davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-06-30
Berlin Dancer

8 NO one, the PRESIDENT told his news
conference, can fail to appreciate the
gravity of this threat - meaning Mr.,
tKhruShchev'S threat to sign q separate
peace treaty with East Germany and the
consequences that might flow from that
act. Pursuing this theme, Mr.. Kennedy
added: There is danger that totalitar-
Ian governments not subject to vigorous
popular debate will underestimate the
will and unity Of democratic societies
where vital interests are concerned"
& 1t certainly is true that the Krem-
Ain'S immunity from vigorous popular
debate is one source Of danger in the
Berlin situation. This has led to mis-
calculations in the past and 1t could do
so again.
The President made another state
inent, however, which in some degree
seems to be at odds with his observation
son totalitarian governments. A Areporter
asked how the American people might
pc involved in supporting his strong
stand on Germany. The President
replied that this is under consideration,
tand then he added: "I would point out
sthat we [meaning the members of his
administration are talking about mat
tiers of extreme seriousness and think
we should wait until judgment has
been reached as to what action we
should take before it is useful to discuss
1t publicly"
q To the extent that this relates to
discussions which the President is hav-
ing with the Security Council, for ex-
ample, this is correct. Debates of this
sort cannot be staged in public. But we
do not think the Presidents comment
should be taken to mean that there can
be no public discussion, say In the Sen
ate, Of the Berlin question until "after
a ajudgment has been reached as to what
action we should take" For once such
a judgment has been made it will tend
to be binding on all of us and there will
be little opportunity left for vigorous
popular debate"
The 1914 negotiations which led to
the isolation of Berlin some 100 miles
inside Communist-controlled territory
serve to illustrate what we have in mind
There was no opportunity for popular
debate concerning the wisdom Of that
decision-a decision which has led in
evitably to the grave difficulty in which
we find ourselves today. Had the facts
been known in this country there might
have been not only vigorous debate, but
vigorous opposition to the rash judg-
ment which was made. The Cuban ex-
perience might be cited as another ex-
ample. In short, we do not subscribe to
the notion that executive judgments,
reached in secrecy, are infallible. In the
case Of Berlin, we think there ought to
be opportunity for popular debate be-
fore-not after-this country finds it
self more or less committed by an ex-
Iecutive decision to any particular course
OF action.
Evening star., 1961-06-30
THE PASSING SCENE
Medical Research a u. S. Symbol
BY RALPH McGHL

Basil O'Conncr, took q cal
culated risk, on the basis Of
early evidence. He licensed
selected firms to produce
large quantities of the new
wonder fluid. 1t was given to
all children in the first and
second grades. Others paid
modest prices for it. It is be-
coming a routine public
health Shot"
Many men contributed to
the research. Millions Of dol
lars were spent on it. But
DR.. Salk broke through the
barrier. Remember his name.
He took no money. He pat
ented nothing. He gave all he
learned to the world.
Now comes the oral vac
cine, developed by DR.. Albert
Sabin, who stands with Dr..
Salk as a giant in research.
The March Of Dimes must
go on for many years. There
still will be cases Of polio.
Many already afflicted must
be cared for. Research must
continue.
Great Recent Gains
Salute, too, "our" genera
ton. 80
In the span Of a few years
have come the sulpha drugs
and the greatly superior anti
biotics, of which penicillin is
the best known. They were in,
the earth all the while. The
mind Of man had to find
them. And did. (Man was
made but a little lower than
the angels. At times he re-
veals that.)
The fight never ends.
Pasteur developed his vac
cine for rabies in 1885. Yet,
there were 13 cases of it in
1850.
Typhus and Rocky Noun
tain spotted fever, both Kill
lers, were Conquered" by
vaccines developed between
1938-41. Yet, in 1850 almost
1,500 cases were reported.
Smallpox vaccineS were in
production as early as 1909 in
New England. But, in 1920
there were 100000 cases re-
ported in the United States.
That scare caused q rush Of
vaccination. Yet, in 1850
there were 80 cases. =.
Diphtheria antitoxin was
developed years ago, yet there
were almost 10000 cases in
1920 and 5,796 in 1850.
There will be more polio.
But the great victory has
been won. We can move
ahead with determination
and good will with legitimate
drives for care and research.
Cancer is the one big dra-
matte foe left. Then heart.
Evening star., 1961-06-30
Further Views of Ruling in Test Oath Case

