davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-12-24
Reserves:
The eFuture?

The Reserve Officers AssOcia-
iton last week accused Defense
Secretary Mcnamara of permit
ting a national libel" against
reservists called to duty to go
unchallenged.
AS the controversy over the cold
war Gallup of more than 10000
military reServists has ragged in the
last few weeks, the complaining,
some of it legitimate and some
petty, of a small, unhappy mi
nority, has raised a question about
the future role and size Of the
reserve forces.
Most of the attention has been
directed, by the Pentagon and the
public, to the National Guard and
Army Reserve.
Stung by the furor in the press,
stirred to some extent by few
members of Congress, the Penta-
gon made its own investigation OF
the quickie mobilization. It found
that it was not as smooth or as
simple it had expected it to be.
There were shortages, although
not serious, of equipment and
housing. And there were complica-
tionS. A number of hardship"
cases were ignored; there were ex-
amples of make work" duties
and there was an apparent lack of
understanding on the part of a
substantial number of reservists,
particularly the non drill pay
filters" as to why they were called.
The White House was reported
Evening star., 1961-12-24
Why Albania Could Denounce Khrushchev

mania and Bulgaria, they were
not put in power by the Soviet
army. Hence they feel less CRATE
full to Moscow and are less willing
to take orders from Moscow.
2. The Soviet Union never sue
ceeded in these three countries
in getting control of the key CEN
ters of power - the Communist
Party, the police, and the army.
These regimes remained under To-
cal leaders, Hoxha, Mao and Tito,
who were strongly nationalistic
and who had the loyalty of their
Subordinates.
3. Russia has purged the lead
ers of all the Communist coun-
tries Of Eastern Europe except
Albania and Yugoslavia. Russia
tried to purge Hoxha and Tito,
but failed. Mao also weathered
Moscow's maneuvers against him.
4. Albania and Yugoslavia have
no common frontiers with Rus
Sia. Hence it is difficult for
Russia to exert its influence di-
rectly on these countries. China
is simply too big and powerful
to be bossed around by Moscow.
S. All three countries agree on
the basic principle that each
Communist country should have
the right to determine its own
foreign and domestic policies in
stead of blindly taking orders
from Russia.
Similar Grievances
In these ways the -lbanian,
Chinese, and Yugoslav regimes are
similar, and they have similar
grievances against Russia. But
this does not mean that the three
countries will unite against Rus
sia. Their differences are too
numerous and too fundamental:
/. Hoxha's hatred of Tito ex-
ceeds even his hatred for Khru-
shchev. In fact, one Of Hoxha's
chief complaints against Khru-
shchev was his attempt to patch
up the Russian -Yogoslav quar-
rel. Mao also has been consist
emily hostile toward Tito.
2. There are important ideolog-
ical differences between Yugo-
slavia and the other two coun-
tries. Yugoslav communism has
been somewhat reformed since
1948, whereas the Chinese and AL
banian Communists follow a
more extreme, dogmatic line in
both domestic and foreign poll
cies.
8. YugoSlavia has relatively
friendly relations with the United
States, while Communist China
and Albania are violently hostile.
4. Tito enthusiastically sup
ports Khrushchev's policy of So
called peaceful co-eXistence"
while Mao and Hoxha oppose it.
For all these reasons it seems
inconceivable that Albania or
China will form any kind of al
lance with Yugoslavia. No three
power Communist bloc can be
expected.
Evening star., 1961-12-24
The National Scene

ton" reservists make to national
security.
There was a distinct feeling in
Washington as the week ended
that neither the Pentagon, nor the
ROA nor Congress has said the
last word about the matter. In
fact, another major legislative
battle is in prospect for January
when the House Armed Services
Committee begins its annual mill
tary posture" hearings.
Meanwhile, the Army was dis
tributing a new pamphlet entitled,
why Me?" which sought to ex-
plain to the reservists the reasons
and policies behind the recent
partial mobilization.
Evening star., 1961-12-24
BY EDWARD SARATOV

