davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-09-17
Most Popular Man in German Election

the terrible damage we've inflicted
in the past so years"
The operating principle is the
curiousiy old-fashioned idea that
prosperity is a moral concept.
Prosperity for everybody is Ger
many's duty to the free world and
the European culture it iepre-
sents. Material well-being is the
basis for the cultural and political
well-being envisaged by Mr.. Err
hard, an old-fashioned liberal.
And finally, physical welfare is
the fundamental condition for
that liberation of the individual
he has always seen as the re-
sponsible democratic politicians
ultimate goal.
The idea of my social market
economy" Mr.. Erhard tells every
audience, lis that everybody
should have the wherewlthal to
support himself, to save some
thing for his old age. to accumu-
late the things that make life
dignified and worthwhile and
worth defending. What we have
to do is stamp out every form of
collectivization, every form of de-
pendence that turns people into
subjects instead of citizens. No
body should be dependent on
party or a union or a firm. Mo-
body should have to say anything
except I'm a free German citi-
Zen.'" Measured against the ap-
plause, this is the most effective
line in his campaign.
THE Christion West"
What doesn't appear in his
campaign is effective by its abb
sence. God appears in his speeches
but not Christianity in a country
where the embarrassing ritual rep
etition Of "the Christian West"
has turned the phrase into
banal West German version of
glorious october revolution"
Willy Brandt appears in his
speeches but not Prime Minister
Khrushchev although members Of
his party have lately given the
impression they were running not
against the West Berlin mayors
Social Democrats but against the
Kremlin. A German campaign.
Mr.. Erhard seems to feel. should
deal with German circumstances.
A sample campaign speech is a
case in point. His famous cigar
tilted like a kind OF jaunty lance,
Mr. Erhard fires shot after shot
into the opposition. But refresh
Evening star., 1961-09-17

also absent in Mr.. Erhard's
speeches but for a different rea-
son. Mr.. Erhard himself is i'm
pressed by the intuitive under
standing Of his audiences as he
concerns himself with the bigger
problems of the German and
Western future.
I'm the last three days" he
remarked on a recent campaign
swing through southwest Ger
many, "only one person said any
thing to me about prices" They
want to hear about other things
and Mr.. Erhard wants to talk
about them. The last stages Of
his campaign can be looked at as
a dress rehearsal.
As Adenouer Successor
That political observers expect
Mr.. Erhard to be the aged chan
cellor's successor, the Federal Re-
public's second chancellor in its
II year history, is nothing new.
But the course of the campaign
leads many to the impression that
the transfer is going to take place
sooner rather than later.
The latest Bonn mot is "Erhard
will be the Caprivi of the Federal
Republic" Caprivi was Bismarck's
successor in 1890 and fell to a
combination of special interests
that he couldn't direct or control.
To foresee the same fate for
Mr.. Erhard is gloomy specula-
ton. "I'll be tougher chancellor
than you think" he says privately.
Time alone will tell if this is
true. Mr.. Erhard is not regular
party politician and nobody can
say whether, he'll be able to hold
together a CDU whose members
have little in common besides Mr..
Adenauer and the inertia of their
own success.
But for once the unpredictable
side Of German politics can have
its happier aspect. West Germany
has produced few happy sur
prises since 1949 and Mr.. Erhard
himself was connected with some
Of the best of them. He was right
about currency reform in 1948, he
was right about the entire concept
of postwar German economic or
ganization. He was right again
about the European Common
Market and England's application
for membership confirms it.
Where his toughness is concerned.
it's too early to say he won't be
right again.
Evening star., 1961-09-17

