davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-01-29
CINCINNATI

CINCINNATI
IT 1he new oral vaccine against poliomyelitis was
= developed in the U.S.A. after many years of
research supported by the American people through
their contributions to the March of Dimes Its safety
and effectiveness were established on millions of
children and adults in trials completed in 1859.
These field trials we're the result of an unprece-
dented international cooperative effort among ind
vidual scientists. Since the most extensive trials
were carried out in different republics of the SSR
this American vaccine first approved for general
use in the Soviet Union at the end of 1859 The
initiative and foresight of Professor M. P. Chuma
kov of the Moscow Institute for Poliomyelitis Re-
search in manufacturing large quantities of this vac
cine resulted in the vaccination of almost 88 million
persons in the Soviet Union and Allied countries
during the first 10 months of 1860.
During the spring of 1860, community wide vac
cinaon programs involving l8l, ,784 persons in Gin
cinnat and 1888 persons in Rochester. N. T.,
carried out using some of the original, large
lots of vaccine that prepared in the USA. for
the international field trials.
The results Of studies in Cincinnati
sho.ced that, under the conditions obtaining in
rln,eric0n city, the oral vaccine 100 per
cent effective in innsiSing susceptible children.
The total absence Of polomyelits in Cincinnati in
both the vaccinated and unvaccinated populations,
and the complete or almost complete elimination of
poliomyelitis during the summer of 1860 in the
central and eastern European countries, in which
extensive community-wi vaccinations
ried out during the preceding winter and spring
months, indicate the possibilities for the complete
elimination of poliomyets with the aid of the new,
oral vaccine.
The US. Public Health Service has approved this
vaccine for general use, and both press and public
are asking for more information on this weapon
in the fight against polio. Here are my answers to
the questions most often asked:
q. poliomyetits still problem in the U.SA. despite
the extensive of Saik Uaocine during the past sir
years.
a. While the Salk vaccine has undoubtedly pre-
vented many thousands of cases of paralytic polio
myelitis, continuing to have thousands of
cases each year. In 1859, there were more than
5000 cases of the paralytc disease in the U.S. In
Canada with population of only l8 million there
Evening star., 1961-01-29
wHV the RUSSIANS GOT
THE SAeIN VACCINE FIRST

Tast year over 80 million Russians
- received the new Sabin vaccine.
Only about 100000 Americans re-
ceived it on test basis = despite the
fact that this new anti-polio weapon
was developed by an American - the
author of this article.
How did this happen? A bitter
controversy has ragged over the situa-
ton, but here are the facts:
Russia was considered a better
ground for a mass test than the US,
because the Russian population had
not been immunized with Salk shots.
AS result of the successful testing
in Russia and in the US, the Surgeon
General gave the green light for man.
ufacture here of the Sabin vaccine.
But current estimates are that we will
not have the vaccine until this fall -
after lo6l's polio season.
DIR. Sabin has charged that the
manufacturing process could have
been speeded up. DR.. Leroy S. Bur-
ney, US. Surgeon General, denies
that there has been ''any slowing down
=. intentional or unintentional."
The real ro0dblOck is the condition
laid dOrn BY the us. Public Health
Service for manufacture of the Sabin
raccine. All such live-polio virus
vaccines to date have contained non
polio virus particles = tiny, uniden-
tilted living organisms. These particles
have not hurt test subjects in Russia
or America, but the Public Health
Service had to consider the possibil-
ity, however remote, of these other
viruses becoming virulent in the
course of a mass vaccination, and
starting an epidemic.
So the rule was laid down: no
license for manufacture of Sabin vac.
cine till the manufacturer can prove
his product contains no non-polio
viruses.
Researchers have been at work on
the problem since last summer. With
luck they may solve it within the next
few months. Meantime, all scientists
agree the wisest thing for every Amer.
lean under 40 is to have the complete
set of four Salk shots. (Some sc
million of them haven't.) That will
keep polio at bay until the perfected
live vaccine becomes available.
YsaR wmsYmmG
Evening star., 1961-12-28
- WHAT'S
- - COOKING
S
Oyster Crackers

