davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-04-09

that he will limit his own use
fulnesS.
Actually the one quality which
above all others makes the busi-
nessman so effective in Washing
ton is the completely objective
viewpoint which he brings to his
work. His whole reputation for all
time is at stake, both as to char
acter and as to ability, and he
is determined to measure up to
the very highest standard of
achievement Of which he is capa-
BILE. There is nothing that he seeks
for himself. He is looking for no
increase in pay, no promotion to
a higher job.
He wants but one thing and
that is to get the job done hon
orably as soon as possible so that
he can go home. AS a consequence,
he judges every question strictly
on its merits, and not in terms
Of its effect on his own future.
With the career officer in Gov
ernment this cannot be true to
quite the same degree. I have the
very highest respect for these fine
public servants, but they have the
same problems in their private
lives that other Americans do.
They have children to educate too,
and they would be more than
human if in making recommenda-
tions they did not give some
thought to the impact which their
actions might have on their fu-
ture careers. This makes some
what for complacency. and tends
at times toward the taking Of safe
Evening star., 1961-04-09

discovery of the proper way to use
it. The deep reason for our haunt
ing terror is not the secret but the
man who possesses it.
The source Of our peril, In other
words, is precisely what the source
Of mans most profound peril has
always been-ourselveS.
Human life has always been
lived on the edge of a knife. In
dividual man has always had the
capacity to destroy himself; he has
also had the capacity to trample
his finest ideals in the mud, to
bring his society to utter collapse,
to 60 down that steep place into
the sea with steps that can never
be re-traced. The boundaries of
everlasting darkness are never very
far away; there is always the
chance that we shall blunder off
into them and never get back. We
have never had much to go on but
courage-faith-and the sustain
ing knowledge that the moment of
greatest danger can also be the
moment Of supreme opportunity.
If now we have the power to de-
Evening star., 1961-04-09
The National Scene

weeks as the extreme views of Mr..
Welch have gained wide circula-
ton.
Mr.. WEIGH believes In fighting
fire with fire. To him, the ends
justify the means. He has
frankly borrowed from the Com
munists' own handbook in war
ring on them.
Thus, the creation Of John
Birch cells; the advocacy Of "in-
filtration" Of other organizations
and the setting UP Of front"
groups; the monolithic set-up Of
the society, and the use Of loaded
questions to smear q suspect one
cannot prove to be a Communist
or Red sympathizer.
What has brought down the
wrath Of many conservative Re-
publicans and liberal Democrats
alike, however, has been the
Birch Society's campaign for the
impeachment of Chief Justice
Warren and Mr.. Welch'S reference
to former Presidents Eisenhower
and Truman and the late John
Foster Dulles as tools Of commu-
niSr1.
Evening star., 1961-04-09
BRUCE CATION LOOKS AHEAD
Seeds Of SeIf-Destruction Are Nothing New

Vassar College Is celebrating
its founding In 1861 with q series
Of programs lcioking backward
to the mid-19th century and
forward to the present time.
One Of the addResses on a recent
program was erltitled "a Time Of
Crisis" and ~as delivered by
Bruce Cation Civil War his
tOrian and senior editor Of the
American Heritage. This address
contained also an interesting
picture Of the future as seen by
a student Of the past. Part Of
the address follows:
The moment Of a centennial
observance calls not only for a
backward glance but for an ap-
praisal Of the future as well. And
this moment rs not, to repeat an
other obvious fact, a moment in
which the future Is comfortably
contemplated This is a time Of
immense crisis. What are we en-
titled to think we see when we look
ahead?
It would l1oe possible. ! suppose.
to brush the whole business. under
the rug-aE least for the moment
by remaIking that the present
hour Of gloom may pass away Just
as the houn Of gloom that lay upon
the land in 1851 passed away. The
trouble is that that analogy is too
easy. It does not really mean very
much. The fact that at the last
moment. ka century ago, we re-
Trained from rushing down q steep
place into the sea-even though
Evening star., 1961-04-09
About This
Article

