davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-12-03
THE WEEK IN PERSPECTIVE
A Big Step In Space

that mo task is more important"
than improving the effectiveness
of the State Department.
In buttressing this declaration,
Senator Jackson added a blunt
colloquialism:
Round pegs in square holes
are a luxury we cannot afford"
President Kennedy, who obvi-
ously agreed with much Of what
the subcommittee said, praised
the Jackson report in a special
statement on November 10. Last
week, he began following its Sug-
gestions. AS a result, the New
Frontier underwent its first ma
jor personnel shakeup.
Perhaps the roundest peg in the
squarest hole was Chester Bowles,
who was relieved as Undersecre-
tary of State and given a newly
created post with the imposing
title of "the Presidents special
adviser on African, Asian and La
tin American affairs"
Evening star., 1961-12-03
Soviet Policy

The Kennedy interview was read
last week by millions of Russian
people.
Izvestia's circulation is more
than 5 million but this reflects
only part of the potential reader
ship.
Since it is the official govern
ment newspaper Pravda is the
official organ of the Communist
Party, it is posted in parks, fac
tories. and meeting places
throughout the Soviet Union.
Many citizens save 8 kopecks by
reading it on the way to work.
And because of the unusual in
terest in the interview, it is quite
probable that copies will be lent
for weeks to people unable to buy
their own copy.
The effect of the interview on
Soviet policy is hard to judge.
There are several points, however,
that can be deduced Immediately
from the articles publication:
l. The Soviet government would
never have agreed to such an air
ing of American views unless it
wanted to ease world tensions. If
the Soviet wanted to rouse people
to a war pitch it would not have
Evening star., 1961-12-03
Lightning Rod

He can act. too, as a sort of
lightning rod for the President
when the criticisms of, and the
preSsures on, the United States
build up in these struggling, in
secure, inexperienced and sensi-
tive young nations.
There is, however, one curious
thing about the new post. One
of the objectives of the person.
mel shakeup - 10 officials were
involved to strengthen the
authority of the State Department
and curb that of the White House
staff in matters of foreign policy.
Yet Mr.. Bowles will report
directly to the President AND to
Secretary of State Rusk.
The White House officials who
were transferred to the State De-
partment included DIR. Walt Ro-
stow, who heads the Policy Plan
ming staff. and Richard Good
win, the new Deputy Assistant Sec
retary of State for Latin Ameri-
can Affairs.
Evening star., 1961-12-03
Military:
Sacrifice

PentagOn sources reported last
week that the Army will get two
new regular divisions for a total
of 16. Word came in wake of
rising complaints over the re-
serve Gallup and the Presidents
promise reserves would not be
held beyond IL months.
In his stirring Inaugural Speech
last January 20, John F. Kennedy,
the new President, spoke of the
need of every generation to defend
freedom. He then importuned:
ASK not what your country can
do for you--ask what you can do
for your country" ~
Mr.. Kennedy did not call upon
the American people for much in
the way of sacrifices for months
and his critics reminded him OF
this regularly. Then the Berlin
crisis became dangerously hotter.
He decided to augment the armed
forces. He ordered the Gallup of
a large number of reservists,
mostly for the Army. The usual
complaint came as expected.
But during the last two weeks,
the complaining by what is &C
knowledged to be a minority of the
civilian-soldiers became shriller;
certain segments of the press be-
gan to exploit the situation, and
some vocal Congressman joined
with denunciations of what they
called lack of planning, poor
equipment and housing. and made
quate indoctrination for the re-
servistS.
On Wednesday, the question
came up at the Presidents news
conference. Though he must have
been annoyed at the reaction to
his first sacrifice-call, Mr.. Ken
nedy kept his feelings under con-
troll. He agreed that the $4,000
men called up have had their lives
disrupted and that for most of
them it is a heavy sacrifice"
The President explained the Sc
riousneSs of the world situation
and the Importance of the service
these men are giving. Then, ap-
parently replying to some Re-
servists' walls that there is no
longer Berlin crisis, he declared
I'VE called them in to prevent
war, not to fight a war"
Evening star., 1961-12-03
The Fovorite

