davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1961-09-17
Space:
Some Success

The United States successfully
Orbited and recovered a Mer-
curry man-in space capsule on
Wednesday.
Perhaps the major concern of
officials charged with directing
Americas man-in-space program
has been the reliability of the
Atlas booster rocket whose job it
will be to propel an astronaut
into an orbit of the earth.
This is not hard to understand.
The record of the big liquid-fueled
missile in space experiments has
been something less than brilliant.
In fact, it has had a good deal
of trouble and few genuine sue
cesses. Finally, it is the only large
rocket we have available and ready
for the task.
And so, on Wednesday morning
at 10:04 o'clock, launch time,
fingers were crossed all over Cape
Canaveral.
This time, the and-picked,
tenderly cared-for Atlas performed
beautifully. 1t put a mechanical
man into an orbit inside a Mer-
curry capsule, raising hopes that
we will be ready to send up a live
astronaut before the end of the
year.
Evening star., 1961-09-17
Kdtdngd::
Showdown

Heavy fighting was waged
last week in Katanga Province
between United Nations and
Katanga forces. The conflict
was a result of a U. N. desire
to bring secessionist Katanga
under the jurisdiction of the
Congo government in Leopold
vile and prevent a civil war.
The former Belgian Congo is
divided into six provinces, OF
which the largest and richest Is
Katanga, located in the southeast
corner of the country, its capital
at Elisabethvllle.
When the full extent of Ka-
tanga's mineral wealth was first
discovered, it prompted one scien-
tist to say that it was geo
logical scandal" that one area
Evening star., 1961-09-17
The 'NeutroIs'

The Senate also backed the
President on another aspect of
foreign aid.
Earlier this month, when Mr..
Kennedy signed the authorization
bill, he declared that in admin
istering the aid program great
attention and consideration should
be given to those nations which
share the view of the United
States" on the world crises.
1t was believed that the Presi-
dent had been annoyed by the
wishy-washy attitude of the So
called neutral" nations in con-
ference in Belgrade on Soviet re-
sumption of nuclear testing and
the Kremlin'S threats to Berlin.
There was no doubt as to who
and what annoyed the Senate.
Member after member got up on
the floor to belt the "neutralists"
before adopting, by voice vote, an
amendment employing the same
words as the President used de-
claring that it was the sense of
Congress that we help our friends.
There were other manifesto
tions last week of a hardening
United States approach. State
Department officials disclosed
that the administration had de-
cided to shelve the latest request
from Communist Poland for eco
nomic aid and to allow tentative
plans for state visit by President
Tito of Yugoslavia to gather dust.
Evening star., 1961-09-17
General Named

But Secretary Mcnamara eased
the miIitary's fears on Wednes-
DAY. He appointed Army 1t. Gen.
Andrew I. Mcnamara, former
Quartermaster General and dep
uty commander of the 9th Army
in Korea, to head the Defense
Supply Agency.
The new organization will
manage, procure and distribute
certain common (to all services)
supplies and related services" It
will take over the eight single
manager" procurement units op-
Grated by the various services.
1t will not, however, have juriS-
diction over either the Military
Air Transport Service (MATS)
or the Military Sea Transport
Service (MSTS), Air Force and
Navy agencies, respectively.
Secretary Mcnamara has Wis
ualized a saving in inventories
of between 81 billion and 81 bill
lion, with an annual reduction in
operating costs of $50 million or
more. Such savings may be hard
to prove to the skeptics, and may
not seem like much in a SAT
billion budget, but the taxpayers
will be watching.
The supply agency is the latest
instance of the trend toward CEN
tralization by administrative ac-
ton in the Pentagon, despite the
decision by the Kennedy admin
istration to keep the Symington
reorganization plan in limbo. Re-
Gently, Mr.. Mcnamara moved to
Continued on Page b.
Evening star., 1961-09-17

could be so rich. This scan
dalous" province produces 8 per
cent of the worlds copper. so per
cent of the Vests uranium, 70
per cent of the worlds cobalt,
80 per cent of its industrial dia-
monds, as well as important
Quantities of gold, zinc, cadmium,
manganese, columbium and tan
talum.
Only IL per cent of the Congo's
population lives in Katanga, but
the province produces 60 per cent
of the Congo's revenue. "It is
the economic heart of the coun-
try" one observer has said; with
out it, the Congo would be as
miserably poor as any of its
neighbors. 1t is OBVIOUSLY worth
holding on to-"
These facts were recognized by
the three major forces in the
Congo at the time of its inde-
pendence on July /, 1960--the
central government of Joseph
Kasavubu and Patrice Lumumba;
Katanga Chief Noise Tshombe;
and the Europeans who had in
vested large amounts in Katanga's
mines.
Evening star., 1961-09-17