DO you know our literature?
Which Of our contemporary
American writer's are most pop
ular in the Soviet Union?
What books by American authors
can be bought in your book
stores?
was piled with these and SINH
lar questions by. Americans dur
ing my year as an exchange stu
dent at Yale. And my replies
invariably evoked surprise and
skepticism. My American friends
found it hard to believe that So
Wet people know so much about
American literature.
Books by American writer's
stand high on the list of trans
lated fiction in our country. AS
many as 243 titles by American
authors have been published dur
ing the 43 years Of Soviet govern
ment. Moreover, these books
have been translated into so of
the languages spoken in the So
Wet Union and published in a
total of 100, ,220, 900 copies.
Low Prices and Loree Editions
The eight volumes Of the re-
Gently published Collected Works
of Jack London in a handsome
hard-cover edition cost eight
rubles 80 kopecks-a about ten dol
lars. Low prices and big editions
make books accessible to the
large reading public. Editions Of
the works of o. Henry, Upton
Sinclair, Mitchell Wilson, Erskine
Caldwell and Ernest Hemingway
are bought up as soon as they
appear in the bookshops. Hem
ingway is a favorite with Soviet
readers for his consummate skill
as a story-teller and his unique
ability to convey emotion with
out ponderous moralizing. A
two-volume edition of his works
was published in 1859. John
Steinbeck is also widely read.
As for Jack London, no other
American writer can begin to
compete with him for our read
ers' favor. His stirring, roman
tic tales of strong -willed and
courageous men fighting nature
single handed are especially be-
loved by Soviet young people. Jack
London's books have been pub
lished in 704 editions in a total
printing of % million copies.
After him comes Mark Twain,
with IL million copies; and Theo-
dore Dresser, with more than II
million.
In the past few years the State
Literary Publishers and Foreign
Literature Publishing House have
increased their editions Of Ameri-
can literature. The State Liter
ary Publishers put on a 12-vol-
ume edition of Dreiser's Collected
Works, the Selected Works of Ed
gar Allan Poe, a two-volume o.
Henry, Main Street and Babbitt
by Sinclair Lewis, and eight vol
umes of the new 12-volume edi-
ton of Mark Twain's Collected
Works, the largest ever issued in
the Soviet Union or anywhere
else.
The Foreign Literature Pub
fishing House listed "a titles by
American authors in its 1860
Evening star., 1961-12-24
lahore Deodline

First. the party itself was re-
uuired to sign up by November 20.
1t did not. Then, the leaders were
to have registered by November
80. They did not. Last Wednes-
day, time ran out for 10000 or so
rank-and- members. Not
single one registered, although the
threat of $4,000 fine and five
years in prison hung over them
for every day that passed after the
deadline.
A Federal grand jury here in
dicted the party on December l
for its failure to register. But no
concrete plan for action against
individual members has yet been
decided upon.
One thing appears clear, how
ever, and that is that another long
legal battle faces the Justice De-
partment with little assurance
that, at the end of the road, the
Supreme Court will uphold the
constitutionality of the key pro-
visions discussed above.
Evening star., 1961-12-24
BY GERALD WARING
Contributing Writer

OTTAWA.-With scientific COM
petition between nations largely a
test of who can kill more people
most quickly, there's a scientific
rivalry between Canada and the
United States that seems refresh
ingly and encouragingly out Of
date. It's a race to see who can
dig the better hole.
Off the California coast, 7 miles
under the sea. American scien-
fists will drill into the ocean
floor next year in an effort to
pierce the earth's crust and re-
cover specimens of the mantle, the
white" of the earth egg.
And In Canada scientists will
drill in quest of the mantle in four
areas, two of which are believed
to be craters caused by the earth's
collision with meteors millions of
years ago. One of them, 300 miles
across, is now part of Hudson Bay.
The other, 200 miles in diameter,
is part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
The American operation is the
Mohole project, a scientific spec
tacular that is intended to pro-
duce the deepest hole ever drilled.
Under the oceans the earth's crust
is believed to be between 5 and
10 miles thick, and while the site
for Mohole was selected in the ex-
pectation that there the crust will
be Of minimum thickness, hole
even S miles deep will set new
record.
The Canadian operation is much
less spectacular, much less costly,
but is said by experts to have at
Evening star., 1961-12-24
Whot Soved Hoxho
Canadian Quest
For Earth Mantle

least an equal chance Of success.
Partly it is based on the premise
that two circular depressions in
the Canadian topography are &C
tually meteor craterS comparable
to those on the moon, and the be-
lief that the impact of large me-
teors must have shattered the
earth's crust down to the mantle.
Much of the broken crust was
splashed out over the surrounding
countryside, the scientists theo-
rize. Therefore, they believe, the
remaining overburden or crust
must be relatively thin, and rocky
material from the mantle must
have intruded upwards to replace
the crust that was spewed out.
But Canadian hopes are only
partly based on the still unproven
theory that these are indeed
meteor craters. More certain re-
suits are indicated in two other
areas where there is geological
proof that material from the
mantle extruded upwards through
huge faults or cracks in the
earth's crust.
Plans call for diamond drilling
10,O00-foot hole into the "Muskox
mantle intrusion" near Cop
permine, on the western Arctic
coast. This is considered the
worlds best exposed sample Of
mantle material. And at Mount
Albert, on Quebec's Gaspe PENN
sula, the scientists will drill TO-
500 feet in the hope of driving
their drill bit into the mantle,
which is believed to be particu-
larly near the surface in that
area.
Evening star., 1961-12-24
To Prevent Fight

