davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1962-12-24
Who Should Guide Military Operations
Such as Bay of Pigs, Once Underway?

people, who were disturbed
by the crude piece Of at
tempted ame-shifting in
administration circles when
it was first sought to make
the United States Joint Chiefs
of Staff the scapegoats.
An authoritative account of
the Cuban fiasco was pub
lished in the September IT,
1862, issue of ~. S. News
& World Report. 1t shows
how the Cuban patriots who
tried to liberate their coun-
trymen were let down by the
on-again- -off-again process
of policy making at the White
House. This vacillation seems
to have persisted even in the
recent prelude to the quar-
antine" of Mr.. Castro. The
Soviets we're allowed two
months, beginning last Aug
uSt, to plant missiles in Cuba
that could have wiped out a
large part of the United
States. This last adventure
turned out all right for the
President, but in the inva-
sion of the Bay of Pigs, Mr..
Kennedy said his advisers
were wrong, though he him
self took full responsibility.
Here is an excerpt from the
magazine story which has
never been denied by any Of
ficial source since it ap-
peared:
ION Sunday evening, April
16, 1861, an armed force of
Cuban refugees, trained by
the United States, was at sea,
sailing secretly to invade
Fidel Castro's Cuba. The
American President, a few
hours earlier, had given final
approval to that invasion.
Only the day before, on April
Is, a surprise attack by B-26
bombing planes belonging to
the invaders had knocked
out all but seven planes Of
CaStro's tiny air force.
"a second air strike was
scheduled for Monday morn
ing, April IT. 1t was to CO.
incide with the landing of
the invaders. 1t was supposed
to finish the job of wiping
out Castro's planes and to
provide air support for the
invasion.
Secure in this assurance
Evening star., 1962-12-24
Cuban Affair Raises Question

Of air support, the invaders
went ashore in the early
morning darkness on Mon
day, April II. Their landing
was successful: l,400 armed
men reached the beaches of
a place called the Bay Of
Pigs.
I'm the battle that fol-
lowed, Castro's troops suf-
fered heavy casualties. Cas-
tro's tanks, coming up to the
battle, we're sitting ducks for
an attack by air. Confidently,
the little invading force
waited for its air support to
arrive. It's leaders had aSsur-
ance of that support. 1t was
provided in the pre-invasion
planning"
1t should be noted here
that the United States Joint
Chiefs of Staff specifically
recommended air cover and
never withdrew their recon-
mendation. But the military
didn't run the operation
civilians in Washington did.
The invaders in Cuba didn't
know the promise of air cover
had been withdrawn. Mr..
Castro's remaining planes
then took over. The invaders
heroically held out-waiting
for air cover.
On Tuesday night an ap-
peal reached the President as
he was playing host at a
White House reception. He
left the party to confer with
his advisers - civilian and
military. The latter renewed
their plea for air cover. This
time Mr.. Kennedy relented
slightly and consented to the
use of one carriers planes for
one hour on Wednesday
morning. A communication
mixup developed and United
States planes never got into
action. 1t was too late. BY
April 10 the invasion was a
failure.
Mr.. Castro promptly i'm
prisoned the 1,1O0 patriots
and threatened to shoot
them, whereupon the ran
som idea emerged. Today,
the Communist stooge in
sailing secretly to invade
million in goods in compen-
sation for the priSoners-an
exchange dictated by hu-
manitarianism in Washing
ton and a policy Of expedi-
ency in Havana.
(copyright. 1963
Evening star., 1962-12-24
u. S. May Abandon Efforts
For Steri|ized Moon Probe

be developed, as in the case of
tranSistors made of silicon in
stead of germanium.
Dropping the germ-free
moon concept will not do away
with the problem Of how to
build uncontaminated gadgets,
Mr.. Cortright emphasized.
Thorough sterilization will
certainly have to be carried out
for Mars landings" he said.
A Spacecraft containing a
package designed to survive a
landing on Mars is tentatively
scheduled for flight in 1867.
BY this time new techniques
for sterile construction may be
perfected, Mr.. Cortright indi-
Gated.
Interest in an unsullied Mars
is even greater than in a moon
uncontaminated by earthly
germs. Mars is generally be-
lieved to support life of some
kind, and scientists wish to
keep terrestrial and martian
life forms separate until the
latter are studied.
Evening star., 1962-12-24
Newspaper Strike
Enters 18th Duy

