davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-04-13

wrestling with since 1865.
Some $4,000 people live in
the area affected. Residents
frequently have complained
that their land is under water
much Of the time.
Waldron Adams, president
of the Gum Springs Citizens
Association, said resident S
would provide easem ent S
through their property without
cost to the county if construc-
ton Of the ditch were author
lied.
Other bitches Needed
District Highway Engineer
Fred Burroughs said the mile
long ditch would provide q
nucleus" for a drainage sys-
tenn. The ditch could be dug for
$4,000, he said, but con-
tributory bitches for side drain
age would have to be built, and
without those bitches, the sys-
tenn wouldn't work.
County Public Works Direc.
tor Carl w. Porter said he, too
doubted whether the mair
ditch alone would be sufficient
The contributory bitches woulc
cost an additional $4,000 tc
$4,000. he said.
This is a solution" he tolC
the board, "but I'm not SURF
it's the best solution"
Mr.. Burroughs told thu
supervisors that the ditcl
would be 8 feet deep anC
40 feet wide at some points
That would mean some house
would have to come out, h,
said.
Board Chairman Anne vii
: kins opposed appropriation O
the money because, she said
$4,000 would not be enough
The cost might run as high a
. 100000, she said.
E Suggests Relocation .
Mrs. Wilkins also questione,
the advisability of construct
ing a large ditch through resi-
,, Dental property and suggeste,
that the board look into tn
! possibility of a redevelopmen
project under which houses il
the area could be removed an
the families relocated else
e where.
, But Supervisor John Parrisl
objected that Past boards hav
Y dragged their feet-it's abou
4 time we had a beginning" H
4 moved that the board author
( ize expenditure of the none
providing the families Civ
easements to the county at n
e cost.
S Asked If the ditch was tn
best answer to the problem
= Mr.. Burroughs said he woul
Z. prefer to see the board investi
gate solutions to drainag
= problems to the west of tn
area and possibly tie the sys
Evening star., 1961-04-13

the House as the filing dead
line passed at midnight.
Delegate James M. Thom-
son, SO, a conservative who
Evening star., 1961-04-13

Webb and Mrs. Dorothy Nc
Diarmid.
Evening star., 1961-12-13
Need for u. S.-AngIo Leadership

that If the chips were really
down the British would back
off any more than they did
while they fought Hitler alone.
They do mean, however,
that in his undue anxiety to
avoid any possible Western
raShness, Mr.. Macmillan is
reducing the ability of his
natural partner, the United
States, TO lead effectively tor
The middle way. He is, in fact,
promoting the decision
making power of the very
countries whose possible RASH
ness lie really fears. France
and West Germany.
Anglo American Leadership
will not be truly restored TO
its old effective place-and its
very vital place in the present
Wor!d-until and unless Mr..
Macmillan takes his natural
place At the center alongside
Mr. Kennedy. Then, and only
then. can we be reasonably
certain of working cut o. this
affair with neither appeaSe-
mcnt nor war al the end Of
the road.
Evening star., 1961-12-13
DAVID LAWRENCE
Confusion Over the Sh-In RuIinq

