davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-09-08

prepared for delivery teStif1ed
I'VE at MMSA. the largest pur-
chaser of drugs in the Federal
Government, have received in
some instances what we Com
slider to be non-competitive
prices.
Competition Lacking
THE material furnished by
American industry is of the
highest quality. but unfortu-
nately. 1 am not as reassured
as to the realism of the prices
offered or as to the extent Of
genuine competition received" /"
he told the Senate Anti-trust
and Monopoly Subcommittee
investigating the prices Of pre-
scription medicines.
His testimony came after the
investigators produced evidence
that the price to druggists OF
several of the largest selling
broad spectrum antibiotics has
not changed since 1851.
The committee, now in its
seventh session of hearings,
announced yesterday that it
will extend its probe into Ger
tain vitamin preparations and
the sulfa drugs and will want
to hear from the American
Medical Association regarding
possible legislative proposals.
Italians Called Pirates
Under questioning by the in
vestigators earlier today, Ly-
man Duncan, manager OF
American Cyanamid's Lederle
Laboratory Division. called Ital-
ian drug manufacturers a
mess of pirates operating in a
sanctuary" and said italy has
no patent laws protecting other
drug companies.
He charged that some Italian
companies even maintain an
address in New Jersey near the
heart of one of the country's
big pharmaceutical centers to
spy on the American industry.
He cited an advertisement in
a recent issue of the magazine
Chemical and Engineering
News which he said invited
American technicians to help
out the Italian industry and
promised conf1dentiality.
%nvitatiOn to Steal"
1T is an open invitation to
out own employees to steal our
secrets and turn them over to
Evening star., 1960-09-08
Parker Extends
RIA Term 8 Days

Andrew Parker. chairman Of
the Development Land Agency
Board, will keep the job eight
days longer than he had planned
SO that a technicality can be
overcome.
The agency's need for 2.3
million in security notes ap-
peared yesterday to have come
in conflict with an RIA bylaw
requiring that an acting chair
Evening star., 1960-09-08
Prices Force Military
To Buy Drugs Abroad
BY CHARLES G. BROOKS
star stan Writer

services frustrated by lack of price compete
American drug industry have turned to foreign
manufacturers quantities Of certain medicines the
Kefauver committee told today.
Admiral William L. Knickerbocker, executive d-
rector Of the Military Medical Supply Agency in statement
Evening star., 1960-09-08
Pennsy Turns Down
Rock Bottom Proposal

PHILADELPHIA Sept (AP).-The Pennsylvania Rail-
road today rejected bottom offer from the Transport
Workers Union end strike which has shut down the
Nations largest railroad since September l.
The rundown came shortly after Secretary OF Labor
Mitchell said Washington that he has to hope for
Evening star., 1960-09-08
Three-Year Dispute

They've given no inclination
that they've wanted to settle
over the past three years." Mr..
Evening star., 1960-09-08

Enjoy de luxe 4-speoker sound! Both the
VictroIo' and its Lift-owoy lid have two
4-inch speakers, giving you thrilling stereo-
p1onic sound A dual tone control offers
continuous workable tone shading to your
preference; q balance control odopts volume
level Of each speaker system to most any
environment. Has new 4-speed Stereo
Floating Action Record Changer. Only 81
month.
Konn's-Apponce Store Washington;
Lower Level Arlington
Evening star., 1960-07-24
MISSILE CONTROL
Marines Back Air Force View

boxes" each marked with a spe-
cial function. This is no way,
they assert, to preserve and
strengthen American .seapower.
Gen. Shoup came to his present
post last January. Known as a
Marines Marine" he Jared the
corps with some biting directives
On conduct, attitude and proper
uniform He told Congress the
corps did not need an increase
in manpoWer to 100000 men and
it took him at his word For the
first time in several years no eX-
ira funds for increased personnel
were voted.
The general is certainly a man
who thinks for himself and, ap-
pareEtly, one who keeps his own
counsel. What effect, if any, his
stand on Polaris control will have
on the Secretary of Detense's
ultimate decision remains to be
seen.
But, today, in the Pentagon,
the upper eChelon strain within
the Navy-Marine Corps team has
produced gloom in the Navy and
eletIOn in the Air Force,
Evening star., 1960-07-24
BY L. EDGAR PRINA
Star Staf Writer

