davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-10-15
r. rs 'T'ff :;
NeutroIism GROWING,
Canadians Fear

perhaps the least of them is anti
Americanism. Nor is the dominant
motivation the same for, say, the
Voice of Women and the cabinet.
A Complex Answer
But there are two main streams
Of thought initiating against
nuclear Canada. One is geopoh-
ical. The other is humanitarian.
Canadians see themselves sand
WICKED between the two main OPP
ponents in the cold war. They
have no confidence in Mr.. Khru-
shchev's intentions or words, but
they do not condemn the Russian
people for this. Canadians have
confidence in the peaceful inten-
lions of the United States Gov
eminent, but they are disturbed
by saber-rattling United States
reactionarieS right-wing poll
ticians and generals who have
boasted the United States could,
and implied it should, knock the
Russians off the map.
The Defense Strength
Canadians also know they lack
the strength to defend their own
country. They put their reliance
on the NATO alliance and their
defense ties with the United
States. But some wonder if a
course Of neutralism, of active
leadership in the middle course
followed by India and other I'M
committed nations, would not
make Canada a greater force for
peace. Others, as indicated by the
policies of the minority parties,
would shift the emphasis more to
reliance on NATO and less on
bilateral defense arrangements
with the United States.
On the humanitarian side, there
is concern in Canada over the
increasing rate of nuclear fallout,
and over the possibility of nu-
clear war by inadvertence. The
Socialists. additionally pacifist,
are a substantial political party.
The ban-the-bomb groups and the
peace groups are ideologically
aligned with them.
The cabinet, rent internally and
facing a general election next
year. is picking its way carefully
among the conflicting opinions.
1t wants to do all possible to
strengthen the country's defenses,
to promote East West understand
ing and disarmament, and to
discourage, by Canada's example,
the spread Of nuclear arms to
additional countries. 1t also wants
to win the election.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-10-15
Soviet Communists in 22nd Conqress

portant of whom is Frol Kozlov,
thought my many to be the man
who will succeed Mr.. Khrushchev.
1t is indicative of his increasing
prestige that Mr.. Kozlov is the
only other major speaker listed
on the agenda. He will outline
new party statutes.
New Committee
At the end of the congress
which may last about a week-a
new Central Committee will be
elected, but this is only a for
mality since the present commit
tee will nominate its successors.
Tuesdays well-organized con-
gress is a far cry from the first
one, held in Minsk in 1895 and
attended by only nine delegates.
all but one of whom were ar
rested by the Cars police. From
1896 until 1903 the party was
known as the Social Democratic
Labor Party, from 1903 it was
known as the Bolshevik Party, and
in 1918 it became the Communist
Party. ".-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-10-15

American buyers import cam
eras, ceramics, sailboatS and even
automobiles from East Germany.
Dealers In Los Angeles and Reno
handled the East German "Wart-
burg" car, including one sport
model. for few years but the
machines were less durable than
other makes and interest in them
her was short-lived.
There is no United States law
against trading with Communist
East Germany. But the Commerce
Department insists that anything
East Germany sends should bear
the marking, Made in Soviet
Zone of Germany" East German
authorities are loathe to identify
themselves by the old occupation
zone title. however, and frequently
refuse to sell rather than ac-
knowledge this refusal of the
United States to accord recog-
milton.
This provision is frequently
evaded, however, by having the
East German goods exported to
a middleman in Hamburg, West
Germany or elsewhere. The mid
dleman's marking, plus a notation
that the goods originated in the
Soviet zone of Germany. is added.
To this the East German au-
thorities do not object, for rea-
sons which escape many American
officials.
While Washington has not al
lowed East German trade repre-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-10-15
West Germon Purchases

turn to their organizations and
agitate for the programs passed
by the congress.
The main topic on the agenda
of this years congress is adop-
ton of the new party program,
first published in draft form last
August. This Khrushchev-
inspired, book-length document
outlines the steps Soviet society
Is expected to take on the uto-
plan road to communism" when
the state will "wither away"
The agenda. published as long
ago as last January 10, indicates
that Mr.. Khrushchev will give a
report on the program. After his
speech, several speakers most
likely will come forth to praise
the program and Mr.. Khrushchev
and pledge themselves to working
toward it's achievement. A vote
will be taken and the program
will be passed unanimously.
Since all this can be predicted
in advance, it might be asked:
Why do the Russians go through
all the trouble and expense of
holding a congress; why doesn't
the Central Committee just an
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-10-15

