davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-01-30
u. S. to Persevere
In Backing Freedom

But all these problems pale
when placed beside those which
confront us around the world.
No man entering upon this Of
flee, regardless OF his party,
regardless Of his previous serv-
ice In Washington, could fail to
be staggered upon learning
even in this brief To-day period
the harsh enormity Of the
trials through which we must
pass in the next four years.
Each day the crises multiply.
Each day their solution grows
more difficult. Each day we
draw nearer the hour Of maxi
mum danger as weapons spread
and hostile forces grow stronger
Evening star., 1961-01-30

It Is q pleasure to return
from whence / came. You are
among my oldest friends in
WaShington-and this House is
my oldest home. 1t was here.
more than IA years ago, that I
first took the oath of Federal
office. It was here. for IA years.
that I gained both knowledge
and inspiration from members
of both parties In both Houses
from your wise and generous
leaders and from the pro-
nouncementS which I can WV
idly recall, sitting where you
sit now - including the pro-
grams of two great Presidents.
the undimmed eloQuence Of
Churchill, the soaring idealism
Of Nehru. the steadfast words
of Gen. De Gaulle. To speak
from this same historic rostrum
is q sobering experience. To be
back among so many friends Is
q happy one.
I am confident that friend
ship will continue. Our Con-
stitution wisely assigns both
joint and separate roles to each
branch of the Government,
and q President and Congress
who hold each other in mutual
respect will neither permit nor
attempt any treSpass. For my
part, I shall withhold from
neither the Congress not the
people any fact or report. past.
present or future. which Is nee
essary for an informed judg-
ment Of our conduct and
hazards. I shall neither shift
the burden of executive deci-
sionS to the Congress, nor avoid
responsibility for the outcome
Of those decisions.
I speak today in an hour Of
national peril and national op-
portunity. Before my term has
ended, we shall have to test
anew whether q Nation Or
ganiZed and governed such as
ours can endure. The outcome
is by no means certain. The an
swers are by no means clear.
All Of us together-this admin
istration, this Congress. this
Nation-must force those an
swers.
: But today. were I to offer
after little more than a week
In office-detailed legislation
to remedy every national i'll,
the Congress would rightly
wonder whether the desire for
speed had replaced the duty
of responsibility.
My remarks. therefore, will
be limited. But they will also
be candid. To state the facts
frankly is not to despair the
future nor indict the past. The
prudent heir takes careful in.
ventory Of his legacies anc
gives a faithful accounting tc
those whom he owes an obliga.
tion Of trust. And. while tht
occasion does not call for an.
other recital Of our blessing.
and assets, we do have nc
greater asset than the willing.
hess Of a free and determined
people. through its elected Of
1icials, to face all problem,
frankly and meet all dangers
free from panic or fear.
Evening star., 1961-01-30
Maps Sharpening
OF Economic Tools

Secondly, ,De must improve
our economic tools. Our role is
essential and unavoidable in
the construction Of a sound and
expanding economy for the en-
tire Communist world,
helping other nations build the
strength to meet their own
problems, to satisfy their own
aspirations and to surmount
their own dangers. The prob
Evening star., 1961-01-30

the integrity Of the office Of
the secretary general is main
tanned,
And would address a spe-
cial plea to the smaller nations
of the world-to join with us
in strengthening this organi-
cation, which is far more es-
sential to their security than
it is to ours-the only body in
the world today where no ma
ton need be powerful to be
secure, where every nation has
an equal voice, and where any
nation can exert influence not
according to the strength Of
its armies, but according to the
strength of it's ideas. 1t deserves
the support of all.
(c) Finally, this administra-
ton intends to explore prompt
ly all possible areas of Coop
Grafton with the Soviet Union
and other nations Ito invoke
the wonders of science instead
of its terrors." Specifically, I
now invite all nations-includ-
ing the Soviet Union-to join
with us in developing a wealth:
er prediction program, in o
new communications satellite
program and in preparation for
probing the distant planets Of
Mars and Venus, probes which
may some day unlock the
deepest secrets Of the universe.
Today this country is ahead
in the science and technology
of space, while the Soviet
Union is ahead in the capacity
to lift large vehicles into orbit.
Both nations would help them
selves as well as other nations
by removing these endeavors
from the bitter and wasteful
competition Of the cold war.
The United States would be
willing to join with the Soviet
Union and the scientists of all
nations in a greater effort to
make the fruits of this new
knowledge available to all
and, beyond that, in an effort
to extend farm technology to
hungry nations--to wipe out
disease-to increase exchanges
of scientists and their knowl-
edge II and to make our own
laboratories available to tech
nicians of other lands who lack
the facilities to pursue their
own work. Where nature makes
natural allies of US all, we can
demonstrate that beneficial re-
lations are possible even with
those with whom we most
deeply disagree-and this must
some day be the basis Of world
peace and world law.
Evening star., 1961-01-30
BY the Associated Press

