davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Navajo times. [volume] (Window Rock, Ariz.) 1960-1984, 1962-06-27

Most Indian household utensils
also came from the buffalo. The
Indians fashioned spoons and cups
from buffalo horn, hide scraps,
and crude hoes from buffalo bones.
Many an Indian maiden made
comb for her hair by simply
scorching the tough skin of
buffalo tongue.
The pride of every Indian lodge
was the warriors shield, BEAU
tifully decorated protector made of
thick layers of green hide from a
buffalo bull, and heated over fire
until it became almost as hard as
iron.
Some tribes even made bows
from buffalo rib bones fastened
together with glue obtained by
boiling scraps of rawhide from the
neck of buffalo bull. Arrows used
with these bows we're sometimes
tipped with flint-hard pieces of
buffalo hoof.
Finally, when the Indian brave
had made his last hunt on earth, a
buffalo robe became his shroud.
So important was the buffalo to
the Indian way of life that it is
easy to understand why the red men
spoke of the great beasts as "our
brother, the buffalo,.
In the legends of most plains
tribes, the first buffaloes came out
of great hole in the ground many
moons ago, and we're hunted by
tribal ancestors. We may doubt the
validity of the Acknowledgements
part of the legend. but modern
science has confirmed the fact that
more than 10000 years ago pre-
historic Folsom man hunted now
extinct, and even larger, type of
bison on the North American plains.
One thing is certain: The Amer
lean buffalo was a hardy breed.
With no diseases to decimate the
herds and no major carnivorc
except wolf packs able to prey
upon them to any degree, the shaggy
amin ais multiplied prodigiously
through the centuries. Some ex-
perts have estimated that at the
time Columbus opened the route
TO the New World there were some
70 to 100 million buffaloes roaming
this continent. They ranged from
the Florida peninsula to the Rocky
Mountains, and from Mexico and
California up into Canada.
When Coronado led Spanish
exploration expedition into the
plains country in 1541. he was
astonished to see colossal herds of
black "Indian cattle" in what is
now New Mexico, Texas, and
Navajo times. [volume] (Window Rock, Ariz.) 1960-1984, 1962-06-27
Monarch Of the Old West

Editors Note: This special
feature is reprinted from the April,
1862 edition of the Humble Way",
with the very kind permission of
the Humble Oil 6 Refining Com
pany, who publishes the magazine
quarterly
White VOLTS two wives chat
tered happily as they skinned out
the fat buffalo COW. There would
be feasting in the Cheyenne lodges
tonight, with choice ribs and saddle
cuts sizzling over the blue flames
of the buffalo chip fires.
1t had been highly successful
hunt. Approaching the herd from
downwind, White Wolf and his COM
panions had driven the buffaloes
in a circle, then riding alongside
they had killed many fat COWS with
arrows from their powerful bows.
To the Cheyennes and other
tribes of plains Indians that roamed
the vast American wilderness for
centuries before the white m n
crowded them out, the buffalo was
more than food--he was way of
life. Standing over six feet tall at
the hump, and sometimes weighing
more than a ton, the great shaggy
beast was walking supply store
for practic ally everything the In
dams needed for existence.
When the tribes larder ran low,
braves killed a few buffaloes and
everyone Toasted on the meat. For
variety. they enjoyed smoked
tongues, bone morrow, and deli
cacies such as buffalo ivers, which
they ate raw with perhaps drop
of gall for seasoning. Surplus meat
was not allowed to spoil; squaws
dried it in strips and converted it
into pemmiCan, nutritious and
concentrated food that would keep
almost indefinitely.
To the Indian, the buffalo hide
was almos as valuable as his meat.
IL PROVIDED shelter, clothing, ana
many other necessities. A half
dozen hides, stretched together
with sinews, made strong and
durable tepee covering. Properly
cured, and with the hair removed,
buffalo hides could be converted by
shllful squaws into clothing, moe
casins, saddles, brides, ropes,
pouches, and countless other useful
things. Hides with the hair left on
made warm sleeping robes and
winter clothing.
When the time came for the
tribe to move camp. buffalo hide
stretched across two poles dragged
behind horse became a travois,
a vehicle for transporting small
children and household goods.
Navajo times. [volume] (Window Rock, Ariz.) 1960-1984, 1962-06-27

