davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-02-19
Skyline Governs
Getting New Room

Skyline Caverns at Front
Royal. Va, win open q new
room April !. displaying addi-
tional anthodites.
Anthodites are delicate
flower-like mineral formations
said to be found only ct Skyline
CavernS. In progress is work
on new passageways through
clay and rock to the room con-
tanning the anthodites.
Evening star., 1961-02-19
AIR FARE
DinersCIub
Setting Up
Fight Tour
AIR FARE

The Diners Club, in co.
operation with Northeast Air
lines and Feature Sports, has
set up a series of air tours
to the March 13 heavyweight
championship fight in Miami.
Originating points include
Washington, Philadelphia, Bos-
ton, New York and Montreal.
The tour includes round trip
transportation from airport to
hotel, transportation to the
Miami Beach Auditorium for
the fight, cocktails and dinner
the night Of the fight, and
tickets to the fight.
Prices vary according to seat
location and length Of stay in
Miami. They begin at $50, plus
air fare, Deadline for reserva-
tons Is March /.
Pan American World Air
ways has asked the Civil Aero
nautics Board to reconsider its
application for extension Of its
Pacific service to include such
eastern cities as Washington,
Baltimore, Philadelphia, Bos-
ton. Detroit and Chicago.
In its application the airline
said q delay in extending the
routes would seriously and
permanently prejudice Ameri-
can-flag air service in the Pa
cific."
Two airlineS have announced
expansion of their jet fleets.
Alfalfa. the national airline Of
Italy. has picked UP options
on two additional DC-8 Jets
and four Caravelle Jets. kim
Royal Dutch Airlines has or
dered another DC-S Jet.
Lanseair Travel Service has
set up Q 15-day Kennedy Tour
to Ireland" at $500. It leaves
New York March 4. The price
includes Trans World Airlines
Jet transportation, hotel accom-
modations, breakfasts, some
sightseeing, guide service and
admission fees, airport trans
fers. tips and taxes.
kim Royal Dutch Airlines
has launched O campaign to
show Dutch citizens how they
can cut expenses without spoil
ing the fun Of Q trip to the
United States. The airline has
published q booklet-in Dutch
called See New York on so
0uilders q Day" Fifty guilders
Is about $3.50. One stumbling
block. the airline points out
is that so guilders is harder
to come by in The Netherlands
than is $l2.50 in the United
States.
.
What Is being described as
"21 days Of de luxe beach,
combing" IL included In Q tour
Of top resorts in Europe, Of
fered by Sunland Holidays, $50
Fifth avenue, New York. The
price is $995. including air
transportation.
Irish AirlineS In January
carried 36,6S4 pasSengers-an
increase Of "a per cent over
January. 1859.
Evening star., 1961-02-19
Workers. Unite!

A release from the Miami
News Bureau urges workers
Of the world to throw off their
chains-snow-type-and head
at once for Miami"
Evening star., 1961-02-19

To help the Washington cree traveller
in his visits to historic sites during
the Civil War Centenni0l. The Stor
is presenting in its tEovel poses this
series describing those sites. This
is the 10th.
The Sidney herald., 1961-06-14
WANTED
HELP WANTED

FULL TIME SECURITIES SALES
MANAGER WANTED. No experience
necessary. Will train. Overwrites on
men you hire. Leads and advertis-
ing furnished. Must have auto, be
bondable. Age no handicap. Write
Sales Manager, Box 1874, Glendive,
Montana, giving name, address, and
availability for work. Immediate in
tervieW will be arranged. 22-1tp
The Sidney herald., 1961-06-14
NOTICE OF SALE OF COUNTY
n

