davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Navajo times., 1961-06-14
News of your officials
Continued from page z

and courage. This is the theme of
history. | told the graduating class
of New Mexico State University
Saturday night. mentioned that
even if there were no storms in the
Caribbean, no thunder in Laos, and
no hostile Communist idealogy, we
would still be challenged to better
distribute the bounty of our fields
and the blessings of medical sci
ence to millions, to find useful en-
ployment for every able American,
to rejuvenate our cities, and fully
develop our natural resources.
These demands, however. are COM
pounded by the urgency to be strong
at many points on the compass.
suggested that the Clas of 1861 and
the rest Of US harden ourselves to
the harsh likelihood that the strug-
gle will not end in our ifetimes.
Our young people are inheriting the
worlds troubles. but they are also
the beneficiaries of itspromises
for productivity and peace.
Navajo times., 1961-06-14
Scientific Report
Copley News Service


Practically everyone says that
gasoline and alcohol should not
mix. You practically never hear
anyone argue the point enough to
deny that it is wrong TO have one
drink before you go driving. This
is what everyone agrees upon but
which it is doubtful if many people
actually believe. What they believe
is that it is dangerous for anyone
else to drink before driving. lr
ones own case, it probably isn't
so true, they think. Don't your
There is a popular myth that two
beers will not affect driving skill,
and, as a result, policemen are
forever stopping drivers who as
sure them that two beers is all
they had. They wouldn't think of
taking a third one.
Theories On Capacity Grow
Recently an English psycholo-
gist, Prof. John Cohen of the
University of Manchester, has re-
ported on study he made which
involved not only reaction time
but also the judgement of drivers
after one double scotch and three
double ScotChes.
He conducted a rather elaborate
experiment. He obtained the as
sistance of so experienced bus dri-
verS. He gave them all dinner. Then
some of them had one drink, some
three and some none.
The next step was to put each
one at the wheel of an eight-foot
wide bus. Twelve feet in front of
the bus were two white posts
which could be moved. At first
the posts were seven feet, four
inches apart. They were moved
apart two inches at time un-
til the driver said he thought
he could drive between them five
times in five trials. The drivers
of course, were not told the mea-
surementS.
AhOA AtC Woo AOAuAA CO W PIN
a gap that he was willing to actual
ly try. He would drive between the
posts and scores were kept to see
how we'll he did.
Nondrinkers Gauge Wrong, Too
1t is little upsetting to read
that, on the average, the drivers
without a drink thought they could
drive the 8-foot bus between posts
7 feet 11.3 inches apart. The one
drink drivers thought they could
do it between posts 7 feet 9.6
inches apart and the three-drink-
ers, 7 feet 7.8 inches apart.
In the driving tests, there was
little difference in their perfor-
nance. The nondrinkers were al
ways successful when the posts
were 8 feet 6.7 inches apart and
the three-drink drivers, when they
we're 8 feet 7.3 inches apart.
This experiment. at this point
showed that judgment was more
affeCfed Than skill
Navajo times., 1961-06-14

Glen Canyon Unit, o. do River Storage Project
Arizona-Utah View of progress in the dam and power
plant from the footbridge Concrete placement pro-
gress in Blocks ga and 1O-A to elevations 3135 and
3157 respectively. Bureau Reclamation Photo by
A. E. Turner.
Evening star., 1961-05-23

forced by his poor pay to live in poor
housing.
And he discovers something else. Aside
from hostility from the white man, he finds
he often is not accepted by many within his
own race.
Here's an example Of the type Of at
titude he must face. 1t is just one scene,
but 1t is far from isolated.
1t is mid-afternoon of cold, windy
day in late winter. Inside living room
two men and woman, all Negroes. are
sitting around dining-room table drink
ing coffee and reading the paper.
The older man takes off his glasses,
puts down his paper, and starts to speak.
Now the trouble with Washington is
there's too many southerners living the
old fashioned way"
BY Southerners, does he mean South
ern Negroes?
Yes, the Southern colored," he says
Evening star., 1961-05-23
WAsHNNG70N-cHAp7ERm
NotveBon Are Suspicious of Migrants From the South

Washington, they cause the trouble, they
always have and always will"
What these people were expressing is
an attitude common to many Negroes who
were born in Washington, as these three
we're, or who have lived here long enough
to consider Washington their true home
The Southern Negro is regarded with
hostility and suspicion. He is blamed by
many in his own race for most OF the ills
afflicting the Nations Capital: Crime, well
fare costs, filthy neighborhoods and higher
taxes.
Part of this feeling stems from diff
ference in backgrounds. The Southern
Negro often comes from a rural section
He is not used to living in city. He has
been kept in an inferior position for so
long that when he comes to the North
and freedom" he reacts-or, as the old
Continued on Page A, Col.
Evening star., 1961-05-23

