davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-11-08
No Joy for G. O.P.

The Republicans will find precious
little to cheer about in the two prestige"
election battles which the voters settled
yesterday.
Perhaps they will wiring some COM
tort from Mayor Wagner'S third-term
victory margin-about 100000 votes. But
1t cannot amount to much. For if His
Honor could run-and win by any mar
gln-after his break with the Democratic
regulars and the truly monumental dis
closures of ineptneSS and corruption in
the municipal government during his
administration, New York City might
Just as well be marked down as forbidden
territory to the G. o. P. That this has
any significance outside the big city is
very doubtful. There has been some talk
about boost for the Mayors prospects
against Governor Rockefeller, but we
suspect that this is wiShful thinking
and nothing more.
New Jersey, however, is a different
breed Of political cat. The Democratic
victory, which has been conceded. is an
upset which undoubtedly has larger i'm
plicationS. The Republican candidate
for Governor, James P. Mitchell, was ex-
pected to win. AS Secretary of Labor in
the Eisenhower Cabinet, he was better
known than his Democratic opponent,
Richard j. Hughes, and he enjoyed the
vigorous support of such liberal" Re
publicanS as Mr.. Eisenhower and Sena-
tor Clifford Case. BY the same token, of
course, the G. o. P. conservatives, who
are factor in Jersey politics, were con-
Slderably less than enthusiastic about
him. Since the race was very close, this
may have been the decisive factor in
the Mitchell defeat.
At any rate, the Democrats have
won, and this will materially improve
their prospects in next years congress
Sional elections. The Hughes victory is
also boost, though perhaps in an
inverse sense, for President Kennedy.
The President went into the State to
campaign for his man, thereby putting
his prestige on the line. Had Jim Mitchell
won, the result would certainly have
been construed as mark of disenchant-
ment with the New Frontier. But as
matters stand, it has to be assumed that
the President is at least as strong now
in New Jersey as was the case a year
ago, when he carried the State in a nip
and-tuck battle with Richard Nixon.
Evening star., 1961-11-08
The Algerian Agony


President de GauIle'S .sternIy inflex-
ible determination to find a negotiated
solution of the Algerian crisis is being
put to new test this week. Continuing
his tours to the far corners of the
French Republic, the soldier-preSident
is carrying his case in these days to the
Mediterranean island of Corsica and
the regions of Southern France proper
where resistance to Algerian independ-
ence is deepest and most emotional.
Even heavily reinforced security ar
rangementS have not prevented new in
cidents of bombingS presumably calcu-
lated to intimidate, if not to injure, the
French chief of state.
Coincidentally, in the almost mex
plicable workings of French politics and
its bitterly hardy factionalism, General
de Gaulle'S most uncompromiSing and
probably his most dangerous foe-a man
under sentence Of death-haS pledged
publicly his intent to continue the
fight against De Gaulle personally and
against independence for the North
African territory. Repeatedly moving
freely about North Africa, former Gen
eral Raoul Salan charged in a television
interview that the French president is
guilty of deceit and falsehoodS, and has
promised that his Secret Army Organi-
zation (OAS) of diSsident French mill
tary officers will continue to block
the De Gaulle plan for Algerian self
determination.
1t is difficult indeed to predict an
outcome, or most of all timetable of
next events, in this struggle between
seemingly irreconcilable forces within
the boundaries of French power. Never
theleSS, there is more than sufficient
evidence for those outside the struggle
itself to feel that General de Gaulle has
chosen the way of reason and that in
the long run it must prevail. 1t was
seven years ago this month that the
Algerian independence movement came
fully into the open, and they have been
years of violence, bloodShed and great
COST
In one Of his first statements in
Corsica, President de Gaulle said that
the FrenchAlgerian negotiations which
broke down last summer could re-
open "any day now" simultaneously, a
member of his government, returning
from Algiers, limited clearly that pre-
negotiation" talks already are under
way. Only those who refuse to recognize
that today is not yesterday, or those
who prefer for their own evil reasons
that peace with honor should not re-
place strife, can hope that resolution of
this crisis will continue unattainable.
Evening star., 1961-11-08
THE WORLD
Berlin Crisis Peak May Be Past
Rv CROSBY 6 MOVES
Eoreisn Correspondent Of The stor

