davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1962-01-21

completely exhausted, again ex-
pecting to hear no more of the
school gregation cases. But
early in November, Marshall called
me (again -.
This time a still different task
awaited me. met Thurgood
Marshall in his office, where we
were joined by John Frank of the
Yale Law School, a nationally
known lawyer and legal historian
and author of number of lead
ing monographs on the Four
teenth Amendment. Marshall in
formed the two of us that Mings
draft was fine as far as it went,
but that it didn't go far enough.
Ming had proceeded on the theory
that it would not do to
get too far involved in specific
historical detail with respect to
Trainer intent, and that the as
Sociation's case might best be cast
in very generalized terms with
deliberate avoidance of the par
ticular.
The VieiIont Judges
This tactic, Marshall now in
formed us, might get past two
or three of the justices but
it would darn well never get past
Frankfurter or Douglas. II gotta
argue these cases." Thurgood said,
"and if I try this approach, those
fellows will shoot me down in
flames. =. :"
I am very much afraid that
for the next few days I ceased
to function as a historian, and
instead took up the practice of
law without a license. The prob
lem we faced was not the his
torian's discovery of the truth,
the whole truth and nothing but
the truth; the problem instead
was the formulation of an ade-
quate gloss on the fateful events
of 1866 sufficient to convince the
court that we had something of
a historical case. 1t is not
that we were engaged in formulat-
ing lies; there was nothing as
crude and naive as that. But
We were using facts, emphasizing
facts, bearing down on facts, slid
ing off facts, quietly ignoring
facts, and above all interpreting
facts in way to do what Mar
shall said we had to do-"get by
those boys down there"
This may be the place to OBJ
serve that it was in these con-
feronces that I came to under
stand why Thurgood Marshall was
such a cunning and powerful
Strategist in the campaign for Ne
gro rights in America. But I
found even more interesting his
SlaShing and mordant sense of
humor, his profoundly moving
sense of identity with the Negro's
tragic role in America, and his
Evening star., 1962-01-21

hearing to learn just how the net
works choose what programs and
why. The top network officials
will appear and describe the whole
program-selection process. The
hearing is probably the most i'm
portant conducted by the FEC in
recent years.
This inquiry is no sudden idea
of the New Frontier, as epito-
mized by the FCC's controversial
and energetic, young, new chair
man, Newton N. Minow.
Rather, it's part of an FEC
study of networking which has
been going on since 1855. From
time to time, since then, the COM
mission has stopped and weighed
the information it had cleaned to
date and adopted new rules
designed to improve competition,
give non-network program pro-
ducerS greater opportunity to get
their output on the air and give
individual stations more freedom
in program selection.
The Programs Themselves
Most of these hearings have in
volved business relationships. Last
June, however, the hearings got
closer to the programs themselves.
The networks stewed, mostly
silently, awaiting a chance to get
in their lick, while the commission
gathered testimony such as this:
David Susskind, with his great
talent for publicity and contro-
versy, spoke of the death grip of
networks on programming" and a
"paranoic race" for ratings.
Worthington Miner, veteran pro-
ducer, said that NBC and CHS
were competing "at a high in
tellectual level in public affairs
shows but not in entertainment"
David Davidson, chairman of
the Writers Guild of America,
stated: Never in history has the
writer been paid so much for
writing so badly"
The networks have plenty of
answers to these accusations, and
they will now have the opportu-
nifty to let themselves go.
What business is it of the FEC
to ask any station or network
about programming? Isn't that
censorship" - forbidden by the
Constitution and the Communica-
tions Act? It's well conceded,
however, that the FEC can ask
virtually any question it chooses.
What it can do about program
ming is something else.
Diversity Of Voices
The real question is this, accord
ing to the FEC: Can the FEC
produce conditions under which
more program producers can have
more access to the TV air? The
basic assumption is that the pub
Evening star., 1962-01-21
BY ALBERT WARREN
Contributing Writer

