davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1962-01-07
West New Guinea as a Stepping Stone
Between Southern Asia and Australia
BY ALICK de MONTMORENCY
Contributing Writer


An acrimonious conflict over a
California-size territory in the
Southwest Pacific is moving to-
wards violent climax.
The disputed territory is the
western haH of New Guinea, the
huge volcano-dotted island which
is split between Holland and Aus
tralia. 1t was kept by the Dutch
IN l949, when they relinquished
control over the rest of their East
Indies.
: Ever since, Indonesia- the new
state which sprang up on the
ashes of the Dutch empire in
Java, Sumatra, South Borneo, etc.
mas claimed West New Guinea,
too, only to be told by the Dutch
that they intended to give the in
nabitantS of their remaining
South Seas colony the opportuni-
ty to decide their own political
future. The Dutch have renamed
this colony west Papua" and are
promoting self-government in it.
The IndonesianS who claim to
be the rightful heirs" of Dutch
sovereignty in the whole area have
renamed the territory "West Iri-
an" - name borrowed from the
language of the natives of Biak,
a Dutch-owned island off New
Guinea, where "Irian" means "the
rising land" - and have pro-
claimed its annexation to the Re-
public of Indonesia.
The Fight at the U. N.
Both parties have fought out
the issue at the United Nations
in 1854, 1856, 1857 and again in
1861 - when the Dutch offered
to let the U. N. supervise the
self-determination of the terrific
ry - without ever getting a de-
'cision one way or the other.
Last month, however, after the
successful Indian conquest of
Portuguese Goa, which was
achieved by the regime Of Prime
Minister Nehru without the least
interference from the U. N. or
from any of Portugal's allies, the
quarrel has rebounded danger
ously.
President Sukarno of Indonesia
has proclaimed his government
intention to "liberate" West New
Guinea by force, if the Dutch dc
not hand it over soon.
A parley between the Dutch
and the Indonesian government!
has been arranged in the hope o.
working out an amiable solution
but the prospects are not good
The IndoneSians are Scurryinl
around for naval craft to carry
their invasion armada toward
West New Guinea some 100
miles to the east from the neareS
Indonesian war bases acros
infested waters. The Sovie
Evening star., 1962-01-07
Prospecting for Minerals

The mineral prospecting which
has been carried out sporadically
has already uncovered immense
mineral wealth. 1t includes plati-
mum, gold, silver, osmium and ir-
ium among the precious metals,
and cobalt, nickel, copper, man
ganese, zinc and lead ores, plus
bauxite, iron ore and thick coal
seams outcropping to the surface.
At present, with communications
largely reduced to the airplane
and helicopter, only the precious
metals can be worked successful
ly, plus whatever mineral depoS-
Evening star., 1962-01-07
Vrgnia's Hero Of Moderation Looks Back to 1858

son, who was now carrying the
burden of the States legal battle,
held countless talks.
I'VE knew the NAACP would
attack all our laws. We felt it
would be better for the legal de-
partment of the State itself to
get decision from the State court,
whatever that decision might be"
the Governor continued.
And so, the State initiated a
test of its own to determine the
validity of tuition grants which
were tied to the school ol-closing
and fund cutoff laws of massive
resistance. The grants for private
education were about the only fea-
ture of the original Gray plan
that had survived the switch to
massive resistance. The filing of
the State suit was the beginning
of the end of massive resistance,
although few were aware of it
at the time. Schools in Norfolk,
Charlottesville and Front Royal
remained closed in the mean
time, and there were signs of un-
rest among State business leaders
and educators about Virginia'S S
plight. Gov. Almond appeared to
be biding time.
In January, 1859, the State
Supreme Court handed down its
decision killing the resistance
laws. A Federal court later the
same day held the school closings
illegal. Massive resistance was
dead, the way was clear for the
idle schools to reopen on an in
tegrated basis.
There were some emotional
Spurts after that. Gov. Almond
made one of his fiery, fighting
speeches, in which he referred to
the "livid stencil of sadism, sex,
immortality and juvenile pregnancy
infesting the mixed schools of the
District of Columbia"
II will not yield to that which
I know to be wrong and will de-
Stroy every rational semblance of
public education for thousands
of children of Virginia." he thun-
dered as he eXhorted fellow Vir-
ginianS to stand firm-we have
just begun to fight"
Characteristic Performance
1t was the characteristic kind
OF performance VirginianS had
come to expect each" time the
State suffered some new segrega-
ton setback. 1t was the kind of
performance Gov. Almond had
grown accustomed to giving.
THAT was my biggest mis-
take" he acknowledges now. II
should have told the people right
then that our own highest court
had rendered a decision which
was binding. But I was dis
traught."
Then, the governor began to
sense that opinion was changing
Names that once appeared on
massive resistance petitions now
turned up on letters pleading that
schools be reopened. A few straws
in the wind, some might argue.
But it was enough to convince
Gov. Almond the time had come
to stop entertaining audiences
with the oratory they wanted to
hear, and offer a positive solution
to the school dilemma.
Thus, shortly after that last
angry outpouring, Gov. Almond
was ready to stop talking and
start performing. He told a
hastily-summond General Assem-
bly, session there was nothing more
Virginia could do-that he knew
of no State power which could
maintain segregated public schools
Evening star., 1962-01-07
The Promises

