davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-12-31
1862 Was a Year
Of Beginnings, Too

office of Patent Commissioner, one
of whom in the early 1800s unof-
ficially assumed the duty Of dis
tributing seeds to the farmers.
Later in the year the first Bureau
of Engraving and Printing got
under way with five employees.
First 'Aeronout'
The Civil War inspired American
"aeronaut" Thaddeus S. Lowe to
take to his balloon again. Work
ing for $40 a week, Lowe formed a
Balloon Corps for the Union Army
and performed aerial reconnais-
sance by photographing Confed-
crate ground emplacements
around Richmond, Va, from 1000
feet for a radius of miles.
These were the first panoramic
photographs of military positions
and gave the Union forces a great
advantage.
Richatd Jordan Gatling was an
other man inspired by the war.
Once an inventor of agricultural
machinery, Gatling obtained pat
ent No. 1886 on November 4, 1862
for revolving gun battery" the
first machine gun. The Gatling
gun, which fired $50 shots a min
ute, consisted of 10 rifle barrels
arranged lengthwise around
central shaft. The whole thing
was rotated by a hand crank. The
Union Army was given first
chance at the gun but the Ord
nance Department didn't accept it
until 1866.
In the field of letters, Charles
Farrar Browne, former reporter of
the Cleveland Plain Dealer and a
famed American humorist who
wrote under the pen-name Arte-
mus Ward, published book of his
collected writings that immedi-
ately sold an unprecedented 40
900 copies. Ward was a travelling
Snowman with a wax work eX-
hibition and his tales touched
upon everything from beer to
Shakespeare. 1t is said that Pres
ident Lincoln read excerpts from
Ward to his cabinet before he
presented them with a draft of
the Emancipation Proclamation
on July %.
The President was one of the
few politicians that Ward ad-
mired. Ward described the politico
of his day as men who mount
"the first popular hobby horse
which trots along, not caring a
cent whether the beast is even
going, clear sighted and sound or
spawned, blind and bawky."
The only consolation for Ward
was the fact that "they get
throwed eventually, if not sooner,
So great was Wards desire to
be disassociated from these men
who catered to the people in spite
of the peoples real interests, that
he once began a Fourth of July
grafton by addressing the audi
ence with the fact:
I'm not a politician and all my
other habits are good
Evening star., 1961-12-31

massively, helpfully, and gener-
ously bestowed, can be substituted
for foresight, for work, pride, sac
rifice, courage. or valor. either in
the giver or the taker? And does
not policy of containment by its
very nature yield the initiative to
the revolutionary aggressor?
Really it has not contained all
around the World Island Of Eur
asia. Meanwhile, time has been on
the side of the Communists. They
have crushed Hungary. with i'm
punity. They have pushed into
Laos, despite SEATO. They have
jumped the Near East over NATO
and CENTO and reached into At
rica to compund chaos in the
Congo. They have leaped the At
lantic over OAS to establish an
other Communist front in Cuba, a
fourth front for the United States
to defend at our very doorstep. In
Eastern Asia the Open Door has
closed. In the Western Hemi-
sphere, is the Monroe Doctrine
dead, as Khrushchev said?
Surely the history of our for
eign policy in relation to the sue
cessive postures Of power in the
world shows that during the eigh-
teenth and nineteenth centuries
the United States profited adven-
titiously from the highly favor
able circumstances of a secure and
prosperous isolation. Surely this
fortunate age cannot recur. Amer
lea no longer enjoys a detached
and distant position-on the con-
Evening star., 1961-12-31

Continued From Page c.
South Wet Nam, heavily infll-
trated by Communists from North
Wet Nam.
Geneva PorIey's Role
In Vienna, Mr.. Kennedy got Mr..
KhruShchev to pledge an end to
the fighting in Laos, and in fact,
a 14-nation Geneva conference
did succeed in achieving a cease
fire - after Red elements had
seized half the country. An Inter-
national Control Commission is
ready to go into action, but is
stymied by the lack Of a stable
government in Laos.
Mr.. Kennedy's concern during
the year switched from Laos
virtually given up as loss by the
West-to South Wet Nam where
President Diem's regime was
floundering badly. Mr.. Kennedy
has considered sending GIs to
Saigon, but SO far, has needed
the advice of many Asians, and
restricted his aid to mcterial.
The best that could be said for
United States policy in Southeast
Asia in 1861 was that the balance
Evening star., 1961-12-31