Mr.. Khrushchev, also under
pressure from the nonaligned
countries, said 10 days ago that
he was ready" for talks, but he
too emphasized that for a summit
to be held there must be fruitful"
preparation.
Allied diplomats, however, have
found nothing in the thousands of
words from the Communist side
to indicate that it is planning to
recognize the Western rights"
in Berlin without the West first
signing peace treaty with East
Germany, something the West has
refused to do. The West has said
it would only agree to a peace
treaty when Germany is unified
by free elections.
If the Rusk- -Gromyko talks COL
lapse, the West probably will ask
the United Nations to intercede.
This will be done only as a last
resort since the Soviet Union has
never abided by a U. N. decision
against its interest, and the un-
committed bloc has shown a
blindness toward the "self-deter-
mination" of the BerlinerS.
Evening star., 1961-09-17
School Aid

His reason: To allow Congress
to take up again a major school
construction teachers salaries
program next year. The Senate
refused and voted a two-year
extension.
Last January, Senate Majority
Leader Mansfield promised the
liberal group which wanted to
make it easier to shut off debate
that he would give them their
chance before the session ended.
After surveying the situation
and finding weary band of Sem
ators anxious to adjourn, the lib
erals wanted to hold off debate
until January. But with Senator
Mansfield, a promise is a prom
Use, and so the battle began yes
terday.
The prediction: After a few
days of skirmishing, the South
erners, who oppose the idea Of
allowing go rather than 81 Sen
ators to invoke cloture, will DEM
onstrate that they can keep the
Senate in session all fall before
allowing a vote. Thus, the matter
will go over to January.
The House, meanwhile, rolled
toward adjournment after approv-
ing the Peace Corps and all but
killing a plan to raise postal rates.
Evening star., 1961-09-17
Algeria:
Oil Peace

Hopes for an agreement to
end the Algerian war frightened
last week as a result of President
de Gaulle's offer to give polit-
ical sovereignty over the Sahara
to the Algerian provisional
government.
In 1857. after a tremendous oil
strike $50 miles south of Algiers,
the worlds conception of the
Sahara Desert underwent a
marked change-from dry
waSteland to one of the richest
oil fields in the world.
The oil reserves were estimated
at 7 billion barrels, enough to end
Western Europe's dependence on
the vagaries of Middle East sheiks,
but in addition to the economic
boon, the strike had immediate
political repercussions.
To protect its ever-increasing
investments in the Sahara, France
detached the Sahara administra-
lively from the rest Of Algeria.
The reason for the move was sim
pie, France feared that if the
Algerians rebels-then in their
third year of war-won independ-
ence, they might nationalize the
oil wells. BY separating the
Sahara region, the French hoped
to keep control over the oil.
Evening star., 1961-09-17
Concrete Steps

These were the first concrete
moves in the direction of peace
that the two sides had taken
since the crisis began in Vienna.
All other actionS-Such as sealing
of the Berlin border and resump-
tion of tests-have been in the
other direction.
The announcement that Mr..
Rusk and Mr.. Gromyko would
meet came as no surprise, for
both sides had been talking of
talks since the crisis began. Some
diplomats wondered, however, if
such talks were worthwhile under
present conditions.
The French, in particular,
argued within Western councils
that the West should not nego-
tiate with the Russians under
pressure, and certainly recent So
Wet atomic blackntail" is pres
sure of the most extreme sort.
British and American officials,
however, have argued-apparently
successfully-that talks are essen
tial to learn whether the Russians
sincerely want peace, or are will
ing to provoke a war over Berlin
to secure their ends.
The Western foreign ministers,
Mr.. Rusk, Lord Home, Mr.. Couve
de Murville and Mr.. Won Brentano.
discussed contingencies" that
may develop as a result of the
Rusk-Gromyko meeting. The Big
Four were, of course, not reveal
ing much about their talks, but
it was certain that they were pre-
parting a set of alternatives to
be taken depending on how the
meeting turns out.
The meeting will be considered
successful if Mr.. Rusk can gain
assurances from Mr.. Gromyko
that the Soviet Union will guaran-
tee the safety and freedom of
West Berlin and will affirm the
rights Of the Western powers to
occupy the city and to have un-
hampered access to it.
Evening star., 1961-09-17
A Boycott

