davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-10-12
High Cost of College

Virginia'S State Council on Higher
Education has raised a question which
has puzzled many would-be college
students in that State: Why are tuition
charges at state-supported colleges
higher in Virginia than in most other
States? That it costs more to get a
higher education in Virginia than in
many other places has been revealed
by the councils study of tuition rates
throughout the country. And the council
also noted, significantly, that fewer
students between the ages of 18 and "a
register for college work in the State
than in most of the States. It is logical
to infer that high tuition costs are
discouraging many young people from
attending Virginia's universities and
colleges.
The council found that college
tuition fees for in-State students in
Virginia have risen 81 per cent during
the past ten years, as compared with a
IS per cent increase. generally in the
Nation. Charges for students from out
side the State have gone up 78 per cent,
as compared with II per cent nationally.
Meanwhile, cost of room and board for
college students has risen less in Vir-
ginia during the past decade than in
most other States.
One reason for the tuition rise, of
course, is the large investment in capital
improvements for higher education
made in recent years. For example,
Virginia is spending more than $21
million on new college buildings during
the current biennium, whereas the in
veStment during the 1950-52 biennium
was only $3.6 million. But other States,
too, are spending large sums for higher
observation-disclosures any drastic revision
upward of tuition fees.
In order to find out the reason for
the States soaring tuition rates, the
council has recommended a thorough
going series of studies of college fiscal
problems. The council wants especially
to have an appraisal made of how much
money is being spent on productive and
on nonproductive educational activities.
Correlatively, the council hopes to
develop better financing policies and to
eliminate "uneconomical" college prac-
tices. The recommendations of the
council ought to receive careful atten-
tion at the next session of the General
Assembly.
Evening star., 1961-10-12

The AFL-CIO Executive Council
has hoisted the mo Retreat" signal in
its continuing effort to force James R.
Hoffa to clean house in his TeamSterS
Union.
This is the plain meaning of the
councils "a to vote this week against
readmitting the TeamSterS, who were
expelled from the AFL-CIO in 1857.
Only two of the council members
Joseph Curran Of the National Maritime
Union and A. Phillip Randolph of the
Brotherhood Of Sleeping Car Porters-
were in favor of opening the doors to
Mr. Hoffa. The third favorable vote
was cast by David ]. Mcdonald of the
United SteelworkerS, but he said he had
not clearly understood the nature of
the proposal
There was no room for miSunder-
standing, however, in the subsequent
remarks by George Meany, president of
the AFR-CIO. He said that the Team
Sters were under corrupt influence when
they were expelled, that there is no
reason to think there has been any
NAAdA1SC AOL VIC DCbCCAI oAIO GAAdC, Ill 1dCI1
there is every indication that "the
union is more than ever under the
influence Of corrupt elements"
In this, Mr.. Meany has taken both
courageous and wholly commend
able stand. 1t is no easy thing to stand
firm on the expulsion of such powerful
union as the TeamSterS, especially since
there have been some signs of wavering
among ower-echelon people in the
AFL-CIO. But to re-admit the Team
Sters under prevailing conditions would
make farce of union ethical standards,
and Mr.. Meany, supported by very
large majority in the council, is having
no part Of that.
Mr.. Hoffas reaction, as was to
have been expected, has been mixture
of arrogance and indifference. And,
considering the cZar like nature of his
control of the Teamsters, he may be
able to ride out the storm. 1t will be
interesting to see what happens, how
ever, now that the AFL-CIO has decided
to issue charters directly to locals pulling
out Of the Teamsters. 1t is at least con-
ceivable that this action might bring
Mr.. Hoffa down from the very high horse
he has been riding.
Evening star., 1961-10-12
Columbus COURAGE

