davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Navajo times., 1962-11-08
THE COWBOY AFTER 1912

forty eighth State. The silver boom
was over but cattle and copper
were just beginning to make their
impact upon the new States econ
Omy. There were still many big
cow outfits but also hundreds of
small ones, ranging from a few
hundred head to a thousand or
two. The country was unfenced,
open range, from the New Mexico
line to the Colorado River in the
west.
These were the days of the big
round ups. Cowboys from perhaps
a dozen different outfits combined,
or "throwed in" as they put it,
to work certain section of range
together. The beef herd being
trailed to the rail head might
number in the thousands. These
steers had to be held together
nights and since there we're no
corrals, the holding was done by
cowboys. Night guarding, they
called it. or "singing to them"
The singing was supposedto accus-
tom the cattle to the presence of
their guardians SO that they
wouldn't stampede. There we're,
however, some epic stampedes and
it is possible that the quality of
the music had something to do
with this.
Things like stampedes,
droughts and people too handy with
branding iron were highly irrit-
ating to the cowrnen and eventually
a counter irritant in the form of
the US. Forest Service was pro-
vided by Washington. The field
service personnel of this benev-
olent organization consisted Of
bright young college men able to
solve instant aneous equations in
their heads but vino had difficulty
in remem bering which end of a COW
gets up first. They we're dedicated
TO the preservation of the forests
and wild life and the determination
of all predators, including mount
ain lions, coyotes and coWmen.
World War provided a further
boost for copper and cattle, in
Arizona. A good many cowpunchers
who we're selected by a posse of
their friends and neighbors to
represent Arizona in the AEF went
into the remount service. This
enabled them to associate, more
or less on terms of equality, with
horses and mules, whom they found
to be brighter and much more
congeniai than second leutenants
in the walking army.
1t was also break for Arizona
cattle, as they would, in the future,
be lulled to their rest by the
soothing strains of Mademoiselle
From Armineteres Farley Woo,
and Over There.
This pleasant state of affairs
was rudely interrupted in 1918
when K aiser Wilhelm ignomin-
iously swapped his army for
chopping Ak and a woodpile in
Holland. Cowboys in the services
promptly sWapped khaki for Lewis
and chaps and returned to their
respective ranges in disillusioned
numbers, vowing to associate only
with kind faced cattle henceforth
and eschewing anything that had
to be saluted
The majority of cowboys in
Arizona came from two States =
California. and Texas. The Cal
ifornia breed, with the heritage
of M MeXico, rode single cinch
saddles, called "Cente erfir e''
wore shotgun chaps and us ed
riatas. Shotgun chaps resemble
pair of leathern trousers with the
seat cut Ollt riaf3 is a rome
Navajo times., 1962-11-08

or hemp rope. which they tied
in a horn knot to the saddle horn
and let nature take its course.
Once man got his loop on a big
steer. either it belonged to him
or he belonged to the steer. There
was no middle ground. Roping with
a tied rope sometimes has diSad-
vantages, as when the steer goes
around a. pine tree on one side and
the horse on the other; when the
slack runs out either the steer is
jerked down, the horse is jerked
down. or both, or the rider goes
into orbit. On the other hand, the
riata users have a habit of getting
the first joint of a finger in between
the RATA and the saddle horn,
neatly removing said joint without
benefit of anes-hetics. An obser-
Want man. riding up to strange
outfit. could without difficulty iden-
tify the centerfire men by m erely
counting their fingers.
Arizona, after the end of World
War l, was full of cattle only
Slightly less wild than antelope
and almost as fleet. Rounding up,
or gathering" such cattle was not
too much of a chore in flat country.
In the high mount ain country how
ever, it sometimes ran into work.
A bunch of gentle cattle, SO ocalled,
was usually held in a mountain
pass, or saddle; the wild ones
were directed by hard riding cow
punchers. with much profanity and
lost hide, in the direction of these
cattle, called "hold up" and it
was the responsibility of the men
in charge of the hold up to keep
the wild bunch from breaking out,
once they had entered it. Most Of
the wild ones could be retained, in
this manner, and driven away to
the main herd.
Occasionally however some old
COW, wiser and meaner than the
others, would escape from custody
and, after she had done so several
times, would be almost impos sible
to keep in hold up or herd. A cow,
or steer. like this would be hunted
by dogs if need be, and when
sighted, run down, roped and tied
to the handiest tree by her or
his horns. The horns we're the
tipped with small saw carried by
the cowboys, thus enabling any one
who saw the animal to recognize
that she was an outlaw and that
special efforts would be necess sary
to gather her. Cattle of this type
were led in to the herd, or a corral,
after they had stood tied to t1ee
eating post oak hay" for acouple
of days and we're not feeling their
most rambunctious. The cowboy
united or cut the rope from the tree.
got the animals head up as nearly
in his lap as possible and took
off for camp. After a few initial
and abortive experiments, the COW
would Concede and lead like pack
horse A man skilled in this sort
of cow-ology could unite from the
tree and lead in couple of animals
at the same time, if he had lived
a Christian life and his insur ance
was paid up.
This was the heyday of the
uncrowned range king = the round
up cook; they came in all shapes
and sizes but they all had one thing
in common. disposition like a
sidewinder and authority to back
it up. A COW outfits morale was
only as good as the cook and the
cook prepared what he wanted to
and when he wanted to and if the
ultimate consumer didn't like it,
he could roll his bed and 60 to
town Where the topography al
Navajo times., 1962-11-08
History Of Cowboy
CONTINUED from Page II