he made a quick trip to Puerto
Rico, Colombia, and Venezuela.
The enthusiasm of the crowds
there seemed to indicate the res
ervoir of popular support fer the
Alliance.
The Abortive Invosion
Mr.. Kennedy's Latin policies
have not all been so popular or
successful. In April, Mr.. Kennedy
approved the invasion of Cuba by
several hundred Cuban exiles,
trained and supported by the CIA.
The invasion was a debacle, and
hurt Mr.. Kennedy's prestige
abroad and at home. After the
failure Of the invasion, Mr.. Ken
nedy decided to allow the Organi-
zation of American States to deal
with the Communist island.
American support of the OAS
was demonstrated also by Mr.. Ken
nedy's refusal to lift sanctions
against the Dominican Republic
until the OAS does. The Dominican
Republic seems headed back on
a democratic path as result of
the assassination last May of Gen.
Rafael Trujillo, dictator for 80
years.
Evening star., 1961-12-31
Latin America

OF all the world questions Mr..
Kennedy had to deal with during
the campaign, the one that he
handled most impressively con-
cerned American aid to Latin
America.
He constantly called for United
States participation in a sort of
Marshall Plan to the South, and
once in office, he announced mis-
immensely popular Alliance for
Progress.
The Alliance is a 10-year pro-
gram that emissions vast social
and economic changes in Central
and South America. It basically
is a self-help plan that will be
backed by considerable United
States support
Even when troubled by the
pressing issues of Berlin and
Southeast Asia, Mr.. Kennedy
found time to intervene personally
in Latin matters. Just this month,
Evening star., 1961-12-31

Continued From Page C-2
billion for deficit of nearly 50
billion.
This brought some anguished
cries from Republican and Demo-
cratic budget-balancers, but more
fiscal headaches were to come.
AS military spending was pushed
upwards, the White House on Oc-
tober 20 made a new estimate of
income and outgo and foresaw
deficit of $50 billion. With half
the fiscal year still to go, many
observers predicted an even high
er one. Meanwhile, despite emer-
gency measures the gold outflow
problem remained.
Evening star., 1961-12-31
BY N. A. STEERS
Contributing Writer

The New Year 1862 seems i'm
ponderable, clouded by Berlin.
Laos, Wet Nam and the resump-
ton of nuclear testing. But the
prospects for 1862 seemed equally
obscure and foreboding to Ameri-
cans 100 years ago.
In America, 1862 marked the
second year of the bitter Civil
War. While the South closed 1861
with bang, things began to look
better for the North by the end of
1862. In the first battle between
fully armored ships the Union
vessel Monitor triumphed over the
Confederate vessel Merrimac off
Hampton Roads, Va. In Septem-
ber, at Antietam, Md, Gen. Robert
E. Lees invasion of the North was
halted by Union forces under Gen.
George Mcclellan, after the blood
lest day in the Civil War.
Whatever their private premo-
nitions, newspaper editorialistS
did not consider the New Year a
Shoo-in. Some Southern newspa-
perS hailed the crack up of the
Model Republic of the Ameri-
can Continent" But there were
other Southern newspapers like
Virginia's Richmond Examiner
which mourned the loss of union
among the American States and
bemoaned the instability of hu-
man creations. and the frivolity
OF all the thoughts of man"
Intervention in the War
The Northern newspapers were
hardly confident and tended
to echo the Examiners senti-
ments about the Union besides be-
ing extremely concerned over the
possibility of French and English
intervention. The New York Trib-
une on the eve of 1862 predicted
that if there were no great North
ern military victories by spring.
Europe would recognize the
South. To threaten Europe
against intervention, the Tribune
said, is merely barking at those
who are aware that we are tenn
porarily out of teeth"
The Civil War front was not
the sole scene of action through
out 1862. There was activity
in other fields besides the battle
field. In Brooklyn, N. Y. the first
inclosed baseball field was opened
up. In the business world young
man, %, ventured to invest $4,000
Of his savings in an "oil refining"
partnership; his name was John
D. Rockefeller.
In government the bureaucracy
expanded and the public debt eX-
ceeded $500 million for the first
time in American history. In 1861
the debt was $50 million and in
1862 it was $524,176,412.13. In
May a Department of Agriculture
was created under war presSures
for increased production. For
merly it had been function of the
Evening star., 1961-12-31