The honoring Of Christie
pher Columbus on this day
leads one to speculate upon
the real significance of
the day to Americans. Per-
haps we should recall some
thing of this extraordinary
mans courage in achieving
his lofty aspirations.
OF humble origin, Column
bus developed a strong pro-
clivity for sea-faring and
mathematics-which eventu-
ally led to his conviction that
land existed beyond the At
lantic. For many years. Co.
lumbus sought aid for explor-
ationS of the unknown, but
met only rejection, often with
insult and ridicule. His even-
tual success is remarkable
in that it stemmed from great
patience. foresight, and a
moral code of so strong a
courageous fiber that no fear
Of life or fortune deferred
his plans.
Having been rejected in his
pleas for support even by his
native city of Genoa. fate
finally smiled when Colum-
bus caught the imagination
Of the great spiritual leader
Of Spain. Queen Isabella. AS
opposed to the cautious King
Ferdinand. Isabella sensed
the historic humanitarian
significance in the naviga-
tors plans and magnani-
mously afforded him what
support she could.
Indeed. without the none
tary and philosophical assist
ance Of Isabella, Columbus
might have been forever
stalled. But Isabella was a
ruler of perspicacious quail
ties. and should be remem-
bered and respected for her
vast foresight and nobly felt
desires to improve the moral
and spiritual well-being of
the world. Her humility and
great faith can serve as in
spirations today. For she had
the ability to transcend the
traditions of her native
Spain, and cry out for prog
ress and justice even in un-
known lands.
Let us not forget the great
courage and spiritual forti-
tude that led to Americas
discovery, as we know Colum-
bus, and fondly recall his
benefactor, the noble Is
abella. America needs un-
daunted courage and spirit
uality to continue her great
ness in these unsettled times.
Columbus and Queen Isabella
can serve as inspirations in
our future progress.
John Paul Paine.
Kittanning, Pennsylvania.
Evening star., 1961-10-12
Durable Shelter

The letter of A. Bloom
discusses the possibility of
shelters being turned into
ovens by a firestorm after
a nuclear attack.
A test of this type was
conducted with 800 tons of
waste fuel on a United States
Navy Pathological defense lab
oratory experimental. shelter
with a capacity of 100 per-
sons and able to withstand
35 pounds per square inch
blast pressure. Negligible
changes in temperature and
carbon monoxide concentra-
ton inside the shelter were
noted.
A more detailed description
of the shelter and the tests
conducted on it is given on
pages 233-262 Of the book,
Civil Defense. 1861" This
book consists Of hearings be-
fore the Military Operations
Subcommittee, headed by
Representative Chet Holi-
field, of the Committee
on Government Operations,
House of Representatives.
87th Congress on August IA
and TO, 1851, and published
by the United States Govern
ment Printing Office.
David w, Johnston
Evening star., 1961-10-12
Neglected Research Field

Police Chief Murray, on completing
a term as president of the International
Association of Chiefs of Police, has
called attention to field of research in
which too few organizations and indi-
viduals have shown an interest He
referred to the need for intensive studies
of police administration, techniques and
facilities-with view to more effective
law enforcement at local levels. Most
studies in this field to date have con-
cerned particular departments and their
shortcomings. What is needed is
Evening star., 1961-10-12
Rational Economy

Secretary of Commerce
Hodges forecasts that in
1910, despite the declaration
of the Soviet draft program,
the Soviet economy as a
whole, as distinguished from
industrial output alone,
would trail that of the
United States by a large per-
centage. based on the gross
national product figure. He
could have made the state
ment quite safely that a So
cialist economy will always
trail a free enterprise econ
omy in the production of
certain very costly services"
which find their way into
the GIMP figure.
Speculation is the big
debt-generating function in
the United States economy.
The services" of SPECTATORS
in commodities. real estate.
stocks and bonds plus the
high interest rates on the
public and private debt have
almost complete disutility
from the socialist point of
view and the corresponding
component of their GIMP fig
ures is negligible. They are
able to produce their oil,
steel, food and other goods
without these services"
which, whatever else they
may be, are not useful in
themselves.
The purpose of a rational
economy is to produce as
many useful products and
services as possible for as
many people as possible, not
to serve as a mechanism for
the imposition of class power
and social status relations
on a society. Unfortunately,
it took many years for people
to realize that the astronom-
ical system of Copernicus
provided useful solutions di-
rectly, simply and elegantly,
while the older Ptolemaic
Evening star., 1961-10-12
A Fog of Words

