davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-09-24

Palmer House and the Doc
tors House, owned by Mr..
E. L. Crook, are on Water
ford'S tour.
More Houses
Others include the Little
Brick House, noted for the
color of it's mellowed brick,
owned by Mr.. and Mrs.
Owen Batson; Miss Wini-
fred Gildersleeve's Cover
House; the Arch House,
owned by Mrs. Luther Hus-.
ton; Miss Eleanor James
Asa Bond House, the James
House, also owned by Miss
James but lived in by Mr..
and Mrs. j. Steven Mat
thias; the Pink House, which
is really pink, restored in
1852 and owned by Mrs.
Joseph Morse; Mrs. Ida
Mullen's Charles Moreland
House, and the Bond House,
one of the oldest in Water
ford, built about 1757 by
Amos Janney, the founder
of Waterford. This is now
owned by Mr.. William H.
Hotter.
The Fairfax Meeting
House, W where Confederate
troops camped in the fall
of 1861, also can be seen.
Five of these homes will be
on tour in the afternoon
each day of the exhibit.
Hunt Tour
The women of Grace
Church in The Plains orig
mated the Hunt Country
House Tour and have chosen
homes quite near President
and Mrs. Kennedy's Glen
Ora. Or as near as the
country crow flies.
The John Mitchells'
Stonehedge, next to Glen
Ora, will be on the tour as
will Miss Julia Writings
The Hill. Miss Julia's farm
land runs past the county
road leading to Glen Ora.
The Hill is always on the
Virginia Historic Garden
Week tour.
Other homes on the tour
include Mrs. Eva Stewards
Byrnley, built around 1760s
Mrs. Gorge Ohrstrom's
Whitewood, the former home
of Mrs. Plunket Stewart;
the Joseph Mulfords' High
Evening star., 1961-03-26

statement in "Air Force" voiee
OF the Air Force Association
that the great danger was tina,
"an exercise Of misdirected eau
ton . could menace national
security"
But the Navy League'1
Navy" welcomed his words al
"a ringing affirmation of tho
Navy Leagues position on COM
centrated military power" and
"a tremendous Endorsement a
Admiral Arleigh Burke's off,
repeated warning of the eco4
nomic power that would be
welded by a single chief Of
staff" The Navy opposes great.
er unification while the All
Force indorses it.
One test of Mr.. Eisenhower's
warning may be in the making.
with the resumption of negotia-
tions for a treaty with the
Soviets to ban nuclear weapons
tests. Many Americans are con-
Vinced that the Soviets would
cheat. They agree with the
American Ordnance Associa-
ton which calls for "immedi-
ate resumption Of nuclear
tests for both small and large
weapons"
If the Kennedy administers
ton succeeds in negotiating q
workable treaty, it will still
have to obtain Senate ratifica-
ton. That may mean bucking
a "military-industrial complex"
whose full power remains un-
known. 'F-
Evening star., 1961-03-26


National Guard and Army
Reserve.
The confluence Of service,
contractor and congressional
presSures is illustrated by the
campaign to start production
of the Nike-Zeus anti-missile
system. In his final budget, Mr..
Eisenhower requested about
$287 million for further devel-
opment Of Nike-Zeus. but said
funds should not be COM
mitted to production until de-
velopment tests are satisfac-
torily completed" Following
Mr.. EiSenhower's January mes
sage, these events occurred:
February Army" magazine
appeared with seven articles
lauding the Nike-Zeus, four of
them by Army officers on
active duty. Included in the
issue were full-page advertise
mentS by Western Electric Co.,
prime contractor for the Zeus,
and eight of its major sub
contractors. together with a
map showing how much of the
funds for the weapons system
would be spent in each of 81
States.
February 2-Senator Thur
mond told the Senate that I'VE
must start production of the
Nike-Zeus now" Rising to sup
port his argument were Sen
ator Jordan, Democrat Of
North Carolina, and Senator
Carlson, Republican of Kansas.
("Army'S" map showed Zeus
spending would total $50 mil
lion in North Carolina and $8.5
million in Kansas.)
February 7-RepreSentative
George P. Miller, Democrat Of
California, urged every member
of the House to read the cur
rent issue Of Army magazine"
and to support immediate ac-
ton for limited component
production Of the Nike-Zeus
system"
February 13-Representative
Flood, Democrat Of Pennsyl-
vania, gave the House substan-
TALLY the same speech deliv-
cred in the Senate on February
2 by Senator Thurmond. Mr..
Flood appended an article on
the subject published by the
Sperry Rand Corp, a Nike
Zeus subcontractor. "Army's"
figure for spending in Pennsyl-
vania was $40 million.)
February 23-House Majority
Leader Mccormack Of Massa-
chusetts asked every member
Evening star., 1961-03-26

