davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-03-08
WATCHING THE WORLD
Rv HDNcRV e kNvcc
Macmillan JuggIes a Hot Potato
By CROSBY s. M
Foreign Correspondent Of The Star

Africa and confirm him In
pushing for even more re-
dictionary raciSt policies. Mr..
Verwoerd's liberal opponents
in his own country have
pleaded for readmission on
the ground that they would
be even more discouraged
and isolated if they were cut
off from Commonwealth sup
port.
In a way, this argument is
not unlike that which the
British have advanced for
letting Red China into the
United Nations in the hope
that in the long run mem
bership may have a mod
Grating and civilizing effect,
And. dubious as this may be
in the case Of either China
or South Africa, it is not
without a certain appeal to
Influential leaders of the
neutralist bloc such as In
dian Prime Minister Nehru.
Risk of Disintegration
When it comes to the
effect which excluding South
Africa might have on the
commonwealth, Mr.. Macmil-
Ian has a number of other
telling arguments to make.
One of his problems in try
ing to keep the Common
wealth from falling apart is
that no one seems to be very
clear what it is that holds it
together in the first place.
But this fact Mr.. Macmillan
has turned to his advantage
by suggesting that if the
members start fiddlinR
around with and start trying
to set down qualifications for
membership the process of
disintegration could be very
rapid, indeed.
In fact, the IL members
have little enough in COM
mon, apart from having at
some time or other shared
the experience of British rule.
Today there Is little more
than a highly variable senti-
mental attachment to the
British Crown and the more
practical advantage of Com
monwealth preference in in
ternational trade.
On most other questions.
from their policies toward
communism on down. the
attitudes Of the members run
the gamut of the political
spectrum. Two of them -
Ghana and Pakistan - are
under one-man rule. India
mas minority problems of its
own. If apartheid is singled
out as grounds for exclusion
the British wonder where the
finger will point next.
Armed with these areu-
ments and backed by the
prestige which he enioyS
with his Commonwealth COL
Leagues, Mr.. Macmillan may
well succeed in his role of
peacemaker between the op-
posing factions.
Most dopeSters believe that
the real fireworks will take
place behind closed doors and
that the issue Of South
African membership can be
settled without an open
break.
Such a solution, however,
would at best postpone the
real issue which is at stake
here. That is whether the
commonwealth, in its nre.
sent vague, underlined and
incohesive form, can long
survive the strains which its
own growth and internal
contradictions are bound to
impose.
Evening star., 1961-03-08
Thin Point

Lie supreme COurC mas SaVeQ three
local convicted gamblers from impriSon-
ment by the narrowest of margins
traction OF an inch, to be exact. The
conviction and sentencing of the trio
IN District Court was reversed on a very
thin point, the thin point being attached
to microphone used by police to listen
to discriminating evidence of gambling
operations in a house on Twenty-first
street NV. Had the point of that
"spike-mike" been kept from contact
with heating duct in the wall Separat-
ing the police and the men under
investigation, the high court might have
upheld the verdicts Of the trial court
and the United States Court of Appeals.
That Is reasonable inference, at least,
from the language used in the unani-
nous decision of the Supreme Court.
But the police showed the spike into the
wall wee bit too far.
II this shading of difference is some
what confusing to the average citizen,
1t must be no less so to the lower court
judges and to the police. For the high
tribunal previously had ruled that police
are not invading criminals constitu-
tional rights Of privacy when they hold
a "detectaphone" against the wall Of
room and listen to discriminating con-
verSations on the other side of the wall.
Why, then, was it wrong to use similar
device with spike which was pressed
under a Dashboard about halfway
through the wall, until stopped by a
tin duct?
Well, the supreme judges, speaking
through Justice Stewart, reasoned it
out this way: "The record clearly
indicates that the spike made contact
with heating duct serving the house
occupied by the petitioners, thus con-
verting their entire heating system into
a conductor Of sound. Conversations
taking place on both floors of the house
were audible to the officers through the
earphoneS, and their testimony re-
garding these conversations, admitted
at the trial over timely objection, played
substantial part in the petitioners con-
victions. :. The officers overheard the
petitioners conversations only by usurp-
ing part Of the petitioners house or
office-a heating system which was
an integral part Of the premises occupied
by the petitioners, usurpation that
was effected without their knowledge
and without their consent"
Does all of this mean that use Of
"spike-mike" is permissible II care is
taken by police to avoid contact with
heating duct? The courts emphasis
on the contact Of the spike with the
duct would certainly seem to have some
significance. But the question probably
will remain in the air until the point is
raised in some other case Meanwhile,
the gambling fraternity and other law
violators can derive comfort from the
knowledge that the Supreme Court is
Zealously guarding their constitutional
rights to the last fraction of an inch.
We are sure that all law-abiding citi-
Zens, constantly reminded of the cor
ruption of their society by organized
crime, SHOULD be equally enthusiastic.
And so-hip, hip, hooray! (But weakly.)
Evening star., 1961-03-08
LONDON.

