davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
On Red China:
BowIes Quiz

The Senate Foreign Rela-
tons Committee heard Chester
Bowles, named to be Undersec-
rotary Of State in the Kennedy
administration, declare that the
United States would and should
defend FOrmOsa and should bar
recognition Of Communist China
at this time.
When Chester Bowles, former
Ambassador to India, former
Governor Of Connecticut and out
spoken critic Of some aspects of
Eisenhower foreign policy faced
the Senate committee which will
act on his nomination to be I'm
dersecretary of State, there were
some Senators already on record
as opposed to his confirmation.
1t seems that Mr.. Bowles, in ar
ticles written some months ago,
had found all not too perfect with
United States policy toward the
Peking regime.
But in his appearance before
the committee on Thursday, Mr..
Bowles set most fears at rest. He
treasured the doubling Senators
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
Actual Cost
OF Inaugural

The cost of producing a new
regime in Washington is around
81 million. But it probably will
be many weeks before the In
augural Committee knows ex-
actly how much President Ken
nedy's Inauguration cost.
What the committee hopes to
do is find it shaved the cost
just under its original estimate
Of 81 million. However. it isn't
too optimistic about getting the
$4,000 surplus it hoped to leave
over for the 1865 Inauguration.
The committees early esti-
mates were thrown into con-
fusion by two factors-a greater
demand for parade seats and
ball tickets than anticipated
and the snowstorm that blan-
keted the city on inauguration
eve.
While the tickets for the pa
rade seats were all sold, the
weather kept a lot of people
away and they didn't buy in
augural programs, medals, tags
and other making items.
The inaugural fund comes
from the sale of the parade
seats, inaugural ball tickets,
special automobile tags. medals,
programs and other things.
UP to 81 million for the in
auguration is guaranteed by
Washington businessmen. They
pay only what the committee
fails to take in up to that
amount.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
Foreign Emphasis

In his Inaugural Address, which
has been widely hailed ct home
and In foreign capitals, the new
President focused his whole atten-
ton on international affairs, an
area wherein Democrats and Re-
publicans see pretty much eye to
eye. He said no direct word about
domestic problems-which do find
interparty differences and occa-
sionally sharp ones.
A thoughtful, serious young
man Of 43, Mr.. Kennedy spoke
with great earnestness and con-
viction the words that. happily in
this age Of GHOSTS" he himself
wrote.
In the speech, which in form
and content was reminiscent Of
some Of winston Churchill's, he
was both firm and conciliatory TO
the Communist bloc.
LET every nation know. whether
1t wish us well or Ill. that we shall
pay any price. bear any burden.
meet any hardship. support any
friend or oppose any foe in order
to assure the survival and success
of liberty" he declared.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
TheBudget:
A Bit Silly

President Eisenhower, in q
series Of final actions, last week
sent his eighth budget to Con-
gress and met the Washington
press for the 1881 time.
Because now the old President
has got to put these things in
and the new President has diff
ferent ideas, he just has to start
changing them right away. It
seems a little bit silly to me-"
So said President Eisenhower
on Wednesday morning as he met,
for the last time as Chief Ex-
ecutive, the members Of the press,
in the ornate old Victorian Treaty
Room Of the Executive Office
Building.
Mr.. Eisenhower was referring
to the fact that the outgoing
President is required to send to
Congress q budget, economic re-
ports and . state-of the Union
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
Castro Cuba:
Alert Over

The state Of alert" in Cuba,
In which thousands of Castro
militiamen watched day.by day
for a predicted United States
Invasion" was ended Friday.
. The green-fatigue uniforms Of
Fidel Castro's peoples militia"
were out of the gun emplacements
and anti-aircraft batteries yester-
day as the invasion emergency"
was declared ended. The guajiros
were back in the canefields, the
workers back in the factories and
refineries. But Mr.. Castro's drive
against "Yanqui imperialism" was
not a whit relaxed.
In series of moves during the
week, the Castro regime:
o Instituted a rigid system of
special passes for Cuban workers
on the giant United States naval
base at Guantanamo Bay;
. Decreed that the Cuban North
American Cultural Institute, long
an important link in United States
Cuban relations. would hence
forth be known as the Abraham
Lincoln Academy" It's new pur-
pose, the government declared,
would be to concentrate on teach
ing foreign languages" The Ian
guages were not specified.
Q The famous Remember the
Maine" monument in Havana,
erected to commemorate United
States help in the liberation of
Cuba from Spain in 1898. is to be
radically altered. The American
Eagle atop the shaft is to be re-
placed by a dove Of peace. Busts
Of President Theodore Roosevelt,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
A Warning