Col. Glenn has been the betting
favorite for the honor job all
along, although the choice of Navy
Comdr. Alan B. Shepard, jr., to be
the Nations first man-in-space
last May did narrow the odds
considerably.
The colonel, at 40, is the oldest
of Americas seven astronauts.
His back-up pilot. the man who
would go in his place if anything
should bar him, is Navy 1t.
Comdr. Malcolm Scott Carpenter.
Comdr. Shepard will act as pilot
technical adviser for the shot
making it clean sweep for the
Navy Marine Corps. An Air Force
astronaut will be shot into orbit
at a later date.
If Col. Glenn'S three orbit trip
is successful it will rate some
where between the two Soviet
feats. Maj. Gagarin orbited the
earth once-the first human to do
so-last April. In August, Titov
circled the earth in outer space
for Is hours and 18 minutes, max
ing II orbits for a total distance
of 436,916 miles.
There have been persistent re-
ports that the Russians soon will
send a man on a trip around
the moon 900 miles or more
and return, perhaps in January.
Few will doubt their ability to do
so. If they do it, Americas trail
Evening star., 1961-12-03

The United States on
Wednesday sent a chimpanzee
into an earth orbit and brought
him back alive. NASA promptly
made plans to orbit an astrO-
naut, perhaps this month.
First there was Yuri Gagarin
on April IL; then came Gherman
Titov on August 6-7. Last week
Enos the Chimp blazed the way in
his 8,000- -mile-an-hour space cap.
sule for the first American to
join these orbiting astronauts
of the Soviet Union.
There is an obvious determi-
nation at Cape Canaveral to send
one Of our aStronauts on his his
toric voyage before this calendar
year runs out.
No one who works for the prof.
ect has ever doubted our ability
to put a man into orbit, but the
successful flight of Enos gener-
ated new optimism that the feat
could be accomplished soon.
The Atlas missile-b booster car
ried Enos and his space capsule
into a nearly perfect orbit, reach
ing a maximum height of l46
miles and a minimum of SO. Enos
made two orbits instead Of the
scheduled three because of minor
difficulties. including one in
volving reaction jets which are
required for automatic position
ing of the capsule. AS one NASA
official put it:
I'VE could have made 1t three
times around if man had been
aboard. He could have corrected
both malfunctions easily. A
chimp can't do that. Who ever
heard of flying an X-15 or a
Constellation with a chimpanZee
instead of a test pilot aboard?"
Enos, who was picked out of
the water, still snug in the cap
sule, by a Navy destroyer an
hour or so after he landed in
the Atlantic, appeared to be a
clipper chimp when the veteri-
narians examined him.
His flight proved out the cap
sule and its equipment and gave
new evidence of the reliability of
the Atlas booster.
Evening star., 1961-12-03
Case of BowIes

The fact that Mr.. Bowles,
thinker, talker, ideaman and
iconoclast, was miscaSt as No. 2
man at State, a job which de-
mands high administrative skills
and the ability to make prompt
decisions, has been recognized for
some time.
The President, to be sure.
planned to shift Mr.. Bowles
months ago, but the former ad-
vertising executive and his friends
learned about it and the story
was leaked" to the press. A
subsequent howl from So-called
Liberal" groups within the DEM
ocratic ranks CMr. Bowles' chief
supporters apparently prompted
Mr.. Kennedy to withhold any
formal action. =
But Mr.. BoWles soon began
taking extensive trips outside the
country and many of his duties
were assumed by George Ball, the
Undersecretary for Economic Af-
fairs. 1t was no surprise, there
fore, when the President named,
Mr.. Ball to succeed Mr. Bowles.
This time, Mr.. Kennedy saw to
it that there was no time for
any counter campaign.
Although all is just dandy on
the surface. the shift was un-
doubtedly a jolt for Mr.. Bowles
whose new post, while it pays
more money and has been called
of "second-to-none" Importance
by the President, carries no spe-
cific responsibility. 1t remains to
be seen what authority Mr.. Bowles
will have.
On the other hand, there is
general agreement that the spe-
cial advisers post, involving deal
ings with the newly emerging ma
tions, could be Mr.. Bowles' real
cup of tea.
He is an advocate of the first
order. If he enters his new work
with enthusiasm he can sell and
explain America, its policies and
programs abroad. as well as any
man in Government,
Evening star., 1961-12-03
Pressure OK

