davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20
Effect

The sealing had both immediate
and long-range effects.
The first to feel its impact were
the BerlinerS themselves. Armed
East German forces along Is miles
OF barbed wire prevented all but
the most desperate East Berliners
from getting to the West.
No attempt, however, was made
to interfere with travel of West
Berliners or with foreigners.
The West Berlin reaction was
both angry and fearful.
Isolated 10 miles within East
Germany, the Berliners feared the
border sealing was the first step
in a calculated Communist plan
to absorb their city.
Since the Western powers de-
liberately did nothing to increase
tension during the week, the Ber-
liners thought they saw another
Munich on the horizon. At a rally
Of 100000 angry Berliners, Mayor
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20
Disarmament:
Perndnency

The Senate Foreign Relations
Committee on Monday opened
hearings on an administration
proposal to set up a new and
permanent Disarmament Agen-
cy for World Peace and Secur-
ity.
At first glance, considering the
history of futile negotiations to
control the East-Wes weapons
race and the present highly dang
erous Berlin situation, the ad-
miniStration'S decision to push its
proposal for a top-level disarma-
ment agency might appear to be
an ill-timed exercise in wishful
thinking.
Certainly, the prospects for
even a nuclear test ban agreement
with the Russians, to say nothing
of a general disarmament pact,
seem remote.
And few WeSterners doubt the
wisdom or necessity for the in
creased preparedness now being
undertaken in the face of the So
Continued on Page c.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20
Background

From the beginning. Berlin was
a unique city in occupied Ger
many. A September, 1914, Big
Four protocol called for joint rule
and occupation of the city by
the United States, Britain, France
and the Soviet Union, and the
city, enthusiastically. was re-
moved from the Soviet zone of
occupation that surrounded it.
Berlin was considered a separate
unit, with guaranteed freedom of
travel, trade, and communications
among the four sectors. AS cold
war tensions increased, however,
unity in Berlin became harder to
maintain.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20
As a HeckIer

All week, he heckled Secretary
Dillon, head of the United States
delegation. He demanded to know
if the United States would allow
Cuba to share in the $40 billion
pot. After refusing to get en-
broiled in a political fight, Mr..
Dillon said fatty on the sfinal
day that the United States had
no intention of making funds
available to Cuba so long as it
remained under the control of
the Soviet Union.
Mr.. billions remarks gained
considerable support from most of
the other ministers, fed up by
Guevara's tactics. Cuba had been
invited only because it was
member of the Organization of
American States. and had to be.
AS expected, the declaration is
a far-reaching idealistic docu-
ment that even wide-eyed liberals
could not attack. 1t provides for
tremendous material aid and it
expresses the conviction of the
nations of Latin America that
these profound economic, social,
and cultural changes can come
about only through the self help
efforts of each country"
Only time will tell, however,
whether the good words of hon
orable men will be able to bring
a better life" to all the peoples
of Latin America. Or whether in
the next decade there will be
more bearded men, wearing green
fatigues at similar conferences.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20

at the present time. The border
sealing has added to this impress
sion.
It is known that some leaders
are considering the possibility of
extending de facto recognition to
the East German government in
exchange for strong West Berlin
security guarantees.
Such recognition is possible in
many ways. The West could agree
to East German control of the
access routes; a treaty could be
signed recognizing a temporary
division of Germany pending final
unification; or, least likely, there
could be outright acknowledge
ment of a permanently divided
Germany.
One potential roadblock at such
talks was removed by the border
closing. for as long as refugees
were able to make their way West,
the allies could not have agreed
to any treaty that would have
prevented their exodus. Now that
the Communists have imposed the
ban, the West might be willing to
accept the status quo.
Premier KhruShchev, vacation
ing on the Black Sea, has with
held any comment on the sealing,
which obviously was a calculated
move on his part.
He must have known the West
would gain a potent propaganda
weapon as the result of the latest
show of Communist brutality, but
he probably was willing to pay
such a price to prevent any more
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20

