davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-07-17
BY JOHN v. HORNER
Star star Writer

Both Russia and Cuba were
directly involved in the events
that led to the proclamation of
the Monroe Doctrine 1877 years
ago, Just as both were involved
last week, when the United States
reaffirmed this basic policy. The
nature of involvement, however,
was different.
The doctrine enunciated by
James Monroe, fifth President of
the United States, made clear
that this country would tolerate
no colonization and no interior
ence in Western Hemisphere af-
fairs by the nations of Europe.
Over the years the words
Monroe Doctrine" have had
various meanings. But generally
the term is accepted to mean
there must be no intervention by
governments in the Americas and
no exercise of preponderant in
fluence in Latin America.
Before. the American Revolu-
ton, all of the Colonial areas in
Central America, the Caribbean
and South America were simply
possessions of their European
suzerains. They shared the reli-
gion, the law, the institutions and
foreign policies of their mother
countries.
The Revolution resulted in the
creation here of the first indie
pendent American state. This in
spired the other colonies to seek
freedom. Gradually they began
dropping away from the mother
countries, notably Spain and Por-
tugal.
The people Of the United States
felt a natural interest in this
movement and enjoyed the exhili-
ration of having pioneered in the
democratic way of life and a new
kind of independent government.
The new nations demanded and
received recognition by Washing
ton.
After the Congress of Vienna in
1915, the Holy Alliance" Gar
list Russia, Austria and Prussia
with the support of France OPEN
ly made plans to preserve the CO.
lonial status quo in Latin America.
Intervention Feared
The United States feared
France would claim Cuba, secur-
ing a foothold in America and
giving that European nation the
rich island just off our mainland.
About the same time, Russia
was claiming rights along the
northwest coastline of North
America from Alaska to Cali
fornia. The Gar also asserted a
right to keep vessels of other
powers out Of the northern Pacific.
The United States had long fol-
lowed a policy of isolation laid
down by George Washington,
Alexander Hamilton, Thomas
Jefferson, John Adams and others.
This country was taking no part
in European politics or European
wars and wanted Europeans to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-07-17
Monroe Doctrine
Remoins Bosic

stay out Of the Western Henri
sphere.
On the urging of John Quincy
Adams, then Secretary Of State,
President Monroe sent message
to Congress in December, 1923,
which enunciated the Monroe
Doctrine. Succeeding Presidents
and various Secretaries of State
have given different interpreta-
tons to the basic policy, which
has stood up very well down
through the years.
The United States even saw to
the inclusion in the Covenant of
the League of Nations a clause
which seemed to bind the sigma
tories to the doctrine. This clause
read as follows: s-.y
THE Covenant does not affect
the validity Of international en-
gagements such as treaties or ar
bitration or regional understand
ings like the Monroe Doctrine, for
securing the maintenance of
peace"
In developing the inter-Ameri-
can system during the Twentieth
Century, the United States has
sought to implement the doctrine.
The Rio Treaty, adopted in f947,
condemns war and the threat or
use of force in any manner in
consistent with the Charter of. the
United Nations. 1t pledgess the
American countries to try to set
tie all disputes between themselves
by peaceful means, before referring
the disputes of the U. N. 05els
Ignored by Cubo '>'
The latter provision is one that
Cuba ignored last week in asking
the U. N. Security Council to'take
up a charge that the United
States has interfered in its inter-
nal affairs and has committed
economic aggression"
Under the Rio Treaty, the 81
American republics agreed ON a
joint defense of any of these
states which is attacked in its
own territory. t-,..
In 1854, the American govern
ments adopted the Caracas Res
oluation" proposed by the late
Secretary Of State John Foster
Dulles. This deals specifically with
the threat of international COM
munism to the Western Hemi-
sphere. The resolution condemned
activities of the international
Communist movement and de-
clared specifically that: rs.
u. international communism,
by its undemocratic nature and
its interventionist tendency, is in
compatible with the concept of
American freedom" ,u~,.
The governments declared that
Communist control or domination
of any of the American states
would constitute a threat to their
sovereignty and political inde-
pendence, endangering peace In
the face of any such threat, the
governments agreed, they would
call a meeting of consultation"
OF foreign ministers to adopt ap-
propriate action in accordance
with existing treaties. -....s
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-07-17
THE BOMB PLOTTERS
They're Martyrs Not Traitors

