davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-03-05
U. N. Is Exploring
Legal Frontier

force, supplied by the United
States and its key allies, to ac-
complish that task.
In Lebanon in 1858, U. N. inter-
vention of the Congo type might
have preserved the Glamour
regime in power.
MiIitory Force as Factor
Whether the effects in any
particular case would have been
desirable or undesirable depends
on the viewpoint of the observer.
In general, the removal of mill
tary force from any equation
strengthens the weaker party and
helps to preserve the status quo as
Of the moment of intervention.
A U. N. majority probably
would be happy to impose a
neutralist coalition in Laos, but
would bitterly oppose any move
to tie the hands of the Algerian
rebels.
1t would not have wished to
inhibit the LebaneSe insurrection.
Hungary was a special case where
many wished but few dared to
act. s.
Similarly in the Congo, the
African majority which clamored
to have the U. N. go into Katanga
with guns blazing last July and
which successfully pushed through
authorization to bar an invasion
of Orientale Province by Gen.
Joseph Mobutu is much less eager
to have ONUC use force now
against the troops of Antoine
Gizenga, the Orientale leader, as
those troops repeatedly approach
Leopoldville.
Three countrieS-Ethiopia, Tu-
nisia, and Sudan-have expressed
reluctance to have their men fight
against either side. Sensitive to
this attitude, Mr.. Hammarskjold
has said that what he hopes to do
is to stake out a buffer zone be-
tween the belligerents, station
U. N. troops in it, and order them
to defend it. They would not
then fight unless attacked.
Resent Use Of Power -.
Mr.. Hammarskjold is acting
cautiously, feeling his way through
the frontier. He knows that while
many wish the U. N. to have power
to impose peace, they would Bit
terly resent use of that power in
directions they consider unwise.
He knows too that some are re-
luctant to have their own men
apply the force, though they pre-
sumably are willing to have others
take that risk.
1t is we'll to make haste slowly.
Some Americans who have scorned
the U. N. for inadequacy or i'm
potence in given Congo situations
might be the first to denounce it
if they thought it were acting
like world government.
YET power TO impose peace is
an attribute of world government.
This is the new frontier the U. N.
is exploring in the Congo.
1t is a frontier which has great
practical relevance in a period
when civil war;" sponsored and
supported from outside, has been
and is likely to be one of commu-
nism'S principal methods of ex-
panding its power and influence.
Whatever the judgment of his
tory, the Judgment of today ap-
pears to be, "It's about time the
U. N. acted" The Kremlin is the
only major world capital power
fully arrayed against crossing the
new frontier.
Evening star., 1961-03-05
PORTRAIT OF A DIPLOMAT
Our Quiet Man In Moscow

all. Besides seeing important So
Wet officials informally, he meets
diplomats there who wouldn't like
to be seen making a formal call
at the United States Embassy.
There is no such thing as a secret
meeting with Western diplomats
here, not with police at every for
eign doorway.
Receptions provide an opportun-
ity for sensing changes in the
Russian political climate. Mr..
Thompson is credited with being
among the first to spot the state
of affairs between Russia and
China.
To sense such changes an Am
bassador must know what Mr..
Khrushchev thinks. And must
know what is going on elsewhere
in the world, for every chance re-
mark may have a bearing on
something far afield. Mr.. Thomp-
son does his homework on that.
It calls for an abundance Of
reading and of constant meetings
with all possible sources. Diplom-
acy, we'll done, is hard work.
Both Mr.. Thompson and his
wife have money, but like many
another American diplomat, find
they have to dip into their own
pockets to meet the demands Of
the job.
other members of the staff
don't have extensive personal re-
sources. Said one of them:
ut is embarrassing to give a
lunch for a diplomat from one OF
the under-developed countries to
which the United States is extend
ing aid only to find his enter
tainment allowance is greater
than mine. But it happens"
A Little Exercise
Like everyone else here, Mr..
Thompson finds it hard to get
any regular exercise. There are
a few tennis courts and no golf
courses. Determinedly each Sum
day he goes out to the embassy
dacha just outside the city for a
little cross country skiing. He
likes skiing, a love dating from
his days in Colorado where he was
born 56 years ago.
In summer he takes his family
to some Mediterranean spot. Last
year it was Elba. This year they
expect to go to Corsica.
He was born in Las AnimaS,
Colo, and was graduated from the
University of Colorado. His father
was a cattleman. went broke, but
regained part Of his fortune. Mr..
Thompson's early assignments in
the foreign service, which he
Joined in 1929, were in labor and
agricultural fields.
He did a stint in Moscow as a
junior embassy officer in the early
years Of the war. His first am
bassadorship was to Austria in
1852 where he played an important
role in working out the end of the
allied occupation Of the country.
He learned more about Russians
there, as they were part Of the
occupying and governing force.
He had a major part in settling
the Trieste dispute between Italy
and YugoSlavia.
He was assigned as Ambassador
to Moscow in 1857.
He is known as a good and
courageous negotiator. and if dip
lomatic negotiation becomes more
and more the basis Of Soviet
American relations-as President
Kennedy has proposed - then
Mr.. Thompson could have a biz
hand in it.
Evening star., 1961-03-05