Willy Brandt attacked the West
for not taking strong counter
measures.
Western officials, however,
pointed out that although the Dor
der sealing violated a four-power
agreement it did not tread on
Western rights or interests. The
much discussed access routes were
still open, and West BerlinerS had
freedom of travel.
Thus, the West limited itself to
sending notes of protest to the
Soviet Union, without really ex-
pecting any change in the situa-
ton.
The Russians did not disappoint
the West. Yesterday, only two
days after receipt of the notes,
the Soviet government rejected
the American, British and French
protests.
President Kennedy tried to re-
lieve West Berlin's fears, however,
by sending Vice President john
son and Gen. Lucius Clay to the
city this week end. Their pres
ence was a symbol of United
States determination to protect
Berlin'S freedom. Gen. Clay is
quite popular for his role as COM
mander during the Berlin airlift.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20

show the Communists that the
West was prepared to defend its
rights.
The long range significance of
the border sealing. however, far
transcends the military buildupS
(the East Germans called for large
scale enlistments), the hardships
imposed on the East Berliners, and
the feeling of isolation expert
enced by the West Berliners.
For as a result of the Com
muniSt action - as clear an
example of Red tactics as the
West could have wanted-it was
evident that Premier Khrushchev
had made his last unchallenged
move in Berlin. Any further step
there-any attempt to abrogate
Western rights would mean
trouble.
What then, are the present
prospects for avoiding such a
showdown
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20
THE NATIONAL SCENE
Foreign Aid: Kennedy's Hardest Fight

The House and Senate on
Friday passed foreign aid bills
which conflict over the key
question of long term financ-
ing through direct Treasury
borrowing. The dispute now
goes to a joint congressional
conference.
President Kennedy has long
made it clear that he regards the
foreign aid program as one of the
most vital to the Nation of all
those he has proposed to the 87th
Congress.
He has devoted more time to
building public support for it;
has done more politicking and
lobbying among congressman in
it's behalf and has worried more
about it, most observers will agree,
than for any other piece of legis-
ton.
And, it should be added, he has
never committed his personal
prestige and that of his admins
tration more heavily than he has
in the current battle in Congress
over the economic military aid
program to our friends and allies.
The most critical part of the
congressional fight has not been
over the amount of money re-
quested, although Mr.. Kennedy
probably won't get all he wants.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20
Last Move

The Soviet Government told
Chancellor Adenauer last week
that the border sealing was the
last unilateral action the Com
munist bloc would take at this
time.
There Is no reason not to be-
lieve the Russians on that score.
Their primary goals-a divided
Germany and stopping the flow
of refugees-have been achieved.
War does not seem to be on the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20

a compromise plan for a four-year
authorization and annual appro-
priations, decided to back the
Californian's plan for $1.2 billion
for development loans.
The Saund amendment carried,
on a teller vote (the members
were counted as they paraded
down the center aisle, by 1877 to
1876. Only half dozen Republic
cans were seen voting against it,
while 40 or more Democrats sup
ported it.
Now the administration began
turning on the pressure. The
House Democratic leaders, notably
Chairman Morgan of the Foreign
Affairs Committee, twisted arms
Mr.. Kennedy made personal tele-
phone calls to "erring" Democrats
and addressed a special plea to
all House members.
In the latter statement, the
President pulled out the biparti-
sanship stop all the way. Perhaps
somewhat miffed by the nearly
solid Republican support for the
Saund amendment, he said:
For eight years, the Democrats
in both Houses gave President Eli
senhower Overwhelmingly support
in every major vote on foreign
policy and foreign aid.
1T is urgent that this bipar-
tisanship principle be maintained
in this crucial hour of the Nations
history"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20

But other Democrats and lead
ing Republicans, who can per-
haps be a little more detached in
this instance, believe the odds
are against the House accepting
more "backdoor spending" and a
dimunition of the congressional
power over the Federal purse.
Thus, the compromise might
we'll be an authorization" for a
long-term loan fund, accom-.
panied perhaps by a statement of
intent, though not one signify
ing an obligation, that Congress
supports it and expects to finance
it.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20

because it does not require annual
appropriations by Congress, con-
tend that the necessary check on
the executive branch would be
missing and, rather than make
the aid program more efficient,
it would open the possibilities for
even more waste and misdirected
spending.
Last week, in both Houses, the
long-term financing battle was
joined. The President won in the
Senate, but suffered humiliating
defeat in the lower chamber by
IL votes, meaning that a switch
of only seven would have saved
the day.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20