The former five-star general
sounded Q second warning-the
grave" prospect Of domination of
the country's scholars by Federal
employment and the power of
money" Along the same line, he
urged vigilance lest public policy
:. itself become the captive Of
q scientific chronological elite"
These danger signals posted by
the outgoing President should not
lightly be dismissed. Although
Mr.. Eisenhower. at 10, is the
Oldest man ever to have served as
President. he is far from the
tired, worn out" individual some
critics would paint him.
His observations after two terms
in office. 'encompassing eight of
the most dangerous years in the
Nations history, are entitled to
full and serious consideration.
MIR. Eisenhower is frequently
regarded by present-day observers
as having been o consolidator
rather than an innovator. But
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
The WEEK IN PERSPECTIVE
A New Administration and It's Challenge
John Fitzgerald Kennedy on
Friday became the 35th Presi-
dent Of the United States.

John Fitzgerald Kennedy on
Friday became the 35th Presi-
dent Of the United States.
The United States ship of state,
its Republican crew and skipper
replaced after eight years by eager
and confident Democrats, set sail
last week against the sea of
troubles which beset this Nation
and the world.
John r. Kennedy. the youngest
man ever elected President and
the first Roman Catholic chief
executive in our history, has taken
the helm. He faced the challenge
Of the times prayerfully and with
. vigor and determination which
provoked q remarkable air Of
expectation here and abroad.
His greatest challenge lies in the
international field:
The spread Of Communist influ-
ence and tyranny; the atomic arms
race. with its ceaseless production
of hypersonic missiles and other
engines of destruction; the strug-
gle Of emergent nations; the fight
against hunger and disease in
many parts Of the world, and the
omnipresent danger Of all out
nuclear war by design or accident.
Mr.. Kennedy acknowledged these
areas Of foremost concern after
being sworn in as the 35th Presi-
dent at the Capitol on Friday. in
the snowiest inaugural since VIII
liam Howard Taft's in 1909.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
THE FOREIGN SCENE
Coalition Main Hope for Settlement in Laos

The United States and Britain
neared agreement yesterday on
. plan for revival Of the Inter-
national Cancellation Commits
sion to seek peace in war-torn
Laos.
Despite United States determi-
nation to bolster as much as pos
sible the rightist regime of Laotian
Premier Boun Gum, Southwest
Asia Treaty Organization members
have continued pressing for an
amicable political solution to the
strife in that mountainous, primi-
tive. but strategically important
kingdom.
The Commission, comprised of
India, Poland and Canada, func-
toned for a few months after the
partition of former French 'Indo-
China in the Geneva agreements
Of 1854. But heavy American pres
sure repeatedly cut short its ca
reer, and Premier Prince Souvanna
Phouma brought about its dis
bandment in 1858 by declaring
that it had fulfilled its functions.
Today Laos is governed, at least
nominally, by the Boun Gum re-
gime. which is supported by the
rightist army faction led by Gen.
Phoumi Nosavan and backed by
the United States. Premier Sou
wanna is an exile in neighboring
Cambodia. and q powerful force of
rebels. including the pro- Commu-
mist Pathet Lao. threatens to top
pie the Boun Gum cabinet by mil
itary force.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22

day on Friday. That day began
with mass at the Holy Trinity
Church in Georgetown and ended
with attendance at five Inaugural
Balls and q drop-in at a friends
private party.
His first executive order was
issued. He called for a substantial
increase in the variety and
amount Of Federal foods being
distributed to needy families.
The other days Of Inauguration
Week were only slightly less
packed, a final meeting at the
White House with outgoing Presi-
dent Eisenhower on Thursday be-
ing perhaps the most important
item on the list.
Mr.. Kennedy, who has many
more second and third tier Execu-
tive Branch offices to fill, yes
terday watched as his cabinet was
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22

vid Eisenhower has laid down the
responsibilities of office. In a
farewell address on Tuesday he
reflected on his past eight years
in the White House, offered ad-
vice for the present and voiced
hope for the future.
It was one Of Mr.. Eisenhower's
finest efforts. a thoughtful, SUI
perbly expressed credo. In it, he
warned Of the recurring tempta-
ton to feel that some spectacular
and costly action could become
the miraculous solution" to all
our difficulties. And he predicted
that the struggle with world COM
munism would be a long one.
But more important, the popu-
lar President issued a warning,
long overdue. but the first by a
top civilian official of Govern
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
Refuses to Quit

