davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1962-10-19
Ingram Named Director Of APVA;
Meeting Features Bazaar, Buffet

W. P. Ingram, Of "Moldavia"
Charlotte Count House was nam
ed Director of the Charlotte
County Branch 81 the Associa-
ton for the Preservation of Vir-
ginia Antiquities at its annual
meeting Saturday. This was held
on the grounds of the County
Library, where the building for
an APVA museum has just been
completed. This faces Main
Street in Charlotte Court House.
Constructed in colonial style,
the brick museum is 81 feet by
l6, and a replica Of the first
clerks office. This structure still
stands 3. "Ingleside", home of
the first deputy clerk of the
county. Col. Thomas Read,
whose picture hangs over the
museum fireplace.
Following a bazaar inside the
museum. the Rev. Jamie D.
Stimson. pastor Of the Village
Presbyterian Church, Charlotte
Court House. said the blessing.
Then a picnic luncheon a
served buffet style on the lawn.
The business meeting was
opened by Mrs. j. H. Daniel,
of Charlotte Court House, who
had been director for the past
term. She described the building
OF the museum with pride. Then
she introduced Thomas Read
j. Charlton Of do Well near
SAKE, who is a bilateral de-
scendant of Col. Read.
Charlton gave a biographical
sceth Of his family, during the
sketh Of his family. The Colonel
owned all the land where Char
lotte Court House is now locat-
ed.
Donations Received
Mrs. Daniel also explained
that the APVA received numer-
Gus, antique donations to display
in the museum. However, there
has not been time to d Y
them for display. When
this is done. the hours that the
museum will be open will be
announced. r
She also pointed out that the
museum could be enlarged east
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1962-10-19

carefully checked and the owner
informed as to the best con-
srol measure to take. He states
nat at this time of the year
ONE needles turn brown and
all off. thus this is not to be
confused with dying trees.
If anyone reports to an owner
that his trees are dying get in
touch with a forester to check
this out and determine to Sc
robustness of the problem.
Personnel of the Virginia Di-
vision Of Forestry are only too
glad to assist landowners with
any forestry problem that may
arise.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1962-10-19

ly when the APVA felt the need
for it. Buildings of this type were
often built in the shape Of a
ct" in Colonial Days. By using
the back window of the museum
as a door, an extension could
be erected where the meeting
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1962-10-19

was held, with the present room
of the museum forming the front
part of the IT..
Between Is and 100 people at
tended this meeting. There were
guests from all over the state
and even farther distances.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1962-10-19

For fast results use the Herald
classified page.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1962-10-19

DELUXE QUALITY! SAN
FORIZED to keep their fit!
Velvety cotton flannel that
looks like wool. Warm, wash
able and wonderful! Large as
sortment Of smart plaid pat
terms in Fall colors. Care
fully tailored. S-M-L.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-08-10

1 am manager of the piece goods
and domestics dept. at GlenwoOd
v Store. Stop in and shop for the
latest in material and sewing
needs, also the latest fashion pat
terms in 'McCaIIs" and "SImplIci-
ty." Are you In need Of sheets,
cases, curtains. blankets These
are also in my department.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-08-10

silk organza over taffeta with a
chapel length train. The fitted bod
ice had a scoop neckline trimmed
with piping satin and long sleeves
that tapered to a point at the
back Of the hand. A fully gathered
skirt was detailed by a Redingoat
style front also piped with satin
The back was highlighted with full
gathers with a piping Of satin all
the way around the train.
The brides veil was an Austrian
made, seeded pearl type, headpiece
worn on the forehead with a french
illusion ballerina length veil. The
bride carried a Missal with a cas-.
cade Of Stephonitis with a white
orchid attached in the center.
The bride was given in marriage
by her father, Chief Warrant Of
ficer Alfred Stewart.
The Bride presented the BLESSED
Virgin with a bouquet Of roses
while Mr.. Cleveland Ray Of st
Paul sang Ave Maria organ &C
compartment by Mr.. John Whit
taker of st. Paul on the organ.
The maid Of honor, Alma Stew.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-08-10
Portsmouth Shriners And
Daughters Stopped A.
Parkway Hotel

