davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-08-06

"Axmann continued on his way
alone, and ultimately escaped to
join the relics of his Hitler Youth
until he too was captured and told
his tale"
Such are the facts upon which
rests the mystery of Martin Bor-
mann. Axmann, today still alive
and active in promoting West
German trade with Red China, is
the sole source as to Bormann's
fate. 1t was largely on his state
ment that the local court at
Berchtesgaden, on January 80,
1854, declared Bormann legally
dead.
Seems ReIiobIe
But how reliable is Axmann's
testimony? Trevor Roper con-
cludeS:
The account of the death of
Bormann rests on the evidence
Of Axmann only. But since AK
mann's account (apart from acci-
dental errors of time) has proved
accurate in other particulars, it
is probably correct here also, I'M
less he is deliberately lying to pro-
tect Bormann.
After consideration of all other
evidence on the subject, 1 have
decided to accept this statement
as being at least consistent with
all available information, although
the evidence of a single witness
can never be final"
Reviewing the Bormann myS-
terry 10 years later, in the intro
duction to the third edition of
his book 1856, Trevor Roper
writes:
Such was the balance of evi-
dence in 1945. How far is it
altered by the new evidence of
1856? The answer is, not at all
E. the evidence still obliges us to
believe that Bormann survived
the (tank) explosion, and it still
does not give the support which
Axmann'S story requires before
we can believe it. If we believe
that Bormann is dead, it must
be simply because no one has
ever produced any acceptable evi-
dence of his existence after May
/, 1945."
Meantime, the Adolf Eichmann
case has revived the mystery of
Martin Bormann. If Eichmann
could elude allied capture, could
hide out in allied-occupied Ger
many for nearly seven years after
the war, and could then slip
through the allied net and escape
to Argentina, so presumably could
Martin Bormann.
And if Eichmann could evade
detection in Argentina for nearly
eight years, so presumably could
Evening star., 1961-08-06
Complete Transition
In Store for CIA

He spent something like $4,000
on espionage in the course of
the Revolutionary War.
But the tendency of the United
States Government through the
years has been to regard the
moral justice of the democratic
system as sufficient to stand
against the more decadent tao
tics of the European govern
ments. The American Black
Chamber, the Army'S cipher bu-
reau, was treated like clubroom
for cabinet members during World
War I and the War Department
closed it in 1929 amid a general
sentiment that it's activities were
as immoral as reading other peo-
Piles letters. The State Depart
ment Shrank from the use of
diplomacy for spying until 1910
when the OSS was established to
avoid the friction that was ap-
parent between the services on
intelligence matters. The OSS,.
manned by men like Mr.. Dulles
and Gen. William j. Donovan, had
a lively and impressive record of
war activity.
Wartime Success
Its success in wartime plus
growing concern over Communist
tactics were two principal factors
in the establishment Of per-
manent independent intelligence
agency in 1946. The organization
began with an invitation by Pres
ident Truman to the State, War
and Navy Departments to fur
nish personnel for a centralized
operation. 1t functioned without
statutory basis for 20 months un-
til the National Security Act of
1947 gave it full legitimacy and
its present name.
Since then the CIA has MAIN
tanned a shadowy existence and
constant growth. Its appropria-
tions have been handled by silent
subcommittee of Congress whose
members have been dogged in
obscuring the size and scope of
the expenditures. There have
been occasional moves for a joint
congressional committee to super
wise intelligence activities but
these have been stoutly resisted
by Mr.. Dulles, whose warm and
reasSuring personality brought
him far more popularity with the
legislators than his brother ever
enjoyed.
It is not clear-and the public
may never know-what changes
are currently contemplated in the
CIA operations but the plans
which Stemmed from the survey
by Robert Kennedy and Gen.
Maxwell Taylor and the board
headed by James Killian have
sufficed to stem congressional dis
content in recent weeks. 1t is
clear that the agency, with its
new leadership, will move shortly
into new phase Of it's secret
existence. III
Evening star., 1961-08-06
Japan Progressing on Nuc|ear Job

