davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-12-10
British Position

France and Great Britain have
not supported direct U. N. action
because they believe such tactics
violate the peaceful purposes of
the q. N. Charter. There Is also a
widespread belief, fostered by the
former q. N. chief in the Congo,
Conor Cruise O'Brien, that British
and French financial interests are
behind the secession, and influence
ing their governments decisions.
The United States, however. is
solidly behind last weeks U. N.
action to end the secession. Sec
retary Of State Rusk said "our
aim is the consolidation Of the
country under a stable govern
ment which will be able to pursue
freely the true national interests
Of the CongoleSe.
To help the U. N. command,
the United States has sent trans
port planes, but no combat forces.
Mr.. Tshombe, never known for
his moderation. charged United
States bombers were killing his
people. His statement, issued in
Paris. was an obvious attempt to
win Western support for his seces-
sion.
The Soviet bloc-long looking
for inroads into the Congo-has
supported the U. N. action, but
has been Stymied so far by the
United States support of the U. N.
This prevents the Russians from
claiming that they alone support
the "will'' of the CongoleSe people
to rid themselves Of the capitalists
in Katanga. In fact, q rarity oc-
Cured on Friday, when Congolese
paraded in front Of the United
Evening star., 1961-12-10
Latin America:
Visitor Due

President Kennedy announced
last week that he plans to visit
Venezuela and Colombia next
week end.
Fidel Castro's appeal to many
Latin Americans is based on the
belief that his revolution was a
national one, free of any foreign
help.
According to this view. Mr..
Castro later turned to the Com
munist bloc for aid, only because
he was rejected by the United
States. Castro supporters have
accepted the image Of the bearded
warrior, fighting only for national
sovereignty.
Mr.. Castro went further two
weeks ago toward destroying this
image than any State Department
report could hope to have done.
In one of his typical talkathons
(this one five hours), he told
a television audience that "I am
a Marxist-Leninist and I shall be
a Marxist-Leninist until the last
day of my life"
1t is still too early to Judge
the results of his statement, but
it should disillusion many Latins
who looked to Castroism as an
idealogy of freedom.
The need for change in Latin
America is so apparent that one
of President Kennedy's first acts
last winter was to call for an
Alliance for Progress" made up
of all Latin countries. The pro-
gram has hardly gotten started,
but Mr.. Kennedy decided last week
to make symbolic trip to South
Continued on Page b.
Evening star., 1961-12-10

But there is, too, a debit side
OF the ledger, and there are un-
known factors.
Timing Of the Outbreak
The timing of last weeks out
break was not ideal for the U. N.
The U. N, was not ready to move:
its buildup of manpower and
equipment was not yet complete.
Katanga forced the pace, ap-
parently believing - with some
justice that it's power was be-
coming relatively weaker. The
U. N. had to do battle at a time
and under circumstances chosen
by the adversary.
If the fighting is prolonged,
other advantages may occur to
Katanga. The U. N. is not set
up to fight a bloody, protracted
guerrilla war, It has long lines
Of communication. 1t does not
have the financial resources, the
available manpower, or the train
ing facilities necessary, and
whether 1t has the political stay
ing power is uncertain.
There is nothing the matter
with U. N. determination at the
moment, however, and the Ka-
tangese may be surprised to find
that the world organization has
more stamina than they had
counted on.
No one is remotely "chickening
out" Secretary General U Thant
accepted battle with vigor. On
the scene, Brian Urquhart, one of
the two chief U. N. officials,
helped direct operations despite
a broken hand, two cracked ribs,
and cut in the skull.
His partner, George Ivan Smith,
who had also been subjected to the
tender mercies of the Katangese
gendarmerie, had stopped work
only long enough to be bandaged.
Months Of Horossment
The U. N. is thoroughly fed up
with Katanga. Months of harrasS-
ment, personal violence, double
dealing, and abusive propaganda
have rubbed nerves raw. It will
Evening star., 1961-12-10
Some Victims