chairman. Of a pilots committee
to devise methods of coping with
possible Communist interference
on the air route.
Il believe" Mr.. TAYLOR said.
that with six properly equipped
trucks-three at one end and
three at the other end Of the
corridors-the Communists could
jam all our navigational aids"
The pilot was referring to trucks
with powerful electronic genera
tors that could transmit radio
beams to block the beams used by
pilots to find their position.
Russia and East Germany have
heen limiting broadly that they
would try to disrupt the corridor
service. They have released propa-
ganda barrages claiming that the
West is using the corridors to bring
"trouble-makers" into the city,
and kidnapped" East Germans
out.
Corridors as q Symbol
With or without the propa-
ganda, the West has given every
indication that it means what it
says about Russian interference.
Not only because the corridors
are a symbol of Western determi-
nation, but because they are prac-
tical necessities.
The airlanes are necessary to
the economy of Berlin and to the
integrity of the Western military
garrisons there.
In June. 1948, for example, the
Russians blocked road, rail and
canal routes to the city-a block
ade that was to last II months.
The famous air lift was the Vests
answer, and in those IL months,
American and British planes, fly
ing around the clock delivered 1.6
million tons of food and supplies.
they turned the blockade into an
embarrassing failure. The corri-
dors alone had supplied the neces-
sites if not the luxuries of life for
West Berliners.
Now the pulsating business life
Of the. city demands more air
travel. Last year, more than &c.
900 flights were made to Berlin
up the corridors. Most of them
were through the southern cor
ridor, which stretches 200 miles
from Frankfurt-about 110 of
these miles over Communist ter
ritory.
Evening star., 1961-09-17
BY WILLIAM r. FRYE
Contributing Writer

UNITED NATIONS, N. Y.-Sep-
tember II. 1861 is major mile
stone in East-West relations. To-
day is the day that Chancellor
Adenauer OF West Germany loses
his principal source of leverage on
western policy in Central Europe.
This is so whatever the outcome
Of the elections being held today
IN West Germany.
Mr.. Adenauer has had what
amounted to veto power over West
ei.n policy ever since the heyday
of John Foster Dulles. He has
been able to rule out any set
tiement in Europe which would
involve de facto or de jure accept
ance of the partition of Germany.
"a Since such a settlement has
been the only one in which Soviet
Premier Khrushchev has been in
terested. Mr.. Adenauer in effect
has been able to rule out nego-
tiated settlement.
In the middle and late 195os
Mr.. Adenauer's leverage on the
West was based on the threat that
any Social Democratic alternative
to his rule under Erich Ollen-
hauer, would lead to a deal be
tween Germany and the Soviet
Union for the naturalization of
Germany.
Warning on Election
Last year and this, when Willy
Brandt and his party disavowed
naturalization. Mr.. Adenauer ar
gued in effect that the West
should not stab him in the back
by demonstrating the failure of
his reunification policy just prior
to an election - the election of
September II, 1861.
The 85-year-old Chancellor had
been stalwart friend of the West.
He had the vision to end the
centuries-old Franco German
feud. He had helped build a new
Europe, one day to be united And
he seemed likely to stay on eter-
nally in office.
So the West continued to give
MIN veto power. 1t abstained from
acts that would have cut the elec-
toral ground from under him.
Now election day has come, and
the debt to der Alte has been paid.
There now can be, and clearly will
be, a new look at German policy.
That policy has been either too
Evening star., 1961-09-17
ingly few Of them land below the

ingly few Of them land below the
belt.
Did you see what the Social
Democrats showed us on televi-
sion last week." he asks his audi
ence. There was the CDU steam
ing along through the traffic
lights in a row of black Mercedes.
And then comes Willy Brandt in
his convertible and stops at traf-
fic light.
This just isn't so,' he continues
to a roar of approval. THE Mer-
cedes were actually taking part
in state visit. And as for the
Social Democrats, they're not the
only ones who observe traffic
rules. I observe traffic rules too.
And besides, / know from my po-
litical experience you should stop
when you see red light"
Ills audiences eat up what he
serves them but they chew it
before they swallow it. While the
crowd and charisma are nothing
new to German politics, a friendly
crowd and gemuetlich charisma
are something new on the Ger
man political scene.
Line on Reunificotion
While the 18th of August, the
day of East Berlin's annexation,
apepars in every speech, the key
word Identification" is conSpic-
uously absent too. But this is more
revealing about Mr.. Erhard's
character than his foreign policy.
Identification. like Christianity,
Mr.. Erhard seems to feel, is too
serious matter 70 be used as
campaign ammunition.
Most interesting from the stand
point of the political observer, is
the absence of references to Chan
cellor Adenauer. This illuminates
at once Mr.. Erhard'S relationship
to his party which to date has
needed him more than he needs
it in return; to der Alte" who
squashed him in 1859 in his first
bid for West Germany's highest
office; and to the future.
For the first time Mr.. Erhard is
appearing explicitly as the aged
chancellor's successor. Future
chancellor" appears more and
more frequently in the introduc-
ton, always to applause. and is
reflected again in the style of the
campaign.
Like Christianity. identification
and Adenauer, the. immediate
problems OF economic policy are
Evening star., 1961-09-17
The Three Air Corridors to Berlin