On Thursday Prince Souvanna,
In Cambodia's capital, Prom PENN,
backed the Norodom solution.
Refusing to resign as Premier of
his own country. Prince Souvanna
was bitter against the United
States role in the Laotian crisis.
Chief target Of his bitterness
was J. Graham Parsons. former
United States Ambassador to
Laos and more recently Assistant
Secretary Of State for Far Eastern
Affairs. Mr.. Parsons. said the
Prince, was the principal "igno-
minious architect Of disastrous
American policy toward Laos"
Behind the Souvanna charges,
and also back of the British
Indian proposals for a political
settlement in Laos, was the belief
that peace in the troubled king
dom could be achieved only with
broadly based coalition govern
ment in which the powerful
Pathet Lao would participate.
The American position has been
that participation by the Pathet
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
Latin America

The Kennedy plan for Latin
America. Of course, is yet to be I'M
folded. There is promise, however,
that 1t will be more than simply
a 1861 version Of the GOOD Neigh
Dor" policy which, being more
psychological than spiritual, did
little to attack and overcome the
abject poverty Of the masses.
What word did the new Presi-
dent have for his own country
men? Pretty much what he Of
fered In Los Angeles last July as
he formally accepted the Demo-
cratic presidential nomination:
Sacrifice and hard work.
ASK not what your country will
do for you-ask what you can do
for your country" he admonished.
The Nation has heard the ring
ing challenge and promise Of Mr..
Kennedy's well-chosen words. Now
1t awaits his leadership, the deeds
and actions which will give mean
ing to what he says.
The President started off brisk
ly. He called an early morning
meeting Of his White House staff
yesterday. despite the fact that he
Dad q Enthusiastically busy. 20-hour
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
On Negotiation

At another point. his right
hand, forefinger extended, pump
ing to the rhythm Of his words.
Mr.. Kennedy proposed this to the
Communist world:
$50 let US begin anew-remem-
bering on both sides that civility
is not q sign Of weakness, and sin
cerity Is always subject to proof.
LET us never negotiate out Of
fear. But let us never fear to ne
gotiate."
The President, without ques-
ton. was putting the matter Of
reduced world tensions directly
UP to Nikita Khrushchev. We are
willing to fight for freedom or
negotiate from strength and
with honor for the betterment
of mankind. What will 1t be? Mr..
Khrushchev and his Communist
power bloc hold the answer.
The Kennedy speech, which
was studded with quotable pas
sages. ought to have made one
thing clear to the Kremlin: De-
spite the Presidents youth and
lack Of executive experience he
Is not q person to be trifled with
or moderated.
Mr.. Kennedy also had words Of
hope, cheer and advice for our
friends and the neutrals Of the
world.
. He assured the loyalty Of the
United States to our "old allies"
(NATO) and talked Of q "host Of
new cooperative ventures"
o He promised the new nations
that q "far more iron tyranny"
would not replace the old colo
nialism. lately overthrown or dis
solved. But he also cautioned that
we will expect them to fight for
their own freedom.
o He offered special pledge to
Latin America to convert good
words into good deeds in order to
eliminate poverty. And he warned
the rest Of the world that the
Western Hemisphere intends to
remain its own master.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22

United States has, under pressure
from our rallies. accepted the idea
with the provision that the Com
MISSIONS functions be limited to
"fact-findfng."
India first proposed the revival.
and Britain pushed its advocacy
with the State Department. In
addition, over a week ago Prince
Norodom Sihanouk, Cambodian
chief-of-state. proposed a compro-
mise plan Of his own. Prince
Norodom suggested that both
Laos and his own nation, Cam
bodia, be formed into a "buffer
zone" between Communist China,
Communist North Wet Nam, and
the nations to the south.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
Less Specific

