davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-04
Behind the Algerian Complications: The People

And constitutionally it was Illegal.
France was indivisible. National
ism also played a part. The
French were proud to see their
tricolor flag fly over many lands
around the globe. Their pride was
hurt when, somewhere, it was
brought down for the last time
and when, on the maps, French
possessions dWindled.
A Little Yielding
In Algeria the European popu-
lation had the impression that if
it yielded even little, it would
lose everything. 1t accepted cleo
lions. But they were rugged to
favor Moslems who shared the
views of the settlers. These felt
that independence would mean
the end of capable administra-
ton, of order, and also. I sup
pose, of the dominating role they
had played in the territory.
After ALL" some of them said,
I'VE are more than a million and
we have made this country what
il is today. Coexistence between
two very different ethnic groups
under the leadership of the least
experienced one is not workable.
What the Moslems in fact want
is that we should CO. 1t is exactly
as if the white settlers in South
Africa, who arrived in Africa about
the same time as we did, were
told to leave. 1t is unthinkable.
And there was, of course, the
Army. 1t has fought constantly
since 1910. and. quite as con-
stantly, has been on the losing
side. 1t is proud of it's honor and
didn't want it to be sullied again
in Algeria. 1t had also learned in
Indochina that populations could
be won over by friendliness and
constructive help if the effort was
started early enough. The French
Government handed the civilian
responsibilities in Algeria over to
the officers. They felt they had
a task to do. The settlers, in
their eyes, had not done enough.
They wanted to educate the
masses, bring them medical ad-
vice, help them to run their own
municipalities. The officers
thought that they could achieve
this aim, swing the Moslems back
toward France, and create a new
Algeria where life would be better.
His Word to the MosIems
After the putsch in Algeria in
1858 which brought De Gaulle to
power, the Army had the feeling
that it had given its word to the
MoslemS to lead them toward full
French citizenship. They couldn't
understand De Gaulle when he
led them away from what they
thought was firm promise.
For the MoslemS, the path was
pretty clear. A few hesitated. They
had helped to defend France
against two German invasions by
fighting with her army, shoulder
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-04

regional development. The main
detectives of CENTO are:
/. To link the regional coun-
tries by means of an efficient
transport and communication
system;
2. To promote the free move
ment of goods and persons among
the countries of the region;
3. To assist in national devel-
opment activities for the mutual
benefit of all countries of the
region;
4. To encourage scientific CO.
operation and the use of atomic
energy for peaceful purposes.
Far more has been accomplished
along these lines in the last two
years than is generally recog-
niZed.
Several of CENTO's major prof.
ects in communications are well
on their way to completion. The
first phase of the high-frequency
Recommendations project be-
tween London and the regional
capitals was completed last June.
The second phase, now under way,
will provide an extension of the
London-Tehran link to Khorram-
Shahr and an additional link from
London to Karachi, Rawalpindi
and Dacca in East Pakistan.
Another current poject,
CENTO's microwave telecommu-
nications link, will provide the
region with a rapid communica-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-04

ton, a possibility that Argues &C
ton has enhanced, the Conserva-
tive administration of Prime Min
lister John Diefenbaker might be
defeated. In that event Liberal
leader Lester B. Pearson would
become Prime Minister of a new
Liberal administration, and Mr..
Argue undoubtedly would become
Minister of Agriculture.
Charges Labor Domination
Mr.. Argues charges about labor
clique domination are hurting the
New Democrats nationally as we'll
as among farm voters. Two factors
are involved. Among the farmers
it is the feeling that a party DOM
mated by labor cannot always act
IN the farmers interest because of
conflicts in the interests of these
two Segments of the population
as for example in the matter of
tariffs. In the rest of the country
it is feeling that labor party
injects an element of class con-
flict into politics and is not de-
sirable.
In both cases the prospect is
not simply of party domination
by officials of Canadian unions.
Rather, there is the superimposed
Spector of the bosses of big labor
in the United States exerting in
fluence through the Canadian
branches of their unions. 1t is a
fact, not generally known, that
American union money has en-
tered Canada to help finance the
New Democratic Party.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-04
National Planning Need
CENTO Making Progress Slowly

