davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Sidney herald., 1961-09-20
FALL SEEDING OF


With the favorable moisture
conditions that now prevail in
u area, this should be an ex-
cellent fall for seeding permanent
pasture. Judging by the number of
calls we have received on the sub
ject during the past few days, we
do expect a lot of grass seeding to
take place this fall.
In order to insure a successful
establishment, the type of seeded
should be given top consideration.
The seeded first of all needs to
be firm. A grain Stubble field
which is fairly free of moisture
robbing weeds is a good site for
fall seeding. This type of seeded
is not only firm so that the seeds
will not be planted too deep, but
also provides a protection for the
new seedlings.
AS for the depth of seeding,
small seeded grasses and legumes
should not be seeded over one
fourth inch, while medium sized
seeds such as crested wheat grass
should not be planted over one
half inch deep. Too deep seeding
has been the cause of more pas
ture seeding failures than any
factor according to various eX-
pertinent station studies.
AS for the time of seeding, it
appears that in this area fall has
produced more successful stands
than spring seedlings. Fall seeded
grasses usually get a very early
start in the spring and are thus
able to compete successfully with
annual weeds. If grasses are to
be seeded in the fall, they should
either be seeded early enough to
allow good establishment before
freeze-up or be seeded just prior
to freeze-up SO that termination
and establishment will occur early
the following spring. In a year as
this with a good early moisture
supply, early fall seeding should
work out very we'll.
For complete information on
the subject of pasture seeding,
may we suggest Montana EXten-
sion Bulletin No. 312 entitled
SEEDING AND USING PER
MANENT PASTURES. We have
several copies of this publication
on hand here at the Extension Of
flee so, if interested, you may
either call or write for a copy.
BEET TOP SILAGE
With the beet harvest JUS
around the corner, we expect thai
more farmers will be ensilina
their tops this year than in the
past. This practice has been gain
ing in popularity even though
more equipment and labor is re.
quired.
No doubt this increase in pop.
ularity of beet top silage is due tt
its excellent feeding qualities
Good beet top silage is very pal
atable and livestock will prefer i
to most other feeds. Being in the
form of silage, the amount of bee
tops which are fed per day can b.
restricted which is definitely al
advantage.
Here is what Morrison's author
itative book entitled FEEDS AM
FEEDING has to say about tn
value of beet top silage. eth
value of beet tops and beet to-
silage per ton will vary widely, a
there is a large range in the per
centage of dry matter contained
In Idaho and Nebraska expert
ments with fattening lambs, a to-
of beet top silage, fed with alfalf
hay, equaled 1913 pounds alfalf
The Sidney herald., 1961-09-20
PRUNING FRUIT AND
ORNAMENTAL TREES

Sometimes it is tempting to
give fruit and ornamental trees
in your yard a pruning in the fall
after the leaves have dropped.
However, any extensive prun-
ing in the fall of the year after the
leaves have dropped can be de-
trimental, according to Orville
McCarver, Extension horticultur-
iSt. Pruning in the fall will leave
wounds open to the drying action
which occurs in the winter wea-
ther. These harmful effects often
show up, then, the next year.
The main injury that is caused
by late fall pruning is the death
of the cambium or the healing
tissue at the edge of the pruning
cut. The dying due to drying in
this area of the cambium makes it
impossible for the wounds to heal
over in the future. Due to such
injuries to trees as these, don't
do any pruning at this time of
the year. The only exception
would be the removal of dead
limbs which could break off and
cause further damage to other
limbs and branches.
STORING SUMNER COTTONS
About this time of year your
closets are undergoing a change
of scenery = out go the whites
and in come the darks. But before
you store your summer garments
for the winter here is a precau-
ton you should take. To avoid
yellowing of whites or light-color-
ed garments, they should be pro-
perly laundered before storing
following is caused by soap film
that has not been thoroughly
rinsed out, thus becomes more
pronounced on storage.
A process known as stripping
will remove this excess soap. Put
the garment in the washer filled
with var water and add one
half cup of water conditioner. Run
through the automatic cycle, or
agitate for five minutes in a con-
ventional washer.
Don't be surprised to see suds
appear even though no soap OF
detergent was added. These suds
are from soap of previous wash
ings held by the fabric.
CHEESE
Any cheeses that are bought
from the refrigerated showcase a
your market should be kept re.
The Sidney herald., 1961-09-20