from 1850 through 1859, and
involved SO millions separate
transactions.
All States Shared
Prime contract awards in fis-
cal 1860 totaled $21 billion, of
which $15.4 billion wene to 100
companies, two-thirds of which
are engaged primarily in re-
search, development, test or
production of aircraft, missiles
or electronics.
Every State shared in the
1860 awards-from California s
$4.8 billion to North Dakota's
So, ,683, 900. Every State shared
as well in the $11,4 billion pay
roll of the 2.5 million uniformed
and civilian defense personnel
scattered through the country
at 738 major military installa-
tions. At least one such facility
is located in 282 Of the 437 con-
greSsional districts.
Given the high stakes in de-
fense spending, it is not sur
prising that the question Of "in-
fluence" has been raised on &C.
casion. Mr.. Eisenhower said in
1859 that obviously political
and financial considerations
rather than "strict military
needs" were shaping debate
over the defense budget. Soon
thereafter q subcommittee
headed by Representative He
bert, Democrat Of Louisiana,
opened hearings on the hiring
Of retired officers by defense in
dustries.
The Hebert group found more
than 1,400 retired officers in
1.-THE rank Of major or higher
including 261 generals and ad.
mirals-working for the top 10C
defense contractors. The firm
employing the largest number
(187, including 81 retired gen.
erals and admirals), was Gen.
eral Dynamics Corp, headed by
former Secretary Of the Army
Frank Pace. General Dynamics
received the biggest defense
orders Of any company in 1860
Martin Played Host
The ex-officerS queried by
the subcommittee denied hay
ing anything to do with nego.
tiating contracts, however, anC
called themselves "has-beens'
without any influence over thC
Evening star., 1961-03-26
Lobbying Activities Seen
Aiding Influence Spending

decisions Of their colleagues
still in the Pentagon.
Some Of these officers on
active duty, it developed. had
accepted weekend hospitalities
from the Martin Co. at a pri-
vate club in the Bahamas. But
Martins Chairman George M
Bunker denied there was any
impropriety involved, saying "a
man could neither operate mol
compete effectively unless he
had q close personal relation
ship" with his clients.
The hearings confirmed also
the close working relationship
among the contractors, the
services and their semi-official
"boosters"-the Association oi
the United States Army, the
Navy League, and the Air Force
Association-w hose monthly
magazines are largely supported
by the advertisements of mis-.
sile and plane manufacturers
Three other potent military
industrial groups are the Aero
space Industries Association
the American Ordnance ASso'
citation, and the National Sc
curity Industrial Association.
Among members Of the Army
Associations advisory boarC
are Donald Douglas. jr., presi.
dent Of the Douglas Aircraft
Co., Mr.. Face and Democratic
Senators Sparkman Of Alabama
and ThurThond Of South Caro-.
lima.
The NNfy Leagues advisory
council includes Dan Kimball
president Of Aerojet-G Genera
land a former Secretary Of thu
Navy, and retired Admiral Rob
ert B. Carney, chairman Of tht
Bath Iron Works Shipbuildin(
Corp. and former chief of nava
operations.
The Air Force Association
has IA defense contractors EN-
ployeS among its directors, in
cluding retired 1t. Gen. jaime
n. Doolittle of Space Technol
ogy Laboratories.
AerOspace Unit Listed
OF the various groups, onl,
the Aerospace Industries Asso
citation has registered under tn
lobby law. Its president, re
tired Air Force Gen. Orval r
Cook, told the Hebert subcom
Imittee, however, that I'VE be
lieve we do not operate &C
cording to the classic definition
of a lobbyist. :. We don't evel
dream Of buying any influenc
of any kind"
Asked whether the best In
terestS of the industry woull
be served by an increase or de
crease in defense spending
Geh. Cook said: From
selfish point Of view, the bes
Interest of the industry woult
be served by an increase, o
course, but from a patriotic an,
: national point Of view 1t Nigh
not be-"
Peter j. Schenck. then presi
dent Of the Air Force AsSocia
ton and an official Of Ray
Evening star., 1961-03-26

