davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-03-05
Small War Crises

But just as Americas atomic
bomb superiority had failed to pre-
vent the Korean war, the policy
Of massive retaliation failed to
deter series of small war crises.
The Communists apparently had
determined - correctly - that we
would not use a sledgehammer to
crush a flea.
American Army and Navy chiefs
. began voicing their doubts over
the strategy of massive retaliation.
They called it bankrupt. They
told congressional committees that
we possess an "overkill" of big nu-
clear weapons-more than enough
to destroy any enemy.
The Air Force, which could see
any buildup of our conventional
forces being financed largely with
funds it coveted for big bombers
and missiles, ridiculed the Army
Navy statements. Its spokesman
in Congress, Senator Symington,
first set off a bomber-gap row
and followed this with one over an
alleged missile gap.
AS the Army and Navy chiefs
began speaking up SO did a new
group of scholars and scientists.
They emphasized the need to have
forces with which to meet the en-
tire spectrum of possible chal-
lenge and thereby get away from
our lopsided reliance on all-out
nuclear weapons.
Interest in reversal Of the
massive retaliation policy also took
root and flourished in some areas
of our NATO alliance.
The Eisenhower administration
Continued on PAGE ca
Evening star., 1961-03-05
DAG HAMMAkSkJOlD
Unruttled, efficient.

grettable. The dangerous situa-
ton in the violent Congo, Mr..
Nehru told the Indian Parliament,
was "the most important thing
in today's strife-torn world and
deserved first priority" The
Prime Minister reaffirmed India's
support Of the U. N. Security
Councils resolution approving the
use Of U. N. force to prevent civil
war in the Congo.
"The world will drift in the
wrong direction" warned the
philosophical Mr.. Nehru in dis
cusSing the Congo question, if the
issue of that shattered nation and
of world disarmament were not
given priority in the affairs of
men.
Thus, last week, and for widely
differing reasons, leaders Of the
West, Of a neutralist Communist
nation, and of q neutralist nom
Communist nation called for in
ternational concert in the effort
to settle the tangled affairs of
the churning Congo through the
U. N.
Evening star., 1961-03-05
Effective Buffer

But whatever the difficulties
besetting the French Algerian
talks at their very outset, all OBJ
servers have immense confidence
that Mr.. Bourguiba will, patiently
and persuasively, bring the sides
together. He has had long exper-
ience in such delicate tasks, he
is convinced that a reasonable
ground for accord can be found.
and he knows that both sides, at
last, are eager to find it.
Even now, the chief danger to
the negotiations lies not in the
intransigeance Of the parties but
in the violent, uncompromising
attitudes of some of their parti-
sans. Gen de Gaulle appears to
have achieved control of the
French Army in Algeria. But the
"colons" are determined to resist
Moslem rule, and there are many
Frenchmen who back them.
Evening star., 1961-03-05
Laos Strife:
New BuIdup?

Heavy deliveries of weapons
and ammunition, trucks and ar
tillery were repeatedly coming to
Laos last week from the Soviet
Union and North Wet Nam.
Western diplomats were more
disturbed than usual over the
dangerous situation in Laos last
week. Their concern was height
ened by the "dead-center" stale
mate, both political and military,
in that troubled little country
that threatens to become another
Korea.
Efforts by Western nations to
bring about a special peace COM
mission to settle the Laotian prob
lem had apparently begged down
completely. Proposals, approved
by the United States and Britain,
that Cambodia, Burma and Ma
laya serve on the commission were
rejected by Cambodia and Burma
as impractical.
The Soviet Union, backed by the
Communist bloc and by many
neutralist Afro-Asian nations, con-
tinues to press for a larger inter-
national conference to work out
a Laotian solution. Moscow has
suggested a 14-nation conference,
a plan opposed by the United
States as certain to favor the
triumph of the pro-Communist
Pathet Lao.
While the statesmen maneu-
yer, the military buildup by the
Pathet Lao forces is being has
tened, the Boun Oum govern
ment in Vientiane reports. North
Wet Namese officers and tech
nicians and large quantities of
Russian military equipment are
arriving daily.
Increased United States concern
over the Laotian situation was
revealed in Washington Friday
when the State Department in
dicated belief that a deliberate
Communist policy was blocking
any settlement. President Ken
nedy and New Zealand Prime
Minister Keith J. Holyoake, in
Washington en- route to the Com
monwealth Conference, issued q
joint statement calling for sup
port of Laotian King Savang
Vathana's peace plan, which has
in effect already been rejected by
the Communist camp.
The Southeast Asia Treaty Or
ganization will meet in Bangkok
later this month, with the Lao
tian crisis a first order of busi-
ness. But pressure for a multi
national conference, as sought by
the Soviet bloc and neutralists,
is certain to be building up stead
ily.'
Evening star., 1961-03-05
Strategy:
Hard Debate.

