davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-04-09
BY RELMAN MORN
Associated Press Staff Writer

Next Tuesday morning, April IL,
1861, bony, hawk-faced man
with gray-blue eyes, a high fore
head, and thinning hair, will be
brought into a courtroom in Jeru-
salem.
- There, he will confront three
Israeli judges, battery of law
yers, more than TOO spectators
and a legion of ghosts.
THE most extraordinary murder
trial in history is about to begin.
It is the case of the state of
Israel versus Adolf Eichmann,
former chief of the Jewish section
ofVthe Nazi Gestapo.
The formal charge - Grimes
against the Jewish people and
crimes against humanity"
The particulars-complicity in
destroying an estimated 6 million
Jews, including million children,
during World War II, and cauS-
ing enslavement star
vation . g.. degradation in
human suffering and torture"
Never before in history has one
man been charged with personal
responsibility for crimes of such
enormity. In the Nurnberg trials.
a group of Nazis was tried jointly.
Never before has a trial been
fraught with greater moral, legal,
and political implications.
Evening star., 1961-04-09
The Final
Accounting

Adolf Eichmann will sit behind
sheets of bullet-proof glass in the
courtroom in Jerusalem.
A glance at the indictment ex-
plains why this is considered nee
essary. 1t contains IS counts, and
the first Of these is murder. 1t
reads:
"The accused caused the
killing Of millions of Jews in his
capacity as the person responsible
for the execution of the Nazi plan
for the physical determination of
the Jews. known as "the final So
luton of the Jewish problem.
Then come a ledger of death,
the dates. the places, the groups
that did the killing. and a ghastly
column of figures
I'm Lthuania, more than 10000
Jews; in Latvia, more than 10000
Jews; in Estonia, 470 Jews; in
Evening star., 1961-04-09

policy of avoiding clashes that
might lead to auclear war.
President Kennedy reportedly
acted as his own desk officer"
in the Laos crisis. But at the
same time, he was said to be
more concerned about develop
ments in South Wet Nam than
about Laos.
This is certainly understand
able, because the United States
has been the friend and protector
OF South Wet Nam since the par
tition agreement established that
nation as an independent, non
Communist outpost in Southeast
Asia.
So very much American effort
has been poured into Saigon, so
very intensive interest has been
taken in the development Of a
stable and expanding economy,
and so much pride has been gen.
Grated in the prodigious effort to
make of South Wet Nam a bastion
of free-world strength in South
east Asia, that a Communist
engineered takeover there would
be considered a major blow to
American prestige all around the
world.
It would be logical to expect
the United States to step up it's
aid, at least for the South Wet
Namese Army If not for the econ
omy. There is no question of
President Kennedy's determine
ton TO bolster the anti-Commu-
mist forces. The Stepup in the
United States Army training of
antiguerrilla forces is testimony
to that determination.
Whether it is too late is for
the future to tell. But the .all-
ing dominoes President Eisen-
hover foresaw in 1854 are wob-
bling again.
Evening star., 1961-04-09

operate with the Diem govern
ment.
Village headmen, other leaders
and members of the civil guard,
are special targets Of these raids.
It is estimated that there are
about 5000 or 1000 full-time
Communist guerrillas in South
Wet Nam. Most of them live
normal peasant lives by daytime
and do their guerrilla work at
night. President Diem's regular
army and civil guard forces claim
to have killed 30 per cent to 100
per cent more Communists than
have been slain by the insur-
gents. Some Red requirements
infiltrate into the south through
the narrow-waist truce line, but
most of them come from North
Wet Nam through Laos and Cam
bodia. There has not been much
change in the total number of
Communists operating in South
Wet Nam. according to estimates
which American. sources accept.
The overland trip from North
Wet Nam throug h trackless Laos
Evening star., 1961-04-09
The Rood to
Jerusalem

Many grotesque creatures, the
cruel, the twisted, the emotionally
deformed, always surface out of
the great upheavals of history.
Adolph Hitler was one of these.
And what of Adolf Eichmann?
What put his feet on the road
to Jerusalem where he awaits
trial, charged with crimes so black
as to boggle the imagination? Was
he merely a victim of time and
circumstances?
Eichmann Joined the Nazi party
at an early date, 1881, when it
was still illegal.
He did not resign when the
persecution of the Jews began
in Germany in 1885. The burning
of the synagogues in 1888 did not
repel him. He did not discard his
Gestapo uniform when the fury
Of the prosecutions grew more in
tense on the eve of World War II.
On the contrary, during those
years he rose rapidly on the Ges-
tapo ladder. until finally he be-
Evening star., 1961-04-09