"In the 1960s, every American
is summoned to extraordinary
personal responsibility, sustained
effort and sacrifice" In the
atom-and-space age, this is the
mandate imposed by communism
and the awesome perils Of
modern weapons; its solemn de-
mands were spelled out recently
by the Presidents Commission
on National Goals.
The challenge lies with every
citizen, explained the .nonparti-
san Goal Commission, but bears
especially heavy on the Nations
leaders. 'The vastly increased
demands upon the Federal Gov
ernment require at the higher
level more public servants equal
in competence and Imagination
to those in private business and
the professions"
The need for infusing govern
mental ranks with specialized
talents and SkillS borrowed from
business long has been forcefully
eSpouSed by Clarence B. Randall,
retired chairman of the Inland
Steel Co. and President Eisen-
hower'S special assistant on for
eign economic policy. In this
article. based on his long expe-
rience in Washington, the noted
industrialiSt explains both the
challenge and rewards which
public service offers business
leaders. It appeared originally
in the Chicago Sun Times and
is reprinted by permission.
Evening star., 1961-04-09

and this is the man he wants.
The first reaction is, Of course.
what he expected. He has had 1t
many times before, and he has no
intention whatever Of being turned
aside. He insists. and steadily
raises the pitch of his voice until
he bursts out with, Listen, Mr.. K,
this is a swiftly moving stream
that I am trying to swim in, and
I need help. ask you Just one
question. What Is there in your
life that Is more important than
serving your country?"
This stops the trapped executive
cold, and he has no alternative
but to say that he will think it
over. And think 1t over he does.
In fact, he can't get it out Of his
mind. The indispensable man who
felt outraged that he should be
asked to leave his company Shrinks
swiftly down to, size in o spirit of
new humility, and he begins to
wonder. Those critical matters on
his desk somehow begin to lose
their Importance. That night he
talks it over with his wife. She
puts her hand approvingly on his
Evening star., 1961-04-09
Our Reel Problem
The Income ak: How We Got 1t

whisky and tobacco. He set about
renewing Mr.. McMillin's struggle,
studying nights and Sundays in
his office, larding the Congress
sional Record with information
about the tax as it was applied
in other countries and in the
United States during the Civil
War, and pressing his views upon
the legislative leaders, who came
to shrink at his approach.
His issue had growing support.
Theodore Roosevelt had rallied at
the vested interests and William
Howard Taft, campaigning for the
presidency in 1908, indorsed
constitutional amendment to
make the income tax legal. Mr..
Hull's chance came in the course
of debate on the tariff act of 1909,
a supreme effort by the conserva-
. -tives which was later known as
the Payne -Aldrich Act. He pro-
posed the inclusion of an income
tax and the idea gathered momen-
tum, particularly among the Re-
publican progressives from the
Middle West. In a last ditch ef-
fort to defeat the tariff act, Demo-
cratic leader Champ Clark pro-
posed that the bill be recommitted
with instructions to add an in
come tax. His motion fell before
the Republican majority.
A CosuoI Conversation
But as the powerful Republican
majority in the Senate, led by
Nelson Aldrich of Rhode Island,
was preparing to take up the tar
iff bill, Mr.. Hull fell into con-
versation on train with Senator
Joseph Bailey of Texas, a Demo-
crat who had been part of the 1894
fight for the income tax. Mr..
Hull brought him UP to date on
developments and interested him
in the plan of adding an income
tax amendment to the tariff
measure. Mr.. Bailey's move was
Evening star., 1961-04-09
Asks Inquiry

The big question under immedi-
ate discussion is whether there
sholhld. be q congressional investi-
CATION of the Birch Society.
fHr. Welch, who has assailed
what he called distortions Of the
Arms and statements Of his group,
has requested an inquiry, with a
promise that no member would
take the Fifth Amendment.
Two House Republicans, who be-
long to the Society, said they
would welcome 1t.
Many liberals, on the other
hand, oppose such an investiga-
tion. This opposition is based pri-
anarily on the conviction that un-
popular opinions have a right to
he expressed.
But in the case Of the ADA, at
least, there is fear that either
( the Senate Internal Security Sub
committee or the House I'm
American Activities Committee
the most likely units to conduct
an inquiry-might be too sympa-
thetic to the society.
Evening star., 1961-04-09
Continued From Page C-1

