davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-06-25
NEARBY VOTES

Following are the votes of Mary
land, Virginia and West Virginia
members of Congress on major
roll calls last week:
HOUSE
HR 6O2s. Housing Act of 1861.
McDonough, Republican Of Cal
ifornia, motion to recommit the
bill with instructions that the
Banking and Currency Committee
report out a substitute bill ex-
tending existing programs for one
year, with a $1.1 billion authori-
zation. Rejected 1925 ID. 80
208; r. 1880, June %, 1861. A
nay was a vote supporting the
Presidents position.
FOR: Matthias Republican of Maryland:
Abbitt, Gary, Harrison, Smith and Tuck,
Democrats OF Virginia: Broyhill and Poff,
Republicans Of Virginia: Moore. Republican
of West Virginia.
AGAINST: Brewster, .Fallon, Friedel, Gar:
mats, johnson, Lankford, Democrats Of
Maryland; Downing, Hardy, Jennings,
Democrats of Virginia: Bailey, Hechler,
Zee, Slack. staERers, Democrats Of West
Compiled By Confessional Quarterly
Evening star., 1961-06-25

Recognizing that their news
papers and petitions reached a
limited audience, Massachusetts
Negroes resolved to strike more di-
rectly and dramatically at segre-
CATION by deliberately violating
company rules and taking seats in
the coaches reserved for whites.
Dragged From Cors
In the 1S40s. Northern news
papers reported numerous cases,
most of them in New England,
where Negroes had to be dragged
from the exclusive cars into the
Jim Grow" coaches or off the
trains altogether. Frederick Doug
lass, a prominent Negro leader, re-
lated that he was several times
dragged from the cars for the
crime of being colored," along
with several of his protesting
white friends who had deliberately
taken seats with him.
On one occasion, a Massachu-
sets Negro woman. carrying an
infant in her arms, was dragged
from a train for violating segre-
CATION rules and thrown to the
ground, while her husband was
severly beaten for coming to her
assistance.
Several court cases, in which
railroad officials were charged
with assault and battery, were
dismissed on grounds that the
"disorderly and unlawful conduct"
of the Negro Freedom Riders"
had justified forcible removal.
Failing to achieve favorable
court action. Massachusetts, Ne
groes and white abolitionists urged
a boycott of discriminatory rail-
road lines and turned to the
State Legislature for relief. After
investigating the matter, a joint
legislative mittee recon-
mended in 1842 bill which would
prohibit any discrimination in
accommodations because of de-
scent, sect or color.
Although the proposed bill never
passed, the relentless agitation of
Negroes and white abolitionists,
combined with the threat of
legislation. finally prompted Mas
Sachusetts Railroads to abandon
segregation. 1t was a significant
triumph, considering the extent Of
racial prejudice in the 1840s-and
it had been won largely through
direct and violent resistance.
Meanwhile, New York Negroes,
Evening star., 1961-06-25
shift in a foundry before making

shift in a foundry before making
9 am. classes.
Gen. LeMay's basic training was
as a civil engineer. He is tink-
erer with motors and radios-and
a good one, too.
If he is a widely read man, his
associates don't know it. He likes
to hunt, fish and play poker. In
1854 he told an interviewer, Il
laid out a course of military read
ing but I didn't get around to it.
Maybe that is good because if you
start following the book, you tie
yourself to the past"
Iron Workers Son
Gen. LeMay was born November
Is, 1906, at Columbus, Ohio, the
son of Erving and Arizona Dove
(Carpenter) LeMay. His father
was a structural iron worker and
for several years the family (three
sons and two daughters) moved
around the country before return
ing to Columbus where LeMay en-
tered South High School. He was
a lanky youth, weighing less than
100 pounds, but with a burning
yen to fly airplanes.
Unable to obtain an appointment
to West Point, LeMay entered Ohio
State. On September %, 1928, he
left college, though he needed only
IS hours for graduation, and en-
tered the Army Air Corps as a fly
ing cadet. He completed his flight
training at Kelly Field, Texas, and
was commissioned a second lieu
tenant october IL, 1929.
Gen. LeMay's initial assignments
were in fighters, but he soon was
transferred to bombers. He once
said, II saw the real power of the
Air Force was in bombers. wanted
to be with them"
In 1882 LeMay was transferred
to an air field near Columbus and
thus was able to return to college
and earn his degree. In 1884 he
married Helen Maitland, a Cleve-
Evening star., 1961-06-25

