davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-05-22
YugosIovio:
Exchanges

The Minister for Education
and Culture of the Yugoslavia
Federal Republic, on a three
week visit to the United States,
indicated Thursday that Yugo-
slavia would participate In the
Fulbright student exchange pro-
gram.
President Josip Broz Tito's
Communist but fiercely independ-
ent Yugoslavia will soon be a par
ticipant in the Fulbright student
exchange program, the first Com
muniSt nation to do so.
At the invitation of the State
Department and the Health, Edu-
cation and Welfare Department,
the Federal Republics Minister
for Education and Culture, Krste
Crvenkovski, came to the United
States last April 20 for talks with
American officials and a tour of
major American cities. Besides
the Fulbright participation, the
Minister was here to study Amer
lean educational methods and
organization. YugoSlavia, he told
a news conference last week, is
expanding its educational system
as rapidly as resources permit
and is introducing new systems
and techniques in an effort to
broaden curricula and raise
standards.
Evening star., 1960-05-22

The Minister saw the American
system and heard its defenders
as well as its critics. He visited
Vice Admiral Hyman Rickover. a
vigorous and outspoken critic of
some American educational prac-
tices, and talked with HEW Sec
retary Flemming. Senator Full
bright, Undersecretary of State
Dillon, USIA Director George
Allen, and other officials in WASH
mgton. In New York, Chicago,
San Francisco and Los Angeles
he saw schools and universities in
action and assured newsmen that
ne liked most of what he saw.
Yugoslav schools, he said. impose
no political or theological condi-
tons on student aspirants and.
like American systems, are largely
under local control.
Evening star., 1960-05-22
A Little Lecture

When one prober attempted to
pin him down on whether he ever
mentioned the 7 per cent return
to the FPC in his back-door visits,
the witness rolled with the punch
and left his questioner somewhat
high and dry with this response:
"As you perfectly we'll know.
the facts are related from some
umbilical connection to the merits
of the case. I am perfectly willing
to admit that at some part all
material and all procedural issues
became the same ball of wax.
They are part of the acceptable
ethos within the FPC."
The next day, Committee Chair
man Harris indicated he would
introduce new legislation to
change this "ethos." (Webster:
THE spirit which actuates
manners and customs and, es-
pecially, moral attitudes, practices
and ideals."D
Acknowledging that there "are
some very serious inadequacies in
present law and procedures" he
warned that gas company exec
utives and lawyers will absolutely
destroy" the Governments regu-
latory system If they make a habit
of back.door contacts with the
FPC,
Evening star., 1960-05-22
SENATE

S 1858. Require the licensing
and regulation of community an
tenna television systems by the
Federal Communications Commits
sion. Monroney, Democrat Of
Oklahoma, motion to recommit the
bill. Agreed to 1898 Cd 1926;
r 20-l2), May 18, 1860. The Presi-
dent did not take a position on
the motion.
YEAS: Byrd, Democrat Of virginia; Rob-
ertson, Democrat Of West Virginia.
NAYS: Beal, Republican Of Maryland; But
Ter, Republican Of Maryland
NOT VOTING: Randolph. Democrat Of
West Virginia.
S 1858. Kerr, Democrat of Ok
lahoma, motion to table Dirk
sen, Republican of Illinois, mo-
ton to reconsider the vote that
recommitted the community an.
tenna TV bill to the Interstate and
Foreign Commerce Committee.
Tabling motion agreed to 1886
Cd 1926; r 1910, May 18, 1860.
The President did not take a posi-
ton on the motion.
YEAS: Byrd Democrat Of virginia; Rob
Democrat Of West virginia.
NAYS: Beall. Republican Of Maryland
NOT VOTING: Randolph. Democrat Of
West Virgtnia.
Evening star., 1960-05-22
Industrial Peace

The United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe, in its Of
ficial report for 1859, showed Yu-
goslavia leading all the nations Of
Europe in the pace of its indus
trial development during the last
few years. Mr.. Crvenkovski noted
that a substantial part of the
fruits of industrialization was be-
ing set aside for educational
development. This was not only
desirable, he said, from the point
of view of better educational op-
portunitieS for Yugoslav youth,
but was becoming more and more
essential as the need for trained
engineers, technicianS, physicists
and teachers increased in direct
ratio to the expanded economy.
Before World War II, the min
lister declared, there were about
$4,000 graduates annually from
Yugoslav colleges and universities.
The figure today is near $4,000,
and will steadily increase as fa-
cilities are provided.
Evening star., 1960-05-22
The National Scene