It also demonstrated, to the
satisfaction of the Mercury ex-
perts, and to 1t. Col. John H.
Glenn. Jr., USMC. of Arlington.
Va, who won the honor Of taking
the first orbital ride, that man
could safely withstand the pres
sures of the flight, including re-
entry into the earth's atmosphere,
without undue discomfort or dan
ger.
Why is 1t important for the
United State to put man into
orbit around the earth? There are
two reasons:
. Scientifically: To prove to our
selves and the world that we know
how to send man into. outer
space and bring him back safely.
It is true that the Russians already
have done this, but they have
given out very little scientific data
on their flights. The orbital flights
we are planning several - will
pinpoint problems and provide in
formation for better preparing
ourselves for deep space probes
and even landings of men on the
moon and the primary planets.
. PSychOlOgically: The United d
States has trailed in the path of
the Russians for several years, due
primarily to their possession of
heavy booster rockets. Some Gov
ernment officials feel that, for
prestige purposes, it would be best
to duplicate the Soviet feat of
orbiting a human as quickly as
possible and, for historical reasons
to say we did it in the same
year, to do it in 1861.
Curiously enough, there Is al
most more interest now in whether
the attempt is to be made in
1861 or early 1862 than there is
over the fact that a chimpanzee
has done it and Col. Glenn has
been selected for the task.
Mercury personnel at Canaveral
are working feverishly. on an
around -the-clock schedule in prep
aration for the next shot in the
man-in-space series. But they are
very cagey about whether the next
shot will be with Col. Glenn and
whether it definitely will be in
1861.
For more than one reason the
Mercury men do not like to de-
scribe their efforts as crash"
program. But they are working,
and will continue to work, 1853
hours every week until they real
ize their goal.
Evening star., 1961-12-03
Silver:
Stop Order

President Kennedy on Tues
day ordered the Treasury to
halt its sale of silver immedi-
ately. He announced that he
would ask Congress in January
to repeal legislation requiring
Treasury to purchase the metal.
The industrial demand for the
metal has increased so substanti-
ally in recent years that users have
been depicting the Governments
supply of free" silver, the amount
accumulated by the Treasury over
and above that needed to back
silver certificates mostly 81 bills)
IN circulation.
In fact, the stocks got so low
last week that President Kennedy
ordered an immediate halt to sill
yer sales by the Treasury Depart
ment.
At the same time, he announced
he would seek repeal of the Silver
Purchase Act, which requires the
Government to buy any amount
offered to it at the price of 901a
cents an ounce. Thus, Mr.. Ken
nedy apparently has in mind to do
away with silver certificates even
tually and to replace them with
Federal Reserve Notes.
There would appear to be no
compelling reason for Congress not
to grant the President his wish
in this case. Despite the talk at
the time (the Silver Purchase Act
was enacted during the last de-
pression) that there was a need
to broaden the base of the Ma
tion's monetary system through
the use of silver and gold as re-
serves, the legislation was
prompted primarily by a desire
to aid Western mining interests
suffering from a depressed mar
ket.
Evening star., 1961-12-03
Question of the Soviet Motives
In Airing Kennedy Peace Views
THE FOREIGN SCENE

President Kennedy elaborated
on American foreign policy last
week in an unprecedented inter-
view published in full by Izvestia,
the official Soviet government
newspaper.
The word for truth" in Rus
sian is "pravda" and the word
for news" is "izvestia." This
has led to the famous If some
what unoriginal Russian pun:
There is no truth in Pravda and
no news in Izvestia."
The joke is a favorite of many
Russians who frankly admit that
there usually is hardly anything
in their daily newspapers which
interest them. Tuesdays first edi-
tion Of Izvestia (the interna-
tional edition. was typical.
At the top of the front page
was an editorial urging better
farming methods, and next to it
was story headlined, THE Road
to Work Is Clear, Siberians," re-
porting on meeting of Siberian
workers.
At the bottom of the page,
with a headline the width of the
pages seven columns was the
most newsworthy story, the full
text of the governments proposal
on banning nuclear testing.
Evening star., 1961-12-03
BoWIes:
New Scope

President Kennedy. in a
White Houses Department
personnel shakeup, last week re-
moved Chester BowieS rs inner
secretary of State and promoted
George Ball to succeed him. ,,yr.
Rowles was named special ad-
wiser to the President.
Two weeks ago, a Senate su,,-
committee headed by Senator
jackson of Washington, having
completed a two-year study of
national policy machinery, made
public its conclusions and recon-
mendationS.
One of its key findings was
Evening star., 1961-12-03
The Big Story

