davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-05-28

decked over into a long low cabin.
This contained a large fish box.
a keg with about three gallons Of
water, a few small potatoes and
some onions. The box was jetti-
soned after yielding seven fairly
fresh fish. These were quickly
cooked on the charcoal brazier.
But these initial comforts were
fleeting. An effort to preserve the
water supply by rationing was
thwarted on the first night when
deep draughts were stolen by the
men who stayed awake to steer
and bail. The keg ran dry on the
second day. There were no more
matches to light the brazier and
the nearly naked soldiers pressed
against each other for warmth on
the long cold nights. There was
jostling for position near two fat
men who could offer some COM
fort against the rough timbers Of
the hull.
The fishing proved difficult. A
lure fashioned from the lid Of a
cigarette lighter produced only
two bonita in two weeks Of con-
slant trolling. A big shark, per-
haps IS feet, was hooked with q
heavy rig that was found in the
cabin. But the men, too eager for
the sharks blood, horsed him in
so rapidly that he was able, on
Evening star., 1961-05-28
The Outlook

All amendments tied to sensitive
racial and religious matters were
defeated in the Senate. Similar
amendments are expected in the
House, where the vote is expected
to be very close.
These are the chief hurdles the
bill faces in the lower chamber:
/. An attempt by proponents Of
aid to private, including parochial,
schools to tie an amendment to it.
The Roman Catholic bishops are
still on record as opposing dis
criminatory" aid.
2. A Republican-led effort to
limit Federal aid to school con-
struction. Both the House and
Senate bills provide that the funds
may be spent for teacher salaries,
if the States so choose.
3. An attempt by certain civil
rights advocates to amend it so
that segregated schools would be
barred from participating in the
Federal largess.
Evening star., 1961-05-28

his last hours tapping Morse mes
sages to his United States instruc-
tor on an imaginary key. He
thumped out the boats position
and urged that the friend come
quickly with cold beer and food.
AS he neared death, he reported
that the instructor was on the
way with help. Another man
talked endlessly Of the canteen of
cold water that he had left be-
hind on the beach.
Simple honors were accorded
the first to goa few words Of
personal praise, some earnest
prayers for the salvation Of the
survivors, and a solemn splash
overheard. The bodies did not sink
and the grimneSs of these occa-
sions was accented by backward
glances at the departed, bobbing
in the boats wake.
AS weakness gripped the dwin-
ding crew, even these final OBJ
sequies, particularly the effort of
hosting the body over the side,
became difficult. One man lay for
hours with a dead friends head
on his chest because he did not
feel strong enough to drag him aft
through the crowded cabin.
Some heroic behavior was ex-
hibited by man whose ruggedness
was more mental than physical.
Evening star., 1961-05-28
The Foreign Scene

announced that India's Rajeshwar
Dayal would not return to the
Congo as the U.N.'S special repre-
sentative there.
Mr.. Kasavubu on several diff
ferent occasions had charged Mr..
Dayal with arrogance toward his
central government in Leopold
vile, and partiality toward the
Communist-favored regime Of Mr..
Gizenga in Stanleyville.
Mr.. Dayal'S presence also was
irritating to the Western powers
who support Mr.. KaSavubu and
Washington was relieved 10 weeks
ago when Mr.. Dayal left the Congo
for consultations" in New York.
The Communist bloc and several
neutral countries had made no
secret of their support for Mr..
Dayal.
In announcing Mr.. Dayal's
resignation, Secretary General Dag
Hammarskjold said nobody would
be sent as a replacement. Instead,
the Congo operation will be di-
rected from New York, and the
emphasis will be more on economic
assistance than on political affairs.
This presumably will give Mr..
KaSavubu's Government an even
freer hand in its efforts to estab-
liSh a stable regime in the Congo.
Mr.. Kasavubu has been meet
ing in the river town of Coquil-
hatville with Congolese leaders
(Mr. Gizenga being a notable alb
sentee) in an effort to draw up a
constitution which can be pre-
sented for ratification to the Con-
goleSe Parliament.
Evening star., 1961-05-28
.Educdtion::
Federal Help

The Senate on Thursday
passed the administrations SIS
billion school aid bill by a 49-34
vote.
If President Kennedy is finding
darkness and disappointment for
aims and policies
abroad, the light that somewhat
surprisingly has been shining down
on his domestic program from
Capitol Hill has not dimmed.
Another major success was reg
istered when the Senate, as ex-
pected this time, approved school
aid bill calling for expenditures of
$3.50 million a year over a three
year period.
The total involved, $2.5 billion,
Evening star., 1961-05-28
Parliament Move

