davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-09
His Wide Influence

Tributes to the Pulitzer and
Nobel Prize winner. who probably
influenced more American writers
than any author Of this century,
poured in from over the world
the world of Hemingway's bull
fights, Of Hemingway's wars, of
the left bank Of Paris where he
began to write, the world of big
game and cock fights, the world
that spawned 1.-THE Old Man of
The Sea-"
From the White House, from
behind the Iron Curtain, from the
Vatican came messages praising
the contributions to literature of
the writer whose simple style was
initiated by many.
Prose-" Hemingway once said,
"iS architecture, not interior deco
ration"
To a young writer. he once
counseled:
You write better than I did
when I was 10. But the hell of
it is you write like me. That is
no sin. But you won't get any
where with it. write it your
own way"
On Thursday, the bearded giant
Of the literary world was laid to
rest in little cemetery near the
mountainous hunting grounds he
loved. Nearby lay Taylor (Bear
Tracks, Williams, long time
hunting guide and friend.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-09
Backed Scientific Unity

Continued From Page CT
ing to ditch its school bill for this
year if it would help get the for
eign aid request through relatively
unscathed.
Attempts to push through school
aid legislation, which is thor
oughly entangled in q POLITICAL
religious embodiment, could stir
up Southern conservatives when
some of their votes might be vital
on foreign aid. The adminiStra-
ton, which has managed to mol
lily Southern Congressman on
much of the Presidents program,
is anxious to keep the friction at
q minimum.
The administrations $2.5 bill
lion public school bill is in the
House Rules Committee along
with another measure which
would provide loans to private and
parochial schools.
The Southern minority, some
of whom don't want any school
bill, is not likely to go along with
aid to private and parochial
schools. Some Catholic Congress-
men are demanding this aid as
the price of their support for the
public school bill. Another factor
in the school fight is strong OPP
position to providing money in
the public school bill for teach
erS' salaries.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-09
BY HOWARD C. REESE
Contributing Writer

An oil-drenched Arab realm on
the sizzling Persian Gulf last week
became the tiniest country ever to
give a major headache to the
United Nations as neighboring
Iraq threatened to annex newly
independent Kuwait and Britain
rushed more troops to defend her
crStwhile protectorate.
The stakes were high, very high,
for all three principals.
The sheikdom of Kuwait, fourth
largest oil producer in the world
following the United States. the
Soviet Union, and Venezuela, has
I'm annual income from its pre-
ciouS underground resource of be-
tween $400 million and $500 mil
lion. Although oil was found in
the 1930s by American biologists,
It has only been since the end of
the Second World War that pros
perity has come to Kuwait.
Prosperity and Change
With this prosperity has come
social and economic change, for
only a few years ago Kuwait was
harneSsed to feudalism. Under the
impact of technology, an archaic
way Of life is disappearing rapidly.
although certain mores still per-
Sist.
What once was an underdevel-
oped country has now become, in
some ways, "overdeveloped." For
example. it is probably the most
aforementioned country in the
world for it's size. The question
can be asked-has the huge in
come from oil been wisely used?
In 1851, the Eastern Economist
of India estimated that the an
nual per capita income of Ku-
waits was $1,000. Inasmuch as
the per capita income of Cana
dams stood at $1,118 in 1858, this
was a surprising figure.
Owing to the distribution of
income, namely, that so per cent
of this income weAt to less than
10 per cent of the population, the
annual per capita earnings of
Kuwait were nearer $500 to $500.
thus placing the country on the
level of Puerto Rico.
l0-Yeor Plan
Since 1851, oil production and
revenues have increased. It is
now estimated that per capita
income for the sheikdom is in the
neighborhood of $3.50, equating it
with Denmark whose per capita
income was $740 in 1858.
In the early 195Os, Kuwait be-
gan a 10-year development plan
under the supervision of retired
British Army officers. This plan
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-09
G. o. P. Hits Move

Six Republicans on the House
Education Committee charged
Friday that Democratic members
of the group pushed the proposal
for aid to private and parochial
schools as a manuever to get votes
from Catholics for the Presidents
public school bill.
Although hearings may be
scheduled on the administra-
tons medical care for the aged
legislation, there is almost no
chance of 1t getting serious con-
sideration at this session.
The administration is trying to
salvage what it can from its farm
bill which Senate and House Ag-
riculture Committees have stripped
Of its key feature-one which
would have given Agriculture Sec
rotary Freeman broad authority
to regulate farm production.
The Presidents tax revision
bill is still in committee with
doubtful chances of action this
year.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-09
Mongolia:
Rift WHhAN