THE majority of them get beside them
selves when they come here. Down there
they're afraid to open their mouths Up
here they'd as soon cut your throat"
His wife mods in agreement; then she
adds her own comment.
They cause the standard of living to
decrease here. 1t works hardship. They
get what the natural-born Washington
Negro can't get. They get food and houses
where we can stand on our head and get
nothing"
The younger man. tall and slender,
the father of four children, picks up the
conversation.
"The colored people from the South
come up here" he says, and the South
erner gets job right away. But we can't
get one. Take the slum areas. About 80
per cent are the Southerners, the other 10
per cent are Washington Negroes. The
ones who come up here, who migrate to
Evening star., 1961-05-23
MANASSAS RAID:
DEER CUTS UP
IN CHINA SHOP

MANASSAS. MAY %
(SpeciaD The people sea-
son opened here today for
a rampant buck deer.
The 150-pound animal
bounded up Center street,
loped into the Hibbs &
Giddings clothing store
through an open front door
and left through a plate
glass window which wasn't
open.
Then the beast leaped
over a parked station wag-
on, entered the partly open
door of the Petersen
Jewelry Store, bowled over
a customer and made like
a deer in a china shop.
Damage to glassware, cryS-
tai and china: $500.
Brave citizens subdued
the deer, hauled him off to
the J. Carl Kincheloe farm
where he was corralled-
briefly.
Leaping the 5-foot fence,
he was last seen heading
north.
Evening star., 1961-05-23
Alabama Citizens Ask:
Who Let Riots Begin?

microscope. it added, would be
needed to examine his sue
cesSes.
THE measure of the errors
is this: These freedom riders
passed through every State
from Washington to Alabama
But only Alabama among these
States has a problem because
of it." the editorial added.
The Birmingham News. in a
Sunday front-page editorial en-
titled I'VE Asked for Federal
Intervention-We Got It." said
"We, the people. let the Gov
ernor of the great State Of Ala
bama, John Patterson, talk fol
months in a manner that woulc
easily say to the incorporate
that they were free to de
as they pleased when it came
to the hated integrationistS."
Plenty Of Warning
No one here, not even the
Federal authorities, is question
ing that local and State Off
cials can handle situations such
as this. But they are asking
why the police waited until
violence broke out before they
went into action.
The authorities had ample
warning of impending trouble
before it occurred. The ar
rival Of the freedom riders" on
Saturday was well heralded.
The fact that a public meeting
See MOOD, Page Az
Evening star., 1961-05-23

military arrangements for an
attempt to land he l,500 at a
point where they could join
guerrillas operating in the
mountains.
Gen. Lemnitzer was said by
committee members to have
made it clear that he specified
the attempt would be success
full only if certain conditions
were met.
These reportedly included
the destruction of Fidel Cas-
tro's meager air force, plus
realization of the CIA's predic-
tion that anti-Castro groups
would rally to help the inva-
ders escape to the mountains
when they came ashore.
Objective of Landing
The objective, it was re-
ported, was to avoid contact
with the Castro army, If pos
sible, and to consolidate forces
that could harass him and pro-
vide cover for possible further
landings.
Instead, almost everything
went wrong. The invaders ole
BPS bombers did not bomb the
airfields. In fact, the bomber'
reached Cuba in broad daylight
when Mr.. Castro's armed T-3;
trainers already were in the air
Mr.. Castro knew in advance
Of the landing site and had
massed his forces, equipped
with tanks and artillery, to
greet the incoming guerillas
His more modern planes ShoI
down several or the World
Evening star., 1961-05-23
Senators Vote
Broad Use of
School Funds
States Permitted
To Spend as
They Deem Fit
BY DAVID s. BRODER
star staff Writer