He had dissolved the Parliament
last summer during his fight with
MIR. Gizenga's predecessor, the
late Patrice Lumumba, but two
weeks ago he called for a reopen
ing of Parliament as soon as the
present talks end.
Mr.. Gizenga, however, who had
been demanding all along that
Parliament be recalled immedi-
ately objected to its meeting in
Leopoldville. He demanded, in
stead. that the legiSlators-of
whom he may control one third
meet at Kamina, U. N. base in
Katanga held by Indian troops.
Now that Mr.. Dayal is not re-
turning to the Congo, Mr.. Gizenga
may decide that Kamina is not
necessarily the best place to meet.
Mr.. Tshombe who controls min
eral-rich Katanga province still
was held in jail by Mr.. Kasavubu,
and word from the Congo was that
he had grown seriously i'll.
Evening star., 1961-05-28

the courts, had not been intended
by the original trainers.
Sherman and Edmunds were
G. o. P. stalwartS who were both
considered presidential timber.
Sherman succeeded Salmon Chase
in the Senate in 1861, and subse-
quently became Secretary of the
Treasury under President Hayes.
Returning to the Senate, he re-
manned from 1881 to 1897. Then
he was appointed Secretary of
State by President Mckinley in
order that Mark Hanna might be-
come a Senator.
Edmunds was viewed by his COL
leagues with a peculiar mixture of
fear and respect. A Senate observ-
er once remarked a blindfolded
person could tell If Edmunds was
in the chamber by the topic under
discussion. If a Senator wished to
push through a piece of pork
barrel legislation, he waited until
the Vermonter was absent. or else
risked a blistering from EdmundS'
sarcastic tongue.
Once the Senator with the bald
head and flowing white beard ut
tered some disparaging remarks
about the attractiveneSs of the
office of President. But when he
was reminded of the happy pos
sibilities connected with the use
of the veto, his whole countenance
beamed with pleasure.
The PuIImon Strike
The Sherman Act was bolstered
by the Clayton Antitrust Act Of
Evening star., 1961-05-28
The Basic Issue

Basically, the sides must work
out an agreement that will allow
for the independence Of the AL
gerian people while still guaran-
teeing the well-being of the IL
million Europeans who live among
the 8 million MoSlemS.
Both the French and the AL
gerian Provisional governments
have shown interest in what the
French call association" and
what the rebels call organic CO.
operation" Such an arrangement
would involve substantial French
aid to an independent Algeria in
exchange for guarantees on the
safety Of the Europeans, the
granting of French military bases,
and a preferential treatment for
French trade.
The talks must touch also on
the future status of the mineral
rich Sahara which is claimed by
both sides. France would like to
retain the area not only for its
oil, but because of the nuclear
testing grounds there. The rebels
consider it an intrinsic part of
Algeria.
Evening star., 1961-05-28
The National Scene

was $3.50 million more than he
had requested. Outside Of defense
appropriations, Congress rarely
presses more money upon the
President than he asks.
This cushion may we'll be needed
when the House late next week
takes up its own school bill, a $2.4
billion measure sent to the floor by
the Labor and Education Commit
tee on Wednesday.
Evening star., 1961-05-28
The REVOLUTION
% Cuban Freedom Fighters in Boat

He was highly educated, the son
of a diplomat and former medi-
cal student. He refused to seek the
shelter of the cabin or to ask any
personal privilege beyond the re-
quest that if he died, someone
take his gold wedding ring to his
wife. He was available for any
task and his last act was to crawl
through the cabin to assist dying
man in the bow. He died with his
hand on the mans pulse.
Boot Headed Southwest
Steering by compass, the Cubans
headed their boat south for two
days and then west toward Mexico.
At this point the wind failed.
They broke the boom into two
oars and took turns, ten strokes
at a time, pulling at them. When
the wind came again, it pushed,
the boat north through the Yucca
tan Straits. Without the boom,
the sail was rigged on the mast
like a schooner.
On about the twelfth night rain
finally fell and the soldiers Tapped
it up. But they were so weakened
that this break in their thirst did
little to improve their condition.
They had strange feeling of
being soggy and water-logged.
Morale was not improved by the
planes that flew high overhead,
the tramp steamers that passed at
a distance, and particularly by a
sleek white yacht which circled
them and departed.
Some Lose BoIonee
By the fifteenth day even the
sturdiest of the survivors we're
losing their mental balance. One
man died in the early afternoon.
Another jumped overheard in de-
spair. The fellow who dived after
him had urged a friend several
hours earlier to kill him with his
knife. But now he was arguing
for life instead of against it and
he persuaded the man to swim
back to the boat.
On this day the ship that was
to rescue them. the tanker Allan
tic Seaman out Of New Orleans,
appeared on the horizon. AS the
ship came by, two men jumped
overheard to swim to her. They
and the others were taken aboard
at position 178 miles south of
the Mississippi River Delta.
Two more men died after the
rescue but the remaining dozen.
Sunbaked, dehydrated and starved.
were carried by the Coast Guard
to New Orleans. Most had lost at
least a third of their weight and
recuperation, even with the minis
trations of a federal hospital, has
come slowly.
The survivors today are back in
exile with their families, most of
them undaunted in an eagerneSS
to take part in further actions
that may be aimed against Castro.
But they want the next move to
be success.
Evening star., 1961-05-28
The Sherman Anti rust Act:
A Business STANDARD Since 1890