tired of being haraSSed on street.
cars and omnibuSes, organized a
Legal Rights Association and de-
liberately violated company seq
regation rules. In 1854, they
scored momentary victory. For
chilly removed from a streetcar, a
Negro school teacher sued for
damages and secured the legal as
sistance of Chester A. Arthur,
later President of the United
States.
After the presiding Judge ad-
viSed that Negroes, "if sober, we'll
behaved, and free from disease"
possessed the same rights as
whites and could not be excluded
from public transportation, the
jury convicted the Railroad COM
pany of negligence and awarded
damages to the Negro plaintiff.
Have Your 5 Cents ReodyT
Encouraged by this apparent
court victory, Negro Leader j. w.
c. Pennington, a Presbyterian
minister, urged New York City
Negroes to ride the streetcars and
omnibuses and sit wherever they
pleased.
ASK no questions" he de-
clared, "but get in and have your
S cents ready to pay. Don't let
them frighten you with words;
the law is right, and SO Is the
public sentiment" But subse-
quent events demonstrated that
the law could be interpreted in
various ways and that the har-
asSment of Negroes on local con-
veyances generated little if any
public excitement.
Less than a year after the
initial court victory, Pennington
was forcibly removed from a
streetcar and told to wait for
the Jim Grow" car. Justifying
this action, a company official
accused the Negro minister of in
citing Negroes to violate segrega-
ton rules. Public sentiment, he
added, demanded separate cars
for Negroes.
Pennington took his case to
court. But different Judge pre-
sided, and his instruction to the
jury made this quite clear. Public
carriers. he advised, could pre-
scribe reasonable rules and regu-
lations; they were not obliged to
carry any persons whose presence
might adversely affect their busi-
Evening star., 1961-06-25
BY Benz PRICE
Associated Press staff Writer

Wherever he goes the legends
Of Gen. Curtis E. LeMay, the
tough Air Force hero, always pre-
cede LeMay, the man.
He is "Old Ironpants," the un-
afraid, unsmiling perfectionist.
He is the man who declined an
invitation to dinner from his sub
ordinateS on the grounds that a
commanding officer should dine
only with friends and "a COM
manding officer has no friends"
And he is the man just picked
by President Kennedy to move up
from Vice Chief of Staff for the
Air Force to Chief on July l, sue
ceeding Gen. Thomas White.
There were those who said
some in print-that the blunt.
abrupt Gen. LeMay would never
get the top job, that he could
never adjust to the niceties Of
political life where ambiguous
language is often more highly
regarded than plain talk.
At times the legends-and they
are legion-about the 5-foot-101a-
inch, 188-pound LeMay have al
most obscured the fact that Le-
May is really q first rate military
manager.
Indeed, LeMay pioneered the
use of. management controls in
the Air Force to produce a high
quality product-the Strategic Air
Command.
Close to McNomoro
Defense Secretary Mcnamara is
also q manager type and this
LeMay- Mcnamara affinity for
getting things done repeatedly led
Mcnamara to recommend Gen.
LeMay for the top Air Force job.
There is no doubt that Gen.
LeMay get things done. When he
assumed command Of SAC in
1948, Gen. LeMay found his
bombers manned mostly by World
War II pilots still suffering a
form Of postwar let down.
From his headquarters at
Omaha, Neb., he set about reor-
ganizing SAC with a zeal akin to
the religious fervor of q mission
ary toward heathen.
Under Gen. LeMay SAC bombers
would take off for 40 days in
England"-and get home five
months later after intensive ex-
ercises in navigation and high
altitude mock bombingS with
radar.
Until Gen. LeMay came along,
the Air Force simply counted the
number Of bombers on the ready
line and toted up the number of
available crewmen and labeled the
combined total "the current state
of readiness"
Gen. LeMay changed that. The
SAC controllers used calculat-
ing machines to keep tabs on per-
sonnel and equipment, aircraft
maintenance, navigational pro-
ficiency, the number of bombs
dropped usually and by radar
and the theoretical result Of each
drop.
With these statistics, Gen. Le-
May could tell at q glance the
overall efficiency Of each wing,
group, squadron and individual
plane crew.
Once q colonel complained to
Gen. LeMay that his efficiency
rating had been reduced because
an eagle flew into one of his
aircraft and damaged it. The
General brushed him off, saying
I'VE can't afford to distinguish
between the unfortunate and the
inefficient. The result is the
same"
Chonge in Weapons
In the end, Gen. LeMay de-
veloped the finest, most efficient
bomber force in existence, one
that was-and is-on q constant
worldwide alert.
Gen. LeMay is taking over the
top Air Force Job at a time of
Evening star., 1961-06-25
Northern Free dom Riders Were the First