Of free radio broadcasts, news
paper interviews and posters, as
the President. But he runs the
country with an iron hand and 1T
is obvious to all who is going to
win. The opposition candidates
are Ho Nhut Tan, 65-year-old
anti-French patriot, and Nguyen
Dinh Quat, a 43-year-old Saigon
businessman. No one gives either
contender much chance.
Fear Of ReprisoIs
It would be embarrassing, how
ever, If most of the electorate were
kept from the polls for fear of
Wet Cong reprisals.
The Communist guerrillas oper-
ate in South Wet Nam mainly at
night. Until recently they have
not engaged in wholesale slaugh-
ter. They seek out those loyal to
the Diem regime and make exam
pies Of them. Some have been
kidnapped, others have been be-
headed and left behind with a
note pinned on them, threatening
a similar fate for others who CO.
Evening star., 1961-04-09
South Wet Nam: Next Trouble Spot

and Cambodia to southern areas
is so long, however, that the guer-
rillaS are not able to bring much
equipment with them. AS the
Pathet Lao in Laos spread their
influence, with the help of other
Wet Namese cadres, however,
Laos has been turning into an
advanced base for the South Wet
Nam operation.
Supply by Junk
Some of the Wet Cong guer-
rillas are using junks to carry
heavier equipment down the Me-
kong River into South Wet Nam.
They often take back rice on their
return trip. Supply by junk is
expected to be stepped up If the
fighting pace quickens, although
up to the present time the scale
has not been big.
The Wet Cong have so far
completely avoided any scorched-
earth policy. Consequently the
South Wet Namese economy has
continued to improve, thanks to
American and French aid. Farm
ers are still getting their rice to
the villages despite the terror.
Modest industrial development
has proceeded.
If general war breaks out the
South Wet Namese government
will need heavy outside help to
survive. The North Wet Namese
Army generally outclaSses that in
South Wet Nam, not only in num-
bers but in equipment and fight
ing ability.
The South Wet Namese have
a regular army Of 10000; less
trained, more poorly equipped
civil guard of $4,000, and self
defense corps" of $4,000 to $4,000.
The self-defense corps. kind of
Minute Man" group, is equipped
only with ancient rifles, hand
grenades, clubs, knives, spears,
hoes, rakes and hatchets.
North Wet Nam Strength
The North Wet Namese have
between $4,000 and 100000 we'll
equipped and well-trained reg
.ulars whose morale has not sagged
since they defeated the French.
Ho Chi Mini. the European
trained Asian leader Of the North
Wet Namese Communists. works
with both the Soviet Union and
Red China, but seems to play a
little more closely with the Rus
slams than with the Chinese. Be-
meath him in the Communist
hierarchy there appears to be
considerable pulling and hauling.
A pro-Chinese faction wants to
march south Immediately and
take over the whole country.
"Uncle Ho," however tends to
favor the more gradual approach.
In this he seems to be more in
tune with the Soviet Unions
Evening star., 1961-04-09
BY EARL HI. VOSS
Star Staff Writer

Secretary of State Rusk and
British Foreign Secretary Home
have both made special efforts to
alert the free world to the increas-
ing threat of Communist subver-
sion in South Wet Nam.
More people are being killed In
the fighting there than in Laos,
they have warned. This could, of
course. mean merely that the
amount of fighting in Laos is con-
siderably less extensive than popu-
larly supposed. While this is true,
the bloodshed in South Wet Nam
is truly worrisome and has been
increasing alarmingly.
It was in 1854 that the Geneva
Conference arranged for the parti-
ton Of Wet Nam into northern
Communist and southern nom
Communist sections. From then
until 1852, Communist guerrillas
left behind in the south were kill
ing, wounding or capturing about
SO to 100 people month.
In the first days of 1860, how
ever, the pace quickened suddenly.
Since then there have been around
500 casualties a month.
Recently even this grim rate
has been accelerated. probably at
a new signal from Hanoi, the
capital of Communist North Wet
Nam, which works closely with
Moscow and Peiping. Fighting
has come uncomfortably close to
the southern capital of Saigon.
GuerriIIos in Strength
The Wet Cong, as the Red
guerrillaS are called, recently have
appeared in battalion strength,
much larger numbers than in the
past. They repeatedly suffered
about $50 casualties in major en-
counters with the South Wet Nam
ese governments army in the last
fortnight.
Tied to the latest step-up in Red
subversion has been today's gen.
eral election in South Wet Nam.
President Diem need not have
gone through with it. However, he
decided, after careful and long
forethought, that he could risk
holding the election despite the
expected Communist attempts to
embarrass him. He personally
canvassed the country before
coming to the decision.
No one expects him to be de-
feated. The election will be
judged q success or failure on
the voter turnout. The Com
munist Wet Cong are trying to
keep as many of the 10 million
eligible voters away from the polls
as possible.
President Diem's opposition has
been allowed the same number
Evening star., 1961-04-09
An Alleged Expert

