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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-09-07
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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-09-07
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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-09-07

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Evening star., 1961-08-13
Some Sacrifices

He made it quite clear, however,
that sacrifices will be required
from the ruling circles in each
country.
For unless necessary social re-
forms. including land and tax
reforms, are freely made" he said,
unless we broaden the opportu-
nifty of all our people-unless the
great mass of Americans share in
increasing prosperity-then our
alliance, our revolution, and our
dream will have failed"
The first weeks results revealed
the disharmony that has char
acterized Latin American rela-
tions for years. Smaller countries
such as Uruguay and Ecuador
were afraid their needs will be
given lower priority than powers
such as Brazil and Argentina, who,
in turn, feared that a hemisphere
organization may infringe on
their national sovereignty.
But on the whole, due in large
part to the tremendous United
States concern-Mr. Kennedy
pledged 81 billion this year-there
was room for encouragement.
Evening star., 1961-08-13

The President told a press con-
ference, in fact, that 80 far I
have been very satisfied with
what's been done. And I have
the greatest possible hopes for the
future of this meeting" that he
called "one of the most signifi-
cant in this century"
BY the end Of the week, it
seemed reasonably clear that the
conference will promise Latin
countries $40 billion financed by
the West over a 10-year period.
Each country will be required to
submit development plans to a
panel of experts which will evalu-
ate them and make fund recon-
mendationS.
The countries, though, will have
to undertake the fundamental
land and tax reforms outlined by
President Kennedy to qualify for
the money.
Up to now, however, Latin gov
ernments have been notoriously
slow to implement such reforms,
baSically because their leaderships
have been unwilling to part with
their vast land holdings and tre-
mendously high untaxed incomes.
Evening star., 1961-08-13
One More Try

Mr.. Kennedy probably could
have announced test resumption
on the basis of their report, but
he said the United States would
make one more try to persuade
the Russians to drop their "troika"
demands.
He described Mr.. Deans forth
coming trip as most important"
and most critical" serving notice
that if the Russians continue
riding their "troika," the United
States may be forced to resume
their tests.
Last month. the United States
and Britain asked the United Ma
tions to consider the nuclear test
ban question at this falls General
Assembly session, but such an
agreement is hardly likely in the
u. N.
BY taking the matter to the
U. NJ, however, the West will be
able to publicize its determination
to conclude a workable treaty, in
the face of the Soviet "troika."
Evening star., 1961-08-13
Latin America:
Major Help

The Inter-American EcOnOm-
ic and Social Conference, called
by the United States, opened
last week in Punta Del Este to
consider measures to promote
the economic development Of
Latin America.
Punta Del Este is one of the
most plush resorts in South Amer
lea. During the hot summer
months (from December to
March, it is populated by mil
lionaires from Uruguay, Brazil
and Argentina whose large. mod
ern homes look out over sandy
Atlantic beaches.
In a gambling casino. normally
vacant during Uruguay'S winter
season, finance ministers gather
ed from all the Americas last
week. The roulette wheels and
black jack tables were gone, but
the stakes were high and the chips
were down.
The ministers were gambling to
see whether good intentions and
$40 billion will be enough to fun
mel the rising nationalism of
Latin America into peaceful
revolutions" and prevent the
Evening star., 1961-08-13
Congress-:
Foreign Aid

Congress plOwed through a
number of bills, in hearings and
votes, last week looking toward
early September adjournment.
Other subjects kept popping up
in the Senate: airplane hijackings,
combinations of appointments,
the role of the military officers
in public forums, a permanent
memorial in Southeast Washing
ton to Frederick Douglass. But
the main business before the upper
chamber was a multi-billion dol
lar bill which, to quote one speak
er, has no constituency in this
country" It didn't need one. 1t
was the foreign aid bill and it
appeared to be getting along all
right. & ...
Senate clerks refer to it as a
bill ito promote the foreign policy,
security and general welfare of the
United States by assisting peoples
of the world in their efforts toward
economic and social development
and internal and external Secur-
ity." ..-.
The purposes Of the bill long
have been accepted as a part of
our national policy. The main is
sue in this session of Congress
appeared to be over a certain kind
of extension of the aid as pro-
posed by President Kennedy. To
give the executive more authority
to meet changing conditions
throughout the world by pouring
money into troubled spots quickly,
the bill calls for $8.8 billion in
the next five years. This phase Of
the aid program would be fl.
Continued on Page F-2
Evening star., 1961-08-13
Rich . and Poor

