davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-04-20
Advertising Mr.. BowIes

UnderSecretary OF State Chester
BoWleS, once an advertising magnate of
some fame, has chosen to speak
waspiShly of his former profession. He
says that advertising and public life
are million miles apart and that he
didn't learn anything out of advertising
to help him in government.
With all due respect, we don't know
exactly what Mr.. BoWleS has learned
along the way, or at least not where he
learned 1t. 1t does seem, though, that a
profession skilled In reaching people
(Which advertising does) is not poles
away from politics and public service,
which are close to people also Both sides
of this controversy have used the word
''eXaggeration" and perhaps both are
right. 1t may not even be an exag-
geration to say that Mr. Bowles has
gotten himself lot of advertising by
exaggerating the distance between his
past and present occupations.
Evening star., 1961-04-20
Casualty List

The Castro government claims that
the attempt to invade Cuba has been
crushed, and there is considerable evil
dence that this is true. At best, it ap-
pears that remnants of the invading
force, probably not numerous at any
time, have made their way to the ES-
cambray Mountains, where they have
Joined guerrilla units.
Presumably, haraSSing operations
will continue. But the failure of the
Cuban people to rise in support Of the
counter r-revolutionarieS, plus the effec-
tiveneSS with which the Castro forces
employed their Communist furnished
jets, tanks and artillery, lends small en-
couragement to any hope that guerrilla
tactics can be notably successful.
Thus, as far as can be seen now,
the Cuban invasion" leads the casualty
list. 1t is not the only name to appear
thereon, however.
Another is the expectation, or the
hope, that President Kennedy would be
able to establish relationship with Mr.
KhruShchev which would lead to dimi-
mutton of the cold war tensions. Clearly,
this is not happening. The nuclear test
talks in Geneva have been wrecked on
the rocks Of Soviet intractability. 1t is
only too obvious that the Russians
neither desire nor intend to negotiate a
test-ban agreement which we could ac-
cept In Laos, much the same thing Is
true. Perhaps the Russians will yet enter
into some kind of ceaSe-fire arrange
ment with the British But 1t is idle to
suppose they will yield their advantage
in Laos Nothing short of armed inter
vention can keep Laos from sliding,
sooner or later, into the Communist
orbit, and armed intervention there
would be an extremely hazardous under
taking
What is to be said, then, Of the
position of the United States, of our
standing in the eyes of the world? Can
this be maintained If Castro wins in
Cuba, If Laos goes down the drain, and
II we do nothing that is effective while
the Communists pursue their wrecking
tactics at Geneva and in the United
Nations?
This Is a question which must be
very much in the mind of Mr.. Kennedy
as he weighs the risks and ponders his
next move. Determined action is most
feasible in the case of Cuba, despite the
certainty that this would be seized upon
for propaganda purposes by Latin Amer
ican elements hostile to the United
States. But what reaction is to be ex-
pected from our friends in Latin
America and elsewhere if Mr. Khru-
shchev forges ahead while the United
States performs like the paper tiger"
which the Chinese Communists say we
are?
Evening star., 1961-04-20
PoweNs Standards

We see where Harlem's
Representative Powell, who
recently came in for some
criticism for boosting the SAL
airy of his office-worker wife
from less than $4,000 to more
than $1,000 in one fell
swoop, is heading a new Ken
nedy task force" The idea
is to see that workers" are
not exploited" by unions
and management.
We're all against discrim-
ination and exploitation" no
matter from which direction.
And in all fairness, If we use
Mr. PoWells own rule of
thumb, wouldn't the relatives
and friends of labor bosses
and management, not neces-
sarily the workers" get the
cream of the job crops?
Lila d. SOnnemann
Evening star., 1961-04-20
ItFiqures

My class, using the Univer-
sity of Maryland mathe-
mates project materials. dis
agrees with a letter regarding
this program.
This is not a super-accele-
rated course that will push
us through to college mathe-
mates within a few years.
1t does, however, teach us the
reason why various mathe-
matte processes work. There
is no memorization of facts
as implied in the above men
toned letter, but only the
learning of principles, which
enable us to work almost any
problem, whereas, facts would
only allow us to work a Sc
lected few. We do not have to
search for a pattern in each
problem, nor do we find that
this course sacrifices any
thing that we would learn in
a regular mathematics class.
There are few typograph-
cal errors in the textbook,
but it has not been necessary
to do any extensive research
to find the proper number etc.
We can usually correct any
mistakes without difficulty.
All in all, we find this
course very interesting, in
formative, and easy to under
stand.
Stephen Hoy.
Seventh Grade Student East
ern Junior High School.
Evening star., 1961-04-20
Rebirth of Dumfries

