davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-09-04
McGW, Lee, ct al

Ralph McGlllS challenging
column Of August % pictur-
ing "The Little Known Geh-
eral Lee" deserves the atten-
ton of those Southerners
who are still at war with
advancing civilization. McGill
depicts Lee as a regenerated
American who after defeat of
slavery, advised the South "to
abandon all local animoSities
and make your sons Amer
leans" Had his advice been
followed the South would
have made greater strides
towards social and economic
progress and would not now be
plagued with "sit-ins," closed
schools and causing our Ma
tion to exhibit before the
world a poor example of
democracy as enVlSloned by
Washington, Madison and
jefferson.
What a contrast between
the Southern hero Lee, who
regretfully betrayed his coun-
try and then sought to unite
it, and the politicians who
defy the supreme law of the
land and persist in efforts at
disunity when we are faced
with an atomic holocaust
which could destroy us all.
McGill wrote, "the denial of
the real Lee is, in essence,
the tragedy of the South to-
Evening star., 1961-09-04
To Help the Trains Run

The Interstate Commerce Commits
sion has coupled a really loaded"
cabooSe on the end of its train of
thought about the economic problems
of the New York, New Haven g. Hartford
Railroad. 1t is, in short, the contro-
versial and potentially costly recon-
mendation that the Federal Government
should join with States and local
communities in a multi-million-d dollar
program of subsidizing the Nations
railroads in providing essential pas
Senger services
The controversial quality of this
recommendation, a reversal in fact of
the ICES historic opposition to railroad
subsidies, was evident Immediately in
the reaction. The industry itself was
divided. Most of the Eastern carriers,
running deeply in the red on their
heavy commuter traffic in congested
metropolitan areas, welcomed the
prospect of direct financial aid. The
Western roads, whose more profitable
long-haul freight operations outweigh
passenger carrying costs, were much
less enthusiastic (they would receive
less under the ICC formula Suggested)
and spokesman for one of these roads
denounced the plan as first step
toward naturalization. In Congress,
which would have to give legislative
authorization for such program, opin-
ion likewise was widely divided. In due
time, at least, it is possible that COM
peting transport SyStemS-such as the
airline and bus induStrieS-alSo will
join the opposition, behind the scenes
if not openly. And finally, in the
specific case of the New Haven, the ICC
warning that there must be some sac
rifices and contribution on the part Of
labor is not likely to draw support from
that quarter.
Actually, the proposal appears to
have caught just about everybody by
surprise. In recent months, as the rail-
road induStry'S troubles have deepened
it has intensified its demands for helpful
Federal action. These demands have
centered, however, on freedom from
what it has termed discriminatory and
archaic regulation, discriminatory tax
alton, SubSidization of competitive SyS-
TENS, and restrictions against providing
more diversified transportation services
Only a very few industry leaders, in the
East, have dared to speak in favor of
direct subsidy.
Against this background, it is
obvious that there is long stretch of
unclear track between the ICC recon-
mendation and legislation which would
be essential to implement it. President
Kennedy has asked the Commerce
Department to submit recommendations
Evening star., 1961-09-04
Arques With White

LII WlllldLl .. WIllGG COl-
umn, Myths and the Bowles
Issue" a few claims of Mr..
Whites "factual story of
Chester Bowles" need correc-
ton.
Mr.. White writes, HE
(Bowles) was an early advo-
cate of Mr.. Kennedy for
President in a State-Con-
necticut-where no Demo-
cratic politician could be
sensibly anything else" This
statement of high punditry
is somewhat out of line with
the well-known fact that
United States Senator Thom-
as j. Dodd, a lifelong Dem
ocrat, was an avowed and
strong supporter of the then
Texas Senator Lyndon B.
johnson for the presidency.
Is one to conclude that Sen
ator Dodd was exhibiting
something less than normal
common sense in view of Mr..
Whites loose statement?
Surely not!
Mr.. White: Even accord
ing to Connecticut sources
friendly to Mr.. Bowles, there
was much doubt that he
could have been reelected
to Congress anyhow" Mr..
Whites namelesS and face
less sources close to Connect
icut politics completely ig-
more the election results of
1858 in comparison with
1960's results. Chester Bowles
defeated incumbent Horace
Seely- Brown by 1886 votes
in 1858 in Connecticut's
I'd congressional district,
while in 1860 Republican
Seely-Brown won by a mere
456 votes defeating Judge
st. Onge Of Putnam who was
a completely unknown can
didate. Seely-Brown had had
IA years of public exposure
in the district which prob
ably accounted for election,
by a very small measure, to
the 87th Congress. Judge st.
Onge'S good showing gives
little strength to Mr.. Whites
claim of a possible defeat
for Mr.. BowleS.
AS for Mr.. Whites claim
that "he (Bowles) took the
extraordinary course of an
nouncing that he would not
run again because he must
stand available to serve Mr..
Kennedy in a capacity high
err" it should be pointed out
that Mr.. Bowles was a can
didate for denomination in
June, 1860, and a candidate
for reelection until the last
week of August, thereby,
showing his intent and read
inesS to conduct a full-dress
campaign. Mr.. Bowles made
his decision to withdraw
after a post convention
meeting with Mr.. Kennedy
at the latter's Cape Cod
home. Because of the late
ness of Bowles' decision not
to stand for reelection, great
advantage was given to the
Republican candidate, and
this was undoubtedly given
with great reluctance. Only
in this regard was his deci-
sion extraordinary"
William Hagan End
Evening star., 1961-09-04