Suddenly, however. Tuesdays
IzveStia became a very priced
possession in Moscow. The reason
was a story substituted at the
bottom of the front page in sub
sequent editions. Its headline
read: Interview With the PreSi-
ident of the U. S. A.. J. Kennedy"
1t was the first time that an
American President had given an
interview to Russian journal
ist Gn this case, Izvestia's chief
editor. AleXei Adzhubei, who is
Premier Khrushchev'S son-in-
law.
1t was also the first time that
an American President had been
able to give a coherent explana-
ton of American foreign policy
to the Russian people.
The interview was significant
not only for what Mr.. Kennedy
contributed toward an explana-
tion of American policy. but for
what effect 1t might have on
Soviet policy.
In the course of the two hours
that he spoke with Mr.. Adzhubei
in Hyannis Port on November 25,
Mr.. Kennedy elaborated at length
on the main issues between East
and West.
The interview did not follow
the queStion-answer formal of
American press conferences. In
stead. Mr.. Kennedy and Mr.. Ad-
zhubei discussed the main issues.
In a sense, Mr.. Adzhubei acted
not as newspaper editor but more
as member of the Communist
Party's Central Committee - to
which he was elected in october.
This was Mr.. Kennedy's views
on the main international prob
lem today:
Evening star., 1961-12-03
NucIeor Weapons

To allay Soviet fears, Mr.. Ken
nedy said that as a matter of
national policy the United States
would not give any country nu-
clear weapons, and said he
would be extremely reluctant"
to give any to West Germany.
He emphasized to Mr.. Adzhubei
that West Germany's army is COM
pletely integrated into NATO, and
could hardly start a war on it's
own.
In the mildest tones, Mr.. Ken
nedy said that the United States
would do nothing to prevent the
Evening star., 1961-12-03

Soviet Union from signing a peace
treaty with East Germany. He
acknowledged that as long as the
Soviet Union objects to a unified
Germany, there will be none.
What endangers the world Sc
curity, however, he said, was not
a peace treaty, but Mr.. Khru-
shchev's, implied threat to turn
jurisdiction over West Berlin and
control of it's access routes over
to the East Germans Ito cut any
time they so wish"
Evening star., 1961-12-03
More Divisions

This means that the Regular
Army will have l6 divisions and
a total of close to million men
as its established level OF strength,
if Congress approves. s
The Army would rather have It
this way--a larger professional
force instead Of one augmented
with short time reservists. And
while this course will, In the long
run, be more expensive, it may not
have the political drawbacks of
calling up large numbers of re-
serves every time there is an en-
ergency.
The new policy, unless the
President discards it at the last
moment, will doubtless prompt the
congressional armed services COM
mittees to look into the operation
of the 1855 Reserve Forces Act.
which is now undergoing its first
field" test.
Evening star., 1961-12-03

But the issue, which is fraught
with domestic political conse-
quences, apparently is having its
effect on administration policy.
Mr.. Kennedy, also at his news
conference, assured the reservists
that they would be released
"quickly"-perhaps before their
l2-month required tour is up.
The next day, stories quoting re-
liable Pentagon sources, reported
that the Army would get two new
regular divisions under the 1868
budget now in preparation.
This was regarded as a sharp
change in policy, because late last
month Deputy Secretary of De-
fense Gilpatric asserted that the
ready reserves" and not newly
drafted regulars" would be
counted upon for quick force
augmentation in an emergency"
Evening star., 1961-12-03

published Mr.. Kennedy's sincere
desires for peace.
Clearly. the publication was an
other maneuver by the Russians
to convince the West that it wants
to solve the Berlin crisis through
negotiations. The Soviet soft"
policy in recent weeks is aimed at
weakening the position of Presi-
dent de Gaulle who is still re-
ported against such talks.
The Western Foreign Ministers
will meet on December IL in Paris
to discuss the Berlin crisis, and
to decide whether to hold negotia-
tions with the Soviet Union. So
Wet policy this week thus can be
expected to be softer" than ever.
Sensitive Prints
2. On several points, Mr.. Ken
nedy touched sensitive Soviet
nerves. This is apparent because
Pravda did not reprint the inter-
view in its entirety although it
generally does reprint texts of
national Importance. The Soviet
news agency Tass did send a
summary on its wires, but it omit
ted several points that were en-
barraSsing to the Soviet Union.
3. Publication of the article is,
in a sense, victory for the So
called Khrushchev wing of the
Communist Party which believes
that the Soviet Union stands moth
ing to lose from free exchanges
with foreign countries. Mr.. Ad-
zhubei, frequent world traveller.
supported his father in laws poll
cies at the last Communist Party
Congress. The "StaliniSts," led by
former Foreign Minister Molotoy.
believe that such foreign contacts
weaken the inner discipline of the
party.
4. The interview will not cause
any widespread defections to the
West, nor any public criticism of
Soviet foreign policy. Most likely,
Mr.. Kennedy's criticisms of the
Soviet government will be read in
the same way that Mr.. Khrush-
chev's remarks are read here.
Evening star., 1961-12-03