frigerated, reports a U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture bulletin.
Cheese spreads, which are
found on grocery shelves, should
also be kept refrigerated after
opening the jar.
Soft, unripened cheeses such as
cottage, cream or Neufchatel are
perishable and should be used a
few days after purchase.
To avoid drying out, the cut
surfaces of cheese should be
covered with wax paper, foil or
plastic wrapping material. Ends
of pieces that have become dry
and hard may be grated and kept
In the refrigerator to use as a
topping, garnish or flavor accent.
Freezing is not recommended as
a method of preserving cheese, al
though small pieces Ga pound OF
less and not over an inch think,
may be stored at zero degrees for
as long as six months. WraT
tightly in freezer foil to press ou-
air and freeze Immediately.
The Sidney herald., 1961-09-20
KNITTING

Mrs. John Walburn will be
starting a knitting class for any
one interested in the art of knit
ting. The first class will be Mon
day, October 2, at 200 pm. in the
Peoples Congregational Church
basement. All interested women
are welcome to attend this organ
national meeting.
The Sidney herald., 1961-09-20

Any cheeses that are bought
the refrigerated showcase at
your market should be kept re-
The Sidney herald., 1961-08-02
CuIbertson News

MI. and Mrs. Erwin Brasen and
Kenny returned recently from a
vacation trip through northcentral
Montana.
Mrs. Maxine Jensen and daugh-
tiers, Marsha and Vicki, returned
Saturday after spending some
time in California.
Tom McCracken left Friday for
Lamont, Iowa.
Mr.. and Mrs. Bert Weinrich, Sr.,
their daughter Jean Ann aud niece
Darcy Schmidt left Wednesday for
their home in Weuatsche, Wash,
after visiting his mother, Mrs.
Pearl Weinrich, and brothers
Harry and Frank.
Mrs. Mabel Amman of Minot Wis
tied with her niece, Mrs. Pearl
Weinrich, Friday.
Mrs. Eva Rea Peterson return
ed Friday from Billings. The Pc
tersons will leave this week for
a two-week "trip to the west coast.
Sunday guests at the Holger
Hoffman farm home were Mr.. and
Mrs. Vincent johnson and son
Paul of Orien, Ill. They have beer
The Sidney herald., 1961-08-02
RiehIand Health
Service Examine
us Pre-sehooIers

Approximately 275 ~pre-School
youngsters have been given pre-
school examinations by the Rich
land County Health Service un-
der the direction of the County
Health Office. The number is
considerably more than the ESQ
which had been expected, and is
not yet complete.
Examinations may have to be
continued up to nearly the be-
ginning of schools, and complete
results will not be tabulated until
after the opening of the 1961-62
term.
The examinations include weigh
ing aud measuring of the child,
and testing for vision. "A folder
is filled in which lists the shots,
illnesses of each child, and the
name of the family physician and
dentist. A cumulative health rec
ord is also included, which will
list similar information, ON a
yearly basis, which will be kept
UP to date during each year OF
school attendance.
Children are referred to their
own family physician for physl-
cal examinations.
The Sidney herald., 1961-08-02
Funeral Held AT
Fairview Monday
For Sarah Yadon