Belgrade
The business of listening to
some two dozen unaligned
world leaders airing their
opinions on world affairs
may become a little tireSome,
but at least it provides an
American plenty of practice
in keeping his temper.
The speeches, of course,
have varied greatly from one
another.
In tone, they have ranged
all the way from the rant
ingS of IndoneSia's Sukarno
and Ghana's Nkrumah h
through the carefully calcu-
lated cyniciSm of Yugo-
slavia's Tito to the relatively
temperate statements of In
dia's Nehru and Burma's
u Nu.
In virtually all of them,
however, there is for the
westerner painful mental re-
adjustment to be made. To
accept or even begin to
understand the neutralist
point of view of things one
must first accept the whole
series of neutralist values
and myths which often
strain the credulity of the
listener to the breaking
point. Beyond this he must
accept, as between the West
and the Communist bloc, a
double standard of morality
in international affairs so
monstrously distorted as to
make any real basis for COM
parison impossible.
West Is the Bad Boy
He must learn, for eX-
ample, that while virtually
everything that the Commu-
nists do in Berlin or else
where must be accepted with
resignation as what Nehru
calls "the facts of life," any
defensive counteraction by
the West is deplored as an
unwarranted contribution to
the cold war. In a general
protest against the arma-
mentS race, it is inevitably
American budget figures that
are cited as a frightful ex-
ample of what is going on.
In the chorus of appeals for
general and complete dis
armament" it is always the
Western fetish" for inSpec-
ton and control that stands
in the way of humanity's
hope.
The Russians, to be sure,
have done their best to help
the West at this conference
Without the explosion OF
their latest nuclear bombs
there would probably have
been no criticism whatever
of Kremlin policy. AS it
was this criticism has con-
sisted mostly of mild regrets
that Russia should have felt
compelled" to resume test
ing. And with this brief aside
the speakers have returned
briskly to their sustained at.
tack on the West.
All WeSterners have hearc
quite a bit, of course, about
the wicked ways of colonial
ism and have heard it de-
Evening star., 1961-09-04
Peace and Bad Faith