] Historic Dumfries, time seat of
Prince William County, Virginia, and a
thriving tobacco port in pre-Revolu-
tionary days, is experiencing a political
and patriotic reaWakening after years
Of somnolence and decay. The town,
more than 200 years old, had even
forgotten that it was an incorporated
mmunity-entitled to a mayor, town
council and all the other attributes of
municipality And few of the new
comers to the town, on the fringes of
which residential communities and shop
ping facilities are developing, have been.
aware Of the important status that
Dumfries once enjoyed among the
States colonial settlements.
Now, however, thanks to the
discovery" that Dumfries was among
the first Of Virginias towns to be in
corporated, heated contest has begun
to elect mayor and other town officers.
The candidates are running on plat
forms dedicated to restoring at least
part Of the glory which once attracted
tobacco planters, seafaring men and
persons prominent in Virginia's early
history.
DumfrieS, about midway between
Woodbridge and Triangle on U. S. Route
l, has little today to remind visitors of
its ancient commercial and govern
mental Importance. Many Of it's older
buildings are deteriorating. Some have
been converted to small business uses
Still remaining, however, are several
pre-Revolutionary buildings dating back
to the days when the town was a port,
a seat Of county government and stage
coach StopoVer point. Tobacco was
loaded onto ships which sailed right to
the towns Wharves, via Quantico Creek
long since rendered unnavigable by
silt. The first settlers on the site Of the
town were hardy Scotchmen, who
named the community for their native
DumfrieS. The village had a factory
Evening star., 1961-04-20
Produce the Evidence

Police Chief Murray is right in call
ing on the National Association for the
Advancement Of Colored People to sub
nit to him any evidence it may have
to support charges Of police brutality"
made by the head of the local branch.
Although the accusations were made at
a public meeting of the association by
Rev. E. Franklin Jackson, president of
the branch, no specific cases were cited
at a conference between Mr.. Jackson
and the Police Chief. The NAACP Off
clal promised to submit details Of the
more "glaring" cases later.
After his conference with Chief
Murray, Mr.. Jackson told The Star he
was satisfied that the Police Chief would
do "everything in his power" to investi-
gate the complaints. Chief Murray, as
a matter of fact, proved his determina-
ton to get to the bottom Of previous
charges leveled at the police by the
NAACP. On that occasion he and his
men were completely exonerated by the
Commissioners.
Chief Murray has made it plain to
his men that he will not tolerate bru-
taltty or third-degree methods under
any circumstances. He has said that if
there are any violations of his orders
in this respect he wants to know about
them. In fairness to the chief, we think
it would have been better if the NAACP
had prepared its cases-if it has any
backed by proper proof-and submitted
them to Chief Murray before making
any public charges of a general nature.
Evening star., 1961-04-20
The Battle for Trenton