A Star story last week pro-
vOked a new round Of discus
siOns in the continuing debate
over the place Of nOn-nucIear
versus nuclear arms in Ameri-
can strategy and President
Kennedy brought it to a point
on Wednesday when he said:
what we are anxious to do,
Of course. is to see conventional
forces strengthened, not only in
Western Europe, but through
out the world" IA
Shortly after President Eisen-
hover, his five-star generals uni
form neatly packed away, entered
the White House in January, 1858,
he ordered a new study Of arms
and strategy.
Out Of this study came the So
called New Look" for the armed
forces and a naive accompanying
slogan-cry: "a bigger bang for a
buck"
The Eisenhower administration
decided to cut down on conven-
tional forces (from their Korean
war peaks and to rely more and
more upon strategic striking forces
for keeping the peace and deter
ring Communist aggression. The
policy became one of massive re-
taliation," which meant we would
devaState any aggreSSor, presum-
ably for aggressionS large or small.
At first. this policy was accepted
widely. 1t was the cheap, clean,
easy way-or so it was alleged.
Draft calls could be small and the
men called up for Korean war
duty could be sent home. Eu-
ropean governments and politi-
clans liked massive retaliation"
too, because they could-and they
did-argue against living up to
the original NATO goal Of pro-
viding so army divisions.
Evening star., 1961-03-05
The Situation in the Conqo

Moslem Algerians for independ-
ence or French rightistS bitterly
opposed to any form Of Self-deter-
mination for the huge North Afri-
can province-might wreck the
peacemaking efforts with some
deed of violence.
Mr.. Bourguiba. the friendly
buffer" appeared at the end of the
long day to have discovered at
least a site for a bridge between
the French and the Algerian ma
tionalists. In a joint communique
signed by both men, the two
Evening star., 1961-03-05
New Proposals

In non-economic areas Mr..
Kennedy sent several new pro-
posals to Capitol Hill last week.
Here are some Of them:
o That it is "only fair" that op-
orators Of heavy trucks pay a
greater share of the cost Gin the
form Of new levies) of the new $37
billion interstate highway system,
which he said was ''in peril"
o That a permanent Peace Corps
of trained Americans be estab-
lished to help foreign countries
meet their urgent needs for skilled
manpower.
Mr.. Kennedy already has issued
an executive order setting up a
Peace Corps on temporary pilot
basis. He and many others are
Evening star., 1961-03-05
On Algeria:
Talks Begin

French President Charles de
Gaulle and TuniSian President
Habib BOurguiba conferred all
day Monday on direct neg0tia-
tiOns for peace in Algeria.
Calling himself mot a mediator,
but friendly buffer" Habib Bour-
guiba flew from Zurich to Paris
Monday and was whisked, with
maximum security precautions, to
the secluded Chateau de Ram
bouillet southwest of Paris, where
Gen. de Gaulle awaited him. The
two, pausing only briefly for pic
lures, set to work on conversations
that might bring peace at last to
ng-troubled Algeria.
The careful security measures
taken by the French reflected the
chief fear Of Gen. de Gaulle's Of
ficials-that extremists, either
Evening star., 1961-03-05
THE NATIONAL SCENE
Kennedy Program:
Slow but Sure Start

most enthusiastic about the role
it can play in promoting friend
ship, progress and peace. His
brother in law, r. Sargent
Shriver, has directed the planning
of the project and is expected to
be named the Corps first chief.
Congress will look over this pro-
poSal closely. The President ap-
pears determined that the Corps
will be no gravy train or haven
for beatnicks and oddballS.
Screening of applicants-indica-
tionS are there will be many more
volunteers than will be needed
will be most important. Congress
may find it prudent to take its
time setting up the permanent
version until it sees how the pilot
program gets along.
Evening star., 1961-03-05

