davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-09-03
Earlier Role

He was the rebel figurehead in
last springs sbortive talks be-
tween the French and the Al
serians-the first in the seven
years of the Algerian war. The
actual negotiation team, however,
was led by Belkacim Krim.
Last weeks developments indi-
Gated that the breakdown of the
peace talks meant the end of Mr..
Abbas' political life. His moderate
philosophy, his urbane manner
were ill-suited for the more mill
tant tactics adopted by the rebels.
Mr. Ben Khedda is known as a
"pure" revolutionary. Unlike Mr..
Abbas, he is no politician. He
lives, breathes, and sleeps revolu-
ton, and as result, few outsiders
have heard of him. And his youth
tul 41 years, compared with Mr..
Abbas' So, make him more appeal
ing to the youthful leadership Of
the National Liberation Front
FLN.
Because Of visit he made to
Red China in 1859, he is known as
the leader Of the Chinese Wing"
Of the FIN, but there is no evi-
Evening star., 1961-09-03
Line Involved

1t was the unhappy status Of the
New York, New Haven & Hart
ford Railroad. perhaps more than
any other. which brought the prob
lem into focus. The investigation
of this road, reorganized under the
bankruptcy laws in July, prompted
the ICC to speak out. The New
Haven already has lost more than
$l3 Jmillion this year as against
little under So million for the cor
responding seven months in 1860.
Under the ICC plan, the COM
mission would give out subsidies to
individual railroads based on their
expenditures for passenger service
and would match financial assist
ance provided by the States and
communities the railroads serve.
The principal reasons cited by
experts for the declining passenger
revenues Of recent years are the
fact that more and more persons
are using their automobiles to
drive to work-many of them over
Government-financed superhigh-
ways; the shorter work week and
direct and indirect subsidies
granted by the Government to
other modes of transportation.
Evening star., 1961-09-03
Diplomatic Case

Another development in New
York underlined the fact that
that city has its own race prob
lems-one Of which directly af-
fects American foreign relations.
A week ago Saturday, Michel
Collet, the No. man Of the
Guinean mission to the United
Nations. was beaten up in an
alteration with a taxi driver and
a policeman. Accounts vary: Mr..
Collet contends he was an inno-
cent victim of police brutality;
the police commissioner. after an
Investigation. supported the police
mans report that Mr.. Collet first
assaulted him.
At any rate, late last week, As
Afro-Asian representatives to the
U. N. decided to petition Secretary
General Dag Hammarskjold to
take up the case and other COM
plants with Washington.
Evening star., 1961-09-03
Industry Split

The railroad industry itself ap-
peared to be split over the ICC
recommendation. Eastern roads,
saddled with greater passenger
burdens, generally welcomed the
suggestion of help. Western roads,
more dependent on freight rev.
enues, gave it a cool reception,
standing on their traditional op-
position to Government subsidies
as matter of principle.
. The immediate congressional
reaction also was rather unen-
thuSiastic. But the administra-
ton has not committed itself. and
until it does an accurate gauge of
sentiment is difficult.
The ICC plan will be incorpo-
rated into an overall Govern
ment transportation study due to
be completed by November /. BY
early in the next session of Con-
gress, the White House hopes to
be prepared to make any neces-
sary legislative proposals in this
area.
Evening star., 1961-09-03

flictS than the more brash "un-
committed newcomers. This is
only a matter of degree, how
ever, and is attributable at least
in part to the eagerness Of the
newer countries to find a sense
of nationhood which the old
fashioned neutrals have already
clearly established centuries ago.
The Belgrade meeting is to be
attended'by nations which prefer
to think of themselves as un-
committed rather than neutral.
These powers, for the most part
new on the world scene, regard
old-fashioned neutrality as a
kind of sexless neuter that auto
matically seeks middle ground
between rival positions, like some
kind Of a heartless, diplomatic
gyroscope.
Some Definitions
BY strict legal definition, neu-
trality means standing aloof in
war. In later years it has also
come to have a peacetime mean
ing: keeping out Of cold-war con-
flicts of the big powers. Uncom-
mitted powers, however, aspire to
influence big power policies de-
spite their weakness, while neu-
trails usually avoid involvement
altogether.
Another difference between neu-
trails and uncommitted powers is
economic. The neutrals generally
have well developed societies.
Most Of the uncommitted powers
are underdeveloped. The uncom-
mitted powers thus have greater
need for outside help to improve
their living standards, less
strength to stand completely
aloof. This leads them to play
both sides in the present cold
war for all they can get in
economic assistance, while at the
same time trying to keep out Of
reach Of any one powers influ-
ence.
Some uncommitted nations in
Africa have gone so far in ra-
tionaliZing their weakness as to
claim that past exploitation" by
the powerful now entities them
to demand, as a right and without
compensation, foreign aid from
the exploiterS Of the land they
now administer. Moscow encour-
ages this theory actively, because
it bedevils Western relations with
the uncommitted states.
Special interests of the weaker
Evening star., 1961-09-03
Atlanta Case