Everett F. Drumright, Amer
lean ambassador to Nationalist
China, was called back to Wash
ingtOn last week to discuss a
growing rift between the two
countries over possible Ameri-
can recognition of Outer Mon
golia and the Red China issue.
In 1924, the Soviet Union, then
seven years old, took advantage
of China's weak government to
help establish the Monaghan
Peoples Republic on the Sino-So-
Wet border. This was the first
Soviet satellite"
The MPR, also known as Outer
Mongolia, had been priced by both
countries for centuries, but China
was able to establish control from
1888 until 1911, when Tsarist
Russia took over. After the Rus
sian Revolution, the Bolsheviks
together with nucleus of Mon
golian Communists set up the
MPR.
Because of its remoteness, few
Americans have ever set foot in
the barren land. The United
States has never established diplo-
matte relations with the MPR,
consistently labelling it a Soviet
puppet state.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-09
Value in Post

Many experts have felt that a
listening post" in the Monaghan
capital of Ulan Bator would be
invaluable for reporting events in
the Soviet Union and in Commu-
mist China. And some observers
believe that despite Mongolia's
geographic position, the Mongol
people are quite nationalistic, and
a seat in the U. N. might help
them assert a limited amount Of
independence.
The United States has been
holding meetings with Monaghan
representatives and speculation
mounted last week that Washing
ton would recognize the MPR by
the end of. the summer. =
Nationalist China, however.
which vetoed the MPR's admis-
sion to the U. N. once before in
1855, said it would do it again,
to keep the MPR out of the U. N.
Recognition by the United
States would be "tantamount to
helping an enemy hurt an ally
and would make Americas allies
in Asia doubt its determination to
resist the spread of communism, 4"
the Taiwan foreign minister has
said.
Ambassador Drumright was
called home because of these
problems, but there was no in
dication that the United States
wanted split with its time-hon-
ored ally. Mr.. Drumright is ex-
pected to return to Taipei later
this month after consultations at
the State Department.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-09
Hemingway:
Tragic End
Death came last week to Err
nest Hemingway.

Death came last week to Err
nest Hemingway.
When the bell tolled for Ernest
Heminway, it tolled with the vio-
lence that characterized much Of
his works.
The final chapter in the life
Of the lusty author-reporter-ad-
venturer was written Sunday
morning in the foyer of his home
near Ketchum, Idaho. Death re-
suited from the blast from two
barrels of a shotgun into his head.
Two days earlier he had left
Mayo clinic where he had been
treated for apprehension. There
also were reports he had received
psychiatric treatment.
Miss Mary" as he called his
fourth wife, said it was a gun
cleaning accident. The coroner
listed the cause as "Self-inflicted
gunshot wound" and said the
people can make up their own
minds" whether 1t was an acct
dent or suicide.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-09
QUOTATION
OF THE WEEK

Three prison breaks, one q To-
man performance at Wandswortf1
Zone recaptured), the others by q
quartet from Maidstone (three re-
captureO and three from Park
hurst, have attracted attention
this week. Seventeen in five days
is an unusually high rate but for
the last six years the security in
Britains gaols has been increas-
ingly COMPOUNDED. OF the 2,100
men in open prisons in 1859, all
most one in IS managed to escape;
in 1855, it was one In 80. The
Prison Officers Association at
tributes the increase to over.
crowding in the closed prisons,
which has necessitated the trans
fer to open prisons Of men who
would not ordinarily be consid-
cred safe for such a move. AS for
escapes from full security prisons,
the staff, they claim, is simply too
small to maintain all the requisite
safeguards. If the officers were
looking for a way to dramatise
their case, nothing could have
been more opportune-in the long
run - than this gaol-breaking
spree.
The Economist.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-09
Continued From Page CT

