davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-10-22
German Role

Since the Germans will most
likely be called upon to accept
some sort of division of Germany.
the position of the new Bonn
government is quite important.
Mr.. Adenauer is expected to re-
turn as chancellor.
If Bonn admits that a divided
Germany is the only real solu-
ton at this time, then the West
can be confident that NATO will
not be weakened. If on the other
hand, Bonn objects to such a
solution there is the chance that
West Germany wilI make its own
arrangements with the East, and
abandon its allies.
What the West does not want
is a demilitarized West Germany,
cut off from NATO and the Com
mon Market. Such a vacuum
Mr.. Rusk said would not itself
be conducive to stability and
peace" because it would invite
Communist aggression.
With the pressure of the dead
line removed, it is quite probable
that exploratory talks between
East and West will continue into
the winter. A spring East-West
conference to discuss different
proposals would not be unlikely.
Evening star., 1961-10-22
Albania Split

AS far as can be determined,
the only Communist Party that
supports the Chinese is the AL
banian group led by Enver Hoxha.
Why Albania, half a globe away
from Peiping, chose to antago-
nize Moscow has never been
adequately explained, but any
visitor to Tirana can see many
Chinese but hardly Russian.
(For a story by an Associated
Press correspondent who has just
returned from Albania see Page
CD.
At last weeks Party Congress.
Mr.. Khrushchev devoted more of
his speech on Tuesday to the
Albanians than to the Americans.
THE Albanian leaders no
longer conceal their disapproval
of the course adopted by our
party with a view to completely
eliminating the harmful conse-
quences of the Stain personality
cult" he said I'VE cannot yield
ground on so fundamental a
point either to the Albanian lead
ers or to anyone else"
The key words in that passage
Evening star., 1961-10-22
THE NATIONAL SCENE
Some Active Politics
Looking to 1862

term, is an overwhelming choice
to defeat Republican Louis j.
Lefkowitz, the State Attorney
General. Mr.. Wagner overcame his
chief obstacle when he defeated
the choice Of organization lead
ers, Arthur Levitt, in the bitter
September primary. With the city's
reform Democrats and the Liberal
Party backing him, and the
- bosses" against whom he cam
paigned in the primary reluctantly
going along, the Mayor appears
to have clear edge over his Re-
publican challenger in this
heavily-Democratic city.
NEW JERSEY GOVERNOR
SHIP-In the eight years Demo-
cratic Gov. Robert B. Meyner oc-
cupied the State House in Tren-
ton, Democrats made major gains
in what had formerly been re-
garded as a Republican strong
hold. But this year. Republicans
are making a major bid for a
comeback, with former cabinet
member Mitchell, like Mayor Wag-
ner, victor over organization
backed candidates in a hard
fought primary, leading the way.
Factional fights that boiled up
during the Meyner years led the
Democrats to select compromise
candidate, ex Superior Court
Judge Richard j. Hughes. an able,
articulate man, but little-known
to New Jersey voters. Mr.. Hughes
has campagned tireiesSly for eight
months to close the gap against
his popular rival. but he is still
an underdog. Democratic organi-
cation strength could make the
outcome close, but Republicans
are confident Mr.. Mitchell will
win.
TEXAS SPECIAL ELECTION
On November 4. three days before
the other two elections, voters in
San Antonio and surrounding
Bexar County will choose a re-
placement for Rep. Paul ]. Kilday,
a Democrat who resigned to be-
come a Federal judge. Republican
nominee John Goode is mill
tant conservative" of the Barry
Goldwater John Tower stripe,
while the Democrat. State Sem
ator Henry Gonzalez, is an ADA
liberal. This sharp theological
split gives the G. o. P. hopes of
victory in district that has been
counted safe by the Democrats for
for two generations. II Mr.. Goode
wins, it would expand the q. o. p.
beachhead In Texas politics and,
likely, drive even those Southern
Democrats who have gone along
with parts Of the New Frontier
Program back to safe conserva-
tive" stand on such issues and
medical care for the aged.
Evening star., 1961-10-22