President Kennedy's state
of-the- Union message pictured
the problems Of America and
the world as much more omi-
nous and urgent than did for
mer President Eisenhower's
farewell message to Congress
l8 days ago.
Mr.. Eisenhower said grave
problems still lie ahead and
there is no room for compla-
cency. But the tenor of his
message was that he was leav-
ing the country in pretty sound
shape and his successor might
do worse than to continue the
policies of the last eight years.
Mr.. Eisenhower said: I'VE have
carried America to unprece-
dented heights"
But Mr.. Kennedy said the
American economy is in trou-
BILE and steps are needed i'm
mediately to bolster it. AS for
the Communist threat. he said
there will be worse news be-
fore there is better news, that
the tide is running now against
this country and the free world,
but turn 1t we must" He said
he spoke in an hour of ma
tional peril as we'll as national
opportunity"
Military Differences
The differences stand out
sharply in the military area.
Said Mr.. Eisenhower: For
the first time in history, the
Nation has maintained con-
sistently in peacetime military
forces OF a magnitude suffi-
cient to deter or destroy preda-
tory forces.
Said Mr.. Kennedy: I'VE must
strengthen our military tools"
In the past, he said, lack of a
consistent, coherent military
strategy, the absence Of basic as
sumptions about requirements,
and faulty estimates and dupli-
cations arising from inter-
service rivalries have all made
it difficult to assess accurately
how adequate-or inadequate
our defenses really are" A COM
plete reappraisal Of military
strategy has been ordered.
Mr.. Eisenhower didn't men
ton the Nations capacity to
airlift forces to world trouble
Evening star., 1961-01-30
Directs Increases
In AiIft. PoIoris

First, ,De must strengthen
our military tools. We are
moving into a period Of un-
certain risk and great COM
mitments in which both the
military and diplomatic pos
sibilities require a free world
force so powerful as to make
any aggression clearly futile.
Yet. in the past, lack of
Evening star., 1961-01-30
Domestic Problems
To Be Dealt With

But more than our exchange
Of international payments is
out Of balance. The current
Federal budget for fiscal 1861
Is almost certain to show q net
deficit. The budget already
submitted for fiscal 1862 will
remain in balance only II the
Evening star., 1961-01-30
viii Propose Steps
To Fight Recession

The present state of our
economy is disturbing. We take
office in the wake Of seven
months Of recession, three and
a half years Of slack. seven
Years of diminished economic
growth and nine years of fall
ing farm income.
Business bankruptcies have
reached their highest level
since the Great Depression
Since 1851 farm income has
been squeezed down by 25 per
cent. Save for a brief period in
1853. insured unemployment is
at the highest peak in our his
tory. OF some SIS million
Americans without jobs. more
than one million have been
searching for work more than
four months. And during each
month some 10000 workers
are exhausting their already
meager jobless benefit rights.
: Nearly one-eighth of those
who are without jobs live al.
most without hope in nearly
q hundred especially distressed
and troubled areas. The resi-
include new school graduates
unable to use their talents
farmers forced to give up theil
part-time jobs which helped
them balance their budgets
skilled and unskilled worker:
laid off in such industries al
metals, machinery. automobile
and apparel.
Our recovery from the 1876;
recession, moreover, was anemi'
and incomplete. Our gross ma
tional product never regainet
its full potential. Unemploy
ment never returned to norma
levels. Maximum use of ou
national industrial capacity wa!
never fully restored.
In short, the American econ
omy is in trouble. The mos
fesourceful industrialiZed econ
omy on earth ranks amonI
the last in the rate of economic
growth. Since last spring ou
economic growth rate has actu
ally receded. Business invest
ment is in a decline. Profit
have fallen below predictet
Jewels. Construction is off. 4
million unsold automobiles ar
in inventory. Fewer people al
-working-and the average wor
week has shrunk we'll below 4
hours. Yet prices have con
tinued to rise-so that now to
many Americans have less
spend for items that cos
more to buy.
Economic prophecy is g
best an uncertain art-as dem
onstrated by the prediction or
year ago from this same podiul
that 1860 would be the mo-
prosperous year in our history
Nevertheless, forecasts of cor
.tinued slack and only slight,
reduced unem oy m n
through 1851 and 1862 ha'
been made with alarming uns
nimity-and this administr;
tion does not intend to star
helplessly by.
We cannot afford to was
idle hours and empty plan
while waiting the end OF
recession. We must show Il
world what a free economy CT
do-to reduce unemploymer
Evening star., 1961-01-30