Corn and Oyster ChoDder Oyster Crackers
Raw Relish Tray
Mincemeat Pie Coffee
Corn and Oyster ChOwder
l can q pound) cream tablespoons flour
style corn "a cup oyster liquid, clam
l can g ounceS) chopped juice chicken bouillon
broied mushrooms pint fresh oysters
l quart milk IL teaspoons salt
tablespoons butter "a teaspoon paprika
tablespoons minced onion
Put corn and mushrooms In 2-quart saucepan. Add
milk and heat thoroughly Meanwhile melt butter in small
skillet. Add onion and cook about minutes stirring
frequently Stir in flour then add the oyster liquid Bring
to boil, stirring constantly Add oysters to and
cook only until the edges begin to curl Combine oysters
with the hot milk mixture Add salt and paprika
and additional seasoning if needed Heat thoroughly.
Serve at once. Six servings.
LtUer and Bacon Baked Potatoes
Colortul Cabbage Carrot Salad
Baked Apple With Cream
COlOrfu Cabbage
y stick "a cup) butter cups shredded cabbage
or margarine l tablespoon flour
tablespoons chopped p cup milk
onion tablespoons chopped
2 tablespoons chopped pimiento
green pepper Grated sharp cheese
"a teaspoon salt
Melt butter. Add onion and green pepper. Cook about
minutes Stir in salt and cabbage Cover and cook over
low heat about 10 minutes. Sprinkle flour evenly over
cabbage mixture. Gradually stir in milk. Cook to
minutes stirring occasionally. Blend in pmento Sprinkle
with cheese and serve at -Four to six servings
Evening star., 1961-12-28
Feature an Eosy-to-Fix Canned Ham
For Traditional Midniqht Supper

The gayest celebration Of
the year comes with the ar
rival Of 1862. Bells ring,
noisemakers blare, confetti
flies and strains of Aud Lang
Syne are heard as everyone
Joins in the boisterous well
come for the new year.
Following the noise and
hilarity of the midnight hour,
invite your guests to join the
buffet line. Ready to greet
them for their first meal of
the new year is an eye-catch-
ing canned ham, highlighted
with a decorative fruit design
and a glistening glaze.
Another attraction of this
buffet is frosty cranberry
meat accompaniment.
Heating instructions are
usually found on the outside
of the can regarding prep
aration time. oven tempera-
ture, and so on. If not, al
low IL to IS minutes per
pound in a slow oven 1925
degrees F.)
About 20 minutes before
the end of the cooking time,
Evening star., 1961-12-28

remove the ham from the
oven and spread on the glaze.
You can add an artistic touch
by creating a flower design
with canned apricot slices and
maraschino cherries. Then
return the ham to the oven
for the glaze to set.
AppricOt-Applesauce
Glazed Ham
l canned ham
jar IS ounces) strained
apricots and apple sauce
teaspoon lemon juice
2 tablespoons brown sugar
Is teaspoon salt
Apricot slices
Maraschino cherries
Cook ham, following in
structionS on label, until al
most heated through. Com
bine apricots and apple sauce.
lemon juice, brown sugar and
salt. Spread glaze over ham.
Decorate with apricot slices
and maraschino cherries to
form flower. Bake in a slow
oven (325 degrees F. 20 min
utes longer or until glaze is
set.
Evening star., 1961-12-28

SUNDAY
Ham Loaf Mashed Sweet Potatoes
Italian Green Beans CdulttlotUer
Jellied Vim Rose Angel Food Cake
Jelied Vim Rose
8 envelopes unflavored q cup lemon Juice
gelatin cups vim
11a cups cold water u teaspoon mace
Ia cups sugar
Sprinkle gelatin water in saucepan to soften Place
low heat stirring constantly until gelatin is dissolved
add sugar Stir until sugar is dissolved
serving DISH stir in remaining ingredients Chill
until firm. desired garnish with whipped cream Makes
10 to IL servings.
MONDAY
New Years Day
Roast Beet BrolUn Potatoes
Broccoli With Sour Cream Sauce Yellow Squash
Egonog Ice Cream Fruit Cake
teaspoons instant l cup dairy sour cream
minced onion l tablespoon chopped
tablespoon lemon juice pmiento
l teaspoon sugar cup toasted slivered
u teaspoon salt almonds
Combine onion lemon juice. sugar salt and
Let stand hour to blend flavors Add pmento
and almonds and hot cooked broccoli Sauce
may heated, if desired Makes four to five servings
TUESDAY
Beef Hash Creamed Spinach
Pickled BeetS Corn Sticks
Bread Pudding
Creamed Spinach
12 cup water l teaspoon grated onion
l package frozen spinach, l can cream of chicken
chopped soup (undiluted)
"a teaspoon nutmeg
Heat water to boiling point add spinach nutmeg and
onion and cook about minutes Add SOUP mix we'll and
heat thoroughly. Makes four to six servings.
Evening star., 1961-12-28