then our Nation will fall Just
as surely as Goddess nations
have fallen in the past.
Curtis r. Deily.
. 4 = 4
David Lawrence, exhibiting
a mammoth deficiency as a
constitutional lawyer and as
a theologian, attacked the
Supreme Court decision in
the Torcaso case as one ap-
proving atheism and opening
the door to a host of imag-
mary constitutional horri-
bles. It does no such thing.
The Supreme Court has
merely reaffirmed the fun
damental principle that the
First Amendment immunizeS
the religious beliefs of the
individual from State inquiry
and interference and held
that Maryland's test oath
invaded Roy Torcaso's free
dom Of religion and belief.
The basic question is not
whether one believes in God,
but whether the State has
any right to inquire at all
into the nature Of his reli-
gious beliefs. The Court
properly held it does not.
Indeed, it noted that "it was
largely to escape religious
test oaths and declarations
that q great many Of the
early coloniSts left Europe
and came here hoping to
worship in their own way"
The Court also pointed out
that Maryland's oath would
also disqualify from public
office members of nonatheis-
tic religions such as Budd-
hism, TaoiSm and Ethical
Culture. The oath was thus
doubly offensive in that it
unlawfully preferred some
religions over others as well
as members of all religions
over nonbelievers.
Laurence J. Cohen.
= \ \ \
The Supreme Courts pro-
nouncement that belief in
God is a religious matter
and not of any consequence
Evening star., 1961-06-30

I wish to take exception
to the recent Supreme Court
decision that an individual
cannot be refused approval
as a notary public on the
grounds that he does not
believe in a Supreme Being.
If q citizen does not be-
lieve in God how can he
honestly give the pledge Of
allegiance to the flag which
states; "one Nation, under
God, indivisible"? Or, how
can our Nations motto, "In
God We Trust" be adhered
to? The Declaration of Inde-
pendence recognizes Gods
influence and power. The
last stanza Of The Star
Spangled Banner contains
the following phrase:
"Blest with vict'ry and
peace, may the heav'n-res-
cued land Praise the Pow'r
that hath made and preserv'd
us a Nation!"
In fact, an oath or a sworn
statement is made on the
principle that the person
making it is answerable to
a Supreme Being for q false
statement. The notary public
must rely on this basic fact
also for he cannot know the
individuals for whom he no.
tarizes various forms.
I was amazed and shocked
that there was not one dis
Senting opinion among the
justices. Will the courts of
law now have to ask q wit
ness whether he or she is an
atheist or not so that they
may be properly sworn before
testimony? Likewise, an athe-
ist, believing that there is
no punishment from a Su-
preme Being at a later date
for his actions, does not have
the compelling force to speak
the truth when human be-
ings must rely on his word.
Conscience cannot be a part
of his makeup.
If God and his principles
are to be completely sepa-
rated from our Government
Evening star., 1961-06-30
iTripIe-Heoder in Space

! Americas success In orbiting three
satellites with one rocket is an achieve
ment that assumes added Importance
because one Of the moonletS carries
nuclear thermoelectric generator. This
is a significant advance over previous
chemical or solar-powered sources of
energy for the operation of satellite
tranSmitters. 1t means that, barring un-
foreSeen mishaps, the signals from Tran
sit "A, as the atomic -activated satellite
is called, will be transmitted continu-
iously for as long as the 175-pound device
remains in orbit-or about seven years.
Transit 4-A Is the forerunner of
series of similar satellites planned by
the Navy as never-failing, always-avail-
able aids to navigation. With such
system of transiting satellites whirling
around the globe, ships at sea, and
planes in flight (er vehicles on land, for
that matter) will be able quickly to OBJ
tain "fiXes" by which accurately to de-
termine their position. And the flow
of signals will not be dependent on fad
ing batteries or other unreliable sources
of electric power.
Accompanying the nuclear-p powered
satellite in its nearly circular course
around the earth are two sister vehicles,
dubbed Greb and Injun. Greb, S.
pound sphere, is gathering and trans
mitting data on solar radiation and its
effects on the ionosphere, the electrical
ly-charged atmospheric layers which
have the capacity to reflect radio waves
back to the earth. The information thus
obtained should be of value to the COM
municationS industry. The third ''pack-
age" is 40-pound drum shaped device
designed to measure the so-called Van
Allen radiation belts and to probe such
electrical displays as the aurora borealis.
It is obvious, therefore, that this
Evening star., 1961-06-30
Folly of Test Ban

