davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-11-05
The UItimutum

Mr.. Khrushchev originally gave
the West only until December 81
to sign separate peace treaties.
Three weeks ago, however, he de-
MED imposing an "ultimatum,
and said there was no time dead
line.
The Soviet Union increased its
defense budget, extended military
tours of duty, and began nuclear
testing on a big scale. This led
to a military buildup in the
United States, heightened world
tensions, and poured fallout into
the air in record amounts.
Yet, Mr.. KhruShchev constantly
urges peaceful negotiations, de-
cries war, "hysteria," and says the
Vests interests are not endan-
gered.
Last week, this policy was fol-
lowed in three specific areas:
Q Despite worldwide opposition,
the Soviet Union exploded the So
megaton bomb. Its significance
was mainly political-to frighten
the West into meeting Soviet de-
mands.
. In an ominouS note to Finland,
the Soviet government proposed
talks on a common defense against
"militarist West Germany" This
note, too, was another attempt
at intimidating a sector of world
opinion.
. In Berlin, after a week Of high
tension, the Soviet Union acted
in a more conciliatory fashion, and
agreed to certain Western de-
mands at the Wall.
Evening star., 1961-11-05
-Chicaso Daily News.

the real decision, probably for
some months, when the Russians
have fired 80 shots in the last
two months, shots which he ac-
knowledges can only have ad-
vanced their knowledge in and
development of nuclear weapons?
This is a question that only Mr..
Kennedy can answer, the avail
ability of public information on
nuclear weapons development be-
ing as limited as it is. But the
following considerations may shed
some light on the Presidents pre-
dicament:
He has sincerely and strenu-
ously tried to reach a teSt-ban
agreement with the Soviet Union.
only to be figuratively Kicked in
the teeth" Despite the pressure
from the Pentagon, Atomic En-
ergy Commission and Joint Con-
gressional Atomic Energy Com
mittee, he has been willing to
Evening star., 1961-11-05

of mutual assistance, calling for
talks If a threat Of attack by
Germ any was firmly estab-
hShed."
The Russians, as part of their
peace offensive, returned Pork
kala in 1856. and agreed to Fin
lands participation in the Euro
pean Free Trade Association.
More than so per cent of Finnish
trade is with the West, and Pres
ident Kekkenon's current visit to
the United States symbolizeS his
country's desire to straddle. both
worlds.
MoScow'S note to Finland last
week came with abrupt sudden
ness, but was not unexpected in
Helsinki. For the most part, it was
a long recitation of past attacks
on West Germany. Bonn was ac-
cused of becoming a source of
military threats in Europe. in
luding its northern sector"
Evening star., 1961-11-05
The Pressure

When the Russians, with mon
umental contempt for world opin-
ion, suddenly resumed tests in the
atmosphere, causing a great in
crease in radioactive fallout, the
pressure on Mr.. Kennedy to or
der American tests mounted at
home.
The President, however, fore
swore precipitate action. First, the
way had to be prepared. The
British government helped by
conveniently saying it would re-
sumo tests of it's own if it de-
termined that it was necessary to
guard free world security. Then
leading Democratic and Repub-
lican leaders called for American
atmospheric tests.
Second, we had to exploit the
worldwide resentment provoked
by the Soviet testing and its ex-
ploSion of a superbomb of more
than so megatons (the equivalent
of more than so million tons of
TNT). This exploitation goes on
while we explain why it may be
necessary for the United States
to do some careful" atmospheric
testing and the President delib-
crates on the matter.
We may not really be losing
much time While it may seem re-
markable that we have not main
tanned a high state of readiness
to resume tests in view of the
Soviet's long record of duplicity,
it may take up to three months
to prepare our sites.
Evening star., 1961-11-05

cause it would kill human beings,
but not destroy property in the
process. This is done by limiting
the blast effect of purely
fusion explosion and providing for
a deadly shower of neutrons
which would snuff out all life
in it's path. Many scientists, how
ever, believe that such a weapon
is a long way off.
One of the most often men,
toned beneficiaries of new at
mospheric testing is the anti
missile missile. There has been no
warhead testing for the Nike
Zeus, the only ballistic missile
killer we now have in develop
ment. and some Army officers
feel that such testing is indis-
penSable.
Evening star., 1961-11-05

