davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-06-18

ize at least the United States
owned ships under the PANLIB-
HON flags.
The NLRB Union Decision
The United States unions won
an important victory early this
year in their long battle for the
right to the protection Of United
States law in their organizing ef-
forts. The National. Labor Re-
lationS Board, diSmissing Defense
Department protests and State
Department entreaties. ruled that
should one Of the United States
owned, foreign flag and foreign
manned ships ply regularly" in
the United States foreign trade it
was fair game for United States
unions.
This, Of course, is being ap-
pealed, but it emboldened United
States maritime unions to make
this a key bargaining issue this
year with the operators for the
first time. United States unions
derisively refer to these vessels as
escape flags" or runaway flags"
There are estimated to be
about $50 ships owned by United
States citizens flying Panamanian
and Liberian flags that ply regu-
larly in United States foreign
trade and are believed vulnerable
to an organizational drive. Many
are owned by such well-known
United States corporations as
Alcoa, Bethlehem Steel and United
Fruit. Others are owned by in
dividuals or smaller companies.
The owners of vessels in the
PANLIBHON fleet - and this
group refers to its operations as
being under "flagS Of necessity"
claim that If United States un-
ions are allowed to organize their
crews with increased wages that
they may well transfer their ships
to other flags, presumably beyond
the reach of United States law
and the United States in the event
Of war.
NLRB could not agree with the
feasibility of this threat in its de-
cision, pointing out that there
would still remain not insignifi-
cant economic advantages to PAN
LIBHON operations such as lower
taxes in the country Of registry,
higher market value Of ships that
could be freely sold, or relatively
so, anywhere, avoidance of higher
cost United States ship conStruc-
ton and condition standards and
lower repair costs abroad. These
advantages, of course, are rela-
tive to conditions prevailing for
United States operators who must
build their ships here, repair them
Evening star., 1961-06-18

the doctrine of effective control"
There have been overtures re-
Gently from the administration to
require United States citizen own
ers of PANLIBHON ships to pay
their United States income taxes
as their income is earned and not,
as at present, when it is actually
returned to this country. This
brought renewal of threats to
transfer these ships to yet other
foreign flags.
Congress has fretted often and
loud about the situation, but since
it, too, is reluctant. to say the
least, either to appropriate funds
to subsidize parts of this fleet,
or to take actions that might drive
it away from United States con-
troll, the matter has been left
largely for Handling" by the ur1-
ions, NLRB and the courts.
Evening star., 1961-06-18

not all Latin America In three
years If the Castro regime re-
mains in power in Cuba.
Expansion Is Demonded
The Castro philosophy and the
Communist philosophy alike de-
mand expansion. 1t is no secret
today that Cuba and its 2-year-
old revolutionary regime has been
picked as the spearhead of Red
pentration into other Latin Amer
ican areas.
Castro himself announced pub
licly that he expected to see the
Andes Mountains become the
Sierra Maestra," or birthplace,
of new Castro-style revolutions in
South America.
The big support Russia and Red
China are giving Castro today.
especially in armaments, are far
greater than he requires in Cuba
alone. The natural inference is
that Cuba is simply staging
area for an advance into Latin
America.
A study of revolutionary move
ments at first hand in remote
China and in neighboring Cuba
produces some startling similari-
ties.
Communist leaders in both ma
tions-and Fidel Castro must now
be included among them-began
their campaigns with the promise
of sweeping agrarian reforms
aimed at helping the landless and
the little people of the two ma
tionS.
Both battled admittedly corrupt
regimes to achieve national power.
In China the rule of Generals
simo Chang Kai-shek, and in
Cuba that of Batista, degenerated
into a succession of terroristic ac-
tivities-now replaced by new tyr
annies. In both nations the United
Evening star., 1961-06-18

Continued From Page C-1
Rockefeller, his chief competition
for the Republican top prize,
faced the same problem with the
voters of New York, but never
theless managed to run hard, in
an unavowed candidates way,
until he was convinced that Mr..
Nixon had the 1860 nomination
wrapped up.
Evening star., 1961-06-18

