davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-12-10
Continued From Page B-l

Continued From Page B-1
America next week end to show
his support for the long range
program.
His choice of Venezuela and Co.
lombia was dictated partly by
proximity to the United States
and also by the fact that these
are two countries with strong
democratic policies, troubled by
internal problems of great mag
nitude.
For more than three weeks, the
principal cause of worry in Latin
America has been the Dominican
Republic. A right-wing coup was
narrowly averted two weeks ago
due to United States support for
the regime Of President Balaguer.
Following this, however. the
moderate opposition groups began
a two-week-long general strike
against the Balaguer regime, de-
manding his resignation. Officials
feared that the strike might lead
to q coup from either right or left.
Apparently, the opposition
groups reached compromise with
Mr.. Balaguer yesterday which
should restore order to Dominican
Republic. The coalition cabinet
to be headed by Mr.. Balaguer for
a short time"-will have as its
first aim, an ending Of the eco
nomic and political sanctions lev
led by the Organization Of Ameri-
can States.
Evening star., 1961-12-10
The Hoffo Thorn

As If this were not enough.
James r. Hoffa, outcast chief Of
the burgeoning Teamsters Union
Q.7 million members and soon to
absorb the laundry workers and
bakers), was actively challenging
the AFL-CIO to readmit his or
gaKization to the fold-or prepare
for real labor warfare in 1868.
Finally. on Friday, Labor Sec
retary Goldberg delivered q mes
sage from President Kennedy, who
spoke to the convention the day
before. This was 1t: Keep your
wage demands in line; pay hikes
should be tied to increased pro-
ductivity.
Mr.. Goldberg, Of course, was not
blunt or brusque about 1t. Big
Labor is 1894 per cent pure Dem
ocratic. And so he Sweetened the
message with an assurance that
there is plenty Of room" for wage
increases under the Presidents
anti-inflation policy.
1t will take a great deal Of
craftsmanship on the part Of the
Nations top labor leaders to heed
the Presidents plea for restraint
in the pursuit of higher wages. But
such restraint is needed. along with
similar restraint on the price front
by management, II we are to con-
tinue our economic leadership and
compete with the highly successful
Common Market. discussed above.
Can a divided House Of Labor
rise to the national challenge? ?
That is a question which may be
answered In Florida this week.
Evening star., 1961-12-10
The Foreign Scene

Of direct interest to the major
power blocs.
The rival factions in Laos are
led by princes of varying political
learnings. Prince Boun Gum is
provost; Prince Souvanna
Phouma is a neutralist: and
Prince Souphanouvong is pro-
Communist. At the moment, the
fighting has ceased and the three
princes have been trying with
little success to agree on a cabi-
net to unity their country.
Prince Souvanna Phouma has
been chosen. to act as premier
of the new government, but has
been unable to persuade. his
brother princes to reconcile their
differences. When French Indo-
china was chopped up into Laos,
Cambodia. and North and South
Wet Nam in 1854, the werld
powers realized that the area was
far from stable. An International
Control Commission was ap-
pointed to prevent fighting, but
up to now, the ICC has been in
effective.
Evening star., 1961-12-10
SteYenson:
Decision Time

Adlai E. Stevenson last week
decided against resigning his
United Nations ambassad dOrship
to run for the United States
Senate from Illinois.
II one had to nominate the
top-level official Of the Kennedy
administration most likely to be
the first to come to a parting
Of the ways with the President,
the name Of Adlai E. Stevenson,
our U. N. ambassador, would not
be overlooked.
There has not seemed to be
a warm relationship between the
two men since the former Illinois
Governors indecision in backing
Mr.. Kennedy for the Democratic
presidential nomination last year.
Later, the President-elect, rather
than appointing Mr.. Stevenson
as Secretary of State, q Job
the Illinoisan wanted, sent him
to the U.N
There has been q considerable
Evening star., 1961-12-10

feeling. too, that the two men
have not seen eye-to-eye on
number Of important policy mat
ters-the Cuba invasion by Amer
ican-backed rebels, for example.
And the Ambassador has COM
planned privately that he has had
to support United States positions
with which he is not in personal
accord.
Thus. when Mr.. Stevenson dis
closed a week ago yesterday that
he was considering whether to
run for the Democratic senatorial
nomination in Illinois next year.
at the request Of Mayor Daley
Of Chicago and other party lead
ers in the State, there was an
inclination to believe that he
would do so.
This view was strengthened af-
Evening star., 1961-12-10