1914. But before that time the law
was invoked in several historic
cases, Among them were the Pull
man strike Of 1894 and the Great
Northern Railroad panic Of 1902.
Just about half century ago, the
Sherman Act provided the basis
for a Government drive to break
up the Powder Trust. This COM
bination had been in existence
since 1872.
The United States charged the
Gunpowder Association and later
the enlarged Du Pont Company
had been organized to destroy
competition in the powder indus
try. The case dragged through the
courts four years, and hundreds
OF witnesses were heard.
The Government charged "a
corporations had been acquired
and dissolved by Du Pont. Sixty
nine others were in the process Of
being swallowed up.
SmokeIess Powder
Moreover, it was brought out
that Du Pont had q 100 per cent
monopoly in supplying the Gov
ernment with military smokeless
powder. Both the Army and the
Navy defended this situation and
insisted that to allow competition
would create a disservice.
Finally three-man United
States Circuit Court in Whining
ton, Del, ruled for the Govern
ment. In the ensuing division of
the Du Pont holdings into thirds,
one step established Hercules
Powder Co. as an independent
organization. Another set up Atlas
Powder on the same basis. Du
Pont retained IL black powder
mills, five dynamite plants and
three plants for the manufacture
of military and sporting Smokeless
powder. The monopoly on sales to
the Government continued.
What were some Of the Powder
Trusts methods? Basically, to un-
dersell the competition.
To eliminate a rival in Alabama,
the trust sold powder at 10 cents
a keg, fob. Birmingham.
1T was, perhaps, a year until
they died." witness told the
court,
Evening star., 1961-05-28
Nearby Votes

Following are the votes of Mary
land, Virginia and West Virginia
members of Congress on major
roll calls last week:
Senate
S 1921. Passage of the bill
auth horizing g $2,500,000,000 in
grants to the states to be used for
operation, maintenance and con-
struction of public schools and for
teachers salaries. Passed 1894
ID 41-12; R 8-22), May Is, 1861.
A yea" was a vote supporting the
Presidents position.
FOR: Byrd, Democrat Of West Virginia,
Randolph, Democrat. of west Virginia.
AGAINST: Beall. Republican Of Maryland,
Butler, Republican of Maryland, Byrd
Democrat of Virginia
NOT VOTING: Robertson, Democrat of
Virginia.
Compiled by Congressional Quarterly
Evening star., 1961-05-28
observation-disclosures
Kennedy's Hardest

