davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-04-29
WSTAS IN SCIENCE
Few Creatures Are CoIor-Conscious
By THOMAS R. HENRY

The world is just black
and white to most higher
animals.
Only men. a few monkeys
and perhaps one or two
others see green grass, red
sunsets, blue skies. Dogs
cats, elephants have no
awarenesS of color.
Ability to discriminate
color is a highly specialized
attribute of a few living
creatures, Capt. H. G. Wag-
ner, of the Navy Medical
Research Institute, has just
reported through the Office
of Naval Research. One OF
the institutes major projects
Is to determine the complex
eye-brain mechanism which
makes this possible.
The structure Of the retina
OF the eye is basic. Capt.
Wagner says. When light
strikes cells of this retina
nerve impulses are generated
which are transmitted by
appropriate fibers of the op-
tic nerve to the occipital lobe
OF the cerebral cortex at the
rear of the brain where they
are translated into conscious
ness of shape, form, position
and the like
There are, 1t has been de-
termined, about a million
separate nerve fibers in this
optic nerve in man. One
doesn't see anything with the
eye alone. 1t takes a lot of
subconscieuS thinking" -
that is, activity of the cortex
to constitute vision.
Old Theory Disputed
A theory advanced a CEN
tury ago holds that distinct
retinal cells are sensitive to
different wavelengthS of visi-
BILE light conveying three
different color sensations
red, green and black white.
Out Of these the cortex con-
StructS all the other colors.
This is the so-called tri-
chromatic theory. The three
separate kinds must exist,
the theory holds. Red and
green can't be mixed to pro-
duce any other color, Capt.
Wagner points out. Mix red
and green paint. You get
either all red or all green
never "greenish-red."
OF late, he says, quite
serious objections to this
theory have arisen. An al
ternate theory on which the
Navy researchers now are at
work assumes the primary
light sensations to be yellow
and blue. These also cannot
be mixed. There is no such
thing as a bluish-yellow.
BY exposing the retina of
various animals to different
colors of light the Navy
workers have been able to
determine that colors, as
such. create no electrical i'm
pulses in fibers of the optic
nerve. Nothing is conveyed
back to the occipital lobe.
Evening star., 1961-04-29
Civil Defense Critic

What would happen if
people with opinions that
count suddenly decided that
civil defense is a practical
way of defending ourselves
against the consequences of
a nuclear war? What a furry
of activity we would see then.
Vast stores of food and water
would be stored within easy
access of the Easements, tun-
nelS, and other burrows we
now call shelters; intricate
systems of air-filtration and
sewage would be installed. We
would all be put through
complicated survival drills,
and our children would be
taught not to whimper in the
dark.
The chief result, however,
would be to expose the fact
that up to now none Of the
powers-that-be has taken the
life-saving aspects Of civil
defense at all seriously. 1t is,
at the moment, a totally
irrational ritual. To plan to
fight a nuclear war under
certain provocations is to
plan suicide unless civilian
populations can be protected
hence it has been necessary
to pretend that defense is
possible. Civil defense ex-
erciseS serve no other func-
tion than to delude people
into thinking they might sur
vive war, unless it is to pre-
vent them from thinking
about the subject at all.
The Office of Civil Defense
and Mobilization insults our
intelligence by asking us to
hide in shelters" which
would, in the event OF a
nuclear attack, become mass
graves. AS we do so we might
do well to ponder the abso-
Lutte necessity Of disarma-
ment. The only defense
against nuclear weapons is
the abolition of war.
Warren w. Morse.
President, Washington
Committee for a Sane
Nuclear Policy.
Evening star., 1961-04-29
THE POLITICAL MILL
Battle Line Set for Arizona Test
BY GOULD LINCOLN

