davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-02-05
Chimps and chu1ps

It Is no secret that the
dress rehearsal Of the Cape
Canaveral circus was q huge
success. The space boys drank
toast after toast celebrating
the recovery Of the monkey.
after its flight into space.
Now the announcements
are out for the sky tour Of
the Big Show. To ye ''hea-
thens" in Russia, China,
India and other nations,
Christian America hopes to
get the Big Show on the road
within four months. Oddly
enough. there does not seem
to be as much inter-service
rivalry In this project as
others. However. there win be
a triangular space meet at
the time Of the launching.
with the service team that
RECEIVERS the human astro-
naut, dead or alive, being
automatically declared the
winner. It's also different
from the old Ringing Bros.
Circus. There is no ad-
mission charge. The taxpay-
ing suckers Of the United
States gladly foot the bill
with no limit on the ex-
penses Of all the nonsense 1t
involves. We have not been
told. but it can be assumed
that it's part of the New
Frontier and an attempt TO
improve our prestige abroad.
L. E. Tharpe.
Il 4 Il
Ham," the chimp, may be
only a monkey and entitled
to gloat over his success. II
he will only give us humans q
little time, we may catch up
with him yet. However, we
can never match that smile.
Ada Nj. Wentx.
Evening star., 1961-02-05

the old model chiefly in its
emphasis on States rights
and its careful guarantee of
slavery. The Star revealed
that on February 8, 1861:
"The Convention has unan-
imously elected Hon. jeff
Davis. President, and Hon.
Alexander H. Stephens, Vice
President. :" Davis had
resigned as Senator from Mis-
sissippi when his State Sc
ceded q few weeks before. The
loquacious Stephens, o favor
ite son Of Georgia. was "sere-
naded for o speech" and
replied: ". A new republic
has been formed. The Con-
federate States Of America
take their place among
the nations of the earth. .
Our policy should be marked
by the desire to preserve and
maintain peace with the
States and people. If it
cannot be done, let not the
fault lie at our door. We
ask Of others simply that we
be let alone. and be permitted
to look after our safety, Sc
curity and happiness in our
own way, without molesting
or giving offense to other
people. :" The Stars and
Bars appeared for the first
time at the Montgomery con-
vention. The Star Of Febru-
ary IL, 1851. said: "Mr.
christopher c. Memminger
presented a beautiful model of
a flag for the new Confed-
eracy, made by South Caro-
lima ladies. 1t consists of a
blue cross on q red field, with
seven stars on the cross. It
was highly admired. Mr..
Memminger also presented
another model. made by q
Charleston gentleman - q
cross of Is stars on O field Of
stripes. :"
Evening star., 1961-02-05
Tennis Crockdown

= We hope this country's young ten
mis- stars will be suitably impressed with
the breakdown by our amateur tennis
leadership on bad court manners.
The United States Lawn Tennis
Association has suspended until May /
one of our whiz kids who tossed a
racquet into the stands in At of
temper in Australia, has placed him
and second youngster on probation
for the rest of the year, and, an official
Evening star., 1961-02-05

emphasis at this reception on
bourbon and scotch served
by the President to the men
who have been charged with
the responsibility Of national
leadership.
Does not President Ken
nedy realize that the use Of
strong drinks is offensive to
more than so millions Of
Americans? What bold ef-
frontery to convert the ex-
ecutive mansion into a sa-
loon! The White House Is
q symbol Of the highest ideals
Of our Nation.
Dale Crowley,
Washington'S Radio Min.
lister.
Evening star., 1961-02-05