Funeral services for Mrs. Sarah
F. Yadon, 90, were held Monday
afternoon, July 81, at 200 p. m.
in The Community Presbyterian
Church of Fairview, Rev. Arthur
Hoffman of Sidney officiating.
During the service Mr.. and Mrs.
Wilbur Johnson, accompanied by
Miss Margaret Pintler, sang,
what A Friend We Have In
Jesus, and "In The Garden" In
terment was in the Fairview Gem
etery.
Pallbearers were: Sam Childers,
E. R. Poff, Ole Ruggles, Clyde
Salisbury, Tony Rambur, Leonard
Gardiner. The FulkerSon Funeral
Home was in charge of arrange
mentS.
Sarah Frances Medlin was born
in Uuionville, Missouri on May II,
1871, the daughter of Mr.. and
Mrs. James Medlin, and grew up
in that area. She was married to
Thomas Yadon in Unionville, Mo-,
on November 3, 1895, and in 1907
they came to this area taking up
a homestead in the Four Mile area
where they lived until 1928 when
they retired from farming and
have lived in Fairview since. Mr..
Yadon passed away in 1943.
She is survived by one daugh-
ter: Mrs. Manford Sullivan of
FlairvieW, two sons; James Yadon
and Orville Yadon of Fairview, 2
Stepdaughters, Mrs. Pearl Golph-
enee of Yakima, Wn., and Mrs.
Bessie Biehl of Fairview; "a
grandchildren, 81 great+grand-
children, and 5 great-great-grand-
children. She was preceded in
death by her husband, 2 sons and
l daughter.
Mrs. Yadon passed away at the
Sidney Hospital Friday morning
July %, 1861.
The Sidney herald., 1961-08-02

visiting her parents, Mr.. and Mrs.
Tom Nelson.
Mrs. Marie Fryhling and grand
dor1abter Diane Fryhling left
Sunday for woodland, Wash.
Culbertson hospital births this
week include a girl, Janette May
To Mr. and Mrs. Dick Wolff, and
q bow. John Keith, to Mr.. and
Mrs duane Salvevold.
Miss Anne Bentsen recently re-
t,,n1ed from Dana College, Blair
Nebr.. and will teach the first
Grade lat Pesgah, Iowa this fall.
Mrs. Bob Peterson and Mrs
Ted Wix entertained Tuesday al
fine Wix home in honor of Mrs
Don Hunters birthday.
In the Go-Kart races Sunday
Edwin Bertino took first place If
fine A heat race and A main, E
Snedigar of Sidney took second il
Doth events. P. Jarvis of Sidney
was third in the A heat, r. Dia:
of PopIar third in the A main
Charles Trinder of Poplar, fourth
i'm the A heat. In the first q
heat. All Bosser of Sidney places
first. H.. Goodrow of Willisto7
second, w. Sturgis of Sidney third
c.. Laroque of Williston fourth
The Sidney herald., 1961-08-02

Sturgis was first, r. Jensen of
Culbertson second, Blosser third
and Goodrow fourth in the Sec
ond B heat. Winners of the B
main were Sturgis, Goodrow, La
rogue and Jensen.
An outdoor fried chicken din
ner marked the birthday of Mrs.
Ella Gobbs and Darlene Storseth
Friday evening.
Mrs. Ethel Hall entertained the
Birthday Club Tuesday for Mrs.
Dorothy Hansen and a surprise
farewell for Mrs. Lorraine Beck
er who has moved to Santa Ana,
Calf. Both received cash gifts.
Miss Patricia Bentsen enter
tanned Monday night with a slum-
Der party for Barbara Brese on
her birthday.
Mrs. Arden Olsen of Flaxville
was a guest in the Ole P. Olsen
home from Thursday until Sun
day.
Mr.. and Mrs. A. j. Nielsen Oh
Minneapolis arrived Friday for {
visit with their daughter, Mrs
Gudrun Miller.
The Hospital Guild met Wed.
nesday and spent most of the ses-
sion mending hospital linens
The Sidney herald., 1961-08-02