Continued From Page C-I
Of millions of dollars a year from
the people Of this country.
William Rogers, Attorney Gen.
eral In the last years of the Eisen-
hover administration, tried to do
something about this evil octopus.
He proposed five measures to
Congress, but they got nowhere.
Now comes Robert F. Kennedy,
35-year-old brother of the Pres
ident, to try his luck. A dedicated
"crime-buster," he announced at
his first news conference-it was
televised-since he became Attor-
ney General that he was recon-
mending eight new laws to fight
interstate racketeering. including
the five previously advanced by
Mr.. Rogers.
Why should the Federal Gov
eminent concern itself more seri-
ously with a problem tradition
ally the responsibility Of local au-
thorities?
Mr.. Kennedy contends that
some local officials have been
corrupted" and that in other
areas the rackets "have outgrown
the authorities" because they
have become "too widespread, too
well-organized and too rich"
The new Attorney. Generals
aim is to breakdown on the big
time racketeers by assaults on
their means Of livelihood, the
sources Of their wealth. Perhaps
his most sweeping proposal is to
prohibit interstate travel to ad-
vance illegal business activities"
such as gambling, narcotics, pros
titution and extortion.
There is little argument that
new weapons are needed in the
war on organized crime. Mr.. Ken
nedy is optimistic that Congress
will provide them. For his part,
he should draw the proposed
measures with especial care so
that, in the event they are enact
ed, no serious question as to their
constitutionality may be raised.
Evening star., 1961-04-09

knowledge of how things are done
in government without which the
businessman would founder in
futility.
The great problem is how to
maintain in each of these cate
gories an adequate reserve Of COM
petent people, sufficient to meet
the insistent and constantly ex-.
panding demands of our public
service. 8
A Suggestion for Science
Industry, it seems to me, has a
compelling obligation to meet its
full responsibility in this area,
and to do so by plan. If had my
way, every corporation would pc,
riodically provide young men for
the federal service. g.,
Those chosen would enter gov
ernment as apprentices, to learn
how our public affairs are carried
on. Each would be assigned for
two years to understudy a partic-
ular official on a dollar a year
basis, his salary to be carried
by his employer. Twenty years
later we would then have a broad.
and steadily renewed reserve Of
knowledgeable executives avail
able for appointment to senior
posts.
If our cherished form of demo-
cratic society is to survive in this
world of tumult. it will require a
policy Of all hands on deck at all
times. The businessman has a
very special stake in that survival,
and a very special responsibility.
Evening star., 1961-04-09
Inquiries:
Birch Next?

The furor in the press over
the John Birch Society grew
last week as Attorney General
Kennedy labeled the group "ri-
diculous" and members of
Congress p0ndered a possible
investigation.
In 1858, Robert H. w. Welch, jr.,
retired candy manufacturer and
a right-wing radical, founded an
organization dedicated to an all
out war against communism at
home and abroad. =.
The group was called the John
Birch Society, named after a
young Fundamentalist Baptist
missionary from Georgia who
served in the Army Air Force in
China during World War II as an
intelligence officer. He was slain
by Chinese Communists.
While there are said to be
fewer than 100000 members organ
lied into semi-secret units in "a
States and the District Of Colum-
bia, the society has created deep
concern and interest in recent
Evening star., 1961-04-09

With faith and with courage, we
can still go forward.
I would like to leave with you
today a few lines by the American
Poet William Vaughan Moody,
which seem to have been written
for this time. They go like this:
OF mounds and sore defeat
made my battle stay, 80
Winged sandals for my feet
~ tDoUe OF my delay;
OF tDedriness and fear,
/ made my shouting spear;
OF loss. and doubt, and dread,
And St0ift on-coming doom
I made a helmet for my head
And floating plume.
From the shutting mist OF death.
From the failure OF the breath.
/ made q bGttle-horn to bloU.
Across the UGleS OF ouerthrotU.
o hearken, loUe, the battle-horn! 3.
The triumph clear, the crystal +,
Scorn!
o hearken tUhere the echoes bring,
DolUn the gray disastrous morn.
Laughter and rallying! "a
Evening star., 1961-04-09