OF the 21S.S32 Negroes inte-
grated in the wake Of the court
decision. the District Of Columbia
accounted for 1882 or 3S.1 per
cent Of the total. There was
none at all in four States: Ala
bama, Georgia. South Carolina
and Mississippi. And there was
only one Negro In an integrated
school in Louisiana.
Last week, the ranks Of the
hard-core resisters in the South
was thinned when, for the first
time, Negroes attended classes at
four previously all-white high
schools in Atlanta.
Only nine Negro pupils were
involved. This was token integra-
ton. of course. But 1t was accom-
plished without incident, in a
peaceable, law-abiding manner
that drew the special praise Of
President Kennedy and certain
Northern newspapers which have
been quick to criticize the South
over the slightest racial disturb
ance, real or fancied.
After congratulating those con-
cerned and noting that the sue
cessful integration was accom-
plished after months of vigorous
efforts by officials and citizen
groups to create public under
standing, Mr.. Kennedy, in a pre-
pared statement, told his news
conference:
II strongly urge the officials
and citizens Of all communities
Evening star., 1961-09-03
Nearby Votes in Congress

Following are the votes Of Mary
land, Virginia and West Virginia
members Of Congress on major roll
calls last week:
SENATE
HR 1871. State -Justice-Judiciary
funds for fiscal 1862. Mansfield,
Democrat of Montana -Dirksen,
Republican Of Illinois amendment
extending life of Civil Rights Com
mission for two years, until Sep
tember 9, 1868. Agreed to 1918
ID. N-l8: r. 29-D, August 80.
A yea" was vote supporting the
Presidents position.
FOR: Beall. Republican Of Maryland; Byrd
and Randolph. Democrats of West Vir-
AGAINST; Byrd and Robertson. Democrats
NOT VOTING: Butler. Republican Of Mary
land.
S. 1888. Foreign Assistance Act
Evening star., 1961-09-03
AIgerio::
New Man

The Algerian Provisional
Government last week named
Ben Youssef Ben Khedda, a
left-wing revolutionary, to re-
place Ferhat Abbas, a mod
crate, As premier.
In January, 1860, the Algerian
provisional Government was lay
ing plans for stepping up its war
against the French when its Pre-
rrlier, Ferhat Abbas, offered his
resignation. He said he wanted to
remain a conciliator and a bridge
with the French, but wanted no
part in a war cabinet.
The rebel leadership answered: {:
1--WE put you there, and you must
stay, When we decide that you
should leave, we will tell you" The
rebels needed a respected politi-
clan who could bargain with the
French if the time came, and Mr..
Abbas fitted that description.
Evening star., 1961-09-03

forts at desegregation will be
made. Last year, as four Negro
pupils enrolled in previously all
white schools for the first time,
there was violence and disorder.
Only one Of the four remained for
the entire academic year.
This time precautions are being
taken. The Justice Department
announced on Wednesday that 1t
was sending so Federal marshals
to the city for standby duty-at
the request of the Federal Court
in New Orleans. Things may not
be so quiet down on the Gulf as
they were in Atlanta.
Evening star., 1961-09-03

strangle the central cities they
are supposed to serve"
Thus spoke the ICC as. depart
ing reluctantly from Its traditional
opposition to such a recourse for
the first time in history, it ad-
vocated before Congress last week
a Government subsidy program for
ailing railroads which would cost
$50 million the first year.
The steady financial deteriora-
ton of the passenger-carryin
railroad-the total net deficit last
year was $485 million and will be
higher this year-is well known.
1t seems that in 1861, the press
and people suddenly took an in
terest in the plaintiye pleas issued
by the industry,
Evening star., 1961-09-03

