davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-09-19
His Last Peace Mission

Death came to Dag Hammarskjold
while the U. N. Secretary General was
actively engaged in his last mission in
oehalf OF the cause to which he had
dedicated his career-world peace. Some
OF the circumstances remain obscure.
1t is not known why Mr.. Hammarskjold,
once he was over the Ndola airport,
decided to turn back, nor has there
oeen any explanation of the explosions
which repeatedly preceded the crash of
his plane. Since one of the passengers
survived, however, the answers on these
points may become known before too
long.
What will not become known, at
least not for some considerable time, is
the effect which the Secretary Generals
tragic death will have on the course of
world events. For to say the least, the
sixteenth regular session of the General
Assembly, opening today, meets in the
shadow of deep and ominous uncer-
tainty.
Immediately affected is the U. N.
undertaking in the Congo, especially its
collapsing effort in Katanga province.
At the least there is a strong prospect
that the Katanga operation, perhaps
mlSconceived from the outset, will have
10 be abandoned. And if Katanga can
not be brought back into the Congo
family, it is difficult to see how the
Congo itself can survive for long as an
independent, going concern.
OF larger moment is the impact
that the loss of Mr. Hammarskjold will
have on the United Nations Since his
election in 1858, the Secretary General
has devoted himself Fundamentally and
with unwavering integrity to his task.
No mission was too difficult for him to
undertake; no form of vilif1cation suf-
nc1ent to turn him aside from his duty.
NOW, II the United Nations is to have
an administrative head, a successor
must be chosen. And the veto power
Will operate against the naming of a
permanent replacement.
1t is possible, of course, that the
United States and Russia will be able
10 agree on a successor who would serve
lmpartlally, as Dag Hammarskjold
served. But this is remote possibility.
Ine SOVIET Union now has an enlarged
opportunity to reach the goal toward
winch 1t has been Striving-a Commu-
nlSt-dominated U. NJ If this opportu-
nifty Is pursued, and one must expect
That 1T will be, it is not an exaggeration
70 say that the future of the United
Nations, not to mention the peace of
ene world, is in grave jeopardy.
Evening star., 1961-09-19
Page of the Past

I have been visiting your
wonderful city and wish to
make known my deep appre-
citation for the helpful cour-
tesy Of your people, both in
and out of Government. This
attitude has added immeas-
urably to the enjoyment of
my visit.
My father was a House
page in 1898, beginning
his service at the age of 1917.
AS no record was kept of the
ages of pages prior to civil
service in 1885, there is no
way of determining whether
or not he was the youngest
to serve in a full-time capac-
ity. I am given to under
stand that at that time some
boys served after school
hours and may have been as
young or younger.
My father is now IS and
in good health. I am inter-
ested to know if any of your
readers might have knowl-
edge of a page younger than
1917, and if SO would they
be good enough to write me.
Mildred COnklin.
704 S. Ward ave-,
Compton, Calf.
Evening star., 1961-09-19
Footnote From Vermont

Confidence in the clear thinking of
American industry is bolStered magnifi-
Gently by recent Associated Press
report from Windsor, Vermont. For, up
in that rugged rural fortress of Yankee
ingenuity, one of the Nations great
manufacturers of Shoemaking materials
has set up the most exacting of testing
operations on the durability of its own
and its competitors footwear products.
1t simply puts them on the feet of small
fry OF various ages and lets, indeed
encourages, these happy subjects to do
what comes naturally.
AS any parent knows, this is not
merely an exercise of walking straight
line between two points. 1t involves
kicking any movable object, preferably
one with sharp edges, climbing rocks
and trees, Scuffing through the toughest
OF nearby terrain, and never missing
a mud puddle that will make new shoe
look old in one short trip All of this,
without doubt, delights the kids. It
delights the Goodyear Tire and Rubber
Company, also, which keeps a careful
record on how the shoes started and
how and when they finished.
Most of all, we suspect, it delights
the parents, or at least the family pro-
viderS, whose junior citizens get their
experimental footwear for free. After
all, it keeps the little raScals busy at
something they do best and at some
thing they would be doing anyway
footloose, so to speak, and at less
overhead.
Evening star., 1961-09-19
Amt Bad EnuIish

