davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-06-05
CoIumnist White Makes Pocifists BeI|ioerent

William S. White, in his
May II article entitled "New
Isolationist-Pacifist Threat"
deploreS the fact that "the
pre-conditions for fair debate
are denied for lack of candor
among the new iSolationists,
the new pacifists." Yet the
lack of candor actually ex-
lists with Mr.. White. If what
he has written in this article
represents the best of his un-
derStanding Of the pacifist
movement in America today,
then he is woefully misin-
formed; If he knows better,
then he has done a deplor-
able job of Misrepresentation
and misinterpretation. In
either case, the pre-condi-
tions for fair debate do not
at all exist in this statement.
To begin with, it is wholly
false to equate pacifisn with
isolationism, whether new or
old. Pacifism is the precise
opposite of isolationism: 1t is
internationalism. It does not
stand for America first;
if its position can be summed
up in a slogan, that slogan
would be something more like
zone world.
1t is similarly false to sug-
gest. as Mr.. White does, that
pacifiStS argue that no risks
should be taken. Their posi-
ton is precisely the opposite.
We believe that risks should
be taken, but we believe that
risks should be taken in the
expression Of faith in the best
of Americas heritage, rather
than its worst. It Is not
simply coincidence that the
"sit-in" and freedom ride"
movements in the South are
built on the fundamental
philosophy of nonviolence, or
that these young people who
take great personal risks for
their convictions are heavily
permeated by pacifists. 1t is
the assumption of pacifists
that risks must be taken on
behalf of the principles IN
which we believe; it is also
their assumption that the
Evening star., 1961-06-05

a degree Of political and his
torical naivete in our State
Department that is almost
unbelievable. We maintain
that a policy that has recog-
nized from the, beginning the
constructive elements of the
Castro revolution, that had
expressed penitence for our
own part in delaying the re-
forms that he was bringing
into effect, and offered open
hearted and sympathetic help
to the new government, could
well have prevented both
the alignment of Cuba with
the Communists and the de-
velopment of totalitarian and
dictatorial patterns of gov
ernment in Cuba.
What Mr.. White seems still
not to have recognized is that
IN military terms there quite
literally is no such thing as
defense. He continues to
speak of defending ourselves
through armed might when
the chorus of experts that
maintains the inpoSsibility
OF this procedure grows
louder with every day. We
are saying that there is a
superior power possible in the
mobilization of compassion
and concern, in a policy that
expresses a willingness to
make real sacrifices on our
part in order to help those
parts of the world now in
revolution to achieve both
better standards of living and
political freedom at the same
time. Ideas have never been
conquered by wesponS; we
have now come to the point
where weapons themselves
cannot be conquered with
weapons. It is time that Mr..
White, if he wants candor
in debate. begin being candid
himself about the circum-
stances of the times in which
we live.
Alfred Hassler.
Executive Secretary, The
Fellowship of Reconcilia-
ton, Nyack, N. T.
Evening star., 1961-06-05
White House Art

The newest White House
acquisition is a water color,
titled 1.-THE Signing Of the
Declaration Of In depend
ence."
Comparing this picture with
the two oils in the Capitol,
which I would assume were
accepted as authentic, I ques-
ton that this picture actually
depicts the Signing Of the
Declaration Of In depend
ence." It rather appears
more to me to be a picture Of
the Signing Of the Consti-
tuition"
There appear to be several
poses in this picture identi-
cal with Howard Chandler
Christy's large oil of the
signing of the Constitution
which hangs on the east
stairway wall Of the House
Extension Of the Capitol.
Each person individually is
identifiable in Christy's pic
ture.
However, there is also q
resemblance to John Trum-
bulls oil Gin the Rotunda of
the Capitol Building) of "The
Declaration of Independence"
as this depicts the Commit
tee of Five: John Adams,
Roger Sherman, Robert Liv-
ingSton, Thomas jefferson,
and Benjamin Franklin pre-
senting the Declaration of
independence, which they
had composed, to the chair
man Of the committee, John
Hancock-the first to sign.
Both historical events did
take place in the same room,
the Hall of the Continental
Congress, in the State House,
Philadelphia, Pa.
If Thomas Jefferson can
be identified in this picture,
then I would say that it rep
resentS "The Declaration of
Independence" If he cannot
be identified, then I would
say that it was a picture of
"The Signing Of the Consti-
tion," as jefferson was in
France when the Constitu-
ton was signed.
Mildred -. CrOcker,
Evening star., 1961-06-05