On October 81. 1858, the
United States voluntarily
suspended all nuclear weap-
ons testing. From that time
on any and all advance in
this field which would have
afforded United States citi-
zenS greater protection from
sudden Communist attack
was denied to us by courtesy
Of some Soft-headed, bleed
ing-heart, pacifiSt liberals.
That they exposed the United
States to greater danger, not
less, by such suspension Is
now undeniable. OF course,
faithful to their particular
and peculiar sort Of thinking
these pacifist liberals are
still totally unaware Of the
true facts Of life.
Since the start Of this suS-
pension the dishonest Com
munist delegates to the nu-
clear test ban treaty talks
have carried out the usual
Communist maneuvers of
deception and deceit. They
have lied without end. 1t was
obvious at the start and it
is obvious today that they
never intended to reach any
sort Of agreement whatso-
ever. They continued their
testing openly through No
vember Of 1858 and since
that time they undoubtedly
tested secretly. Information
to that effect Is now becom-
ing public. But even II we had
no actual proof on this it
would be the height of ma
ivety to believe that the
Communists have not been
testing these past 80 months.
Any other kind Of behavior
would have been out of char
acter for the Communists
and we all know it.
Throughout this time hon
est and patriotic Americans
have warned us time and
again about the dangerous
course we are following. They
have been rewarded by
smearS and such titles as
"war-mongers" etc. Their eff
forts have been to no avail
as we have been kept on this
falsely charted course by
these pacifist-liberals. Now
to top it all off and to prove
the lack Of wisdom of our
present policy we are being
told that the Communists
may actually be ahead of
the United States in nuclear
weapons and we may have
to make great sacrifices to
catch them. Thus once again
it appears we have managed
to destroy our superiority in
still another sector Of the
Evening star., 1961-06-30

as a qualification for holding
public office is a major re-
versal in the philosophy Of
the Government. Our Gov
ernment has long professed
that this is q Nation under
God, and has reminded every
citizen of that fact by i'm
printing the words "In God
We Trust" upon the coinage
of the Republic. When the
Supreme Court proclaims
that the officers Of Govern
ment need not even believe
in God, it is a radical de-
parture from the earlier
professions.
r. B. H.
80 y
The divorcing of God and
all religion from Government
was done by our Founding
Fathers when they wrote the
Constitution and the first
ten amendments. This was
done, not because they dis
believed in religion, but be-
cause they knew of the many
times in history that evil
men have used the authority
Of religion to tyrannize
others. Men annot be
trusted with the absolute
authority that religion in
vests in God, and there are
men who will try to cloak
themselves with such author
ity to tyrannize others for
power and profit. Our fore
fathers tried to prevent such
abuse Of power by separating
church and state, and by
deleting any mention of God
from our Constitution.
Freedom of belief and con-
science is extended in this
Nation, not only to those
who believe in God, but to
all men. For the Court knows
that if the complete rights
of citizenship are extended
only to those who believe in
God, other restrictions will
soon be added, and in the
end we will have the tyranny
of a state-supported church.
Lester L. Kimble.
Evening star., 1961-06-30

battlefield upon which the
struggle between slavery and
freedom is now being waged.
This sacrifice and additional
defeat might not have been
in vain, however, If it had
awakened us to the inescap-
able fact that the United
States is engaged in o war
to the death with the gang
sters Of international COM
munism. It is obvious by
casual perusal Of the news
that this is not the case. We
continue to pursue the course
that leads to defeat and total
slavery.
MelchiOr f. r. Savarese, MD.
Evening star., 1961-06-30
VSTAS IN SCIENCE
Eorth's Greatest Heat Measured
BY THOMAS R. HENRY