the United States and six addi-
tional ships have been selected
for hull vibration tests during
normal steaming schedules, one
of which includes regular runs
to New York.
The Sumitomo group is spe-
cializing in refining nuclear fuels
with imported German and
British equipment. Natural urani-
um output is expected to rise
from the present 25 tons annually
to 200 tons.
The group also established a
Radiation Research Institute near
Osaka, the Manchester of Japan"
where a 100000 electron volt
Van de Graaf generator and 1000
curie Cobalt so have been in
operation since November, 1859.
The first Japanese research
reactor, JRR-1, reached a thermal
output Of $4,000 kilowatt hours at
the end of April, 1860. 1t is used
primarily for training but a few
radioisotopes have been Sue
ceSsfully produced.
Also operational is JRR-2
whose reactor design is patterned
after a model at Argonne Ma
tional Laboratory, United States.
but incorporates a number of
notifications including arrange
mentS for obtaining high thermal
neutron flux.
Asset for Research
Although some troubles we're
encountered as the reactor reached
Evening star., 1961-08-06

coup was obtaining a text of Pre-
mier KhruShchev'S famous speech
downgrading Joseph Stain nearly
two months before it was released
by the Kremlin. Publication of
the text before the SovietS had a
chance to edit it virtually wrecked
the Communist party in the
United States.
The Soviet Union maintains at
least two major spy networks in
every technically advanced ma
tion.
The operations have been re-
vealed by Soviet defectorS and
duly documented in public hear
ingS.
First, and foremost, is the net
work operated by the Committee
on State Security (KGB) in Mos
COW which concerns itself with
political intelligence.
The second net is that known as
the Glavnoye Razayedvatelnoye
Upravlenye (GRU) which special
izes in the collection of military
intelligence.
At the moment the KGB, which
has headquarters in the Machova-
va district of Moscow, repeatedly
is headed by A. N. Shelepin,
member of the Central Committee
of the Communist Party and a
member of the Foreign Affairs
Commission of the Supreme So
Wet.
The KGB Organization
The KGB, which was once
known as the notorious MVD,
Cheka, OGPU and GUGB, con-
tainS four directorates.
The first directorate corresponds
roughly to the United States Ma
tional Security Council in that it
directs overall operations and re-
ports to the deciSion-makers.
The second directorate is the
terrorist group and has no known
counterpart in the Western world.
The third and four directo-
rates are concerned with collection
of industrial and commercial in
formation, including data on pat
entS and new manufacturing
methods.
The name of 1t. Gen. A. S. Pan
Evening star., 1961-08-06
BY Benz PRICE
Associated Press Writer