AOGNO)N.
British Prime Minister
Macmillan'S reputation for
political wizardry is in for a
rough test during the con-
ference Of Commonwealth
ministers which starts here
today.
Advance notices are that
it will take all his consider
able powers of persuasion to
keep the Commonwealth it.
self from falling apart over
the explosive question Of
South Africa'S future mem
bership in the club.
For the past year the ques-
ton of whether South Africa
should be thrown out of the
Commonwealth because of
its policies of racial apar-
theid has split what used to
be a mutual admiration So
ciety into sharply divided
factions. And even the
guarded statements being
made on the subject by the
arriving Prime Ministers
leave no doubt that the issue
will come to a head over the
next few days.
1t is not really a question
Of throwing South Africa out.
The rules that govern the
club don't provide for any
thing as drastic and un-
gentlemanly as that. It hap
pens, however, that, since
South Africa voted to become
a republic last October, it
must now reapply for mem
bership in the Common
wealth. And a number Of
other ENTHUSIASTICALLY the
African and Asian group
have seized on this as a
heaven-sent opportunity to
draw the line once and for
all on countries which prac-
ttce racial discrimination as
a matter Of national policy.
If it were a simple ques-
ton of condemning South
Africa race policies there
would be no doubt about the
outcome. None of the min
1Sters here agrees with South
Africa's Hendrix Verwoerd
or his bland explanation that
apartheid is really nothing
more than good neighborli-
ness in action. Most Of them
feel that what he stands for
is not only a source of en-
barTassment but is a real
threat to the kind of club
spirit on which the survival
Of the Commonwealth de-
pends.
Two Basic Questions
Under British prodding,
however, the argument at
this stage revolves around
two other questions:
What would be the practi-
cal effect on South African
policy If the country were
excluded? And also what
might be the consequences
for the club itself If it starts
passing judgment on the in
ternal affairs Of its various
members?
Having failed in his valiant
effort to have the whole
question swept under the
rug, Mr.. Macmillan apparent
ly has been bearing down
hard on these two points in
pre-conference huddles with
various delegation heads.
The simple answer to the
first question is that a black
balling Of Mr.. Verwoerd in
London would be, If any
thing. likely to strengthen
his political hold in South
Evening star., 1961-03-08
VSTAS IN SCIENCE
Electric Anesthesio Used on Man
BY THOMAS.R. HENRY

Electric anesthesia, major
research advance in surgery
with a high potential for use
under combat conditions, has
been used for the first time
on human beings.
This has Just been an
nounced through the Army's
Research and Development
Command.
Through continuous elec-
tricai impulses, this type of
anesthesia sends the patient
into various degrees Of un-
consciousness, followed by
prompt recovery without
nausea or other unpleasant
post-operative effects. A pa
tient feels no pain during an
operation and, upon awak-
ening, has no memory Of it.
The first known use of
this kind Of anesthesia came
in January when four pa
tients at the University of
Mississippi Medical Center
were successfully anesthe-
tized by electronarcosis. The
method was developed by DR..
James D. Hardy of the Uni
versity Of Mississippi Medi-
cal School under contract
with the Army.
Significant Promise
Electric anesthesia equip
ment. which costs about $3.50,
consists Of an oscillator, or
frequency generator, which
provides TOO cycles Of cur
rent through an amplifier
connected to the patients
temples by electrodes about
the size Of a half dollar. Or
dinary household current op-
crates at so cycles.
A patients mouth Is
sprayed with q local anes-
thetic and an airway tube
inserted to insure unobstruct-
ed breathing. Within seconds
the patient is asleep. He re-
mains unconscious until the
current is turned off. He
then awakens in a matter
Of seconds, feeling none Of
the after-effects commonly
associated with anesthesia.
About four years ago DR..
Hardy's studies showed that
it was possible to cause I'M
consciousness in animals by
this means, and the Army
undertook to subsidize furth-
er developments.
The simplicity of the new
method and the ease and
speed with which patients
recover, says an Army re-
Evening star., 1961-03-08
Israeli Justice

