davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Arizona sun., 1961-11-16
Supreme Court
To Assure
Alabama Trial

Robert L. Carter, our general
counsel. who has three times car
ried this case to the Supreme
Court despite the apprehensions
of some who thought it fruitless
undertaking"
The case originated on June l,
1856, when the attorney general
of Alabama without prior notice
to the NAACP and without a hear
ling, secured d temporary restrain
ing order banning all NAACP ac-
tiVities in the state
! The Association filed a motion
Ito dissolve the temporary injunc-
ton, whereupon the state filed a
motion to require the Association
to submit certain documents, in
Guiding the names and addresses
of all its members in Alabama.
Fearing that disclosure Of the
required information would lead
to reprisalS. harassment and at
tempts to intimidate NAACP mem
bers by threats and economic pres
Sures, the Association refused to
reveal its members names.
On being ordered to do so by
the court, it refused to comply
and was found in contempt and
fined 100000. The effect Of this
action was to bar the NAACP from
hearing on the merits of the case
until the contempt action had been
settled.
Eventually, in 1857, the Supreme
Court heard the case. In its de-
cision handed down on June 80,
1958, the Court, for the first time,
ruled that the Fourteenth Amend
ment guaranteed the right of in
dividuals to band together to furth-
er lawful objectives without being
required to have their identity
made public. This, the Court af-
firmed, is constitutionally pro-
tected right to freedom of ass0-
citation.
On this basis, the Court held
that Alabama had no authority to
require the NAACP to disclose the
names of its members, since
identification would lead to pres
sures and reprisalS designed to
make them forego their conStitu-
tional right to ban together with
others under the banner Of the
NAACP.
The Court struck down the con-
tempt conviction and the fine of
$1,000 but refused to decide the
merits of the ban on NAACP ac-
tivitieS, holding that this was a
responsibility of the state.
This decision, uphoIding free
dom of association. Mr.. Carter
said, ''was combination civil
rights and civil liberties victory
because the State of Alabama was
attempting to destroy the Associ-
alton by exposing the names of its
members to various kinds of re-
prisalS. In winning the legal vic
tory to protect its membership
lists from public disclosure, the
NAACP established a significant
civil liberties landmark-the right
of individuals to function as MEM
bers of the NAACP in the South
without having their identities
made public. At the same time, it
blunted one of the weapons the
segregationists were using to un-
dermine the Association.
Despite efforts of the NAACP to
Continued on Page SKI
Arizona sun., 1961-11-16
PAID

This mOmentOus crisis in the life OF or
ganized mankind may be likened to the cuE
minating stage in the political evolution OF the
great American Republic - the stage which
marked the emergence of a unified community
of federated states.
Arizona sun., 1961-11-16
THE NEGRO PRESS CREDO

= The Negro Press believes that America
can best lead the world away from racial and
national antagOnisms when it accOrds to every
man, regardless of race, color or creed, his
human and legal rights. Hating no man, fearing
no man, the Negro Press strives to help every
man in the firm belief that all are hurt long
as anyone is held back.
The people's voice., 1961-01-06

nouve, Blaine, and Conklin and Spahr
of Cascade.
Patterned very closely after the
1859 ''better business climate me-
mortal sponsored by Senate Republi-
cans, HMJ places its emphasis on
resource development rather than be-
ing alarmed over excessive taxes"
as was the contention of its 1859
predecessor.
Reviewing how Montana is losing
it's 20-to-64 age work force to other
states because of the lack of employ
ment opportunity in Montana, and
the resultant need for a favorable
business climate' to attract needed
industrial payrolls, create new jobs,
and provide added taxable wealth
for education and other community
facilities, the Bradford resolution
uses Hungry Horse as an example of
improving the economic climate, stat
ing:
.The development of public pow
er such as Hungry Horse Dam has
made it possible for the Victor
Chemical Company to build plant
at Butte, the Anaconda Company
to develop an aluminium plant at
Columbia Falls, and now the pros
pect of steel mill at Anaconda"
BY promoting the public develop
ment of such major power and stor-
age sites as Paradise and Libby, it
can be expected, as with Hungry
Horse, that more new basic industries
will seek out locations in Montana
just as they have been doing in Wash
ington and Oregon over the past 25
years.
The import of the resolution is that
Montana can achieve a ''better busi-
ness climate by comprehensive de-
velopment of our greatest single re-
source-our water, thereby broaden
ing the base of the states economy
which is the fervent wish of every
Montanan from the Governor on
down.
1t is to be anticipated you will
be hearing considerably more about
Hum / before the Legislative As
sembly adjourns the second day
of March.-HLB
The people's voice., 1961-01-06
The Great Difference
Between AirpIanes
And Schools