center Of ones universe. The
most perniciouS aspect Of our
modern day with its opulent
cornucopia Of riches In terms
Of gadgets. comforts and
amusements, Is the attitude
Of multitudeS who are con-
tinually measuring their lives
by the returns and rewards
made to them by people, by
society, and by government.
It may take the dread threat
Of another world holocaust
to change the lusty cry, both
from those who have much
and from those who by COM
pariSon have much less,
"give me, give mel"
Certainly in the present
day demands for o pater-
nalistic Government we have
raised o generation who think
much more Of q bill Of rights
than they do Of O bill Of
responsibilities.
As soon as one makes the
drive Of his life to see how
much he can get from his
country, rather than how
much he can give to it. he
commits treason. The goal
Of q true patriot Is to put O
little more into the common
pool than he takes out. For
individuals, nations, and CIV
iliZations the fundamental law
Of human life, framed q hun
dred times by saints and
seers, was stated by Jesus Of
Nazareth In words never sur
passed-"If you undertake
to save your life in self
seeking you will lose It: II
you dare lose your life for
others, you viii find It," The
most creative conception that
can dawn upon O human in
the midst Of the competitive
tugs of the hurrying years
Is. Il am here to be something,
not to acquire something: I
am here to give, not to get"
The penalty for disregard
ing the principle that ITO
live Is to give" and attempt
ing some short cut to hearts
desire is to reduce ones stat
ure from a potential moral
giant, to q puny pigmy.
When an individual life Is
stretched to take in the
needs and interests Of others
the personality Is not de-
pleted. 1t Is completed. The
greatest treason to ourselves
Is to deny that in practice.
And now let us add to the
treason Of selfishness"
phrase in the Senate prayer
this petition-"O God, when
hot egotiSical voices are re-
sounding in my soul telling
me that unselfishness does
not pay, that love is not the
law, that altruism is foolish
ness. and that the smart thing
to do in LIES swift race Is to
look after number one, to get
and grab, while the getting
and grabbing is good. o Thou
Seafcher of Hearts, when
such voices are whispering
my own heart. tempting to
the treason of Selfishness, may
I hear again the tinkle of
water being poured into q
basin. and as In q vision see,
the Elder Brother of All
washing his Disciples feet
and going forth to change q
cross into a throne, as losing
His life He finds it to the
JOY Of the ages"
Evening star., 1961-02-05
Presidential Burdens

Although there was much
Of President Kennedy's state
of-the- Union message that
was commendable, the over
all tone was considerably
short. Of possessing that quail
ity Of maturity that should
be expected Of the President
Of the United States. Are
the problems which the Presi-
dent faces greater, on bal
ance. than those Of Roose-
welt, who inherited the great
est economic depression this
country ever experienced, or Of
Harry Truman who took Of
flee during history's most de-
structive war and later faced
the problems Of securing the
peace and readjusting the
economy? Does John Ken
nedy face greater problems
than Dwight Eisenhower, who
inherited Q useless war
which should have been
avoided and o situation which
found our country spending
less on missiles than on pea
nut subsidies? g,
American history reveals
no President who has not
faced problems Of increasing
complexity, but neither does
it reveal any President who
has not inherited leadership
Of o society possessing far
greater knowledge and exper-
fence with which to meet It's
problems.
Without discounting one
bit the enormity Of the prob
lens facing this country. and
indeed, the entire world, 1t
appears that much Of the
general tone Of the Presi-
dents message was dictated
by q desire to avoid blame
for setbacks that might come
and to engender unquestion-
ing support for the programs
his administration will
promulgate. Otherwise. one
might well conclude that
. John Kennedy Is over
whelmed with the task he
sought so earnestly-and
won. Lyle r.. Mercer.
Evening star., 1961-02-05

has said, would have acted similarly
against two others had they not turned
professional.
Boorishness Is not a characteristic
solely Of youth. But we commend the
USLTA for what seems to US a long
overdue recognition that skill with a
racquet is not incompatible with good
craftsmanship.
Evening star., 1961-02-05
NostuIqic Memories

Packing the House Rules
Committee brings back nos
talgic memories. The argu-
ments advanced in favor Of
the proposal were almost
identical with the New Deal
hue and cry that a conserva-
tive Supreme Court should
not be allowed to impede the
advancement of FDR's liberal
program. The only difference
Is that the target for today Is
congressional conservatism.
What Is this New Frontier
anyway? Is 1t q new old New
Deal? The king Is deadl Long
live the king!
Angus Sinclair.
Evening star., 1961-02-05

