davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1962-10-07
Strong Mandate

He has said on various occa-
sions that the electoral college
system of election does not give
the president q strong enough
mandate from the people. He
wants the future president to be
elected directly from the people
nothing could be more republi-
can, nothing could be more demo-
cratic"
This, Of course, would require
an amendment to the French
Constitution. And here is where
the present crisis centers. Since
Mr.. de Gaulle distrusts politi-
clans, and thinks the Parliament
would not grant him the powers
he seeks, he wants the Constitu-
ton to be amended by universal
suffrage. And he has ordered such
a referendum on october % to
approve this method Of electing
q president.
He bases the justification for
this referendum on Articles and
II of the constitution. Article 3
says national sovereignty belongs
to the people, which shall exer-
else this sovereignty through its
representatives and through ref
erendum."
Evening star., 1962-10-07

The National Assembly GEN.
sured the government of Pre-
mier POmpidou on Thursday as
a result of President de Gaulle's
plan to amend the French con-
stitution by popular referen-
dunn.
Charles de Gaulle's career has
been marked by continuous con-
tempt for political parties. The
French President has accused the
parties of being responsible for
"those sterile games of the past,
when the Fourth Republic floun-
dered in a spectacle OF games,
schemes and crises"
He resigned once as a result
of what he called impotent politi-
cal intrigues, and came back in
the hectic days of May, 1858, only
when promised a freer hand in
running the government. The
Constitution of the Fifth Repub-
lie approved by a national ref
erendum-strengthened the power
Of the French president by CIV
ing him the right to dissolve
Parliament and to appeal directly
to the people by referendum If
Parliament disagreed with him.
The Constitution provided for
the presidents being elected by
an electoral college of about 3d.
600 "notables" from France and
the overseas territories. These
electors were primarily mayors
and other local officials.
Evening star., 1962-10-07
Opposition Stand

Mr.. de Gaulle is expected to
dissolve the Assembly as a result
of the cenSure vote, and call for
new elections in November. Be-
fore those elections, however, the
referendum is scheduled to be
held. In his nationwide address,
Mr.. de Gaulle told the people that
if his proposal is defeated, he
would resign. If it is approved,
he will stay.
The opposition, by censuring
his government, took up his chal-
lenge, and the October % vote
will be-by extension-a conf
dence vote for Mr.. de Gaulle. If
he wins, it means that not only
will the Constitution be amended,
but that Gaullist candidates will
probably predominate in the new
assembly. If he loses, France may
have another classic poltttca al
crisis, without a leader.
The vote may also determine the
extent of parliament's power in
the future. If Mr.. de Gaulle wins,
it may be a serious blow to par
lament and to political life in
general. A victory by his oppo-
nents, however, may lead to the
sterile games," Mr.. de Gaulle so
detestS.
Evening star., 1962-10-07
Day of Need

In 1858, when the problem was
preventing civil war. over Algeria
few cared to discuss the merits
of the new constitution. It gave
Mr.. de Gaulle the powers he de-
manded, and that was enough.
Mr.. de Gaulle, in fact, said last
week in his speech to the nation,
that he did not care then how
he was elected. 1t was quite OBJ
vious in 1858 that the country
was giving him a mandate to rule
as q virtual dictator until the
Algerian crisis was over.
In recent months, since the Al
gerian settlement, more attention
has been focused on Mr.. de
Gaulle's successor. The assasSina-
ton attempts have even made the
calm general aware Of the need
to provide for a future replace
z1ent. These attempts "oblige me
to make sure that after me
there shall be a strong republic
which means that it must be so
at its head" he said.
Evening star., 1962-10-07

came after he had reneged on
his promise to "go to jail" (for
contempt of q Federal court)
rather than allow a Negro to en-
roll at Ole Miss.
There is no dispute, however,
over the fact that the State police
did retire from the scene Of riot
ing for a critical period. At whose
order they did this. is not clear
at this time. Zone report says the
State Commissioner Of Public
Safety gave the order after some
troopers were hit by the marshals'
tear gas shells.)
But is seems plain that the
President did not wish to send
Federal troops into Mississippi If
he could help it. One reason was
that he saw such q situation as
a first-class propaganda gift to
international communism.
Another involved domestic po-
litical considerations. With q con-
greSsional election coming up,
some Southern Democrats in tight
races might be put at q disad-
vantage. Also, Southern Democrats
have long memories and the use
of Federal troops could hurt the
President when he seeks re-elec-
ton in 1864.
Evening star., 1962-10-07
The Constitution

