davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Navajo times., 1962-05-30
HiQh Level Meeting
Continued from Page

and his assimilation into the social
and competitive stream, yet very
little has been acCompll shed in
either respect.
ANYONE reasonably familiar
with the problems presently con-
fronting the reservation Indians
realizes that their primary needs
are education andjob opportunities
of a permanency affording eco
nomic stability
"The educational program on
the Navajo Reservation has been
most gratifying. AT present we
have approximately 10000 Navajo
children IN school. A cycle of two
generations under this program
Will result in Indian literacy being
raised TO a point where we can
compete and for this we are eX-
tremely grateful.
"On the Navajo Reservation we
have some 5000 to 10000 adult
Navajos, now heads Of families and
who fall into the classification Of
breadWinnerS, none OF whom have
any formal educ alton and because
of their age and responsibilities
will never receive any. 1t is this
group, whose immediate need for
vocational and adult training IS
now upon us, that should command
the Committee's attention. For
with the solution Of their problem
will necessarily come the Develop
ment of our physical resources
the soil, grass, water, timber and
minerals, and likewise the accom-
panying development of hum
skills and capacities. 1t follows as
a matter OF course that the prinCi-
pal incidents OF such developments
will result in material assistance
to the Indians.
"Those of US who are laboring
in the service OF the NaVaj 10 people,
assuming continuation OF the pres
ent educational program, are con-
vinCed that before any substantial
progress can be made toward de-
Veloplng permanent j b opportu-
mites and economic stability OF the
Indian people, some assistance
from the Government must be given
in making available to the reser-
vations: Water: Industrial and
municipal. including dome site.
Power. Transportation
upon its own account and from
out Of its own re sources the Navajo
Tribe has purchased and optloned
sufficient power to meet the in
duStrial and dome site needs of the
eastern portion of the Reservation.
We have not, however, been able to
secure from the Bureau of Rec Ia
nation anything like sufficient
power to develop or to Industrial
iZe the western portion of the Res
erVation. In the opinion OF those
who have studied the problem, the
greatest industrial potential lies
on the west side.
"Teh Tribe feels that ii was not
equitably treated in the alloC atlons
made from the Glen Canyon gen.
GRAFTON. Though more than 4O96 of
the Reservation lies in the Upper
Basin, we we're relegated TO an
apportionnent of the meager allot-
ment made to the southern ba sin
states. This was done notWith-
standing three Of the major trans
mission lines across the Navajo
ReServatiOn--One to the eastern
edge and two down the west side to
serve the central load at Phoenix,
Arizona
"Certainly no one has more
pressing need or a higher and
better claim TO the power generated
at this federal installation than the
Navajo Tribe.
Navajo times., 1962-05-30
The Women. Bless En-

"Cigarettes can be very un-
healthy for man. For in
stance, when his wife comes
home and finds some with lip-
stick on them. Kenny Ben
nett, Greenca>tle tlnd., Put
nam County Graphic.
Navajo times., 1962-05-30

