davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1962-12-17

TO Claridge's, the famous Lon
don hostelry. His earnings
were spent on theater tickets.
When Mr.. Laughton reached
age near the end of
the First World War, he went
directly to the front lines and
was gaSsed. Back home, he
relinquished after a time his
claim to the family hotel busi-
ness and plunged seriously into
a theatrical career. At IS he
entered the Royal Academy of
Dramatic Art and a year later
won its highest award, the
Gold Medal.
Professional roles followed.
His first major part was in
Molnar'S "Liliom."
Evening star., 1962-12-17

waiting for his scenes like q
torpid turtle summing himself
on a rock, untouched by the
bellowings Of director Otto
Preminger. His nervousness
was we'll hidden until one
looked at his nails, chewed to
the quick.
It was during this visit that a
reported interrupted him while
he watched a slow day OF the
Senate in inaction. 1t was July
10, 1861, a day when the floor
was three-quarters bare and
the speeches perfmctory. Mr..
Laughton, who had come to
Washington before shooting
schedule just to observe such
scenes for background. peered
over the gallery railing with a
heavy -lidded but scrutinizing
eye.
Pleasant to the stream Of
Senators who came to pay their
respects, Mr.. Laughton became
upset when asked If he would
comment on his impressions Of
the Senate for the press.
Certainly not. Most certainly
not. am not going to say
anything like that at all. I
am watching the Senate be-
cause want to learn. would
not do or say anything that
would not uphold this great
institution"
Found Own Costume
Mr.. Laughton, who said he
never trusted the wardrobe de-
partments to come up with
costumes, spent three weeks
searching for the hat ard
white suit for his role. II
looked all over Hollywood for
this hat" he said.
Such perfectionism brought
him together with Senator
Stennis Of Mississippi. At one
party given in Washington
during the filming, Mr.. Laugh
ton followed Senator Stennis
around, listening to everything
he said.
II didn't want to be a Carl
cature. I wanted to do my
part right. I happened to hear
Senator Stennis talk. He has
such a beautiful voice. ! asked
if I could listen to him some
more, and he was very courte-
Gus about lending me tapes"
Evening star., 1962-12-17
Arnold Collins,
Ex-RuiIwoy Aide

Arnold L. Collins, form e r
general manager of communi-
cations Of the Southern Rail-
road here, died of a heart at
tack Saturday in Venice, Fla.
Mr.. Collins had lived at 1901
S. Courthouse road, Arlington,
until he moved to Florida a few
weeks ago, He served with the
Southern Railroad for 81 years
before he retired in 1857, and
had come to this area in 1895.
He leaves his wife, Margaret,
of Venice, and two sisters, Mrs.
Henry Friar of Atlanta and
Mrs. Fletcher Sheriff Of Eas-
ley, S. c.
Services will be Wednesday
in Charlotte.
Evening star., 1962-12-17
Herbert Fuirbunk,
Retired Aide at
Roads Bureau

Herbert F. Fairbank, retired
deputy commissioner Of the
Federal Bureau of Public Roads
in charge of research, died Fri
day at Union Memorial Hospi-
tai in Baltimore of a heart at
tack. He was IA.
Mr.. Fairbank retire d from
the Bureau in 1866 after more
than 40 years of service.
Born in Baltimore, he was
graduated from Cornell Uni
versity in 1910 in civic engi-
neering and went to the Bu-
reau that year. He left for
two years during World War
I when he served as a captain
in the United States Army. He
was named deputy commission
er in 1943.
Mr.. Fairbank received several
awards during his Bureau Ca
reer, including the George S.
Bartlett award for outstanding
contributions to the highway
program in 1947 and the Roy
w. Crum award for distin-
guished achievement in 1858.
In 1884 he was an Ameri-
can delegate to the Interna-
tional Road Congress in Mu-
Mich, Germany, and in 1949
served as vice chairman of the
United States delegation to the
United Nations convention in
Geneva on road and motor
transport.
Mr., Fairbank, who lived in
Baltimore, leaves a sister Miss
Grace c. Fairbank. Services
were today in Baltimore with
burial in the Greenmo ount t
Cemetery in Baltimore.
Evening star., 1962-12-17
CAR-BUS CRASH
KILLS MAN, ~

