davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-06-04
The Author of This Article

British Historian Arnold j.
Toynbee won worldwide fame
with "a study of history" a stu
pendous work touching on vir-
tually every aspect of mans life
in the ancient and modern
world.
The 10-volume study, which
took nearly IS years to research
and write, unfolds a panorama
Of 81 civilizations and puts forth
DR.. Toynbee's celebrated theory
OF challenge and response. Civ
ilizations, he says, come into
being. flourish and decline by
overcoming obstacles or sue
cumbing to them.
Perhaps equally striking is
DR.. Toynbee'S inSistence on the
element of free choice in history
on what one critic has called
"the spiritual factor unrelated
to blood or the perishable flesh"
In this sense DR.. Toynbee, 70,
is not a peSSimistic historian.
He does not consider, for exam
pie, that western civilization is
inevitably fated to the same de-
cline that befell so many other
civilizations provided it re-
spends to challenge by the ex-
erciSe of human responsibility.
DR.. Toynbee explores one
phase of the contemporary chal-
lenge in his article on the i'm
pact of modern life on Africa.
Widely Travelled, outSpoken,
and a man of immense learning,
Evening star., 1961-06-04
Congress-:
Aid to Allies

The Senate Foreign Relations
Committee last week opened
hearings on the administratiOn's
S4.8 billion foreign aid request
as Congress enjoyed a temporary
respite from legislative floor
battles.
Former President Eisenhower,
than whom there is hardly a man
more devoted to the principle of
Government financial responsible
ity, was really tight -fisted when
it came to spending the Taxpayers
money.
But one expenditure was par
ticularly close to his heart and,
he believed, vital to national Sc
curity. This concerned aid-mili-
tary and economic-to our allies
and the underdeveloped countries.
He rarely got what he asked,
however. While the Senate would
generally support his requests, the
House almost invariably would
whittle them down.
Evening star., 1961-06-04

with these distinctions between
them in mind, we shall find that
the outlook is comparatively dark
in South Africa, Southern Rho
desia, the former Belgian Congo.
And the present Portuguese colo
nies, while it is comparatively
bright in West Africa (both ex-
British and ex-French) and in
Uganda and Tanganyika. There
are other countries-for instance,
Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland,
Ruanda-Urundi, Kenya-in which
the outlook is doubtful.
Mineral Wealth
Among the countries just mem
toned, two-Northern Rhodesia
and the Katanga province of the
ex-Belgian Congo-are of out
standing importance on account
OF their mineral wealth. This
makes them potential seats of
heavy industry, in contrast to
most Of the rest of Africa south of
the Sahara, where agriculture
seems likely to remain the staple
source of livelihood and where the
soil is mostly poor.
West Africa stands out here as
being also relatively fortunate eco
nomically. Though West Africa is
an agricultural region, it produces
cash-crops for export which usual
ly command good price on the
world market.
The West African climate that
favorS these valuable crops has
also saved West Africa from being
intruded on by European settlers.
The climate is such that Euro
peanS cannot make themselves at
home in West Africa and cannot
bring up children there in their
turn. Europeans come to West
Africa as adults to take up pro-
feSSional jobs there, and they
leave West Africa on retirement.
They cannot spend even their
working life there without fire.
quent spells at home for recupera-
ton. On these terms of temporary
Evening star., 1961-06-04
Undue Burden

Judge johnson said that, while
the Negro demonstrators might be
within their legal rights, they
had caused IAN undue burden
and restraint on interstate COM
merce." He added:
"The right Of the public to be
protected from the evils of their
conduct is a greater and more
important right"
In his criticism of the Mont
gomery City police department,
the judge found to be true what
has been widely reported: Namely,
that the police "wilfully and de-
liberately failed" to take steps to
insure the safety of the Freedom
Riders and to prevent violence
upon their persons.
The johnson order will be chal-
lenged in the Fifth Circuit Court
of Appeals by the black and white
Congress of Racial Equality, a
sponsor of the freedom rides
whose headquarters are in New
York City. But it is expected to
remain in effect at least until a
new court hearing, set for June IL,
is COMPLETED.
Evening star., 1961-06-04

