davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-25

years ago of MoSlem parents, he
attended the Commercial School
in Wore and is today a much
decorated major general. He was
a nurse in Wore up to 1910 and
Joined the party when it was
formed in 1941, becoming a MEM
Der of the Central Committee in
l943 and Politburo member in
1916. In 1943 Kapo was one of
the members of the council of. the
MIN and during the war years
he held numerous military posi-
lions. Previously he served as
Minister to Yugoslavia, Assistant
Minister of Foreign Affairs, di-
rector of the army's political di-
rectorate, Vice Premier, Minister
of Agriculture and Deputy Pre-
mier. -,
PoIitburo Member
Ramiz Alija, born of impover-
ished Moslem parents 81 years
ago, is a member of the Politbyro
and the Secretariat. He was grad
uated from secondary school in
Tirana in 1912, joined the party
while still student and did much
organizational work with. the
Communist youth movement dur
ing and after the war. In 1913 he
became a member of the Central
Committee, in 1850 a member of
the general council of the DF', in
1852 first secretary of the Youth
Union, and in 1855 Minister of
Education and Culture.
Rita Mako is member of. the
Politburo and the Secretariat. He
was born in 1920 in Korce of Or
thodox parents and attended
grammar school there. He partici-
pated in the resistance during. the
war when he became a party
member. Mako became secretary
in the Korce district in 1949,, a
member of the Central Committee
in 1850 and candidate member. of
the Politburo in 1852. He was
Minister of Industray in 1950-51,
and is member of the preSidium
of the Peoples Assembly.
Other members of the Politburo
are Haki Toska, Adj Carcani,
Gogo Mushi; candidate members
are Koco Theodhosi, Petrit Dune
and PHO Peristeri Still others
holding high governmental posi-
tons but who are not members
of the ruling party group are Mai.
Gen. Haxhi Lleshi, president Of
the presidium of the Peoples As
sembly and technically the head
of state, and Medar Shtylla, pres
ident of the Peoples Assembly.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-25
The Foreign Scene

and fifth of the national con-
greSS.
In total, they got only about
30 per cent of the votes, but the
democratic forces were split, and
thus. Peronlstas secured plurali-
ties. r.,
The military, already angefed
at Mr.. Frondizi's ambivalence' to-
ward CaStro's Cuba cat first, he
refused to vote for Cuba's custer
from the Organization of Ameri-
can States, but under pressure
from the military later added his
vote. was upset that Mr.. From
dizi allowed the PeronistaS to run
for office. -
Developments in Argentina are
still uncertain but it seems as, if
the military plans to prevent Pc
roniSta winners from taking of
flee, and this may mean the end
of Mr.. Frondizis government as
well. Argentina is experiencing the
paradox of needing dictatorial
methods to save a democracy. that
has been endangered by free cleo.
tionS.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-25
Some Bitter Fighting
In Conodo's Parties

vacancies in the Legislatures of
Ontario and Saskatchewan have
confirmed the Liberal ascendancy.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-25

he shot high-ranking party
member, Abedln Shehu - not re-
lated to the party leader during
a Central Committee meeting.
Kadri Hasbiu is Minister of In
terror and a candidate as a Polit-
buro member. AS Minister of In
terror he is chief of the police and
the dreaded secret police, the
"Sigurimi. He was born in 1920
in the Wore region of Moslem
parents. Hasbiu was graduated
from the Commercial High School
in Wore in 1912 and attended
military school in Moscow, 1948-
1850. He speaks Italian and Rus
sian in addition to Albanian.
During 1942-1945 Hasbiu joined
the party and fought in the I'M
foreground with the rank of cap
tain. In 1916 he was appointed
deputy chief and in 1947 the chief
of military security section in the
Directorate of State Security.
Upon his return from the Soviet
Union in 1850, Hasbiu was ap-
pointed Assistant Minister of In
terror in charge of state security.
That same year he was elected
candidate member of the Central
Committee and two years later to
full membership.
He has been the Minister of
Interior since 1854, and at pres
ent holds the rank of major
general.
Beqir Balluku is a member of
the Politburo, a First Deputy Pre-
mier and Minister of Defense. He
was born in Tirana in 1917 of
Moslem parents. He attended only
several grades of school but dur
ing 1923 studied at the Voro-
shilov Military Academy in Mos
COW.
Was Metal Worker
Balluku was a metal worker be-
fore the war and is reputed to
have been a troublemaker. He was
drafted into the army in 1889 and
was demobilized the following
year. During these military days
he was involved in subversive &C
tivities and after his discharge
joined the resistance, becoming
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-25
The Almost Unknown Men in Albania Who Defy Khrshchev