Political campaigns in New
Jersey, New York and Texas
last week caught the attention
Of seekers of signs for next
years congressional elections.
On January IA, 1860, John F.
Kennedy, newly-announced can
didate for President, stood before
the National Press Club and de-
livered a disquisition on the presi-.
dency.
Criticizing then-President Eli
senhower as a passive broker for
conflicting private interests" he
pledged himself to use 'the fullest
powers" Of the office particularly
in the areas of legislative and po-
itical leadership.
"The facts of the matter" said
Mr.. Kennedy, are that legisla-
tive leadership is not possible
without party leadership, in the
most political sense. No President,
it seems to me, can escape politics.
He has not only been chosen by
the Nation-he has been chosen
by his party. And if he insists
that he is President of all the
people and should therefore Of
fend none of them then he has
not only weakened the political
party as an instrument of the
democratic process, he has dealt
a blow to the democratic process
itself"
A trio of significant elections
this fall offers President Ken
nedy his first chance to put this
doctrine into practice and sur
prisingly, he was not in the field
fighting for his party.
Even more ironically, the role
Of vigorous party leader that Mr..
Kennedy talked as a candidate is
being played by the very man he
criticized-former President Eisen-
hover.
Evening star., 1961-10-22
YugosIovio:
Troubled Aid

Secretary Of State RuSk said
last week that United States
aid TO Yugoslavia had helped .
that Balkan country remain
independent of the Communist
bloc. His statement followed
criticism Of the sale of Ameri-
can jet fighters to Yugoslavia. .
At the close of World War II,
no Communist satellite supported
the Soviet Union more jealous
ly in public than Yugoslavia.
Politically, the YugoSlavs voted
the Soviet way in the United
Nations; militarily, they provided
logistic support for the Greek
rebels; and ideologically, they
served as the host nation for
the first Cominform meeting in
l947.
YugoSlav communism, however,
was never Superimposed on the
countryside by a victorious Red
Army. When the first Russians
arrived in 1914, they joined forces
with highly-organized Communist
partisans who had fought the
Nazis successfully for four years.
Marshal Josip Broz Tito's skill
had been acknowledged even in
Berlin where Heinrich Himmler
had told group of officers:
II wish we had a dozen TitoS
in Germany, men who were lead
ers and had such resolution and
good nerves that. even though
they were forever encircled, they
would never give in
Evening star., 1961-10-22
No Surprise

Western leaders had been told
privately by Mr.. Gromyko that
the ultimatum would be dropped,
and were not surprised by the
public announcement.
They greeted the whole speech
with due caution, knowing the
Soviet habit of both waving the
juicy carrot, and prodding with
the hard stick Tin this case the
"stick" was the announced so
megaton superbomb).
Secretary Of State Rusk told
his Wednesday press conference
that the lifting Of the deadline
may serve to reduce the ten
sion somewhat" He quickly add
ed, however, that "his general
observations : show little if
any change from what has been
said before"
Despite the fact that previous
exploratory talks had not made
significant progress, Mr.. Rusk
announced that the West
planned to continue sounding
out the Russians in Moscow. He
realized that such talks were
treated with disdain by the
French (somewhat less so by the
West Germans) who want a
stronger pose by the West.
Evening star., 1961-10-22
Virginia:
The Motions

Virginia continued TO 60
through the motions Of an elec-
ton campaign last week in
preparation for November Z
when the States new Governor,
Lieutenant Governor and attOr-
ney general will be chosen.
A peripatetic team Of Re
publican candidates industriously
scrambled about the huStings in
search of votes last week. But all
their activity was hardly ample to
dispel the anti-climactic aura of
a contest which follows so closely
the hottest Democratic primary
fight Virginia has seen in years.
Victorious in the July primary
was the ticket headed by Albertis
S. Harrison. jr.. former attorney
general, which won a solid victory
Continued on Page C-S
Evening star., 1961-10-22

q dangerously false impression
that the Russians have, and en-
phasized at his conference that
there have been some disagree
ment on the timing and nature
of contacts with the Soviet
Union d. . 0buD there is complete
agreement in the West on the ma
ture Of our vital interests in
Germany and Berlin and on the
necessity for defending those vi
tai interests"
What can be expected to hap
pen in the next few weeks?
The West will continue,
through the American and Brit
ish ambassadors in Moscow, to
explore the Russian position.
They will report back to the Big
Four ambassadorial group that
meets daily in Washington.
If some progress is found, a
Big Four Foreign Ministers
meeting probably will be held to
discuss the possibility Of calling
peace conference.
Vital to the negotiations is the
formation of a West German
government.
Evening star., 1961-10-22
The Threat