Why should j. Chester Will
fong suggest that "ain't" is
not acceptable English Eng
lish? Fowler's English
Usage" the accepted author
ity in Britain, welcomed this
useful contraction in 1926,
or Is years before the Mer-
RAM Webster dictionary re-
Tented.
The middle-class English
man may be unaware of
Evening star., 1961-09-19
u. N. Role in Congo

President Kennedy is re-
ported to have made the
statement recently that he
thinks the United Nations
will have an important and
useful part to play in set
tling the Berlin question.
If the U. N. were to settle
it the way they are going
about settling the problem"
of independent Katanga a
province in the Congo, heav-
en- help us! They certainly
would be useful. but not to
us. Rather to the Commu-
nistS.
Noise TShombe and Ka-
tanga could have been a
great asset to us, as a strong
and friendly ally in the midst
of African turmoil. And quite
possibly could have inspired
the rest of the Congo to fol-
low in his sensible steps.
Perhaps that is why Katanga
could not be allowed to re-
main independent.
Are we to continue paying
to keep the U. N. in tn e
Congo if all it can manage
to do is stir up troubles and
install pro-Reds to govern
that unhappy country? This
really is madness.
1t is high time people real
ize that the U. N. is no Sa-
cred cow and should seriously
question whose side it is on
and whether we can afford
to contribute to our downfall
through its dubious offices.
Hope b. Stevens.
Evening star., 1961-09-19
THE PASSING SCENE
Physical Division Is Depressing
By RALPH McGILL

sure the Russians have a
blueprint of haraSsment;
short of war. What it will
be none knows for sure. That
it will include frequent in
reference with the right Of
travel in and out Of the city.
by land and air, is certain. 1t
will contain measures seek
ing to reduce Berlin from q
prosperous, industrial. trad
ing city to one of economic
unimportance. The Soviets
will hope slowly to erode Ber-
lin until it no longer has
major meaning. They will
seek to make it a shadow
city.
Feeling For the People
There already is concern
about the population. Until
the wall was built there was
a daily TRANSMISSION of new
blood. Some of the Germans
who detected to the West
elected to remain in Berlin.
The newcomers prevented it
from becoming a city of mid
dle-aged and older persons.
Now this regular supply OF
new citizens has been halted.
The younger persons already
are becoming reStive as they
see the wall and decreasing
opportunity in Berlin.
They will seek to make
Berlin die of anemia," said
a German journalist.
The United States will keep
it's troops there, if they have
to go it alone. There is here
grave concern about the poli-
tical future of France. That
country, too, is sick with a
slow bleeding. Gen de
Gaulle's position daily de-
clines.
At a press club luncheon
a French journalist lectured
me.
Those American generals
who are mixing themselves
into politics." he said, "and
who go about making
speeches about how their
country should be run. might
learn from France. We are
the only nation with a politi-
cal army, and may God help
us, since we do not seem
able to help ourselves"
Much depends on our
holding on in Berlin. If we
should abandon it, which we
will not, then Nikita Khru-
shchev's terrorism by bomb
tests will frighten the smaller
NATO nations out of that
alliance. And this, of course,
is one of his objectives. His
chief one is to isolate and
neutralize Germany:
So it is that the world
stands at one of those critical
points in history.
A century from now his
torians will study what de-
cisions now are made. They
may speak of our time as
another hundred years war.
This one began in 1914.
Evening star., 1961-09-19
Shares His Reading

These quotations come
from James Daniels article,
Let's Look at Those Alarm
ing Unemployment Figures"
Readers Digest, September,
1861.
Through the years the
definitions and methods used
by BIS Bureau of Labor
StatisticS) to obtain its fig
ures have steadily been al
tered to magnify the unem-
ployment problem. In 1910,
therefore, Washington started
classifying anybody who
wanted a job as looking for
work, even if he said he had
not looked because he was
sick or guessed that no work
was available. That year
d.e.. 1854 BIS revamped
its field forces-and gave its
enumerators intensive train
ing in shifting out elusive
cases Of marginal and occa-
sional workers who could be
classified as unemployed. In
their first month the new
polling personnel found 81
million Americans out of
work. while the old enumera-
tors found only "a million
a difference of 100000 or %
per cent! BIS kept the more
efficient enumerators, let
the others go. The BIS 'un-
employed label now covers
a number of categories in
which the unemployment re-
suits from personal choice
or at least is not dependent
on economic factors beyond
the individuals control A
review of the last 20 years
OF the Bureau of Labor Sta
tiStics' curious operations
makes it clear that the
claimed rise in unemploy-
ment from recession to re-
cession has, to a large ex-
tent, been engineered. In
1859 Sweden gave the United
States measuring plan a one
month trial. Sweden's unem-
ployment almost trebled.
Last May, when United
States newspapers headlined
s million Americans Out of
Work. DR.. Seymour Wolf
bein, Deputy Assistant Sec
retary of Labor, told the New
York Times, If we applied
the same measuring rod as
Europe, our unemployed
would be 8 Million"
From the article by Hobart
Rowen, "Kennedy's Econo-
mistS." Harper's Magazine,
September, 1861, comes this
footnote: Studies made by
Joint Committee Economist
James Knowles suggest that
official Government figures
understate the unemploy-
ment problem"
Evening star., 1961-09-19
Preparations to Survive

