davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-10-09
Peace Based on Law

A number Of diplomats in the United
Nations repeatedly were taken aback by
the "frankneSS" Of the speech by Foreign
Minister Shen Chang-huan Of National
iSt China in the General Assembly the
other day. For Mr.. Shen undertook in
unusually stern terms to lecture both
the neutral countries and the rest of the
free world on dangers which he foreseeS
in the admission Of governments which
are clearly disqualified by the spirit and
letter" Of the UN charter.
Among all nations, Of course, Ma
tionaliSt China has the most direct in
terest in the controversy over the admis-
sion Of Red China; the remarks Of Mr.
Shen must be read against this back
ground. But this vital Self-interest
should not in itself detract from the
validity of certain observations which
we think are worth noting, because they
deal with the fundamental stability and
effectiveness Of the United Nations.
Without mentioning Communist
China directly, Mr.. Shen said he SenSed
on the one hand mounting campaign
by international bullies," and on the
other a growing atmosphere of appease-
ment, In which the quest for peace at
any price threatens to brush aside the
standards Of law and moral right on
which the United Nations was founded.
II that threat succeeds, as Mr.. Shen put
1t, then the era Of collective aggression,
not OF collective security, is upon u.s.
The foreign minister recalled that in
just such an atmosphere the League Of
Nations slipped down the drain. And he
warned quite correctly that the lesson
OF that unhappy failure was that peace
we must at all times cherish, but peace
based not on law and justice, but on
political expediency and appeasement,
cannot long endure"
Turning to the so-called nonaligned
nations, Mr.. Shen upheld the right of
new and emerging states to remain aloof
from the big-power blocks. But neutral
ism, he declared, "doeS not mean the re-
pudiation Of moral judgment on what
is right and what is wrong, what is JUS
tice and what is injustice" There are
some matters, he continued, matters
such as Self-determination and human
rights, on which no country in good con-
science "can claim neutrality"
The question of Red China aside.
these are essential truths, of the sort
which may be lost sight of in the rough
and-tumble days Of the power struggle
ahead. We think their articulation by
Mr.. Shen is deserving Of more attention
than it has received.
Evening star., 1961-10-09
Federal Role at the Fair

There Is difference between Fed
eral participation in the New York
worlds Fair and Federal subsidy to
bolster tagging private financing of
the 1964-65 exposition. Congress has
baked at any Federal aid Of a sub
sidizing nature-and properly so. It is
quite probable, however, that Congress
at the next session will authorize some
sort Of Federal exhibit at the fair,
including perhaps construction of
building in which to house 1t. In fact,
a worlds fair without a Government
exhibit would be hard to imagine.
President Kennedy's pledge of sup
port for Federal participation, made in
letters to Robert Moses, fair president,
and Mayor Wagner Of New York City,
referred to proposed appropriation Of
$S00,0O0 for a study of the role which
the Federal Government will play in
the fair. At the last session of Con-
gress, however, there was talk Of asking
for an appropriation Of $50 million for
such participation-a move interpreted
by Senator LauSche and others as a
subsidizing device. The fair is known
to have run into difficulties in obtaining
foreign cooperation, requiring modi-
fication of original plans for an exposi-
ton Of truly worldwide proportions.
OF course the Federal Government
should have some part in the fair,
regardless Of what other governments
may or may not do. The proposed study
Of what that part should be and how
much Federal money should be spent
on the undertaking is the proper
approach to a congressional decision.
To appropriate any substantial sum
without the benefit of such expert
advice would be a serious mistake.
Evening star., 1961-10-09
Century of Vital Service