that he regretted his remarks
had been misinterpreted.
The Republicans, through
their leaders, including Gen.
Eisenhower, former Vice
President Nixon and Gov.
Nelson A. Rockefeller Of
New York. have rallied to
the support of President
Kennedy. saying they will
back him in this serious
situation. There has been
widespread criticism of the
handling of the whole affair
of the attempted Cuban in
vasion, including assertions
that the United States has
lost prestige internationally,
while Khrushchev and Castro
have gained. While Repub-
lican leaders have withheld
political attacks on the Ken
nedy administration, it re-
mains to be seen how the
public will react at the polls.
Political Makeup
Arizona is the home State
of Senator Barry Goldwater,
leading spokesman today Of
the conservative wing Of the
Republican Party. Senator
Goldwater has given his sup
port to Mr.. Matheson in this
special election, although he
has not stumped the State.
Despite the fact the Demo-
Gratis outnumber the Repub-
licanS in party registration,
the State is regarded as more
conservative than left-wing-
iSh. Mr.. Matheson is a con-
Servative and has been
waging his campaign on
economic grounds against his
Democratic opponent. While
Secretary Udall has been
hailed as flaming liberal, his
brother Morris is more con-
servative, or so it is reported.
Arizona is split down the
middle politically, so far as
its congressional delegation
is concerned. It's senior Sen
ator, Carl Hayden, is a Dem
ocrat, and its junior Senator,
Barry Goldwater. a Repub-
lican. It's 1st district is rep
resented by a Republican,
John J. Rhodes, while its I'd
district was Democratic until
Mr.. Udall resigned to become
Interior Secretary. Last fall,
the Republicans elected a
Governor and carried the
State for Mr.. Nixon over Mr..
Kennedy.
Even so, political observers
are giving the edge in Tues
days contest to Mr.. Udall.
The Republicans admit they
have an uphill fight, al
though they insist their can
didate, Mr.. Matheson, has
a chance Of victory. Mr..
Matheson has campaigned
hard, and he became widely
known in his district last
year when he ran for the
office he is now seeking. A
Republican victory would be
hailed not only as an upset
for the Democrats but as a
psychological shot in the
arm for next years elections,
congressional and guberna-
torial.
Evening star., 1961-04-29
Parkway Apartments

i dIH sure GndI dll Jne
people in Prince Georges
County appreciate your edi-
torial urging completion Of
the George Washington Me-
mortal parkway from the
District Of Columbia line to
Fort Washington. This
parkway on the Maryland
bank of the Potomac over
looking the river route to
Mount Vernon, leading to
the beautiful and historic
Fort Washington National
Park (341 acres should be
a part of the heritage Of all
the Nations citizens. 1t
would hold prime interest for
visitors to the Nations Cap
ital.
The recent purchase Of
park land between the District
of Columbia and the Wood
row Wilson Zones Point)
bridge revives our hopes
that this parkway which
has been planned by the
Federal Government and ap-
proved by Congress for many
years may yet become a real
ity. Efforts for Federal par
ticipation to the extent Of
half the funds to purchase
the right-of-way in accord
ance with the plan have
been frustrated by the House
committee because the COM
mittee does not concur that
the parkway has a national
significance as set forth in
the Federal plan.
The Board of County
Commissioners, tn e Prince
Georges County Civic Fed
Grafton and % civic asSocia-
tions in Southern Prince
Georges County have all
sought completion of the park
way as proposed by the Ma
tional Capital Planning
Commission. There has
been no dissent or opposition
on the part Of local civic
groups in the area to the de-
STABILITY Of the parkway for
the benefit Of the people of
the United States. One civic
group has urged an alternate
route for a minor part of the
parkway, and to support the
alternate route an offer was
made by local landowners
to donate about a mile of
the right-of-Way.
With completion of the
Woodrow Wilson Bridge only
about six months away, land
costs for the parkway will
increase greatly. Land-own-
erS will not leave their land
undeveloped much longer.
One high rise apartment
project on Swami Greek is
now in the promotional
stage (Star, April 15). which
would block any direct park
way route to Fort Washing
ton. If this apartment prof.
ect is completed, more Of
them can be expected within
the parkway route.
A choice must be made In
the near future Of whether
the Potomac approach to
Mount Vernon and Fort
Washington on the Mary
land side will be beautified
and protected by a parkway
Evening star., 1961-04-29
LETTERS TO THE STAR

Pen names may be used II
letters carry DriterS' correct
names and addresses. All let
terS are subject to condenSd- =
tion. Those not used tDill be
returned only tDhen accom-
panied by self addressed,
stamped envelopes.
Evening star., 1961-04-29