get, keep, or expand their shares
Of the $40-billion-plus spent for
national defense.
In recent weeks:
The Army has renewed its
campaign for funds to launch
production Of the Nike-Zeus
anti-ICBM missile system in
advance of final tests in 1862.
Cheering the Army on are a
number Of Congressmen from
areas where the systems prime
contractor, Western Electric
Corp, and its subcontractors
are already spending $410 mil
lion for research and develop
ment.
A 81 billion contract to de-
sign and build 100 jet cargo
and troop transport planes was
awarded, after intense compe-
tition, to Lockheed Aircraft
Corp, second on the list Of top
defense contractors in 1860.
The new contract will mean
1000 more jobs at Lockheed's
plant in Marietta, Ga. But so
per cent Of the work must be
sub-coatracted, and Senator
Heating, Republican of New
York, has demanded that this
portion be spread over a fair
geographical area"
Cutbacks Protested
At least q dozen Senators and
Representatives have gone to
President Kennedy or Secre-
tary of Defense Mcnamara to
protest reports Of impending
cutbacks at military installa-
tions in their States and dis
tricts. All received assurances
that no changes would be made
pending thorough review by
the new administration. Mr..
Kennedy's defense budget Is to
be released tomorrow.
A bill authorizing $808 mil
lion worth Of new military con-
struction projects, reported
March 6 by the House Armed
Services Committee, covered
100 installations in every one
of the so States. AS Chairman
Vinson, Democrat Of Georgia
assured the House on a previ-
GUS OCCASION there Is some
thing in this bill for everyone
What all this adds up to is 8
widespread vested interest II
the jobs, sales and profits gen
Grated by defense expenditures
Their total economic impac
can't be measured by any singlI
yardstick, but here are somt
indicators:
More. than $3.50 billion wa
spent for defense during tn
eight Eisenhower years, fisca
1954-6l. Military procurement
alone amounted to 1928 billiol
Evening star., 1961-03-26

Bomarc. or course. this
is Army inspired" contractor
for Bomarc was Boeing Air
plane Co., headquartered in
Seattle, Wash.)
Also in 1859, former Repre-
sentative Foley, Democrat OF
Maryland, offered an amend
ment to the defense bill to add
$40 million to Air Force funds
to buy 10 F-27 transports from
the Fairchild Aircraft Co. of
HagerStown, Md. This failed,
but the Senate obliged with
$11 million. When House con-
ferees refused to go along, Sen
ator Beall, Republican Of Mary
land, begged the Senate to in
siSt, saying that Of the $4 bill
lion to be spent on aircraft,
"all we ask for Fairchild is
$11 million"
Recent reports that the PEN
tagon was thinking of cutting
back the BIO program led
Representative Hiestand, Re-
publican Of California, to write
Secretary Mcnamara February
q to assure him Of "the strong
congressional support for this
valued program" North Amer
ican Aviation, Inc, prime con-
tractor for the BIO, is located
in Mr.. HieStand's district.
GeOrgians Aid State
Some States fare better than
others. There are 108 installa-
tions in California Tin all but
five Of the States 80 districts)
and AZ in Texas Gin all but
three of % districts), but only
two facilities Zone of which Is
inactive) in West Virginia.
Georgia, home of the chair
men Of both Armed Services
Committees, Senator Russell
and Representative Vinson has
10 installations; "one more
base would sink the State" a
brave general once told Mr..
VinSon.
Many members of Congress
are also active spokesmen for
the Army, Navy or Air Force
view on strategic doctrine,
military organization, etc. Some
300 Senators and Representa-
tives saw service in World Wars
or II or in Korea: 40 men,
bers are active reserve officers,
of whom 10 serve on the House
Armed Services Committee.
Such ties, plus local pressures.
helped twice to defeat Mr..
Eisenhower's effort to trim the
Evening star., 1961-03-26

theon Corp, described the basis
for close military industrial re-
lations this way:
"The day Is past when the
military requirement for a ma
jor weapons system is set up by
the military and passed on to
industry to build the hardware.
Today 1t is more likely that
the military requirement is the
result of joint participation Of
military and industrial person
mel, and it is not unusual for
induStry's contribution to be a
key factor. Indeed, there are
highly placed military men who
sincerely feel that industry cur
rently is setting the pace in
the research and development
of new weapons systems"
The Hebert subcommittee
found no real evidence of in
fluence at work. But it con-
cluded that that "the coin
cidence' Of contracts and per-
sonal contacts with firms rep
resented by retired officers and
retired civilian officials some
times raises serious doubts as
to the complete objectivity OF
some Of these decisions"
West Virginia ShOrtchanged
Members Of Congress readily
acknowledge a vital political in
terest in procurement and other
defense activities. Representa-
tive Hechler, Democrat Of West
Virginia, told the House in 1859:
II am firmly against the
kind Of logrolling which would
subject our defense program to
narrowly sectional or selfish
pulling and hauling. But I am
getting pretty hot under the
collar about the way my State
Of West Virginia is short
changed in Army, Navy and
Air Force installations. I am
going to stand up on my hind
legs and roar until West Vir-
ginia gets the fair treatment
she deserves"
other examples Of Represen-
tatives at work:
When the House Appropria-
tionS Committee chopped the
Air Forces 1859 request for the
Bomarc by $162.7 million, Rep.
resentative Magnuson, Demo.
crat Of Washington, charged
that few members were aware
Of "the incredible lengths Il
which the adherents Of the Nike
defense system have gone ii
their attempt to discredit tn,
Evening star., 1961-03-26
ADVERTISEMENT.
FOUND.
sue c>ESSEUL AID FOR Her
PSORIASIS