"blackmail," that they are gain
ing facts upon which to develop
and improve nuclear weapons.
CThe superbomb, for example, is
a new threat to our hardened"
missile baSes.)
Accordingly, it is, he said, the
policy of this country to develop
nuclear weapons in order to
maintain our superiority in this
area.
Evening star., 1961-11-05
F|uctuation As Part Of Soviet Policy

The Soviet Union ignored a
United Nations appeal and ex-
plOded its 50-megatOn bomb
last Monday. On the same day,
the Russians sent a note to
Finland proposing talks on "the
threat" of German attack.
Five months have now passed
since Premier Khrushchev
touched off the latest Berlin crisis
with his Vienna aide-memoire to
President Kennedy. The memoire
was a careful blend Of threat
and compromise.
It warned that the Soviet Un-
ion would sign a peace treaty with
East Germany, with or without
Western approval. If the West
refused to recognize the German
Democratic Republic, it threat
ened to leave West Berlin at the
mercy of the East Germans.
But it also promised that If
the West co-operates and recog-
nizes East Germany, the Soviet
Union would guarantee the free
dom of West Berlin.
The Soviet Union wants peace,
the memoire said, but if the West
provokes trouble, it will be de-
stroyed.
This fluctuating policy, some
times belligerent and sometimes
conciliatory, has marked Soviet
diplomacy throughout the crisis.
Evening star., 1961-11-05
Immune TO II All

when the Firms proclaimed their
independence. The Bolsheviks
tried to extend their revolution
into Finland in 1918. but were
beaten back.
While Russia was transformed
into the first Communist coun-
try, Finland between wars devel-
oped into a Western, capitalist
state.
Finnish resoluteness was put to
the test in 1889 wnen Stain de-
manded that Finland, Estonia,
Latvia and Lithuania yield to his
protection" The last three did,
and were enveloped into the
USSR. Finland refused, and for
100 days, fought the famous
winter war" against a vastly su-
perior enemy.
The Firms finally lost, and were
forced to give up territory, but
not their independence.
Evening star., 1961-11-05
The u. NJ:
New Secretary

u Thant of Burma was chosen
by the United Nations last week
to fill the post of secretary
general left vacant by the death
of Dag HammarSkjOld.
Shortly after midnight on Sep
tember 18th, a DC 6-B carrying
Secretary General Hammarskjold
crashed in the vicinity of the
Ndola Northern Rhodesia) air.
port.
The circumstances surrounding
the tragedy are still not clear,
but its immediate effect was to
threaten the U. NJ with chaos.
Coming on the eve of the opening
of the General Assembly session,
the disaster caused many observ-
ers to speculate on the future of
the world body.
The U. N. Charter does not
provide for a successor, and the
United States and the Soviet
Union seemed hopelessly split
over what to do. Without a sec
retary, the U. Ms vast operations
could come to halt.
More important, Mr.. Ham
marskjold had instilled in his
office a dynamism that some
people felt went beyond the orig
inal intent of the Charter. He not
only carried out the instructions
of the u. N, but often initiated
policy, and personally saw that
action was taken despite big
rOWer nhiectinns
Evening star., 1961-11-05
When--ond If

But-and here an element of
ambiguity entered the presiden-
tial declaration Mr.. Kennedy as
serted that atmospheric tests
would only be undertaken if, in
the light of "our evaluation" of
Soviet tests, effective progress is
not possible without such tests"
Fallout, he added, would be kept
to an absolute minimum.
Why did Mr.. Kennedy put off
Evening star., 1961-11-05
Finland

From the time Peter the Great
built his capital city of st. Peters
burg DeningradD a few miles
from Finland, Russian rulers
have coveted that proud Scanda-
navian land.
During the Napoleonic Wars.
Russia seized Finland from
Sweden, and ruled it until 1917
Evening star., 1961-11-05
Were Most Indienont Fruueht With Feor! But Doe Not
Shift From Neutral Geor"

dors have orders to continue Eek
ploratory talks" in Moscow.
There is no reason to suppose,
however, that the talks will be
more successful than previous
ones in Washington.
Evening star., 1961-11-05
Berlin

Ten says ago, Soviet and Amer
ican tanks glared at each other
from opposite sides of the Fried
erichstrasse checkpoint. The show
Evening star., 1961-11-05
Numbers Came