But by whatever means Guevera
got his Job (he was trained to be
a doctor in his native Argentina.
not an economist, he made him
self quite widely known at the
meeting, as he badgered delegates
and wooed public opinion.
There never was a chance that
Cuba would join in the declara-
ton chat included such phrases
as ito stimulate private enter
priseO or, even if it did, that
the United States the principal
source of the $40 billion that will
be pumped into Latin America
in the next decade-would agree
to Cuba being a beneficiary.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20
Sound Leader

The ironic part of the House
defeat was that the amendment
which killed the Treasury borrow
ing provision was offered by India
born Representative Saund Of CAL
ifornia, a liberal Democrat.
When Mr.. Saund, who heartily
favorS the idea of foreign aid,
spoke out, the Republican leader
ship. which had unsuccessfully
proposed to the Democratic chiefs
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20
Real Fiqht

The real controversy has been,
and still is, wrapped up in how
the development loan fund part of
the program will be financed.
Mr.. Kennedy deems it "of para
mount Importance" that author
ity to make long-term commit
ments be granted because real
progress in economic development
cannot be achieved by annual,
short-term dispensations of aid
and uncertainty as to future inten-
tons"
To accomplish his aim, Congress
would have to grant the admin
istration the authority to borrow
directly from the Treasury moneys
needed for a five-year program of
loans.
Opponents of this type opera
ton, dubbed "backdoor spending"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20

mist" said Che, amazed. Il
thought you said Communist"
There must have been Latin
American finance ministers at
Punta Del Este last week who
looked at the bearded 33-year-
old revolutionary, dressed de
rigeur in his green army fatigues,
and wondered if there was not a
grain of truth in that story.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20
New Approach?

1t is not known what the
Western response to the Soviet
demand will be. In recent weeks,
Western leaders have indicated
that a new approach" is being
considered, but they have refused
to disclose what they have in
mind.
In the past, the West has stated
publicly that no peace treaty is
possible until there is a unified
Germany. Officials acknowledge
privately, however, that there are
no prospects for such unification
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20
G. o. P. HeIp

Mr.. Kennedy got help from a
leading Republican, although the
effort apparently boomeranged.
Gov. Rockefeller of New York,
man with a presidential bee in his
bonnet, sent wires to G. o. P.
congressman urging them to re-
verse their votes.
However, many were irked by
what they regarded as outside
interference" and told the Gov
ernor so in answering kilograms.
Moreover, they never got a chance
to reconsider. After the Demo-
cratic chiefs counted noses again
they found that they could not
be certain to overturn the 197-185
decision if roll-call vote were
held.
Their conclusion: The chance
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20

talking of a compromise calling
for a three-year development
loan program which would be
financed by direct Treasury Dor
rowing.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20
Free City

All Soviet demands for German
peace treaties have stated firmly
that the Soviet Union considers
East Berlin part of the CDR, and
that any free city" of Berlin
would include only West Berlin.
Until last week, however, inhabi-
tants of the two Berlins were able
to travel back and forth with free
dom unknown in other parts of the
Iron Curtain. If West Berlin was
a "Showplace," it was to impress
the East, not the West.
Nearly $4,000 Berliners crossed
the border every day to work in
either West or East Berlin. In
the same manner, cultural events
including the East Berlin opera
were open to those on either
side of the border.
The most important group of
border croSSerS," however, were
the East Germans who never re-
turned. Since 1949, three million
refugees emigrated to the West.
Not all escaped via West Berlin,
but that route was by far the most
popular one to take.
The border sealing ended the
exodus, which had reached panic
proportions as a result of the
latest Berlin crisis.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20
Troops Arrive

The dispatch of additional
Western troops to Berlin-includ-
ing $500 American soldiers who
arrived at the same time as the
Vice President - was meant to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20
economic Clash

