davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-07-16
Keoting Criticism

Senator Heating, Republican Of
New York, asserted. for example: F:
TT is a matter of genuine con-
Germ when we learn that our Gov
ernments response to the Berlin
crisis is a .. new study of our
Nations defenSes. What we
need now on Berlin is position" :"
After previous reviews, Mr..
Kennedy added some 81 billion to
the military request submitted by
former President Eisenhower. The
$43 billion budget has been passed
by the House and is now in the
Senate.
Mr.. Kennedy called for the new
study after a weekend meeting
at HyanniS Port with Secretary
of State RuSk, Defense Secretary
Mcnamara and Gen. Maxwell
Taylor, White House military ad-
wiser. Failure to include Gen.
Lyman L. Lemnitzer, the chair
man of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
raised some Pentagon eyebrows.
Confronting the top-level meet
ing was the announcement Sat-
urday by Soviet Premier Khru-
Shchev that Russian military
spending was being increased by
one-third and that a planned re-
duction in Soviet military man
power was being put off.
Evening star., 1961-07-16
Short-Ronge Goal

Deputy Defense Secretary Ros-
we'll l.. Gilpatric said the military
review was aimed at short-range
preparedness measures" which
the United States might take to
bolster conventional fighting
forces to meet the impending
showdown over Berlin and the
Soviet arms buildup.
But a Russian air show Sunday
raised anew the controversy over
bomberS versus missiles in the
long-range scheme of military
preparedness.
Last year, Mr.. Khrushchev con-
tended that conventional bomb
ers were obsolete and that missiles
were the core of Soviet military
might. The amazing display of
new Soviet supersonic jet bombers
and fighters during a Sunday fly
over showed that the Russians
have some new, high-performance,
conventional eggs in their air.
power basket.
At least II new combat air.
craft and helicopter transports
were displayed. The United States
Air Force Attache in Russia
hustled back to the Pentagon
with first-hand report.
Despite strong objections from
some Air Force officers, present
United States plans call for phas-
ing out production of big manned
bombers in a transition to missile
striking forces.
Evening star., 1961-07-16
Foreign Aid:
Pressure's On

The battle over President
Kennedy's foreign aid program
grew in intensity last week.
The late Senator Arthur VAN
denberg once said there is no
point in throwing a drowning
man 10-foot rope when he is
20 feet off the beach.
Using this figure of speech,
President Kennedy last week be-
gan the big push for what he
considers the extra 10 feet in
foreign aid: Long-range borrow
ing authority to finance develop
ment loans to under-developed
countries.
The issue was whether, in the
interest of putting a firmer foun-
dation under the loan program,
Congress should give up its legiS-
lative prerogative of passing an
nually on all foreign aid requests.
President Kennedy is asking
Congress to authorize the execu-
tive branch to borrow $7.3 million
during the next five years to
finance development loans. This
new feature would be in addition
to the normal annual requests
for congressional appropriation of
funds for economic and military
aid to foreign nations.
Evening star., 1961-07-16
Aid, Not Men

President Kennedy opened his
intensive campaign on Monday
when he told citizens commit
tee-newly formed to press for
congressional spproval-that he
would rather push the fight
against communism through an
effective foreign aid program
than to send American boys to
do It,"
Possibly the biggest boost last
week came from President Ayub
Khan of Pakistan, whose country
is a recipient of United States for
eign aid. In a hard-hitting speech
before a joint session of Congress
on Wednesday, the outspoken visi-
tor admonished that "you had bet
ter not get tired" of hearing re-
quests for assistance from foreign
countries.
I'VE are pressing against you
today as friends. If we make good,
I think you will in some fashion,
get it back. d.. If we do not make
good and if, Heaven forbid, we go
under communism, then we shall
still press against you-but not as
friends" the Pakistani president
said.
The borrowing provision - the
extra rope which President Ken
nedy thinks will keep some nations
from sinking under Communist
influence-was tying Congress. in
knots.
The President began trying to
unite some of them last week
through heavy personal lobbying.
He pressed his case with members
of the House and Senate Foreign
Relation Committee whom he
called in for chats in small groups.
Evening star., 1961-07-16
u. N. Changes:
Veto Threat