auer and Strauss had sidestepped
the issue entirely.
Until last year, the official Bum
deswehr line on the misfired plot
was: Plotters and counter-plotters
had followed the sincere dictates
of their conscience, each in his
own way. The whole affair was,
thus, matter of conscience, con-
corning which let no man Judge.
However, this lofty moralizing
collapsed, and with a thud, amid
the exigencies of Chancellor Ad-
enauer's domestic political crises
in the spring and summer of 1859.
Mr., Adenauer was heavily en-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-07-17

$4,000 suspected plotters arrested;
but he escaped hanging.
In the barracks of the Bundes-
wehr throughout West Germany
today there are to be found one or
more officers who had a role in
the bomb plot-with the plotters
or against them. Either way, they
have shared the legacy of hate
left by the fateful blast.
But now the issue has been re-
solved. Officially, the plotters
were martyrs. Thus the tradition
OF blind obedience-the tradition
forming the core of Prussian mill
tariSm-has been shattered.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-07-17

battled over his about-face on the
presidency. It seemed to many,
inside as well as outside Germany,
that the crusty old Chancellor had
deported himself more like a
dictator than democrat.
Thus. with his never-failing
fiair for the precisely timed, dra-
matte gesture, Mr.. Adenauer sig
nailed a stand on the bomb plot.
With his go-ahead, Gen. Adolf
Heusinger stamped the Official
seal Of approval on the plot as 'an
action against injustices and slav-
cry in Germany's darkest age"
It was fitting that Gen. Heu-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-07-17

a young editorial writer for a
Mexico City daily observed, sour
ly. perhaps the United States
finally will be forced to adopt an
economic aid program for Latin
America.
THAT seems to be what your
State Department is telling your
Congress"
It Is significant to note that
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-07-17

singer should speak out; for the
general himself symbolizes the
Bundeswehr's bomb plot dilemma.
Now West Germany's No. l
soldier, chief of staff of the
Bundeswehr, Gen. Heusinger
served Hitler as army chief of
plans and operations.
Gen. Heusinger was one of
those gathered with Hitler around
the heavy oak table at the Fueh-
rer's wolf Lair" headquarters at
Rastenberg, East Prussia, when
the bomb in the brief case ex-
ploded.
Gen. Heusinger was one of some
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-07-17

coated with vague reassurances Of
a lenient Soviet attitude, when
time for repayment rolls around.
2. They are loaded with eco
nomic and political BOBBY traps
which the Kremlin can explode at
will, when the time is ripe.
Some countries, which thus far
have tasted only the sugar-coat-
ing, have already seriously over
extended their capacity to meet
the payments when due, without
working grave hardships on their
overburdened people.
The time is not too far of when
representatives of these small,
weak nations will have to trek,
hats in hand, to Moscow and Pei
ping to plead for the lenient
treatment that was so vaguely in
dictated.
Western diplomats fear that,
insofar as the payment terms are
concerned, Moscow and Peiping
may very well be disposed toward
leniency-in return for political
concessions that sooner or later
will spell the end of their status
as independent nations.
There is nothing new about this
tactic. 1t has been used for CEN
turtles by powerful nations to ex-
tend their control over weaker
neighbors, without the. bother of
having to go to war.
Technical Assistance
There is an even deadlier hook
in the small portion of the pro-
grantees than 56-that con-
sists of outright grants.
Under the guise of technical
assistance" thousands of young
students, scientists and techni-
clans from the under-developed
areas are brought behind the Iron
Curtain each year, for technical
training" The Communist host
country pays all expenses.
During their stay behind the
Iron Curtain these students &C
tually do receive expert training
in their chosen field of technology,
from able Russian, Chinese, Hun
garian and Czech instructors.
They also receive, according to
authentic information, expert
training in such xtra-curricular
technologies as subversion, infil-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-07-17

many Latin Americans do not re-
gard the loans they have been re-
ceiving from the United States as
genuine foreign aid" The loans
must be repaid; in fact they are
being repaid.
What they haven't learned yet,
is that the Soviet credits, too,
must be repaid. In one way-or
another.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-07-17
BY NORMAN LINDHURsT