posed any medicare legislation in
this session.
Whether one is entitled to read
any significance into it or not, the
committee, by a 13-to-12 vote,
finally ordered its staff to draft a
modified version Of the Eisenhower
plan.
With little more than a month
left in this session, the pulling
and hauling on this politically
important measure, now going on
for eight weeks in committee, will
have to stop soon or the whole
issue will be carried over into 1861.
This could be the most sensi-
BILE thing to do anyway. A Demo-
cratic-Republ1can agreement to
give the issue high priority for
the new Congressional session
beginning in January might per-
NIT more solid legislation to be
drawn. To slambang a mishmash
through in the waning days of
this session would be no credit
to either party.
Evening star., 1960-05-22
Nearby Votes

Following are the votes of Mary
land. Virginia and West Virginia
members of Congress on major
roll calls last week:
HOUSE
H Res. 488. A rule for debate on
HR 1881, to establish the Chesa-
peake and Ohio Canal National
Historical Park in Maryland. Cost
for the first five years was esti-
mated at $3.50. 900; total cost was
estimated at $12 million. The
Budget Bureau did not oppose the
bill0 Motion to adopt the rule re-
jected 134-227 ID 115-104: r
1929, May 10, 1860. The Presi-
dent did not take a position on
the bill.
FOR: Fallon, Democrat Of MARYLAND;
mSsFss of MayaRGh JOhnso3
Ta CT "a MaTarS sToy Repu56aD o
Virginia: Hechler. Democrat of West
Virginia; Slack, Democrat Of West Viz
AGAINST: Abbitt. Democrat of Virginia
Downing, Democrat of Virginia: Gary,
Democrat Of Virginia; Hardy. Democrat
Einia; Jennings, Democrat of virginia;
publican q virginia; Moore, Republican
NOT XSS1 XySoS1TIN9tE:i Num- Brewster. Democrat Q.
sas MsEyapS Hs.S smith, DsROsFat Ct west Of VIZ VIZ
einia Kee. Democrat Of West Virginia;
stasEers, Democrat Of West virginia.
Evening star., 1960-05-22

back-door visits to talk over with
the FPC bosses a pending case in
volving his client. Midwestern Gas
Transmission Co. The company
was asking a per cent rate of
return before going ahead with
the building of a new pipeline.
The FPC staff recommended a
614 return.
When he took the stand on
Wednesday, Mr.. Corcoran readily
conceded he had talked with the
commissioners. But the merits of
the case were not discussed-only
the procedures. This is not to
say that he did not have a per-
feet right to talk about it" under
the law, he asserted.
The glib witness, whose stream
Of words and corporation law
jargon seemed to overwhelm his
committee critics, was in COM
mand of the hearing. He criticized
the FPC, the committee, Congress
and the courts for the procedural
morass and resultant heavy back
log of cases facing the commits
sion.
Evening star., 1960-05-22
BY WATSON SIMS
Associated Press stan Writer

KABUL. Afghanistan.-The cold
war means different things to
different people.
In America, it brings higher
taxes to support foreign aid. In
Russia it translates into fewer
consumer goods at home to make
up for Soviet benef1cence abroad.
For speech-making diplomats on
both sides of the Iron Curtain,
It's something to deplore.
But for the aid-blessed people
OF Afghanistan, it means mama
from heaven.
Before the worlds two greatest
powers began competing for her
friendship, Afghanistan was one
of the worlds most backward
countries. The average Afghan,
herding his sheep from one pas
ture to another as the seasons
changed, earned less than $50 per
year. Fewer than one in five could
read. There were virtually no
roads and the only way to get
around this Texas-sized country
was by camel. donkey or afoot.
The cold war changed that.
The change began in 1916 when
the United States Export Import
Bank loaned the first $21 million
in program for agricultural
development of the vast Helmand
Valley in Southern Afghanistan.
The ante on this project has since
been boosted to $40 million.
l50-MiIe Highway
Since 1850 America has granted
or loaned S51.870,000 to develop
transport in this once trackleSS
country. American engineers are
paving a 150-mile highway to link
Kabul with the Pakistan border
near Peshawar. Others are lay
ing a 350-mile road to link Kabul
with Kandahar, access city to the
Helmand Valley.
An international airport capable
of handling the biggest jet planes
is nearing completion at Kanda-
har under American supervision.
Nearly a hundred United States
education experts are moderriz-
ing a school system which for
centuries depended on scanty
instruction by religious scholars.
All told. American assistance
over the past decade has totaled
$145,810,000.
Evening star., 1960-05-22
Soviet Protest