but for the time being, al least, the
main beneliciaries Will be nom
Indian tourists. Given the means
TO develop Industries, with accom-
panying JOB opportunities, the Nav
ajos can make commercial use Of
these highways.
81 should not want to 30 un-
noticed the beneficial dctcrmlna-
tion made by the present Secretary
of the Interior In directing that
hereafter construction proj ct S
commenced on Indian reservations,
to the extent pc SSible, be conducted
under what is known as the force
account merhod". In addition, the
Secretary has directed that where
contracts are let, such as for
school and road construction, that
the nondi iscrimlnation clause, pro-
Vided for under Presidential EN-
ecutive Order 1O925, shall have
added thereto an additional para
graph, reading 5 follows:
"Preferencc in employment for
all work TO be performed under
this contract, including oubCOn-
tracts hereunder. shall be given
10 local residents subject TO the
provisions OF the preceding clause
on nondisCrimlnatioG in employ
ment. "
"This significant and prai Sc
worthy determined policy by the
Secretary Will afford great many
job opportunities not heretofore
available to reservation Indians.
BY virtue Of the SOC allied 90
Year Lease law, the Navajo Tribe
has qualified portions OF the Res
crvation for Fila. financing and
will undertake substantial housing
developments without federal as
sistance. This, too, will provide job
opportunities, for the Tribe 5 con-
StructlOn contracts are, in the
main, for materials and super
visory personnel, the bulk OF the
work being done by NaNalo5 under
the guidance. training and direction
OF Journeymen supervisors. Our
experience has been that this adds
about lO96 or more 10 the cost OF
the project. but in each instance we
have been able to train 4 SubStan--
tlal number 0. Navajos in construC-
CL l. Z thn,-nI,,f l,f.t =
competitive for Reservation and
nonreSerNatlO employment. The
labor unions have vigOrou ly
opposed this program and We need
the unflinChing and unCompromls-
ing asst st anCe OF the Federal agen-
Cies in maintaining it in order that
these benefits may come to the
Indian people and not TO nonresident
lourneymen who have no stake in
the welfare OF the Indian people or
in the development of the
Reservation.
"The Navajo Tribe is rapidly
developing its program Of Collab-
oration with the states in which the
Reservation lies. The Tribal Coun-
Gil has adopted As tribal law the
state traffic codes and election
procedures and will broaden the
area OF cooperation when and if
the opportunity presents itself.
Apprenticeship and training
programs for our Navajo people
are currently gathering momen-
tum. In general the apprenticeship
program has been dormant over
the past several years because of
the admin strative policy of con-
tracing all construction. With the
new swing towards force account
work, this program will again be
empha sized as time goes on. At
the present time construction pay
rates do not take into account
apprenticeship or training wage
Navajo times., 1962-05-30

"
because so many OF our high school
students did not graduate or, II
successful. have entered Instltu-
tions of higher learning, either on
the college level or on vocational
training programs. Regarding out
side acceptance OF our Indian people
we generally believe that wherever
Navajo people have gone they have
not encountered Discrimination
from labor unions or industries TO
the same degree as faced by other
minority groups. The main rea son
for less apprenticeship programs
off Reservation have been eco
nomic rather than discriminatory.
"Vocatione training opportu-
mites among our people have been
sponsored lnpart by our own Tribal
Scholarship progra m and 10 d
great extent by the Bureaus Adult
Vocational Training progra $.
Nationwide the Adult Vocational
Training program has been
dynamic rather than static. Cur
rently there are 156 approved in
stiturlOnS offering voc atlonal
training opportunities in crafts,
personal grooming, domestic SCI
cnceo and chronological fields. A
total OF ABA separate courses are
included nationally and the policy
OF the Bureau states that where
there ls need for certain types OF
training not now offered, such
training can be set up by the Wash
in2tOn Office OF the Branch OF
Employment \ stance, formerly
the Branch OF Relocat Services.
The overall appropriation for fiscal
year 1862 for vocational training
was four and one-fOurth million
dollars. The 1868 request approx
imates five and One-halt million
dollars.
"FrOm the inception OF the A\T
program in 1858 to February 1862
there we're 1890 Indian people
voluntarily entering the vocational
training program under auspices
OF the Bureau Drop-Outs before
completion OF the respective train
ing courses tOtalcd 1929; and 1878
completed their schooling. There
are 783 vocational students in
training at this time. From those
who have completed their courses,
which range from 2-1/2 months to
2 years. 86h have found gaintul
employment. The overall drop
rate currently is less than 2525.
We believe that our average Navajo
student experience may be some
what lower than this national aver
age. TO date 523 young Navajo men
and women have attended trade
schools under this program and
have learned a variety of useful
vocations, many being gainfully
used within our Navajo country
"Among the approved institu-
tions offering vocational training
programs are private business
colleges, technical institutes, pub
lie VOC atlonal high schools and
junior college S. Located from
Cleveland. Ohio and Chicago. L.
HnoiS to the ca st, Dallas + ort
Worth in the southwest, Denver in
the mountain area, and several
cities in California, are Navajo
boys and girls taking advantage of
this opportunity. They are cur
rently enrolled in cosmetology,
auto and diesel mechanics, driving
and operating schools for heavy
equipment, Secretarial course ,
nursing and technical courses re-
lated TO the eleCtronicS industry,
to name few. Our problems re-
lated TO VOC atlonal training espec-
tally in the more skilled fields, tie
Navajo times., 1962-05-30
An Old Recipe Revised

