davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-08-07
VISTAS IN SCIENCE
Air Force Works on Talented Robot
By THOMAS K. HENRY

tural language so that any
one who can type can ad-
dress the machine, simulat-
ing this model on a digital
computer, and If the model
appears workable, to enlarge
it into an area Of image
processing.
Such a machine could
show us how to do some
thing. This would be equiva-
lent to a machines giving
advice. This is, however,
completely speculative until
the first job is done.
A system for instantane-
Gus global communication
now is being developed by
the Army. If perfected one
could talk" from here to
somebody in China in a
second.
1t is projected as q micro
wave communications sys-
tenn using a number Of satel-
lites in an equatorial orbit
around the world as ire
peaters."
The system as now prof.
ected would require a mini
mum of three satellites to
orbit the earth's equator at
a height about $4,000 miles
and a speed of 1000 miles an
hour. Such an orbit would
synchronize the satellites
movement with the earth's
rotation and each satellite
would remain in relative po-
sition over a given point on
earth. In this way virtual
worldwide coverage could be
achieved and maintained. A
signal beamed to these satel.
lites would be received, modi-
fled and relayed Immediately
to a receiving station on
earth.
Solar Energy Power
Two ground stations are
planned for the system-one
near Camp Dix, N. j., and
the other near Camp Rob-
erts, Calf. A Navy shipboard
terminal will serve as a
third station at sea, operat-
ing in many parts of the
world to test communica-
tions possibilities. The sys-
tenn, as projected, will permit
simultaneous transmission Of
high-speed radio teletype
and voice broadcasts.
Power for the satellites
will be provided by solar
energy converted to electrical
energy by thousands of solar
cells built into two large
paddles. A suntracker will
keep these paddles continu-
ously oriented towards the
sun. Batteries will provide
power when the satellites
are in the earth's shadow. .
AS yet, the Signal Corps
engineers stress, this is a
project. not a reality. The
development calls for some
of the most stringent relia-
bility requirements yet i'm
posed in space technology.
The satellites are being de-
signed to remain operative
for at least q year without
failure.
Evening star., 1961-08-07

The u. S. Air Force is ex-
perimenting on the develop
ment of q machine that may
dream"
Can a machine thinkp Can
a machine have visions? Can
a machine make logical, rea-
sonable deductions?
There is some reasonable
expectation that mechanisms,
on the order of the most ad-
vanced electronic computers.
can be built which will be
able to do all these things,
quite apart from the abilities
of their builders. The posi-
bility is being investigated by
the Air Force Research and
Development Command in
Project Macronet," under a
contract with the School of
Electrical Engineering of the
University of Pennsylvania.
A computer is being trained
to play O 4,000-year-old Chi
nese game, various moves in
which require original think
ing and deductive reasoning.
It often has been said that
no machine can do more than
the designer can DC and
which he has built into it.
1t may do it much faster and
better. But it cannot origi-
nate. .
OF late this has been called
into serious question. Perhaps
man can make a braSs-brain
Frankenstein after all. Some
day there may be a brass
brain army commander, per-
haps even a brass-brain Pres
ident.
Given Problem to Solve
At the start of the present
experiment, the researchers
decided to tutor the ma
chine by giving it a certain
problem to solve and let 1t
draw on past experience to
vary its method of solution so
as to improve the final result
or the method of solution it
self"
Can machines dream?"
asks an Air Force report. "In
theory, at least, they can.
The researchers claim that
letting a computer dream is
analogous to letting the ma
chine predict willy-nilly. AS
dreams disclose the inner
most, concealed but impor-
tant problems in the human,
this would display the salient
contexts of the machines
history.
"At least as startling as the
idea of the dreaming ma
chine is the concept of hu-
man-machine cooperation.
The researchers speculate, on
development of a program
that will allow a human with
his superior deductive imag-
ination to cooperate in the
solution of problems with a
machine having superior
data ta-processing and deduc-
tive logic abilities"
Among the present pro-
posals, says the report, are
devising a model of a COM
puter program that will
allow input Of data in ma
Evening star., 1961-08-07
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Evening star., 1961-05-28
Strategic Crossroads