Friday the Soviet Union pro-,
tested to the Japanese government
that these planes were in fact vio-
lating the air space of the Soviet
Union and of Soviet allies, and
warned of inevitable conse-
quences" if the spying continued.
The State Department in Wash
ington assured the Kishi govern
ment yesterday that espionage
flights "have not and will not" be
made by American planes from
Japanese bases.
The new United States-Japan
defense pact allows American
bases in Japan, pledges United
States aid if Japan is attacked,
and has provisions for consulta-
tions with Japanese officials be-
fore deployment Of American
Evening star., 1960-05-22

other half was ceded to the Gov
eminent. If it were later sold, the
money was to be returned to the
Indians.
In the years that followed, re-
strictionS intended to keep indi-
vidual Indians from selling their
allotments were relaxed.
AlIotments Prohibited
BY 1888, an estimated % mil
lion acres of allotted land had
been sold. Congress decided mat
ters had gone far enough and in
1884 passed a new law prohibiting
further allotments.
Since then the situation has i'm
proved, according to the Bureau
of Indian Affairs. The amount of
land owned by Indians has risen
from a 1888 low of 47.3 million
acres to the present figure of 52.2
million acres.
While the acreage owned by
individual Indians dropped an
additional S million acres since
1888. the amount of land owned
by the tribes has increased 10
million acres.
Part of this is because large
amounts Of land owned by indi-
viduals have been sold to the
tribes. officials said.
Also, Congress bought 600 900
acres Of new land for the Indians
and returned over million acres
Of the land ceded to the Govern
ment.
During the last 13 years, how
ever. 100000 acres also have been
taken by the Federal Government
for public works, mostly flood
control projects.
Reservations Hit Hard
The loss, small compared to the
103 million acres taken by the
Government or sold by the In
dians over the past 80 years, has
hit two or three reservations
pretty hard" one Indian Bureau
official admitted. Some of the
largest takings have been in North
and South Dakota, where the
Government has built the Gar
rison. Fort Randall and Oahe
dams. The Indians were paid for
Evening star., 1960-05-22

But this is only part OF the
picture, for the United States is
not Afghanistan's only benefactor.
With no visible signs of dismay,
the Afghans discovered in 1854
that Russia also was interested
in their development. The first
sign was a comparative handful
of rubles-about SIS million worth
for industrial development.
Then, in 1855. Moscow granted
500 million worth of credits in
a single stroke.
While American highway engi-
neers link Kabul with Peshawar
and Kandahar. Soviet technicians
are laying roads down from the
Soviet border to Kabul and in a
great arc around the western bor-
der to join the American highway
at Kandahar. A country which a
decade ago depended primarily
upon camel paths will soon be
spanned by macadam throughout
its length and breadth.
Big Airport Built
Soviet technicians have built a
huge military airport at Bagram,
80 miles from Kabul, and are
undermining Kabul's civil airport
to handle the latest jets. They've
committed S22.4 million to develop
Jalalabad Valley. a project second
in size only to the Helmand Valley.
Soviet experts have built glass.
coal briquette. fruit processing,
textile and fertilizer plants and
three automobile repair shops.
Moscow has contributed wheat.
trucks, automobiles and buses. 1t
has erected a silo. a -four mill
and a bakery which provides one
fourth of Kabuls daily bread.
Total Soviet economic aid to
Afghanistan is conservatively es-
timated at 5000 million. There's
some controversy as to how much
military assistance has been given
over and above this figure.
One thing is certain: the Co.
000-man Afghan army, which
once depended on a fine collection
of museum musketS, has been
armed with the latest Soviet
weapons, including tanks. The air
force has Soviet jet bombers and
fighters, including the MIG-l9.
The latter is newer and faster
than the F-86s given to Pakistan
by the United States.
Prime Minister Daud maintains
Evening star., 1960-05-22