BONN.-On July 20, the 18th
anniversary of the Hitler bomb
plot, West Germany's armed
forces will make flnal-and off,
cial-the death of Prussian mill
tariSm.
For the first time, the Bundles
wehr will this year pay tribute to
the unlucky plotters, some 1000
Of whom were executed in the en-
suing blood bath.
Last year on July 20, the Aden-
auer government tried on for size
martyrs memorial day." This
year. the entire Bundeswehr-in-
Guiding all ranks from private to
generals observing the occa-
sion.
There has been, and still is,
much controversy about Chancel-
lor Konrad Adenauer's new" Ger
many. and about the authorita-
rian instincts of the iron" Chan
cellor himself.
There has been, and still is,
much controversy about the wis
dom of re-arming the Germans,
under any circumstances and for
any purpose.
There has been, but is no longer,
controversy about the Bundles
wehr's links to the Pussian mar
tial past.
Sprineboord for Strauss?
Controversy about the Bundles
wehr doubtless will continue, but
within another framework. It
may be charged-and doubtless
will be-that the Bundeswehr is
the hand-tooled vehicle for the
accession to political power Of its
master, Franz-Josef Strauss, the
amazingly energetic and bound
lessly ambitious West German de-
Tense minister.
But whatever the line of future
speculation and controversy, it
cannot be charged legitimately
that the Bundeswehr is a Prussian
creation, or even remotely reSem-
bles past Prussian military ma
chimes.
This is the ultimate significance
Of the bitter controversy which
has ragged within the Bundeswehr
over the Hitler bomb plot. The
issue: Did the plotters betray their
soldiers oath" given to Hitler, as
their commander in chief?
Until Mr.. Adenauer and Mr..
Strauss closed ranks on the bomb
plot issue, many German profess
sional soldiers-including those
again serving with the Bundles
wehr-regarded the July 20, 1914,
plotters as traitors and towards.
So bitter were the hatredS rooted
in this issue that until last year,
when pressing political circum-
stance dictated otherwise, Aden-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-07-17

These are the programs that the
Kremlin has Jumped together un-
der the term economic aid" and
which today constitutes the major
weapon in its campaign to sub
vert Latin America, Africa, and
the non-Communist nations Of
Asia.
Gooding Congress
For more than three years the
State Department has been point
ing with alarm at "the rapidly in
creasing Sino-Soviet economic aid
program" in an effort to goad
reluctant Congressman to vote
larger foreign aid appropriations
than they otherwise would ap-
prove.
In presenting the administra-
tion's foreign aid requests two
years ago, Secretary of State
Herter described the Communist
bloc's economic assistance pro-
gram for the der-developed ma
tons of the free world" under
section of his presentation which
he gave the subtitle: THE Chal-
lengeS We Face"
During the hearings of the cur
rent Mutual Security legislation,
Secretary Herter warned the
House Foreign Affairs Committee,
last February II, that the Sino-
Soviet economic aid" program is
being greatly expanded.
by the end of 1852" he said,
agreements had been signed with
10 less developed countries to pro-
vide $3.2 billion in credits and
grants, of which $2.5 billion is for
economic aid. (The amounts have
since been increased.
bloc aid reached a high level
in 1858 when aid agreements
totalled more than 81 billion. The
1921 million of credits and grants
extended during 1859 was almost
entirely for economic purposes"
Reody-Mode Arguments
In dozens Of sta t e m is,
speeches and television appear
ances during 1868, 1859 and 1860,
Secretary Herter, Undersecretary
Dillon and other State Depart
ment officials have emphasized
the Importance of the Communist
economic aid" program.
The Communist propagandists
promptly picked them up. For
nearly two years they have been
DINING such statements into the
ears of workers in the cane fields
of Cuba, the mines and the paddy
fields of Indonesia, the sweat
shops of Japan:
Here, comrades, in the capital
list press are the words of the
Yanqui Secretary Of State, Herter.
See for yourselves that he admits
that the Soviet Union and the
Chinese Peoples Republic are CIV
ing us the aid we need to build a
better life.
1.-THE Yanqui Herter, himself,
proves that those things I have
been telling you are true"
Such twists have had telling
effect on the workers and peas
ants, the students and restless in
tellectuals of underdeveloped ma
tions.
BY an ingenious twist, the Com
munists are even using the state
ments of American officials to
claim, in behalf of the Kremlin,
at least partial credit for our own
costly foreign aid programs.
Now that we are being offered
foreign aid by the Soviet Union"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-07-17
Soviet Unions Foreign Aid
Has Many Strings Attached