NEW YORK, Dec. "a CAP.-
This city Of avid newspaper
readers appeared headed today
for the longest newspaper
blackout in its history. This is
the seventeenth day of the
strike.
The longest newspaper black
out on record occurred at this
time of year m 1858, when a
S trike of newspaper mailers
kept the nine major dailies off
the stands for 19 days, result
ing in an estimated total of
$50 million lost in advertising,
circulation revenue and en-
ployeS' wages.
International Typographical
Union Local 6 struck four of
the papers December 8 in a
contract dispute, whereupon
the other five voluntarily sus-
pended publication.
Evening star., 1962-12-24

Near the Oracle of Tropho-
MUS, according to the Greek
myth-makers. there gurgled
out Of the ground amid ferns
and flowers the Fountain Of
Lethe. There weary and
frightened shades of the
dead, on their way to the
Neither Regions, would pause
and drink. And suddenly all
memory Of the Earth would
leave them.
The Greeks thought this
was a good idea for it was
hard to carry a feud, a hatred
or q hurt into Pluto's eternal
realm. This isn't such a bad
idea for the living either.
What a large part Of the
world needs today is a good
Swig from the fountain Of
Lethe.
The world is lacerated with
hoary and inherited squab-
bles. Mankind keeps doing
stupid things, contrary to his
own self-interest, because he
rends his garments at ancient
wailing walls and weeps at
graves long fallen in.
In the hour of India's peril
at the hands of the Red Chi
nese, the Pakistanis threat
ened to pull out Of the South
east Asia Treaty Organiza-
ton because the United
States and Britain rushed
arms to India. Here, in the
face Of an obvious common
threat, at a moment when
unity Of purpose against the
attacking Chinese Commu-
nists was vital to both India
and Pakistan, the old feud
blazed up again. The Red
Chinese, of course, were de-
lighted and rushed a delega-
tion to Karachi to discuss a
non-aggresSion pact.
Nigeria is now independent
and this, the most populos
of all black African states, is
trying to set up a workable
government. But the presi-
dent of the Parliament was
recently almost Drained by
his own mace during a free
for all in the chamber, and
high government officials are
now on trial for treason.
The trouble? A feud be-
tween the proud Hausas of
Evening star., 1962-12-24
DAVID LAWRENCE

Eleven hundred Cubans
have been saved from execu-
ton. And $50 million warth
OF goods to ransom them is
perhaps a cheap price to pay
for the blunder by the United
States Governme t that
caused those same Cubans to
be captured and imprisoned.
This tragic notation now
can be made on the pages of
history, but the important
question yet to be answered
is whether a lesson has been
learned. The crucial point is
who shall influence decisions
of the President or even
make them when military OPP
erationS are already under
way. Shall 1t be the Joint
Chiefs of Staff or a group of
civilian advisers in the Gov
ernment?
The Bay of Pigs invasion
by Cuban exiles, encouraged
and supported by the United
States Government, recalls a
story of indeciSion, a reversal
of the recommendations Of
the Joint Chiefs of Staff and
finally a debacle from which
this country is only now ex-
Treating itself - If, indeed,
the propagandists for Mr..
Castro and Mr.. Khrushchev
will not capitalize on it ef-
fectively in Latin America
for long time to come. For,
if the invasion had been
allowed to succeed, Castro
would have been out of
power, the Communists would
never have had any missile
bases in Cuba, and the Amer
ican people would have been
spared the anguish Of a
nuclear scare.
What happened on that
fateful night of April 16,
1861, has never been off,
cially revealed. The public
has not been given all the
facts. A submissive Congress
has refused to investigate and
bring out the whole story.
The reason, of course, is that
the Democrats control Con-
gress and naturally try to
cover up the mistakes Of a
President of their own party.
The press, however, has
been able to piece the story
together from informed
sources particularly from
close friends of the military
Evening star., 1962-12-24
POTOMAC FEVER
By FLETCHER KNEBEL

