davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-09-25

most of you, the deepest con-
Germ.
The first threat on which I
wish to report is widely mis-
understood: The Smoldering
Goals of war in Southeast Asia.
South Wet Nam is already I'M
der attack-sometimes by a
single assassin, sometimes by
a band of guerrillaS. recently
by full battalions. The peace
full borders of Burma, Cam
bodia and India have been re-
peatedly violated. And the
peaceful people of Laos are in
danger of losing the independ-
ence they gaind a short time
ago.
No one can call these wars
of liberation. For these are
free countries living under gov
ernrnentS of their own chooS-
ing. Nor are these aggresSions
any less real because men are
knitted in their homes and not
shot on the fields of battle.
The very simple question
confronting the world commu-
nifty is whether measures can
be devised to protect the small
and the weak from such tactics.
For if they are successful in
Laos and South Wet Nam, the
gates will open.
The United States seeks for
itself no base, no territory, no
special position in this area of
any kind. We support a truly
neutral and independent Laos,
it's people free from outside in
reference, living at peace with
themselves and their neighbors,
assured that their territory will
not be used for attacks on
others, and comparable (as Mr..
KhruShchev and I agreed at
Vienna) to Cambodia and
Burma.
But now the negotiations over
Laos are reaching a crucial
stage. The cease fire is at best
precarious. Laotian territory is
being used to infiltrate South
Wet Nam. The world commu-
nifty must recognize that this
potent threat to Laotian peace
and freedom is indivisible from
all other threats to their own.
Secondly, I wish to report to
you on the crisis over Germany
and Berlin. This is not the time
or the place for immoderate
tones, but the world commu-
nifty is entitled to know the very
simple issues as we see them.
If there is a crisis it is because
an existing peace is under
threat-because an existing is
land of free people is under
pressure - because solem n
agreements are being treated
with contempt. Established in
ternational rights are being
threatened with unilateral usur-
patton. Peaceful circulation has
been interrupted by barbed wire
ood concrete hlockS
Evening star., 1961-09-25

or example. But inevitably
they fail-either because men
are not afraid to die for a
life worth living-or because
the terroristS themselves real
ize that free men could not
be frightened by threats, and
that aggression would meet its
own response. And it is in
the light of that history that
every nation today should
know, be he friend or foe,
that the United States has
both the will and the weapons
to join free men in standing
up to their responsibilities.
But we are here to look
across this world of threats
to the world of peace. In
that search we cannot expect
any final triumph-for new
problems will always arise. We
cannot expect all nations to
adopt like syStemS-for con-
forfaity is the jailor of free
dom, and the enemy of growth.
Nor can we expect to reach
our goal by contrivance, by
fiat or even by the wishes of
all.
But however close we some
times seem to that dark and
final abyss. let no man Of
peace and freedom despair. For
he does not stand alone. II
we all can perSevere-if we
can in every land and office
look beyond our own shores
and ambitions - then surely
the age will dawn in which
the strong are just and the
weak secure and the peace pre-
served forever.
Ladies and gentlemen of
this Assembly-the decision is
ours. Never have the nations
of the world had so much to
lose-or so much to gain. To-
gether we shall save our planet
or together we shall perish
in it's flames. Save it we can
save it we must-and then
shall We earn the eternal
thanks of man and their best
wishes as peace makers of God.
Evening star., 1961-09-25
Khrushchev Delays
German Pact DeodIine

parted to have told Mr.. Spaak
he was ready to discuss with
the Western powers other SUBJ
jects beside Berlin and Ger
many.
One West German official
said Mr.. Khrushchev's line in
talks with Mr.. Spaak, a former
secretary general of NATO, was
most conciliatory." West Ger
man officials were not opti-
mistic, however, despite Mr..
Spaak's report.
I'VE heard the message.
said one, but we don't believe
it. He has taken on the face
of a mild and compromising
person for this occasion"
Remains Firm
Diplomats said that despite
Mr.. Khrushchev's relatively
mild attitude, he remained firm
against including the status Of
East Berlin In any East-West
negotiations. He took the line
that East Berlin is the capital
of East Germany and cannot be
discussed.
Only recently, in agreeing
that Soviet Foreign Minister
Andrei A. Gromyko would meet
with United States Secretary of
State Dean RuSk at the United
Nations to sound out the posi-
bility of negotiations, the Soviet
foreign minister said the talks
would be limited to the status
OF West Berlin based on an
East German peace treaty.
The West has insisted that
other subjects creating tension
should be discussed as well.
The attitude of the West has
been that Mr.. Khrushchev was
trying to negotiate only for
what the West now holds,
nothing that the East holds.
Evening star., 1961-09-25
Text Of President Kennedys Speech Before u N
UNITED NATIONS. N. Y,