The author, assistant profess
sOr Of history at the University
Of Wisconsin, is one Of the cOun-
try'S foremost experts In the
field Of discrimination against
the Negro in the North. His
book, North Of Slavery" has
just been published by the Uni
versity Of Chicago Press. MANA
asked him to write the follow
ing article on how Negroes in
the North won the right to travel
in the same trains and buses
as white people.
By PROF. LEON F. LITWACK
North American Newspaper Alliance
MADISON, Wis.-More than 100
years ago, Negro and white Free
dom Riders challenged racial seq
regation on public transportation
facilities in the North.
Employing the weapons of non
violent resistance and agitation,
they pleaded their case for equal
rights before a generally hostile
or Indifferent public. Although
finally victorious, these early
freedom riders" had to wage a
long and often. bitter struggle,
marked by occasional violence, be-
fore the proprietors OF Northern
railroads, omnibuses and streetcars
reluctantly agreed to give up seq
regation practices.
Racial prejudice sharply pro-
scribed the position of the Negro
in the pre-Civil War North, as
Southerners repeatedly pointed
out. While statutes curtailed the
Negroes political rights, disfran-
chiSing him in most of the North,
public sentiment and custom con-
fined him largely to menial en-
ployment and either excluded him
from theaters, hotels, restaurants,
resorts, churches, schools, ceme-
teries and public conveyances or
assigned him to separate and US
ually inferior sections.
This was the Negro's place" In
Northern society. and he was ex-
pected to keep it. Race riots in
New York, Philadelphia and Gin
cinnati made this abundantly
clear.
Jim Crow cors
When railroads first came into
public use, segregation prece-
dents already established on
steamboats, and stagecoaches die
tated separate accommodations
for Negroes. One New England
Evening star., 1961-06-25

terrent force Of both bombers and
missiles. He once said the guided
missile would never replace the
manned aircraft because ''it can't
think"
Gen. LeMay would not win any
kind Of popularity contest with
the generals and admirals Of the
Army and Navy and these antag-
onisms may well carry over, into
the meetings of the Joint Chiefs
of Staff.
In June. 1859, Gen. LeMay told
a Senate subcommittee:
"As our weapons systems i'm
prove it Is becoming more and
more apparent that the function
Of individual services are begin
ming to overlap firmly be-
lieve we will need a modification
of our military structure. I be-
lieve we must eventually progress
toward a single service with
single Chief of Staff and one staff
to operate the armed services"
The Navy and Army oppose a
single staff syStem-especially if
the chief is going to be from the
Air Force.
During an interview early this
month, IL questions were sub
=
signed to develop some pattern of
thought and to clarity aspects of
previous public statements.
Gen. LeMay answered none. He
pointed out that he was not yet
Chief of Staff and that to answer
the questions prior to interroga-
ton by Congress of his fitness for
the job would be improper.
Evening star., 1961-06-25

in June, 1855, because, after two
years Of answering unbrokenly,
she missed q vote one day while
she was accepting a degree from
Columbia University. It hasn't
happened since.
Her Hordest Vote
The most difficult vote she ever
made was in 1859 on the reap
pointment Of Lewis Strauss to be
chairman Of the Atomic Energy
Commission. Admiral Strauss, q
Navy man, whom she knew well
as a member of the Armed Serv-
ices Committee. She hated to vote
against q presidential nomina-
tion.
A few days before, Mr.. Strauss
asked to come and see her. He
offered to pick out for her at
tention certain key passages in
the voluminous hearings. He did
not ask for her support. The fol-
lowing morning, Senator Ander-
son, Democrat of New Mexico, at
his request, came to call. He did
not ask for her vote.
II studied the hearings and
decided that Strauss had evaoed
on some questions. I decided 1
could not in conscience vote for
him"
Characteristically, she told no
one of her decision. Each side
was counting her vote for its own.
When her mo" rang out in the
chamber and set off a chorus Of
gasps, Senator Goldwater, Repub-
lican Of Arizona, Sprang up in
protest, but at q calming word
from Senator Case, Republican of
South Dakota, angrily sat down
again.
Independent Action
Such independent action has not
endeared Mrs. Smith to her regu-
lar Republican colleagues, al
though she enjoys a pleasant re-
lationShip with Senator Bridges,
Republican Of New Hampshire,
member of the Old Guard.
She never participates in leader
ship polls. No one attempts to in
fluence her vote. She never is
engaged in debate.
Says Mrs. Smith dryly, "They
say, she's so independent. If you
want her to do something. don't
ask her to do it.
By Coincidence
IF she votes with the Republi-
cans" said a fellow Republican,
tits only by coincidence" Mrs.
Smiths voting record is Of such
a liberal cast that she was reck-
oned right" 80 per cent of the
time by COPE. the labor move
ment's political arm, a circum-
stance that did not keep them
from fighting her tooth and nail
in her campaign against Lucia
Cormier in Maine last fall.
She gave further proof, of nom
conformity although none was
needed, last summer when she abb
Sented herself from the Republi-
can National Convention. She
was invited with other candidates
to make a Nationwide, two-min-
ute appearance on television. The
invitation, from Senate Campaign
Chairman Goldwater arrived two
weeks before the event, by which
time, Mrs. Smith had made me-
ticulous plans for the launching
of her campaign during a period
when she could not possibly miss
any votes.
Said Mrs. Smith, expressing her
own unique set of values, Il
thought I could do myself a lot
more good if I stayed In the State
and got across to the people I
was talking with"
Evening star., 1961-06-25