ing position in this kind of COM
petition will be freshly underlined
and the extent of the effort needed
to close the gap be made clearer
still.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-06-04
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Evening star., 1961-01-30
By RICHARD FRYKLUND
Star Staff Writer

President Kennedy's first
state e-of-the-Union message in
dicates he will act on most of
the past criticisms of Americas S
defense posture, but he said a
careful "reappralsal of our en-
tire defense strategy" will have
to precede basic reforms.
While ordering immediate
steps to bolster the Nations
missile and nuclear forces, Mr..
Kennedy indicated this reap
praisal will be aimed at a build
up in limited-war capability.
The chief move to achieve
this goal was his order for
prompt action to increase our
airlift capacity" The shortage
of cargo and troop-carrying
aircraft has been a major
stumbling block in the Penta-
CONS effort to create a mobile
force capable of going any,
where in the world quickly to
deter or halt "brush-fire' wars.
Subs, Missiles Emphasized
To increase the Nations nu-
clear capacity, the President
ordered:
/. Prompt action To step up
our PolariS submarine pro-
gram" The Navy now is build
ing these nuclear-powered, mis-
Evening star., 1961-01-30
Its Bottoms Ur Chaps!
Let's Keep Eton Ancient

LONDON, Jan. 80 (AP).-
The boys at Eton, one of
Britain's oldest and snootiest
schools, want punishment by
bottom tanning to continue,
The student body almost
unanimously cheered Prime
Minister Harold Macmillan's
grandson last night when he
spoke against the abolition Of
hazing, called tagging at Eton.
Under the five-century-old
system of tagging, new boys, or
freshmen, have to wait on older
boys like servants. When the
older boys feel the younger ones
need furnishing, they beat them
across the seat of their trousers.
Every decade or so the system
comes up for public debate.
The latest new boy to speak
against the system was A. M.
Sltwell, a relative of Dame
Edith Sitwell, one of England's
leading poets.
The 14-year-old rang the
ancient walls with an impas-
Evening star., 1961-01-30
Limited-Wor Forces
Stressed by Kennedy

sile- carrying subs at a rate of
five a year and says 1t can in
crease the rate to IL a year
without a crash program. No
specific number was given by
the President.
2. Prompt action to acceler-
ate our entire missile program.
Big missile construction has
been tagging. Mr.. Kennedy said
he wants first to accomplish
a speedup by getting improved
organization and decision-mak-
ing"
Purposes Described
Reinforcing the impression
that greater emphasis will be
put on limited-War forces was
the strong indication in the ad-
dress that Mr.. Kennedy may be
leaning toward a more restrict
ed use of long-range nuclear
weapons. If this is the case
it would be with the intention
OF filling in the gap with linn
tied war forces. If his re-exam-
ination supports his first i'm
pressions, it would mean a bas-
ically new defense posture.
Today the big nuclear
weapons-the ICBM's, Polaris
missiles and long range bonn
bers-are used first to deter the
Soviet Union from attacks on
See DEFENSE, Page AS
Evening star., 1961-01-30

stoned speech. calling tagging
"a feudal anachronism" and
"debasing servitude." He sat
down in near silence.
For over 500 years." replied
the Prime Minister'S grandson,
Alexander Macmillan, "the
system of tagging has been
practiced at Eton."
He said the bottoms of four
Prime Ministers, various
princes, dukes, marquesses, Wis
counts. earls, barons, baronets
and knights had been beaten.
The characters of all of
them" he went on, have been
wrought, not just on the play
ing fields, but under the lash
of senior boys"
Hear. hear" his listeners
said approvingly.
He sat down to long, loud
applause.
Young Macmillan is one of
the senior boys. Young Sitwell
has another six months to go
before he'll be a senior boy.