enough to pull gun, the coroner
was notified by the marshal.
The marshals, a tough breed
to whom gun fighting was a
business. were mostly successful
although greatly out numbered,
since the average cowboy was a
notoriously poor shot even when
not handicapped by a cargo of the
local tanglefoot whi skey. In
addition, the h a ndguns of that
period lacked the refinements and
improvements of the Hollywood
models, which will shoot all day
without having to be reloaded, a
fact known to everyone who has
ever seen a Grade B Western.
There was no uniformity, either
in weapons or the methods of
carrying and getting them into
action. The fast draw existed
mainly in fiction; every man
carried his gun as it best suited
him. on the hip. flank. or hanging
in front like a Scotsman's sporran.
The winner in a gun fight was
usually the man who took his time
and the practice of gun tanning
was responsible for an unusually
large crop of widows and orphans.
Gun tanning was accomplished by
holding back the trigger of a
revolver while tanning or striking
the hammer of the piece with the
palm of the other hand. This en-
abled the shooter to fire rapidly
in all directions at once and if
his victim was hit it was his own
fault. The art of gun tanning had
few adherents except among the
morticians
Within a decade or SO this idyll
of the frontier trail towns was
rudely interrupted by the arrival
of the farmers, an eminently mo
nonsense. business as usual type
interested mainly in raising crops
and kids, which they did with great
success. They introduced barbed
wire, the church social and vigil
antes, with such good effect that the
wild and uncurried cowboy soon
became as extinct as the buffalo
in that region.
Toward the end of the nine
teenth century the ploWmen had
pretty well replaced the cowmen
over the Southwest, except in the
Territory of New Mexico and what
would later be the Territory of
Arizona. This Arizona country was
in the possession of various Indian
tribes, including the Apaches, who
were singularly reluctant to share
their hunting grounds with the
invading coWnen. To resolve this
situation, the CoWnen brought a
suit to quiet title which not only
quieted the title but also most of
the ApacheS. The suit was heard BY
Judge Winchester and reviewed by
Judge Colt and after these eminent
jurists had h anded down their
decision there was no point in
carrying it to the Supreme Court.
The cowboy of this period was
a trifle more civilized than his
post-bellum prototype but the diff
ference would not have been
discernable to q near sighted
person. In general, he was still
unshorn, unbarbered, belligerent
and begirt with hardware. This
was appropria ate as Arizona Ter
ritory was at this time hardly
the health resort it was later
destined to become.
These were the days of the big
outfits. The Aztec Land and Cattle
Company, for example, owners of
the gigantic Hash Knife outfit.
controlled roughly two million
acres in nOrtheaSfer Arizona and
Navajo times., 1962-11-08

to be a faster and straighter shot
than the prosecutor.
Evening star., 1962-09-07
SOBLEN
Continued From Page Al

Continued From Page Al
trict of London, today. carry
ing banners which said. Free
Soblen" and "let Soblen die in
peace"
Soblen became Ill yesterday
morning as an ambulance was
taking him to board a Pan
American airliner for New York
and a life sentence as a war
time spy for Russia. Nearing
the airport he fell into a coma
and his baffled escorts rushed
him to Hillingdon Hospital.
One British newspaper specu-
lated that Soblen had managed
to hoard drugs doled out to him
by Brixton prison doctors
treating him for lenkemia. 1t
said he might have pretended
to swallow pills but concealed
them under his tongue.
Unconfirmed press reports
said prison officials found a
cache of pills concealed in So
blen's bed only five days ago.
Other papers said pills might
have been smuggled to Soblen,
whose meals were brought in
from a restaurant near the
prison.
Neither theory explained why
the pills were not found during
periodic searches prison Of
ficers made. or how Soblen
managed to take a massive
dose when he presumably was
under close surveillance.
Soblen was stripped and
Evening star., 1962-09-07
SOBLEN
Spy Is Still in Como,
Heart Grows Weaker