a fact not revealed publicly until
the first party congress in 1913.
Political Commissor
In 1943 Hoxha became a politi-
cal commissar of MINIS army and
in 1914 its commander with the
rank of colonel general. Then he
was elected the president Of the
anti-Fascist Committee of Ma
tional Liberation, the forerunner
of the government, in May, 1914;
he was appointed Prime Minister
of the provisional democratic
government, which succeeded the
committee, on October "a, 1914.
Hoxha represented Albania at
numerous important Communist
bloc conferences, including the
November, 1860, Moscow Confer
ence Of Communist Parties, at
which he traded insults with Pre-
mier Khrushchev.
However, he was not the I'M
disputed leader in Albania during
the immediate postwar period.
That power was at least shared
with Politburo member Koci XoXe
who, after Tito's custer from the
Communist Information Bureau
(Cominform), was purged as a
Titoist and an anti-Marxist. With
XoXe'S demise Mehmet Shehu, the
present Prime Minister, began his
rise to prominence.
Prime Minister since 1854, Meh-
met Shehu has been also a men,
Der of the Politburo since 1948 and
lieutenant general of the army
since 1949. Shehu, the real leader
of Albania according to some OBJ
servers, was born January 10, 1918,
in Mallakaster, the son of Mos
lem priest. In 1945 he married
Fiqrete Sanxhaktari, a former
Moslem schoolteacher who at
tended the Girls Pedagogical In
stitute in Tirana. Among her var
led positions, Madame Shehu is a
member of the Central Commit
tee and the Tirana city govern
ment.
international Brigade
Shehu graduated from the
American Vocational School in
Tirana in 1882 and attended the
military college in Naples, Italy,
in 1885. During these student days
he was an ardent follower of
Marxism, involved in underground
Communist activities; he was ar
rested in Naples and deported. He
attended the officers training
school in Tirana in 1886, and the
Voroshilov Military Academy in
Moscow, 1856. In addition to his
native tongue he is fluent in
Italian, Russian and English and
has knowledge of French and
Serbo-C roatian.
In 1888 Shehu joined the Carl
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-25
By GERALD WARING
Contributing Writer

OTTAWA.-It's a sign of the
prediction times in Canada that
a member of the House of Com
mons was elected from the cham
Der last week on a straight par
tisan vote. The offenSe of Liberal
MP Alexis Caron was his accusa-
ton that the deputy speaker was
showing favoritism towards the
Conservative majority.
Both the charge and the pen
atty reflect the fact that tempers
are short and nerves are edgy as
members of the Commons await
the national election that will cost
many of them their political ca
reers. Parliament has been in Ses-
sion since January 18, but prog
ress has been slow because poll
tics rather than legislation is the
main concern of the MPs.
The election of Mr.. Caron was
the climax of week of acrimoni-
Gus political infighting that left
the Commons record studded
with pleasantries like these:
"Sit down shut up {. none
Of your business dirty dog
:. clowns comedians .
diSgraceful shame quit
Dragging inane and silly =.
totally ridiculous another
bluff"
A 1856 Precedent
1t is a rare and solemn occa-
sion when the House adopts a
motion that a member "be
suspended from the service Of this
honorable House for the remain
der of this sitting" In 1856 the
Liberal majority ousted Donald
Fleming, the present Conservative
Minister of Finance. Ironically.
Mr.. Caron was member of that
Liberal majority.
The temper of the Commons
is much like it was in 1856, just
a few months before the election
that ended % years of Liberal
rule and put a Conservative ad-
ministration in office. This is an
indication of the intensity of the
political struggle; not necessarily
that the administration will be de-
feated in the election. But never
theless the Conservatives are run
ming scared, knowing that the
Liberals are bound to make large
gains at the expense of the huge
Conservative majority elected at
the peak of Tory popularity in
1858. The opinion polls have
shown the Liberals leading in pop
ular support since September, and
the results of reflections to fill
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-25
PEIPNIG MAKING MORE TROUBLE
Kashmir: Asias Time Bomb Ticks On

