davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Smyrna times., 1961-05-25
Reveal Soil
Hidden Hunger
By Making Tests

Are there areas on your farm
where crops show no deficien-
cies, but where top yields are
seldom obtained?
If so, you need a good soil
testing program to find out
what the trouble is, says Coun-
ty Agent George K. Vapaa.
BY following a regular pro-
pram of soil testing, you can
avoid low yields and low prof
its caused by hidden hunger,
he explained.
Before soil testing reached
its present development" Mr..
Vapaa said, many farmers
waited for deficiency symptoms
to tell them they were running
out of plant nutrient. This was
an inefficient, dangerous meth
cd. When plants reached this
stage, profits had been declin-
! ing for some time"
Most farmers who use soil
tests today are not interested
in recommendations for aver
age production, the county ag-
ent continued. They use soil
tests because they are above
average farmers, interested in
producing top yields of high
quality crops.
Such outstanding f rm r S
soon learn that is costs more
to produce so bushels of corn
per acre than 80 bushels per
acre. An average fertilizer ap-
plication for corn usually does
not provide enough nutrients
for 80 bushels of corn.
To get top yields, he empha-
sized, farmers should have their
soil tested regularly and use the
recommended amounts of fer
tiliZer to build up and main
tain high fertility level. Such
a method will help adjust fertil-
izer use to the individual situa-
ton.
Smyrna times., 1961-05-25

tivity will be reflected in other
segments of the Nations econ
omy by increasing the use of
steel, wood, and other mater
ials.
More than 4,500 loans have
been made under the mobile
dryer loan program since its
beginning in l949 through jan
uary 81, 1861. A total of &c.
555,000 has been loaned for the
purchase of grain drying and
conditioning equipment for use
on farms. Of this total, more
than half or about $5.3 million
has been repaid by farmers.
Loans on storage facilities
and on conditioning equipment
are made to farmers through
the county Agricultural Stabili-
zzation and Conservation (ASC)
offices, Brady said.
Smyrna times., 1961-05-25
Dryer Loan Program Enables Farmers
To Borrow Up to 95%o for Equipment

The U. S. Department of Ag-
riculture has announced that
farmers will be able to borrow
up to 95 percent of the deliver
ed and assembled cost of equip
ment to keep grain stored in
proper condition, under the mo-
bile dryer loan program, accord
ing to William Brady, State Ad-
ministrator of the Agricultural
Sterilization and Conservation
office.
The purpose of this action is
to encourage proper and safe
storage of grain on farms and
to help strengthen economic ac-
tivity in farming areas.
Under the mabile dryer loan
program, which was started in
l949, farmers may borrow from
the Commodity Credit Corpora
tion to finance the cost of dry
ing equipment such as mobile
mechanical dryers, air circula-
tors, ventilators, tunnels and
fans for conditioning storable
crops, Brady said. The new
provisions will enable farmers
to borrow up to 95 percent of
the cost of this equipment. Pre-
viously, loans were limited to
rs percent of the cost of equip
ment.
Equipment loans run for three
Smyrna times., 1961-05-25
leadership classes, Baker said.

leadership classes, Baker said.
The program is especially de-
signed to offer training to old
er All Club members interested
in taking a more active leader
ship roll in their local All
Clubs.
While on campus, Alters
will have the opportunity to
experience living in college
dormitories, eat at the student
center, take part in assemblies,
swim in the college pool and
take part in recreational activ-
tiles.
Some IA classes will be offer
ed this year, Baker said. All
classes are aimed at furthering
the individuals abilities and
Smyrna times., 1961-05-25
Barbecue To Be
Featured at
All Short Course

A chicken barbecue will be
one of the many highlights Of
the 1861 All Short Course, held
annually on the University OF
Delaware, June 1921, accord.
ing to Jim Baker, State Al
Club leader.
On the more practical side,
classes will include money man
agement and science sections as
we'll as food preparation, sew
ing, livestock, entomology anc
Smyrna times., 1961-05-25

revue and public speaking con-
test.
Baker urged Alters to con-
tact their County All agent if
they wish to attend the Short
Course this year.
Smyrna times., 1961-05-25

providing an opportunity to
learn to serve their local clubs
and communities better.
Other features of the Short
Course will be three State All
contests, tn etalent Show, dress
Smyrna times., 1961-05-25

