davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-01-01

the same csc per cent. Only z per
cent suspected they would be worse
OF. Their aspirations in most
cases were quite modest and some
times quite personal.
A San Diego man wants O Job
that viii pay him q little more.
A Pittsburgh mailman hopes his
upcon1ing raise won't be eaten
up by new taxes. A nurse In
Helena, Mont, hopes her wedding
plans will turn out all right. A
sailor out Of Newport News, Va,
would like to get into college
when his hitch is up In May.
A Vermont machine operator
wants a little srnore time to fish.
Question of Optimism
Question: Do you feel more
optimistic about the future than
you did o year ago?
Compared with the AP survey
Of two years ago, the optimism
department suffered the biggest
setback. At the time SIS per cent
were more optimistic about the
future than the previous year, 20
per cent felt about the same, and
only u per cent tended to pes
sirniSm.
This year, the optimistic group
had dwindled to So per cent, the
less optimistic had climbed to 80
per cent, and the about -the-same
faction held fairly steady at 10
per cent.
For the most part, only those
who were less optimistic could cite
reasons. These ranged from the
Congo and Cuba, the summit COLI
lapse and growing unemployment,
to Kennedy's election and fears
that we were Fastening toward
socialism, in for another round Of
taxes and in danger Of becoming
soft toward Communism.
Some Of the optimists were
optimistic because Of Kennedy's
election, anticipating gains in
social legislation. q firmer foreign
policy, government intervention to
cure unemployment and O general
upswing in national prestige and
progress.
But most were optimistic be-
cause they felt it would be impos-
sible to face the modern world,
with all its complexities and prob
lens. on any other terms. "I'm
always optimistic" said an
Oklahoma City man. ITO be
otherwise would cause me to be
neurotic."
II have to be optimistic, this
year or any year." said Walter
Nester. jr.. o New Haven, Conn,
advertising salesman. II believe In
America"
Evening star., 1961-01-01

for the Yugoslav internal economy
again a plan geared to loosen
rather than bind the state ties
around the national enterprise.
Combined with other "indepen-
dent" Yugoslav departures from
Moscow's blueprints. most West
ern observers have concluded that
President Tito's Federal Republic
is conducting its own experiment
in economies and sociology. So
successful has the experiment
been so far that 1t has already
been suggested that, In future.
Communist" when applied to
Yugoslavia should be spelled with
q lower.case &C."
Evening star., 1961-01-01
BY HUGH A. MULLIGAN
Associated Press star writer


United IN . heartfelt hope for
peace. divided on how to achieve
1t, anxious for . better life but
prepared. If necessary. to- make
some sacrifices. Americans greet
the dawn Of q new year and
await the start Of q new admins
tration.
What do they want most in
1861?
More than anything else, peace.
Peace IN our time. Peace for all
time. :
Yet they feel 1t may be further
away than o year ago. In the
minds Of some. further away than
at any time since the outbreak OF
the Korean War.
Next to peace. an Associated
Press survey indicates. Americans
hope the New Year win bring
prosperity, economic stability, full
employment and increased prestige
to their country. And, for them
selves. peace Of mind. health, q
modest increase in salary or boost
in business. better schools and
better housing. and-in the CEN
tennial year Of the outbreak Of
the Civil War-a solution to
racial tension. both North and
South, national and neighborhood.
Most Americans think we are
losing the cold war or. at best.
mired In o hopeless stalenhate.
Many are worried about imitation.
automation. dwindling gold re-
serves. the prospect Of another
recession.
Evening star., 1961-01-01

Among the portents Of disaster
can be seen one shaft Of light
the possibility that q new admin~
istration in Washington might
prove able to deal with the Soviet
bloc on the basis Of a new begin
ming. There are many who voice
cautious hopes that this will come
about. But there are few who
speak with optimism or confidence.
For 1861, it is wait and see. And
hope.
Evening star., 1961-01-01
Where Peoee stonds

Question: Do you think we are
closer to peace now than q year
ago?
Eixty-two per cent said peace
was further away and backed UP
their belief by pointing to various
trouble spots in the world.
Twenty-three per cent thought it
might be q little closer, what with
. new President in ONCE and the
Russians again making summit
overtures. And IL per cent figured
the peace picture hadn't changed
much in the last year.
But more 50 than in the 1859
survey. people were talking as II
something were about to happen,
either good or bad, to alter the
international situation.
II think we are closer TO q time
Of decision" said Kansas Farmer
Barton Neubauer. Whether its
war or peace the time Is fast
approaching when O great and
historically significant decision
viii be made"
Were closer to war;" warned
Nancy Brown, Q school teacher in
Annapolis. Nd.
Evening star., 1961-01-01
Southeast Asia