In your editorial, Israeli
Justice" on March 2, you
stated df I may paraphrase)
that you questioned the JUS
tice Adolf Eichmann will re-
ceive in an Israeli court; that
the Israeli Justice Minister
himself had noted that one
Of the trial judges had al
ready stated an opinion Of
Eichmann; and finally, that
Eichmann should be brought
to "a fair trial before an i'm
partial court"
I find these arguments not
only weak, but almost ridicu-
lous. First of all, in regard
to Israeli Jurisdiction, the
constitution Of the State Of
Israel has a clause providing
for the punishment of Nazi
war criminals guilty Of crime
against the Jewish people or
against humanity" This
clause is not considered ex
post facto; it is a recogniz-
ed and valid law. Therefore,
you must realize that Israel
does have the right to try
Eichmann. Even so, you stat
ed that he should be tried
before an impartial tribunal.
This is a very noble thought,
but who will take him? West
Germany? They have declin-
ed to try him. The U.N.?
First Of all. the U.N. has no
jurisdiction in this case
whatsoever, and secondly, 1t
would not go to the trouble
Of forming a court for this
trial. An International tribu-
nal then? This is a very
idealistic venture, one that
has been supported since
1851 by the Israeli govern
ment and one that has been
consistently blocked by the
US. and the U.S.S.R. The
idea for the re-establish-
ment Of the Nuremberg
courts-if even considered
would never get out of the
planning stage. So, the idea
of an impartial court" is
out of the question.
Secondly-In regard to your
suspicion as to the "impar-
tiality" Of the Israeli judges,
the deeds of Eichmann are
well known. Do you honestly
believe that any other group
save some Of his cohorts or
similarly inclined persons
could not PREJUDICE this man?
Your own statement, Adolf
Eichmann may be and prob
ably is guilty Of the crimes
against humanity" seems to
reflect a frankness which
would be avoided in any other
type of major criminal case.
Israeli justice has an ex-
cellent reputation for fair
proceedings. and before we
can feel free to criticize it let
us look to our own "impar-
tial" system. Let us look to
the 16-year-old Negro girl
tried as an adult, or let US
look at the fate of a Negro
rapiSt or criminal in the
South as compared to the fate
Of a white man who commits
the same type of offense in
that region. Our high ideals
Of "impartiality" are not as
high as we think.
Adolf Eichmann is a self
confessed killer. He is due to
face justice from the same
people he so diligently tried
to eliminate. Aroused United
States citizens can rest as
sured that the State of Is
rael-in the face Of world
wide interest-will review the
case of Eichmann with a
greater degree of impartial
ity" than he would receive in
any other type Of court.
Evening star., 1961-04-27

and other Federal authorities
went aboard to interview the
Cubans first.
Earlier. Manuel Penabaz, a
27-year-old Cuban. one of those
rescued. said in a ship-to-shore
telephone interview that the
invaders never had a chance"
against Mr.. Castro's guns. He
was one of the five picked up
SIS miles south of the Isle of
Pines by the SIS Louise.
Mr.. Penabaz, q lawyer from
Oriente province. who joined
the forces attempting to over
throw Fidel Castro, said the
heavy fire from the Castro
army literally tore the invad-
ing forces to pieces.
He said Mr.. CaStro's army
was armed with tanks, ma
chine-gunS and mortarS from
Russia and CzechoSlovakia. He
said the premier's forces had
many planes from the United
States and Great Britain.
1--WE had only a few B-26s
and most Of them were shot
down. We were completely
without air support for our
troops" said Mr.. Penabaz, who
speaks English we'll.
Evening star., 1961-04-27
Pension Plan
Approved for
SeIf-Hifed
By the Associated Press

A controversial bill to allow
tax deductions to self-employed
persons who set up their own
retirement systems was ap-
proved yesterday by the House
Ways and Means Committee.
The Treasury is reported op-
posed to the present enact
ment of the measure, estimated
to cost more than 5000 million
annually in Federal revenue.
The administration position
was said to be that retirement
problems of the self-employed
should be taken up along with
general tax revision legislation
next year.
The bill. by Representative
Keogh. Democrat of New
York, would allow self-employed
persons to deduct for income
tax purposes 10 per cent of
their incomes, up to $2,50O a
year, If they invested the sums
in specified types of retirement
plans. Self-employed persons
with more than three employees
would be required to set UP nom
discriminatory pension plans
for their employees in order to
enjoy the benefits of the legis-
lation.
Evening star., 1961-04-27
Get Life Terms
In Kidnapping