Mr.. Tshombe also boycotted the
reopening of Parliament, much to
the displeaSure of U. N. officials
who had been working behind the
scenes to unity the country and
get it back on its feet.
With obvious U. N. approval, the
new Congolese Premier Cyrille
Adoula vowed last month that
Katanga would rejoin the Congo,
by force if necessary. U. N. Of
ficialS, led by DR.. Conor Cruise
O'Brien tried without success to
get Mr.. Tshombe to come to Leo
poldville for talks.
1t is known that the central
government had been planning an
attack on Elisabethville, and in
the last two weeks, Mr.. Tshombe
had been given an ultimatum to
come to Leopoldville or face war
When he refused an invitation
to talk with Dag Hammarskjold
IN Leopoldville last week, the U. N.
forces moved in. Their excuse was
that Katanga had refused an
order to expel all foreign officers
within 48 hours, and civil war was
imminent.
The U. N. based it's intervention
on last winters Security Council
authorization Ito take all appro-
pirate measures 10 prevent the
occurrence CT civil war in
cluding the use of force, if
necessary, in the last resort" and
to expel Belgian and other for
elgn mercenarieS.
Despite the u. MS legal right
to intervene militarily, several
countries were openly critical of
what seemed U. N.-provoked vio-
lence. Great Britain and France
attacked the use of force, but the
Evening star., 1961-09-17

perialist" Mr.. Tshombe would be
crushed. The Communist world
long Mr.. Tshombe's bitter foe
reserved official comment, but
Moscow radio said the interven-
tion was a pilot" by Washington
to gain economic control there.
The fury of Katanga's resist
ance caught U. N. officials by sur
prise. The Congo command
thought it could disarm the Eu-
ropean-led Katangese without
much fighting, but by the end of
the week, the Irish and Indian
forces making up the Katanga
expedition were clearly in trouble.
Diplomats feared that a special
Security Council meeting might
be needed to bail out it's own
troops.
Evening star., 1961-09-17
Significance Explained

Experts of the National Aero
nauticS and Space Administration
believe the major trouble in the
Atlas involved its "programmer,"
that maze of transiStors and wires
which tells the rocket what to do
and when to do it. Now, it is
believed, the problem has been
solved.
Despite a few rather minor me-
chanical difficulties associated
with the capsule, NASA officials
are confident a man would have
survived Wed eSday's once
around -the-earth flight. Robert
Gilruth, Project Mercury director.
explained, with dignified delight,
its significance:
ATLAS has the capability to fly
a man into orbit; it brought in for
the first time the Mercury world
Evening star., 1961-09-17
East German Role

In return for these guarantees.
the West probably would be will
ing to make some sort of de facto
recognition of East Germany.
How this recognition will be of
fered Zone plan: AS part of an
ultimate plan to unity Germany
Is being discussed by the Western
foreign ministers.
West Germany ultimately will
have large share of the respon-
Sibility in formulating policy
toward East Germany, but last
week, the German minister had
to remain silent pending the re-
suits of today's German elections.
Because Of the gravity of the
present situation, both sides have
approached negotiations with ex-
treme caution.
The nonaligned countries -
frightened by the nuclear resump-
tion-had asked both Mr.. Ken
nedy and Mr.. Khrushchev to hold
a personal summit" to resolve
the worlds tensions, but both men
refused, because, as Mr.. Kennedy
said, "at a time Of great tension
it is particularly necessary that
negotiations Of the kind proposed
by the Belgrade Conference not
only have careful preparation but
also reasonable chance of sue
cess"
Mr.. Kennedy also made it clear
that Mr.. Rusk's meeting with Mr..
Gromyko should not be construed
as a sign of weakness, and
he warned the Russians that ne
gotiations might collapse alto
gether if the Russians resort to
continued threats: "It is clearly
of the utmost Importance that
there be no unilateral acts which
will make peaceful progress i'm
possible. &. . We do not intend to
enter into negotiations under ul-
Evening star., 1961-09-17
Won BRENTANo

wide tracking network, and dem
onstrated the ability of the capsule
and its systems to operate COM
pletely unattended"
The latest Mercury success does
not mean we are now ready to du-
plicate Soviet Cosmonaut Gaga--
rims earth-orbiting feat. But we
are considerably closed to that
goal.
What is next on the agenda?
According to NASA officials, we
will attempt within the next two
months to send another capsule
into orbit, either empty or, more
likely, with a chimpanzee aboard.
If this shot is successful, the cli-
mactic launch will follow quickly
perhaps even before the end of
the year.
Evening star., 1961-09-17
The WEEK IN PERSPECTIVE
Some Cause for Optimism