Kansas City, NO., Dec. Is, 1860.
Writing to let you know how
wonderful your CHIP Tablets and
Ointment are. Had psoriasis over
10 years. Tried numerous oint.
mentS and remedies but not one
did what your products have done.
| am completely rid of my psoria-
sis" This is part of a report tell.
ing OF a users success with a dual
treatment for psoriasis, now made
available to all sufferers. Full in.
formation and details of a Il
day trial plan from Canaan Co.,
Dept. 259G, Rockport, Mass.
Evening star., 1961-03-26

to read Mr.. Floods "prescient
address" Of 10 days before
"Army's' figure for Massa-
chusetts was SIS millionO
March 6-There were reports
that President Kennedy was
expected to approve a compro-
mise plan for to spend an added
$100 million to 5000 million to
start tooling up for Nike-Zeus
production. Eventual costs were
estimated at from S. billion to
$40 billion.
Is there evidence Of self in
tereSt on the part of the mill
tary services, their contractors
and members Of Congress tc
justify Mr.. Eisenhower's warn
ing that "the potential for the
disastrous rise of misplaced
power exists and will persist?"
ellN-
The answers vary widely.
There is no question that
the services and their contract
ors have an interest in main
tanning a high degree of ten
sion in the country" said a
senior member of the House
Defense Appropriations Sub
committee. But he sees no
threat Of misplaced power.
There is a real danger that
we may go the way Of pre-war
Japan and Germany" said one
member Of the House Armed
Services Committee, who dis
approves Of picking industrial
lists such as Charles E. Wilson
and Mr.. Mcnamara to head the
Defense Department.
II don't know what Eisen-
hover was talking about" said
a former Defense Department
official. There is no danger
he believes, that can't be met
by the selection Of able civilians
to run the department.
Navy AffirmS Stand
The military-industrial COM
plex is a floating power" large
ly free of restraint, said a
former Eisenhower associate.
The basic trouble, he believes,
is that national security has
become popular" enabling
everyone with an ak to grind
to argue that he is acting in
the national interest.
Some Of those questioned by
Congressional Quarterly dis
missed Mr.. EiSenhower's words
as another example Of his pre-
occupation with big spending.
Typical Of this view was the
Evening star., 1961-03-26
THE SUNDAY, STAR
W0shington, D. c., March rs, 1861

months after President Esenhowers farewell address
Washington has all but forgotten his parting shot at unwar-
ranted influence" by "military-indusral complex"
But lot Of people working overtime the thing
that led him to sound off, The highpowered drive of the
services contractors and
Evening star., 1961-03-26

Congressional QuorterIy. lne.,. o news
research organization in Wosh-
inston, looked into what former
President Eisenhower eolled "ths
miIituY-industriol complex" in his
foreweIl address. The accompanying
story gives COS findings on the
bosis Of the public record and ex-
tensive off the record interviews.
Evening star., 1961-03-26

from 1850 through 1859, and
SO millions separate
troY1co nfiOY1s
Evening star., 1961-09-24