But the President did not do
all he promised to do, nor even
all he could do. for one OF
Americas most politically potent
minority groups. He did not pro-
pose or fight for new civil rights
legislation in Congress. And he
did not by the simple stroke OF
Evening star., 1962-01-07
BY MARY LOU WERNER
Star Staff Writer


The big man with white hair
hunched forward over his polished
desk and pondered the question:
Would follow the same course
II I had the last four years to live
over again? Yes, 1 would. There
was no other course to follow"
The speaker was Virginia's
Gov. j. Lindsay Almond, jr. He was
looking back over an administra-
ton that history is bound to re-
cord as a milestone in the an
nails of a changing South.
Virginia was in the forefront
OF Southern resistance to public
school integration when Gov. AL
mond sat down behind that desk
on January II, 1858. Segregation
had no more vigorous, articulate
champion than the Governor.
AS he prepares to leave office
this January 13, Gov. Almond is
the hero of moderation - the
man who led Virginia away from
the dead-end policy of massive
resistance to the inevitable choice
between abandoning public educa-
ton or permitting integration. His
choice was felt far beyond Vir-
.ginia's boundaries; Southern re-
,Sistance hasn't been the same
since.
For Gov. Almond himself, the
road to reason was tortuouS. He
was branded traitor by adam
ant Segregationists who felt he
sold them out after winning their
hearts with false promises. One
Would-be assassin took a shot at
him. And perhaps most painful
OF all was the loss of Senator
Byrd's friendship and support-a
factor which now clouds future
ambitions of the outgoing Cover
nor.
Opportunity for Service
+ In spite of all this, Gov. AL
'mond had no hesitancy in say
eng he would travel the same
road again "even if could have
Hooked into a crystal ball and
eoreseen the heartaches and en-
Tisioned the struggle. For this
was an opportunity to render a
public service in a time of crisis"
But why did he not meet the
crisis sooner? Why such a pro-
longed game Of charades with the
Federal courts? Can such a turn
about be justified by a man who
once told an audience he would
rather cut off his right arm than
yield to integration?
Certainly, he knew integration
was inevitable once the Supreme
Court rendered its 1854 decision.
Eut was Virginia ready to accept
it? Could Virginia have made the
adjustment peacefully without
being shown that it was no
schools or integrated schools?
Gov. Almond thinks not.
Il knew that we had to 90 to
the end of the road of massive
resistance and beyond in order for
the people to see for themselves
that the only way possible to pre-
vent integration would be to close
down and keep closed every single
school in the State"
The Heot Of the Bottle
He acknowledges that in the
heat of campaign oratory -
and he is a pretty rousing talker
some things were said, some
things were inferred, that
shouldn't have been.
But that is all part Of the Gov
ernor's own story, and for a bet
Evening star., 1962-01-07