The Presidents announcement that
General Maxwell Taylor is being sent
to South Wet Nam to study conditions
there and report back is the firmest
item OF news to emerge from the White
House press conference. And it may be
important, since the inference is that
American troops will be sent to South
east Asia if General Taylor'S report
warrants such action.
For the time being, however, 1t is
Berlin which occupies the center of the
stage-at least in the public mind. And
on this Mr.. Kennedy had nothing new to
contribute. The most that can be read
into his remarks on this score is that
the respective points of view are still
being explored and that no bases for
negotiation have been found.
Mr.. Gromyko had bit more to say
as he returned to Moscow. Repeating
the Soviet intention to sign a separate
peace treaty with the East Germans at
an early date, he went on to state:
There are definite signs that there is
greater understanding of mutual points
OF view. There is definite sign that
understanding of the Berlin problem is
growing, which is very important.
Everything must be done to find
peaceful solution" And from London,
where Mr.. Gromyko stopped off for
talks on his way home, the report is
that Prime Minister Macmillan told the
Russian that any aggressive action
against West Berlin or interference with
Allied access would create grave dan
gers-a statement which is neither new
nor informative.
Obviously, it is useless to try to
grope ones way through this wordy fog
1t is possible that there has been no
progress at all toward Berlin solution.
Or 1t may be that the vague generalities
are designed to mask tentative progress.
We hope that the latter is the case, but
until something more specific emerges
1t would be we'll to batten down the
matches and prepare for the worst.
Evening star., 1961-10-12
Birth Control Clinic

1t was with disgust and
amazement that I read The
Stars article on the shelving
Of plans to offer birth con-
troll and family planning
services at the city's health
clinics.
All thinking persons know
the many reasons why these
services are so obviously i'm
portant to a city such as
ours. If there are any good
reasons why this program,
miraculously approved by
Congress, should not be car
ried out, the tax-paying pub
lie surely has a right to know
what they are.
The courageous stand
taken by former Commits
sioners Mclaughlin and Sui
livan and their efforts to-
ward setting up a birth
control information program
at District General Hospital,
later getting Congressional
approval for expansion of
this program. were among
the great accomplishments of
their terms of office. Let us
see to it these efforts were
not In vain. d. A. Curran.
Evening star., 1961-10-12
Rejects Compromise

Ralph McGill's frenzied plea
that we compromise our
rights in Berlin by exploring
whether there is anything
which may be done to clar-
ify the situation" is most
pathetic.
Those who submit to ter
ror tactics, such as Mr.. Nc
Gill urges us to do, usually
end up by getting just what
Khrushchev is offering-the
short end of the stick.
East Germany is a de
facto state" says Mr.. Nc
Gill. ". there can be uni
fication on Russian terms.
Or there can be a recogni-
ton of the de facto state of
affairs with the accompany
ing pledge that unification
will continue as a permanent
objective. So we don't have
to negotiate away anything
which remains of West Ber-
Inns status"
Has Russia offered to guar
antee what East Germany,
once recognized "by law, or
right" will do? No. They say
that we have to take a chance
that East Germany will con-
tinue free access to West
Berlin. So we do have to ne
gotiate with East Germany
over West Berlin's status.
And what is the terrible
alternative If we gamble
with the security of the West
ern nations by calling this
appeasement or being soft
toward communism? Nu-
clear war. Russia will set the
world afire II we refuse to
negotiate for rights we al
ready possess! Well this "po-
litical partisan" would rather
face this fancied alternative
Of Mr.. McGill than bow to
Soviet bluff. For such a sur
render would be a Munich
and would solve nothing.
Eventually we must take a
stand, if not at Berlin. then
at Laos, South Wet Nam, the
Congo, Algeria and all the
other tinder boxes the Rus
slams have prepared for us,
one after the other.
There are some things that
are worse than death, as the
Ralph McGills will find out
II they submit to terror as
a tactic.
F. r. Eldridge.
Evening star., 1961-10-12
THE PASSING SCENE
An Era Closes With Mr.. Sam
By RALPH McGILL

Samuel Ta1iaferro Rayburn
was born in the East Ten
nessee county of Roane,
where politics are taken in
with the mothers milk. His
father was with Robert E.
Lee all the way.
In the emotion-torn, hard
times years after the war,
thousands of TenneSseans
went west to Texas. The Ray
burns were among them.
Young Sam was then five
years old.
Recalled Prairie Years
He talked once Of those
years on the prairie, when
the Rayburn homestead was
far from any neighbor. It
was a lonely life for all con-
cerned, especially for q boy.
He remembered the excite
ment Of seeing dust on the
horizon in summer and know
ing it meant a rider was
coming their way. He re-
called, too, the dead ache
of long winter days and
months when the cold was
like a blow in the face when
one ventured out. He re-
membered the billiards that
howled and ragged across
desperate winters, when any
living thing caught far from
home died in the drifts.
II have known the loneli-
ness that breaks mems
hearts," he said, simply.
zone wondered what were the
moments which had broken
his heart, but one did not
ask
The loneliness of that boy
hood and the heartbreak Of
that young life were reflected
in the strength of his face.
Gravely courteous, he wore
always a perpetual, question:
ing concentration of counte-
nance which. on another per-
son, would have been called
a scowl. 1t was written on his
face, one surmised, when he
was that small boy hanging
on the ranch-house gate,
looking out across the empty
prairie hoping for company. A
short, thick-necked man. he
had a preference for dark
suits and black hats. He did
not wear the Texas hat Of
the professional Texans or
the hillbilly guitar players,
but a compromise. He was a
mite sensitive about being
bald.
Why didn't I ever run for
the Senator" he said, in an
swer to a question. Why, I'd
rather be Speaker of the
House than 10 Senator's"
Zone thought Of Winston
Churchill saying, II am a
House of Commons man,.
We speak perhaps too glibly
of eras ending. But asSuredly,
one closes with Mr.. Sam.
Evening star., 1961-10-12
Kenosho Revolt