SAN DIEGO, Calf, April 27
(AP). - Frank Marrone and
Robert j. German were SEN
fenced to life imprisonment
yesterday for their part in the
100000 ransom kidnapping of
sportsman Anthony AleSsio.
Germans wife, Ruby, will be
sentenced Monday.
The three were convicted of
conspiracy and kidnapping in
the abduction November %,
1860, of Mr.. AlesSio, who was
released after payment of $780,
900 ransom. The FBI said all
but $4,000 of the ransom
money has been recovered.
Two others, Leroy T. Gavi-
gan and Richard Lee Hoffman,
pleaded guilty to kidnapping
Gavigan is serving a 1-25 year
term and Hoffman awaits
sentencing today.
Evening star., 1961-04-27
Water Bond Issue
Wins in Dumfries

DUMFRIES, Va, April 27
(SpeciaD "A 81 million bond
referendum, engineered to solve
the water problem of the BOOM
ing Dumfries sanitary district,
passed Tuesday by a substan-
tial majority.
C. w. Garrison, chairman of
the sanitary district commits
sion, said it was "a big step
forward Now the place
will really begin to move"
Mr.. Garrison explained that
the lack of an adequate water
system had been holding back
area development.
The total vote was 143 in IA
vor of the bonds, and Al
against them.
Mr.. Garrison said the next
step would be to sell the bonds.
The money is to be used to
acquire the Sydnor Pump 6
Well Co. and to expand it's ia
cilities.
Evening star., 1961-04-27
Five of Cuba Invaders
Reach Sofety in Texas

CORPUS CHRISTI, Tex,
April 81 (AP) Five survivors
of the Inflated invasion of Cuba
reached United States shores
today.
The big. 17,000-ton bauxite
ore ship that rescued the five
from a life raft in the Carib-
bean Sea Tuesday docked at
the Reynolds Metals Co. alum
mum plant across Corpus
Christi Bay from this city.
The five fled the Cuban in
vasion beaches when Fidel Cas-
tro's forces crushed the attack
last week.
The men found a life raft
and floated into the Caribbean
Sea where they were picked up
Tuesday by the SIS. Louise, OPP
Grated by the Caribbean Steam
ship Co., a subsidiary of Reyn-
olds Metals.
Dave Ginger, a spokesman
for Reynolds, told newSmen
that "the Government is con-
cerned that some of the Cubans
will not want their pictures
taken or their names used in
fear of reprisals at home"
immigration, health service
Evening star., 1961-04-27
DR.. r.Nobrit Greets 5 5000
AtInouguroI Reception

More than 5000 guests
turned out last night at a re-
ception honoring DR.. James M
Nabrit, jr., who yesterday for
mally assumed duties as presi-
dent of Howard University.
DR.. and Mrs. Nabrit received
their guests in Baldwin Hall on
the university campus. Tie
reception followed in the can
die lit university dining room
The university provided invi-
tations for $500 alumni, in
cluding Mrs. Gregoria Frasier
Goines of Washington, repre-
senting the oldest class, 1901,
Some 900 students representing
all of Howard's schools also at
tended the reception.
DR.. Nabrit, the university's
14th president. earlier in the
day had been inaugurated be-
fore 5000 persons. Last nights
reception capped a two-day
ceremony which was attended
by representatives of more
than 300 colleges and universi-
ties in the Nation.
Among guests received at
the reception were Pakistani
Ambassador and Mrs. Ahmed;
Senator Keating, Republican
of New York; Representative
Diggs. Democrat of Michigan,
and Mrs. Diggs; Dean Erwin
M. Griswold of Harvard Law
School; DR.. Spottswood Robin
son, dean of the Howard Law
School, and Frederick Morrow,
a former assistant to President
Eisenhower.
Also. Municipal Court Judges
Evening star., 1961-04-27

If his government was COM
lpetely Communist" He shouted
back: "The Cuban people have
a right to a Communist gov
ernment If they want one. Ours
is a Socialist government"
Mr.. Castro's public appear
ance, only the second since the
April II invasion, climaxed a
five-day parade of captives be-
fore Havana's TV cameras.
Previous sessions featured in
terviews of captiveS by a panel
of journalists.
Today, each prisoner-clad
in clean white tee shirt and
the trousers Of combat uni
forms - stood and gave his
name and home town. The
television audience was asked
to search the sea of faces and
telephone in if they recognized
any Of the prisoners as "crimi-
mails of the dictatorship"
Toward the close of the gi-
gantic lineup, burst of ap-
plause announced the arrival
Of Mr.. Castro, who strode into
the arena wearing a pistol on
his hip and a military uniform.
He was followed by retinue
of civilians and militiamen.
He first engaged in a do
logue with the prisoners, giving
them chance to ask questions,
then launched into a lengthy
speech.
His audience, both prisoners
and spectators, listened in rapt
silence except for occasional
roars of approval when Mr..
astro mentioned changes
wrought by his government.
Mr.. Castro remained stand
ing throughout his three and
a half hour, face-to-face con-
Ifrontation with the prisoners.
Evening star., 1961-04-27