Tokyo chokes for a week Japan they call the
stuff Los Angeles incense.
The Skybolt missile fired successfully day after the
United States and Britain to junk it. The English have
another name for t-Macmlan's Sky Booboo.
Defense boss Mcnamara sends military inspectors to the
Congo Oh we'll they gotta go somewhere-and he couldn't
get them into Cuba.
Medical kids refuse to talk to Santa Claus
in department stores Claustrophoba.
Real reason next years Federal budget will jump several
billions F. K figures that when direct phone line the
Kremlin is installed oil buddy KhruShchev will start
versing the charges.
Evening star., 1962-12-24

On of the High Hoyday of the faith of Israel faithful Chris
tans rendered profound expression of their spiritual
radhp spirit extend the devout Christians
city these prayefu greetings.
Evening star., 1962-12-24
Drink Thot Brought ForgetfuIness
To the Dead Could Serve the Lvinq

the north and the Ibos and
Yorubas who inhabit the
coastal rain forest. These
tribal grudges once caused
Nigerians to sell one another
to the slave traders, and even
now they seem unable to
forget them.
Any nation old in history
can find plenty Of hate ma
terial. Therell be no Short
age of atrocities If you look
back far enough. And re-
venge is a popular human
sport.
The word vendetta" comes
from Corsica. Corsican A
gets drunk and knifes Corsi-
can B. BIS brother has no
standing in the village until
he kills A. AS brother hunts
for BIS brother who, pru-
IDENTIFY. has taken a ship for
France. So BIS uncle rides
his donkey into an ambush.
That brings in the cousins.
Then the cousins friends.
Pretty soon the village is
spending its days at funerals
and its nights behind barred
shutters. Eventually, 1t al
ways becomes necessary to
call in the "parolanti," or
mediators, to get everyone to
agree that honor is satisfied.
It's time that honor was
considered satisfied in a lot
of places. And there are
signs that some people are
beginning to pay some atten-
ton to reality, even if it
means that they must stop
weeping over old wounds.
The European Com mon
Market is the most hopeful
example of all. The Germans
still remember Napoleon and
the French have even fresher
and more bitter memories Of
Bismarck, Kaiser Bill and
Adolf Hitler. Italy has fought
both countries. But under the
threat from the East they
and the little Benelux coun-
tries have thrown in together.
Their kids, happy on their
bicycles and scooters, are
touring from the North Sea
to Sicily and beginning to
think of themselves as Eu-
ropeans.
The greatest asset the
Evening star., 1962-12-24
ADVERTISEMENT
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What time is IT,,
Fighi noW7

II you can't look at your watch
and be sure let US look at
your watch and give IL the re-
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adjust. repair and you1l get a
full years unconditional guaran-
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you know what time IL is d.
time to have your watch fixed.
Estimate free while you wait.
Ernest Burk, Inc. GA 18th ST.
NV, between r and q sts.
Next to First Federal. Our only
store. Cl96l
Evening star., 1962-12-24
BY WILLIAM HINES
Star Science Writer