Vienna is at the crossroads Of
two historic trade routes, the
Danube, linking East and West
and the great roads which carried
the greatest part of commerce
between the Baltic and the Adri-
Evening star., 1961-05-28

government. OF course no one
seriously believes that the Unions
industries and mines can run with
out black labor, though Verwoerd
promises that the blacks can be
kept happy in the white areas"
without votes.
But in a history minded coun-
try, no one seems to recall that
Governors, Dutch and English,
have tried to draw lines to sepa-
rate black and white for centuries.
The first boundary was set in
1927, only rs years after the first
settlers landed at the Cape Of
Good Hope in 1862. Other boun-
daries were set in 1899, ITO and
1774 by the Dutch. and repeatedly
by the English. They never kept
the races apart.
Stotus Of Education
While the Africans generally
work as farm laborers, factory
workers, miners and servants.
there are more educated Africans
in South Africa than anywhere
else on the continent, except per-
haps in Nigeria. But the Africans,
Evening star., 1961-05-28
BY ADAM CLYMER
Contributing Writer


Most new African republics are
born to widespread rejoicing and
Eaily colored native celebrations,
but Wednesday white-ruled South
Africa will become a republic on
L more somber note. Widespread
arrests and threats of a general
strike by Africans are only two Of
last weeks blots on the pocture
Dt a joyous republican Independ-
ence.
For the 1.8 million Dutch
descended Afrikaners it is still
b happy occasion, for they feel
they have at last achieved full
hationhood. But the IL million
English descended whites are
either fearful or angry about the
change in government which
takes their country out Of the
Commonwealth and replaces the
Queen as head of state with a
President, c. r. Swart, who once
acted as an extra in Hollywood
Western and made his political
mark as a tough Minister of JUS
tice with little concern for the
traditions and procedures of the
law. But all the whites together
are only 8 million.
The II million voteless Africans
dominate the other South Afri-
cans, and they, too, appear angry
that they were not consulted on
the constitutional change. The
royal family remains a popular
symbol among many Africans.
But in fact almost nothing the
government has done since 1948
has satisfied them, and the gen.
eral strike they have called for
tomorrow, Tuesday and Wednes-
day symbolic their hate for
Apartheid much more than their
concern for the change from a
donlinion-style monarchy, with
full independence, to a republic.
Former Loborers
The is million coloreds make
up still another racial class in
South Africa; they have a mixed
ancestry that contradicts nation
aliSt talk Of segregation as his
toric and immutable. Finally,
there are half a million Asiatics
who came from India 70 years
Evening star., 1961-05-28
Cultural Center

In addition to its role as host
for historic meetings, Vienna has
long prided itself on being one of
Europe's great cultural centers.
The University Of Vienna dates
back to 1865, and its medical
school was world-renowned at the
outbreak Of World War II. Vari-
GUS schools Of psychology, most
notably that Of Sigmund Freud,
gained momentum in Vienna.
The Austrian National Library,
with more than IL million vol
.umes, and many rare manu-
scripts and other materials, is one
Of the best in Europe.
But when one thinks Of Vienna's
heritage, he must turn finally to
the history Of music and theater.
Nowhere else was light opera de-
veloped to such a degree as it
was by Johann Strauss, Suppe,
Molnar and Lehar. Other leading
composers including Gluck, Haydn,
Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert,
Brahms, Bruckner, Wolf, Mailer,
Schonberg and Richard Strauss
all called Vienna home.
Evening star., 1961-05-28
South Africa Republic Undaunted by Bad Omens

like the country, are split. They
are split into many tribes. who
speak different native tongues,
and distruSt and often fight each
other in the townships. And at a
higher level the educated leader
ship is split, too, between those
who counsel moderation and those
who have tired of talk of multi
racialism and want to speak OF
Africa for the black Africans.
The latter group, the Pan-Afri-
canist Congress, split off from the
older African National Congress
in 1858. The AfricaniSts called the
demonstrations that led to last
March'S and April's rioting and
strikes while the ANC held back.
Now the ANC has called this
weeks general strike, and the
PAC seems to be wary.
Talk of both these organizations
is qualified by the fact that they
have been legally banned and their
formal leaders arrested, confined,
or forced into exile. But they carry
on, less effectively than before,
and their conflict is still obvious.
The white government has no
thought of negotiation. Verwoerd.
a national hero after his near
assassination last year, is stronger
politically than ever. The churches
and universities and a newspaper
which built his National Party are
now brought to heel if they criti-
cize him. The police and army
have been casting a wide net in
recent weeks, arresting thousands.
"for their own good" says Ver-
woerd. All meetings have been
banned until June 81.
The Afrikaner is realizing his
dream against background Of in
ternational disapproval of apart
held, a falling stock market, i'm
port controls and other economic
indications that departure from
the Commonwealth has shaken
confidence. But the Afrikaner's
strong Calvinist religion gives him
the feeling that he is the elect, and
that as the chosen people the
tough, brave Afrikaners will fight
through to victory. This is the be-
lief that gives Verwoerd strength.
within himself and among the
people.
Evening star., 1961-05-28