UNITED NATIONS, N. Y,
Sept. Is (AP). - The fol-
lotDing is the teIt of PreSi-
dent Kennedy'S address today
before the United Nations
General Assembly:
We meet in an hour of grief
and challenge. Dag Hammar-
skiold is dead. But the United
Nations lives on. His tragedy
is deep in our hearts, but the
task for which he died is at the
top of our agenda. A noble
servant of peace is gone. But
the quest for peace lies before
us.
The problem is not the death
Of one mantle problem is
the life of this organization. 1t
will either grow to meet the
challenge of our age-or it will
be gone with the wind, without
influence, without force, with
out respect. Were we to let it
die-to enfeeble its vigor-to
cripple its powers-we would
condemn the future.
For in the development Of
this organization rests the only
true alternative to war-and
war appeals no longer as a
rational alternative. Uncondi-
tional war can no longer lead
to unconditional victory. 1t can
no longer serve to settle dis
puteS. It can no longe be of
concern to great powers alone.
For a nuclear disaster, spread
by winds and waters and fear,
could we'll engulf the great and
the small, the rich and the
poor, the committed and the
uncommitted alike. Mankind
must put an end to war-or war
will put an end to mankind.
So let US here resolve that
Dag Hammarskjold did not
live-or die-in vain. Let us
call a truce to terror. Let us
invoke the blessings of peace.
And, as we build an interna-
tional capacity to keep peace,
let us join in dismantling the
national capacity to wage war.
Evening star., 1961-09-25
Asian-African
Discussion Set

UNITED NATIONS, N. Y.
Sept. 25 (AP).-Proposals for
a temporary replacement for
the late U. N. Secretary Cen
eral Dag Hammarskjold will be
discussed today by the powerful
ASian-African delegation.
The group has 46 Of the SO
votes in the General Assembly.
When it sticks together. it can
prevent the necessary two
thirds vote for any decision it
opposes and go far toward max
ing up the majority for any
decision it favors.
The private meeting was re-
quested by Nigeria and Paki-
stan. Informed diplomats say
the two want the group to ex-
change views and seek agree
ment on some interim leader
ship in place of Mr.. Ham
marskjold. killed in an African
plane crash.
Nigerian Foreign Minister
Jaja Wachuku has his own plan
for this. He favors one tenn
porary secretary general and
four temporary undersecretar-
les to run the United Nations
as a cabinet holding Joint re-
sponsibility. He insists that one
of the undersecretaries be from
Africa.
Mr.. Wachuku presented this
plan last week to Secretary of
State Rusk and Soviet Foreign
Minister Gromyko.
How they reacted has not
been indicated. But in public
statements since, Mr.. Gromyko
has said there must be three
secretaries general and Mr..
Ru6k has said there must be
only on and that he will not
agree to a three-man scheme
on any level.
A dozen middle-of- -the-road
countries of Asia, Africa, Eu-
rope and the Middle East have
drafted a tentative resolution
that would have the Assembly
name somebody to supervise
the U. N. secretariat and insure
the carrying out of U. N. reso-
lutions until the Security Coun-
Gil can agree on permanent
successor to Mr.. Hammarskjold.
Evening star., 1961-09-25
Proposes Test Ban
As Logical 1st Step