Chinese-sNle main course different.
WEDNESDAY
Pork Orientale Chou Mein Noodles
Rice Picked Kumquats Celery Sticks
Fresh Fruit Cookies Tea
Pork Orientae
can az ounces) Il pound each)
luncheon meat mixed Chinese or chop
2 teaspoons soy sauce suey vegetables
2 tablespoons salad oil Chow mein noodles
3 tablespoons cornstarch Rice
Shred luncheon meat using a CRATER Add
luncheon meat and to hot salad oil in skillet
cook until lightly Drowned stirring frequently Stir in
cornstarch Add liquid drained from vegetables cook until
thickened stirring. Simmer or 3 minutes. Add mixed
vegetables; heat, but boil Serve with chow mein
noodles Pass additional Four servings
THURSDAY
Lamb Stew With Vegetables French Bread
Tossed Green Salad
Pineapple Tapioca Cream Tea
Pineapple TapiOca Cream
2 eggs separated (8Ha ounce)
1h cups milk crushed pineapple
15 cup sugar IA teaspoon grated lemon
2 tablespoons quick peel
cooking tapioca IA cup plain toasted
IA teaspoon salt coconut
IA teaspoon almond eXiact
Beat egg yolks lightly stir in milk tablespoons sugar.
tapoca salt and pineapple Cook and stir moderate
heat until mixture to boil. Remove from heat,
cool and stir in almond extract and lemon peel Beat egg
whites to soft peaks beat in remaining to make
erngue Fold into tapioca mixture along with coconut
Spoon into serving dishes; chill if desired Makes five
or six servings
BY "vi"
Evening star., 1961-12-28
Frosty Cranberry

Frosty Cranberry
Meat Accompaniment
l cup whipping cream
l package (1012 ounces)
frozen cranberry relish,
slightly defrosted
! tablespoon prepared
horseradish 81
Whip cream until stiff.
Fold in cranberry relish and
horSeradish. Freeze mixtufe
in a l0x4-inch refrigerator
tray until firm. Cut into r.
pieces and serve Immediately
as a meat accompaniment.
Note: Mixture also may be
served without freezing. y
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-08-04

for a solution to social problems
more adapted to our times.
For this reason, on the occasion
of the solemn commemoration of
the Leonine encyclical, We are hap
py to have the opportunity to CON
firm and specify points of doctrine
already treated by Our predeces-
sors and, at the same time, to elu-
cidate further the mind of the
Church with respect to the new
and more important problems Of
the day.
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-08-04

FOR SPECIALIZATION is not to
be considered as a product of natu-
raj forces working in a determinis.
tic way. 1t is, on the contrary, as
We have observed, a creation Of
men, of beings conscious, free and
intended by nature to work in a
responsible way even if in their so
acting they are obliged to recog-
nize and respect the laws of eco
nomic development and social
progress and cannot escape from
all the pressureS of heir environ
ment.
Hence, We consider that social
ization al and ought to be realiz-
ed IN such a way as to draw from
it the advantages contained there
in and to remove Or restrain the
negative aspects.
For this purpose, then, it is
required that a sane view of the
common good be present and OPP
erati7e in men invested with pub
lie authority, a view which is form
ed by all those social conditions
which permit and favor for the hui
man race the integral development
of their personality.
Moreover, We consider neces.
sary that the intermediary bodies
and the numerous social enferpris-
es, in which above all soeializafion
tends TO find its expression and its
activity, enjoy an effective aufono-
my in regard TO the public aUthori.
ties and pursue their own specific
interests in loyal collaboration
between themselves. subordinate,
however. 70 the demands OF the
common good.
For it is no less necessary that
the aforementioned groups pre-
sent the form and substance of a
true community, that is, that the
individual members be considered
and treated as persons and encour
aged to take an active part in
their life.
In the development of the OR
CARNATIONS of modern society. or
der is realized ever more with a
renewed balance between the need
of the autonomous and active col
Liberation of all, individuals and
groups, and the timely coordina-
ton of the direction of the public
authority.
so LONG as specialization con-
fines its activity within the limits
of the moral order, along the lines
indicated, it does not Of its nature
entail serious dangers Of restric.
ton to the detriment of individual
human beings. Instead, it helps to
promote in them the expression
and development of truly personal
characteristics. 1t produces, too.
an organic reconstruction of soci-
ETY., which Our predecessor Plus
XII in the encyclical "Quadragesi-
mo Ammo" put forward and de.
Tended as the indispensable pre-
requisite for satisfying the de-
manoS OF social justice.
Remuneration OF Work:
Standards Of Justice and Equity
Our heart is filled with a deep
sadness in contemplating the i'm
m~easurably sorrowful spectacle of
vast numbers of workers in many
lands and entire continents who
are paid wages which condemn
them and their families to sub
human conditions of life. This is
doubtless due, among other rea-
sons, to the fact that in these
countries and continents the pro-
cess of industrialization is just be-
ginning or is still insufficiently
developed.
In some Of these countries, how
ever, there stands in harsh and
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-08-04