Ine metropolitan Police Depart
ment, celebrating its Tooth anniversary,
is remarkably young looking and active
for its age. There is nothing senile
about Washington'S still l-growing and
efficient crime-fighting force. Today,
under its dedicated and nationally
recognized chief, Robert V. Murray, the
department has reason to be proud of
its record and the city has reason to
pay tribute to him and his men.
The Washington police force has
had its ups and downs over the years.
From its small beginning as an or
ganized group in 1851 to the present
day, however, its overall history has
been that Of faithful keeper Of the
peace and protector Of persons and
property. Before the department came
into being officially as the Civil War
was starting, the Nations Capital had
no law enforcement agency worthy Of
the description. The city at first was
policed only by civilian watchmen, two
Of whom patrolled each ward. In 1912
the watchmen, sometimes referred to
as constableS, were replaced by a
uniformed Auxiliary Guard. The guard
force was superseded by the Metropoli-
tan Police.
Despite adversities at times, in
cluding several scandals involving Off
GERS who betrayed their trust, the force
has grown in strength and prestige
until today it is justifiably looked upon
as one of the Nations outstanding police
organizations. We join in saluting
Chief Murray and his men and wishing
their department another century of
meritorious service to Washington.
Evening star., 1961-10-09
The Animals Get a Break

The animals at the Zoo are finally
going to get break For years they
have been regular losers to humans in
the contest for District funds under an
outmoded financing system begun more
that half century ago. Now, under
legislation just approved by Congress,
the National Geological Park will be
treated fiScally as a national institution
ought to be treated. Hereafter all funds
for new construction or repair of old
buildings at the Zoo will be included in
the budget Of the Smithsonian InStitu-
tion, which administers it, rather than
in the District budget. The shift has
been long overdue. .-a
While the District Commissioners
have recognized the needs of the Zoo,
1t has been necessary in recent years
to give priority in the budget to human
needs. So renovation Of badly deterio-
rated Zoo buildings and launching OF
urgent Zoo Improvements have had to
be postponed, year after year. A public
works program for the Zoo had been
prepared by the Smithsonian Institution,
but the law required that the money to
carry out the program must come from
the District. However, the new legis-
lation corrects this anomaly. From now
on the Smithsonian budget will take
care Of capital improvements at the Zoo,
with the District contributing only the
cost Of operating the big establishment.
Thus bright new era lies ahead for
the too-long neglected animal haven
in Rock Creek Park. =
Evening star., 1961-10-09
Tourist Traps Abroad

Is the United States Gov
ernment willing to make any
guarantees to American tour
lists travelling in the Soviet
Union that they will not be
arrested, tried in a cellar,
and sentenced to eight years.
Imprisonment on spy charges?
The recent case of William
Makinen resulted in nothing
more than paper protests en-
anating from the State De-
partment.
To be sure, the department
declared Makinen innocent
but apparently plans no fur
ther action. There was not
even the decision to bar visas
to other prospective tourists,
who would be going behind
the Iron Curtain with no
certainty that they could re-
turn.
A few days ago, the State
Department did muster the
energy to cancel the visa of
the chief of the Katanga In
formation Services. Perhaps,
when the Tshombe regime is
finally forced to turn Red,
Katanga's emissaries will then
be greeted with the same
courtesy accorded other Soviet
satellites.
l Ronald H. Harner.
Evening star., 1961-10-09
Victims of Jets

While visiting some friends
I was appalled, at the prob
lem all OF the residents of
Forestville and nearby areas
have with the noise and low
flying Jets at take-ofS and
arrival. at Andrews Air Force
Base.
Many residents Of this area
have invested in land and
built homes expecting to raise
their children in a semi-rural
area. not realizing at the time
the base would be developed
to the extent it has been. The
plan is for 80, 900 jets a month
to land and take off from this
field.
No real estate man can
handle sale of the homes out
there because of the noise and
danger and the potential loss
to these people is a tremen-
douS thing. We could not pos
sibly carry on an intelligent
conversation and when I
thought of the serious acci-
dents that have occurred so
often at landing or take off
I shudder to think of what
might happen here. In Min
neapoliS there were two very
serious tragedies because Of
Jets plowing into homes, kill
ing the occupants and de-
,stroying the homes.
It would seem to me our
Government would protect
these people by buying sutfi-
cient acreage to protect, asfar
as possible, the citizens Of this
area from death and destruc-
ton. They will lock the barn
after the horse is stolen. There
should be, 1t seems to me, an
unoccupied area within a rea-
sonable mileage Of an airport
Of the magnitude Of Andrews
Air Force Base. In any event,
these fine people are Ameri-
can citizens whose interests
should be protected by Con-
gress. and precautions should
be taken to eliminate a du-
plication Of these hazardous
conditions in future plans Of
our Air Force.
Virginia Holm Bye.
Former Secretary of State
Of Minnesota.
Evening star., 1961-10-09
Soaring Deficit