Of 1861. Conference report, Author
izing $4,253, 500, 900 in fiscal 1862
for foreign aid and SIS billion in
each Of the succeeding four fiscal
years for development loans.
Agreed to 1924 ID 4S-14; r 21-10
August 81. A yea" was a vote sup
porting the Presidents position.
FOR: Beall and Butler. Republicans of
Maryland: Byrd and Randolph. Demo-
Gratis of West Virginia.
AGAINST: Byrd and Robertson. Democrat
OF Virginia.
HOUSE
HR $500. Emergency Eduea-
tional Aid Act of 1861, authorizing
a one-year 1925 million program
Of school construction assistance;
a one-year continuation Of stu
dent loan provisions of the Ma
tional Defense Education Act,
with a 500 million authorization,
and one-year extension of the
program of Federal grants for
schools in areas impacted with
Federal employees, with a $201
million authorization. Hebert,
Democrat of Louisiana. Question,
under calendar Wednesday proce-
dure, on whether the bill should
be considered. Consideration re-
jected l70-242 Democrats, 1874
80; Republicans, 6-160), August
80. A yea" was a vote supporting
the Presidents position.
ford, Democrats of Maryland; Jennings,
Ken siseR e1; stsa9sf:. Sffs pemocrsts Sf:nt5i Fl
West Virginia.
AGAINST: Fallon, johnson, Democrats of
Marylands Matthias, Republican Of Mary
Harrison. Smith, Tuck. Democrats Of
. Virginia Broyhill and Poff Republicans
Of Virginia and Moore. Republican Of
S 1888. Foreign Assistance Act
of 1861. Conference report, author
izing $4,253 100000 in fiscal 1862
for foreign aid and SIS billion in
each OF the following four years
for development loans. Agreed to
260-132 Cd. 1924; R. 1919,
August 81. A yea" was a vote
supporting the Presidents position.
FOR: Fallon. Friedel. Garmatz. johnson,
Lankford, Democrats Of Maryland;
Matthias, Republican Of MARYLAND;
Downing. Gary, Democrats of Virginia;
Bailey Hechler. Kee. Slack, Staggers,
Democrats Of west Virginia.
AGAINST: Abbitt, Hardy, Jennings. smith,
and Tuck Democrats of Virginia; Broy-
hill and Poff, Republicans Of Virsinia
and Moore. Republican Of West Virginia
NOT VOTING: Brewster, Democrat Of
Maryland; Harrison. Democrat Of Vir-
ginia.
Compiled By Confessional Quarterly
Evening star., 1961-09-03
THE NATIONAL SCENE

Continued From Page B-I
comphshed with all deliberate
speed"
In the seven years since this
historic reversal of the separate
but-equal" doctrine Of the same
court, there has been much de-
liberation but little speed.
According to the Southern
School News, an independent,
nonpartiSan publication, less than
7 per cent of the 81 million
Negro pupils in States with seq
regated school systems in 1854,
were actually attending classes
with whites at the end of the
academic year last June.
At this rate it would take a
century, an even 100 years, to
attain complete integration.
But, as usual, figures-certainly
not Just one set-do not tell the
whole story.
Evening star., 1961-09-03
Railroads.:
Help Asked

The Interstate Commerce
Com m issiOn on Wednesday
recommended direct Federal
subsidies to help ailinE railroads
to preserve essential passenger
services.
"A Nation that is serious about
propelling a man to the moon
should be able to solve the mum
dane problem Of moving its citizens
dependably and comfortably some
so miles or less from home to
work without multiplying ribbons
of concrete and asphalt that would
Evening star., 1961-09-03
The Foreign Scene
Continued From Page B-1

Continued From Page B-1
duced plan by which President
Goulart would be shorn of his
major powers, and these given
to a newly elected Prime Minis
ter.
Thus, in one week, Brazil's Con-
gress chose to transform the
country's government from the
American to the British style.
Mr.. Goulart, with little in the
way Of alternatives, said he would
90 along with the new set-up,
but at the end of the week, the
threat Of fighting between dis
sident army units in South
eastern Brazil was very real. Some
troops favored Mr.. Goulart as a
strong President, some as a fig
urehead, and others not at all.
Evening star., 1961-09-03

which face this difficult transi-
ton in the coming weeks and
months to look closely at what
Atlanta has done, and to meet
their responsibilities. as have the
officials and citizens of Atlanta
and Georgia. with courage and
tolerance and, above all, respect
for the law"
Atlanta's outgoing Mayor, Will
liam B. HartSfield, gratified over
the Presidents commentator,
said:
I'VE are very proud Of Atlanta.
We hope the whole world will wit
ness how a proud Southern city
is obeying the law of the land"
Evening star., 1961-09-03