In this same depression, he said:
Il would like to say that our
tests of new nuclear weapons are
going off very successfully. We
shall soon complete these tests,
evidently at the end Of october.
To conclude, probably. we shall
explode a hydrogen bomb Of so
megatonS."
These remarks were recorded
by the Soviet press, and thus were
the first official word the Soviet
people had that tests had actually
taken place.
It was evident that Mr.. Khru-
Shchev had revealed more than
was wise. Not only had he publi-
cized his governments callousness
to his own people, but he gave the
world time to null over. his diSre-
gard for other countries health.
The White House asked the
Russians to reconsider this deci-
sion," and in the United Nations,
six nations in the path of fallout,
Japan, Norway, Sweden, Denmark,
Iceland, and Canada, appealed to
the General Assembly to make a
Solemn appeal" to Moscow to
abandon its plan.
Some neutral nations, including
India, said they wanted to expand
the appeal to include all coun-
tries, and others, led by Guinea,
refused to take part in the con-
troversy, stating it was a cold
war ISSUE" 1t seemed likely, how
ever, that the U. N. would adopt
the six-nation resolution over
whelmingly.
What Moscow will do is, as
usual, anyone's guess. Presumably,
the 20-odd tests held so far have
yielded the necessary military in
formation. A dramatic suspension
would win the Soviet Union great
favor, reduce tension, and cost
nothing.
It also would make resumption
of atmospheric testing more diff
cult for the United States from
propaganda point of view.
Evening star., 1961-10-22
NucIeor::
Big Test

Premier Khrushchev an
nOunced last week that the
Soviet Union probably would
end its current series of nuclear
tests with a 50-megatOn ex-
plOSiOn at the end of October.
At the beginning of August, Pre-
mier Khrushchev warned the West
that the Soviet Union could ex-
plode a 100-megaton hydrogen
bomb, a device five times more
powerful than anything the United
States had tested.
This awesome blast became
more imminent on August 30th
when the Soviet Union announced
it would resume nuclear testing.
Evening star., 1961-10-22
Chou's Slap

He defended Albania, and
criticized Mr.. Khrushchev for
publicizing the differences. Be-
cause he chose to defend Albania,
Chou's remarks were taken as a
sharp slap at Moscow.
The results of this intramural
strife, the experts agree will have
little effect on overall policy. In
places like SLaoS and Wet Nam,
the Chinese and Russians work in
unison, and at the Geneva talks
on Laos, there is no sign Of
disharmony.
Indeed, the rift itself indicates
little more than that Moscow
does not have an iron hand over
every Communist party, some
thing the West learned in 1948
when Tito broke away. There is
no evidence at present moreover,
to indicate that the two great
Communist powers, China and
the Soviet Union, will be unable
to reconcile their differences.
Officials in Washington fe
there was more to be gained /
studying the broad 20-year &C
nomic goals sketched by
Khrushchev than in idly DIRE;
ing of a Red split.
Evening star., 1961-10-22

Fine Points


The Soviet and Chinese Com
muniSt Parties publicly clashed
last week over Albania.
Kremlinology = the study of the
trivial, unimportant, and obscure
elements of communism-is one
of the by-products of the Cold
War.
1t operates on the assumption
that Kremlin leaders rarely, if
ever. tell what is on their minds
in comprehensive terms. But in
stead, use a language of their
own.
Scholars and journalists, trained
in Kremlinology, spend an undue
amount of time reading man.
moth Khrushchevian speeches.
searching for a bit of truth,
buried in the jargon of dog
matism," "revisionism. cult
of the individual" feminist"
"Stalinist," etc.
A particularly fruitful area for
study has been the. widely sup
posed, but rarely documented
feud between the Chinese Com
munist Party, led by Mao Tse-
tung, and the Soviet Communist
Party, led by Nikita S. Khru-
Shchev.
From close analyses of speeches,
documents. news reports, and
other Red verbiage, the Krem-
linologists have deduced that
there is a split within the Com
munist ranks, with the Khru-
Shchevians backing the policy of
peaceful co-existence" in which
war is not needed to spread COM
muniSm, and the MaoiStS arguing
that such policy is a delusion:
that imperialism (meaning the
West) can be defeated ultimately
only through war.
Evening star., 1961-10-22
No Purpose

United States nuclear experts
said such a blast would serve no
legitimate technical or military
ends; its effect would be only po-
litical-to shock the West into ac-
cepting Soviet demands.
The dangers inherent in such an
explosion apparently were real
lied by Mr.. Khrushchev's own sci
entists, for at last weeks party
congress, he digressed from his
text to tell the delegates:
I'VE have said that we have a
bomb of 100 megatons and this is
true; but we shall not explode
such a bomb, because if we ex-
plode it, even in the most remote
spot, we may break our own win
doWs,"
Evening star., 1961-10-22
Easing Tensions