Embassy to read cables from
Washington. Every morning Mr..
Thompson discusses the days news
with Minister-C Counsellor Freers.
and with such attaches as may be
called in for special problems.
There is full conference of top
staff people every Thursday.
Twice weekly the diplomatic pouch
is sent out to Helsinki en- route
to Washington with a mass Of
reports on agriculture, science, the
mood and health of Mr.. Khru-
shchev. rockets, disease. and the
variations in the Soviet attitude on
Laos, Germany, the Congo. Cuba
and other spots. These are sealed
and sent by courier to guard them
from prying eyes.
His Dolly Routine
Unless obliged to go to an Of
ficial lunch. Mr.. Thompson goes
home at or lis to a light but
balanced meal. He suffers from
ulcers. They hit him before he
came to Moscow, and this at
moSphere does them no good.
He is back at the Embassy by
2:30 and works there until $50
or 7. On an average Of five
nights week he is out for dinner
or has guests at big and echoing
SpaSo House. Such dinners are
an essential part Of diplomatic life.
They provide opportunity for cas-
ual but informative talk.
At least once each week there
are official receptions at en-
bassies or at the Kremlin for i'm
portant guests or national holi-
days.
Mr.. Thompson attends almost
Evening star., 1961-03-05
BY WILLIAM r. FRYE
Contributing Writer

UNITED NATIONS, N. Y.-The
United Nations is striking out
boldly across a wholly new legal
and constitutional frontier.
This is the real significance,
from the long-range point of view.
of the decision to use force if
necessary to halt the Congolese
civil war.
Except for a relatively brief
period Of over-optimism at the
time of its founding, the U. N.
has always been regarded as an
instrument of persuasion and con-
ciliation. 1t has never sought to
impose the will of the world COM
munity in the process of making
peace.
Korea was a special case; what
really happened there was that
the U. N. gave its moral blessing
and a certain amount of token
material support to a United
States military operation. Korea
was not, strictly speaking, the
world community imposing its
will.
The U. N. peace force in Egypt
has been strictly forbidden to use
force except in cases of Self-de-
fense. It did not enter the picture
until after a ceaSe-fire. 1t has
kept the peace by symbolizing the
moral authority of the world COM
munity. 1t has been a kind of
armed presence"
Now. however, a U. N. army has
been authorized to step into a
civil war which is still in process
and halt that war, by force of
arms if necessary. Secretary Cen
eral Dag Hammarskjold has said
that if he can get the necessary
troops, he intends to use that au-
thority.
The Long -Ronee Viewpoint
What makes this important
from the long-range viewpoint is
that the U. N. is doing much
more in the Congo than merely
trying to pacify primitive coun-
try and inSulate it from cold land
hot) war. The U. N. is laying
the foundations of a future world
order.
Mr.. Hammarskjold has said
that he has this fact in mind in
every move he makes. He is set
ting precedents which will be
applicable, and therefore must be
appropriate, whatever the cir
cumstances and wherever there
may be a future crisis.
If a U. N. army can step be-
tween active belligerents in a
Congolese civil war, it could also
legally impose cease-fire lines in
Algeria before there is agreement
on an armistice. The effect of
such an action would be to remove
the pressure the rebels exert on
France, and thus greatly buttress
Frances bargaining position.
On the same legal premise, a
U. N. army could be sent into
Laos to halt the fighting there.
The political effect would be to
protect the pro-Communist Pathet
Lao and increase the likelihood
of a neutralist coalition govern
ment, including Communist ele-
mentS.
In Hungary in 1856, a policy Of
insulation by force, if effective,
presumably would have protected
the Freedom Fighters from Red
Army tanks. But it would have
taken a formidable amount OF
Evening star., 1961-03-05
HOW is THE CAMPAIGN
CONDUCTED?