where they are needed as
opposed to being stored and
probably lost in the city
area. If feasible, deep wells
should be drilled for provi-
sion of water when needed.
4. That fallout shelters be
prepared at the evacuation
sites. That we recognize that.
this step may well be not
only an immediate necessity
but symptomatic of a way Of
life for an indefinite future. :
5. That mass transporta-
ton sources be organized to
respond in the event of an
attack; that private drivers
be encouraged to- assist in
Sofar as possible.
6. That news media devel-a
op and publish news columns
which stress various aspects
of civil defense oriented from
the individuals viewpoint
and locality. -
The sooner we recognize
that these and other steps.
like this are necessary to in
sure our survival for what
may we'll be a short time off
or prolonged indefinitely, the
more confidence we will have
for the future as a Nation,
The psychological aspect of
thorough national prepared
ness in itself can be a sig
nificant deterrent. The hope
which may be held by some
who wish to avoid a future
of dangerous international
living by moving to a "neu-
tral" country, remote island,
or merely sail off into the.
sunset will face no future at
all if we lose the struggle
with communism.
Kenneth A. Young
+ y
The current theme on nu-
clear warfare in newspapers
and magazines would lead
one to believe that If you're
fatalistic over survival, you
are pesSimistic. A well-known
weekly magazine says if un-
prepared. As million people
might die. But, so what!
D. Teller says that in three
or four years we (minus
some Of us) could be strong
and functioning again!
Yes, indeed, think what
problems it would solve
unemployment, the popula-
ton explosion, farm surplus
and subsidies. Why, it might
even solve some problems for
Red China while Russia and
the U.S.A. are licking their
wounds.
But the dead would be very
dead. And most of us in the
Washington area, shelters or
not, would be very dead!
Mrs. Maurice Nieuwsma.
Evening star., 1961-09-19
Our 'Appeosers'


For years it has been
known that DR.. Ch eddi
Jagan, newly selected Pre-
miers of British Guiana, and
his Peoples Progressive Party
are Communist.
When the British govern
ment deposed Jagan in 1858
to prevent establishment of a
Red dictatorship, the ensuing
White Paper" brought forth
overwhelming evidence of
Communist affiliation and
domination. The Report of
the British Guiana Constitu-
tional Commission" in 1854
reiterated previous disclos-
ures- added some of its own
and named Cheddi Jagan
and his most prominent lieu
tenants as enthusiastic sup
porters of the policies and
practices of modern Com
munist movements"
Our own State Depart
ment'S Office of Intelligence
and Research in their Janu-
ary. 1861, report, World
Strength of the Communist
Party Organizations #44S9
RIB" declares: The "PPP's
leaders are recognized as the
representatives in British
Guiana of the international
Communist movement"
On July II, Senator Thom-
as j. Dodd, vice chairman of
the Senate Internal Security
Subcommittee, warned that
the PPP's imminent victory
in the August 81 election
would give the, Kremlin its
1lrSt beachhead on the con-
tinent for subversion of all
South America.
The Jaganites were sure to
win because: They cam
paigned with unlimited fl
nancial means of the world
Communist cabal, while op-
position parties were denied
contributions from British
and American firms; Mos
COW, Peiping and Havana in
undated the colony with
propaganda favorable to the
PPP, the Voice of America
and BIC remaining silent;
the World Bank, with neces-
sary U. S. approval, weighted
the outcome in Jagan's favor
by granting him a loan of
l.25 million dollars, thus
lending him tacit United
States support. This is not
Self-determination, it is a
scandal crying out, for ex-
PLANTATION! Where was the
anti Communist Kennedy
administration?
Worse, the administration
has now discussed giving
British Guiana aid under the
Alliance for Progress pro-
gram. Top brass have since
urged the Washington press
corps to "go easy" on Jagan
and play down his conspira-
torial Marxism.
Truly, we are witnessing
the sell-out of freedom
loving citizens of British
Guiana, and the shameful
giveaway of Latin America
to Soviet enslavement. How
much longer will the Ameri-
can people tolerate the ap-
peasement policies of our
National leaders and the men
in the shadows behind them?
Paul Cole Beach, jr.
Evening star., 1961-09-19