conviction which the Com
munists and people like Mr..
White have in common.
namely that the ends justify
the means, is indefensible in
an age of thermonuclear war,
If it ever was defensible.
Again, Mr.. White argues
that nearly all those who
declare that Castro offers no
great danger to us were in
the forefront of those who
built up the dictator Castro,
with almost hysterical ho-
sannas, in the first place."
There are two things wrong
with this statement. Pacifists
do not maintain that Castro
is no great danger to the
United States, except for the
self evident fact that if he
is conceived to be a military
threat, with a total population
Of 6.5 million, removed some
1000 miles from his base of
supplies, then American mil
itary capacity must be con-
siderably worse off than any
thing we have been told.
What pacifists are saying is
that the revolution that Cas-
tor led and represented is a
far more deep going thing
than can be dealt with by the
highly over -simplified meth
DDS of militarism and cloak
and dagger operations.
It was not the pacifists
who built up Castro. 1t was
if it was anyone, the Short
sighted American policy
makers who persisted in sup
porting the pre-Castro dicta-
torship of Batista, including
sending arms to a man who
was loathed by the Cuban
people and supported by
American business and polit-
ical leaders. So far as Castro
is now concerned, pacifists
and others maintain that our
policy since his accession to
power has been one that
would almost seem to have
been calculated to drive him
into the arms of the Sino-
Soviet block, and represents
Evening star., 1961-06-05

@. How long did the
United States have repre-.
sentatives at the Vatican?-
J..T.
A. From 1897 to 1848 there
was a consul of the United
States at Rome; from 184s
to 1867 a diplomatic repre-
sentative with rank of min
lister specifically instructed to
deal with the Pope as civil
ruler; from 1889 to 1850, Mr.
Myron C. Taylor was per-
sonal representative of Pres
ident F. D. Roosevelt and oi
President Truman. He hac
the privileges of an ambas.
Sador but not the title. OF.
ficially, he was Ambassador
without portfolio"
@. How long has contact
been used as a verb?-B. T.
A. H. l.. Mencken in "ThI
American Language" statec
that during the heyday Of
Babbitry &c. 1905-29) tt
contact was one Of it.
counter-words." He quotec
an order issued in 1881 IL
which an official of West.
ern Union forbade use BY
employees of that company o:
"the hideouS vulgarism Of
using contact as a verb
and commented that the of.
ficial's Indignation had hac
no effect and that "to con
tact" continued to be widely
used. -
Evening star., 1961-06-05
THE PASSING SCENE
South Looks for the LickIoq
BY RALPH McGHL

tiSm and sterile dogmatism
can never be true to the i'm
aginative mind.
IF you poll the masses of
the five continents, I'm
afraid that the average per-
son would have got the i'm
preston that communism is
the great new revolutionary
force. -.
"The Christian Gospel ig-
nited the minds of men when
1t began to be preached in
the world, and created the
revolt Of the masses.
I'VE must restore the prac-
tice Of Christianity as q dy-
manic enterprise"
At st. Louis 5000 pastors
at the Southern Baptist Con-
vention heard q sermon
which said:
"Integration is sure to
come and no. group Of
preachers is going to stop
it. One decade from now
and you won't know the
social order in which we now
are living" the preacher said.
He told the Conference of
Ministers to be prepared to
face criticism and opposi-
ton If they stand up for
their convictions.
"If you're going to preach
like a prophet, you'd better
be prepared to die like q
prophet"
There also were voices
from the world Of economics.
A carefully documented
. study informs the Southern
States that it may take them
rs years to catch up with
the national average in per
capita income. And, the re-
port warns, unless there Is q
quick reSolvement Of divisive,
interrupting influences Oike
racial disorders in work and
education), some States will
never pull up even. They will
fall further behind.
General Lucius Clay, one
OF Georgia'S war greats and
postwar military governor Of
Germany, told q Southern
audience that unless the
Southern States rid them
selves Of rural dominance in
politics, and abandon the old
ShibbolethS, industry will be
loath to come.
On the old frontier, no
matter how far the cattle
strayed, they all finally came
back to the salt Of the lick
log.
In this last half Of the
goth Century, Q reluctant
South is coming to the salt
of the icklog Of reality.
Evening star., 1961-06-05
VISTAS IN SCIENCE
Earth Teens With Tiny Organisms
BY THOMAS r. HENRY

