davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-04-22
Still Not Decided

In his eloquent remarks to the House
OF Representatives, Premier Constantine
CaramanliS Of Greece has declared that
the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall
Plan Of 1947 decided the fate of
democracy all over the world" Mr..
Caramanlis has made this statement
as a strong personal friend of the
United States and as leader of an
ancient and courageous nation Zone
that has greatly enriched the whole of
mankind) whose people have close and
ahectionate ties with us. And certainly,
when anybody recalls what the world
was like Is years or so ago, the evidence
is clear that our country's actions at
that time saved freedom from sudden
death in Europe and other parts of the
globe.
Unhapptly, however, it cannot be
said, with accuracy, that "the fate of
democracy all over the world" has
already been decided favorably in anv
final sense. In their time and place, of
course, the Truman Doctrine (which
involved aid that played a vital role
in saving Greece and Turkey from Soviet
Subversion, aggression and absorption)
and the Marshall Plan (Which was
almost miraculouSly effective in pro-
noting the economic recovery of non.
Communist Europe) unquestionably
thWarted the Kremlin'S drive, under
Stain, to achieve global domination by
gobbling up the free nations, one by one.
and enSlaving them to MoScows rule
behind the Iron Curtain. But this.
drive has not ended. On the contrary.
as Mr.. CaramanliS himself knows onlv
too we'll, 1t is continuing without abate-
ment under Nikita KhruShchev.
In fact, in some ways, the Soviet
Premier appears to be intent upon
stepping up the drive in a manner that
Stain would have been too cautious to
try. Cuba and Laos are the prime
examples of this at the moment,
and their potentialitieS, whether Mr..
Khrushchev knows it or not, are
Supremely dangerous to the Russians,
not less than to ourselves and the world
at large. AS a result, and we have no
doubt that Mr.. CaramanliS will agree. it
must be said that the fate of democracy,
as well as Of Red totalitarianiSm, is still
open to question, and free peoples
everyWhere-if they value their liberty
must therefore stand firm together.
even at the risk Of nuclear war, against
the Kremlin's outrageous current display
OF stomach-turning hypocrisy and
inSolent threatfulneSS
Evening star., 1961-04-22
Eichmonn's Trial

Mr.. Hooley's letter con-
demns the trial of Adolf Eich-
mann on the ground that no
citizen under the United
States Constitution may be
tried and convicted for viola
tions Of laws previous to their
enactment. A distinguished
Harvard professor of interna-
tional law has written on
this point: when Eichmann
committed his acts, they were
in violation of well-estab-
liShed doctrines of interna-
tional law as they then stood.
And it would be very hard,
I think, to suggest that Eich-
mann would be surprised to
learn that numbering six mil
lion people would not be
thought by other people to be
criminal. 1 don't see how in
any substantive sense the
question Of retroactivity may
be seriously raised"
Both the United Kingdom
III 1945 and the United States
in it's Regulations for the
Trial of War Crimes in the
Mediterranean Theatre Of
Operations" and "Regula-
tionS for the Trial Of War
Crimes in the Pacific Thea
tire Of Operation" promul-
gated ordinances governing
war crimes committed before
their PRONUNCIATION. In addi-
tion, among the countries
branded by Mr.. Hooley'S sense
Of justice for passing retro
active laws on war crimes are
Canada, Belgium, Denmark,
France, Greece, Italy, Lux
embourg, Holland, Norway,
Australia and others. Israel
belongs to this group of ma
tionS in this respect and the
law under which Eichmann is
being tried is taken word
for word from the Charter of
the International Nuremberg
Tribunal.
AI,,;,n Co-.Jz
Evening star., 1961-04-22
EIoborutes on 'Unmet School Needs