Congress last week pushed its
consideration of the Kennedy
administrations legislative pro-
gram as the flow Of messages
and recommendations, including
requests for new taxes to finance
highway construction and for
the establishment of a perma-
ilent Peace Corps, continued
from the White House.
Perhaps it took the unusually
warm pre-spring weather. At any
rate, the ice has been broken on
Capitol Hill.
When the House voted, 1872 to
80. on Wednesday approval of the
$1-billion plan to extend unem-
ployment compensation payments,
it was the first major bill to pass
either chamber in this session.
The Senate got on the score
board on Friday, but in a man
ner which has brought it mount
ing criticism. BY a voice vote
and without previous hearings,
1t rushed through a measure to
create 73 more Federal judgeships.
It was Immediately branded pork
barrel legislation"
Other Kennedy anti-slump bills
progressed in committees no doubt
heartened by the jobless pay vote.
but they did not all get by un-
changed or unchallenged. This
was true Of the minimum wage
and depressed areas measures.
Each faces floor fights in both
the Senate and House.
The fact that Congress has not
done a great deal with the ad-
ministration's legislative program
has caused concern among labor
and liberal groups and in some
parts Of the executive branch.
The President has been pictured
two ways: Concerned over the
pace Of Congress and patient and
understanding Of its problems in
making progress.
After last Mondays breakfast
meeting at the White House,
Speaker ,Rayburn indicated the
Presidents concern.
I'VE tried to convince him. and
I think we did, that we are moving
as fast as it is judicious to do"
he said.
Evening star., 1961-03-05

necessary. Last week, after a scat
tered series of provocations, U. N.
detachments began fighting back.
On Friday a Congolese soldier
was shot and killed by Sudanese
u. N. troops at Banana, south of
Leopoldville. Jeeps and trucks
carrying well-armed U. N. details
patrelled the streets of the capital
and helicopters bearing the blue
and-white insignia hovered over
the city. All military personnel of
the U. N. command have been
ordered to wear sidearms at all
times, on or off duty.
The Congolese Army factions
loyal to Antoine Gizenga, success
sor to the murdered Patrice Lu-
mumba in Stanleyville, turned
back in their drive toward
Leopoldville for reasons unex-
planned. The abrupt withdrawal
eased fears in Leopoldville and
brought renewed hopes that a
"round-table" conference of all
CongoleSe factions might yet be
held.
President Kasavubu and Pre-
mier Joseph Ileo of the Leopold
vile government negotiated a
military agreement with President
Moishe Tshombe of the secession
ist province of Katanga and Presi-
dent Albert Kalonji of South
KaSai. The three agreed to unite
their troops in resisting any moves
by the Gizenga forces. But they
were all very careful to avoid any
political recognition of each other.
On Friday the temporary alliance
was strengthened by the addition
Of Antoine Omari. leader of a
large part Of Kivu Province, which
has been a Lumumba stronghold.
Yesterday Mr.. Ileo, Mr.. Kalonji
and Mr.. Tshombe flew to Tan
anarive, capital of the newly
independent Malagasy Republic,
for exploratory talks.
But even as they departed,
fighting between U. N. troops and
CongoleSe forces continued, with
the worst outbreak at Matadi,
river port. Sudanese soldiers were
using small arms and mortars
against the CongoleSe, but reports
Of casualties were confused.
Evening star., 1961-03-05
In the Conqo:
FHmer u. N.

United Nations forces in the
Congo were told to pull triggers
last week after . series Of at
tacks by mutinOus COngOlese
troops on U. N. units.
Under the stiffened mandate
voted by the Security Council for
U. N. troops in the Congo, force
is to be used to keep the peace If
Evening star., 1961-03-05

pare for the holding of a self
determination referendum later.
Gen. de Gaulle has made it clear
that he will oppose any referen-
dunn unless it is preceded by a
cease-fire, total end to all revo-
lutionary violence. The Algerians.
however, fear that a cease-fire in
advance of necessary political
guarantees would disarm the FIN
forces and place the liberation
movement at a serious disadvan-
tage.
Evening star., 1961-03-05
Nehru's Stand

And from New Delhi, Prime
Minister Jawaharlal Nehru took
pains to announce that the Soviet
Unions attack on the U. N. sec
retariat was inopportune and re-
Evening star., 1961-03-05

Of independent policy in the cold
war, pledged 500 additional troops
to bolster the existing force Of
2,700 TuniSian soldiers serving
under the blue-and-white U. N.
banner in the Congo.
Evening star., 1961-03-05

Presidents declared that the talks
made it possible to see in a
favorable light the solution of all
remaining problems"
Evening star., 1961-03-05
The Week in Perspective