capable Of moving at veloci-
ties close to that Of light
still admittedly is far in the
future . scientific viSualiza-
ton Of conditions already is
possible, DR.. Rydov says.
His survey Of interstellar
flight environment is based
in part on certain aspects Of
the theory Of relativity. The
reader is asked to imagine
two cosmic systems. One of
them is stationary that is,
motionleSs with respect to
the fixed stars. The other is
associated with the space
ship and travels at q velocity
comparable to that Of light.
Other Space Phenomena
Certain definite relation
ships with time exist in both
systems says the report.
From these relationships
Eight from a distant star
reaches the moving observer
at a different angle than the
stationary observer. The OBJ
servable vibration frequency
of light changes also, cor
responding to the so-called
Doppler effect. Thus the
appearance of the starry sky
will undergo a substantial
change for the astronaut."
Other phenomena that will
be encountered by the future
interstellar voyager, de-
Scribed in the report, include
changes in the spectral COM
position of radiation, caus-
ing the aStronaut to see GER
tain stars change color as
his rocket ship speeds to-
wards them. The distortion
in the shape of approaching
stars and effects of dust and
wind on onrushing streams
of micro-particleS, interstel-
lar gas and micro-meteoroids
are described.
Evening star., 1961-06-05
Very Good Beuinnino'?

There is precious little that is either
Illuminating or encouraging in the brief
communique summing up the Vienna
talks between President Kennedy and
Premier KhruShchev. The two leaders
have had useful" exchange of views
on American-Soviet relations, nuclear
testing, disarmament, Germany, Laos
and other questions of mutual interest.
Quite obviously, however, their lengthy
discussions have failed to bring about
spectacular meeting Of minds.
On the contrary, apart from declar-
ing that the President and Premier
"reaffirmed their support Of a neutral
and independent Laos"-a reaff1rmation
that may help to break the Geneva
deadlock on this particular issue-the
communique suggests that no progress
has been made toward working out
acceptable solutions for any Of the key
problems affecting the peace of the
world. Mr.. KhruShchev apparently has
held fast, for example, to his demand
for teSt-ban veto, and also to his posi-
tion regarding East Germany and West
Berlin. And Mr.. Kennedy, for his part,
is reported to have been absolutely un-
yielding on these matters and to have
made clear that the United States is
determined to live up to its responsible
tiles to the free Berliners.
But none of this should come as a
surprise to anybody. After all, prior to
their meeting, both Mr.. KhruShchev and
Mr.. Kennedy emphasized that no serious
negotiation would be involved in their
Vienna encounter. The primary pur-
pose of their talks, as they have said,
has been to get acquainted with each
other, discuss various issues on rela-
lively informal basis, and perhaps lay
the groundwork for later conferences, at
various levels from the summit on down,
designed to arrive at specific settle
mentS. To that extent, the talks, which
seem to have been conducted without
rancor, may well have been useful. At
any rate, in terms of keeping communi-
cations open between Moscow and Wash
ington, they have led at least to an
agreement by the President and Premier
"to maintain contact on all questions
of interest to the two countries and for
the whole world"
Only events themselves, of course,
are likely to show what, if anything, has
been accomplished by the personal dip
lomacy Mr.. Kennedy has practiced, for
the first time, in this limited bit of
summitry. But most of the reports from
Paris, Vienna and London reflect very
favorably on him and attach much value
to his meetings with General de Gaulle,
Mr.. KhruShchev and Prime Minister
Macmillan. Accordingly, although judg-
ment must be reserved, the world has
reason to hope that the Soviet Premier
may have spoken sincerely in declaring
that he and the American President
have made "a very good beginning" to-
ward arriving at eventual agreements
trustworthy enough to promote decent
and enduring Peace in the world.
Evening star., 1961-06-05

were not welcomed by the
British Army, which consid-
cred them trouble makers. So
it has taken nearly $50 years
to overcome this manifesto
ton of racial feelings. By
analogy it should take at least
until the year 1000 to over
come segregationist feeling in
the United States.
StiCkler,
Evening star., 1961-06-05