Continued From Page CT
Iraq dropped its annexation
threats.
The United Arab Republic,
which only five years ago was in
vaded by British and French para
troops, normally screams loudest
in the Middle East at the sight
of the Union Jack, but the alter
native to the Tommies might be
Iraq ABSORPTION of Kuwait.
Thus, while his delegate to the
United Nations was making a pro
forma protest about the British
troops, Premier Nasser was silent
as several British warships passed
through the Suez Canal on their
way to Kuwait.
The JAR has not concealed
its own desire to share in some of
the Kuwait wealth. Mr.. NaSSer
has long talked about getting the
Kuwait sheik to invest his money
in Middle East projects instead
of in the safe banks of London.
The British frankly admit they
are interested in making sure their
oil supply is not endangered. At
present, 40 per cent of England'S
oil comes from Kuwait.
The U. N. Security Council
emergency session" was a mild
one. There were the usual Soviet
attacks on British intervention"
and imperialism" British coun-
ter-claims of legality" and "se-
curity," and a general deploring
of the whole situation. 1t greatly
embarrassed most of the Arab
states which found the world
hooking at their celebrated
unity"
The consensus was that the
Arab League, backed by British
troops, should be able to per
suade" Premier KasSem to let
Kuwait alone. 1t was not thought
likely that U. N. action would
have to be taken.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-09
Issues Remain

Although bargaining was still
going on at the end Of the week,
the incredibly complex issues and
feuding among unions has ham
pered settlement with all Of the
many shipping and labor groups
involved.
Left behind as ships moved out
OF their berthS were three broad
major issues which cannot be
settled through collective bargain
ing:
l. Government Subsidization Of
some shipping which has to COM
pete with lower-coSt foreign op-
erationS. These subsidies cost the
taxpayers $153 million in 1860 and
wage settlements almost certainly
will increase this cost. Agreements
reached among the subsidized OPP
erations likely will drive up costs
in the unSubSidized groups. too.
2. Unionization of so called
runaway" ships which are owned
by United States shippers, but
operated under foreign flags.
Unions want these organized, but
this would add to the cost of their
operations and possibly drive them
away from all United States con-
troll.
3. Amendment Of the Taft
Hartley Act. President Kennedy
wants more tools" to deal with
national emergency walkouts and
said when he requested the in
junction Monday that he has
asked Labor Secretary Goldberg
to draft such legislation for sub
mission to Congress.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-09
Auto Contract Talks

While an unstable peace settled
over the maritime scene, the
United Auto Workers union began
presenting its contract proposals
to manufacturers.
The contract talks opened
against a background of job at
triton in the industry, a national
economy just emerging from a re-
ceSsion and warnings against any
inflationary demands.
Union President Walter Reuther,
who has said the unions position
is flexible" emphasized the JAW
wants to find solutions TO I'M
employment, partial work weeks
and insecurity.
Both sides have big stakes in a
peaceful settlement. After reach
ing a low ebb in auto sales in past
months, manufacturers cannot
afford a Gripping strike. Neither
can the union members who have
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-09

two Congos are different coun-
tries; they are not rival claim
ants to the same country. Neither
Mali nor Senegal claimed the ter
ritory occupied by the other.
The objection that the scheme
might not be popular in the As
Sembly Is the most serious one.
The idea is to get the United
States off Of a sticky wicket-to
put Washington in the position.
of appearing reasonable, and Red
China in the role Of saying mo-.
This purpose would not be
served if the American position
did not seem reasonable in the
eyes Of majority.
Better Alternative Elusive
However, no one as yet has
come up with anything better.
To go down to a bitter defeat
would obviously not be better.
Even if the United States policy
Of boycotting Peiping is wrong,
this would not be the best way to
change it.
To block Peiping over the dead
bodies Of a large segment-per-
haps even a simple majority-of
the Assembly would Lot be very
good either. Many Of the van
pushed would be out for revenge.
Thus it is possible that in the
end, the United States. Britain
and a few other key allies will
try to put over this new version
of a two-China plan-Britain
lobbying for it on the ground
that it could be a way to get the
Red Chinese in, the United States
on the ground that it would be
the way to keep them out.
Which result it actually would
have is in the lap of the gods.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-09

