davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-05-03
Monroe Doctrine vs.. Inter-Americon Treaties

For the past few days I
have been reading in your
paper and in other papers a
number Of statements about
the recent Cuban incident,
the most recent one being
the letter signed by Diego
Aguila de Monteverde in
The Star. Mr.. Aguila de
Monteverde talks about the
Convention on Duties and
Rights of the States Mon
Intervention Pact Of Mon
tevideo) as enjoining the
United States from doing
anything about the Commu-
mist regime Of Fidel Castro
in Cuba.
I am one of the seven
Latin American delegates
who in 1888, in Montevideo,
drafted the Non-Intervention
Pact Of Montevideo. I was
one Of the Cuban plenipo-
tentiary delegates to the VII
international Conference of
American States: but what
is happening in Cuba to-
day, and it is a pity that
Mr.. Aguila de Monteverde
and some other people can
not see 1t, Is that the Nom
Intervention Pact has been
violated by the Communist
International. We never
wanted to put a stop to the
military and diplomatic in
tervention of the United
States in Latin America, as
practiced up to 1888, to open
the way for the Intervention
of the Soviet Union in Latin
America, that we have today.
The case of Cuba is quite
clear. There we have the in
tervention of Red China,
openly flouting the principle
of non-intervention.
Furthermore, all this Sancti-
monious respect for the Con-
vention on Duties and Rights
of the States, of Montevideo
mon Intervention PacN,
fails to take into considera-
ton that Inter American
treaties against Intervention
Evening star., 1961-05-03
Boycotts on Imports

In a recent editorial on
wiser Second Thoughts"
you express satisfaction over
the cancellation by the Anal
gamated Clothing Workers Of
its threatened boycott of Jap
snese textiles imported for
manufacture into mems suits:
This boycott was to be inSti-
tuted as a defensive measure
against ruinous competition.
You also applaud the post
ponement of q similar boy
cott by the International
Brotherhood of Electric a /
Workers Local in Chicago
with respect to the inStalla-
ton Of electronic components
imported from Japan in soar
ing volume and at low prices.
You deplore the boycott as
q method Of meeting the i'm
port challenge; and there you
have q point; but you miss
the other point completely
when you imply that a rem
edy throug g h governmental
channels exists for the cor
rection Of such disruptivs
import experiences.
Again you are right in say
ing that the channels exist.
What you do not say and
what the public does not
know because the newspapers
have not seen fit to enlighten
1t, is that these channels are
choked with administrative
debris and negative policy to
the point Of almost complete
occlusion. Much has gone in
but little has made it through
these channels.
In 81 months "a cases have
entered these channels. OF
these only one emerged at
the other end. The others
were sunk by the administra-
tive batteries along the way.
This record hardly adds up
to q remedy; and If you are
looking for the cause Of the
boycott threat you can stop
Evening star., 1961-05-03

on the possibility that it might be con-
sidered unreasonable discrimination"
against the males and their undiSturbed
40-pound allowance. He should relax.
Discrimination in the form of the
lions share for the girls already exists,
through no fault Of the airlines or the
c. A. B. Letting them take more
baggage for free simply would end the
greater evil of requiring payment by
husbands for pounds and pounds of
overweight.
Evening star., 1961-05-03
PARIS.

PAR1S.
The hard decisions facing
the Kennedy administration
today are not made easier by
a crisis Of confidence among
our &1ies more serious than
any@that most observers in
these parts can remember.
When it comes to the ques-
tionS Of Laos or Cuba or the
future Of any Of the various
negotiations between East
and West, the United States
finds itself in a position un-
comfortably isolated from it's
Oldest and most trusted allies.
In Europe-and particu-
-larly In France-the people
have had enough troubles of
their own recently to keep
public reaction to the Cuban
fiasco to a merciful minimum.
Unfortunately, however, this
does not mean that the dam
age has not been impressive
or that President Kennedy's
first major blunder has not
severely shaken the general
belief in his canacitv for
leadership.
The rapid deterioration Of
the situation in Laos has pro-
duced no rallying of opinion
in Europe. Although there
has been little optimism any
where about the chances Of
an eventual peaceful settle
ment Of the Laotian struggle,
neither is there any tendency
to accept the desperate al
ternatives.
Criticism of United States
On the contrary, there has
been general criticism for
what has looked like a deter
mination in Washington to
do everything possible to
commit the prestige of the
United States as far as pos
sible in a situation that
seemed to be irretrievable by
any measure short Of war.
One has the impression that
II the present truce talks fail
and if the United States does
decide to intervene militarily
in Laos it will find itself very
much alone so far as it's
European allies are concerned
The Cuban episode has pro-
duced a strange new de-
featism abroad. If the choice
Is now between fighting a
war or losing Laos to COM
munism, the majority would
most certainly vote against
war.
The same reaction in a
large measure applies to the
question Of Cuba. itself. There
is an almost universal judg-
Evening star., 1961-05-03
Crisis of Allied Confidence in u. S.
Foreign Correspondent of The stor