Article II allows the President
to Submit to a referendum any
bill dealing with the organization
of the governmental authorities"
The majority Of French officials,
however, say these articles do not
allow Mr.. de Gaulle to call for a
referendum to amend the consti-
tuition. Instead, Parliament in
sists on voting on it first.
Article 80, cited by Mr.. de
Gaulle's opponents, says any bill
for amendment must be passed
by the two assemblies in identical
terms" before being approved by
referendum.
For weeks, this constitutional
controversy rocked French intel
,lectual circles. Articles have ap-
peared in the press by prominent
Frenchmen calling Mr.. de Gaulle
Evening star., 1962-10-07
Cuba: Trade
CrdckdoWn

The White House has ordered
an economic breakdown on ships
that trade with Cuba.
Except for humanitarian goods
such as foods and medicines, the
United States has prohibited
American firms from trading with
Cuba. The embargo-first levied
by President Eisenhower. and
fully supported by President Ken
nedy-was an American effort to
slow the growth of communism on
the island.
But while ships flying the Stars
and Stripes have been forbidden
to enter TIavana's harbor, other
flags, not all Red, have been
shutting between Cuba and ports
around the world. German, British,
Norwegian, and other Western
ships have been supplying Cuba
with goods from the Soviet bloc
and elsewhere that formerly were
supplied by the United States.
Evening star., 1962-10-07
Two Killed

Two men died as a result Of
the rioting - both from gunshot
wounds. One was a French news
paper man; the other q young
Mississippian employed as q TV
repairman.
But the full casualty list for
Federal marshals was not an
nounced until Friday afternoon.
Deputy Attorney General Nicholas
Katzenbach said that Of the force
of 538 marshals, 1866 had been
wounded, 20 from gunshot and
several from acid burns. There was
no official report of Army casual
ties although quite a few soldiers
are known to have been hurt.
How did it happen? Why was
the rioting allowed to develop?
Attorney General Robert Ken
nedy blames Gov. Barnett, con-
tending that the Governor had
pledged to maintain order and
that when the rioting began the
State police were withdrawn.
Evening star., 1962-10-07
Prior Assent

Although Mr.. Kennedy couple
of days earlier denounced prelim-
mary House cuts Of $1.1 billion in
the bill as irresponsible" and "a
threat to the security Of the free
world" the New York Times re-
ported that the White House gave
prior assent to the $825 million
slash, presumably feeling that this
was the best it could hope for,
given the mood of the House.
wing with the interest over the
final sum this year, was the matter
Of trade with Cuba. Many mem
bers of the House, particularly, are
frustrated over what they feel has
been a lack of action against the
Sovietization Of the big Caribbean
island.
This was indicated in the agree
ment by the Joint Senate House
conferees to bar aid to any coun-
tries Cncluding our allies) whose
ships carry arms or strategic ma
terials to Cuba. How the United
States is to determine the cargoes
Of nom American vessels engaged
in the Cuba trade was not detailed.
Evening star., 1962-10-07
Tax Bill

While Mr.. Kennedy is out cam
paigning for Democrats, he has
on his desk a CongresS-approved
bill to allow a limited tax ex-
emption for contributions made by
self-employed individuals to their
own pension funds.
The bill has been on his desk
for a week and he has not said
whether he will sign or veto. But
should Congress adjourn before
a To-day period expires - this
would be on Wednesday night
Mr.. Kennedy could use pocket
Veto" that is, he could kill 1t
simply by not signing it.
Senator Smathers. Democrat Of
Florida, a proponent of the pri-
vate pension fund measure, rea-
Lies this and is determined to
keep Congress in session until
Thursday morning unless the
President signs or vetoes the
measure Tin the latter case Con-
gresS probably would override)
before that time.
But while adjournment was de-
dayed.. plenty was accomplished
last week. Here is a list of the
major actions Congress took:
o Approved the Trade Ex-
pansion Act of 1862, which gives
the President unprecedented au-
thority to reduce tariffs and lib
eralize trade. Mr.. Kennedy has
rated this measure the most i'm
portant of the 87th Congress. He
is expected to sign it this week.
Q Passed the first omnibus tax
revision bill since 1854, one whose
principal feature is a credit Of up
to Z per cent on corporation taxes
for businesses purchasing new
equipment and undermining
plants.
The object is to stimulate the
Nations economic growth rate
and make American industry more
Evening star., 1962-10-07