The "New Frontier" has hit
q new low.
It was with mixed emotions
and q saddened heart that I
read the newspaper account
Of the affair which took
place in the White House
last Sunday afternoon. The
setting up Of q bar in the
State Room, where all types
Of liquors flowed freely for
our cabinet members, their
families and other digni-
taries. was an open insult to
millions of God-fearing Amer
leans, who still believe that
righteousness exalteth a ma
tion, but sin Is o reproach to
any people"
We need a leader who will
be strong and courageous,
one who will set an example
of Righteousness before the
people.
Kathryn T. BOwSher.
4 q d y
Attendants at the White
House reception for the new
cabinet members and their
families, on Sunday, January
20. report that liquor flowed
as freely as the waters Of the
Potomac. They disclose that
one of President Kennedy's
"firsts" in his new frontier"
was the establishment of q
bar in the State Room Of the
executive mansion.
At a time when clear heads
are so desperately needed to
grapple with the imminent
national and world problems,
1t Is both shocking and sick
ening to note the heavy
Evening star., 1961-02-05
LETTERS TO THE STAR

Pen names may be used u
letters carry a0riters' correct
names and addresses. All let
ters are subject to condensa.
tion. Those not used sDiil be
returned only trhen accom-
panied by self 9 addressed.
stamped envelopes.
Evening star., 1961-02-05
SPIRES or THE SPIRIT
- i"
The Final Treason
By DIR. FREDERICK BROWN HARRIS
chaplain Of the United states Senate


nedy inaugural address
stirred the patriotism and
stabbed the conscience Of
millions. It. was from the lips
Of b man still young. who o
decade and . half ago In o
fiery enemy attack upon the
ship he commanded came
within an inch Of giving his
life for his country. I'm q
treacherous sea he swan for
incredible miles to save him
self and wounded comrades.
Now, with the freedoms for
which they fought. imperiled
by even more formidable foes,
this still embattled American
now President of the
United States-as he assumes
his high office, exhorts his
fellow countrymen. ASK not
what your country can do for
you-ask what you can do
for your country2"
That sentence speeds like O
swift arrow as 1t pierces the
area Of the Nations greatest
weakness. It suggests the
final treason ~ selfishness.
When Lincoln took office in
stormy times q century ago
he declared that II our coun-
try is ever destroyed it will
not be by foes from without.
but by foes from within. The
one deadly form Of treason is
to wave the flag but to think
more Of ones self than Of
ones country. That Is the
treason that today threatens
the very perpetuity Of the
Republic.
Recently o group Of United
States Senators of both
parties, and Of differing re-
ligiouS faiths, met at an
early morning hour to talk
about the spiritual resources
which must be relied upon IL
America Is to come victori-
iously through the present
crisis. One Of the ominouS
symptoms In the present
mood Of the Nation was cited
by several Of the Legislators.
Several spoke sadly Of the
flood Of letters being re-
ceived, especially from young
people, asking that life be
made as easy and safe as
possible. In these messages
from youth the note Of per-
sonalf initiative and adven-
ture seemed strangely lack.
ing.
Recently as the United
States Senate convened, the
prayer Of the chaplain con-
taine ed this petition
Cleanse the inner fountains
Of our hearts from all defil-
ing foulneSS. and from the
secret sin Of pretense. Fit us
faithfully to protect the Re-
public from outward aggres-
sion and from the treason Of
inner selfiShness." Later on,
that same day. one outStand-
ing Senator was heard to say
to another equally diStin-
guished), II have found my
self repeating o phrase Of
the chaplain'S noontide
prayer-the treason Of self
ishnesS, the treason Of self
iShness." Said the other, 1--WE
been thinking Of it too, for
that In the treason most to
be feared and from which our
America needs to pray for de-
liverance."
Now treason IL an ugly
word. To betray ones cause,
to shatter trust, to contribute
to defeat brings down upon
the head Of the offender the
diSdain> and the disgust Of
those who can forgive any
thing but the objectionable
sin Of selling out to the
enemy.
But the solemn truth Is
that one Is also guilty Of high
treason who barters the most
precious thing in the world
care for others-Selling It to
the devil Of SelfishneSS. The
supreme treason is to put
ones own cupidity at the
Evening star., 1961-02-05
New Frontier Saloon

Ellis King Allison
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1961-10-24
Pairets Order
New Frigidaire
Line For 1862