Not the least significant aspect of the
Kremlin's brazenly proclaimed reSump-
ton of nuclear testing is that it serves
as yet another reminder "a grimly
spectacular one-of the bad faith the
Soviet Union has so perSiStently dis
played in all its postwar negotiations
with the United States and the free
world at large.
Thus we may safely assume that
Premier KhruShchev and his Cocoon
SpiratorS have had their minds made
up for many weeks, if not months, to
put dramatic and implicitly terroriz-
ing public end to the moratorium
(Which they may actually have been
violating in secret for nearly three years
paSt) on military atomic hydrogen det-
onations. Yet, up until just the other
day, the Soviet representative at &C.
neva has staged a show of being sin
cerely and honestly interested in striv-
ing to arrive at a teSt-ban agreement
with his British and American counter
parts.
Certainly, given their sudden return
to atmospheric nuclear experimental
ton, which President Kennedy and
Prime Minister Macmillan have now
called upon them to stop at once and
outlaw in formal three-power agree
ment, the men of the Kremlin have left
themselves wide open to charges of
playing game of cynical duplicity-a
game in which their piouS proteStations
about disarmament have been exposed
as thoroughly fraudulent by their de-
ciSion to start tests again. After all, as
an official British spokesman has OBJ
served, "TheSe tests take considerable
time to arrange, and the Russians must
have been making active preparations
while still talking at Geneva of a treaty
banning such tests" How two-faced,
how hypocritical can Nikita Khrush-
chew and Company get?
And there are other questions to be
asked. What reason have we to nave
been trustful of the SovietS as regards
the testing moratorium proclaimed in
October of 1858? Why should we have
assumed, throughout the intervening
period, that they have not been cheat
ing on us with clandeStine shots that
conceivably could give them a Signifi-
cant military advantage over us? And
how much longer is our Government
going to wait before it, too, resumes
nuclear experimentation (under the
ground and in outer space, which means
detonationS of sort eliminating seri-
Gus fallout hazardS) lest the Commu-
niStS beat us to some decisive break
through that could be the undoing of
free men?
These questions pretty much answer
themselves. They also serve to under
score the fact that the USSR-because
of its bad-faith approach to practically
everything in international affairs-can
hardly be expected to negotiate in an
amiable, open-hearted or truly con-
structive spirit regarding the crisis it
has deliberately created over Berlin.
Still, Anglo = French American Soviet
talks on the issue will almost certainly
be held in the near future, and if the
Kremlin is ready to be reasonable, then
perhaps some good will come of them.
Otherwise they are likely to make the
present bad situation even more dan
gerouS than it is, which is surely dan
gerouS enough.
Evening star., 1961-09-04

for transport legislation by November l.,
on which an administration program
may be based next winter. Whether or
not the principle of a rail subsidy will
be included is unknown. 1t has, un-
fortunately, been demonstrated that,
once granted, Federal financial aid is
hard to end. But whatever the solution
in this case, it is indisputable that the
national interest requires some form of
help or relief to the railroad industry.
Evening star., 1961-09-04
Time off to Vote

Prior to final considera-
ton by the Senate District
Committee of the proposed
election law for the District
of Columbia, the League of
Women Voters would like to
call attention to a subject
on which we do not believe
the committee has received
testimony. This is the mat
ter of requiring employers to
give their employees time off
for voting. The League of
Women Voters favors legisla-
ton which will allow a maxi
mum number of citizens to
vote legally and, therefore,
we support a provision in our
law governing time off to
vote.
In the United States De-
partment of Labor Bulletin
No. 1873, 1860 revision, en-
titled Time Off for Voting
Under State Laws" it is
noted that 20 States have
such legislation. In the Dis
trict of Columbia the larg-
est employer. the Federal
Government, has by execu-
tive order given its employees
time off to vote in nearby
States. Now that voting will
take place in the District, it
appears advisable to require
private employers to do like
wise. Such a law would give
both District voters and
those from nearby areas ap-
propriate time off. We would
hope for reciprocity under
the Maryland law.
Mrs. Richard C. SimOnsOn,
President, D. c. League of
Women Voters.
Evening star., 1961-09-04
Soviet Secrecy

H. o. Connell, secretary
of Pugwash Park Commis-
sioners, Pugwash, Nova Sco-
tia, in his August % letter,
says the success of Maj. tt
TOYS journey into space
should forever set at rest
doubts that Maj. Yuri Ga
garin actually went into Or
bit. He says Mai. Gagarin
was modest, courteous and
frank" What about Maj.
Titov?
Gherman Titov told news
men in Moscow that he had
controlled his ship himself,
by means of manual guild
ance. This was not true. The
Soviet Academy of Sciences
recognized this "error" and
issued a statement after the
Titov news conference that
for obvious reasons" Titov
could not change his orbit.
The obvious reasons, accord
ing to U. S. scientists, is that
Vostok II did not carry the
added propulsion system nee
essary for an orbit change.
Mr.. Connell misses the
point when he tries to get
us to believe people on the
basis of their personal char
acteristics. Whether the
claim comes from friend or
enemy, it is the essence Of
science to continue to doubt
what has not received full
publicity. Every scientist,
like everyone else, is human,
biased and untrustworthy.
None can speak in the name
of science unless he lays all
the cards and the evidence
on the table for everyone to
see. Good intentions, big
names and high-sounding
abracadabra cannot compel
agreement. Indeed, it is the
scientific duty not to believe
that which has not been
proven. What is hidden can
not be verified effectively.
Scientific objectivity is not
a quality of any individual
scientists mind; it is the
readiness to express a theory
in a form that it can be test
ed by experiment or expert
ence and either confirmed or
refuted. This implies the
public character of scientific
method. Everyone who has
learned the technique of un-
derstanding and testing SCI
entific theories must be al
lowed to repeat the expert
ment and judge for himself.
Secrecy is incompatible
with science, but this does
not mean it is never required.
Statesmen have other OBJ
jects, not necessarily wrong,
than to spread knowledge.
Those who resort to secrecy
deny us knowledge. We can
deny them belief. The Rus
sian people often do not be-
lieve their own government.
At the moment that, or de-
fecting for the lucky ones,
seems to be the only defense.
Sidney Koretz.
Evening star., 1961-09-04
VISTAS IN SCIENCE
Rodiotion's Influence on Life Span
By THOMAS R. HENRY