strong for so years, from Union
until last year, when the republic
won a slim majority in a refer
endum of white voters. And
Wednesday it will be declared.
But the Afrikaner nationalist
power that it symbolized has been
growing sharply since 1948, when
DR.. Daniel F. Malan vas elected
Prime Minister over incumbent
Jan Christian Smuts. CA weighted
rural districting system gave Ma
Ian a victory on about Al per cent
of the vote.) And it has grown in
areas like the civil service and
the judiciary, through deliberate
appointment of Afrikaners be-
fore Eiglishmen, and Symbolically
in changes of flag and anthem.
Today the Queen is the last sur
viving symbol of British rule. And
Wednesday she will be gone.
But If the Afrikaners are achiev-
ing their destiny in relations with
the English-speaking whites, they
are not achieving at the same
time the apartheid they say his
tory ordains for the Africans. Last
years census showed that in nine
years the African population had
grown in every major urban area.
In Pretoria, the capital, it had
more than doubled.
Aportheid os Answer
Apartheid is Prime Minister
Hendrix F. Verwoerd's answer to
his country's racial situation. He
made his political mark with it as
Minister for Native Affairs, and
became Prime Minister in 1858
on the death of j. G. Strijdom,
who had followed Malan. Apart
held means many things, depend
ing on whom one listens to. 1t
means oppression, political and
economic, Of non-whites except
for a few stooges, and of some of
the few whites who agree with
them. But it foreseeS develop
ment, on slender lines, Of the
poverty stricken "Bantu" reserves
Qike American Indian reserva-
tions), which cannot now support
their inhabitants. Then, says
Verwoerd, there will be room for
the misplaced Africans Of the
cities. There, at some future time
they may have some say in local
Evening star., 1961-05-28
AnqoId: Newest 7 roubIe SPOT

tobacco. ETC.. to tidewater and to
bring in most of their overseas
imports. But their main purpose
is to open up the country which
they cross to settlement.
Colonization is centered In
three regions: Celia tableland, Gu
nanza valley and Cunene valley.
Beside network of rail lines and
roads, the Lisbon government
also provides the new settlements
with great hydraulic workS-irri-
cation, drainage and salubrifica-
ton.
Each settlement is named after
a Portuguese village or town and
is placed under the protection Of
the madonna of the sponsoring
old country community.
The same white houses, COM
plete with round tile roofs and
"azulejos', or glazed blue tile
decorations, rise from the wild
African savannaS together with the
picturesque fruit-wall and the
grating pulley at the well, destined
to spare the pangs of homesick-
ness to the uprooted rural fami-
lies who inhabit those Little
Portugals."
Each migrant family receives,
beside a Government-built house
and barn, so acres of arabic land,
100 acres of pasture, livestock, es-
sential farm equipment and a
small loan repayable in % yearly
instalments.
More Europeans
The result of this policy has
been a rapid increase of the
European community in Angola,
which numbered 44,O83 in 1910,
78,903 in 1850 and approximately
125,000 in 1860.
In order to help pay for the
project, the Lisbon Government
has instituted a liberal policy in
regards to mineral exploration and
has attracted scores of British,
American, German, Swedish, Bel
gian, Dutch and other foreign
mining firms into the country.
Together with Portuguese inter-
ests, those mining firms have un-
covered much subsoil wealth: i'm
mense iron ore deposits-as yet.
untouched-copper, manganese,
gold and diamond mines, plus rich
oil fields which Belgian firm
struck near Luanda three years !,
ago, and whose output is soaring.
Those mining enterprises, to-
gether with rich coffee, sugar
and cotton plantations in the
northern part of the country have
become a great source Of profit for
Portugal, steadying the mother
country'S parcimonious finances,
Evening star., 1961-05-28
An Earlier Congress of Vienna Set Pattern
OfEuropeonW World for More Than a Century