He explained that unless we
can keep our goods moving into
the Common Market area-"our
best market for manufactured
products" the flight of Ameri-
can plants to Western Europe will
be accelerated. This means, of
course, that more American work.
ers will lose their Jobs, the Ma
tion more taxes and our balance
of payments will suffer.
There are sections of the Amer
Evening star., 1961-12-10

States Embassy thanking the
Americans for the air support.
By the end of the week, small
scale fighting continued in Ka-
tanga, but U. N. forces seemed
to be gaining an upper hand. A
U. N. victory was virtually i'm
perative If the Congo was to avoid
a full-scale civil war and outside
intervention from both East and
West.
Evening star., 1961-12-10
Kennedy's Drive

Last week, the leader of the
group, President Kennedy himself,
launched an all-out offensive. His
aim: To sell the idea to perhaps
the most important representa-
tives of business and labor the
National Association of Manufac-
turers and the AFL-CIO.
Q To the NAM, in a luncheon
address in New York. he held out
the promise of greater prosperity
and new weapon to beat back
the threat of international COM
munism by strengthening the
free world.
. To the big combined labor
union. in convention in Miami,
he stressed repeatedly that more
foreign trade means more jobs for
American workers.
Calling for new and bold
instrument of American trade
policy" Mr. Kennedy asserted
that Capitalism is on trial" and
cautioned. in effect, that we must
not fear competition.
Perhaps the greatest single fac
tor that has prompted a re-ex-
animation of our trade laws is
the amazing success of the Euro
pean Economic Community the
so-called Common Market. Mr..
Kennedy wants us to cooperate
closely with this continental
group, soon to be Joined by Great
Britain and perhaps Scandinavia.
Evening star., 1961-12-10
Population

The total population OF the
Common Market countries with
the prospective members include6
will be double that of the United
States; it's rate of growth is now
twice and its income three -fifthS
of ours and likely to be equal
soon.
This can be a great asset not
only to them but to us, a great
strength tying Western Europe,
the United States and Latin
America and Japan together as
a great area of freedom. and I
think it represents one of the most
hopeful signs since 1945." the
President said. TT is one place
where the free world can be on
the offensive"
Mr.. Kennedy was specific, too,
as to why he is placing such
great emphasis on new powers
to lower tariffs.
He pointed out that our exports
currently are running $5 billion
a year ahead of our imports. but
the same amount goes abroad
each year to maintain our troops
and national security require
ments. If we fail to maintain a
favorable balance of trade 1--WE
will have to bring our troops
back, :"
Evening star., 1961-12-10

speak, and Gen. Sean McKeown,
commander of the U. N. force,
have made similar disclosures.
The United States is solidly
behind the U. N, and indeed is
giving it active aid in the form
of Globemaster transport planes
which are ferrying U. N. men
and heavy equipment to Elisabeth
vile. Previously, the United States
had been torn betv cen the use
OF force and new efforts at con-
ciliation.
Thus the q. N. accepts battle
with new strengths.
Evening star., 1961-12-10
Vests Position

After six months of talks, the
West has agreed on the following:
. Western access routes to Ber-
lin and Western occupation of
Berlin are rights won in World
War II, solemnly acknowledged by
the Soviet Union. The Soviet
Union cannot end them by uni
lateral action.
o In the long run. the security
of Europe can best be guaranteed
by a unified Germany. and a gen.
eral reduction of arms throughout
the area. A permanent division of
Germany would lead only to con-
tinued tension since Germans ul-
timately would seek unification at
the expense Of either East or West.
. Acknowledgment that it cannot
prevent the Soviet Union from
doing whatever it wants with its
puppet state of East Germany. It
will not allow the East Germans,
however, to interfere with its
rights in Berlin.
The French believe that if the
Russians want to change the
status quo they should make ac-
ceptable recommendations. Since
none of Mr.. Khrushchev's pro-
posals falls under the heading
acceptable" Mr.. de Gaulle be-
lieves the West should do nothing.
He believes the Soviet Union
does not dare start nuclear
war, and thus the West can only
weaken its position in negotia-
tions.
The British and Americans say
negotiations could ease interna-
tional tensions by clarifying Rus
Evening star., 1961-12-10
Big Stakes