of its own accord develop in
their favor.
1t would be foolish, in fact,
to pretend that this is not
happening already. The Of
ficial figure Of 1,700 West
Berliners who have left the
city each week since the clos
ing Of the border is eloquent
testimony as to the present
state of morale and the out
look for the future. So far
none Of the schemes ad-
vanced. including outright
subsidies to those who stay
or the idea of moving certain
agencies of the United Ma
tions to Berlin, seems likely
to reverse the discouraging
trend.
To Broaden Issue
This state of affairs seems
already to have affected Mr..
Khrushchev's perspective on
the question of possible ne
gotiations with the West.
Instead of being confined to
the narrow problem of Berlin
itself, the negotiations which
the Russians now are seek
ing would involve much
broader issues. The future of
Germany as a whole, its re-
lation to Western Europe
and the general problem Of
European security are now,
to judge from recent state
mentS, Mr.. Khrushchev's ma
jor concerns. Berlin, which
was once the central pre-
occupation of the Russian
leader, has become some
thing Of a secondary matter.
There is also, perhaps, an
other reason why Mr.. Khru-
Shchev might feel inclined to
ease up in Berlin and broaden
the scope Of his diplomatic
offensive in Europe. The re-
cent elections in Germany
have brought to power a new
combination of political
forces. No one at this point
can say with real assurance
how the new coalition will
work or how the influence
Of the Free Democrats may
affect the traditional foreign
policies followed by Konrad
Adenauer.
Until the German political
picture becomes clearer a
certain degree of caution on
Mr.. Khrushchev's part is in
dicated. 1t would be less than
astute on his part to COM
promise through impatience
or impetuosity a situation
which he may well believe
could turn in his favor.
Evening star., 1961-11-08
EmbottIed Freewoy

Mr.. Gingery's recent plea
for political pressure from
Maryland and Virginia to
force an inner loop upon the
District may rebound to his
regret. The only clearly polit-
ical decision by Congress re-
lative to freeways in the Dis
trict has been to forbid them
west of 10th Street.
1t is questionable now
whether the non political
forces pushing for freewayS
in the District, whose career
in the Army or whose accept
ability to the planning or
hig way departments of
other Jurisdictions depends
on how much they can do
to the District in the short
time they are here, will win
out over the political forces
who are working for a free
way moratorium. Suburban.
ties are groaning under con-
tinually worSening road con-
ditions in getting to and
through the District. Accord
ing to Mr.. Gingery. they are
not anxious to rub elbows
with their neighbors in
rapid transit system. AS a
gesture of good will there
fore, how far will suburba-
mites go in easing the impact
OF freeways on the District?
Will they agree to pay the
District the taxes lost on
land eaten by the freeways
and on the depreciation of
the surrounding properties?
How many of the persons
displaced-mostly Negro, and
many on public assistance
viii the suburbs agree to
house? Are any suburban de-
veloperS promising open oc-
cupancy along with the free
ways? Peter Glickert.
Evening star., 1961-11-08

vancement; free education is
being strengthened by the
establishment of public
schools in increasing num-
bers; constructive efforts are
under way towards solving
the problems related to the
indigenous population, and
the standard of living of the
working classes as a whole
is rising, supported by ap-
propriate housing as we'll as
by adequate salaries and So
cial services.
Lima has been the site of
the Second International Fair
of the Pacific which is just
about to end, successfully
held since the 18th of
october with the purpose of
promoting commercial rela-
tions. Over 20 nations con-
structed their own pavillions
on its grounds, and the
thousands of foreign busi-
ness men, observers and sim
pie tourists who visited the
fair, who became acquainted
with its nearby surroundings
and with its more distant
borders, can testify to the
spirit and the meaning of
Lima and of Peru.
Luis NJ. AlZamora.
Commissioner of Informa-
ton of Peru.
New York City.
Editors Note: Mr.. Sher-
mans article noted the gov
ernment was taking steps to
improve conditions but ques-
toned whether they were Ell
ther large enough or fast
enough. Social workers who
took the writer on a long tour
through the slums said the
problem is multiplying faster
than steps being taken to
solve it. Mr.. Sherman con-
tended that the governments
mild attempt at land reform
is currently begged down in
Peru's Congress and is I'M
likely to be seriously debated
until the presidential elec-
tions in June. The article took
note of road building but
questioned when embryonic
roads through jungle and
mountains will become q sig
nificant factor in the country.
Mr.. Sherman observed that
for too long in Peru-as else
where in Latin America-fine
words and glowing plans have
been substituted for vitality
necessary social and economic
reform
Evening star., 1961-11-08
County Progress