and it's long tradition of political
sophiStication, New Jersey has now
assured itself of nationwide attention
during the months before a new
Governor is chosen next November. For
this particular contest, one of only two
gubernatorial races scheduled in this
political off-year, already has taken on
aspects of significance to more than the
Garden StaterS themselves It promises,
in effect, to be sample testing of the
national popularity of Republican and
Democratic parties, perhaps drawing the
top figures of both to the hustings.
The contest took on this light this
week when former Republican Secre-
tary of Labor James P. Mitchell, making
his first bid for elective office, rolled to
an impressive primary victory as the
G. o. P. nominee. To achieve this, Mr..
Mitchell survived the charge that he is
'carpet-bagger" from Washington and
out-ran two influential State Senators.
Walter H. Jones and Wayne Dumont.
To large extent, local Republican
organization leaders had lined up for
Mr.. Jones while the leadership of the
States G. O. P. delegation in Congress,
headed by Senator Case, was giving
vigorous help to Mr.. Mitchell. The
national complexion of Mr.. Mitchell's
support was made more clear in his
victory announcement that he has
promises Of aid from former President
Eisenhower, former Vice President
Nixon and New York's Governor
Rockefeller.
The active interest Of national
figures, however is not on the Republi-
can side alone. The Democratic
nominee, former State Superior Court
Judge Richard B. Hughes, also has
visited Washington and has enlisted
help from Democratic Senator Williams
and the States Democratic delegation
in the House. He has, Furthermore
identified himself as in full partner
ship with the dynamic, vigorous Ken
nedy administration" And when Mr..
Mitchell referred to his "big name"
promises Of help, Mr.. Hughes countered
by saying he may ask President Kennedy
to visit New Jersey also.
There are good reasons, Of course,
for more than limited interest in the
outcome of this tusSle. Once considered
a safe" Republican State, New Jersey
turned to Democrat, Robert 3. Meyner,
for Governor in 1853 and reelected
him in 1857. In the same period, the
Democrats also have captured the
Senate seat now held by Mr.. Williams
and have gained control of the State
Assembly. Last November, it favored
Mr.. Kennedy for President, but the
Republicans drew new encouragement
from the overwhelming victory of
Republican Senator Case. In the work.
ing combination Of Mr.. Case and Mr..
Mitchell, the G. o. P. senses its oppor-
tuntty to reclaim the State House In
Trenton. The answer undoubtedly will
lie in large part in how we'll the Case
Mitchell combine is able to patch up
the scars of the party primary. If
successful in this, Mr. Mitchell must be
rated strongly in November-and with
the possibility that he may become a
highly important figure in the making
of the Republican presidential ticket in
1864.
Evening star., 1961-04-20
LETTERS TO THE STAR

Pen names may be used II
letters carry t1rtterS' correct
names and addresses. All let
terS ore subject to condenSd-
tion. Those not used fUiH be
returned only tDhen accom-
panied by self addressed,
stamped envelopes.
Evening star., 1961-04-20
VISTAS IN SCIENCE
Army Laboratory Makes Weather
By THOMAS R. HENRY

would have been delayed for
a year or more. and many
casualties doubtless would
have resulted.
Frostbitten feet, they point
out, were common in both
World Wars.
-
A wind tunnel which nearly
duplicates atmospheric con-
ditions at attitudes of so to
so miles has been developed
for the Navy.
1t is the invention OF DR..
Raymond L. Chuan of the
University of Southern CAL
ifornia.
Uses Air or Nitrogen
A nozzle with a 1-meter di-
ameter exit produces air We
locities of 100000 centimeters
a second in an extremely
h G h vacuum at tempera-
lures ranging about 1000 de-
greeS above absolute zero.
This makes it possible to de-
termine in advance for the
first time how an aircraft
is likely to perform under
such conditions encountered
in nature.
This hypersonic low den-
sity wind tunnel uses either
air or nitrogen as the work
ing medium. The enormous
pumping rate required of
such a facility is achieved
by condensing air into plates
kept at 20 degrees above alb
solute zero by a helium re-
frigerator.
The process of admitting
nitrogen gas into the wind
tunnel and collecting it by
freezing has given DR.. Chuan
the title of the iceman"
among other wind-tunnel re-
searchers. In principle, the
frozen solid nitrogen could
be shoveled back into the
supply system for reuse.
Low-cost supplies make this
unnecessary. A by-product of
the system, however, is nj
trogen in a degree of purity
unobtainable from any COM
mercial source.
The nitrogen, according to
an Office of Naval Research
report, Immediately changes
from a gas to a solid upon
contact with the apparatus.
Evening star., 1961-04-20