nounce that the program has
been adopted?
Party propagandists state that by
holding such congresses and ex-
posing them to the widest sort of
publicity, the Communist Party
gains the support of the masses
for its program. In addition, the
congresses serve to oil the party
machinery.
In this latter sense, the pep
rally" with its hoopla and pledges
of allegiance. is similar 10 a po-
litical convention in the United
States when the presidential
nominee in known in advance.
Nothing that takes place at
such convention is Illuminating
by itself, but the cumulative re-
suit of a week of speeches has
the propaganda effect of persuad-
ing party members that the party
is as strong and vigorous as ever.
Because of the worldwide at
tention focused on congresses,
Communist leaders have always
used them to announce signifi-
cant changes in. Soviet policy.
Domestically, the different five
and seven year plans have been
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-10-15
BY BERNARD GWERTZMAN
Star staff writer

At 10 am. Tuesday, First Sec
rotary Nikita s. Khrushchev will
walk to the front of the new
Great Kremlin Theater, acknowl-
edge a standing ovation from $500
party delegates, and announce:
Comrades, the 22d Congress of
the Communist Party Of the Soviet
Union has opened"
This is the way party con-
crosses additionally begin, and
there is no reason to anticipate
any change in the procedure
Tuesday. Nor is there any cause
to suspect that the 22d congress
will be any less a rubber stamp
of Mr.. Khrushchev's policies than
1855 goth Congress or 1885 21st
congress. :
In fact, ever since Stain
smashed the Trotsky opposition
at the 18th congress in 1927, the
congresses have lacked even a
trace of controversy. AS one OBJ
server has written, Debates grew
sterile, dissenting voices lapsed
into silence, and all votes became
unanimous
The Supreme Body
The Party Congress is nomi-
nally the supreme body Of the
Communist Party. It is supposed
to be called into session at least
once every four years, and in
theory, the delegates are expected
to pass on proposals made by the
Central Committee, the 130-man
body that runs party affairs be-
tween congresses.
In practice, however, the Gen.
trail Committee, and the ruling
group within the committee the
Praesidium actually control the
workings of the party. The con-
gress, as one critic states, is more
a pep rally" than legislative
body.
Despite occasional high-sound-
ing words like party democracy"
the delegates to the congress Il the
elite Of the party have no power.
For propaganda reasons, the party
leadership has delegates elected
from all over the Soviet Union.
This year there is one delegate
for every 1000 CPmembers (there
are about million members.
Speeches by Delegates
These delegates are generally
the politically minded members,
such as the leaders in city or
regional organizations, who are
most likely to benefit from con-
tact with the party leadership in
Moscow. At the congress, several
delegates will be asked to make
short speeches discussing the work
of their particular organization
in meeting party goals. After the
congress they are expected to re-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-10-15
BY GERALD WARNG
Contributing Writer

OTTAWA. - The other day a
petition bearing IA, 900 sigma
lures was dumped on the desk of
Prime Minister John Diefenbaker.
It was q plea for mo nuclear
weapons for Canda."
For the following three days,
the Thanksgiving week end in
Canada, several hundred univer-
sity students picketed the Parlia-
nnent buildings with signs calling
on the government to reject
American nuclear weapons for
Canadian forces.
A week earlier a delegation from
the Voice of Women" spent an
hour and a half with the Prime
Minister, orally reinforcing its re-
quest that the government propose
an international peace year" at
the United Nations.
Both minority parties in Parlia-
ment oppose Canadian acceptance
OF nuclear arms that the United
States Is eager to stockpile on
Canadian soil for use by Ca
nadians and Americans in case
Of war.
The Canadian cabinet is sharply
divided. with Foreign Minister
Howard Green leading a faction
opposing acceptance of nuclear
weapons.
'NeutroIist Sentiment
These manifestations of pacifist
or neutralist sentiment may sur
prise and perplex the average
American when they show up
among a people who individually
are almost indistinguishable from
Americans. Especially when COL
lectively these people are the
United States closest and
Staunchest allies in continental
defense, in the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization and at the
United Nations.
Why do many Canadians react
differently from Americans to the
same Communist threat against
practically the same way of lifeP
Why do many Canadians refuse to
admit that Russian" and "en-
envy" mean the same thing? And
why does the Canadian govern
ment, backed by at least very
vocal minority. refuse to commit
itself to the kind of arms that
Britain and France, the mother
countries to which most Cana
dams VOW sentimental fealty,
think necessary for their defense?
The. answer is a complex of
many views and attitudes, and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-10-15
WHO RECOGNIZES HER?
By EARL H. VOSS
Star Staff Writer