as tney needed TOR food, clothing,
and shelter. Eventually, however,
some Indians learned to waste
natures bounty. killing buffaloes
merely for the hides, which they
could swap to the white traders
for knives. matches, kettles, trade
guns. and watered down whiskey.
AS tales of the incredible buff
falo herd spread around the world,
hunters from near and far began
to swarm into the western plains
to hunt the shaggy beasts from
horseback. Among them were many
wealthy Europeans, including some
members of royalty. One of these
royal visitors was Grand Duke
Alexis, of Russia, whose scout for
the hunting expedition was the
colorful William F. Cody, better
known as Buffalo Bill" a sobri-
quet he earned hunting buffalo to
feed railroad construction crews.
In 1869, popular dime novel
list, Ned Buntine, seized upon
Buffalo Bill as a central character
for q series Of lurid novels about
buffalo hunting. These windy tales
helped fire the nations rank and
file citizens with a burning desire
to see the West and kill a buffalo.
Three new railroads pushing
westward into the heart of the
buffalo country, helped thousands
OF people crafty that desire.
No one knows why, but buffalos
had penchant for crossing the
tracks ahead of a moving train. If
the train got there first, the baffled
beasts would try to outrun it, DASH
ing wildly alongside the railroad,
cars for miles. But if the buffalo
herd was eros sing the tracks when
the train arrived, there was nothing
the crew could do but wait for. the
animals to pass. Some trains we're
held up for hours while immense
herds of buffaloes blocked the
tracks. Many traveller shot his
first buffalo from herd eros sing
the tracks in front of his train.
In the final analysis, it was not
the hunting for sport that spelled
the buffalo's doom, nor was it the
need for his meat. Tragically. it
was the buffalo's hide that proved
his undoing. The great animals
death warrant was signed, in 1870,
when a process was developed for
making serWceable leather out of
buffalo hides.
The following year, when word
got around that dried hides had
brought as much as So. SO at tan
neries, a small army of umem-
ployed railroad workers and
former soldiers debouched upon
the Kansas plains and began
slaughtering buffaloes by the
thousands. They took only the hides.
Nature had not equipped the
buffalo to withstand the kind of
predators that now plagued him.
Less wary than most game ami
mails. he had poor eyesight and de-
pended principally on his sense of
smell to warn him of danger. These
limitations made him an easy tar
get for the hide hunters.
An experienced buffalo hunter.
working on foot and using heavy
so caliber Sharps rifle could klla
tough old bull at distance of 600
yards. Hundreds of hunters soon
took to the plains and the buffalO'S
days we're numbered.
Col. Richard |. Dodge, COM
mandant of Fort Dodge in Kansas,
estimated that during the period
1874 more than 43 million
buffaloes we're killed for their hides
along the Arkansas River.
AS the herds in Kansas thinned
Evening star., 1962-01-21

and he is repeatedly seriously con-
sidering, under heavy party pres
sure, to run for the governorship
of Michigan as Republican.
Mr.. Nixon has, for months,
been touting Mr.. Romney as a
possible G. o. P. star of the first
magnitude. Former President
Eisenhower lately has been telling
friends that he, too, is impressed
very favorably by the motor ty-
coon.
Last week, Republican National
Chairman William Miller made it
even more definite that ike Likes
Romney." He told reporters that
Mr.. Eisenhower told him that Mr..
Romney would make an "attrac-
tive candidate" for the Republi-
can Party in the 1864 presiden-
tial race.
Should Mr.. Romney run for
Governor of Michigan and win,
he would almost assuredly be
rocketed from his present dark
horse" role into a serious chal-
lenger for the post of G. o. P.
standard bearer in 1864, along
with Gov. Nelson A. Rockefeller
OF New York and Senator Barry
Goldwater of Arizona.
Evening star., 1962-01-21
Deficit Possible

Actually, Mr.. Kennedy made it
clear in his message to Congress
that he realizes that if the econ
nomic recovery exceeds expecta-
tions, the surplus will be greater
and if it falls below, we will wind
up with another deficit.
The President could, of course,
have figured on a larger surplus
by deferring certain domestic ex-
penditures he added to replace
such vanishing items as tempo
rary unemployment payments and
the $500 million cutback in the
farm program.
On the other hand, by going
ahead with, instead of deferring,
many desirable new projects and
activities" a deficit could have
been assured.
The slim surplus, however, was
purposely planned as "the best
national policy, considering all of
our needs and objectiveS".
Another deficit would weaken
confidence in the dollar and prob
ably hurt our balance pay
mentS situation. It also would not
be good domestic politics. While
welfare programs are popular, the
virtues of thrift and financial re-
Sponsibility still count for some
thing here.
Evening star., 1962-01-21
MedicuI::
Private Aid