EDWIN TREBLE, Editor
Fred Theroux, Foreign
L. Edgar Prina, National
Evening star., 1961-06-02
unisio's Anniversary Hailed
BY 400 at Bourguibo Fete

was wearing a two-piece beige
wool outfit.
Mr.. G. Mennen Williams,
Assistant Secretary of State
for African Affairs, was there,
as also was Mr.. 10y Hender-
son, former Assistant Secre-
tary Of State.
Outstanding at the party
was the black silk organdy
dress Of hand-done crochet
work worn by Mrs. F. A.
christensen, a neighbor Of
the Bourguibas. It took her
German maid. Mrs. Gerda
Pecha, 600 hours to complete
the crochet work.
The Moorish residence Of
the Bourguibas was built by
the late Thomas Schneider,
famous Washington architect,
and the father Of Mrs. Christ
Jansen.
Also present were Mr.. Ar
thur Schlesinger, jr., Special
Assistant to President Ken
nedy and Mrs. Pierre Salin-
ger, wife of the Presidents
Press Secretary. Mr.. Salin-
ger is currently in Paris with
the President.
Included among the guests
Evening star., 1961-06-02
Eileen M. Curron
Is Married to
HenyJ. Monohon

United States District Judge
Edward M. Curran announces
the marriage of his daughter
Eileen Marie to Mr.. Henry
j. Monahan. son of Mr.. and
Mrs. Henry j. Monahan of
Darien, Conn.
The wedding took place
Wednesday at The Shrine of
the Most Blessed Sacrament,
the Very Rev. Arthur A.
OLeary, Sd, officiating.
The nuptial mass was cele-
brated by Msgr. Edward
Hayes Roach, pastor of the
church.
The bride is also the
daughter Of the late Mrs.
Katherine Hand Curran, and
is a graduate of Georgetown
Visitation Convent, St. Jo-
seph's School of Nursing and
the Catholic University of
America.
Mr.. Monahan was gradu-
ated from st. Thomas Semi
nary, Bloomfield, Conn.,, and
the Georgetown University
School of Foreign Service. He
is at present attending the
Georgetown University Law
Center.
The couple will live here.
Evening star., 1961-06-02

had changed into a pleasant
evening by the time the
guests arrived in force. A
cool breeze drew almost the
entire gathering to the broad
terrace Of the Ambassadors
residence on Broad Branch
road overlooking the Rock
Creek Park.
Ambassadors Mother Present
Present was Mrs. Moufida
Bourguiba, the Ambassadors
mother and wife of the Presi-
dent of Tunisia, Habib Bour-
guiba, Sr. She came to Wash
ington last month in COM
pany of her husband, but
stayed over to be with her
son and two grandsons,
Mouezz, 5, and Mahdi, 2.
Speaking i in French, she
said that she plans to spend
a few more weeks in town,
and that she has bought so
many souvenirs that she has
had to buy a special suitcase
to put them in.
Among the early arrivals
was Mrs. Perle Mesta. She
Evening star., 1961-06-02

thur BRANDED and Mr.. and
Mrs. Myron Cowan.
Miss Man Singh, the
second secretary of the In
dian Embassy, was there. It
was her third day in Wash
ington, and she was enjoying
her first party.
Refreshments feature d
open sandwiches of many
varieties and also the famous
Mid-Eastern dessert Baklava,
made of flour, almonds and
honey. Guests also were
treated to special Tunisian
cigarettes. Match boxes were
impressive with the Tunisian
coat-of-arms and the Arabic
words for Liberty, Order
and Justice" printed upon
them.
CeylOn, Pakistan Events
At another diplomatic
function. the Ambassador Of
Ceylon and Mrs. Gunewar-
dene were hosts 1T a recep-
ton in honor Of a parliament
tary delegation from their
country visiting the United
States. ...-. ...
Also, the Ambassador of
Pakistan and Mrs. Aziz
Ahmed were hosts at a black
tie dinner attended by among
others, Pakistan's Minister
of Finance and Mrs. M.
Shoaib. Chief Justice and
Mrs. Earl Warren, Mr.. and
Mrs. Dean Acheson, Mr.. and
Mrs. Kermit Roosevelt and
the Maharani of Baroda.
Evening star., 1961-06-02

were Ambassador Osman Ell
Hadari of Sudan, Ambassa-
dor Abdullah FL Khayyal of
Saudi Arabia, Ambassador
zairin Zain of Indonesia, Mr..
B. K. Nehru, India's Commits
sioner General for Economic
Affairs. and many other dip
lomatic representatives from
African, Asian and European
countries.
Linguistic Guests
Also present were a number
Of Arab students in Wash
ington. Mr.. Wafa Dajani of
Jordon, a business admins
tration student at American
University, arrived with Miss
Carol A. Antilles, also of
American University. An Eng
liSh major, she startled the
guests by addressing them in
slow but clear Arabic.
Last minute guests were
Miss Susan Boyd and Miss
Judy Fudenberg, Allegheny
College students, now visit
ing Washington. However,
9-year-old Isabella, a fifth
grader at the Ursuline Acad-
emy. and daughter of Mr.. and
Mrs. Scott Runkle, really as
tonished the guests with her
fluency in French, Spanish
and German.
Other guests included Mrs.
Catherine Sisto, Mr.. and Mrs.
SavaS Sapounakis, Mr.. Ernest
K. Lindley, Mr.. and Mrs. Ar
Evening star., 1961-06-02
BY MOHAMMED A. RAUF JR.
Star Staff Writer