vast upheaval in the technology
Of weapons systems. when there
is an urgent need to re-think the
problems Of the cold war and the
possible diplomatic-military Solu-
tions-if any.
As Air Force chief, Gen.
LeMay will be one of the most
influential men in the Nation. He
will have a powerful bearing on
the Nations present and future
military policies.
The fact that the Soviet Union
has thermonuclear weapons and
the means to deliver them has
raised the question Of strategic
stalemate. It has forced a re-
examination of the probability of
non-nuclear wars in which the
role Of the Air Force will be lin
tied to team membership with
the Army and Navy on an equal
footing.
Not Academy Man
In this connection, it may be
worth noting that Gen. LeMay is
not a graduate of q service acad-
emy, that most Of his service
career has been concerned with
strategic bombers. There are some
in the Army and Navy who doubt
that he has q real understanding
Of the role Of the infantry and
the Navy in warfare.
Further. Gen. LeMay is assum-
ing command of the Air Force at
time when its ranks are split
between Cd those who insist the
manned bomber is a dead pigeon
and that the Nations future Sc
curity lies In space and missiles,
and (2) those who argue that the
manned bomber is, and will re-
main, the Nations chief deterrent
weapon.
Gen. LeMay has described him
self as a mixed force man; that
is, he believes in q strategic de-
Evening star., 1961-06-25
Troined as Engineer

The interview produced only the
information that he was three
pounds overweight, smoked eight
to 10 cigars q day. and.earned his
way through Ohio State Univer-
sity by working q pm. to Q am.
Evening star., 1961-06-25
Jim Grow cors

When railroads first came into
public use. segregation prece-
dents already established on
steamboats, and stagecoaches die
tated separate accommodations
for Negroes. One New England
Evening star., 1961-12-31
. Food Reaches Fomished Sailors
PIT 7Oo-CHAPTER IS
BY ROBERT j. DONOVAN

On Friday, August 8, a new
animation and e arnestness
crept into the affairs Of the
Americans. No great plans had
Been Matched or master strokes
Of strategy devised. Neverthe-
less 1t. John F. Kennedy on
Naru and his men on Olasana
were beginning to feel strongly
that they could now do some
thing to help themselves. They
had two canoes. and the ma
tives were still with them, hav-
ing remained overnight on Ola
sana and built them a fire by
rubbing sticks together.
Despite the battering in Fer
guson Passage the night before
Evening star., 1961-12-31

On the face Of it, Mr.. Nc
Cormack's enthusiasm for q
new committee would not be
great. Such a group might
overshadow the House Rules
Committee, to whose powerful
chairman, R eprese tive
Smith, Democrat of Virginia
he is beholden. Mr.. Smith in
dorsed him for Speaker early
in the day.
Mr.. McCormack's show OF
leadership during the last hours
Of the last session of Congress
when he was Acting Speaker
has come in for criticism. His
strategy during the foreign aid
fight of appeasing Representa-
tive Passman of Louisiana, by
voting for the cuts with the
understanding they would be
restored in conference. did not
please those who felt his ac-
tions bewildered the free world
and some good Democrats.
He's like all big-city poll
tician'S," said one Of his col
leagues Of the man from Bos-
ton, mot issue-oriented at all
and crazy about tactics for
their own sake. We would like
more open, bold and fortnight
leadership"
Evening star., 1961-12-31