The Navy's spectacular success
in firing PolariS missile from a
submerged atomic submarine for
the first time last Wednesday and
then repeating the feat three
hours later was heartening news
for the entire free world.
1t was, of course, particularly
gratifying to Navy strategists who
are winning a growing acceptance
of their contention that in mobile
weapons at sea lies our best hope
for deterring all-out nuclear war.
But Navy joy over the PolariS
tests has been dampened by an
extraordinary event. For the first
time in memory, the Marine Corps
has split with its bigger brother
on a critical seapower question.
Before discussing it, however, a
bit of background is in order:
The PolariS program got under
way, on paper, in December, 1855.
From the beginning it ran into
heavy Air Force opposition be-
cause this weapon. if successful.
would obviously make the Navy
at least co-equal partner in
handling the business of strategic
retaliation. The Air Force has had
a virtual monopoly in this area
since the end of World War II.
AS the Polaris program pro-
gresSed, the Sniping increased.
The weapon was ridiculed for al
legedly having a "puny" warhead,
although its destructive force is at
least Is times that of the Hiro-
shima atomic bomb. The critics
spread stories that the initial
range of the solid-fueled rocket
would only be 700 miles. This re-
ceived so much circulation that
the Defense Department had to
issue a formal statement declaring
the range would be in excess of
1900 nautical miles.
Cost Issue Roised
There were gibes that Polaris
was much too costly, that the
Minuteman, an Air Force solid
fueled missile which is scheduled
to have a land-based mobility in
1864, would be more economical
the implication being that we
Evening star., 1960-07-24

of Naval Operations, having had
no previous inkling of the gen.
erals intentions, repeatedly sat
in astonishment as the words
rolled out 1t is also reported
that not even Gen. Shoup's i'm
mediate staff knew what he was
going to do or say.
A few years ago Congress passed
a bill stating that the Com
mandanC of the Marine Corps
shall attend jos meetings when
matters of interest to the corps
are to be discussed. What direct
concern the Polaris problem is to
the Marine Corps is not clear, but
Gen. Shoup stated his support of
the single strategic weapons COM
mand for the exercise of control
over both SAC and Polaris sub
marines.
From what they have said in
the past, high naval officers see
the attempt to take control Of the
Polaris weapons system away from
the Navy as another step in the
augmentation of the balanced
lighting fleet by splitting off ele-
mentS and putting them in
Evening star., 1960-07-24

should go slow with Polaris and
wait despite the so-called missile
gap until the Minuteman is ready.
But the Polaris program never
thelesS pushed forward, we'll
funded, incidentally, by the usually
tight-f1sted Eisenhower admins
tration. Breakthroughs followed
breakthroughS and the original
target date of 1868 was advanced
almost three years.
BY this time. it was apparent
that Polaris was a big and going
concern. 1t would succeed. So
the old political advisory, IF
you can't lick 'em, join EN-" was
paraphrased to read, If you can't
block 'em, control EN-"
Gen. Thomas S. Power, chief
of the Strategic Air Command, set
the course. In public speech in
March, 1858, he strongly recon-
mended centralized SAC control
of all United States strategic
weapons.
Evening star., 1960-07-24
Soviet System
By BERNARD GWERTZMAN
Star Stan Writer

GldI 0ldH "IlISE
When U-2 pilot Francis Powers
goes on trial on August II in
Moscow for espionage, legal ex-
peftS throughout the world will
be getting a first-hand look at
the operations of the new Soviet
criminal code.
First adopted in December,
1858, the Soviet criminal code
was applauded at the time by
several non-Soviet commentators
as being a step toward creation
of an independent legal system.
Although it includes many princi-
Piles impossible in Anglo-Saxon
law, the code did do away with
several of the worst features of
the old Soviet code such as try
Z ing someone in absentia, and
limiting the rights of the de-
fendant.
Mr.. Powers has been held vir-
tually ncommunicado for over
two months since he was forced
to bail out over Sverdlovsk on
May /, but as much as this seems
deprivation of rights, Mr.. Pow
ers has not been treated any
differently from any Soviet citi-
zen who might be arrested for
a major violation of the law.
One of the basic premises of
the Soviet law is that full in
vestigation be carried out Gin
this case the investigating agency
Evening star., 1960-07-24
TRANSCRIPT Of the first interrogation Of W Pilot roncs G. Powers
by Soviet authorities. Associated Press.
Canadians Are Determined
On Sharing NucIeor Control