On behalf of the D. C. Ed
ucation Association, 1 wish
to thank The Evening Star
for the editorial, "Unmet
School Needs" I am GER
tain that I express the feel
ing Of the Districts teachers
when l say that they were
shocked, as I was, over the
action of the House and Sen
ate Appropriations Commit
tees which denied to the Dis
trict the funds in the 1861
deficiency appropriation bill
which would have covered
the cost of the pay raises
voted to all District employees
as of July /, 1860.
The 712 per cent well-de-
served but most inadequate
pay raise voted at that time
by no means brought the
salaries of the school sys-
TENS professional personnel
to the level at which they
should be. 1t is no wonder
then that teachers were
stunned by this recent con-
gressional action since it
means that the public school
system is now short about
50 million for school con-
struction which had already
been approved.
Because Harry B. Merican
detailed so well in a recent
letter to The Star what this
loss means to the school Sys-
tenn, 1 shall not waste space
by repetition of those facts.
Suffice it to say that fail
ure to provide adequate
school housing and we'll
qualified, well-trained, we'll
paid teachers has an ire
parable effect not only upon
the education of children,
but upon the progress of our
Nation. How can the lack
Evening star., 1961-04-22
Movie Critic

By some strange coinci-
dence, my Washington Sub
urban Sanitary Commission
bill arrived the same day
my eye caught a news story
that the WSSC was going
to produce a 15-minute film
in color on Sewage Collec-
ton and Disposal"
From reading the story, I
am still not certain whether
the purpose of the film is
to educate employees engaged
in the collection Of sewage
trash or WSSC customers
who Git is inferred) do not
have sense enough to place
their sewage-trash, ETC., in a
can in the proper manner.
Be that as it may, I ques-
ton the usefulness of such
a film and the advisability
of spending a lot of money
on such a project.
In my work, I have par
ticipated in the production
Of a number Of films and
know their high value when
there is a basic need for ed
ucation and sufficient sur
plus funds exist to do the job.
In the case of WSSC, I
see no basic need for WSSC
is not in the sales-promo-
ton business or the image
making category. WSSC ex-
lists for one purpose alone:
The best possible service and
at the most reasonable cost.
If WSSC has surplus
funds, and such seems to be
the case if an expensive self
glorification color film is to
be made, then I say junk
the film forthwith-and give
every WSSC customer a 10
per cent rebate on his bill.
Lou BrOtt
Evening star., 1961-04-22
Town House for JFK?

While visiting my home
town of Washington recently,
I had the opportunity of
touring the Dumbarton Oaks
estate at Thirty-Second and
R streets NV.
The thought occurred that
this beautiful estate, now
owned by Harvard Uni
versity, might we'll be the
personal home for the Pres
ident of the United States
while in office. There has
been much talk that the
White House offers little
privacy and is not too suit
able as a private residence.
Perhaps it could become
simply an executive head
quarters and museum.
Dumbarton Oaks would
seem to offer most of the
facilities needed for the priv
ate residence of our Presi-
dents.
E.J. Gray
novfoo Nbio
Evening star., 1961-04-22
The Eggs Finally Hotched

Chairman Celler Of the House
Judiciary Committee, in explaining to
the House why President Eisenhower
was unable to obtain congressional
action on his repeated requests for more
Federal judges, said: eve Democrats do
not like putting Democratic eggs under
a Republican hen to hatch" Although
Mr.. Celler described this comment as
facetiouS," it nonetheleSs we'll sums up
the remarkable story of how last years
unhatchable judgeShip eggs suddenly
became hatchable when a Democratic
hen took over the nest. Not ONLY did
the eggs hatch, but they produced dou-
Die the brood enviSioned by Mr. Celler'S
committee only a year ago.
In palmer, more specific language,
Congress now has approved legislation
for at least 70 additional Federal Judges,
to be widely distributed among the
StateS-and in some places where the
Judicial Conference has said no extra
help was needed. Pending in con-
ference for adjustment are a Senate
bill to create 73 new judgeshipS and a
House bill to create 10 of them The
bills swiShed through both chambers
with a minimum of difficulty. In con-
traSt, last year the Senate and the
House both stalled judgeShip bills to
death, after they were reported favor
ably by the Judiciary Committees.
We are glad that Congress finally
has granted the urgent pleas of the
courts for the help needed to reduce top
heavy docketS that, in some districts,
have delayed trials in civil cases as long
as four years. Whatever the number of
Judges that will emerge from conference,
there seems no doubt that the courts
will find work for them. The Judicial
Conference last September had recon-
mended SO additional juristS but
recently upped the total to SO.
Mr.. Celler frankly told the House
that he wants "the greater number of
these judges, shall say, to go as prizes
to honest and good and faithful Demo-
Gratis, with some Of them also going to
Republicans" Is it too much to expect
that most of them will go to persons
qualified for the bench, not because they
are good and faithful members of any
party but because they have the special
attributes necessary to the even-handed
dispensing of justice?
Evening star., 1961-04-22