quickly Joined by Senator Albert
Cummins. Republican Of Iowa,
and the momentum began to
mount. ri
Mr.. Aldrich, whose attention
was centered completely on the bill
to raise tariffs, did not like the
menace of the Bailey Cummins
move. Aware of the strong posA
sibility that it might pass, he
coolly determined to enact a con-
stitutional amendment, get the is
sue out of the way, and rest COM
fortably upon his estimate that the
State Legislatures would never
ratify an amendment to make the,
income tax legal. +
Unanimous Possoge -
The amendment passed unani-
mously after two days of mild dis
cussion in Senate that included
% millionaires. Mr.. Aldrich's
strategy was expressed by Senator
H. D. Money, Democrat of MiSsis-
sippi: "We can feel quite sure that
an act of such far-reaching i'm
portance, that touches the pockets,
Of very many rich people, is not
very likely to become part Of the,
organic law of our Republic or Of
our Confederation" -
Seven days later the House.
passed the amendment 31S to "a
with Mr.. Clark asserting that the
amendment lis simply a scheme to
keep Congress from passing an in
come tax now" Mr.. Hull and
others continued to press for di-
rect congressional enactment Of
an income tax as the amendment
began its rounds of the State Leg
iSlatures, -
Four years later on February 8,
1918, only month before Wood
row Wilson'S Inauguration, Wyom-
ing became the 36th State to ap-
prove Aldrich'S amendment and it
became the 10th Amendment to
the Constitution.
Evening star., 1961-04-09
Some Comments

AS these things became gen.
orally known last week, news
papers across the Nation delueed
their pages with stories and
comment about the Birch Society.
While the greater percentage OF
the comment was adversely crit
ical, there were widely varied
views. A sampling follows:
Former Vice President Nixon:
"It may at times seem unrealistic
and naive to follow the rules Of
the game when our opponents
are so unscrupulous and COM
pletely devoid Of morality. But
in the end, refusing to resort to
methods that are wrong not only
is right but, IN the long :I1n, it
is the most effective way to COM
bat an evil doctrine like COM
munism."
Cardinal Cushing: While brand
ing absurd charges that Mr.. Eli
senhower had Communist lean
ings, the Roman Catholic prelate
praised Mr.. WEIGH as a very
capable, fearless man who has
made sacrifices to fight commu-
nism." He indorsed the society
last year.
Attorney General Kennedy:
Calling the society ridiculous"
he said that "tEey make no con-
tribution to the fight against
communism here in the United
States" and Sin fact, I think, If
anything, they may be q hin
drance."
Senator GOldwater: "A lot of
people in my home town (Phoenix,
AriZ.(, both Democrats and Re
publicans, have been attracted to
it, and am impressed by the
type Of people In it. They are
the kind we need In politics"
Senator Young of Ohio: "These
radicals Of the Right have been
practicing character. assassination
without regard for the truth. They
are the Know -Nothings of the
goth century"
American Civil Liberties Union:
Regardless Of how extreme and
distorted (the society's) views may
be or how obnoxious they are to
Evening star., 1961-04-09
REPORT FROM AN LNDUsTRIALIsT
BY CLARENCE B. RANDALL

O~@@@~-~~N-
There is a fable about the busi-
nessman in government which
has been circulating in Washing
ton for years, which goes like this:
when man from industry
comes down to the Potomac, the
first thing that he tries to do is
to push a button. But he can't
because there is no button. If
there were, it wouldn't work. If it
did work, nobody would come. If
the man did come, he wouldn't
know the answer"
AS one who has been there. !
can say that this bit of folklore is
altogether slanderous. but I ad-
NIT that it points up one thing
which Is true, which is this: When
a businessman accepts an i'm
port post in the executive branch
Of the Federal Government. he
embarks upon an adventure which
is devastatingly different from
anything that he had addressed
himself to before, and one that
will call for the utmost in ability
Of which he is capable.
1t is a new and startling under
taking. Invariably it comes to
him Unexpectedly. 1t might be
said that it begins in consterna-
ton, continues in Illustration, but
terminates in the deepest salts
faction that can come to any man.
namely the inner consciousness
that he has given his best to the
service of his country.
Business and Government
Business and government are
not alike at all, and never will be,
but each man in turn has to make
this revolutionary discovery for
himself when his turn comes to
go down to Washington.
That first telephone call, COM
ing out of the blue as it always
does, proposing that he close his
desk at once and take over
Government responsibility, catches
him completely off guard. No such
thought has ever entered his mind,
and he reacts vigorously against it.
Incoherent with apprehension
and righteous indignation, he
launches into a long rebuttal on
the phone, which never fails to
make three points: Cd IT am not
qualified; (2) ';I am about to be
given new responsibilities; 90
My company is in the midst of a
very important new project"
Then. depending upon the mans
age. he will add one of the fol-
lowing: If he is at age 40, my
children are in college and I can
not afford the salary cut; If he is
past go: II am sorry. but I have a
serious health problem"
Encounters lnslstence
But the man at the other end
Of the phone is very determined
person. He did not place the call
until his mind was fully made up.
He had canvassed all possibilities,
had consulted a great many peo-
pie and made numerous checks,
Evening star., 1961-04-09
Public Interest and Private Capital in Harmony

