davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-14

If the Cuban Civil War did not
directly threaten the security Of
the United States, 1t threatened
other things: Peace, order, de-
cency-for that matter even in
vestmentsl Humanitarians de-
manded an end to Spanish cruelty;
liberals wanted to remove the
last vestigeS of COLONEL rule in
the new world and complete that
long process of independence
which the American colonies had
inaugurated; navalists wanted to
remove any temptation for foreign
intervention in the Caribbean; the
popular newspapers wanted in
creased circulation, and the public
wanted peace even at the price
of war. A Cuban junta operated
out of New York City; filibuster-
ing expeditions took off from
American shores; the United
States winked at these violations
of the rules of neutrality.
It needed only a spark to set
off conflict-a lesson we should
always keep in mind-and the
Battleship Maine provided not a
mere spark but an explosion. On
February 20, 1898, the battleship
was sunk in Havana Harbor, with
the loss Of $50 lives. There was,
and is, no evidence that the
Spaniards were responsible for the
tragedy; there is every reason to
suppose that they were not. But
the public wanted action, and
though Spain promptly capitulated
to all the American demands, the
cry remember the Maine" swept
the country, and Congress voted
war.
Unnecessary War
It was an unnecessary war, per-
haps it was an unjustified war:
it is always difficult to assess
justification in the perspective Of
history. In any event it was over
quickly, and with a mercifully
small loss of life. No other war
so insignificant had consequences
so significant - to the United
States, to Spain, to Cuba, to the
distant Philippines. It ended four
centuries Of Spanish rule in Amer
lea; 1t dramatized the advent Of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-14

as Cuba was in the weak hands
Of Spain, it posed no serious
threat, but that If 1t passed to
some powerful nation like Britain
or France, the situation would be
different. In that event, said
Daniel Webster, we would be JUS
titled in intervening in our own
protection.
Presidents Polk and Pierce both
tried to buy Cuba from Spain
and in 1854 four American min
listers met at Ostend, in Belgium,
and somewhat arrogantly an
nounced that If Spanish owner
ship of Cuba ever proved dan
gerous to our security we would
be justified in selling the island.
A few years later there was an
opportunity to do Just this, and
a temptation. Spanish misrule
plunged Cuba into a 10-year re-
bellion, 1868-1878, and that re-
bellion aroused widespread SYM
pathy and concern. But this was
a time when Senator Sumner had
defeated Grants attempt to an
mex Santo Domingo, and Grant
didn't want to get his fingers
burned twice, so he resisted the
temptation and the crisis passed.
Continuing Chaos
Then came the even graver cri-
sis of 1895 which led directly to
the Spanish war. There are paral-
lels with the present in that sit
uation, and contrasts as well. In
ternal disorder, not a direct
threat to the United States, was
the problem. Rebellion, never
wholly stamped out, famed again,
and Americans looked on with
dismay as the armies Of Spain
stamped out the rebellion with
ruthless efficiency and cruelty.
This outbreak conceded with a
new national mood, and with new
foreign policies.
The 1905 saw the beginning OF
the emergence of America as a
world power, with interests in the
islands Of the Pacific, the Panama
Canal, and the Caribbean region.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-14

sition is no longer uniformly in
China's favor. If the Chinese at
tack at one point, Indians can
retaliate in the adjoining sector.
Chinese forces facing Indian
troops do not appear to be better
equipped. except in air power. But
if China uses air power, it would
be an about war and that would
be a different affair. For this,
perhaps, India is not yet ade-
quately equipped. Hence her eff
fort to acquire fighter planes
from many parts of the world,
including Soviet Russia.
Once q Quiet Border
If there is war on the India
China frontier, it would be the
first of its kind. In the present
situation it cannot be ruled out.
Blood can spill on the snow-clad
Himalayan Valleys. Here peace
has become a prey to Communist
avarice. A border dormant for
centuries has suddenly come alive.
India became free in 1947.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-14