School District No. SO trustees
held their regular meeting at n
school house Saturday evening.
Donna Pentz called on MRS.
Thershia Winhofer Saturday NOR
ming.
Mr.. and Mrs. Paul Winhofer,
Richard and Patti OF .Glendive and
Mrs. Frank Winhofer were din
ner guests of TherShia Wlnhoder
and Bill on Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Duane Diedrlch
and daughter of Wolf Point called
on MIR. and Mrs. E. K. Widman
Sunday.
Donna Pentz, Don Handles, Mr..
and Mrs. Charles Garrison and
1amily, Mr.. and Mrs. irving
Barnes. Joe LaRoche and ldllle
Adams attended the dedication
program of the new Richey Com
munlry Park. Sharon Carlson re-
ceived a prize for naming une
park. o.1oo
Donna Pentz and Don Handlos
were Poplar callers Monday.
Joe Flack and Jesse Husltley
were Richey callers Monday.
MIR. and Mrs. Al Knight were
Wolf Point callers Monday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Frank Winhoter
and Mrs. Thershia Winhofer were
Glendive callers Tuesday. They
called on Mr.. and Mrs. Sherman
Hines and Dennis and Mrs. LIE
Roy Sandal and Vicky.
Mrs. Mary Peacock and Snare.
of Seattle, Wn., Miss Gloria CID
ley of Libby, Mont, and Mr.. an
Mrs. c. D. Gidley of Richey wen
Tuesday evening dinner guests
MIR. and Mrs. Johnnie Johnsto
and family. 80.
Mr.. and Mrs. Arnold Dledrlc
and Lauralee of Wolf Point wei
Tuesday supper guests OF Mr.. an
Mrs. E. K. Widman.
Mrs. Johnnie Johnston, Conn
and Peggy, Mrs. George Min
Georgia and Sara were We
point callers Thursday aflteruoo
Mr.. and Mrs. c. D. Gidley r
turned with Johnnie Johnston
Thursday evening to spend a fe
DAYS at the Johnston home.
The Sidney herald., 1961-08-02
Annual Picnic
Held Sunday By
J~ayeeens, Jayeees

Sidney Jayceens and JayceeS
held their annual pot luck picnic
Sunday, with husbands and wives
as guests, at Richlaud Park. In
cIuded on the program was a
swimming party at the Sidney
Pool preceding the picnic, an ex-
hibition of several rounds of box
ing, with Mrs. Robert Stayton and
Mrs. Frances Buxbaum as con-
teStants, and dancing on the park
patio TO tape recorded music.
At the regular meeting of the
Jayceens for July, plans were also
made to hold a style show in Au-
gust, and to donate SIS to the
baseball program. Clayton Worst,
Jr., presented an illustrated pro
gram on Arizona. HoStesses for the
meeting were Mrs. Stayton and
Mrs. Paul johnson.
The Sidney herald., 1961-08-02

Mr.. and Mrs. Willard Becker of
Sidney announce the engagement
and forthcoming marriage of their
daughter, Norma Jean, to James
A. Hecker, son of Mr.. and Mrs.
Leo Hecker of Summarize, Mont.
Mr.. Hecker is an employee of
the Goodyear district office in
Billings. Miss Becker is an en-
ployee of l.he Security Trust
Bank of Billings.
The wedding will take place
Septmeber 10, at the Froid Cath
Ollie church.
The Sidney herald., 1961-08-02
LIBRARY NEWS
New books added are:
Adult Fiction Chess

New books added are:
Adult Fiction Chess Players,
Francis Keyes; Something Light,
Margaret Sharp; A Hundred Hills
Howard BreSlin.
Barbara Mutt gave five little
Golden books to the Library.
A correction in last weeks news:
Total registration for library cards
at the present time is 1479.
There are 9,145 books in the
library. Another correction wa
book output this year 56,4ll
books. Book output 1859 = 1860
} 1884.
The Sidney herald., 1961-08-02
The Sidney Herald-WednesdaY. August 2. 1858

day to spend a couple of weeks
with her parents, Mr. and Mrs.
Pete Hauck.
Mrs. Alfred Manning is spend
ing several days with her daugh-
ter, Diane West in Great Falls.
The Sidney herald., 1961-08-02
MIR. AND MRS. II. M. HULINGS
TO CELEBRATE
GOLDEN WEDDING

The family of Mr.. and Mrs.
r. M. Hulings wish to extend an
invitation to all of their friends
TO help celebrate their Golden
Wedding ca August IL, in the
Fellowship Room of the Lonsdale
Methodist church. Refreshments
will be served from 3 to 5 p. N.
The couple requests no gifts.
29-2tp
The Sidney herald., 1961-08-02

