davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-05-22
Alabama on Trial

The essential fact which emergeS
from the shocking events in Alabama'S
capital city is that the local authorities
wilfully neglected their duty to main
tain order.
This seems evident enough from a
remark by Montgomerys Police Com
missioner, L. P. Sullivan. Asked after
Saturday afternoons rioting whether he
had anticipated trouble, Mr.. Sullivan
replied: 1--WE respond to calls here the
bus terminal] just like any place else.
But we have no intention OF standing
guard for a bunch of trouble-makers
coming into our community and making
trouble"
The fact is that the so-called Free
dom Riders, when attacked by the mob,
had not made trouble" They had just
left the bus and were standing quietly
In the terminal. In this situation, it
was the duty of the police to protect
them from the mob, and it was this
initial failure which set in motion the
subsequent chain of deplorable events
the rioting, the arrival of the United
States marShals, and, finally, the in
voking of martial law by the Governor
and the dispatch of National Guards
men to the scene. All of this might have
been averted If the local police had done
their duty-if they had turned back the
initially small band of rioters.
It is true that the Freedom Riders,
a group of white and colored college
students, went to Montgomery for the
Avowed purpose of challenging all bus
and segregation customs. Whether this
was done from sense OF conviction or
In a spirit Of provocation we do not
know. But it is clear that as long as
there was no breach of the peace they
had legal right to ride into Montgom-
cry. They also had right to be pro-
tected against violence, and If there had
been even a little wisdom in Alabama
the riders would have been allowed to
make their journey under whatever po-
lice protection was required. Had that
happened, there would have been no
headlines from Montgomery, and the
Freedom Riders probably would be on
their way back home by now.
In the lull following the weekend
storm, Attorney General Kennedy has
appealed for return to reason" This
appeal was addressed to "all citizens Of
Alabama and all travellers in Alabama"
They were urged to consider their ac-
tions carefully and to refrain from doing
anything which will cause increased
tension or provoke violence and result
In further damage to our country"
Mr. Kennedy'S appeal should be
needed by all concerned. The proper
place to enforce the rights of Negro
travellers, If this is necessary, is in the
courts. Nothing useful. can be proved
through trips with escorts Of armed
marshals or by violent attempts to pre-
vent such trips. And certainly no con-
structive end will be served if there is
to be more of the same in Alabama.
Evening star., 1961-05-22
Qualified for Post

President Kennedys nomination Of
DR.. John s. Badeau, former President Of
American University in Cairo, as Ambas-
sador to the United Arab Republic is
a good one. A native of Pittsburgh,
DR.. Badeau has spent most Of his adult
life in the Near East or in matters re-
lated to that part of the world. He is
currently president of the Near East
Foundation, post which he assumed
in 1853 after eight years as head of the
American school in the Egyptian capital.
His knowledge of the Arab world-its
history, culture and politics, subjects
on which he has taught and written
should be of great value in the con-
tinuing need to improve Arab-American
understanding.
Evening star., 1961-05-22

trous policy Of appeasement
in the 30s is incorrectly ap-
piled to present-day policies.
for history does not repeat
itself. Limited war is even
more impossible today than
it was then, and any war will
inevitably lead to nuclear
self-destruction OF civiliza-
ton.
In these vital days it
would be better to advocate
world federalism in the man
ner of Lord Atlee or world
government as called for re-
Gently by the eminent phySl-
cist, Harold Urey, if Mr..
White sincerely wishes to
make the world safe for de-
mocracy." II history teaches
anything, it teaches that
war brings only more COM
plex problems. The needs OF
today call for constructive
action and not a mere appeal
to irrational jingoism.
Sarah L. Sweet.
Evening star., 1961-05-22
Telephone Tax

AS a believer IT. truth and
justice, I would like to ask If
there is either in the con-
tention that the telephone Is
q luxury item?
If it is a luxury item and
taxable under that category
then l suggest that all tele-
phones be removed from the
Capitol building, the White
House, all governmental Of
ficeS, all fire and police de-
partments and all business
offices, etc.
I would not only like to
know how the 33 per cent
tax on my telephone is used
but also the why and how Of
the same amount of hidden
taxes on shoes, hosiery,
bread, mowers, alarm clocks
and lady's purses is account
ed for? An odd assortment
to carry the same amount
of tax, is 1t not?
Mrs. A. L. Snow.
Evening star., 1961-05-22

asked Congress for $1.4 million as the
Federal share of several land acquisi-
tions in the Washington region for
park purposes. Ironically, the 100000
for the Madeira tract was the only
segment to survive the pruning shears
in the House. The Senate should
restore the other funds, which deal
with stream-valley development. And
while the time is late. we hope the
Fairfax board may yet reverse its
position; for the proposed park,
although under Federal control, would
return the county'S investment many
times over, in many ways.
Evening star., 1961-05-22
Pot-Shot at White