searched before leaving for the
airport. There was speculation
that he might have swallowed
the dose just before that.
The Daily Mail said Soblen
had hidden the dose in a peach
and took a bite of it in his
quarters yesterday morning
The Mail said a basket Of fruit
was sent to him yesterday.
On his ride to the airport. So
blen was watched constantly by
a detective. an ambulance at
tendant and a prison doctor
All expressed certainty he had
not drugged himself during the
ride.
Soblen jumped 100000 bail
and fled from New York to
Israel June IS after the United
States Supreme Court refused
to review his life sentence. Is
raeli officials put him aboard
an Israeli FL AL plane for New
York July /. AS the plane ap-
preached London he slashed
himself with a steak knife to
force his landing in Britain.
and he was rushed to the same
hospital where he now lies.
Evening star., 1962-09-07

see himself as an answer to
prayer, but rather as someone
who fills a gap.
Obscure himself, he bears the
famous name of Franklin
Roosevelt's Secretary of the
Treasury. He would unques-
tionably be just another in q
crowded field we're it not for
his powerful but still unac-
knowledged sponsors. of whom
Mayor Robert F. Wagner of
New York is the principal. The
harassed Mayor. who did every
thing but put q classified ad
in the paper for a candidate,
on his return from Europe, ap-
parently put Mr.. Morgenthau's
name to the White House and
met no opposition. He is a
great-nephew of the revered
former Gov. Herbert Lehman.
The choice Of q Jewish
candidate to take on Gov.
Rockefeller. who captured Man
hattan's large Jewish vote in
his great 1858 sweep. has been
almost inevitable since last
May. Louis Harris, the Presi-
dents pollster in the Kennedy
campaign. put Mr.. Morgen-
thau's name in a field of four.
1t came out on top. A sub
sequent poll in the Bronx
against chieftain Represent
ative Buckley, a Kennedy-in-
dorsed incumbent, showed Nor
genthau out front again.
In midsummer, troubled
Democrats floated the name Of
Evening star., 1962-09-07

Mr.. Buckley stemmed from the
Bronx leaders early indorse-
ment Of Mr.. Kennedy for the
presidential nomination in 1860
and the Congressman's record
of favorable votes for the
Presidents program.
Election day is November s.
The candidates win be chosen
at Republican and Democratic
conventions starting September
II by delegates picked in to-
days primary.
Gov. Rockefeller and Sena-
tor Jsvits. seeking reelection,
are slated to head the Re-
publican ticket. Four Demo-
Gratis are candidates for the
nomination for Governor. None
has announced for Senator.
Evening star., 1962-09-07

gressional primary but lost in
others in the city.
In a contest between two in
cumbents in Manhattan's re-
aligned goth district, Repre-
sentative Ryan, a reformer,
downed Representative Ze-
lenko. a regular Democrat, 26,-
298 to 18.459.
In other highlights Of the
States LOG primary contests for
legislative and congressional
seats, one of the largest totals
in the States history:
Ogden r. Reid defeated in
cumbent Edwin B. Dooley for
the Republican nomination for
Congress in the 26th (West-
chester district.
Mr.. Reid had the backing of
the county @. o. P. organiza-
ton against Mr.. Dooley, whose
winning margins have been de-
clining. Mr.. Reid is former
Ambassador to Israel and for
mer president Of the New York
Herald Tribune.
State Senator Janet Hill
Gordon defeated Assemblyman
Robert M. Quigley for the
G. o. P. nomination for Con-
gress in the 35th district, which
comprises eight upstate coun-
ties.
Republican National Chair
man William E. Miller won
denomination to the House of
Representatives by q margin OF
nearly 3-to-1 over Donald C.
Chaplin of Lockport in the 40th
district in Western New York.
All other incumbent Con-
gressmen up for reelection in
the State were nominated, ac-
cording to unofficial figures.
Levy Halls 'VictOry"
Mr.. Buckley's announcement
Of his retirement plans was
hailed as a victory by his de-
feated opponent. Mr.. Levy
said, 'If we have not accom-
plished anything else, Charlie
Buckley said he would not run
again."
Mr.. Buckley, chairman Of the
House Public Works Committee,
Is expected to win a 18th term
in Congress in the heavily
Democratic district. His Re-
publican opponent is John j.
Parker.
Mr.. Kennedy's support for
Evening star., 1962-09-07
EVERYBODY BLINKs
Morgenthou Fills d Gap