competitive in the world market.
The bill did not contain, as the
administration wanted, q with
holding tax on dividends and in
terest, but included higher levies
on overseas earnings of individuals
and corporations.
Q Passed new postal rate in
crease bill which viii WIRING the
scent stamp into more popular
usage. Beginning next January /,
a first-class letter win cost 5
cents, airmail, 8 cents and a
post card, 4 cents. Also included in
the bill was q 81 billion-a-year
pay increase for 1.6 million Fed
eral workers.
Q Set the stage for passage Of
the controversial foreign aid bill
when joint Senate-House con-
ferees agreed on a final total Of
S3.9 billion or sS25 million less
than the President had requested.
The House approved the measure
yesterday; the Senate is due to
vote on it tomorrow.
Evening star., 1962-10-07

increasing number of Mississip-
pians-businessmen, professional
persons and the like.
Few moderates raised their
voices last Sunday and Monday,
but the supporters of Federal law
and Federal court orders were
speaking UP before the week was
out.
They probably were doing 50
not primarily because they fear
that the Soviet Union will make
propaganda hay and the neutral
nations we are trying to WOO find
segregation distasteful, but rather
because they basically are law
abiding, law-respecting citizens.
Evening star., 1962-10-07
10000 Miles

With no more steering fuel or
electric power than 1t. Col. John
H. Glenn, USMC, or 1t. Comdr.
Scott Carpenter, USN, had for
their 80,000-mile flights. Comdr.
Schirra Travelled 10000 miles and
still had 80 per cent Of his orig
inal fuel left over. His colleagues
had about exhausted theirs by the
time their three orbits were COM
pleted.
The Schirra flight was no one
man effort, however. To point up
the scientific and engineering skill
built up by the Project Mercury
team one need only consider the
firing of the retro rockets which
slow down the space craft for the
re-entry phase. The firing came
Just 21 seconds later than 1t had
originally been scheduled for
weeks before.
The commander landed In what
he called his sweet little bird"
within As miles of the target area
marked by the aircraft carrier
USS KearSarge, the recovery ship.
There was some speculation that
the carrier had been that far
away from ground zero" In Ell
ther case. the landing was remark
ably precise.
Evening star., 1962-10-07
Barnett Version

The Governor, on the other
hand, asserted that it was the
Federal Governments fault be-
cause the marshals fired tear gas
prematurely. He had declared in
q Sunday statement that II urge
all Mississippians and instruct
every State officer under my COM
mand to do everything in their
power to preserve peace and to
avoid violence in any form" This
Evening star., 1962-10-07
Outer Space:
Que Schirro!

Navy COmdr. Schirra on
Wednesday completed "a nearly
perfect" six-Orbit flight around
the earth, the most ambitious
United States manned space
venture to date.
Four Russians and four Of his
colleagues had been rocketed into
outer space before him and nei-
ther America nor the rest Of the
world appeared to be as excited
as they were for the earlier ven-
lures.
But while Comdr. Walter Marty
Evening star., 1962-10-07
On Schedule

Everything went beautifully &C
cording to plan even before the
39-year-old astronaut climbed
into his capsule atop the giant 10
story Atlas early Wednesday
morning. The only hitch In the
countdown was a 15-minute wait
while minor trouble at the Ca
nary Island tracking station was
corrected. Neither the booster nor
the capsule caused any delays.
The launch was perfect, the sep
aration of the booster flawless
and the orbit almost exactly as
planned. There was only one un-
easy period, when the flight was
80 seconds away from being ter
minated after one orbit due to the
heating up of Comdr. Schirra's
space suit. But the temperature
controls began working again in
the nick of time and he went all
the way on his six-orbit mission.
So skillfully did this Navy test
pilot fly that National Aeronaut-
les and Space Administration Of
ficials later told reporters that
the capsule could have stayed
aloft for at least 80 orbits-the
record Russian feat by Maj. A. G.
Nikolayev is 64 orbits last August
had it been possible to sustain
Comdr. Schirra in his Mercury
craft for that long.
Evening star., 1962-10-07
Wrong Impression