On the question of the offshore
islands of Quemoy and Matsu,
Mr.. Bowles was less specific. He
did not. said the nominee, want
to complicate the question for his
chief. President Kennedy.
I'VE are going to defend Tai
wan, whatever the cost, whatever
the risk" said Mr.. Bowles forth
rightly to his Senate questioners.
AS for the two Chinas" view
that he seemed to eSpouse last
April in the influential quarterly
Foreign Affairs" Mr.. Bowles
made it plain that he did not
consider this a possibility. Both
Peking and Taipei (Chiang's
capitaD were totally opposed, he
noted. At the time of the April
article, many observers considered
the "two Chinas" proposal as a
trial balloon"
In a revealing series Of inter-
views with Edgar Snow, an Amer
lean writer with long experience
in China and close knowledge of
the Communist leaders, Premier
Chou En-lai ruled out the two
Chinas" idea as totally inadmis-
sable. Taiwan, said Mr.. Chou, is
Chinese territory and until the
United States recognized that,
talk OF any rapprochement be-
tween Washington and Picking
would be idle.
Mr.. Bowles also told the Sena-
tors that he was not in favor of
admission Of Communist China
to the United Nations. But he
added that he would oppose
Continued on Page ca
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
Basis for Fears

Mr.. Eisenhower did not elab-
crate. Therefore. one can only
speculate as to what is the basis
Of his fears in this area.
The combination of industry
armed service pressure for certain
weapons systems, some marginal
and others duplicatiye, has more
than once prevailed against bet
ter judgment at the Pentagon and
White House. Perhaps he had this
in mind.
When the largest industry in
the United States, both in terms
Of dollar volume and labor force,
is more than 80 per cent depend
ent on Pentagon orders the in
herent dangers are patent. This
is the situation the aircraft indus
try has been in for years.
Perhaps Mr.. Eisenhower, in a
change Of opinion brought about
by eight years Of observation from
a position overlooking the whole
scene and not merely one part of
it, was thinking about the dan-
gers Of merging the armed serv-
ices and junking the Joint Chiefs
OF Staff in favor Of single super
chief-proposalS which again are
seriously being advocated.
II Mr.. Eisenhower sees potential
trouble in the current situation,
where one Of the armed services
virtually supports the Nations No.
industry. then the concentration
Of the entire Defense budget of
SAB billion-a-year in the hands of
one clique obviously would mean
q quantum jump in the size Of
the threat to democratic processes.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22

ment, of an increasing danger to
American democracy. Here is how
he put it:
"In the councils of government,
we must guard against the acquisl-
ton of unwarranted influence.
whether sought or unsought, by
the military-industrial complex.
The potential for the disastrous
rise of misplaced power exists and
will persist.
1--WE must never let the weight
Of this combination endanger our
liberties or democratic processes.
We should take nothing for
granted. Only an alert and knowl-
edgeable citizenry can compel the
proper meshing of the huge in
dustrial and military machinery
Of defense with our peaceful
methods and goals, so that Sc
curity and liberty may prosper
together"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22

his place in history must await
the verdict Of scholars perhaps as
yet unborn.
Most Americans, however, would
probably agree with him that his
greatest achievement was to guide
the Nation, in this nuclear missile
age. down the path Of peace with
honor in the face Of real and
threatened aggression on the part
Of the powerful and predatory
Communist bloc. All Americans
wish him and Mrs. Eisenhower
many happy years in retirement.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
To Avert War

The British effort, supported at
least in part by other SEATO
members, has been to avert an all
out civil war in Laos by effecting
a political solution before events
have moved too far. Originally
opposed to the revival Of the NOR
ibund Control Commission, the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
A Soldiers
Farewell

President Eisenhower bid a
fond and hopeful adieu to the
Nation he led for eight years
In q adio-television address on
Tuesday.
After approximately a half CEN
fury Of service to his Nation, as SOL
dier and as President. Dwight d.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22

Lao would mean. almost newt
ably. Communist domination Of
Laos.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
Only a Plan

