davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
On Capitalism

At the National Press Club dur
ing his 1859 visit to the United
States, Mr.. Khrushchev was asked
the direct question from the floor
did he mean that he and his
way Of life would destroy ours?
The Premier bristled. He bridled,
He was thoroughly annoyed.
capitalism succeeded feudalism."
he snapped, land socialism will
succeed capitalism in the same
way. There is no question Of con-
quest or force"
Last week, in what appeared to
be q Khrushchev explanation of
the meaning Of the vague and
ambiguous manifesto released by
the Kremlin after the meeting OF
the leaders Of 81 Communist
parties last November, he said
that peaceful coexistence and dis
armament. key points in his pol
icy. would in reality be major
weapons in speeding the demise
OF capitalist imperialism"
The Khrushchev report. pub
ished in the magazine Kommu-
mist. and also in an English-lan-
guage translation released q day
before ian indication Of the i'm
portance placed on the Premier's
Statements, was not threatening.
II, spotA ct war only as war might
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
Mr.. KS View:
VictoryNeor

Soviet Premier Khrushchev ON
January 6 told top Communists
Of the Soviet Union that the
principles Of communism were
certain to prevail in the world
'by the laws Of historical devel.
0pment."
When the blunt-spoken Mr..
Khrushchev remarked more than
two years ago that communism
would inevitably triumph over
capitalism, he used the phrase
I'VE will bury you."
Western phrase detectives made
much Of that statement, undoubt-
eddy because 1t had connotations
Of violence. of a hatchet-in-the-
head before the obsequies Of the
cemetery. It did sound like the
rhetoric Of conquest.
But even at the time, there
were more restrained Western
views, particularly In the British
press. which interpreted the Khru-
shchev figure Of speech along lines
more broad than violent. What
the Soviet leader meant. 1t was
said, was that, in his view, COM
munism was certain to succeed
capitalism because it would ulti-
mately provide a better way Of life
to the peoples Of the world.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
ORGANIZATION OF
AMERICAN STATES

Originated with the Rio Treaty
in 1947. and expanded in 1913 to
include all 81 nations Of the West
ern Hemisphere except Canada.
The GAS, Americas alliance in
the Western Hemisphere, pledges
its members to resist aggression.
But again, there is no military
agreement except to Consult"
The course Of the Castro regime
in Cuba. with its close ties to in
ternational communism, has
pointed up its weaknesses.
With Latin-America in fer
ment, with sympathy for the
land reforms and economic poll
cies (however ineffective) of
Fidel Castro's revolutionary Cuba
rampant, the United States must
proceed extremely cautiously in
the GAS. No Latin nation likes
to be placed in the position of
satellite" to Washington's for
eign policy. In addition, the old
and bitter resentment toward
even the threat Of United States
Intervention In the internal af-
fairs Of any Latin American ma
ton has not abated. even in the
face Of the threat Of communism.
These. then, are the facts of
the existing regional alliances
that the Kennedy administration
must face. 1t seems clear to most
observers that the problem will
have to be studied as q whole,
as q worldwide challenge. Per-
haps the entire concept Of re-
gional alliances has long since
become outdated in the pell-mell
rush Of events, Of ornaments and
Of political maturity.
Probably most Of the non.
Communist world, whether allied
with the West or neutralist, is
snxiously awaiting the first sign
Of the Kennedy Administrations
directions. And probably no stu
alton in the history Of modern
international politics has de-
manded so much in imaginative
leadership, In world understand
ing. and in the practical political
skill necessary to discriminate be-
tween the possible and the i'm
possible.
It's q safe bet that the Com
munist nations. too, are Just as
anxious. The world is. after all,
one world only. and it grows
smaller each day.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22

Australia. New Zealand, Pakistan,
Thailand, the Philippines.
At the instigation of Mr.. Dulles
SEATO was organized for the ex-
press purpose Of preventing fur
ther Communist expansion into
Southeast Asia. The expected
target lands were Indo-China
LAOS. Cambodia and South Wet
Mann; Indonesia, Burma, India
and other areas considered in
viting to Communist Chinese eyes
and needs.
But SEATO has proved to be
something less than an effective
barrier to Communist threats or
Establishments. For one thing,
the signatory powers agree only to
consult" in the event Of agrees
sion. Only the United States, by
virtue Of bilateral treaties, is COM
mitted to come to the military
assistance Of threatened nations.
The current situation in Laos,
where civil war and intervention
by both Communist and American
authorities have created a near
Korea. pointedly emphasized the
inadequacieS and the dangers of
regional alliance in which all the
partners are not in agreement.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
As a Critic