Arizona (or rather the
States I'd congressional dis
trict0 offers on Tuesday the
first political test at the polls
since the Kennedy admins
tration has really swung into
action. An election is being
held to fill the vacancy in
the national House of Rep
resentativeS caused by the
resignation of Stewart L.
Udall in order to join the
Presidents Cabinet as Secre-
tary of the Interior. The I'd
district has been strongly
Democratic, with a Demo-
cratic Party registration of
2 to or more. Furthermore,
the Udall family is widely
known and it is strongly
backing Morris K. Udall, the
Secretary's 38-year-old broth
er, the party's candidate in
this election.
The Republicans are pin
ming their hopes on Mac C,
Matheson. a former radio
announcer and at present
head of a concern which
pipes music into hotels. res
taurants, etc. Mr.. MatheSon
ran a pretty fair race in this
strongly Democratic district
last November against Sec
retary Udall, losing by 10000
votes. Mr.. Udall was winning
a fourth term in the House
The vote stood $4,000 for
Udall to $4,000 for Mr.
Matheson-or IS per cent OF
the vote Democratic and As
per cent Republican.
Cuban Reaction Factor
What effect, If any, the
anti-Castro Cuban fiasco has
had on the voters may show
up in the election Tuesday
although the time has been
brief since the failure of the
Freedom Fighters for Cuba
to establish a beachhead and
join other anti-CaStro units
in the island. Secretary Udall
got himself into the limelight
when he said during a tele-
vision broadcast that the
plans for an anti-CaStrC
invasion-by Cubans - had
been drafted during the Eli
Senhower administration and
inherited by the Kennedy
administration. His state
ment looked like a palpable
attempt to ease public criti-
cism Of the handling of the
Cuban situation by the Ken
nedy administration, and to
place some Of the blame for
the fiasco on the shoulders
Of former President EiSen-
hover. President Kennedy
was prompt to assume all
responsibility in the Cuban
situation and our Govern
tnent'S part in the abortive
attempt to oust Castro. Re-
publican leaders were quick
to answer the Udall sugges-
ton that Gen. Eisenhower
must share whatever blame
there was for the outcome
Of the attempted Cuban in
vasion by anti-Castro Gu
bans, calling the UdaH state
ment plainly partisan poll
tics. Mr.. Udall, after the
Presidents statement, said
Evening star., 1961-04-29

as planned for the Nations
Capital, or whether the heri-
tage of the future citizens of
America in this area will be
a row of high rise apartment
houses.
James F. Vance,
Past President, Oxon Hill
Vista Citizens Association.
Evening star., 1961-04-29
Answers to Questions
BY THE HASKINS SERVICE

A reader can get an answer, BY
mail, to any question Of fact by
writing The star Information Bu-
reau, 635 F street NV, Washington
4, D. c. Please inclose return post
envelope.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1961-06-03

working on Louisville, Ky, dalllcs
when | met them years ago
Anne, lovely girl from a
fairly wcll-to-do Southern family
{ believe she was born IN
Mississippi and raised IN ANN.
stonJ, was reared and educated
in the best tradition OF the gentle
and privileged white women oil
the south, which Is to say, she
attended an exclusive girl ) finish
ing school and was properly spo-
on fed in gentle fashion on the
inherent superiority of whites
and The natural inherently OF the
blacks.
She told me of some OF her
experiences as a cub reporter
on Birmingham, Ala, daily n
highly sensitive woman, she was
still aghast at the sight OF 4
skull of lynchcd Ne
gro being casually used as a
paper weight in an Alabama
shcriff's office.
Her experiences as a reporter
in those early years coming as
they did on the heels of her life
long acceptance of the Southern
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1961-06-03
White P0testants
Scored On Race

quired in economic affairs"
But there is no such excuse
in the realm of racial Justice,
the thcologian observes.
There the issue is crystal clear
The question is simply whether
we are prepared to treat our
fcllow.man with the respect that
his innate dignity as a human
being requires and deserves.
THAT the church should have
failed to meet this primary test
of its moral vitality is fact of
grave concern. Could it be that
the Protestant church in America
has sunk to the insignificant
status of white middle class
convcnticlc. where mans pride
is nurturcd rather than disciplin-
cd?"
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1961-06-03
i Remember Admission

way of life rocked her to her SOlcs
and as she told me time and again
Il didn't enter the fight for civil
rights on behalf Of Negroes, alone
did ii mostly for whites, my
own people. Because what | saw
scared me- the depravity, the
moral blindness, the cloying sick
ness of white supremacy and
where il was leading, how it
suppressed freedom of thought
and choice of associates among
both the oppressed and the OPP
prcssors.
For her answering belief in
the frontiers of human
kindness. she has paid and dearly
THIS woman, a mother of four
has suffered all kinds OF indignl-
ties, dcprlvations and hardShIps
she lost her job on the Louisville
daily paper. she has seen her
husband jailed twice (shc has
been Jailed herself: her phone has
rung all hours of the night with
bigots and crackpotS shouting all
kinds of obsccnillcs over the in
strumcnt.
Even today. as a staff mem
Der Of the Southern Conference
Educational Fund. S0uthwlde
organization working
for intcgration. she IS continuing
that fight
As think back on Admission.
Ala. il occurs to me thai all
white people of that and other
Southern dic-hard towns can't
be bad. if once in a while they
produce an Anne Bradcn.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1961-06-03