lane. And like any airlane they
are slices of space designed by
flying safety men to get planes
where they are going with the
least possible chance of mid-air
collision.
Many Hove Stroyed
The only things that make an
air lane different from any other
slice of air are the electronic navi-
gational aids which are beamed
through them from ground sta
tions.
In the case of the Berlin corri-
dors. these stations are located on
West German soil and in Berlin
itself. They send out radio beams
which are received by the pilot
and by instruments in his cockpit
and tell him whether he is on or
off course.
Many planes, civilian and mill,
tary, have Strayed from the cor
ridors over the years. But cor
ridor incidents" make the head
lines only during periods of cold
war tension. When pressure to
get the allies out of Berlin is high,
as in 1948 and in 1859, Russian
fighter planes have been quick
to harass aircraft which even
strayed close to the edge of the
corridor.
Because these incidents are
always possible, planes flying the
corridors are watched" by radar
crews in West Germany and in
West Berlin. The electronic radar
beams bounce off any solid object
they hit in the air and return an
image. This image, interpreted
by radar men. is transmitted to
the pilot and can tell him exactly
where he is.
Navigation Aids
But to the pilots who fly the
corridors, the trip to Berlin pre-
sents no technical difficulties.
The navigation aids are there, and
the radar surveillance is constant
from the East German border
until the wheels touch the run
ways at Tempelhof or Tegel-the
two fields in general use in the
city.
The pilots know, however, that
the hazards of the corridors are
political, not aeronautical.
Pan American Pilot William J.
Taylor, a veteran of corridor serv-
Ice, was appointed recently to
Evening star., 1961-09-17
Foreign Watchers to Help Our Astronouts

accurate determination can be
made Of his flight path through
space. If an emergency landing is
forecast by the results of accurate
findings. the Australian station
will reset the retrorocket timers
to effect a landing off the east
coast of the United States after
the first complete orbit. Other
wise the capsule will continue
few more times around the earth.
Midway across Australia the
Mercury capsule will be tracked
Evening star., 1961-09-17

by mammoth radar installations
at Woomera. The first information
OF the capsules re-entry for a
landing will, however, come from a
joint Mexico United States site
constructed at Guaymas, Sonora,
This $2250,000 installation will
determine the capsules re-entry
position and relay the information
over a direct voice communication
line to Cape Canaveral Control
Center. ...
Loeol Labor Used
Almost without exception each
country required local labor be
hired whenever possible and their
own specialists and technicians be
allowed to participate in the op-
erations of the tracking stations,
The United States in most in
stances paid the full costs of con-
Struction and installation.
Some, like Mexico, provided the
land and access roads to the site.
Special commissions were estab-
lished by Mexico and by Spain to
cooperate with American special
lists assigned to the jobs. Austral-
lans assumed a great portion of
the costs and operate these sta
tions with their own experienced
scientists from Woomera. Only. a
few NASA liaison people we're re-
quired and recently joining them
to witness the first successful Mer-
curry orbit was Astronaut Scott
Carpenter.
Other Foreign Sites
Two other astronauts made
tricks to foreign based sites: Wal
ter M. Schirra to Mexico and
Donald K. Slayton to Bermuda.
While Astronaut Leroy G. Cooper,
jr., watches from the Navy's Pa
cific Missile Range, Alan B. Shep-
ard, jr., Virgil I. Grissom and
John H. Glenn jr., will be at
Cape Canaveral for another
unnamed Mercury orbit test.
The major effort to place an
American into space and to safe
guard him has been performed by
NASA with plenty of depth on
the bench, provided by the Army,
Navy and Air Force.
Evening star., 1961-09-17
REPORT FROM THE IT, NJ .z.
Anew Era on Berlin Crisis