Delmarva's Mrs Frank Tharp of Lewes Delaware,
thor of the basic recipe for this years official Fathers Day
dish nationally Sunday June 49, shown here giving two of
her three children prevew of her recipe known Picnic
Chicken Delight An adaptation of this recipe which the
Chicken Cooking Championship for Mrs Thap in 1885,
developed by the home economics kitchens of the Poultry
and Egg National for Fathers Day after Alvin Austin
New York. longtime executive director for the Fathers Day
Council had named chicken the official Fathers Day dish
again this year. Shown with Mrs Thap in the kitchen of the
Tharp home in Lewes yearod Nancy Lee and 23year
old Alvin H. Tharp
Evening star., 1961-10-08

Eisenhower was proudly pointing out
one of his barns.
THE former president slipped into
a serious discussion of presidential
problems, still talking in the same
easy manner"
They used little wireless micro
phones, the kind employed by Per
son to Person"
"Mr. Eisenhower seemed fasci-
mated by them," Cronkite says.
While the former President speaks
of many things Adlai Stevenson is
Evening star., 1961-10-08

the only modern Democrat he men
tions-the full portrait of Eisenhower
the man is given its most human
coloring, according to Cronkite, when
he talks of his disappointments.
HE gives a warm and stirring oe-
fense of Sherman Adams, Cronklte
explains, land when he talks OF Mr.
Nixons defeat, the great disappolnt-
ment is etched on his face.
ut is the face of lifetime win
ner who finally knows the meaning
of defeat"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-09-14

number of advantages are on
their side, one being expert
ence. People have been making
progressively bigger liquid
boosters ever since the World
War II days of the va. Mis-
takes have been corrected, they
say, and development times
are getting progressively
shorter.
Besides experience, another
advantage claimed for liquid
boosters is transportability
The carcass of an Atlas mis-
Sile, for instance, weighs only
a little over 10 tons. This is
the part that must be ham
died with care. The rest of the
rockets launch weight Except
for the payload) is fuel and
liquid oxygen-more than 100
tons Of it. This bulky material
can be shipped by tank car or
truck.
Thirdly. liquid proponents
say, their boosters can be ham
died safely and easily at the
launching site. The empty
bird" can be stood on end,
inspected and checked for me-
chanical and electronic fitness
before it's explosive fuel mix
ture is pumped into the tanks.
A solid rocket is a hazard as
long as it stands on the pad,
they say.
And finally, liquid rockets are
Inherently testable and re-
disable, they claim. The actual
booster to be used on a mis-
sion mot just a prototype) can
be bolted down to the launch
ing pad and teSt-fired prior to
launch. Then it can be cleaned,
rechecked and used on the mis-
sion. Fuel costs are peanuts
pennies a pound.
Il think the use of solids is
just nonsense in a big booster
going to the MOON" says James
R. Dempsey, president of the
Atlas building General ,Dy-
namics- Astronautics in San
Diego. why risk it with solids
when we know we can do the
job with liquidS?"
Tomorrow: The Case for
Solid ROckets.)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-09-14
ORANGE, YELLOW
SODIUM CLOUDS
BRIGHTEN SKY
BY the Associated Press

The National Aeronau-
tics and Space AdminiStra-
ton shot two brilliant
orange and yellow sodium
clouds high above its Wal
lops Island CVa.) test center
yesterday and put on a
show seen for hundreds of
miles around.
Both shots yesterday
were part of a study of
upper atmospheric winds.
One was early in the morn
ing, the other just at dusk.
Two more shots in the
same series are planned
later.
Both rockets elected the
thermite compound pay
load at about 100 miles up
and again at about 230
miles. NASA said, with an
electrical charge vaporiz-
ing the sodium.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-09-14
Robot Orbited Solely,
One More Test Slated

been flown on only one capsulc
that which carried astronau
Virgil I. GrisSom on a sub
orbital space flight in July. The
hatch, designed to blow out I'M
der pressure of explosive bolts,
flew off prematurely when the
landed. Water rushed
into the craft and Capt. Girls
som had to swim for his life.
A manually operated hatch was
on yesterdays capsule.
NASA Administrator James
E. Webb said in Washington
there definitely will be one
more unnamed flight before
an attempt is made to orbit a
human pilot. He said this
would come in six to eight
weeks, which he noted still left
open the possibility of the as
tronaut test this year.
Flight every Smooth" /
Except for the presumably
minor technical troubles, Mr..
Gilruth described yesterdays
flight as very smooth and sue
cessful." and "aS far as we know
now. a man would have sur
vived" the journey.
He said it demonstrated that
the Atlas has the capability
to fly a man in orbit; it brought
in for the first time the Mer-
curry worldwide tracking net
work, and demonstrated the
ability of the capsule and its
systems to operate completely
unattended"
The mechnical man a s.
foot gray box with instruments
the respiratory
functions of a marlborough
ly tested the capsules life sup
port and enviromental control
systems.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-09-14