The focus Of Soviet policy on
Germany has been the campaign
to convince the rest of the world
to recognize" East Germany as
a full-fledged member of the in
ternational community.
Soviet Premier Khrushchev and
his top diplomats have promised
again and again that the West
will have no worries about access
to West Berlin if the Communist
puppet regime only will be &C
corded full recognition as a SOW
ereign state. The West in turn
has staunchly refused to recog-
nize East Germany formally be-
cause this would be taken as &C.
ceptance of the unnatural divi-
sion of Germany into two states.
Just what is East Germany's
status today? What countries rec
ognize her in the legal, diplomatic
sense, or de jure as the interna-
tional lawyers say2 What coun-
tries recognize her existence prac-
tically, or de Jdcto?
The Soviet bloc's aim is to get
the whole world to accept East
Germany by recognizing her In the
formal sense, or de jure. This
means establishment of East Ger
man embassies in more than 100
countries Of the world and the
dispatch of ambassadors from all
nations to East Berlin, which the
Communists regard as the capital
OF the so-called German Demo-
cratic Republic"
Recognized by Eleven
Since the Soviet Union first de-
clared East Germany q country
in 1949 and conferred on it full
sovereignty" in September. 1857,
only the IL Sino-Soviet bloc re-
gimes and Yugoslavia have &C
corded the East German regime
formal recognition. The IL bloc
regimes are Communist China,
North Korea, North Wet Nam,
Outer Mongolia, the Soviet Union,
Poland, CzechoSlovakia, Hungary,
Albania, Rumania and Bulgaria.
Even this measure of recogni-
ton is diluted, however, because
North Korea. North Wet Nam,
Outer Mongolia and Communist
China themselves have recogni-
ton problems. Large segments of
the world community have with
held recognition from these states,
too. None Of the four regimes is
a member of the United Nations.
East Germany still lacks de jure
recognition from 10l of the SO
members of the United Nations.
Recognition of the fact that
an East German regime exists, on
the other hand, is more wide
spread, thanks mainly TO the ca
ger pressure Of East German Of
ficials.
Trode Delegations
Dramatic evidence that the in
itiative for recognition comes
from East Germany, not the out
side world, is contained in one
other statistic: official East Ger
man government trade delega-
tons have been established in is
states outside the Sino-Soviet
sphere, but only two nations out
side the bloc, Finland and the
VAR. have stationed trade dele
cations in East Berlin.
The is countries which have al
lowed establishment of East Ger
man trade delegations on their
territory are Brazil Burma, Cuba,
Finland. Ghana, Guinea, India.
Indonesia, Iraq, Lebanon, Sudan,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-10-15
WHO RECOGNIZES HR So - \ = --zZ--
Il East Germanys Diplomatic Standing