staffs. and their ladies. free Of
the restraints of their native
lands. took full advantage Of
Vienna's opportunities for pleas
ure. and even AuStria's Prince
Metternich, who, with Talleyrand,
dominated the meeting, was said
to have subordinated business to
pleasure. Meanwhile, the escape Of
Napoleon and his 100 days"
threw the congress into q panic.
BoIonce Of Power
The full congress never met,
but nevertheless it accomplished
its objectiveS. 1t established the
balance of power" system,
achieved a settlement of all
frontiers north of the Alps and
laid the groundwork for the recon-
stitution Of Italy. 1t brought the
continent Of Europe half century
Of peace. One historian said that
its one great failure was in not
providing machinery for adapta-
ton to changing conditions.
Vienna's more recent moment
in diplomatic history, the signing
of the Austrian treaty. offers a
less hopeful augury. The four
power commission which drafted
the treaty was in substantial
agreement from the beginning,
but it held more than 200 meet
ings in Berlin before the treaty
was ready for the foreign min
isters' signatures. The sole STUN
bling block was RuSsia's inSistence
that a German peace treaty come
first and only one Of the Soviet's
startling about-faces finally made
the Austrian treaty possible.
President Kennedy and Premier
KhruShchev meet in the business
like atmospheres Of the American
and Soviet Embassies not in the
Hofburg, the huge former imperial
palace, or the Belvedere Palace, a
gem Of baroque architecture, both
heritages from the Hapsburg
regime and both Of which were
offered as conference sites.
Evening star., 1961-05-28

attic in the Middle Ages. 1t was
thus natural meeting ground
of diverse cultures-and also q
strategic prize of enormous value.
Vienna served as a bastion Of
Christian Europe for centuries
against preSsures from the south
and east. and its successful de-
fense against the Turks in the
great sieges of 1929 and 1888 end
ed the threat Of Moslem domina-
ton Of the continent.
In this century, after losing its
empire in World War I, Vienna
became the glittering capital Of
a bankrupt country. Austria suf-
fered the rigors of initiation, un-
employment and all the other ills
of the '20s and '30s as severely as
any country in Europe. Vienna
became battlefield, often bloody.
for contending ideologies. raging
from communism to fascism.
HitIer's Hount
The youthful Adolf Hitler, usu-
ally unemployed, hung about Vi
ennese workingmen's cafes dis
tilling his anti-Semitic theories
that became one Of the bases of
Nazism.
With the Anschluss of 1888,
Hitler achieved his first major
victory in Europe, one that set
his feet firmly on the path toward
World War II. The union with
Germany was by no means un-
welcome in Austria generally, but
it was a disaster for Vienna, with
its Socialist tradition and its large
Jewish population.
Vienna was ravaged in the clos
ing stages of the war and many Of
its most magnificent buildings in
cluding the cathedral Of st. Ste
phen, dating from the 14th CEN
tury, were destroyed, some say by
the fire of the advancing Russians,
others by the retreating Germans
Evening star., 1961-05-28

The idea was to baptize the
Bantu attackers and the Bushmen
and thus make them lie down in
peace like the scriptural lion and
lamb, and at first the mission
aries reported constant success.
Then news ceased and Ondies-
bound Portuguese sailors who
stopped at Sac Salvador for fresh
water and provisions learned that
the missionaries had been eaten by
cannibals.
The Portuguese came back in
1876 and founded Loanda, or Lu-
anda, the present capital of An
COLA. But this time Christian
missionaries were scarce among
them, as interest had shifted to
labor for the sugar and coffee
plantations of Brazil, where the
sturdy, hard-working Angolares
were especially priced. Portu-
guese slaverS were eventually
joined by Dutch ones and the An
golares soon found themselves
shipped to the New World faster
than invaders from the Congo
the BantuS still poured in from
the north-could replace them.
After slave trade was banned in
1880, the Portuguese, who had lost
Brazil during the Napoleonic oc-
cupation of their country, re-
sumed their interest in Angola,
which greatly reSembled Brazil in
natural conditions as land for
white settlement. However, be-
cause of the barren nature of the
coastal lands, and especially be-
cause Of the greater lu1e Brazil
exercised on Portuguese migrants,
the white community in Angola
outside of the administrative and
military personnel was for a lcng
time pretty much confined to a
few thousand of diamond and
gold seekers, or "garimpeiros," a
few fishing communities along
the coast and some Boer voortrek-
kers in the south. Then, 27 years
ago. Salazar, a former professor
of economics at the University of
Coimbre, was called to power and
conceived his plan to create a new
Portugal on the Angolese plateau.
This Antipodean Lusitania is
now surging from the wilderness.
Rails and Ports
Three great railroad lines, fl
nanced entirely with scarce Por-
tuguese funds, cross Angola from
east to west. They carry heavy
traffic to and from the Rhodesias
and Katanga which are. both
land-locked and depend largely
on Angolese ports-Luanda, Ben
guela and Mossamedes-to get
most Of their copper, diamonds,
Evening star., 1961-05-28
X and X;
The Lonq View