avoid them entirely on the
way to the moon. Effects Of
radiation are functions of bott
intensity and time, so a quicl
enough run through a thin
enough region would probably
be satisfactory.
WeightlessnesS remains some
thing of an unknown, but since
Cosmonaut -Gherman Titov'I
flight in August concern i.
waning. Much more will be
known about "zero-g" by the
mid-60s, when flights involv-
ing several men for several
weeks will be undertaken ir
Apollo-A.
Candidates for space trave,
will probably be chosen from
a younger group than the aging
engineers who made up the
Mercury group. The second
generation of astronauts will
have less to do with system
design, and thus will not re-
quire such advanced profeS-
sional skills. But they will neec
physical and mental stamina
and plenty of cockpit knowhow
They probably will enter as
tronaut training in their late
20s after graduation from test
pilot schools.
The first men to the moon
are quite unlikely to be scien-
fists, medicS or anything but
fliers. They will be taught
enough first-aid-type medicine
to tend to physical and mental
crackupS, anc they will cram
enough geology to know what
kind of rock samples to bring
back. In addition, each will
probably be intensively trained
in maintenance and service oi
some major component of the
rocket and spacecraft system
and all will have enough main
tenance training across the
board to do a jack-of -all-trades
job of troubleshooting.
Handle From Ground
The moon mission will be
flown by men with some previ-
GUS space experience in such
programs as Apollo-A (orbital
operations) and Apollo 3
(round-the-moon flights. A
fully redundant system of con-
trolls will enable men on the
ground to handle the flight if
anything goes wrong inside the
cabin, but primary responsible
ity will rest with the crew.
Present plans call for three
or four rocket stages to get
the manned Spacecraft onto
the moon, and one stage to get
it back. The return will be
direct from the lunar surface
to the surface of the earth,
probably at Edwards Air Force
Base in California. The space
craft will be flown" but only
very crudely, into a re-entry
corridor about 40 miles high,
after which it will be pretty
much at the mercy of its own
velocity and the earth'S gravity.
Some sort of parachute ar
rangement will bring it into a
relatively gentle landing on
one Of the dry lakes in the
Mojave Desert.
More ambitious flights than
Apollo-C will have to wait for
better methods of propulsion,
based on the use of atomic
energy. Few experts, even in
the nuclear power program,
think there is much chance of
atomic rockets being ready in
time for a 1869 moon flight.
Atomic power will better the
efficiency of fuels now avail
able by 2 to 212 times; more
advanced electrical propulsion
Evening star., 1961-09-24

will boost the efficiency again
by a factor of 10. Planetary
exploration without such tech
niques is generally regarded as
a forlorn hope.
Two of the biggest problems
in attaining Mr.. Kennedy's
goal will probably be keeping
the American people interested
ton the one hand and pre-
venting their becoming dis
couraged by tragedies or Soviet
victories ION the other).
! Government leaders hope a
series of progressively more
impressive achievements in
volving both unnamed and
manned vehicles will keep pub
lie interest and support alive.
Byproducts of the space pro-
gram that can be shown to be
paying off such as weather
forecasting and radio-TV COM
munications-are expected to
make the heavy financial cost
more acceptable, although they
ARE not directly related to
! flight to the moon.
Tragedies Expected
! AS far as tragedy is con-
cerned, most space experts are
resigned to the idea that men
are going to be killed in this
business. But they believe the
public will get used to this,
and say the survival of Astro-
nautS Nos. / and. 2 this year
will make it easier for the
Government to break the in
evitable bad news some day.
Russian advances cannot be
controlled by the American
Government, and for the pres
ent probably cannot be over
come. 1t is hoped, however,
that the public can be con-
vinced of the intrinsic merit
of American efforts, thus rem
dering comparisons a little less
odiouS.
In many minds, as Opera
ton Moon gets under way in
earnest, there remains a ques-
ton of why the program should
be undertaken at all.
One part of the answer is
that the United States is al
ready in space, having put
itself there voluntarily W ith
former President Eisenhower's S
Vanguard proclamation Of July,
1885. and could not get out if
it wished to. Further, space,
like any other area of tech
nological progress, is a dynamic
meolum; one can hardly stop
once one has started.
The other part of the an
swer is in Mr.. Kennedy's words,
in his message to Congress on
May IS:
I'VE go into space because
whatever mankind must under
take, free men must fully
share"
THE END
Evening star., 1961-09-24

Manned Space Flight Programs,
to be headed by D. Brainerd
Holmes. appointed to NASA
last week from a post in in
dustry.
Mr.. Holmes office will be
one Of the four new directorates
functionfng under DR.. Seamans
and Mr.. Dixon. Another OF
the directorates, called "Office
Of Applications" has not yet
been filled. The others and the
men who will head them are
office of Space Sciences
DR.. Homer E. Newell, present
deputy to DR.. Silverstein in the
Office Of Space Flight Pro-
grams.
Office Of Advanced Research
Programs and Technology-Ira
H. Abbott, present head Of the
Office Of Advanced Research
Programs.
Another major organizational
change was announced. This
was the appointment of Robert
r. Gilruth to head the new
Manned Spacecraft Center at
Houston, Tex. Mr.. Gilruth has
managed the Space Task Group
at Langley Field, Va, which has
run the Mercury manned space
flight program.
One office Eliminated
Under the new organization,
all NASA's research centers
will report to DR.. Seamans, Mr..
Webb said. The centers are at
Cleveland, Houston. Langley
Field, Huntsville. Ala; Noun
tain View, Calf; Edwards,
Calf; Chincoteague, Va, and
| IGreenbelt, Md.