The following is in refer
ence to County C of C to
Consider Home Rule" The
Star october 10, 1861.
The Southern Maryland
Chamber of Commerce of
Prince Georges County pro-
posal to change the govern
mental structure in the
county and requesting a
referendum on gambling,
which is now illegal, appears
to be as progressive as the
feudal system of govern
ment.
This organization is pro-
posing that Prince Georges
County be divided into dis
tricts and the residents would
be given home rule in these
districts. The number of dis
tricts would be left to the
county delegation at the
Maryland assembly. Each
district would have a repre-
sentative on the Board
of County Commissioners,
School Board, Washington
Suburban Sanitary Commits
sion, and the Maryland
Capital Park and Planning
Commission. The key to this
proposal is how many dis
trictS would be created in
the county. If the boundary
lines for these districts are
drawn from the present
election districts, which
number 20, in the county
then the county government
would be too large and un-
wieldy for proper manage
ment. At the present time,
there are five commissioners
in the county and many feel
that this is too many.
AS for the proposal, to al
low Prince Georges County
to have slot machines again
this appears to be a gallant
step forward, back to 1885.
Robert A. Crawley.
Evening star., 1961-11-08

Question: Is there an ac-
cepted definition of the term
water pollution" in con-
nection with rivers?-J. A.
Answer: Pollution has been
defined, broadly and non
officially, as the addition of
any material or any action
or condition which interferes
with, lessons, or destroys a
beneficial use of water. While
pollution results principally
from solid or liquid wastes,
it has so many other pos
Sible causes that a narrow
definition is not possible.
Question: When was Po-,
land first divided among
other countries?-B.B.
Answer: The first parti-
ton of Poland occurred in
1772. For some centuries Po-
land had been a large and
occasionally powerful king
dom but by the middle of
the 18th century she had
grown so weak that neigh
boring empires were able to
take over about one-third of
her territory and population
by such tactics as bribery
and show of force. In 1772
Poland ceded some of her
most important lands to Rus
sia, Prussia and Austria.
Evening star., 1961-11-08
LETTERS TO THE STAR

Pen names may be used If
letters carry tDriterS' correct
names and addresses. All let
terS are subject to condenSd-
ton. Those not used tUiH be
returned only tUhen accom-
panied By self : addressed,
stamped envelopes.
Evening star., 1961-11-08
Has Own Needle

We are the first Nation
that ever succeeded in losing
$50 million copper needles.
My suspicion is that Khru-
shchev is using them to keep
the Commies In stitches.
Charles b. Mcdonald
Hollywood, Fla.
Evening star., 1961-11-08
Skirts the Issues

George Bernard Shaw once
said to the effect, Every
man on his 60th birthday
should be destroyed because
old men are responsible for
the worlds ills"
I'll go him one better. I
think men should turn the
top jobs in all governments
over to women. If Russia and
America would appoint a
dozen of their leading women
as delegates to a space con-
ference they would solve this
megaton bomb mess in a
week.
Paul McIlvaine.
Evening star., 1961-11-08
Inside Peru

No one who knows condi-
tions around Lima and
throughout Peru can agree
with the article by George
Sherman published in your
issue Of October goth. I
realize that this is the sixth
article of a series concerning
the countries of Latin Amer
lea which he has hurriedly
visited and to which he has
applied similar treatment but
that does not help to clarity
his purpose. What Mr..
Sherman says with regard to
Peru is largely inexact.
1t is true that, due to it's
rising Importance as an in
dustrial center and to its
easier accessibility resulting
from better means of COM
munication, Lima's popula-
ton has recently grown very
quickly, so quickly that the
city was unprepared to ac-
commodate adequately the
large number of persons 60
ing there from other parts.
Greater Lima'S population
has increased from $4,000
in 1910 to 1,729,OO0 in 1861.
But the deficiencies in this
respect - which never ap-
preached the conditions of
Squalor suggested by the
article-are being rapidly ov-
ercome through government
action: The National Hous-
ing Institute, the Housing
Loan Associations, the Ma
tional Federation of Credit
Co-operatives, and the unique
law for the renovation of
slum areas and squatter set
Elements represent important
steps toward the solution of
the housing problem through
the Joint action of public
and private enterprise.
Strangely enough, the
author of the article admits
that increased medical care
has drastically reduced in
fant mortality. He could
also have said that, in the
same way that medical care
has increased, living condi-
tions in general are improv-
ing, not only in Lima but in
the entire country, which,
contrary to Mr.. Sherman's
portrayal, is thriving and
pushing ahead under the
stimulus of social and eco
nomlc deVelopment.
1t could be added that in
dustrial production in Peru
is on the increase: progress
has been achieved towards
agrarian reform; just prac-
tices have been adopted in
matters that deal with in
come. contributing to the
soundness of the national
budget; a road building pro-
gram which aims to bring
the different sections of the
country into close contact has
attained high degree Of ad-
Evening star., 1961-11-08
VISTAS IN SCIENCE
Sitting Sediment on Floor of Pacific
BY THOMAS R. HENRY