I'VE think that the above
discussion would give ample
support to a conclusion that
Louisiana law requires a find
ing Of outWardly boisterous or
unruly conduct in order to
charge a defendant with
'foreseeably' disturbing or
alarming the public"
But Justice Douglas thinks
otherwise, as he says:
In the environment OF a
segregated community I can
understand how the mere
presence Of a Negro at a white
lunch counter might inflame
some people as much as fisti-
cuffs would in other places"
Yet Justice Douglas would
not reverse the convictions on
that ground but solely be-
cause he feels that restau-
rants operating under munic-
ipal licenses are public places
affected with a public in
terest" and hence are subject
to the same ban against racial
discrimination as any public
facility" He writes:
"One can close the doors
of his home to anyone he
desires. But one who operates
an enterprise under a license
from the government enjoys
a privilege that derives from
the people
Justice Frankfurter. in his
concurring opinion, says that
silent persistence in sitting
after service is refused could
no doubt conceiVably exacer-
bate feelings to the boiling
point" but that the records
are barren of evidence" on
the subject. In other words,
because no fighting or con-
flict actually occurred, it
would be necessary for the
police to wait for this before
making any arrests.
Justice Harlan. in his Sep
arate opinion, says it is un-
disputed that the "sit-in"
program had caused con-
siderable racial tension" and
he ieels that there was suf-
ficient evidence for the ar
rest and conviction as dis
turbers of the peace. But he
thinks the defendants should
be released for other reasons
- namely, that they re-
manned at the lunch counter
with the implied consent"
Of the management. He be-
lieVeS the demonstrations
were sanctioned by the
Freedom of Speech" clause
Of the Constitution.
Can anybody be clear now
as to what the law of the
land" is? The only thing that
is clear is that this is the
law of the case"
Copyright, l96D
Evening star., 1961-12-13
POTOMAC FEVER
By FLETCHER KNEBEL

Navy John Connay quits to run for Governor
OF Texas. If he wins there's telling high 60
In fact he might appointed Secretary of the Air Force
day
Gen Edwin Walker, right-wing hero makes his first pub
lie speech Political experts say the general aptly named
AS far public office goes he'll make better Walker
runner.
Welfare Secretary Rbcoff offers new relief program
including tracking down who their children
One kid he doesn't what he's done
punishment of getting his old man back again.
The stock market booms Wall Street complains that
the Kennedy administration antbusiness fellow can't
even afford to buy stock in his own company.
Party line: In West Berlin, they're dancing. In East
Berlin they're wall flowers.
Predictions for 1862: Repubican-Harod Stassen will
for township trustee in Pennsylvania
Gunther will do biography of Chester Bowles entitled IN
side Outside"
Evening star., 1961-12-13
DAVID LAWRENCE
No Certainty Found as to Meaning
70 Other Gases of Court Decision

1t has been repeatedly
stated by some eminent jur-
lists that the Supreme Court
OF the United States decides
not the law Of the land"
but the law Of the case
and the Courts latest deci-
sion in the matter Of "sit-in"
demonstrations in Louisiana
realistically confirms the dis
tlnction.
For nobody who reads the
decision can be certain what
the courts opinion means
with respect to other "Sit-in"
demonstrations. The high
court was unanimous" only
in reversing the convictions
Of the 16 alleged offenders in
this particular case. There
are countless more cases aris-
ing out of "Sit-ins" on the
way up to the high court.
Chief Justice Warren this
week delivered the opinion of
himself and five justices,
while Justices Douglas,
FrankfurtCr and Harlan, al
though concurring in the
result, did so for reasons
almost diametrically opposite
from the others. Many queS-
tionS were left undecided by
all the opinions.
But everything the justices
say is important and could
have a bearing on the deci-
sion of future cases. Thus,
Justice Douglas declares that
it is a violation of the Con-
stitution to serve Negroes or
whites separately in a res
taurant of any kind or to
keep them out of a retail
store by any process of dis
crimlnation. and that the
Federal Government can step
in and have such acts de-
clared unconstitutional. He
implies that even a private
club could be prosecuted or
at least would forfeit its
license" or permit" If 1t
has one from city. PreSum-
ably, it could be compelled to
admit members 1t didn't want
on color grounds or lose its
taX-eXemption privilege.
The most confusing of the
four opinions delivered, how
ever, is that of the majority
as announced by the Chief
Justice. The claim is made
that what the "Sit-in" dem
ostrators did was not a
breach of the peace in a
legal sense under Louisiana
law. Justice Warren says:
The manager at Kress'
store, who was also seated at
Evening star., 1961-12-13

now a presidential aide,
preached consistently on his
wide travels and at regional
foreign service seminars that
his boss was a tough-mlndcd
fellow who could take bad
news as we'll as good.
But the Mccarthy blight
and the don't upset the
applicant mood has been
slow to yield. The President
gets impatient and that COM
municates itself all too readily
to his immediate advisers.
Some foreign service person.
mel feel they are being hur-
ried into snap judgments
after a period Of being dis
couraged from making any
judgments, good or bad.
Evening star., 1961-12-13

