davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-07-02

America. The first section dis
cussed the sources and influences
which have shaped American art.
This was followed by talks on
art collecting in America, the role
of the art historian, art education
in this country, and the art
museum as community institu-
tion. Then the different idioms
such as prints, sculpture, abstract
and modernist painting were ex-
amined by prominent art critics,
artists and museum curators.
In architecture the lectures
ranged from a description Of the
creative process of design to a
detailed description of the way
large architectural firm builds a
huge structure to a clients
specifications. Henry Russell
Hitchcock, prominent art and
architecture historian, was a
speaker.
Music was covered in a COM
prehensive manner including dis
cuSsions of composition, opera,
contemporary music, musical criti-
cism and Interpretation.
The lectures on American law
enlisted the participation of some
of our most prominent legal
scholars like Archibald Cox, So
licitor- General of the United
States and former professor at
Harvard Law School, who talked
on labor law. Other Harvard legal
authorities, such as Professors
Paul Freund and Milton Katz, also
lectured on their specialtieS, the
Supreme Court and international
Evening star., 1961-07-02
he Philippines A Successful Democracy at Work

both men think alike. Both are
staunchly pro-American. Both
are Staunchly anti Communist.
President Garcia outlawed the
Communist party. He has de-
clared that even though Amer
lea, under European pressure,
may be forced to recognize Red
China and go along with its ad-
mittance to the United Nations,
he himself will never do so.
Macapagal accuses Garcia Of
being soft on communism"
The Philippines was among the
first of Americas friends to send
troops to Korea. The Philippines
was the first to stand shoulder to
shoulder with the United States
when it became clear that Russia's
KhruShchev was determined to
make Laos a crucial test in his
new war Of nerves with President
Kennedy. Britain and France
wavered. The Philippines stood
firm-and still is prepared to fight
if the need arises. 90
OF course the two nations have
their points of friction. Filipinos
feel the United States tends to
take them and their friendship for
granted. They feel like the little
brother whom a big brother ig-
nores. They wonder why the
United States has not made more
of the success story of Philippine
independence in the current strug-
gle for mems minds and hearts.
Americans have too often been
preoccupied with the fumblings
and shortcomings of this new re-
public, modelled so exactly after
their own. They have not seen it
as it should be Seen-as one of the
worlds finest monuments, because
it is living monument to the
American ideal of total freedom
against total tyranny.
Evening star., 1961-07-02

was the most popular. From half
to two-thirds of those answer
ing the questionnaire had heard
at least one Of these lectures.
The talks on psychology, mu-
sic, medicine and law apparent
ly had larger listening audiences
than architecture or the visual
arts.
In addition to its major short
wave English broadcast, the
Forum" talks are beamed in Rus
sian, German, Spanish and
Arabic. Two series of lectures
in English are broadcast twice
a week on different days on the
same wave length. Each series
has been repeated once for the
benefit Of those who missed the
original broadcast. In order to OBJ
tain the clearest signal throughout
the world, the Voice utilizes seven
transmitters in the United States
and 10 relay bases overseas. So far
there has been no jamming
of Forum" Russian broadcasts
to the Soviet Union. At pres
ent Soviet listeners are being
given the music series and have
already been beamed lectures in
education, chemistry and medi-
cine.
Also, All-India radio has re-
broadcast various lectures on its
network and the Spanish National
Radio has adapted others for
its "Tercer programa," inspired
by the BIC Third Program. The
science series will be rebroadcast
by Call Israel"
Evening star., 1961-07-02