level, but also in the Canada
United States Joint Ministerial
Committee on Defense. Following
a meeting of this committee near
Ottawa last week, Canadian For
eign Minister Howard Green re-
peated that Canada hasn't de-
cided whether to accept nuclear
warheads.
American Defense Secretary
Thomas Gates said he assumed
Canada would be subject to the
limitations of our law"
Seek Final Control
The kind of "joint control the
Canadians seek is actually final
and ultimate control over whether
the nuclear weapons should be
fired in any given crisis. United
States law requires that nuclear
warheads stockpiled in Canada
remain United States property.
The Canadians have accepted
this. although grudgingly. United
States law, by asserting continu-
ing American control over the
warheads stored abroad, in effect
l. forbids the host country from
firing them except when author
lied to do SO by the President of
the United States. The Canadian
Evening star., 1960-07-24
OF LAW
By LILLIAN LEVY
Contributing Writer

The recent arrest of Adolf Eich-
mann by Israel and the announce
ment that the Naz fanatic would
be tried there for his role in the
mass determination of European
Jewry under Hitler during World
War II has aroused much atten-
tion and discussion.
Israel's right to try Eichmann
has been challenged ons the
grounds that the Jewish state
lacks proper jurisdiction since: -
the crimes for which he is charged
were not committed on Israel terri
tory; % Israel did not exist at
the time the crimes were COM
mitted; 81 the laws and procedures
under which he will be tried and
judged are governed by ex post
facto statutes, Israers Nszis and
Nazi collaborators (punishment)
law of 1850.
1t has been suggested that Eich-
mann be tried in Germany since
he was a citizen of that country
at the time the crimes were COM
mitted; or that he be tried by an
international tribunal such as that
which sat in judgment on Nazi
war criminals at Nuremberg in
1945.
Evening star., 1960-07-24
Eichmann, Powers Trials Contrast

Eichmann may have a German
lawyer of his own choosing.
No TrioI by Jury
There is no jury trial in Israel.
According to the legal authorities
of the Jewish state, judges who
are trained in the law are better
qualified to decide on evidence
than lay jury.
Eichmann and his counsel will
have the right to examine
evidence, question witnesses, and
may appeal judgment to Israels
Supreme Court. The general six
month period from the time of
arrest to the time of trial conceiv-
ably may be delayed in order to
afford Eichmann's counsel more
time to prepare the defense.
Evening star., 1960-07-24
EXTRACTS
FROM INTERROGATION
RECORDS OF POWERS

You being accused OF committing offence provided
for BY the 2nd paragraph Of the L~ Criminal
for Committing Offence against the State following
accusation is brought against you: a pilot Of
Intelligence detachment OF the usA Nay 1850
at 5.36 an specially equipped plane you
the State border Of USSR the side OF Pasen
With the ain of collecting strategic information flying
over the territory of the usSR you photographed by
means Of special equipment the Soviet regions With
industrial and military installations located in then
and also collected other infornat1on Of espionage
nature up 70 s.5s the Ist OF Nay, 1880, your
plane vas shot dom BY the of Soviet Pv.o
Is the accusation brought against you clear to your
Yes It Is. The produced accusation clear and With the
contents Of The Ind paragraph of the Criminal Anena
O1ity for ceTn1st1nS Offence against the State was
fa"4liarized through the Interpreter.
E-.: 4 U~---->
Evening star., 1960-07-24