OverexpoSure to radiation
shortens life, even when it
causes no discernible specific
injury to any vital organ.
This has been demonstrated
in experiments with rats car
ried on under an Atomic En-
ergy Commission contract at
the University Of California.
The results have just been
reported by the commission,
Each rat was given either
a single heavy exposure or
evenly fractionated exposures
at intervals of three, five,
seven and IA days. The life
span was shortened 33 per
cent after exposure to a dose
of 480 roentgenS "a roentgen
is the unit of dosage), 20.5
per cent after 240 roentgenS
and 1875 after 100. This was
in comparison to unradiated
control animals.
Longevity clearly de-
creased" says the report,
after total body irradiation
in these ranges and fractioni-
zation of the dose did not
protect the animals to any
significant degree.
I'm another study 242 fe-
male rats were observed
throughout their life span
after receiving 1000 roent-
gems. The fact that some
survived did not influence the
magnitude of long-term de-
layed radiation effects on this
group as measured by life
shortening.
"Life-shortening during the
second post-irradiation year
was closely correlated with
growth retardation. 1t was
observed after partial body
radiation to an extent ap-
proximately proportional to
the weight of irradiated It's
sue"
Same MaladieS Fatal
In general about the same
maladies caused death in
the end in both irradiated
and control animals. Among
them were several cases of
nephrosclerosis, a kidney dis
ease, not found in the con-
troll animals. This did not
appear, however, unless the
upper abdomen had been in
cluded in the radiation field.
Results now indicate"
says the report, that radia-
tion-induced shortening of
life occurs even when Wis
ceral organs, known to be
essential to immediate sur
vival, are not irradiated. This
suggests that irradiation in
jury to tissues that are not
specific to any visceral organ
may be factor in shorten
ing life.
when completed this eX-
pertinent is expected to pro-
vide information relating the
life-shortening effects of ir-
radiation to its effects on
various tissues and organs of
the body"
= 4
Man-made heavy elements
Evening star., 1961-09-04
LETTERS TO THE STAR

Pen names may be used II
letters carry 1DrtterS' correct
names and addresses. All let
terS are subject to condenSd-
tion. Those not used tDtH be
returned only tDhen accom-
panied By self = addressed,
stamped envelopes.
Evening star., 1961-09-04
Waves Corn TosseI

The article by Ed Harris in
Down on the Farm" deriding
the idea of the corn tasSel as
a national floral emblem was
a most inane piece Of writing.
What has romantic senti-
ment of posies and scent got
to do with a national emblem?
Did the French adopt the
fleur-de-lis because it Smelled
nice, or because some French
Romeo could put it in his
lapel or in a bouquet?
Ask the Canadians why the
maple leaf is their national
floral emblem.
The point is, an emblem
must be directly symbolic to
a nation-that nation and no
other-and its history.
The only plant that SYM
bolizes Americas history, from
the Pilgrim and Puritan ia
theirs who we're saved by it,
and the Revolutionary War
founding fathers and armies
who survived on it, and today
remains our greatest food
crop and gift to the world,
symbol of Americas fruitful
ness, is the tassel of the corn
plant.
And this man Harris ridi-
cules it as a symbol of Amer
lea! The only intelligent
thing he can do to retain any
professional integrity is to
admit he was abjectly mis-
taken, and in an about-face
give a studied. serious report
on this subject, with at least
credit to the lady who has
valiantly striven for six years
to get the United States Gov
ernment to recognize Amer
ica's symbolic history.
Native Californian.
Evening star., 1961-09-04
WATCHING THE WORLD
NeutroIisn Shows Double STANDARD
By CROSBY S. NOYE
Foreign Correspondent Of The Stc