Climates all over the world
now are being duplicated in
Army experiments.
Tests now being carried
out at the Quartermaster
climatic research laboratory
at Natick, Mass. are de-
signed to evolve means of
protecting the American
fighting man from cold, heat,
and all other adverse
weather conditions.
Volunteers expose them
selves to the effects of the
various climates. These in
clude temperature, wind, hu-
midity, solar radiation, invis-
ible long-Wave "a diation
from surrounding objects,
rain, sleet, snow and ice.
The laboratory contains
two climate chambers, arctic
and tropic. In the former it
is possible to produce a tenn
perature range from 10 to
10 F. The tropic chambers
temperature range is between
zero and 165 degrees. Two
fans supply winds up to 40
miles an hour.
Rain and Snow Produced
A rainfall court can pro-
duce doWnpourS up to three
inches per hour. SnoWfalls
at any reasonable level can
be maintained for as long as
desired. The bivouac area is
fitted with eyelets on the floor
so that tents can be pitched
and men and equipment eX-
posed to various wea t h er
conditions for any period.
Use of the two climatic
chambers, according to an
Army report, makes it posi-
BILE to gather from a few men
in a short time data that
can be used as a guide for
design of clothing and equip
ment. A one-week continu-
Gus study of an insulated
boot gave results which war
ranted its issue for winter
combat wear in Korea. AS a
consequence, Quartermaster
officers claim, frostbite cas-
ualties were reduced to the
vanishing point. If it h a d
been necessary to wait for
field tests and combat eX-
perience, issue Of the boot
Evening star., 1961-04-20
Military Benefits

The person who signed his
letter Civilian Moonlighter"
should leave his civilian Job
and enlist in one of the mill
tary services where he could
enjoy the high pay and many
benefits and would not be
forced to moonlight"
I am a soldier, but not a
moonlighter. However. when
I compare my total income
and my expenses I can un-
derstand why men with less
income or more dependents
find it necessary to compete
with our civilian moonlighter.
Most of these men have a
choice Of existing" on their
military pay and allowances
or taking outside employ
ment and living" just a
little.
1 manage to do a little
living" but I am in one of
the higher enlisted pay
grades and have only one
dependent. Let's take a quick
look at my pay and allow
ances and my regular
monthly expenses.
Base pay. $3.50, quarters
allowance, S77.l0, ration al
loWance. $3.50, clothing al
lowance. IS 40. Total S394.00.
Expenses: House pay
m ents, S86.Oo, electricity
$3.50, gas, SIS, water, Sc. car
payments, $50 Il couldn't
afford a home closer to my
work and live 25 miles OUT
gasoline, $25. income tax
approximately $32, old age
pension, So and my free"
$4,000 insurance costs me
$3.50 per month. Total
$244.00.
I placed no value on the
many benefits our friend
mentioned, such as medicare,
cheap cocktails, movies,
bowling alleys, etc, as, if
they weren't furnished, I
couldn't afford them from
the $3.50 left over from my
pay and allowances for food,
clothing and riotous living.
Also mentioned were re-
location, dislocation nd
travel allowances. The first
two are one and the same
and in my case amount to
$77.10. I wonder if he ever
broke up housekeeping in
one locality and moved to
another that cheaply, exclud-
ing the IL cents per mile I
get for my wife and self. If
so, we of the military would
appreciate his sharing his
secret with us. My last move
cost me better than 5000
above my dislocation and
travel allowances.
After examining this I am
beginning to worry about my
own financial on dition .
Move over civilian moon
lighter" I'm looking for an
off-duty job.
Future Military
MOOnIighter
Evening star., 1961-04-20
Birch Society