The Eisenhower Administration
has decided that Uncle Sam should
spend between $40O million and 5000
million to pay for developing a pas
senger plane that will fly faster than
sound. 1t says that will be necessary
so the U. S. can beat Russia into the
skies with supersonic plane-and
because commercial airlines, which
will fly the ship, and plane manu-
facturers do not have the money
needed.
But the Administration has vig-
orously opposed spending money
for effective aid to education so
the u. S. can beat Russia in the
race for better educated scientists
and engineers in the race for super
iority, That, you see, would be
Socialism. But financing devel-
opment of plane is not. Is that
because the outlay would help the
commercial aviation industry p
COPE.
The people's voice., 1961-01-06
YOUR Vote Counts
How Close Can You Get?

President-elect John Kennedy's
margin of victory averaged less than
one vote for each precinct across the
nation. Thus switch of single vote
in half the precincts would have cost
him the plurality of the popular vote.
A shift of some 1900 votes in
four states would have put Nixon
in the White House. He would have
carried Illinois (27 electoral votes)
Missouri (13), New Mexico az and
Nevada (3) if one person in each
precinct who voted for Kennedy had
voted for Nixon instead. These four
states would have given Nixon 270
electoral votes-one more than he
needed to win. AS it was, he ended
up with 219.-COPE MEMO.
The people's voice., 1961-01-06
WOULD CUT EDUCATION,
TRAINING STAFF AT PRISON

A staff of one hundred forty-three
formerly operated the state prison.
This has been increased on one hun
dred eighty-four. The budget pro-
vides for a staff of one hundred
sixty-nine. The administration costs
at the institution were top heavy as
compared to other prison operations
and were reduced. The budget pro-
vides for reduction in costs of edu-
cation and training, principally
through reduction in staff. State
subsidization of the ranch operation
was reduced and funds for equip
ment purchases were eliminated. The
allotment for food, care and custody
was increased. Under the budget pro-
gram the cost per inmate is COM
parable with costs in neighborlng
states. | believe favorable considera-
tion of habitual criminal legislation
could reduce crime in Montana and
thereby result in reduction of our
prison population.
The Budget for the Children's Cen
ter at Twin Bridges reduces funds
Tor purchase VI tQuipllCAc. iiiS eAiA0o-
ment for food, care, custody and
education was increased. The number
of personnel on the staff was re-
duced and salary increases provided
for those retained
You and the people of Montana
should know that, while we have
thought of this institution as an
orphanage. at the present time only
three of the children at the center
are orphans. The remainder are chill
dren of broken homes, children of
parents who, while short of child
abandonment, as defined by law, re-
fuse to provide adequately for their
children in the home; and IN a few
cases. children of parents, one OF
whom is deceased. | believe these
parents should be compelled, if their
economic situation permits, to con-
tribute a sum equivalent to the full
cost of caring for and educating their
children either at Twin Bridges or
in a foster home. There is something
wrong with system which permits,
in so many cases, irresponsible par
ents absolving themselves of all par
entail obligations by the simple ex-
The people's voice., 1961-01-06
ASKS HAIL BOARD
BE ABOLISHED

The legislative council has recon-
mended abolition of the hail board
and transfer of its duties and func-
tions to the Department of Agricul-
ture. would go one step further
and recommend that you abolish the
hail board; take the state out of the
hail insurance business and transfer
Continued On Page Six)
The people's voice., 1961-01-06
No Down Payment Sales
Raise Bankrutcy Rate

LOS ANGELES-(C (CNS) Bank
ruptcies hit an all-time high here in
August, when 1859 persons filed.
This brought the years total to
10,698, compared with 1856 bank
ruptcies through August, 1869.
The federal bankruptcy referee
said 1870 of these cases involved
wage earners "who couldn't resist
fast sales pitch as long as no down
payment was required"
The people's voice., 1961-01-06
Recount