AL ltIl.o W II N ACCN" 10 IitSLAl~0 Iva
a county in Virginia, and origi-
nally was made with squirrel
meat. Today it is commonly made
with chicken.
BRUNSWICK STEW
/ tour-pound chicken cut in pieces
y cup flour
" cup corn oil
"a cup chopped onion
3 cups cooked or conned tomatoes
| cup wuter
w Tbsp. solt
/ Tbsp. Lea Perrins
Worcestershire
u tsp. cayenne pepper
z tsp. sugar
3 cups fresh or conned whole
kernel corn
3 cups fresh or conned
lima beans
Wash chicken: droin. Put flour in po-
per bag. Place chicken in bag and
shake well to coat eoch piece. Heot
oil in deep. heavy kettle. Soute
chicken until light brown. Add onion
and cook. stirring occasionally until
onion is cleor. Add tomotoes. woter
and seosonings. Cover and simmer
until meot is olmost tender. Then. if
preferred. remove chicken from stew:
bone and skin. leaving chicken in
foirlY large pieces. Return to the stew
together with the vegetables. Con.
tinue cooking until vegetables ore
tender. Serve hot. (Mokes 8 generous
seTvings.)
Tundra times., 1962-10-01
Group Builds Own School

a summer school there this year in two tents. One of the tents was used as a classroom and one was used as teachers quarters. Miss Jarene Stephan, a graduate of the University of Alaska, instructed while the villagers constructed the log school house. Born at Palmer, Miss Stephan has previously been BIA teacher, filling in last year at Arctic Village and teaching pre- vious to that in the Lower Yukon.
 This summer, Miss Stephan, some- times taught her students outside, in the Socrates manner, with only the sky for canopy.
 As the school neared completion this fall, the villagers asked Miss Stephan if she would remain. AL though she had planned to tour Europe, she cancelled her plans and will remain at Birch Creek.
Tundra times., 1962-10-01

Psrents and children in about a week will enroll together in brand new school in the small remote com- munity of Birch Creek.
 Located about 50 miles south of Ft. Yukon, the village, with the aid ot the Bureau of Indian Affairs, built a one room school there this year.
 For years, Birch Creek Jimmy" the 75-year-old chief of the vil- lsge, and other adults there want ed their children in school. But they did not want to send their children hundreds of miles to Wran- gell Institute.
 Last February the villagers asked the Bureau of Indian Affairs if they would construct a school and deed it to the government, would the B1A send them a teacher.
 The BIA agreed and even set up
Tundra times., 1962-10-01
Monday, Oct. !, 1o62
Group Builds New Village 2

A front street was carved out and the villagers started building homes and the two-room school. School for children and adults will start there in about two weeks.
 The Bureau of Indian Affairs has sent several barge loads of supplies borrowed from other BIA schools to Canyon Village. h. E
 The school has two rooms, one 16 by 20 feet to be used as a class room. and another, 16 by 16 feet to be used as teacher quarters. It will have gasoline lights and even. tually radio facilities.
 Wien Alaska Airlines has agreed to land there twice month.
 Bureau of Indian Affairs officials visited Canyon Village and said the people there were picking loads of berries but had to take along guns with them because of a great mum. Der of wolves and bears. Adults plan to take turns walking their chil. dren to school.
 Canyon village is now in the pro. cess of filing for townsite and making application for a village cooperative store.
 "We are confident our movement will encourage many other families that are now disgusted to come to our settlement next year." the vii. lage council recently wrote the BIA here. -..
Tundra times., 1962-10-01

In an attempt to escape welfare dependency, to be near where there is ample fish and game, to live in- dependently in community they could be proud of, seven families moved from Ft. Yukon this fall and started a new community, Canyon Village.
 In cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs, 10 adults with 2S children, 18 of which are school age. constructed a new school at the village, formerly listed on the map as Curtis Cabins.
 Located 180 miles north of Ft. Yukon on the Porcupine River. Can yon Village has nice sandbar suitable for landing strip.
 Disguised with conditions at Ft. Yukon, the families moved to the new area. The adult men went to Old Rampant near the Canadian border, dismantled buildings there and floated them down to the vil- lage site. f
 Later women, children and be- longings were transported from Ft. Yukon to the site.
 In short time 46 caribou were taken. .--t
 We could have taken 146," one of the villagers said. But he indi- cated they did not want to take more for fear the meat would spoil so early in the season.
Tundra times., 1962-10-01
TUN ORA TIM E $
.AntIers Save
 Young Herders