The space agency may drop
its "germ-free moon" concept
in an effort to get its troubled
Ranger program back on
schedule.
This possibility has been ad-
vanced by Edgar M. Cort-
right, deputy director Of space
sciences for the National Aero
nauticS and Space Administra-
ton.
In an interview on the status
of NASA's unnamed lunar
programs, Mr.. Cortright said
stringent rules on sterilization
of spacecraft aimed at the
moon have constituted one OF
the big hurdles for the Ranger
program.
1--WE can't say Of any par
ticular component that it's
a poor one and that it's poor
because it's been sterilized,"
Mr.. Cortright said. But GER
tainly we've experienced high
er rejection rates with compo-
nents that have been sterilized
than with those that have not"
Changes Under Study
Relaxation of the germ-free
rule is one Of a number OF
changes being studied in re
orientation" of the Ranger
project, Mr.. Cortright said.
Ranger was the subject Of a
secret report to the NASA space
sciences office by a panel head
ed by Navy Comdr. Albert j.
Kelley.
While refusing to relax the
secrecy rule on specifics OF the
Kelley report, Mr.. Cortright
discussed its recommendations
in general terms and told OF
the problems in such complex
missions as going to the moon.
A principal recommendation
of the Kelley board, Mr.. Cort-
right said, was to end further
Ranger flights until engineer
ing designs of the whole space
craft can be reviewed. He said
he hoped this could be COM
pleted in time to get the next
Ranger designated No. y In
space this summer and have
the program back on its orig
inal schedule by the time Ran
ger-9 flies.
Ranger-9, the last OF the
original group Of moon-televis-
ing spacecraft. is slated for
launching from Cape Canav-
eral, Fla. in the fall OF 1868.
according TO the latest issue OF
NAsA's official Pocket Statis-
tics" data book.
Ranger-6, until last week
scheduled for launching in
February, probably will be torn
apart in connection with re-
evaluation OF the Ranger sys-
tenn, Mr.. cortright indicated.
Delay In Procurement
The findings of this engi-
neering re-study are expected
10 bring about considerable
changes In a second group OF
five Rangers. Nos. 10 through
Ia, which were authorized last
october. The procurement OF
Rangers 1914 will be held up
until the study is completed.
Their design will be re-engi-
neered as necessary TO incorpo-
rate improvements.
Mr.. Cortright acknowledged
that the Kelley report had
urged a shakeup In procedures
for the control OF reliability
and quality at the Jet Propul-
sion Laboratory in Pasadena,
Calf. which runs the Ranger
program for NASA. He said
these changes are now being
made.
The board did not make any
specific personnel recommended
TONS" Mr.. Cortright empha-
Evening star., 1962-12-24
BY the Associated Press

Enlargement of the House
Rules Committee two years ago
was limited to the 87th Con-
gress at the direction of Speak
er Sam Rayburn.
This decision by the late
Texan presumably was taken
in an effort to help win ap-
proval of the move to increase
the vital committees member
ship from IL to with the
aim Of making 1t easier to get
administration bills to the
floor.
Had Mr.. Rayburn not taken
this step and the enlargement
had been approved on a per-
manent basis, there would have
been no cause for the pending
fight to increase again the
membership which automatic
ally reverts to IL with the
opening of the 88th Congress
next month.
Mr.. Rayburn fought hard for
the increase but won 1t only
by a 2l7-to-2l2 vote, so 1t can
not be said with certainty that
the enlargement would have
carried at all If 1t had not been
on q temporary basis.
DisclOses Situation
This ironic aspect OF the sit
uation was disclosed yesterday
by Representative Smith, DEM
ocrat OF Virginia, and his ac-
count was verified by the Of
flee Of the House parliament
tartan. Mr.. Smith is the con-
servative chairman Of the pow
erful committee. which largely
determines what bills reach the
House floor. He opposed the
1860 enlargement and is fight
ing 1t again this time.
Appearing on a taped tele-
vision interview to be telecast
later, Mr.. Smith said that to
bring the matter before the
House in 1860 he prepared a
resolution providing for the en-
largement but not mentioning
Evening star., 1962-12-24
Linton RuIes-UnitS Size
Laid to Sam Royburn