The most important suppliers of
American television programs are
the three networks ABC, CHS
and NBC. About one-half of all
programming comes from them.
During peak viewing hours in the
evening the figures rise to some
80 per cent.
Is this too much control? And
do networks pick programs more
for money than for merit?
On Tuesday, the Federal Com
munications Commission starts a
Evening star., 1962-01-21

ity to require broadcasterS to match
their programming promises
with performance - or produce
a reasonable explanation for not
doing so. The commission cites a
long list of court decisions as
proof OF such authority. Its op-
ponentS in the industry argue that
courts would +oday rule other
wise, would strike down such &C
ton, labelling it censorship" The
commission, however, is satisfied
that its powers would be upheld
in any new test case.
Despite the Importance of the
network investigation, it's most
unlikely that any serious revision
OF network operations will finally
emerge. Frankly" as one of the
most experienced FEC members
put it last week, "the networks
are too important to the public,
They do produce the best pro-
grams. Neither the public nor
Congress would stand for any FEC
action which would reduce their
contribution"
some lntra-induStry relation
ships may be changed eventually.
as a result of the long FEC inves-
tlgation. These may be important
to elements of the industry but
It's most doubtful that they'll
produce major changes in what
networks offer to the public.
The PubIic's Toste
AS always, it can be expected
that networks will both lead and
follow the public's taste offering
mostly what most of the publia
will watch, while gradually seek
ing to elevate the public'S taste"
It's generally agreed, by the
Government, by the critics and
by the industry, that this "eleva-
ton" process has accelerated in
the last few years and that SUBJ
stantial audiences exist for pro-
grams offering material other
than pure entertainment.
AS a matter of fact, the metz
works are going to televise their.
own FEC hearings. NBC, for exz
ample, will offer special TV proc
grams of their hearings on three
Sundays, 6:30-7 pm. January %
and $3.50 pm. February 4 and
February II. On radio, NBC will
feature coverage 9:05-9:3O pm. on.
the same days. ABC and CHS may
also do specials.
Who knoWs-the sessions may
produce some entertainment, too.
commissioner Robert I Lee doubts
1t. He's in charge of TV-radio
coverage arrangements, wonders
why so many stations are inter-
eSted in carrying the proceedings.
i don't understand it," he said
last week. "A lot of it is going to
be plain boring"
Evening star., 1962-01-21
U. S. Expenditures
On Foreign Aid Now
BY LAWRENCE SULLIVAN
Contributing Writer


Total foreign aid disbursements
by the United States Treasury
since World War II added up to
$84.7 billion through June 80,
1861.
A report from the Office of
Business Economics, Commerce
Department, shows that II ma
tionS received 1923 per cent of the
grand total. or $59.5 billion.
The current recapitulation COW
ers l6 fiscal years and includes
all forms of military assistance,
economic aid, plus all surplus
farm products delivered abroad
for blocked currencies.
The 16-year breakdown, by
types of aid:
(Billions)
Economic assistance ---- $51.0
Military assistance ------- 28.8
Capital subscriptions ---- 40
BY these official figures, the
average foreign-aid distribution
since the war has been $5.3 bill
lion year.
But these figures do not include
direct United States expenditures
to sustain the United Nations, our
own exchange of persons pro-
grams, educational exchanges,
USIA, and cooperative scientific
ventures supported regularly
through the annual State Depart
ment appropriations measures.
Nor do they include our own
direct military payrolls overseas,
nor our payments to cooperation
in the International Geophysical
Year, Antarctic weather research
and like world projects.
Direct United States capital sub
Scriptions to world credit agen-
cieS, such as the International
Monetary Fund, International De-
velopment Fund, Inter-American
Development Bank total $40 bill
lion for the postwar period.
This table below shows the COM
bined total to each of the II
principal nations assisted by the
various United States program:
Foreign Aid
October, 1945, Through
June 30, 1861
Seventeen Ranking Nations
lin BilliOnS)
Evening star., 1962-01-21
54 Million Sets

Today-89 per cent of the
wired homes in this country own
and operate a TV set-541a mil
lion sets, that is-more TV than
telephones. than bathtubs. 1t is
a mass medium of communica-
ton as no other medium has
ever been. Conservatively the
American public has invested
more than $ll billion in TV sets
Brent o. Cunts, vice presi-
dent and manager of television
station WBAL-TV in Baltimore,
in an address to the Maryland
Association of Insurance Agents.
Evening star., 1962-01-21

Mr.. Warren is editor and publisher Of
Teleyision Digest.
Evening star., 1962-01-21
Foreign Aid
October, 1945, Through
June 80, 1861
Seventeen Ranking Nations
lin BilliOnS)