and wrote our Federal Constitu-
ton specifically designated a sys-
tenn Of checks and balances to
make sure that single individuals
would not possess authority. They
had known tyranny, and they
made sure that group consent
would always be the basis for de-
cisions in government.
The executive turned official
must therefore learn early in his
Government service that his pur-
poses must be achieved not by the
loudneSS of his voice, but by the
depths Of his wisdom, the clarity
Of his thinking, and the integrity
implicit in his conduct.
Numerically, however, the fall
ures from either cause have been
few, and businessmen as a class
may be justly proud Of the mag
1ificent contributions which their
colleagues have made in Washing
ton in recent years. The qualities
which have made them leaders at
home have found still richer. and
fuller expression at the national
level,
Sufficient Reserve Needed
1t is well for our country that
this has been so, and that the
fields Of industry and commerce
have offered a reserve of proven
talent and character upon which
our Government could draw. The
crises of this hazardous and COM
plex modern world permit of no
delay as each new challenge con-
fronts us. We could not possibly
have available a sufficient reserve
OF trained career personnel to
meet these most urgent but un-
predictable necessities. Brains and
bold leadership must be recruited
wherever they are to be found,
and business must make available
its full quota.
Such must be the way of life
in modern democracy if our
cherished institutions are to
survive.
Charges Of conflict Of interest
leveled at businessmen by Con-
greSSmen are almost never true,
and they know it. Those few who
make these irresponsible charges
have but one end in view, and
that is the personal publicity that
can be wrung from partisan at
tacks. Let them put their own
house in order before they insult
men Of honor from the business
community who cannot fight back.
For example, some of their own
committees would be sadly deci-
mated If all the members were
removed who vote for measures
in which they have a personal in
tereSt.
Evening star., 1961-04-09
BY CHARLES BARTLETT
Contributing Writer

The docile acquiescence with
which Americans have come to
pay their income tax is a pale re-
Election of the sharp struggle
which preceded the imposition of
the tax less than 60 years ago.
The public's acceptance of the
tax as a fact of life is a faint echo
also Of the Republican platform
of 1894 which warned: "In this
country an income tax Of any sort
is odious and will bring odium
upon any party blind enough to
impose it."
The ultimate responsibility for
the tax was bipartisan in a curious
way. The Republican conserva-
tives who hated it the most made
the tax possible with huge mis-
calculation.
Some Democrats, particularly
the Western populists, had pressed
for many years for an income tax.
Other Democrats, like President
Grover Cleveland, opposed it.
Cleveland was in fact instrumental
in keeping the chairmanship of
the House Ways and Means Com
mittee from a Tennessee Con-
gresSman, Benton McMillin, who
was an ardent advocate of gradu-
ated taxation.
In vengeance Mr.. McMillin
managed, as chairman of a taxa
ton subcommittee, to force enact
ment of an income tax provision
in 1894. It was quickly declared
unconstitutional.
CordeII HuIIs Role
A young farm boy, Cordell Hull,
succeeded to Mr.. McMillin's seat
in 1907. He was deeply schooled
in his predecessors battle and i'm
pressed by the inequities of sys-
tenn under which the. Government
was financed by duties on imports
and excise taxes on items like
Evening star., 1961-04-09

us or tofthe public at large. under
the First Amendment. they have
the right to be expressed free Of
Government interference"
Americans for Democratic Ac-
tiOn: TITS leaders are dedicated, to
sabotaging constitutional rights at
home, land to undermining defense
Of the, free world against commu-
nism labroad. These groups
thrive on fear and repression :"
Evening star., 1961-04-09
Dedication Needed

Great responsibility brings
great dedication, and no man
from business worthy to be chosen
for high office could possibly be
so venal as to use his post to
advance the interest Of his old
company. The real danger is that
he will lean over backward so far