As the year ends. all the neces-
sary ingredients for q narseous
stew similar to the Korean mess Of
1ah0-a appear, To-. exist in Laos,
mountainous border kingdom in
Southeast Asia.
Since Laos achieved indepen-
dence in 1866. the United States
has extended relatively huge A.
1aancial aid, most Of it military.
And American diplomacy has
striven hard to keep Laos from
slipping into the Communist orbit.
even, to the extent Of opposing
Evening star., 1961-01-01

Continued From Page BIS
production Of nuclear weapons.
But the official denials were not
entirely reassuring. Plutonium,
like INT. is an explosive that
can be used for peaceful purposes;
1t can also be used for murder.
Evening star., 1961-01-01
Few Are NeutroI

Their feelings about the new ad-
ministration reflect the dramatic
closeness Of the election. Some
look forward with hope and yearn-
ing. others with suspicion and
trepidation. Few are neutral.
Yet. without really knowing
why. most Americans are opti-
mistic about the future. But not
nearly so optimistic as they were
Q year ago. Now their optimism
Is more dogged. more determined.
less buoyant, less pervasive. For
everyone who thinks he win be o
little better OF in 1861, there are
two who will gladly settle for
being shout the Sanie.s% Many
think the economic picture win
brighten In 1851. but many also
think it may have to darken q
bit ct first.
This is the mood Of America as
Evening star., 1961-01-01
THE FOREIGN SCENE

add fiexibility to a system viewed
by all, Yugoslavs as well as West
erners, as too rigid. Imports un-
der the program will be raised at
least % per cent. most Of them
freed from the strict system Of
licensing prevailing heretofore.
And . uniform exchange rate is
st for the dinar; 750 to the
d1llar.
With the international agree
Kient goes . new five year plan
Evening star., 1961-01-01

like to have his newborn son
grow up In"
Guy Larsen, who sells musical
instruments cut Of Bismarck.
N. OAK. struck Q social note:
Keep the international cafe So
ciety CLIQUE out Of washington. "
Larsen may not be clairvoyant In
politics. but he knows his terri.
tory. Midway Ia his comments, he
sold q chord organ to his Asso-
ciated Press interviewer.
In other areas. the comments
were just as fortnight.
Question: what do you want
most for yourself and your coun-
try In 1862
Peace was paramount, but It
meant many things to many .peo-
pie. Some spoke Of peace with
honor" and peace without com-
promise" !" while others were willing
to settle for "the absence oflarmed
conflict"
Many coupled peace from their
country with prosperity for them
selves. feeling that one would
naturally lead to the othe7. Or.
Roger NJ. Eckhlorn. san Fer
nando, Calf. orthodontist. spelled
it out this way:
II want most for my country
and myself to prosper spiritually.
educationally and economically,
and ] want the peaceful atmo-
sphere necessary to accomplish
these ti1inRs.'
Evening star., 1961-01-01

ing trade treaty would be abro-
gated as Of December 81.
The Communist government re-
sponded by threatening total dis
ruption Of West Germany's traf-
fic with Berlin II the trade pact
were abandoned. The Berlin crisis.
already o major matter in East
West relations. thereby became
even more Of Q challenge to the
Vests leaders.
Evening star., 1961-01-01
Senote's New Majority Leader
Qualified MiddIe-of-the-Rooder