The Informed" report that the
Federal budget deficit for this fiscal year
will exceed Sc billion and may be close
to 81 billion is bad news for everybody
whose welfare depends upon a reason
ably stable dollar. For this is the road
to more inflation-dollars that will buy
less and less as time goes on.
In the last fiscal year-a year Of
economic Slump-the deficit was $50
billion. Last July the Kennedy Admins
trat1on, taking Increased defense spend
ing into account, forecast a $5.3-billion
deficit for the current fiscal year. And
now, despite significant economic re-
covery, which should produce more
Federal revenue, the estimated deficit
ceiling is being pushed higher.
1t is true that the President has
given assurance that next years budget
will be balanced, even II he has to ask
for higher taxes to achieve his goal.
This Is something which should be taken,
however, with large grain Of salt. Next
year is an election year. Thus, even
though the President may ask for higher
taxes, it is unlikely that Congress will
impose them unless Mr.. Kennedy brings
severe pressure to bear, which we do not
think he will do.
Since there is little prospect, given
the threatful world situation, of reduced
defense outlays, the only hope lies in an
unyielding stand against any spending
that is not literally essential to the ma
tional welfare. This resistance, If it is to
materialize, will have to come from Con-
gress, and it will hardly develop there
in an election year unless public senti-
ment demands it. So it Is really up to the
people-do they care enough about the
future value of their savings, pensions,
insurance, etc., to insist on economy, or
will they swallow the phony doctrine
that billions more Of deficit spending
somehow will be good for them?
Evening star., 1961-10-09
Aid to Education

Obviously private and
parochial schools are a major
educational contribution to
this country'S welfare and no
reasonable citizen would deny
them the opportunity for con-
tinued existence. The Catho-
lie hierarchy. Protestant and
Jewish clergy. and civil liber-
ties groups do not wish to
damage the private and
parochial system, but rather
each of them is interested
in protecting educational
rights and the educational
rights of individual citizens
as they understand them.
With these two factors in
mind. what course of action
can then be initiated to give
this country a just educa-
tional aid bill? Two courses
exist: One. to let Congress
continue to thresh out a bill
which may or may not be
sufficient. reasonable, bene-
ficial, or Just, or else, to sub
NIT to a course of action long
advised by prominent church,
civic, and Government lead
ers. This course would be the
establishment Of an "ad hoe"
commission comprising Ca
tholic, Protestant, and Jew
ish clergy and Congressional
representatives. It would be
their responsibility to review
generally the whole educa-
tional aid picture, but specif-
ically the necessity of Federal
aid and constitutional rights,
and in accordance with their
findings to recommend GER
tain actions for passage by
Congress. There are, of
course, objections to this
suggestion, but this is the
only reasonable course of
action possible which can
eliminate existing i'll feel
ings caused by misunder-
standings. other congress
Sional bills have been the
result Of such commissions.
I am seriously concerned
about the educational needs
OF this country general
standards. teacher shortage.
and classroom space and
equipment), and I am con-
vinced that these needs can
only be met by a concerted
effort from both public and:
parochial school systems. If
this is to mean Federal aid,
then a responsible position
must be adopted by all -af-
fected groups to enable pas.
sage OF beneficial and con-
stitutional legislation to meet
these needs. I do not advo-.
cate abrogation Of constitu-
tional rights; I dounderstand
the concern of religious and
civic leaders for these rights;
but. I cannot permit this
religio-civic suspicion of mo-
tives to obstruct needed legis-
lation in the light of the
continuing world situation.
Bartholomew J. Merella.
Cleveland. Ohio.
Evening star., 1961-10-09
Drop Out of u. NJ?