ment that the ill-fated oper-
alton should never have been
allowed to begin at all. If IL.
had succeeded in the at
tempt to overthrow the Cas-,
tro government by force it
would have produced a re-
action anything but favorable
to the United States. Its
failure simply added a charge
Of incompetence to the gen.
eral indictment of the project.
To Europeans, most Of
whom have been living close
to communism in one form
or another for many years,
the thought that Cuba could
represent any real threat to-
the security of the United
States seems simply ridicu-
lous. The idea that Castro
must be overthrown one way
or another seems from this
distance to be more Of an
obsession of certain American
leaders than an expression Of
sensible national policy.
COmpOunding Damage
On one point, at least, there
can be no doubt whatever;
direct American intervention,
in Cuba would immeasurably
compound the damage that
has already been done.
No doubt the pressure on
the President to take some
spectacular action today Is
very strong. But it is hard to
believe that for the small
satisfaction that it might
give, the administration
would risk an action that
would be ruinous to the
leadership of the United
States in the free world.
Indeed, since Cuba, it has
seemed to some people that
there is something to be
said after all for inaction-
or at least very thorough re-
Election in moments of crisis.
The very qualities of dynam-
ism and determination that
marked Mr.. Kennedy's ap-
proach to the Presidency
from the beginning are now
the cause Of a good deal Of
anguished doubt among his
former admirers.
The fear today is that rash
decisions may be taken,
motivated by anger, frustra-
ton, or simply the sense that
ID doing something"-even
something wrong-is better
than doing nothing. The
dangers of this philosophy
have been glaringly revealed
by the recent unhappy events.
And the confidence that has
been lost will not be easily
restored.
Evening star., 1961-05-03
Gold Outflow

Could it be that a portion
Of President Kennedy's mes
sage aimed at keeping our
dollars at home has back
fired somewhat? BY stopping
the American military from
purchasing foreign-made au-
tomobiles tax-free through
post exchanges, especially in
Great Britain where the
smaller car Is not only more
Evening star., 1961-05-03
LETTERS TO THE STAR

at this point. You have found
the answer.
Will your news columns
hereafter aerate some of the
hidden facts in the premises?
o. r. Strackbein
Chairman, Nationwide
Committee Of Industry, Agri-
culture and Labor on Import
Export Policy.
Evening star., 1961-05-03
MoIiqnoncy in Havana

In his Step-by-step communication
OF Cuba, Prime Minister Fidel Castro is
being nothing if not thorough. Having
long since done away with free press,
a free legislature and free judiciary,
he now has decreed the abolition of
free elections. Indeed, with the mob
cheering him on in Havana, he has pro-
claimed to his countrymen that hence
forth they will have no voting of any
type-not even the rigged, unfree, one
party kind that is staged periodically,
with a great deal of phony fanfare, in
the Soviet Union and the satellite lands
behind the Iron Curtain.
To that extent, therefore, the young
and noisy Cuban dictator, presumably
to win the Kremlin'S further favor, seems
to be trying to show that his Red
totalitarianiSm-at least in terms of the
polling place-is even more complete
than the Sino-Soviet brand. At any
rate, 10 has made clear that the Cuban
people are not going to be granted the
right to pass judgment on him and his
So-called revolution. They are not going
to enjoy the luxury, that is, of an un-
trammeled vote permitting them to say
whether they are for or against him, or
to decide whether or not to replace him
with somebody less inclined to barter
away their liberties for mess of sinister
theological pottage.
Thus, with demagoguery comparable
to Adolf Hitler's, and probably envied by
Nikita KhruShchev, Doctor" Castro has
shouted to the mob in Havana, do you
roared back, mo! MOI" And he has
gone on to thunder, in another Of his
slightly nauseating three-hours-plus
speeches on televiSion, that the Cuban
people (for their own good, of course,
and with their overwhelming and de-
lighted approvaD will not be allowed to
vote under his regime. And why not?
Well, as he has put 1t, "The revolution
does not contemplate giving the oppres-
Sive classes any chance to return to
power"
1t need hardly be added that all this
grim suppression Of political liberty is
in fragrant violation of the pledge made
by Fidel Castro when he first came to
power some two years ago. The
pledge was that he would hold absolutely
free national elections within IL or 18
months after that moment Of personal
triumph. But now he has reneged COM
pletely on his solemn promise. In sum,
the Cuban people-whose Catholicism
is to be subjected to the same vile and
ruthless repression as their newspapers,
their courts and their legislative assem-
blies-are to be denied the right to vote
as they think in the secrecy Of the
polling places.
.. Never has a country been more
cynically or traitorouSly betrayed.
Surely. if there is reason to believe in
the intelligence and decency of man
kind, or in the aphoriSm that truth must
triumph in the end, then the Castro
tyranny-sooner or later, by one means
or another-must be eliminated as an
intolerable malignancy In the body
polite Of our inter-American system.
Meanwhile, we apparently can do little
more than weep over what has happened
to honor and liberty in once-gay, once
free Cuba.
Evening star., 1961-05-03