Germany's Chamber of Foreign
Trade. They are Britain, France,
Holland Belgium, ark,
Greece, Iceland, Italy, Norway and
Turkey.
Most Of these countries carry
on brisk trade with East Ger
many. The British, for instance,
had a $50 million business with
her in 1860.
Two neutral countries, Austria
and Sweden, also have accepted
Chamber for Foreign Trade dele
cations from East Germany, but
have gone no farther in de facto
recognition than this. ~
Formal Agreements s.
The so-called German Demo-
cratic Republic has also signed
formal treaties or agreements
with 10 nations: Cuba, Ghana,
the JAR, Burma, Finland, India,
1ndonesia, Yemen, Lebanon and
the Sudan. This is another form
of de facto recognition which the
East German regime uses to show
it has gained greater status than
usually realized.
East Germans have made them
selves into pests at more than
one international conference,
seeking special recognition as the
representatives of their govern
ment, even in gatherings of pri-
vate organizations not connected
with governments.
These attempts have led to ac-
ceptance of East Germany in
some controversial interna-
tional organizations like volley-
ball, sailing and boxing fedora
tions, the World Postal Union, the
International Rail Transport or
ganization, the International Of
flee of Weights and Measures
and the World Federation of
Scientists.
international Groups
A few of the international Or
CARNATIONS with which East Ger
mans have become affiliated have
headquarters in the United States,
for instance the Tomato Genetics
Cooperative, the International
Commission on Lighting, the In
ternational Geographic Union and
the International Pen Club.
Once admitted, East German
representatives become extremely
active. West German Vice Chan
cellor Erhardt, for instance, was
amazed to find that East Ger
many's trade delegation in Indo-
neSia was much more active than
West Germany's embassy.
To summarize, the Communist
East German regime has failed
to gain formal recognition from
any non-Communist state. The
only nation outside the Sino-
Soviet bloc to recognize her is
YugoSlavia.
On a practical level, however,
the East Germans are carrying on
trade contacts with some 81 OF
more non-C Communist states, with
Is of them through official trade
delegations, with IL through
quasi-official representatives.
But the initiative even for the
most meager, informal recogni-
ton comes from the East Ger
mans almost exclusively. While
East Germany has sent represent
atives to 81 Communist coun-
tries, only two, Finland and the
United Arab Republic. have dis
patched delegations to East Berlin.
East Germany has a long way
to go to gain full recognition son
the world scene as Soviet Premier
Khrushchev demands.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-10-15

sentation in this country, scien-
fists, athletes and other special
lists have entered the United
States occasionally to attend con-
ferences or. in the case of the
Olympics, to participate in inter-
national contests.
Temporary TroveI Papers
On these occasions the entrants
are regarded simply as Germans.
They must obtain temporary
travel documents from a British
French-American office in West
Berlin to be admitted. East Ger
man passports are not accepted
as proper Identification by Amer
lean authorities. The Unite
States thus continues to treat
East Germans as simply Germans
from the Soviet zone of occupa-
ton.
Another lesser grade of de facto
recognition for East Germany is
provided by IL nations which ad-
nit quasi official delegations
from the so-called Chamber for
Foreign Trade of the German
Democratic Republic. The Cham
Der of Foreign Trade is supposed
to correspond to the Vests pri-
vately run chambers of commerce.
Actually these delegations are also
government operated under the
Communist system of state-con-
trolled trade.
Ten NATO nations have adj
mitted delegations from East
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-10-15
Communist Policy
Definition Due

prove this hypothesis, but from
time to time scraps of what seem
to be evidence keep cropping up.
There was, for example a curl
GUS item buried in the news from
Moscow last week. IzveStia dashed
out at Marshal Georgi Zhukov,
former Minister Of Defense who
was kicked downstairs in 1857 for
having backed a faction which
had tried to Gust Mr.. K. Izvestia
said scornfully that Marsha
zhukov favored bayonets over
rockets.
Why whip dead horse? The
inference drawn here was that
Marshal zhukov was not a dead
horse, but one who is very much
alive politically-alive enough to
be considered a threat and to
require a going-over by IzveStia.
How many others in the Red
army were being warned by in
ference at the same time? UN
people wondered. =
The United States and Britain
have done what they could this
last month to strengthen the
anti-Stalinist - that is, presum-
ably, the pro-Khrushchev - fac
ton. They have held out to Mr..
Khrushchev the carrot of poss-
ible East-West negotiations, lead
ing to the detente he used to
want.
Policy Success
If Mr.. Khrushchev needs EVIL
dence which he can present to
the congress to show that a pol
icy of rapprochment could pay
dividends in the form of stabi-
lized Soviet empire, a permanently
partitioned Germany and the de-
NAL of atomic weapons to the
Germans, then he has it. President
Kennedy, Secretary of State Rusk
and British Foreign Secretary
Lord Home have all said or limited
as much in recent weeks.
This is a fairly stable carrot.
Had it been up to the United
States and Britain, a Big Four for
eign ministers conference would
in addition have been called
for November or December. France
and West Germany, however, were
not willing to go this far.
What effect such Western over
lures will have on the party con-
gress, If any, remains to be seen.
The difficulty outsiders will have
in judging will be that, as at any
party convention, there will be
leather-lunged orators and rugged
theatricals which will distract at
tention from the real business of
the day, the private mitigating
and the policy determination in
smoke-filled rooms.
One simple measuring stick will
be this:
If Mr.. Khrushchev summons a
German peace conference with
out providing ample time to ne
gotiate an East-West Berlin set
Element first, the West will have
lost and the Stalinists will have
won.
This, in turn, would be likely
to mean new and intensified
trouble in Laos, Wet Nam, t h e
Congo, Angola and perhaps Iran
and Syria. 1t could mean a new
Communist frontier in Latin
America. The world could be
headed for atomic war.
If, on the other hand, Mr..
Khrushchev talks tough but acts
cautiously, he and his 1850 pol
icy will have survived an acid
test, and there will still be hope
of an East-West detente.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-10-15
By WILLIAM r. FRYE
Contributing Writer