A Prince Georges County mar
was killed when his car ca
reened out of control at Wal
dorf. Md, yesterday and col
lided with a bus coming the
other way, Maryland State po-
lice reported.
Charles Robert Lockerman,
%, of Route /. Brandywine,
was pronounced dead on arrival
at Physicians Memorial Hospi-
tai in La Plata.
The driver Of the chartered
bus and two passengers. Joseph
Cuneo, 81. of Brooklyn. N. Y,
and Joseph Varga, A, of New
York City, were treated at the
La Plata hospital for minor in
juries.
Evening star., 1962-12-17

the Bible. He carried the books
in a cloth bag.
The bag, he once said, was
always a good prop. II I had a
particularly cold audience, I
would spill it on the floor at the
start. That would warm them
up for me. 1t also helped II I
had the most disreputable of
chairs. Sometimes we got a
kitchen chair and cut the back
off it,"
Civilian audiences, often at
universities, heard his readings
after the war. An appearance
by Mr.. Laughton on the Ed
Sullivan television show
prompted theatrical producer
Paul Gregory to suggest that he
tour the United States with the
bag of books.
The tours were successful and
led to a reading of George
Bernard Shaw's Don Juan in
He'll" which Mr.. Laughton di-
rected and appeared in with
Charles Boyer, Agnes Moore
head and Sir Cedric Hard
wicke. They sat at lecterns on
stools, as Mr.. Laughton had
in his readings.
Gave Christmas CaroP
The actors death came at
the time Of year when he often
had read Dickens "A Christ
mas Carol" on nationwide tele-
vision.
Mr.. Laughton was born July
l, 1899, in the Victoria Hotel,
Scarborough. England. The
small hotel was owned by his
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. Robert
Laughton.
He attended Stonyhurst Col
lege. At 16. preparatory to
taking over the family hotel
business, he went for training
Evening star., 1962-12-17
DR.. W. c. EeIIs, Authority
On Junior College Education

DR.. Walter c. Eells, rs, an
authority on junior college ed
ucation, died Saturday at Fair
fax County Hospital of a heart
attack.
DR.. Eells was former execu-
tive secretary of the American
Association of Junior Colleges
here from 1898 to l945.
He was born in Mason
County. Wash, and was grad
uated from Whitman College,
Walla Walla, Wash, in 1908.
He earned graduate degrees at
Whitman College and the Uni
versity of Chicago, and a doc
torate at Stanford University
in 1927.
During his teaching career,
DR.. Eells served as a professor
Of mathematics at the Naval
Academy, 19ll-l3. and as a
professor Of education at STAN
ford from 1927 to 1888, when
he joined the American Asso-
citation of Junior Colleges.
He was chief Of the foreign
education division of the Vet
erans Administration from l945
to l947 and later served as an
adviser on higher education on
the staff Of the Supreme Com
mander. Allied Powers. in Tokyo,
until 1851, when he retired.
In retirement, DR.. Eells was
a consultant TO the Office Of
Education.
Among his books are Com
Evening star., 1962-12-17
TODAY'S WEATHER REPORT

District and vicinity - Clear
and a little warmer tonight.
lowest about 80. Mostly sunny
and warmer tomorrow, highest
near so.
Msryland-Fa Fair tonight, low
est 25 to 30. Mostly sunny to-
morrow, highest in the low 40s.
Virginia Clear with low
from 25 TO 30 degrees tonight,
Mostly sunny and somewhat
warmer tomorrow, highest As
TO SIS.
Lower Potomac and Chesa-
peake Bay Diminishing SOUTH
westerly winds tonight becom-
ing westerly and variable to-
morrow. Clear tonight and fair
tomorrow with visibility at 8
miles.
Evening star., 1962-12-17
LAUGHTON ACTED
FILM ROLE HERE

The last time Charles Laugh
ton came to Washington he
brought with him a crumpled
white suit, a floppy black hat
and a newly acquired Southern
drawl. He also brought a nerv-
Gus, impatient perfectionism.
Playing Seab Cooley, the
irascible Southern Senator in
Advise and Consent" Mr..
Laughton numbered onto the
Washington sets day after day,
Evening star., 1962-12-17
Quick Push in House
Urqed for Home Rule