tons system. 1t will consist of 113
relay stations spanning Iran, PAX
iStan and Turkey over a distance
of 5000 miles.
Progress Already Made
Marked progress is being
achieved on CENTO'S railway and
road projects. The Government of
Turkey is continuing construction
of the route of CENTO's railway
project linking Turkey and Iran.
The entire route from Van as far
as the Iranian border has been
surveyed and marked. The Iran
ian government is building the
railway within its borders, from
the Iranian railway terminus at
Sharafkaneh over difficult terri
tory to the Turkish border. It will
require a total of % million dol
lars in foreign exchange to COM
plete this project. Secretary Gen.
eral Khalatbary told newsmen
last week that the railway would
have great economic, social and
psychological impact on the
CENTO area.
The foundation of the economy
of each regional member is agri-
culture and the problems of agri-
cultural production and land man
agement are, in many respects,
similar. CENTO is helping men,
Der countries to get an increase
in agricultural production and
income. Joint measures are being
taken to improve animal breed
ing methods, to insure the con-
Servation of forests and their cor
rect utilization and to increase
knowledge in the field of proper
land classification and oil survey.
Under a veterinary convention,
efforts are being made to prevent
the spread of contagious animal
diseases.
And to encourage bigger trade
among the member countries,
steps are being taken to unity
and simplify customs formalities,
abolish visa fees and cut red tape.
Altogether the biggest accom-
plishment of CENTO has been the
bringing of the three regional
countries into more intimate as
ISOLATION. They have begun to I'M
derstand each others problems
and have learned to deal with
them together. AS DR.. Khalatbary
told the Economic Committee: "A
feeling of regional solidarity, of
regional pride and of regional
purpose is gradually taking form
to give impetus to national
development and support for le-
Ultimate national aspirations"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-04

to shoulder with its soldiers. But
the majority, very quickly, sup
ported morally and even often
practically the rebellion, even
though most of them feel that
the links with France should not
be severed,
To complicate a problem al
ready sufficiently complex, racial
ism became a new and anguish
ing factor. And political intrigues
extended the conflict to the inter-
national scene. For the Arab
League, supporting the war in
Algeria was, next to its difficulties
with Israel, way to catalyze at
tention of its members and draw
them away from their own numer-
GUS differences of opinion. For the
Russians. there was a nice OPP
portunity to create trouble for
NATO, of which Algeria is an
integral part by keeping the war
Simmering as long as possible. The
Chinese got into the act, to spite
the Russians and to bring their
own brand of trouble in Africa.
There were also economic in
terests, oil and others, who pulled
few strings behind the scene.
And even the pickering between
the two rebel factions, the FIN
National Liberation 'FRONT.' and
the NINA algerian National
Movement added to the complica-
tons OF problem which seemed
unsolvable.
A Reel Solution
The Algerian war apparently is
near q real solution, though the
GAS (Secret Army Organization
composed of the more fanatical
settlers and a few officers and
Foreign Legion men, mostly Ger
mans, will try its utmost to dis
rupt the agreement reached be-
tween the French and the Pro-
visional Algerian Governments.
The only way to do it was to
cut the Gordian knot. De Gaulle
needed time. The French people
gave it to him because they knew
he was the only man who could
end the fighting and because they
were tired of the bloodshed.
Other countries have lived and
prospered with two different COM
munities. Canada, with its English
and French speaking groups, is
one example. Lebanon, which is
equally divided between Christians
and MoSlemS is another. Indepen-
dent Algeria will start off in life
with lots of bitterness between
the two communities but also q
potential of wealth left by the
French which will make it
probably the most powerful State
in Africa. On both sides, European
and Moslem, there are men who
are ready to collaborate for the
good of a land they equally love.
France is ready to help. Can it
be done? Can these two people
so very different racially and re-
ligiously live together? Only his
tory can tell.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-04