CORE Officials said iniegrsicd
groups will start by bus from
Washington, DC, bound for Ala
bama and Mississippi.
Police will be swampcd.' said
julius Hobson. head of the Wash
ington CORE branch Southern
jalls and road gangs will be full
all summer
Earlier this week Attorney
General Robert =. Kennedy petit
toned the Interstate Commerce
Commission TO issue regulations
banning segregation in interstate
bus transportation. Mr.. kennedy's
petition requested that the resvis-
tions include such terminal fseili-
ties used by interstate motor car.
riers as waiting rooms, rest rooms
and restaurants.
He urged the lCC TO issue the
regulations as cxpcditiously as
practical.
Meanwhile. eight more Free
dom Riders entered Jackson, Miss
this time by train and were
promptly Jailed for trying to in
tergrate the waiting room of the
Illinois Central Railroad They
were fined 5000 and given go day
sentences on charges of creating
a breach of the peace They re-
fused to pay the fines - just like
the rest - and remained in Jail.
One group of Freedom Riders
who was sent 10 Mississippi
prison farm. returned TO
Jail in downtown Jackson, after
a prison farm official admitted
one of the Riders had been slug
ged for not saying sir TO a
guard. The Federal Bureau of
Investigation is conducting
probe of the incident
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1961-06-03

In Jackson, Richard Haley, an
other CORE field secretary, is
acting as coordinator and is main
tanning contact with the growing
number Of Freedom Riders i'm
prisoncd for attempting to use
bus terminal facilities there.
In Montgomery. Thomas Gar
Their third CORE field secretary
is coordinating Freedom Riders
coming from Georgia and Ten
ncssec
CORE is coordinaiing its acti-
vities with other groups mobillz-
ing Freedom Riders through a
Joint coordinating committee
Members Of the committee in
clude Gordon Carey of CORE,
Edward King of the Student Non
violent Coordinating Committee.
Diane Nash Of the Nashville Non
violent Movemet and Wyatt Tee
Walker of the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference
In a telephone conversation
from Jail in Jackson, Mississippi.
James Farmer, CORE national
director. commented: Just as
the Greensboro sit-in OF February
!, 1860, set off . wave OF sit-ins
so has CORES Freedom Rides OF
May All. 1861 set off a wave Of
Freedom Rides. Just as the sit-ins
succeeded in desegressfing lunch
counters throughout the south,
SO will the Freedom Rides sveee-
ed in desegregsting all phases
Of interstate bus travel through
out the south"
Meanwhile. all over the country
groups OF college students are
planning TO spend their summer
vacations in Jail. breaking rocks
or working in county chain gangs.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1961-06-03

This action was taken in re-
cognition of the outstanding ser
vices rendered by Judge McCrcc
in the EcorSc Housing develop
mcnt, the community and to the
County
The new development will
house families of low income and
the Aged. who arc unable To find
decent. sanitary homes at rentals
they can afford TO pay.
The new homes are moderni-
site in design and will be con-
strveted with Sirsn Steel Tram
ing. az q cost 81 approximately
81, 68l 10000 end are scheduled
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1961-06-03

| remember II Tor It's narrow
streets and narrowcr-mlnded bl-
.gotcd white citizens. | remember
il for its fronticr-likc, Cowpoke
appearance, a town where old
wooden buildings rose ugly bill
stcrs on the skin of its hot and
dusty streets in the downtown
section of the city.
remember il as town that Ne
gro CTS SHE'D away from not
only because there was precious
little to do there entertainment
wise on the weckcnds, but be-
cause hate, prejudice, and abuse
stalkcd its streets awaiting tan
Gil to light on.
Most of us scattered like dry
leaves in gust of wind on the
weekend. We headed for Atlanta,
Ga. Talladcga, or even Birmlng-
ham, Ala. the latter of which
was just an enlarged version Of
Admission, but Boosting an infinite
variety more places of entertain
mcnt, for lonely, and fun-starvcd
Negro soldiers.
remember boarding a bus on
one occasion at Mcclellan cnroutc
to Admission TO catch the Trail
ways bus for Talladega College.
had a girlfricnd there and spent
many delightful wcckcnds on that
beautiful and friendly campus.
was seated halfway the bus
Ga city vehicle with a franchise
to enter the post and transport
soldiers and civilian workers of
the camp into town. II was a
typically hot Alabama day, and
the windows of the bus were
wide open. | heard a flat, nasal
voice of a woman in queue out
side loudly declaring TO friends
she was seeing off TO town: Look
at that niger sitting in front
of those white folks. If | was the
driver I'd make him sit in the
rear where he belongs" | looked
at her coldly and she holly re-
turned the stare before letting
her eyes 90 blank, typical South
ern white gesture of contempt.
Nothing more was said. But ]
rode TO town that day with
feeling of sickness in my sto-
mach. didn't move TO the rear,
nor did the bus driver ask me to.
| guess | best remember
Admission as the home OF friend
a white woman with brown hair
and soft intelligent blue eyes
which stared out unafraid at all
around her.
She is Anne Bradcn wife of
a florid.faccd. terriblc-tempercd
Irishman named Carl Braden, a
stubborn fellow who is now
in prison for refusing TO
cooperate with the House Com
mittec on Un.American Activities
probing his activities in the
Souths indignation fight.
Both Anne and Carl are excel
lent news people and both were
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1961-06-03