All 26l Democratic House
members have been urged by
their fellow Democrats in the
District to join a pro-home rule
effort on the opening day oi
the next Congress.
An appeal to representatives
was signed by the six officers OF
the Democratic Central Com
mittee here and by National
Committeeman Frank Reeves
and Committeeman Polly
Shackleton.
Replies dribbling back in
dicate that House Democrats
will take a close look at the new
home rule strategy.
The plan District Democrats
are championing is a bi-parti-
san move to add a long sem
tence to the House rules. This
new rule would require a home
rule to be debated and voted
up or down if any House Dis
trict Committee member asked
for action on District Day."
A District Day is set aside by
the rules for city business and
falls on the second and fourth
Mondays Of each month.
First Day Urgency
The only chance to adopt the
home rule provision appears to
be opening day. Then, House
Rules Com mittee Chairman
Smith, Democrat of Virginia
who ignored the rules change
request made late last session
will bring to the House rule
for the B8th session.
An immediate motion tradi
tionally follows to adopt tn
chairman's proposed rules with
out amendment.
House Democrats we're aske
in the District letter to vot
down that motion which woulr
prevent the local rule chang
from being considered.
Even an expression from tn
House in roll call form on
rule relating to home rul
would be considered a victor.
by some proponents of a local.,
elected government for tn,
city. The House has not onct
voted on home rule though tht
Senate five times in the pas
IL years has cleared self
government bills.
I'VE Democrats in the Dis,
trict have worked for home
rule all our lives" the lettel
said. Our national Demo
Evening star., 1962-12-17

in Education in Asia,
Africa and the Far East" 1854;
and college Teachers and Col
lege Teaching" 1857. He lived
at 2700 Wisconsin avenue NV.
He leaves his wife, Mrs. May
w. Eells, of the home address;
a daughter, Mrs. Warren N.
Martin Of 1909 North Roberts
lane, Arlington; two sons, Ken
meth OF Pasadena, and Donald
of Palo Alto, Calf, and five
grandchildren.
Evening star., 1962-12-17
Mrs. Juunitu Elliott

POISON, Mont, Dec. II
(AP).-Mrs. Juanita Elliott, 48,
who won fame for high alti-
tude flying. died yesterday. She
held the women's light plane
altitude record Of $4,000 feet in
the 1930s, plotting a 90-horse-
power plane. She flew for a
Red Cross disaster unit during
World War II.
Evening star., 1962-12-17
NewIyweds Die, 5 Are Hurt
As 3 Cars Crash in Virginia

A young couple from AMMAN
dale, Va, was killed last night
in a three-car accident near
Charles Town, w. Va. Five
other persons were injured.
The victims were Darrell Ed
ward Dickinson. 81, and his
bride Of two months, the for
mer Robbie Louise Cash, also
81.
They had lived on Americana
drive in the Americana Apart
ments in Annandale since their
marriage October II. Their par
ents live in the nearby Spring
field and North Springfield
communities.
The collision occurred on
U. s. Route $40, a mile south
of Charles Town, according to
the Associated Press.
A passenger in the Dickinson
car was admitted to Charles
Town Hospital in critical con-
dition. He was John P. Tabb,
81, of Middleburg, w. Va, who
suffered a fractured leg and
possible internal injuries.
Two Are HOspitalized
Two persons in the other
cars also were admitted to the
hospital. They were Mrs.
Helen P. Tharpe, so, of Berry, I
vile, Va, and Ripley F. Dill
niger, %, of Luray, Va.
Treated and released were Mr.. |
Dillingers wife, Judy, %. and
Mrs. Barbara A. Smith of
Winchester, Va.
Mr.. Dickinson, who had been I
doing survey work for an An
nandale construction firm. was
a 1859 graduate of Annandale
High School and had attended
Wofford College in South Car
olina.
He leaves his parents, Mr..
and Mrs. Charles H. Dickinson,
and a sister, Linda, all of 1907
Essex avenue, Springfield. /
Worked as Teller
His wife, who worked as a
teller at the Mount Vernon Ma 4
tional Bank in Springfield. was !
a 1859 graduate of Fairfax High ,
School. She was the daughter
of Mr.. and Mrs. Claude L. Cash
of 7419 Leesville boulevard,
North Springfield. She also
leaves a sister, Christine, and
a brother. Claude L., jr., Of the
home address; her paternal
grandmother, Mrs. c. T. Bryant
of Alexandra, and maternal
grandparents, Mr.. and Mrs. T. /,
j. Lewis of Lynchburg. Va.
The families said the couple
had gone to Winchester yester-
day to look at an automobile "
and were taking the salesman
home when the accident oc-
CURED.
Evening star., 1962-12-17
Alexandra Man Dies
From FuIl Injuries
Too Few on Petition