The United States announced
Friday that it would veto any
Soviet attempt to replace the
United Nations secretary gen.
eral with a three-headed
secretariat.
It followed this up yesterday
with a note charging the Soviet
Union with trying to sabotage"
the nuclear test ban talks and
asking the United Nations to re-
view the urgent need" for a ban.
Article 81 of the United Nations
Charter reads:
"The Secretariat shall COM
prise a secretary general and
such staff as the organization
may require. The secretary
general shall be appointed by
the General Assembly upon the
recommendation of the Security
Council. He shall be the chief
administrative officer of the
organization"
This article never was ques-
toned until last fall when Premier
Evening star., 1961-07-16
Adequate Now

There were reports that the Air
Force might press Congress for
more money for bombers and
other manned aircraft. But Mr..
Gilpatric took the position be-
fore a Senate subcommittee that
as of the moment 1--WE feel our Air
Force, despite all the Soviet mod
ernization, is adequate to meet
our needs"
The House already has added
some 5000 million to the Presi-
dents defense budget for big
bombers despite Secretary McNa-
mara's statement that it won't be
used.
Chairman Stennis of the Senate
Armed Services Subcommittee on
Preparedness scheduled a quiz Of
intelligence experts to see how
United States and Russian bomber
and missile strength compare.
While the preparedness review
was going on last week, the Air
Force launched a new satellite
addition to the Nations defense
arsenal.
The satellite, Midas III, put in
an orbit passing over the Soviet
Evening star., 1961-07-16

politics, subsequently employed to
block nuclear ban and Laos talks,
and to threaten disarmament dis
cuSSions.
The United States has been
particularly frustrated over Soviet
intransigence at the nuclear test
ban talks. When he took office
President Kennedy sincerely
hoped agreement could be reached
on policing such a ban, but Soviet
insistence on a "troika" control
commission instead of a single
czar has prevented any progress
in Geneva.
In a note yesterday answering
a Soviet note proposing the
nuclear test talks be merged with
the disarmament ones) the United
States severely criticized Sovet be-
havior and said it was, together
with Britain, asking that the U. N.
Evening star., 1961-07-16
Western Experts See Little Arms Hope

the German elections but before
the october party congress in
Moscow.
Slow StroneuIotion
Then there is expected to be a
slow process of progressive stran-
gulation of West Berlin, one tiny
step after another.
Disarmament clearly is not high
on Mr.. Khrushchev's agenda.
Nevertheless, by some supreme
irony, the Russian leader is doing
we'll in the propaganda battle. He
has seduced millions of people.
even in Europe, with his total
disarmament hoop-la.
Some of our colleagues. for ex-
ample, refused to go along with
the thesis that Soviet intransi-
geance has blocked an arms agree
ment. They insisted that East
West tension" is to blame, and
they would not let us pin the rose
on Mr.. Khrushchev in a public
statement of our findings. The
West simply has not persuaded
large segments of the world that
it is genuinely trying to disarm.
So powerful is the mesmeric ap-
peal of the Soviet Premier's gen
eral and complete disarmament"
that a large majority of the ex-
perts here feel the West must pro-
fess to favor the same goal. even
though it is obviously unattainable
in the next so to 100 years. and
even though it would require some
thing approaching world govern
ment to enforce it.
Evening star., 1961-07-16

80 effective ground divisions for
NATO and really try hard to
reach it.
This would not be likely to per-
Suade anyone that the West
wanted to diSarm, but it would
Or at least, it nightmare it
necessary for Mr.. Khrushchev to
choose between failure and the
use of atomic weapons in case
there is shooting over Berlin.
The nightmare of Western plan
ers is that the West might have
to make that choice. In the last
analysis, both sides, it is felt,
would choose defeat rather than
touch off nuclear holocaust.
Several of the American experts
were stopping in Burgenstock on
the way back. to the United States
from a private conference with
the Russians near Yalta. They
reported that the Russians are
supremely confident of the triumph
of communism in the world and
show a kind of patronizing SYM
pathy for anyone so dense that he
cannot see their system as the
wave of the future.
One Westerner asked a group of
Russians how long Soviet influ-
ence would last in Eastern Europe
if there were total disarmament.
That would affect us more than
it would you," was the response.
Let us worry about it,"
1t was not an answer, of course.
Our conference did not have any
conclusive answers to the Vests
problems, either. 1t would have
been much easier if we could sim
ply have shrugged them off and
drunk in the Intoxicating Swiss
countryside, as so many others
are doing this summer.
But the problems are real
as somnolent Europe may soon
discover with a very rude Jolt.
Evening star., 1961-07-16
Flies to Berlin