ter understanding of the role his
tory and politics bestowed on him
it is necessary to look back be-
yond his term as Governor-a
term that cannot be extended
by reelection under Virginia law.
A chance to serve as attorney
general brought Lindsay Almond
to Richmond from his seat in Con-
gress a choice he made at the
insistence of Senator Byrd, who
apparently feared that someone
from outside the political organ
ization that bears his name would
get the job.
AS attorney general Mr.. Al
mond served out brief unex-
pired term, then was reelected to
the office in the administrations
of Gov. John S. Battle and Gov.
Thomas B. Stanley.
1t was during the Stanley ad-
miniStration that the Supreme
Court school desegregation deci-
sion exploded on the South.
Through his representation of
the State in desegregation suits
a case from Prince Edward Coun-
ty, Va, figured in the original
Supreme Court ruling Attorney
General Almond became Virgin
las best-known opponent of in
tegration. And while he was win
ming fame on that frontier, he
was cultivating support for the
next gubernatorial election.
Virginia's first about-face on
desegregation came while Gov.
Almond was across the street in
the States legal offices. After a
half-hearted start toward a mild
program called the Gray plan,
which would have permitted some
integration, the Byrd organiza-
ton called a change in signals
and turned to massive resistance,
which was supposed to mean no.
integration-ever. Senator Byrd is
given credit for masterminding
the new course. The General As
Sembly, at Gov. Stanley's insist
ence, adopted the resistance pro-
gram in 1856, calling for the
closing of schools wherever inte-
grafton occurred, and the with
holding of school funds from any
locality that attempted integra-
ton.
Advised Groy Commission
Attorney General Almond had
helped advise the Gray Commits
sion which drafted the discarded
plan, and thought it's recommen-
dations were generally sound.
Although he avoided making
any specific commitment on the
school-cloSing, fund cutoff laws,
the image he projected was un-
miStakably that Of a man on
the side of massive resistance. To
choose any other side, the voters
were told, was to stand with the
integrationists, and the NAACP.
1T would have been utterly i'm
possible to lead Virginia in diff
ferent direction" he repeated as
he reminiSced about some of
those campaign outpourings. 1T
would have destroyed any candi-
date"
Candidate Almond had plunged
into that campaign without first
consulting Senator Byrd.
Bondwoeon Rolling
But Senator Byrd subsequent
ly very kindly indicated his pleas
ure at how the situation shaped
up" observed Gov Almond. THE
bandwagon already was rolling
when 1 received a communication
from him." Senator Byrd joined
him on the campaign trail.
Evening star., 1962-01-07
Strotegic Importance

This involvement of outside
powers in the quarrel between the
IndoneSianS and their form er
Duth masters is explained by the
strategic Importance of New
Guinea. including Dutch west
Guinea the big island is a step
ping stone between Southern Asia
with its teeming millions and the
near-empty spaces of rich pros
porous Australia and by its great
economic potential.
West New Guinea forms the
wilder and lesser known half of
the torrid island, which is one of
the least known areas in the
world. The American and Austria
liam troops of Gen. MarArthur,
who fought there in World War II,
encountered immense malaria
infested swampS, teeming with
pythonS, venomous snakes and
crocodiles covering most Of the
coastal plains which grid the
Dutch western half, as we'll as
the AuStralian-ruled eastern half
of the island.
1t is estimated that some 700,-
900 natives live in West New Gui-
nea. They belong to three distinct
groups: The Papuas, the diminu-
tive Negritos and the taller Me-
laneSianS.
The worlds anthropologists and
Evening star., 1962-01-07

its may lie near navigable wa
ter.
On the other hand, the agricul-
tural wealth of West New Guinea,
which had been almost totally ne
elected by the Dutch prior to the
loss of their other East Indies,
appears to be both great and of
immediate value. The planters -
Dutch, EurasianS, Chinese an d
pro-Dutch IndoneSianS who
have fled to that territory after
the confiscation of their proper
ties in nearby IndoneSia, have
found the lowlands of West New
Guinea to have exceedingly rich
soil. And they have also found the
constantly hot climate in the area
to be a further natural asset,
which speeds the maturing of the
crops.
Rapid Settlement
AS a result, settlement has been
rapid since 1949. From a few hun
dred in 1949, the non-indigenouS
population of West New Guinea
rose in 1858 to $500 of these H.
600 were Dutch and $4,000 were
indigenous Asians.
simultaneously with this eco
nomic development, the Dutch
have initiated political progress
in the territory. After 1949, nu-
merous schools for natives were
opened by the colonial admins
tration. Then in 1861, when nu-
cleuS of educated natives had
been formed, parliamentary elec-
tionS were held in some areas and
an embryo parliament-the West
Papua Council - was set up.
Evening star., 1962-01-07
The Liberals

The Boiling capitulation illus
trateS the low state of the name
tag liberals fortunes in the House,
where the main struggle over the
Kennedy administrations 1862
legislative program will be fought
Mr.. Mccormack, 10, end Mr..
Albert, So, are considered progress
sives on most issues, despite the
skepticism Mr.. Boiling voiced at
a news conference following his
withdrawal announcement.
1t is true, of course, that Mr..
Mccormack did not support a
Federal aid to education bill be-
cause it did lot contain a pro-
vision for helping parochial
schools. 1t is true, too, that Mr..
Albert has not been an advocate
of civil rights legislation. But on
other matters, the prospective new
Democratic leadership in the
House has been in harmony with
the administration.
1t may be wise, therefore, to
take with a grain of salt the effort
in advance to blame the McCor-
mack Albert team if such Kennedy
proposals as medical aid to the
aged through the social security
system and a bill to give the
President broad new powers to cut
tariffs should be rejected by the
House.
Evening star., 1962-01-07