Thirty One Nations Receiving
More Than $100 Million Each
lin MilliOnS)
Evening star., 1962-01-21
Historical Truth

This is the argument, essen
TALLY, that you will find incor-
porated in the historical portions
of the NAACP brief as it went
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-06-08
Africa At A Glance
JOB TRAINING

(NP)-A African students will receive on
the-job training
being project being sponsored
jointly the Africa Service
and Industry Development company, Washington DC.
INCOME
(ANP)-The Republic proposes
provide
they wholly part addition
the revision increase in the minimum paid
panes to percent of their turnover
DOCUMENTARY FILM
Abdan (ANP)-Promethee Nor" or "Adou" documentary
Ivory go into production in
August under the direction
Adjan and the outdoor scenes filmed
different locations in the country
completed November will its performance
airy, 1858
BROADCAST EXPANSION
Lumpur Malaga (ANP)-spea programs to
the aborgnes tribes Malaga according
eminent officials last introduced 1859
the programs provide news talks and ceremonial music
CURRENCY CONTROL
Exchange regua
ton recently importation country
Ghana with
addition the revision drops the money
can take out of the country from $50 to $2s.
DESIGN CHANGES
ampala P)-some changes have to be made in the design
flag independence
British technical
will fade in the tropical climate and the blue chosen cannot he ad
quately bunting
color separated by gold
the national emblem, in the center
AFRICAN TRADE OFFICER
Mombasa Kenya CANP)-Matthew Kabetu a former school
joined Supplies
instructor become the African
incial Trades Officer He executive officer African Trade the
Newcastle-OnTyne England (ANP)-Chkwendu Nwarau 49,
Umudna Ubaala Nigeria least vocaons
which remarkable ability
Phi Kings college University Durham civil
eering playwright during colleges
festival directed members the African society
of his compositions, "Bnta Ma Tmbultu"
AS THE UN GOES so GOES -.
Eizabethvie Congo ANP)The Kaanga government
of the making purchases
Southern Tshombe
pharmaceucas Salisbury
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-06-08
Jersey City Housing
Authority Charged
With Rdce Bios

New York. - The NAACP an
nounced this week that it had filed
a complaint with Federal author
tiles citing a long history of racial
discrimination by the Jersey City
Housing Authority in the occu-
pancy and management of its fed
orally assisted low rent projects.
The NAACP complaint charged
the local authority with encour-
aging and promoting segregation
within its projects and contribut-
ing to the expansion of residential
segregation in Jersey City.
Jack E. Wood, NAACP housing
secretary, stated that the concen-
tration by the Jersey City Hous-
ing Authority of Negro tenants in
three of its eight projects has
caused a shift in the racial bal
ance of the schools which serve
these projects.
THE Jersey City Board Of Edu-
cation has acknowledged publicly
that the defacto segregation exists
in the local school system. That
Board, with the assistance Of the
NAACP, is now charting a course
to desegregate its schools. The
close correlation between racial
percentages within the schools and
racial concentrations in project
tenancy makes it imperative that
the Jersey City Housing Authority
move promptly to desegregate its
projects"
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-06-08
Machen catehes Up With
Elusive Foe; Scores
Unanimous Decision

San Francisco CAMP - Eddie
Machen, the No. ranked heavy
weight contender, was extended by
elusive Roger FISCHER, California
State champion, in a 10-round
bout here last week, but rallied in
the late rounds to score a unani-
nous decision and avert what
would have a damaging blow to
his prestige.
The surprising FISCHER gave
Machen a great deal of trouble
until Eddie found the range in the
ninth round. He cut FISCHER over
the left eye and scored heavily
with combination lefts and rights
to the head and continued the as
sault through the 10th round, to
win the verdict.
Machen weighed 1876 pounds to
Richer's 1879 for the fight, held
at the San Francisco Civic Audi
torium before 5000 ringsiders.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-06-08
Luxury Loving
Physicians Nabbed
For Done SuIeS