Much to the embarrassment, one
may be sure, of Walter Reuther, the
JAWS largest American Motors Corpo-
ration local has kicked over the traces
and refused to ratify the new contract
negotiated by the top union officials.
This Is the profit-Sharing contract
which UAW officials have said they
consider to be superior and provide
more favorable terms and conditions
for the workers than do the agreements
which the UAW has been able to nego-
tiate with any Of the major producers
in the automobile industry"
1t is no part of our purpose to argue
that a show of independence on the
part OF union locals is necessarily bad
thing. But in this instance the per-
formance of the 12,00O-member local
at Kenosha, Wis, adds up to an impress
Sive display of union responsibility.
The vote on ratification at Kenosha
was held on Sunday. Less than one
fourth of the members attended, and a
motion to ratify was defeated 1907 to
1444, or by margin Of SO votes Where
were the 5000 other members who, one
might think, would have a lively in
terest in the acceptance or rejection of
contract intimately affecting their
welfare? Various explanations have
been offered-the fact that World
Series game was being played, pro-
feSSional football game and unusually
fine weather which made it pleasanter
to be outdoors than in.
The fact remains, however, that
three-fourths of the Kenosha local
members didn't care enough to attend
the meeting and vote. And this tells its
own story of why it is so difficult to
translate the theory of responsible
unionism into accomplished fact. Under
the circumstances the UAW Executive
Board was fully justified in ordering
the local to take another vote.
Evening star., 1961-10-12

President kennedy'S edu-
cation as a leader proceeds
apace. Mr.. Kennedy is SLOW
ly learning that the single
brain Of a President, how
ever bright and vigorous
that brain may be, is not
quite adequate to cope single
handed. more or less, with
all of the problems of man
aging a great nation in a
world Of turmoil. Mr.. Ken
nedy now finds himself eat
ing some of the unctuous
and critical words of his
first State of the Union
message, in which he in
Weighed against the deplor-
able condition of the Execu-
tive Branch he inherited from
President Eisenhower, and in
particular against the "morass
of committees" he found
there. But Mr.. Khrushchev
and the neutral" countries
meeting in Belgrade have
given our leader some second
thoughts about the value of
committees.
Shocked and diSmayed be-
cause the Belgrade leaders
did not react in horror to
the Soviet resumption of
nuclear weapons testing, as
would have been the case
had the United States been
the first to resume these
tests, Mr.. Kennedy's reaction,
after the event, was to set up
a new Cabinet committee to
study this phenomenon and
to advise him what to do
about it. The new group
was charged with devising a
program for waging psyche
logical and political warfare,
an area in which the Ken
nedy administration and the
country now stand naked and
helpless.
1t is commendable that our
Presidents leadership edu-
cation continues apace, but
it could be wished that Mr..
Kennedy did not require
being shocked into learning
his leadership lessons. In
this age America cannot
afford too many more of
these Cuban. Berlin and
Belgrade shocks.
Evening star., 1961-10-12