The Board Of County Commissioners
of Richland County, Montana, having
determined that the County of Rich
land owns certain real property not
necessary to the conduct of the Coun-
tvs business. namely, a tract located
in Richland County, Montana, and
described as follows, to-wit:
A tract of land situated in the
NEl4NEA Section l, Township %
North, Range So East, M. P. NJ, in
RichIand County, Montana and more
particularly described as follows:
Beginning at the Northeast corner
of said Section one thence Westerly
along the North section line, which
thence S 630 Is E 641. o.; thence
S go 49, E = go; thence N 790
IS E = 587': thence N SO 80 E =
9S.6': thence N 30 o. E 1852 to
the point of beginning and contains
SIG Acres. more or less, according
TO the record on file in the Clerk
and Recorders office,
and said property being of a value
of One Hundred Dollars (S100.O0);
That the said property will be Of
fered for sale at public auction, at the
front door of the Court House at Sid
ney, Montana, On Monday, July 10,
1861, at 200 o'clock P. M. of said
cash; that the tract to be sold has
been duly appraised within three
months prior t the date of sale and
the appraised value is One Hundred
Dollars (~$100.00).
The Board of County Commissioners
reserves the right to reject any ard
all bids.
DATED at Sidney. Montana. this 9th
day of June, 1861.
RICHLAND COUNTY BOARD OF
COUNTY COMMISSIONERS
BY James E. Spurgeon, Chairman
Melvin T. Bakken, Member
Alfred Candee, Member
publish June IA. 81, %, July 5, 1851
The Sidney herald., 1961-06-14
1.-The Sidney Herald
Wednesday. June IA. 1861
Legal Notices
NOTICE FOR BIDS

Il FOR BIDS
The Board of Trustees of FaiIVieW,
Montana, High School District No. 3,
County OF RichIand, p. o. address,
Fatrvdew. Montana, requests sealed
bids for:
Bus Route No. 4 or the Sioux Pass
and Girard High School Route to
cover approximately 90 miles, in the
Sioux Pass-Girard area of the high
school district.
The bus route shall operate on each
school day during the school term of
l961-l962, 1962-I963. 1963-1964, 1964-1965,
1965-1966.
Bids viii be received at the office
of the Superintendent of Schools until
and not after 700 p. m. On Saturday,
June "a, 1861, and said bids received
viii be publically opened and read
at the high school building at Fair
June "a. 1861. at 7:1O p. m. The Board
of Trustees reserves the right to
reject any and all bids. The Board
of Trustees will let a contract on bus
route No. 4 for a five yea period as
above stated and the successful bidder
VIII be required to furnish a new
factory-built, all steel bus body, and
a new truck which meets the minimum
standards of school transportation set
UP for the State OF Montana.
The successful bidder will be re-
quired to furnish a suitable bond in
the sum of one thousand dollars
S 1,O0O) for the faithful performance
of his duties, which bond must be
acceptable to the Board of Trustees.
Each bidder must also furnish a
certified check or cash in the amount
of fifteen dollars ($15) to accompany
his bid.
Detailed specifications for the trans
portation of children to n from
Fairview Consolidated Schools at Fair
view, Montana, may be secured by
prospective bidders at the office of
the Superintendent, in the high school
building.
N. w. Wangerud
Chairman of Board
Ire o. Erickson
Clerk of Board
BY Earle w. Schafer
Acting Clerk
The Sidney herald., 1961-06-14
CALL FOR BIDS

The Trustees of School District No.
sc request bids for the Enid bus route.
Driver is to furnish 80 passenger bus.
Round trip from Lambert is approx
mately 46 miles. Details of route
available from Clerk. State age and
make of bus to be used.
The trustees of District No. 86 also
request bids TO furnish transportation
for the south route of "a miles a
round trip. Bidder is to buy the SO
passenger 1857 International, Carpenter
body bus now owned by district.
The trustees of District No. IS re-
quest bids to furnish transportation
for the north route of 81 miles a round
trip. Bidder is TO buy the SO passen-
ger 1857 International Carpenter body
bus also owned by the district.
Five year contracts will be given
for all three routes. The bidder is
to state price per mile asked for ac-
tivity trips. Persons submitting bids
on more than n route should state
preference of routes in order desired.
The Board reserves the right to reject
any and all bids. Bids are to be open
ed at 8 p. m. June 25th.
Mrs. Marie L. Pu&, Clerk
Lambert, Montana
Pub. May 81, June 7, Ia
The Sidney herald., 1961-06-14
NOTICE TO CREDITORS
Estate of LILLE A. NEVINS