phone receiving pledges of sup.
port. was not available fol
comment on the formation Of
an advisory board which some
House liberals are urging tc
assist him in laying down the
party line and deciding on tao
tics and strategy.
But one Of his closest friends,
Representative O'Neill Of Mas
sachusetts, said fatty that 1T
couldn't happen and 1t won't
happen"
Petition Circulated
Even so. Representative Reuss
Of Wisconsin, Blatnick Of Min
nesota. Celler of New York and
Holifield OF California are using
this time-out period to collect
signatures for a petition to be
presented to the chairman OF
the Democratic Caucus, Rep.
resentative Walter Of Pennsyl-
vania. Fifty signatures are
needed to have the question
put on the agenda Of the eau
Gus. The proponents have about
twenty now. ,<
All opposition to Mr.. Nc
Cormack's candidacy has faded
Representative Rains, Of Ala.
bama has withdrawn. The
hopes of Mr.. McCormack's So
called running-mate, Repre-.
sentative Albert of Oklahoma
who is in line to be majority
leader, are equally bright. Hi.
rival, Representative Boiling Of
Missouri says, II wouldn't for 6
! moment say I was ahead"
Evening star., 1961-12-31

This is the 18th in q series Of IS
articles bosed on the book. "PT 100
John =. Kennedy in World War
H." published by the MeGrow Hill
Book Co., Inc, New York.
Evening star., 1961-12-31

with some unWanted assistance
in the way Of a new 20-man
committee, regionally consti-
tuted, which would advise and
consult with him on legislative
matters in the House.
Those involved insist that
this is not an anti-McC Cormak
move. In the words Of one of
them, I'VE just thought it
would be better, whoever is
Speaker, to have a more insti-
tutional arrangement with the
House leadership. Sam Ray
burn was Of course, an institu-
ton in himself"
No one would have dreamed
Of proposing any such body
during the long tenure Of Mr..
Rayburn, who ran the House
under the simple dictum of
"Those who get along the best
are those who go along the
most"
Mr.. Sam held laconic press
conferences every day the House
was in session. met regularly
after hours with a chosen few
called 1.-THE Board of Educa-
tion," whom he instructed in
Evening star., 1961-12-31
Woman Critical
In 4-Story Fall

A woman who police say was
thrown off q fourth-floore bal
cony by her husband remained
in critical condition last night
at Washington Hospital Center
Mrs. Ann Collins, 46, of 1850
Clifton street NV, suffered
fractures Of the spine and hip.
Police have charged her hus-
band, Leonard w. Collins, As,
an engineer. with assault with
intent to kill.
Investigators said Mr.. Collins
lifted his wife over his head and
threw her off the balcony so
feet to a grass plot below after
argument yesterday.
Evening star., 1961-12-31

the niceties Of House PERSONAL
ties and policies.
A Steering Committee which
functioned fitfully in the House
during the 30s. withered at his
touch, when he took office in
1910, and when the Democratic
Advisory Council was formed
in 1857. to give voice to some
Of the more liberal elements in
the party, he turned his face
against it.
In 1859, when threatened
with open revolt among the
liberals against the Rules Com
mittee, Mr.. Sam went among
the rebels and gave them his
word he would move their legis-
lation out of the committee.
They settled for it.
Mr.. Mccormack who has
been sitting quietly in his
office in Boston by the tele-
Evening star., 1961-12-31

gaunt, unwashed, half-starved
half-naked, blotched with fes.
tering coral wounds, castaway
on a miserable patch of jungle
surrounded by sharks. being
greeted as If he were in his
fathers embassy in London.
you've got to hand it to the
British" he said to Ross.
Food for the Famished
The canoe itself was a cor.
nucopia. Before the gluttonou,
eyes Of II famished sailors
yams. pawpaws, rice. potatoes
boiled fish. Chelsea cigarettes
and C rations with roast-beei
hash poured ashore.
When the meal was over
Benjamin suggested to 1t. Ken.
nedy that 1t was time to leave
for Gomu. 1t was possible fol
only one American to be hid.
den in the canoe with sever
natives padding, and since
Evans had urged that the "sen.
ior" should come, 1t. Kennedy
had little choice no matter
what reservations he might
have about leaving his men.
.yaa $50 So
Evans meanwhile was watch.
ing anxiously from Com u
When. shortly before 6 pm.
his binoculars picked up tn,
approaching natives, he wa!
dismayed not to see any Amer.
ican in the canoe. Then Il
dawned on him that of course
the natives would have con-
cealed such a passenger. Wher
the canoe touched the sand, 1t
Kennedy stuck his he a
through the palm fronds ir
which he had been covered anc
smiled at Evans.
Hello" he said, I'm Ken
nedy."
TOmorr0w-American rescue
boats pick up 1t. Kennedy and
the crew Of the PIT 1O9.
Copyright, 1861, New York Herald
Tribune, Inc