powers on the world scene have
led to varying degrees of COM
mitment to the big powers. Some
former neutrals, like Norway and
Denmark, for instance, have found
in recent years that the threat
from one big power, the Soviet
Union, has grown so nenacing
that they have trusted their ma
tional security to an alliance with
the other side, the NATO powers.
Norway and Denmark made this
decision when Soviet Communists
took over Czchoslovakia, after
they had chosen an alliance-free
course following World War II.
Those who feel remote enough
from the centers of power either
stand completely aloof, as in
the case of mountain-insulated
Switzerland, or support first one
big power then another, in as
balanced or impartial a pattern as
possible.
The Motter OF Morals
Whenever there Is q choice
between taking a moral position
that Is dangerous because 1t
antagonizes q big power and tax
ing a less moral but safer position,
the uncommitted state usually
chooses the latter. Issues are not
as important as maintaining
balanced" attitude toward the
big powers and thus depriving the
strong of an excuse for harassing
them.
Some uncommitted and neutral
states advertise their role as
mediator in disputes to enhance
their non-aligned position. They
claim they would destroy their
usefulness" to both sides in tax
ing the heat out of disputes If
they were strongly to back one
side or the other.
What are the attitudes Of these
neutrals and uncommitted nations
toward current issues?
ON BERLIN, the old-fashioned
neutrals like Sweden, Switzerland,
Austria and Finland are standing
completely aloof. This Is partly
because they are so close to the
possible scene Of war, partly be-
cause they take the general atti-
tude that it is better not to speak
out at all on issues Of conflict be-
tween the great powers.
The uncommitted nations, how
ever. take a more activist atti-
tude. Indian Prime Minister Nehru
is already maneuvering to become
the honest broker in the Berlin
Evening star., 1961-09-03
By WILLIAM r. FRYE
TnntrihfItfaS uritar

UNITED NATIONS, N. Y.-The
United Nations General Assembly
which is to convene here Septem-
: Der 10 gives promise of being one
Of the most newsworthy confer
erlces in modern history.
President Kennedy is expected
? personally to unveil a major new
United States peace offensive in
6 the opening days of the session.
The Big Four foreign ministers
will begin preliminary negotia-
tions on Berlin and central Europe
on the fringes of the meeting.
The future of the U. N. as an
institution will be balanced on
knife edge In at least two critical
areas: The troika and U. N. fl
nancing.
Red China is due to make its
supreme bid for a seat, with better
than a $3.50 chance of success.
And to cap it all, there are
strong hints that the Assembly
may once again this year be a
mammoth summit gathering, with
Nehru, Sukarno, Tito, Nasser and
q hatful Of other heads of states
on hand.
~, Soviet Premier Khrushchev told
John j. McCloy recently that he
did not plan to attend. But the
odds here are at least three to
one that he will change his mind
and decide to crash the party,
shoe aloft.
So it ought to be quite a party.
Peace Offensive
The United States peace often
sive, according to reliable infor-
nation, will be keyed to a major
new disarmament plan. President
Kenendy will challenge Mr.. Khru-
shchev-in person, if the Soviet
dictator is on hand - to start
building the kind of world in
which total disarmament, Russias
professed goal, would begin to be-
come conceivable.
= The requirements for utopia
would be spelled out: World gov
eminent, an international army,
totally open societies, an end to
indirect aggression and subversion,
and a strong. financially sound
u. N. with single, veto-free ex-
ecutive.
.: These requirements would be SO
far removed from anything Mr..
Khrushchev is prepared to en-
yisage that the hollowness Of
general and complete disarma-
nient" would become brutally clear.
That, at least, is what the United
States would hope. 1t would be
the maximum American objective.
The minimum objective would
be to get the United States off
the embarrassing hook 1t has been
on since 1859 when Mr.. Khrush-
chev first began paving streets
with gold bricks. The United
States would be able unblushingly
to share his utopia platform, and
perhaps even maneuver itself
front, center on it.
Some Likely Aims
Mr.. Kennedy'S program is likely
10 include also:
ga plan to finance U. N. peace
making activities (and fend off
Evening star., 1961-09-03
Other Cities