Ports outh Shriners and
Daughters arrive to attend the
Convention and were stopping at
the Parkway Hotel. The Mobiles are
Members of Arabia Temple Num-
Der II. The following is a list of
those at the hotel: and who had
registered prior to the convention.
Mines. and Messrs. J. w. Cole
man; w. L. Marshall; James L.
Turner; Charles Harris; Vernon
L. Scott; Willie Andra jefferson;
Robert Jackson and son; Joseph A.
Bryant; Anthony Gist; Alexander
Best; David Ward; James l..
Choate; James L. Brooks; John
Brown; Russell Morgan, Jr.; Mr..
and Mrs. McJimsey and Mons
Richardson.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-08-10

the Order OF The Eastern Stars
and John Anderson is spending a
few days at Lake Adney with Rob
ert Green. They hope the fish
bite
Hostess At Luncheon: Mrs. Mar
Gus Jackson, 1915 Smelling Av.,
was hostess at a luncheon held
Wednesday honoring Mrs. Bettye
Boyd, Springfield, Mo-, who is the
houseguest of Mr.. and Mrs. Archie
Price, ST., and family.
Other guests at the luncheon
were: Mines. Archie Price, ST.;
Burnett Goldman, Douglas Hollie;
and Mrs. Prices mother Mrs.
Daisey L. Clarke, Philadelphia,
Pa.
Coming Marriage: DR.. and Mrs.
c. H. Williams have announced
the forthcoming marriage of their
daughter, Marian Virginia Will
liams to the well known Charles
T. Wexler of Detroit, Michigan.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-08-10
TWIN cITIANS COMPOSERS
or GOSPEL SONG

Evangelist Daisy Powell and
Professor Herbert George are the
composers of the new gospel song
hit THE Prize Is At The End. 1t
was recently released by the Mar
tin and Morris Studio Of Gospel
Music of Chicago, Illinois.
Professor George is in charge of
the Gibson Hotel in Minneapolis
and Rev. Daisy Powell arranger of
the tune is planning to record the
tune and go on a promotion tour.
Those wishing to secure the song
can find an advertisement else
where in this paper. Rev. Powell
lives at 1410 18th Av. and is a
member of Elder Smiths Temple.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-08-10
John Walkers
Hold Open House

Mr.. and Mrs. Johnny Walker
held open house for their friends
on Saturday, August 4, from 4-S
pm. in their lovely new home at
Sill James Av. N. The new home
was dedicated by the Rev. Stanley
r. King.
Refreshments were served buff
fet-style. A very elegant silver
coffee server reigned over a beau
tifully arranged table with minis,
nuts, cake, and tall frosted glasses
of iced tea. Mr.. and Mrs. Walker
received some very nice gifts.
Signing the guest list were
Messrs. and Mines. D. ]. Wade,
Burton Weber, Steven Caldwell
and daughter Dorothy, Jeff Rit-
tenhouse, Leroy King and son
Leroy, Jr, William Wade and son
William and daughter Yvonne,
Clifford Brusveh and William
Helm.
Other guests present were Rev.
and Mrs. Stanley r. King, Rev.
Henry Hardy Rev. and Mrs. E.
Henderson, Rev. Samuel Robinson,
Jr., and Mines. Earl Pettiford,
Carl Fraction, Raymond Cooper,
Benjamin Wesley, Cartrell Cooper
and daughters Phyllis, Rena, and
son Cartrell, Jr., Thomas Adair,
E. G. Harris, Tiny Holder, Pricilla
Dean, Mildred Nesbitt and son
Gregory, Ethel Joiner, A. Robin
son, Florence Christopher, Alice
Ford, and Craig Caldwell, and
Misses Ann Blevins, Carrie Hale,
Dora Hardy, and Mr.. Willie B.
Hale and daughter Janice and Mr..
Alfred Pullens.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-08-10