West Berlin. BY mid or late 1852,
Mr.. Khrushchev may have every
thing of importance that he
wants.
The convocation of the U. N.
General Assembly this Tuesday
affords an opportunity to try ne
gotiation on for size.
Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei
Gromyko will be sounded out in
formally to see whether he is in
tereSted. He obviously is inter-
eSted in a German peace treaty
or treaties on his terms. Whether
he is willing to talk sensibly about
Central Europe as a whole remains
to be seen. There are many logical
reasons for him to stall, since
time appears to be on his side.
President Kennedy, due to ad-
dress the Assembly. will try to
build a fire under him. One major
theme of the Presidents address,
in addition to disarmament. will
be Self-determination for Central
Europe. Another will be Soviet
colonialiSm.
Uncomfortable Stotus Quo
This will be, in effect, a threat
to revive an active policy of roll
back-a reminder that the status
quo can be made uncomfortable
for Moscow-if Russia will not
negotiate.
If Mr.. Kennedy fails with this
tack, others are likely to try their
own. Canada is itching to put the
Observation-Disclosures of Berlin-all
of Berlin-before the Assembly.
This would amount to an effort
to force Mr.. Gromyko into a ne
gotiation. The difficulty is that,
once negotiation were to begin
in the U. N. the terms of reference
might get out of control.
The neutralists, too, are eager
to pick up the ball and run with it.
They have substantial influence
in the U. N. Assembly. They are
angry at Mr.. Khrushchev for test
ing bombs in the atmosphere, and
shocked at what he has done to
Berlin, but some of them seem
willing to give him almost any,
thing if he will stop.
One way or another, the i'm
pulse to negotiate a problem as
dangerous as Berlin almost GER
tainly will prove irresistible. It is
one of the condolences of history
that a major U. N. General AS
sembly begins two days after
September II, 1861.
Evening star., 1961-09-17
BY BERNARD POIRIER
Contributing Writer

Watchful eyes of foreign tech
nicians will follow the progress of
each American astronaut to orbit
the earth. These friendly eyes will
aid NASA personnel scattered to
the four winds to operate special
sites needed by Project Mercury.
Last week, technicians at
Canton Island in the Pacific, had
some disappointing news to report
The United States on Wednesday
rocketed a Mercury capsule into
an orbit around the earth atop an
Atlas booster AS the capsule
passed over Canton, the tape
recorder voice" of the mechanical
man aboard was found to have
gone silent.
These foreigners who have been
preparing for the American space
effort share each Americans sense
of personal responsibility for the
welfare of aStronauts perched atop
mighty rockets.
For example, a spokesman of
the Nigerian Embassy in Wash
ington said, "Nigerians have been
following Project Mercury with
considerable interest and we look
forward to the time when the
United States orbits man around
the earth" He pointed out that
local African laborers helped con-
struct the Mercury tracking
station deep in Nigeria.
The State Department negoti-
ated treaties with five nations
to acquire seven sites on foreign
territory. They were ratified with
Britain, Spain, Mexico, Australia
and Nigeria. A Bermuda station
will enable United States scien-
fists to follow a Mercury capsule
during the critical period when it
is inserted into orbital path.
In Cose of Trouble
If early trouble develops, it can
transmit the signal to destroy the
rocket and provide invaluable in
formation on where the capsule
will land.
Another station to coordinate
data in such an event is on Spain's
Grand Canary Island. If, as every
one hopes, all goes well, this sta
ton will perform normal tracking
of the capsule now whipping into
orbit and will have voice commu-
Evening star., 1961-09-17

nication with the astronaut. Span
ish technicians are along side
their experienced American COL
leagues at this location.
Americas astronauts will never
get too lonely as NASA specialists
stationed at Kano. Nigeria and
in Zanzibar follow his movements
across the belly of dark Africa and
maintain constant voice commu-
nications until the Muchea, Aus
tralia station picks him up.
At this point the first truly
Evening star., 1961-09-17

tough or too soft, analysts here
have long pointed out.
If one starts from the assump-
ton that no useful cold-war set
tlement can be negotiated with the
Russia of Khrushchev any more
than it could with the Russia of
Stain, then the policy is clearly
too weak.
On this assumption. the West
should be trying actively to roll
back the Soviet power frontier -
encouraging restive satellite peo-
Piles to revolt, and preparing to
help them if they do.
The RoIIboek Policy
If, however. the policy of active
rollback has been an imposSibility
in practice since Mr.. KhruShchev
built H-bombs and guided mis-
slles, then Western policy is too
strong.
On this assumption, the West
should not continue to hold out
against ratification of the status
quo.
If there is no real hope of a
rollback, the West might as well.
accept the partition of Europe
and attempt to stabilize it.
1t would be a bold man who
would contend that either of these
assumptions has been decisively
proved correct. But the latter
thesis is much the more general
ly accepted here.
And there is strong impulse to
act on it, now that the Adenauer
roadblock has been removed.
The time to do so, from the
point of view of maximum West
ern, advantage, is long past. The
price Mr.. Khrushchev was willing
to pay for Western acceptance of
the Soviet empire was high in
1855 and 1856. 1t is much lower
today.
Tomorrow the partition of Eu-
rope may be such an established
fact that he will not be willing
to pay anything at all for its codi-
fication. The concrete and barbed
wire which separates Berlin COM
pletes that partition. The West
has not tried to tear it down.
The Value Of Exehonee
This fall and winter, therefore,
may be the last time the West
will have anything of sufficient
value to exchange for a security
treaty in Central Europe embrace
ing worthwhile guarantees for
Evening star., 1961-09-17
BY DAVID SCHOENBAUM
Contributing Writer