limiting it to the s7th Con-
greSS.
Mr.. Smith said he showed
his resolution to the parlia-
mentarian, who gave him a
substitute approved a by Mr..
Rayburn. The substitute made
the enlargement only tempo
rary, and 1t was the one ap-
proved.
Mr.. Smith said he disagrees
with President Kennedy's claim
that the administrations legis-
lative program would be "emas-
culated" If the committee is not
enlarged again.
II can see no chance that
his program will be emasculat-
ed" he said.
Cites By-PaSsing Rule
"A majority can rule any
time it wants to rule" he add
ed. explaining that House rules
permit bypassing Of the Rules
Committee.
Any time a majority -2l8-
of the members sign a dis
charge petition, Mr.. Smith
pointed out, legislation affected
by the petition can be brought
to a vote. While he conceded
such procedure is difficult. he
claimed 1t is difficult only "if
the members don't want It,"
Mr.. Smith acknowledged that
the Rules Committee has In
the past held up legislation, but
claimed I'VE block legislation
sometimes simply because the
House doesn't want It,"
He said he did not know
which side would win in the
fight next month but reiterated
his belief that the issue is not
negotiable"
Evening star., 1962-12-24

sized. Two Ranger project Of
ficials at Pasadena were re-
assigned to new jobs within "a
hours after the reports ex-
istence was publicly revealed
last Tuesday.
The NASA official refused to
comment on the Kelley boards
recommendations on industrial
suppliers for Rangers. It has
been reported that the board
had some sharp things to say
on the quality of some items
being delivered for the Ranger
program.
1.-The report made some OBJ
Servations on how to get better
hardware from vendors. These
were very constructive" was all
Mr.. Cortright would say.
The recommendations Of the
Kelley study may or may not
cost more money than has been
planned to date, Mr.. Cortright
said. The study was ordered
Immediately after the failure
of Rangers in November.
Total Ranger Bill
The total bill for Ranger
stands at $172.6 million. in
cluding money earmarked
through the fiscal year ending
next June 80. Additional funds
will be asked in the fiscal 1864
budget, probably raising Rang
er's total cost above 5000 mil
lion.
NASA is studying "less flex-
ible but simple" systems for in
flight control Of moon probes
than are in the present Rang
ers. Mr.. Cortright said. He con-
ceded that some Of the working
parts of the existing spacecraft
are a little more Sophisticated"
or elaborate than they need to
be.
Mr.. Cortright emphasized the
extreme complexity Of the job
of designing and building lunar
landing spacecraft. He said the
Ranger program should be
viewed against a background of
other missile and space efforts
and the troubles they had.
Probably the biggest head
ache encountered in Ranger to
date has been connected with
the sterilization Of all compo-
nents, Mr.. Cortright indicated.
Many scientists have urged that
the moon be kept uncontami-
mated until men get there. so
that valid scientific investiga-
tions OF a truly virgin" world
can be carried out.
Russian Concept
Russia repeatedly accepted
this concept and sterilized its
Lunik-2 probe which crashed
on the moon in 1859. NASAI
adopted the germ-free moon
policy as part OF the ground
rules for Ranger.
Mr.. Cortright said the ground
rule on cleanliness never re-
quired sterilization ito the point
OF jeopardizing reliability" but
he added that the rejection rate
on many components became
much higher as a result OF these
rules.
Ordinary cleanliness has not
been enough where Ranger
component manufacture was
concerned. In addition to nor
NAL clean room" procedures
standard In precision manufac-
turing industries. Ranger parts
were subjected TO sterilization
with alcohol, ethylene oxide,
ultraviolet rays, and heat.
Heat has been the worst
bugaboo, Mr.. Cortright said.
Some electronic components
which did not melt in the high
temperatures involved failed to
snap back TO normal operation
at ordinary temperatures after
the heat treatment. In some
cases, new electronics had to
Evening star., 1962-12-24