heavenly objects hitherto too
faint to be identified, or to
use much shorter exposure
times to lessen atmospheric
distortion of brighter objects.
Twin Stars Observed
The tubes already have in
increased speeds by as much
as 80 times and have the po-
tentiality of increasing them
100 times.
The foundation reports a
second investigation using the
image tube which recorded
the infrared (black light) lines
in the spectrum of the suns
corona in about one minute.
When this first was done two
decades ago it required four
hours. The fastest photo
graphic film now available
requires at least a half hour
for the same job.
The tubes, says the foun-
dation report, are of special
value in the study of binary,
or twin stars which revolve
around each other. To the
naked eye they appear as a
single star.
Evening star., 1961-04-22

to our Nation and/or free
dom. Certainly, we have all
learned the value of strategy
and diplomacy in daily liv-
ing. Why then, do we fail to
recognize its value when it
comes to reluctance to re-
lease information valuable to
our welfare to the press? We
are certainly quick to criti-
cize the lack of diplomacy
and caution after the dam
age has been done.
AS a rule, information Of
interest and concern should
not be concealed from the
public; but there are times
when the premature release
Of certain information could
be detrimental to the secu-
rity and well-being Of the
United States and I put my
faith in the ability of the
powers-that-be to recognize
such occasions and act
accordingly.
Mrs. Stanford c. Steppa.
Evening star., 1961-04-22
Status Symbol

Those enthusiasts who profess to
see such munif1cent benefits in the Presi-
dents new proposal for cabinet-level
Department of Urban Affairs and Hous-
ing "a most unWieldy title, Incidentally
may be endowed with a preScience not
found in ordinary mortalS. But we
doubt it.
Even Senator Clark Of Pennsylvania,
foremost advocate, says the new bill
simply elevates the status" of the
present Housing and Home Finance
Agency. 1t adds neither new programs
nor new operations, according to the
Senator, but merely assigns additional
responsibilities for leadership in CO.
ordination"
Now it may be, as the newspaper
stories suggest, that the Senator merely
wanted to reaSSure his more conserva-
tive colleagues in the Senate. AS we
read the Presidents letter on the subject,
however, and the accompanying Iegisla-
tlon, Senator Clark has summarized at
least the major impact with admirable
precision.
Certainly greater degree of CO.
ordination among the various agencies
OF Government which have a hand in
the development of our metropolitan
regions is worthy and important goal.
AS Mr.. Kennedy points out, these Federal
programs for too long have been at loose
ends. In addition, the need is no less
great for the development of entirely
new programs to deal with such prob
lens as mass transportation and the
preservation of breathing spaces in our
urban communities. While the precise
role of the Federal Government in these
programs is far from clear, the time is
overdue for the Government to begin
thinking about them in positive terms,
as President Kennedy has urged in his
message.
Just how this all will be brought
about by seating a glorified housing
administrator at the cabinet table, how
ever, is far from clear. For one thing,
1t seems most unlikely that all, or even
the major, programs dealing with metro
politan problems can be brought under
one umbrella. AS for coordination, is
a cabinet position really necessary if
there is an honest and determined desire
to bring 1t about? No doubt the awful
headaches Of urban living (and subur-
Evening star., 1961-04-22