UNITED NATIONS, N. Y
Communist Party leaders from
more than 100 countries will meet
in Moscow Tuesday at a major
party congress to review their
whole global strategy.
1t will be a vitality important
session for the rest of the world.
Among the critical issues directly
or indirectly at stake will be
these:
o Whether Russia or Red China
is to dominate the world Commu-
mist movement and dictate policy
toward the West.
Q Whether, therefore, commu-
nism is to be subtle, subversive,
where atomic war may be
involved - relatively cautious, or
aggressive, revolutionary and
boldly out-thrusting.
. Whether Nikita s. Khrushchev
is to remain in power in the So
Wet Union, and it so, on what
terms and in what relationship
2 to the Stalinists and the Red
army.
This party congress has been
in preparation for years. It's prin-
cipal ostensible purpose is to
adopt a new program, a compen-
dunn of MARKHAM pie in the sky
intended to rally the faithful
somewhat after the fashion of
party platforms at Amer ic an
presidential nominating conven-
lions.
As Window Dressing
The Communist program will
have little or no relevance to
anything the party genuinely in
tends to do. 1t will be sheer win
dow dressing, phenomenon not
unknown to Western political
parties.
But like many American plat
forms, the Communist Party pro-
gram may do much to indicate
which faction is in control Of the
party machinery. And it may tip
off the party's strategy for the
campaign ahead-w which in this
instance is a campaign to COM
munize the world.
If Mr.. Khrushchev believes he
can lure the world to Commu-
nism fastest by promising two
,cabbages in every borscht, he may
be willing to negotiate relatively
peaceful external conditions in
which to attempt 1t. He may, that
Is. If he can carry the party con-
gress with him.
From 1855 to the U-2 incident
of May, 1860, this did seem to be
Mr.. Khrushchev's line. Much that
he has done since then has been
read by demonologists experts on
the Soviet Union) here as an I'M
willing reversal Of, or compromise
with, that policy.
Mr.. Khrushchev's reversal, 1t is
believed, is Difference to Stain
list faction Of the Praesidium which
is backed by the Red Army and
the rampaging Chinese. TIL is
group clearly believes that ag-
gressive use Of Soviet military
power, and the threat thereof, is
the best means of spreading COM
muniSn abroad.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-10-15

Switzerland, United Arab Repub-
lie and Yemen. If the VAR is
officially split into two states, the
total presumably will rise to 16
nations. East Germany had a
full-fledged trade delegation in
Syria before its merger with Egypt
and still has a consul operating
in Syria.
These official trade delegations
are the strongest form of de facto
recognition gained by the East
German regime so far.
In addition. many NATO powers
afford East Germany a less con-
spicuous form of de facto recog-
milton by trading with the Com
munist regime on an unofficial
basis.
Even the United States and West
Germany give East Germany this
form of recognition. Trade be-
tween East and West Germany
amounts to about half billion
dollars year. The United States
admitted trade with the East
Germans amounts to about $40
million year, but some private
estimates put the figure at twice
that amount.
West Germon Purchases
East Germany is now seeking
other suppliers for the purchases
from West Germany. presumably
in anticipation of a possible Bonn
embargo If the Berlin crisis
deepens.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-10-15
Krushehev's FIexibiIity

It has been working hypothe-
sis here for the past 10 months
that although there may be no
immediate challenge to his au-
thority, Mr.. Khrushchev is not a
wholly free agent. No one can