party membership meetings. That
was not always the case. In fact,
the present procedure is Of COM
paratively recent origin in the
l72-year history Of Congress.
Revolt Against Common
For several generations prior to
the House revolt against Can
nonism" in 1910 the Majority
Leader usually was named by the
Speaker. More often than not he
was the chairman Of the Ways
and Means Committee which at
one time handled appropriation
bills as we'll as tax and tariff
measures. A notable instance was
that Of Representative William
Mckinley. Ohio Republican, who
later became President. While
Ways and Means Committee
chairman in 1889 he was desig-
mated floor leader by Speaker
Reed.
Since 1881 the men elected as
floor leaders usually relinquished
major committee assignments. Mr..
Mccormack, for example, resigned
as a high ranking Ways and
Means Committee member to be-
come Majority Leader in 1910.
Representative Halleck of Indi-
ana, present Republican Minority
Leader. had been on the Rules
Committee. Both currently serve
on one or two smaller committees
Evening star., 1961-12-10
The Philippines New President
Can Point to a Varied Career

the fairest flower Of the human
character. prevail among u.s."
Candidate for President and
Vice President in the Philippines
are voted upon separately, and
in 1857, Mr.. Macapagal was elect
ed Vice President under the Lib
eral Party banner. The Nacion-
alista Party candidate, Carlos p.
Garcia, won the presidency.
Voted on Separately
In the elections last month, Mr..
Macapagal, the challenger, bested
incumbent President Garcia by
more than 100000 votes, out Of a
total seven million.
The first problem Mr.. Macapa-
gal has to contend with as Presi-
dent is graft and corruption. in
the public service.
The preSident-elect has out
lined his plan to fight graft. The
measures he has proposed are:
l. All kUFCLIILlCIlk u e
should make an annual declara-
tion Of their assets and gifts re-
ceived by them. with any false
statement to be punishable by i'm
prisonment.
2. Relatives Of the president
should be enjoined from fixing
up papers" with government Of
ficeS.
3. Cabinet members, Senators,
Congressman and Governors
should be prohibited from inter-
vening in pecuniary matters pend
ing in government agencies other
than their respective offices, and
from receiving remuneration for
such Intervention.
4. Public officials should be
prohibited from accepting en-
ployment within one year after
leaving the government in any
private firm that has transacted
business with the government
agency concerned.
Il have got to keep my name
clean because it's all 1 have
got" Mr.. .Macapagal has de-
clared. Il inherited no property
from my parents who were peas
ants. My struggles to acquire an
education were fraught with end
less difficulties. So it's only my
good name that I have. I can
not afford. therefore. to besmirch
it,"
Evening star., 1961-12-10
CHANGING ROLE
Majority Leadership Often Varies

not directly related to their leg
islative leadership duties.
The office Of Speaker had been
both less powerful and more pow
erful than 1t was during Mr.. Ray
burns impressive tenure more
than twice as long as that of any
predecessor. 1t reached probably
its peak Of power If not respect
during the reign" OF Speaker Joe
Cannon from 1908 to 1910.
During that period the Repub-
lican Majority Leaders usually
were mere figureheads. The Speak
er ruled the Rules Committee,
appointed and controlled other
committees and came pretty close
to being a congressional dictator.
The Doys Of chomp Clark
The 1910 explosion stripped the
office of Speaker of much of its
domination and dominion. When
Democrats obtained control of
the House in 1911 the pendulum
had swung far the other way.
They elected Champ Clark as
Speaker and Representative Oscar
Underwood Of Alabama as Ma
jority Leader and also as chair
man Of the Ways and Means Com
mittee.
Notwithstanding Speaker
Clark's subsequent renown in al
most winning the 1912 Democratic
presidential nomination that went
to Woodrow Wilson, he was not
the real leader Of the House. Mr..
Underwood was. despite the grow
ing influence Of the party caucus.
No Democratic floor leader
since that time has had such
influence in the House. Nor have
many Republican leaders, although
Mr.. Halleck has shown himself in
creasingly effective in keeping
G. o. P. members in line.
During the long Speakership Of
Mr.. Rayburn and the correspond
ingly long floor leadership Of Mr..
Mccormack, the post of House
Majority Leader was not what it
was under Mr.. Underwood. But
1t was not to be discounted. 1t
was and probably will remain
position Of substantial authority,
activity and prestige.
Librory Of Congress Survey
Mr.. Mccormack inserted in the
Congressional Record several years
ago q Library Of Congress sum-
mary Of the history of the office
of Majority Leader. AS described
by DR.. George Galloway of the
Legislative Reference Service, the
occupant Of that office "is the
acknowledged leader Of the ma
jority party in the chamber, No.
2 man in the party hierarchy
and heir apparent to the Speaker"
He noted that all the Speakers
within the last 80 years or more
had advanced to the Speakership
from the floor leadership.
One Of the best evaluationS of
the qualities of an effective floor
leader was written some so years
ago by a former Buffalo, N. Y,
Congressman, DeAlva Alexander,
who served from 1897 to 1911.
In interesting personality and
Evening star., 1961-12-10
OriqinoI Hope