William S. Whites open
propagation of q Third
World War is a sad affront
to the Western liberal tradi-
ton. as evidenced in his
column of May II. He seems
to have the naive notion
that a limited war must be
fought on Cuban and Lao
tian fronts to make the
world safe for democracy"
His reference to the disas-
Evening star., 1961-05-22
LETTERS TO THE STAR

in the armed forces were stu
dents at Dunbar High School,
Including Col. Campb ell
johnson, Col. Benjamin Hun
ton of the District National
Guard, Col. Hyman Chase,
and the first colored general.
Benjamin o. Davis, now re-
siding in Washington, at
tended Dunbar.
Naturally the alumni are
proud of those who have be-
come renowned even though
they came through the old
separate but unequal" sys-
tenn. E. B. Henderson
Evening star., 1961-05-22
Opportunity Missed

It is too bad that the Supervisors
of Fairfax County have rebuffed the
offer of the Federal Government to
share in the purchase of a 160-acre
tract of potential park land from the
Madeira School. This tract, including
more than a mile of the bluffs over
looking the Potomac gorge, is among
the loveliest stretches Of the river,
almost rivalling the beauty Of Great
Falls itself It's preservation, in terms
of future value, would have been
incalculable.
Now, unfortunately, there is little
likelihood this can ever be. For while
the House has voted to appropriate its
100000 share of the purchase price,
the refusal of the Fairfax board to
contribute a like share has left little
hope that Senators can retain this
item in the budget.
According to Mrs. Anne wilkins,
the chairman of the Fairfax board and
the lone member who favored the land
acquisition, the decisive argument in
opposition was a fear by property
owners of the area that the land would
be used as a right-ofway for the
eventual extension Of the four-lane
George Washington Memorial Parkway
to Great Falls. 1t is true, of course,
that this extension formerly was pro-
posed. For some time, however, there
has been agreement to build the road
no further upstream than the Cabin
John Bridge in Virginia, and to retain
such other properties as come into
public ownership as largely natural
areas.
Hopefully, the National Capital
Planning Commission this year had
Evening star., 1961-05-22
@. Who invented the rock

@. Who invented the rock
ing chair?-J.T.
A. History does not record
the inventor of the first one.
Some books casually credit
the invention to Benjamin
Franklin, who had a wooden
rocking chair built in 1852.
@. Can baby seals swim
at birth?-A. K.
A. Seal pups do not ven-
ture to swim until they are
about a month old, and at
first are quite fearful of the
water. They teach them
selves to swim. On its initial
plunge the pup wades out
until it suddenly finds itself
beyond its depth; then it
turns in alarm and paddles
frantically back to shore. In
the days and weeks that
follow the pup grows in con-
fidence and skill and becomes
a swift and graceful swim
mer.
Evening star., 1961-05-22
Dunbor's Honor Roll

1t is a source of great
pride to the faculty and
alumni of our M street-Dun-
bar High School to note the
great number of its graduates
serving in high positions
about the Nation. Recently
the Kennedy administration
appointed DR.. Robert c.
Weaver as administrator Of
the multi-million dollar hous-
ing programs and Attorney
Oliver Hill as an assistant
to the Federal Housing Com
mission. Attorney George E.
C. Hayes serves as chairman
of the Public Utilities Com
mission, and Attorney Frank
Reeves is an assistant to the
President of the United
States. Judge Austin Fickl-
ing OF the Munlclpal court,
Attorneys Bruce Robinson
and Edward Brooks, prom
inent members of the Mass
achusettS bar, are Dunbar
graduates. Judge William H.
HASTE is a United States
Circuit judge.
The list of prominent phys
icians who matriculated at
Dunbar is large. Among the
many who come to mind is
the late DR.. Charles Drew;
DR.. Frank Jones, medical di-
rector at Freedmen's Hos
pital and DR.. Burke Syphax,
chief surgeon at Freedmen's
All around the Nation are
professional men and women
who are among the outstand-
ing graduates of Dunbar.
Many high-ranking Officers
Evening star., 1961-05-22
Value of Space Trip