President Kennedy outlined the
situation in Latin America on
March 13 when he told group
of Latin diplomats:
Throughout Latin America
continent rich in resources and in
the spiritual and cultural achieve
mentS of people-millions of men
and women suffer the daily degra-
dations of hunger and poverty.
They lack decent shelter, or pro-
lection from disease. Their chill
dren are deprived of the educa-
ton or the jobs which are the
gateway to a better life. And each
day the problems grow more
urgent :.
Mr.. Kennedy called on all the
nations to join in new Alliance
for Progress-'Alianza para Prog
resso-a vast cooperative effort
unparalleled in magnitude and
nobility of purpose, to satisfy the
basic needs of the American
people for homes, work and land,
health and schools"
Evening star., 1961-08-13
Plane Seized

July 25-A Castro supporter
walked into the cockpit of an
Eastern Airplanes jet plane on a
run between Miami and Tampa,
pulled a gun on the pilot and
ordered him to fly to Havana. The
planes SO passengers and five
crew members were allowed to re-
turn to Miami but Cuban officials
seized and kept the plane.
August 3-A Continental Air
lines night coach en- route from
Phoenix to Houston was held up
at 3 am. by two men armed with
pistols, one pointed at the head of
the pilot and the other at a
stewardess. They said they wanted
to go to Cuba. The pilot put down
at Ell Paso to refuel, and after a
siege which saw the holdup men,
both American citizens, overpow-
cred on the plane, the incident
closed.
August 9-A wild-eyed French
Algerian with a cooked pistol held
up g Pan-American jet airline
over Mexico and forced it to fly
to Havana with 81 aboard. Prime
Minister Castro was reported NOR
titled, and the plane and its pas
sengers were allowed to return to
Miami The holdup man was kept
in Cuba.
The drama Of aerial safety and
the wide implications of national
policy combined to make American
reaction instant and forceful.
The May incident attracted
considerable attention. The July
Is hijacking with subsequent
seizure of the airplane by Castro
forces brought forth demands in
Congress for action. The August
3 action of the two men to try
to take over the plane had some
what less an impact because the
Cuban angle was considered only
incidental. OF the two men in
volved-a father and 16-year-old
son--one had been treated for a
mental illness.
Evening star., 1961-08-13
NucIedr:
Try Again

President Kennedy announced
last week that he was sending
Arthur Dean back to Geneva
on August "a for q decisive
meeting with the Soviet Union
on the stalled nuclear test ban
talks.
On October 81, 1858, the United
States, Great Britain, and the So
Wet Union-then the only mem
bers of the Atom Bomb Club
met in Geneva to discuss a ban
on nuclear explosions.
Up to that time, there had been
210 known nuclear blasts-134 by
the United States, SIS by the So
Wet Union, and 81 by Britain. The
testing had produced what many
scientists regarded as an alarming
increase in the amount of radia-
ton In the earth'S atmosphere,
and the mounting world appre-
henSion was a leading factor in
bringing about the conference and
an ensuing moratorium on tests.
AS far as the West knows, there
have been no nuclear tests since
1858, but a workable test ban
treaty appears remoter than ever.
Hopes for a treaty had grown
dim at the end Of President Ell
senhower's term, but when Presi-
dent Kennedy took office, the
United States made a renewed eff
fort to get a treaty.
Evening star., 1961-08-13

and his words to the pilot indi-
Gated that what was preying on
his mind was a hatred for Wash
ington over Algeria, and not Cuba.
But there was no doubling the
country was aroused over the
issue. AS our crises go, it probably
wasn't one of the worst. Most
people thought something could
be done. And something was done.
First. the Senate voted and sent
to the House where it undoubtedly
will be agreed to this week, a bill
to make airplane hijacking an
offense punishable by death.
Lesser penalties were written in
for whole series of crimes aboard
aircraft.
Evening star., 1961-08-13
THE NATIONAL SCENE
Hijockings U proor
Forces Solutions