When Marshal Josip Broz Tito
consolidated his control of war
torn Yugoslavia after the Allied
victory In World War II, Milovan
Djilas became one Of two Vice
Presidents serving with President
Tito. But as time went on. Mr..
Djilas became more and more out
spoken in his criticism Of bureau
cratic trends in the government.
Some Of his bitterest attacks were
published In foreign publications.
He lost his vice presidency, then
was tried for violation of the
Yugoslav Criminal Code. Article
18. acting to undermine the
peoples authority. defense and
economic power" He drew q
suspended sentence.
But Mr.. Djilas was a determined
man. and he continued to have
his say. For a series Of attacks
on Yugoslav policy toward the
Hungarian revolt Of 1856, he was
sentenced to three years. Then q
book 1.-THE New Class" was pub
lished in the United States in
which the recalcitrant Mr.. Djilas
said. in effect, that the Com
munist system substituted q new
class Of exploiters for the dis
placed class. He drew an ad-
ditional six years.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
Former Presidents Don't Retire

statesman after leaving office.
and he also has contributed much
valuable time to public service.
Mr.. Truman has remained proudly
a politician. In truth. there is no
pattern for former Presidents.
John Quincy Adams was elected
to the House for nine terms after
leaving the presidency. and was
there glowing bulwark of right
ecusness. The only former Presi-
dent elected to the Senate was
johnson. who died too soon after
to be Of any influence there. Taft,
after teaching law at Yale. was
appointed Chief Justice-his in
cumoency was unremarkable.
Editorial Research ReposD
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22

recent actions. especially in the
economic field. are positive.
have hopes"
Western diplomats saw in the
Djilas release further evidence
that the Belgrade government,
pursuing its own independent
course in national and world af-
fairs despite Communist bloc OPP
position and bitter hostility. in
tended to continue its policy Of
steady relaxation Of political con-
troll and its foreign policy Of nom
alignment and stronger ties with
the West.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
OUR COMMITMENTS ABROAD
BY FRED THEROUX
star staff Writer

President Kennedy, by all &C
counts, will conform to constitu-
tional precedent in his conduct Of
American foreign policy. Which
is to say that he. rather than the
Secretary Of State, win be the
decision maker. Traditionally,
strong Presidents have made their
own policy in International affairs;
the Secretary Of State and other
executive officers have functioned
as advisers and counselors.
But the task confronting Mr..
Kennedy Is awesome in scope
perhaps even more awesome than
that confronting Abraham Lin
coin in 1861, q century ago, when
he took the oath of office to pre-
side over q Nation already dis
membered.
The challenge of 1861 lies in
the inheritances Of the past
legacies that, in large part. are
less than adequate for the prob
lens Of today. At the time Of
their inception. most Of the obli-
cations and commitments Messrs.
Kennedy and Rusk will inherit
were to some extent valid and
reasonable. They were created as
o response to existing situations.
But, although many Of the situa-
tons still exist, the circumstances
surrounding them have changed
SO drastically that the solutions
are no longer fully effective.
It is no secret to anyone that
the Kennedy administration must
undertake a massive re-evaluation,
determination, reappraisal Of the
entire global position Of the
United States and the Western
alliance. Foremost in that re-
appraisal will be the validity, in
terms of today's conditions. Of the
alliances and agreements with
which the Truman and Eisen-
hover administrations attempted
to stem the advances Of inter-
national communism.
What Of the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization? OF the
Southeast Asia Treaty Organize
ton? OF the Central Treaty Or
ganization (once known as the
"Baghdad Pact"D? OF the Organi-
cation Of American States?
'Contoinment Policy
The United States policy of
"containment." first set forth by
George r. KEENAN, during Mr..
Truman's term in the White
House. Is by all indications . thing
Of the past. However effective 1t
may have been as o policy in the
immediate postwar years. 1t Is by
common consent no longer appli-
cable to the political situation In
today's world.
But for the many years Of the
stewardship Of the late John Fos-
ter Dulles as Secretary Of State,
containment and the corollary idea
Of massive retaliation" were the
basis Of American foreign policy.
Implementing this basis, Mr..
Dulles, who in fact was the real
architect Of foreign policy under
Mr.. Eisenhower. undertook to Gre
ate q series Of regional alliances
designed to ring the Communist
world with q defensive barrier
against entertainments. infiltra.
ton or outright aggression.
To NATO, which was brought
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
A Type Of War