President Nasser at one time also
coveted the sheikdhom and per-
haps still does.
Although the oil industry has
made great inroads against the
traditional livelihoods, such as
pearling and shipbuilding, these
occupations still continue although
in slower tempo than before.
The Persian Gulf Is the home
Of the finest pearls in the world
and Kuwaitis have excelled in
their underwater exploits. Ku-
waits are fine seamen and their
vessels, graceful Arab dhows, sail
as far as the East Coast of Africa.
Their cargoes include sugar and
spices.
Kuwait. approximately the size
of Connecticut, with a population
of about 100000, has set an ex-
ample for other states rich in oil.
Nevertheless. greater progress in
raising actual per capita income
under existing revenues would
help insure the avoidance of
pockets of discomfort so easily
exploited from the outside.
Whether the sheikdom's pros
perity, so heavily dependent on oil
revenues, will continue Indefinite
ly, is difficult to say. Western
Europe is Kuwait's principal Gus
toner and European consumption
of oil products has been proceed
ing at a rapid rate. However, with
the opening Of the new fields in
Libya and the increasing produc-
ton in the Sahara, Kuwait's reve-
nues could dip in the years ahead.
iran Influence
The basis Of Iraq'S territorial
claims are difficult to determine.
Iraq, which achieved sovereignty
after World War I, never possessed
Kuwaiti territory. Like Kuwait, its
own resources are considerable.
One possible reason for the desire
of Premier Kassem to annex Ku-
wait seems to be to divert atten-
ton from the unsettled social and
economic conditions in his coun-
try.
On occasion, Iran has expressed
interest in Kuwait. It could make
its demands with greater legiti-
macy than Iraq. Kuwait and Iraq
share the use of the Shatt-al Arab
River, and the Persians can also
state that Iranian influence has
always been noticeable in Kuwait,
as it has been elsewhere in the
Persian Gulf.
But to Britain, Kuwait is of
paramount concern. Britain i'm
ports SO per cent of the 40 million
tons of its annual petroleum re-
quirementS.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-09
Kuwoit, Mideost Political Pawn,
Uses Oil Revenue for Social Gain

covered public health, housing,
water distillation, and education
to mention but few of the sub
headings.
Although precise results Of the
plan are somewhat difficult to
assess owing to the absence of
reliable information, it can be said
that, on the whole, the lot of the
average Kuwaiti is a good deal
better than in other Arab
countries.
That the Sheikdom has achieved
important social and economic
advances is due, in large part, to
the policies of its ruler, Sheik
Sir Abdullah al-Mubarak al-Subah.
Unlike the neighboring kingdom
of Saudi Arabia, which also has
vast oil resources, the sheikdom
of Kuwait has never exceeded its
income.
Sea Water DistiIIotion
One of the major developments
has been a water distillation plant
which started to function in 1858
with an output of a million gall
Ions daily. In a region where
water is scarce, this contribution
to the welfare of the country is
of obvious value.
AS for housing, modern housing
units are replacing the former
dung-roofed hutS. The govern
ment has built communicative
housing projects of 1000 units to
accommodate 5000 people. Self
contained, each project has is
own schools and mosque.
lIIiteroey Reduced
In the field of education, par
ticular progress has been made.
Twenty-Five years ago, except for
two Koranic schools at Mubara-
kiyah and Ahmadyah, which were
founded prior to 1914, public edu-
cation did not exist in Kuwait.
In 1887, four public schools were
built.
Since then, the number of
schools has been expanding. From
1947 to 1854 illiteracy dropped
from SO to IS per cent and today
may be around rs per cent.
Young KuwaitiS are sent abroad
at government expense to receive
their higher education, mostly to
Britain, but also to the United
States. A premium is placed on
technical studies.
To relieve the teacher shortage,
Kuwait has drawn upon Egyptian
instructors. This allows Cairo to
have a hand in the molding of
Kuwaiti youth according to Egyp-
tian-style nationaliSm. Egyptian
influence can also be felt in the
courts where Egyptian judges pre-
side. 1t should be recalled that
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-09
European Location
THE NATIONAL SCENE

experienced heavy layoffs during
production cutbackS.
Chances Of averting strike APP
peared good. Watching negotia-
tions in this bellwether industry
is the Kennedy administration
which has indicated it would not
hesitate to step in to prevent a
tieup. Secretary Goldberg has said
a strike in the auto industry would
be "intolerable."
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-09