The Blue Shield and the
A. M. A. announced on Wednes-
day a NatiOn-w wide insurance
plan for medicaI-surgical care
to persons over IS.
Whether it is on the battle
field, the gridiron or on the floors
of the House and Senate, it is
widely agreed that the best defense
is good offense.
One of President Kennedy's
highest priority legislative items
for the second half of the 87th
Congress, Just getting underway,
is medical care for the aged to
be financed under the Social Sc
curity System. The plan is highly
controversial and it's approval by
Congress is uncertain,
Evening star., 1962-01-21
THE FOREIGN SCENE
A Surge for Unity
Best News for West

The Common Market coun-
tries agreed last week on a
general agricultural policy that
paves the way toward eventual
free trade in Western Europe.
The United States and Great
Britain told the Soviet Union
that the Geneva nuclear test
ban talks were leading nowhere.
They suggested that they be
included within the framework
of the forthcoming disarma-
ment talks.
President Kennedy's first year
in office has been marked by a
series of crises in foreign affairs.
Pessimists have found the seeds
of war in the streets of Berlin,
the jungles of South Wet Nam
and the villages of the Congo
anywhere the interests of East
or West have been threatened.
Like his predecessors, Mr.. Ken
nedy has responded with GOODNESS
and moderation. He calls our
times "the twilight years" when
there is neither war nor peace.
He expects East and West to be
at odds for years to come over
Berlin, Wet Nam and the rest.
What bothers him. however, is
that there has been no progress
in resolving these differences. To
him, the chief Illustration has been
the inability to agree on a nuclear
test ban treaty.
The other crises are perhaps un-
avoidable, Mr.. Kennedy believes,
but a test ban treaty seems to
him in the mutual interests of
both parties.
Evening star., 1962-01-21
Easier Victory

Mr.. Nixon still has opposition
in the primary, but it now ap-
pears clear that he will not have
to fire his big guns to win. He
can husband his energy and save
his political bombs" for the main
event against Gov. Brown, whose
candidacy for reelection is ex-
pected to be announced shortly.
Thus, the prospects are for a
rather strong Republican ticket
of Mr.. Nixon, Mayor George
Christopher of San Francisco (for
Lieutenant Governor) and Sena-
tor Thomas Kuchel (for re-elec-
tion) in the general election.
The Nixon Christopher-K -Kuchel
ticket would appeal to moderates,
perhaps of both parties. But Mr..
Nixon, particularly, must have the
enthusiastic backing of all shades
of Republicans, including the
rather influential right-wing
group, if he is to win. The Knight
withdrawal removes one obstacle
to his continuation as a national
political figure, but there are
others still in his path.
Meanwhile, the name of George
Romney. the highly successful
president of the American Motors
Corporation, has been flashing
across the political screen. His
attitude toward labor has made
him friends in the big unions
Evening star., 1962-01-21
On Recovery

But the President also feels that
expenditures of lesser amounts in
fiscal 1868. or increased taxes,
might slow the momentum of the
recovery from the 1960-61 reces-
sion.
Here is the way he put his
rationale in the message to Con-
greSs:
"The prospects are favorable
for further rises in the coming
year in private expenditures, both
consumption and investment. To
plan a deficit under such circum-
stances would increase the risk
of inflationary pressures, damag-
ing alike to our domestic
economy and to our international
balance of payments.
"On the other hand, we are
still far short of full capacity
use of plant and manpower. To
plan a larger surplus would risk
choking off economic recovery, and
contributing to a premature down.
turn"
Republicans and Southern Dem
ocrats-and thus one could not
say that the reaction to the Ken
nedy budget was along strict party
ines-emphasized the various as
sumptions the President made in
order to arrive at his estimated
$1O.9 billion increase in revenues
over 1862,
Evening star., 1962-01-21
Disappointment

Mr.. Kennedy told his press con-
ference Monday that the inability
to agree on a nuclear test ban
was his greatest disappointment of
1861.
Such an agreement, he said,
might have been a very i'm
portant step in easing the tension
and preventing a proliferation of
the weapons, and also in making
it more possible for us to progress
on disarmament and some of the
other matters that divide u.s."
There are some people who see
no grounds for any optimism,
but Mr.. Kennedy is clearly not
one Of those. Despite this failure
and all the other crises, Mr.. Ken
nedy noted at the press confer
ence that there were several re-
-Tarding developments during 1861.
Relations with Latin America
had improved. he said, and he felt
the neutral nations were showing
unexpected determination to re-
main free.
But the most heartening thing
to Mr.. Kennedy was the greater
surge for unity" among the West
ern nations.
Evening star., 1962-01-21
Britoin's Role