One type Of war, however, he
described as Sacred" and prom
ised that the Soviet Union would
support that type wherever 1t APP
peared. Any war Of national lib
Grafton" he averred, would be
helped II it involved q people
struggling for freedom from CO.
lonialism.
I'VE recognize such wars" he
declared. land we have helped
and shall go on helping people
fighting for their freedom" In
direct reference, the Premier
mentioned the Algerian rebellion
and also the Fidel Castro revolu-
ton in Cuba.
Most Western diplomats saw
in the Khrushchev statement q
major blueprint for Communist
strategy in the years ahead. Dis
armament and peaceful co-exist-
ence. whatever the Chinese think
about them, will be the major
goals Of the Kremlin and its allies.
Either. or preferably both. will.
in Mr.. Khrushchev's view, be con-
tributors to the victory Of world
communism because they will ap-
peal to the peoples Of the world
more than anything the West
can offer.
And the West, implied Mr..
Khrushchev, will have to accept
the ideals Of peace. peaceful CO.
existence. and disarmament or
plunge the world into q ther-
monuclear holocaust. The Com
munist program, he declared, was
continuous promotion Of the
economic. political, and military
power of the Socialist countries;
vigorous consolidation and REIN
forcement Of the world revolu-
tionary movement; mobilization
Of the people to ward off the war
danger"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22

conspiracy. assassination and
feuding than any other people in
the world.
The dark and sinister, tragic
and bloody story Of old Monte
negro was well told. with feeling
and insight, q few years ago by
a native Montenegro named Milo
van Djilas. His photographed
story was called. Land without
Justice" and it dealt not with
politics but with people.
But Mr.. Djilas wrote other
things too, and some Of them were
annoying enough to the Belgrade
government to put the writer be-
hind the grim walls Of Sremska
Mitrovica, q fortress prison that
has known many political prison.
ers in its time.
Mr.. Djilas, q Communist for
many years before World War II,
knew Sremska Mitrovica Of old. He
had served time there for polit-
ical activity under the monarchy,
But this time he went there at
the hands Of the Communist gov
eminent he had helped to create,
albeit the regime acted against
him with obvious reluctance.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22

from thousands of miles away.
In addition, NATO is beset by
serious internal troubles and dis
agreements. In France. Gen.
Charles de Gaulle has withdrawn
the French fleet from NATO COM
mand. He has begun to create a
French nuclear striking force, in
dependent Of NATO and armed
with weapons which France is
developing in her own nuclear
experiments deep in the Sahara.
In West Germany, Chancellor
Adenauer has voiced the opinion
that President de Gaulle's per-
sistence in his nuclear course will
mean that other Western nations
including the Bonn government
must initiate similar action. The
obvious result: A series Of nations
Independently arming national
forces with nuclear weapons. Few
nations in Europe, whether in the
Socialist camp or the Western
camp, view the prospect of new
German Wehrmacht armed with
nuclear weapons with equanimity.
Suggestions that NATO itself
equip a special nuclear force have
so far made little Roadway. Adding
to NATO's woes. almost the en-
tire French Army is at present
assigned to Algeria, where six
year effort to quell a nationalist
rebellion has been singularly in
effective.
The keystone Of NATO is the
big Three" alliance Of Britain,
France and the United States.
But there Is not too much har-
mony even here, for many and
serious reasons. Mr.. Kennedy's
first task, with NATO, will be to
study British and French sug-
gestions that the entire NATO in
tent, structure, strategy and ef-
fectiveness should be draStically
scrutinized and perhaps as dras-
tically altered.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
YugosIovio:
DiiIos Free