Speaking at the Freedom
School" In Detroit Sept. /,
1861, Dr.. Bella Dodd said:
within go days we will know
whether the United States
will remain q free nation or
be absorbed into world gov
eminent" She based her
shocking statement on I news
item in the New York Times
Of August II which stated
that the United states would
propose at the U.N. "a bold,
new. comprehensive program"
to include worldwide disarm-
ament, the Strengthening" of
the World Court. the setting
up Of a world police force"
by absorbing various national
armies, and long range steps
toward world government "in
the spirit of the U.N. Char
ter" to make the U.N. a world
government.
The majority Of the citizens
Of our great Nation are loyal,
patriotic Americans who want
no part Of this devious, mon
strous scheme to hand over
our sovereignty through
United Nations treaties which
will be above the Constitution
and the law of our land.
We demand that our Ma
ton withdraw from the So
called United Nations II. 60
on, the offensive to defeat
communism at home and
abroad.
A. T. Gale.
Costa Mesa, CaVt.
Evening star., 1961-10-09
Aid Dispensers

The desire of the new for
eign aid director, Fowler
Hamilton, to run a tight ship
is highly commendable. How
ever, the method by which he
intends to eliminate dead
wood from the agency might
fail to take into account the
possibility that adjectival
performance ratings do not
necessarily reflect the true
capability of every employe.
Indeed, in some circles, the
performance rating system is
considered a farcical bureau
cratic monstrosity which fire.
quently penalties the angry
young man" who rocks the
boat, and rewards the "yes-
man" who can't cut the mus
tard and who probably poses
no threat to the status or Sc
curity Of his supervisor.
Thus, the failure could be
Evening star., 1961-10-09

can hope to reach other
planets. These corridors must
be clear paths between the
belts and streams of high
energy particles and short
wave radiation surrounding
the earth and probably 9TH
er members Of the solar sys-.
tenn. z=-z..
This is explained by So
Wet Air Gen. G. I. Pokrov-
sky, an abstract of whose re-
port has Just been issued
through the Department of
Commerce.
ITO afford protection
equivalent to that offered by
the earth's atmosphere" says
the report, would require a
space ship to weigh 100 tons.
This is impossible with the
present capabilities of rocket
carriers, so manned space
ships must travel only in
those areas of space which
are relatively safe. This re-
quires mapping of such zones
and corridors. These vary
from year to year, depend
ing on solar activity.
Australia an Exception
Manned flights will first
be limited to the area be-
low the belt of high energy
particles. This should not ex-
ceed 500 to 900 miles. An
exception is the area of Aus
tralia where the altitude may
be as great as 1000 to l,5OO
miles. Thereafter flights
must be made through a cor
ridor along the earth's axis.
by-passing the belt of high
energy particles"
A manned space ship land
ing on the surface of any
celestial body. the Soviet in
vestigator concludes, is pres
emily impossible because the
trip back to earth would re-
quire a greater supply of fuel
than any space ship could
carry.
Landings on planets with
belts of high energy parti-
cleS," continues the report.
will have to be made
through polar corridors. This
probably includes any plan
ct whose diameter is over
5000 miles. 1t should be pos
sible to fly very low above
the surfaces of some of the
asteroids, every small plan
ets) because they have no
atmosphereS. On the other
hand, this eliminates the
possibility Of using aerody-
manic braking. A rocket en-
gine would have to be used
and this causes much addi-
tional fuAl." =
Evening star., 1961-10-09
Penalty of Aging