To reinforce the Vests position
in Berlin, Mr.. Adenauer flew to
West Berlin and conferred with
Mayor Willy Brandt (his opponent
in September's elections). They
later issued five-point commu-
nique affirming the Vests rights
in Berlin.
The venerable German Chan
cellor also used his visit to Berlin
to focus on the dissatisfaction of
the East German people with the
Communist government.
In the past week, as many as
1900 refugees day sought asylum
in West Berlin, more than three
times the normal refugee total.
The Chancellor said the East
German people were "panicking"
over a fear of being trapped in
the East if a peace treaty were
signed.
Another major reason for the
exodus is the serious food shortage
in East Germany, caused to a
great extent by farmer disgust
with collectivized agriculture.
Gen. de Gaulle added his voice
to the strong German stand by
telling Mr.. Khrushchev flatly last
week that the West would never
allow the Soviet Union to settle
the fate of Berlin alone, "as if
the three great powers had no
rights there"
Evening star., 1961-07-16

consider the nuclear test ban
question.
The United Staes added, how
ever, it would continue to meet
at Geneva with the Russians.
Placing the test ban question
in the U. N. will give the United
States an opportunity to impress
world opinion with it's determina-
ton, in spite of Soviet roadblockS,
to sign a treaty.
Mr.. Khrushchev repeated his
"troika" demands regarding the
U. N. last week in Moscow. In ad-
dition, he stated that the Soviet
Union would not recognize any
U. N. decision that was not in ac-
cord with it's interests. This latter
point was interesting because the
Soviet Union never has hesitated
to use the veto to protect its
rights" u
The United States veto declara-
ton plainly was a move to win
support from uncommitted ma
tions which, however, do support
the United Nations, ~. sra. -s
There is little question of the
United States having to cast its
first veto, because there is virtually
no chance Mr.. Khrushchev would
receive in the near future the two
thirds of the General Assembly
needed to amend the Charter.
The veto threat, however. stiff
ened the United States position
toward the Soviet Union without
losing it any support from the
rest of the world.
1t also put the world on notice
that the United States was against
any change in the status quo of
the U. N. and would not consider
any compromise" plan to satisfy
the Soviet Union.
Evening star., 1961-07-16

Khrushchev accused Secretary
General Dag Hammarskjold of
subverting the interests of the
Communist bloc. He said Mr..
Hammarskjold acted as a tool of
the "imperialistS" in preserving
order in the Congo.
Mr.. KhruShchev said one man
can represent only one point of
view and since the world is dir
vided into three-socialism, i'm
perialism, and neutralism--three
secretaries should replace the
single administrator.
THE only correct situation" he
said, would be to set up an ex-
ecutive in which the three groups
of states would be represented by
three persons who would carry
out the decisions"
This was Mr.. Khrushchev's first
"troika" Interpretation of world
Evening star., 1961-07-16
Concern Over Water

There has been no fighting
there for years, but PakiStan
fears that India may some day
divert Kashmir's rivers which
supply West Pakistan with its
badly needed water.
Since 80 per cent of India's
border troops patrol the Pakistan
borders, and only 20 per cent
Red China's, President Ayub fears
increases of military aid to India
will heighten tension along the
border, as well as cause tremen-
dous dissatisfaction at home.
In their communique, the two
Presidents stated a desire to see
the Kashmir controversy settled,
and allow India and Pakistan'S
relations to develop without fric-
ton. The United States indicated,
for its part, that it would try
to persuade India's Nehru to
bulge from his non-compromis-
ing attitude and settle the dispute
The President also assured Mr..
Ayub that the United States
would back Pakistan's five-year
plan with sufficient funds, and
that the United States would ex-
pand its military aid to Pakistan.
The two Presidents. much to Mr..
Ayub's pleasure, affirmed "the
value of existing collective security
arrangements as an instrument
for defense against aggression"
Evening star., 1961-07-16
BY WILLIAM r, FRYE
Contributing Writer