Continued From Page B-1
Democrats, rallied behind Mr.. Al
bert. Meanwhile, Mr.. Kennedy re-
mained silent. The result: Mr..
Boiling on Wednesday quit the
race. He did so with this blunt
and candid statement:
Developments of the last few
days convinced me that I don't
have a chance to win"
Evening star., 1962-01-07
Financial Burden

At present West New Guinea
represents a financial burden for
the Dutch government. The Klo-
mono oilfield, which raised so
many hopes when it was discov-
cred in 1910, is now largely
played out and no new petroleum
discoveries have been made.
Nevertheless, West New Guina
represents - in some eyes - an
area of potential economic wealth
for Holland or for any other
power which happens to get hold
of it.
Evening star., 1962-01-07
No Great Change Seen


With Mr.. Harrison in office,
Gov. Almond does not foresee
any change of direction in Vir-
ginia. Although Mr.. Harrison ran
with the enthusiastic backing of
the Byrd organization, the in
coming Governor has shown no
inclination to resurrect massive
resistance in any form. Neither
have any of the other organiza-
ton stalWarts for that matter.
There will be an evolutionary
process of gradualiSm in the
South - an acceptance of the
inevitable and an adjustment to
it, with the result that public
education in the South will not
wither and die" predicted Gov.
Almond.
Virginia, he feels, was the
battle-ground. If the lesson Vir-
ginia learned the hard way helps
save public education elsewhere,
Gov. Almond is content. He is
SOllN1llSCO IIlC IIlOSU 1IllJOIU UdIlU
achievement of his own admin
iStration in Virginia was the pres
ervation of public education.
But what about the outlook for
the Governor himself?
Senator Byrd has turned his
back on him. The opposition is be-
lieved to be the only barrier
preventing Cow Almond from
getting the Federal judgeship he
wants in Richmond. President
Kennedy, who enjoyed Gov. Al
mond's support while Senator
Byrd remained silent, repeatedly
does not want to tangle with the
Senator over a judicial appoint
ment, and probably will name Gov.
Almond to the United States Court
of Claims and Customs Appeals
This would take Gov. Almond ou.
of Virginia to Washington.
Evening star., 1962-01-07

sociologists have found them to
be wonderful material for study
ing stone age society, it's customs
and beliefs. Before World War II
they were studied, by many
scientists and popularized by
Margaret Mead.
Evening star., 1962-01-07

Union and India have promised
military assistance to Indonesia,
while the Australians have ranged
themselves against the Indonesian
claims.
Evening star., 1962-01-07

in the face of final Federal court
order to integrate. He served no
tice on extremists that law and
order would be maintained, and
1T was when the first Negro chill
dren walked into formerly all
white schools in February, 1889
II knew the schools would suf-
fer, perhaps irreparably, unless
we came up with something posi-
tive to offer the people of Virginia
once the resistance laws were
gone," the Governor declared.
Gov. Almond named his own
school study commission, which
came up with the freedom of
choice" program. The Legislature
narrowly adopted the new plan
over the opposition of never-Say-
die massive resiSters. 1t is some
thing like the original Gray
plan, offering funds for private
schooling but the funds are
not tied in any way to integra-
ton, school closingS or fund cut
offs.
1t is true the new program has
permitted the closing of schools
in Prince Edward County where
the local government simply re-
fused to put up funds for support
of public schools threatened by
integration. But it also has al
lowed schools elsewhere to stay
open while integration has spread
gradually to other parts of the
State.
Since those first mixed classes
began in Arlington, Norfolk and
Charlottesville-and subsequently
in Front Royal-integration has
been accepted without disorder in
Is other school districts. AS of
this month, there are 533 Negro
children attending formerly all
white classes,
Evening star., 1962-10-04
sAFTER DARK
Our Uniquecorn
Has Come of Age