tory. however, the Soviet Union
made no move against the British
bases from which the plane had
taken of.
Premier Khrushchev explained
this in a Kremlin press conference
July II:
In this (RB-4O case the 'in-
cursion of the American plane was
nipped in the bud, and that is why
the Soviet government did not go
any further than destroying the
plane; the planes crew members
who remained alive will be prose-
cuted in accordance with Soviet
law. Let the gentlemen who spon-
sor these provocations and those
who carry out their i'll will stop
thinking that such actions will re-
main unpuniShed."
Softer Approach
In the more formal language of
a note protesting to Great Britain
for allowing the RB-47 to take of
from one of its bases, the Soviet
Union declared:
Taking into account that the
violation of the USSR's national
frontier was in this case curbed in
its initial stage. the Soviet gov
ernment found it possible to con-
fine itself to destroying the tres
passing plane and bringing to
justice the surviving members Of
its crew, who will be tried in &C
cordance with the full severity OF
Soviet law"
The note then renewed its
threat against Britain in softer
words than had been used in May:
1T (the Soviet governmenD warns
the Government of Great Britain
most gravely about the dangerous
consequences which may follow
from a continuation of provoca-
tive acts by American planes oper-
ating from British territory"
Over the past three-and-one-
half years the Soviet government
has sprinkled the record with
threats of nuclear destruction
against nations allied with the
United States, particularly the
smaller ones.
Denmark, for instance, was
warned in letter from former
Soviet Premier Bulganin to Prime
Minister Hansen that she had as
sumed "a very serious and unjusti-
fed risk" by allowing American
bases in Greenland and NATO
bases in its European territory.
Believe me, Mr.. Prime Minis
ter" the Bulganin letter said, the
Soviet people want least OF all
the Soviet Union, Denmark, or any
other country to be subjected to
atomic bombings or the action of
any other modern weapons"
Mr. Khrushchev later warned
West Germany that only eight hy-
drogen bombs would wipe out not
only West Germany but all the
other West European nations as
we'll.
Prudent Western policymakers
of course know the cry-wolf par
able and the dangers Of letting
down the guard.
But Premier Khrushchev's latest
rocket-rattling in connection with
the Cuban troubles has not caused
any noticeable panic in official
Washington. The balance of terror
IN the nuclear age, they are con-
ddent, still works both ways.
Evening star., 1960-07-24

to be used to the prejudice of the
interests of the USSR."
Under the Soviet law, punish
ment for espionage is listed as
confinement of from seven to Is
years and confiScation of property,
or by death and conf1scation of
property" Death penalties in the
Soviet Union are carried out by
firing squad.
The important choice of how
severe penalty to levy if Mr..
Powers, as is likely, is found guilty,
will be made by the three-man
court which will hear his case.
Because of the special signifi-
canoe" of the case, Mr.. Powers
will be tried by the highest mill
tary tribunal in the Soviet Union
the Military Court division of the
Supreme Court.
Three Judge Court
The three-man tribunal will
consist of a high-ranking Judge
and two laymen-called peoples S
assessors"-who will all be mem
berS of the armed forces.
One of the serious questions over
which legal authorities differed,
was whether or not the trial would
be open. In the past, such mill
tary trials were closed, but Il
Soviet Deputy Premier was quoted
on July 5 in Moscow as saying
that Mr.. Powers will receive an
open trial. and Moscow last Mon
day confirmed this.
In an open trial, a plea may be
made by either the prosecution or
the defense to mitigate the severe
death penalty for Mr.. Powers.
Such plea would probably be
welcomed by most of the world,
and the nature of the plea would
probably be turned against the
United States.
Soviet law allows for mitigating
circumstances if the crime was
committed under the influence of
threats or coercion or because of
financial or other dependency. :"
Thus it might be argued, as the
Soviet press has already stated.
that Mr.. Powers was a "lackey of
American imperialism" and forced
to commit his crime because of
the money involved, said to be
$2,500 a month.
Evening star., 1960-07-24

was the KGB - Committee of
State Security-the Soviet ver-
sion of the FBD before the de-
fendant can seek outside help.
Under the old law there was no
limit on the time a person might
be held without being charged,
but the new code sets a suggested
maximum at two months, and in
exceptional" cases, such as the
Powers one, up to nine months.
One of the innovations of the
new code is that it provides for
every defendant to have a lawyer,
but it very specifically states that
the defense lawyer cannot enter
Evening star., 1960-07-24
BY GERALD WARING
Contributing Writer