lens, though much progress was
made in the last 30 years.
History turned a page after
World War II. Germany was
beaten, but her European victors
were weakened. The lessons of
democracy and freedom taught by
the West were bearing fruit. OPP
pressed people wanted their indie
pendence. With great foresight,
Clement Attlee, the Prime Min
lister of England, gave India it's
liberty. In Indo-China, France
was missing one opportunity after
another to settle a tragic colonial
war. Things were moving in North
Africa. Men like Ferrhat AbbaS,
who later was to become the
leader of the first Algerian pro-
visional government in exile, were
begging the French to give the
Moslems French nationality, to
make out of them Frenchmen "a
part entiere" equal full citizen
ship and to integrate Algeria to-
tally and without restrictions with
France.
Parliamentary Situation
France gave them the possibility
of being represented in its Parlia-
ment. But again it was not on an
equal footing. They were only a
handful when they should have
been a quarter of the total num-
Der of members, France having 40
million inhabitants and Algeria 10
million. DiSgruntlement in the
Moslem circles worsened when Tu-
nisia was given its autonomy,
then its independence. 1t was fol-
lowed closely by Morocco. They
were two smaller countries who
had, it is true, a longer and more
solid historical traoltion. why
not us? Why don't we get the
chance to take part in the Gov
eminent of our own country?"
asked bitterly the leaders of the
Moslem community.
When the repelllon started Win
a series of attacks in November,
1854, no one realized how long,
how bloody would be the struggle.
In France the personal emotions
dominated. Two families out of
three had some ties with the set
tiers. They were brothers, or in
laws, or sometimes only distant
cousins. Some of them were be-
ing butchered. Public opinion was
aroused. Law had to be re-
established. The word "pacifica-
tion," which was used to qualify
the repression, had an acceptable
sound, even to many liberals.
Then there were the traditions.
Every Frenchman of my genera
ton, my fathers generation, even
my grandfather's has learned at
school that Algeria is French, an
integral part of the fatherland.
For them Algeria is as much part
of France as Hawaii is a part of
the United States. Psychologically
it was difficult to believe that this
could change or even that an at
tempt could be made to modify it.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-04
Difference Between Communist Idea Of Foreign Aid and Ours

cerned with problems of defense
and with the constructive tasks of
development . ).
AS we move into the 1960s all of
us in the free world are trying
to consolidate and to build on the
lessons we have learned about
economic development since the
end of the Second World War.
The first lesson is that aid
from outside country can only
be helpful to its development to
the extent that the government
and people of a nation organize
their own resources. Economic
growth is primarily a national en-
terprise. AS you have demon
strated by some of the CENTO
regional projects, development
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-04

cannot and should not be wholly
viewed in national terms; and,
certainly, external assistance is
important; but the heart of eco
nomic development consists in
national measures of self-help.
Second, national planning of
the development process is re-
quired as a basis both for the
domestic mobilization of resources
and effective foreign aid. National
plans are needed because, as
Adam Smith noted long ago -
when prescribing for underdevel-
oped Britain of the 18th century
governments must create the
framework within which mod
ern economy can develop. 1t is the
government which must organize
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-04

omy; planning for underdeveloped
countries in the free world is a
device for assuring balance in the
growth process and for creating
a framework within which indi-
vidual incentives and individual
initiative can be effective.
In short, the lesson of our ex-
perience thus far is that we should
be confident that in going for
ward with economic development
by the methods of pragmatic plan
ming and individual consent which
are natural to us, we are on the
right track technically as we'll as
morally.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-04

must maintain perhaps twice the
working force in agriculture they
would need if they were not COM
mitted to the method of control
they feel necessary for the political
safety of the regime
The difference between Com
munist planning and planning in
the free world comes to this
Communist planning is a device
for maximum political control
over the individual and it
thereby burdens the state with
functions it cannot efficiently
carry and destroys individual in
centives needed for a vital econ
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-04
By SEMIH USTUN
Contributing Writer