This led to the so-called num-
bers game" The Soviet Union
said it would support one man as
secretary, provided he was obliged
to consult with a troika under
secretariat.
The United States said any veto
was unacceptable. 1t suggested
five undersecretaries, all without
veto. The Soviet Union raised the
count to six, and then. seven.
The two sides did agree on Bur-
mas U Thant as the future Sec
retary, but neither side would
compromise on the number or au-
thority of his assistants.
After the controversy dragged
into its sixth week, U Thant took
steps to end the deadlock himself.
He said he did not want to be
bound by any Big Power arrange
ment, and wanted to choose his
own men.
This was acceptable to the So
Wet Union and the United States,
and on Friday, U Thant was
elected. 1t was one of the few
times the Soviet Union and United
States have agreed on a major
problem.
In the Congo, the prospects of
Continued on Page B-2
Evening star., 1961-11-05

now, the West has insisted on Big
Four control, was not the West
weakening its own position by
having the West Berlin police
stop Russians?
Evening star., 1961-11-05
Neighbors Hit

Because Of the threat" the
Soviet Union invoked the 1948
treaty, and proposed negotiations
Evening star., 1961-11-05
A Treaty

After the war, the Russians oc-
cupied about IL per cent Of Fin
land, including the naval base of
Porkkala, near Helsinki. In 1948,
the two countries signed a treaty
Evening star., 1961-11-05
Soviets Oppose

Because of his work in prevent
ing a Communist takeover in the
Congo, Mr.. Hammarskjold gained
the emnity of the Soviet bloc.
This was reflected in the Soviet
proposal to replace the secretary
general with a three man Sec
retariat, representing the major
blocs. Each would have a veto.
The United States-and most
of the U. N.-rejected the "troika"
as crippling to the U. N.
The Charter says that any new
secretary must be elected by the
General Assembly on the recon-
mendation of the Security Council.
Since the Russians have veto in
the Council, they threatened to
block any non-troika choice.
This prompted Secretary Of
State Rusk to suggest that the
General Assembly choose a new
man directly, by-passing the Coun-
Gil. His proposal received only
scant support, since most dele
gates preferred to follow the
Charter.
Evening star., 1961-11-05

make "one more final effort" at
negotiation. He still is.
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-03-17
Laity Must Take
Lead In Aid Fight

matters, but it is Catholic parents who are
directly involved. If they want justice, then
they must fight for it. We cannot let our
bishops and priests do the work which is
ours, in obedience to their leadership, we
must all become concerned and work actively
for an equitable solution.
'The issues involved have no direct
bearing on the question of separation of
Church and State. After all, Catholics adhere
fully to the First Amendment of the Consti-
tuition. Many noted legal authorities assert
there is nothing unconstitutional in what we
ASK he said.
Mr.. Sherry said there are many ways in
which help can be made available to private
and parochial schools. At present, parents
of children attending parochial or private
schools are threatened not by a double, but
a triple burden Of taxation.
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-03-17
Editor Says

PAso ROBES, Calif.-The laity must
act now if Catholics are to obtain justice in
proposed Federal aid to education, a Califor-
MIA Catholic editor maintained here.
Gerard E. Sherry, managing editor of
the Central California Register, spoke to the
annual convention of the Monterey-Fresno
Council of Catholic Women. His newspaper
is a publication of the diocese.
Mr.. Sherry said the administrations pro-
posals for $2.3 billion in grants to public
grade and high schools is discriminatory and
unjust because of its exclusion of all non
public school children.
He said that if the bill is not amended
to include private schools, "then the failure
can be laid in large measure at the door Of
our own Catholic people"
"Our bishops give us guidance in these
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-03-17
MsCR. sOENNEKER:
J%osephinum Priest,
Greensboro Bishop

been associated for 10 years
with the staff of st. Johns
Seminary, Collegeville. He
also has been serving as Off
calls of the St. Cloud Dioce-
san Tribunal and has been
its secretary for several years.
The Diocese of Greensboro
was established in 1887. 1t
extends 1882 square miles
over 80 counties in western
Kentucky. The diocese has a
Catholic population of more
than $1,000 in the area where
there is a total population
of more than 629, 300.
There are some 80 priests
and more than 480 nuns
serving in the diocese, which
has 66 parishes, one Semin-
airy, one college, " paro-
chial and private high schools
and 81 parochial and private
elementary schools.
Bishop-designate Soenneker
was also director of vocations
for the Diocese of st. Cloud.
He taught religion at Cathe-
dral High School.
Since completion of grad
uate work at Catholic Uni,
versity of America in 1850.
Bishop Sonneker has been sta.
toned at t. John Seminary,
CollegeVille.
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-03-17