The Soviet Union announced
- on Thursday that Foreign Min
lister GromykO would meet with
Secretary Of State Rusk in New
York to discuss the Berlin crisis.
The Soviet action followed a
suggestion by President Kennedy
on Wednesday for such bilateral
talks.
Meanwhile, the Soviet Union
continued to set off atmospheric
nuclear explosions, and the
United States started a series of
underground ones.
It was a week which ordinarily
would have increased the worlds
fear of war: Nuclear testing con-
tinued unabated: a giant Soviet
rocket ominously zoomed 7,40O
miles into the Pacific; and Soviet
jets buzzed an American airliner
in the Berlin corridor.
Instead of apprehension, how
ever, the world experienced a
surge of optimism-an optimism
that could not be supported by
any foreSeeable solutions to cur
rent crisis but which, nevertheless.
was gaining momentum as the
week ended.
The reasons, perhaps unimpres-
sive individually, added up to
action:
Q After more than three months
of exchanging notes the United
States and the Soviet Union
agreed to discuss the issues face
to face.
Q The four foreign ministers of
the leading Western powers start
ed conferences in Washington on
a unified stand on East-West
troubles.
. There were continued reports
that United States Ambassador
Thompson had been conferring in
Moscow with Mr.. Gromyko.
o Two representatives of the Bel
srade meeting of non-aligned ma
tions came to Washington to urge
President Kennedy to discuss the
Berlin crisis with the Soviets.
Evening star., 1961-09-17
Another Setback

But Mr.. Kennedy did not score
clean sweep in the Senate on
foreign aid.
A story came out about 10 days
ago that the President had de-
cided to name George D. Woods,
board chairman of the First Bos-
ton Corp, AS director of the new
Agency for International Develop
ment.
Earlier, Congress had been led
to believe that Henry R. Labou-
!sse, jr, head of the International
Cooperation Administration
(which will be absorbed by ADD
would get the post.
When influential Democratic
Senators heard of the Woods ap-
pointment possibility they quickly
let it be known that if the bank
er's name were sent up there
would be major debate. In ad-
dition to Mr.. Labouisse's popu-
larity. several Senators opposed
Mr.. Woods on the grounds that
First Boston was involved in the
controversial Dixon Yates IVA
matter during the first Eisen-
hover administration.
The rejoinder by Senator Full
bright, chairman of the Senate
Foreign Relations Committee,
that to oppose Mr.. Woods because
of Dixon-Yates was engaging in
"guilt-by-association" tactics had
little effect on the critics.
Suddenly, White House
sources" were cited for a new
story. Mr. Kennedy would not,
after all, appoint Mr.. Woods. The
episode was another in series
of mismanaged appointments by
the administration. 1t explains,
in part, why the Government has
trouble perSuading outstanding
private citizens to make the Sacri-
flee involved in taking a Wash
ington post.
The Senate last week disap-
Evening star., 1961-09-17

SuppIylMoye

Defense Secretary Mcnamara
on Wednesday decided on a
military man-Lt. Gen. A. T.
McNamara-tO head the new
Defense Supply Agency.
Army Secretary Stahr last
week hinted at the imminent
merger of the Strategic Army
Corps and the Air Forces Tao
tical Air Command.
Ever since one of the Hoover
Commissions study groups rec
commended a few years ago that
one gigantic civilian-directed or
ganization take over the various
military supply agencies, bogey-
men and hobgoblins have been
dancing in Pentagon corridors.
The men in uniform, particular
ly the Army aid Air Force, feared
civilian incursion into a purely
military sphere. 1t. Gen. D. T.
Booth put his reaction this way:
Military supply operations must
not be considered as independent
functions to be made most eff
cient in their own rights as an
end in itself. Rather, supply OPP
erations and functions must be
made most efficiently only in the
light of making the supplied forces
effective, even if this implies less
economy and efficiency in the
supply service itself"
With the increasing pressure
to do something about those twin
demons waste and duplication"
it was thought on many sides
that a civilian was most likely
to be appointed chief, once it was
decided to merge large numbers
of military supply functions.
Evening star., 1961-09-17
Desert Rights

The rebels objected vehemently,
stating that what was Algeria
before 1857 should remain Algeria
now. They argued that Sahara
revenue would be necessary to
bolster their treasury after inde-
pendence day.
When French and Algerian rep
resentatives sat down at Evian-
les-Bains last spring to discuss
ending the seven-year-old war,
the Sahara controversy was at
the heart of their inability to
reach an agreement. Neither side
would give up its rights" in the
desert, and rights" were under
stood to mean oil"
The French, surprisingly, re-
ceived support from many newly
independent African nations who
wanted a share of the Sahara
riches, but felt they had more
of a chance with the Sahara un-
der a French-led cooperative
than under Algerian control.
Evening star., 1961-09-17
HU. N. Fails?