matum. The barrage Of words no
longer hides China's active mill
tary preparations along the India
China frontier and the defensive
measures which India has adopted,
diverting scarce resources from
her five-year plan.
Mr.. Nehru has not minced mat
tiers. He has declared: 1--WE have
to prepare for war and we pre-
pare for it to defend these areas
and to recover them"
What Mr.. Nehru is trying to de-
fend is the 2,500-mile long Hima-
layan border from the Karakarum
Pass to the mountainous tip which
in the east joins with Burma.
What he is trying to recover" is
$4,000 square miles Of area which
China has surreptitiously gobbled
I'D in Ladakh.
Ladakh is a part Of the valley
of the upper Indus river lying
above $4,000 to 1900 feet above
sea level. 1t is about $4,000 square
miles in area. inhabited by about
100000 peaceful people. They are
almost all BuddhistS.
Border Was Undefended
Hitherto this border was as
undefended as Canada'S against
the United States. Only once a
year, when the snow melted,
Kashmir's patrols visited parts of
the border to reaffirn KaShmir's
sovereignty. When Kashmir &C
ceded to India, this duty fell on
the Indian defense forces.
During the first few years Of
her freedom, Indian patrols in
Ladakh were as infrequent as dur
ing the previous princely regime.
But now Ladakh, like the rest Of
the India-C China border, bristles
with soldiers. At points, Indian
and Chinese soldiers gaze at each
other from a distance of SO yards.
At other points Indian forces have
established their posts behind
Chinese posts.
This result has been purpose
fully achieved by India during the
last two years to demonstrates to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-14

sion OF such harbor by any
government, not American, as to
give that government practical
power of control for naval or
military purposes"
There was no reference in all
this to the Monroe Doctrine, but
the resolution itself came to be
regarded as a kind Of supple
ment to the doctrine; since 1912
the United States has invoked this
Lodge Corollary at least four times.
Perhaps it will now be invoked
again.
And what Of the Monroe Doc
trine itself? Does 1t apply to the
present situation in Cuba? Can it
be invoked, as Congressman are to-
day so ardently invoking it, to
meet the current crisis? Should
it be so invoked?
These are hard questions. and
1t may as well be admitted that
there are no clear answers. The
Monroe Doctrine is not precisely
what it was in 1928, anymore
than the Constitution is precisely
what 1t was in 1887. On the other
hand, it does not follow that be-
cause the doctrine is dynamic we
can read anything we please into
it, or that we are free to pick
and choose those parts of it we
wish to use, now this clause, now
that, and let the other parts go.
Nor is the Monroe Doctrine any
longer an exclusively American
doctrine; 1t is part of and
involved in a network of inter-
American agreements and it can
not be isolated from those agree
ments without doing grave injury
all around.
Brood Terms
On the face of it, the historic
doctrine does seem relevant to the
Cuban situation. What was it
Monroe said - Monroe and old
John Quincy Adams who had
more to do with it than anyone
else? I'VE should consider any at
tempt on their (the European
powers part to extend their sys-
tenn to any portion Of this CONT
nent as dangerous to our peace
and safety" And, again. I'VE
would view any interposition for
the purpose of controlling in any
manner the destiny (of the Latin
American states) as an unfriendly
act" And just to nail this down,
President Monroe added that "it
is impossible that the allied
powers should extend their political
system to any portion of either
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-14
BY H. r. VOHRA
Contributing Writer

Indian Prime Minister Nehru
recently described midas growing
conflict with China as "a drama
of which only the beginnings have
been seen and no one knows what
the end will be-"
More than 400 angry notes were
exchanged between Delhi and
Picking during the last four years.
Last week Mr.. Nehru gave the
Chinese what amounts to an ulti-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-14

Mr.. VOhra is Washington cor
respondent for The Times Of
India.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-14
By HENRY 5. CoMMAGER

Once again, as so often before
in our history. Cuba is troubling
the international waters, chal-
longing the policy, disturbing the
interests, and threatening the
peace of the United States.
1t is an old story. AS far back
as Jefferson's presidency it was
asserted that Cuba lay within the
American sphere of influence and
that it might some day be neces-
sary to annex the island. There
was a general feeling that as long
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1962-10-14