They have purchased a large fan
for THE main hall and several
smaller ones of the patients
rooms.
Mr.. and Mrs. Ray Pool all
children of Seattle arrived Sun
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1961-03-23
Rockville Flier
To Participate
In Navy Fiesta

r. j. Plum of South Glen
Rd., Rockville, will attend a
First Homecoming of Naval
Aviators at the Golden Ami
versary of Naval Aviation cele-
bration in Pensacola, Fla, June
Gil.
He is one of $4,000 Naval av-
iators trained in Pensacola who
are being invited to return to
the Cradle of Naval Aviation"
for a spectacular birthday party
honoring the Nays heroic fly
ing men of past and present.
The celebration comedies with
Pensacola's annual Fiesta of
Five Flags, a colorful week-long
pageant commemorating the
founding of Pensacola 402 years
ago by the Spanish conquista-
dor, Don Tristan de Luna.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1961-03-23
OAR to Install
Mrs. LOvett
State Regent

Mrs. Eliot c. Lovett, Chevy
Chase, will be installed as Mary
land State Regent of the Daugh-
tiers of the American Revolution
in Washington during the week
of April IS.
The installation of state re.
gents will be held during the
Continental Congress in the Ma
tons Capital.
Mrs. Lovett was elected to the
state position during a state
conference in Baltimore.
Other Chevy Chase members
taking part in the conference
were Mrs. Robert L. Jarnagin,
Mrs. Walter B. McEachern, Mrs.
Albert H. Bruffey and Mrs.
Roger ]. Whiteford.
The Chevy Chase chapter won
the special appreciation award
for publicity under the chair
manship Of Mrs. Whiteford.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1961-03-23

development of the county," 1t
is now recognized, the council
added, "that is a need for open
spaces, the wilderness and
scenic areas which are
vitality important to the phys
ical and mental health of our
ever-increasing numbers of citi-
zens who find pleasure and re-
Taxation in the out-of-doors."
The current weeks obser-
ance, the resolution pointed out,
focuses attention on the neces-
sity of long-range planning to
provide for multiple use of our
natural resources through bal
anced conservation for the
future.
The local observance is being
conducted through a committee
headed by Bob Young, superin
tendent of wildlife exhibits and
education for the Maryland
Game and Inland Fish Commits
sion. State chairman for the
program is Malcolm King, Of
Gaithersburg, public relations
director for the State commits
sion.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1961-03-23
Blair Teacher
Gets Fulbright
Seminar Award

Mrs. Mary o. Enright, 11404
Calf ave-, Silver Spring, a his
tory teacher at Montgomery
Blair High School, has been
awarded a scholarship to attend
the 1861 summer seminar for
teachers at the Institut d'Etudes
Politiques, Paris, France.
The award was made through
the State Departments educa-
tional exchange program on
the recommendation of the
Board of Foreign Scholarships
under the Fulbright Act.
Mrs. Enright will be one of
some 400 teachers in the United
States who will attend seminars
abroad in 81 countries as part
of the educational exchange pro-
gram. She has been teaching
in the Montgomery County
school system since 1915.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1961-03-23
Rockville Theater
Unit Sets TrvOuts

The Rockville Little Theater
will conduct tryouts tonight and
tomorrow night at $3.50 at the
Civic Center Mansion for its
forthcoming spring production
of Late Love-"
A sophisticated comedy by
Rosemary Casey in which Ar
lene Francis starred on Broad
way, Late Love" calls for a
cast of three men and four wo-
men. 1t will be staged under the
direction of Ray Maryman, a
veteran Rockville Little Theater
trouper, who has starred in a
number of the groups produc-
tons.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1961-03-23

a resolution proclaiming the Pc
Rod as Wildilfe Week in Mont
gomery County, adding its en-
dorsement to those previously
given by an assortment of local
civic and governmental organ
izations.
The councils resolution noted
that the people of Montgomery
County are dependent upon the
natural resources-soils, waters,
forests, grasslands, minerals
and wildlife-to sustain life and
contribute to the growth and
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1961-03-23
Rabies Warming Given
By Veterinarians

The Maryland State Veterin-
airy Medical Association has
urged dog owners to vaccinate
their pets against rabies.
The warning followed reports
of three cases of rabies in ami
mails in rural sections of Balti-
more county, the first such cas-
es reported since 1855. The vet
Urinary group said that, con-
trary to popular opinion, rabies
is not limited to the dog days"
of summer, but rather is most
common in the late winter or
spring.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1961-03-23
WildIife Week Observance
Gets Backing Of Council