him" If the settlers have the
vision, generosity, and courage
to act in the spirit of this passage
in the Gospels, there is a reason
able hope that the Africans natu-
raj and inevitable resentment at
their past treatment at the set
tiers hands may be outweighed by
their gratitude for timely aid in
getting onto their own feet and
in gaining the experience for
playing a majority's responsible
part in a democratic country.
Better Roce Relations
In Tanganyika, race relations
seem already to have taken this
auspicious turn. In Kenya and
Northern Rhodesia there is good
hope for a happy ending on Tan
ganyikan lines. Even in Southern
Rhodesia there are signs now that
the European settlers minds are
moving.
South Africa is the only multi
racial African country in which
the European settlers have been,
so far, completely intransigent..
Yet, even in South Africa, it is
still not too late for the European
minority to salvage a future for
itself by throwing out DR.. Ver-
woerd's government and replacing
it by one that would seek an
agreed settlem ent with the
"coloured" d.e. Asian minority
and with the native d.e. African)
majority.
How, then, are we to estimate
the prospects of Africa south of
the Sahara? We must take the
differences in the local situation
into account, and strike a balance.
1t would be unduly pessimistic to
take the prospects of South Africa
and the Congo as being indicative
of the prospects to the whole con-
tinent. Conversely, it would be
unduly optimistic to assume that
Southern and Eastern Africa are
likely to fare as well as West
Africa.
Like Latin America, Africa
south of the Sahara is a house
Of many mansions. Its progress
towards learning to live in the
modern world is likely to be as un-
even, as between one country and
another, as Latin Americas prog
ress has been up to date. In deal
ing with Africa, we must be dis
eliminating, sympathetic, and,
above all, patient.
Evening star., 1961-06-04

residence, Europeans can be useful
to West Africa without being
dangerous to her. They have been
useful to her in helping the West
Africans to learn how to manage
their own affairs on modern lines.
European influences
The coast Of West Africa has
been exposed to European influ-
ences for longer period than any
other part of Africa south of Sa-
hara; and in all the West African
countries there is a minority that
has had a modern education, and
that has had this for two or
three generations past in some
cases. In the former French and
British colonies in West Africa,
Africans were given opportunities
of completing their education in
Europe and of entering the liberal
professions in their own countries.
For these various reasons, the
outlook for the West African coun-
tries is relatively favorable. We
may reasonably expect to see them
manage their own affairs about
as successfully as the South Asian
countries and as those Latin Amer
ican countries that have a
predominantly pre-C o o m b a n
population. We may have the same
expectations for Uganda and for
Tanganyika. two East African
countries that are exceptional in
enjoying what one might call West
African conditions.
At the opposite end of the scale
we find South Africa and South
ern Rhodesia. In the population of
these two African countries there
is a minority of European settlers;
and, in both these countries, these
settlers have the government in
their hands. South Africa is en-
tirely independent, and Southern
Rhodesia is virtually so. The Dom
inant Dutch-speaking wing of the
ruling European minority in South
Africa is determined to maintain
its aScendency, in defiance of the
tide of democracy that is now
Evening star., 1961-06-04

Meanwhile, the anti-segrega-
ton effort continues to be di-
rected at Mississippi, which is
outside Judge Johnson's order.
Police in Jackson, where 65 inte-
grationists have been jailed in the
last II days, are hoping, however,
the Alabama ruling will mean a
respite for them.
And former President Truman,
who spoke out against Negro sit
ins, on Friday labeled Northerners
who go South as Freedom Riders
as outside agitators" who should
stay home and stop stirring UP
trouble. He suggested that the
goals of racial harmony can be
best attained through good will
and common sense"
Earlier in the week, ATTORNEY
General Kennedy asked the In
terstate Commerce Commission to
issue stiff regulations barring
racial segregation on interstate
Evening star., 1961-06-04
Tractors:
Showdown

The Tractors for Freedom
Committee on Friday set a
June Z deadline for Castro to
honor his prisOner-exchange
proposition as debate over the
wisdom of dealing with the
Cuban dictator continued.
On May IT, during one of his
long and dreary speeches before
mass rally, Fidel Castro, casually
and callously offered to exchange
the 1,214 Cuban rebels captured
in an abortive April invasion"
for 500 American tractors.
The Cuban dictator was quickly
taken up and, with the prompting
of President Kennedy, a private
group, called the Tractors for
Freedom Committee, was formed
to promote and accept voluntary
contributions for the purchase of
the machines.
A lively national debate has
ensued, with some charging that
the tractors-for- prisoners deal is
paying ransom" and submitting
to "blackmail" by a dictator, and
others asserting that it demon
StrateS our concern for humani-
tartan principles.
Last week, there began to
emerge the possibility that the
debate may be purely academic.
Since he made his original Of
fer, Mr.. Castro has maintained a
thunderous silence on the subject.
This, on Friday, provoked a put
up-or-shut up" cable from the
American committee, headed by
Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt, Walter
Reuther and DR.. Milton Eisen-
hover.
The cable advised the Cuban
leader that the committee was
ready to ship the tractors on an
installment basis, as the pris-
oners are released. 1t gave him
a Wednesday deadline to confirm
acceptance and cautioned him
Evening star., 1961-06-04