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla,
Sept. IA (AP).-America's drive
to hurl a United States astro-
naut into orbit by the end of
the year has received vigorous
impetus from the successful
recovery of a Mercury space
capsule after it circled the
globe.
But the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration in
tends to rocket one more cap
sule into orbit. perhaps with a
chimpanzee passenger. before
risking a human life on the
pulsating journey into space.
| An Atlas missile propelled a
Itwo-ton capsule carrying a
mechanical man into a 1853
mlie-an-hour swept around the
earth yesterday. Braking rock
cts brought the spacecraft out
of orbit and it parachuted
safely into the Atlantic Ocean
161 miles east of Bermuda
after a l09-minute trip. The
destroyer USS Decatur re-
trieved it..
Few Difficulties Noted
A few minor electronic diff
culties cropped up on the flight,
including a faulty electrical in
verter. a possible leak in the
oxygen supply system and loss
of contact with the robot space,
mans tape recorder voice"
halfway through the test.
Robert Gilruth. Project Mere
ury director, reported these
failings alone would not ne
cessitate another preliminary
shot before man is sent aloft.
Wen have to look at the
capsule ana lnCo Cne problems
to see if they were serious"
Mr.. Gilruth said. But we feel
that no matter what we find,
we want to fly a capsule with
a quick-releaSe escape hatch
once more before putting a man
in orbit.
Three Circuits Planned
I'm all probability, the next
capsule will be empty or carry
an animal. 1t will be three
times around the world, just as
the first astronaut orbit will
be-"
The quick-release hatch has
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-09-14
Lip Reudinq Course

Adult classes in lip reading
will begin Monday and Wednes-
day at the Washington Hearing
Society, 1884 Calvert street
NV. The beginning class meets
at 1870 pm. Monday and 7 pm.
Wednesday, and the advanced
class at 2:30 pm. Monday and
Z pm. Wednesday.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-09-14

Booster development prob,
part of Operation Moon. In adj
dition; most space authorities
believe the booster will be the
pacing item" for the moon
mission, meaning that every
thing else probably will be
ready before the booster is.
How many billions it will
cost to develop the lunar
booster system tentatively
called "NovaD no one can say.
AS q gauge, however, it might
be mentioned that Develop
ment Of the far smaller Sat-
urn rocket will have cost some
thing like 81 billion by the time
it achieves operational status
in 1868 or 1864.
To complicate matters-and
to add to the expense-the big
booster program is proceeding
on two parallel tracks. BY or
der of the Space Council, liq-
uid rockets will be developed
by the Space Administration,
and solid rockets by the Air
Force.
- Want Competition
DR.. Edward C. Welsh, execu-
tive secretary of the Spac e
Council, explains that the di-
vision of effort was decreed in
the interests of competition,
and to ensure that both types
of rockets receive the maximum
technical impetus.
IF you ask the same agency
to develop several major and
distinctly different items, the
tendency is always for the
agency to favor one item in
funding and effort" DR.. Welsh
explains.
NASA's rocket builders, typi-
fled by DR.. Wernher Won Braun
at Huntsville, Ala, are liquid
men" by training. tradition
and inclination, whereas tn e
push for big solids has come
in projects like the Nays Po-
laris and the Air Forces Min
uten1an.
The basic reason for the
parallel effort was that of
time: Neither liquids nor SOL
ids are far enough along in
development to justify a judg-
ment on which one is best for
the moon mission. Yet design
and construction Of both rock
cts and test facilities must get
under way now if the 1869 dead
line is to be met.
BY starting both systems at
this time, Operation Moon
buys. time"-the privilege Of
postpening a crucial decision
until such a decision can be
nationally made.
Liquid Rockets Ahead
II a decision had to be made
now on the strength of the
demonstrated technology to-
day the nod would have to go
to liquid rockets. But recent
developments in solid rocketry
warrant at least a good college
try in that area.
People who are only now get
ting used to things as big as
Redstones, Thors and Aliases
have some re-education ahead
of them on matters of bigness.
The conventional symbol of
size comparison in rocket draw
ings-the figure of a six-foot
man-dwindles to a mere speck
alongside the Nova.
Space Administrator James
E. Webb has spoken of this
liquid fueled monster com
plete with upper stages and
manned capsule) as being "aS
big around as the Washington
Monument and two-thirds as
tall"
Getting this beast off the
ground will be no easy job,
nor for that matter will the
task, of building it. 1t may be
built standing up. like a sky
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-09-14
Operation Moon
Bottle for Billions Develops
Over How to PropeI Rockets
By WILLIAM HINES
Star Science Writer
CHAPTER <