BALTIMORE, Md. - (PAD -
Counts and re-counts seem to be
quite a game these days.
For years Baltimore has prided
itself with being the sixth largest
city in the u. S. However, the 1860
census showed that Houston moved
into the number spot. Baltimore
was undaunted. Recounts, correc-
tions, additions of latecomers fin
ally put Baltimore sos ahead of
Houston.
The people's voice., 1961-01-06
EXPECTS EVEN FURTHER
STAFF REDUCTIONS

The budget director after as COM
plete research as time permitted has
recommended personnel reductions in
most of the custodial institutions. I'm
doubtedly, institution administrators,
in the interests of effective and eco
nomical operation can and will make
further reductions in staff personnel
In such cases, consistent with the
administrative program of cutting
out unnecessary expense and paying
better salaries to those dedicated,
productive career people, each ad-
ministrator should be authorized to
apply a portion of the money thus
saved to salary increases of those
employees retained, including his
own.
| personally feel that most of our
institution administrators are under
paid and, if through efficient opera
tion they can save the state money,
then a salary increase should be
forthcoming before the next legis-
lature convenes. | believe all such
salary increases for staff personnel
and administrators should be in an
amount approved by the Governor
and always within the aggregate sal
ary budget for the institution.
ALLEGATION of funds for buildings
in the budget has been limited to
completion of buildings already
started but as in other departments
the budget is consistent with the ad-
ministration's policy of moratorium
on new building construction until
such time as needs can be evaluated
by planning committee and priori-
ties established.
The people's voice., 1961-01-06
schools in the future will be better
financed.
SUGGESTS NEED FOR DISTRICT
REORGANIZATION

| recommend that the legislative
assembly take a good look at school
district reorganization in Montana.
School districts are the basis of local
taxation for our schools, and they
are the basis of local control of our
schools. If we continue to have in
efficient local school districts, we
will continue to have Inefficient
school systems.
I understand legislation will be
proposed which could eventually cut
the number of our school districts
from around LOO down to around
200. This is plan to make larger
and more efficient school districts,
but has nothing to do with the loca-
ton of schools in the districts. The
location of schools is matter left
to local trustees.
The plan calls for duly elected
county committees to reorganize dis
tricts in each county according to
rules and regulations stated in the
law. This is voluntary reorganiza-
ton proposal, subject to vote of
the people in each county.
Over twenty states have already
reorganized their school districts, and
several others are currently in the
process of doing so. Reasons for re-
organization of districts are to Sc
cure better qualified teachers, to
provide improved educational pro-
grams, to provide adequate facilities.
a broader tax base, more efficient use
of teachers, broader curriculums, bet
ter in-service training for teachers
and more efficient and economical
operation.
The people's voice., 1961-01-06
CONTINUED From Page Two)

The tuberculosis Sanitarium at
Galen shows a glaring example of
overstaffing. At the time of prepara-
tion of this message there were two
hundred patients in the hospital. At
the same time there were two hun
dred and fifty employees on the
payroll. 1t is estimated that during
the next two years the number of
patients will remain approximately
the same so the budget provides for
a reduction in personnel from two
hundred and fifty to one hundred
fifty-nine. The salaries of those re-
tanned are, as in other institutions,
increased. The allotment for purchase
of equipment is reduced. A reduc-
tion in the number of positions as
signed to care and custody from two
hundred seventeen to one hundred
twenty-five will show up as a reduc-
tion in care and custody but actually,
with the reduced staff, care and Gus
tody is increased.
The Budget for the State Hospital
at Warm Springs has been increased
but again elimination of thirty posi-
tions will reflect a decrease in funds
allotted. Five part-time positions and
one full-time position have been elimi-
mated in administration. Salaries of
those employees retained are in
creased. A reduction in funds for
household supplies was provided as
requested and the allotment for pur-
chase of equipment was reduced.
The food allotment was increased,
so again larger budget is provided
for food, care and custody of the
patients.
The State Hospital receives con-
tributions from relatives of patients.
In the past this income has been sup
Elemental to the legislative appropri-
alton. To strengthen the control of
the legislature over the fiscal poll
cies of this institution | recommend
that such contributions revert to the
general fund for inclusion in the
legislative appropriation back to the
institution.
The Budget for the Girls Voca-
tional School for administration was
left the same but provision was made
for one additional teacher and en-
ployee salaries were raised. The
amount of funds for care, custody
and education was increased. Allot-
ments for certain needed repairs and
for the purchase of equipment were
increased.
The people's voice., 1961-01-06
Demos Steal March on COP :.
Demos Steal March COP
Better Economic Climate
Joint Memorial In Hopper

