davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-07-03
Partial Mobilization
Urged by Gen. White
BY the Associated Press

Gen. Thomas D. White, re-
tired Air Force Chief of Staff,
says there is a fair chance" of
war breaking out over Berlin.
And as one way of emphaS-
izing the danger to Americans
he suggested a partial mobiliza-
tion.
''I don't think we have had
a very firm expression of the
determination of the American
people" said Gen. White, who
stepped down as Air Force
chief just three days ago. Nov
what it takes to express that
determination, many people
would differ on. Mobilization of
some kind might well be such
a method of bringing it home
to the people that we must be
Solidly behind the President"
Gen. White, interviewed yes
terday on television (NBC-
Meet the Press, said if the
Russians or East Germans try
to blockade Berlin again, he
would be in favor of breaking
it with a ground attack rather
than going over it with an air.
lift. He added: Maybe we
ought to do it both ways"
General War Seen
Asked if he thought a Berlin
war is certain to turn into a
nuclear war. Gen. White said
he didn't. but added:
Il think that If the Soviet
Union should join in, it is al
most inevitable that it would
degenerate into a general war.
I don't see how two great ma
tions can stake their entire
prestige, their national policy
against each other and
either one back down if you
come to that kind of situation. 4"
Gen. White also:
/. Criticized the Kennedy
administration for not arousing
the public to the perils involved
in the Berlin conformation.
2. Charged there was a dan
ger Of a divergence of views
between Gen. Maxwell D. Tay-
lor, President Kennedy's newly
appointed military adviser, and
the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who
by statute are the Presidents
advisers on military matters.
3. Advocated an immediate
resumption of nuclear tests and
a considerable Step-up in the
civile defense program.
4. Said if war came today it
would be fought predominantly
by manned bombers, not by
intercontinental missiles, and
advocated a continued build-up
in Americas air arm, including
the controversial BIO bomber
cut back seriously by the ad-
miniStration. The Russians, he
said. have just rolled out a new
giant bomber.
Nixon Issues Warning
In New York, former Vice
President Nixon warned yester-
day against weakening the
United States position on
Berlin.
He said a compromise would
be disastrous for us and for
the whole Free World"
1t is essential that President
Kennedy shoot down any trial
balloons, whether from legis-
lative leaders or from allies
abroad, indicating that our
Evening star., 1961-07-03
Plant Sales Double

NEW YORK. - Wholesale
sales of potted plants by some
10000 United States growers
of crops for florists more than
doubled in the last 10 years
compared with a rise of 81
per cent in growers whole
sale volume of cut flowers.
Evening star., 1961-07-03

position on Berlin will be com
promised or softened."
Mr.. Nixon, interviewed on ,
local taped radio show said an!
new spending for domesti,
purposes not related to ma.
tional defense shoulC
be shelved. He said:
"At a time of greatest threa
to this country. when 1t i
necessary to spend million
more for defense. it seems tt
me that what we should dt
now is to put on the shelf an,
new spending for domestic pur.
poses not related to nationa
defense"
Mobilization Backed
Like Gen. White, two Repub'
lican Senators talked yesterday
of a partial mobilization o.
American armed strength" OF
an increase in forces in Yves
Berlin.
Senator Javits, Republican Of
New York, said he assumed
Mr.. Kennedy might be ready
to declare or ask the Con.
gresS to declare a partial mo.
bilization Of American armed
strength" to demonstrate tt
the Russians that I'VE dom
intend to back down in Ber.
lin.
Senator Keating, Republican
of New York, said the Chief Elk.
ecutive should beef up oul
forces in Berlin and West Ger.
many" to put real teeth" intc
United States determination tt
protect West Berlin.
Both Senators Javits anC
Keating spoke for radio news
programs recorded in Wash.
ington for New York stations
In another taped radio inter.
view (MBS-Reporters' round.
up) Senator Saltonstall, Repub.
lican of Massachusetts,, saw the
situation in a different light
He said he doesn't think il
is necessary to mobilize more
forces or send more troops tt
Europe.
"It is now a question of di-
plomacy," said Senator Salton-
stall, the ranking G. o. P
member Of the Senate Armed
Services Committee.
He said he would be slow
to believe it. would be neces-
sary" to take military steps.
Evening star., 1961-07-03
KOREA
Chang Forced Out Of Top Posts
After A Days as As Premier
Continued From First Page