Once the list of candidates is
selected, vigorous campaign is
held. even though the candidates
have no competition. One Ameri-
can has compared the Russian
election campaigns to war bond
rallies in the United States.
mo one publicly disagrees with
the objectives, but enormous en-
ergy is expended not only to get
as many people as possible to par
ticipate but to participate as a
matter of conscious public af-
firmation-to admit they want to
participate"
The candidates are expected to
speak to groups of workers in their
areas, to instill in them the proper
spirit for carrying on their work
toward achieving the goals Of
communism"
A recent article in Moscow
newspaper said 1.-The agitator must
tell the workers about the gran
diose plans of Communist building
in our country"
All the costs of these cam
paigns," such as the renting of
halls and the putting up of posters
are paid for, by law, by the gov
ernment. 1t is regular budgeted
item that most Soviet leaders feel
is well-worth in propaganda value
what it costs in rubles.
Elections always instill in the
masses a new political and labor
conscious enthusiasm, new flow
of creative energy" Izvestia said
in an editorial a few weeks ago.
WHO ARE THE ELECTORS?
The Soviet Constitution says
specifically:
Elections of deputies are uni
versal: All citizens of the USSR
who have reached the age of ID,
regardless of race, nationality, sex,
religion, educational qualifica-
tions, domicile, social origin, prop
erty status or past activities, have
the right to participate in the
elections of deputies, with the
Evening star., 1961-03-05
BY BERNARD GWERTZMAN
Star staff Writer

Today is election day in most
parts of the Soviet Union.
Approximately 1870 million voters
are expected to cast their ballots
for village, city and regional coun-
cilmen whose two-year terms of
office expire this March.
1t will be a strange election by
American standards because there
is only one candidate for each
office, and yet, over SO per cent
of all eligible are expected to vote.
The following voters guide" has
been drawn up, using available
Soviet sources as we'll as reports
of Americans who have observed
recent elections there, for all in
terested parties.
Evening star., 1961-03-05
WHO ARE ELECTED?

"AAO NANG A1ASO DDs
Approximately is million depu-
ties will be elected to two-year
terms on local councils-known
officially as Councils of Working
Deputies. The election will be
countrywide during March. Most
areas are holding their elections
today, but Armenia, for instance,
has. picked March 19 as election
day. Soviet elections are always
held on Sundays.
The local councils are respon-
sible for the essentials of life.
They supervise budgets, and are
responsible for such things as
sanitation, housing and recrea-
ton. They have little to do, how
ever, with schools, which are cen-
trally controlled from above.
HOW ARE CANDIDATES
CHOSEN?
Two months before the elections
in this case in January-local
organizations such as trade unions
and youth groups begin nominat-
ing candidates for the different
councils.
In the greater Moscow area,
alone, there are 10000 different
deputies who will have jobs on
either village, city or regional
councils.
1t is entirely possible at this
stage in the nomination, for more
than one man to be nominated for
an office. Several organizations,
for instance. might choose differ
ent people for the same job.
About a month before the elec-
ton, however, an election commits
sion receives all the nominations
and eliminates all except one name
for each office. This is done, ac-
cording to one report. by per-
suading other candidates to refuse
the nomination. Apparently, Of
ficials try to get a representative
list of candidates for the council.
A list of those finally nominated
generally will include some older
people, some younger, some work
ers, some professional people, etc
Enough from each group are
picked to broaden the councils
appeal.
Evening star., 1961-01-11
BY PHIL THOMAS
Star STAFF Writer

Chief Judge Wilbur K. Miller
of the United States Court of
Appeals here last night at
tackled "zealots who advo-
cate drastic and fundamental
changes in the law"
Speaking at the Mayflower
Hotel as he was honored by
the District Bar Association for
his recent accession to the
chief judgeship of the appellate
court, Judge Miller suggested
that lawyers just beginning to
practice should cherish the
time-tested principles of COM
mon law"
You should be suspicious of
those who would upset the legal
landmarks, the legal corner
stones of the law" the jurist
said.
Judge Miller. who proudly
admits that he is conserva-
tive on the nine-member ap-
pellate court, often has taken
this same position in decisions
issued by his court, strongly
disaereeing with the so-called
liberal wing of the court.
Evening star., 1961-01-11
Judge Miller Honored ,
Admonishes LAWYERS