For men in high places a re-
current nightmare is watching the
world stumble into a war nobody
wants because Of a breakdown in
intelligence operations.
This is the basic danger in the
present East-West crisis over West
Berlin. Each side desperately
needs an accurate assessment of
the others preparations and in
tent.
A look at the past record Of in
telligence operations both here
and Moscow is anything but re-
assuring for a diplomat troubled
by dreams Of holocaust.
The Cuban fiasco last April con-
tributed spectacularly to a crisis
in credibility apparently casting
a vague shadow across current re-
ports of the Central Intelligence
Agency. There are older examples
Of miscalculation: A CHA chief
reported to Congress there was no
evidence Of trouble in Korea two
days before North Korean tanks
rolled southwark in 1850. Just two
months ago the takeover by Ko-
rean military junta apparently
caught United States planners by
surprise.
But the CHA has no monopoly
on mistakes. Since the end of
World War II, the Soviet intelli-
gence apparatus apparently failed
to detect the developing unrest
in East Germany, Poland and
Hungary. 1t completely undereSti-
mated the United States reaction
to the communist invasion of
South Korea. It apparently was
caught off base again by the Unit
ed States landing in Lebanon, in
response to Soviet meddling in the
Middle East. Last year the Soviets
apparently misjudged Congolese
willingness to swap Western CO.
lonialiSn for the communist va
riety. There even is some indica-
ton the case Of the Red takeover
in Cuba surprised the Soviets.
The Berlin Test
Hazards of this lack of infalli-
bility on both sides are enormously
magnified by such test of will as
Berlin. In both Washington and
Moscow, the key factor in deci-
sions now being made is the way
each intelligence service answers
the crucial question: How de-
termined is the other side? Mis-
calculation in this case, unlike
Cuba or other fringe areas of
partial commitment, could be dis
aStrouS.
Appropriations are concealed in
the budgets of other departments.
The expenditure for foreign in
formation work probably is around
81 billion annually, although lower
estimates have been published.
The GAS Successes
While currently taking its Hcks
and facing possible reorganization
as the result of a special study
ordered by President Kennedy
after the abortive Cuban invasion,
the CIA can cite many successes
in its brief history. 1t correctly
advised President Truman Russia
would abandon a move against
Greece and Turkey if American
support for these. countries was
made emphatic. 1t was correct
in predicting the United States
could break the Berlin blockade
without war. Probably its greatest
Evening star., 1961-08-06
BY CHARLES BARTLETT
Contributing Writer

President Kennedy and his
officials have gone to great
lengths in dealing with CIA
Director Allen Dulles impending
retirement to avert any implica-
ton that his withdrawal to
private life is tied to the failure of
the Cuban invasion.
Mr.. Kennedy and his top
officials are keenly conscious of
Mr.. Dulles impressive qualities
as a man, his deep experience in
intelligence affairs, and his long
service to the Government. The
Cuban affair was a compound of
many errors in many quarters and
Mr.. Dulles could not in justice
depart Washington as the Scape-
goat.
He is however So, and during his
tenure as the first civilian director
of the CIA, the agency has
developed its original advisory
role into a close involvement with
the policy functions of foreign re-
lations. Many feel that this
development came as a conse-
quence of the kinship of Allen and
Foster Dulles and many feel that
the C1A should be returned as
quickly as possible to a purer
role of intelligence collection.
Amid this sentiment, crystal
lied by the events in Cuba, there
is a certain impatience on the
part of the new administration
to gain the full control of the
CIA which can only be obtained
by replacement of the upper
echelon. Mr.. Dulles in departing
is apt to be accompanied by the
deputy director, Gen. c. P.
Cabell, and the chief Of opera
tions who was directly in charge
of the Cuban landings, Richard
Bissell. Changes are already
underway in the agency and more
are planned when the new Off
cials take hold.
Approising the CIA
Assessments of the CIA vary
and there is no way to rate It's
performance. Many of those who
have been with it over a long
period believe that its operations
and personnel are better now than
they have ever been. There is
little disposition to maintain tnat
the agency, because of Cuba and
the U-2 incident, has fallen upon
dark days. There is broad
feeling however that whatever
its asset value, the C1A has
become something of a public
embarrassment to the United
States in the wake of these
incidents.
The actual existence of this
agency, with its roster of about
10000 persons, is a startling de-
parture from United States ira
ditions. George Washington had
a zeSt for spies and developed a
network of agents who commu-
nicated with elaborate Subtlety.
Evening star., 1961-08-06

States, Britain and Canada. These
countries supplied equipment,
workers and fuel.
Japan constructed her own
buildings and laboratories and
produced as many early mechan-
ical componentS as she could. Top
refining equipment also came
from West Germany and British
atomic engineers were provided
housing while stationed at Japa-
nese installations.
AS supreme policy-making or
ganization for nuclear develop
ment, Japan's Atomic Energy
Commission has drawn top uni
verSitieS and industries together
in a common effort since it was
organized in 1856.
Industry has provided about
40 per cent of the total invest
ment in the program and the most
powerful trade groups are in
volved. They include Sumitomo,
MitSui, MitsubiShi, Fuji Electric
and KaWaSaki.
Industries within these groups
have installed complex electronic
recorders on three high-Speed
merchant vessels for special ac-
celeration and stress experiments
to pave the way to nuclear pro-
pulsion in Japan'S merchant
fleet.
Evening star., 1961-08-06
BY BERNARD POIRIER
Contributing Writer