States became the favorite whip
ping boy, and "hate America"
became the theme song Of Com
munists and their associates.
Red Chino Competing
Perhaps as a natural result of
these similarities in origin, Red
China is competing with the
Kremlin today for the right to
guide Cuban policies and the
overall program Of Communist
penetration into the rest of Latin
America.
Cuban Communist eladers, who
boasted in the past that they con-
troll Fidel Castro's mind, and so
can afford to permit him to con-
tinue as head of the revolution
ary government, give strong lip
service to both the Moscow and
the Peiping regimes.
During three years in China I
talked with Mao Tze--tung and
more frequently with Premier
Chou En-lai and his top heuten-
ant, Wang Ping-Nan, now Pei
pings Ambassador in Poland.
All three spoke with interest
about Latin America and all
three even at that time regarded
it as a fertile ground for Com
munist expansion once their war
with stubborn, faltering Chang
Kai-shek was won. 1t took more
than a dozen years and CaStro's
victory over Batista to open the
way into Latin America for them.
There was no less interest about
Latin America evidence in Mos
COW where from 1856 through 1859
I watched Premier Khrushchev
whip his followers into a race to
out-produce and out-perform the
United States in every part Of the
world.
There watched In 1859 as Gu
ban Communists fresh from the
Castro victory described to an
Evening star., 1961-06-18

quota of unannounced passengers.
AS the last American CORE
spondents left Cuba, diplomats
were talking of the expected ar
rival of four Russian deStroyers,
gifts to the Castro regime. These
sources claimed at least two were
already on the way, flying Cuban
flags but manned by Russian SAIL
ors in the absence of qualified
and trained Cuban officers and
men.
Strong Fighting Force
Today Castro has the strongest
fighting force in Cuban history,
if not in all Latin America, aside
from a weak air force and a small
navy. He has placed more than
100000 men and women under
arms.
Despite this strength-which
permits him to rule through ter
rorism rather than popularity
there are many observers in Cuba
who believe that only comedy
of errors by his enemies prevented
the April invasion from reaching
some measure of success.
"The underground in Cuba was
ready and waiting" one highly
placed Cuban counterrevolution-
airy who escaped from La Cabana.
prison after the mass arrests, as
serted just before I left Cuba.
"The organization against Castro
had reached a new high, the
weapons were ready, and a pro-
gram Of mass sabotage required
only a signal to set it in motion
and the signal never came"
This man was bitter as he add
ed: Every American newsman in
Miami appeared to know all about
the invasion, but the first we
heard of it was when G-2 started a
mass roundup before we could
move"
He confirmed reports i had
heard early that mass detection
Of the Castro navy had been ar
ranged, but failed because Of a
mix-up in signals. Had 1t sue
ceeded the firepower Of three frig-
ates and several smaller craft
might well have turned the tide at
Playa Giron.
What really went wrong? One
underground worker had a ready
answer.
Workers for Costro
"Cubans talk too much" he
said, I'VE can't keep a secret and
many of my companions died on
the beach or before firing squads
because we couldn't keep our
mouths shut"
One Of the most effective bar
Evening star., 1961-06-18
When the Reds Take Over: A Warning on Cuba

he executed recently for counter
revolutionary activities-into the
Sierra Maestro Mountains to en-
act a stringent agrarian reform
law. 1t promised land for the
landleSS and reasonable reim-
bursement for those whose land
was seized.
Today both promises have long
since been forgotten.
Except for a few thousand show
case examples in which peasants
were given plots of land as their
own, Cuba'S great agricultural
holdings have passed into the
hands Of the state, controlled and
operated by CaStro's powerful in
Stitute Of agrarian reform.
Most Of the land has been
Jumped into variety Of co-opera-
tiveS or collective farms. AS in
Russia, the former peasants now
work for the state instead Of
landlords, and frequently for far
less income,
For a few months after the
institute Of agrarian reform
started, Castro and his lieutenants
spoke loudly Of government bonds
to be issued as reimbursement for
seized property. In many cases
his agents even estimated for
mally how much would be paid
for various plots.
Then all mention Of reimburse
ment-and bonds-was dropped.
Even the pretense of repayment
disappeared when President Eli
Senhower cut off Cuban sugar
sales to the United States. Castro
announced coldly that American
holdings in Cuba had been con-
fiScated.
Promises Of Liberty
Castro's promises Of personal
liberty, Of freedom from army
and police excesses he had con-
demned during the BatiSta regime,
were forgotten as quickly as his
pledges to pay for land.
For many months all Cubans-
and some foreigners-not actively
identified with his revolutionary
program faced danger Of arrest. a
quick military trial, and imprison-
ment or execution against a brick
wall.
The full emergence Of police
state in CaStro's Cuba was evil
denced two days before the ILL
tated April invasion, when the
Ga ordered a mass roundup of
Cubans and Americans alike.
Before this was ended more
than 147,000 people were detained
in Havana alone, and an estimated
250,000 to 100000 throughout
Cuba, under inhumane conditions.
Many were still behind prison
walls or barbed wire in concentra-
ton camps when left Havana
under diplomatic escort May 19.
Castro'S growing military power
in Cuba has kept almost exact
pace with the emergence Of COM
munism as the dominant factor
there. When his Communist
trained militiamen beat back the
invasion in April they did it
largely with Communist weapons.
and observers reported Russian,
Chinese, and Czech military in
structors played a big part in the
fighting.
Russian, Czech, and Chinese
advisors were not only on the
Cuban battle front but in every
activity of the Castro regime.
Thrice weekly kim planes
bring them by the dozens from
Europe by way of Curacao to
avoid the United States. Every
incoming cargo, oil, and sugar boat
from the Iron Curtain has its
Evening star., 1961-06-18