The blood red flag of Tu-
niSia, with a red crescent and
a star inside a white circle
in the center. flew over the
Moorish-Style residence of
Ambassador and Mrs. Habib
Bourguiba, jr., yesterday
when they received more than
400 guests in celebration of
their country's sixth inde-
pendence anniversary.
And with the records of
SongstreSS Saliha, often
called the Rosemary Clooney
OF Tunisia, being played in
the background, the guests
found much to enjoy at the
reception.
Pleasing to hear was the
polite greeting: "Marhaba"
(Which is Arabic for "You
are very welcome"O, which
the Ambassador extended to
each guest. And so warm was
his handShake that even
those who did not know Ara
bic were left in no doubt as
to the meaning of the word.
A hot and sultry afternoon
Evening star., 1961-06-02

The Hecht Co. knows what Juniors love for summer-bored
orms eosed woistnes, fipponty peoted skirts q look
that started at 1900 Pennsylvania Avenue and went riqht
across Washington and the country
ShOOO" left to re The two piece by Harry Epstein in Whip
ped Cream, loo Docrono poyeste Choose pink turquoise
or orange white. Sizes to 5 Stained glass print by
Joni Jones in Docrone poeser Brown and green on black
to IS. Next Famous Junior Petite sheath in cotton foe
With tutter of streorers the skirt Just from
collection for petes Black 5-13 for 81" and under
Lastly the print sohed and peoted Docrone pcyeste in
pink blue, green. SIS
YOUNG WAsHNGToNAN sHoP-THE HEIGHT co-ALL STORES
Evening star., 1961-04-23
Toro WhirIwind@ 19" Ro.
forY Power Mower

with the exclusive 'wnd-tunneF
housing and bog for catching the
gross as you cut it! 2-HP 4-cycle
Toro engine. Throttle control with ope-
rating lever located on upper handle;
stop. run, choke positions. Spin-Stort
engine equipped with positive me-
chonicoI interIock between starter
release and throttle control. oN.0s
The Glacier reporter. [volume] (Browning, Mont.) 1953-current, 1961-05-25

II is with great pleasure that we extend our con-
gratuIations TO you as the Browning High School
graduates of 1851 Our most sincere wishes for
successful future TO go with you as you leave our
school.
In completing high school you have beftered your
chances for success in business. employment, pro-
fessiona service, or Just home-making You have
learned and earned talent that will always be
yours.
Some of you will go on TO higher fields Of educa-
ton; some of you will not. Unfortunately this choice
GRADUATES NOT PICTURED Darr.l horn Jc
The Glacier reporter. [volume] (Browning, Mont.) 1953-current, 1961-05-25

is not always yours, but it should always be remen-
bered that there are many ways in which to improve
and gain more of the knowledge you have learned
in high school :. Put TO good use that which you
already have and accept every advantage to add to
it. In this highly competitive world of today the
better are your chances TO insure your future and
that Of the generation to come. The knowledge you
have gained here is yours, and yours TO keep and
do with if what you will. Be sure TO make the best
of if and your measure of success will come easier
Again, Our Sincere Congratulations!
Jim SERVER DarIa Raymond John HarIn
Evening star., 1961-07-18
AT Abolition
Is Suggested
By Rickover
Blythe Associated Press

Vice Admiral Hyman g
Rickover has suggested that the
Air Force might be abolished.
Asked during recent closed
door hearings of the House APP
preparations Committee for his
views on changes in the defense
setup. the atomic submarine
expert said:
"a possible solution might be
the combining Of the Air Force:
Strategic Air Command with
the Navy. and the Air Forces
space and general missile effort
with the Army"
Referring to inter-Service
pickering, Admiral Rickovel
commented that when you
have three instead of two large
groups fighting each other, the
difficulty Of administering and
providing for them grows in
geometrical rather than ar
arithmetical ratio"
When an organization nears
completion of the job it has
been set UP to do" he added
"the organization. If it is to
stay live, must seek new spheres
of influence"
1.-THE Air Force, being an ag-
gressive organization backed by
large segments Of industry, and
with billions Of dollars of ap-
preparations, has naturally been
successful in its endeavors."
Evening star., 1961-07-18
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