The meeting of the Central
Treaty Organizations Economic
Committee here last week could
have opened under less suspicious
circumstances for catching the
public's eye; it was the day Wash
ington welcomed 1t. Col. John j.
Glenn, jr., back from outer space.
Nevertheless, the committee of
h a n d - working internationalists
got down to work in earnest and
its sessions were devoted to seri-
GUS reappraisal of the all
important economic matters in
the states along the southern
border of the Soviet Union: Iran,
Pakistan and Turkey.
The United States - although
not a full member -co-operates
closely in it's main committees.
CENTO is primarily military
alliance for the defense of the
region. 1t holds joint air exer-
ciseS twice a year with United
States and British participation
and annual naval exercises, in
volving last year as many as 5000
men and IS ships. A permanent
military group. consisting of lieu
tenant generals from m m b er
states, sits at CENTO headquar-
tiers in Ankara and presides over
the military planning staff.
But the alliance is becoming
more and more important eco
nomically. In fact, the most i'm
portant innovations of CENTO,
particularly in the last few years,
have been economic and tech
nical.
The meeting here last week
opened with an address by DR..
Abbas Ali Khalatbary, the new
secretary general of the organi-
cation. He emphasized the i'm
portance of a national develop
ment plan" for the most effective
use of domestic and foreign re-
sources available to a country.
The final communique of the
three-day meeting said about the
same thing: foreign assistance
must be used to support projects
and programs to which the coun-
tries are intending to apply their
domestic resources in accordance
with carefully prepared devel-
'opment program.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-04

stages of development and be-
lief in the wisdom of leaving to
private enterprise a wide and ex-
panding range of economic &C
Invites. How wide that range is
each country will, of course, de-
eide for itself in the light of its
own problems and possibilities.
But the framework within which
a modern private enterprise sys-
tenn can develop must, in large
part, be created initially by the
effort and initiative of govern
ments. 1t is this perception which
has drained away much of the
fervor from the argument about
government versus private enter
prise in the development process
an argument which, even a few
years ago, seemed to be central
to the whole business. AS nations
have acquired practical expert
ence in economic development, it
is becoming increasingly clear that
each of the two sectors has job
to do and that their jobs are
supplementary and mutually REIN
forcing E.
A third lesson of our postwar
experience is that foreign aid is
likely to be most effective if it
is geared into national develop
ment programs on a long-term
basis. In committing themselves
and their peoples to ambitious
development goals demand
ing the sacrifices and efforts
which are necessary for their full
fillment-it is natural that gov
ernments should wish to know in
advance how much foreign aid
they can count on over any plan
ming period.
American foreign aid legisla-
ton has now taken this factor
into account and we have been
joined by our partners in West
ern Europe, Canada and Japan.
We are rapidly learning to weave
together the national and inter-
national contributions to devel-
opment in a systematic way and
we look forward to extending this
method as new national develop
ment programs come forward.
Individual Incentive
A fourth lesson is this: although
we are still learning this job to-
gether and have much to learn
we are confident that the meth
DDS of free men will prove more
effective than the apparently
more efficient techniques of total
itarian regimes. Quite aside from
the inhumanity of Communist
methods, it appears to be a tech
nical fact that the most powerful
system of control is an made
quate substitute for the incentives
and commitment of the individual
citizen, once he can be engaged.
Development is a process which
requires that millions of human
beings and many organized
groups assume responsibility for
moving things forward on their
narrow part of the front. There
are simply not enough Commu-
mist cadres or secret policemen
available to substitute for the en-
ergy and commitment of men and
women who understand what
needs to be done and why it is
in their interest to do it. This
weakness of communism is most
apparent in the field of agricul-
ture. Communist methods have
managed to shift one Communist
country after another from food
surplus to food deficit status, and
in the Soviet Union itself they
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-04
Labor Influence
Splits Canadians
BY GERALD WARING
Contributing Writer