A thermometer of millen-
NUNS is the floor of the
mid-Pacific.
Sedimentary deposits of
the remains of living organ
iSms, such as minute shells,
fix the position of the equa-
tor itself and of the two
poles and also indicate
changes in the worlds
climate through geological
ages.
This is explained by DR..
Gustav Arrhenius of the
Scripps Institution of Ocea-
biography in a report just
published by the American
Association for the Advance
ment Of Science. The geog-
raphy of the Pacific is such,
he explains, that material
sinking from the surface
stays put on the sea floor.
There is very little disturb
ance by deep currents, as is
the case of the Atlantic and
Indian Oceans.
Forces connected with the
earth's rotation, DR.. Arrhen-
iuS explains, cause cold, deep
water, rich in food material,
to rise from great depths to
near the surface where the
process of photosynthesis can
take place. This is the build
ing up of organic material
from carbon dioxide in the
air and nitrogen under the
action of sunshine. 1t is prob
ably, for life, the most i'm
portant process in nature.
Sea Life Thick at Equator
Hence there is a great ac-
emulation of oceanic life
along the equator. This is
largely composed of micro
scopic plants and animals,
many with shells of calcium
and silica. These shells pile
up along the bottom when
the organisms die. The re-
suit is an equatorial bulge in
the sea floor. Up to now no
similar bulge has been found
anywhere. This indicates, DR..
Arrhenius says, that at least
during the time of life the
equator's position has re-
manned constant. The posi-
tion of the equator also in
dicates the position of the
poles. There have been
strongly supported SUPPOSE
tions that these have wan
dered" through the ages.
The shells also can be dated
by radioactive techniques. The
thickness of their accumula-
ton at different periods is
an indication of climatic
changes. At present, it is eX-
planned, cores obtained from
the Pacific bottom in the
equatorial region are quite in
adequate. The longest only
go back to the middle ice
ages. One 500 years long
would go back to the Creta-
cious geological period or age
of reptiles on land.
DR.. Arrhenius stresses the
possibility, with present un-
dersea drilling methods, of
obtaining deeper cores which
may go back nearly to the
beginnings of life.
+ 4
The ice sheet over West
Antarctica now appears to be
building up at a rate of about
six inches a year.
This has just been reported
to the National Academy of
Sciences by DR.. Mario B.
Giovinetto of Ohio State
University's Institute of Polar
Evening star., 1961-11-08
SoIutes Gen. Walker

Gen. Edwin A. Walker, after
more than 80 years Of service
to his country. will create a
void that will not be easy
to fill. Here is a dedicated
man who is being sacrificed
on the altar Of censorship
because he believes that as
an American he has an in
herent right to think and to
speak. His voice was raised
against the forces that seek
to destroy us-the forces of
International communism.
BY muzzling such voices we
will only speed up this de-
Struction.
After many years of Serv-
ice, Gen. Walker had gained
much insight into the pres
ent conflict between two
ideologies-militant commu-
niSm on the one hand and
free democracy on the other.
He attempted to make known
to the men under his COM
mand, and to all others who
would listen, the facts; many
of which we are not provided.
To keep these facts hidden
is a travesty and can only
lead to the eventual down.
fall of the society for which
most Of us are prepared to
give our lives.
Ignorance Of what is going
on in the world today led
to the detections among the
American prisoners in Korea.
1t made tGrncoats out of
young Am 2rican soldiers.
1t has been said that
military men should not
speak up in regard to ma
tional or international prob
lens. Such fallacious think
ing plays right into the
hands of the Communists.
We need more such men to
speak up, more such men to
point the finger at Commu-
mist infiltration, and more
men of the caliber of Gen.
Walker.
We would not have been
born into a Nation of free
thinking. dedicated men if
such censorship and muzzl-
ing of voices had occurred
in the early days of our his
tory. Men such as Patrick
Henry. Thomas jefferson,
and other early patriots had
to speak up to make their
voices heard. Today when
a patriot attempts to speak
up for something in which he
believes strongly, he is criti-
cized in the newspapers, crit
icized by members of Con-
greSs, criticized by the civil
ian hierarchy who are in
charge of the defense Of this
Nation. This criticism has
led to his resignation and
has destroyed his career-a
career of dedication. We
must become aware of the
forces that are attempting
to bring on the downfall of
American democracy. Inter-
national communism, in it's
ruthless, bloody march, will
trample us under unless we
pay heed to the voices of
such men a Gen. Walker
who are attempting to bring
the light of wisdom into the
darkness of ignorance where
so many of us walk.
We are justly proud of our
freedoms. Is it fair to deny
these freedoms to the mill
tary leaders who are asked
to defend them? Is it just to
stifle and throttle men like
Gen. Walker who display
good ld-faShioned American
CUTS? Let's have more of
the same. Army Officer.
Evening star., 1961-11-08
Answers to Questions
BY THE HASKIN SERVICE
Decreases in Interior