of the best possible educa-
tional opportunities in any
school system be justified?
Eric Johnston stated it most
Succinctly when he said: "I
think we must recognize that
public education is no less
a function of our society
than public health. If any
one proposed cutting down on
public health expenditures on
the theory that a little
typhuS or a little cholera
among our children wouldn't
hurt us too much, we would
react in shock. l think we
need the same sense of shock
at the theory that we can af-
ford to lose a generation of
human resources on the spe-
cious reason that we can't
afford to pay to educate and
develop them"
Surely well intentioned
members Of Congress must
realize that children and
their teachers are the Ma
tion's first line of defense.
Perhaps teachers are in a
better position, however, to
know how very precious chill
dren are to the Nation and
to realize that it is through
its children a Nation must
move forward. Let us take
a look at a comparison of
the costs of public education
quoted from an N.E.A. bulle-
tin-"Compare the Costs:
Compare the costs of care
for your child in a public
school under a trained
teacher in a planned pro-
gram of learning-33 cents
an hour including buildings,
supplies, equipment, teach
ers' salaries, and all other
costs-only "a cents exclud-
ing interest and capital out
lay.
Evening star., 1961-04-22
Playing the Market

There ought to be a law,
or regulation, to protect the
gullible, and, in particular,
the get-rich-quick who gam
bic their time and money at
the stockholders office. The
proper Government agency
might consider action SINH
lar to the regulation which
protects a mans savings ac-
count up to $4,000 or $4,000.
The brokerage houses, and
their personnel, which are
supposed to be governed by
a code Of ethics, and the
SEC, have a unique way Of
presenting their story. In
some cases it so closely re-
Sembles race track procedure
it's difficult to distinguish
one from the other. Some of
the responsibility rests with
those who prefer to spend
their time and energy watch
ing the ticker tape and stock
market quotations, with the
hope that their risk will turn
out favorably.
We'd have a much health
ier community and a more
secure economy if some of
these same citizens would
get out for an occasional
days work. Besides, contin-
ued speculation in the stock
market might bring a sad
awakening one of these days.
Herbert SOmmerS
Evening star., 1961-04-22
Realism and Space

President Kennedy seems to us to be
taking sound and realistic approach to
the problem of Catching up" in outer
space. Clearly as he has just declared
at his news conference, the Russians
may remain ahead of us for the next
decade or so in certain important
phases of the race, and our country
must therefore try to figure out what
projects, if any, it can undertake, and
succeed in, before they do.
Thus, asserting that the American
budget for space next year will be
around So billion, the President has
explained that I'VE have to consider
whether there is any program now,
regardless of its cost, which offers us
hope OF being pioneers in a project. It
Is possible to spend billions of dollars in
these projects =. and still not be sue
cesSful." Accor iingly, in Mr.. KennedyS
words, I'VE have to make a determina-
ton whether there is any effort
which could put US first in any new
area. E. mt want to start spending
the kind of money am talking about
without max ng determination based
on careful ientif1c Judgment as to
whether real S1seuuSs can be achieved"
The President has not tried to sugar
the pill. Although the United States
may well be superior to the Soviet
Union in theoretical spatial science and
technology, we still must carry out some
years of research and development
before we can have rocket booster
systems comparable to Russia's in
Weight-lifting capabilities. Meanwhile,
the odds would seem to be against us,
heavily so, in attempts to achieve the
first human lunar exploratory flights
and direct landings. In any case,
although he regards it as "a matter of
great concern" Mr.. Kennedy has made
clear that he does not intend to spend
huge sums of money-tenS of billions of
dollarS-on a tripS-to-the e-moon pro-
gram unless and until there is good
reason to believe that such ventures
will succeed and be worth all the cash
investment, intense effort and door
die risks involved.
This is sensible attitude toward
exploring the universe with spectacular,
costly and supremely daring human
probes. AS the President has put it
(having in mind the physical risks and
the enormous economic outlayS entailed
in a program of such Undertakings,
Il don't think we ought to rush into it
and begin them until we really know
where we are going to end up" And
he has gone on to indicate that all basic
decisions along this line will depend on
the study now being undertaken by the
special advisory council headed by Vice
President Johnson, who has long been a
leading figure in encouraging American
efforts in space.
In sum, the President has left little
room for doubt that he is opposed to
crash programs" set into operation
simply out Of an emotional desire to
achieve something really big and
Notwithstanding not yet done
by the RuSsianS-in the vicinity Of the
moon and beyond. The desire is alto
gether understandable, but Mr.. Kennedy,
with a commendable sense of perspec-
tive. has rightly emphasized that hard
realities caution against romantically or
quixotically stepping forward prema-
turely on the roadway to the stars.
Evening star., 1961-04-22
Freedom of Press