underway. But battleShipS
will not be run by thermionic
energy converterS tomorrow
or next week. az
The principle is not en-
tirely new. Actually it first
was suggested by Thomas
Edison almost 80 years ago
but largely has been ignored.
The basic idea is to raise
q solid Of some kind to such
a high temperature that
electrons are boiled out" Of
the orbits Of its atoms. Such
temperatures, which vary for
various elements, now can
be achieved with nuclear en-
ergy. These electrons now are
collected by another solid
maintained at q somewhat
lower temperatures. Thus a
flow Of electrons, in other
words an electric current, is
set up between the two solids.
The only moving part Of
such a converter, according
to the Connolly report, is the
electron flow. There are no
complex devices that can GO
wrong and the power source
almost literally would last
forever.
"The thermionic energy
converter" says the report,
"can be thought Of as a heat
engine using an electric gas
as q working fluid"
Nature Offers Comparison J.
The principle can be Illus
trated by something that
happens all the time in Ma
ture. Sea water is heated by
the sun, sometimes to such
a degree that electrons are
boiled off" its molecules.
According to the degree of
heat applied, these electrons
rise to different attitudes
above the sea surface. Some
reach sufficient altitude so
that they can cross over a
mountain and condense into
a cool mountain lake. Then
II the lake could be connected
with the sea power could be
produced.
The principle is all right
but, the report emphasizes,
there is many q slip between
cup and lip and very COM
plicated problems in respect
to the nature of the two ma
terials and of the connec-
tions between them have
arisen. They have been
solved to date only for a
micro = scale engine which
can be considered only as a
starting point for large scale
applications.
The work, however, may
well revolutionize the nature
OF naval operations. Imagine
running a ship almost liter
ally forever with essentially
no fuel. However, the report
concludes, "thermionic con-
verters have been operated
and h have experimentally
demonstrated a performance
suitable for many practical
applications :
Evening star., 1961-06-30

"I didn't cry" he said,
holding out an arm. (If one
looked closely. one could see
the tiny puncture mark in
the spot of red0 81 didn't
cry at all. And it was. q big
needle"
American families with
children are used to that sort
of scene.
The needle-punctured arm
Is routine - from childhood
on. It is an "Americanism. I"
No other nation looks so
earnestly toward medicine
and research. No people else
where so enthusiastically and
generously support remedial
campaigns in behalf Of the
victims of cancer, heart
trouble, poliomyelitis, muscu-
lar diStrophy, spastics and
other diseases, ailments.
Men yet living remember
the feverish flight from yel-
low fever and malaria. Re-
portedly these dread dis
eases llIrked in the foggy
miasrnas Of low-lying lands.
especially the coast. Each
summer there was an excited
exodus Of those who could
afford it. Almost every chain
Of the Appalachians has its
"old settlements" dating
back to before the Civil War.
Some Of these homes are on
the grand style. There were
cottages for the slaves who
accompanied the "flatland-
ers" in their flight from the
fever called yellow Jack"
Americans, too, remember
children choking on the mu-
Gus Of diphtheria, dying Of
typhoid and shaking with
dread chills Of malaria.
Remember the Pest House
Smallpox is not so distant
in our past that men and
women do not remember the
"pest house" This was a
parish-like building in each
municipality to which were
sent those i'll with small poX
and other infectious diseases.
We use prettier words to-
day. We call them isolation
wards.
So, we don't mind the
poised needle T.. and the
quick plunge Of it into arm
or hip. "Shots" are a major
factor in the amazing health
story Of America.
In our time, it appears,
polio is to be conquered. DR..
Jonas Salk, using money
supplied by the March of
Dimes campaign, developed a
vaccine which is dramatically
successful. The National
Foundation for Infantile
Paralysis, through director
Evening star., 1961-06-30
LETTERS TO THE STAR

Pen names may be used u
letters carry 1Driters' correct
names and addresses. Al let
ters are subject to condensG-
ttoH. Those not used iUiu be
returned only tUhen accom-
panied By self = addressed,
stamped envelopes.
Evening star., 1961-06-30
Congratulations

Just a word Of congratu-
lation on the fact that the
billboard control bonus has
been continued for another
two years in the Interstate
Highway Act.
The Committee Of 100
wishes to thank The Star
for its long and valiant ef-
forts in this regard.
NeilI Phillips.
Chairman, Committee Of
100 on the Federal City.
Evening star., 1961-06-30
Answers to Questions
BY THE HASKINS SERVICE

@. When was the Ameri-
can Medical Association
founded?-N. C.
A. The association has ex-
listed under its present name
since May S, 1847, when it
was organized by delegates to
the National Medical Con-
vention in Philadelphia.
Evening star., 1961-06-30

triple-header into space is not just a
stunt to impress Russia and the world
at large. Rather, it is a unique and po-
tentially valuable effort to develop bet
ter means Of gaining knowledge that will
help to blaze safe path to the moon
and the planets for manned Spaceships
of the future. ~
Evening star., 1961-06-30