The Pakistanis tend to think that
the United States simply by with
holding-or even by threatening
to withhold aid to India could
bring Nehru around. They are in
dignant that Washington does not
try.
This feeling with the West ex-
tends from medium high Level of
government all the way down. to
bearers" Chouse boys and OK
cart drivers. ~s~
Second, when asked whether
Pakistan would give up Kashn1ir
if they so demanded. threatening
to halt economic aid unless she
did. they refuse to acknowledge
a parallel. They see no limit to
the United States diplomatic
power when applied against coun-
tries other than Pakistan. ~
Russia, though using its veto to
prevent all effective United Ma
lions pressure on India, has not
heSitated to drop hints in Pakistan
ears that things would be diff
ferent if Pakistan withdraws from
her alliances.
Tragedy Compounded
Some Pakistanis are tempted to
accept, though not the President
or his moderate and astute Minis
ter for External Affairs, Manzoor
Qadir.
The tragedy is compounded by
the fact that if India and
PakistanI could get together a
negotiation there is at least. an
outside possibility of a settle
ment.
Mr.. Qadir told me Pakistan
would not rule out any reasonable
solution. He clearly is not married
to plebiscite.
Mr.. Nehru, for his part, while
rigidly opposed to a vote which
of course would go for Pakistan
is more flexible than many
think. He clearly indicated to me
that India would join in a free
wheeling discussion of partition.
Either partition or some form
of condominium or a combina-
ton of the two is the only
practical solution. Yet it seems
impossible to get the two sides
around a table to talk. 1t may
be that by some blood the diplo-
matte logjam can be broken. This
is tragic fact. But time is
running out for the time bomb
which circumstances have planted
here in the Switzerland of Asia.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-25
BY WILLIAM r.. FRYE
Contributing Writer


MUZAFFARABAD, Kashmir-
Here where the green-brown foot
hills of the towering Himalayas
plunge precipitately into the
Jhelum River one of Asias most
dangerous time bombs is omi-
nously ticking away.
Kashmir will be a new Algeria"
high Pakistani official told me
last week. President Mohammed
Ayub Khan, queried about the pos
sibility, told me lit will take
100000 Indian troops to hold
Kashmir."
The fierce, tough Kashmiri
tribesmen are spelling for a fight.
Many of them dye their boards
red-and are quite prepared to
see the Jhelum run that color if
the two-thirdS of Kashmir which
India now holds is not "Set free"
1t is Pakistani government policy
now to restrain this fervor. Re-
SponSible leaders have not for
gotten that nearly half million
people were killed and 16 million
more displaced in the first India
Pakistan fighting Is years ago.
Nevertheless there is no assur-
ance that if United Nations &C
ton failS-and Russia can be
counted upon to make it fail
the government will be able or
even willing to hold these people
back indefinitely.
Nehru Is Philosophical
Prime Minister Nehru of India
appears to be counting on time
corroding the fighting spirit of
"Azad (free) Kashmir." He told
me in New Delhi recently that
lit is not practical to expect to
change a situation which has
existed for Is years"
This may be a tragic miscalcu-
lation. The KaShmiris believe it
is entirely practical. One need not
take all their belligerent prot
estations at full face value to
believe they are indeed earnest, if
not about an invasion, then about
a guerrilla conflict on the Al
gerian and Cyprian model.
Red China, poised just across
the Himalayan peaks, is making
not unfriendly gestures toward
Pakistan as if to tempt her into
a war of national liberation"
with Peiping's help.
Russia for her part is be-
friending India but this would
not be the first time the Sino-
Soviet bloc worked both sides of
the street in troubled situation.
Moscow and Peiping are rivals
elsewhere in Asia and could easily
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-25

are friends. We have a common
enemy: India"
When I reminded an official of
the Kashmir government here that
most small countries which have
flirted with Russia or China have
gone the way of Hungary or Tibet
he replied, "All right, so we get
swallowed up by China. That
would be better then subsection
by India"
That this is Enthusiastically il
logical and uniformed view does
not change the fact that it is
held. Men who are frustrated and
desperate are rarely logical.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-25