Although the dog holds a rarely disputed throne as mans best friend" pair of young Eskimo rein- deer herders of a few years back, might be inclined to argue the fact.
 The following item appeared in a 1924 edition of the Kusko Times, printed at Takotna:
 While herding reindeer near Can't we'll, two boys were startled to see brown bear and yearling cub charging in their direction.
 The quick thinking lads bolted for the only refuge available |. :. in the midst of the herd. When the bears arrived at the spot, they were greeted with menacing fence of antlers.
 The reindeer, when they spotted the bears. had formed circle to protect their flank and unwilling ly provided a spiny barricade be- tween the bears and the frightened boys.
Tundra times., 1962-10-01
By AL KETZLER
 Contributing Editor

We Athabascans of Interior Alaska believe. as do the Eskimos, that the best way to make our problems known is to get together to discuss them, and then stand together until they are solved. This is the reason we followed the example set by the Fskimos when the latter held the Inupiat last November.
 Plan Meeting
 In March this year, four Chiefs and delegates from seven other villages met at Nenana to discuss ways to settle the many problems we are all facing.
 Because of the urgency and be- cause these problems seemed so widespread, the group decided to hold meeting at Panama in June and invite representatives from as many interior villages as could at- tend.
 At Panama, during our meeting the Dena' Nena' Henash, our people learned that elmost every village faces the same problems; mainly land and hunting rights; jobs and village economy.
 Deeds Unnecessary
 Your grandfathers and mine, left this land to us in the only kind of deed they knew by word of mouth and our continued possession. Among our people this "deed" was honored just as much as if 1t was written and signed by the President of the United States. a.
 Until recent years, a mans honor was the only deed necessary. Now, things have changed. We need a legal title to our land if we are to hold II '',-' -, = -s I :. -
Tundra times., 1962-10-01
Arctic Surviu0I
 Hair Sea|- -The Big Little Animal

removing the hair as he did for the heavins line. The woman of the house cuts small holes about six inches apart around the skin after which it is laced or stretched tight on frame.
 Skin is usually bleached in winter. The Eskimos believe the cold tenn. peratures and wind makes the skin winter.
 In about two or three weeks. after it has been hung high and away from dogs, the skin takes on the color of cream-white. It is then ready for fancy trimmings and lac. ings for mukluks.
 The bleached skin is sometimes soaked in willow bark water and dyed into rust color and is also used for trimmings.
 Whale Floats
 An important use of the seal skin is for making floats to keep killed whales from sinking. When whale is struck, the first thing an assist ant to the harpooner does is to throw inflated seal skin floats at. tached to the harpoon line, over. board. The floats slow down the harpooned whale and it's position Is tracked by the floats.
 When the whale is killed, several seal skin floats are attached to 1t to keep the huge animal from sink. ing. ..
 The hair seal population of the Arctic has always been adequate. This animal thrives mostly on tom cod that abounds in millions in the Arctic waters. Since the seal stays around throughout the year, it is im- portant to the Eskimo in that it Is available when other food animals are scarce. :
 The absence of open water leads does not present a problem to the ssAl for lack of breathing space. When there are no leads, it seeks out thin ice and proceeds to scratch out with its tough sharp nails hole in the icsz for . hrssthins hole. ,;
 Nachik. the little hair seal, has, earned his niche in the everyday life of the ancient Eskimqwand the present one. The Eskimo gould have been hard put in his fight foH survival if 1t hadn't been for thiqs hardy little animal. It is little wosSi der hear seal is . fsvorite subject
Tundra times., 1962-10-01