This all but killed hopes for
1861. but NASA officials. cagey
and non-commital, worked fever
ishly. Observers were convinced
that they wanted an entry in
the record book to show that
the United States. as we'll as the
Soviet Union, had orbited a hu-
man in 1861. The Russians have
scored twice: Major Yuri Gagarin
went once around the globe on
April IL and Maj. Gherman Titov,
II times around on August 81.
A member of the House Space
Committee disclosed that he had
indications the attempt was set
for December 20 or 81. NASA had
no comment. Then with specula-
ton and hopes mounting, the
Space Agency on Wednesday an
nounced that the Glenn orbit at
tempt would be made early next
year" The date being mentioned
now is January IS.
Apparently a number of minor
difficulties were encountered in
the checkout Of the capsule and
missile. With the safety of the
astronaut of paramount impor-
tance, 1t was decided that the
shot could not be readied for
this month.
Evening star., 1961-12-10
Geneva Meetino

To strengthen the ICC, the IA
nation conference was convened
in Geneva last May. Last week,
the conference hopefully settled
most Of the issues facing It. The
ICC was strengthened. and pros
poets for an independent Laos
were frightened.
The nations are still not ready.
however, to sign a treaty guar
anteeing Laos independence.
Some major issues, including uni-
fication of the three different
armies, remain on the table.
But even with q treaty, most
of the responsibility for keeping
Laos independent will rest with
the three princes.
A strong Laos could protect its
border areas. and prevent Com
munist guerrillas from using Laos
as a staging area for incursions
into troubled South Wet Nam.
With Communist pressure
mounting in South Wet Nam,
the State Department called upon
the rest Of the world last week
to assume a measure Of RESPONSE
bility for the country's future.
Evening star., 1961-12-10
Spoce:
A Delay

NASA last week gave mp hope
Of sending an American into
an earth orbit this year and
set the attempt for early next
month.
The pressure Is off q bit for
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration officials at Cape
Canaveral.
After Enos the Chimp was
brought back alive from an earth
orbiting flight on November 20,
NASA men redoubled their ef-
forts aimed at sending our first
astronaut on similar trip-this
year, II possible.
NASA wouldn't say "yes" or
mo" when reporters sought q
definite answer to their definite
intentions. But Marine Lieut.. Col.
John H. Glenn, jr., who was
chosen to make the first orbital
Evening star., 1961-12-10
Goa: Last Boston of Its Kind

miral, Dom Alfonso de Albu-
querque. roundly defeated the
forces Of the Moslem King Of
Bijapur. and claimed the area in
the name Of Manoel the Great,
King of Portugal.
Arrived in 18th Century
A deeply religious man. Albu-
querque compelled his warriors,
who had taken Indian mistresses,
to marry them; and he imported
a famous evangelist, st. Francis
Xavier, who set up q local branch
Of the Holy Inquisition.
The Inquisition building, which
is now shown to tourists, pre-
serves intact the 200 hygienic and
well appointed cells where the
more recalcitrant among Goa's
MoSlems, we'll fed and clothed.
were subjected to constant psy-
Geological pressure in accord
ance with the most modern
practice until persuaded to con-
form to official religion and to
European social norms.
Admiral Albuquerque's and st.
Francis Xavier's methods were
followed by later Portuguese ad-
ministrators and have proven re-
markably successful. Portuguese
Goa weathered two long sieses
by the Dutch early in the 18th
century, war with the Mahrat-
tas Of India q century and q half
ago, and a series of malaria
epidemics which wiped out Old
Goa, the former capital, whose
so splendid baroque churches
stand amid ruins in q jungle
clearing.
The New Capitol
Panjim, which is the new capi-
tai, Margao, the trading inland
center, and Mormugao have a
typically Lusitanian look with
their wide, tree-shaded avenues
and their houses with bright blue
and green tiled windows and door,
ways, which seem transplanted
from o Porto or Coimbre.
Anyone coming from India is
Immediately struck by the alb
sence Of beggars and homeless
people sleeping on the pavements.
Instead Of the Indian rickshaws
the towns are served by calashes
drawn by ponies. Bells are Chin
ing in barogue churches built on
high places, priests in topees pedal
through the sunshine on rattle
trap bicycles, and couples sit on
the benches along the waterfront.
At night, singers with guitar and
accordion serenade under bal
comics of local bellies.
Evening star., 1961-12-10