The first East-WeSt clash was
economic. To head off severe
initiation, the Western powers
issued a new currency in their
sectors, overruling Soviet objec-
tions. On March 20, 1913, the
Russians walked out of the Allied
Control Council, and a month
later the Berlin blockade against
any surface travel from West Ger
many to Berlin began.
Until the blockade was lifted on
May IL, 1949, the allies made
277,728 airplane flights to Berlin
to keep the city supplied. While
the blockade was on, the four
power rule of Berlin broke down,
and the city was divided into East
and West, each with its own city
council.
In 1949, the four power Council
of Foreign Ministers agreed en-
better communications" between
the two Berlins and free move
ment of persons and goods within
the city"
Despite the agreement, the
Communists continued to harasS
the West. In 1852, they cut tele-
phone communication and dis
rupted the city's utilities to such
an extent that now both sides
have their own gas, water, and
electricity systems.
In 1855, division Of the city was
made final when the Soviet Union
turned over it's sector to the newly
established German Democratic
Republic east Germany over
Western objections. East Ger
many calls East Berlin its capital.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20

skilled workers from detecting,
and to show the West his deter
mination to keep Germany divided.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-08-20
Spending Foes

rowing.
Evening star., 1961-09-28

owner-mistress is assigned to
Danielle DarrieuX who plays ii
with just the right touch OF
waspish disappointment that
the generations go on succeed
ing one another. Among the
other children. spindley, red
haired Jane Asher is touch
ingly effective as a 13-year-old.
With the others, they are
film characters it really would
be a serious mistake to miss.
4 y =
MEMOS: To his guest direc-
tor role at Arena Stage this
year, F. Cowles Strickland has
added classes in acting and di-
recting at George Washington
University this season. .. Thus
the man who has directed most
of the major stars of the
American theater, taught many
of the latter-day ones in his 18
years at Stanford, and written
one of the outstanding texts
on acting reverts to the pat
Evening star., 1961-09-28

tern most familiar in his life.
. A very pro pro, and a versa
tile one, Mr.. Strickland.
Led by Margaret Phillips, one
of Washington's favorite ac-
tresses, and Hiram Sherman.
another memorable performer
around here, the American
Shakespeare Festival Company
will entertain at the White
House on October 4. The
group will present excerpts
from the summer repertory of
the Stratford, Conn, company
following a dinner honoring
President Aloud of the Sudan
on that date. They will
perform on a special stage in
the White House East Room.
|. Others in the visiting
player group will be Franklin
Cover, Donald Davis, Julian
Miller, Carrie Nye, and Ted
van Griethuysen.
Evening star., 1961-09-28

familiar with is the emergent
one represented by the girl.
She represents a new curiosity
in his life, one part paternal,
one part fraternal, and a third
that might be described as
nobly protective.
The girls response to this,
which gives the narrative an
imperiled quality of sweetness
and high humor. is kind of
quintesSential feminity. She
becomes conscious of her fig
ure, her wardrobe, her power
over her voluntary guardian,
and. most amusingly, her zeSt
to steal the latter from his at
tractive mistress, the owner of
the hotel.
In sum, what follows is a lot
of good, clean but always jeop-
ardized fun of the sort that
take Miss Godden's word for it
is restricted to feminine
adolescents who are born guilty
of innocence. Under the direc-
ton of Lewis Gilbert, it is pre-
sented to the moviegoer with a
remarkably winning richness of
detail and a contagiouSly SYM
pathetic understanding.
In its winning revelation of
the truth that girls will be
women, Loss of Innocence,
encourages a veritable flock of
engaging and effective
performances.
The most charming of these
is by England's Susannah York
as the heroine whose growing
up is one of those lethally
lovely processes that Miss God
den writes better than any
author with which this re-
viewer is familiar. Kenneth
More gives the ideally keyed
performance of sensual attrac-
ton and moral self-reproof as
the involuntary first man in
Miss York's romantic life.
The role of the. jealous hotel
Evening star., 1961-09-28

11:20 am, los, $50, 4::35,
$40, 8:05 and $50 pm.
PlayhOuse-"Guns of Nava-
rone"; 1890, 3:20, 6:10 and
1855 pm.
Plaza-"Cold Wind in Au-
gust; HAS am, 1:20, 3, 4:45,
500, 8 and $40 pm.
StantOn-"The Easiest Pro-
fession";; 8 pm.
Town - La Dolce Vita;
1870 am, 2:30, $50, $3.50 pm.
TranS-Lux-"Guns of Nava-
rone";; 1925 am, los, $50,
$3.50 and 9:10 pm.
Uptown - Fanny; 1:35,
Ais, 6:55 and 9:35 pm.
Warner Come September;
11:35 am, 1:35, $40, $40,
l7:45 and GAS pm.
Evening star., 1961-09-28
WHERE
AND WHEN
Current Theater Attractions
and Times of Showing