Europe nor a detente with the
Soviet Union. 1t will have fallen
between the two stools. 1t will be
faced with fighting a continuing
cold war from a position of weak
ness and division at home.
Or take another example:
Should the United States give
top priority to solidarity with
its Atlantic allies, giving full dip
lomatic support to their financial
and other interests, as Belgium
would wish in the Congo?
Or should Washington go all
out in its present effort to WOO
the underdeveloped, anticolonial
countries If necessary at the
expense of NATO solidarity?
Gen. de Gaulle cannot have it
both ways, Washington feels; he
cannot expect the United States
to sacrifice to NATO the United
States long-range interests while
he puts the glory and military
power of France ahead of the
alliance, weakening and perhaps
ultimately destroying it as a
result. Put differently, the United
States would not wish to mortgage
its future in Africa ana Asia to
feed a dying NATO horse.
Other Choices
There are other similar choices
ahead for the United States -
whether to withdraw from its
political and military commit
mentS around the periphery of the
Sino-Soviet empire, as in Laos.
in favor of neutraliSm for the
countries involved and intercon-
tinental defenses for the United
States; how best to meet the
challenge of Sino-Soviet subver-
sion and infiltration; how to
make of the U. N. more effec-
tive instrument of peace with
freedom, preventing its collapse
and control by Moscow.
Most if not all of these choices
will be involved, directly or
indirectly, in the conversations
Mr.. Kennedy will have with Mr..
Khrushchev in Vienna. What
happens in Paris is bound to in
fluence what he says and does
in the Austrian capital. Gen. de
Gaulle could make a NATO solu-
ton impossible, driving Mr.. Ken
nedy to an accommodation with
Mr.. Khrushchev.
Mr.. Kennedy told President
Bourguiba he would make major
effort to come to an agreement
with Gen. de Gaulle. The ideal
outcome of the Paris talks,
from Washington'S point Of view,
would be a closing of the Atlantic
front so that Mr.. Kennedy could
go to Vienna and confront Mr..
Khrushchev from strength-real
strength, not artifically contrived
communique unity.
But if a united West is to meet
the real challenges ahead, 1t
would have to present an accept
able image to the anticolonial
countries; so there would have to
be a reasonably quick and gen.
erous Algerian settlement.
1t would have to close ranks
militarily; so there would have to
be effective integration Of NATO.
It would need economic strength;
hence the Importance Of ending
trade warfare between the Outer
Seven and the Inner Six.
Much of this is in the hands
of Gen. de Gaulle. Mr.. Kennedy
will be pressing him for favorable
decisions.
Evening star., 1961-05-28
By WILLIAM r. FRYE
Contributing Writer

UNITED NATIONS, N. Y
President Kennedy'S meeting Gen.
Charles de Gaulle in Paris will
be in many ways more difficult
than his subsequent confronta-
ton of Premier Khrushchev in
Vienna. 1t certainly will be at
least as critical.
Mr.. Kennedy gave President
Bourguiba of Tunisia a preview
of what he plans to say to Gen.
de Gaulle. If this preview is
correct, the meeting will be dyna-
mite. According to excellent
diplomatic sources here Mr.. Ken
nedy plans to lay squarely on the
line American dissatisfaction with
French policy.
De Gaulle has enjoyed certain
vogue. in the United States be-
cause he is the only man capable
of ending the tragedy in Algeria.
Much else has been indulgently
overlooked because of this fact.
But Washington cannot-or at
least does not intend TOGO on
overlooking the disastrous effect,
as it sees it, of many of Gen.
de Gaulle's other policies.
The De GouIIe Criticism
In the United States view,
De Gaulle has:
. Delayed progress toward a
united Europe.
. Seriously undermined the mill
tary effectiveness Of NATO.
o Joined in efforts to sabotage
the U. Neg. by refusing to
contribute to the Congo peace
operation.
Q Created major new barriers to
East-West agreement on disar-
hament and nuclear testing.
. Antagonized moderate African
opinion, and helped to drive it
toward the extreme left.
This is not a complete list, but
1t is enough to indicate the trend
of opinion in Washington.
Some diplomats believe Gen. de
Gaulle originally set out merely
to give France nuisance value in
the alliance-to build up Paris
prestige and bargaining power by
demonstrating that she could not
be taken for granted.
If so, the French President now
has gone well beyond the nui-
sance stage. He is forcing Mr..
Kennedy to make choices which
go to the very heart of Western
strategy and tactics.
For example:
Should the United States go on
pressing for a united Europe
militarily. in NATO; economi-
cally, in a merger Of the Common
Market and the "Outer Seven"
politically, in federal inStitu-
tions? One major potential effect
of all this, and a major purpose.
would be to integrate West Ger
many into the Atlantic society.
Cold War Price
Or, alternatively, should the
United States prepare to sell"
West Germany, as it were, and
indeed sell" NATO itself to Pre-
mier Khrushchev for an easing
of the cold war, for arms control.
and for a possible Sino-Soviet
breakup?
If Gen. de Gaulle continues
along his present path, Mr.. Ken
nedy is expected to point out, the
West will have neither a united
Evening star., 1961-05-28
Continued From Page D-1

Continued From Page D-1
will acc ompany President
Kennedy to Vienna for his sum-
NIT conferences with Soviet Pre-
mier Khrushchev. His hand will
not be the stronger for it, in the
opinion of most observers.
AS for future developments here,
the question remains as to whether
the rejection of the cooling-off
period by the integrationists and
the decision on their part to push
and push and push" (in the words
of one of their leaders, will set
off new explosions in the volatile
Deep South.
Evening star., 1961-05-28
By JOSEPH O'KEEFE
Star Staff Writer