as the Portuguese style this terri
tory-is a 63-mile-long and 30
mile-wide strip on the low, sandy
or swampy plain on the coast Of
Malabar. Seen from afar, 1t is a
gray green patch Of jungle and
forest covering a dark red soil
and rising from the Sea Of Oman.
A few settlements appear in the
clearings and light green rice pad
dies dot the landscape. On the
Eastern rim, where the border
with India runs, there is q 1000
foot-high ridge Of the Western
Chats.
Goa has Western India's best
natural harbor at Mormugao. In
the days Of the British Raj 1t was
the main outlet for the whole
hinterland east Of Goa. Today,
this transit trade has dried up as
a result Of the Indian govern
ment's efforts to blockade the
Portuguese in Goa. However, the
Portuguese have parried the blow
by fastening the exploitation of
rich iron and manganese deposits
in Goa. Ores containing. some IS
million tons Of iron are currently
exported each year, mainly to
Japan. And ores containing
100000 tons Of manganese are
shipped each year to Europe and
the United States, helping to make
up Western deficiency in this vital
steel-hardening metal. Further
more, fishing and small industries
have been developed with finan-
cial help from the Portuguese
government. and Goa appears to
have defeated the economic block
age by India.
The Portuguese first arrived in
Goa in 1910, when their great ad-
Evening star., 1961-12-10

ter Mr.. Stevenson discussed the
matter at the White House with
the President and then told re-
porters he hoped to decide by
the end Of December. Some re-
porters received an impression
that Mr.. Kennedy had not, per-
haps. tried very hard to disSuade
Mr.. Stevenson from resigning to
re-enter party politics.
But things are not always as
they seem. Mr.. Stevenson an
nounced suddenly on Tuesday
that he would remain at the UN.
The President said he was de
lighted" by Mr.. Stevenson's de-
.cision. He expressed an emphatic
hope" that he would play; an
expanding role in the making and
execution of our foreign policy"
He did not elaborate. :;
Evening star., 1961-12-10
BY FASTER b. SISON
Contributing Writer

The President-elect of the
Philippines. Diosdado Macapagal,
has been reared in the democratic
tradition.
Mr.. Macapagal might be an un-
known public school teacher to-
day had he accepted a Job Of
fered him after his graduation
from high school in 1929. Instead,
he decided to try his luck in
Manila, the capital city.
His first job, that of a COM
puter In the bureau Of lands,
paid the equivalent Of SIS a
month. He managed to finish
two years Of college. but he had
to quit on the advice Of a doc
tor who told him that he was
terribly undernourished.
A year later, having regained
his health. he went to law school.
After two years. he again had to
drop out because he could not pay
his tuition fees.
1t was only when a philanthro-
pist from his province offered
to finance his studies that Mr..
Macapagal was able to return to
law school. In 1886. he topped
the Philippine bar examinations.
Mr.. Macapagal's spectacular
showing in the bar examinations
attracted the eye of the then
Commonwealth President, Manuel
L. Quezon. who offered him a Job
as legal assistant in Malacan-
ang Palace. the Philippine White
House.
Served in Embassy Here
BY l949, Macapagal was second
secretary in the Philippine EN-
bassy in Washington. In that
same year. he was recalled to
Manila by the then President FL
pidio Quirino. who urged him to
run for Congress against a Com
munist-backed incumbent.
According to cabinet mem
Der in the Quirino administra-
ton, Mr.. Macapagal was chosen
to run against the Communist
supported candidate because he
is loved by the rural people, hav-
ing come from a family of peas
ants"
Mr.. Macapagal trounced his op-
ponent handily. During his entire
stint in Congress, from l949 to
Evening star., 1961-12-10