or some small TASK, or One OF
doubtful value, the diligent and
profitable work of whole classes
of decent, Woodworking men re-
ceiyes a payment that is much
too small, insufficient or in no
way corresponding to their con-
tribution to the good of the COM
munity, to the profit of the under.
takingS in which they are engaged
or to the general national economy.
We judge it, therefore. to be
Our duty to reaffirm once again
that the remuneration of work,
just as it cannot be left entirely
to the laws of the market. so
neither can it be fixed arbitrar-
lily. 1t must rather be determined
according to justice and equity.
This requires that workers should
be paid a wage which allows them
to live a truly human life and to
face up with dignity to their fami-
ly responsibilities.
BUT IT requires, too, that in
the assessment of their remuner-
alton regard be had to their eff
fective contribution to the pro-
duction and the economic state
of the enterprise, to the require
ment of the common good of the
respective political communities,
especially with regard to the re-
percuSSionS On the overall employ
ment of the labor force in the en-
tire country, and also to the re-
quirementS of the universal com
mon good, that is, of international
communities of different nature
and scope.
1t is clear that the standards
of judgment set forth above are
binding always and everywhere,
but the degree according to which
concrete cases are to be applied
cannot be established without
reference to the available wealth.
wealth which can vary in both
quantity and quality and which
can, and in fact does, vary from
country to country and within the
same country from time to time.
Process Of Adjustment between
Economic Development and
Social Progress
Whereas the economies of yari.
Gus countries are evolving rapidly
and at an even more intense pace
during this postwar period. We
consider il opportune to call at
tention to a fundamental principle,
namely that social progress should
accompany and be adjusted to Geo.
nOmic development SO that all
classes of citizens can participate
in the increased productivity. At
tentiye vigilance and effective Ell
fort must be made so that socio-
economic inequalities do not in
crease but rather that they be
lessened as much as possible.
Likewise the national eco
Monty" observes Our predecessor
Plus XII with evident ivstifica-
fion. "as il is the product Of fhe
men who work together in the
community of the state. has no
other end than TO secure without
interruption the material condi-
fions in which the individual life
of the citizen may fully develop.
where this is secured in a Der
manent way a people will be, in
a true sense, economically rich be.
cause the general well-being, and
consequently the personal right of
all to the use of worldly goods,
is thus actuated in conformity with
the purpose willed by the Creator"
From this it follows that the
nomic wealth of a people arises
not only from an aggregate abund-
ancn of goods hut alSn and m0rp
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-08-04
READ