Atomic scars inflicted during
the cataclysmic climax of World
War II have not deferred Japan
from pursuing a dynamic nu-
clear development program which
already includes two operating
nuclear reactors with four others
scheduled for completion this
year.
More than $110 million dollars
has been invested in the pro-
gram whose first major goal was
achieved when Research Reactor
No. / at Tokai, rs miles north
east Of Tokyo, went critical" in
August, 1857.
According to present conStruc-
ton plans, there will be IL re-
actors operating by. the end of
1864. Japan plans to produce her
own uranium fuel from So de-
posit areas in the country.
Active mining of uranium ore
for the present is confined to
Togo Mine and Ningyo Pass Mine
in Southwest Honchu. Early sup
plies have come from the United
States and Canada and Japan
will receive 3 tons of natural
uranium as the first recipient of
the International Atomic Energy
Agency.
Evening star., 1961-08-06
WHERE IS MARIN BORMANN?
The Nozi Mystery That's Hardest to Solve

Every month or so this year,
a new rumOr pops up in the news
that Martin BOrmann Is alive. If
he is, it is a story that would
be another Of the great ironies
of the postwar world. Here is
what is definitely known about
BOrmann'S fate, from a variety
of sources.
Evening star., 1961-08-06
Preceded by Treaties

First stepping stones in the
program were provided under
separate treaties with the United
Evening star., 1961-08-06
Ship Reoctors Ordered

Results have been optimistic
enough to warrant ordering an
experimental ship reactor from
Evening star., 1961-02-21
BY ELEM

A lot Of women have set
tied the maternity dress sit
uation by saying so long" to
the smock.
The most elegant lady-in-
waiting probably since En-
press Josephine, who launched
the Empire style while await
ing the birth Of Napoleons
heir, was Mrs. John r. Ken
nedy.
Jacqueline Kennedy's high
fashion approach was prob
ably quite visible some three
years ago when her daugh-
ter, Caroline, was born.
However, the smart ward.
robe planning she worked out
while awaiting John. jr.. born
last November was public
record because she was q
potential First Lady.
Two.piece dresses were in
the minority as choices while
one-piece dresses won her
election to fashions hall Of
fame.
She's perhaps the first
woman to make the best
dressed list during q year
when she was dressed mainly
in maternity clothes.
It heartened any number
Of women who find fashion
monotonous, particularly dur
ing the last four months be-
fore the stork arrives.
Smocks and many two
piece costumes have q ten
dency to fill out more than
Is needed.
One smart fashion prin-
ciple espoused by Mrs. Ken
nedy was the crisp silk coat
dress.
This with q companion
dress offers q complete cos
tune outlook which ensures
q woman having just the
right outfit and also looking
as II that's exactly how she
has planned 1t.
A bit Of fashion research
revolving around maternity
styles dredged up this inter-
esting bit Of fashion fact.
The history Of maternity
fashion design through the
centuries reveals many eras
when the current fashion for
the clothes also accommo-
dated pregnancy. These were
often the great fashions Of
their time"
In the early 14th Century,
Charles the Fair Of France in
an effort to increase q popu-
lation depleted by wars. de-
creed that all women wear
padded clothes to make them
look pregnant even when
they were not.
Fifteenth century Flem-
Evening star., 1961-02-21
EASTER G.~ROLL
WILL BE APRIL 3