by the heart. They come before
me, and I see them greatly ig-
norant, strongly prejudiced, Ca
pable of the absllrdeSt misreason-
ing; yet their faces shine with
the supreme virtues, kindness,
sweetness, modest generosity.
Possessing these qualities, they at
the same time understand how to
use them; they have the intelli-
gence of the heart. - George
Gissing in The PriU1te Papers of
Henry Ryecrott. (1903.)
Evening star., 1961-12-31
Quotation

think that one has to dis
tinguish between two forms of in
telligence, that of the brain and
that of the heart, and I have
come to regard the second as by
far the more important. 1 guard
myself against saying that intel
ligence does not matter; the fool
is ever as noxiouS as he is weari-
some. But assuredly the best peo-
pie I have known were saved
from folly not by the intellect but
Evening star., 1961-12-31
Civil Rights

This was the year of racial tur-
moil in the South, of the Free
dom Rides and the sit-ins, of the
mass demonstrations and the
mass arrests, of the not-so-pas-
sive challenge by Negroes to the
old way of life below the Mason
Dixon line.
1t was also a year in which
the President made good on some
of his promises to the non-white
population by vigorous executive
branch action.
Evening star., 1961-12-31
Politics

Mr.. Kennedy's aides devoted a
great deal of effort during the
year to building his image as a
vigorous, mature and tough
minded President. They largely
succeeded. it is presumed, because
he IS a vigorous, mature, tough
minded President. His popularity
Evening star., 1961-12-31

marshal united power at home
and abroad and morale sufficient
70 stop the new aggressors is in
deed a vital question. Whether by
these commitments we have over
extended our military power be-
yond the capacity of our allies and
ourselves to deploy on exterior
lines to all the danger spots is for
our military authorities to answer.
But would not history since an
cient times lead it's votaries to
question whether money, however
Evening star., 1961-12-31
1861 Foreign Affairs

of power remained near the shaky
status quo with which it started
the year.
Evening star., 1961-12-31
Diplomatic Revolution

DiplomotIc Revolution
How has our foreign policy and
diplomacy adapted itself to this
last and most momentous shift of
all? 1t is too early to measure the
success Of our diplomacy in the
cold war, much as one might be
tempted to do so. Certainly there
are steps that we would not take
if we had the opportunity to do
things over again. Certainly we
have neglected to take some steps
that manifestly we should have
taken. But so far as one can gauge
the present, it would seem that the
American diplomatic revolution
most striking in all the history of
diplomacy-was at least a nom
partisan response to the new re-
quirements of the prolonged and
complex struggle" which President
Eisenhower in his farewell tele-
cast so soberly and poignantly be-
queathed to his successor.
Whether our new alliances
Evening star., 1961-12-31

perial Germany in 1914, or given
pause to Hitler's Germany in 1899,
will now stay Khrushchev and /or
Red China from setting off an
other world war, or from winning
the global fruits of victory undam-
aged by another war, simply by
Softening up the Western nations
and peacefully overbuilding them
in armed power until the victims,
frightened and nerveleSs, accept
the coils of tyranny in order to
avoid a nuclear war.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-10-01

Cotton onklsis with stroieht
or iUrn.boek cuffs. White
only. Sizes 6H2-loIz in the
group.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-10-01
Boys 0rlon-Lined Suburbans

Boys sturdy suburban coats a. 00
lined with Orion acrylic pile. .JJ
Assorted colors. Sizes 6-18 in
group.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-10-01

Sturdy .pIasfie pro- a. w
teetor for your
mat'rsss. Twin or
double.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-10-01

FUll-fashioned 80 gauge nYlons
with dark or self seams. Good
eolerS. Sizes sl7-ll in group.
Evening star., 1961-01-30