tration. indoctrination, sabotage
and espionage.
These are the programs that the
Kremlin has Jumped together un-
der the term economic aid" and
which today constitutes the major
weapon in its campaign to sub
vert Latin America, Africa, and
the non-Communist nations of
Asia.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1960-08-12
Coop Members Favor More
Consumer Safeguards

WASHINGTON. D. C.-(CNS)-
Coop members here expressed their
preference for additional consumer
safeguards by majorities of 20-to-1
in a recent referendum.
Robert Bonham, president of Green
belt (Maryland) Consumer Services,
announced the results July 1 after
a poll of the co-op's $4,000 members.
They favored:
Standard units of weight or con-
tent ON food packages is, l.
pound packages instead of 17k-
ounce ones;
Conspicuous declaration of net
content; and
Effective protection against dis
honesty, fraud, and impurities in food
and drug merchandising.
BY the same top-heavy majority
they also opposed so-called fair-trade
laws that let manufacturers fix mini
mum retail prices on their products.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1960-08-12
Rehabilitation Looks Ahead,
Theme of Annual Conference

dustrial Accident Board. will speak on
industrial accidents and rehabilita-
ton.
OVR assistant Director Hunt will
also be the principal banquet speaker,
following and Introductory by State
Supt. Miss Harriet Miller whose Of
flee has general supervisory authority
over the Bureau of Vocational Re-
Mobilization. John Austreng will be
the banquet POSTMASTER.
Summation of the two days of dis
cussions will be made by Grant Hyer
of the Veterans Administration, Hell
ena.
Panel topics and their leaders are
Mental Rehabilitation Problems
DIR. Paul Ensign, City County Health,
Great Falls; DIR. R. j. Spratt, Supt.
State Hospital, Warm Springs; DR..
Donald Harr, psychiatrist, Billings;
DIR. Thomas Winchester, psychologist,
Missoula, and Mrs. Wanda Miller,
dean of women, NMC, Havre.
Physical Rehabilitation L. w.
Allard, orthopedist, Billings, presid-
ing; DR.. John G. Davidson, orthoped-
ist. Butte; L.. w. Wurl, supt. of in
dustrial therapy, Warm Springs;
Ralph Clark, prosthetist, Great Falls,
and Frances Seyler, Board of Health,
Helena.
We speak for rehabilitation-(all
rehabilitated handicapped people) {:
Raymond c. Cheever, editor, accent
on Living, Bloomington, Ind; John
Austreng, Ward Crosby, Dwayne
Walker and Jack Carver, Helena;
Alfred G. Stiff, Bozeman, and Jack
Picard, Butte.
A fourth panel will be a clinical
team demonstration on care of ampu-
tees. DIR. w. H. Walton, orthopedist,
Billings. will preside. Other panel
members will be David West, physical
therapist, Butte; Hughbert Dubois,
Butte, and T. j. Withan,
Missoula, of Bureau of Vocational
Rehabilitation.
The other members of the confer
ence program committee besides
are: DR.. L. w. Allard,
Billings; w. Lyle Roeseler, Helena;
Hughbert Dubois, Butte; Ed Grafton,
Helena, and Russell Conklin, Great
Falls.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1960-08-12
Thompson Resigns From
Long Held IBEM Position