Estate of LILLE A. NEVINS
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN by the
undersigned, Orlo C. Nevins, Special
Administrator of the Estate of Lille
A. Nevins. deceased, to the creditors of
and all persons having claims against
the said deceased, to exhibit them
with the necessary vouchers within
four "a months after the first publi-
cation of this notice, to the said
Special Administrator at the offices
of Brattin, Habedank & Cumming
Sidney National Bank Building, Sid
ney. Montana, the place for the trans
action of the business of said estate.
Dated May "a, 1861.
Orlo c.. ,Nevins Special Admin
istrator of the estate of Lila A
Nevins. Deceased.
BRATTTN. HABEDANK & CUMMING
Sidney National Bank Building
Sidney, Montana
Attorneys for Special Administrator.
Publish May 81. June z, IA, 21)
The Sidney herald., 1961-06-14
$500 MONTHLY
SPARE TINE

Refilling and collecting money from
NEW TYPE high quality coin operat-
ed dispensers in this area. No sell
ing. To qualify you must have car,
references, $500 to $1,000 cash. Seven
to twelve hours weekly can net up
to $500 monthly. More full time. For
personal interview write P. o. Box
1855. Boise, Idaho. Include phone.
22-1tp
The Sidney herald., 1961-06-14
Legal Notices
NOTICE no CREDITORS

Estate of KATIE d. ULLMAN.
NOTICE Is HEREBY GIVEN by the
undersigned administrator of the es-
tate of Katie d. Ullman deceased, to
the creditors of and all persons hav-
ing claims against the said deceased,
to exhibit them with the necessary
vouchers within four "a months af-
ter the first publication of this notice,
to the said administrator at the Of
ficeS of Brattin, Habedank & Cum
ming, Sidney National Bank Building,
Sidney, Montana the place for the
transaction of the business of said
estate.
Dated May 81, 1861.
Ernest F. Ullman, administrator
of the estate of Katie D. Ullman,
Deceased.
BRATTIN, HABEDANK & CUMMING
Sidney National Bank Building
Sidney, Montana
Attorney for Administrator.
publish May 81, June z, IA, 21)
The Sidney herald., 1961-06-14

$3.50 PER HOUR or more for part OF
full time route work. Large repeat
orders. Man or oma Write
McNESS Co., 2 20 S. Clark st.
F~reeporr, Ill. 21-2to
The Sidney herald., 1961-06-14
NOTICE TO CREDITORS

NOAAOL ~ NDEDllOhO |
Estate of Maurice A. HoeSchen,
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, by the
undersigned, Evelyn T. HoeSchen, Ex-
ecUtr1X of the estate of Maurice A
HoeSchen, deceased, to the creditors of,
and all persons having claims against
the said deceased to exhibit them with
Ine necessary vouchers within four
"a months after the first publication
OF this notice to the said EVELYN T.
HoeSchen at the office of John w
Brown at 416 Title Insurance RuiIdino
minneapolis, Minnesota, designated as
the place for transaction of the bust
ness of said estate.
Dated this 9th day of May A. D..
1861. -
Evelyn T. Hoeschen,
JOHN w. BROWN
Attorney for the EXecutrix
$40 Title Insurance Building
Minneapolis. Minnesota
tPuD1lSh June Z, IA, 81, 2B)
NOTICE TO LUMBER DEALERS
Bids Will be received by the Board of
Control at its office w l24 Main.
sidney, Montana, until 200 d. M.
June is. 1861. for furnishing rough
lumber for repairs to the Diversion
Dam. Specifications and bid forms
may be secured at the Project office.
The Board of Control reserves the
right 90 accept and /or reject any or
al bids.
BOARD OF CONTROL
David c.. Brooks
Project Manager.
PUbSune z and IA
INVITATION FOR BIDS
Sealed bids will be received by The
Roman Catholic Bishop of Great Falls.
Montana, a Sole Corporation. Owner,
at St. Anthony's Church, Culbertson'
Montana until 200 D.. m. of June %.
1907, and then publicly opened and
read, for construction of ST. Anthony's
Church and Rectory, Culbertson, Mon
tana. Separate bids will be received
Tor the various portions of the work
rs follows:
a. General
b. Mechanical
c. Electrical
all according to plans and specifica-
ons prepared by Knight & van Tey-
llngen, Architects & Engineers.
Copies of said plans and specifica-
may be obtained at the office of
the Architects. Ill Third st. North,
Great Falls, Montana, upon deposit of
Upon prompt return in good con-
ditloH of said plans and specifications,
bidders shall be refunded all, and
non-bldderS one-half of said deposit,
except if returned with 3 days after
receipt, non-bidders or subcontractors
viii be refunded all of deposit.
Zach bid shall be accompanied by
a certified check. bid bond, or cashiers
check in an amount not less than 5
percent OF the bid plus any a~lternates.
The Owner reserves the right to
reject any or all bids, to waive irregu-
l~arities and 10 accept any bid which it
deems most advantageous.
Rev. Father Joseph S. Heretick,
Pastor ST. Anthony's Church
Pub. June7, IA. 81. %.
The Sidney herald., 1961-06-14
NOTICE TO CREDITORS