q consistent, coherent military
strategy; the absence Of basic
assumptions about our national
requirements, and the faulty
estimates and duplication aris-
ing from inter-service rivalrieS
have all made it difficult to
assess accurately how adequate
or inadequate--our detenseS
really are.
I have, therefore. instructed
the Secretary OF Defense to
reappraise our entire defense
strategy-our ability to fulfill
our commitments-the effec-
tiveness. vulnerability and dis
persal Of our strategic bases,
forces and warning systems
the efficiency and economy Of
our operation and organization
the elimination Of obsolete
bases and installations-and
the adequacy, modernization
and mobility of our present
conventional and nuclear forces
and weapons systems in the
light Of present and future
dangers. I have asked for pre-
liminary conclusions by the end
Of February-and I shall then
recommend whatever legisla-
tive, budgetary or executive
action Is needed in the light of
those conclusions.
In the meantime, I have
asked the Defense Secretary to
initiate Immediately three steps
most clearly needed now:
(a) ] have directed prompt
action to increase our airlift
capacity. Obtaining additional
air transport mobility-and OBJ
tanning it now-will better
assure the ability Of our con-
ventional forces to respond
with discrimination and speed
to any problem at any spot or
the globe at any moment:
notice. In particular it will en-.
able us to meet any deliberate
effort to avoid or divert oul
forces by starting limited war:
in widely scattered parts Of thu
world.
(b) I have directed prompt
action to step UP our Polari!
submarine program. Using un.
obligated shipbuilding fund.
now Ito let contracts originally
scheduled for the next fisca
year, will build and place OF
station-at least nine month";
earlier than planned-substan
TALLY more units Of a crucia
> deterrent-a fleet that will
never attack first. but posses
' sufficient powers Of retaliation
: concealed beneath the seas, Il
discourage any aggressor from
launching an attack on ou
, security.
tc) I have directed promp
action to accelerate our entir
missile program. Until the Sec
: retary Of Defense's reappraisa
: is completed. the emphasis her
} will be largely on improved or
I ganization and decision-mak
2 ing-on cutting down tn
! waSteful Implications and tim
= lag that have handicapped ou
S whole family Of missiles. If W
l are to keep the peace. we nee
an invulnerable missile fore
I powerful enough to deter an
+ aggressor from even threaten
: ing an attack he would kno
, could not destroy enough of OF
!, own forces to prevent his ow
= destruction. For as said upo
: taking the oath Of office: "Onl
;. when our arms are sufficier
|, beyond doubt can we be certai
beyond doubt that they wi
never be employed"
Evening star., 1961-01-30