The Markets increasing pros
perity finally led Britain last year
to seek membership in the group,
thus ending her traditional peace
time isolation from the continent.
The United Statesmen desiring
union with the Market-has taken
a different course. President
Kennedy has asked authority for
wholesale United States tariff
cutting in return for similar cuts
by the Market.
Last week, the United States
and the Market reached limited
agreement on mutual 20 per
cent cut of some industrial goods
the maximum allowed under
present United States law. Mr..
Kennedy wants additional au-
thority to cut as much as 80 per
cent on some goods, and so per
cent on others.
More significant than the tar
if agreement, however, was the
ability of the Market members
to agree on an agricultural pol
icy last week.
The Six had been negotiating
in Brussels for several weeks to
resolve their disagreements.
These arose mainly because the
German farmers, protected by
high tariffs, were accustomed to
higher prices than the French
and Dutch farmers, not so we'll
protected.
BY agreeing, the members now
can move into the second stage"
of the timetable that will lead
ultimately to a free trade area
by 1869.
The agreement, however, poses
problems for the United States,
since it means that Europe can
be expected to expand its agri-
cultural production, and will not
import as much as it now does
from the United States.
The outlook for the Market is
excellent. With Britain and other
countries almost certain to join,
Western Europe seems on the road
to becoming the worlds strongest
economic unit. If the United
States can combine its forces with
those of Europe, the potentials
for Western growth are limitless.
Evening star., 1962-01-21
NucIeur

All the doubts and distruSts that
have marked Soviet-American re-
lations since the war have been
reflected in the fruitless three
years of nuclear test ban talks.
These discussions began in an
atmosphere of optimism on Oc-
tober 81, 1858. The Soviet Union,
the United States, and Great
Britain had agreed on a volun-
tary moratorium on nuclear tests
as a sign of good faith, and the
odds were favorable that a treaty
would be signed.
Such a treaty has never been
seen as a panacea to the worlds
ills. 1t would be no substitute
for disarmament treaty, and
would not prevent a war from
starting.
From 1858 to 1860, the Soviet
Union, the United States and
Great Britain reached agreement
on a number of articles in a draft
treaty, and seemed reasonably
close to agreement on the pow
ers of the international control
commission that would investi-
gate suspected tests.
Mr.. Kennedy made a nuclear
test ban one Of his selling points
during the campaign. He argued
that if the West negotiated in
good faith, the Russians would
drop their objections to a treaty.
But by last March it was clear
that the Kremlin had cooled con-
siderably on such a treaty. The
Russians demanded that a "trok-
ka" substitute as control for
a single administrator, knowing
Continued on Page CO
Evening star., 1962-01-21
Space Outlook

Space is an area in which the
President has called for a great
leap forward-both in rocketry
and in spending. AS we push for
landings on the moon in this
decade, he is asking for an ex-
penditure almost doubling the $1.3
billion estimated in fiscal 1862.
The President urged Congress to
raise the national debt limit tenn
porarily, to 1903 billion or $40
billion above its present total.
What this kind of debt means
to the taxpayer may be seen in
the estimate of the interest re-
quired in the new budget: More
than SO billion or nearly 10 per
cent of the entire years expendi-
ture, second only to the outlay
for national defense.
Congress is not likely to quib-
BILE about money for defense or
space exploration and there is
nothing much it can do about
the fiXed-charge interest on the
debt.
But Mr.. Kennedy has suggested
further outlayS for health, edu-
cation and welfare, manpower re-
training, urban mass transporta-
ton and variety of other do
Evening star., 1962-01-21
Rise in Costs

Employers fear that if the same
contract is demanded by other
construction workers, the cost of
commercial building will go up 10
per cent and residential housing by
7 per cent. AS a consequence.
rents, of course, would rise.
Meanwhile, the press for re-
duced hours goes on. The 100000
man Steelworkers Union, whose
contract expires on June 30, has
indicated it wants a 32-hour week.
1t also cites the threat of auto
nation to members jobs.
But there are major questions
which arise. Can rising productiv-
ity be maintained along with the
reduction in hours? Is there a
danger that a man on a 25-hour
week would go out and take a
second job, thereby defeating one
asserted aim of the unions that
of making more jobs available?
Will it create new inflationary
presSures? What effect will 1t have
on Americas ability to meet for
eign economic competition. with
the prospects for reduced tariffs
in the years ahead?
Evening star., 1962-01-21
SocioIized Medicine?