a West African level Of civiliza-
ton. But it has been under a
Belgian trusteeship since it was
taken away from Germany in the
First World War. The Belgian
regime is unlikely to have been
educative. 1t is fortunate that here
the last word rests with the United
Nations.
This rapid survey will probably
have left in the readers mind two
general questions that will be in
sistent because they are fraught
with anxiety.
The BeIeion Possessions
The first question concerns Bel
gums former African possessions
and Portugal's present ones. In
these African territories, the
native Africans have been delib-
erately prevented from gaining
the experience required for run
ming their countries themselves.
The question is whether, in these
particular African territories, self
government can be attained, after
the liquidation of colonial rule,
without a transitional period of
foreign aid which might have to
go to the length of being a tenn
porary tutelage?
The answer seems to be that, in
these territories, a temporary
tutelage will probably be unavoid-
able. And, if so, then it is desir-
able that the United Nations
should be given the tools for doing
the job. This seems to be the only
alternative to the disastrous course
OF allowing these African terri
tories to become new theaters of
the struggle for world-power be-
tween the Western and Commu-
mist power-blocS.
The second question concerns
the future of the European and
Asian settlers in Africa. Is a toler-
able future there possible for
them? Or will the political enfran-
chisement of the native African
majority spell, for the immigrant
minorities, choice between the
three grim fates of determination,
eviction, and subsection to the
status of inferiority that the Euro
pean minorities have imposed on
the African majorities hitherto?
The answer to this question
surely is that the destinies of the
settlers lie, to very large extent,
in the settlers own hands. Make
peace with thine adversary quickly
while thou art in the way with
Evening star., 1961-06-04

that failure to do so would be
interpreted throughout the free
world as a retraction of his own
offer.
The committee did not say the
deal was off if the deadline was
not met, but that was the con-
clusion being drawn, rightly or
wrongly.
The next move is up to Castro,
who may be pondering how he
can recoup some of the propa-
ganda points USIA Director Ed
ward r. Murrow insists he has
already lost on this one.
Evening star., 1961-06-04
Rusk Heard

Now comes President Kennedy
with proposal for $4.8 billion in
aid in fiscal 1862, about $500 mil
lion more than Mr.. Eisenhower
recommended in his final budget.
He faces the same prospect
friendly treatment in the Senate,
although not necessarily full ap-
proval, and an all-out fight in
the House.
The Senate Foreign Relations
Evening star., 1961-06-04

buses and in the terminals serving
them. This, he asserted, would
help end confusion and mob vio-
lence.
The Supreme Court already has
ruled that the Interstate Com
merce Act prohibits segregation in
interstate bus terminal restaurants
and there is little doubt that the
ruling would apply to waiting
rooms and rest facilities.
Mr.. Kennedy's apparent aim, in
going before the ICC, is to make
enforcement of the law easier
through specific regulations.
Evening star., 1961-06-04
The Common Ordeal


This sudden violent tornado has
swept over all parts of Africa
south of the Sahara, but it would
be a mistake to expect to see this
common ordeal produce uniform
consequences. In Africa south of
the Sahara, the situation varies
from country to country quite as
much as it does in Latin Amer
lea, and the prospects of the diff
ferent African countries differ
correspondingly.
There are two main differences
that it is important for us to bear
in mind. There is the difference
between countries with an all
African population and countries
with a mixed population that in
cludes European and Asian min
critics; and there is the difference
between countries in which the
former European government has
helped the local Africans to pre-
pare themselves for managing
their own affairs and countries in
which the Africans have been
hindered deliberately from gain
ing experience Of modern life, for
fear that this might put it in
their power to insist on recover
ing their independence.
The African countries in which
the situation is particularly dan
gerous today are, of course, those
with a mixed population and
those in which the Africans have
been deliberately hindered from
gaining experience of modern life.
In a country in which these two
handicapS to progress co-exist, as
they do in South Africa, the sit
uation is tense and the outlook
is alarming to the degree at which
it becomes tragic.
If we survey the different parts
OF Africa south of the Sahara
Evening star., 1961-06-04
Continued From Page C-1