And if the U. N. fails, what
then? Will there be war?
Gen. Luciuus Clay, President
Kennedy's new personal AmbaS-
Sador in Berlin, said he believes
the crisis can be resolved without
war and without losing the free
dom of Berlin"
But in the unlikely event the
Russians choose war to get their
way, the. United States tried to be
prepared. The first nuclear test
since 1858 was taken reluctantly"
on Friday. The President said it
was necessary ito fulfill the re-
sponsibility of the United States
Government to its own citizens
and to the security of other free
nations"
Evening star., 1961-09-17

pointed the President on another
matter. Mr.. Kennedy wanted the
upper chamber to agree to only
a one-year extension of two ex-
isting school aid programs-those
for federally impacted areas and
for national defense education.
Evening star., 1961-09-17
THE NATIONAL SCENE
AWeIcome Victory
On Foreign Aid Bill

The Senate on Friday ap-
proved a S4.2 billion foreign aid
appropriation, $500 million more
than the House. Joint conference
begins compromise effort to-
morrow as adjournment drive in
Congress is stepped up.
Another act in the annual for
eign aid drama has been completed
on.Capitol Hill and this time there
were no surprises.
President Kennedy's chief hope
for a strong and expensive aid
program, it was clear at the be-
ginning of this congressional ses-
sion, lay in the Senate, where sup
porters outnumbered opponents
by a handsome margin.
And so, when the House recent
ly whacked nearly 5000 million off
the program, slicing it from $4.2
billion to $3.6 billion, it was widely
predicted that the Senate would
come to the rescue.
On Friday, the Senate, with the
strong backing OF the Republican
minority, came through for Mr..
Kennedy. 1t voted 81 to II for an
appropriation of $4.2 billion, the
largest such money bill since the
Korean war. Tomorrow Senate
conferees will meet with House
colleagues in an attempt to COM
promise the 5000 million differ
ence in the respective bills.
Representative Passman, chair
man of the House Appropriations
subcommittee which handles for
eign aid, is conferee. He has
promised to fight all-out against
any increase in the amount ap-
proved by the House. Nevertheless,
administration chiefs, including
Speaker Pro TEN Mccormack.
are confident that the final figure
will be in the neighborhood of 81
billion, an increase of 5000 million
over the bill voted last year.
Evening star., 1961-09-17
A Concession

At a press conference on Sep
tember 5, President de Gaulle said
that the French government was
determined to reach an agree
ment with the rebels, and as q
beginning, it was willing to give
Algeria political sovereignty over
the Sahara in return for the
right to continue to exploit the
mineral wealth.
Last week, the Algerian Pro-
visional Government in Tunis
said that Mr.. de Gaulle's con-
cession virtually had assured an
early resumption of talks, and
had frightened the chances for
an accord
An early agreement would be
welcomed by Frances NATO al
lies, since it would free at least
two divisions for duty in Europe
where NATO forces are still un-
dermanned.
Evening star., 1961-09-17

United States stood behind Mr..
HammarSkjold.
Most of the Asian african
countries who might otherwise
have objected, remained quiet,
however, hoping that the i'm
Evening star., 1961-09-17
The Preparations

BY careful preparation" Mr..
Kennedy was alluding to the ira
ditional forms of diplomacy which
have all but been forgotten in re-
Evening star., 1961-09-17

cent years. He would want a
fruitful tete-a-tete between Mr..
Rusk and Mr.. Gromyko to be fol-
lowed by a foreign ministers con-
ference of East and West, and
then, perhaps, a summit.
Evening star., 1961-11-23
Competition in Poultry
Alarms Eastern Shore

to lower the costs for feed in
gradients. Grain storage ca
pacity has grown by some
million bushels during the past
8 years.
Get Higher Prices
Some other factors which
weigh heavily in favor of the
Eastern Shore poultry industry
were pointed out in the survey.
The area is close to the north
east markets. The live price
for chickens from Delmarva is
higher. The report also pointed
out that plant efficiency in the
area is comparatively greater
based on a higher output per
man hour.
An oddity that prevails on
the Delmarva broiler market is
the dependence on supply-de-
mand relationship in other
areas. The price received by
southeastern broiler areas, such
as Georgia, depends on the
supply available each week, the
study showed. But on Delmar-
va, prices for "ready-to-cook"
chickens were affected, not by
its own supply. but by the
amount produced in other
areas.