OTTAWA-Theres a lot of
nose-cutting to spite faces in the
basic and serious difference be-
tween Canada and the United
States over the control of nuclear
Warheads.
Canada has no nuclear war
heads. Its forces want them. Its
government admits that the only
modern air weapon for Canadian
home defense, the still undeliv-
cred Bomarc B missile, will not be
effective without them. The gov
eminent admits that the only po-
tential source of nuclear warheads
for this United States missile is
the, United States.
But for reasons political-in
both the narrow and the broad
sense of the word-the Canadian
government says (a) it hasn't
made UP its mind as to whether
it wants nuclear weapons, and tb)
that if it accepts them. it will in
slSt on exercising Joint controI'
over them.
This Canadian demand of Joint
control is in apparent conflict
with United States law that stipu-
lates that when the United States
stores nuclear weapons in allied
countries. ownership and sole con-
troll of the weapons mast remain
in American hands.
Evening star., 1960-07-24
Roised q Roor

This bid, however, raised such
roar in Navy and congressional
circles that the Air Force came
up with an alternative proposal,
which it submitted to the Joint
Chiefs for consideration. Under
this plan, a new Strategic Com
mand, the leadership of which
would be rotated between the Air
Force and the Navy, would direct
SAC bombers and missiles and
the Navy'S Polaris and attack
aircraft aboard its big carriers.
The jos began wrestling with
the problem during the regime
Of Neil H. McElroy. Thomas S.
Gates, jr., has been Secretary of
Defense since last November, but
there has been no urgency about
1t and no decision has been made.
Meanwhile, various compromise
proposals have been discussed.
1t was during one of the most
recent high-level considerations of
Jne Polaris control problem that
the Navy was set back on its heels:
Gen. David M. Shoup, the new
Commandant of the Marine Corps,
backed the Air Force position.
Admiral Arleigh A. Burke, Chief
Evening star., 1960-07-24
Share With Allies

The Mcmahon Act was amended
to allow the United States govern
ment to share its nuclear weapons
and nuclear know-how with allies
which have developed their own
military nuclear potential-orig-
inally Britain, and subsequently
France. Canada does. not come
within the scope Of this conces-
sion because the Canadians. while
they have had the human and
material resources necessary for
developing atomic bombs, have
not chosen to use them for this
purpose. -
The government here has been
discussing the control question
with the United States for nearly
two years. mainly at the military
Evening star., 1960-07-24

the case until the prosecutions
investigation has been completed.
At that time. the law states.
the defendant is to be informed
of the charges against him, and is
entitled to see the whole record of
the case.
THE defense counsel shall be
accepted to participation in a
case from the time when the de-
fendant is notified that the pre-
trial investigation is terminated
and the entire record of the case
is shown to the defendant for ex-
animation"
In Soviet law journals there has
been a great deal of discussion
about the duties of the defense
attorney in a criminal trial
whether, for instance, an attorney
should plead mot guilty" for a
client if he (the attorney be-
lieves him guilty.
The law on criminal procedure
state specifically, however, that
"it shall be the duty of the de-
fense counsel to use all means and
methods Of defense provided for
by law in order to discover the
circumstances generating the de-
fendant or mitigating his respon-
sibility, as we'll as to afford the
defendant the legal aid needed"
Since the preliminary investiga-
ton is now over, and Mr.. Powers
has been formally indicted, it
would appear that he now is en-
titled to a defense counsel, who
apparently, will be a Soviet citi-
zen. None of the American law
yers who have been retained by
friends of the Powers family in
Virginia have been granted visaS.
Specific Choree
Mr.. Powers has been specifically
charged with espionage, under Ar
ticle 2 of Grimes Against the
State" Espionage is described in
the code as:
Transmitting, stealing, or COL
lecting for the purpose of trans
mission to foreign government,
foreign organization, or their
agents, of information constituting
a state or military secret, as we'll
as transmitting or collecting, on
assignment by foreign intelli-
gence, of any other information
Evening star., 1960-07-24

government seeks veto over such
presidential authorization, cover
ing weapons stored in Canada re-
gardless of whether they would be
used by Canadian or American
forces. 1t wants the United States
to agree that even after a presi-
Dental authorization to use the
weapons, the weapons would re-
main under lock and key until
the Canadian government also
had authorized their use. Prime
Minister John Diefenbaker has
been both firm and precise on this
point. The weapons, he said in
Parliament recently, would be
used in Canada only as a result
Of a decision by the Canadian
government"