Bernie Harrison is on vocation. His
column will be resumed on his return.
Evening star., 1961-01-30


newsmen yelling even louder
for help. For. as it was revealed
here at q news conference in
Mr.. Garroway's hotel suite, the
bespeckled commentator seems
to have pulled off a major
coup.
The Today show tomorrow
morning will carry Mr.. Caro-
ways exclusive. face to face
interview with President John
F. Kennedy.
In celebration of the 150th
anniversary Of the MaSsachu-
sets General Hospital. the 80
minute discussion will be lin
tied to the general area Of ma
tional health. The NBC star
will query the President on such
points as his well-known inter-
est in physical fitness, his in
tended national health pro-
gram and how he plans to deal
with opposition to his proposed
legislation on old age health
benefits.
Mr.. Garroway was calmly
matter-of-fact regarding the
interview. about which he had
this to say:
The whole thing was ar
ranged about three weeks ago
when someone at the hospital
Evening star., 1961-01-30

",
Who attend rehearsds match screenings and analyze
opinions are offered as guide to area ueWers.
Danny ThOmas-There's lively alcoholic performance by
Danny's landlord who has been eating too much rum
cake Also scene with Danny and the maid sneaking
portions of into the recipe chuckles
900 pmr WTOP-9.
Klondke-"The Man Who Owned Skagway." Mike Halliday
nherits deed to land and rather pleased to
learn it gives him complete title to Skagway What fails
ment expects him to pay 100000 in back JET
ferSon Durain comes to the inadvertently in
mildly amusing episode. 900 pm. WRC-.
Andy Griffth-In cute entry that's well handled Sheriff
Andy and Deputy Barney try to find couple of
sinners who are outSmartng them $50 pm. WTOP-9
Dante-Dante Rides Again" Nita Talbot who has saved
dozens Of mediocre COPS and robbers shows performs
similar chore In this epic. The story concerns the
search for missing 100000 in bankrobbery loot Na
wants it all any part of It, and she's willing take
whoevers got 1t along with the money $50 pm, WRC@
Peter GunnDeath Is Sore Loser" Intriguing episode
In which police sergeant charged with murder
it's up to Gum to prove it's all elaborate frameup
Once again. it's triumph Of production and good char
acterization storylne. 10:30 pm, WMAL-7
Jack Paar joins Jack tonight as
Singer Robert Merrill Actress Elsa Manchester and Guido
Panzni-Pat Harrington jr whichever you prefer
along for visit Betty Johnson solos color. 1880 pm
WRC@.
Evening star., 1961-01-30
DR.. Fine to Head
journalism School

PITTSBURGH, Jan. 80 (AP)
DIR. Benjamin Fine, Pulitzer
Prize-winning reporter, has
been named dean of the school
OF journalism and communi-
cations at Point Park Junior
College in Pittsburgh.
DR.. Fine currently Is educa-
tion editor Of the North Amer
ican Newspaper Alliance. He
will continue writing his weekly
column while serving as dean
DR.. Fine was education edi-
tor Of the New York Times
for II years until he left In
1858 to help set up the Ford
Foundations teacher training
program at the graduate schooI
OF education in New York City
In announcing the appoint.
ment yesterday, DR.. Dorothy
c. Finkelhor, Point Park presi
dent. said The journalism schoo
will open officially in Septem-
ber.
Evening star., 1961-01-30

studied for two years at the
University of Paris.
After leftist riots In Tokyo
forced the cancellation Of Pres
ident Eisenhower's trip to Japan
last June, Mr.. Reischauer
visited the country and wrote
an article in the magazine
Foreign Affairs" that criti-
cized the United States en-
bassy in Tokyo for what he
called the shocking misesti-
mate Of the situation"
Communications Weak
He contended there is a
weakness Of communications
between the Western democra- :
cies and opposition elements
in Japan.
1T is natural that our en-
baSsies should have more con-
Evening star., 1961-01-30
ON THE AIR
Gorrowoy's Coup Is
Kennedy Interview