BURGENSTOCK, Switzerland.
Europe has plunged into its
summer of crisis with monumental
calm.
The weather is magnificent,
just as it was in 1914 and 1899.
Swiss hoteliers are coming money,
which delights their souls.
Here in this plush 125-acre re-
sort, perched dramatically 1900
feet above Lake Lucern, it costs
rs cents-repeat, rs cents-just to
take a bath. A glass of milk is
25 cents, an after-dinner demi-
tasse, 40 cents.
Only the view is free. But as
you stand looking out over the
Swiss Alps, the blue lake, and
William Tell country, each con-
tour more breath-taking than the
last you wonder how men can so
distort the Almighty's universe as
to concoct a Berlin crisis or an
atomic ornaments race.
Meeting Of Specialists
'They bring you up here" said
one visitor, Ito show you the
world is worth saving"
In my case, it was the American
Assembly, a subsidiary of Colum-
bia University, and the Institute
for Strategic Studies, London.
which invited me and some go
other disarmament specialists here.
The idea was to try a cross
fertilization of Western European
and American thinking on arms
control, to see if some new way
could be found out of the desper-
ately dangerous East-West dead
lock.
Jules Moch of France, David
Ormsby-Gore of Britain, Senator
Evening star., 1961-07-16
THE NATIONAL SCENE
Military Readiness:
The Crisis Review

President Kennedy last week
ordered a review of United
States military strength and
readiness.
An administration searching for
answers in a world of crises de-
cided last week to take another
look at the Nations military
readiness.
Among possible actions being
contemplated were partial mo-
bilization of the reserves and an
increase in the defense budget.
Touching off the review order
by President Kennedy was new
rocket-rattling from behind the
Iron Curtain, including a reveal
ing display of Soviet air power.
How much the review call was
for counter propaganda purposes
in the cold war was conjectural.
There was considerable comment,
particularly from Republicans.
that the administration has had
plenty of time for study-in fact,
has made two reviews already of
the Nations defense posture
and that it was time for action.
Evening star., 1961-07-16
Speaks BIuntH

He told Congress about Paki-
Stan's population problems; it's
agricultural crises: its social and
cultural pains; and its political
immaturity. He asked that his
military coup three years ago be
understood and pledged that PAX
istan would not fall under totali-
tartan sway.
President Ayub, however, came
to Washington not simply to ex-
pound on his country's develop
ment, but to confront President
Kennedy and tell him bluntly
what bothered him about Ameri-
cas- attitude toward Pakistan.
. Since Pakistan is allied to the
United States through the United
States-Supported CENTO and
SEATO alliances, President Ayub
told the President that, if the
United States stepped up military
aid to neutral Indian, as has been
rumored, relations between the
United States and Pakistan would
be strained"
Hindu India and Muslin Paki-
stan--once united under British
rule-haye been at odds since
they each received independence
in l947 on what amounted to re-
ligious lines. Their point of con-
tentien is the territory of Kash-
mir, predominantly Muslin in
population, but ruled by Hindus.
Evening star., 1961-07-16

States of America and a friend
of your country"
This was the. theme of his ex-
traordinary three-day visit to
Washington which included an
unprecedented soiree at Mount
Vernon, an extemporaneous hour
long speech to Congress, and a
series of frank discussions with
President Kennedy. whom Paki-
stan feared was inclined to forget
its ally in a rush to WOO neutralist
India.
Because he comes from Paki-
stan," President Ayub made it
clear wherever he spoke-in the
White House, before Congress, or
to the National Press Club-that
he thought he understood the
problems of his Muslin nation
better than free states which
fail to recognize the requirements
of a new society,""
Evening star., 1961-07-16

Union, was an experimental fore
runner of satellite system to de-
tect missiles launched anywhere in
the world.
It is designed to detect hot ex-
hausts of missiles and flash a
rapid warning.
On another front, White House
Press Secretary Pierre Salinger
said that the President might
send a message to Congress rext
week seeking more money for civil
defense. Mr.. Kennedy wants the
country to get started on an ex-
tensive shelter program in case
anything goes wrong.
Evening star., 1961-07-16
Pdkistdn:
Promise of Aid

Pakistani President MOham-
mad Ayub Khan last week con-
cluded three days of cordial
and frank" talks with President
Kennedy on the problems fac
ing Pakistan- United States re-
latiOns.
President Ayub introduced
himself to the joint session of
Congress on Tuesday with just
a few words: 81 come from Paki-
stan which is allied to the United
Evening star., 1961-07-16