The logical place to begin
is a treaty assuring the end of
nuclear tests of all kinds,
in every environment, under
workable controls. The United
States and the United King
dom have proposed treaty
that is reasonable, effective
and ready for signature. We
are still prepared to sign that
treaty today.
We also proposed a mutual
ban on atmospheric testing,
without inspection or controls,
in order to save the human
race from the poison of radio
active fallout. We regret that
that offer was not accepted.
For Is years we have sought
to make the atom an instru-
ment of peaceful growth in
stead of war. But for Is years
our concessions have been
matched by obstruction. Our
patience has been rewarded
with intransigence. And the
pleas of mankind have been
met with disregard.
Finally, as the explosions of
others beclouded the skies, my
country was left no alternative
but to act in the interests of
it's own and the Free Worlds
security. We cannot endanger
that security by refraining
from testing while others i'm
prove their arsenal. Nor can
we endanger it by another long
uninspected ban on testing. For
three years we accepted those
risks while seeking agreement
on inspection. But this year,
while we were negotiating in
good faith at Geneva, others
were secretly preparing new
experiments in destruction.
Our tests are not polluting
the atmosphere. Our deterrent
weapons are guarded against
accidental explosion or use.
Our doctors and scientists
stand ready to help any nation
measure and meet the hazards
to health which result from
the tests of others.
But to halt the spread Of
these terrible weapons, to halt
the contamination of the air,
to halt the spiralling nuclear
arms race. we remain ready to
seek new avenues of agreement.
Our new disarmament program
thus includes the following
proposals:
First, signing the test-ban
treaty, by all nations. This
can be done now. Test ban
negotiations need not and
should not await general dis
armament talks.
. Second, stopping the pro-
duction of fashionable materials
for use in weapons, and pre-
venting their transfer to any
nation now lacking nuclear
weapons.
Third, prohibiting the
transfer of control over nuclear
weapons to states that do not
now own them.
Fourth, keeping nuclear
weapons from seeding new
backgrounds in outer space.
Fifth, gradually destroying
existing nuclear weapons and
converting their materials to
peaceful uses: and
Finally, halting the un-
limited testing and production
of strategic nuclear delivery
vehicles. and gradually destroy
ing them as well.
Evening star., 1961-09-25
KENNEDY CALLED
IN GOOD FORM
BY GROMYKO

UNITED NATIONS,
N. Y. (AP).-After Presi-
dent Kennedy's speech to-
day, Soviet Foreign Min
lister Gromyko shook hands
with him and declared:
You were in good form"
The two met as the Rus
sian passed through a re-
ception line.
Mr.. Gromyko appeared
in high spirits.
The Soviet delegation
listened impassively as Mr.,
Kennedy spoke. 1t did not
join in the applause that
dotted the speech.
Evening star., 1961-09-25

weapons of war must be abol-
ished before they abolish us.
Men no longer debate whether
armaments are a symptom or
cause of tension. The mere ex-
istence of modern weapons
100000 times more destruc-
tive than anything the world
has ever known, and only min
utes away from any target on
earth-is a source of horror, of
discord and distrust. Men no
longer maintain that diSarma-
ment must await the settlement
of all disputes-for disarma-
ment must be a part Of any
permanent settlement. And men
no longer pretend that the
quest for disarmament is a sign
of weakness-for in a spiralling
arms race, a nations security
may we'll be shrinking even as
it's arms increase.
For Is years this organiza-
ton has sought the reduction
and destruction of arms. Now
that goal is no longer a dream
it is a practical matter OF
life or death. The risks inherent
in disarmament pale in COM
parison to the risks inherent
in an unlimited arms race.
1t is in this spirit that the
recent Belgrade conference -
recognizing that this is no
longer a Soviet problem or an
American problem, but a hu-
man problem-indorsed a pro-
gram of general, complete and
strictly and internationally con-
trolled disarmament" 1t is in
this same spirit that we in the
United States have labored this
year, with a new urgency. and
with a new, now-now Statu-
tory agency fully indorsed by
the Congress, find an approach
to disarmament which would
be so far-reaching yet realistic,
so mutually balanced and bene-
ficial, that it could be accepted
by every nation. And it is in
this spirit that we have pre-
sented to the Soviet Union
under the label both nations
now accept of general and
complete C disarmament"-a
statement of newly agreed prin-
ciples for negotiation.
But we are we'll aware that
all issues of principle are not
settled - and that principles
alone are not enough. 1t is
therefore our intention to chal-
lenge the Soviet Union, not to
an arms race, but to a peace
Irace-to advance with us step
by step, stage by stage. until
general and complete disarma-
ment has actually been achieved.
We invite them now to go be-
yond agreement in principle to
reach agree m e n t on actual
f1lo1oS
Evening star., 1961-09-25
Plan Puts Control
Under the u. N.