Fnllduelpnld (ANH)-IWO nigh
living. luxury loving physicians
have been charged with the illegal
sale of large quantities of narcotics
by federal agents who seized them
last week.
The two, DR.. Eric r. Clarke, 40,
and DR.. Horace r. Johnson, 55,
were accused of cooperating with
each other in the sale of the drugs.
Their bonds of $25, 900 each were
reduced to $4,000 when they
pleaded they could not raise them.
JOhnsOn's Cadillac and
Clarke's Thunderbird were i'm
pounded.
U. S. Commissioner Edward j.
Furia called them worse than
murderers for breaking and flaunt-
ing their oaths as doctors"
The arrests were made in
Clarke's office by U. S. agents
from the New York office of the
Federal Bureau of Narcotics.
Brennan said the two doctors on
April 4 sold 2,973 dolophine hydro
chloride capsules and about an
ounce and a quarter of cocaine
hydrochloride to the agents, John
Ripa and James Cockerille, for
$4,000.
Brennan said the drugs were di-
verified from legitimate medical
channels, and cost the doctors less
than $50.
Brennan said there were three
prior sales, two of which were con-
summated in Philadelphia; one of
these was a $4,000 purchase for a
similar quantity, and the others
were for smaller amounts.
Brennan said the doctors were
arrested after another sale-3,000
dolophine hydrochloride capsules
and two ounces of cocaine hydro
chloride for $4,000.
He said the doctors had agreed
to sell the agents similar guam
titles every two weeks from then
on.
The doctors made no state
ment at the hearing.
DR.. Clarke lives in an attractive
suburban type home with his wife
and son, and DR.. johnson lives
in a palatial $50, 900 mansion type
home with his wife and three chill
dren.
DR.. Clarke is said to be a grad
uate of Howard University Medi-
cal School and came to Philadel-
phia from Washington, D. c. For a
time his father, a retired minister,
lived with him here.
DR.. Johnson graduated from Vir-
ginia Union university, Richmond,
Va, and Meharry Medical college,
Nashville, Tenn, and has been a
physician since 1886.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-06-08
Arm Emerging From
Coffin Causes Stir

Lima, Peru (ANP) - Most peo-
pie will agree that there's nothing
unusual about seeing a coffin in
front of a funeral parlor.
But pedestrians in downtown
Puno were shocked last week when
an arm slowly emerged from a eff
fin in front of a local funeral es-
Enlistment.
Investigation disclosed the mes
senger delivering the coffin had
set it down and climbed into it for
shelter when it started raining. He
stuck his arm out to see If it had
stopped raining.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-06-08
They Should Have Put
This Show On Tupe

London (ANP) - Millions OF
Britons watched a recent live"
television show to find out which
way bath water spins when it goes
down the drain.
A British Broadcasting Company
television program had a bathtub
in the studio to demonstrate the
way water whirls in different
henispheres.
But something went wrong.
When the program ended the water
was still In the tub The drain
was clogged.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-06-08
THIS NJ THAT
By Hazel Underwood
VACATION PLANS

VACATION PLANS
I cannot take long leisurely vacations
In the green peace of some high mountain crest,
But can give my often voiced vexations
long delayed and greatly needed rest.
I cannot take trip to some far shore
But can give complaints a holiday;
And little criticisms by the score
I'm packing up and sending far away
The habits of being anxious, and of doubling
And making tart remarks that need amends,
I'm going to give long and peaceful outing
All summer long, and when the summer ends
shall be glad indeed, if they should shirk
The woeful task of going back to work.
Jane Merchant, in The Quiet Hour
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-06-08