Among the chief opponents of
the Kennedy proposal is the
American Medical Association,
the organization through which
the Nations doctors speak and
sometimes even shout. When they
do, congressman, those keepers of
the body polite, are courteous
enough to listen.
Last week, the A. M. A., which
sees step toward socialized med
icine in the Kennedy medicare
plan, shifted from the defensive.
Together with the National As
sociation of Blue Shield Plans,
it announced a new Nationwide
insurance program to provide uni
form surgical and medical bene-
fits for persons IS or older.
Estimated cost of the coverage
would run to about SO a month
per person or $36 a year. The
program will pay the full cost
Of medical and surgical services
for single persons whose annual
income is $4,000 or less and for
couples whose combined income
is not above $4,000. Physicians
could charge others higher fees.
Payments would be made for x
rays, anesthesia, radiation treat
ment and laboratory tests.
This is the second move this
month in the private sector to
meet the medical-hospital expense
problem of our growing population
of elderly. Earlier, the American
Hospital Association and the Blue
Cross Association agreed on a hos
pitalization plan for retired per-
sons over 65, under which the
Federal Government would be
asked to pay the premiums for
those unable to do so.
The new Blue Shield-A. M. A.
proposal must first be approved
Evening star., 1962-01-21
Drive Continues

Richard M. Nixon, his opponent,
had earlier asserted that the four
day week was coming along with
better times and rising prosperity,
but he purpoSely forgot about it
during the campaign.
Last week the march toward
less time on the job continued
when labor contract was signed
which is being noted with both
elation and trepidation from
Maine to California.
New York Local Of the Elec-
trical Workers union won a Is
hour work week Give 5-hour
days., with a built-in one-hour
a day overtime at time and a half
pay. It had asked for a 20-hour
week.
Union leaders, in hailing the
pact, saw it as the wave of the
future, the answer to man-eating
automation and hard-core unem-
ployment,
Evening star., 1962-01-21
THE WEEK IN PERSPEC TIVE
New Frontiers Fiscal Side

President Kennedy on Thurs
day presented his first complete
budget - a balanced one - to
Congress. 1t called for expendi-
ture of $92.5 billion and revenue
of 500 billion.
Can the Nation move from
deficit of 81 billion or more in
fiscal 1862 to even a modest sur
plus in fiscal 1863 and still in
crease Federal spending by nearly
$3.5 billion?
We will have to wait until June
80. 1868 to add up the accounts,
but this is the prospect pre-
sented in President Kennedy's first
complete Federal Budget, which he
submitted to Congress last week.
The budget, of course, is a fl
nancial plan. It is prediction
perhaps estimate" is a more ac-
curate word-of what will happen
II. and there we're a good many
"ifs" recognized by the President.
Fiscal 1868, he asserted with a
hope and prayer, could wind up
this way:
Receipts: $93 billion.
Expenditures: 1925 billion.
Surplus: $500 million.
When it is considered that not
once since World War II has
first estimate come within 81 bill
lion of the final results, Mr.. Ken
nedy might be regarded as a
profile in courage for figuring
such a narrow balance. (The es-
timated surplus is really $463
million, but budgeteers round off
these big amounts to the next
highest hundred million if it is
$51 million or more.)
Evening star., 1962-01-21
Labor:
25-Hr. Week

A big Electrical Workers local
in New York last week won a
new contract calling for a 25-
hour work week and a raise in ,
pay.
Since 1850, when the average
industrial worker in the United
States spent sc hours (six 11-hour
days. on the job, there has been
a gradual reduction in the work
week. By 1900, the figure was go
hours. 1t had dropped to so by 1925
and to 40 in 1910, when the five
day week became standard.
During his campaign in 1860,
President Kennedy stoutly op-
posed the idea of a shorter work
week. This was the time for
America to work more to meet the,
threat of communism and to full
fill its role ON the world stage.
Evening star., 1962-01-21

by the SO Blue Shield groups
tiSing the plan in April and put
throughout the country. Officials
said they hoped to begin adver-
it in operation in July.
There was no question where
the impetus for the private en-
terprise" proposal came from. It
was the Social Security-medicare
plan being pushed by the admin
istration.
This latter proposal is lodged
in the conservative -oriented
House Ways and Means Comit-
tee. Some observers doubt that
it will ever be reported out of
the committee. The Blue Shield
A. M. A. offensive stroke will not
enhance its chances.