art, sister of the bride and brides
maids, Miss Antionette Perfect of
st. Paul, MINI, Miss Janet Hines
and Miss Frances Burnes of Min
neapolis, Mimi, wore matching
pink organza ballerina length
dresse with scoop neckline with
tie-corded belt to accent the fully
gathered skirt with a deep wide
hemline. The hat was a matching
pink silk organza cabbage roll
style with a bubble veil. They car
ried bouquets of shocking pink
carnations.
The flower girl, Dawn Freeman
st. Paul, Mimi, cousin of the bride
was delicately dressed with q
matching headpiece Of flowers and
dress Of pale pink organdy. She
carried a miniature bouquet Of
shocking pink carnations.
The Groom's best man, Louis
Moore Bird Of Minneapolis, MINI.
and ushers, Phillip Freeman anc
Alfred Freeman, Jr., Anchorage
Alaska, brothers Of the bride anc
William Bivens, Minneapolis, MINI
cousin Of the bride were hand,
somely dressed In summer forma.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-08-10
King Lives Quief
Productive Life
In Jail Cell

Albany, Ga. CAMP - Rev.
Martin Luther King, Jr., is living
peaceful, productive life in Jail
here in contrast to the violence and
tension outside.
The leader of the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference
shares a neat cell with Rev. Ralph
D. Alternately, his chief disciple.
Other Negroes arrested on dis
orderly conduct charges are billet
ed in nearby cells where they can
speak with him and join him in
frequent song sessions.
Rev. King and the others are
treated to three square meals a
day. A typical King meal consists
of meat loaf, mashed potatoes,
black-eyed peas, cornbread and ice
tea. On Sundays the main course
consists of fried chicken or meat
loaf.
After lunch Rev. King usually
listens to the news on his transis-
tor radio and joins in hymn sing
ing with the other jailed demon
strators.
Meals are supplied by nearby
white restaurant which wouldn't
serve Rev. King if he were free.
Breakfast usually consists of
eggs, grits, sometimes sausage,
bread and coffee. The other meals
are meat, potatoes, vegetables,
bread and tea.
After meals, the demonstrators
are permitted to walk down the
food" for a half hour or so in a
bullpen in the prison yard. After
the exercise they are permitted
to take showers.
At other periods of the day
there is more singing. Police chief
Laurie Pritchett, who had objected
to the demonstrators singing and
praying in front of the City Hall,
is forced to listen to their vocaliz-
ing from the cells. Laurie himself
admits that Rev. King raises a
good song and that the others sing
healthily and well.
They do a mighty good job on
Will There Be Any Stars in My
Crown" the chief said.
The cell that the Revs. King and
Alternately share is equipped with
a toilet and a wash basin. The
hunks are furnished with blankets
and sheets.
The comfort of the King-Aber-
nathy duo is not ignored either
Rev. King wears blue silk pajam-
as and spends most Of his time
writing. Rev. Alternately has a pair
Of Shorty pajamas.
Visitors are permitted. Rev,
Kings wife comes from Atlanta
regularly to visit him. He also con-
fers frequently with others aides
not yet Jailed.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-08-10

NEWLYWEDS AND MRS. FRED GORDON
beautiful Candeght Ceremony the setting to oem
nze the marriage of Marcia Ann Stewart daughter of Chief
Officer and Mrs Alfred E. of Anchorage
Alaska and Lieutenant Fred Augustus Gordon, of
Ethel Miller of Atlanta Georgia. St. Peter Caver Church in
St. Paul. Minnesota Thursday at 7:3O pm July g. 1862 with
Reverent Howard of the Cathedral Parish, officiating
The Bride radiantly beautiful in long white gown of
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-08-10