Apparently. he became fasci-
mated with the work. He learned
some Hebrew and Yiddish. In
short order. he was able to con-
vince his Superiors that he was
an expert" on Jewish matters.
He rode this vehicle, his alleged
experiences" TO high position in
the gestapo. In rank, he was only
a lieutenant colonel. But at one
time he was directing three sep
arate offices dealing with Jewish
affairs. One was called, in fact,
"dienstStelle Eichmann."
Presently. he was organizing
deportations of Jews from those
parts Of Europe under Nazi con-
troll. AS it spread to more and
Evening star., 1961-04-09
he Eichmann Trial Historys Most Extraordinary

fact that when the Germans, at
the time of their retreat in 1945,
burnt 20 stores of personal effects
and valuables out of 35 such stores
-. The six stores saved from the
fire were found to contain, inter
ALA, 348,820 mems suits, 836,255
women's dresses, $4,000 mems
shoes"
Another paragraph speaks of
vast amounts of parts of the
bodies of the murdered persons,
such as hair, gold teeth, false
teeth, and artificial limbs"
Under other sections of the in
dictment, entitled" Crimes Against
Humanity" Echmann is accused
of deporting and exterminating
thousands of Poles, Yugoslavs,
SloveneS and Gypsies. =.
And finally, the massive docu-
ment echoes one of the cruelest
tragedies of World War II-Lidice.
This was the little village where
Czech patriots succeeded in as
Sassinating Reinhard Heydrick.
'The Hangman," one of Eich-
mans immediate superiors. In
retaliation, the Nazis obliterated
Lidice and all it's inhabitants from
the face of the earth. A paragraph
in this section of the indictment
reads:
"The accused =. caused the de-
portation of approximately 100
children civilians of the village of.
Lidice in Czechoslovakia, their
transportation to Poland, and
their murder there"
1t has been reported that the
prosecutions brief comprises 1900
documents and lines shelf seven
feet long. ..
Evening star., 1961-04-09

Two years after joining the
party. he entered its "elite guard"
the IS.
Having been fired from his job
as a travelling salesman for an oil
company, he became a file clerk
in an SIS office.
Then in 1885, the nuremberg
laws" were promulgated. They
embodied Hitler's psychotic hatred
Of the Jews. Their effect was to
strip the Jew of his legal and
human rights, to drive him from
the professions, to legally" de-
naturalize him and confiscate his
property.
At this time, Heinrich Himmler,
chief Of the security forces, ordered
the creation Of a Jewish museum"
in Berlin. Somehow the faceleSS
file clerk, Eichmann, was assigned
to organize it.
Evening star., 1961-04-09

Tilsit, about $500 Jews" and so
on and on, across occupied
Europe.
This, the indictment alleges, is
the accounting for only one op-
irrational group during a given
period of time.
The indictment also names
three other such operational
groups and tabulates the number
Of their respective victims in parts
of Europe occupied by the Nazis.
On Moss Slaughter
In the section covering the mass
slaughter in the huge extermina-
ton camps. it accuses Eichmann
Of direct responsibility on a spe-
cific point-the means used to kill
the captives. A paragraph reads:
Millions of Jews were extermi-
mated in this camp (Auschwftz)
:. in gas chambers, and in Gre
matoria, and by shooting and
hanging. The accused directed
the commanders of that camp to
use gas known as Zyklon B, and IN
1942 and 1914 the accused also
secured the supply of a quantity
of gas for the purpose of ex-
terminating the Jews"
At AuSchwitz and other such
camps, men were separated from
women and children. Each group
was taken to a different chamber
with a capacity for several hun
dred people.
There. they were told to strip,
that while they were taking
showers their clothes would be
de-louSed. Once inside the cham
Der. the huge doors were sealed
tight.
Inside, they actually saw what
appeared to be the nozzles of
showers. But no water came out.
Instead, crystals of zyklon B were
dropped through the holes and
the gas formed. Those nearest
the showers" died almost i'm
mediately, witnesses testified. The
majority. crazed with terror, lived
about Is minutes.
Organization for Deportation
Along with murder, the bill of
particulars filed against Eich-
mann accuses him Of organizing
and directing the deportation of
jews, enslaving them, subjecting
them to degradation, depriving
them Of their human rights, and
responsibility for "inhuman suf-
fering and torture" r...
Count seven accuses Eichmann.
among other things, Of systematic
robbery and it says:
"The extent of the success of
such robbery is reflected by the
Evening star., 1961-04-09