EDITORS NOTE-It's a rare
speech on Cuba that doesn't in
clude a mention Of the Monroe
Doctrine. But, according to dis
tinguished American historian
Henry Steele C0mmager, there
are hazards to invoking Mon
roe's famous statement today.
He points out it contained not
only promises of how America
would treat interlopers in this
hemisphere, but also what she
would NOT do in Europe.
Firmer grounds for action, he
adds, can be found in q little
noted cOrOIIary to MOnrOe's
message dealing with United
States reaction to foreign DOS
session of American harbOrs-
fishing or otherwise.
Evening star., 1962-05-16
GoIbruith to Seek
Advice on AiIment

NEW DELHI, May IS (AP).
Ambassador John Kenneth
Galbraith will undergo exarni-.
nation for an abdominal all
ment at a Boston clinic when
he returns to the United States
May 26.
Mr.. Galbraith said he would
go to Peter Bent Brigham clinic,
for medical advice on the stom-
ach ailment which put him in
a naval hospital in Hawaii for
several weeks last winter.
He said if possible he will
then spend a few days on his
farm in Vermont before re-
porting to Washington. sHet
plans to be in the capital for
consultation with government
officials for one or two days.
then fly to the West Coast for
speaking engagements before
returning to India late in May.
Evening star., 1962-05-16
DEATHS
Announcements Of
In MRntnriattt

BELL, MARY PATE, PATE, RUSSELL
G. In sacred memory Of my mother,
MARY PATE BELL. who passed away
M5s knsgsfEL III 4 sss sarE sna Who nH ed %are
IA. 1854.
still loved, still missed.
PATE " WWfLscN.
BOTELER, JOHN w. In loving mem-
ory Of our father, JOHN W.
BoTELER, who departed this life
six years ago today. May 16. 1855.
Deep in our hearts you are fondly
Sweet, happy memories cling round
your name;
True hearts that loved you with
Alv.aas asepss;isi ps;ii affection idSs SSu in deaf,
'0'' ' Towns ING CHILDREN.
BRECKENRIDGE, THOMAS WILLIAM.
A loving tribute to the memory Of
our dear husband and father.
THOMAS w. BRECKENRIDGE. who
SgS SSersrfsesS ss tbs 1asa life sixteen years ago,
Our thoughts stay with you as time
DEVOTED WIFE AND CHILDREN:
COLEMAN. HATTIE.
Our hearts still ache with sadness,
Our ewes shed many tears;
Only God knows how much we miss
you through these five lonely
son. WILLIAM COLEMAN; DAuGH-
TER, DOROTHY MAYNARD;
GRANDDAUGHTER. DORREEN
FOWLER.
GROSS. JULIA, In loving memory Of
my dear wife, JULIA GROSS, who
passed away three years ago today,
May 16. 1859.
A precious one from me has gone,
A voice loved is stilled;
A vacant place is left in cur home
That never can be filled.
HER DEVOTED HUSBAND. RICH
Evening star., 1962-05-16
AIubumu Sendikt
Negro North s..

MONTGOMERY, Ala, Nay,
r16 (AP) "A Citizens Council
leader said a Negro laborer left;
here by bus for the Chicago;
area yesterday on the first.
freedom ride in reverse from.
Montgomery to the North.
Chairman C. H. Lancaster,
jr., Of the Montgomery County
Council said Benny Tolbert, 40,
an unskilled laborer, left for q
small city near Chicago with .
ticket purchased by the seere-
gstionist group. ....:.
Mr.. Lancaster declined to
specify the Negroes exact des:
tination, explaining. "We don't
want people bothering him. But
he has a place to go. He has
relatives there. He was very
happy and grateful for the
ride"
The Montgomery Council ac-
ton follows the pattern Of the
New Orleans Citizens Council
which sent several Negroes to
New York.
Mr.. Lancaster said Mr.. To-
bert was given SIS for meals en-
route.
Evening star., 1962-05-16
Pilot Challenges
Loss of License SH
For FutuI Crush3hH
By the Associated Press