1857, he was listed as one Of
the most outstanding Congress-
men by Manila newspapers.
AS q legislator. be Is credited
with having sponsored several
measures that helped stem the
influence Of Communists among
the Philippine peasantry. Among
such measures are bill enabling
the government to acquire big
landed estates for resale in small
parcels to tenants; q bill provid-
ing for the establishment OF rural
banks. rural health units, and vii
lage councils: and a bill provid-
ing for q minimum wage.
Heoded U. N. Delegation
In 1850. Mr.. Macapagal was
picked by President Quirino to
head the Philippine delegation to
the United Nations General As
sembly in Paris. There, he earned
the ire of the Soviet delegates,
Foreign Minister Andrei Vishin-
sky and Ambassador Jacob Malik.
Mr.. Macapagal denied the So
Wet accusation that the United
States was interfering in the do
mestic affairs Of the countries
that accepted American economic
aid.
The real interference In the
domestic affairs of other coun-
tries Is being done by the Soviet
Union. as witness the armed Com
munist attempts at terrorism in
the Philippines, which are direct
ly traceable to the Soviet Union
and Communist China" he
asserted.
When Vishinsky commented
that the Philippine delegates
speech was incredibly stupid"
Mr.. Macapagal jumped to his
feet, and declared: "T'he time has
come to call halt to the Soviet
delegations habit Of insulting
delegates here. The Soviet dele
gate must be made to understand
that If his government is habitu-
ated to taking lightly the dignity
of individuals and even Of ma
tions, we in the Free World hold
high the dignity Of the human
person and of the countries we
represent. I, therefore, request
the chairman to ask the Soviet
delegates to be good enough to
restrain from using offensive per-
sonal illusions. Let good will,
Evening star., 1961-12-10
Laos:
Some Progress

The 14-Nation Geneva con-
ference on Laos moved closer
to an agreement last week on
a treaty guaranteeing the neu-
trality and independence of that
Southeast Asian kingdom.
For more than a year, the
backward land of Laos has been
suffering under a three sided civil
war.
Normally. such a war would
hardly concern the major powers
Of the world, but Laos location
is Of strategic Importance to the
rest Of Southeast Asia, and thus
Evening star., 1961-12-10
A CHANGING ROLE
BY ROBERT X. WALSH
star staff Writer

The approaching election Of Rep
resentative Mccormack Of Massa-
chusetts as Speaker and the con-
test between Representatives Al
bert Of Oklahoma and Boiling Of
Missouri to succeed him as Demo-
cratic Majority Leader will bring
still other changes in the political
evolution Of those House offices.
The power and operation Of the
two positions were stabilized so
long by the late Speaker Rayburn
and Mr.. Mccormack that few
members remember how the situa-
.tion sometimes was much different
In years past.
BY temperament, experience and
ability Mr.. Mccormack would not
be a weak or colorless Speaker. He
nevertheless could not expect to
enjoy the prestige and influence
built up by Mr.. Rayburn. And, as
floor leader. either Mr.. Albert or
Mr.. Boiling would be resourceful
and loyal but hardly command the
attention and allegiance Mr.. Nc
Cormack did during the last 20
years.
The overall Democratic leader
ship in the House therefore seems
likely to be more widely diffused
and to operate on q broader base
next year. No one party leader,
whether Speaker or floor man
ager or key committee chairman,
will be as supreme as Mr.. Rayburn
was. Consequently the offices of
Speaker and Majority Leader
themselves will not be as strong.
The Legislative Outlook
This expected mutation or modi-
fication need not dash Kennedy
administration hopes Of decisive
favorable action on its major pro-
grams. 1t Is not bound to result in
legislative stalemates or ineffec-
tual squabbling. But the going will
be harder for the administration
as well as for Mr.. Mccormack and
his successor a. Majority Leader.
The task Of coping with Repub-
lican-Southern Democratic coali-
tions will be rougher. Unquestion-
ably the passing Of Mr.. Rayburn
is in some respects the end of an
era in the House.
Yet such Transformation
should not be too surprising in
view Of the occasionally tangled
history and sharp variations in
the role. responsibilities and rela-
tionships in the offices Of Speaker
and Majority Leader, whether
under Democratic or Republican
auspices.
House rules. Of course. provide
for the election Of a Speaker by
the entire membership at the
start of every new Congress each
two years or In event of q vacan-
cy such as that caused by the
death Of Mr.. Rayburn. The Speak
er is elected from candidates
chosen by the respective party
members in closed caucus or con-
ference.
House rules make no provision
for the office of Majority or Mi
nority Floor Leader. Those off,
cials are elected in respective
Evening star., 1961-12-10
The National Scene

flight, moved into the ready room
last week. That's where astro-
nauts report before a space shot.
The big Atlas booster rocket al
ready had been placed on the
launching pad.
As a matter Of prestige, the
United States wants to place a
man in orbit at the earliest pos
sible moment. When Project Mer-
curry was set up in 1858, the
tentative target was sometime in
1860 or 1861. Development troubles
pushed 1t back to late this year.
Then. a couple months ago, a
leak In the capsules hydrogen
peroxide system delayed Enos
shot for two weeks.