Mil0van Djilas, former Vice
President Of the Federal Repub-
lie Of Yugoslavia, was released
from prison Friday after serv-
ing less than half his term Inn
posed for criticism Of the Tito
government in foreign publ
cations.
The people Of Montenegro,
mountainous and once remote
Kingdom now q part Of Yugo-
slavia, have perhaps lived-and
died-amid more political intrigue,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22

away for more than two years.
going from capital to capital &C
cumulating what has been de-
scribed as IAN increasing baggage
train of gifts and souvenirs"
Teddy Roosevelt made a sim
liar brilliant European tour after
an African hunt. arranged upon
leaving office.
Trumon's Trovels
Mr.. Truman in his European
tour of 1856 had an audience with
Pope Plus XII and received an
honorary degree at Oxford. where
he was addressed in Latin as
"Harricum.
Mr.. Hoover became an elder
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
OUR COMMITMENTS ABROAD T..
- The Major Treaties Kennedy Inherits

Originally, the Baghdad Pact
was designed to attract all the
non-Communist nations Of the
Middle East in q northern ter"
buffer strip containing the Com
munist giant. It never did. Only
one Arab state-Iraq-joined the
pact, and the capital of then pro-
Western 1raq gave the treaty its
name.
Other Signatories were non
Arab: Turkey, Pakistan, and Iran
(besides Britain. But the pro-
Western regime in Iraq was over
thrown in 1858. and the pan-Arab
government that succeeded it
withdrew from the pact. The
"Baghdad Pact" became, of neces-
sity. the Central Treaty Organiza-
ton.
But Pakistan and Turkey have
each had internal political up
heavals, which although pro-
Western themselves, have been
poor evidence Of political stability.
Iran. although loyal to the pact,
Is not considered to be the most
reliable government in the seeth-
ing Middle East. And the major
Arab nations. such as the United
Arab Republic. the Sudan, the
North African states such as
Tunisia. Morocco. and Libya, have
spurned association with the
CENTO alliance.
Only the United States, Of all
CENTO members. Is pledged to
go to war to protect the integrity
OF CENTO nations. The others
have agreed only to Consult"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
Nrushchev Method
Ushers In an Era

though this did not equal the
$4.27o. 5000 which the United
States distributed for nonmilitary
assistance. it proved what Khru-
shchev was prepared to do. Fur
thermore. this vast Communist
fund was spent with an eye to
maximum propaganda benefit.
There is the same contrast be-
tween Stain and Khrushchev in
their dealings with men and ma
tons. Stain reminded one Of q
spider, sitting in the center Of q
dark and complicated web, weav-
ing secret and perilous plots. He
preferred to deal with Communist
henchmen, who crawled to him on
their mental knees, singing his
praises and obeying every flick
Of his Oriental eyelids.
At Home Abroad
How different 1t is with Khru-
shchev. The present Soviet leader
seems to feel as much ct home
on an Iowa farm or in the bazaars
Of India as he does in Red Square.
He Is ready to talk with everyone.
and even on occasion to let them
talk back. While he is still a
plotter, and an extremely skillful
one ut that, he operates far more
in the open than does his prede-
cessor. Under Khrushchev the
world has begun to feel that 1t
knows what is going on in the So
Wet Union, even though 1t may
not like what it sees.
Stain sought to dominate the
uncommitted nations. Khrushchev
so far merely asks that they be
neutral in the contest between
East and West. This change in
policy was so shrewd and had
such worldwide appeal that 1t
forced Eisenhower publicly to dis
agree with former Secretary Of
State Dulles who had declared that
neutrality was immoral and
shortsighted."
Most important Of all, Khru-
shchev thinks on a global scale,
whereas Stain concentrated al
most wholly on the Communist
world and the area Immediately
adjacent to 1t. Khrushchev has
leapfrogged into the Arab Middle
East. into Central Africa, onto the
island Of Cuba, into 1ndonesia, in
all Of which Red influence has
blossomed as never under Stain.
Stain, despite his aggressive
ness, still seemed in many ways
to be on the defensive. Khru-
shchev, on the other hand, is
plainly and boastfully on the Of
fensive. He has absolute conf
dence in the power and the future
Of communism. He is convinced
that events are coming his way,
and has clearly evolved a global
program designed to speed this
process.
No man on the world scene Is a
quicker thinker or Is more adept
at turning q situation to his ad-
vantage than Khrushchev. In
him Kennedy faces the most for
midable opponent ever to swear
the destruction Of the United
States and its democratic allies.
Beside him. In international in
trigue, Stain was minor league.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
CENTRAL TREATY
ORGANIZATION
(BAGHDAD PACT)