President de Gaulle of
France really opposes all ne
got!ationS at this stage.
Chancellor Adenauer Of West
Germany is in a swing posi-
ton. He largely echoes Gen.
de Gaulle's skepticiSm that
the Russians are really ready
to do any decent business;
but he also recognizes the
dangers of a sterile refusal
even to try to negotiate.
In the ordinary course of
American British affairs,
Prime Minister Macmillan
would be automatically on
Mr.. Kennedy's side. And so
this view would unqueStion-
ably prevail. But Mr.. Mac
milan is under extremist
liberal and pacifist pressure
from home. And he also heads
a nation which did a vast
Geal Of dying in the last war
with little postwar thanks.
SO he has not really been on
Mr.. Kenncdy'S side. Instead,
he has been in the forefront
of those in the West who wish
to speak forever Of "negotia-
ton but almost never of
plain, naked Western military
power.
These differences do not
mean Mr.. Macmillan favorS
"appeasement." " They are diff
ferenceS, not Of principle. but
of timing. They do not mean
Evening star., 1961-12-13

the lunch counter, told the
waitress to advise the stu
dents that they could be
served at the counter across
the aisle, which she did. The
petitioners ID e fen d a n t 81
made no response and re-
manned quietly in their seats.
After the manager had
finished his lunch, he tsle-
phoned the police and told
them that '(some Negroes)
were sitting at the counter
reserved for whites The
police arrived at the store
and ordered the students to
leave. The arresting officer
testified that the petition
ers did and said nothing eX-
cept that one of them stated
that she would like a glass
of iced tea, but that he be-
lieved they were disturbing
the peace by sitting there.
When none of the petition
ers showed signs of leaving
their seats, they were placed
under arrest and taken to
the police station"
The Supreme Court major
ity opinion holds that the
question before the court
was not whether the owner
of a private establishment
has the right to serve only
those whom he chooses. m
stead, the court says that the
Louisiana statute - under
which the Is were convicted
- defines disturbing the
peace" as engaging in a
fistic encounter" or using
insulting language, or ap-
pearing in an intoxicated
condition. or holding an UNI
lawful assembly, or commits
sion of any other act in
such a manner as to unrea-
sonably disturb or alarm the
public"
1t was this last point which
is discussed at length, and
the Louisiana law is quoted
as requiring that the accused
shall have conducted himself
in a manner that would
"foreseeably disturb or alarm
the public" The majority
opinion enters into a philo-
Sophical discussion as to what
constitutes fear" of a dis
turbance and just when it
arises in the mind of a citizen
or a police officer, and when
the latter "foresees" trouble.
Must the police wait till there
is physical combat involving
"Sit-in' demonstrators before
making an arrest? The hign
court S opinion says.
Evening star., 1961-12-13
Three Foirfux Choirs
To Present Concerts

The combined chOirs OF
three Fairfax County Lutheran
Churches will sing concerts of
c hriStm a S music in their
churches on three separate days
this week and next.
The group will sing at 8
O'Clock tonight in Hope Lu-
theran Church, 46O4 Ravens
worth road, Annandale; at the
same hour Sunday in Christ
Lutheran Church, 200 Meredith
drive. Fairfax. and again at 8
pm. December 20 in Emmanuel
Lutheran Church, Maple ave-
nue., Vienna.
Evening star., 1961-12-13
WILLIAM S. WHITE
MoemiIIon's Pulling on u. S. to Avert
'Rushness' Viewed as Sef-Defeotinq