me WeheSt controversy in the whole program
cente around the big booster rocket which will rovde
initial h1t-ot There basic split over quid-fueled VS.
soidueed boosters and within each camp sub-schisms
and minor hereseS.
Booster development probably will be the most extensive
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-09-14

scraper, and then be put into
/ horizontal position for ship
ping to the launch site. where
1t will be regretted and fired.
Where Nova will be built is
still a matter of doubt, but
there is time to make this de-
cision, becau5e at present the
Nova is hardly more than a
glimmer in its designers eyes.
Some idea of its size can be
gained by comparing the Nova
concept" with existing hard
ware.
Atlas Largest Used
The Atlas, biggest American
rocket ever used for space work
to date, is about 10 feet in
diameter and is powered by
three engines yielding a total
thrust of something under
400, 900 pounds.
The Saturn CT, whose fiyst-
stage will be teSt-flown from
Cape Canaveral this fall, is %
feet in diameter and has an
eight-engine cluster aggregat-
ing is million pounds of
thrust.
The Nova, as now envisioned,
will be As feet in diameter and
will cluster eight FL engines,
each with as much thrust as
a complete Saturn, for a total
Of IL million pounds of thrust.
Even the second stage of Nova
will be half again as big in
diameter as the first stage of
Saturn CT.
FL. the basic propulsion
unit for Nova, is well along in
construction. None has yet
been flown mo vehicle exists
to fly an FL i'm but the first
flyable model has already been
fired on a test stand at Ed
wards Air Force Base in Cali
fornia. Its first public firing,
in August, fizzled after about a
second.
The push for bignesS is not
yet over. Rocketdyne, which
builds the FL, is working on
plans for what it calls the
LII" an engine as powerful
as a whole Nova cluster of
Els. And at Aerojet- General
near Sacramento, Calf. one
expert insists that for big space
missions single chamber en-
gineS of less than 30 million
pounds thrust are just a waste
of time and money.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-09-14
Principle the Same

Regardless of size, all liquid
fueled boosters now building or
planned work on the same prin-
ciple. A hydrocarbon fuel called
RP-1, a high-grade form of
kerosene, is mixed with oxygen
and burned in a combustion
chamber. Intensely hot gases
are created by combustion, and
these expand and rush vigor-
ously out the end. In response
to Newton'S Third Law of Mo-
tion-that every action has an
equal and opposite reaction
the rocket is thrust ahead as
the flame escapes to the rear
Much delicate structure and
complicated machinery is re-
quired to make this rather
simple event occur. Tanks must
be built sturdy enough to hold
carloads of RP-1 and liquid
oxygen, but light enough not
to burden the booster vehicle
unduly. Pumps must be light
weight but reliable, and so pow
erful they can impel thousands
of pounds Of fuel and oXidizer
into the burning chamber in
the wink of an eye. The cham
Der itself is anonymously tiny;
even in the FL it is no bigger
than an old fashioned wash
tub.
Liquid-rocket proponents say
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-06
SobIen Is Named
As Red Contact

NEW YORK. July 6 (AP).-
A confessed former Communist
agent has named DR.. Robert
Soblen as the man who served
as his contact with Moscow
in 1945.
Floyd Cleveland Miller, a
free-lance writer of Nyack,
N. Y. testified yesterday at
the espionage trial Of the 61-
year-old psychiatrist. Miller is
named as a co-conspirator but
not a defendant in the two
count Indictment which alleges
that he, DR.. Soblen and others,
engaged in espionage for the
Soviet Union during World
War II.
Miller testified he met an
agent introduced to him as
Sam" in 1914. The agent, he
said, proved to be Jack Soble-
the defendants brother, who
spells his name differently.
The next year. Miller con-
tinued, he was told of a new
contact with whom he would
work-"Sam's cousin"
do you see him in this
courtroom" asked Assistant
United States Attorney David
Hyde.
eyes, I do" the witness re-
piled, walking over to DR..
Soblen'S chair. This gentle
he said. The defendant
ignored him.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-06
Navy Is Forming
New High-Speed
Landing Group