OTTAWA.-A specter of Ameri-
can labor bosses welding influ-
ence over some future Canadian
government is splitting Canada's
socialist = farmer labor coalition
known as the New Democratic
Party. The results are not yet
fully apparent, but it seems likely
that the balance of political power
in Canada is being substantially
changed.
One man precipitated this split.
He is Hazen Argue, 41-year-old
member of Parliament from the
newest-growing province of Sas-
katcheWan. Two years ago he was
chosen leader of the Democratic
Socialists, who then formed the
third party in the Canadian Par
lament, but last July the Social
lists united with the major trade
unions to form the New Demo-
cratic Party. Mr.. Argue was de-
feated for the party leadership by
the former Socialist Premier of
Saskatchewan, T. C. Douglas.
Despite his disappointment, Mr..
Argue filled the post of leader of
the new party in the House of
Commons, pending Mr.. Douglas
election to Parliament. But two
weeks ago Mr.. Argue announced he
was quitting the New Democratic
Party on the ground that it is
dominated by clique of union
leaders. He had the locks changed
on his House of Commons office,
and kept his former party COL
leagues at bay while he culled Sc
cret files for material he may use
to prove his charges against the
party he deserted. Then he joined
the Liberal Party.
The Minority Liberals
The Liberals, who are the main
minority party in Parliament,
were delighted with this turn of
events. Mr. Argues detection threw
the Labor-Socialist Party into
confusion, sharply reducing its
threat to the Liberals. Moreover,
Mr.. Argue is the outstanding west
ern farm leader the Liberals need
to act as their farm spokesman
III Parliament and to attract farm
votes in the national election ex-
pected later this year.
Before boiling his party, Mr..
Argue sounded out political opin-
ion among western farm voters,
confirming that many farmers are
cool both to the New Democrats
and the Conservatives. If the
prairieS swing Liberal in the cleo
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-04

The difference between Com
munist aid to underdevel0ped
countries and that of the United
States was discussed in speech
last week by Walt w. ROStOw,
counselor of the State Depart
ment. The address was to the
meeting here of the Central
Treaty Organization Economic
Committee. A partial text of
the speech follows:
We look forward to the emer-
gence of strong assertive nations
which, out of their own tradi-
lions and aspirations, create their
own forms of modern society. We
take it as our duty to help main
tain the integrity and the indie
pendence of the modernization
process going forward in many
parts of the world - insofar as
our resources and our ability to
influence the course of events
permit.
That possibility is challenged by
Communist detectives and Com
munist policy. The Communists.
also perceive that the process of
modernization involves funda-
mental social, political and eco
nonic change. These are bound
to be turbulent times, and it is
the Communist intent to exploit
the turbulence of this transitional
process in order to seize power
and to mold the emerging world
in their image and link it tightly
to the Communist empire.
It is often said that what we
can observe in the contemporary
world is a struggle between two
Blocs. This is not the case. What
is at stake is whether new
world order shall be created by
the voluntary association and CO.
operation of independent nations
each having fashioned its own
modern personality a world
order, dominated from a single
center, of nations forced into a
single mold.
We in the United States can
live comfortably in a pluralistic
world, because our life at home
is based on the principle of CO.
operation among dignified equals,
but the Communists are driven,
by their methods for organizing
power, to violate equally the in
tegrity of individuals and of ma
lions. Thus, when seeking power,
they aim to associate themselves
with all manner of forward-look-
ing human and national aspira-
lions. Once in power, they drag
from the shelves their dreary ar
chaic handbooks and impose a
pattern of organization which
runs against the grain OF human
and national character and per-
sonality. In the end, that is why
the Communist offensive will fail.
he Lesson OF Korea
We have not forgotten the les
son of Korea. We cannot assume
the Communists will not again
overtly cross frontiers with mill
tary force, and our dispositions
with respect to the CENTO area
and elsewhere take that possibility
into account; but it is also clear
that for some years they have
been relying heavily on the posi-
bility of exploiting the turbulence
which inevitably comes with the
drive toward modernization, to
seize power from within.
In defense of the independence
of nations and the national in
tegrity of the modernization proc
ess, we are, therefore, equally con-