To the leaders Of the Congo
government, the secession was like
the Ruhr leaving Germany and
the Midlands leaving England.
Without the revenue from Ka-
tanga. the rest of the Congo is
doomed to poverty Obefore inde-
pendence the big Union Miniere
alone paid half the country's
taxes.
The United Nations Command
realized the need for q united
Congo quite early, but had no
mandate to force Katanga to re-
join the fold. Negotiations dragged
on for months between the United
Nations, Leopoldville, and Ka-
tanga. At times, a settlement
seemed near, but always, Mr..
Tshombe avoided a commitment.
The failure Of the q. N. to force
Katanga to its knees led Mr..
Lumumba to seek Soviet aid to
"go it alone" This led, however,
to his own downfall, and the rise
of President Kasavubu to complete
control. It also led to his eventual
murder.
In February. 1861. as tempers
grew tense in the Congo, the Sc
curity Council authorized its COM
mand to use force If necessary to
force out mercenaries or to pre-
vent civil war.
In September, when the new
government of Cyrille Adoula
promised to invade, the q. N. tried
unSuccessfully to seize control of
Elisabethville and prevent" civil
war.
Last month, the o. N. again
voted to use force to end the seces-
sion Of Katanga. The action was
initiated by the Asian African bloc
which resents what they consider
to be an enclave Of colonialism
within an independent country.
Evening star., 1961-12-10

sian intentions in Central Europe.
Since the West is committed
to eventual unification of Ger
many, it would not sign any peace
treaty with East Germany. It
would be willing. however, to dis
cuss Qualification of the Vests
rights in Berlin.
At negotiating table, the West
would urge the Russians to guar
antee Western rights in Berlin
by such actions as turning over
control of the access routes to an
international body. If the Soviet
intentions are peaceful, then there
are several ways of affirming this.
If their intention is to 'abrogate
Western rights, then a dangerous
situation will result.
A successful understanding on
Berlin could lead eventually to
broader talks on such subjects
as disarmament, sterilization of
Central Europe, and reunifica-
tion of Germany.
Evening star., 1961-12-10
THE WEEK IN PERSPECTIVE
Congo: A Necessary Victory

Fighting flared In Katanga
last week as United Nations
troops tried to force the seces-
Sionist province to rejoin the
Congo.
Katanga is the largest and
richest of the Congo's six prov
inces. 1t is larger than France
and produces more than many Of
the civilized countries Of the
world.
At the time Of the Congo's inde-
pendence in June, 1860, its copper.
diamond and gold mines were
going at full speed, and the leader
of the province, 43-year- -old Noise
Tshombe, former businessman,
and friend of the Belgians, gave
businessmen assurances that life
would go on as usual under Afri-
can leadership.
In the months preceding inde-
pendence. Congolese politicians
were not agreed on how their
country should be ruled. Patrice
Lumumba' wanted strongly
centralized government; Joseph
Kasavubu, a federally controlled
one. MIR. Tshombe first sided with
Mr.. Lumumba and later with Mr..
KaSavubu.
In the last weeks Of Belgian
rule, Mr.. Tshombe negotiated
with Premier elect Lumumba for
seats in the cabinet. but after
his demands were rejected. he
began espousing independence for
Katanga.
Evening star., 1961-12-10
BY WILLIAM r.. FRYE
Contributing Writer

UNITED NATIONS, N. Y.-The
United Nations is in a much better
position to fight a war with
Katanga now than it was last
September.
One highly important new fac
tor is that the U. N. now has
control of the air. Whereas pre-
viously, one Katanga jet was able
to terrorize and pin down num-
bers of U. N troops. inhibiting
their communications and in
flicting more casualties than all
the ground operations combined.
today the U. N. has some Is ex-
cellent jet fighter planes from
India, Ethiopia, and Sweden.
Had the U. N. possessed similar
force in September, Dag Ham
marskjold might not have lost
his life. Indeed, a great many
things might have been different.
But the U. N. was slow to be-
lieve that it really would have to
fight war with the Katangese,
Another element of U. N.
strength today is that the ver-
dict Of world opinion has come
down squarely against Katanga.
Three months ago, there was a
good deal of confusion. Now, the
Katangese themselves have
largely dissipated the roSeate il
lusions which their publicists had
sought to create,
Senator DisilIusioned
Even Senator Dodd, long an
apologist for Katanga, was dis
illusioned when he saw U. N peo-
pie being brutally beaten in front
of his eyes by drunken soldiers of
the stable, law-abiding" state he
had championed.
Little by little. too. the real
story of Katanga's secession and
its undercover supporters in West
ern Europe and elsewhere is COM
ing to the surface. Much of this
story was disclosed in this space
October 20. In the last 10 days, two
U. N. officials, DIR. Conor Cruise
O'Brien (who resigned from the
Irish foreign service to be free to
Evening star., 1961-12-10
The Prospects