Aware Of the effect of
such a complaint on free
dom-minded citizens, news
paper editors are complain
ing Of lack of compliance on
the part of the New Frontier
with their promise for
greater freedom with the
press. This is an impressive
argument, but is it a sensible
one?
From our earliest expert
enceS, we can all recall in
stances when impromptu in
formation caused chaos
which would and could have
been avoided with proper
censoring or reticence. In the
same vein, there are times
when news" released too
soon, or at an unstrategic
moment could be detrimental
Evening star., 1961-04-22
VISTAS IN SCIENCE
New Cluster of Stars Discovered
By THOMAS r. HENRY

A very dense cluster Of mil
lions of stars-a kind of OBJ
ject new to astronomy-haS
just been discovered in the
northern heavens. 1t forms
part of the constellation of
Andromeda, the chain d
woman, and, in spite Of its
great distance, must be con-
sidered part of the Milky Way
galaxy, among whose several
billion stars a quite ordinary
one is the sun.
If the solar system were
contained in a similar cluster
we would see about 10000
times as many stars and their
light would be greater than
that of the full moon in
autumn. Almost literally,
there would be no night
there"
Long Misinterpreted
This finding of the staff
of the Lick Observatory in
California has just been an
nounced by the National Sci
ence Foundation. The work
was carried out under a foun-
dation grant.
The object actually has
been known for a long time
but hitherto it has been in
terpreted as a single quite
bright star. 1t is about "a
light years away (the distance
covered by light in a year at a
speed of about 100000 miles a
second), is whirling rapidly.
and contains a mass of stars
equal to 10 million times the
mass Of the solar system.
Its resolution into separate
stars was made possible by
the development by the Car
negie Institution of a re-
markable new astronomical
instrument under science
foundation auspices. This
so-called "photoelectric image
intensifier, or image tube, may
represent as great an advance
over conventional astronom-
ical photography as this, in
its day, was over visual OBJ
servations.
Essentially an image tube
is an electronic device for
amplifying the signal pro-
duced by a photon, or light
unit. That is, faint light
is made brighter. This en-
ables astronomers to view
Evening star., 1961-04-22
Dayton, Ohio
E. ]. Gray

Compare this cost with
that of the cheapest altern-
ative-an unframed teen-age
baby sitter with limited &C
tivities and no programme
cents an hour and you pro-
vide the furniture, televiSion,
telephone, transportation and
food.
Compare the annual cost
Of public education with
what we spend for defense,
homes, automobiles, recrea-
ton, drinking, smoking, with
the Nations ability to pay,
with the citizens ability to
pay. with the American fam
ily's improved standard Of
living, with the costs of
crime, with the Nations ed
ucatlonal needs"
We can no longer Short
change the children of this
city which like all other large
cities has its full load of
educational problems.
The N.E.A. study reveals
that from 1949 through 1860
expenditures per pupil in av-
erage daily attendance in
creased nationally 83 per cent
in current prices and "a per
cent in constant prices. BY
comparison, in the District
the per cent in current prices
was 45.2 and in constant
prices-1.7 per cent. Yet in
1947 the District income tax
was imposed, in 1949 the
sales tax, and an increase
in real estate taxes in 1850,
1855, and 1857. Is it neceS-
sary to state in whose hands
lies the answer to the schools
problems?
Helen E. Samuel,
Executive Secretary, Dis
trict of Columbia Education
Association.
Evening star., 1961-04-22
LETTERS TO THE STAR

Pen names may be used If
letters carry tDrtterS' correct
names and addresses. All let
terS are subject to condenSd-
tton. Those not used tOill be
returned only tDhen accom-
panied by self = addressed,
stamped envelopes.