The Supreme Court decision last
week requiring E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co. to divest itself Of
nearly So billion in General Motors
stock Immediately raised a new
problem Of how this can be done.
The fundamental legislation
upon which the ruling was based
was the Sherman Antitrust Act,
passed nearly II years ago when
there had been only about a dozen
important mergers with a COM
bined valuation Of less than 81
billion.
Curiously, the antitrust act was
not written by the man whose
name it bears.
John Sherman, Republican Sen
ator from Ohio, and a brother Of
William Tecumseh Sherman, the
Civil War general, additionally
has been recognized as the father
of the law. He introduced the
measure to ban monopol!es and
restraint of trade on December 4,
1889.
But before the legislation was
adopted the following spring, it
was completely rewritten in the
Senate Judiciary Committee. Sem
ator George G. Edmunds. a Ver-
mont Republican who was chair
man. wrote five Of the eight Sec
tions.
Demands for Reform
The demands for reform ap-
peared strong. The trusts-the
tobacco trust, the oil trust, the
powder trust, even the bathtub
trust-were highly unpopular. But
Sherman failed in his first at
tempts to obtain restrictions in
the 50th Congress in August 1888.
The measure drew heavy fire
from the States Fighters who
viewed it as threat to their
sovereignty. Democrats insisted
monopolies could be smashed by
reducing tariffs.
In December, 1889, Sherman
tried again, offering the anti
trust bill the No. piece of legis-
lation in the 51st Congress.
In the Judiciary Committee,
Edmunds went to work on the
revision. Once it was reported out,
the Senate approved the bill, So to
/, on April 8. In the House it was
introduced, discussed, amended
and passed in one day, May l.
But after two conferences, the
two chambers were at odds on
amendments. Finally, all were
stripped away, and the Edmunds
version was accepted. The measure
was signed by President Harrison.
Sherman announced he was salts
fled.
Edmunds explained the objec-
tives of the men who drafted the
law. 1t was directed against "un-
natural and unequal distribution
of wealth and power, and was in
tended to apply to combinations
of capital and labor alike"
Defining offenses
He maintained that 1t was i'm
possible to frame specific detini-
tions of various offenses at which
it was directed, and that literal
construction, often attempted by
Evening star., 1961-05-28
Congo:
Kosdvubu Up

India's Rajeshwar DayaI re-
signed as the U.N.'s special rep
resentative in the Congo.
AS the troubled Congo ends its
first II months of independence,
President Joseph Kasavubu's pow
er appears stronger than ever in
the struggle he has waged with
Antoine GiZenga and Noise
Tshombe.
His prestige rose considerably
last week when the United Nations
Evening star., 1961-05-28

The invaders, pressed back to-
ward the beach on which they
landed, were denied even the dig
nifty of a final stand. The Castro
artillery had closed in on the,
beach and the choice lay between
the swamp and the waters of
Cochinos Bay. Most of them chose
the swamp but the last elements
of the retreat, followed closely by
the tanks, sought safety in the
sea.
Their hope lay in a small sail
boat. a fishing vessel anchored
about 400 feet offshore. Shedding
their weapons and clothes, some
80 Cubans swan out toward the
little craft. The first aboard
tugged up the Marconi-rigged sail,
cast loose the mooring, and
strained without success to start
the auxiliary engine. There was
no wind and they began to paddle
with their hands. Those who could
swim fast enough to reach the
boat, a total of %, came aboard.
Those who could not were left
behind in the water.
Fighter Planes Overhead
AS they padded, they prayed
out loud. One voice led them all
in the pious repetitions of the
rosary. The artillery shells tried
to reach them and one mans foot
was gashed by a fragment. Two
Castro fighter planes, strafing the
beach, miraculously failed to per-
sceive the fleeing boat. But so did
two United States destroyers,
which stood we'll offshore and soon
disappeared.
The frenzied padding continued
for two hours into the late after
noon before a wind filled the sails.
The fugitiveS took stock Of their
situation. The crowded boat was
20 feet long with the forward half
Evening star., 1961-05-28
Hopeful Moves

AS the talks started, the French
side in the person of Algerian
Affairs Minister Louis JOKE, made
what it considered two moves of
good faith" A month-long halt
to offensive operations was an
nounced and Mohammed Ben
Bella and two other Algerian
leaders, imprisoned since 1856,
were moved to a more comfort
able prison south Of Paris.
Wary of French efforts to break
down the Algerian peoples will
to fight, the rebels called the
cease fire unilateral and said they
would not stop their guerilla &C
tions until a political agreement
has been reached.
The rebels fear If they disarm
too soon, and the French do not
give them true independence, it
will take another 20 years to set
off a second rebellion.