Immediate prospects for the
foreign ministers conference are
not bright. There seems little hope
that the French will agree to
negotiate with the Russians. More
likely, the final communique will
be limited to a reaffirmation of
Western rights, and a general
discussion of the need to hold
firm.
Unless Mr.. de Gaulle can be
persuaded to alter his stand, the
United States and Great Britain
may decide to deal with the Rus
slams by themselves.
Such a decision would be a
difficult one for Mr.. Kennedy and
Mr.. Macmillan to make. They
have urged constantly that the
West stand united in this crisis.
In any event, the Berlin situation
will take up large part of their
Bermuda agenda.
Evening star., 1961-12-10
Belgian Role

The Belgians discouraged a
separate Katanga, but when chaos
broke out in July, 1860. following
independence. Belgians supported
Mr.. Tshombe when he declared
Katanga independent. They sent
troops to Elisabethville at his re-
quest. and put Belgians in charge
of the rudimentary Katangese
army.
When 1t became apparent. how
ever, that no nation would recog-
nize this independent" state, Bel
gium also refused official support.
1t should be noted that the Ka-
tangese people have never been
asked to vote on independence
or not.
The secession came at q time
when the whole Congo was in a
state of disorder. U. N. troops were
dispatched to the Congo to restore
order, and one Of the first re-
quests made by Mr.. Lumumba was
that the United Nations crush
secessioniSt Katanga.
Evening star., 1961-12-10

The feeling in most capitals is
that the West must agree on a
firm approach soon or risk a gen.
eral deterioration of the alliance.
Evening star., 1961-09-27

wanted q large American flas
for 1t.
The flag was mailed to Father
Richards this week, with a
formal note from Capitol Archi-
tect George Stewart that it had
been flown from atop the Capt.
tol Building.
Senator Humphrey also in
closed a letter from himself,
made public today, which said
in part:
This is more than a flag;
this is more than a piece of
cloth and color which tipped
Evening star., 1961-09-27
NAM Sewers
Tie With lilo
BY the Associated Press

The National Association of
Manufacturers has cut its ties
with the international Labor
Organization, contending the
nO is dominated by Commu-
nists and Socialists.
The action was taken last
week end by MANS board Of
directors, meeting at Hot
Springs, Va. NAM officials in
New York confirmed the de-
cision yesterday.
The International Labor Or
ganization is an arm of the
Unite Nations and seeks better
working conditions in it's 100
member countries. The member
nations, including 10 from the
Communist bloc, are represent
ed by delegates from govern
ment, labor and business.
From 1916 until this year,
employer members of the Unit
ed States delegation were Sc
lected by the NAM and the
United States Chamber of Com
merce. The chamber alone
picked this years employer
delegate after the NAM board,
by a narrow vote, suspended
its participation for 1861 but
left open the question of future
participation.
The latest NAM action is
more reaching in that it re-
vokes NAM participation. The
board repeatedly rejected, by a
lopsided margin, a staff rec
ommendation that it resume its
regular role in the ILO.
Richard Wagner, president
of the United States Chamber,
has strongly urged continued
participation by American busi-
nesSmen in ILO affairs. Mr..
Wagner has argued that with
drawal would give Communist
delegates a lerger voice by
default.
An NAM spokesman said his
organization feels that, while
the Communists do not rep
resent an ILO majority, free
enterprise advocates are in a
minority because of delegations
with what he described as So
cialiSt leanings.
You're up against a stacked
deck" he said, land can't ac-
complish anything"
Evening star., 1961-09-27