that Afghanistan paid for the
military equipment. But the price
has never been announced, and
skepticS believe it was no more
than a token. The doubters be-
lieve that in effect il not in letter,
Moscow has provided anywhere
from about S25 to $50 million
worth Of military assistance.
The American Community
Fifteen years ago Kabul's streets
were rarely touched by foreign
feet Now the American COM
munity alone totals around 900.
The Soviet community is even
larger.
Where does it all lead? What
does each side expect to get from
aid programs which. taken to-
gether. must amount to about
$40 for each of Afghanistan's IL
million men, women and children?
When Soviet Prime Minister
Khrushchev came to Kabul in
March he blandly asserted that
Russia seeks only to help friend
ly neighboring country. He said
Moscow would not try to impose
its way on life in Afghanistan.
Equally selfless motives were pro-
fessed in Kabul three months
earlier by President Eisenhower.
This has not kept Afghanistan
altogether out of East-West argu-
ments. and here the Russians have
often won points in Kabul by keep
ing silent.
When Mr.. Khrushchev toured
India and Indonesia this year, he
rallied against western economic
aid to another form Of colonial
ism. To the qualification of the
Afghan government, he made no
such remarks in Kabul.
The Government has been far
less pleased by Western observa-
tions on the Soviet effort in At
ghaniStan, particularly the claim
by some journalists that Afghan
istan is lost to communism.
This pains and angerS Prime
Minister Daud.
IT don't understand it," he said
in an interview. IF we took help
only from one side one might
argue that we had infringed our
neutrality. But we need all the
help we can get, and we'll take
it from anyone who is willing to
give it; but so long, and only so
Evening star., 1960-05-22
For Japan:
Pact Riots

The japanese House of Rep
resentatives on Friday ratified
a new mutual security pact with
the United States while thou
sands of demonstrators pro-
tested In Tokyo streets.
Premier Nobosuke Kishi. stick
ing to his guns determinedly,
pushed the new United States
Japan Mutual Security Pact
through the lower house of the
Diet despite the eviction by police
of all the members of Japan's two
Socialist parties. Approval of the
pact in the House of Councillors
(Sepate) is virtually certain.
But the Premier'S success did
not prevent many thousands of
students and others from violent
protests against the pact. In the
House of Representatives itself,
it took 500 policemen to remove
the Socialist deputies, who had
staged a sit-down strike in an
effort to prevent vote. The So
cialists had even barricaded the
Speaker of the House in his Offices
in an effort to prevent his calling
the House to order.
The street rioters, estimated to
number more than 10000, stormed
Premier Kishi's home yesterday
and the Offices of his Liberal Dem
ocratic Party. Friday at least $50
were injured in the wild melee
of flying rocks and sticks when
police tried to turn back the
mob. A heavy rain did not seem
to discourage the demonstrators,
who were repeatedly led by an
ultra -leftist student organization,
the zengakuren, which has been
disowned by Japan's Communists.
Objections to the pact, some from
moderates as we'll as leftists, were
for the most part based on fears
that the continued presence Of
United States military bases in
Japan could drag Japan into a
war with the Soviet Union or
Communist China. The affair of
the U-2 shot down over Sverd-
lovsk has been played up by the
pact's opponents who point out
that several of the reconnaissance
aircraft are based in Japan.
Evening star., 1960-05-22
New CIossrooms

The Thompson bill would provide
an estimated 10000 new classrooms
to apply against National
shortage of perhaps 10000. 1t
is much more modest than the
measure already passed by the
Senate, which calls for an ex-
penditure of $1.8 billion in two
years.
Opponents of Federal aid to
education are by no means con-
fined to the ranks of conservative
Republicans. Many Southern
Democrats are bitterly opposed
to the concept. Thus, the Thomp-
son measure, which may fall a
good deal short of what the
Democratic national platform will
advocate, is likely to be the sub
ject of fierce fighting before the
issue is decided.
Meanwhile. despite continued
pressure by Big Labor, the ques-
ton of the enactment Of a plan
for medical care for the aged at
this session of Congress is more
confused and uncertain than ever.
The House Ways and Means
Committee, which has side-tracked
the bestknown of the proposals
in this field, the Forand bill, last
week took a series of test votes in
executive session and revealed a
three-way split.
One group of Democrats favored
expansion of the social security
system to provide medical bene-
fits to those persons drawing
pensions. A second group, mostly
Republicans, backed the admins
tration idea of Federal matching
grants to States. The third op-
Evening star., 1960-05-22
BY DANA BULLEN
star stan Writer