On the the High HOday of the faith of Israel faithful Chris
rendered profound of their spiritual
radehp extend to the devou Christians
city these prayerful greetings
Israel celebrate Hanuah the
va of light the herom of the Macabee who
thousand years fought for religious liberty Heent
tyranny their struggle against the forces of cruel darkness that
possible burning the flame ancient
torch raised high by these swart
Maccabe past that azed the trail of light of the coming of
Christianity their spiritual strength and sacrca struggle and
redecan they faced the forces religious decadence within and
without the democratic of free would
have been born.
you gather Day your souls prayer before the
altar Almighty God hearts joined with the quest for
peace will lives reconsecraed with
the fellow citizens of this blessed land the will for the good that makes
possible will Gods blessing the Christian
community of the Christian faith everywhere;
the oppressor without who have bded
manknds maevoence who have truly shared the
worlds and who have been the living witness of faith
ITO do JUSTLY mercy and to walk humby with thy Cod
May prayers Jew this festival light
that will together citizens of this land the
of the world high sacred torch dpe the darkness Now that
God His wisdom mankind into the orbit of tiny
that blind the the earth
neghbo pray that He shall give the strength great
righteousness the individual everywhere shall have his
dvney endowed anab rights guarded by nghbors who will live
brothers.
RABBI NORMAN GERSTENFELD
M;p;ea rofT
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1962-08-16

Pentecostal Holiness Church,
Corinth, Rev Franklin Bishop, pas
tor Sunday School, 10 a. M: morn
ing worship, II a. M; evening serv-
ice, 7:30 p. m. Prayer service, Wed,
7:30 p. m.
KitzmilIer Methodist Circuit, The
Rev. Clifford Schell, pastor. Short
Run: Worship, 10:15 a. M; Sunday
School, II a. m. West Vindex: Sun
day School, 1880 a. M; Worship,
11:30 a. m. KitzmlIer: Sunday
School, 10 a. M; Worship, 7:30 p. m.
Walnut Bottom Assembly of God,
Route l, Swanton, Rev. Bruce E.
Bosley, pastor Sunday School, 10
a. M; Morning Worship, II a. M;
Evening Evangelistic Service, Z p.
M; Friday, c. A. Service, Z p. m.
Maple Grove Assembly of God,
Rev. E. w. Blizzard, pastor. Acct
dent, w. Va. Horse Shoe Rum g,
Sunday School, 10 a. m; Worship,
IL a. M; Youth Meeting, 6:15 p. m.
Evangelistic Service, Z p. M; Bible
Study, Tuesday, 7:45 p. m.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1962-08-16

Sand Flat Assembly of God, Rev.
Hartley L. Wigfield, Jr., pastor.
Sunday School, 10 a. M; Worship,
IL a. M; Evangelistic Service, Sun
days, 7:45 p. m. Bible Study every
Tuesday, 7:45 p. m.
Rockydrean Assembly of God,
j. c. Skipper, pastor. Sunday
School, 10 a. M: Worship, 7:30 p.
m. Glendale: Sunday School, 7:30
p. M; Worship, 2:30 p. m. Worship,
Thursday, 7:30 p. m.
Haven of Rest Evangelstic Tenn
pile, Pleasant Valley Grange. Rev.
VIM. Denny, Jr., pastor. Faith and
Miracle service, Sat, p. m; Sun
day School, 10 a. m; Worship, IL
a. M; Evangelistic service, 3 p. m.
ST. Johns Chapel tEpiscopaD i,
Deer Park, the Rev. FIR. Thomas P.
Staup, vicar. The Holy Eucharist,
a. M; Family Worship, 10 a. m.
CreIIin Assembly of God, John
Hamerchek, Jr., pastor. sunday
School, 1890 a. M. Young Peoples
Service, $50 p. M; Evangelistic
Service, 7:30 p. M; Prayer service,
Friday, 1880 p. m.
Cherry Grove Church of the
Brethren, Route 40 and Avilton-
New Germany road, Rev. Earl
Harper, pastor Sunday School, 10
a. M; Worship Service, IL a. m.