The unlimited question
If not, indeed, the skeleton
at the feast-at. President
Kennedy's Christmas Week
meeting in Bermuda with
British Prime Minister Mac
milan will be listed on no
calendar of business there.
1t is a matter of immense
delicaCy. true. But it is also
a matter of mortal signifi-
canoe, and it is time to put
it right out on the table.
The question is this: When
and how can the United
States and Britain resume
the true, full Joint leadership
of a Western Alliance which
together they created and
which together they once
mastered, for the good Of all?
The old. strong Anglo
American partnership no
longer exists in full fact,
however much one may wish
otherwise.
The will and spirit are still
there. But on one side, the
British side, the power and
the determination are simply
not present anymore in all
their old scope and purpose.
One consequence is that
the American m e m Der OF
what used to be the varsity
team, President Kennedy,
bears an undue share Of the
burden of the whole. An
other consequence is that the
Anglo American headshlp in
the alliance has become so
diluted that those who used
to be lesser members. France
and West Germany, are able
now to take positions ap-
preaching those Of actual
dominance.
This is a bad and danger
Gus thing, quite apart from
what it does to Anglo-Amer-
lean pride. For France and
West Germany in point of
operative power are still
Junior partners. And they
are led by old men. They are
honorable men, yes. They are
tough men. They are intel
ligent and devoted men. But
they are also men who can
not possibly much longer
hold their high places in the
Western world.
They must not be allowed
to control decisions for all
the West involving a long
future which, in the very ma
ture of life, they cannot too
long share o., for that mat
ter, very long help implement.
The Berlin crisis is a SOM
Der case in point. Mr.. Ken
nedy. the most responsible
statesman in the West as the
representative of incompar-
ably the greatest national
power, is trying to take a
middle course. He wants to
avoid yielding anything of
principle to the Russians. but
he also wants to be fairly
flexible in honorable nego-
tiationS.
Evening star., 1961-12-13
DORIS FLEESON
Presidents Starting of Alliance Projects
Believed Revealing on Urge for Action

President Kennedy wants
to go to South America to
kick off some pilot projects
of his tagging Alliance for
Progress. This being so. he
is going and a tense week
end is in prospect here.
The President will leave
Friday and spend day each
in Colombia and Venezuela.
The various security forces
and the State Department
have made careful plans for
both, though Colombia is
thought to offer no real prob
lens. All they can now do
is hope that the President will
not be impulsive or defiant
if menaclng crowds gather
in Caracas as they did for
Richard Nixon.
The President is described
as feeling that he must in
every way open to him GAL
vanlze his foreign policy and
its programs. He made his
major shift of personnel be-
cause he deplored the pace
at State and now he must
wait awhile to see if he has
managed to improve it.
The truth seems to be that
in his own Wry way, he. too,
is feeling some of the frus-
trations which afflict his fell
low citizens these winter
months. The answer of the
simplified cause and solution
is not open to him; he has
to leave that to the John
Birchers and their rivals for
the right-Wing dollars. But
he. too, feels the need for
action.
Washington tends to be-
come excited about outside
noises in the holiday dol
drums before Congress re-
turns to work and sets up
the frame of reference for
counter-at attractions. Atten-
ton was paid here, for ex-
ample, to crowds drawn by
Maj. Gen. Edwin Walker, who
resigned after being disci-
plined by the Army for
political activity, and his
principal defender, Senator
Thurmond of South Carolina.
White House Press Secre-
tary Salinger has retaliated
with a declaration that
Mr.. Kennedy's anti-Bircher
speech drew great deal of
favorable mail. Most presi-
dental speeches do.
The State Department has
advertised its own tensions
with an impassioned defense
OF the German NATO gen.
eral, Adolf Heusinger, who
has been sharply attacked by
Moscow. But the meeting of
the NATO ministers is in
progress in Paris, so there is
no lack of NATO spokesmen,
including the Americans, to
answer the Russians.
Presumably State is trou-
hled by the attention being
paid to the growing number
OF former Nazis in the Ade-
nauer government. A boob
has been Iblished and has
been widely reviewed; the
failing fortunes of the Ger
man Chancellor naturally
make the topic important
and sensitive.
The solution i not to
Evening star., 1961-12-13