1t Is appalling to witness
the ease with which so many
literate writer's of letters to
the editor have fallen in line
with the objectives of the
Birch Society. The most ele-
mental of works on the sub
ject of mob psychology define
a pattern which more or less
guarantees the attraction of
well intentioned citizenry.
Moreover, it is the support
Of these so-called joinerS
which augurs the success of
any "nationalistic" society.
The rules are simple;
First and most important
Select a name which con-
notes high purpose. Second
Attack the manner in which
the State, country or other
organization which it is de-
sired to destroy, is being run.
Third-Direct a frontal at
tack on the press. Point out
its dishonesty. Select individ-
ual correspondents - espe-
cially those who may have
been involved in political
writings. Attack them. There
is a ready made sect of ad-
herents to your cause. A lot
Of people hate anything they
eSpouse. See II you can i'm
pugn their veracity. Fourth
If your organization can
not Withstand close scrutiny,
give frontal attacks to your
critics. The simplest way is
to question their patriotism.
Fifth-Charge a respectable
fee to join your organization.
1t will pay you we'll for your
efforts.
This pertinent quote ap-
peared in John CarlSon's
widely read book, Under
Cover:
Unfortunately. the fas-
cists are not really attacking
communism. They are at
tacking a self-created image
which includes anyone who
is even mildly liberal. There
is an intelligent and DEM
ocratic way to meet commu-
nism. The Congress of the
United States, the F. B. I.
and the Army and Navy In
telligence Services are cap
able Of handling the situa-
ton without the aid from
private armies of patriots
The men who are clever and
unscrupulous enough to use
that weapon can build a fas-
Cist state. That is their sole
objective"
Clifford S. King.
Anti-communism in an Or
sanitation such as the John
Birch Society is no more
reasonable than anti-fascism
or anti-Nazism is in a Com
munist organization. 1t
should be evident from re-
cent history that extreme
"rightist" governments lead
to just as dictatorial political
systems as extreme "leftist"
governments. AS for the
John Birch Society's claim of
carrying forth the principles
Of the American Nation and
the founding fathers, I Ger
ta1nly hope that the ridicu-
lousness of this needs no
elaboration. How can any
group, large or small, claim
divine knowledge of what the
American concepts are and
how they should be inter-
preted? Such an important
task as this is only for the
people, all of them-black,
white, women and men-to
decide through the Federal
Cove n m e n t, incidentally,
this last idea of universal
democracy was recently de-
MED by Robert Welch (head
of the society in question:
as incongruous with what the
founding fathers intended,
Maybe so, but this is 1861,
IloI 100 Nanny Snaotor
Evening star., 1961-04-20

@AAAACA AOoA4o oNNlohll COL
dent Kennedy's firm warn
ing to Russian Soviet Pre-
mier Khrushchev that the
United States will not toll
crate armed intervention by
Russia or any other Eastern
Hemisphere nation in Cuba
or other American nations.
The arrogant statement by
the Russian government that
President Kennedy and the
Government of the United
States must halt the present
revolutionary attack on the
Castro government or face
the fact the Soviets will send
armed forces to Castro's aid,
has been properly answered
by Mr.. Kennedy.
President Kennedy has re-
iterated his earlier assertion
that the invasion by anti
Castro forces has been con-
Quoted entirely by Cubans
and that the United States
does not intend armed inter-
vention. This statement is
in conformity with the many
times repeated position of
the United States that other
peoples should be permitted
to govern themselves. But
the question is whether the
Cuban people are being per-
mitted to govern themselves.
Castro has established a
bloody dictatorship, and he
has been aided in doing so
by Russian Communist sup
port, both militarily through
the shipment of arms, and
economically. Many Of Cas-
tro's original supporters,
many of his own leaders in
the revolution which threw
Dictator Batista and his gov
ernment out Of Cuba, have
now left Castro. They know
he has betrayed the move
ment for free democratic
government in Cuba. They
understand he is bent on
building up a Communist
bloc government and nation,
with himself as Cuba's die
tator. 1t remains, therefore,
a burning question how long
the United States can con-
tinue the non-intervention-
by armed force-in Cuba.
The American people, as
President Kennedy informed
Mr.. Khrushchev, have great
sympathy with the Cubans
who are trying now to over
throw Castro and to set up a
free government. Further
more, it has become increas-
ingly clear that this country.
If it intends to stay free and
to keep the other American
nations from Communist
domination, cannot tolerate
a Communist Cuba, 80 miles
off our shores, a potential
threat at all times to the
American people. How long,
therefore. under these condi-
tions will it be possible for
the United States to with
hold armed aid to the revo-
lutionists against Castro?
Particularly If the revolu-
tionists request such aid.
Lawmakers Back President
Members Of Congress, Re
publicans and Democrats
alike. are backing President
Kennedy in his stand, and in
his warning to Premier Khru-
Shchev that In the event of
any military intervention Tin
Cuba by outside force, we
will Immediately honor our
obligations under the Inter-
American system to protect
this hemisphere against ex-
ternal aggression" Mr.. Ken
nedy added that the Ameri-
can people do not conceal
their admiration for the Gu
ban patriots who wish to see
a democratic system in an
independent Cuba. The
United States Government
can take no steps to stifle
Evening star., 1961-04-20

and an agents house" by 1713. The
town was chartered by the House of
Burgesses in 1749.
With such a heritage, Dumfries
merits the best restorative efforts that
her townsmen can give her.