The skin with hair out is used for parkas and for hunting pants.
 It Is used for waterproof mukluks. knee-length or hip length. The prep aration is to remove the hair by us- ing powdered pumice that is sprink- led in the hair. A piece of rock with sharp edge is then used by the women who push this in short strokes. pressingly firmly on the skin and the roots of the hair.
 Processing Skin
 The combination of the powdefeh pumice, sharp edge of the rock, and the firm pressure slaves the hair off the skin. After the hair is off, the skin has the appearance of grey brown color. The skin is then oiled lightly about three times and the oil is allowed to soak in. After the last application. the skin is water proof and ready to be cut into pat terms for waterproof mukluks.
 There is another method of re- moving the hair from the skin. Fresh seal skin is put in good sized wooden bowl or small vat, along with slices of seal blubber. The vat is placed in a warm place, usually by stove. In five days to week the hair separates from the skin.
 While the skin is wet. the man of the household and another man, or a young son, takes the skin and slices it in thin unbroken line that may stretch up to 300 feet.
 The man takes his hort-bladed curved knife as his assistant takes a firm hold of the edge of the skin in both his hands. He then takes his knife and cuts on the skin in the straddle of his assistants hands.
 This first cut aroud is to straight en out the skin into more or less an oval shape by cutting off the ex- tremities, flippers and neck.
 Having Ll.s
 On he next round he begins the process of slicing heaving line, of about quarter of m Inch. with the help of his assistant. two feet at. time. Each time the assistant takes new hold. the process is re- peated around and around the skin until the skin is spiralled to the center. The unbroken line b then stretched to dry. When dry, it sla4inka. into a strong, tough Nne of about h inch in diameter.
 To make bleached seal skin the
Tundra times., 1962-10-01
Chairman Cites Land Problems

Our right to inherit land from our fathers cannot be settled in court. It is specifically stated in early laws that Congress is to do this by de- lining the way by which we can acquire title. We must ask Congress to do this. .-... ......
 Join With Eskimes
 At Dena' Nena' Henash the dele gates voted to cooperate with the Eskimos and help wherever possible. We invite other Indians and Aleuts to do the same.
 . Good Results
 Already. good things have come from these meetings. Much of the confusion about the 25c hunting and fishing license has been cleared up because the people at our meeting pointed out the problem to the task force. ---
 Chalkyitsik is to have the radio communication they have needed SO long.
 When the Eskimos got together and protested Project Chariot, they showed that the livelihood of many people would be endangered. As a result this was a strong factor in the Project being called off indef- inately.
 New Means q Comm unication
 Since communication is one of our biggest handicaps in knowing what is happening around us, we are es- pecially happy that we are now to have a newspaper, THE TUNDRA TIMES, to keep us informed. T q Anether Meeting
 Next June, the Athabascans will hold another meeting. We will wei. come delegates, not only from the interior but other parts of the state as well.
Tundra times., 1962-10-01
By HOWARD ROCK

Nachik, as it is called by Eskimos. is the hair seal. It doesn't mean much to many people but to the Eskimos this little animal has much significance.
 Nachik, in many ancient Eskimo songs, take the star billing. The stories of it in song are performed by Eskimo dancers.
 These tributes to the little animal, no doubt, have sprung from gen. uine wish to honor it in song and dance. If it had not been for this small mammal, man may not have survived in the coastal regions of the Arctic.
 Seal Plentiful
 Hair seal is plentiful along the northern coasts of Alaska and Can ada. Apparently it has long been a main diet of the Eskimo because, its remains have been uncovered by archaeologists who date the evil dences to 5000 years ago.
 Nachik continues today to be an important animal to the coastal Eskimos as a food source. Its skin also has many uses.
 As food, it is simply boiled and eaten. It also is cut into thin filets and put on racks to dry. After the dried meat is cut into helping-size pieces and, put into a poke made of seal skin in which oil from seal blubber has been cured, it is then stored for winter or for an occas- ional snack.
 Seal meat is also used as dog food. Without this food, many Eskimo dogs would have perished. Many Uses
 Through the ages the Eskimo found ways of utilizing almost all the meat of these animals. Perhaps this great utilization has been due to some lean years they encount- cred. As classic example, one un- usual use of the seal is the prepara- tion of the intestines for food. Women clean the intestines thor oughly. braid or splice them in hemp-rope fashion into lengths about foot or foot-and-a- half long. She then cooks these in boiling water. When done, they are cut into or 5-inch sections and served.
 The skin of the seal is veritable storehouse of necessary items foY ,[Ahe. falkif,no..- s..s 2.
Tundra times., 1962-10-01
BlA Official Promoted

Lawrence Kosloski, head of the regional BIA office at Fairbanks, has been promoted and will be transferred from Alaska to Wis consin in about month.