BAD GODESBERG-Of a thou
sand or more candidates running
for seats in West Germany's Bun
destag today, the safest of them
all must be Ludwig Erhard. the
Christian Democratic candidate in
district ITO. Ulm. If the CDU re-
turns to the new Bundestag with
the absolute majority it won for
the first time in 1857, it could be
Economic Minister Erhard's Isl
appearances in all parts of the
Federal Republic that make the
decisive difference.
Mr.. Erhard may be one of the
incest things to happen to German
politics in years. In a country not
noted for political sunshine, the
substantial economic minister sue
ceeds in bringing out the best both
in his countrymen and himself.
The man who invented" pros
perity, as far as his admirers are
concerned, is the last to be intimi-
dated by it. His campaign trans
fers a recent Paul Flora cartoon
to the level of practical politics.
The cartoon shows Mr.. Erhard's
familiar roly-poly cigar -punctu-
ated figure in a Buddha pose being
tipped off pedestal by the very
same roly-poly cigar-puffing Err
hard. The inscription on the ped
estal reads Prosperity for Every
body"
There are other problems than
prosperity" says Mr.. Erhar6 and
the theme recurs in every cam
paign speech. Prosperity is not
an end in ITSELF" is the theme of
his campaign.
Development in Trodins
From this premise he derives a
number of conclusions. The first
is that Germany, West Germany,
belongs politically. morally, cul-
turally and economically to the
West. Againt a practical back
ground of merchant ships on the
Cuxhaven waterfront he defines
the obvious: That since the null
point of 1948 West Germany has
advanced to the worlds third
greatest trading nation whose an
nual exports total $12.5 billion.
This is our duty to history" he
says. We're dependent on the
free world and we have to pay our
way in it. And more important,
perhaps we can go some distance
this way to make good some of
Evening star., 1961-09-17
The Value of Exchonae

This fall and winter, therefore,
may be the last time the West
will have anything of sufficient
value to exchange for a security
treaty in Central Europe embrac- =
ing worthwhile guarantees for
Evening star., 1961-02-02

Report on Hong KOng-Fom the opening shot Of movie star
William Holden peerng out his arplane window, this
long-delayed report fascinating beautiful city Is
engrossing Journey You'll meet Benny Goodman-without
clarinet-and section of Chinese society from
struggling refugee carpenter to wealthy Chinese business
whove been in Hong Kong for generations Writer
Producer Stanley Fling whose persistence got this docu
menary produced and finally teecas captures the stag
gering extremes in Hong Kong sequences. Chinese
lcitor reminds America You cannot ignore quarter
of the population Of the world" timely report an
urgent and complex problem. pm, WTOP-9
The Ginger" The plot about boot
leggers warning with each other always this
series and it holds up tonight The cast adds further
interest with stars other shows like Michael Ansara
"Cochise'), Brian Keith ("The WeSternerD and villain
James Coburn playing gangsers, and they're beevable
$50 pm. WAIAL-7.
CHS RepOrts-he Business Of Health Medicine Money and
Politics" An informative survey Of the muchpubl
czed controversies surrounding various medical plans
the chief at stake and the basic points Of view Of
those supporting the plans and those opposed The Amer
can Medical Association the focal point Of opposition to
legislation proposed by the Kennedy Administration Ex-
Senator Herbert Lehman joins John L. Lewis and Henry
J. Kaiser in supporting the various health plans Valuable
foow-up next Face the Nation" debate. 10 pm
WTOP-9
Jack Paar ShOw-Jack gets another visit from Actor Chester
Norris and also from that familiar team Of comics, Bob
and Ray. (Color) 1880 pmr WRC4.