Development of public power re-
sources is the key to building better
economic base in Montana, according
to House Joint Memorial introduced
by Bradford (D-Cascade) and five
other Democrats.
The other sponsors are Aasheim,
Sheridan; Sheldon, Lincoln; Barda-
The people's voice., 1961-01-06
WOULD CHOP MISC
FACULTY A THIRD

The budget has provided salary
increases as requested by the unit
presidents. Such ALLEGATION of funds
has been on the more realistic stu
dent-faculty ratios of 15 students to
faculty member at the School of
Mines. Ito 1 at the two large units
and a ratio of 20 to 1 at the other
three schools. Buildings under con-
struction can be completed but fu-
ture building programs on each cam
pus will be placed on priority based
on real need and not desire.
The Board of Education has ini-
tiated a study of needs of the six
units to the end that duplication of
courses can be eliminated or held
to minimum and proliferation with
in departments of each unit, stopped.
The board has employed an execu-
tive director who will direct his at
tention. to this area and board mem
bers are to be complimented for this
action.
The taxpayers of Montana have
been saddled with the cost of six
unit university system and most peo-
Pile are of the opinion something
should be done to correct the situa-
ton. A committee on high education
could examine our higher education
needs and come forward with recon-
which would enable us
to intelligently evaluate our system
and modify it to fit our financial
l recommend provision
for such committee.
When money is available equip
ment for all departments and insti-
tutions should be purchased on a
need and priority basis.
The people's voice., 1961-01-06
UNIVERSITY UNITS WOULD
GET SHARP CUTS

You will note a sharp cut in the
budgets of the six units of the uni
versity system. The maximum student
load at the six units has increased
approximately $40 in the years
1851 through 1859. The per student
appropriation in 1851 was $4,000;
in 1859 it was $1,783.00. While en-
rollments were increasing by 81%o,
The people's voice., 1961-01-06
Governor NUtfer,s MESSAGE

pediency of letting the state take
care of their children.
| recommend that you consider
modification of the laws defining
abandonment to the end that if par
ents don't want their children, the
youngsters can be placed for adop-
ton in a home where they will re-
ceive the love and affection which
is never Forthcoming in a state insti-
tuition. If corrective action is taken
it might conceivably be possible to
someday discontinue the operation
at Twin Bridges.
Legislation designed to strengthen
our marriage and divorce laws could
have a direct effect upon the num-
Der of children thrust upon the gen.
eral public from broken homes and
respectfully urge careful and fa-
vorable consideration of such bills.
The Budget for the State Train
ing School at Boulder as submitted
by my predecessor provided for a
reduction in administration, by re-
ducing the number of personnel, in
care and custody, in repairs and
maintenance and in education. You
will note that by supplemental amend
ment | have recommended an in
crease in funds for care and custody
and for education.
The financial program as outlined
in the budget leaves at the end of
the biennium surplus of approxi-
mately two hundred twenty-nine
thousand dollars. Weighing the risk
of drop in state income against
the needs of the Boulder institu-
ton | believe the latter must prevail
and this ALLEGATION has been made
to the training school on a basis of
priority.
During this discussion | have
pointed out salary increases for en-
ployees but / would call your atten-
ton to the fact that no salary in
creases have been given to the ad-
heads of these custodial
Information in this message per-
tanning to overstaffing, which could
normally be assumed was attribut-
able to poor administration, in some
cases was not the fault of the ad-
Much of the blame for
the overstaffing of these institutions
rests with those people who have
exerted pressures which the particu-
lar administrator, because of his po-
sition, could not resist. / believe that
the administrative head of de-
partment or institution should deter
mine personnel needs, within the
limits of his budget for salaries.
The people's voice., 1961-01-06