I1uUcTG humphrey OF MINNESOTA,
and high-ranking military men
and policy planners from most of
the NATO countries were in the
group. The United States, Canada,
and II West European countries
were represented.
Little Hope in 1861
We chewed the subject over
from virtually every angle for
three days. No other American
newspaperman took part in the
private discussion, so what fol-
lows is in the nature of an ex-
elusive report.
There is, it was agreed, little
hope of progress in disarmament
this year. John j. McCloy and
Valerian zorin, the American and
Soviet arms negotiators, are sitting
down in Moscow again tomorrow;
and although their earlier talks
have gone deep and have included,
for example, presentation of 28-
page Soviet disarmament plan,
there has been no progress. The
Soviet plan is the same old story
scrap all arms and set up a
three-headed veto over inspection.
Western experts do not think
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev
has the slightest interest in serious
disarmament negotiations at this
time. They doubt that he will
even send a delegation to Geneva
for the multilateral conference due
to begin July 31-though the West
may go, in order to dramatic the
empty Soviet chair.
Premier Khrushchev's time
schedule for 1861, the experts be-
lieve, calls for intensified pres
sures building up to peace treaty
with East Germany in late Sep
tember or early October-after
Evening star., 1961-07-16
Scientific Aid

The United States also PROM
ised to dispatch Immediately SCI
entific and technical workers to
Pakistan to help solve the coun-
try's serious agriculture problem.
caused in part by excessive salt
in the earth.
One of the most important re-
suits of President Ayub's trip,
Continued on Page Ca
Evening star., 1961-07-16
Cool of 30 Divisions

The most practical contribution
the West can make to peace in
Europe at this time, the majority
agrees, is to revive the goal of
Evening star., 1961-07-16
THE WEEK IN PERSPECTIVE
Western Firmness and Unity

The United States announced
last week it would reply to
Premier KhruShchev's aide
memoire on the German and
Berlin questions by Tuesday.
At the same time, tension in
East Germany, aggravated by
political and economic crises,
tripIed the number of daily
refugees to West Berlin.
Leading Western diplomats ap-
peared convinced last week that
the German-Berlin controversy
was heading into propaganda
stage" ga u
Since the crisis is not likely to
come to a head before the fall,
officials in Washington, London,
Paris, and Bonn pored over
speeches, white papers," and
other opinion -molding tools, pre-
pairing for a long summer of
words.
Premier Khrushchev, who says
his secret weapon is his tongue,
leads the combined West in the
amount of verbiage devoted to
Germany-Berlin. But he relaxed
last week after his July 8 rocket
rattler.
On that day, he told the West
that the Soviet Union was in
creasing its defense budget by a
third and that it was not going to
reduce its armed forces as PLAN
ned. Then, Sunday, the Soviet
Air Force put on an impressive
display of new supersonic bomb
ers and jet fighters.
Evening star., 1961-07-16
West Unofruid

This show of strength, if
meant to frighten the West, had
the opposite effect in Washington.
Here, defense officials pondered
more seriously the value of a
partial Gallup of reserves and an
increase in the standing army.
1t seemed certain that both East
and West would counter shows
of force with equally strong
stands.
The United States has been sit
ting for six weeks on Premier
KhruShchev'S June 4 aide-memoire
which started the whole crisis"
President Kennedy announced last
week that the United States would
reply to the Soviet leader by Tues
day, signalling an all-out diplo-
matic-propaganda thrust by the
West. He will hold news confer
ence, his first in July, on Wednes-
day.
1t is expected that simultaneous
with WaShington'S answer, Paris
and London will deliver similar
notes. all rejecting Premier Khru-
shchev's demand for separate
peace treaties with the two Ger
manies and the establishment of
West Berlin as a "free city"
They are expected to tell Mr..
KhruShchev that the German stu
alton should be solved on the
basis of the self determination of
the German people, and that any
attempts to force the West out
Of Berlin will be countered by
force, if necessary.
A possible clue to the United
States reply was revealed in West
Germany where Chancellor Kon-
rad Adenauer attacked Mr.. Khru-
shchev's two-Germany plan as
violating the right of self-deter-
mination of nations laid down in
the Charter of the United Nations"
Mr.. Adenauer emphasized that
Bonn would not sign any treaty
that would recognize the East Ger
man government which he con-
siderS a puppet of the Soviet
Union,