riers Castro raised against his
opposition was the organization
of local defense committees"
reaching into every school, home
and factory. Every locality had
its group of spies and informerS,
carrying tales and ready to raise
charges of anti-Castro activity
even against members of their
own families.
Families divided over the ques-
ton of Castro's regime suffered
most from this Soviet-model spy
system. At one embassy where I
was visiting refugees before tax
ing asylum myself, a crying won-
an explained her plight to a Latin
diplomat.
IT want refuge for my brother"
she told the envoy. I'VE both
worked with the underground, but
he was arrested, and later man
aged to get away. And I can't
hide him long because our other
DIOILlCI ID q I11LI1OldAIldIl d1lO WILL
denounce him"
Touched by her plea, the Latin
diplomat arranged asylum for her
brother.
Despite his overwhelming police
and military control, Castro trav-
els carefully these days. His body
guard has been doubled. Where
and when he sleeps is one Of
Cuba's few we'll kept secrets.
Security measures remained in
force long after the invasion
threat faded in Cuba.
Feors Of Sabotage
Fears Of sabotage remained
great throughout Havana, and it's
no longer possible to mail a letter
directly into box at the main
post office. It must be handed to
guard near the box, who runlples
each letter carefully to assure
that it contains no incindiary
materials.
Is there a possible solution to
the Cuban "problem?"
Foreign diplomats and other
observers with whom I talked be-
fore leaving Havana recommended
various measures ranging from
outright and immediate military
intervention by the United States
to a firm and complete embargo
on all trade with Cuba.
Cubans were sharply and at
times Historically critical Of the
United States Government for
announcing an embargo, then
continuing to sell foodstuffs and
medicines to Cuba and buy to-
bacco and fruits from the Com
muniSt government.
Less vitriolic but no less intense
was a Cuban businessman who
reminded me of Castro's steady
military buildup.
He recalled that twice in the
week before left Cuba there had
been reports (uncomfirmed Off
cially) Of submarine sighting in
Matanzas Bay east of Havana. On
another occasion, he said, a sub
was reported in Mariel Harbor
west of Havana, where the bulk Of
Soviet and Czech arms shipments
were unloaded.
During the same week I saw
from my embassy refuge three
communist ships unloading into
lighters in the center of Havana
Bay-an almost certain indication
more arms were arriving)
Castro had no MIG fighters
during the April invasion" the
businessman said. But don't for
get the next time he may have.
every day he remains in power
makes it that much harder to dig
him out"
Evening star., 1961-06-18

owned is about one-third sub
sidized to permit at least the regu-
larly scheduled operators - or
liners-to compete with foreign
flag operators. The actual num-
ber of these subsidized ships is
305, owned by Is companies.
United States unions have long
since thoroughly organized the
United States fleet, subsidized
and unsubsidized.
Had the merchant fleet under
United States flag, since World
War II, continued to grow as
United States foreign trade in
creased there might well be no
problem today. But this did not
occur.
Foreign Merchant Fleets
AS foreign merchant fleets were
re-established they reasserted
their traditional roles on the high
seas. Witness Japan's great come
back.
And, as United States ship
building costs increased, coupled
with the availability of World War
II built ships, many operators
shifted their operations aboard
to Panama, Liberia and. to q far
lesser extent, Honduras. There
had been such fleets in existence
Evening star., 1961-06-18
By r. F. MORRISON
Contributing Writer