Mr.. Gilpatric had said that the
reservists have not oriented
themselves to the thought that
they are called up to prevent a
fight rather than to fight"
The ROA had a comment on
that. Declaring that this was the
first time Reserves were called up
as a deterrent force-a radical
change of policy" requiring care
full explanation and indoctrina-
tion-it said that the real need"
for orientation is in the Defense
Department and added:
THE impatience expressed with
the Reserves reflects a long exist
ing need for greater attention and
understanding of their character.
They are human beings-not num-
bers, nor checkers-nor even en-
ployes."
The Pentagon reaction to the
bitter attack by ROA was the is
suance of a mollifying-type state
ment in which it said was fully
convinced Of the Importance and
capabilities Of the Reserve system
and the indispensable contribu-
Evening star., 1961-12-24

for power and made himself
master of Albania.
All went we'll for Hoxha until
Stain died. In 1855 Khrushchev
flew to Yugoslavia. apologized to
Tito for the errors of Stain, and
welcomed Yugoslavia back into
the Soviet camp.
Tito agreed to end the quarrel
with Russia, but demanded the
demotion of some Of the most
virulent anti-Titoists, including
Hoxha. Tito and Khrushchev
probably tried to get the Al
banian Communists to remove
Hoxha. but Hoxha's control Of
Albania was by this time too
strong.
KhruShchev's reconciliation
with Tito was not the only thing
he did to antagonize Hoxha.
Khrushchev's denunciation Of
Stain and the cult Of person.
ality" was, by implication, a crit
icism of the "cult Of Hoxha" in
Albania. Furthermore, Khru-
shchev's program inside Russia
of weakening the power Of the
secret police, making concessions
to the peasants. and permitting
slightly more freedom of express
sion contrasted sharply with
Hoxha's policies in Albania,
where rigid, repressive, Stalinism
continued to hold sway.
Khrushchev's foreign policies
also displeased HoXha. Khru-
shchev's talk Of peaceful CO.
existence" with the capitalist
Evening star., 1961-12-24
Latin America:
New Regime

Opposition leaders in the Do
minican Republic last week ac-
cepted President Balaguer's plan
to establish a provisional gov
ernment until elections are held.
Agreement was unanimous last
week that President Kennedy's
week end visit to South America
was a success. In the negative
way that such trips are judged,
there were no riots, no stone
throwers, and no bombs. The only
i'll effects seemed to be bad cold
that Mr.. Kennedy picked up in
the variable Venezuelan and Col
ombian climates.
A partial reason for the lack
of trouble was undoubtedly the
large number of security forces
that were present to avoid a re-
petition of the Nixon Stoning in
1858. But officials in Washington
and in Latin America preferred to
believe that the cheering, enthu-
siastic crowds, were response to
Evening star., 1961-12-24
Revised Thinking

This was the background as
Deputy Defense Secretary Gil
patric disclosed 10 days ago that
the Pentagon was revising" its
thinking as to the long-range plan
for eservists-the indication be-
ing that the Pentagon might not
again call them up for cold-war
crises but build up its regular
forces instead. Reservists would be
used generally for a hot war
mobilization.
Reports, believed to be reliable,
said that the 10 Army Reserve di-
visions were being considered for
elimination. Some Of the National
Guards q divisions also were said
to be slated for surgery, if not
interment.
Taken all together, the situation
was too much for the Reserve Of
ficers Association, whose potency
on Capitol Hill-175 members Of
Congress belong to ROA, is far
greater than its $4,000 member
ship might indicate. It fired its
broadside on Thursday and its No.
/ target was Defense Secretary
Mcnamara.
The ROA, in what it called a
white paper" charged the Secre-
tary with "bypassing" the Reserve
Forces Policy Board and of failing
to heed congressional advice on
how to carry out the partial mo-
bilization. Defending the re-
servists' performance, the state
ment said:
"Yet the administration Of the
Gallup and the attendant distor-
ton of both the performance and
the character of the Reserve ac-
complistment has created a wide
spread national libel. It is un-
fortunate that the Secretary Of
Defense has permitted to go un-
. challenged many public miscon-
ceptions about this program"
Evening star., 1961-12-24