When the great John G.
Calhoun lay dying, knowing
that his program had failed,
broken by the iron will Of
Andrew Jackson, he is re-
ported to have said, in an
agony Of failure and spirit:
"The South, the poor South,
God knows what will become
of her."
It is q moving thing how
Southerners, who love their
region, agonize and worry
over it. The late James
Street, popular novelist,
said this was because the
South was like a crippled
child. The family of such a
child always is more fiercely
defensive in its concern.
In this time the worst ell
ement Of the South, people
best described in Faulkner's
books about the Snopes tribe,
is raging in mobs. There al
ways are those willing to
approve the mob, even
though they lack the courage
to join. And there are always
those weaker ones, at cock
tail parties, in business Of
fices, and in professions, who
say, I'm glad the mob did
it,"
But the majority knows
better.
While the mobsters, hating
their own sterile situation in
life, seize the opportunity to
release their long pent up
resentmentS and hate against
Negroes, cameramen, news
men and anyone else within
reach, and while the soft
ones look on and say, I'm
glad" life and reality re-
main. They don't go away.
The freedom riders, like
the sit-ins, are telescoping
time.
So are events and the
forces of morality and eco
nomics.
And we do not have too
much time.
A pastor Of q Christian
church breaches a sermon
and says that the way to
challenge communiSm's i'm
age Of "boldness and enter
prise" is for the religious
societies to cease clinging to
the past.
"They are intolerant Of the
1nnovator and Of his mag
NATIVE vision, as they were
in Jesus time" he said.
Everything is subject to
change. The occupational dis
ease Of the ecclesiastical
mind has always been big
otry. Hidebound conserva-
Evening star., 1961-06-05
TrujiiiIo

The passing Of General
Trujillo brings to my mind
an incident that occurred be-
fore the old home of General
Ulises Heureux, president of
Santo Domingo during the
latter half of the 18th CEN
tury. In 1855 I was discus
sing with a taxi driver the
character of General Heu-
reux when the remark was
made by the driver that the
generals great fault was
that he could not pardon
his ehemies." As a few mo-
ments before we had been
discussing General Trujillo.
it seemed to me the remark
was equally applicable to
General Trujillo. HE stalked
his enemies" it was said of
MIN, as his enemies stalked
him.
Later on I heard General
Trujillo make the statement
that If he were to be remem-
bered after his death he
would prefer to be remem-
bered by the good he did to
the poor and needy Of his
own country. I am sure the
poor and needy Of Santo Do
mtngo will on that account
long remember him.
Joseph /. Puente
Evening star., 1961-06-05

Lies invisible UNDERWORLD
Is the "edaphon."
It is the teeming mass Of
minute plant and animal or
ganisms which inhabits the
soil and which actually may
be almost as great, in abso-
lutte bulk, as the total of all
other kinds of life.
AS yet 1t is very little
known. This is stressed in
a report to a world food sup
ply symposium of the Ma
tional Academy of Sciences
by David H. Dawson, vice
president Of the DUPONT cor
poration.
This edaphon, Mr.. Dawson
said, consists Of molds, bac-
terra, yeaSts, fungi, algae,
protozoa, nematodes, mites
and various other forms of
life. 1t constitutes an ex-
tremely complex society with
in itself and sometimes has
been referred to as a single
gigantic underworld" or
ganism. Very few Of the
organisms approach the size
of naked eye visibility.
Injure Crops
Many of the organisms, "
Mr.. Dawson said, "exist at
the expense of plant roots
and are responsible for Seri-
GUS crop losses. On the other
hand the normal edaphon
developes a natural balance
between harmful and bene-
ficial organisms. AS we ap-
proach the control of harm
full organisms we must be
sure we do not kill off the
beneficial ones, or turn them
into harmful ones, by upset.
ting their environment and
possibly destroying their nor
NAL sources of nourishment. "
Attaining a real under
: standing of the infinite COM
plexities of this edaphon, Mr..
Dawson stressed, is a major
job now confronting organic
chemists all over the world.
Equally significant, how
ever, are studies now just
starting on the chemistry Of
living cells.
Behavior of chemicals in
living systems" Mr.. Dawson
said, depends on intricate
reactions in the engines and
nucleic acids of individual
cells. These reactions are
sensitive to light influences
and they occur in SUGGESTIONS
and combinations which are
difficult or impossible to
duplicate in the laboratory.
"A better understanding of
these processes would bring
us closer to prescribing mo-
lecular formulas to fit bio
chemical needs. These might
be aimed to promote desir-
able chemical effects in
nutrition, regulation of
rowth, or influencing
genetic factors. Or they
might be aimed to inhibit
undesirable forms of life such
as harmful bacteria and
viyuses, fungi or predatory
insects"
4 4 Il 4
Some day q man may
travel through space at the
speed Of light-about 200,-
900 miles a second.
When this time comes the
astronaut will see a curiouSly
distorted universe. This is
described in a Russian re-
port by DR.. S. M. Rydov of
Moscow University, jus
translated by the Depart
ment of Commerce.
Although development of
photon eight driven) rockets
Evening star., 1961-06-05
Good Day at Zoo