A pilot Of the troop-carTy-
ing airplane that crashed At
Richmond last November Q. apse
pealed to the Civil Aeronautics
Board yesterday to reinstate his
pilot certificate. ~
The Federal Aviation Agency
had ordered the certificate re-
voked after the crash, which
killed "a Army recruits and
three crew members. as
Counsel for Ronald II. Con-
way, argued that Mr.. Conway
was not actually in command
Of the Imperial Airlines plane
and therefore was not reSpon.
Sible for the crash. "
Evans North, acting chief
Of the enforcement branch OF
the FAA's general counsel's
office, said Mr.. Conway was
in command, was responsible
and should have his pilot cef-
tificate revoked.
Mr.. Conway, himself did not
attend the oral argument. -
William Fam Of Miami,
counsel for Mr.. Conway, said
the actual commander Of the
aircraft kwas James Greeniees
an airplane captain, senior to
Mr.. Conway, who was killed in
the crash. :.
Evening star., 1962-05-16
Candidate Asks
Ban on Poll Tex

/
Augustus c. johnson, a con-
gressional candidate in Vir-
ginia's 10th district, disagreed
sharply yesterday with State
officials who claim there is nc
demand for poll tax repeal.
Mr.. johnson, a candidate for
the Democratic nomination,
sent a telegram to Representa-
tive Celler, Democrat of New
York, and chairman of the
House Judiciary Committee,
asking passage in the House of a
proposed constitutional amend
ment that would outlaw the
poll tax.
The people of Northern Vir-
ginia want the poll tax abol-
ished as a qualification for
voting" Mr.. Johnson's telegram
said.
Lieut.. Gov. Mills e. Goodwin
and four other State officials
went before. a Judiciary sub
committee Monday to oppose a
proposed constitutional amend
ment which would eliminate
the tax.
Evening star., 1962-05-16
Archie M. CoIvin,
Power Company
EmpIoye q Years

Archie M. Colvin, So, retired
veteran Of % years service with
Potomac Electric and Power
Co., died yesterday after suf-
fering a heart attack in his
home, 208 N. Wayne street
Arlington.
A native Of Lincolnton, Ga.
he was educated in Georgia
and came to the Washington
area 40 years ago.
He was a member Of the Ma
tional Presbyterian Church and
of its mems club, and Of the
B. B. French Masonic Lodge
Is in Washington.
He leaves his wife, Irene, and
a daughter, Miss Irene T. Col
win, both of the family address
another daughter. Mrs. Eliza
beth M. Cardosi. 2711 Terrace
road, Sc; and q granddaugh-
ter, Elizabeth Lynn Cardosi.
Mr.. Colvin also is survived by
;hree sisters, Mrs. Emma Dur
den of Adrian, Ga, Mrs. Sarah
Girtanner and Mrs. Martha
Bennett, both of Avenel, Nj;
and three brothers, George, of
Adrian, Ca, James Owen, of
Macon, Ca, and Monroe Colvin,
Of Louisville, Ga.
Services will be at II am.
Friday at Lees Funeral Home,
Fourth and Massachusetts, ave.
nue., NE, with burial in Cedar
Hill Cemetery.
Evening star., 1962-05-16
Mrs. L.G. Hooker,
FHA Supervisor
And BusebuII Fan

Mrs. Louise Grimes Hooker
70, who retired in 1857 al
supervisor Of an IBM section
with the Federal Housing Au.
thority. died Sunday at George
Washington University Hospi-
tai after a brief illness.
Born at Richmond, Va, Mrs
Hooker attended the old Black
stone College in Blackstone
Va, then a music conservatory
She was the widow of John
Lee Hooker, who died in 1929
Mrs. Hooker came to Washing
ton in 1898 and served % years
with the FILA before her re-
tirement.
A member of Ascension and
st. Agnes Church, in her later
years she took care Of flowers
for the rectory area. Mrs
Hooker also was an avid base
ball fan.
She leaves a son, Langsforc
N. Hooker, Of 1907 Thirteenth
road south, Arlington. Va: two
daughters, Mrs. Elizabeth Gile,
Of Boston, and Mrs. Virgins
Deckelman of San Francisco,
and three grandchildren.
Services were held today ir
Ascension and st. Agnes Epis-
copal Church, Twelfth street
and Massachusetts, avenue
NV. Burial was in Washington
National Cemetery.
Evening star., 1962-05-16
Governmental Aides
Brief Executives
Of Urban League