assistants was a Major Dwight
D. Eisenhower.
The government was now en-
tirely in Filipino hands. Wash
ington held only the looSest of
reins through a High CommiS-
sioner; and this rein applied only
to foreign affairs. For the rest,
the Filipinos were ruling them
selves.
This was to go on for the Stipu-
lated 10 years of training and
transition to full independence.
The War Years
Then, in 1941, the gathering
war clouds let loose their deluge.
Americas enforced retreat from
the Philippines in the face Of
japanese might could have
strained Filipino loyalty. Instead
it hardened it.
Filipino underground resistance
to the Japanese occupation was
tougher than that of any other
country in Asia.
The japanese set out to break
the Filipino spirit of freedom and
devotion to democracy. The first
weapons were cold steel and hot
lead. They did not work. The
next weapon was starvation; then
came terrorism and torture. These
failed, too. Finally, came the Sc
ductive temptation asia for the
ASians; throw the white man out"
The FilipinoS preferred to throw
out the Japanese, and clung on
grimly for the American rescue
they knew would surely come.
After three and a half years of
bloody war and brutal destruction,
Washington might well have re-
considered its promise Of inde-
pendence for the Philippines. Not
out Of an ulterior motive, but sim
ply from a feeling that the chaos
of the war should first be restored.
But political wisdom won over
paternalism. Independence was
granted to the very day. And as
the Stars and Stripes came down
from the bombed-out House of
Congress to be replaced by the
flag Of the Philippines, Filipinos
wept openly. They were happy
and proud Of their new status, but
it was a little like leaving home.
Compensation From U. S.
To repair war damage in the
Philippines, the United States, for
the first time in its history, pro-
vided war damage compensation
of some 5000 million. About 81
million small claimants were paid
in full.
The shock of war to the Philip
pine economy was a savage one.
But the newly born nation at
tackled the work of restoration
with vigor, and with equal vigor
proceeded to pursue its new po-
litical life.
Since then Is years have passed.
Contrast the political stability Of
Evening star., 1961-07-02

law. Other aspects of American
law included discussions of the
functions Of the Judge, trial by
jury and the constitutional rights
Of both freedom of speech and
racial minoritieS.
Method Is Simplicity
Although designed for a So
phisticated audience, each lee
ture approaches the subject -
sometimes technical one-in as
simple and clear manner as pos
sible. But no concessions were
made to radio techniques in order
to popularize the lectures.
Many of the subjects involved
controversial issues like civil rights
and school segregation. In these
cases a balanced view was pre-
Sented. The lecture on popular
schooling broadcast in the fall of
1859 pointed out that although
"cities like Little Rock have been
the scene Of ugly controversies
over desegregation, several hun
dred thousand Negro children at
tend schools which have been
integrated since the Supreme
Court ruling" Another lecturer, in
discussing the 1854 desegregation
order, explained the relationship
between the Federal and State
governments and the way in which
State delaying actions have OBJ
Structed the implementation of
the courts opinion.
A recent worldwide survey
showed that the education series
Evening star., 1961-07-02

the top jobs, an experienced Fill
pino civil service had been de-
veloped, and Filipinos sat in the
Governor Generals cabinet.
When in 1886, President Frank
lin D. Roosevelt pledged full in
dependence for the Philippines
in 10 years, there were no doubts
either in Washington or Manila
about Filipino capacity for self
rule.
Those were happy, exciting
days. The work of those great
Americans-the humble Thomas
ties, John j. PerShing, William
Howard Taft, Leonard Wood,
Henry L. Stinson, Frank Muir
phy-was paying off abundantly.
Gen. Douglas Macarthur ar
rived to train the new Philippine
National Army. How well he did
his work was to be proved in
five years time-at Bataan and
Corregidor. One of MacArthur's
Evening star., 1961-07-02

with the Philippines and decided
to take their discharge and stay
on. Some of these men could do
little more than teach the ABC's,
but the English language began
to spread.
Today the Philippines is the
third biggest English speaking
nation in the world.
Encouraged in Politics
After education and health,
came politics. Instead of being
vigorously excluded, Filopinos
were encouraged to take part in
government and aspire to office,
first on the municipal level and
later on a national level.
A whole crop of Filipino leaders
sprang up. And as education be-
came more widespread, that crop
doubled. trebled and quadrupled.
Within 20 years, although Amer
ican officials still held many of
Evening star., 1961-07-02
By RENE-GEORGES INAGAKI
Associated Press Staff Writer