Thomas, got together Thursday,
August 2, for a little outdoor
cookery, renininscing, and a whale
of a good time at the home Of Mr..
and Mrs. Lawrence Brown, 1900
seth Av. N. Members present were
Messrs. Cozelle and Barney Breed
love, Ward Bell, Harry Davis,
Lawrence Mccoy, John Harper,
James Brown, Earl Miller, John
Thomas, and Lawrence Brown.
John Thomas, Inter-Governmental
Committee on European Migration,
will be leaving soon for Geneva,
Switzerland.
Coffee Party For Fraser: Mrs.
Connee Bowman, 1912 Oakland
Av., will be hostess at a coffee
party for Donald Fraser, candidate
for congress, on Wednesday, Aug
ust Is, at nine pm. Mrs. Bowman
has been an active member of the
DFL Eighth Ward club. Assisting
Mrs. Bowman will be Mines. Mrs.
Adrienne Ratliff, Willard Moore,
Miss Florence Lyle and Charles
Mays.
House Guest: Mrs. Irma Christ
hanson of Akron, Ohio is the guest
of Mr.. and Mrs. George s. Banks,
Jr., 1926 Fourth Av. s., and will
be in the city for a week.
Visitors From Winnipeg: Mrs,
Eddie Bailey was the weekend
guest of Mr.. and Mrs. Nick Web
ster, 1915 Third Av. S. Mrs. Bailey
was here to attend the opening of
the International Conference of
Prince Hall Grand Chapters Order
OF The Eastern Star.
Also visiting from Winnipeg are
Mr.. and Mrs. Percy Haines. They
are guests of Mr.. and Mrs. La,
Percell Greene, 984 Iglehart, st
Paul, Minnesota. They too are here
for the convention.
Convention Visitors: Mr.. and
Mrs. Bruce E. Lucas, 1881 Way
zata Blvd, have as their guests
Mr.. and Mrs. George Randol
Omaha, Neb., who are here to at.
tend the Shrine Convention and
International Conference of Grand
Chapters. Mr.. Randol is General
Agent of the Nebraska National
Life Insurance Company, Home
office Lincoln, Neb.
Leave For Vacation: Miss Made
line Long, 1914 Fremont Av. N,
and Clarence Sawyer, 900 Logan
Av. NJ, will leave for an extended
vacation east August 20. They will
be motoring. Some of the States
they will be visiting will be New
York, Ohio and Pennsylvania and
on their return they will motor to
California. While in New York
they will be participants on the
Bill Cullen show 1.-THE Price Is
Right. They will return home the
second week in September.
HOuseguests: Mr.. and Mrs. John
H. Maxwell, 1920 goth Av. S.,
have as their guests Mrs. Ruth
Downing and John Anderson, ON
aha, Neb. Mrs. Downing is at
tending some of the sessions OF
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-08-10

wear.
The brides mother was charm
ing in a beige sheath organza over
Poi De Seau with a gay contrast
ing hat with gloves and shoes to
match. She wore a corsage of yell
low orchid presented to her by the
bride and groow. The grand
mothers, Mrs. Phillip Freeman and
Mrs. Isabel Carol, Junction City,
Kansas and great grandmother
Mrs. Emma Williams, st. Paul,
Mimi, were presented with cor
sages of shocking pink carnations.
A reception, catered by Towards
Catering Service of Minneapolis,
was held in the church parlor i'm
mediately following the ceremony
for the many friends in attend
ance. A small party was also held
at the home of the brides grand
parents Mr.. and Mrs. Phillip Free
man, St. Paul, Mimi, for the out
of-town guests and relatives fol-
lowing the reception.
The bride and groom were Law
ishly entertained at many gather
ings in their honor before their
wedding. A backyard luau elm
axed the festivities for the newly
weds at the home of Mr.. and Mrs.
LIE Roy Bell of Minneapolis before
1t. and Mrs. Gordon departed for
Fort Sill, Oklahoma where he will
be stationed for two months, after
which he goes to Fort Benning,
Georgia for three months, then on
to Panama for a permanent sta
ton.
The Gordons have expressed
sincere thanks to their many
friends in the Twin Cities for their
warmness and friendship.
Out-of-town guests include, Mrs,
Isabel Carroll, grandmother Of the
bride, Mr.. Benjamin Carroll, Mrs
Sally Dedmon and daughter Vic
toria, Master Galen Ashbury OF
Junction City, Kansas and also
Mr.. and Mrs. John D. King and
family, Mr.. and Mrs. Arthur Gull
ford and family and Mrs. Jacque-
line Gaskins Of Kansas City, Kan
sas. Mrs. Frances Branes and son
and Miss HERNIA Head Of Gary
Indiana.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-08-10
WIDOWS ASK CHANCE
To BECOME sMERRIE'