dependence and intelligence, con-
scientiousness and technical com.
petence, decisiveness and determ-
ination to fight hardest when the
chips are down.
He first was elected to the Sem
ate In 1853 as q candidate who
attacked the ''isolationist" stand
Of his predecessor, Republican
Senator Ecton. His International
ist outlook and his interest In the
mutual security program was
strengthened by his long service
in the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee and House Foreign AZ
fairs Committee.
His voting record and public
statements indicated that on do
mestic as well as foreign policy
matters he had little trouble going
along to the New Frontier.
Senator Mansfield probably
knows better than anyone else that
he viii face, more than did Sena-
tor johnson, sings and arrows Of
occasionally outraged Democratic
liberals and conservatives.
His reluctance to sanction an
opening-day floor fracas this week
on Senate rules changes to dis
courage filibusters has not en-
deared. him to every iberal-in-a-
hurry.
Similarly. he can count on scant
Southern Democratic comfort for
his hope Of expediting action on
all major Kennedy administration
measures and to abolish the cleo
toral college. He likewise is cool
to persistent demands for fire.
On Speech Moking
Senators as well as gallery
sightseers wonder If he will have
any luck in his self imposed role
Of q parliamentary King Canute
trying to turn back or silence the
waves Of useless, time consuming
speech-making in the worlds
greatest deliberative body. At the
same time he does not envision q
whirlwind such as the Roosevelt
New Deals first 100 day" march
in Congress.
The energetic Vice President-
elect himself might be wondering
just how far the new floor leader
intends to go in carrying out his
suggestion Of. last June. Before
the Democratic and Republican
national conventions, Senator
Mansfield said the Vice President
ought to be confined to his con-
stitutional functions Of presiding
over the Senate and perform only
such ceremonial duties as the Pres
ident might assign him in concur
renee with the Senate leadership.
Not all Of his Democratic Senate
colleagues or friends in the Ken
nedy administration will agree
with his growing conviction that
the foreign aid program Is too
heavily loaded with military as
sistance funds and that the num-
ber Of Pentagon secretaries and
undersecretaries ought to be
trimmed. His views on the Chiefs
Of, staff arrangement apparently
are closer to those Of House Armed
Services Chairman Vinson than
those Ex-senator Symington.
SomeSSenators-mainly Repub-
lican-remarkr rthat 1t win be in
teresting to- kseeewhat shappens If
Senator Mansfield insists, as he
urged in 1858. that the executive
branch be compelled to spend
funds Congress appropriates.and
intends for specific 'purposes48
In foreign affairs he has made
clear repeatedly that he would
tolerate no peace at any price
concessions. But he declares that
this Nation and the rest Of the
Free World must explore every
reasonable avenue-or summit
that might lead to world peace.
Evening star., 1961-01-01

perhaps more than any other DEM
ocrat in the Senate reflects before
rushing, thinks before talking,
blends calmness with firmness, and
strives for efficiency instead Of
wasted energy.
From all appearance, at least on
the eve OF the 87th Congress, that
personifies the temper of much
Of the Senate. This in turn re-
fleets the supposed temper of the
November 8 voters. They appar-
emily wanted q somewhat more
middle-of -the-road Congress and
still have the pundits guessing
about the closeneSs Of the presi-
Dental election.
While Senator Mansfield does
not defy all classification, 1t would
be inaccurate and incomplete to
call him a liberal conservative or
conservative liberal or strictly
on-center legislator.
It is well to recall that in the
House from 1943 to 1853 he was
highly respected and regarded as
o "Rayburn man" on terms Of
close friendship and working re-
lationship to the veteran Speaker.
In the Senate during the last
eight years he became identified
as q "protege" of Senator johnson
with whom he also had served in
the House. He certainly never
would have been marked for the
Senate Democratic leadership IL
the incoming Vice President-elect
entertained the slightest doubt
about his fitness as well as his
acceptance by practically all his
Democratic colleagues. whatever
their. sectional feelings or special
lied political purposes in other
directions.
An Independent Type
Moreover. although his selec-
ton as Senate leader has little
If anything to do with 1t, Senator
Mansfield was q House as well as
Senate colleague of the President
elect and, like Mr.. Kennedy, is q
Catholic.
Only time will tell. of course.
whether he can cope-or success
fully compromises well as Sem
ator johnson did with the expert
Senate Republican Leader Dirksen.
It is yet to be seen also whether
the proposed system Of two as
Sistant leaders, Senators Hum
phrey Of Minnesota and Smathers
Of Florida. will be as helpful to
him and to the Senate as he was
as No. 2 man. the Democratic
whip" to Senator johnson dur
ing the last four years.
The record shows, and his as
Sociates report. that Senator Mans
field is simply endowed with in
Evening star., 1961-01-01

