thompson, 1T
and B. House, IT'S.
Individual High Series: M. Bell,
523; B. House, sos and M. Tatum,
492.
Team High Single Game: Mpls.
Spokesman, 929; Bedell Trucking,
S77 and Varnado Cleaners, $50.
Team High Series: Mpls. Spokes-
man, 2690; Bedell Trucking, 1854
and Palm Cleaners, pap.
TEAM STANDINGS
"a" Division
w L
Gatelys 4Sh 35h
B & B Trucking 81 33
Woodards 48 SO
Sally & Jays 451a 38h
Webster & Associates Al 43
Parkside Shell 43 Al
Old Southern Bar-B-Q 81 At
Observer 26 SO
'B" Division
Palm Cleaners 6oh ssh
Bedell Trucking SO 81
OF
Minneapolis spokesman., 1962-04-06

Team High Single Game: us.
Upholstering, 991 and Ted Bies,
971.
Team High Series: us. Uphol-
stering, 1891; Ted Bies, 1855 and
Minneapolis spokesman., 1962-04-06
TEAM STANDINGS
Mnnnh OH

Team High Single Game: Brooks
Funeral Home, S53; Grove Fin
ance, 8O2 and Associated Sales,
791.
Team High Series: Brooks Fun
eral Home, 2438; Jimmy's DIX,
1898 and Grove Finance, 1856.
Individual High Single Game:
Georgia Canton, PIG; Callie Fow-
Ter, 2O4 and Louise Thomas, 1913.
Individual High Series: Louise
Thomas, 536; Georgia Canton, 500
and Edith Watson, 500.
TEN STRIKE
. March 27
TEAM STANDINGS
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1962-03-24
Ger 1861 Report
Reveals Bias In Detroit

housing restrictions, hospital ser.
vices and police-community rela-
tons.
The Ger is an agency created
by municipal government. 1t is
a two-fold thing. On one hand,
it is the actual Is member citi-
zcns policy making group named
by the Mayor. On the other, IT
is the investigative, research and
educational work carried on by
the professional staff.
The Commission itself" says
the report, also has the respon-
sibility of acting as a knowledge
able advisor to municipal gov
eminent on intergroup relations"
The professional staff of the
Ger handles the day-to-day inter
group problems which occur. and
also anticipates problem areas
To do this, the staff is divided
into divisions of Investigation.
Research and Information and
Education.
The Commission has been al
tcrnately been defined as an 'ad
dress Of redress for citizen com
plants involving interraciaI ten
sion. a trouble shooter TO hand
lie internal municipal intergroup
tension, and a third force TO
help achieve understanding be-
tween contending groups in the
community" the report states.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1962-03-24
u. S. Court Of
Appeals To Hear
Fla. Golf Case

NEW YORK. - Jack Green
berg is scheduled to argue on
March 81, an NAACP Legal De-
fence Fund appeal from a Flo
rida District Court ruling which
upholdS racial segregation of two
Jacksonville. Fla golf courses.
Argument will be heard by the
L. S. Court of Appeals in Allan
Ia, Ga.
The golf courses, Brentwood
and Hyde Park, had been owned
and operated by the city OF Jack
sonvillc for over twenty years.
The City was ordered to deseg-
rcgate the courses by Federal
Judge Brian Simpson on April
7. 1859. On April 6, the day be-
fore the injunction was to take
effect. the City closed both
courses.
In February 1860. the courses
were sold to FREQ A. Ghioto and
Ronald Hurley. These men, who
paid only small down payments
had been the golf pros at the
courses. and had been on NUM-
cipal salaries. When the courses
were sold to them, they reopenec
facilities for whites only.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1962-03-24
co R ( Tests
Reveal Police
Defiance

NEW ORLEANS. - This week
CORE testing teams in Louisiara
found widespread violation of
Nondiscrimination rules of the
ICC four and onc-half months
after they were to have gone into
effect.
CORE National Director James
Farmer said: Louisiana shares
with Mississippi fhe dubious dis
tinetion OF being lie chief viola.
tor Of federal law in transports.
ton. Louisiana says in effect.
The ice and the Supreme Court
be This we cannot per.
mt"
One group OF CORE testers
made the trip from New Orleans
to Lake Charles along the South
ern Gulf route. They were served
in Greyhound terminals in New
Orleans, Houma and Lake
Charles.
I'VE had to pay SOC for a glass
of milk in Lake Charles but it
was good milk" said Isaac Rey-
nolds of New Orleans CORE.
In Lafayette, the chief of po-
lice told the group to 60 where
you belong" In New iberia, po-
lice escorted the bus into the
terminal and told the CORE mem
bers to GO TO the c0lored side"
When asked, "Why?" they re-
piled, Go to the colored side"
The northern route from
Shreveport to Alexandria was
tested by four members OF
Shreveport and Baton Rouge
CORE.
In Monroe, the chief of police
told them, You are violating
breach of the police law by being
here. You must leave"
The CORE testing teams found
mixed patterns in smaller COM
munitics without restaurant ser.
vice: in some of the waiting
rooms we're fully integratcd. In
others. white" and "colored'
signs remained just as if the lCC
an Supreme Court had not
spoken.