VIENTIANE. - The unshaven
young American in blue jeans and
SWeat-stained khaki shirt stood
on a hill surrounded by curious
barefoot Meo refugees. He spoke
into walkie-talkie.
Overhead Gas transport
plane roared past at low altitude
and dropped 10 half filled rice
bags into the valley. The Ameri-
can put down the radiophone and
silently watched the bags hurtle
through the air and strike the
ground with a thud or rip through
trees like an artillery shell.
A pair of worn bone chopsticks
protruded from his unbottened
shirt. On his chest a golden
buddha hung like a shining cruci-
fix.
Ivan Klecka, field operations
officer of the United States In
formation Agency turned around
and went back to tent made of
parachutes to continue interpret
ing for the medic.
In the valley below dozens of
excited black clad Meos raced to
recover the precious rice bags.
This is Klecka, a 3O-year-old
quiet American from Chicago, at
his job fighting Americas war for
the minds of the people in Com
munist infiltrated Northern Laos.
The place was the valley of
the happy pig where 5000 Meos
driven from their mountain dwell
ings farther north by the rebels
were living precariously on an
American airlift of food and med
icine six weeks ago.
To them, the rugged USIA Of
ficial who spent two weeks in
Evening star., 1961-07-02

alton to say that these 600 young
people laid the foundations Of the
modern Philippine Republic.
Politically, Spanish rule had
been of the worst, but not all its
legacy was evil. The vast majority
of FilipinoS had become Christians
and had adopted the moral stand
ards of the West. The ground
work for a new relationship with
another and more progressive
Western people had already been
done.
When the ThomaSites began to
build on this ground work, work.
ing alongside the people, as the
new Peace Corps now proposes
to do, they were welcomed with
enthusiasm.
Schools were opened: at first
in Shacks rudely built of bamboo
and palm leaves. Many of the
first teachers were American
soldiers who had fallen in love
Evening star., 1961-07-02
Laos Shows Taste for This Free World Artist

"Chopsticks" Klecka has spent
nearly half of his nights since
the battle of Vientiane in De-
cember in the jungle with troops
or with refugees sleeping in make
shift hutS or tents wrapped in q
parachute.
Ivan is one of the few Amer
leans out here doing a real job,"
said one perhaps prejudiced veter-
an American helicopter pilot who
has shuttled Klecka around
trouble spots on countless flights.
Evening star., 1961-07-02

Carnegie Corp, McGeorge Bundy,
ex-dean of Harvard's faculty and
now assistant to President Ken
nedy, DR.. James B. Conant, former
president of Harvard, and DR..
Detlev w. Bronx, president of the
Rockefeller Institute, participated
with other educators in lectures
Evening star., 1961-07-02
IN our educational system.

on our educational system.
A series of 18 lectures on the
visual arts was divided into several
sections following an introduction
by Lamar Dodd, well-known artist
and professor of art at the Uni
versity of Georgia, on the role of
the visual arts in mid-century
Evening star., 1961-07-02

the camp represented the link to
outside help.
Fluent in the Lao language
after four years in Thailand and
Laos, Klecka, converted
buddhist, has become a somewhat
legendary figure. Many consider
him an invaluable asset to the
United States in Laos.
His job does not mean an air
conditioned office--but adventure,
physical discomfort and dedica-
ton.
Evening star., 1961-07-02
BY GEORGE w. OAKES
Contributing Writer


Intellectual and cultural leaders
throughout the world are being
brought into direct contact every
week with outstanding American
authorities in the sciences and
humanities through a Voice Of
Americas shortwave program
called Forum"
For more than two years the
Voice has been broadcasting in
English 10 series of half-hour lee
lures in medicine, music, educa-
ton, chemistry, law, visual arts,
modern American literature, the
behavioral and biological sciences.
So far ISL lectures have been put
on the air and the response has
been so encouraging that the Voice
is planning to expand the series
to include a symposium on con-
troll of the mind, and lectures on
space science, mass communica-
tions and anthropology.
On June % Georgetown Uni
versity's educational broadcasting
station WGTB, which has carried
the biology series, gave an award
to the Voice of America for the
entire Forum program. The lee
lures in this series have also been
quoted in the American press
through the efforts of the Ameri-
can Institute of Biological
Sciences.
The purpose of Forum" is
to inform the educated and pro-
fessional groups abroad about
current American thought and
contributions to the arts, physical,
natural and social sciences. The
gratifying reaction from overseas
listeners-a small but highly in
fluential audience-indicates their
great interest in learning more
about intellectual developments in
American life.
The Personal Touch
The Forum" program has again
proved that knowledge of our
achievements in the arts and sci
ences, when transmitted person.
ally by our experts in these fields,
increases respect and enhances
the prestige Of the United States
in the eyes of professional, in
tellectual and student groups who
in so many countries influence
opinion and often policy. Many
of them hold important govern
ment posts.
The Forum" was intended
originally to appeal primarily to
leaders of thought in the uncom-
mitted countries to show them
that the United States is con-
cerned with issues of interest to
them and not just those involved
in the cold war. However, the
lectures impressed listeners in the
cultural centers of Western Eu-
rope just as much as in the less
developed areas of Africa.
In medicine, such world famous
authorities as DR.. Paul Dudley
White, the heart specialist, DR..
Howard A. Rusk, the rehabilitation
expert. and DR.. Jonas Salk, winner
of the Nobel prize for developing
polio vaccine, have discussed their
specialization on the Forum"
program. DR.. George Grille, jr., one
of Americas foremost cancer Spe-
cialists, lectured on Cancer and
the Mystery of Growth"
Such educational leaders as DR..
John Gardner, president of the
Evening star., 1961-07-02
Colonial Policy