is totally false to ascribe to capital
alone or to labor alone that which
is obtained by the joint effort of
the n and the other. And it is
flagrantly unjust that either should
deny the efficacy of the other
and seize all the profits"
The demand of justice referred
to can be satisfied in many ways
suggested by experience. One of
these, and among the most de-
Sirable, is to see to it that the
workers, in the manner and to
the degree most convenient, be
able to participate in the owner.
ship Of the enterprise itself, since
today more than in the times Of
Our predecessor "every effort.
therefore, must be made that at
least in the future a just share
only of the fruits of production
be permitted to accumulate in the
hands of the wealthy, and that an
ample sufficiency be supplied to.
the workingmen."
But we should, moreover, re-
member that adjustments between
recompense for work and returns
be brought about in conformity
with the demands of the common
good, both of ones own community.
and of the entire human family.
The demands of the common
good on the national level must
be considered: To provide employ
ment to the greatest number of
workers; to take care lest priVi-
legged classes arise, even among
the workers; TO maintain an equal
balance between wages and prices
and make goods and service &C.
cessible TO the greater number of
citizens; to eliminate or keep with
in limits the inequalities between
the sectors of agriculture, industry
and services: to bring about q bal
ance between economic expansion
and the development of essential
public services: TO adjust as far
as possible the means of prodvc.
tion TO fhe progress of science and
technology: TO regulate the i'm
provemenfs in the tenor of life Of
the present generation with the
objective of preparing a better
future for the coming generations.
There are also demands for the
common good on the world level:
To avoid all forms of unfair con.
petition between the economies of
different countries: to encourage
with fruitful understanding col
lab0ration among these national
economies; to cooperate in the eco
monte development of communities
which are economically less ad-
vanced.
1t is obvious that the demands
of the common good, referred to
both on the national and world
level, are to be kept in mind when
there is a question of determining
the rate of return to be assigned
DIS pAOlIt 10 tHUSS ACoPOAoAolC AVA
the direction of the enterprise
and to the contributors capital in
the form of interest and dividends.
The Demand Of Justice in Regard
to the Productive Structure
Is Harmony with Man
Justice is to be observed not
only in the distribution of wealth,
but also with reference to the
structures of the enterprises in
which productive activity unfolds
itself. There is, in fact, an innate
exigency in human nature which
demands that when men are en-
gagged in productive activity, they
have the opportunity of employing
their own responsibility and per-
fecting their w being.
Wherefore, IL the structures,
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-08-04
Sterilization:
Origin and Scope of the
Phenomenon

~lh4Ht @EtN SSVPC VI I'VE
Phenomenon
One of the typical aspects
which characterize our epoch is
Specialization, understood as the
progressive multiplication of rela-
tons in society, with different
forms of life and activity, and
juridical INSTRUMENTATION This
is due to many historical factors,
among which must be numbered
technical and scientific progress, a
greater productive efficiency and
a higher standard of living among
citizens.
Specialization is, at ore and the
same time, an effect and a cause
of fhe growing Intervention of the
public authorities in even the most
crucial matters such as those con.
corning the care Of health, the in.
strUction and education of the
younger generation. the control.
ling Of professional and
the methods Of care and rehabiIi-
tation Of those variovsly handicap
ped.
But it is also the fruit and ex-
preston of a national tendency
almost irrepressible in human be-
ings, the tendency to join together
to attain detectives which are be-
yond the capacity and means at
the disposal of single individuals.
A tendency of this sort has given
life, especially in these last de-
cadeS, to a wide range of groups,
movements, associations and insti.
tutions with economic, cultural, So
cial, sporting, recreational, profess
Sional and political ends, both
within single national communities
and on an international level.
EvaIvation
1t is clear that Specialization. so
understood, brings many advantage
es. 1t makes possible, in fact, the
satisfaction of many personal
rights, especially those called Geo.
nomic-social, such as, for exam
pie, the right to the indispensable
mean of human maintenance, to
health services, to instruction at
a higher level, to a more thorough
professional formation, to housing,
to work, to suitable leisure and TO
recreation.
In addition, through the ever
more perfect organization Of mod
err mean for the diffusion of
thought - press. cinema, radio,
feIevision - IL is made possible
for individuals to take part in hv-
msn events on q worldwide scale.
At the same time, however, so
cialization multiplieS the forms of
organization and makes the juridi-
cal control of relations between
men of every walk of life ever
more detailed. AS a consequence,
it restricts the range of the indi-
vidual as regards his liberty of ac-
ton. 1t uses means, follows meth
DDS and creates an atmosphere
which makes it difficult for each
one to think independently of out
side influences, to work of his own
initiative, to exercise his response
bility and to affirm and enrich his
personality.
Ought it to be concluded, then,
that specialization, growing in ex-
tent and depth, necessarily reduces
men to automatic? This is a
question which must be answered
negatively.
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1961-08-04

working together In harmony in
the proportions corresponding to
the needs of the common good in
the changing situations and v~ieissi-
tvdes Of human life.
Experience, in fact, shows that
where the personal initiative of in
dividualS is lacking, there is po-
litical tyranny. But there is also
Stagnation in the economic sectors
engaged in the production especial
ly of the wide range of consumer
goods and services which pertain,
in addition to material needs, to
the requirements of the spirit
goods and services which call into
play in a special way the creative
talents of individuals.
While, where the due services
of the state are lacking or defec-
tive, there is incurable disorder
and exploitation of the weak on
the part of the INSCRIPTIONS
strong who flourish in every land
and at all times, like the cookie
among the wheat.