ESTATE OF OTTO P. DICE, also
known as OTTO DICE. Deceased.
NOTICE Is HEREBY GIVEN, by
the undersigned, Arnold Dige, Executor
of the estate of Otto P. Dige, also
known as Otto Dige, deceased, to
the creditors of. and all persons hav-
ing claims against the said deceased,
TO exhibit them with the necessary
vouchers within four az months after
the first publication of this notice to
v. G.. Koch, Attorney for Executor,
Courthouse. Box 831, Sidney, Montana,
hereby designated as the place for
the transaction of business of the
estate.
Dated this It'll day of June, A. D. 1861.
Arnold Dige,
Executor
". G.. Koch
Attorney for Executor
Courthouse - Box 831
Sidney, Montana
Pub.@June IA, 81, % & July S
The Sidney herald., 1961-06-14

FOR SALE-Figurama table. 106 9th
Ave. 6 w. Phone TIT. 21-2tp
The Sidney herald., 1961-06-14
WANT ADS i G ::;::$ !; q q q; e; 81: {; s.: =: i :$ : 4: !:
HELP WANTED
WOMEN

WOMAN WHO CAM DRIVE If Won
lwoulo enjoy working 3 or q hours
d a calling regularly each montb
on a group of Studio Girl Cosmetic
IN an on a route TO be established
ing to make light deliveries etc
write TO STUDIO GIRL COSMETTCS
Oept. JW-25, Glendale, California
route VIII pay up 10 $500 per hour.
2-4tc
Evening star., 1961-08-25
Longer Duck Season
Chosen in Maryland

the same in both States, open
ing November 10 and closing
January 8. Daily bag limit is
two and possession limit, four.
On brant, the bag and possess
sion limits are 10.
Meanwhile, Fish and Wild
life announced sharper import
limits on ducks and other mi
gratory game birds killed in
other countries by hunters from
the United States.
Imports of ducks and geese
from the provinces of Alberta,
Manitoba and Saskatchewan
may not exceed 10 of each for
the entire season beginning
September l. Last year the duck
limit was 20. Imports from
Mexico are limited to 10 ducks
and five geese per calendar
week.
Despite the reduced seasons
and bag limits since the
drought hit the breeding
grounds, duck stamp sales for
last season show a slight in
crease, the Interior Depart
ment says.
Sales totaled 1,727,534, al
most 100000 higher than the
1,628,365 of the previous year,
but far below the record of
1853, $40 sold in 1856.
Total for last season in
Maryland was 17,707 and in
Virginia, 5,139.
Evening star., 1961-08-25
Coqe Star Willie Jones
To Be Married Sept. 9

Willie Jones, the elusive little
man on the basketball court,
has been caught in the net of
matrimony.
Jones, former star at Ameri-
can University who will play
with the Washington Capitols
of the new American Basketball
League this year, will marry
Deloris Louise Fletcher Sep
tember 9 at the Metropolitan
Baptist Church.
Dick Wells, Willie's team
mate at AU, will serve as best
man. Elgin Baylor, the Nation
al Basketball Association great
from Washington, and Earl
Lloyd, the Alexandria boy who
now is assistant coach of the
Detroit Pistons, will attend the
wedding.
Another Capitol hopeful, Jack
Sullivan of Mount St. Mary's
College, recently tied the knot.
Sullivan married the former
Patricia Daley in Corning,
N. Y, July 8.
Jones, who currently is as
sistant director of the Trinidad
recreation center, plans a motor
trip through Canada on his
honeymoon. He will report to
Coach Elmer Ripley for practice
with the Caps September "a at
Uline Arena.
The 5-foot-9, 165-pounder
played with the Baltimore
Bullets Of the Eastern League
last year. He currently is work.
Evening star., 1961-08-25