A new airplane hijacking
aroused public resentment last
week and led to quick Senate
passage Of legislation to increase
the penalties for such crimes.
A technique of the enemies of
the Castro regime in Cuba has
been developing over the last two
years. It involved hijacking or
deliberately flying to this country
Cuban airplanes. At least "a in
cidentS are on record. In some of
them the planes were attached
and sold here to satisfy claims
against the Cuban government
by United States citizens.
Then began a series of events
in which the direction of the hi
jackings turned.
May IA passenger on a Ma
tional Airlines plane bound from
Miami to Key West slipped into
the cockpit and placed a knife at
the throat of the pilot. Lets
go to Havana" he said. The
bandit was identified only as "El
Pirata Cofresi" and his story
was that he had been offered
100000 by former Dominican
Republic Strongman Trujillo to
assasSinate Castro. He wanted, he
said, to warn the Cuban leader.
The pilot took the plane with its
seven passengers and five crew
members to Havana. Cuban au-
thoritieS took the holdup man
away, gave the airline gasoline
and sent plane and passengers
back to Miami.
Evening star., 1961-08-13
Concessions

Mr.. Dean was sent to Geneva
with concessions on the number
of inspections each country would
be obliged to permit yearly. The
new American position, it was
felt. was closer to the Soviet view
than at any time.
The Soviet officials, however,
were more difficult than ever,
refusing to bulge from their new
''troika" policy. This policy de-
creed that all control bodies in
international relations have three
heads: One Western, one Eastern
(Soviet Union) and one neutral.
Until last winter, the Soviet Un-
ion had agreed with the West that
a neutral administrator should be
charged with policing the terms
of a treaty. He would decide when
inspections should be held, and
when the ban had been violated.
But in March, Semyon K.
Tsarapkin told Mr.. Dean that the
Soviet insisted on q three-man
administration, representing the
West, the Soviet Union, and the
neutral bloc, with all decisions
unanimous. This, of course, would
give the Soviet Union a veto over
the control commission, something
absolutely unacceptable to the
West,
Evening star., 1961-08-13
On Resumption

When it became clear that the
Geneva talks were at an impasse,
President Kennedy found himself
under pressure from Congress to
resume testing again.
His critics argued that the So
Wet Union might be carrying on
secret tests, and thereby surpass-
ing the United States in nuclear
weapons.
Aware that the United States
would ALLEVIATE world opinion by
being the first to test again pub
licly, President Kennedy has hesi-
tated before resuming.
In June he appointed a commit
tee Of scientists to report whether
as rumored-the bSoviet Union
might be testing secretly. Their
Evening star., 1961-08-13
Soviet Threats

The refugees also feared that
the Soviet. leader was not bluffing
when he repeated his threat to
sign peace treaty with the East
German government with or with
out Western cooperation. They
knew this would most likely seal
the borders, and prevent further
escape.
The exodus has become so large
lately that Western officials are
privately expressing some misgiv-
ings about it.
The officials fear that if the
current rate of between 30-5O,0
persons a month continues, the
East Germans may be forced to
close the borders. This might pro-
woke strikes and riots like those
that erupted in 1853 in Berlin and
in 1856 in Hungary. Soviet troops
would most likely be called upon
to put them down.
Any violence in. East Germany
at this time would strain Western
consciences already troubled by
the Vests failure to act in the
past. Some Western Germans
certainly would be moved to go
to the aid of their brothers. Such
intervention, of course, would
touch off a war.
Evening star., 1961-08-13
Tunisid:
u. N. Session