E. M. and L. M. Pariet. own
ers of Farmville Electric APP
pliarce Company were in Rich
mond last week to study the
1862 line of Frigidaire applianc-
es. These appliances have
fresh, new styling for 1862. de-
signed and tested to assure peak
performance and reliable opera
ton for the homemaker, they
report.
Many changes in models have
been made Pariet said and
for the most part. the changes
are hidden, but no less import
ant, because they are changes
that make fer more reliable
operation.
While in Richmond the local
store ordered a large assortment
of appliances, which will be dis
played as soon as they arrive.
Highlighting 1862 electric rang
es is compact 30-inch built
in model Of unique design that
installs easily, quickly and in
excessively. 1t has four surface
cooking units and spacious
undercounter oven. The range
can be mounted in any 33-inch
cabinet, or suspended from a
30-inch countertop opening be-
tween two base cabinets. 1t COM
es finished in brushed chromi-
UNI. or porcelain enamel in four
colors or white.
In addition there are Is free
standing electric ranges in 80
and 40 inch sizes. They have
been designated as the Silver
Anniversary Line common
Grating Frigidaire's entry into
| the electric range business q
years ago. Pull-out ovens for
easy cleaning, automatic over
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1961-10-24
Garrett Is Speaker
For Layman's Sunday

er, John Harris, in the Johnston
Willis Hospital and friends in
Richmond last week.
Mrs. C. R. Wise spent Sunday
with her brother. Blythe Guthrie,
and family. Of Sunny Side. The
Guthries are moving to Amelia
in the near future.
| Mrs. Julian Dunkum and Mrs.
Elizabeth Charlton visited the
Wesley Dunkums Saturday.
Mrs. M. M. Julian received
notice last week of another
daughter, born to Mr. and Mrs.
Stanley Julian, of Martinsville
Mrs. Julian plans to visit them
in the near future.
Mrs. NJ M. Julian, Mrs. c. R.
Use, Mrs. j. E. Newton, Mrs.
j. H. Taylor and Mrs F.. o. Hy-
man went to Richmond Friday
night to the Church of the Holy
Comforter to hear Miss Dorothy
KERN who is on a speaking tour
of the Episcopal churches in
some areas of America. She is
from London, England. and is a
speaker, author and -loes heal
ing work under the auspices OF
the Archbishop of Canterbury in
Kent.
Mr.. and Mrs. Emmett Dunkum
and Mrs. Julian Dunkum were in
Richmond Wednesday. Mrs. En-.
NETT Dunkum went down for a
check up.
Mr.. and Mrs. Acie Allen and
Acie visited Mr.. and Mrs. John
Poe Sunday.
Mrs. Cleveland Jones and Mrs
c. c. Harvey visited the En-
NETT Dunkums Monday after.
noon.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1961-10-24

and surface cooking. and spatter-
free broiling are representative
Of the wide variety Of convenience
features included.
Fresh. new styling. refine
ments in frost-Proof freezing, I'M
ique cabinet design and a step
up in usuable food storage capa-
city highlight 1862 refrigerators,
There are IA basic models for
1862 with food storage capacities
ranging from about and one
half to Is cubic feet. Five Of the
models have frostless freezing
systems which elminage all
! messy defrosting Top model is a
l5-cubic-foot F'rost-Proof refrig-
orator with big freezer at the
bottom of the, cabinet.
Styling for new refrigerators
ranges and food freezers is we'll
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1961-10-24

ordered and uncluttered. The
sculptured SHERLOCK when
merged with handsome trim pre-
sents lewel-llke overtones in the
appliance. Frigidalre appliance
colors for 1862 are Aztec Copper.
Mayfair Pink, Sunny Yellow. and
Turquoise.
Two new budget-priced mobile
dishWashers also are announced
as requirements in the current
line of five models.
Frigidaire' 1862 washers and
dryers were announced in July.
but additional models are now
being introduced. The additions
are two budget-priced washers.
one an all-porcelain enamel
baby care" model and the 9TH
er, tWo-speed. tWo-cycle unit.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1961-10-24
Mt. Zion