Your September IL edito-
rial, IF We Are Not First"
sheds light on the subject Of
pacifistsS of which we have
our share, and their creed,
Unfortunately for all of us,
those the pacifists hope to
impress the most are the least
impressed. The pacifistS'
creed appeals only to other
pacifists and I presume their
frequent demonstrations serve
to satisfy some inner longing
which had it's origin in their
early childhood.
Now is the time to stress
the need for realistic action
geared to the threat of the
times. The sooner it is made
clear that we are faced with
a struggle which we must not
lose and which will have only
one survivor, the quicker we
will be in a position to sue
cessfully defend ourselves.
The quickest way to pre-
pare ourselves for survival
and a way of life that prom
iseS to be with us indefinitely,
is through a realistic, intel
ligent, and strong national
civil defense program which
is Fundamentally supported
by State, county and city gov
ernmentS. To be prepared
for the uphill fight ahead
of us, we must prepare while
there is yet time; time to
protect our most valuable re-
source-the American popu-
lace with the will to fight!
The past record of civil de-
tense is self-evident without
repeating its shortcomings.
The present civil defense ef-
fort attempts to provide a
program but it also becomes
evident that the only serious
civil defense effort is that
undertaken by the private
citizen. The September Is
article in your paper by DR..
Teller stresses a practical ap-
proach to civil defense; how
ever, we must begin now. We
don't need a complete plan
for all eventualities at this
time but we do need some di-
rection with tangible evidence
Of government action.
Initial action should be re-
lated to likely target cities.
The Federal Government
should provide the basic guild
ance and direction which, in
turn, should be augmented
by State, county, and city
governments. Specific and
timely steps that could be
taken or begun Immediately
are as follows:
l. Prepare and publish a
detailed plan, by city, which
designates specific routes of
evacuation which radiate out
ward from the city to null
tiple evacuation sites.
2. That an adequate shell
ter program be undertaken
at our public schools. That
sensible instruction be pro-
vided school officials to avoid
some of the past practices
which unnecessarily expose
the children, such as going
outdoors and crouching down
with their hands over their
heads.
3. That Stockpiles of basic
supplies and tools be assem-
bled at evacuation sites
Evening star., 1961-09-19
Stern Justice in Turkey

The impression that the Turks are
stern people assuredly is not shaken by
the verdictS and sentences handed down
In the mass trial of hundreds of former
government officials. Three already have
died on the gallows and more than 400
others will spend from two years to the
remainder of their lives in prison
1t would be presumptuous, perhaps,
to venture critical judgment on the
fairness of these trials or on the harsh
ness of death sentences being imposed
In what may have seemed baSically an
Evening star., 1961-09-19
BONN

BONN
Our dilemma" said a
German diplomat, has been
that the Russians have
known what they wanted,
while we have known what
we didn't want"
In a sense this is an ac-
curate summation. 1t is one
produced by an old situation,
that of totalitarian organiza-
ton confronting an alliance
of free, representative ma
tions.
1t firmly is believed. for
example, that when the Rus
slams began to seal off East
Berlin, the United States was
prepared to move strongly
with tanks to bar the way.
But there were the French
and the British to be con-
suited. The French had to
call Paris. The British tele-
phoned London. 1t was then
too late for action. The mo-
ment had passed.
The Soviet atomic tests are
a part of the overall pattern
of haraSsment and pressure.
None here believes them to
be a revelation of a Soviet
need to overcome a weakness
in nuclear weapons. 1t is an
attempt to blackmail, or
frighten, the world, more
especially the neutrals and
Germany. Insofar as the
bloc-free countries are con-
cerned, it worked. The con-
ference of neutrals at Bel
grade made only mild protest.
1t was more an expression of
regret, rather than an objec-
sion. Had it been the United
States which began explod-
ing hell bombs, the reaction
undoubtedly would have
been strongly, even violently,
critical.
See Long Division
Germans do not scare
easily. They have lived so
long and so close to danger
and threats that a few more
do not excite them. But there
is deep depression about Ber-
lin. There is recognition that
the wall which now separates
East Berlin from West, SYM
bolizeS a division of Germany
which will last for a long
time, to come. There was pc
litical separation before. But
people passed back and forth
Germans in West Berlin
could visit German friends
or relatives in East Berlin
Some $4,000 workers came
west to work each day. There
was no human division. So
the dream of a united Ger
many lived.
Now there is human di-
vision. Germans stand on
each side of the wall and
weep. Some curse. Insults as
we'll as messages are shouted
across it. But humanity is
divided.
The highest sources are
Evening star., 1961-09-19
A Final Tribute
LETTERS TO THE STAR