A special session of the United
Nations General Assembly was
called for August FL to discuss
the French -Tunisian dispute.
The action came last week after
a 5O-natiOn majority approved
a Liberian request.
Until last month, at least, the
West considered Tunisian Presi-
dent Bourguiba as its best friend
in Africa.
In continent where hot-head-
edness is often a political asset,
Mr.. Bourguiba was known for his
moderation and pro-Western lib
eralism.
His country's laws are modelled
after the American Constitution,
and in the past, he has acted as
an intermediary in the French
Algerian War.
His pro- Western sympathieS, in
fact, often left him open to attack
from the more radical African
nationalists both at home and in
neighboring North African coun-
tries such as Algeria and the
United Arab Republic.
Thus the fighting over Bizerte
came as a surprise-and a shock
to his many friends in the West.
Without warning, on July IT,
Mr.. Bourguiba demanded the
French leave within "a hours. He
threw blockade around the base
a day later, and on the 10th
Tunisian soldiers opened fire on
French helicopter. The French
retaliated in force. The blockade
was smashed and 600 Tunisians
killed.
Fighting stopped on July %
after a Security Council appeal,
but France refused to Withdraw
its forces back to the base as
the cease fire demanded. It argued
that this would allow Tunisia to
put up another blockade.
Evening star., 1961-08-13
Senate Uproor

Last weeks incident, however,
brought forth the greatest amount
of protest to date. Several Sena-
tors who had been critical of
United States patience" with
Cuba demanded that we use force.
Bitter remarks flew. Castro was
accused Of acts of aggression
against the United States.
The sense of the Senator's out
ragged feelings was safe enough
because there had been hijackings
involving Cuba. It happened, how
ever, that in this particular case
the lawmakers were speaking too
soon. This particular hijacker was
a French-Algerian artist who had
been treated for mental trouble
Evening star., 1961-08-13
Peace Efforts

In the last three weeks, United
States officials, including U. N.
Ambassador Stevenson, have been
trying to persuade both sides to
settle their dispute through BIZ
lateral talks.
Because of United States and
British reluctance to criticize
France in the United Nations,
President Bourguiba not unex-
pectedly has sought diplomatic
assistance from Premier Khru-
shchev. The Tunisian President
said last week, however, that he
had no intention of joining the
Soviet bloc.
The special U. N. session will
put moral pressure on both sides
to reconcile their differences.
Presumably. withdrawal of French
troops to the base, and a fresh
promise to evacuate would satisfy
the Tunisians. They, OF course,
would have to pledge no further
blockades of the base.
Evening star., 1961-08-13
Separate Treaty

He again promised the West
that if it Joined in signing sep
arate peace treaties with the two
Germany, the freedom of West
Berlin will be duly protected, and
the access routes guaranteed.
I'VE do not intend to infringe
upon any lawful interests of the
Western powers" he said. ANY
barring of access to West Berlin,
any blockade of West Berlin is
entirely out Of the question"
This was taken to mean that in
return for the Vests recognition
of East Germany's sovereignty, he
would guarantee the freedom of
West Berlin.
President Kennedy was asked
about this, but obviously did not
want to show his hand. He said.
Il do believe that we should use,
as I have said, every means avail
able to us to make q determine
tion whether a peaceful solution
can be reached which will protect
the rights of the people of West
Berlin and our own rights"
Evening star., 1961-08-13
No Proposals

These two statements-although
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS to indicate
more of an area Of negotiation
than is publicly admitted by West
ern leaders. Neither side, how
ever, has yet made any concrete
proposal showing where it is will
ing to make any concessions.
Where and when the inevitable
negotiations will take place was
still up in the air. The Western
foreign ministers ended their meet
ing in Paris, and agreed that
Evening star., 1961-08-13
Some Step

President Kennedy announced
that armed border patrolmen of
the immigration and Naturaliza-
ton Service had been assigned to
ride on certain flights" He saids
also that the Government would
require that cockpits of all airline
transports be locked and the keys
kept inside. Most experts doubted
that locking the doors alone
would have the necessary effect
since hijackers could always put
a gun on a passenger or attendant
and send word to the pilot.
1t was agreed that the most eff
fective way to stop the intolera-
BILE hijacking was through legisla-
tion and international agree
ments which would make it so
clear that it could not succeed,
that the punishment would be so
great that any man would be mad
to attempt it. The other would
involve a closer scrutiny of pas
sengers as they board the planes,
possibly by use of devices to de-
tect weapons through clothing.
Still another possibility came in
testimony of Daggett Howard.
general counsel of the Federal
Aviation Agency, who told a Sen
ate subcommittee that his agency
was working on an automatic
pilot which could be switched on
in case of hijacking. The device
would take the aircraft out of the
control of the human pilot and
bring the plane to its original
destination, landing it auto
matically.
Undoubtedly the solutions pro-
jected would be many. It was un-
thinkable that one good one
wouldn't be found.
Evening star., 1961-08-13