A So year old Alexandria
man. injured in a fall down a
flight of stairs December /,
died of a skull fracture at Alex
andria Hospital Saturday.
The man. identified as Rob-
ert Williams, SIT oronoco o
street. was discovered by a
friend after the fall at his
home, police said.
Evening star., 1962-12-17
Charles Loughton Dies,
Memorable Film Actor

HOLLYWOOD, Dec. II (AP)
Leading figures in the en-
tertainment industry paid trib-
butte today to Charles Laughton
who created memorable screer
portrayals for more than three
decades.
Mr.. Laughton, SO, died Of
cancer of the spine late Satur-
day night, a few weeks after
ending a four-month hospital
stay.
Charles was a great grizzly
bear" actress Agnes Moorheac
commented, land he vainly
tried to hide his big, pini
plush heart"
Director Lewis Milestone,
who directed Mr.. Laughton in
Jamaica Inn," said: "A di-
rector couldn't hope to direct
a Laughton picture. His talent
was so great. the best a di-
rector could hope for was to
referee"
Joan Crawford: II doubt that
Mr.. Laughton had any enemies
He always frightened me and
other people in our industry
but only by his great talent.
Knew Death Impended
When the British-born actor
left Cedars of Lebanon Novem-
ber 80, a friend confided:
Charles knows he is going to
die and, blustery as ever. says
he's going to die in his own
bed"
With him when he died were
his wife, Elsa Manchester. and
his younger brother Frank, re-
tired from the family hotel
business.
Mrs. Laughton was mar
ried to the actor in 1929 and
became an American either
with him in 1850.
High spots Of a career thai
made Mr.. Laughton the movies
top character actor for 81
years:
The sadistic Captain Bligh o.
the original "Mutiny on thu
Bounty; the lecherous Henry
VIII the 1888 best actol
Academy Award performance
or the lovable English butlel
reciting the Gettysburg address
in a frontier saloon for Rug
giles of Red Gap"
Started During War
Before he came to Hollywood
Mr.. Laughton had won critica
acclaim for his realistic por'
trayal of an American gangstel
in a London play.
His last movie role was thai
of the Deep South Senator
Seab Cooley in advise anc
Consent"
Little was known about Mr.
Laughton's private life. He lovec
art-and had a collection o.
Renoirs, Utrillos, Cezannes anc
other French impressioniSt'
that few ever saw.
His dress off screen was about
the same as on - ties awry
shoes unpublished. shirts un
ironed and pants impressed.
He seldom drove an expen
sive car and had little apparen
regard for money, although h
learned q fortune.
In recent years Mr.. Laugh
tons activities had included
stage performances, especial,
dramatic readings from tn
worlds great literature.
The readings started in Worlt
War II. Mr.. Laughton begal
visiting veterans hospitals t,
read from Dickens, ThurbeI
Thomas Wolfe, Shakespeare o
Evening star., 1962-12-17
Workers Retruined

LONDON When older work.
ers in Britain find it hard to
keep doing their jobs, they can
apply for and receive training
in sedentary jobs at Ministry
of Labor rehabilitation units.
Evening star., 1962-12-17

cratic party platform has re-
peatedly pledged home rule for
the District. President Ken
nedy is 100 per cent for home
rule"
Too Few on Petition
Everything depends on the
House of Representatives, local
Democrats continued.
"In each new Congress the
House District Committee puts
the bill in a deep freeze and
three discharge petitions have
failed to thaw it OUT" accord
ing to the letter. 1t was signed
by w. John Kenney, Joseph L.
Rauh. jr., Mrs. Todd Duncan,
the Rev. E. Franklin jackson,
Harriet Cipriani and Tilford E.
Dudley as well as national COM
mittee members.
you have a real chance on
January 9 to bring democracy
to the District" they wrote.
The last discharge petition
gathered fewer than 100 sigma
lures. At least 219 members
must sign such petition be-
fore a bill may be considered
on the House floor without a
Committee recommendation.
House sponsors of the reSo-
luton to be proposed along with
a move to expand the Rules
Committee membership are
Democrats Multer of New York,
ReuSs Of Wisconsin, Cohelan OF
California, Udall Of Arizona and
Green Of oregon and Republi-
cans Schwengel of Iowa, Wild.
nall of New Jersey, Lindsay oi
New York, Schwetker of Penn
sylvania and Conte of Massa,
chusettS.
Evening star., 1962-12-17