Created in 1855. Members:
United States, Britain, Turkey,
Iran, Pakistan. (The United
States inspired the organization
but did not become a full men,
Der until 1858. Iraq withdrew the
same year,
This alliance was a Dulles VEN
ture that never quite got off the
ground. The United States was
not at first a formal member Of
CENTO. or the Baghdad Pact, as
it was originally named. But be-
sides being the prime mover in
the creation Of the alliance, the
United States took a very active
part in its activities and its COM
mittees before becoming o full
member.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
Has New Books

Released on probation Friday,
he went home to his family still
sticking to his beliefs ain essence"
The Belgrade government had not
required him to recant, and had
imposed no conditions for his re-
lease, he told reporters. He ex-
poets to write. and to find q
publisher for five books he wrote
In prison.
AS for the present course of
Marshal Tto's government, he
said, Some Of the governments
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
THE FOREIGN SCENE

be resorted to by the capitalist
nations when they realized the
inevitability Of defeat at the hands
Of triumphant communism.
war Is not needed for the VIC
tory" Of communism. he said, and
only II capitalist Imperialism re-
sists the inevitable march of world
communism should the working
classes Of the world resort to
arms"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22

Continued From Page CT
United States withdrawal from
the q. N. in the almost certain
event that the Pekins government
is admitted by a majority vote Of
the 99-nation General Assembly.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
THE NORTH ATLANTIC
TREATY ORGANIZATION

Established in 1949. Members:
The United States, Britain, France,
Canada. Portugal, Norway, Den
mark, Belgium, Luxembourg, The
Netherlands. West Germany, Italy,
Turkey. Iceland. Structure: Sec
retariat and Council.
NATO was organized as an i'm
mediate deterrent to the threat
Of Soviet military expansionism in
Europe. 1t was designed to provide
a ground-and-air force, in being,
sufficient to deter the Soviet Un-
ion from undertaking military ag-
erosion against the then-weak-
ened nations of Western Europe.
But today, NATO is in a state Of
confusion. First Of all, the reali-
ties Of warfare have changed to
such an extent that the existence
Of powerful ground forces and
even air forces adds little to the
protection of Western Europe.
The reason: Missiles and rockets.
and their nuclear warheads, fired
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
BY RICHARD SPONG
Contributing Writer

President Eisenhower has gone
to Gettysburg. which is to be his
permanent home and head
quarters, but he is in no sense
retiring. The long postponed trip
to Japan is planned for Septem-
Der or October. and a visit to Nj
geria has been discussed. The
former Chief Executive, for that
matter. has received invitations
from the heads of state Of almost
every non-Communist nation in
the world.
Even If President Eisenhower
did not envision himself as sort
of private goodwill ambassador, he
would be kept busy. In a very
real sense, the man who leaves the
White House cannot retire. His
correspondence alone is an ardu-
GUS chore. Former President
Hoover. for example, receives in
the order Of 100000 letters year.
Harry S. Truman has said, Il
have the biggest individual mail
in the State of Missouri, and
maybe bigger than any in lot
Of other States" In recognition
Of this heavy burden Congress in
1858. while providing an annual
pension of $4,000 for forms
Presidents. also afforded them
free mailing privileges and the
noct ~ ~ q II, a ;,,;,,o or, Clifton opd
secretarial service.
Mr.. Hoover, man of large in
dependent means. gives his pen
sion tthe net after taxes to char
ity, as he did his Presidential pay
Mr. Truman said two years ago:
IF hadn't inherited some prop
erty that finally paid things
through. I'd be on RELIEF right
now" Taxes and clerical help
presumably have eaten up the half
million he received from his
memoirs. Mr.. Eisenhower is more
favorably circumStanced: his Get
tysburg farm is valued at $780,
600, and his, investment portfolio
at $750,00O.
Plan Tours Abroad
Mr.. Eisenhower, after a rest at
Gettysburg and golf in California,
will sail abroad as a retired head
of state, just as U. S. Grant and
T. r Ro. osevelt and Harry Tru-
man did on completion of their
terms in the White House.
When Gen. Grant left office in
1877, he nd few thousand dol
lars Wfrom his salary and a
desire to see the world. He stayed
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
SOUTHEAST ASIA TREATY
ORGANIZATION

Created in 1854. Members: The
United States. Britain. France,