It would appear, therefore, that
he was under the impression that
the forces Of law and order-in
the form of the State police and
the small army of Federal mar
Shals-w would maintain the peace.
He was mistaken and administra-
ton officials pointed at Gov. Bar
nett and yelled "double-cross."
Republicans backed the Presi-
dents action in the crisis but
some, nevertheless, compared it
unfavorably with the way Pres
ident Eisenhower handled the
Little Rock, Ark, trouble in 1857.
Mr.. Eisenhower moved more
quickly and, while there was some
rioting, there was no loss Of life.
These Republicans also recalled
Mr.. Kennedy's criticism Of Mr..
Eisenhower during the 1860 presi-
Dental campaign when the Demo-
cratic candidate asserted: There
is more power in the presidency
than to let things drift and then
suddenly call out the troops"
Although reporters wrote from
oxford that many Mississippians
have declared that the Negro
student would be driven from the
university as soon as Federal
power departed. quiet began to
return to Oxford by midweek.
Evening star., 1962-10-07
High Competence

There was little post-flight in
clination to suggest that we had
caught up with the Russians. But
there was a clear consensus that
the United States had demon
strated high technical compe-
tence and was rapidly picking UP
momentum in the space race.
Incidentally, the launching was
televised by relay from the COM
munications satellite Telstar to
Western Europe and behind the
Iron Curtain.
One of the major aims Of the
Schirra flight was to qualify the
Continued on Page E-2
Evening star., 1962-10-07
SoViet-Hired

These ships for the most part
are hired by the Soviet Union
Cuba's main supplier-to carry
non-strategic goods. Soviet ships
carry the military material. Since
shipping is an expensive PROPOSE
ton, many of the non-Soviet
ships, after dropping off their
Cuban cargoes, often proceed to
the United States to pick up goods
bound for Europe.
In a sense, then, the United
Continued on Page E-2
Evening star., 1962-10-07

Nearing End

Congress last week passed
the iiberalized trade, tax re-
vision and higher postal rate
bills, but its drive for adjourn
ment was deraiIed and 1t must
meet again this week.
With the congressional elec-
tions less than a month away,
many members of Congress have
already departed to attend to a
matter of highest interest-their
reelection.
It has been estimated that at
least 100 members Of the House
and perhaps a dozen or more
Senators have fled Washington
for the campaign trail. The Dem
ocratic congressional leadership
had hoped to free all their col
leagues by yesterday, but the
great adjournment day, after one
of the longest sessions in peace
time history, did not come.
And this time it was not sim
ply a matter of laggardly or stub
born legislators, although there
are some Of each involved. The
President of the United States
figured prominently in the delay.
Evening star., 1962-10-07
Mob Action

A mob Of angry Southerners,
armed with bricks, rifles, gaso-
line-fiIled bottles called Moiotov
cocktails" and a big hate,
stormed forward against Federal
marshals who had surrounded the
University's administration build
ing. Many in the mob let their
missiles fly and then, when the
mob got within rs yards, the mar
shals opened up with tear gas
guns and dispersed it.
Former Army General Edwin
Walker led one group Of rioters.
He was later arrested, charged
with insurrection and sent to q
hospital for mental tests.
With wild rioting continuing IN
downtown oxford and at the cam
pus, the first Of what was to be a
heavy force Of United States Army
troops began arriving. Many OF
them were struck by objects tossed
by the mob, but they moved ef-
ficiently to restore order.
On Monday morning, with the
Confederate flag at half staff in
front of the university building,
Mr.. Meredith was registered under
Federal court order enforced by
Federal bayonets. United States
marshals accompanied him when
ever he went to class or to the
cafeteria, where he ate with his
nrotectors.
Evening star., 1962-10-07
Armys Forces