The White House announced this morning that Pres
ident and Mrs. Kennedy plan to hold the traditional
Easter Egg Roll again this year at the Executive Man
sion
Easter falls on April O. and so the Egs Roll will take
place Monday, the Sd. This Is one time when adult
can enter the White House grounds only he Is accom-
panied by child IL or under
The White House Egg Roll first inaugurated by
Mrs Rutherford B. Hayes IN 1873. The children had
rolled their earlier the grounds at the Capitol
but that year they were banned, and so Mrs Hayes
asked them to the White House.
The event has been held annually. with exceptions
Of the years during World Wars and II.
Mrs. Kennedy due back in Washington this
afternoon. She will be accompanied by her daughter
Caroline the drive back from Glen Ora the Kennedys
leased Middleburg estate.
Tentative plans call for the First Lady to partici
pate Friday In the opening fund raising drive of the
Association for Infant and Maternal HEALTH which has
headquarters in Chicago. According to Miss Pamela
Trnure, press secretary to Mrs. Kennedy definite
time known.
Evening star., 1961-02-21
Miss Bres
To Be Wed

Mr.. and Mrs. Allen. Vim
cent Bres announce the en-
gagement Of their daughter
Julie Constance to Mr.. Juraj
Ludevit Jan Slavik, son of
DR.. and Mrs. Juraj Slavik.
DR.. Slavik served as Ambas-
Sador from Czechoslovakia
to the United States from
l946 to 194S.
Miss Bres is an alumna Of
the Madeira School and was
graduated from Vassar Col
lege. She made her debut in
1854 at q dance given by her
parents and Is Q member Of
the Junior League Of
Washington.
Mr.. Slavik was graduated
from Deep Springs College
Deep Springs. Calf, and
from Dartmouth College.
A May wedding is planned.
Evening star., 1961-02-21
Miss Sip1e
Is Engaged

DR.. and Mrs. Paul A. Siple
Of Arlington annonce the en-
gagement Of their daughter
Ann Byrd to Mr.. Michael
Herbert johnson, son Of Mr..
and Mrs. Herbert T. john
son Of Monroe, Wise.
DR.. siple in 1928 accompa-
ned the late Rear Admiral
Richard e. Byrd on the first
expedition to the Antarctic,
and is at present the Presi-
dent Of the Association of
American Geographers.
Miss Siple is in her junior
year at the University Of
Wisconsin.
Mr.. johnson is attending
Madison Business College.
Evening star., 1961-02-21
Mrs. IondoIo
Is REGISTRAR

Mrs. Angelo Iandolo, Of
Arlington, Va. will be the
new Registrar at the Wash
ington College Of Law of the
American University, as Of
March /.
A native Of Poteet, Tex.
Mrs. Iandolo came to Wash
ington in 1850 as assistant
director Of the Health and
Recreation Department of the
YWCA. In 1851 and 1852. she
served as assistant director
of the Arlington County
Recreation Center.
She joined the staff of the
American University in 1882
as secretary to Stafford II.
Cassell. assistant to the pres
ident.
Evening star., 1961-02-21

statf nurse, night supervisor
and assistant director Of
nursing before taking over rs
supervisor Of the out-patient
department. which handles
some $1,000 patients q year.
2 The wedding was attended
BY immediate members Of the
family. -
Mr.. Keough is Q retired
automobile executive. The
couple viii live in Smithbuag,
Nd, after Mrs~ Keoush's re-
tirement from the hospital on
May !.
Evening star., 1961-02-21
HozeI' Royer
is Morriedt +

Miss Hazel ECyer, noted at
Children's Hospital As super
visor Of the out-patient de-
partment for many years, was
married Saturday in Grace
Brethren Church, HAgers-
town, Nd, to Mr.. Roland j.
Keough. formerly Of Hills
dale. Mich.
Mr.. and Mrs. Garfield
Roger Of Waynesboro. Pa.
announced the marriage Of
their daughter.
The former Miss Roger has
been on the staff at Chill
dren's Hospital for 50 years.
She trained at Garfield Hos
pttal and later. at Children's,
served as q student nurse,
Evening star., 1961-02-21
FASHION
NOTEBOOK
lodies-in-Woiting
Need No Smocks

ish painters found that when
women were in an interest
Ing condition" they we're at
their most beautiful IS their
portraits indicate.
Evening star., 1961-02-21
New Shape