They felt that If Moscow were
planning to reduce its demands
or to ease tensions the Party
Congress would be the appropri-
ate place to announce it.
In previous weeks, United
States and British officials had
met privately with Foreign Minis
ter Gromyko to see If there are
adequate grounds to negotiate
such a treaty.
In these exploratory talks, Mr..
Gromyko refused to alter his
governments basic position in
any way. He also was vague
about the meaning Of such terms
as the guaranteed freedom" of
West Berlin, and Western ''recog-
milton" Of East Germany.
His lack of give" was what
led President Kennedy two weeks
ago to note that he saw no
clear solution" to the problem.
In his speech, Mr.. Khrushchev
delivered a pro forma attack on
the West. blaming it for Great
ing a dangerous situation in the
center Of Europe, threatening to
use arms in reply to our pro-
poSal to eliminate the remnants
of World War II" Mr.. Khru-
shchev did not mention how
ever. that the whole crisis stems
from the Soviet desire to change
the status QUO IN Germany.
Evening star., 1961-10-22
Tito in Control

Because of his own tightly-knit
party machine, reinforced by
large-scale popular support. Tito
was always in control of his
country'S affairs, and never sub
ordinated its interests to those
of the Soviet Union.
His refusal to allow the Rus
slams to dictate YugoSlavia's post
war political and economic poll
cies so angered Stain that the
Soviet boss finally called upon
the other satellites to ostracize
Yugoslavia. In June, 1948, Yu-
goSlavia was expelled from the
Cominform, and more seriously,
the Communist world set up an
economic blockade.
Delighted with Tito's break
with Moscow, the United States
came to his rescue with eco
nomic assistance. This was aug
mented by military aid in 1851
due to the Korean War, and the
threat of a Soviet attack in the
Balkans.
United States aid, however, al
ways had its critics. Whenever
Tito showed the slightest sign of
friendship toward the Soviet bloc.
right-wing politicians here have
cried for an aid curtailment to
the Communist country. !.
Since 1855, Yugoslavia has had
correct" relations with all the
Communist countriessexcept Red
China and Albania Fhe Yugo-
slav party, however. has been
under unceaSing attack for its
''revisionism" from all Commu-
mist parties. =
The warmer the relations grew
between Belgrade and Moscow,
the cooler they became in Wash.
inton. Thus, in 1857, after an,
other policy reappraisement, it
was decided to stop outright
military aid to Belgrade. The
Yugoslavs, however, are permitted
to purchase obsolete equipment
such as the 1870 F-86-D Sabre jets
which created the latest storm.
Evening star., 1961-10-22
ConcHi0toY

After his opening remarks,
Mr.. Khrushchev took a more
conciliatory position, and said
that American and British lead
ers were showing a certain
amount Of understanding Of the
situation and are inclined to
seek q solution to the German
problem and the question of
West Berlin on a mutually ac-
ceptable basis"
Then, playing the role of
peace-maker, Mr.. Khrushchev
said the Soviet Union had no
intention of issuing an ultima
tum about the peace treaty. In
June, he said such a treaty must
be signed by the end Of the year.
IF the Western powers show
readiness to settle the German
problem, then the question Of the
terms Of signing a German peace
treaty will not be of such i'm
portance," he said.
I'VE shall then not insist that
the peace treaty be signed with
out fail by 81 December 1861"
Evening star., 1961-10-22

The statement said the Soviet
Union has worked out designs for
creating a series Of superpowerful
nuclear bombs Of 20, 80, so and
100 million tons Of TINT"
1t was generally assumed at the
time that If the Russians tested a
l00-megaton bomb they would do
it at an altitude that would allow
the binding flash to be seen
around the world-a frightful
demonstration Of mans ability to
destroy himself.
Evening star., 1961-10-22
Another Look

To answer critics, the admin
istration pointed out last week
that the actual sale had been
initiated during the Eisenhower
years, and that a reappraisal of
American policy toward Yugo.
Slavia was under way.
Whatever the conclusions OF
the study, however, it seems ap.
parent that the past policy has
served-in Secretary Rusk's words
TO strengthen YugoSlavia's ef-
forts to maintain its independ-
ence." This independence, he
added, has been "a divisive in
fluence on world communism and
source of considerable dissen-
sion within the Communist bloc"
Evening star., 1961-10-22
Aid in New York