The Senate today approved
the first major change in the
aide to education bill. an
amendment permitting Federal
funds to be used not just for
classroom construction or
teachers salaries but for virtu-
ally any item in the public
school budget.
The amendment. offered by
Senator Prouty, Republican Of
Vermont, was adopted. 50-39.
1t would permit Federal
funds to be used to buy library
books, provide bus transporta-
ton. pay administrative SAL
aries, purchase school supplies
everything, in fact, except to
pay interest on past bonded
/ indebtedness.
| Senator Morse, Democrat Of
Oregon, the manager Of the
school bill, backed the amend
ment, but it ran into a cross
fire Of opposition from con-
servative opponents of all Fed
eral aid and a few liberal sup
porters of the original Kennedy
administration proposal.
Discretion for States
Senator Prouty described his
amendment as a freedom OF
choice" provision, which would
broaden each States discretion
in using the $3.50 million a year
in Federal aid authorized by
the bill.
But Senator Butler. Repub-
lican OF Maryland, an opponent
of Federal aid, said the Prouty
amendment would put the
Federal Government in the
middle of the school system OF
the United States down to the
point of repairing a broken
See EDUCATION, Page Az
Evening star., 1961-05-23
BY a Star Staff Writer

MONTGOMERY, Ala. May
23-Some painful soul-search-
ing is going on here to fix the
blame for race rioting which
has brought this Southern city
under martial law.
Thoughtful entS o.
Montgomery are asking them
selves these questions:
Why was the situation al
lowed to get out of hand:
Why did State and local au.
thorities not act as effectively
to prevent the rioting as they
did to quell it once it got
under way?
Much of the blame is being
attached to Gov. John Patter.
son. His remarks that tht
freedom riders" testing the
Southern racial laws woulc
come here at their own risk
according to two of the States
largest newspapers. invited the
outbreak of violence.
Papers Are Critical
The Montgomery Advertiser
in an editorial in this morn.
ing's paper, said:
Gov. Houston got rid of the
last Federal troops in 1872. II
remained for Gov. Patterson tt
bring them back in 1861"
The editorial said it woult
take a powerful telescope tt
survey the Governors race rela
! tions blunders. A powerful
Evening star., 1961-05-23

son and for people to consider
their actions carefully.
Mr.. White reported he had
100 automobiles. including some
equipped with radios, as well
as some airplanes to keep his
hastily organized force mobile.
Giving the Attorney General
a first hand report on condi-
tions in the city of the martial
law, Mr.. White said, I'VE were
lucky" in averting violence
when a mob threatened a
crowded church Sunday night.
At that point, only the deputy
marshals stood between the
congregation and the crowd
outside.
For Future Action
I'VE want to maintain our
group and give the men a
chance for rotation while still
maintaining the capability tc
perform in other areas" Mr.
White said.
He praised the collection OF
deputy marshals, prison guards
Treasury Alcohol Tax Unit
agents and immigration anc
Naturalization Service border
patrolmen who were called Il
patrol the streets and protect
See JUSTICE, Page At
Evening star., 1961-05-23
Death Faced
By Prisoners
Castro Threatens
To Call OFF Trade

KEY WEST. Fla. May %
(AP) The threat of the firing
squad hangs over more than
1900 snti-Castro' prisoners in
Cuba today, in the wake of
Fidel Castro's threat to scuttle
the tractors-for- prisoners nego-
tiations now underway.
The Prime Minister report
edly threatened yesterday to
caIl off the talks and try the
prisoners taken in last month S
invasion. He has been angered
by reference to the tractor pro-
posal as an exchange, whereas
he insists it is indemnification
for invasion damage.
"Fidel has already warned"
a government radio commen-
tator said, that if the insults
of Mr.. Kennedy's agents con-
tinue with regard to the in
Identification Cuba demands,
then all discussion will be
stopped and the mercenaries
will have to face the revolu-
tionary tribunal of the Cuban
people"
Change In Terms
The tribunals have sent more
than TOO persons to the firing
squad since Mr.. Castro seized
power in January, 1859.
Mr.. Castro was also quoted
by Cuban radio as saying his
government had to exercise
"all its authority over the Cuba
people" to. keep the invaders
from being summarily executed
Several weeks ago Mr.. Castro
told the prisoners themselves
it would "demean the revolu-
ton" to take their lives.
If the United States insists
on exchanging the prisoners,
Mr.. Castro repeatedly said yes
See CASTRO, Page Al
Evening star., 1961-05-23