Stage
National Theater - "The
Tenth Man; $3.50 pm.
Screen
Ambassador - Come Sep
tember";; lis, 3:25, 5:35, TBS
and 9:45 pm.
Apex - Two Women; /
$40. 5:25 and $50 pm.
Capitol - Scream of Fear;
11:30 am, lis. 3, 4:45, $50
'8::20 and 1905 pm.
Dupont - Never on Sun
day.; l, ESQ, 4:40, $50, 8:25
and 1915 pm.
Keiths - THE Young Doc
tors; 1885 am, 1:35, $40
$40, 7:45 and $50 pm.
Macarthur - Pure He'll Of
st. Trinian's";; 6:15, 7:55 and
$50 pm.
Ontario - Loss of Inno-
cence";; l, 2:45, 4:S0, 6:15, 8
and $50 pm.
Palace-"The Big Gamble;
Evening star., 1961-09-28

retitled Loss of Innocence" by
Columbia Pictures, a cheap
counterfeit but one which in no
way modifies the true values
of the original.
The picture is at the Ontario,
starting today, and it deserves
to be seen by everyone. 1t is
narratively concerned with a
loveable Scoundrel- and four ir-
resistible children who adopt
each other in an hour of mu-
tual need. Its setting is a
chateau in the champagne
country of France and the
sheer loveliness of this alone
is enough to dissolve the
moviegoer into a receptive pulp
like a vintage year grape.
The picture is an Anglo
American co-production, with
the American company putting
up the money and a English
French cast guaranteeing the
profound wisdom of the invest
ment.
The Ontario's film is a
drama of growing up, cram
course whose central figure is
a budding 16-year-old blond.
She, two younger sisters, and a
small brother land in a French
village, see their suddenly i'll
mother whisked off to a hos
pital, and are left to fend for
themselves.
Their first stop in this
process is a hotel. a converted
chateau, where their visibly
sound financial status in no
way counters the fact that they
are an unattended flock. For
tunately, however, their plight
appeals to the hotels mySteri-
ously solitary guest, a rugged
romantic type with an easy
affinity for the young.
1t is their common English
nationality that brings them
together, but what holds them
later is not only a natural af-
lection, but the mystery mans
and the older girls awareness
of each other. The only kind
of woman he is not totally
Evening star., 1961-09-28
THE PASSING SHOW
OntorioGe Chormer
Under q RuefuI Alias
By JAY CARMODY
Drama Critic of The Star

Runner Golden C"The River) writes the movies
elike charming, dffidently that
would have to enjoy them.
This extravagant thing to but it the effect
seeing Miss GoddnS latest pastorae transferred the
This is the called The Greengage Summer tastelessy
Evening star., 1961-09-28

LOSS OF INNOCENCE" a Colum-
bia Picture release Of a Victor Sa-
vile and Edward Small production,
directed by Lewis Gilbert, screenplay
by Howard Koch from the novel.
The Greengage Summer" by Rum
er Golden: music by Richard Addin-
sell. At the Ontario Theater.
Evening star., 1961-09-28
Films of More Than Routine Merit

"THE ABSENT MINDED PROFESSOR"-Fred MacMurray
in frOlicSOme fantasy by Walt Disney.
GOODBYE AGAIN"-Ingrid Bergman and Yves MOntand in
fve-handkerchief soap opera, slick but sudsy.
ION THE DOUBLE"-Danny Kaye a GI assigned the
mperSOnatiOn of high-living British general.
"THE HORSE SOLDIERS"-J0hn Wayne and William HOI-
den in of John FOrdS better outdoor action films
"a RAISIN IN THE SUN"-Sidney Potter in a dramatic
movie repeat of his Broadway stage success.
Evening star., 1961-07-28

SEABROOK AREA-Brand new g.
bedrm., ll2-bath raneher, features
huge r7od. kit. and full bright
bsmt. wIexit. situated on a large
wooaed lot. S16,500 and "OKD 4
TRADE"
ST. BERNARD'S PARISH - FOUR
BEDROOMS, "a baths, recreation
room; level Handicapped yard. Close
to transportation. shopping and
schools. First time offered; SIS
500. Exclusive with BOWERS
BROS, AP. 1-S400.