The jurist also warned new
lawyers against some who be-
lieve there is no such thing as
a criminal. who believe that all
crimes are the product of a
diseased mind"
They think that every per-
SON who commits a crime
shouldn't be punished, but
should be treated" the Judge
added.
In 1854. the appellate court
here adopted a doctrine of law
which holds that a defendant
in a criminal case may be-
found not guilty of a crime by
reason of insanity If he can
convince the jury that he COM
mitted the crime because he
was suffering from a mental
disease or defect.
The associations Junior Bar
Section last night was given an
award by William Reese Smith,
chairman Of the American Bar
Associations Junior Bar Con-
ference. in recognition of the
outstanding community service
program Of the Districts young
lawyers group.
Evening star., 1961-01-11
FTC Examiner Scores
81 Down Car Sale Bid

chief said that firm had ap-
piled for license renewal and
was still operating under the
1860 license. pending s>decision
on the renewal.
Gabby's was the only one OF
the five to contest the FlC
charges. The examiners order
is subject to the final decision
of the Federal Trade Commits
sion.
Mr.. Cox, In his opinion, cited
a series of newspaper advertise
ments which. he said, conveyed
the impression that cars could
be bought from Gabby's on
credit for as little as ST. down
and terms as low as $3.50 a
week, that the cars could be
financed at bank rate terms
and fully warranted up to TO-
900 miles.
Claims Called False
These representations, he said.
"were and are false, misleading
and deceptive" He cited a case
where a $3.50 car was sold with
a down payment of 81 but
1929 was due the next day.
"The 81 down payment is a
figment of the imagination. +"
he ruled. ITO all intents and
purposes, the down payment in
this instance was $780,"
He also cited details as
grounds for his conclusion that
Gabby's rates were uniformly
much. higher than bank rates
and that the warranties, where
given. were not uniform but
varied with the amount paid
for the warranty and the de-
mands made by customers.
The FTC first accused the
five Washington used-car firms
of false, misleading and de-
Evening star., 1961-01-11

ceptive" advertising in June,
1860. In addition to Gabby's
Discounts Auto Mart and Dis
count Motor Sales, complaints
were filed against Bob Wilson,
Inc. and E. & j. Corp, trading
as City Auto Sales.
Mr.. Cardano said City Auto
Sales and Bob Wilson, Inc,
also had gone out of business.
He pointed out that the Dis
trict's Board of Appeals last
fan upheld the refusal of the
Districts license superintendent
to renew the licenses of Bob
Wilson, Inc, and Discount Auto
Mart.
Evening star., 1961-01-11
by MIRIAM GUTENBERG
Star stan Writer


A Federal Trade Commission
hearing examiner today termed
the 81 down" claims of a Wash
ington used-car dealer % fig
ment of the imagination"
In an initial decision, FTC
Examiner j. Earl Cox issued
an order requiring Gabby'S Auto
Discount to stop misrepresent-
ing down payments. financing
rates, terms and warranties in
uSed-car sales.
Gabby's Auto Discount, the
trade name for G & M, Inc,
at Twelfth and I streets NV,
has voluntarily gone out OF
business, according to Conrad
Cardano, chief of the Districts
license enforcement branch. Mr.
Cardano said Gaby's former lot
now is owned by a different
firm.
Gabriel Bobrow, listed in the
FTC announcement as a Cab
by's official with the name o1
Gahby Mccoy. was named in.
dividually in the order.
Five Firms Cited
Gabby's is the last of fivt
Washington used-car firm!
cited In FTC complaints. Tht
other four agreed to consent
orders forbidding the use o.
deceptive claims in used-cal
sales. The last of the four con-
sent orders, involving Discoun
Auto Mart. was announced TO-
day.
MIR. Cardano said four OF thu
five have already gone out o.
business. The only one still il
business, he said. is DIscoun
Motor Sales at 1900 Fourteenth
street NV. The enforcement
Evening star., 1961-01-11

lied on November 20 at Oxon
Hill Methodist Church. The
minister responsible for organ
izing the new congregation, the
Rev. John r. Hatfield, will be
installed as pastor at a 3:3Op.m
service January % in Oxon Hill
Methodisht Church.
On the same day the Rev
Sidney r. Conger will be in
stalled at 8 pm, as minister of
Berwyn United Presbyterian
Church, 630l Greenbelt road
College Park, Md.
Evening star., 1961-01-11

win, minister of Wallace United
Presbyterian Church.
The new vice moderator, the
Rev. Donald D. M. Jones, min
lister of Sixth United Presby-
terian Church, was also in
stalled at a meeting yesterday
in Irwin Memorial United Pres
byterian Church, Falls Church.
Ministers and elders at the
meeting were informed that
Southminster United Byesbyte-
rian Church had been organ
Evening star., 1961-01-11
DR.. Stroup
Installed as
Moderator