ting artillery targets with al
most pinpoint accuracy has
been perfected for the Army.
GyroScopes so finely balanced
that they literally float in
air are the heart of the new
guidance system.
They now are being mass
produced by the Bendix Cor
poration whose Eclipse De-
partment at Teterboro, N. j.,
carried out the development.
Mass production, according
to M. F. McCammon, general
manager Of the plant, re-
quires production line manu-
facture of parts that are
accurate within a few mil
lionths of an inch. One
millionth of an inch is equiv
alent to splitting the thick
ness of a dollar bill 4,200
times. A finishing opera
ton that formerly was a hand
process that had to be done
with a 20-power microscope
now has been automated so
that production time has
been reduced from eight
hours to six minutes.
Almost Eliminates Friction
The function of the guild
ance system is to remain sta
BILE or to maintain a fixed
plane of rotation no matter
how much the shell itself
twists in turns in the air.
1T comes very close" says
Mr.. McCammon, "of achiev-
ing the engineers long
sought goal of reducing fric-
ton to zero"
The actual spinning parts
of the gyros are sealed in
miniature cylinders which, e.
in turn are "floated" in an
outer cylinder, leaving an air
space of just a few thou
sandths of an inch at all
points. Microscopic, bell ,
shaped air jets in the outer
cylinder float" the gyros on ,
an air cushion, with no metal
to metal contact. :
The gyroS are manufac-:
tured in a special room which
must be 99.85 per cent free
of dust specks larger than
one micron "a third of a
millionth of an inch).
Evening star., 1961-10-12
Speaks for Himself

In his letter to The Star,
Lester Strauss claims to
speak for the majority of
Jews. He says the Jews are
definitely too proud to go
where they are not wanted. !"
I am a Jew and Mr.. Strauss
does not speak for me. I am
proud enough to expect to
be treated with the dignity to
be accorded any human. I
am proud enough to resent
the power some people have
taken to themselves to deny
me equality Of opportunity
freedom to live where I can
afford to and want to. l am
proud enough to make pub
lie these instances of dis
elimination so that the
good" people will find it a
little less easy to sweep those
injuStices under the rug.
And finally I am humble
enough to recognize that I
am not completely free of
guilt in this matter.
To Mr.. Strauss I say that
discrimination will not dis
appear if we hide from it.
Discrimination will not be-
come right If we learn our
place and avoid offending by
intruding our repulsive pres
ences. 1. for one, am proud
enough to believe I have as
much inherent right to live
a useful and happy life as
any man and that any man,
be he Christian (or Of any
other or no religion or Ne
gro COR of any other race,
has as much right as I have.
Herbert L. ChabOt.
Evening star., 1961-10-12
LETTERS TO THE STAR

Pen names may be used if
letters carry tDriters' correct
names and addresses. All let
terS are subject to condenSd-
ton. Those not used wiH be
returned only ,Dten accom- =
panied by self = addressed,
stamped envelopes.
Evening star., 1961-10-12

Sam Rayburn Is dying in
Texas and we are reminded
of the hickory-tough charac-
ter and will Of the man, but
also Of the youth of our Re-
public, now caught up in the
great new force loosed in the
world.
Mr.. Sam came into Con-
gress with Woodrow Wilson's
presidency. He became a part
of the Suggesting of our
national life. For almost
half-a-century he was a part
of the Washington scene. In
the long years of Democratic
rule in Washington we be-
came used to seeing his bald
head and his serious, Roman
like face in photographs and
televised programs of the
House in session or the Con-
gress in joint assembly.
His astonishing story for
some time has been a part Of
the political folklore of
American politics. His life
had early roots in the Texas
frontier. Those early years
have been so sicklied DER
with the stereotyped romance
of cowboy and Westerns that
we hardly know what they
were. Mr.. Sam knew. Once.
on a long journey, he talked
of them and of himself.
He took a lot of pride in
the fact that he was born in
Tennessee, where one of
Texas best beloved heroes,
Sam Houston, grew up. Mr..
Sam also ranked TennesSee's
Andrew Jackson high in his
personal pantheon of heroes.
1t was Jackson who persuad-
ed Sam Houston to bring the
Republic Of Texas into the
Union.
Houston at Deathhed
There is a story" said
Mr.. Sam, which makes me
blink back the tears when
ever I think Of it. Just an
hour or so after Andrew
jackson died, a muddy coach
labored up the rutted road
and turned into the drive at
the Hermitage. The driver
was whipping two weary
horses. 1t was Sam Houston
and his son. At the door they
got word that the old gen.
eral was dead.
Houston led his boy into
the bedroom" said Mr.. Sam,
talking as if he had been
there and witnessed it, land
took him close by the bed
where the body of Old Hick-
ory lay calm in death. They
stood there looking for a
moment and then Sam
Houston said, Son, try
always to remember that you
looked on the face of Andrew
Jackson"
Not many know that Mr..
Sam had a middle name.
1t is a Tennessee name.