Oct. 10 - Mr.. and Mrs. Rich
ard Bryant. Jr., and daughters,
Liz and Linda. of Richmond,
were week end guests of his par
ents. Mr.. and Mrs. Richard Bry-
ant.
Mr.. and Mrs. Kenneth Piercy,
of Portsmouth, spent last week
end with her father. A. H. Mar
tin.
Mr. and Mrs. H. V. Tate, of
Fafnlville. visited her mother,
Mrs. E. w. Bickford, Sunday
afternoon.
Mr.. and Mrs. James Shu-
maker who have been living in
Richmond where he is employed,
have moved to the cottage on his
parents place and he goes to
work from here. We welcome
them to the community.
j. F. Blevens is visiting rela-
tives here. Since his retirement.
Mr.. Blevens divides his time be-
tween relatives at Bluefield, Chill
howl, Richmond, South Hill and
here.
Mr.. and Mrs. Ernest Anderson
and Ashley snant Saturday with
~ parents, Mr.. and Mrs John
Moss, at Gladstone. They also
visited in AppomattoX.
Mr.. and Mrs. Leonard Toney
went to Richmond Tuesday to
visit relatives and friends in the
hospitals there. Included in their
visits were Miss Mary Anderson
at Stuart Circle. Col. Jesse M.
johnson at St. Luke's and Mrs.
John Noble at Johnston-W Willis.
Mr.. and Mrs. John Hurt, of
Fork Union, were recent guests
of Mr.. and Mrs. c. w. Cave.
Malcolm Hitter visited his
brother-in-laW, F.. E. Bowie, of
Lorne. Wednesday in Johnston
Willis Hospital where he is pa
tent
Mr.. and Mrs. Kenneth Clarke,
of Farmville, were week end
guests Of her parents, Mr.. and
Mrs. Jesse Hodges.
Mr.. and Mrs. c. W. Cave at
tended the fall session of the
James r river Association at
Chestnut Grove Baptist Church
last Thursday.
Mrs. B. L. Apperson, Jr., Mrs.
Clarence Thomas and Mrs. Mil
dred Davis were business visi-
tors to Farmville Thursday.
Mrs. Ethel Glass, of Bremo,
is visiting her son-in- law and
daughter, Mr. and Mrs. R. S.
Roberts.
Mrs. Richard Bryant. Jr., of
Richmond, and Mrs. Richard
Bryant were Sunday afternoon
visitors in the T. L. Hudgins
home Others who called recently
were Mr.. and Mrs. Carl Davies
of Arvonia. Mrs R. S. Roberts
and Bobby. Jr., and Mrs. Ethel
Glass.
Mr.. and Mrs. Jesse Hodges
spent last Friday in Farmville
Cary Bryant. of VPI, and Miss
Audrey Bryant, an employee OF
Crippled Children's Hospital in
Richmond, were recent guests OF
their parents, Mr.. and Mrs. Rich
ard Bryant.
Dr.. and Mrs. j r. johnson,
of Lynchburg. and R. B. Hud
gins. of Appomattox. were here
last week to attend the funeral
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1961-10-24

CURDSVH.LE. Oct. 10 - The
Smyrna congregation e joye d
Bernard CARROTS talk Sunday
morning. it being Layman's Day.
There was a good attendance
The commission on education
met at Smyrna Church Monday
evening.
From all reports there was a
record breaking crowd at the
conference.-the rally on higher
education held at the Arena in
Richmond last Friday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Vernard Proffitt
and daughter called on Mr.. and
Mrs. Kemper Beasley and sons
Sunday afternoon.
Mrs. Wirth Leap. of Waynes-
boro. spent the week end with
Mr.. and Mrs. Jimmie Leap and
family, and on Saturday after
noon they visited relatives and
friends in Richmond.
John Harris continues quite
sick in the Johnston-Willis Hos
pital.
! Mrs. Walter Duncan, of Co
lumbia, who spent the week with
her son-in-law and daughter, Mr.
and Mrs Wesley Dunkum. re-
turned home Sunday afternoon
She stopped by Gainesville to
visit Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Barker
! and Miss Alice Smith.
| Recent visitors Of Mr.. and
Mrs. Emmett Dunkum were Mrs.
Julian Dunkum and Mrs. Tim
Charlton. of Tabs, Mrs. Mamie
Proffitt and daughter, and Mr..
and Mrs. John Putney and Alice,
of Cumberland.
Emmett Dunkum was lay
speaker at Olive Branch Metho-
dist Church Sunday morning.
| Mr. and Mrs. Robert Leber
and daughters. of Richmond,
spent the week end with Mr.. and
Mrs. Herman Dowdy.
| Mrs. Vernard Proffitt and
Ethel Mao y-icitad NIrc Ectol1o
Marks Monday.
| Miss Pam Hurt, of Bucking-
ham, was a luncheon guest Sun
day of Mr.. and Mrs. Bill Lindsey
and family.
Mr. and Mrs. Marvin Austin
visited Mr.. and Mrs. Harry Wise
and family Sunday afternoon.
Mr.. and Mrs. Reuben Jamer
son entertained Mitchell Jamer
sen, his father, and his children
and grandchildren Sunday after
noon.
Mrs. Bernice Jackson Fells. o.
North Carolina. formerly of thi:
neighborhood. called on Mrs. M
M. Julian last week.
Mrs. Richard GannaWay calico
on Mrs. G. r. Wise Sunday after
noon.
Alfred Harris visited hic broth
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1961-10-24
Leadership Training Conference
Draws Seven From Graceland