War II bomberS, leaving the
anti-Castro troops without air
cover.
Final Disaster
The final disaster was the
sinking of an old Liberty ship
carrying most Of their COM
munications equipment and
ammunition.
This explanation apparently
has convinced most subcommit
tee members-except Senator
Gore, Democrat of Tennessee
that the Joint Chiefs are moi
primarily to blame for the
fiasco.
Senator Gore, who callec
previously for replacement Of
the Joint Chiefs, renewed ir
the Senate yesterday his conten'
ton that those charged with
official responsibility should bt
held responsible for the par
they played"
Senators Goldwater, Repub.
lican of Arizona, and Butler
Republican of Maryland, de-
Tended the military chiefs anc
called for a full-scale congres
sional investigation to cleal
their names. Neither is a mem
ber Of the subcommittee.
| Senat tor Goldwater salt
Americans will stand behinC
the President in his actions il
this matter but they will no
condone accusations against ar
American of unquestionable 10y
atty proven time and time agar
| See JOINT CHIEFS, Page A.
Evening star., 1961-05-23

gomery itself since the Ala
bama National Guard has been
moved in.
Later this morning the At
torney General discussed the
meeting with President Ken
nedy.
A department spokesman
said that Mr.. White and the
Attorney General went over
the entire range of problems
and the difficulties we face"
He said that the 666 Federal
officers now in Alabama are
being kept at Maxfield Air
Force Base. outside of Mont
gomery, on an alert basis.
Mississippi Test Possible
The Justice Department
would not speculate what would
cause the marshals to be called
into action again. But State
warrants have been issued for
the Freedom Riders" who ar
rived in Montgomery over the
week end. Today. they said
they would ask Federal protec-
ton as they continue their ride
into Mississippi.
Asked If the Attorney Gen.
eral had addressed any specific
request to the Freedom Riders
to change their plans. the
spokesman recalled that Mr.
Kennedy has appealed for rea-
Evening star., 1961-05-23
u. ). Worried
ByKorea Ban
On Politics
Juntu Also Burs
Return Of Troops
To U. N. Control

SEOUL, Korea. May % (AP) 8.
The United States Embassy
today expressed deep concern
about the abolition of all politi-
cal parties by South Korea's
new military rulers. The mill
tary junta members also re-
fused to approve an agreement
bringing their troops back
under United Nations control.
ANY step Suppressing free
government processe and
which makes more difficult res
toration of civil government is
a matter of deep concern" said
a United States Embassy
spokesman.
The generals ruling the coun-
try showed no sign of backing
down under United States
pressure.
Overruled by Council
The Embassy also is support
ing the U. N. Command in its
efforts to have the South Ko-
rean military recognize the au-
thority of United States Gen
Carter B. Magruder. AS U. N.
commander he is operational
chief of all military forces in
South Korea.
Mai. Gen. PAX Chung-hi,
chief political strategist of last
weeks coup, told newsmen Ko-
rean forces would return to
Gen. Magruder's control as
soon as possible.
But several hours later the
u. N. Command issued a state
ment saying the 30-member
supreme military council had
overruled Gen. PAX on parts of
an agreement with Gen. Ma
gruder.
This voided the entire agree
ment, the U. N. Command said,
although it added that there
were still some points on
which their views conceded"
DissensiOn Indicated
The councils balky stand
tended to confirm reports of
dissension within the group.
Some marine and paratroop
commanders are reported de-
manding more places in the
cabinet composed largely Of
army men.
Gen. Magruder has ordered
Korean troops pulled out of
their positions to seize Seoul
in the coup a week ago to re-
turn to the field. But sources
say between 1000 and 5000
troops are still outside their as
signed areas.
Gen. Magruder's long-stand-
ing order that general COM
mand changes in the South
Korean Army be approved by
him has also been ignored by
the junta. Eight or nine
changes repeatedly have been
made without consulting the
U. N. commander.
Gen. Magruder and United
States Charge d'Affaires Mar
shall Green openly opposed the
military coup that overthrew
the elected government of Pre-
mier John NJ. Chang a week
ago. But the United States
See KOREA, Page AS
Evening star., 1961-05-23
Kennedy Message
To Suud Reported

CAIRO, May % (AP) Cairo
newspapers today said President
Kennedy had sent Saudi Ara
bias King Saud a message re-
lating to the Palestine question
The reports said King Saud
met yesterday with the Arab
ambassadors to Saudi Arabia
and informed them of the text
OF the message. The contents
were not published, but the re-
ports said Saudi Arabia would
call a melting of the Arab
League council to discuss the
message.
Evening star., 1961-05-23
Break for Postmen

TOKYO, May % (AP).-The
Postal Ministry announced to-
day that persons owning vicious
dogs and "other dangerous
pets" will have to collect their
mail at the post office after
June /. The ministry also de-
creed that apartment dwellers
on the fourth floor or above
would have to install mail
boxes on the ground floor.
Evening star., 1961-05-23
7rip Will Continue.
Freedom Riders SQv
Mississippi
Comes Next
ForStudents
BY CECIL HOLLAND
Star staff Writer