The Army, with twice as many
men as it has stationed in the
international trouble spots Of
Berlin or South Wet Nam and
twice the population Of oxford.
prepared to pull some Of its more
than $4,000 troops from the area.
The Justice Department was de-
mobilizing,. too. 1t had removed
300 deputy marShals by Friday
and promised to cut down its
force to 20 by tomorrow, If the
situation warranted. =
The Federal Government made
q decision Of considerable import
to the university on Friday. It
insisted that the Ole Miss home
coming football game against
Houston yesterday not be held in
oxford. The game was transferred
to Jackson, the State capital.
The fear. Of course, was that
with $4,000 or so outsiders COM
ing into the small college town a
dangerous situation could develop,
especially with a fired-up football
crowd.
The worst appears over in Ok
ford. And while Mr.. Meredith may
never be really accepted by the
bulk Of his fellow students he
doubtless will be only the first
Of his race to study at Ole Miss.
University faculty members and
officials are resigned to integra-
tion and so. apparently, are an
Evening star., 1962-10-07
THE WEEK IN PERSPECTIVE
Ole Miss: More Moderates

MObs, ignoring President
Kennedy's plea, riOted last week
as Negro James H. Meredith was
brought to the University Of
Mississippi campus and en-
rolled as the first student of
his race. More than 12,00O
Army troops and 500 Federal
marshals were called upon to
restore order.
The President Of the United
States had delayed his broadcast
to the Nation for a few hours
while arrangements were being
made between the Justice Depart
ment and Gov. Ross Barnett of
Mississippi for the enrolment OF
James H. Meredith, a 29-year-old
Negro. at Ole Miss.
Then, from the White House,
Mr.. Kennedy began speaking to
his countrymen, but particularly
to Mississippians, at 10 pm. last
Sunday over a nationwide televi-
sion-radio broadcast. 1t was a
firm, but conciliatory speech.
Americans are free to
disagree with the law, but not to
disobey it. There is no reason
why the books on this case can
not now be quickly and quietly
closed in the manner directed by
the court" he said.
He had hardly finished his ad-
dress when the forces Of violence
that were building up in the in
dolent campus town Of oxford,
Miss, exploded into what must be
the darkest day for viable racial
relations since the Supre m e
Courts decision against segre-
gated public schools in 1854.
Evening star., 1962-10-07

Schirra, jr, was no pioneer, he
and the Project Mercury team
achieved near perfection in q six
orbit flight, originating at Cape
Canaveral and terminating in a
bull's-eye landing in the calm Pa
cific, 285 miles northeast Of Mid
way Island, last Wednesday.
From the comments Of American
space officials and independent
observers alike, the Schirra fight
in the Sigma-7. Atlas-boosted cap
sule one could infer that 1t was
the most successful manned space
effort of the new age ushered In
by Sputnik I just five years ago.
Evening star., 1962-10-07
THE FOREIGN SCENE
De GouI|e Accepts
Assembly Challenge

dictatorial and acting without au-
thority. The Council Of State, a
quasi judicial body, ruled Mr.. de
Gaulle's proposal unconstitution-
al, as did most French lawyers.
Even Mr.. de Gaulle's cabinet was
reluctant to approve the measure.
Evening star., 1962-10-07
Vote of Censure

Finally, last Thursday, the
French National Assembly, in a
12-hour debate, preceded by ma
tional radio speech by Mr.. de
Gaulle, voted against Mr.. de
Gaulle's proposal, and censured
his cabinet. This is the first time
since he assumed office that par
lament has voted against him.
It took a coalition Of both right
and left to muster the $50 votes
against him, well above the nee
esSary 241 to defeat the govern
ment. The opposition accused him
of trying to be another Louis Ma
poleon who became Emperor Ma
poleon III in 1851 by appealing
to the people above the heads of
parliament.
Opponents also attacked the
proposal on the grounds that it
would give one man too much
power. Any parallel with the United
States is not fair, they charge,
because there would be no Con-
gress in France to balance the
strong President. The French con-
stitution already allows the Presi-
dent to dissolve the assembly.
Further power might give a man
elected by the nation, the virtual
status of a dictator.
Evening star., 1962-08-20

Fluffy and soft, filled with
eoosedown, ond-like oil our
Surety piIIows-they've passed
rigid laboratory tests for quail
ity and value. Striped down.
proof ticking.
Evening star., 1962-08-20

Present this coupon to the Porkino
Coshier, The Hecht Co. Downtown
Store. This offer good for August,
1862, only.
$50