Peace program in every pos
sible way. The product Of our
abundance must be used more
effectively to relieve hunger
and help economic growth in
all corners of the globe. I have
asked the director Of this pro-
gram to recommend additional
ways in which these surpluses
can advance the interests of
world peace-including the es-
tablishment of world food re-
serves.
(e) An even more valuable
national asset is our reservoir
of dedicated men and women
not only on our college cam
puSes but in every age group
who have indicated their desire
to contribute their skills, their
efforts and a part Of their lives
to the fight FIR world order.
We can mobilize this talent
through the formation Of a
National Peace Corps. enlisting
the services of all those with
the desire and capacity to help
foreign lands meet their urgent
needs for trained personnel.
% Finally, while our atten-
ton is centered on the develop
ment Of the n-Communist
world, We must never forget our
hopes for the ultimate freedom
and welfare of the Eastern
European peoples. In order to
be prepared to help re-estab-
lish historic ties of friendship
l am asking the Congress foi
increased discretion to ust
economic tools in this ares
whenever this is found to be
clearly in the national interest
This will require amendment
Of the Mutual Defense Assist
ance Control Act along tn,
lines I proposed as a membel
of the Senate and upon which
the Senate voted last summer
Meanwhile. I hope to explor'
with the Polish government tn,
possibility Of using our frozel
Polish funds on projects o
peace that will demonstrat,
our abiding friendship and in
terest in the people Of Poland
Third, We must sharpen ou
political and diplomatic tools
the means of cooperation ant
agreement on which an en-
forceable world order mus
ultimately rest.
(a) I have already takei
steps to coordinate and ex
pand our disarmament effort
to increase our programs o
research and study-and II
make arms control a centra
goal Of our national polio
under my direction. TIL
deadly arms race, and the hug
resources 1t abSorbs, have to
long over-shadowed all else W
I must do. We must prevent tina
arms race from spreading t
new nations. to new nuclea
! powers and to the outer reache
y OF space. We must make certai
that our negotiators are bette
. informed and better prepare
l to formulate workable pro
posals Of our own and to max
l sound judgments about tn
= proposals of others.
l have asked the other gov
e ernments concerned to agre
I to q reasonable delay in tn
I talks on a nuclear test ban
: and 1t Is our intention to re
t sumo negotiations prepared
e reach. a final agreement wit
any nation that is equally will
n ing to agree to an effective an
v enforceable treaty.
y (b We must increase OIL
= support of the United Natior
|, as an instrument to end tt
cold war instead of an aren
= III which to fight it. In recoe
o milton of its increasing in
S portance and the doubling
: its membership:
d We are enlarging an
n STRENGTHENING our own missio
G to the U. N;
We shall help insure that
Is is properly financed;
= We shall work to see ths
Evening star., 1961-01-30

towering and unprecedented
the response must be towering
and unprecedented as well,
much as Lend-Lease and the
Marshall Plan were in earlier
years, which brought such
fruitful results.
(a) I intend to ask the Con-
greSs for authority to establish
a new and more effective pro-
gram for assisting the eco
nomic, educational and social
development Of other countries
and continents. That program
must stimulate and take more
effectively into account the
contributions Of our allies, and
provide central policy direction
for all our own programs that
now so often overlap, conflict
or diffuse our energies and re-
sources. Such a program. COM
pared to past programs. will
require:
More flexibility for short-run
emergencies;
More commitment to long
term development;
New attention to education
at all levels;
Greater emphasis on the re-
cipient nations role, their ef-
fort. their purpose. with great
er social justice for their peo-
pie, broader distribution and
more efficient tax systems Of
their own, and,
Orderly planning for nationa
and regional development in.
stead Of a piecemeal approach
(b) I hope the Senate will
take early action approving tht
convention establishing the Or
ganiZation for Economic Co.
operation and Development
This will be an important in.
strument in sharing with oul
allies this development effort
working toward the time wher
each nation will contribute IL
proportion to its own abilit,
to pay. For while we are pre-
pared to assume our full sharl
Of these huge burdens. we can
not and must not be expected
to bear them alone.
! (c) To our sister republics ol
the south, we have pledged ,
new alliance for progress-ali
ANA para progreSo. Our goa
is a free and prosperous Latil
America. realizing for all it
states and all its citizens a de
gree of economic and socia
progress that matches thei
historic contributions Of cul
ture. intellect and liberty. T
start this Nations role at thi
time in that alliance Of neigh
bors, I am recommending tn
following:
That the Congress appropri
ate in full the $500 millio,
fund pledged by the Act g
!. Bogota, to be used not as a
instrument Of the cold war. bu
as a first step in the SCUM
development Of the America
That a new Inter-Depart
: mental Task Force be estat
: lished under the leadership {
the Department of State to &C
: ordinate at the highest level Q
policies and programs Of cor
Germ to the Americas.
That our delegates to tt
: OAS, working with those (
: other members. strengthen thi
!, : body as an instrument to prt
: serve the peace and to prevel
y foreign domination anywhel
: In the hemisphere.
That. in cooperation wit
other nations, we launch ne
hemisphere attack on illiteraC
and inadequate educational OK
portunities at all levels an
e finally.
S That a Food-for-Peace mi
n sion be sent Immediately
d Latin America to explore way
= in which our vast food abur
|, dance can be used to help er
e hunger and malnutrition
n certain areas of sufferir
n in our own hemisphere.
t (d) This administration
= expanding its new Food-fol
Evening star., 1961-01-30