When we read OF an auto
mobile accident causing the
demise of a citizen In the
prime Of life our sympathieS
go out to his family and we
shake our heads because OF
the unnecessary waste Of hu-
man life. In the same news
paper we may read Of q
dinner honoring a faithful
employe whose years Of serv-
ice TO the employer have been
rewarded by a gold watch and
regrets at his retirement be-
cause he has reached 65. The
same sympathies and the
same head shake should fol-
low reading this news, but
they don't. He is also in the
prime Of life and his value
to his employer was never
greater. His knowledge, ex-
perience, wisdom and loyalty
which have accumulated over
the years are sacrificed on
the altar Of a custom which
demands arbitrarily that he
be placed in Limbo upon ar
irving at IS. The vigor. en-
thusiasm and capability Of
65-year "oldsters" today tran
scend that Of the 40-year-
old Of half a century ago.
What a waste Of manpower,
what a loss to progress. what
an injustice to the employe!
Providing that his social
security is adequate for his
needs-which it frequently is
not-his enforced leisure. his
unimportance. his partial or
complete dependence on 9th
ers together create boredom
and Illustration for his re-
naming years. There is no
legal or moral reason why a
normal person should not
continue to contribute his
share to industry despite his
chronological age.
Tt is difficult to obtain en-
ployment after 40. The cost
Of training a new employe,
plus insurance complications,
are named as excuses for this
circumstance. Attenuation has
added its quota to Job scar
city, and the lot of the 40
year-old is not a happy one.
When the population was
largely rural and housing was
adequate, senior citizens could
maintain their independence
and self-respect by attending
the garden, the livestock and
other farm duties. Their
opinions still were respected,
and their gray hair was
honored.
Today the oldster is a IL
ability. Food costs are high
and apartments are small.
They are often in the way. If
their means are sufficient,
they may join colonies Of
senior citizens-but this is
not the answer. To lessen
boredom they need associa-
ton with younger people. The
lot Of the senior citizen is
not an enviable one.
The ranks of those past
so are rapidly filling up, and
before we realize 1t their num-
Evening star., 1961-10-09

bers will amount to an i'm
portant voting block. When
that time arrives they will
be able to enforce their re-
quirements and men will be
able to retain their ambi-
tlon, hopes and self respect
until death or disability
causes their retirement.
James A. Cannon, ST., MD.
Evening star., 1961-10-09

inherent in the plan for a
panel to review the perform
ance records of only those
employees who have been rated
satisfactory" Am I to as
sumo then that the records of
employees who have obtained
very good" or Outstanding"
ratings will not be reviewed?
Why not review the perform
ance record of all employees
like Harold Stassen did in
1858? If this is done Mr..
Hamilton might come up with
more deadwood than he ex-
pected.
TaxpayeF.
Evening star., 1961-10-09
LETTERS TO THE STAR

Pen names may be used II
letters carry Driters' correct
names and addresses. All let
terS are subject to condenSa-
ton. Those not used tDil be
returned only iDhen accom-
panied by self = addressed,
stamped envelopes.
Evening star., 1961-10-09
VISTAS IN SCIENCE
New Star Aggregation Described
By THOMAS r. HENRY

Discovery Of a star aggre-
CATION Of a type hitherto un-
known in creation has Just
been announced by the Ar
menian astronomer, v. A.
Ambartson, director of the
Byrraka Astrophysical OBJ
servatory, through the Sovi-
let Academy Of Sciences. An
abstracted translation Of the
announcement has just been
issued through the United
States Department of Com
merce.
The aggregation is of a mil
lion or more stars whose
matter weighs several thou
sand tons a square inch.
They are the so-called white
dwarfs," of which there are
believed to be about a billion
in the Milky Way galaxy of
which the solar system is a
minute part. They represent
the last stage in the lifetime
OF a star like the sun and
their age is estimated to be
about 10 billion years.
Even the denSeSt matter
known on earth, it is ex-
planned, is mostly weightless
emptiness, the space between
the planetary electrons of the
atoms. Over a very long pc
riod, however, these tend to
be compressed. A star gets
smaller - about the size of
one of the earth's planets,
and very much hotter.
20 In Lyra Constellation
The conglomeration discov-
cred by the Armenian astron-
on1er is about $50 trillion
miles in diameter and is To-
Gated in the northern hemi-
sphere constellation of Lyra,
about 4.8 quadrillion miles,
or 300 light years distant
from the earth.
Although white dwarfs have
been known, as such, for
many years those located
have been widely scattered
Through creation and never
assembled in one conglomera-
ton. This must represent by
far the Oldest part of the
universe, as known to man.
1t may provide new data orrl
the life span of the Milky
Way galaxy.
Best known of the white
dwarfs is the smaller compan-
ion of the star Sirius which
is estimated to have about
$4,000 times the density of
water. One other star is
known, however, which
weighs at least a billion times
that much water.
--.... \ y y y
Man must find empty
corridors" in space before he