Continued From First Page
said he was resigning because
South Korea needs "a leader
who is more aggressive and
who commands great respect
and confidence at home and
abroad"
Loses Power Struggle
1t was generally assumed,
however. that he had lost in a
struggle for power within the
top military leadership.
Gen. Chang was the front
man for the group of officers
who on May 16 seized control
of Seoul and overthrew the
elected parliamentary govern
ment of Premier John M.
Chang.
Gen. Chang's statement was
read to newSmen by the Junta
spokesman and later a record
ing the general had made of it
was broadcast by Seoul radio.
Gen. Chang in his statement
said the revolutionary govern
ment had completed the initial
phase of its task and now
needed strong implementations
, of its policies.
There is a strong need for
a leader who is more aggressive
. and who commands great re-
,spect and confidence at home
irand abroad" he said, express
sing hope the entire nation
would continue to support the
military government.
From the start Of the re-
,'volution," said Gen. Chang, "II
knew I would not be able to
endure the heavy responsible
ties as the top responsible man
in view of my capabilities and
experience. But I assumed |
the duties in order to maintain
order in the nations emergency
until such time as an adequate
person was appointed"
Along with Gen. Chang, three |
of his supporters on the 32-
man junta-or supreme coun-
cil-reSigned. They were Brig.
Gen Song Chan-ho, Col. Park |
Chick and 1t. Col. Kim Je-
min.
Gen. Chang was considered a
diligent worker but there have
been indications that other
leaders Of the junta considered |
he was not aggressive enough
in attacking South Korea'S
grave economic ills.
Premier for "A Days
Gen. Chang held the pre-
miership exactly A days. At
first he had five jobs: Premier,
supreme council chairman, de-
fense minister, army chief of
Staff and martial law COM
mander. He later relinquished
the last three.
1t had been expected for
some time that Gen. PAX,
architect Of the May 16 coup,
would replace Gen. Chang. The
general insisted, however, that
he was primarily a soldier and
had no such aspirations.
Last month the 44-year-old
deputy chairman of the Su-
preme council was named
chairman of the councils
standing committee "a post
that made him the real power
in South Korea. The promo
ton put Gen. PAX in command
of the inner circle that handles
the bulk of the business of the
all-powerful 32-man supreme
council.
Staunch Anti-Red
Gen. PAX, now known as a
staunch anti Communist, was
accused of pro-Communist
activity before the Korean war.
He said recently he returned
to Korea from China at the
end of World War II to find
that his brother, who was later
killed in a disturbance at
Taegu, had joined the left
wing. II
Friends of my brother, who
Evening star., 1961-07-03

terday with South Atlantic port
and Gulf Coast companies
with $50 ships. They completed
signing with four of the five
striking unions, and thus OBJ
tanned all the officers and
crewmen required to sail.
Three Companies Sign
Seventy-one other ships were
freed when three companies
signed necessary contracts.
In addition, 130 ships were
not affected by the strike
which originally involved 3d.
900 officers and crewmen.
Late Saturday, Pacific Coast
contract SigningS laid the
groundwork for early move
ment of $50 ships. The signing
was with the striking Marine
Engineers Beneficial Associa-
ton. The West Coast COM
panies have contracts with the
non-striking Sailors Union of
the Pacific, which represents
unlicensed deck and engine
room personnel. The West Coast
operators were expected to
settle with the striking Masters,
Mates and Pilots.
The settlements affecting the
$50 South Atlantic port and
Gulf Coast ships were an
nounced in New York by Mr..
Healy.
The owners of the $50 ships,
represented by Max Harrison,
signed yesterday With the
Masters, Mates and Pilots and
the American Radio Associa-
tion (officers). This group Of
owners previously had signed
with the striking Engineers
and the Seafarers Internation-
al Union. The STU represents
unlicensed deck and engine
room crewmen.
Other Unions Involved
In addition to the Masters,
Mates and Pilots, the Engineers
and the STU, the striking unions
are the National Maritime
Union, which represents the
same categories as the STU,
and the American Radio ASso-
citation (officers).
The II ships that were freed
yesterday to sail, in addition
to the Harrison group, are
ships of the American Export
Lines, the United Fruit Lines
and the Isbrandtsen Lines.
These lines hold contracts with
a non-Striking Engineers Union
and they signed contracts yes
terday with the NMU, the
Masters, Mates and Pilots and
the Radio Officers.
Ralph E. Casey, president of
the American Merchant Ma
rine Institute, a large employer
group, said he expected to sign
formal agreements today with
the NMU, the Masters, Mates
and Pilots and the Radio Of
ficerS. But none of the associa-
tion's ships could sail without
an agreement with the striking
Engineers.
President Opposed Law
What sharpened the strike
problem for the President was
Mr.. Kennedy's personal reluc-
tance to invoke the Taft Hart
ley law. against which he voted
as a freshman Congressman.
Secretary Goldberg, as a
union lawyer, was conspicous-
ly opposed to use Of the Taft
Hartley law. He attacked it in
vain all the way to the Supreme
Court while representing the
United Steelworkers in 1859.
The agreements signed yes
terday with the South Atlantic
port and Gulf Coast operators
provide that the officers will
get 80 days vacation annually
rather than 10. The owners
contributions to the unions
pension and welfare plans will
be raised $1.15 per man a day
to 1921.
The four-year contract calls
for an immediate 4 per cent
increase in wages and a 2H4
per cent increase in each of the
next three years. The basic
monthly earnings of a master
of a cargo ship are approxi-
mately $3.50.
Evening star., 1961-07-03
Britain Set to Act
In Kuwoit, U. N. Told