American-owned ships flying the
flags of Panama, Liberia and
Honduras-eyed now with new
confidence by United States labor
unions-come close to being "all
things to all men,"
To their owners they represent
lucrative foreign investment.
To budget conscious United
States Government officials they
represent an indirect savings of
millions.
To the military they are a
ready reservoir of vessels in the
event of war.
To maritime countries such as
the United Kingdom they are OBJ
jectionable.
To Panama, Liberia and Hon
duras they are a source Of in
come.
To United States labor unions
they are anathema and have been
virtually untouchable.
And, to the United States State
Department they have been con-
slant problem.
Figures on the Ships
There are nearly 1,400 vessels
flying the flags Of these three
countries, although most are reg
istered in Liberia and Panama.
United States citizens own, &C
cording to United States Maritime
Administration figures, ass Of
these.
Many Of these vessels, including
the ASS American-owned ships,
are modern bulk carriers and
tankers. Just what Defense De-
partment planners consider vital
in the event of war to transport
needed raw materials, which in
creasingly must be brought from
abroad to United States factories.
Because they are viewed as an
asset and because they are owned
by foreign corporations, in turn
controlled by United States citi-
zens, they are in unique posi-
ton.
The United States flag merchant
marine. numbering about 1850
Nships of which $50 are privately
Evening star., 1961-06-18
ISSUE IN MARITIME STRIKE
By HAROLD X. MILKS
Associated Press Staff Writer

"A major issue in the maritime
strike is the union demand for
the right to organize and repre-
sent the crews of American
owned ships that fly sO-called
"FIags of Convenience" Most
of these ships are registered
under the flags Of Liberia, Pam
anna and Honduras. The back
ground Of the situation which
has grown up involving these
foreign registry ships is dis
cussed in this story.
Evening star., 1961-06-18

SdhC-OVcE III NlAIlds All ASSOCl-
ated Press correspondent who
watched them unfold, and also
saw service in Soviet Russia,
gives a gripping, first-hand ac-
count Of cOmmuniSm's triumph
in Cuba and the forces behind it.
By HAROLD X. MILKS
Associated Press Staff Writer
Communist China and the Red
regime of Fidel Castro stemmed
from a common front-agrarian
reform-but the guiding hand be-
hind both was that of the Krem-
lin.
Today Nikita Khrushchev and
the Chinese are racing to see
which can exploit Cuba fastest
as a means Of penetration to the
rest of Latin America.
During the past Is years Of re-
porting news events abroad have
watched communism spread over
once-free China, studied its rapid
development in the Soviet Union,
and witnessed its relentless envel-
opment of tiny Cuba.
The reaction to these develop
ments and to their apparently
placid acceptance by some West
ern peoples and governments, at
times including our own, has been
terrifying to one who knows what
communism is.
There are profound SimilaritieS
in the Chinese Communist revo-
luton mounted from the cave
studded hills of remote Yenan
after World War II and in the
bearded CaStro's adroit twist of a
once popular democratic revolt
against Cuban ex-dictator Fulgen-
clio Batista into Russian and Red
Chinese-guided regime.
These similaritieS represent to
me further proof that both were
shaped by the Kremlin in line with
boasts I have heard Nikita Khru-
shchev make that the Soviet
Union will some day bury the
West.
Chino in 1916
When I first reached China in
1946 to report Gen. George
Marshall's Inflated peace mission,
Communist leaders there had
dropped their guise Of agrarian
reformers. They had emerged as
full-fledged, Moscow directed and
trained Communists as devoted to
making their vast country Red as
Khrushchev is to making ours q
completely Communist world.
When left Havana last month,
after two years of watching the
Castro revolution swing steadily
into the Communist camp, leaving
many of his own lieutenantS dead,
lin prison, or in exile, million
Cubans were trapped in a Com
munist military dictatorship as
vicious and as cruel as any in the
postwar years of Eastern Europe.
So, in the brief span of IS
years, world communism had
routed the United States and its
interests from a great area Of the
Pacific on the one hand and on
the other given the Kremlin and
its associates their own strategi-
caHy placed "off-Shore" island
only 80 miles from the American
frontier.
Based on a knowledge of COM
munism and its tactics learned
first-hand in China, in the So
Wet Union, and in Cuba, and in
conversations with diplomats and
competent observers in all these
areas, I predict that communism
will have a hold on much Of, If
Evening star., 1961-06-18