telephoned Mr.. Kennedy and
he quickly agreed to the prof.
ect. He's a ong-standing men,
ber Of the Hospital Board Of
OverSeers, you know"
Garroway learned that NBC
had completed final plans for
the tape. which was to be made
at q small studio at the White
House. only last Thursday eve
ming.
This won't be the first inter-
view Garroway has had with
Mr.. Kennedy but the previous
three were with the Senator
from Massachusetts. The most
recent was during his visit to
West Virginia as q Presidential
campaigner. Did he feel diff
ferently about his task now?
Was he just a little apprehen-
sive? mo-" said the quiet man.
gently, I'm not in the least
afraid. And he called me Dave
you know"
Tomorrow's interview will be
preceded by a 10-minute film
on the Massachusetts institu-
ton.
Once the exciting details OF
Tuesdays show we're covered
the informal discussion (and
Mr.. Garroway takes three cups
Of tea with his lemon) moved
to the President and his in
augural address. Garroway's 4
reaction was immediate: 1T
sent me rocketing."
The conversation then ranged
still further to Garroway's gen.
eral plan for improving the To-
day show. And the plans
though still pretty much in the
idea stage sounded interesting
&H$
First, q new producer prob
ably will be named next week
and these are some Of the goals
he and Dave will discuss: The
show will reflect q broader
news content. Garroway leaves
shortly for Israel, for instance,
to tape four Commute seq
ments. He would also like to
go to Cuba-"even If I have to
fly my own plane and para
chute there" There will be
more creative news digging
well be interviewing some OF
those fascinating people behind
the headlines instead Of rely
ing on handouts.
Some indication of how Dave
Garroway uses up the few pre-
cious moments Of leisure before
being barraged by reporters
may be reflected by two items,
The forward looking star had a
copy Of Kiplinger's Changing
Times on his desk opened to an
article called The Fabulous
Fifteen Years Ahead" And
when we left, one reporter noted
the rather neat bookcase
table built in television ar
rangement in one corner Of the
hotel room.
"Oh. my gosh." said Caro-
way. Il hadn't noticed that
set"
Evening star., 1961-01-30

post now held by career diplo-
mat Douglas Macarthur, II.
White House Press Secre-
tary Pierre Salinger said he
was unable to confirm reports
that Mr.. Reischauer already
has been selected for the Japa-
nese assignment.
The 50-year -old professor of
Far Eastern languages. an as
sociate director Of the Harvard
Center for Far Eastern
Studies. was in Washington
Friday and Saturday and con-
ferred with Under-Secretary
Of State Chester Bowles and
other officials.
Born in Tokyo
Mr.. Reischauer, whose his
tory Of Japan is regarded as
an authoritative work, was
born in Tokyo of American
parents. He was graduated from
Oberlin College and took his
doctorate at Harvard. He stud
led for three years at Tokyo
and Kyoto Universities and in
Peiping and Korea. He also
Evening star., 1961-01-30
OTHER TV
HIGHLIGHTS

1880. WRC N-The Ameri-
cans. Rebellion at Blazing
Rock" The emotions and
conflicts that tore Virginia
into two States during the
war in 1861. Daryl Hick-
man. Dick Davalos.
$3.50. WTOP CS)-Bringing
Up Buddy. Cousin Jordan. I"
The sisters blacksheep cous-
in tries to inveigle Buddy
into establishing a bottle
of-the-month" club.
1880, WTOP (Sl-June Ally
son Show. School OF the
Soldier" Story of a sensi-
tive young Union Army Of
ficer who has failed to win
the respect Of his men. Lee
J. Cobb.
11:OO,> WTTG (5)-Starlight
Theater. Lucky Partners.
An artist shares a sweep
stakes ticket with a girl.
Ronald Colman. Ginger
Rogers (l940O.
HIS, WTOP t8-The Late
Show. High Barbaree." A
Navy flyer recounts his life
to the co-pilot while await
ing rescue from a plane
downed in the South Pacific.
Van Johnson, June Allyson
l940.
1880, WMAL t1 Monday
Night Movie. Rage at
Dawn" A former Confeder-
ate spy is engaged to capture
the Vests first train BAN
dts and joins the gang to
do so. Randolph Scott
Q955).
Evening star., 1961-01-30
TODAY'S GOOD
MUSIC DIAL
7:O5, WGMS AMIN $50 Kc