tory the region Of Kosmet,
which contains about 100000 AL
banians. During World War II
the Italians gave the region to
Albania, but after the war Tito
took Kosmet back. Thus more
than one third of the Albanian
people are still living under
Yugoslav rule.
Furthermore, Tito seems to
have had ambitions to annex all
Albania. Stain apparently went
along with this idea at first.
since he didn't even invite AL
bania to participate in the found
ing of the Cominform (Commu-
mist Information Bureau in
1947. According to one Yugo-
slav Communist, Stain said:
"Yugoslavia is free to swallow
Albania any time that it wishes
to do So"
Tito might well have "swal-
lowed" Albania if it had not been
for the bitter dispute between
him and Stain that broke into
the open in l948. Feeling that
Tito was getting too independent.
Stain publicly denounced him as
a traitor to MarXism and BAN
ished him from the Soviet bloc.
Whot Soved Hoxho
The Tto-Stalin feud saved
Hoxha. He Immediately joined
in the barrage Of Communist at
tacks on Tito. Siding with Sta
lin, Hoxha eliminated his rivals
Evening star., 1961-12-24

defy the Russian Bear and suffer
the consequences election from
the Soviet bloc The Dragon is
Communist China. which openly
took the side of Albania in a
dispute that has split the Com
munist world wide open.
China acted as she did because
RuSSia'S denunciation of Albania
was in reality thinly disguised
attack on China herself. The
breaking off of diplomatic rela-
tions between Russia and AL
bania Is simply one by-product
of the Sino-Soviet dispute that
has been simmering behind the
scenes for several years.
What led Enver Hoxha, Com
munist boss of the most insignifi-
cant of the East European Satel-
lites. to defy Moscow? The answer
lies primarily in HoXha's fear and
hatred of two people Josef Tito
Of Yugoslavia and Nikita Khru-
shchev of Russia.
Hoxha's enmity toward Tito
has long history. During World
War II, Titos Partisans helped
form Communist resistance
bands in neighboring Albania,
and after the war Tito used his
superior power to make Albania
a satellite of Yugoslavia. The Al
banian economy, communist
Party. police and army. were to
a large extent led by Yugoslav
advisers and by Albanian Com
munists friendly toward Tito.
Charged Interference
Hoxha, as the top leader Of
the Albanian Communist regime,
disliked Yugoslavia's interference
in Albanian internal affairs, since
he wanted to run Albania him
self, as his own private domain.
In fact, HoXhas resentment
toward Tito was very similar to
the resentment which Tito felt
toward Stain because of Russian
meddling in Yugoslav affairs.
When HoXha showed himself
unwilling to take dictation from
Tito. the Yugoslavs intrigued
within the Albanian Communist
Party to have Hoxha removed
from power.
Albania and Yugoslavia also
had bitter conflict over terri
Evening star., 1961-12-24

world, his advocacy Of easing in
ternational tensions, his trip to
the United States, and his pro-
posal for disarmament in the
Balkans all seemed to Hoxha to
be a betrayal Of revolutionary
Marxism.
If only Hoxha had opposed his
policies, Khrushchev would not
have worried. But many other
Communists, both among the So
Wet leadership and in other
countries, likewise felt that Sta
Inns policies had been correct and
Khrushchev's wrong. Most i'm
portant, Communist China's Mao
Tse-Tung disagreed with both
Khrushchev's theological pro-
nouncements and his specific
policies.
'Hote America compoisn
While Khrushchev journeyed
to America and. on occasion,
praised Mr.. Eisenhower as a man
of peace. Communist China en-
gagged in an unrelenting hate
America" campaign. While
Khrushchev arranged summit
meetings with Western leaders,
Mao rejected any dealings with
the "imperialist warmongers."
And while Khrushchev spoke at
the United Nations. Communist
China sat on the sidelines. not
even a member of the world as
sembly.
China also has other, more spe-
Evening star., 1961-12-24

to be quite unhappy about the
whole thing. And with Republican
Congressman jumping into the
fray. public-pulse takers for the
administration feared an issue was
being built up to be used against
it in the 1862 election campaign.
Evening star., 1961-12-24