Tense Week End for Kennedy Trip

answers first. it will find it.
self trying to explain mat
ters to committee of Con-
gress in a hurry.
A main goal of the new
administration was to .nvig-
crate the foreign service.
particularly on the lower
levels, from which the facts
really come. Chester Bowles,
Evening star., 1961-12-13

quiver when the subject is
mentioned but to be sure this
Government has the facts on
which to base a truly con-
sidered judgment. Unless
State is prepared with the
, 1961-01-24
JAB:iy
INTRODUCTION & ASSIGNMENT OF BILLS

Bill No. 1890 Resolution to Cite Sister Cecilia Ga
brlel, Sister OF Charity, for Outstanding Services in the
Spiritual and Educational Development Of the Youth Of
the Virgin Islands. Proposed by the Committee Of the
Whole.
Bill No. 1882 : Act to Further Designate and Define
the Polling Districts of the Crown Princes Quarter Of the
Town OF Charlotte Amaie. Proposed by the Committee of
Whole.
Bill No. 1888 Act to Amend the 1859 Internal Rev
enue Act Of the Virgin Islands" to Define "Foodstuffs'
used Therein and to Exempt Foodstuffs from the Imposi-
ten OF Gross Receipts Taxes. Proposed by Senators Ro-
nald de Lugo, Lucinda A. MiHin, Aubrey A. Anduze, Theo-
valid +. Moorehead and Frits Lawaetz.
BilNo. 1884 Resolution to Accept the Report of the
Special Assistant to the Committee on the Judiciary Re
5arding a Review of the Virgin Islands Code. Proposed by
Inc Committee of the Whole.
Bill No. 1885 Resolution to Name the Grove Place
Ea1l Park, Saint Croix, Virgin Islands in Honor Of the Late
Councilman Isaac Boynes. Proposed by Senator's Wal
ter ]. N. Hodge, Candida R. Guadeloupe, Earle B. .Ottley,
John =. Maduro, Percival II. Reese and Joseph "A. Gomez.
Bill No. 1886 Act to Authorize the Settlement Of
Proved Claims for Losses Incident to Enactment of Act to
Establish Standards for the Production of Rum in the Vir-
lin Islands. Proposed by the Governor.
BILLS RECALLED III
The House recalled from the Governors desk, for i'm
mediate reconsideration, Bills Nos, 1852 and 1854.
, 1961-01-24
ST. THOMAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
May "a, 1860
Hon. Walter /. NJ. Hodge, President
Virgin Islands Legislature
ST.. Thomas, Virgin Islands
Ny dear Mr.. President:

he st. Thomas Chamber Of Commerce wishes to be on
record with the Virgin Islands Legislature in the matter
Of Bill 1120 to cover open drains and cutters on General
Iade, Hospital Gade and Commandant Gade.
We are in full agreement with this bill in principle, but in
view Of recent experience during the heavy floods, we do
not believe that covering open drains Unfortunately
will solve the drainage problem.
AS you know, we have urged the Governor to call on
either the US. Army Corps Of Engineers or the Reclana-
ton Bureau Of the Interior Department to make a com
Dlete drainage study of the Island Of st. Thomas. Until
this study is made, we believe that it would be unWise to
appropriate any further funds for covering the open
drains and we ask that you delay action on this bill until
these studies are made.
, 1961-01-24