appropriations to the six units were
317@o higher in 1859 than in 1851.
In the first term of the 1959-1960
college year the student-faculty ratio
at the University of Arizona was 14.8
students to one faculty member. At
Colorado State University the ratio
was 1914 to 1. New Mexico State
University 21.7 to 1; North Dakota
State College 1877 to 1; and Utah
State University TIA to 1. The stu
dent faculty ratio at Montana State
College for the same 1959-196O fall
term was 1878 students to 1 faculty
member. These are all land grant
colleges and universities. | am sorry
figures for the 1960-1961 fall term
were not available to me but appar-
emily those for the 1959-196O first
term were the most current in the
National Office of Education of the
Department of Health, Education and
Welfare, the source of those quoted.
| would call your attention to the
fact that these ratios are based on
first term enrollments. Enrollments
generally decrease in the second and
third terms of the college year and
such drop would, of course, show an
even lower student-faculty ratio
The people's voice., 1961-01-06
TWO COURSES TO MEET
DEFICIT

The budget submitted by the Gov
ernor will enable the state to live
within it's income without an increase
in tax. However, in dealing with our
deficit we have two alternative
courses of action.
One, to provide for an additional
and new tax;
Two. enact legislation necessary,
wherever possible, to transfer GER
tain departmental reserve funds to
the general fund to be used in retire
ment of the debt. | favor the latter
course.
l would call your attention to the
fact that the State of Montana is in
the hail insurance business. At one
time this program was justifiable, but
today the justification of tax-free
state business which furnishes insur-
ance at cost to a relatively small
number of subscribers is question
able. Private insurance companies
provide hail coverage and if this is
not satisfactory in certain areas the
federal crop insurance program Of
fers some hail loss protection.
The people's voice., 1961-01-06
WANTS MEMORIAL ON
FEDERAL INCOME TAX

Considering future financing of
education in Montana | strongly urge
this legislative body to memorialize
Congress and the administration to
enact and approve enabling legisla-
tion. which will authorize and direct
the district director of internal reve-
nue. in each state to retain per-
centage of the federal income tax
collected in the respective states to
be delivered to tax collecting de-
partments and thence to education.
| will not devote any part of this
message to other department budgets
other than to say the general ap-
proach has been the same in all cases.
The people's voice., 1961-01-06
$3.4 MILLION INCREASE
FOR PUBLIC SCHOOLS

The budget provides for an in
crease of $3,422,179. 90 in common
school aid. For the first time in many
years the state will contribute 100fo
of its share to the foundation pro-
gram. This will be true only if
existing schedules are maintained.
If there is an increase in foundation
schedules then again the states share
under the budget proposal will fall
short of full contribution. If ad-
justments are necessary in the pro-
gram to provide more equitable dis
tribution among schools, then
strongly urge that such adjustment
be made within the limits of allotted
funds. AS in other departments this
may mean a two-year period of re-
trenchment and re-examination of
school expenditures but if we keep
within financial bounds this bien-
mum | have every confidence that
future increases in state aid for the
foundation program can be made on
1000 basis to the end that our
Evening star., 1961-02-05

This lack Of progress would
probably bestir Leven Powell,
considered to be the founder
Of Middleburg, who must
have envisioned, way back IN
1853. a thriving metropolis
by 1861. Leven, a die hard
Federalist. boughtt at this
time 500 acres from Joseph
Chinn who, in turn. had IN
herited this acreage from a
3,300-acre tract taken and
patented" In 1871 from the
Northern Neck Proprietary
by his father, Rawleigh
Chinn.
Leven. Middleburg's first
real estate entreprenuer, drew
up a map of what he in
tended the town of Middle
burg to be. subdividing so
acres. The ceiling price was
around FL per acre for the
Chinn land, but Leven rented
his numbered lots "in per-
petuity, to be paid for in
Spanish milled dollars" "a
smart preference at this time
since currency was depreciat-
ing and constantly fluctuat-
ing.
All Of this land is now
owned outright, but it has
caused heartburn and mi
graine among buyers and
sellers in clearing titles.
Once a Coach Stop
The only house recorded
as standing in Leven's sub
division at this time was a
stone house on Washington
street (Route 500. formerly
occupied by John w. McFar-
land as "a tavern" This is
assumed to be the original
site Of the Red Fox Tavern,
probably a coach stop on the
path to Winchester.
This spot. which intersects
Madison street, leading to
Glen Ora, was known as