MONTGOMERY. Ala, May
23.-Negro integration leaders
announced here today the
violence-beset Freedom Ride
through the South will con-
tinue.
DR.. Martin Luther King, jr.,
of Atlanta announced the de-
ciSion at a news conference but
left unrevealed when the mixed
white and Negro riders will
leave here.
Il will simply say the ride
will take place in the not-dis-
tant future-it is not far off"
DR.. King said. 1T should not
be too long"
Through Mississippi
The Negro leader said the
ride will continue to New Or
leans and will go through Mis-
siSSlppi where Gov. Ross Bar
nett has said he would order
the State Highway Patrol to
escort the students testing
racial barriers in transporta-
ton on a nonstop ride through
the State.
DR.. King said the ride would
take place with or without
Federal protection"
However. he added that Fed
eral protection will be re-
queSted.
The decision to carry on the
Freedom Ride was reached, DR..
King said, after a four-hour
discussion last night by Negro
leaders and students who were
bruised and battered when they
arrived here last Saturday.
Student Is Present
/ Participating in the news
conference announcing the de-
cision was John Lewis, 81, a
student of Troy, Ala, the
spokesman for the students.
He attends the American Bap-
list Theological Seminary in
Nashville. Tenn. and still wore
on the top of his head ban
dage covering injuries received
in the Saturday fracas here.
=. Also present was Miss Diane
Nash, 81, of Nashville, co-or-
, dinator of the Nashville Chris
tian Leadership Council.
PatteEOn Not to Speak
This development in the
, tense racial situation here came
as Gov. John Patterson of Ala
bama announced that he de-
cided against addressing joint
session of the Legislature which
reconvened today. The Gov
ernor's aides said he had no
new legislation to propose at
, this time.
! Participating in the confer
ence of the Negro leaders were
the Rev. Ralph D. Abernathy,
at whose First Baptist Church
rioting occurred Sunday night.
and James Farmer of New
York, executive director of the
Congress of Racial Equality.
. CORE is sponsoring the Free
: dom Ride.
The National Guard patrolled
the area as the conference went
See RACIAL, Page AS
Evening star., 1961-05-23
BRIDGE TRICKS
TAKE TRICKS

GOOD PLAYERS con be fooled
sometimes by the Cunning Of willy
opponents. For the second in series
Of articles on bridge "swindIes"
thot poy off, turn to Alfred Shein-
woId's column on Poee DIG. .
Evening star., 1961-05-23
MorshqIs Withdrawn,
But Are Kept Ready
Justice Aide Briefs Administration
On Situation in Montgomery
BY MIRIAM GUTENBERG
Star Staff Writer

Deputy Attorney General Byron White directing Federal
operations in Alabama, flew into Washington to brief At
torney General Robert Kennedy at pos-nidnigh
ference today.
After the two-hour session. Mr. White said he did not
expect deputy marshaS would be needed again in Mont
Evening star., 1961-05-23
GA Spent $45 Million
On Cuba, Inquiry Told
Lemnitzer ConditionuIIy Approved Plans
In Reported Testimony Before Senators
BY JACK BELL
Associated Press Staff Writer

Senators have been told the Central Intelligence Agency
spent $45 million training and equippng l50Oman guer-
rilla force geared for fuscale Cuban invasion
Gen Lyman L. Lemntzer, chairman Of the Joint Chiefs
Staff is reported to have testified before Senate Foreign
Relations subcommittee that he gave informal approval Of
Evening star., 1961-05-23
G 1851 by The Washington Star
By HAYNES JOHNSON
Star Staff Writer

If he is well trained and educated the
Negro who comes to Washington can find
the opportunity he seeks in the Govern
ment
But what if he is not? What if he is
like so many who migrate here, who gave
This series is result Of four months Of interviews
with hundreds Of Negroes in oil woks Of life
~~~-~-~~---~-~---~--~-~-~
up trying to scratch living off the land
in the South?
He discovers he was lured north by
something which for him isn't here. He
can't get that high-p paying Government job
he heard about because he is not prepared
for it. So he finds himself in a strange
city, thrown into large labor market and
forced to take anything that comes along,
Evening star., 1961-05-23
Ne,v CoIors for Money-See Sylria Porter, Page B-6
THE WEATHER: on =

District and vicinity-Fair, quite cool to-
night, low As in city and about 40 in out
lying areas Mostly sunny continued cool
tomorrow. High and low of last "a hours:
High, SO, at 4:10 pm. yesterday; low, As,
at $40 IN. today.
Evening star., 1961-05-23

This series is q result OF four months Of interview
with hundreds Of Negroes in oil wolks Of life