VIENNA (AP). - President
Kennedy and Premier Khru-
shchev will see 'K und K" en-
graved in marble on many Of
Vienna public buildings when
they visit the Austrian capital.
Their initials are not in honor
of them.
The letters stand for KAISER
liche and Koenigliche" and ap-
pear on b buildings which be-
longed to the Hapsburgs, who
had the title of Emperors of
Austria and Kings of Hungary.
Vienna's famed Burgtheater,
many museums and other pub
lie edifices bear the letters.
Vienna's most famous coffee
house and confectioner describes
itself as "supplier to K and K"
Evening star., 1961-05-28

as revenge for Vienna's "unco-
operative" attitude. They were re-
stored, largely by American and
British aid in the 10 years follow
ing World War II and by the time
the Austrian treaty was signed
in 1855, Vienna. physically at least.
once more was q picture OF
baroque splendor.
The Greet Congress
Diplomatically, Vienna probably
had its greatest day during the
Congress Of Vienna. Although the
congress achieved durable results,
it was conducted in an atmosphere
that would do justice to a Vien-
nese operetta.
Lord CaStlereagh, the British
Foreign Minister, was the leading
spirit Of the congress. He promised
participation to all powers who
had a hand in defeating Napoleon,
but when the Congress convened
in November, 1914, his real pur-
pose became evident. 1t was mere
ly to present a settlement already
secretly agreed upon by the four
principal allies, Austria, Great
Britain, Prussia and Russia, to
the lesser partners and eventually
to France, for ratification.
The congress was the first in
ternational meeting Of its kind
and when the allies got together
they found that no one had any
very clear idea of how it should
be organized. Or what it should
do. Portugal and Sweden de-
manded a real voice in the deci-
sions and Talleyrand, the French
envoy, took advantage Of the dis
sension to win a place for France.
and eventually Spain, in the inner
council.
The congress dragged on for
nearly seven months against a
background Of diplomatic intrigue
by day and amatory intrigue by
night. The horde Of ENJOYS, their
Evening star., 1961-05-28

ago to work on sugar plantations;
many stayed as laborers and
shopkeepers. Like the coloreds,
they consider themselves above
the Africans, yet are rejected by
the whites.
Wednesday the Afrikaner dream
will be fulfilled by the formal
change of government from mon
archy with a local Governor
GeneraD to a President chosen
by Parliament. It will mark the
full road back from the defeat
of the Anglo-Boer War, which
shattered the independence Of the
two Boer republics, the Orange
Evening star., 1961-05-28
BY SANFORD HOFFMAN,

NOAbA AlACAAS0A 3NSNopapSA
VIENNA. - This magnificent
Austrian capital, where President
Kennedy and Premier Khrushchev
will meet on June and 4, is no
stranger to the spotlight Of his
tory.
Vienna was the site Of the
granddaddy of all international
conferences, the Congress Of vi
emma, which in 1914 and 1915
produced a European peace that
endured for so years after the
downfall Of Napoleon.
And in 1855, the foreign minis
ters of Russia, Great Britain,
France and the United States
met in the ornate Hofburg Palace
for the ceremonial signing Of the
Austrian Peace Treaty. 1t was one
of the few examples since World
War u Of diplomatic cooperation
between East and West.
In between those two dates, vi
emma became symbolic Of imperial
splendor and social conflict, Of
gracious and extravagant living
in the midst Of poverty, Of a rev.
olutionary ferment against a
background of Strauss waltzes.
Because Of its strongly Socialist
leanings, it became known as
RED Vienna" an enclave Of
Marxism in the reactionary Aus
tro-Hungarian Empire Of the
HapsburgS. It's cultural tradition
is heavily German, but it has al
ways possessed more Of the gaiety
Of Paris than the stolidity Of
Berlin