Inc program 10 be presented
to this Assembly-for general
and complete disarmament un-
der effective international con-
trol-moves to bridge the gap
between those who insist on a
gradual approach and those
who talk only of the final and
total achievement. 1t would
create machinery to keep the
peace as it destroys the ma
chimes of war.
1t would proceed through bal
anced and Safeguarded stages
designed to give no state a
military advantage over an
other. 1t would place the final
responsibility for verification
and control where it belongs
not with the big powers alone,
not with ones adversary or
ones self-but in an interna-
tional organization within the
framework of the United Ma
tionS itself. 1t would assure
that indispensable condition of
disarmament It true inspection
in stages proportionate to the
stage of disarmament. 1t would
cover delivery systems as well
as weapons.
1t would ultimately halt their
production as we'll as their test
ing, their transfer as well as
their possession. 1t would
achieve, under the eye of an
international disarmament or
ganization, a steady reduction
in forces, both nuclear and con-
ventional, until it has abolished
all armies and all weapons
except those needed for inter-
nal order and a new United
Nations peace force. And it
starts that process now, today,
even as talks begin.
In short, general and COM
plete disarmament must no
longer be a mere slogan, used
to resist the first steps. 1t
is no longer to be a goal with
out means of achieving it,
without means of verifying its
progress, without means OF
keeping the peace. 1t is now
a realistic plan, and a test
a test of who is only willing
to talk and who is also willing
to act.
Such a plan would not bring
a world free from conflict or
greed-but it would bring a
world free from the terrors
of mass destruction. 1t would
not usher in the era of the
super-state-but it would usher
in an era in which no state
could annihilate or be annihi-
lated by another.
In 1945, this Nation proposed
the Baruch plan to interna-
tionaliZe the atom before other
nations even possessed the
bomb or demobilized their
troops. We proposed with our
allies the disarmament plan
of 1851 while still at war in
Korea. And we make our pro-
poSals today, while building up
our defenSes over Berlin, not
because we are inconsistent or
inSincere or intimidated, but
because we know the rights of
free men will prevail-because
while we are compelled against
our will to rearm, we look
confidently beyond Berlin to
the kind of disarmed world
we all prefer.
I therefore propose, on the
basis of this plan, that dis
armament negotiations resume
promptly. and continue with
out interruption until an entire
program for complete and gen.
eral DISARMAMENT has not only
Evening star., 1961-09-25
Kennedy Threat
Alerts Police

NEW YORK, Sept. 25 CAP).
President Kennedy's police
guard was on special alert to-
day as the result of an anony-
nous telephone call prior to
his arrival here to address the
United Nations.
Manhattan police headquar-
ters said the call from a woman
was received by Port of New
York Authority police at La
Guardia Field shortly before
the Presidents plane arrived
there yesterday.
They'd better have plenty
of cops ready when he comes
into the CITY," a Port Authority
police sergeant quoted her as
saying in almost whisper.
Evening star., 1961-09-25
Calls for AboHshing
Weapons of War

Today. every inhabitant of
this planet must contemplate
the day when it may no longer
be habitable. Every man,
woman and child lives under a
nuclear sword of DamocleS,
hanging by the slenderest of
threads, capable of being cut at
any moment by accident, mis-
ejaculation or madness. The
Evening star., 1961-09-25
Offers to Submit
Issue to PIebiscite

One recalls the order OF the
Car in Pushkin's Boris Godu-
nov: Take steps at this very
hour that our frontiers be
fenced by barriers that not
a single soul pass DER the
border, that not a hare be able
to run or a crow fly"
It is absurd to allege that
we are threatening war mere
ly to prevent the Soviet Union
and East Germany from sign
ing a so-called treaty" of
peace. The Western Allies are
not concerned with any paper
arrangement the SovietS wish
to make with a regime Of their
own creation. on territory oc-
cupied by their own troops and
governed by their own agents.
No such action can affect
either our rights or our re-
sponsibilitieS.
If there is a dangerous crisis
in Berlin-and there iS-it is
because of threats against the
vital interests and the deep
commitments of the Western
powers, and the freedom of
West Berlin. We cannot yield
these interests. We cannot fail
these commitments. We can
not surrender the freedom of
people for whom we are re-
sponSible. A peace treaty"
which would destroy the peace
would be fraud. A free city"
which would suffocate freedom
would be an infamy.
For a city or people to be
truly freed, they must have the
secure right, without economic,
political or police pressure, to
make their own choice and to
live their own lives. And as l
have said before. if anyone
doubts the extent to which our
Evening star., 1961-09-25