The Montgomery County Council has given its official
blessings the observance of Wfe Week. spon
sored locally by group of local conservaonsts and sports
enthusiasts.
At its weekly meeting Tuesday the Council adopted
Evening star., 1961-12-29
COTTON

NEW YORK. Dec, 'AP) Cotton
futures closed 20 cents a bale higher
TO 50 cea;s lower today.
A good deal Of the trading con-
sisted of evsnIng-up operations, prior
to the yeor-end
Commission house and New Orleans
ljouidatioa brought early declines, but
most rositionS recovered somewhat
ff0T the lows on late trade buying
and short covering. -
There was some switching from
nearby March to later months;
Selling in the new crop position was
attributed TO renewed talk Of lower
support price for the l962 cotton Srep.
Evening star., 1961-12-29
Stock Prices Mixed; !;
Fast Pace Continues

NEW YORK, Dec. 20 (AP).-
Mixed prices prevailed as stock
market neared the close for
1861 this afternoon. Trading
was very heavy.
Gains and losses of fractions
to about a point were the rule
for most key stocks.
The market will be closed
Monday for New Years. Dis
appointment with the failure
Of a strong year-end rally to
materialize mingled with hopes
and fears for market prospects
In early 1862.
The churning movement,
typical of year-end sessions,
gave little clue except a slight
tendency toward the downsid:.
The top three steel producers
declined. Motors were un-
changed to easy. Airlines
turned irregular after some
slight further response to the
authorization of fare increases.
Losses Of about a point were
taken by U. S. Steel and Amer
Evening star., 1961-12-29
Grede Quits Case;
New Credit Arranged

RACINE. Wis, Dec. 20 (AP)
Milwaukee Industrialist Will
liam Grede has resigned as
president and board chairman
Of the j. I. Case Co., it was
announced after a directors
meeting.
The directors also announced
a new three-year credit agree
ment for the agricultural imple-
ment firm with SO banks.
The resignation of MIR. Grede
was one of two announced. Also
leaving is John T. Brown, vice
chairman of the board.
Named as board chairman
succeeding Mr.. Grede was Sam
uel B. Payne. a partner in the
New York investment banking
firm of Morgan Stanley & Co.
j. Curran Freeman. Case ad-
ministrative vice president, was
elected executive vice president
and director.
: A new president was not an
rounced.
Evening star., 1961-12-29
Gold Loss for Year
Put ut $877 Million

= NEW YORK, Dec. 20 (AP).-
The United States gold loss for
the year 1861 apparently will
be less than 5000 million, latest
statistics Of the Federal Re-
serve Board indicate.
At the close of business on
Wednesday the Nations gold
reserve was $16,890, ,000, 900,
That was $877 million below
the $17,767, 100000 at the start
Of the year.
Evening star., 1961-12-29
CHICAGO GRAIN

CHICAGO. Dec. 90 IAP).-Year.
end transactions on the Board OF
Trade today were draggy at prices
Dealings were limited mainly "a
evening UP positions for the holiday
week end with light short covering
providing the major support in most
pits. However, dealers said there ap-
pesred TO be both hedge selling and
hedge lifting in corn at about even
balance.
january soybeans eased slightly on
selling which appeared to be liquidA-
tion. Dealers said 1t may have been
influenced by the notices Of intention
to deliver on contracts in the pit. The
first notices. issued today. amounted
to l . million bushels.
Wheat closed V cent bushel higher
to " lower. March S2.07A-3s: corn
y higher to u lower. March 81 .lOa4 81
oats "a to u higher. March TN: rye
70 lower to V higher, March S1.37h;
soybeans u lower to - higher. January
Evening star., 1961-12-29

ican Telephone. General Mo-
tors was about unchanged and
Jersey Standard was firm. Ford
dropped a fraction.
Prices were mixed In heavy
trading on the American Stock
Exchange.
Corporate end Government
bonds were mixed.
Evening star., 1961-12-29
ALL EXCHANGES
CLOSED MONDAY

NEW YORK, (AP).-
American and European
8 stock exchanges and COM
modify markets will be
closed Monday because Of
the New Years holiday.
Major exchanges are OPP
Grating as usual today, the
last trading day Of 1861.
although some smaller ones
are holding abbreviated
sessions.