Continued from Page ~
structure, which in addition
to the ten classrGoms, will
contain administrative offic-
es, teachers refectory, meet
ing room and a multi-purpose
auditorium gymnasium.
The school will face east
on Midland Avenue immed-
lately to the rear of the
Church, which faces West
Broad St. at Midland Avenue.
The present school is loca-
ted at Clarendon and Broad.
No immediate plans for the
old school have been an
nounced.
SISTERS OF NoTRE Dame
de Namur, along with lay
teachers, staff the school. Sr.
NJ Immaculate, SIND, is the
principal.
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-03-17

Monsignor Henry J.
Soenneker, So, an alum
nus of the Pontifical Col
lie 6 J~osephinum, has
been named Bishop Of the
Diocese of Owensboro, Ken
lucky, by Pope John XIII.
Bishop-designate Soenneker
attended the Jose p hinum
from 1922 to 1884. He was
ordained by the late Bishop
James j. Hartley, May 26,
1884.
Monsignor Soenneker, spir-
itual director at st. Johns
Seminary, Collgeville, Mimi,
new honor was announced by
Archbishop Egidio Vagnozzi,
Apostolic Delegate to the
United States.
When Bishop-d e ii 6 n a te
Soenneker is consecrated, all
Sees in the. United States
will have a spiritual head for
the first time in several
months.
BISHoP.DESIGNATE SoEN-
NEKER succeeds Bishop
Francis r. Cotton, the first
Bishop of Greensboro, who
died last September Is after
serving as the spiritual head
of the See for % years.
Since the death of Bishop
Cotton, Msgr. Gilbert Hen
ninger, Vicar General, has
been serving as the admins
traitor Of the diocese.
The Bishop-deSignate, son
of the late Henry and Mary
Vessel Soenneker, was born
in Melrose, Mimi, on May
81, 1907. He received his
early education at a rural
school. He made his high
school, college and seminary
studies at the Pontifical Col
lege Josephinum, Worthing-
ton, which has the un-
usual distinction of being sub
ject directly to the Holy See.
He served for six years as
assistant pastor of st. An.
thongs parish in st. Cloud.
and for ten years as chap.
lain at the motherhouse OF
the Franciscan Sisters in
Little Falls, MINI. He has
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-03-17

Continued from page y
Opposed To All
Federal Aid

schools and l am, and have always been, in
favor of it being adequate. But if public funds
are raised for the educational benefit OF
the children Of America, then all the children
should share in that benefit.
'%The just distribution of Federal funds
becomes a problem only after it is determined
that there is a real need for such aid" he
said.
The Cardinal said he did not think there
was such a need. He noted the statement of
the administrative board of the National
Catholic Welfare Conference which said that
the question of Federal aid was a Judgment
to be based on objective, economic facts con
nected with the schools of the country"
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-03-17

for private school c%onstruc.
ton.
House Majority Leader
John Mccormack of MasSa-
chusetts earlier March 81 dis
closed he favors a program Of
long-term, interest-b e a r ng
loans. He defended it as con-
stitutional.
PRESIDENT KENNEDY'S
comments on loans were made
at a press conference where
he was asked five questions
on the topic, an unusually
number for one subject.
Mr.. Kennedy would not say
definitely whether he would
veto an aid bill approved by
Congress with a loan amend
ment for nonpublic schools.
The President said he was
extremely sympathetic" with
families who pay taxes for
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-03-17

WASHINGTON-Presi-
ident Kennedy shifted dis
cussion on the constitu-
tionality of loans for pri-
vate and parochial schools
from the White House to Con-
gress.
TIE Chief Executive told
his sixth presidential news
conference March 81 he con-
siders "across-the-board' Fed
eral loans to aid nonpublic
grade and high schools UNI
constitutional.
However, he admitted that
there is room for debate on
their constitutionality and OBJ
served Congress is free to
consider loans. He said he
hopes this would be done in
a bill separate from his pro-
posal to grant 1928 billion to
public grade and high schools.
THE PRESIDENTS CON-
MENTS were his first direct
ly on the question of loans.
Earlier he had said he thinks
Federal aid to private and
parochial schools is uncon-
stitutional. He explained in
the most recent press confer
ence he was referring to
direct grants.
On the heels of the Presi-
dents comment about Con-
gressional action, Sen. Joseph
S. Clark of Pennsylvania said
he will push to secure loans
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-03-17