rolled along. Both methods
too slow and inefficient fl
nally, the huge determination
camps of Auschwitz, Belsen and
others with their great gas cham
bers and crematoria the ulti-
mate in murderous efficiency.
How did this affect Adolf Eich-
mann, the ex-Salesman and for
mer file clerk now a big man in
the SIS?
Wislisczeny'S deposition says he
began drinking heavily, chain
smoking, engaging in illicit affairs
with women in many cities.
Apparently, he began to fear
for his life. He never rode in air.
planes. He carried an arsenal of
submachine guns and hand gre
nadeS in his automobile. At night,
soldiers-Sometimes armed with
mortars-guarded the place where
he slept.
Yet the Life magazine state
ment attributed to him says he
told his men in the last days of
Nazi Germany:
81 will gladly jump into my
grave in the knowledge that 5
million enemies of the Reich have
already died like animals. I
spoke these words harshly and
with emphasis. In fact, it gave
me an extraordinary sense of Ella
ton to think that I was exiting
from the stage in this way"
The rest of the story is soon
told.
And After the War ...
The war ended. Eichmann, dis
guised as an air force sergeant,
escaped from an American prison
camp. For a time he worked as a
lumberjack in North Germany.
Then discovering that Jewish
agents were on his trail, he made
his way to Spain.
From there he went to italy
and received, from relief agency,
papers describing him as "Rich-
ard Klement. a displaced person.
Then to South America where
he was Ricardo Clement" con-
stantly in disguise, almost con-
stantly on the run for 10 years.
In 1859, Israeli agents spotted
Eichmann's wife in Vienna. She
was renewing her passport. When
she flew back to Buenos Aires,
they followed her.
On May IL, 1860, three men de-
scribed by the Israeli government
as volunteer commandos" cap
tured Eichmann in a suburb of
Buenos Aires. An airplane carried
him to Israel.
Evening star., 1961-04-09

came the chief of its section on
Jewish affairs.
In that capacity, the prosecu-
ton charges, he was the opera
tional director Of the Nazi plan
called "the final solution of the
Jewish problem" - which meant
total determination.
This, in outline, constitutes his
career as a Nazi. Otherwise, in
his SIS years of life, he appears
to have been eminently undis-
tinguished. II am a man of av-
erage character" he says.
He had four years of high school
but did not win his diploma. Next,
he entered a technical school but
left after two years.
One Of his Gestapo aides, Maj.
Dieter Wislisczney - who was
hanged in 1948-said in q depo-
sition that Eichmann claimed "he
had the same history teacher in
school as Adolf Hitler"
Attitude Toword Jews
There are conflicting versions
of Eichmann'S attitude toward
Jews during his childhood and
early youth. In one, he is reported
to have fought with Jewish boys
in school. But in another. the
son of a Jewish druggist was his
best friend.
In statements attributed to him
by Life magazine, Eichmann was
quoted:
II am no anti-Semite. I was
just politically opposed to Jews
because they were stealing the
breath Of life from u.s."
In any event, he became an ar
dent NaZi.
Evening star., 1961-04-09

more countries, millions of Jews
came into the Nazi net.
Wislisczeny's deposition names
Echmann as the author of the
Madagascar plan," a program to
deport Jews from Europe to the
Island of Madagascar.
It might have been q more
merciful fate than the one that
actually overlook them. But on
a fateful day. January 20, 1912,
it was replaced by the ultimate
horror.
On that day, IA SIS chiefs as
sembled at Wannsee, in Berlin.
Eichmann was among them. To
this conference, the word was car
ried that Hitler had ordered the
final solution of the Jewish prob
lem-maSS destruction.
It seems also to have envisaged
the determination of some 80 mil
lion Slavs and several hundred
thousands gypsies in conformity
with NaH theories Of the sub
human races"
Wislisczeny's deposition says:
"Echmann told me that the
words final solution meant the
biological determination of the
Jewish race. I realized at the
time that the order was a warrant
for millions Of people and that
the power to execute this order
was in Eichmann's hands. :"
Guns and Cos Vons
The ghastly work began .
machine guns and automatic rifles
first i. then gas vans with car
bon raonoxide coming into the
sealed compartment as the truck
Evening star., 1961-08-20