Whether the Atlanta experience
will be repeated widely in Georgia
is debatable. The city is in the
heart Of a metropolitan area Of
a million persons. Its Mayor is
a moderate who did not fight in
tegration. Its police chief has
shown a steadfast devotion to law
Federal as well as State and
locaD and order.
The situation In rural Georgia
may be rather different. There
the feelings against integration
run much higher among the white
population.
In urging others to follow At
lanta's example, Mr. Kennedy may
have had New Orleans and Louisi-
ana IN mind. Last week, three
Judge Federal Court upset that
States local option plan which
permitted parishes to vote on
whether to close their public
schools rather than accept in
tegration.
The court ruled that st. Helena
Parish could not shut down its
public schools because to do so
would violate the equal protection
clause Of the 14th Amendment.
Segregation leaders Immediately
asserted that the decision would
not interfere with the States
private school plan, under which
students who do not wish to at
tend public schools will receive a
tuition grant.
They added that apparently
grants-in-aid for private schooling
were legal so long as public schools
were not closed. More litigation
would appear to be in prospect.
This week, the public schools
open in New Orleans and new ef-
Evening star., 1961-09-03

Rail communication service will
be far more essential and much
more widely used 10 years from
now than it is today, assuming
that 1t is still available e.
"1nasmuch as rail facilities,
once lost, cannot be reconstruct
ed except at a fantastic cost, it
would be the height of folly to de-
termine the essentially of rail
service solely on the basis of
present patronage and without
regard to definite future needs"
Evening star., 1961-09-03
Dim Outlook

Whether passenger traffic,
which in many cases is being sub
sidized by the railroads themselves
out of freight earnings, will ever
again pay for itself on a Nation
wide basis is debatable.
But the ICC, prudently pointing
out that our population explo-
sion" is being intensified by the
movement from rural to metro
politan centers and thence to su-
burban areas, asserted:
Evening star., 1961-09-03

dence to indicate that he is a Com
rnunist himself.
The change will mean that the
French can expect a more difficult
time in ending the war that has
Sapped so much Of their money
and men. If the rebels do increase
their military effort, 1t also will
mean added problems for NATO
which Is counting on French
troops to bolster its German de-
lenses.
Evening star., 1961-09-03
Peace Offensive
By U. S. Rumored

imminent bankruptcy for the or
ganization) by establishing d
peace and security fund"
"a new plea for test ban, in
dependent of other disarmament
measures.
. Steps to strengthen Secretary
General Dag Hammarskjold and
fend off the troika in all Of its
forms and DISCUSSES.
1t remains to be seen whether
this United States lead will succeed
in rallying the General Assembly
behind the American banner.
The United States Is virtually
certain to lose a large part of the
momentum and good will it might
otherwise have gained because of
the unpopular stand it will take
at the outset on Red China.
A majority Of the U. N. OBJ
viously wants to seat Peiping, and
the fight is certain to be bitter.
The United States may come from
behind to win, but the price in
terms of damaged leadership and
loss of support in other fields will
come high.
NeutroIists' Attitude
Some "a key neutralist coun-
tries will arrive in New York fresh
from their conference in Belgrade.
with the taste of Western blood
in their mouths. The Arabs will
be upset over an American effort
to compromise the Palestine-ref-
ugee program. Africa and much
of Asia will be furious with France
and to a lesser extent the United
States-over Bizerte and Algeria.
1t will not be- an ideal setting
for an American peace offensive.
The one bright spot on the hori-
zon is the Congo, where Mr.. Ham
merskjold's policy seems likely to
be vindicated and his value to the
neutralists demonstrated. More
over, his assistance in suppressing
Katanga is popular with the U. N.
majority.
Barring a major setback, de-
velopments in the Congo should
also help resuce the U. N. financi-
ally. ONUC. the U. N. peace force,
can begin to be phased out, and
the formidable cost of the opera
ton $50 million a MONTH can be
reduced. The saving will not come
a day too seon.
UnpredictobIe Foctors
The really unpredictable factors
in the world picture are Eastern
Europe and the Communist Party
Congress in October. If there Is an
explosion in East Germany-which
is still considered a possibility
everything else. including Red
China, would quickly be forgotten.
If the anti-Stalinists were to
win a humping victory over the
Chinese at the Party Congress, Mr..
Khrushchev might tiptoe back to
the U. N. waving daisies and smell
ing Of Peaceful Coexistence No. 5.
He would not be any easier to deal
with; indeed, he might be harder,
but it would be an entirely diff
ferent kind of problem.
All that is certain is that the
U, N. Assembly. reflecting and
magnifying all these currents of
diplomacy, will be, at least for a
time, the greatest show on earth.