scientists now are measuring
temperatures Of around 10
million c. by far the highest
achievable on earth.
The heat at the center Of
the sun is believed to be
about 20 million C.
The temperatures being
measured are those Of "plas-
mas, the fourth state oi
matter which only recently
has been recognized. 1t is
neither solid, liquid nor gas
but consists of elementary
particles, electronS and pro.
tons, which are not ever
organized into atoms, to say
nothing Of molecules. Such
q state Of matter can exist
only at extre m ely high
temperatures.
The accomplishment has
just been reported through
the Office Of Naval Research
by DR.. A. c. Kolb Of the lab
oratory staff.
PlaSma, Of course, cannot
be kept in any material con-
tainer. It would melt in q
fraction of a second any
material known on earth
Instead, the Naval Labora-
tory physicists are able tc
confine it briefly in so-called
magnetic bottles" two mag
netic fields acting equal and
opposite to each other
through which the very hot
plasma cannot penetrate
The two fields must be very
intense.
Collisions Produce X-Rays
Due to the extreme heat
the agitation-movement OF
particles in any plaSma
must be very high. They con-
Stantly are colliding with
each other and the collisions
produce X-rays. These can
be detected by appropriate
instruments.
The greater the heat the
more violent the collisions
and the more intense the X
rays created. Thus the heat
can be determined by the
intensity of the resulting
X-ray spectrum.
Actually, DR.. Kolb says,
the temperature measure
mentS are quite precise. The
work is essential, he said, to
better understanding of
plaSma phenomena which
promises to play a considera-
BILE part in both the physics
and astronomy of the future
4 y + 4
A new kind Of engine-the
"thermionic energy con-
verter"-now is being devel-
oped by Navy engineers.
1t offers a potential for
various naval applications of
an absolutely silent, highly
reliable, highly efficient,
compact, light and simple
means Of energy production, 50
according to an Office of
Naval Research report.
To date it actually has
been made to work in two
distinct types, but on a quite
small scale. 1t may be years,
however, before any large
scale application is possible,
so complex are some Of the
problems involved, according
to ]. j. Connolly, jr., of the
ONR power research branch.
The prospects seem so good,
however, that a fundamental
research program for its fur
ther development now is
Evening star., 1961-01-07
BY Peter Loins
TY KEY PREYIEWS

Perry MasonThe of the Envous Editor" Murder in
the magazine world offers locale for interesting
tale It's complicated affair about rather Shiny pub
Usher who is donen and features pretty girls like Sara
Shane and Barbara Lawrence. 7:30 pm, WTOP-9.
from the East" Charles Laughton gives
the series lift tonight playing missionary who help
ing the free Chinese The only unbelievable thing about
pm, WTOP-9.
Leave 1t to BeaverTeachers Daughter delightful show
particularly because of the between high school
students Way Ceaver and wise guy Eddie Haskell Eddie
figures fellow should take out girl with good con-
nectons and tries to straighten out his buddy Waly
$50 pm. WMAL-7.
The Nations Future-"Should Public Employees Have the
Right to Striker" This highly charged question involving
public policy and responsibility the subject Of debate
Evening star., 1961-01-07

The audience shared the
spotlight with Go1redo Pc
trassi at the Library Of Con-
gress last night. That part Of
the former that objected to the
latter sat and chuckled, not
loudly. but none the less open
ly. When the no-sayers gather
more courage and dare to shout
their disapproval at the end as
well as snigger 1t in the middle,
news will be made. and I think
the art will be furthered.
PetrasSi, the cause Of the
fuss, was born In 1904. but has
had little American reputation
until only q short time ago
His new String Trio. commis-
stoned by the Coolidge Foun-
dation and given its premiere
last night, seems to be a strict
serial composition, though one
can never be sure Of this with
out a careful analysis Of the
score. It is influenced by We
bern, no doubt, and 1t makes
ample use Of the entire range
Of string effects. Yet these
effects, which caused most Of
the laughter, are not as fal
out as all that. Bartok's Fourth
Quartet, q piece that ought tt
be reasonably familiar to
Library audience. has them
all.
Those Of US who vote "yes,
and there were many, were
impressed by the clarity oi
texture Of this highly disso-
nant work. and by the ex.
traordinary use Of what one o.
the people at the library called
organized improvisation" This
curious phrase is intended tc
convey the idea that variou,
motifs and occasional varied
repetitions Of larger sections
are skillfully woven into
structure what at first appear.
almost entirely rhapsodic. The
performance seemed expert
and I should like to hear the
trio again as soon as possible
PetrasSi was the center OF
the evening and he properly
overshadowed the two piano
trios. The performances fell
into that strange area Of the
quality scale where the listener
finds himself annoyed not be-
cause they are bad but because
they are good enough fol
minor flaws assume major pro.
portions.