DR.. Russell c. Stroup, minis
ter of Georgetown United Pres
byterian Church, has assumed
the post of moderator of the
Washington City Presbytery.
DR.. Russell, minister at the
Georgetown church since 1850
succeeds the Rev. Donald c. r.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1961-04-07

which time the Minneapolis visi-
tors met the many family members
In Kansas city and report a won
derful time was had.
Easter In Omaha; Mr.. and Mrs.
Henry Merzell, 4200 Fifth Av. s.,
spent the Easter weekend In
Omaha, their former hometown.
They were the houseguests Of Mr..
and Mrs. Chester Pullum. The
many social courtesies extended by
their many friends. made their
brief stay a very enjoyable event.
Had Surgery: Leo Browne, 1904
Fifth Av s.. 10 a patient In Glen
wood Hills hospital where he un-
derwent surgery on Wednesday
morning, April 5. His condition Is
reported satisfactory.
Visited Sister: Mrs. Mary Driv-
er, 1901 Oak Park Av., flew to
Kansas City, Mo-, for Easter week
end to see her sister, Mrs Audia
Clemmons, who IL III and hospit-
allied Mrs. Driver also shared her
visit with her mother, other rela-
lives and friends while there.
Dinner Guest: Mrs. Estella Sims,
4040 Fourth Av. g., was the guest
Of her sister and brother-in-law,
Mr.. and Mrs. Marcus H. Jackson
Of 3616 Smelling Av. for dinner
Easter Sunday.
Surprise Shower: Rev. and Mrs.
J. r. Holloway Of Zion Baptist
church, were very pleasantly sur
prised recently when members and
friends showered them with many
useful items for their pantry. Hos
tess for the affair was the Floral
Guild of Zion Baptist church Re-
freshments were served and an en-
joyable time was had.
HOspitalized: Rev. Lowell John
son, 1856 Fifth Ay. s., pastor Of
st. Peters AAEE church, entered
Veterans hospital on Tuesday,
April 3, for a general checlVup and
possibly surgery.
Much Improved: Mr.. James Jim
mie" Slemmons, 2015 Fifth Av. s.,
is much improved in st. Barnabas
hospital where he recently under
went surgery. His condition Is
much improved and he is ex-
pected to return home this
weekend.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1961-04-07
one OF HoapItaI. pennis LeroY


Out OF Hospital; Dennis Leroy
LazenberTy, nine year old son Of
Mr.. and Mrs. Leroy Lazenberry Of
1856 N. Chatsworth. returned home
Tuesday from Children's hospital
where he had been a patient under
treatment for pneumonia. He IL in
excellent condition and is making
rapid recovery.
Family Guest: Mr.. and Mira.
Richard Fox, Jr. and children, 800
4eth Av, s., had as their house
guest for one week, Mr. and Mrs.
Richard Fox, ST., Of st. Louis, Mo-,
parents Of Mr.. Fox. They left for
their home on Sunday morning.
Paradise Club: The Paradise
Club win meet Saturday night,
April 8. at the home Of the preGi-
dent, Mrs. Edna Shannon, $500
Fourth Av s., with Mira Elizabeth
Armstrong as hostess. All men,
bers are asked to be present.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1961-04-07

ing the serving Of lunch. The next
meeting win be April IS, at the
home Of Miss Diane Martin, Ais
Fourth Av. s.
Returns Home; Miss Amanda
Byrd, 3622 Third Av. s., returned
home Monday, April 3, from Du.
luth, Mimi, where she spent two
weeks visiting her sister and fam.
lily, Mr.. and Mrs. George Cox.
Commissioning At Homo; Mrs
Rodney Duncan, 627 Eighth Ay
NJ, is convalescing at home after
spending ten days In Swedish hos,
pital where she went for a general
checll1p and treatment. She d
greatly improved and Is expected
to make speedy recovery.
Home For Easter Vacation
Miss Joyce Hughes, 3716 Fourth
Av. s., a senior at Carleton Col
lege, Mortified, MINI, returned
to college Tuesday morning aftei
spending the Easter vacation with
her parents, Mr.. and Mrs. Solomon
Hughes and family. On Eastei
Sunday, Mr.. and Mrs. Hughe.
were hosts at family dinner which
included their two daughters
Joyce and Shirley, son Solomon
Jr., and daughter and son-inIaw
Mr.. and Mrs. Robert Allen and
their daughter, Roxanne.
Easter In Kaycee: Mr.. and Mrs
Johnnie Jones and family Of $685.
Fifth Av. S., returned home Mon
day evening from Kansas City
Mo-, where they spent the Eastel
weekend visiting Mr.. Jones' grand
mother, Mrs. Pearl Jones and aunt
Mrs. Pearl johnson. Their arTtva
was a happy occasion for Mrs
Jones, Senior as she met for tn
first time her grandson's family
On Sunday a family reunion wa
held in honor Of the visitors a