On May 25, I took my
four-year-old nursery school
group from the D. {. Society
for Crippled Children on a
field trip to the Zoo. The day
was made more enjoyable be-
cause Of the courteous and
helpful attention we received
from the police officers at
the Zoo.
One Of our wheelchairs has
balloon tires and they were
Hat upon arrival. The police
spent a great deal Of time
and effort in trying to rem
edy this situation. We were
not able to fix the chair, but
I was taken to the first aid
station and given another
wheelchair to use.
In walking around the Zoo
grounds. I noticed that our
group was not getting pref
erential treatment because of
their handicaps but were In
stead given the same smiling.
courteous consideration as
the other visitors. This, too.
is much appreciated.
The other times police
helped us are too numerous
to include in this letter, but,
I must say that without these
Officers our trip would not
have been nearly as pleasant.
I feel that the people of
Washington should be more
aware Of the fine Job the
geological Park Police are
doing.
Ellen Atwen
We were very interested
in Jerry O'Leary's article on
the new monkey island at
the National Zoo.
We were at the Zoo from
around 2 pm. until after 5
pm. the day the island was
opened and you will be glad
to know that the keepers
stayed in the area for many
hours after the Ceremonies"
to see that all went well.
BY 5 pm. the monkeys were
all jumping about in the trees
and making frequent excur-
sions to the ground-as hap
py and contented as could be
and acting as though they
had always been there. The
geese, pelicans and ducks
seemed to feel the same way
about the situation.
Let's all relax and enjoy our
little monkey island until the
day arrives when we can
build a proper one. And let's
give well-earned applause to
our good Zoo staff which has
Evening star., 1961-06-05

the administrations proposal and that
the House will accept the plan. Other
wise, the much-heralded program to
protect the $1,000 miles of interstate
expreSsways from the billboard blight
will die before 1t has really gotten
under way.
Evening star., 1961-06-05
LETTERS TO THE STAR

Pen names may be used u
letters carry tDrtters' correct
names and addresses. All let
terS are subject to condensG-
tion. Those not used tUill be
returned only tDhen accom-
panied by self = addressed,
stamped envelopes.
Evening star., 1961-06-05

the enterprise to do some
thing different" when it is
appropriate.
Claire and Tony Conway
Evening star., 1961-06-05
Answers to Questions
By THE HASKINS SERVICE

A reader can get an answer, By
mail, to any question of fact By
writing The Star Information Blu.
reau, 635 F street NV. Washington
4, D. c. Please incloSe return post.
age or selt-addressed, stamped
Evening star., 1961-02-14
West German Enters
BobsIed Title Picture

LAKE PLACID. N. Y. Feb.
"a (AP) Franz schelle. 0
West German truck owner.
has thrust himself sqaarely
into the battle for top hOncrs
In the tcur-man bobsied world
championships this week end.
giving Defending Champion
Eugenio Monti Of italy and
Stan Benharn Of Lake Placid
something to think about.
Schelle started the second
day Of practice runs today as
the only German entrant left
after two accidents IN as many
days. Hans Roesch, No. 2
driver, Is hospitalized with q
fractured elbow and alternate
josef Fraundorfer cracked up
yesterday.
Schelle, who finished fourth
IN the two.nnan races last week
end, came zooming down
Mount Van Hoevenberg's mile
long Olympic run in l:O8.24 in
one Of his practice runs yes
terday, lettering Benham's
course record Of 1:0e.ee. Schelle
was one Of the few who didn't
complain about tricky Zig-zae
Curve. which again made it,
presence felt.
"Oh. mo. ! didn't have any
trouble with it," he said. Il
Evening star., 1961-02-14

got. into It. In time, got onto
Tag all right and came out
fine. That Is all there Is to It.
"Ths track Is i9ery fast. and
that is going 10 help me. /
believe.
II think that perhaps . 1:0e
or l:07 win win the title"
Sergio zAtdini. the only other
driver to better BenIaEn's mark
yesterday, wasn't as pleased.
,"I was getting In too late.
and not coming through clean
"" he said. Zone time. ] hit
the upper part of Zig because
Of Q bad ride"
Neither Benham nor Monti
could hit the record In their
first day out, but Benham said
he wasn't trying.
II don't want to rush things
too much. I'd like to work into
this gradually" Benham said.
adding that he wasn't dis
pleased that he turned in 9
1:O9.4S.
Monti. last week-end's two
man winner. was just q shade
above Benham with . 1909 81.
Swedish driver Yngve Ost
suffered cuts and bruises, his
brakeman, Erik Kahl, banged
up his shoulder and Francois
Lippens Of Belgium suffered
minor cuts In accidents yester-
day.