. The national budget, Of course,
is only a financial plan, very
fifty" thing. The eighth Eisen-
hover budget was no exception.
1t reflected a confidence in Q
rebounding economy and super
confidence that Congress would
increase the revenue sources to
stay a step ahead Of expenditures.
Mr.. Eisenhower's biggest budg-
ct calls for expenditures of $500
billion and revenues of 1923, pro-
ducing surplus of STA billion.
But this plan depends on $843
million in higher postal rates and
an increase in gasoline taxes to
bring in another 5000 million.
Not only is the outlook dark for
any affirmative congressional ac-
ton in the above two areas, but
it is very likely that President
Kennedy will resort to deficit
spending to curb what his eco
nomic advisers regard as q def
mite business recession.
In his message to Congress, Mr..
Eisenhower conceded that there
has been "a leveling out in BUSH
ness activity" but he, neverthe-
less, foresaw a new high in the
gross national product and in per.
sonal incomes during the year.
And, in a yelled admonition to
his successor. he ridiculed the idea
Of Government by credit cards"
Mr.. Kennedy doubtless will
alter many entries in the Eisen.
hover budget. Where he has Q
glowing opportunity to take
a new, bold direction, however,
lies in the military field, wherein
more than half the national
budget is consumed.
President Eisenhower spoke Of
the new danger of surprise at
tack on the United States con-
tanned in growing force Of en-.
envy hydrogen-tipped ballistic mis-
siles. Yet his new budget calls for
far greater expenditures Of money
on increasingly vulnerable, fixed
based missile sites than for mo.
bile systems, like Polaris.
Perhaps Mr.. Kennedy, o for
mer naval person who under
stands the Importance Of mo.
bility, will act more positively to
give the Nation a protected de-
terrent-retaliatory force at the
earliest moment.
A chart showing expenditures
and receipts in the new budget
appears on Page CA.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22
Congress-:
Solution

House Democrats on Wednes-
day approved Speaker Ray.
burns plan to enlarge the Rules
Committee. The next day
G. o. P. leaders agreed to fight
the move.
Barring the unexpected, the
augmentation of Speaker Sam
Rayburn's painless" plan to solve
the House Rules Committee prob
lem. begun last week, should be
completed in the next few days.
This, in turn, should pave the
way (and eliminate any Demo-
cratic excuses for failure) for later
affirmative action by the House
on President Kennedy's minimum
legislative program.
The first step was taken when
House Democrats, in an astonish-
ingly brief Us minutes) caucus,
shouted approval of the Rayburn
proposal to enlarge the member
ship Of the Rules Committee
from IL to Is.
In the past, a coalition Of two
Southern Democratic and four
Republican members Of the COM
mittee has formed to block some
liberal legislation.
The Outlook
It has been widely assumed
that If the enlargement plan, in
volving the addition Of two Demo-
Gratis and one Republican, Is ap-
proved by the House membership,
the new Democratic members will
be either liberal or moderate
both pledged to go along with the
Kennedy program for more hous-
ing, school construction, aid to the
aged via social security and higher
minimum wages.
The new (fifth) Republican
member, on the other hand, Is
likely to be a conservative and 50
are the requirements for the two
q. .. P. members who did not
return to Congress this year.
There will be a floor fight over
the Rayburn plan. This was as.
sured on Thursday as the House
Republican Policy COMMITTEES
passed a resolution vowing OPP
position when the matter comes
to the floor sometime this week.
1t could be close vote, al
though most observers see a Ray
burn victory. To win. the Speak
er's plan will need PIG votes, II
all members cast ballots. There
are 176 Republicans and 261
Democrats, 101 of whom are con.
Sidered, broadly, as Southerners.
The number of defections, from
The Southern camp and from the
g. o. p. will determine the out
come.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22

that his views on recognition of
Communist China were firm-no
recognition. He also asserted that
United States support for Cen
eralissimo Chang Kai-shek and
his Nationalist regime on Taiwan
(Formosa) should be even more
positive than 1t already is.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-01-22

message shortly before the new
President takes over.
When he observed that 1t
seemed little bit silly" he was
agreeing with the general view
held by Congress and the public.
It was a somewhat less harsh
version of the judgment rendered
by Senate Majority Leader Mans
field when reporters asked him
to comment on the eighth and
final Eisenhower budget last
Monday. His reply, in effect: "An
right. Now, let's wait for the
real (Kennedy) one"
Mr.. Eisenhower, now former
President" suggested changing
Inaugural day so that the incom-
ing chief executive would have o
minimum of 80 days to prepare
his own budget for Congress.