There are striking and Omi-
nous simiIarities between Cas-
trO's revolution and the Red
take-Over in China. An AssOci-
ated Press correspondent who
watched them unfold, and also
saw service in Soviet Russia,
gives a gripping, first-hand ac-
count of cOmmunism's triumph
in Cuba and the forces behind 1t.
Evening star., 1961-06-18

"Cubans talk too much" he
said, I'VE can't keep a secret and
many Of my companions died on
the beach or before firing squads
because we couldn't keep our
mouths shut"
One Of the most effective bar
Evening star., 1961-11-20

oxygen depletion or carbon di-
oxide build-up.
Heat or thermal effects from
nuclear weapons reach out
vastly farther than the direct
radiation from the bomb, OF
even the blast effect.
The heat from a one-mega-
ton bomb could cause second
degree burns on bare skin ovel
a radius of nine miles, anC
from a l0-megaton bomb over
a radius of 25 miles. For q
l00-megaton bomb. the heat
effect could extend about rs
miles.
All you need to avoid the
burn is something between you
and the fireball, unless it's ter
ribly close
At many miles from a bomb
the heat could be strong
enough to ignite curtains, pa
per trash, kindling fuels and
combuStibleS.
Good housekeeping to keep
the area around your house
free of easily y-burnable mate
rial can help reduce the fire
hazard.
Distributed by AP News Features
Tomorrow: How to Help Your Children
Evening star., 1961-11-20
Murray and Coon
Score Shutout,
Lead Bridge Play

HOUSTON, Tex, Nov. 20
CAP).-Eric Murray Of Toronto
'and Charles Coon of Boston
lead in trials to pick the North
American contract bridge team.
The Murray Coon team
scored a 100 shutout in the
fifth round last night over Ed
win Kantar of Los Angeles and
Marshall Miles Of San Bernar-
dino, Calf. The loss knocked
Mr.. Kantar and Mr.. Miles from
second place.
Mr.. Murray and Mr.. Coon,
with Al points, moved 10 ahead
of second-place Alvin Ross and
Tobias Stone of New York.
Tied for third place with 30
points each were the Kantar-
Miles team and Lew Mathe,
Los Angeles, and Ron Won der
Porten, Oakland, Calf.
Oswald Jacoby, Dallas, and
Curtis Smith, Austin, Tex,
were in fifth place with 20
victory points.
The three top pairs after IS
Sounds, expected to be COM
pleted Wednesday, will make
up the North American team.
1t will meet teams from Italy,
England and South America in
a world championship match
in New York in February.
Evening star., 1961-11-20
Scorbeck Mistress Back
In Poland, To Stoy'

WARSAW, Nov. 20 CAP.-
Miss Ursula Maria Discher.
Polish mistress of convicted
United States spy Irwin Scar
beck, turned up at the United
States Embassy in Warsaw to-
day.
The shapely 22-year-old en-
tertainer told an American Ie-
porter she is back in Poland
to stay and has no worries
about her future in this Com
munist country.
Speaking freely about her
connection with the Scarbeck
/ case, Miss Discher said:
81 was not politically in
volved in that affair, and see
no reason why they polish
authoritieS) should be in
terested in me now"
Appears Tired
I Dressed in a brown suit with
a long gray silk scarf draped
around her neck, she appeared
tired and pale, but showed no
signs of nervousness. The star
witness at Scarbeck's trial in
Washington had changed her
platinum blond hair color TO
shining black.
Scarbeck, a former Second
Secretary at the United States
Embassy in Warsaw, was con-
victed in a United States court
for espionage and sentenced to
80 years Imprisonment.
Miss Discher testified at his
trial that Polish secret police
agents caught her and Scarbeck
in bed together. Scarbeck, who
is married, was charged with
passing Embassy secrets to
Polish agents in order to get
Miss Discher out of Poland to
West Germany.
Miss DiScher was brought
from West Germany to the
Evening star., 1961-11-20

United States to testify at Scar.
beck's trial.
Visa Expired
She said she left New York
by air last Thursday after hel
visa to the United States ex-
pired. She said she had not
tried to renew it.
She spoke with the American
reporter outside the office OF
Michael Dietel, Embassy gen.
eral services officer. who was
Scarbeck'S assistant. Miss Dis.
cher said she wanted the En-
bassy to arrange to have hel
personal belongings, now being
held by the American Consulate
in Frankfurt, shipped back tC
Warsaw.
Evening star., 1961-11-20
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