SVVtet OHtOH. " IS ClICuluteO IN tne
United Stotes under O reciprocal oeree-
ment wherein U. S. mosozine
"Ameriko" is circulated in Russia.
catalogue. Included were Will
liam Du Bois' Ordeal of Mansart,
Benjamin Appels Fortress in the
Rice, Millard Lampell's The Hero,
and an anthology of poetry,
Hear America Singing.
Still Larger Editions Needed
Interest in American books has
grown so much in the Soviet
Union that even editions in the
many thousands are insufficient
to satisfy the demand. Varvara
Volkova, who heads the Nekrasov
Public Library -one of the AGO.
900 in the country says: I'm the
past two or three years the de-
mand for books by contemporary
American writer's has increased
noticeably. We are asked to hold
more frequent discussions on
American novels. To help our
readers orientate themselves, we
have drawn up annotated lists
Of the best American fiction pub
lished since 1945. Included are
Ernest Hemingway's stories;
John Steinbecks The Pearl and
The Grapes of Wrath; Erskine
Caldwell'S short stories Savannah
River Payday and Saturday
Afternoon and the novel Georgia
Boy; John Killen's 'Youngblood';
William Saroyan's The Adventure
of Wesley Jackson; Albert Maltz's
"A Long Day in a Short Life;
Sinclair Lewis 'Kingsblood Royal;
and William Faulkner's stories"
Readers of American prose and
poetry in the original visit Mos
cows Foreign Literature Library
in ever-growing numbers. Some
10000 EngliSh-reading subscrib-
ers borrowed books in 1860. The
library receives five or six thou
sand books by American writers
yearly. OF it's 226,00O volumes
in the English language, more
than 10000 are by Americans.
Meetings With Writers
The library has had several
get-togethers of Soviet readers
with American writer's - William
Du Bois, Shirley Graham, Err
skine Caldwell, Mitchell Wilson
and others. It arranges monthly
reviews of modern American lit
erature and exhibitions in honor
of such masters of the language
as Mark Twain, Walt Whitman
and Edgar Allan Poe. So do most
other libraries in the country.
The Soviet peoples interest in
American literature it explained
by their desire for firsthand
knowledge of the American way
of life. They want to know more
about the men who fought vail
antly for the freedom of the colo
nies under the banner of the
Revolution, built modern indus
trial cities, were our allies in the
struggle to rid the world of the
fascist menace, and produced
splendid works of literature ana
art.
Evening star., 1961-12-24

Congress of the Communist Party
of the Soviet Union. When Khru-
shchev publicly denounced Al
bania, the Chinese representa-
tive, Chou En-lai, criticized
Khrushchev for washing dirty
linen in public. Chou ostenta-
tiously placed a wreath on Sta
Inns tomb, and left for China
in the midst of the Congress.
In behaving this way, Chou
tacitly acknowledged that Khru-
shchev's attack on Albania, as
well as his renewed denunciation
of Stain. were also camouflaged
criticisms of China.
Despite his attack on Albania,
KhruShchev does not want
complete break with Communist
China. A full rupture of rela-
tions with the other Communist
giant would greatly weaken the
cause Of world communism and
would merely accentuate the
competition between Russia and
China for influence in the various
Communist parties.
A complete rupture with China
would hurt Russia's own prestige.
1t is much more desirable, from
Khrushchev's point of view, to
force China to accept Russia's
leadership. Khrushchev feels
himself in a strong position right
now, since China is suffering its
worst famine in decades and deS-
perately needs Soviet economic
aid. BY openly attacking Hoxha
and breaking diplomatic rela-
tions with Albania, Khrushchev
was serving notice that China
could get the same treatment.
Would Avoid Breok
While China seems eager to
avoid a complete break with Mos
cow, she shows no signs of chang
ing her policies or Of abandon
ing Albania. Both China and
Albania are encouraged in their
resistance by the support they
are receiving from other Com
munist parties. At the 22nd
Party Congress many of the for
eign Communists conspicuously
refrained from indorsing Khru-
shchev's attack on Albania.
Thus the Communist parties
of the world now seem to be di-
vided into three factions: l. Those
who support Albania and China
Especially Asian parties, Q.
Those who side with Russia. and
3. Those who prefer to remain
neutral.
The rebellion Of Albania
against Russian dictation is the
third important instance in
which Communist countries have
openly defied Moscow and got
ten away with it. In the Al
banian, Chinese, and Yugoslav
cases there are many similarities.
Among them:
/. Hoxha, Mao and Tito are
all self f-made rulers. They seized
power with little help from Rus
sia. Unlike the stooges who run
East Germany. Hungary, Ru-
Evening star., 1961-12-24
Continued From Page D-1

officially found that the Commu-
mist Party here was an agent Of
a foreign power. 1t is no simple,
domestic political party nor, it
might be assumed, are any other
national" branches of the Com
munist Party anywhere.
But the registration and penalty
provisions have not yet been
proved workable. Three headlines
have come and gone for the Com
munists and the registration score
is zero.