Now that the astronaut
matter has simmered down
a little, I would like to get
some information as to the
practical application of that
flight into space. 1t GER
tainly shows something, but
proves nothing. Some head
lines stated Man ConquerS
Space"-but what is space
but infinitude, and who could
possibly conquer that! To go
aloft 125 or $50 miles is
practically nothing in COM
parison to infinity.
In view of the fact that
there must be a perfect set
up or a perfect combination
of atmospheric elements be-
fore a launching can be made.
that poses the question when
or where can a duplicate feat
take place in case of danger
or an emergency involving
our national existence? 1t
seems to me that protective
factor is wholly absent.
This laywoman has a very
practical mind in these ac-
complishments of humans
and l am interested in the
end results. l concede it took
courage and a great sense Of
patriotism to make that flight
and Mr.. Shepard is to be
commended, but still the
question remains who and
what benefited from that
flight into space, except to
show Khrushchev that it
could be done!
AS a taxpayer with Scotch
ancestry l am very much
interested in obtaining value
and not entertainment for
taxpayers money.
lillian Sinclair Large
Evening star., 1961-05-22
VISTAS IN SCIENCE
Five Levels to Antarctic Ocean
By THOMAS r. HENRY

The Antarctic is a five
storied ocean.
This is explained in a re-
port just issued through the
National Academy of Sci
ences, based on analysis of
observations made during
the International Geophysi-
cal Year. The report is from
a committee headed by DR..
John Lyman, director Of
earth sciences research for
the National Science
Foundation.
The top story" is that of
the surface water, about 300
feet thick, with a tempera-
ture at about the freezing
point and a salt content of
roughly "a per cent. Imme-
diately below it is the Ant
arctic circumpolar water, a
great mass at a temperature
of about freezing. 1t occurs
from depths of a few hun
dred meters to more than
5000 meters.
The maximum temperature
of this circumpolar water is
found at about 500 meters
and decreases both above and
below. Salinity is at a maxi
mum at about TOO meters
and it also decreases both
up and down. This water
mass is found completely
around the continent.
Dense Water Sinks
Below this layer is the bot
tom water which sinks be-
cause of high density
The principal area of its
formation is the Weddell Sea
with intermittent formation
just south of the Indian
Ocean. AS it sinks, it mixes
in a ratio of one to one with
the circumpolar water. At 8
depth Of 1000 meters 1t has
a temperature of about A c
AS this bottom watel
moves northward both 1T
temperature and salinity in
crease by mixing with thu
layers above it but its den
Sity remains unchanged. 1
is the heaviest of all oceal
waters, undisintegrated poe
kets of it have been fount
even north of the Equator
1t is split into three cate
gories- upper deep" "lowe,
deep" and bottom, thus &C
counting for the five stories
That water lost from tn
Antarctic Ocean by north
ward flow constantly is re
plenished by southwark FLOW
of upper and lower waite
from the intermediate layer
u y Il u
Chemical "brakes" OF
plant growth are being de
veloped by Department o
Agriculture chemists.
They now are using in ad
vanced experiments four sub
stances with really jaw
cracking names. These needn
bother anybody but chemists
There will be trade names b
the time they are ready TO
dirt farmers. An instance
"2-isopropyl 4-dimethylan
no-5-memthylphenyl l-pip
eri dineca boxylat tie
methylpchl oride." This
outstanding for use wit
Evening star., 1961-05-22
WATCHING THE WORLD
Have the Mon, Need Foreign Policy
By CROSBY S. MOVES
Foreign Correspondent Of The Stor

preston Of evasion, and also,
on some occasions, a care
fully limited amount Of in
formation.
With all these qualities it
may seem strange that the
Secretary'S performance in
the course of his foreign ap-
pearances has left some of
his most ardent sympathizers
with a vague sense of disap-
pointment. Just exactly what
was lacking is hard to pin
down. But it seemed to be
the kind Of indefinable force
of character some men have
which commands automatic
attention and respect from
friends and enemies alike.
Mr.. Rusk, one feels, would
be a hard man to caricature,
just as he is a hard man to
characterize in words. He is
not a man around whom
legends are likely to be built.
He is undoubtedly highly
Skeptical of the Importance Of
inspiration in international
affairs and probably has Seri-
Gus doubts about the validity
Of a number of cherished
axioms of American foreign
policy.
Rarefied Technique
AS a result, his personifi-
cation of this policy lacks a
certain element Of convic-
tion. His soft-sell technique
is that of a scholar and
theoretician, studiously un-
dogmatic and perhaps also a
bit rarefied for the kind of
public performance that con-
ference diplomacy demands.
Many of the same criti-
cisms could be applied as
we'll to other members of the
delegation that has accom-
panied Mr.. RuSk on his
Journeys. Their approach has
seemed curiously more legal
istic than diplomatic. Lost
causes have been argued for
days with no regard for the
inevitable propaganda de-
feats that followed. From a
public relations standpoint,
the show struck many OBJ
servers as slightly amateur
iSh.
Perhaps, however, the
main problem that showed
up in the course of these
conferences is the problem OF
the Kennedy administration
as a whole. Certainly until
a clear, well-defined and
credible American foreign pol.
. icy exists it will be hard tt
project a clear, well-definec
image on the internationa
stage.
Creation of this policy
rather than attending inter.
5 national conferences. is aftel
: all, Dean Rusk'S primary job
/. And from the results of thu
l.. last few weeks it would seen
: to demand his urgent anc
= sustained attention.
Evening star., 1961-05-22