Dlete drainage study Of the Island Of ST. Thomas. Until
this study is made, we believe that it would be unWise to
appropriate any further funds for covering the open
drains and we ask that you delay action on this bill until
these studies are made.
Sincerely yours,
ST. THOMAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
(Sgd) James A. Bough
JAMES A. U
Acting President
JABiy
ST. THOMAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
May "A, 1860
Hon. Walter /. M. Hodge, President
1irgin Islands Legislature
St. Thomas, Virgin Islands
My dear Mr.. President:
The st. Thomas Chamber of Commerce wishes to 90 on
record as being opposed to Bills 1895 and 1121 which
would confer certain exemptions or the assessed valuation
IF real property.
Bill 1895 provides a $4,000 exemption on the assessed
valuation Of homestead property. Bill 1121 gives a blanket
exemption OF $4,000 OF real estate assessment on homes.
The period for which the tax exemption would be enjoyed
is Of such length as to make it virtually perpetual
It is estimated that the 1861 budget will show a total of
$350,000 in revenues from real property taxes. Official
Washington and the Governor wish to see an increase in
revenues from this source. This can and should be
achieved. In all likelihood, home construction will show a
tremendous increase in the next few years, especially I'M
der the Homestead Program. Under this program, the
Government is offering homesteaders land at its original
cost plus certain administrative costs. This is land that
would not otherwise be available had not the Government
cen fit to set up this low cost land program.
In most cases, it could be expected that very low cost
houses will be constructed on this land, probably with an
assessment not too much higher than the proposed $4,000
exemption. # placed into effect, this bill would simply give
most homesteaders complete tax exemption on their land
, 1961-01-24

while persons building on private land would pay the go
ing rate according to their assessment. This is discrimi-
nation pure and simple, without any economic ~justifca-
ton.
The elimination of the $4,000. assessment as proposed in
III ll21 can be considered in the same light. For every
erson owning a small lot and home there would be no
taxation no matter what the persons income. The man
who enjoys a better home and who has worked longer and
harder to provide that better home for his family must
pay property taxes while his neighbor pays nothing. This
bill also provides for unnecessary discrimination.
The basic philosophy behind a tax exemption program is
to attract risk capital for industrialization of the economy.
Since there is no reason to believe that this exemption
from property taxes would induce the banks to change
the basis OF their home construction loans, it amounts to
an outright gift OF Government revenue to certain select
ed taxpayers without any corresponding benefits to the
rest Of the community.
For the reasons outlined above, the ST. Thomas Chamber
Of Commerce urges that no favorable action be taken on
either Bill 1895 or Bill 1121.
Sincerely yours,
ST. THOMAS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
(Sgd James A. Bough
JAMES A. BOUGH
Acting President
JABiy
, 1961-01-24
JAMES A. BOUGH
Acting President

Hon. Walter /. NJ. Hodge, President
Iirgin Islands Legislature
st. Thomas, Virgin Islands
My dear Mr.. President:
Milford chronicle., 1961-12-15

building at Fort DUPONT, Fort
Salisbury and Fort Miles for
the constructing quartermaS-
ter, is leaving government ser
vice for private enterprise.
Mr.. Bader will be associated
with his father, j. A. Bader,
Wilmington builder, in the de-
velopment of Clearview Manor,
a 9-acre housing development
of 500 low-cost homes, locat-
ed 11a miles south of Will
mington. Mr.. Bader, who re-
sides on Fisher Avenue, will
continue to maintain his resi-
dence in Milford.
Word has been received by
relatives and friends that Cap
tain Charles r. Jones, son
of Mrs. Pearl Jones, South
Bedford Street, Georgetown,
was on November "a, promoted
to the rank of major in the
U. S. Marine Corps. Military
honor has also been conferred
on another Georgetown boy,
Howard Taylor Morris, son of
Mr.. and Mrs. Edward Call
Morris, South Front Street. He
received the Certificate of
Commentator" from his COM
manding officer for Especially
meritorius and outstanding
service during First Army
maneuvers, 1941, in the list
Field Artillery Brigade at
Norman, North Carolina.