vacancies in the Legislatures of
Ontario and Saskatchewan have
confirmed the Liberal ascendancy.
Constitutional Requirement
Under the Canadian system the
Prime Minister picks the election
date within the constitutional
five-year life of a Parliament.
Prime Minister Diefenbaker seeks
to pick a date suspicious for his
governments reelection, but he
has been racked by indecision.
Best current guess is that if he
does not bring about June cleo
ton, he likely will not risk his
administration at the polls until
mid-fall.
The Prime Minister had FORE
cast that the current parliament
tary session would be short and
sweet" If it ends with an cleo
ton in June it will be short, but
the vicisSitudes the government
has experienced in the last two
months belle the sweet" part of
the prediction.
There has been the embarrass-
ing nuclear arms issue, with Can
ada'S Bomarc missiles, CF-104 jets
and Honest John rockets useless
because the government will not
bring itself to accept American
nuclear arms. There has been the
embarrassment of the govern
ment's failures to persuade Great
Britain not to join the European
Common Market. There has been
embarrassment over scandals in
volving administration ministers
and officials. There has been the
embarrassment of the logy econ
omy and continuing high unem-
ployment.
No VioIence-Yet
These sour notes for the Con-
servatives suggest an election
later rather than sooner and an
elongation of the prediction pc
riod of bitter political rivalry.
There have been no instances yet
of resorts to violence between
MPs - although one evening last
week an MP, leaving the members
cloakroom carrying his coat and
rubberS, encountered lady MP
who had questioned his veracity.
Don't call me liar" he cried.
"I'll give you face full of rub
bers," he said, raising his rubbers
as if to push them into her face.
Fortunately, as they used to say
in books, cooler heads prevailed.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-25

The outside world knows little
Of the intensity and violence of
feeling here. Some of it, no doubt,
is an act laid on for propaganda
purposes when outsiders are
watching. Some of it may even be
psychological diversion for the
people whipped up by politicians,
as the Indians charge.
indignant About U. S.
But it would be very dangerous
for the world to assume that this
is a full explanation or anything
like it. The feeling is real.
And it has many ramifications.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-25

find themselves competing for in
fluence on the subcontinent.
Might Accept Red Chino Aid
Pakistan clearly is tempted to
accept Red China's help. In an
interview with Ayub Khan lasting
nearly an hour and a half he
spoke not one critical word about
Peiping. He even said that except
for India and Tibet China has
tried hard to be correct with her
neighbors."
On a much lower level in the
village bazaars Pakistanis will tell
you that "PakiStan and China
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-25
BY JOHN ]. KARCH
Contributing Writer


Since 1914 Albania has been
ruled by leaders of the Workers
Communist Party which today
numbers about $4,000 members
and candidates.
The elite of the party, known
as the CP in Albania, are mem
bers of the Politburo and the
Secretariat. These are the men
who have intrigued the world by
refusing to bow to Nikita Khru-
shchev. They are relatively young
mostly between 81 and $50, have
been born of MoSlem parents,
have little formal education, have
belonged to the party since its
founding in 1941, fought in the
resistance movement during
World War II, and have received
training in the Soviet Union after
the war. They are among the
most ruthless Of Communist lead
ers anywhere.
The reputed leader of Albania
is Enver Hoxha, who has been
characterized as articulate and
charming by some and as a ruth
less "Stalinist" by others. He has
been the party leader since 1941.
He was born on October is, 1908.
in Gjirokaster, the son Of a Mos
lem merchant. In January, 1945,
he married Nexhmije Xhuglini,
who was born in 1921 in Diber,
also of Moslem parents, and is a
graduate of the Girls Pedagogical
Institute in Tirana Q94D. Among
her other positions, Nine. HoXha
heads the agitation and propa-
ganda section of the Central Com
mittee of the party.
Hoxha pronounced Hodja) is
the first secretary Of the CP, gen.
eral of the army and president
(since 1945) of the Democratic
Front (DFD, a mass" organiza-
ton controlled by the CP. He is
a former Premier (1944-1954),
Minister Of Defense) 1896 1859,
and Minister of Foreign Affairs
Q946-1953).
Studied Low in Paris
Hoxha finished grammar school
in Gjirokaster, National Lycee in
Korce, attended the University of
Montpelier, France Q930-D, and
studied law in Paris and Brussels,
but did not graduate. In addition
to his native tongue, he is fluent
in French and Italian and has
knowledge of Russian, English
and Serbo-C roatian.
In 1884 Hoxha was appointed
secretary to the Consulate Gen.
eral in Brussels but was dismissed
two years later because of his
anti-government articles written
for the Communist paper L'Hu-
mantle.
Back in Albania, HoXha became
a teacher of French, first at the
State Gymnasium in Tirana, then
at the National Lycee in Korce.
During 1901 he operated to-
bacco store in Tirana which be-
came a meeting place of Commu-
mist resistance. After the Nazi in
vasion of the Soviet Union in
1941 Marshal Tito dispatched two
aides to Tirana to organize the
various Communist groups in AL
bania into the CP which became
an appendage Of the Yugoslav
party.
The CP operated through a front
organization, the National Liberia
ton Movement, patterned along
lines dictated by the Comintern.
Among the Central Committee
members and the party's secre-
tary general was Enver Hoxha
He held the post until July. 1854,
when it was abolished and the
leadership passed to the first Sec
rotary, a position to which he was
appointed. Hoxha Vas also elected
a Politburo member at this time
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-06