chrysanthemums and a few
other Towering plants. Sew
eral other substances are
under experimental tests.
Says a report on the
work: "Overtall crop plants
and flowers. sky-reaching
trees. and shrubs that need
frequent pruning are COM
mon, often costly. problems
that growers would like to
overcome - always provided
that the tanning of nature
can be managed without loss
of yield or other bad effects
in a plant.
Florists to Benefit
Overall reduction in plant
heighth is the predominating
effect; there often is some
showdown in growth rate.
a delay in Towering and a
prolonged life span"
Florists, it is stressed. will
be the first to benefit by the
work. The real beneficiary
in the end, however, is ex-
pected to be the dirt farmer.
Among the effects predicted:
ITO improve the form and
attractiveness of many kinds
Of tall-growing Towering
ornamentals.
ITO shorten stem heighth
of crop plants that are sub
ject to wind damage.
ITO shorten stem heighth
of certain crop plants to
make harvesting easier.
ITO retard or stretch out
the rate of development in
crops and to extend produc-
tlon from G single planting
through the season.
ITO slow down growth of
trees that interfere wit h
overhead power lines and
save expensive pruning.
ITO keep shrubs and trees
in proportion to low-roofed
houses, such as today's ram
blers and ranch typ e
homes"
Evening star., 1961-05-22

Pen names may be used II
letters carry Driters' correct
names and addresses. All let
ters ore subject to conderSd-
tion. Those not used tOtll be
returned only Dhen accom-
panied By self = addressed,
stamped envelopes.
Evening star., 1961-05-22
Forminq in Russia

For those who read the
long and boring speeches
printed in the Communist
press, there are often price
less moments. l thought your
readers would be interested
in the following. just one OF
many gems in recent months
concerning the incessant
agricultural problems Of the
Sino-Soviet bloc. This jewel
is from a speech by the
eminent Bulgarian freedom
fighter. Todor Zhikov:
"As party. state. or eco
nomic leaders, we should not
overlook even for a moment
the socialist education Of CO.
operative farmers. This
process has not been COM
pleted by far, despite the
great successes that we have
achieved in this respect in
recent years. You remember
Elm Pelin's famous short
story describing the peasant.
Stoyan, who during the war
meets his beloved OK, Belcho.
How deeply, with what
mastery and how beautifully
does Elm Pelin describe
Slogans love, a peasants
love for cattle, and at the
same time, his extraordinary
love for his own animal. and
his private ownership psy-
chology. Today, in the condi-
tions of the cooperative
system. this private owner
ship psychology is largely
gone, or is going. and the
cooperative farmers attach
ment to public, collective,
property is growing and be-
ing increasingly consoli-
dated.
ALLOW me, in this connec-
ton, to read you a telegram
which one of the participants
in the present expanded
plenum received from his
native cooperative farm: To
the plenum of the Bulgarian
Party Communist Central
Committee on agricultural
problems, for Via adm r
Zdravkov Tskov. delegate
from Kozloduy Village:
Vladko, the SOW TSonka has
produced litter of Is pigs
they are all safe and sound.
Signed: Venev, manager Of
the livestock farm
"You see, Vladko has been
informed by TELEGRAM that
the SOW has farrowed. not his
own SOW, but the sow belong
ing to the cooperative farm,
a sow which he obviously
loves no less than the peasant
Stoyan of Elm Pelin's short
story meeting loved his OK,
Belcho. Vladko is in Sofia,
at the plenum, but on the
farm he left the sow, TSonka
just before she farrowed. He
is concerned about this litter
even here at the plenum. The
farm manager and the other
livestock breeders are also
concerned about the litter
This is why they are so GLAD
to inform Vladko quickly
that narrowing was success
full and that all is pigs arr
safe and sound"
Piggy-Wiggly
Evening star., 1961-05-22
GENEVA.