Earlier this month, Mr.. EiSen-
hover went to New York City to
kick off the Republican campaign
for the mayoralty. On Tuesday Of
last week he was in New Jersey,
drawing big crowds as he plugged
for the election of his former Sec
retary Of Labor, James P. Mitchell.
as Governor. And on Thursday
he announced he would fly to San
Antonio, Tex. late this month to
aid the Republican candidate in
a special House election for a
seat that has been Democratic for
40 years.
So far, Mr.. Kennedy has not
lent his prestige to the Democratic
candidates in any Of these fights.
Associates explain that the Presi-
dent is preoccupied with interna-
tional crises and doubts that it
would be appropriate for him to
take on partisan campaign while
he is trying to unity the nation
in foreign affairs.
Yet, these same advisers concede
that Mr.. Kennedy does have a
stake in the outcome of those
elections - in terms Of personal
prestige, but more Importantly in
the strength Of his party and its
capacity to win next years vital
congressional elections.
All three of this falls major
elections are taking place in areas
where the Democrats have pre-
vailed in the last decade and
which Mr.. Kennedy himself car
ried last November. Yet this year,
the Democratic candidate, cam
paigning without the aid of the
head of his party, is fovored in
only one Of the three races.
Evening star., 1961-10-22

Premier KhruShchev an
nOunced last week that his
government would not insist
on a German peace treaty be-
ing signed by December 81.
World attention last week was
focused on Moscow where top
Communist officials assembled
for the 22nd Party Congress.
The main attraction was Tues
days six and a half-hour ora
ton by the apparently mex
haustible Nikita s. Khrushchev.
His day-lone polemic covered
the whole spectrum of interna-
tional affairs, and listed in de-
tail all the problems facing the
Communist movement as a
whole.
While casting a curious eye at
the internal Red intrigues,
Western officials paid particular
attention to what Mr.. Khrushchev
had to say about Berlin. the most
explosive issue presently dividing
East and West.
Evening star., 1961-10-22
THE WEEK IN PERSPECTIVE
More Time for Berlin Solution

to the Kremlinologists were "any-
one elSe." which were translated
freely to mean Chinese" Ap,
parently, the Chinese realized
this, because on Thursday, Chou
En-lai, the ranking Chinese dele
gate at the Congress "a Snub
in itself since he is only the
number three man in PeipingJ 4,
answered Mr.. Khrushchev.
Evening star., 1961-10-22
The Situation

NEW YORK CITY MAYOR
ALTY-Incumbent Democrat Rob-
ert F. Wagner, seeking a third
Evening star., 1961-10-22

On the other hand, if Moscow
decides to continue its role as the
international bully, then it prob
ably will explode the bomb in the
face of world opinion.
Evening star., 1961-10-22

The Soviet and Chinese Com
munist Parties publicly clashed
last week over Albania.
Evening star., 1961-11-21

tives will give "a vote Of no
confidence" to the Kennedy ad-
ministration.
Strategic G. o. p. Dilemma
The sharpening Of liberal
conservative lines may give the
G. o. P. a temporary advantage,
but it also poses what Theodore
H. White has called a "strate-
gic dilemma" for Republicans
in future presidential cam
paigns-a choice between going
North or going South for elec-
toral votes.
AS the Republican Party has
gained support from white
Southerners, it has inevitably
taken on more of a segregation
list tone. Senator Goldwater,
Republican of Arizona, bid
openly for anti-integration
votes by declaring in Atlanta
that he opposed desegregation.
One of the Negroes present at
the conference, woman long
Evening star., 1961-11-21

active in Georgia G. o. P.
activities, noted with disap-
proval that she had heard
more talk about States rights"
than at any previous Repub-
lican meeting she had attended.
Southern G. o. P. leaders like
Mr.. Yerger declared frankly
that amy time a national Re-
publican figure sounds off on
civil rights, it hurts us"
Henry Cabot Lodges 1860
campaign pledge that Mr.. Nix
on would appoint a Negro to
the Cabinet was blamed by Mr..
Yerger for taking Mississippi
out OF Republican column and
handling it to the slate Of in
dependent electors.
The Southern Republicans
are very suspicious of New York
Gov. Nelson A. Rockefeller,
who is a member of the Ma
tional Association for the Ad-
vancemcnt of Colored People
and whose son-in-law was ar
Evening star., 1961-11-21

rested for participating in a
sit-in demonstration.
One State chairman after
another confided to reporters
that there was no support for
Mr.. Rockefeller in their area.
His nomination in 1864, sew
eral Of them said. would be a
a near-fatal setback to COP.
progress is Southern States.
The argument of the South