Continued From Page C-1
as a result of Mr.. Towers tri-
umph. A Democratic nomination
no longer is tantamount to elec-
ton in Texas and the Republican
Party is now a factor to be
reckoned with in that State, Just
as it proved it is in several other
Southern States last November in
a presidential contest.
The party split in the Senate is
now 81 Democrats and So Re-
publicans. In the House, at
full strength for the first time
in this session, the count is 263
Democrats, 174 Republicans.
Evening star., 1961-06-04

DR.. Toynbee worked for the
British government in both
world wars. held professorShips
at leading universities and cur
rently is visiting professor of
history at the University of
Pennsylvania. He holds docto-
rates from Cambridge, Oxford,
and Princeton.
(The Associated Press)
Evening star., 1961-06-04

aglimmering when Senate Ma
jority Leader Mansfield on Fri
day announced that he intended
to call up the matter even though
it means extending the session.
Evening star., 1961-06-04
Quotations
OF the Week

Il do not think it altogether
inappropriate to introduce myself
to this audience. I am the man
who accompanied Jacqueline Ken
nedy to Paris"
President kennedy at news
conference in French capital
THE principles of racial equal
ity and nondiscrimination are i'm
peratives of the American society
with its many racial strains. In
the degree to which we ourselves
practice those principles our voice
will carry conviction in seeking
national goals in the conduct of
our foreign relations"
Secretary OF State Rusk in a
letter to Attorney General
1--WE cannot be conciliatory on
this (Sahara) question. The AL
gerianS did not take up arms for
independence only to see four
fifths of our territory amputated.
The Sahara will not be another
Katanga, and there will not be
another Tshombe in Algeria"
-Rhoda Malek. Algerian ma
tionalist, at Geneva news
conference.
Il rather suspect that if we
had parliamentary system of
government in this country we
would have a resounding vote of
no-confidence in the present ad-
ministration. There is one hell of
difference between a sense of
histrionics and sense of history"
Representative William
Miller, on the occasion Of his
election as Chairman OF the
Republican NATIONAL Com
mittee.
Evening star., 1961-06-04

eral now has what he asked, the
Justice Department repeatedly
opposes the Federal injunction
against more freedom rides
Evening star., 1961-06-04

The continent Of Africa is
shuddering under the impact of
modern chronological and pOIiti-
cal culture on long primitive So
cities. In this article a world
famous historian summons the
past to explain tOday's headline
develOpmentS-and assays the
future-in a crucial arena of
glObal conflict.
Evening star., 1961-06-04

place for themselves in the mod
ern world on an equal footing
with the rest of mankind.
Evening star., 1961-06-04
In Mississippi

IS completed
Filipino forum. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1928-196?, 1961-05-19
Parade & Program
Set For Memorial
Day Here May 80

Memorial Day, May 80, will be
observed in Seattle with a parade
starting at 1000 a. m. along
Fourth Avenue, and the annual
Memorial Day program at the
Veterans Cemetery in Washelli
starting at 200 p. m.
Atty. Clay Nixon will preside
over the program at Washelli,
where Capt. Kenneth J. Sanger
will give the principal address.
The Gettysburg Address will be
given by Rick Hafer of Ingraham
High School.
Bert Butterworth will recite the
Pledge of Allegiance.
Marshall of the day will be Com
mander c. w. Hendrickson.
The Invocation will be given by
Rev. Chaplain Peter Koshi and
Capt. VIM. E. Flood, chaplain
|USAF, Paine Field, Washington,
will give the Benediction.
Musical numbers will be sup
piled by the 41st Inf. Div, Wash
ington National Guard Band. Col
or Guard is from the Marine Air
Reserve Training bet, Sand
Point Naval Air Station.
Theo Karle will sing the Ma
tional Anthem.
The Military Salute will be CIV
en- by 8 men from the Firing
Squad, 41st Inf. Div. Washington
National Guard, and Taps by Har-
old M. Edwards from the James
Eagleson Post, VIEW.
Filipino forum. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1928-196?, 1961-05-19
Northwest Starts
Jet Flights To
Hawaii June 10

Northwest Airlines will begin
Desc jet service from Seattle
Tacoma to Honolulu via Portland
on June 10, R. S. Thompson, dis
trict sales manager, said today.
Initially, the flights will operate
on Saturdays and Sundays leaving
Seattle-Tacoma international Air
port at 400 pm. PDT and Port
land AIS pm. psf arriving in
Honolulu 1885 pm.
Eastbound Northwest jet flights
from Honolulu will leave the Is
land Paradise at $50 pm. Satur-
days and Sundays and arrive in
Seattle-Tacoma 700 am. with a
brief stop in Portland.
Filipino forum. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1928-196?, 1961-05-19