Donald Burnette, q shoe repair
shop owner In Burbank, Calf,
thought Cuba made the big diff
ference in our peace prospects:
'It's striking q little close to home
when you have q country def
nitely Communist q few miles of
the coast"
Question: Do you think we are
winning the cold war with Russia?
The answer was a resounding
mo" from SO per cent Of those
interviewed. Only II per cent
thought we were winning, and the
rest figured we were either holding
our own or begged down in q stale
mate. From the comments, though,
few expected us really to win.
How do you win a cold war
except by keeping it from getting
hot?" asked a Purling, N. Y, serv-
ice station attendant. ''They say
1t takes two to make a fight, but
take away the Communist threat
ana wno's nght1ng?"
Buford o. Shook, manager of an
Oklahoma City nightclub. was
even more emphatic:
mo, we are not winning the cold
war. We are not even waging it.
The whole terms and conditions
are set by the Kremlin. If we are
ever to compete with Russia, we
must first learn their game"
Economic Conditions
Question: There has been rise
in Unemployment in the United
States and talk Of q new recession.
What do you think the economic
outlook is in the coming year for
yourself and for the Nation?
Some said we were already in q
recession, although not all of them
used that term. They spoke Of it
as q temporary let down" or. a
"leveling on" or q ''rolling read
justment." The survey turned UP
several, mostly In steel and mining.
who were already out Of work and
o number Of businessmen, includ-
ing a Salt Lake City shine boy,
who were feeling the pinch. "If q
businessman doesn't do well, he
can't come In to get his shoes
shined," explained Polisher Bob
Oliver.
Still, 81 per cent thought things
would pick up. especially toward
the end Of 1861, compared with
only % per. cent who predicted
the business picture would grow
bleaker.
Question: Do you think you win
be better or worse Oh personally
In 1861, or about the same?
Most thought they would either
be better of 81 per cent? or about
Evening star., 1961-01-01
Summary

These are q few-only few
Of. the warisome headaches be-
setting the world as 1860 ends.
Evening star., 1961-01-01
Middle East
BY WEBB MCKINLEY

I BEIRUT. Lebanon. 1.-THE quiet
but jittery Middle East faces new
tensions.
(, With Arabs and Israelis still
Evening star., 1961-01-01

Roy Ritzert. dairy farmer In
Mount Vernon, VT.
Get tough with Russia = says
Edward Schuster, highway engi-
neer in Louisville, KY.
Don't listen to the bright
divorced from reality college
boys" says Bob Boston, printing
shop manager In Centralia, III.
surround himself as wen as
possible with advisers before maxi
ing any important decisions. He
is treading on thin ice,p This
from Ralph Hall, q former conn
mercial fisherman IN Juneau.
AlasSa.
Roughly 81 per cent would
agree with Yale political scientist,
Robert A. Dahl that Kennedy
should forget the size Of his vote
and "create his own mandate =
And Just as many would side with
Mrs. Monroe Clayton, q Syracuse
IN. 70 housewife in urging him
to forget his promises--he would
be foolish to carry them out"
Others want him 70 cut taxes,
increase defense spending, create
Jobs. keep the friends we have,
set more" concentrate more on
our own people than foreign peo-
pie" encourage disarmament, re-
sumo atomic tests, stabilize the
dollar. balance the budget, step up
the student exchange program.
support the exiles trying to
overthrow Castro"
They would like him to solve
the problems Of integration, auto
nation and imitation.
Remember. God Is over all. "
urges Frank Brannock, clerk in o
Lexington (Ky.) sporting goods
store.
Maintain the separation Of
church and state" insists Norma
Jean Nalley, q Washington secre-
tary.
Some personol ldeos
Frequently the advice Is more
personal than political:
Philip Savory. business machine
operator in Montpelier, VT. sug-
gests Kennedy sread the book on
courage he wrote at least once q
year."
A Milwaukee restaurateur wants
him to keep his family out Of
politics and Hollywood out Of the
White House." A Poughkeepsie
IN. ~ nurse thinks he should
encourage his wife to be more
outgoing" An Omaha housewife
tells him mot to talk to his father
50 much" A librarian In Lansing.
Mich, asks him to 'think Of the
country and the world he would
Evening star., 1961-01-01
The Political Change

Nevertheless, Under the leader
ship Of Senator Mansfield, various
things seem almost certain to be
different in the Senate from now
on. The change will be evident
partly in the very fact that he as
sumes command Of q substantial
although often squabbling Demo-
cratic majority when Democratic
President will be In the White
House. Senator johnson led the
Senate during the Eisenhower ad-
ministration.
Many observers will concur with
the recent prediction Of the nom
partisan National Committee for
an Effective Congress that under
Senator Mansfield there will be
less brilliance Of floor maneuver.
the product Of q Congress working
with q President rather than away
from a President"
1t also will be the product Of q
different kind Of Senate leader
ship temperament. The main diff
ference is likely to develop because
Senator Mansfield's character and
public career have always been
essentially that Of q moderate. He
Evening star., 1961-01-01
BY ROBERT X. WALSH
star staff Writer