Our homegrown satirical
rpvue that calls itself The Uni
qnecorn has grown up since 1t
fist laid the back Of its hand
To mankind's teeth back there
III April of 1861. Its newest
edition was unveiled the other
night in the same Georgetown
r1om cat Si25 M street, where
irwound up last season. over a
hEand new restaurant. The
Phblick House.
sIt may stay there forever
unless Washington's appetite
FIR political satire suddenly
vanishes.
sThe Uniquecorn cast is down
tnis year from four to three
Eill Hotter. Jean Anne and
arch Lustberg - but each of
them knows three times as
much as when they started
this enterprise together. They
Know how to make a point
Without belaboring 1t. They
have faced the test of battle,
have come through unscathed
and perform now with the as
sglrance of seasoned campaign
efs.
SThey retain their old verve
a the same time and you will
rarely if ever see more people
Evening star., 1962-10-04
How to Mix Good
Food and Music
By JOHN M. RossoN

local restaurateurs as among
the city's leading popular priced
dining -out sites. A complete
dinner with a 12-ounce broiled
strip sirloin steak as the entree
is priced at $4.25. A broiled
Western T-bone is 1855; a New
York club, $2.85; broiled spring
chicken with matzo balls. Sass;
pot roast of fresh brisket beef
$3.50; sauerbrate n. $3.50;
roasted smoked tongue, $2.35,
or sweet or sour tongue, also
$2.35, all of them complete
meals.
That, however, isn't all
Rich's offers. In fact, Seymour
Rich's establishment is known
for something else entirely: Its
cheese and meat blintzes and
| its matzo balls.
We jumped in with both feet
For an appetizer we had sweet
and sour meat balls. Our soup
was a delicious chicken broth
with rnatzo balls. Not satisfied
with choosing one entree, we
picked two: Roasted smoked
tongue and the meat blintzes
the latter topped with apple
sauce. The vegetables vary
from day to day. For dessert
we had cheesecake and coffee
Recently redecorated, Rich's
- consisting of two floors =
exudes a fresh, spick and spar
cafe look rather than an ele.
CANT air. 1t is light. efficient
and courteous, with no folderol
The tablecloths a n d napkins
are a Grips white, and the floors
an attractive tile.
The street-level dining room
Evening star., 1962-10-04
HOLLYWOOD
BY SHEMAH GRAHAM

HOLLYWOOD (NANA) -
The doctors are worried about
June Allyson. Ever since her
husband, Dick Powell, and she
have been aware of the malig-
nant nature of his illness,
June has been doing everything
she can to spare him extra ef-
fort. And this has taken a toll
on her never-too-robust health
It's sadly ironic to remember
that one Of the chief factors
resulting in their reconciliation
last summer was because Dick
believed June had cancer of the
t throat. Fortunately, that
growth was nonmalignant.
Die, who has been filming al
this week for his televisior
show, was cheered when he met
a man a few days ago who told
him, mfr. Powell, I had what
you have 18 years ago" Zine.
smiled Dick, I'D like to live
another 18 years"
y y y
Ann SOthern's play with, the
Theater Guild was called off
They stalled around so LONG
with the script that they lost
the theater. But Ann will live
in New York all the same. u
just have to get out of Holly
wood for a Bit" said Ann who
has enrolled her pretty daugh-
ter Tish in a New York school
Frank Sinatra is suffering
Evening star., 1962-10-04
DINING OUT

Where Seymour Rich is con-
cerned, there's nothing like the
opening of the season at Con-
stitution Hall,
The fall events at ''the home
OF the OAR" got underway this
week with-among other things
- II Miss Ike Mite"
The partisan Republican
get-together was hardly the
long hair" affair which usual
ly attracts crowds to Consti-
tuition Hall, but the point is
Mr.. Rich, q soft-spoken gentle
man with q hesitant smile
owns Rich'S Restaurant, an at
tractive little spot Just twC
blocks from the big building or
Eighteenth street. He is, there
fore, in a prime evening loca-
tion.
Mr.. Rich, as we'll as his. pa
trons-and some of them date
back to 1944-look' on Rich's
as an IDEAL spot to have din
ner before going to the ballet
or a concert. With dinner COM
pleted, it's only a short walk
to the hall.
But Constitution Hall isn't
all. Rich's, at the corner OF
Nineteenth and e streets NV.
near the Interior Department
also is within earshot of anoth-
er center of the arts. Lsner
Auditorium, on Twenty-second
street NV. The season there
also opened this week,
For years, Mr.. Rich says, the
bulk of his evening business
tconae October has been COM
prised Of ladies and gentlemen
heading for one or the other
of the two auditoriums. Since
they arrive in the neighborhood
fearly they can usually find 9
parking place which is goo d
until the concert or ballet is
over. In any case, there is free
parking. during dinner at a lot
adjoining the restaurant.
| Mr.. Rich opened his restau-
rant, an interesting little place
with a cafe look, almost ls
| years ago. 1t is numbered by