Several possible methods were
considered. and are being con-
s1dered. The most attractive pos
sibility thus far, in Washington's
eyes. Is to regard China as split
IN two parts. like the former
Federation Of Mali. and to offer
to seat both parts.
Last fall, both Senegal and Mali
were seated in the u. N. as Sue
cessors" Of a defunct federation
which previously had embraced
them both. There also is a kind
Of contributory precedent in the
two Congos, known as Congo
Oeopoldville) had Congo CBraz-
zaville).
Why not a China (TaipeD and
a China (Peiping)2 it was asked.
Chang and Mao Opposed
There are, however, q number
Of obstacles in the way Of the
plan.
Q Neither China likes the idea.
Each refuses to countenance the
other. Generalissimo Chang Kali
shek has been sounded out, and
is as bitterly opposed as Mao Tse-
tung is presumed to be.
Q It might well fail to command
majority support in the General
Assembly. The u. N, broadly
speaking, wants a Sino-American
detente, and a scheme such as
this would not be likely to pro-
duce one. The Assembly majority
also wants Red China subjected
to the presSureS and restraints of
u. N. membership, and this
method would not be likely to
have that effect. Red China prob
ably would not come in.
. There are legal objections. The
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-09
IN FALL TEST
Red Chimes Prospects for u N. Sect RISING

Emotions probably would be stirred
to white heat-particularly In the
United States, where the q. N.
would come In for q formidable
barrage Of abuse.
Much thought has been given,
therefore, to the problem Of how
to avoid such a showdown.
At one point, q complete re-
versal Of policy was considered.
Rather than 60 down to defeat,
the Kennedy administration toyed
with the idea Of q deal by which
it would withdraw its opposition
in. return for concessions from
China. The Red Chinese were
approached in Warsaw - and
Washington got the door slammed
in its face.
Peiping said 1t would agree to
come into the U. N. If the United
States ended its Occupation" Of
Formosa. The United States, in
other words. would have to buy
GCAPAA48 SOA4CCtAb w CllOCE bIlC
U. N. Peiping would not pay q
price for the opportunity.
Red Chino Decline?
This extraordinary proposition
turned the negotiating picture
upside down. Red China obviously
thought the rest Of the world
needed its cooperation, for ex-
ample on disarmament, more
than it needed the world.
If this was, in fact. Peiping's
view. there was a possibility that
when she were offered a o. N.
seat, she might refuse to, take
it. It started people thinking
along this line: Why not offer
the seat under conditions which
would almost certainly guarantee
a reflSal9
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-09
THE FOREIGN SCENE

Meanwhile, Middle East tempers
were not cooled any by the news
that Israel successfully fired a
solid fuel rocket (Shavit ID TO
an altitude of so miles. What
was particularly striking about
the shot was that the rocket was
completely Israeli built.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-09
M0ritime:
Court Order

A Taft-Hartley injunction put
striking Seamen back to work
last week. Contract talks pro-
ceeded in the auto industry.
A scramble of issues was left in
the wake last week as ships put to
sea under a Taft Hartley Act in
junction.
A preliminary order hating the
walkout Of $4,000 seamen was
issued Monday by Federal Judge
Sylvester j. Ryan at the request
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1961-07-09
Scientific Institute for NATO Weapons Due

ing the effectiveness of Western
science followed the 1858 meeting.
It warned that the effectiveness
Of Western science must be in
creased, first by a return to
greater unity, and second, by a
conscious effort on the part Of
statesmen to devote adequate re-
sources to science.
In November, 1860, Senator
jackson Of Washington, serving
as Scientific and Technical Com
mittee chairman for the NATO
meeting in Paris. reiterated the
need to strengthen scientific re-
sources.
He told the delegates that q
continued effort in science and
technology was needed to main
tain dynamic economic growth to
withstand acroSs-the-board Soviet
challenges which may persist for
Is or so years in the future.
Johnson Fovors Move
Several colleagues, including
Vice President johnson and Sen
atorS Kefauver and Fulbright,
supported the resolution offered
by the committee. The idea was
not whether such an institute was
needed but how soon could it be
established, where should 1t be
located and how should it be or
ganized.
Senator Jackson pointed out
Western Europe has no compa-
rable institution to Massachusetts
Institute Of Technology or Cali