No one was more surprised at
this sudden acquisition of a new
territory than President Mckinley
but in moment of inspiration he
announced the basis of the policy
that was to govern relations be-
tween the United States and the
Philippines from then. It was
simply: "The Philippines for the
Filipinos."
Modern Filipinos like to say:
Americas greatest export to our
country was the Thomasites.
They were 600 young American
men and women-teachers, engi-
neers, constabulary officers, and
public health workers-got their
name from the U. S. Army Trans
port Thomas" which brought
them to Manila. It is no exagger-
Evening star., 1961-07-02

Mr.. Volencia is press counsellor to
the Philippine Mission to the United
Motions.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1961-03-02
Listen Americans!
MANILA, THE PHILIPPINES:
BY GEORGE Q. BENSON
4veaidsas Il Harding csllsUs

MANILA, THE PHILIPPINES: - The international
Communist apparatus has plan for the peaceful akeover
are proceeding successfully in the early phases of their blue
print for conquest here. This is the significant fact that
have established rather clearly in my mind after
intensive investigations, including
pines
Ten years ago the Communists made desperate bid
conferred in the Huks movement broken by President
Magsaysay. Since this civil Instruction the Communist
leaders who directed the effort largely fled the country
have been Jailed
Since this effort failed the Communists now are at
work along legal lines In their blueprint for conquest this
is known the parliamentary Phase The Communists
making desperate effort to seize the leadership of the
Nationalist Movement Constant agitation going
the farmers, the Students and the employees
The Communist aims in this Cold War; waged in the
Philippines since 1862, are twO-fold:
!. To discredt and throw out the Americans and ma
tonaize the industries 1t is estimated that 80 cent of
the industrial investment in the islands has been made by
Americans Thus the Communist pattern de-
velOpng here that in Cuba.
2 To discredit the present Philippine government then
direct the takeOVer in the of natiOnasm with the
Reds in complete control They calling the people to
unite for freedom, prosperity peace and this is
now their most effective slogan
The Reds, has been evident all the world are
quite effective in nftratng teacher organizations
student groups on university campuses
The Communists have been very successful in gaining
power in the labor unions There two major associations
of unions in the Philippines Each $4,000 workers.
For the 1859 only 25 cent of the strikes
economic reasons while IS per cent were political
The newspaper and editorial prouDs have been badlv
lnftrated was told good authority that many influential
and talented writer's belong to the Leftwing crowd
also reliably reported that of the movie producers
and actors friendly to the Leftwng movement and are
In contact with the Party, serving its basic aims
The Reds are busy translatng their doctrine into the
various dialects and getting to the people who in too
mailed material in from Communist countries The
Reds are at work in the Philippines.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1961-03-02

Dads join All Club sons in attend
ing and receiving instruction.
There are four phases in con-
nection with the All Tractor and
Machinery Care project. During
the first year, 4-H'er receives
the following instructions; tractor
safety, what makes an engine run,
general fabrication, oil for engines
and hydraulic systems, clean air
for your engine, miving fuel and
air, ignition and cooling system.
AS these subjects are mastered,
older boys move into costs and
record keeping on farm opera
tions. In the fourth year of the
project, emphasis is placed on the
broad field of farm machinery.
Tractor care programs have
been available to All Club men,
bers in Maryland for IS years.
County agents have information
and materials available for leaders
who are interested in helping
their members with this project
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1961-03-02
Proper Care Increases
Tractors Life Span