Congress enacts all the reve-
nue. measures requested-and
only If an earlier and sharper
upturn in the economy than
my economic advisers now
think likely produces the tax
revenues estimated. Neverthe-
less, q new administration must
of necessity build on the
spending and revenue esti-
mates already submitted.
Within that framework. bar
ring the development Of urgent
national defense needs or a
worsening Of the economy. it is
my current intention to advo-
cate a program Of expenditures
which. including revenues
from q stimulation Of the
economy. will not Of and by
t h e m selves unbalance the
earlier budget.
However, we will do what
must be done. For our national
household is cluttered with
unfinished and neglected tasks.
Our cities are being engulfed
in Squalor. Twelve long years
after Congress declared our
goal to be "a decent home and
a suitable environment for
every American family" We
still have IS million Americans
living in substandard homes,
A new housing program under
q new Housing and Urban Af-
fairs Department will be needed
this year.
Our classrooms contain 2
million more children than
they properly have room for,
taught by 10000 teachers not
properly qualified to teach.
One third Of our most promis-
Il ing high school graduates are
financially unable to continue
the development Of their tall
ents. The war babies Of the
l940s, who overcrowded our
schools in the 1950s. are now
descending in 1860 upon our
colleges with two college stu
dents for every one 10 years
from now-and our colleges
are i'll prepared. We lack the
scientists, the engineers and
the teachers our world obliga-
tions require. We have neg
lected oceanography, saline
water conversion and the basic
research that lies at the root
of all progress. Federal grants
for both higher and public
school education can no longer
be delayed.
Medical research has achieved
new wonderS-but these won-
ders are too often beyond the
reach Of too many people. ow-
ing to a lack of income (par-
ticularly among the aged), a
lack of hospital beds, a lack
of nursing homes and a lack
Of doctors and dentists. Meas
ures to provide health care for
the aged under Socia. Security
and to increase the supply OF
both facilities and personnel
must be undertaken this year
Our supply Of clean water il
dwindling. Organized and juve.
nile crimes cost the taxpayers
millions of dollars each year
making it essential that we
have improved enforcement
and new legislative safeguards
The denial of constitutions,
rights to some OF our fellow
Americans on account Of race
at the ballot box and else.
where-disturbs the nationa
conscience and subjects US tC
the charge of world opinion
that our democracy is not eQua
to the high promise of oul
heritage. Morality in private
business has not been suffi-
cieptly spurred by morality ir
public business. A host Of prob.
lens and projects in all 81
States, though not possible tt
include in this message, de.
serves-and will receive-th'
attention of both the Congress
. and the executive branch. Or
most of these matters, mes
> sages will be sent to the Con
: gress within the next two weeks
I.
Evening star., 1961-01-30

This is the tert OF President Kennedys message on
the state OF the Union:
Evening star., 1961-09-19
Bridge League
Admits 6 Negroes
Without Debate

The Washington Bridge
League last night admitted six
Negro members, the first in
the leagues history. Among the
six was Victor DAILY, a we'll
known area bridge player whose
application was the test case.
WILDER L. Norris, league presi-
dent, said there was mo dis
cuSsion on the matter at all.
1t was automatic. The league
had already voted and we
followed its wishes"
After a heated debate last
Friday night, the general men,
bership of the WBL upheld the
leagues board Of directors right
to take a mail referendum
polling the membership on ad-
mitting Negro members. The
referendum favored admitting
Negroes by a S24-to-269 vote.
Last Fridays meeting also
voted to bar the segregationists
from splitting the league and
getting a share of nearly
$40, 900 in the leagues treasury
and management of any WBL
tournaments. However. the dis
senting group may still resign
from the WBL and form a
separate league if the American
Contract Bridge League agrees.