UNITED NATIONS, N. Y July (AP).-Brtain told the
United Nations Security Council yesterday its troops in Ku
wait will into action in the Iraqi troops
border of the oi-rich desert Sheikdom.
But Iraq denied intention of employing force to bull
its claims Kuwa and called the council demand
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-04-28
Academy Awards

Seldom do we look to Earl Wilson and his
"Ohloan on Broadway" column for moral judgements,
but last Friday he made a sound one when he asked:
whats show business coming to? Once it took a
murderess or %pSychotic to win an Oscar, now the gals
got to play a prostitute or daughter of one"
n POINT IS WELL TAKEN. This years Acade-
my Award lineup not only included honorS for the
best actress who played a girl of easy virtue with
many lovers and best supporting actress who portrayed
a prostitute, but the best actor had the part of a
preacher who specialized in Seducing women, while
the best supporting actors role called for him to pro-
vide girls for Roman gladiators. Add to this the
awards to best picture which was a study in loose
morals with the prOtagoniSt providing his apartment
as a trysting place for others, and even the best song
which came from a foreign film about another prostl-
tute.
Wilson wrote that last years stage awards went
TO actresses IN similar roles so people might task
whether the entertainment industry is really doing
its best when it decides its four best actresses and its
one best song for 1860 should be concerned with the
same sordid subject even though amuSingly pre-
sented"
IF THIS ISN'T A trend, we've never seen one.
And the only force that can do anything about ii is
the public. A recent youth survey showed that our
%teenagers saw all these films as was evidenced bv
their choices for 1860.
Now, we do not require or even want movies that
do not touch adult problems and moral conflicts.
NeWman's remark that there cannot be a sim
less literature about sinful man applies to films as
well. But, does practically every big-budget movie
have to deal with sordid themes? Or adult themes
with sensational treatment? Cannot a film be artistic
without such material?
WE DO o THINK civil censorship has to be the
answer. The public must make its wishes known to
Hollywood of whom even Eric Johnston according to
wilson, has admitted Eyes we have made pictures
that have done harm"
What will we do about it? Earl Wilson asks:
what KIND OF a sinner will the gals have TO play to
win an Oscar in 1902"
We chuddnr al fhn procnoct HAE
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-04-28

May Is will mark the
10th anniversary of Pope
Leo'S Kills encyclical,
Rerum NovarUm ION the
Condition of Labor and
the 3Oth anniversary of Pope
Plus ks encyclical, ouadra-
gesimo Ammo ION Reconstruct
ing the Social ORDER.
In preparation for this joint
anniversary, the next three or
four issues of the Yardstick
will be in the nature of a
sketchy progress report on
the application in the United
States of the principles and
recommendations outlined in
the two encyclicals.
1T WOULD BE FAIR to say,
| think, that RerUm NovarUm
and 0uadragesimo Ammo have
had considerable influence in
the United States - at least
to the extent of making peo-
pie aware of the ethical as
poets of economic life and
more conscious of their in
escapable moral responsible
ties as individuals and as
members of economic groups,
to say nothing of their duties
in the field of political life.
In 1891, and even as re-
Gently as 1881, relatively few
Americans were thinking in
terms of moralitysor immoral
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-04-28
The Yardstick
Two Important
Anniversaries