for completion in March 1867.
The houses arc being built
on a site. North of Salliottc
Street on Eighth and Ninth Street
The site was formerly occupied
by sub-standard and slum houses.
The completion of these homes
will bring the total value of low
rent housing. in EcorSe. TO APP
proximatcly S3.172.343.00 built
at no cost TO the city.
The tentative ground breaking
for the Community and Admin.
s,ration Building is scheduled for
June ID. 1861.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1961-06-03
Educator Praised

Friends and associates Joined
in wishing the best of everything
to DR.. Harold Harrison. principal
of Miller Junior High School fol
lowing his appointment as admin
strator of the East Side District,
the highest administrative post
ever held in the Detroit public
school system by Negro
Or. Harrison was praised by
associates and supcriors as a
Woodworking educator with demo
stratcd abilities in his profession.
lie has been public school
teacher for many years.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1961-06-03

NEW YORK - White Pr0tcS-
tantism has failed to face the
challenge of racial violence IN
the South according to the
Rev. Rcinhold Nicbuhr, one of
this country's leading thcolo-
gians.
In an editorial scheduled to
appear in the June Is issue Of
Christianity and Crisis, bi'
weekly published here, the re
tired vice president of Union
Theological Seminary cites the
significant" leadership of the
Negro church as compared with
the equally significant lack Of
leadership of the white ProtcS-
tant churches.
Or. NlEBuHR is co hair.
man of the journal along with
the Rev. John c. Bennett, dean
of the seminary.
Some of the white pastors
have been heroic he writes,
but the church as a commu-
nifty. allcgcdly community OF
grace has been wocfully lack
ing in reverence and vitality
Protestant delinquency" in
the field Of economic Justice can
be understood. " not excused. he
comments on the ground that u
is not EASY 10 implement the
basic imperative Of the love COM
with the nice cslevls.
tions OF distribviivs vsiies re-
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1961-06-03

Set Up New Orleans
Training School

NEW YORK CITY II Deuged with applicants for
more Freedom Rides the Congress of Racial Equality
CORE has modified TO train them in nonvlOence and
TO get the rides on-theroad
Freedom Ride training center has been established
New Orleans under the leadership of James Mccain,
CORE field secretary and Walter Bergman, one of the
original Freedom Riders The first group graduated
nterracal group of II left by train for Jackson, Mis-
sssippi on MAY 80 Others will follow.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1961-06-03
eastern AIR LINES SKiPS DIVIDEND;
USUALLY PAID Csc"

USUALLY PAID Csc"
N.Y. Trib. $40
GOD VIA HIS DETROIT TRIBUNE:
AND EDDIE RICKENBACKER. ct AL. SEEKS THE
DEVILS AID : AT THE RISK OF DISASTER =
VIA SKIRTlEss FEMALE ADVERTISING j
NEEDLESS OF THE CHRIST VIA ST. PAUL: THE
FLESH LUsTETH AGAINST THE SPIRIT" AND
vIcA VERSA "FOR THESE ARE CONTRARY, THE ONE
TO THE OTHER, so THAT YE CANNOT DO THE
THINGS THAT We WOULD" = AND SHOULD
ITO BE cARNALLY MINDED is DEATH"
St. Paul.
ASTRONAUT ALAN SHEPARD. CHRISTIAN
SCIENTIST =
See EASTERN AlRLINEs. Page
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1961-06-03

portion this inadvertently dropped
week Herewith is the full sory)
remember AnniSton that horrid little town In Ala
bama that the scene of vicious mob riongs,
beatngs of Congress On Racial Equality freedom
riders and the burning of bus
/ remember it a CT in World War II when was
stationed at Fort Mcclellan Ala an Army post that squat
ted on the frnges this unhealthy and backward town