7:O5. WGMS AMIN $50 Kc
and 1885 Me- - Stereo
Showcase. Mendelssohn's Pi-
ano Concerto No. / in G
Minor.
$500, WMAL-FM (1O7.3 Nc
Heritage Concert. Works
by Albinoni. Beethoven
Shostakovich and Creston.
1880, WGMS- AMIN $50 Kc
and 1888 Mc.)-Beethover
Cycle. Sonatas and Varia.
tions for Cello and Piano.
11:O0, WMAL-FM nO7.3 Me-
Evening Concert. Mozart.
Piano Concerto No. q ir
B Flat.
Evening star., 1961-01-30
TV KEY PREVIEWS

Tontghts top shoCs a preuetoed by TV Keys stnU
1o attend rehedrsds match screenings and andlyze
scripts in New York. Hollytoood and elsewhere. Their
opinions are offered a guide to viewers
Evening star., 1961-01-30

tact with English speaking
businessmen and with conser-
vative political leaders, Mr.
Reischauer wrote. But we
should know enough about
Japan to realize that a great
gulf in thinking lies between
these people and the intelec-
tuals and others of the opposi-
tion.
The latter (opposition) are
right in their charge that the
close contacts they once had
with Americans during the oc-
cupation no longer exist"
Evening star., 1961-01-30
ON THE AIR
BY BONNIE AIKMAN
Star staff Writer

On January 5 Of the new
year The Stars Bernie Harri-
son wrote a column headed
Dave Yells For Help" It told
about the trouble MICS Dave
Garroway was having finding
the right producer for his To-
day show.
This past weekend, there may
have been other top television
Evening star., 1961-01-30
Other AM Stations

WiNx-1so0 Ke.-24 hour operation.
WPlk-1130 Ne. Daylight only.
WaMR- 1850 Ne. Daylight sniy.
WUST-112o Nc. Daylight only.
MFAx-122o Nc. Daylight only.
WWDc-1 1850 ke. IA hour operation.
WEEL-13IG ke.- "a houI operation except
Monday midnight to bsm tuesday
No0k- 1870 ke.-24hour operation Monday,
wEAM- 1890 ke.-74 houI operation, except
Sunday midnIght to , an Monday.
WPaW 1850 Ne. = Daylish, only.
WDoh- 1sAo ke. Daylight only.
WPsc- 1850 ke. Daylight only.
MAVA-1so ks.-7:3o an. to Sis pm.
Evening star., 1961-01-30
Horvord's japan Expert
Held Likely to Be Envoy
BY the Associatsd Prsss

Harvard University Prof Edwin Reischauer an author
y Japan is reported top candidate appointment as
Ambassador to Tokyo.
Myron C. Cowen former Ambassador to Australia the
Philippines and Belgium also being mentioned for the
Evening star., 1961-01-30
FIN Stutions

WRc.FM-s 10 Me.-5:1o an TO an.
WToP FIN -s6 J Nc. SIS an 10 2:1e an.
WASHFM-s1 I Me- an. 10 I1iIS an,
Mendsy Sunday.
VOL. .sM-ss ! Nc, $40 an 10 midnight.
MFAN.FM- 1908 Nc. = lam 10 midnIsbt.
WWDc-FM- 1o1 l Nc. IA houI operation.
WeMS. FIN 1o3 S No --s an to midnight;
Saturday ! an. 10 I Pm; Sunday Q an.
10 midnight.
WGIS FM-s1.s Me- to 10 p.m. Sunday
through Thursday.
WBvA FIN 10ss Nc. = u noon to u p.m.
WMAl FM-- 10l.3mt ssm to las an.
MPec-FM IS 5 Nc 10 an to oAp.nn Mos
Gay through Saturus,
WIND FIN sa1 Me.-s an. to Il midnig
WeAY I'm ss.5 Mc.-s an. to miduisht
uAvA.FM-1o5.1 Mr.-1:3o an. to . pm
Evening star., 1961-01-30
LATEST TV
INFORMATION

11:o0. WTTG (5)-Pres-
ident Kennedy. A taped
broadcast of the Presidents
state-of-the-U n lon ad-
dress. The Starlight The
ater movie will be delayed
o half hour.