London, England (ANP) - Five
women calling themselves the
Merrie Widows of Elton have petit
toned the House Of Commons to
increase widows pensions and give
them tax breaks so they can bet
ter enjoy their last years.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-08-10

wood, California, who had been
vacatoning in Washington, D. c.
Patricia will enter college in Los
Angeles, Calf, this fall. Mrs.
Sheppard is the daughter of Mr..
Petdcord.
New Deputy: Mr.. Junius w,
Powell, Jr., 939 Iglehart, recently
received his badge and gun which
makes him a full-fledged deputy
sheriff.
Drive To Mississippi: Mrs. An
ME Mae Jackson and Miss Carrie
L. Thomas, S65 st. Anthony Av.,
motored to Mississippi. Mrs. Jack
son visited her father Walter Gill
and other relatives and friends in
Jackson, Miss. and Miss Thomas
visited relatives and friends in
Canton, Miss. They spent two
weeks in Mississippi and returned
home July 27.
Receives Best Camper Award:
Junius w. Powell III, who attend
ed the Catholic Youth Camp at
Big Sandy Lake in McGregor,
Minnesota, received the Best
Camper award and also one for
canoeing. Proud parents are Mr..
and Mrs. Junius w. Powell, Jr.,
939 Iglehart.
Many social Courtesies were ex-
tended the visitors. They enjoyed
every moment of their stay.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-08-10
Social and Personal
K MINNEAPOLIS

Children Visit From East st. Louis: Mr. AL D. HILL 1119
James Av NJ has his guests his children IA year old
Kenneth and II old Avaneta, from East St. Louis ILL.,
The children plan to return home ON August rs.
Olympians Hold Reunion: Former members of the Om-
plans Club group of young who used to meet Phyllis
Wheatey Settlement House under the leadership of Mr. John
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-08-10

Government st a tistics show
concern over the fact that 25% Of
American families live beyond
their incomes. Look who's talking"
Rose Meredith, Salem WEST
Va.) Herald.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1962-08-10
Social and Personal
< ST. PAUL

Visitors Return Home Miss Benaree Pratt daughter of
Attorney and Mrs Carlisle Pratt Washington &C.
home after visiting with her grandfather Henry Petticor 8
Fuller She also visited Mrs Williams aunt and uncle
Mr.. and Mrs. Fred Schuck.
Accompanying Miss Pratt her and uncle Mr. and
Mrs Pat Shepard and children Patricia and Tracey Of Hay
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-16
HOlMYSGORES
By the Associated Pres

By the Associated Press
NATIONAL LEAGUE
Boston 4. Detroit o.
Montreal 8. Chicago 8.
EASTERN LEAGUE PLAYOFFS
Knoxville 0, Johnstown (Knox-
Vile leads best-of-5 series, 1-0).
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-16
THUMBMAN SIZEUP OF TIGERS