tion that ratified the building
she received a tribute unique
in the memory of this reporter
for a lady bowler. Teammates
lifted Gertrude Poole to their
shoulders and carried her from
the lanes as if she were, indeed,
a Skirted Merriwell.
y i -
Ray Bluth and Mary Louise
Young of the Brunswick ad-
visory staff will give exhibi-
tions at / pm tomorrow at
Pentagon city, followed by
clinics.
Bluth, from st. Louis, has
been on Bowling Magazines
first team for the
last two years. Miss Young,
from Texas. has won countless
tenpin honorS.
= \ 4
Fair Lanes Woodmoor will
hold a preseason duckpin
handicap tomorrow and Sun
day, Four-fifths handicapS
from a 1870 scratch will be
given. The fee is $3.50 and
the top prive $10O. There are
six other guaranteed awards.
Evening star., 1961-08-25
CIV EnroIIs
and
Ron Droze

Ron Droze and Tom Hawkins
have enrolled at George Wash
ington University out of junior
colleges and will turn out for
the football team. bringing to
10 the number of Washington
area boys who will report for
the opening Of practice Thurs
day.
Droze was an All-Interhigh
League halfback for Anacos-
tia's champion team in 1857
and Hawkins played fullback
and quarterback at Wakefield
High School before graduating
in 1859.
Droze, who stands 5-foot-7
and weighs ITO pounds, played
one year at Elon College then
enrolled at Montgomery Junior
College in Takoma Park.
He played the 1859 season
at MIC but sat out last fall in
order to have his eligibility.
Coach Lou Chacos says Droze
was one of his leading ground
gamers that one season and
developed elusivenesS and a lot
of leg drive.
Hawkins, about 6 feet and
200 pounds. starred on the
Wakefield team which upset
Annandale, TO, in 1858. He has
been attending Potomac State
College the last two years and
played fullback there both
seasons.
Both boys have two years of
eligibility remaining.
Evening star., 1961-08-25

Honolulu, Is, 6-1, 6-2,
Ga.
MeXico's third-seeded Rafael
Osuna and Antonio Palafox
meet Arthur AShe and Ward
Parker of st. Louis today. The
MexicanS whipped the inter-
national team of Adrian Bey,
RhodeSia, and Alan Lane, Aus
tralia, 10-8, 60, Ga.
Don Dell of Bethesda, Md,
and Bill Bond of La Jolla,
Calf, were among yesterdays
winners, eliminating Frank
Froehling of Coral Gables, Fla,
and Bill Lenoir of Tucson, Ariz.,
14-12, 6-1, Ga.
Floyd, GundersOn Win
Ann Hayden and Christine
Truman, British Wightman Cup
team members, unseeded here,
upset Australians Jan Leblanc
and Margaret Smith. seeded
third, 11-9, 81, to gain the
quarterfinals.
Also advancing were Donna
Floyd Of Arlington, Va, and
Belmar Gunderson of Indian
Spring Lakes, Fla. with a 60,
81, victory over Farel Foot
man of San Francisco and
Linda Vail of Berkeley, Calf.
The feature women's quarter
final match today sends top
seeded Karen Hantze of San
Diego and Janet Hops of
Seattle against Edda Buding of
Germany and Yola Ramirez of
Mexico.
Evening star., 1961-08-25
Cough in Fourth
For Final Round
Of Juycee Golf

DENVER, Aug. 25 (AP).-
Heat, pressure and faulty ap-
proach shots slowed down Jay
Sigel and enabled Marty Fleck-
man of Port Arthur, Tex,
to catch the Norberth, PaD
Swinger at 210 entering the
final round of the International
Jaycee golf tournament today.
Despite a five-Stroke lead
over the rest of the field, the
co-leaders shot their poorest
golf of the tourney in yeSter-
days round. Sigel went two
strokes over par while Fleck-
man, who had his troubles,
too, matched the Wellshire
Municipal Courses par 70.
One of the best rounds of the
day was a II by Jamie Cough
of Alexandria, Va, who pushed
into fourth place with a 74-72-
7l-217. Cough turned in his
subpar round despite a double
bogey on the 408-yard 18th,
where he was short Of the
green with a seven iron,
Clipped up and three-putted.
Evening star., 1961-08-25
Mckinley and RoIston
Extended in Doubles