the Capitol Building in Wash
ington.
This flag is the dramatic
symbol Of a free people and
their struggle for liberty and
human dignity. This flag is a
message of hope for all people
who yearn for freedom and
peace. This flag is a challenge
to those who seek to dominate
and control the lives and souls
of men.
ITO you, to the personnel Of
the American Embassy and to
the people of the Soviet Union,
Evening star., 1961-09-27
U.S.. Capitol Flag to Fly
In Moscow as Symbol

United States Embassy in the
Soviet capital.
About a month ago, before
leaving for Russia, Father
Richards had a chat with SEN
ator Humphrey in Washington.
He explained that he planned
to set UP a chapel in Moscow
for Americans and that he
Evening star., 1961-09-27
BY the Associated Press

An American flag that flut-
tered over the Capitol is being
sent behind the Iron Curtain
to be draped in a United States
chapel in Moscow as "a message
of hope"
Senator Humphrey, Demo-
crat of Minnesota, dispatched
the flag to the Rev. Joseph
Richards, recently assigned as
chaplain to the American
Christian Community and the
Evening star., 1961-09-27
Twins Born TO Sinoer

SANTA MONICA, Calf, Sept.
~ (AP).-Singer Nat King
Coles wife gave birth to identi-
cal twin girls yesterday at st.
Johns Hospital. The children
were named Casey and Timolin.
The couple has three other
children.
Evening star., 1961-09-27

I send this nag with the wish
that it be seen as a symbol Of
Americas love of freedom,
Americas quest for peace, and
Americas active concern for
the progress of all peoples"
Evening star., 1961-09-27
S z5- DIAMOND JUBILEE YEAR

Let Sears Free Kitchen Planning Service Help You and
Your Family Achieve Truly Modern Living in Your
Homes Most Vital Area! Use GAS Cooking! GAS Is
Fast Thrifty and Dependable! See Beautiful Harmony
House Kitchens :. Exclusively Sears!
Evening star., 1961-09-27

With only common screwdriver and a regular
knife blade as tools, you can get at any service
Job In seconds. .on every 1862 Norge Automatic
Washer. Every service point Is easily accessible
from the front.
Evening star., 1961-09-17
FREE DELIVERY
WASHINGTON OFFICE
FURNITURE co.
1908 H. ST. NV. DI. 7-S175

OIL BURNER, Homart, S35; tank,
$40. Good condition. JE. 2-6377.
OIL HEATER, Kenmore. large,
never been used; $50. Call 451-
Evening star., 1961-09-17

FURN.--Elegant FIR. buffet, Fr,
Prov. beds, down lounge chairs
12x15 broadlooms, finest Persian
scat. rugs. Pvt, home. IA. 9-4079
FURN.-Heywood Wakefield bed
rm. suite: van. dresser, bench,
oval upright mirror; j-draw. high
boy, dble. bed, coil spgs.; Osteo-
pathic matt, night table; all
match, champagne blond; $3.50:
other aSsort. furn. and hsehold.
articles JE 3-1RQ1
Evening star., 1961-09-17
DINING ROOM

walnut table. SO in. wide,
with Leaf that extends to so in.
long. Danish in concept, eX-
tremely rich coloring. Classic
chairs with foam cushions and
finely culptured backs in walnut.
You must see this group to fully
appreciate what it can do for
your home.
Evening star., 1961-09-17

GUNS-45.7O Springfield. l2-aaugt
: couhle Remington. Miller are
welder, 800 amp; sell or swap
Evening star., 1961-09-17
SSE raII sep enEO

GUN. SO-06: 2Ia power scope, Red
field prep sight: 500. Also some
lo2ding tools Must sell today.
Evening star., 1961-09-17

FURN. sofas, chairs, 1000 pieces
Of glass and china, cedar chests,
assorted desks, chests, AM-FM ra
dios, Tvs. barrels of lamp parts
and lamps. Open Sun. IL to 2 pm.
AMMAN ANTIQUES, T413 Little
River Turnpike. Annandale. CL.
6-21SS.
Evening star., 1961-09-17