(VaD school integration case,
Gov. Orval E. Faubus said to-
day.
The public schools of Vir-
ginia should be left to Virginia
and he has no business fooling
with them" said Gov. Faubus,
who has had his troubles with
Federal intervention in school
cases.
The Governor said that If
MIR. Kennedy had tried to shut
off Federal school funds, he
would have been within his
rights.
But when he tried to die
tate use of State funds or inter-
fere in any other way with the
public schools he is beyond
his area of jurisdiction" Gov.
Faubus said.
Evening star., 1961-04-27

Austin Fickling and Andrew J.
Howard. and their wives and
Judge William HASTE, former
dean of the Harvard Law
School and presently a judge
OF the United States Circuit
Court in Philadelphia.
Reserve Officer Training
Corps members acted as Off
cial escorts at the reception.
Evening star., 1961-04-27

dido, whose ammunition ex-
ploded when the craft was
struck by a rocket. All the
other ships got away. Not once
did the Castro navy interfere
with operations off Bahia CO.
chinos while we were landing
and evacuating.
Left Prisoners Behind
I'VE captured more than 200
Castro militiamen and troops
and had to leave them behind.
Some we confined in a building
on which was painted a cross.
The men in there were killed by
a Castro bomb. Some had
hammer-and-sickle tattoos."
The two Cubans said they
were on the beach all day of
the 10th, ferrying rebels to
evacuation craft by outboard
motor boat. They said they
brought 81 to safety that way.
"Our men fought waist-deep
in water" the younger man
said.
THE badly wounded had to
be left behind. Airplane was
to evacuate them but it could
not land under the attack Of
Castro'S aviation.
-Four Castro planes were
shot down. The pilot of one
fell into the ocean. We could
see him waving but we were
unable to reach him before he
sank.
I'VE did not have a chance
to examine the bodies of other
Castro pilots killed. But their
flying formations convinced us
they had been instructed by
foreigners"
Rebels Greatly Outnumbered
The two rebel survivors esti-
mated their brigade faced nu-
merical odds of 100-to-1 by
the time they withdrew.
They said somberly that
Castro grossly underStated both
his own and the invaders cas-
ualties when he announced 80
or so of each side were killed.
They refused to set a figure
but said the death toll was
much worse.
They ridiculed the Cuban
dictator's contention that the
invasion force was wiped out.
I'VE evacuated at least $50
to 200 by ship" they said. "A
good number of our forces also
fought their way into the Es-
cambray Mountains"
Evening star., 1961-04-27
Castro Show Startled
By Accidental Gunfire

KEY WEST, Fla, April 27
(AP). - Fidel Castro today
staged a marathon harangue
before nearly 1000 captured
rebel invaders in a dramatic
Cuba television show seen here
which was interrupted once by
an apparently accidental burst
of gunfire.
The Cuban Prime Minister,
in an oratorical performance
ranging from Soft-voiced per-
suasion to arm waving shout
ing, appeared momentarily
startled when a guards weapon
discharged.
Then, he raised his arms over
his head, urged the large
Havana Sports Palace crowd to
remain calm and said:
Don't anybody move. Every
one put their weapons where
they belong"
Minutes after the unexpected
interruption, Mr.. Castro con-
tinued his long political and
economic lecture to a captive
audience seated in bleachers
and guarded by soldiers armed
with automatic rifles.
you all thought you were
going to be assassinated, didn't
you?" Mr.. Castro asked.
yes" the prisoners roared
back.
Instead" he said, you have
been treated politely" Most
nodded agreement. Last Sun
day Mr.. Castro had strongly in
dicated the prisoners might face
the firing squad.
After Mr.. Castro spoke oi
the danger of American aggres.
sion against Cuba, several o.
the prisoners excitedly grabbed
microphones and pledged tt
fight off any attack. The res
of the prisoners roared theil
approval"
At one point Mr.. Castro wal
, asked by one of the prisoners