BONN, Germany. Sept. Is
(AP). - Premier Khrushchev
removed the end-of- -the-year
deadline for a treaty with East
Germany in his talks with Bel
gian Foreign Minister Paul
Henri Spaak. diplomatic sources
reported today.
"Khrushchev repeatedly told
Spaak that the Soviet Union
prefers slow negotiations to a
quick war" these sources said.
Mr.. Spaak reported to the
council of the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization last Thurs
day on his five-hour talks with
Mr.. Khrushchev in Moscow on
the previous Tuesday.
Mr.. KhruShchev was said to
have told Mr.. Spaak he never
had, committed himself TO sign
ing a peace treaty with East
Germany before the end of
this year.
Officials Surprised
German officials expressed
surprise at this. On several oc-
casions Mr.. Khrushchev has
declared that he will sign a
treaty with East Germany be-
fore the end of the year, turing
over control of access to West
Berlin to the East German
Communist regime. unless the
West agrees to a German peace
on his terms.
"As far as we know he has
said this a number Of times,
officials said.
Diplomats said they under
stood the Spaak report to mean
that Mr.. Khrushchev now pro-
poses to delay signing an East
German peace treaty if nego-
tiations are under way by the
end of the year.
Mr.. Khrushchev also was re-
Evening star., 1961-09-25

of communications satellites
linking the whole world in tele-
graph, telephone. radio, and
televiSion. The day reed not
be far away when such a sys-
tenn will televise the proceed
ings of this body to every cor
ner of the world.
Evening star., 1961-09-25
Robt. KennedySoysU.S
Will Use A-Weopons

Another cabinet m e m b e +,
Secretary of Defense McNa-
mara, also was reported yester-
day to have said that the United
States would not hesitate to
fight with nuclear weapons if
necessary.
Evening star., 1961-09-25
Calls for ! Leader
Denounces 'Troiko'

This will require new strength
and new roles for new United
Nations. For disarmament
without checks is but a shadow
and a community without
law is but a shell. Already the
United Nations has become
both the measure and the We
hicle of mans most generous
impulses. Alreaoy it has pro-
vided-in the Middle East, in
Africa, in Asia-a means OF
holding violence within bounds.
But the great question which
confronted this body in 1945
is still before us-whether
mans cherished hopes for prog
ress and freedom are to be
destroyed by tactics OF terror
and Observation-Disclosures Nthe
foul winds of war" can be
tanned in time to free the
cooling winds of reason-and
whether the pledges OF our
Charter are to be fulfilled or
defied: Pledges to secure peace.
progress, human rights and
respect for world law.
In this hall there are not
three forces, but only two. One
is composed of those who are
trying to build the kind OF
world described in Articles I
and II of the Charter. The
other, seeking a different
world, would undermine this
organization in the process.
Today of all days our dedica-
ton to that Charter must be
strengthened. 1t must be
strengthened first OF all, by
the selection of an outstanding
civil servant to carry forward
the responsibilities of the sec
retary general man endowed
with both the wisdom and the
power to make meaningful the
moral force of the world COM
munity. The late secretary
general nurtured and sharp
ened the United Nations OBJ
legation to act. But he did not
invent it. 1t was there in the
Charter. 1t is still there in the
Charter.
However difficult it will be
to fill Mr.. Hammarskjold's
place, it can better be filled
by one man than by three.
Even the three horses of the
troika did not have three driv-
ers, all going in different di-
rections. They had only one
and so must the U. N. execu-
tive. To install a triumvirate,
or any panel or rotating au-
'thority, in the United Nations
administrative offices would re-
place order with anarchy, ac-
ton with paralysis, and con-
fidence with gross confusion.
The secretary general, in a
very real sense, is the servant
of this Assembly. Diminish his
authority and you diminish the
authority of the only body
where all nations, regardless
of power. are equal and sover-
eign. Until all the powerful are
just, the weak will be secure
only in the strength of this
Assembly.
Effective and independent
executive action is not the same
question as balanced represen-
tation. In view of the enormous
change in the membership of
this body since its founding,
the American delegation will
join in any effort for the
prompt review and revision of
the composition of United Ma
tionS bodies.
But to give this organization
three drivers-to permit each
great power in effect to decide
it's own case-would entrench
the cold war in the headquar-
ters of peace. Whatever ad-
vantages such a plan holds out
to my country, as one of the
great powers, we reject it. For
we far prefer world law, in age
of self-determination, to world
war, in the age of mass eX-
termination.
Evening star., 1961-09-25
Reports on Crises
In Laos and Berlin

AS President of the United
States, I consider it my duty
to report to this Assembly on
two threats to the peace which
are not on your crowded agen-
da, but which cause uh. and
Evening star., 1961-09-25

presence is desired by the peo-
pie of West Berlin, we are
ready to have that question
submitted to a free vote in all
Berlin and. if possible, among
all the German people.
Evening star., 1961-09-25
Terror Fails
As q Weapon

Terror is not a new weapon.
Throughout history it has
been used by those who could
not prevail through persuasion