GENEVA.
Three recent internation-
al conferences-in Bangkok,
Oslo and Geneva-have pro-
vided an opportunity for his
friends and his enemies to
take the measure of the new
American Secretary of State.
To those who have watched
his performance it seems
probable that Dean Rusk is
more impressive to his friends
than to his enemies.
At all of these meetings,
whether things were going
badly or going we'll, Secretary
Rusk has shown himself to
be an extremely likable man.
Tall, solid and reassuring, he
projects with no apparent ef-
fort qualities of intelligence
and essential decency that
are not always the stock in
trade of the professional
diplomat.
Comments of his colleagues
have been unanimously en-
thusiastic:: "Rusk is a man to
he trusted" "FinallV we
have someone we can talk to
frankly who understands our
problems" Exactly what
we had been hoping for"
A quiet sense of humor and
trace of a Georgian drawl
add immeasurably to his
charm. An ease Of manner
and readiness to listen in
stead Of rant at moments
seemed to have softening eff
feet even on such hard-bitten
professionals as Russia's An
drei Gromyko. In inter-
allied hassles-of which three
conferences produced their
share-Mr. RuSk has shown
a sure and steady touch. Most
certainly, the tensions that
developed between the Brit
ish and American delegations
here in Geneva last weel
were none of his doing.
Speeches Clear
His set speeches, by which
public assessment of the Sec
retary was largely formed
reflected a conference ant
forthrightneSs that impressed
his colleagues in private
Rather than drama or elo
quence, they conveyed a sens
of soundness. AS statement
of the American position the,
were we'll constructed an,
clear-a bit too studied per
haps, but still highly effectiv
in contrast to the gusts o
rather stale rhetoric from
across the conference table
In less formal exchange
and in his meetings with tn
press. the Secretary has show
a quick and canny grasp @
complicated and long -winde
questions, in which diplomat
and diplomatic correspond
entS take such special prid,
His answers were quick. to,
delivered with a confidenc
and ease conveying no i'm
Evening star., 1961-05-22
Jet Nuisance

IlOIeO WIFI CUIlSlueI dUlS
interest your editorial on
May 6 and a letter from
Gretchen Klee on the sub
ject of the "jet nuisance"
Noisy they certainly are,
and that's a fact. When you
get a boom" now and then,
it's downright nerve-shatter-
ing. Heavy trucks are also
noisy. and so are trains and
ambulance sirens.
I live near Casualty Hos
pital and those darn sirens
shrek by "a hours a day. My
apartment would be a lot
more restful II the authori-
ties would put Casualty Hos
pital somewhere out in the
country.
Unfortunately hospitals
like Air Force bases. have to
be located where they are
needed, and where space Is
available.
Andrews has, after all. been
in its present location for
about Is years. Some homes,
no doubt. were built in the
immediate area before this
time. and I suppose these
people are bona fide inno-
cent victims of the Jet age.
1t is also true. however, that
some developments in the
area owe their existence TO
Andrews. and grew. from the
beginning, because OF their
convenience to Andrews. Ger
tainly many other communi-
ties have since been devel-
oped with the full knowledge
that an Air Force base was
lurking in the vicinity.
These homeownerS can no
more complain than someone
who builds a house near a
railroad and then hollers if
the railroad finds 1t neces-
sary to put louder whistles
on its trains.
Progress has always en-
tailed certain hazards-just
look at the people killed by
automobiles. Besides, they
are noisy and foul up the air.
On top of that. statistics
prove that students who
own automobiles m TX e
lower grades, and automo-
biles have reduced us to a
Nation Of fat slobs. practi-
cally incapable of walking
anywhere, and subject to all
sorts of disease as a result
of our motorized lethargy.
Not to mention the psyche
logical damage and ulcers
arising from traffic jams and
parking problems.
When you come right down
to it, you can't make much
of a case for the automobile
except that 1t will be a handy
means of evacuation II some
nation with more (and
louder Jets attacks us.
I'm a hidebound, unrecon-
structed, heels-dug-in reac-
tionary myself, and nothing
would suit me better than
the good old quiet leisurel!
days when Washington was
a minor capital and had pig:
running in the streets. I have
come to the reluctant con-
clusion, however, that prog
ress is a nasty fact OF Life
and there's nothing I can de
about the resulting noise.
I was converted to thi'
viewpoint after having bee
stationed four years in Eu'
rope, 1874 minutes flynn
time from the nearest hos
tile air base. Nothing eve
sounded sweeter, safer O.
more comforting than thos'
noisy Jets lowering over m!
secure little old head.
Gay Lenahan.