A, reader can get an answer, By
mail, to any question of fact by
writing The Star Information Bu-
reau, 635 E street NV. Washington
4, D. c. Please incloSe return post
age or Seh-addressed, stamped
envelope.
Evening star., 1961-11-08
PARIS.

GA4kAA1s
Tense and dangerous as
the situation is. there is some
hope among diplomats here
that the peak of the immedi-
ate crisis in Berlin mas been
passed.
There are several logical
reasons to hope that Premier
Khrushchev, for reasons of
his own. may want to lower
the heat in Berlin during the
next phase of the struggle.
And though it is true
enough that Soviet policy
does not always follow logical
lines. a certain reduction of
tension in the city at this
point would seem to be in Mr..
Khrushchev's own best inter-
estS.
The first reason is quite
simply that Mr.. KhrushcheV
and his friend. Walter Ul-
BRIGHT, have now achieved
most of their practical goals
in Berlin. A free city has
been effectively sealed off
from the East German do
main. Its significance either
as a show window for the
West or as an escape hatch
for Mr.. Ulbricht's diScon-
tented followers has been
reduced to a minimum.
Besides this the rights of
Western officials in East Ber-
lin have now been success
fully challenged. The dan
gerouslV petty border Incl
dents Of the last few days
involving Allied civilian and
military personnel may not
have entirely settled the
question Of what ident;fica-
tion may be demanded and to
whom it should be shown.
But the Western allies do not
seem anxious to force the
issue to a showdown. And the
Communists are at least well
on their way to winning their
point on recognition of the
East Germans as agents" Of
the Russians in controlling
Allied traffic in and out of
the Western sector of the
city.
Pause Indicated
These goals. to be sure, fall
short of what Mr.. Khru-
shchev and Mr.. Ulbricht
ultimately want in Berlin.
But they represent, perhaps,
the most that can be practi-
cally obtained for the time
being without very sharply
increasing the risk of war.
And they mark a convenient
point at which the Com
munist leaders may pause in
hope that the situation will
Evening star., 1961-11-08

ONANASo ALUM dlidlySlS Ol re-
ports of various expeditions.
The accumulation, he reports,
generally decreases towards
the higher areas of the South
Pole continents interior and
is highest in the neighbor-
hood of the Bellingshausen
Sea.
Decreases in Interior
The annual accumulation,
says the report, generally de-
creaSes toward the high in
terror areas and the area of
maximum accumulation is in
the neighborhood of the sea.
AT several localities in
Victoria Land" says the re-
port, layers of large, soft
grains and crystals were more
than so centimeters thick.
The frequency of occurrence
of this phenomenon appears
to increase from the mar
gins of the Ross ice shelf
toward the interior of East
Antarctica.
Interpretation in interior
areas and particularly in
Victoria Land is made diff
ficult by two factors. There
is excessive sublimation re-
Sulting from large temper
ature differences between the
upper snow layers and the
air, causing a vertical mass
transport within the snow.
There is an irregular distri-
button of snow accumulating
on surface, resulting largely
from wind action. This effect
also is strong in the vicinity
of the South Pole"
There is now considerable
debate on whether the great
Antarctic ice shelf is increas-
ing or diminishing. Ap-
parently measurements in
any particular locality have
little meaning in answering
this question.