BROOKLINE, Mass, Aug. 25
(AP) Ramsey Earnhart and
Marty RiesSen, the top-seeded
pair of 19-year-olds, today lead
the way into the third round
of the National Doubles tennis
championships, in which some
other ranking men have had
trouble.
Earnhart of Ventura, Calf,
and Riesser Of Hinsdale, ILL.,,
take on unS2eded Hugh Quinn
of Philadelphia and Bill Wright
of Cheyenne, Wyo.
Rain which washed out play
Monday delayed action for
two hours yesterday. When
play started the controversial
American Davis Cup doubles
tandem of Chuck Mckinley,
st. LOUIS, and Dennis Ralston,
Bakersfield. Calf, needed Is
games and more than three
hours to win.
Mark Battles Temper
The second seeded pair
finally overcame National
Junior champions Charlie
PaSarell of San Juan, P. r.,
and Clark Graebner Of Lake
wood, Ohio, 1916, As, 6-3,
rs.
When Australian Bob Mark,
%, brought his temper under
control. he and 47-year-old
Gardner Mulloy battled to
eliminate Dave Reed, Glendale
Calf, and Henry Kamakana,
Evening star., 1961-08-25

Maryland and Virginia have
failed to see eye to eye on
their duck seasons for the
first time in years.
Exercising the option given
by Fish and WiIdlife in its
framework of hunting regula-
tions, Maryland has chosen, a
50-day season with a daily bag
limit of two. Virginia picked
a 40-day season with bag limit
of three.
The Maryland season on
ducks and coots will be from
November II to December 30
with shooting from sunrise to
sunset except on opening day
when it will be noon to sunset.
Daily possession limit is four
and for coots, a bag and pos
session limit of six.
Virginia's season, November
lO-December l9, is 10 days less
than last year. 1t also was
moved ahead to meet demands
of Eastern Virginia hunters
who complained that the late
December season came in freez-
ing weather with frozen
marshes.
With its shorter season, Vir-
ginia gets the bigger bag limit
and possession limit of six.
1t again will be illegal to
shoot canvaSbacks or redheads
in either State.
The open season on geese is
Evening star., 1961-08-25
District Women
To Play for Title

CANTON, Mass, Aug. 25
(AP). The defending cham
pion and the 1858 titlist yes
terday won their semifinal
matches in the Women's ANA
teur division of the 35th annual
United Golf Association tour
nament.
Ethel Punches of Washing
ton, the 1860 winner, scored a
3 and 2 victory over Myrtle
Patterson of New York, and
Vernice Turner, the 1858 cham
pion. registered a 5 and 4 de-
cision over Clara Bigelow Of
Boston.
Willie Greer of Nashville,
Tenn, and Art Thomas, a New
York policeman, won their
semifinal matches in the
Mems Amateur.
Greer defeated Willie Wea-
yer of Boston, 5 and 4 and
T tomas defeated Charles
Howard Of Washington, D. c.,
2 and l.
Evening star., 1961-08-25


off of sectional champions for
the league title.
At the end of the second
game the Aces Up were hope
leSsly down and the Mint
JulepS held a commanding
margin of So pins over the Yogi
Bears.
With three boxes to go in the
final game the Mint JulepS
virtually were conceded victory
by a gallery that crowded Ken
woods classy bowling plant,
but now had grown listleSs.
y
There was a ripple of ap-
plause when, in the eighth
frame, Mrs. Poole struck. In the
ninth she struck again, and
suddenly it dawned that the
Yogi Bears still were to be
reckoned with.
All eyes were on Mrs. Poole
when she came up for the 10th.
Again she struck.
Gosh, another one will do
it," Rex Smith, Kenwood bowl
ing chairman, exclaimed.
(Mrs. Poole averages a mere
81, but this summer earned
high regard as a clutch bowler,
leading the league in strikes.
What she accomplished on
the next shot no doubt won
her an all-time place in Ken
wood sports annals as a
pinch performer.
She delivered a fourth
straight strike.
1t won the championship for
the Yogi Bears. 1t enabled Mrs.
Poole to set a league record with
a game Of 152, and boosted her
team to a record game of 644.
For the 152 and four consecu-
tive strikes she received awards
from the National Duckpin
Congress.
And on top of a demonStra-