Peaceful pipe-smoking Senator
Michael Joseph Mansfield politi-
cally refutes the sports field as
sumption that nice fellows finish
last.
The meditative Montanan about
to become Democratic Leader will
find the resources and ruggedness
Of that august body q match for
the toughest as well as most
polished Of managers.
But that should not stop this
81 year-old member Of Congress
since l943 who dug his way up
from a copper mine. literally
fought his way through the Navy,
Army and Marines in World War
I, and was well into his twenties
before he had q chance to get
college degrees.
Inevitably there are COMPARE
sons between the leadership quail
tiles and methods Of the mild
hammered and soft-spoken Senator
Mansfield and the man he win
succeed as majority leader, Vice
Pfesident-elect Lyndon B. john
son. And naturally in some quar-
ters there is apprehension that the
new leader. q history and political
science professor at the University
Of Montana for 10 years. might
not measure up to the practical,
restless Texans political statue
and parliamentary prowess.
That does not discount Senator
Johnson's charm. keen-mind and
the soft-sell he so used so often
and so effectively in getting legis-
lative results. Nor need 1t imply
that the physically slight and lei
surely moving Senator Mansfield
lacks a profound knowledge of the
Senate, skill in law-making pro-
cedures. power Of persuasion and
sometimes the knack Of making
a risky compromise look like
resounding party vitcory.
Evening star., 1961-09-01

tary in an extremely difficult
political position. In the past,
the arm 4 forces of Brazil
have usually acted to enforce
the constitution on would-be
usurpers. Today Marshal Denys
wants them to preserve dem
ocratic institutions by barring
the constitutional president
from office.
His fears about Jango Goul-
art may be well justified. Most
objective observers here believe
he is an opportunist who viii not
provide a stable government.
Attempts to emulate Peron are
not ruled out, but these OBJ
servers also note an opportunist
can Jump two ways. They also
believe decentralization of
power in this country, plus, Mr..
Goulart's underlying respect
for wealth and family, will be
further bars to any radical
changes during the four and
a half years he would be in
office.
The fear is growing here that
Marshal DenyS' opposition
may boomerang to weaken
those democratic forces-not
the least in the armed forces
which are the best safeguard
against the communism he
opposes.
Evening star., 1961-09-01
WageParIeE
Slated at GIN
Over Holiday

DETROIT, Sept. l. CAP).-
Labor Day win be a paid holi-
day worth s22.40 each to more
than half a million auto work.
ers. But it evidently will be no
holiday for auto contract nego-
tiators deciding what those pro-
duction workers may be making
daily after next Wednesday.
United Auto Workers Presi-
dent Walter P. Reuther said
from the bargaining table last
night that UAW and General
Motors Corp. negotiators "are
certain to be here Saturday
Sunday and Labor Day" No
one from GIN disagreed.
GIN and JAW negotiators are
attempting to hammer out a
new contract to replace a three
year agreement which now ex-
pires September 6. 1t was ex-
tended from last midnight at
Evening star., 1961-09-01
GouIort's FeudW With MiIitory
Stems F rom His Labor Ties

preference for Peron's Workers
Republic" But so long as a
strong president ruled, no one
really worried much. Mr..
Kubitschek kept the reins of
final power securely in hand
and Mr.. Quadros was expected
to do the same.
Division in Labor
Mr.. Goulart's strength with
organized labor was severely
limited by weakness and divi-
sion among labor here. During
seven months Of the Quadros
administration, Mr.. Goulart
took an obscure back seat to
a sensitive President. He seldom
attended the sessions Congress
held and spent much of his
time on the cattle ranch from
which he had come.
Mr.. Goulart's position seemed
Evening star., 1961-09-01
Italy Approves
Satellite Plans

ROME, Sept. / (AP).-The
Italian cabinet has approved
plans to fire a satellite into
orbit around the earth from a
floating platform in the Medi-
terranean within two years.
Italy already has test-fired
at least five Italian-made space
probe rockets this year to
heights of up to 900 miles.
Plans for the first Italian
satellite we're announced last
night after a cabinet session.
The announcement indicated
that it would be sent alott with
the aid of an American booster
rocket. But the government said
italy expects to have its own
booster rocket functioning soon
after.