nounced in laundering terms
by a succession of orators
here. They may be some
what surprised to learn, how
ever, that in the opinion Of a
good many of these leaders
colonialism and Imperialism
still lie at the root of vir-
tually every important world
problem. They will wait in
vain for any hint that the
vast majority of these new
nations achieved their inde-
pendence peacefully with the
assistance of former colonial
powers or the smallest sug-
geStion that self -determina-
ton" might be applied with
equal justice in countries
under Communist domina-
ton.
The Westerner will also be
lectured at length on some
thing known as "neocolonial-
ISM" which Tito defined yes
terday as a policy of main
tanning a formally liberated
country in a state Of eco
nomic dependence on the
metropolitan country" Tito's
thesis-shared by many of
his colleagues here-is that
political and economic inde-
pendence go hand in hand
and that both must be pro-
vided by the most developed
countries"
Bilateral Cooperation
On the other hand, coun-
tries providing economic as
sistance on a bilateral basis
have to watch their step
carefully. So far as Tito is
concerned "bilateral coopera-
ton frequently embodies a
considerable number of mega
tive elements such as rivalry,
interference in internal af-
fairs, the imposing of politi-
cal influence and the like"
The result of such coopera-
ton, he thought, sometimes
docs more harm than good"
Tito, of course, should
know, having accepted some
thing in the neighborhood of
So billion in American aid
over the last several years.
But if the result of this aid
has had the slightest effect
on his own independence, it
was not perceptible in any
thing he has had to say at
this conference. Indeed there
was no mention of any Amer
lean aid by Tito-or by any
of the other unaligned lead
ers, all of whom have shared
literally in the American
program over the years.
From what was said here
an American might we'll con-
clude that Tito was right and
that the effort to date has
in fact done more harm than
good. From all evidence here
the West still faces a desper-
ate uphill struggle for the
minds and hearts of uncom-
mitted nations. 1t is a strug-
gle in which the problem Of
communication-to say moth
ing of persuasion-remainS
unsolved. And in which the
present currents of opinion
are set in the most ominouS
course.
Evening star., 1961-09-04

those heavier than ura-
nium-Which do not exist in
nature on earth but may be
major constituents of some
stars now are being created
in measurable quantities.
Hitherto they have existed
briefly in amounts barely
discernible to physicists with
highly specialized equipment.
This has just been reported
by the Atomic Energy Com
mission following work at
several of it's laboratories
scattered over the country.
The work has resulted in the
production during the past
two years of a gram "a 30th
of an ounce of americium
and half that amount of
curium.
Both are extremely heavy
metals. In a few more years,
following the same research
lines, it is expected to pro-
duce some of the still heavier
elements-about 1,000th of a
gram of berkelium and cali
fornium and a few millionths
of a gram of einsteinium.
These are elements SO and
100 in the table of the ele-
ments. Uranium, heaviest
earth metal, is element 80.
These new metals were
produced by irradiating for
about two years two ounces of
plutonium, itself an artifi-
cially produced element out of
uranium and essential part of
atomic bombs. This was done
at the commissions materials
testing atomic reactor in
Idaho. Then the new metals
which had been formed were
separated from the plutonium
by chemists.
Only First Step
This, a commission report
emphasizes, is only a first
step. The americium and Gu
rum will be compressed into
minute pellets and again ir-
radiated. Still heavier ele-
mentS, it is expected, will be
created. They predict about
1,000th of a gram each of the
elements berkelium and cali
fornium and perhaps as much
as a millionth of a gram of
einSteinium.
Meanwhile a project for
producing still larger amounts
of the new elements has been
started at the commissions
Savannah River plant in
Georgia. There a much larger
amount of plutonium, about
25 pounds, was placed in a
reactor about two years ago.
1t will be left under heavy
irradiation for another two
years. BY that time it is ex-
pected to yield about 1000
times as much berkelium and
californian as exist at pres
ent-that is, about a thirtieth
of an ounce of each.
From these, repeating the
irradiation procedure for sew
eral years, it is hoped to
produce traces of the very
heavy elements 103 and 104.