Shape In the new swim
suits, attained by stretch
knitting Of the fiber or by
built-in foundations that
really mold. help nature out.
Evening star., 1961-02-21
U.S.D. Meetino

The D. c. Society, United
States Daughters of 1912. will
meet at 2 pm. Saturday at
the national headquarters.
Evening star., 1961-02-21

Onee-o-yeor CIoseout . many,
many items below cost of moterioIs
or workmanship or both.
PARTIAL LISTING
Evening star., 1961-06-04

publican Clifford P. Case and
Democrat Harrison A. williams
were:
l. Contributions to the Trac-
tors For Freedom fund, to ran
som invasion prisoners from
Cuba, could qualify as charit-
able tax deductions under exist
ing laws. But the Treasury has
made no formal ruling to that
effect yet, to give Congressional
committees time to study the
legal opinion of the Internal
Revenue Service.
2. The Government expects
to close the current fiscal year
on June 80 with a SO billion
deficit, and a deficit of about
$3.7 billion next year, but there
after I'VE ought to be out of the
woods"
Taxes on Reduced Profits
Mr.. Dillon said the second
deficit in fiscal 1862 is expected
despite the business upturn be-
cause corporations will still be
paying taxes next year on the
reduced profits of calendar year
1861.
The Secretary said these
Evening star., 1961-06-04
CITIZENS
MEETINGS

Meeting announcements
must be in the hands of the
CiUtc Calendar editor By noon
Thursday of each Deek to
insure publication in the
column on Sunday. Those
received too late lDiH NOT be
used separately unless there
is some special neDs Stgnttt-
canoe attached to them.
The Federation of Citizens
Associations will elect officers
for the coming club year at its
meeting Thursday at 8 pm. in
Room 500, District Building.
Other civic groups scheduled
to meet this week at 8 pm. un-
less otherwise noted are:
TOMORROW
American University Park Citizens
Association - st. Columbia's Episco-
pal Church. 1901 Albemarle st. NV.
Pinecrest Citizens AssOeiat tiOn -
Pinecrest Recreation Center at $3.50
pm.
WEDNESDAY
North Michigan Park Civic AssOei-
Evening star., 1961-06-04

uals achieve their liberty and to
rehabllitate them in freedom
And that qualities under our
laws-there are many cases on
this-as a charitable.
"The mere fact that indi-
rectly through this Mr.. Castro
benefits by getting some trac-
tors is something none of us
like" Mr.. Dillon continued
''but it is not germalle to
whether this is tax deductible
or not as long as the primary
purpose is to rehabiljtate and
save the lives of these individ-
uals. If that is to be changed, ii
would require a change in the
law"
Evening star., 1961-06-04
Cornell Professor
Wins Fermi Honor
BY the Associated Press

DR.. Hans A. Bethe, Cornell
University physics professor
was announced yesterday as
the winner of the $4,000 En-
rico Fermi Award for 1861.
DR.. Bethe, a renowned nu-
clear physicist who was driven
from Germany by Hitler, be-
comes the fifth recipient OF
the award made by the Atomic
Energy Commission in memory
Of the late Enrico Fermi. The
Italian-born Fermi was among
the scientists who did the
Evening star., 1961-06-04

pioneering work on thG
atomic bomb.
The award, which includes. q
gold medal and citation, viii
be made at the Acc head.
quarters in Germantown, Md.
on December 1.
DR.. Bethe, a member of the
Cornell faculty since 1885, has
made outstanding contributions
toward peaceful applications Of
nuclear energy as well as play
ing an important part in the
development of weapons tech.
nology.