In MEXICO city; a couple who haC
winter spent in MonroNa, Calf
ornia, and another couple who had
spent three weeks with relatives
in Denver, Colorado and a few
who had plans for a summer trip.
One of the women who had spent
the winter in Mexico was saying,
1T is nice to leave the ice and
snow and go where it is nice and
warm, but I missed you, my
friends. There is no place like
home, believe it or not. While try
ing to get along with necessities,
you think of all of the little items
you left at home and did not ap-
preciate. For instance, you have at
least one bathroom per family at
home. Where we stopped there are
many families for each bathroom.
That is, unless you live in a more
expensive section of town. There
you have more modern convenien-
ces.
The apartments and houses are
beautiful and so is the scenery.
The people are more than friendly.
They go out of their way to make
your stay pleasant. You appreci-
ate all they do, but still, you do
not speak the language and you
did come more for the rest, the
climate and to see the beauty of
Mexico, So you get your little
book" and try to tell them in
a nice way that you have enjoyed
their hospitality, and you did en-
joy being shown so many lovely
places, but for a time you will
have to enjoy just relaxing. They
understood and said they would
come back later when you felt
better.
While taking a much needed rest
you thought of home. You had
thought you would be so happy
to get away and leave it all be-
hind, but now while sitting and
basIring in the warm sunshine,
you wish that some of your rela-
tives and other friends might be
enjoying your trip with you.
The neighbors' children who
keep you busy washing doorknobs
and tiny spots off your front and
back doors would be a most well
come sight right now. Time seems
to be a reminder of how much
your friends back home mean to
you. You appreciate them now
while there are miles and miles
between you. How you jumped
and started to get up when you
saw what you thought was Helen
NJ. coming toward you, but as she
got closer you noticed it was
someone who could have been al
most her twin.
Then you started thinking OF
Helen. At home, you liked her
very much, but you did not con-
slider her one Of your very best
friends. Here, far away from her
you can see all of her good points.
You know when you return home,
you will let her know how much
she means to you.
The longer you stayed away
from home the more you decided
you liked familiar faces and places
Had you been able to get out
more, perhaps you would not have
come so close to your relatives and
friends. Not being able to get
away from your apartment very
often, you really rested and learn
ed to appreciate those whose lives
were so close to yours.
We were told If you want to see
Americans, go to some place where
they serve hamburgers, ham and
eggs or ice cream sodas.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-06-08

operating there was that IT got
a good look at old familiar faces,
and I learned I had a lot of I'M
finished business to do in the way
of forgiving small grudges. I had
learned to appreciate the good
qualities in all of my friends. 1
saw myself as I really am" I
had a lot of doing and undoing to
do when returned.
After I had made up my mind
to see myself as I am and to see
my friends as they are and NOT
as thought they were, I put them
out of my thoughts. I decided to
get well fast, so I could get home
and begin to enjoy all that I had
been taking for granted-my fam
ily friends, home, and changing
weather, the luxuries I had con-
sidered necessities and above all,
the laughing voices of my neigh
bors little children. I even decided
it was a privilege to live in such
a place where the language is no
barrier to you but has always
been taken for granted.
Please don't think I did not en-
inv NV tTip barauca did h,,t
also learned so much about myself.
I really learned to appreciate home
and friends and to learn to see
them through their eyes, as well
as through mine.
Most of us long to see new
faces and places but before too
long we are anxious to get back
home and see the familiar places
and people.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-06-08

Africa's best-dressed lady is
Mrs. Felix Houphouet-Boigny, wife
of the President of the Ivory
Coast.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-06-08

prominent women urge all 10
os.vne more responsible role
in the community.
the HAMPTON MINISTERS
CONFERENCE. Hampton, Va.
June 1879. The Gospel in To-
Days Preaching" has been chosen
as the topic 70 the 4sth annual
convention. The Rev. ThomoS S.
logon. rector Of Calvary Episcopal
Church will preside over $50
delegates.
EAAcP. Atlanta, Co., June as
30. Roy wilkins, executive seers.
tary, heuds the $4,000 member
ship which hos First Gloss citi-
1enship for All Amsrieons" as its
theme.
'Doiss subject 10 ehonse.
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION or
MINISTERS WIVES, INC. RoIeish.
NC, June 1922. Shaw univer-
sity. q religious center itself, will
play host TO The Women's orgoniro-
ton. Mrs. Rendella W. lueos Of
Philadelphia, is president. The
9oo-member group mointoiuS a
home for retired and inactive men,
berS in Richmond and a student
loan fund for talented youths.
LINKS, INC. June 1880. Mrs.
Pauline r. Weeden, heads the
group which wos first organized
in Philadelphia. A notionol orsan-
iIotion whose social oefivitiss ore
conferred around the future
leaders, II numbers 500 members.
INTERNATIONAL YOUTH con-
oREsS CHURCH OF GOD IN
CHRIST. Detroit, Mich, June 2T-
July .. Bishop ozro 7. JONES' ST..
Of Philadelphia, leeds The youth
auxiIiariss Of the church at Ford
Auditorium Civic Center.
milton Watch Co.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-06-08
VACATIONS

The club meeting and group were
talking with couple who had just returned
in Mexico City couple who had just month
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-06-08

There's just one thing about feel
ing under par:
And that, you see, is finding out
just how nice people are!
Anon.