negotiations will take place, but
announced no timetable.
Presumably, the West would not
like to meet with the East until
after the September II West Ger
man elections.
The Communist bloc has been
meeting also. East German For
eign Minister Bolz told his legiSla-
ture that the bloc had agreed to
meet in the fall to draw up prepa-
rations for the peace treaty.
Evening star., 1961-08-13

emergence of Castro-style govern
mentS.
Anyone doubling that such q
conference was needed had only
to compare conditions in Punta
Del Este with those in nearby
Montivideo where the social and
economic inequities typical of
most Latin American cities flour
ish-poverty, hunger, illiteracy
and disease.
Evening star., 1961-08-13
On Refugees

Asked about the refugee flow
ct his press conference, President
Kennedy said we're concerned
about the situation (but) the
United States Government does
not attempt to discourage or en-
courage the movement of refu-
gees"
Mai. Titov's flight-easily the
most impressive of the four
manned space shots so far-gave
the Russians surplus of propa-
ganda ammunition.
Premier Khrushchev used the
implication Of the tremendous
rocket thrust necessary to orbit
the 10.400-pound capsule to warn
the West all week of Soviet armed
strength. He also could not re-
Sist the chance to belittle Ameri-
can space efforts. Whereas the
Soviet astronauts both have
orbited, the two Americans, he
said, Jumped up in the air and
then dropped into the water"
World reaction was unanimous:
The Soviet Union is months
ahead of the United States in
space achievements, and has a
significant head start in the race
to the moon. President Kennedy's
announced space objective.
Despite an unusual amount of
hot words, even for Premier
Khrushchev Che boasted that the
Soviet Union could build an H
bomb equal to 100 million tons
of TNT), the key word last week
las it has been for the last
month-was negotiations"
The Soviet leader. in three diff
ferent speeches, when not rafting
rockets, was asking all sides "to
sit down honestly at round con-
ference table, not to fan up war
psychosis, to clear the atmosphere,
to rely on reason, and not the
force of thermonuclear weapons"
Evening star., 1961-08-13
THE WEEK IN PERSPECTIVE
Votes for Western Freedom

Both the Wesetrn and Com
munist blocs expressed willing
ness last week t. negotiate the
Berlin situation, but so far
neither side has stated publicly
where it is willing to make con-
ceSSi0nS.
The weeks most spectacular
journey was Maj. Gherman S.
Titov's "weightless," 25-hour. IT.
orbit ride around the globe, but in
their own way, the plodding, sub
way-riding, gate-crossing tricks to
West Berlin by thousands of East
Germans were more courageous,
and in sense. more dangerous.
Not only did these people often
have to leave behind their life
savings, but at the borders, they
faced arrest If found to be de-
fectors. But they kept coming last
week, voting" as President Ken
nedy said, "for WeStern-type free
dom with their feet"
The numbers mounted Tuesday
to nearly 1000 after Premier
Khrushchev'S speech the night be-
fore, in which he warned he might
mass Soviet troops on his western
borders, and call up reserves, to
match Western military buildups.
Evening star., 1961-08-13

answer-announced last week
mo country in the world can ever
be sure that a nation with a closed
society is not conducting secret
nuclear tests"
Evening star., 1961-02-02

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Evening star., 1961-02-02

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Evening star., 1961-02-02

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Evening star., 1961-02-02
GORGEOUs LOT

BLDG. 3Oxl4 and gear garage
goes with this beautiful 6.rna.
home with full bsmt.. all In ex:
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carpet; h-acre lot: u mile from
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Evening star., 1961-02-02
HOUSES FOR SALIVA.
RANDOM HILLS


lovely new home, has everything
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large bedrms.. ga baths, q pri-
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RENT BEATER
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BARNES
H. S-490C
Evening star., 1961-02-02
HOUSES FOR SALE-vA.

ALL.BRICK RAlrBLER-a bedrms. /;
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