June 10 = Anniversary dinner
and dance of the Philippines Gil
Brides Association, Rainier Vista
Community Hall, $500 Empire
Way So, 600 pm.
Filipino forum. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1928-196?, 1961-05-19

is one of the
candidates for
Little Queen
in the Little
Royalty r a c e
annually spon-
sored by the
Filipino Youth
A C tivi t i e S
of Seattle, Inc.
Susan is an
honor pupil and
second grader
Filipino forum. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1928-196?, 1961-05-19
Susan CaEderon
Seeks Little
Queen" Grown

Susan Christine Calderon, g
year old daughter of Mr.. and Mrs.
A. A. Calderon, 4071 34th Ave. s.,
Filipino forum. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1928-196?, 1961-05-19
FILIPINO MOVIE
Weekly Program

May 24-26: "BAGUIO FEW
Err" vivaciOus love story
featuring Nida Blanca, Nestor
de Villa, Liza Moreno, Maria
Firanda.
May 31-June 1: "SEKSING-
SEKSI," (What makes woman
sexy?), featuring LeOpOldo Sal
cedo, Aura Aurea.
June IS: "PAKIPOT," star
ring Mia del Sol. Jaime della
Rosa, Manding CIarO, Martha
ZObel with Cenon Lagham, Son
ia Velez, Marie PaZ Lopez.
June IA Is: "BARKADA,7
Exciting youthful roma nce e,
starring Lou Salvador, Jr., Ma
rita Zobel, Hector Reyes and
Chona Sandoval.
Show Time: : & $3.50 p. NJ.
K0KUSAI THEATRE
412 Maynard Ave-, Seattle
Tel. MA 4-8819
Filipino forum. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1928-196?, 1961-05-19

at the Hawthorne School, Seattle
Winners - Little Queen" and
Little King"-in the FYA-spon-
sored contest will compete in the
Little Royalty competition under
the auspices of the 1861 Seattle
Seafair.
But win or lose, they will par
ticipate in all the parades and
activities of Seattle Seafair where
the Little Royalty's presence is
called for
Seafair activities are from July
% through August 6.
Vice Pres. DiOsdado MacapagaI
and former Senator Emmanuel
Pelaez are the Liberal Party's
candidates for president and vice
president respectively of the Phil
ippines.
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-11-24
Destruction Of Church
One Of Three Red Goals

CHICAGO Destruction
of the Catholic Church is one
of three key detectives of the
Communist party in the US,
the former chief command
ing officer of the US. Navy
in the Far East asserted
here.
Adm. Felix Stump, U.S.N.
(ret,), said the Communist
party also seeks to attack all
organizations against COM
munism and to fight against
a us. Supreme Court deci-
sion that requires that Com.
munist party to register with
the Justice Department.
THE ADMIRAL, WHO is
now chief executive officer
of the Freedom Foundation
at Valley Forge, Pa, address
ed about 5000 persons at the
50th anniversary observance
of the Republic of China. The
event was sponsored by the
Fu-Jen Catholic anniversary
Foundation for the re-estab-
lishment of Fu-Jen University
in Formosa.
The drive for five million
dollars for the university is
being conducted by local
church and civic leaders. His
Holiness Pope John XIII
has given 100000 to the
project; and Richard Cardi.
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-11-24
WASHINGTON (NCl

(NC)
Were it not for the influence
of the Church, communism
might actually have taken
over those Catholic" coun-
tries in which communists are
powerful, Charles Malik said
here.
God help these countries
if they did not have the Ca
tholic Church in them" Ma
Xix, former president of the
United Nations General AS
sembly, said in an interview
with Christianity Today ma
gazine.
The LebaneSe statesman, a
member. of the Greek Ortho-
dox Church and guest pro-
fesSor of the School of In
ternational Service at the
American University here,
was replying to a question by
DR.. Carl F. H. Henry, editor
of the Protestant publication.
DR.. Henry, in the inter-
view in the November "a is
sue of the magazine, asked
Malik how he explained 1.-The
fact that despite the official
Roman Catholic posture
against communism, a Roman
Catholic land like Cuba is in
the Soviet camp, that Italy
has the largest Red bloc
outside the Soviet zone, that
revolution and dictators
thrive in SO may Romanist
lands?"
Malik conceded that this
question "perplexes'' him.
But, he added, "have you
stopped TO think how these
countries would have Jared
if the Catholic Church with
its well-formed anti-commun-
list attitudes did not exist
there?"
Maybe communism would
have swept over all these
countries" he said.
He rejected the idea that