Pen names may be used "
letters carry iDrtterS' cUrrect
names and addresses. Al let
terS are subject to condenSa-
tion. Those not used DiH be
returned only tDhen accom-
panied by self addressed, 4,
stamped enUelopeS.
Evening star., 1961-09-19
Answers to Questions
BY THE HASKINS SERVICE

@. What metals are now
used in pewter? Why is some
pewter brighter than others?
ID. D.
A. Modern pewter consists
OF 93% tin, So antimony.
and 10 copper. Lead, bis
muth, and zinc have also
been used. The higher the
percentage Of tin, the
brighter the color.
Evening star., 1961-09-19
Aqency for Peace

testing and explosive tension over the
Soviet-manufactured Berlin crisis, there
may seem to be little realism, or time
illness, in the Kennedy administrations
propoSal--which the Senate, by 73 to
IA vote, now has adopted in somewhat
modified form-to establish a new bit
of bureaucracy to be known as "The
United States Arms Control and Dis
armament Agency for World Peace
and Security" Yet the fact is that
there are strong arguments in favor of
the idea, and these arguments have won
powerful bipartisan support, including
that of such high-ranking Republicans
as former President Eisenhower
The reason for this is not hard to
find. Secretary of State Rusk, along
with numerous other distinguished
witnesses, has effectively set it forth in
testimony before the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee AS he has put it,
the projected agency is needed because
the Supremely dangerous nature of our
time demands that 1--WE pay imaginative
and sober attention to the kind of world
which must yet come into being if the
story of man is to be written in triumph
and not annihilation." Indeed, as he
judges things, the Berlin crisis itself
has pointed up the urgency of the task
in that reSpect-a twofold task in which
we must maintain whatever military
force is required to cope with the Com
muniSt threat, but at the same time
make strong, patient and sincere
efforts to do everything possible to
create conditions under which nations
can safely reduce their ornaments"
To that end, the projected agency,
starting with budget of about Sc mil
lion year, would operate with staff of
some $50 persons largely scholars,
technical experts and Scientists) respon-
Sible jointly to the President and the
Secretary of State, who would be the
agencyS prime director The chief
functions of this new governmental
unit-whose establishment, incidentally,
could have considerably favorable
propagandistic effect around the world
would involve highly specialized studies
on disarmament, the preparation of
policy recommendations and the han
ding of negotiations with other govern
mentS. OF course, if miSmanaged, the
Set-up could become little more than
boondoggle, or worse. On the other
hand, according to Henry Cabot Lodge,
who is one of the Republicans strongly
favoring it, it could be of very great
value to anybody charged with the
eSponSibility-as he has been in the
past-of dealing with the Russians on
this enormously difficult and intricate
issue.
AS to that-in letter released by
Senator Humphrey, who has presided
over the hearings on the Subject-Mr.
Eisenhower has pretty we'll summed up
the matter. HehaS done so in declaring
that "the many included problems in
the general one of disarmament are so
technical and complex that there is
required a special group of statesmen,
scientists, international lawyers and the
like, in order to serve effectively the
Secretary of State, the President and
the country. :. :" That is why the pro-
posed agency makes sense, and why the
House should follow the Senate's example
in voting for it before Congress adjourns.
Evening star., 1961-09-19

Fowler's blessing, but it has
long been included in the vo-
cabularies of the Cockney
and aristocrat. 1t is indis-
criminately used. If I may be
permitted to relapse into my
native Cockney, perhaps Mr..
Wilfong amt got no connex-
ions with these twin pillars
Of English society.
nHVic uanoV,