Will you be satisfied with IS
percent less horsepower in your
tractor this coming year?
Care may make the difference
in your tractor operating at top
capacity or losing Is percent of
its horsepower, says Guy w.
Gienger, extension specialist of
the Agricultural Engineering De-
partment at the University of
Maryland
Because a tractor leader from
the Eastern Shore properly cares
for his investment, he says his
nine year old tractor is practically
as good today as when he bought
it. He teaches members of his
All Tractor Club to give the
same care to tractors on their
farms.
About this time, county agents
and leaders are holding All trac-
tor care meetings. Often they hold
them in farm machinery shops
and help teach proper daily care.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1961-03-02

County liquor dispensaries may
be established and maintained in
Grantsville and Oakland, which
would be authorized to make class
a or off sales of beer. wine
and liquor All liquor must be
purchased from the county dis
pensary and each bottle would
have to be stamped or otherwise
designated "on sale only
The net profits would first be
applied towards payment Of sums
advanced to or borrowed by the
liquor control board. After this
the board is authorized to create
and maintain a reserve fund not
to exceed $4,000 including total
inventory of stock and supplies
on hand. All net profits in excess
would be paid to county COM
missioners at least on February
and September l of each year.
In Garrett county the County
Commissioners would be eX-officio
members of the control board
In Garrett county any minor
who has in his or her possession
or who purchases or misrepre-
SCENTS his or her age for the pur-
pose of procuring any alcoholic
beverages would be guilty of a
misdemeanor and would be
punished upon conviction by a
fine not to exceed $50.
The act, if passed and signed by
the governor, would take effect
June l.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1961-03-02

ard County of Ellicott City 77-66.
The Highlanders wrecked the
Campers to such an extent that
today they hold the distinction of
running up the highest score ever
recorded against an Allegany
team.
In racking up his p points Co
law dropped in five baskets in the
first half and nine in the second
when he shot only 10 times. AS one
stage Ron rammed in six fielders
in succession. He scored eight field
goals and two free throws after
getting four personal fouls. One
more would have banished him
from the game.
Wally Bolyard shared rebounds
with Allegany's Pope with Is each,
while Colaw had 10 rebounds to
his credit
Colaw, who has already ac-
cepted football scholarship at
Virginia university, also survived
a bleacher collision when fouled
by Mulligan on a driving layup
in the third period. The High
landers called time out follow
irg the mishap and Colaw re-
turned to the contest after a
minutes rest.
Bolyard of Southern and Multi
gan of Allegany fouled out in the
final period. Twenty-Five personals
were called on Allegany and tWen-
ty on the Highlanders. Coach
Schoonover sent in Riggs after
Bolyard fouled out and he con-
tinued the rebounding. DiSimone
and Propst saw action in the clos
ing minutes.
It was Southern's fifth appear
ance in a class A district test and
the third meeting with Allegany.
More than half of the spectators
we're Highlander supporters.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1961-03-02
Additional Funds for
Farm Loans Available

Additional funds have been made
available to help meet the needs
of eligible farmers who need oper-
ating money to carry out their
farming operations, b. Beeson
Snyder, county supervisor for the
Farmers Home Administration an
nounced today.
Mr. Snyder said that a $35,0O0,-
600, contingency fund provided
by the 1861 Agricultural Appro-
priations Act has just been released
to the Farmers Home AdminiStra-
ton to meet the growing demand
for credit.
This move was taken by the U.
S. Department of Agriculture, MIR.
Snyder said, in an effort to make
certain, within the authorities and
funds available that no qualified
family-type farmer will be required
to give up farming because of his
inability to finance his 1861 opera
tions.
Because of high operating costs
and unfavorable margins of prof
its many farmers have exhausted
their regular sources of farm oper-
ating credit. The amount of opera
ating loans made so far this year
by the Farmers Home Admins
tration totals 20 percent higher
than last year. The credit Agencys
biggest lending season lies just
ahead as farmers prepare to start
their spring work.
Most of the applications so far
this year are for loans to buy
dairy cows and bulk milk tanks.
Some applications have also been
received for tractors and other
farm equipment.
Further Information on these
loans may be obtained from the
county offices of the Farmers
Home Administration located sec
ond floor of the Garrett National
Bank Building in Oakland