PORTSMOUTH, Va, July
(AP).-The Navy is forming
a new high speed amphibiouc
squadron, doubling the number
of such fast troop landing
units in the Atlantic Fleet.
Flagship of the new squadron
will be the Francis Marion, the
Nays newest, largest and fast
est transport ship, which will
be commissioned this afternoon
at the naval shipyard.
Squadron IL will be the Sec
ond high speed amphibious
squadron in the Atlantic Fleet
Squadron 10 already is on the
line.
Other ships designated for
inclusion in the squadron are
the Hermitage, a dock landing
ship, and the tank landing ships
Graham County and Walworth
County. Five amphibious squad
rons are now operating with
the Atlantic Fleet.
The Francis Marion, which
was converted from a ship
known as the Prairie Mariner,
can carry 1850 Marines fully
equipped and with supporting
tanks.
The 1900 ton vessel has a
speed in excess of % knots
making it the fastest in its
class.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-06
San Murino OKs
War Repurutions

SAN MARINO, July 5 (AP).
The tiny Republic of San
Marine, continually at peace
since before the Middle Ages,
agreed today to accept 10000
pounds ($224,000) from Britain
for one day of war damage.
After Is years of haggling
with London, the San Marino
Grand Council (parliament)
voted, 32-17, to accept the
British offer. Communist and
Socialist members voted no.
San Marino. SO square miles
and $4,000 citizens, lies in the
Apennine Mountains of East
Central Italy near Rimini. It
claims to be the oldest repub-
lie in Europe, dating from the
4th century.
Royal Air Force bombers
blasted the republic June 26,
1914, killing SO residents and
causing extensive damage. The
bombing presumably was a mis-
take because San Marine was
at war with no one.
Britain had offered the same
sum = 10000 pounds - right
after World War II. The Grand
Council rejected it then as "a
ridiculous Offer"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-06
Appeals Court
Backs Dismissal
Of Principal

The dismissal of a former
principal of Randall Junior
High School by the Districts
Board of Education was upheld
today by the United States
Court of Appeals.
Ernest S. Jenkyns, Al, Of the
5100 block of Kansas avenue
NV, was ousted from his job
in June, 1860, after he was
acquitted in District Court Of
criminal charges involving al
legged indecent acts with three
male students.
In upholding his dismissal
by the school board, the APP
peals court ruled that although
JenkynS was found not guilty
in court, that determination
does not bar or control the
result of the {. administrative
action"
The court said it had not
found that the boards action
was arbitrary and capricious
even though we might have
reached a different result"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-06
Arlington Grants
Studio for New
School N Setup

Arlington will provide
studio for the new educational
television which will begin
serving schools in the Metro
politan Area this fall.
The school board last night
agreed to make available an
industrial arts room in the
county's $3.1 million Yorktown
High School.
In return the Greater Wash
ington Educational Television
Association will grant Airing
ton 80 minutes of free telecast
time weekly.
The association on October
will start presenting programs
in French, science, music, art
geography and math. Initially
it plans to broadcast four hours
each school day.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-06
Crime Shocks
Bolivia Envoy

Bolivian Ambassador Victor
Andrade said today he is ter
ribly shocked" by the murder
of Miss Marta Santa Cruz but
hopes his countrymen will un-
derstand it lis a criminal thing
that could happen to anyone. :"
Mr.. Andrade said Miss Santa
Cruz's family is one of Bolivia's
most prominent. Her father
is a retired army colonel. Her
late grandfather, Modesto
OmiSte, was one of Bolivia's
outstanding historians and ell
der statesmen.
This unfortunate thing I'M
doubtedly will cause a reaction
in Bolivia" Mr.. Andrade said.
But I am sure our newsmen
will not be unfair and stir up
any political emotions. They
are responsible enough to real
lie it could happen to anyone"
Mr.. Andrade said he was
hopeful the criminal will be
caught-not as a measure of
revenge but to assure that a
mad man" has been put away.