Judge Bernard L. Botin. II
floated gently to earth, and
the talent hunt was on again
Mr.. Morgenthau, in his
hastily improvised, amateur
stated Commodore Hotel head
quarters. is planning to under
take an intensive 11-hour drive
for delegates, while plotting
with relish his strategy against
Gov. Rockefeller.
Il can't shake hands the way
he does" he says quietly of
his potential rival. "I can't
compete with him in back
slapping. That's not my style
But I think I can needle him.
I've studied him as an avoca-
ton for the last four years.
think he has been arrogant and
meddlesome, and while present
ing himself as a liberal has
left the State Government in
the hands of conservatives"
Convention Soon
The Democratic State Con-
vention will be held in Syra.
cuse the week end of Septem.
bar Is. Democrats fervently
hope it viii not turn into 9
holocaust such as occurred ir
Buffalo in 1858, when a row
over a Senate nomination spill
the party wide open, handel
Rockefeller a charge of boss.
ism" and lost the State for ths
Democrats.
4 Mayor Wagner, as keynoter
party elders Lehman and for
mer Gov. Averell Hartman
now a special ambassador, are
expected to urge harmony anC
unity.
While the gubernatorial nom.
ination is hotly contested, no.
body seems anxious to take or
the popular Republican incum.
bent. Senator Javits. Just fol
the asking. it seems, James B
Donovan, the Manhattan
lawyer who negotiated the re-
lease Of U-2 spy Francis Gary
Powers and is now bargaining
for the release of Cubar
prisoners, can have the nomina-
ton.
Democrats who do not agree
on anything else. are unani-
nous in saying that Mr.. Dono-
van would add glamor to the
ticket.
Evening star., 1962-09-07
Bronx Reform Forces
Defeated by Buckley

NEW YORK, Sept. 7 CAP)
Representative Buckley, r.
year-old Bronx Democratic
leader. fought off a reform drive
and won denomination today
with the backing Of President
Kennedy.
Then he announced that his
next term would be his last
He indicated that he deferred
retirement this time only ia
vindicate himself against re-
form charges Of "bossism. "
Final returns early today
gave Mr.. Buckley a margin OF
almost 5000 votes over David
H. Levy, IS. a lawyer who was
backed by Mayor Robert r
Wagner and the reform leaders
former Senator Herbert H
Lehman and Mrs. Franklin D
Roosevelt.
The unofficial count in the
23d congressional district was
Mr.. Buckley 20.158, Mr.. Levy
1913.
Returns ImpOunded
The hard-fought campaign
ended with police impoundine
voting machines in the district
on complaint of Mr.. Levy and
his hackers that irregularities
marked the balloting.
Mayor Wagner. the States
top ranking Democrat, was
asked by a reporter today Il
he would support Mr.. Buckley
in the November general elec-
ton.
Mr.. Wagner replied that Mr.
Levy had not conceded defeat
and had gotten the voting ma
chimes impounded, and that the
election was not yet a closed
issue.
Mr.. Wagner also said: 81
want to know from the Board
of Elections why a number OF
voting machines in the Bronx
were out of commission fol
long periods during the pri.
mary polling. 1t may have
affected the election, and
want to find out what hap
pened and why"
Yesterday Mr.. Wagner had
said he would support Mr.
Buckley in the general election
if he won the nomination, but
would remain opposed to Mr.
Buckley's party leadership in
the Bronx.
Reformers won in one con.
Evening star., 1962-09-07
By MARY McGRORY
Star Staff Writer

NEW YORK, N. Y, Sept. Z
New Yorkers are still blink
ing over the sudden emergence
Of Robert M. Morgenthau a,
a candidate for Governor.
Mr.. Morgenthau. mild
mahnered, 43-year-old Navy
hero. who looks rather like q
professor of music, is still
blinking a little himself.
About two weeks ago
a Westchester County leader
named William Luddy, out OF
what appeared to be a clear
blue sky. announced that Mr.
Morgenthau, then United States
Attorney for the Southern Dis
trict Of New York, was the
man.
Last Monday night, Mr.
Morgenthau, who has never
run for public office before
decided his chances were good
enough to warrant resigning
his job.
"Wednesday night, he made a
television appearance announc-
ing that he was a candidate.
But anyone who says that
the Empire States long and
embarrassing search for some
one to oppose the reelection
of Gov. Nelson A. Rockefeller
was ended, has several people
to fight.
Frank D. O'Connor, the
genial district attorney for
Queens County, who has been
making the best-organized ef-
fort for the nomination,
promptly called Mr.. Morgen-
thau "a phantom candidate"
aud his well-publicized hour
entry into the lists as "a
snecious boom"
Complaint to President
.Another contender, Repre-
sentative Stratton, from Upstate
New York. said he would COM
plain to the President, who has
interested himself more than
somewhat in the affairs Of New
York, which he won in 1860.
james A. Farley, 74-year-old
former National Democratic
Chairman, an unannounced
aspirant. is reliably reported to
be furious. A majority of New
York's % Congressman said
Mr.. Morgentnau would not help
their chances.
Mr.. Morgenthau. a Phi Beta
Kappa graduate Of Amherst
and Yale Law School, does not
Evening star., 1962-09-07
Bomb Test Planned
For Peace Project
By the Associated Press