if the American garrison in
Berlin could be demonstratively
strengthened to a certain ex-
tent doing nothing and
mere defensive attitudes could
create a crisis regarding Ger
mani confidence in the Western
Powers"
Mr.. johnson carried with him
a written reply from President
Kennedy to the mayor.
Election a Factor
The Vice President had only
an oral message from the Pres
ident to Mr.. Adenauer. But the
politically sensitive Texan was
of walking a tight wire between
acutely aware of the necessity
those opposing candidates ia
the West German election.
Several hundred American
soldiers went through a riot
drill some miles from the city's
east-west border before Mr..
Johnson'S arrival.
A group Of several dozen SOL
dierS assigned as rioters" ap-
peared with banners reading:
"Yank go home" I'VE like
peace" and You have tanks,
we have rocks"
The group charged a tank
and uniformed soldiers came
up smartly bayoneted rifles to
protect it. Their rifles held
sideways, they pushed back the
group and finally dispersed it
with smoke gas.
Communists kept trying to
plug the holes through which
Evening star., 1961-08-20
SpudeCooIey
Convicted as
Wife Killer

BAKERSFIELD, Calf. Aug.
19 (AP).-A jury today con-
victed Spade Cooley, so, former
band leader known as THE
king of western swing" of mur-
dering his wife, Ella Mae, by
beating and stomping her last
April 8.
The jury had deliberated 81
hours.
The eX-musician was con-
victed of first-degree murder.
He took the verdict without
show of emotion.
He had pleaded not guilty
and not guilty by reason of
insanity.
The jury meets again Tues
day to determine whether
Cooley was sane at the time
of the Staying. If he is adjudged
sane, then the jury must de-
eide whether his penalty will
be life Imprisonment or death
in the gas chamber.
Ella Mae, 81, a blond former
vocalist in his band, was slain
at their ranch home in sub
urban Willow Springs.
Donnell Clyde Cooley was
born in the storm cellar of a
shack near Pack Saddle Creek,
Okla. He got his nickname of
Spade Cooley many years later
IN a poker game when he held
five spade flushes in a row.
Evening star., 1961-08-20
Johnson Assures People Of West Berlin
Thot They Are Vital Part of Free World

from the idea of economic
reprisals. A Bonn spokesman
announced West Germany will
carry out its part of the exist
ing interzonal trade agreement
with East Germany. Mr.. Ade-
nauer had said Monday the
West was considering economic
penalties against the Soviet
bloc, including possibly a total
EaSt-WeSt trade embargo.
There were reports that Mr..
Johnson had told Mr.. Adenauer
that the United States does not
believe this is the time for
economic reprisals against the
East German regime or the
SoVietS.
The Vice President was rep
resented as stressing that the
dispatch of $500 additional
United States troops to Berlin
demonstrates not only United
States intentions to defend the
city, but the ability to act ran
idly to do so.
The movement of the Amer
lean troops toward the city
plus a complement of British
armor, also was regarded in
the johnson party as a test of
present Soviet and East Ger
man intentions with regard to
unhampered access to West
Berlin.
Mr.. johnson himself flew the
Narrow corridor from Bonn
across Communist territory into
Berlin.
The presidential jet in which
the Vice President and his
party crossed the Atlantic was
left behind at Bonn. The party
proceeded in two-engine planes
which flew we'll below the TO-
600 foot altitude the Russians
nave imposed but which the
West does not officially recog-
niZe.
Evening star., 1961-08-20

refugees are still escaping. Red
authorities in suburban Pots
dam ordered the beaching of
all boats on the rivers and
lakes around Berlin.
On one East Berlin street,
militiamen were seen mailing
boards across the doors of
houses facing West.
Route of Procession
Mr.. Johnson's procession
from the airport was routed to
the edge of the eastern sector
where the Communists built a
concrete wall across Potsdamer
Platz. Beyond the wall and the
barbed wire barricades, bomb
blasted buildings spoke elo-
quently of the contrast with
West Berlin.
Mr.. johnson did not get out
Of his car. But through the
open window he could see
armed East German police 100
yards away.
Among signs which showed
up as he talked to West Ber-
liners was one saying: Visit
East Berlin. We are all in one
boat"
West German government Of
ficials said Mr.. Adenauer asked
Mr.. johnson to convey to Pres
1dent Kennedy his, the German
peoples and the Berlin popula-
TONS thanks for his trip to the
Federal republic.
West Germany eased away