ity of economic systems and
practices, and fewer still per-
haps we're prepared to admit
that the economic order, in
all things connected with the
moral law, comes within the
jurisdiction of the Church.
ECONOMIC LIBERAL
or individualiSm, so round
ly condemned by Leo XIII and
Plus XI, was the dominant
philosophy of American eco
nomic life, and the so-called
flaws" Of economics were
commonly thought to be unre-
lated to the moral law and
therefore unrelated in any
way to the teaching authority
of the Church.
Considerable progress has
been made, however, since
1881. Economic liberalism, at
least in certain mitigated
forms, still exercises an in
fluence in the United States,
but more and more Ameri-
cans in these latter days find
themselves agre in with
Pope Plus XI when he says
that "even though economics
and moral science employs
each its own principles in its
own sphere, it is, neverthe-
less, an error to say that the
economic and moral orders
are so distinct from and alien
to each other that the former
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-04-28

Ralph Chaplin died in
Tacoma, Washington, on
March 22nd. The CONVEX
sion of noted persons
usually receives great at
tention in the Catholic Press
but neither his conversion
nor his death had due notice
in our Catholic papers. Chap
lin was one of the most color
full and outstanding figures
in the history of the Amer
lean labor movement.
During the last ten years,
through Father Joseph Nc
Sorley, esp, who was one
of the priests instrumental in
his conversion, | came to know
Ralph Chaplin. In fact, | pub
lished a considerable number
of his poems in The Catholic
World.
he WAS SUCH a humble,
unassuming person that one
would never suspect his life
was so full of excitement and
significance. He told the story
of his life in the autobiogra-
ply WobbIy Chicago Univer-
sity Press, 1948). He had a
lions share in the organiza-
ton of the "Wobblies," the
name given to the Industrial
Workers Of the World.
Condemned to serve 20
years in Leavenworth for his
radical activities in connection
with a riot, Chaplin was re-
leased by presidential amnesty
in 1923. He returned to the
crusade for industrial union
ism and edited The Industrial
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-04-28

it is an ancient Christian
tradition to send a card indi-
eating that a certain number
of prayers and good works
have been or will be offered
for the person. A spiritual
communion is the reception
of Christ into the heart with
the same attitude that we
have at the time of Holy
Communion. 1t may be made
at any time and any place
and, of course, as often dur
ing the day as we can find
opportunity for quiet reflec-
ton. II is especially approp-
riate during a visit to the
Blessed Sacrament.
O.. Please explain why some
cities and states are exempt
from fasting during Lent?
Why nor all?
A. The Church has always
applied church laws in such
a way as to allow for local
differences. A great deal of
choice is left with the bishop
in the matter of the dispense
tons for civil holidays and
for longer periods in case of
special local conditions. Par
ticularly since the war there
have been exceptional diff
culties in various places and
the fast pace of modern IN
dustry has often made fasting
extremely difficult. We are all
bound to do penance. That is
the will and the law of God.
The Church's laws are only
minimum requirements. A
good Catholic should do much
more; if he is dispensed for
some reason or other he must
work out other acts Of pen
ance for himself.
Send questions to Father
Edward F. Healey, Inquiry
Corner, The Catholic Times,
Box $50, Columbus Is, Ohio.
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-04-28

appreciation of what was 60
ing on in Chaplin'S mind and
heart. The radical never ceas-
ed to be a radical but he did
become diSillusioned with var
ious projects for reform that
were spurious. He hated Com
munism precisely because it
had betrayed the worker. To
really understand Chaplin, you
must understand his love for
what he called Solidarity"
Chaplin composed the great
ralIying cry of the I.W.W.s
entitled Solidarity Forever"
and solidarity was the golden
thread that ran through all
the moments of his radical
career. He knew what it meant
to be lonely in a world of OPP
preston and in his rousing
song he gave voice to the
hopes of victimized workers
who realized that they had to
unite to win a fair wage from
the massive forces Of "the
robber barons." The collective,
coerced unity of Soviet COM
munism he considered a
mockery of genuine solidarity.
CHAPLIN FOUND the real
thing-the true social justice
in the system described by
the Popes in their social en-
cyclicals. Certain Catholic la
Dor writer's annoyed him be-
cause their applications of the
Encyclicals were unrealistic,
What disturbed him about
them was that they were so
ready to offer superficial
opinions in cocksure fashion
Continued on Page 81
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-04-28
YOUR opinion
Leadership, Strong Cuban
Policy Is Needed, Reader Says

ing the war with Communism
Will we permit Castro to crush
the revolt of the Cuban people
and accept a Russion domin-
ated military beachhead in the
Western Hemisphere? Or, will
we face about with our heads
high and with God on our
side?
We need leadership in this
struggle, but we are not get
ting it.
Incidentally, Cardinal Cush-
ing's statement seems to indi-
cate that our leaders have
been steadily duped over the
last twenty-five years. Doesn't
that have a familiar ring?
r. A. r.,
coIumbs.
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-04-28