CLAYVILLE. Oct. % = Eeven
leaders in the Training Union of
Gracelard Baptist Church at
tended the Leadership Confer
ence at Eagle Eyrie October Is
and IA. The trip was both in
spirational and educational. Those
who attended were Mrs. Mabel
Hill. Miss Laura Allen. Mrs. Viii
ola Agee. Leroy Williams. jim
NV Whitaker. and Mr.. and Mrs.
John D. Williams.
The Lydia Green group meet
ing was held at Fire Greek
Baptist Church on October II.
The theme was ITO The Work
The missionary message. THE
name Of Jehovah Exhalted Shall
Be- was by Mrs. H. P. Nc
Cormick. Those attending from
Graceland were. Mrs. A. L.
Williams. Mrs. Coan Agee. Mrs.
Norman Shiflett, Mrs. Gray
Younce Jr. Mrs. Dixie Wilkinson
and Mrs. Junius Moore.
Miss Susan Dorest, from Mad
isOn College in Harrisonburg
spent a recent week end with
her parents, Mr.. and Mrs. Ben
Dorset. Aurtha M. Williams, Jr.,
Sandra Simmons. and Karen Mel
son, all of ChcWan College. N. c.,
were recent week end visitors OF
their parents.
Sidney Bradbury. spent the
week end at his home in Mosley
recently. He is a student at VMI
Mr.. and Mrs. R. E. Bryant, Of
Richmond, spent last Sunday
with their parents. Mr.. and Mrs
R. D. Bradbury of Mosley.
The Intermediate GAS OF
Graceland Church held their
monthly meeting Wednesday
night at the church with the
counselor, Mrs. Gray Younce
Jr. Those present were: Mary
Venable, Donna Jean Williams
Yvanne Whitaker. Barbara
Beck and Sandra Mead.
The Clayville Mosley Home
Demonstration Club will meet at
the home Of Mrs. J. R. Moore on
Tuesday, Oct. "a at 8 pm. The
demonstration will be on Win
dow Styling. given by the
leader. Mrs. Joyce Wood.
The Genito All club meeting
was held with their leader Mrs.
Joyce Wood. in the home OF
Susan Younce, with nine mem
bers present. Diane Goddin,
Judy Simmons, Gail Nelson,
Dame Goddin, Judy Simmons
Gail Nelson, Diane Robinson
Nancy Bowlin. Kathy Ravburn
Gloria Jean Harris, Pat Phillip
and Susan Younce. Miss Mary
Hill Mccoy from blackburn
was also present. The demonstra
ton was on table setting ano
table manners.
Visitors of Mr.. and Mrs. Roy
McGlocklin on October IS were
Mrs. Clyde Henderson. of Soutf
Dakota. Mrs. Nell Fritz anl
Mrs. w. c. Sweet. of Alvaroda
They also visited Mrs. Junu:
Moore in the afternoon.
c. C. Worsham entered a hos
pital in Charlottesville Wednes
day for treatment. We hope HI
may soon improve.
Robert Ryburn spent a Weel
recently with his parents, Mr.
and Mrs. w. NJ. Ryburn. ant
Kathy. before leaving from Cam
Gordan, Ca, for a three-yea
tour of duty in France. Robert