Sixty executive secretaries OF
National Urban League affili-
ateS attended the first of sew
eral briefings on administration
programs in labor, health, ed
ucation and welfare today.
The executives, headed by
Whitney Young, null execu-
tive director, attended sessions
Iat the Labor Department,
where Secretary of Labor Gold
berg and his key technical as
sistants discussed manpower
and equal employment oppor-
tunity programs.
Tomorrow, the executives will
meet with Health, Education
and Welfare Secretary Rihicoff
and his top aides at the HEW
Building for similar discussions,
The Urban League repre-
sentatives are suggesting to the
administration leaders how the
various Government programs
may be fully implemented at
the State and local levels.
Evening star., 1962-05-16
Mrs. Anne Jones,
II, Lived Many
Years in CuIpepel

Mrs. Anne Bickers Jones, II,
who made her home in Cul-
pepper, Va, for many years, died
lat Ale lexandria Hospital or
Monday. 4
Born in Madison County, Va,
she was the widow Of Charles
Samuel Jones.
She served as a hostess for
several years in the 1930S at
Sullins College in Bristol, Va.
Mrs. Jones leaves two broth
ers. William A. Bickers and
Roger A. Bickers, both of Gull
.peper; two daughters, Mrs.
Archie r. Sabin of Alexandria
and Mrs. Upton H. Richards OF
Warrenton, Va, and five
grandc children.
GraveSide services were to be
today at Fairview Cemetery in
Culpeper. Va.
Evening star., 1962-05-16
Louis A. Bodmer,
Used-Cur Dealer

Louis A. (John) Bodmer, SIS,
a native of Loudoun County,
Va, died Tuesday of a heart
condition at his apartment in
Ashburn.
Mr.. Bodmer, who lived alone
since the death of his wife,
Ruby, in December, was found
by his sister, Mrs. Evelyn B.
Caylor, postmistress at Ash
burn.
A used-car dealer on Route
z near AShburn, Mr.. Bodmer
was a member Of the Ashburn
Masonic Lodge. He had been a
catcher for the Ashburn base
ball team in the Loudoun
County League.
He leaves a brother, Richard
B., of Ashburn; three sisters,
Mrs. Caylor, Miss Sue Bodmer,
of Leesburg, and Mrs. Pauline
Daily Of Harpers Ferry, w. Va;
a alf-brother, G. P. Bodmer,
of Leesburg, and two half
sisters, Mrs. Aurelia Bell of
Leesburg and Mrs. Yonna Brady
of Round Hill, Va.
The Muse & Reed Funeral
Home Of Leesburg is handling
arrangements.
Evening star., 1962-05-16
U. S. Is Urged
To Pay More for
ShoreIine Repair
By the Associated Press

Representative Mcdowell,
Democrat of Delaware, yester-
day introduced q bill to per-
NIT an increase in Federal
participation from one-third
to one-half Of the cost of shore
restoration projects.
It also would provide for the
Government to pay for the
protection Of shore land. IN
cluding ocean-front parks and
conservation areas owned by
Federal, State, county and mu-
nicipal governments.
Representative Mcdowell
said in a statement his bill
would give Army engineers
greater tools with which to aid
Delaware and other States
with their shore and beach
problems. Many Atlantic coast
States were hit by a storm in
March, and ocean-front prop
erty and shore lines were dam
aged.
The bill was prepared for
Mr.. Mcdowell by the Army en-.
gineers following a meeting
some time ago Of members of
Congress from Delaware, New
Jersey, Maryland and Vir-
ginia.
The bill authorizes reim-
bursement Of local interests OF
up to 81 million for work done
by them on projects authorized
Evening star., 1962-05-16
Atlanta Theuters
- sG
Desegregute on
2-u-Week Busis !