Glenn, jr., the American astro-
naut, a LloydS spokesman dis
closed today.
He said the policy, for
around $4,000 pounds 1895, 1000
was taken out with an Ameri-
can insurance company which
asked Lloyds underwriters last
month to reinSure part of the
risk. The policy covered pre-
parationS for Col. Glenn's
flight, the flight itself, and the
recovery of his space capsule.
The American company was
understood to have quoted a
rate of 212 per cent of the
value of the policy.
Lloyds underwriters offered
a quotation on the reinsurance
but it is not known whether
the American insurance COM
pany has yet placed the bust
ness with them.
The beneficiaries of the
policy were not known here
but the Lloyds spokesman said
it was a safe assumption that
it was a close relative.
This is the first time Lloyds
have been asked to insure a
man in space.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-06
White House Bon-Bomb
Pickets Choose Jail

Nine "ban-the-bomb" DEM
constructors have been sentenced
to $40 fines or 10 days in Jail
for picketing within 500 feet
of the White House while
Congo Premier Cyrille Adoula
lunched there yesterday.
Eight other pickets showed up
at the White House today.
Municipal Court Judge Ed
ward A. Beard sentenced the
nine after they said they would
not pay fines and refused to
promise not to resume such
picketing if freed on their per-
Sonal bonds.
The six men and three
women were found guilty of the
rare charge of interfering with
a foreign diplomat by congre-
eating within 500 feet of a
building he occupied and re-
fusing to move away when Or
dered. 1t carries a maximum
penalty of a 500 fine, 60 days
in Jail, or both.
Third Precinct Lieut.. Otto
M. w. Nelson arrested them
after they refused his order to
move to the H street side of
Lafayette Park and the law
was explained to them.
All nine refused court ap-
pointed lawyers. In a one-hour
trial, eight pleaded guilty and
Judge Beard entered a not
guilty plea for the ninth, who
said he broke the law but felt
no moral guilt.
Members of the Committee
for Nonviolent Action, the
picketS said they were not in
terested in Premier Adoula but
in urging the President, in
person if possible, not to re-
sumo nuclear testing.
The picketS, four of whom
were on last years Moscow
Peace March," chose Jail. They
were identified as:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-06

Lawrence Scott, So, 1923 Kali
Drama road NV; Harry H.
Purvis, 46, North Port, N. Y;
Gerald B. Lehman, 25, Mo-
hena, ILL.,; Robert w. Gilmore,
40, Peekskill, N. Y; r. Stephen
Croft, 20, Souderton, Pa; Bev-
erly Kanegson, 81, Norwich,
Conn; Susan Hoffman, 10,
Scott H. Herrick, SO, and his
wife, Beatice, 26, all of New
York City.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-02-06
Wet Nam War FIiqhts
Barred to Newsmen

military personnel man the me-
chine guns at the helicopters'
doors in case of attack. United
States military advisers accom-
pany Wet Namese units into
battle.
The advisers hands seemed
tied in Sundays operation,
Correspondent Essoyan said.
They could not tell their Wet
Namese Army counterparts to
call on Air Force cover or follow
up the advantage Of the orig
inal assault. They could only
ask to be informed on what
their Wet Namese counterparts
were doing and politely advise
what they might do. This ad-
vice, the correspondent re-
ported, was not always followed.
Soft Stand Explained
United States military au-
thorities here, apparently on
instructions from Washington,
have blocked newSmen on the
spot from access to most first
hand military information AZ
fecting the United States role
since the United States COM
mitted itself to South Wet
Mans defense.
Top American military and
diplomatic officials in Saigon
explain they don't want to
publicize their role for fear of
ruffling the feelings of the
government of South Wet Nam
and for fear Of feeding Com
munist propaganda.
A correspondents protest
two weeks ago apparently
broke this logjam. Correspond
ents were cleared, on rotation
basis, to accompany future
helicopter missions into COM
bat. The Associated Press, first
to ask, topped the list and &C
companied the first such mis-
sion Sunday.
Other correspondents were
slated for a mission today.
They turned up at the airport
at dawn to accompany the
mission. They were informed
permission had been Cancelled.