higher temperatures through
most Of the week. Some rain
Friday or Saturday will total
near one tenth Of an inch.
AAA Winter Road Condition Report
As Of \ O'Clock This Morning
West: District to Pennsylvania turn
pike, clear. Pennsylvania turnpike,
clear; Ohio turnpike, clear: US 40
west TO Ohio, clear, US. 80 west TO
Ohio, clear; US. 80 through West Vir-
ginia, clear
South: Shirley highway and US.
TO Richmond, clear; Richmond south,
clear District TO Charlottesville, clear.
North and east: District TO Harris
burg, Pa, clear US. 10 from New
York State line to Buffalo, N. Y, slip
perry; District 10 Delaware Memorial
Bridge. clear New Jersey turnpike to
New York City, clear; New Hampshire
and New England. clear.
River Report
Potomac River clear at Harpers
Ferry and clear At Great Fails. Shen-
andoah clear AZ Harpers Ferry.
Temperature, for Yesterday -
Midnight -- a3 Noon --- 81
Am. am. $500 ss sS P.m. pm. 81
Record Temperatures for the Year
Highest. 90 on August 20.
Lowest. on January II.
Tide Tables
Furnished BY the United states Coast
and Oeodetie Survey
Today Tomorrow
H!Rh --a-... l2il am.
Low -- 7.Ol am. T:5l am.
iiigh .--.. l2:94pm. i.l5p.m,
Low 1.22 pm. slBp.m.
/ For hiEh and low tides at the follow
.pE points subtract times indicated
| from the above Annapolis, 3h hours
l Bloody Point Light. iis hours. Colonial
| Reach . hours Deale, AZ hours
-, solomons Island ga hours Point
Evening star., 1962-12-17
FIVE-DAY FORECAST
District and Vicinity
December 1922

Temperature will average 4
TO 7 degrees above the normal
Washington high and low Of
"a and 30. A little warmer to-
morrow with a trend toward
Evening star., 1962-12-17

cratic party platform has re-
peatedly pledged home rule for
the District. President Ken
nedy is 100 per cent for home
rule"
Evening star., 1962-01-01
Judges to Speed
Appeals Case
In U.S.. Court

RICHMOND. Va, Jan. l
! (AP).-To speed the wheels
of justice, the United States 4th
Circuit Court of Appeals will
run two courtrooms simulta-
neously this week when it opens
its January term.
Three judges will hear argu-
ments in one courtroom, while
three others are doing the same
in a second courtroom.
Thirty-three cases are on
the docket for the term opening
Wednesday. and running to
January II.
The number of judges on the
court was recently raised from
three to five. In addition, re-
tired Circuit Judge Morris A.
Soper of Baltimore sits on the
appellate bench.
The judges include Chief
Judge simon E. Sobeloff, Balti-
more and Circuit Judges
Clement F. Haynsworth, jr..
Greenville. S. c.: Herbert S.
Boreman, Parkersburg, w. Va;
Albert V. Bryan, Alexandria,
Va, and j. Spencer Bell, Char
lotte, N. C.
The second week of the term,
L. Richardson Preyer, Green's
bo"o IN. c. Federal district
judge, will sit with the court.
The 4th Circuit embraces
Maryland, Virginia, West Vir-
ginia and the Carolinas, with
headquarters in Richmond.
Evening star., 1962-01-01
Mrs. MuIIon, so, ,
Market EmpIoye
Here Is Years