did not stop at Montevideo
in 1888, but were reasserted in
Lima, in Havana, in Panama,
in Washington, in Rio de
Janeiro, in Bogota, in Cara
cas- and in Santiago de Chile
as recently as 1859. all the
time stating that the Repub-
lies of the Two Americas
were against Intervention by
the totalitarians of the Right
and the totalitarians Of the
Left and should oppose it.
Those who did not oppose
Communist intervention In
Hungary. Indochina, Greece,
Tibet and so forth, by the
Soviet Union and by Red
China now present themselves
as the champions Of non
Intervention when there Is
Soviet and Chinese interven-
tion in Cuba. Playing with
words, with the sovereignty
Of the nations and with the
freedom of poples dominated
by the Communistsl
HerminiO POrtell-ViIa.
Professor Gin exile). Uni
verSity of Havana.
4 y = 4
In the letter by Diego
Aguila de Monteverde in the
April 20 issue of The Star
under the caption Monroe
Doctrine VS.. Inter-American
Treaties" are to be found
quotations from the Treaty
of Montevideo and from the
Charter Of the Organization
Of American States, signed in
Bogota on April 30, 1948.
The writer. in the closing
paragraph, states that the
treaties of Montevideo and
Bogota, must be respected
by the United States Govern
ment if this country is to re-
main the land to which the
world can look as the sup
porter Of such basic princi-
Piles as self-determination,
liberty and justice for all men
and for all nations.
Conceding the points in the
preceding paragraph, 1t would
Evening star., 1961-05-03
VISTAS IN SCIENCE
Leadership Calls for Special Factor
By THOMAS r. HENRY

scientists now are measuring
temperatures Of around 10
million degrees centigrade,
by far the highest achievable
on earth.
The heat at the center of
the sun is believed to be
about 20 million degrees
centigrade.
The temperatures being
measured are those of "plas-
mas" the fourth state of
matter, which only recently
has been recognized. 1t is
neither solid, liquid or gas
but consists of elementary
particles. electrons and pro-
tons. which are not even or
ganized into atoms, to say
nothing Of molecules. Such q
state of matter can exist only
at extremely high tempera-
lures.
Experiment With Plasma
The accomplishment has
Just been reported through
the Office of Naval Research
by DR.. A. c. Kolb Of the
laboratory staff.
Plasma, of course, cannot
be kept in any material con-
tainer. 1t would melt in q
fraction Of a second any ma
terial known on earth. In
stead, the Naval Laboratory
physicists are able to con-
fine it briefly in so-called
magnetic bottles" two mag
netic fields acting equal and
opposite to each other
through which the very hot
plasma cannot penetrate.
The two fields must be very
intense.
Due to the extreme heat
the agitation-movement of
particles - in any plasma.
must be very high. They con-
Stantly are colliding with
each other and the collisions
produce X-rays. These can
be detected by appropriate
instruments.
The greater the heat the
more violent the collisions
and the more intense the
X-rays created. Thus the
heat can be determined by
the intensity Of the result
ing X-ray spectrum.
Actually, DR.. Kolb says, the
temperature measurements
are quite precise. The work
is essential. he said, to better
understanding of plasma
phenomena which promise
to play a considerable part
in both the physics and as
tronomy of the future.
Evening star., 1961-05-03