ATLANTA, May 16 (APl.-,
The Atlanta Journal says that
downtown movie theaters have
desegregated under a "two-a-
week" plan negotiated in secret
biracial talks. ~,
Small groups of Negroes were
admitted Monday to at least
two of the four big theaterS
with no significant incideufs
reported. the newspaper said.
Managers of the four largest
theaters named in the journal
article declined comment.
Under the reported agree
ment, the film houses were to
admit two Negroes each week
until June l. After that date,
there would be no restrictions
on Negro patrons.
A similar plan would become
effective June / for the numer-
Gus suburban theaters, the.
Journal said. -
Evening star., 1962-05-16
Paul Sullivan, 81, Directed
NucIeur Ship Operations

Paul A. Sullivan, "a. director
of operations of the Savannah,
the worlds first nuclear mer-
chant vessel, died yesterday Of
a heart attack.
Mr.. Sullivan became chief
of operations Of the nuclear
ship in 1860, when he was
named Nuclear Ship Operations
Officer of the Maritime Ad-
miniStration. The Savannah
is to become operative some
time this summer, touring
foreign ports as a prime ex-
hibit in the Atoms for Peace
program.
Mr.. Sullivan Joined the
United States Shipping Board
in 1917. He served on the War
Shipping Board during World
War II, when he received a
citation for his accomplish
ments. His last position was
operational control officer Of
the Office Of Research and
Development Of the Maritime
Administration.
Born in Washington, Mr..
Sullivan was graduated from
the old Business High School.
He was a member of the Pro-
peller Club (Port of WASH
ington), and the Holy Name
Society and the Mems Club Of
the Shrine Of the Most Blessed
Sacrament Church. His wife,
Mrs. Josephine Duncan Sulli-
van, died here in 1858.
He leaves two sons, Paul A.,
jr., Of 2517 Thirty ninth street
NV, and Peter D., in the Army
at Fort Dix, N. j.; three daugh-
ters, Mrs. Margaret 8. Barney,
Of 6159 Sixty-fourth avenue,
Evening star., 1962-05-16
Mansfield Sees
Extended Session

Congress may have to stay
in session beyond Labor Day.
Senate Dem ocratfc Leader
Mansfield said today.
Senator Mansfield and House
Speaker Mccormack were
asked, after a breakfast con-
ference with President Kennedy
at the White House, whether
they thought Congress could
finish its business by Labor
Day.
So far as the House is con-
cerned, Mr.. Mccormack said
he thinks there is a reason
ably good chance"
But Senator Mansfield said
'I would doubt it."
Evening star., 1962-05-16
Blue Cross
DiscIuinns
Lobby Role

CHICAGO. May Is (AP).-
The president Of the National
Blue Cross Association says the
Nations Blue Cross plans ''tra-
ditionally have not, and will
not. pay persons to lobby
against legislation by speeches
or otherwise"
Walter ]. McNerney said yes
terday Blue Cross headquarters
has received inquiries from all
sections Of the country con-
corning the organizations posi-
ton on that question.
He said the inquiries stemmed
from a conference Senator
Tower, Republican of Texas,
had with newSmen in Houston
Sunday. The Blue Cross execu-
tive gave this view Of the Texas
incident in an interview:
Blue Cross and Blue Shield
Of Texas have acted jointly
for several years to pay the
expenses Of a speaker to ad-
dress the meetings of the Texas
State Medical Association and
the Texas State Hospital AS
sociation.
This year, with the concur
renee Of the associations, they
invited Senator Tower. They
paid his expenses, but nc
honorarium, and suggested
merely that he relate his ex-
periences.
Senator Tower talked about
the United Nations, foreign aid
and then devoted q few min
utes discussing the financing
Of health care for the aged, /"
Mr.. McNerney said.
After the meeting, Senator
Tower said in reply to a news
mans questions that Blue
Cross-Blue Shield had PAID
his expenses.
This was a local situation, +"
Mr.. McNerney said. "Blue
Cross plans across the coun-
try traditionally have not and
will not pay persons to lobby
against legislation by speeches
or otherwise"