Mrs. Lucius Mullan, so, a life
long resident of Washington
died Friday of cancer at Sibley
Hospital.
The former Gertrude Leavell
Mrs. Mullan was born in the
Brookland section of northeast
Washington. She had been en-
ployed for 25 years in the
M.P.M. Market at Twelfth and
Newton streets NE.
Her home was at 5000 Fiji
teenth street NE.
Mrs. Mullan leaves her hus-
band, a daughter, Mrs. Betty
Lou Almgren, 2817 Nicholson
street, Hyattsville; two grand
children and her parents, Mr.
and Mrs. Charles Leavell, 1433
Monroe street NE.
Also surviving are two sisters
Mrs. Leah Ernst, 1910 Essex
avenue, Bethesda, and Mrs.
Valma Byrne, 5000 Hamilton
street, Hyattsville, and a BROTH
er, Robert Leavell, 1888 Mon
roe street NE.
Services will be at 10 am
tomorrow at Nalley's Funeral
Home in Mount Rainier, Md,
with burial in Washington Ma
tional Cemetery.
Evening star., 1962-01-01
Mrs. Murrow, IS,
Mother of Chief
OF USIA Here

BELLINGHAM, Wash, Jan.
l (AP).-Funeral services will
be held here Wednesday for
Mrs. Ethel L. Murrow, IS,
mother of Edward R. Murrow
director of the United States
Information Agency and for
mer radio and television news
commentator.
Mrs. MurroW died Saturday
night. After Methodist services
in a funeral parlor chapel she
will be buried at Bow, a srNan
town in Skagit County. Her
husband, Roscoe Murrow, who
died five years ago, also is
buried there.
The Information Agency
head, one of Mrs. MurroW's S
three sons, brought his mother
home last week after a trip to
Phoenix. Ariz.. and returned to
Washington, D. c., Thursday.
The other sons are Dewey j,
MurroW, a Spokane, Wash,
contractor, and Lacey v. Muir
row, a former Air Force briga-
der general who is now a con-
sulting engineer in Washington.
Mrs. Murrow, the former
Ethel Lamb, was born in
Greensboro. N. c., and had
lived in Bellingham for 40
years. The cause of death was
not disclosed, but informants
in Washington said she had
suffered from a heart condi-
ton.
Evening star., 1962-01-01
AIberts Turks,
Dairy Expert

Alberts Turks, So, a Wash
ington resident since he came
to the United States in 1949
died Friday in Sibley Hospital
Mr.. Turks recently had taken
a job in New Jersey with a
dairy farm. Before that, he
worked for the Lucerne Dairy
here.
Mr.. Turks was an employe
of the Latvian department of
agriculture before coming here
with his wife, ziedone, IL years
ago. He attended the Univer-
sity of Maryland and in 1855
received a bachelors degree in
dairy technology.
Besides his wife, Mr.. Turks
leaves a son, Cunts. of the
home address, 2426 Fourteenth
street N. E.
Services will be held at 3
pm. tomorrow in Hines Funeral
Home, 2901 Fourteenth street
NV, with burial in Rock Creek
Cemetery.
Evening star., 1962-01-01

Mr.. Gerber was a member 0.
the National Press Club anc
Woodmont Country Club.
He leaves his wife, Judith; a
son, DR., Leon Gerber, 4724
Thirty-Second street NV; a
daughter, Mrs. Maurice B. Mil
Ter, 5000 Aberdeen road, Beth
esda; six grandchildren and
three great-grandchildren.
Also surviving are a brother,
Jacob Gerber of Baltimore, and
sister, Mrs. Dobrish Porten of
Bethesda.
Services will be at 1870 am.
tomorrow in the Bernard Dan
zansky and Sons Funeral Home,
1901 Fourteenth street NV.
Burial will be in the Temple
Sinai Section of King David
Memorial Garden.
The family asks that express
sions of sympathy be sent to
the United Jewish Appeal.
Evening star., 1962-01-01
Simon Gerber Dies:
Owned AIbon Towers

Simon Gerber, 70, a retired
pharmacist and former owner
of the Alban Towers apart
ments and other property here
died yesterday in the Bel Pre-
Nursing Home, Silver Spring
after a long illness.
Mr.. Gerber was born in Rus
sia and came to this country
in 1918. He received degrees in
pharmacy and chemistry from
George Washington University
He owned the National
Press, Southern and Albany
drug stores here until selling
them totheir managers in 1948
Besides the Alban Towers
apartments, Mr.. Gerber also
formerly owned the Farragut
Medical Building.
He had lived in Florida fol-
the last 20 years, where he
owned three Miami Beach ho-
tells, the Martinique, the Monte
Carlo and the Rendsle.