Continued from Page y
families. Nearly 1000 cans Of
food have been given out,
plus 200 loaves of bread and
200 packages Of rolls, dough-
nuts and pastries S. These
items were donated by gro
ceries and bakeries. Other
foods were collected by st.
Stephens volunteers, spear
headed by Mrs. John Flow
ers, an advisory board mem
Der
THE DOMINICAN SISTERS
of the Sick Poor received $40
requests for food during Feb
ruary which is four times
the usual amount. With the
help of the st. Vincent dc
Paul Society, they have been
able to assist all of these.
People needing nursing care
have also increased, the Do
minican Sisters said. Aiding
the nuns in this work are
the Diocesan Council of Cath
Ollie Nurses, some Of whom
have volunteered to provide
nursing service to the needy.
THE ST. VINCENT de
PAUL SHOP, which has some
clothing and furniture avail
able, also reported an in
crease in the number of re.
quests for these items. These
requests have been filled as
the materials have become
available.
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-03-17
Deprives Parents
OF Just Rights

when racial injustice is at last being corrected
by civil rights legislation, current Federal
aid proposals are introducing into the Ma
tional scene an element Of equally dynamic
social injustice.
ut is discrimination that will attempt
to force all children into compulsory educa-
ton in public schools, to the school of their
choice" This right, the Cardinal reminded,
was guaranteed by the US. Supreme Court
many years ago.
"And let US remember that this right is
constitutional, as well as being a moral right
founded in the natural law"
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-03-17
Cardinal Mcintyre

SANTA BARBARA, Calif.-Federal aid to
education proposals that exclude private
school pupils are unjust and discriminatory,
James Francis Cardinal Mcintyre said here.
The Archbishop of Los Angeles said
such proposals would introduce "a real and
personal discrimination determined by wheth-
er a child goes to public school or private
school"
This was the Cardinals second recent
attack on aid to education recommendations
which are confined to public grade and high
schools.
THE CARDINAL SAID that at a time
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-03-17
Cardinal Ritter

ST. LOUIS, Mo.-Federal aid to schools
was opposed on principle here by Joseph
Cardinal Ritter, Archbishop of St. Louis. He
said it would be a threat to educational free
dom.
But the Cardinal said that if Congress
decides otherwise and enacts a Federal aid
measure, the benefit should go to all school
children, not just those children enrolled in
public schools.
However, he said that Catholics do not
want help at the expense of the public schools.
'"They are not working for a share of those
funds that have been raised by taxation for
public schools" he said.
THAT MONEY BELONGS to the public
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-03-17
Centennial Year

Christians, as did other chief
tains throughout the country.
By the end of his 30-year apos-
tolate, when he died in 461,
st. Patrick had converted Ire
land as a whole to Christian
ity.
Cardinal Cushing, writing
in the March issue Of the
Medical Missionary at Mary
magazine, holds that st. Pa
trick was 1880 years ahead
of his time" insofar as the
missionary program of the
Church is concerned.
The Archbishop of Boston
explains his stand this way:
ut is A VERY significant
fact that Saint Patrick never
appealed for foreign mission
aries for the conversion Of
the Irish. He never sent to
France or to Rome for foreign
missionaries. From the very
beginning he established in
ireland an Indigenous, a ma
tive, Church. And through
his prayers, his sacrifices, his
boundless zeal, he inspired
the Irish themselves to con-
vert Ireland.
"In all this, Patrick was the
ideal missionary, because the
foreign missionary is only a
temporary servant Of the
Church. The primary purpose
of the foreign missionary is
TO establish the Church where
it does not exist and you can
not do that without training
a native clergy, a native epls-
copacy, native lay workers for
all the various aspects OF
faith practiced.
Patrick was the ideal mis-
sionary-probably the great
est missionary since Apostle.
lie time, since the time Of st.
Paul"
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-03-17
KENNEDY BELIEVES:
'Across-the- Board Loans To
Schools Unconstitutional

public schools and also sus-
tain their children in nom
public schools.
THEY CARRY A A
burden" he said. But |
have made my position very
clear for many months
The President had told a
previous press conference that
Continued on page 81
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-03-17

Charles V. Schwenker, To-
cal attorney, says: Every
crippled child has faith in
himself, in his future, in the
professional skills which
strengthen him, and in you
for your past contribution TO
Easter Seals.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1961-12-07
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