@. Will you please list
some of the songs that were
popular about 1925 and 1925?
IT. S.
A. Sometimes I'm Happy, +"
"Dinah," Drifting and
Dreaming" give Foot Two,
Eyes of Blue" IF you Knew
Susie" Remember" Who"
Bye Bye Blackbird," Baby
Face" "One Alone" when
Day is Done" "Charmaine,"
BLACK Bottom" Birth Of
the Blues" Moonlight and
Roses" Sleepy Time GAL"
I'm a Little Spanish Town."
Someone to Watch Over
Me-" Just a Cottage Small"
and Sweet Georgia Brown"
Evening star., 1961-05-03
No Magic Formula

In a letter criticizing the
Office Of Civil Defense and
Mobilization, Warren w.
Morse. president, Washing
ton Committee for a Sane
Nuclear Policy, ends up by
saying I'VE might do well to
ponder the absolute necessity
Of disarmament. The only
defense against nuclear
weapons is the abolition Of
war"
Mankind has been hoping
for some magic formula that
would abolish war ever since
the birth Of Christ. But more
wars have been fought on ac-
count Of religion or lack of
Of it than for any other rea-
son. Right now it is the lack
Of religion, /. e., atheism, in
the Communist nations Of the
earth which makes them our
enemies. If they had religion
they would not hate us so.
But Communists do not be-
lieve in God. The only power
they worship is military
power. AS long as they sell
their souls on the altar Of
military power they will not
disarm themselves. And if we
were to disarm ourselves any
further. it would be tanta-
mount to national suicide.
When I say disarm any
further, I am referring to the
way in which we disarmed
ourselves after World War
II. We were able to disarm
Germany and Japan in that
war because we had II million
men and women in uniform.
At the end Of the war, every
nation on earth admired and
respected us. But now. with
a standing Army of less than
a million. they all mock us
and openly show their hatred
for us, because since disarm-
ing ourselves they no longer
have any respect for us.
That is why the Russians
and Chinese just go on start
ing wars whenever and wher-
ever they feel like it and
thumb their noses at us. They
know we are too civilized to
atomiZe them, and lack the
strength in conventional
weapons to whip them on the
ground at their own game.
Robert A. Mullen.
Evening star., 1961-05-03

There is a mysterious Fac
tor K" essential for leading
men.
Regardless of circum-
stances, from leadership Of
an infantry squad in battle to
handling a field army, or di-
recting an office project, sue
cess depends to a consider
able degree on the amount
Of this factor the individual
has. Special traits are re-
quired for each kind of lead
ership but underlying all is
Factor K" Determination Of
its nature and distribution
is the objective of several
psychological research prof.
ects now under way.
1t was described recently
at a Navy science sympo-
SUM at the United States
Naval Academy by DR.. Luigi
Petrullo Of the Office of
Naval Research.
The old idea that leader
ship ability was a combina-
ton of intelligence, courage
and capacity to plan ahead
the great man" theory of
history-no longer can be ac-
cepted as an adequate ex-
PLANTATION, DR.. Petrullo said.
All these qualities are i'm
portant. to different degrees
In different situations, he
pointed out, but any combi-
nation Of them still does not
define Factor x" The
brave, intelligent, under
standing man still may be a
poor leader of other men.
New Concepts Needed
Summation of all these
qualities, he said, still is far
smaller than the part con-
: tributed by some unknown
factor. The object of con-
temporary research is ex-
ploration Of the composition
of this factor. Traditional
methods and concepts are
being Systematically applied,
but do not promise solution.
From somewhere must come
new concepts.
I'VE know some OF the
characteristics Of Factor x
First. it is dynamic and or,
ganic: it follows principles Of
growth and development.
Second. 1t is dependent on
persons, situations and inter-
actions. 1t is purposive and
dualistically oriented towards
tasks and persons.
"A new leadership theory
must incorporate the old
characteristics as a min
imum."
4 4 4
Naval Research Laboratory
Evening star., 1961-05-03

economical but more practical
when driving their narrow
roads, President Kennedy
forces the purchase Of Brit
ish manufactured automo-
biles from the British, inclu-
sive Of the British 80 per
cent tax.
Anne NJ. Vinsant.
Evening star., 1961-05-03

Pen names may be used "
letters carry tDriterS' correct
names and addresses. All let
terS are subject to condensG-
tion. Those not used tDil be
returned only tDhen accom-
panied BY self addressed,
stamped envelopes.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1961-05-06
Democrats
Split Over
Alignment