The Atomic Energy Commits
sion has started preliminary
work near Carlsbad. N. Mex,
for a second proposed expert
ment, Project Coach. to develop
peaceful uses for nuclear explo-
sives.
The actual detonation has
not yet been formally author
ized, and no date for the
experiment has been set. De-
tails of the experiment also
remain vague, but the nuclear
explosion will be set off deep
underground.
Evening star., 1962-09-07
Fete at Zion Boptist

Members Of the Zion Baptist
Church will attend a corner
stone laying ceremony for their
Evening star., 1962-09-07

new s650,000 structure at 4
pm. tomorrow at 1850 Blagden
avenue NV. The Rev. Carlton
w. Veazey is pastor Of the
98-year-old congregation.
Evening star., 1962-01-16
DAVID LAWRENCE
The Power to Change Taxes

one house could exercise Q
veto Of the Presidents action.
This might occur Just before
an election. and the uncer-
tainty produced between the
time the President made his
proposal and the time 1t was
rejected or took effect could
bring on such chaotic con-
ditions as to defeat the ends
sought.
It would not cause so much
of a fuss If taxes were al
ways being reduced, as every
body likes a tax reduction.
But if the President asked for
a change in the basic rate,
what about the clamor Of the
p,ople in the other tax brack-
cts for additional reductions?
And what would happen if a
President asked for a rise in
taxes, especially in an elec-
ton year? The experts might
argue that theoretically all
this would improve economic
conditions, but the average
voter would certainly take it
out on his Congressman if it
turned out that the recess
sion was actually deepened.
A quick tax cut could re-
suit in a bigger deficit than
expected. Also, there are
some paradoxes to complicate
the whole problem. Today,
for example, the country is
supposed to be in the midst
of a business boom, but the
budget Is unbalanced and un-
employment is 6.1 per cent Of
the labor force. Should taxes
be cut, raised, or left un-
changed?
1t certainly is strange that
the President should have
fallen for this weird gimmick
Of the theorists without tell
ing the American people at
least the exact circumstances
under which he would use
the power to reduce or raise
taxes If such authority were
given him. That's why half
baked proposals and recon-
mendations that are not
thought through can hardly
be considered to be charac-
teristic of a sound admins
tration charged with the task
of coping with the challenge
Of economic changes which
constantly face the world to-.
day.
(copyright, 1892
Evening star., 1962-01-16
Some Strange Consequences Visioned
II President Gets Such Authority

With all the advisers, ex-
perts, economists and poll
ticians. as we'll as veteran
officials supposed to be
familiar with tax problems
available around the White
House, it is surprising to find
President Kennedy quite cas-
ually, recommending that
Congress give up its constitu-
tional power to fix tax rates
and let the Chief Executive
do 1t.
Before any proposal as far
reaching as this could find its
way into the state e-of-the-
Union message of the Presi-
dent, 1t would seem that
such a drastic change in tax
policies and procedures would
be thought through and given
to the public only after a most
thorough study Of all it's
ramifications.
But the idea here seems to
be to toss into the hopper as
many ideas as possible to
give the impression that the
administration isn't standing
still. The comment heard
from administration circles
is: "At least, we're moving"
But nobody, unfortunately,
can foretell in what direction
the movement is headed.
To permit a President over
night to reduce or raise taxes
would be something of an
innovation to Americans,
though the idea of a flexible
tax was proposed long ago by
Lord Keynes, the British eco
nomist whose theories since
have been severely criticized.
In Britain sudden tax changes
can be made by the govern
ment in power, but this is
because they have the par
liamentary system. The peo-
pie. however. can Immediately
throw out the cabinet minis
try that taxed them unwise-
ly. No such remedy is today
available to the American
people.
Apart from the wisdom or
unwisdom Of sudden tax
changes from a political
viewpoint - for certainly
there would be little protest
when taxes went down and