The Supreme Court has focused
attention on the loss Of Indian
lands in a recent decision involv-
ing the Tuscaroras Of New York
State.
Under the ruling the TnScaroras
will be forced to give up 1888
acres of their land to the State
for construction of a power project
near Niagara Falls.
The case is unusual in that it
represents consideration by the
court of one of the rare instances
in our history when Congress has
given a State a license to condemn
tribal lands. Most takings of In
dian land have been by the Fed
eral Government. long termed
ironically at times - the guar
dian" of the Indians.
HomeIond Angle Cited
In a dissenting opinion in the
Tuscarora case, Justice Black
pointed out that this Indian ma
ton had owned and occupied the
land as its homeland for $50 years.
These Indians have a way of
life which this Government has
seen fit to protect. he said.
"I regret that this court is to
be the governmental agency that
breaks faith with this dependent
people. Great nations, like great
men, should keep their word"
The 1883 acres taken from the
Tuscaroras. although important
to them, are only a small part
Of the land lost by the Indians
to the white man long after the
era of conquest supposedly had
ended.
The Indians owned an estimat-
ed 155 million acres in 1881. Today
they have only about 50 million
acres. The amount of land lost
is about lo3 million acres.
History Of the DeoIs
Historically the story is an in
teresting one.
In 1889 the 1st Congress said:
"The utmost good faith shall
always be observed towards the
Indians; their land and property
shall never be taken from them
without their consent"
Since then many of the Indians
have been relocated in the West.
Almost all have found themselves
on reservations. Finally, much Of
the reservation land has been lost
through unwise sales or taken by
the Government.
The largest losses followed
passage of the General Allotment
Act by Congress in 1887.
Under this law, about 40 mil
lion acres of reservation land we're
distributed to individual Indians
usually about $50 acres per
person.
The Government took Sc mil
lion acres Of what remained and
held another 20 million acres in
trust for the tribes.
About half of the Sc million
acres taken by the Government
was opened for settlement by the
white man. The Indians were paid
$l.25 per acre for the land. The
Evening star., 1960-05-22
Keeping the Faith With indians:
Our Courts Look at Forced Sales

the land. sometimes in staggering
amounts.
Many Indians, however, do not
consider money an adequate balm.
The Tuscaroras, for example,
turned down an offer of S2.4 mil
lion before going to court.
CongreSs-and many Indians
apparently do think money helps
calm the red mans protests and
the white mans conscience.
In 1916, Congress created the
Indian Claims Commission to hear
complaints of alleged unfair
compensation in past takings of
Indian land by the Government.
Eight hundred and fifty-two
claims were filed before a 1851
deadline. Some cover vast por-
tons of whole States, acquired by
the Government in early peace
treaties.
$42 Million Awarded
The commission has completed
$50 cases to date and has awarded
S42 million to Indian claimants.
Congress thus far has appropriated
SIT million to start paying the
awards.
One Indian Bureau official
called the activity of the COM
mission lone of the finest examples
Of the Federal Governments
willingness to be reasonable.
Over the years some of the
takings of Indian lands have in
volved breach of the provisions Of
treaties between the Indians and
the United States.
Some tribes have been guar
anteed lands forever" and then
found out that the Government
can legally break its word and
take the land back.
Indian treaties now have about
the same effect as legislation, Of
ficials said, and can be changed
by Congress.
The Supreme Court made it off,
cial in 1903 when it said in the
case of Lone Wolf versus the Sec
retary of the Interior that "the
power exists to abrogate the pro-
visions Of an Indian treaty."
Compensation Decreed
The ruling was clarified in 1855
when the court said, Where the
Congress by treaty or other agree
ment has declared that thereafter
Indians were to hold the lands
permanently, compensation must
be paid for subsequent taking"
After years of ups and downs, the
Bureau of Indian Affairs presently
is exerting itself to keep Indian
lands in Indian ownership and still
avoid criticism for allegedly man.
aging Indians personal affairs
too closely.
Under policy adopted several
years ago, Indians who own indi-
vidual tracts of land can sell them,
but only after the tribe has been
given number of opportunities
to buy the land itself.
Hopefully, this will provide more
individual freedom and still be
acceptable to others-including
many 1ndians-who want con-
tinued protection against unwise
sale Of the red mans remaining
land to fast-talking strangers.
Evening star., 1960-05-22

troops or the introduction Of new
weapons. The pact can be abro-
gated by either side after 10 years.
Signed in Washington last Janu-
ary 19, the pact has already been
the subject of a formal Soviet
protest and the trigger for a spo-
radio series of riots and demon
strations in Japanese cities.
Evening star., 1960-05-22

Continued From Page C-1
immoderate measure. And so
they nodded it along the lines OF
a plan supported by Mr.. Eisen-
hover in 1857, both as to total
outlay and manner of distribution.
But the amount Mr.. Eisenhower
was willing to spend three years
ago, though it would build fewer
claSSrooms now, may not stand
up for 1860. In fact, the Presi-
dent is supporting a plan which
would provide S2.2 billion over a
30-year period, with the money
to be spent only to help school
districts to pay interest and prin-
cipal on bonded Indebtedness in
Cured in the. construction of
claSSrooms.