Five members of the DEM
ocratic State Central Com
mittee have written letters
urging two insurgent mem
bers to refrain from their
campaign in support Of the pro-
posed realignment of Mary
lands new 9th Congressional
District.
Montgomery County Demo
Gratis have been split over this
issue for some weeks.
Ray Murphy and Mrs. Mar
garet Carpenter announced
plans to poll sS county Demo
cratic precinct chairmen over
the question of realignment.
The Democratic majority on the
State Central Committee have
suggested to Mr.. Murphy and
Mrs. Carpenter that the ques-
ton be taken up 'in orderly
fashion at a meeting Of the
chairmen Gin the near future"
Motions to consider the ques.
ton were tabled at 4 recent
session of both the central COM
mittee and the precinct chair
men.
Mrs. Carpenter, however, said
she and Mr.. Murphy would con-
tinue to poll the chairInen as
planned. They announced last
week end they would petition
the Governor to call a special
session of the Legislature to
consider realignment as well as
redistricting of the State and
abolition of the unit vote sys-
tenn.
The minority also supports
the petition drive, spearheaded
by the Montgomery County
League Of Women Voters, to
nullify the Legislatures recent
creation of the 9Th District in
Prince Georges and Howard
Counties.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1961-05-06
Special Education Talks
Feature MCARC Meeting

Hopes that there will be no
waiting list for special educa-
ton in Montgomery County for
the 1876 school year have
been expressed by Paul How
ard member Of the County
School Board.
Mr.. Howard was speaking be-
fore the Montgomery County
Association for Retarded Chill
dren during the groups May
meeting.
Other spea kers were DR..
Elaine Barnes, director of spe.
cial services, and Mrs. Lucille
Maurer, also a board member.
Both Mr.. Howard and Mrs.
Maurer noted that the county
is committed to a program for
all children in the public school
system.
Mrs. Maurer said there is a
need for sharing services
and expenses - related to spe-
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1961-05-06

Md, has been with Suburban
Trust II years. Prior to that
he was with the old Washing
ton Loan and Trust Co.
Other officers elected last
night were Alfred w. Knowles,
manager of observation-disclosures
Co., first vice present: G. Gregg
Everngam, attorney, second vice
president; Mrs. Dorothy Rosin,
manager, Casual Corner, secre-
.tary; Frank Proudfoot, vice
president of American National
Bank, treasurer; Garrett D.
Inscoe, assistant treasurer of
Suburban Trust, assistant treas
urer; and t. Robert Romero, at
torney, sergeant-at-arms.
Elected to the board of direc-
tors were Howard w. Balm, Ber-
nard M. Bulkey, ]. Donald Clag-
EFT, Jr., DR.. Harold A. Esker, w.
Claude Land, Joseph IA. Ma
thias, John P. Moore, Mrs. Flor
ence /. Proctor, James A. Sling
huff and Hugh w. Warrington.
The board presented retiring
President Brannan a set of golf
clubs in appreciation of his serv-
ice during the last Is months.
In his report to the member
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1961-05-06

cial education with other county
agencies.
DIR. Barnes told the associa.
ton she hopes to see a dag,
nostic center in the county in
the near future for children
who have special needs.
She also hopes to see estab
lished program of constant
evaluation of children in special
education; a re-eyaluation OF
those children might make il
possible to put some of them
back in regular classes.
Another suggestion by DR..
Barnes was that one or two
classrooms be set aside in new
elementary schools for the spe-
cial needs of children who do
not fit into regular classes.
Robert c. Kackley, recently
reelected president of MCARC,
said, Our association is graft.
fled with the progress the spe.
cial education department OF
tgomery County is
making"
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1961-05-06
StOIzenbach
Confirmed
By Senate

c. Darwin Stolzenbach was
confirmed unanimously this
week by the United States SEN
ate to be administrator of the
National Capital Transportation
Agency.
Mr.. Stolzenbach will serve no
specified term but may be re-
moved at the pleasure of the
President. He will receive
$4,000 a year.
The Montgomery County
resident has been organizing
the agency pending his confir-
nation. Wednesday he urged
a Senate Appropriations sub
committee to grant the admins
tration's request for $750,000
for the year beginning July l..
The agency budget was cut
back by one-third in the House
of Representatives.
The agency still has not
named anyone to fill the job
of assistant administrator to be
paid S18,500 annually.