FREEZER, SO Gu. it., chest type.
exceptional buy, S55 or best offer.
Call quick. EN-. 2-6376.
FREEZER, Renaire, FR-12. for
quick cash sale; $275. You take
with. Cond. perfect. Your loss II
you don't investigate. Ii. 6-0573,
Fri. and Sun. all day.
FREEZER. upright. I3-cu.-ft., Ike
new. S100. so. 5-9361 or b67-
Evening star., 1961-09-17

FURN.-Antioue dining room set;
Italian Renaissance, suitable fol
| tnHn hnuse or emhaSAy Sfi2-60hQ
Evening star., 1961-09-17
OFFICE FURNITURE
From a Nationwide
Organization
On Sale Now

Refinished genuine walnut execu.
tive and Secretarlal cesks, $40. 81
up; conference desks. bookcases
conference tables in all sizes
S39::bO up; Credenzas, sectiona,
bookcases, pull-up leather arm
and swivel chairs, steel desks
nreproof 4-drawer filing cabinets
storage cabinets, 2-drawer and 4.
drawer files in all descriptions
sofas in leather: steel map cabi.
nets in all sizes, ,S74.50 up; stor.
age. cabinets, $42,5O UP. This
ls truly an outstanding offerinl
ol Iine merchandise. Many other
II you want the best in good used
office furniture, come in and see
Evening star., 1961-09-17
FURNITURE

RARE OPPORTUNITY
TO PURCHASE THE BEST
Evening star., 1961-09-17

FURN. = Dishwasher. portable
stove; solid maple dining suite
sofa. baby crib and misc; match
stick drapes. porch glider. painted
headboard and chest. 654-12S2.
FURN.-Modern walnut sofa with
table; black reclining chair,
kroehler chair; cocktail and TV
tables; lamp. Call jackson q
Evening star., 1961-09-17

AUDIO CENTER
1862 FAIRMONT AVE.
BETHESDA. MD. OIL. $500
Air Conditioned for Your Comfort
HIDE-A-BED, foam rubber sheet
Snf, snH mattress; fI1 used very little; SIS.
HIDE-A-BED, Simmons, Q yrs. old,
excel. cond., $3.50; also chair, $50.
CIR. 4-41S0 before 2:30, after 4.
HOIST, Tuskey auto. elevator plat
form, for constr. Jobs: 5000 per
| mo-; 2u-ft. unload hit. RENTAL
TOOLS & EQUIP. CO.. JU. 5-5040.
HOUSE FOR SALE, must be moved
-Attrac. 2-bedrm. frame house;
gas heat; $3.50. Az Silver Spring
ave. Silver Spring, Nd, OIL, g.
HOUSEHOLD FURNISHINGS, con-
] sistins Of lge. and scatter russ
9x12 white fur rug; oak dining
chairs; lse. old drop-leaf table:
Sess.rs Ga soe With SPantiRSs sFb to0s 0d
oak hall rack; old rifle; some old
jewelry, consisting Of 75-yr.-old
diamond checker, made of plati-
mum links and 493 cut diamonds
lots of misc. jewelry; stone mart
en-, silver fox and baum marten
6-skin scarves, in beaut. cord
cashmere and vicuna ladies' coats;
also shoes. hats, dresses; table full
of glassware, china and silver.
Sale starts Sunday, 9 am. 22O2
Seminary rd., Silver Spring. Nd.
IRONER. Ironrite. GOOD as brand
new, orig. padding and cover.
KITCHEN BASE CABINETS, new
all-steel white enamel American
Standard, size 1S TO 80 in:
prices Sl7 TO s24. EN-. 2-ll19.
KILN, ceramic, L&L, top loader.
15xl5x13ia, $50. WE. 5-310G
KITCHEN SET. gray formica.
chrome, 4 chairs, excel. cond
$40. 622-2144.
LAMPS. oval marble table, blond
credenza. all perfect .cond,, reas,
EA. e-2s24. 6313 18th St. NV.