(.328 at Denver). Other infield.
ers are Dick McAuliffe (.353 a.
Denver and ESQ for the
Tigers; ST. year old Vic
Wertz (.262 at Boston) and
Reno Bertoia, who hit SPAR
ingly for the Twins, Athletics
and Tigers.
OUTFIELD-One of the
most powerful. Rocky Cola
vito blasted As homers, drove
in .140 runs and averaged
.290. AL Kaline, returned to
rightfield, rebounded from his
1860 season by adding Sc
points and hitting .324.) In
center is Bill Bruton, the
one-time Brave who can
roam far and wide and pick
up his heels on the bases.
Bubba Morton (.28D and
Charley Maxwell "a sub-par
.229) are available for spot
duty and pinch-hitting.
TRADE PROSPECTS-If
Tigers deal at all it's likely
it will be lower-case swap
ping. Scheffing is in no mood
to give up any of his good
pitching or power.
RECENT RECORD-Last
five years, reading backward
-2nd, 9Th, 4th, 5th, 4th.
RATING-Despite winning
101 games, tying the most
victories in Detroit history,
Tigers still finished 8 games
behind the Yankees. Cash
and Colavito drove in Two
more runs (272) than Maris
and Mantle, and Larry was
terrific. It's asking a lot for
them to duplicate those feats.
The fight to run second to
the Yankees will be between
Detroit and Baltimore.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-16
Bemun, Buppert
One Stroke Back
In Houston Golf

HOUSTON, Mar. 16 (AP)-
Deane Beman Of Bethesda
(Md.) Country Club, the former
National and British Amateur
champion, and Billy Buppert,
his partner in business and
pleasure, were one stroke off
the pace today as the second
round of the Champions Cup
amateur golf tournament
headed into the second round.
Beman and Buppert shot a
best ball Of SO yesterday over
the 6,700-yard champion S
course to trail three teams.
Shooting Cts were Richard
Crawford and M. C. Methvin
of Little Rock, Ark, and two
Houston duoS-Dr. Bobby Moers
and John Olson and Jim NC
kelghen and Dru Montegu.
Ten of the so teams had
sub-par rounds over the par II
course owned by Jimmy De-
maret and Jack Burke, jr., who
started this tournament a year
ago in an effort to stimulate
amateur golf.
Don Marett and Tom Par
nell, defending champions from
Fort Worth, had an opening
II. Tied with them were Allie
Reynolds, ex-Yankee pitching
star, and Charlie Coe, 1949 Ma
tional Amateur king.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-16
GrundeIius Says
He Won't Resiqn
Job at Colorado

DENVER, Mar. l6 (AP).-
Sonny Grandelius, Colorado
University football coach, served
notice yesterday that he does
not intend to resign.
Grandelius is involved in a
hassle with Colorado officials
over alleged National Collegiate
Athletic Association rules vio-
lations.
Reached during a recruiting
trip, Grandelius said, There's
nothing that I've done to cause
me to resign. I have a contract
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-16
Yonks Still Unbeoten,
Reds Suffer 5th Loss

White Sox' winning run and
Joe Cunningham singled him
home. Rockies Larry Week and
Bob Tillman hit three-run
pinch-hit homers in the ninth
as the Red Sox tied the score
and went on to beat the Giants
in the 18th when Rookie Dick
Holden wild-pitched Ed Bres-
soud home.
The Athletics struck for five
runs in the second-three on q
Nanny Jimenez homer-as they
handed the winless Twins their
sixth defeat.
Home runs by Bob Will and
Ken Hubbs carried the Cubs tc
their triumph over the Angels
as Glen Hobbie became the
first Chicago pitcher to go five
innings. The Colts were outhit
IA, by the Indians-who USED
Mel Roach's homer for all Their
runs-but were able to score
three times in the sixth for
victory No. 5.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-03-16
Scots Go Green

MIAMI, Fla, Mar. l6 (AP)
-Gulfstream Park Race Track
headed by a couple of Scots
men named James Dom, ST.
and jr., is going all out fol
the Irish on st. Patrick's Day
The programs for the 100000
GulfStream Park Handicap will
be printed in green. A 3-foot-
high shamrock, made of Or
chids. will be on display in the
clubhouse lobby.