Editor.
| quote from Questions and
Answers on Communism by
Richard Cardinal Cushing,
1861, p. oil, Question 4:
WHAT MUST WE UNDER
STAND? FIRST OF ALL AND
JAKE OTHERS UNDER
STAND IN ORDER TO PRO
TECT AMERICA AT THE
PRESENT HOUR? ANSWER
We can profit by the 1859
message of the Catholic Bish-
ops on Freedom and Peace"
and understand and make 9TH
crs understand that appease-
ment will never bring peace.
1t always brings war of slav-
cry or both. For the past TWEEN
ty-five years, we can point out,
the United States has been by
and large pursuing a policy of
abiect appeaSement before
Soviet Russia - too much of
our press, our televlslon,
radio, magazines, and too
many of our government offic-
ials doing eventually or cham
pioning eventually what Nor
cow wanted us to do or cham
pion. In other words, the
Kremlin has too often dom
mated the American mind
through the Communist line.
If we are to save our country,
it is clear we must halt this
process, which came to a new
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-04-28
Our @ 9tstSan
EDITORIALS
The Secular Press

We in Catholic journalism feel a real kinship
with our c%onfreres in the secular press.
WE KNOW THEY ARE often to~lerantly amused
by our amateuriSh efforts to compete in a highly
specialized field. There are times however when we
can point out to our big brothers in the secular press
that their Wanted commitment to 0b~jectivity is not
SO absolute that it does not allow them to bend the
truth occasionally to give a story a sensational slant
or a different angle.
AN INTERESTING example of this we're last
weeks stories on st. Philomena released by Americas
two largest news services. AS will be seen on page one
there was some confusion, but our daily papers car
ried conclusions which stated that the name "Phllo-
mena" can no longer be used for Catholic baptSmS
Ia later story changed this and that a church near
Naples dedicated to her must be renamed neither
of which is true.
ANOTHER EXAMPLE is the recent story Of
Cardinal CushingS comments on the John Birch
Society. Some dailies carried the first part of the state
omitted the second part which deplored his %irrespon-
sible statements about some of our national leaders.
The Catholic Times carried the full comment.
And the handling by the secular press of the
statements of the Puerto Rican Bishops last Fall was
abominable. If you read the stories in chronological
order, as we did, you would be amazed to find that
the first releases had little relationship to the true
account.
WE MUST MAKE a comparison in favor Of the
Catholic Press. We might not always be as flashy and
attractive as secular publications, but we are more
accurate and especially in our area, ecclesiastical
news and commentary. We never slant a news story
nor do we Sensat0naGze. If there are errors they
are typographical or unintentional.
All this is by way of saying that the secular press
does not have a monopoly on truth in journalism
and that we of the Catholic Press have a contribution
to make our readers which cannot be supplied else
where.
We trust our readers will see this too-GAF
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-04-28
by Msgr. George G. Higgins

depends in no way on the lat
ter"
BUT HOW MUCH progress
has been made in the practi-
cal application of the moral
directives of the two encycli.
Gals?
In answering this question,
it will be convenient to dis
tinguish between the "re-
form" of economic life and
the long-range "reconstruc-
ton" of the social order.
Many specific measures of
reform" are advocated by
the two encyelicals, but the
English word reform" as the
late Monsignor John A. Ryan
suggested shortly after Plus
XTs encyclical was issued, "is
too weak TO characterize ade-
quately the Holy Fathers
proposals for the remaking
Of industrial society. The
term reconstruction, in other
words, rebuilding, is the only
adequate expression. What
the Pope demands is a new
kind of society, a new social
order, an industrial organiza-
ton which will differ radical.
ly from the economic arrange
ments which have existed for
the last $50 years"
A GREAT DEAL of pro-
gress has been made in car
Continued on Page 81