Stanley E. (Mutt) Thompson, of
Red Lodge, Montana, international
representative of the international
Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
(AFL-CIO) in Montana for the past
Is years, recently submitted his resig-
nation.
The resignation was sent by wire to
international Vice President Lee An
derson, Pocatello, Idaho.
No reason was Immediately stated
for the resignation. However, Thomp-
son, who is secretary of the Mon
tana Democratic party stated that he
intends now to devote his full time
to support of the Democratic ticket
''from Kennedy down" in this falls
elections.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1960-08-12

T T he inefea sin g i'm pertance OF
rehabilitating the disabled and
other physically handicapped
into useful, self-sufficient citl-
zens will come in for thorough
discussion at the third annual
conference of Montana Asso-
citation for Rehabilitation IN
Helena September FL and %, accord
ing to program chairman Glenn U.
Lockwood. state director of the Bu-
reau of Vocational Rehabilitation.
Accordingly, the theme of thus
wears meeting will center on Re
Mobilization looks ahead" and will
feature addresses by nationally-recog-
nized leaders in the field, panel dis
cussions. and talks by various handl-
capped people who have through one
means or another been rehabllltated.
The two days of discussions will be
held in the Pow-Wow Room of the
Western Life Building and the ban
ouet finale on the evening of Thurs
day the 22nd will be in Jorgenson's
Holiday Inn.
MAR. a citizens association draw
ing interested people from many
walks of life, held it's first annual
conference in Butte in May of 1858.
Today there are more than 125 Mon
tanans in the association with the
number expected to grow as more
people become aware of MARS pro-
gram to improve the lives of the
handicapped ee@
The acknowledgements men who
will address this years, conference
are Joseph Hunt, assistant director,
Office of Vocational Rehabilitation,
Washington, D. c., and Tom Green
ing. member of Presidents Commit
tee for Employment of the Physically
Handicapped, Washington, D. c.
OTHER SPEAKERS
Other speakers at the two-day
meeting include: MAR President
John J. Earls, Helena, superintendent
of field services, Bureau of Vo-Rehab,
who will make his annual report as
preliminary to turning his post over
to president-elect DR.. James Shown,
Great Falls.
Robert Swanberg, chairman In
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1960-08-12
Water Crisis Foreseen BY
Senate Committee Report
American Public Power Association

American Public Power Association
Future needs for water in the U. S.
will require new and revolutionary
techniques of water resource develop
ment and comprehensive development
is expected to become standard prac-
tice by the end of the century, a SEN
ate committee report said recently.
The report was prepared for the
Senate Select Committee on National
Water Resources by DR.. Edward A.
Alderman, Washington, d. c., ain au-
thority on water resources.
Growing water problems CLEARLY
indicate a situation sometime within
this century in which water require
ments will cause the nation to go be-
yond traditional approaches to water
development" the report said.
1t was explained that in the future
water resource projects will not be
limited to construction of dams and
reservoirs for the conservation of
river flows, but will include also
measures for expanding the reliable
use of underground, desalting of sea
water, artificial rainfall, and the
elimination of natural and man-made
contamination in rivers, lakes, and
other water sources which are not
now being used.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1960-08-12
So Million Increase In
University Budget Asked

s'This is the hardest part of being
a college president" R. R. Renne,
prexy of Montana State College IN
Bozeman. said after the meeting
Tuesday of the Board of Regents
which increased the budget requests
to the Legislature this winter by
eight million dollars.
Renne and the other five proxies
of the university units must now pre-
pare detailed exhibits to justify the
outlay of $37,955,433 proposed, to
Budget Director Jack Reid for in
clusion in the Governors recon-
mendations to the Legislature.
The appropriations by the last
Legislature amounted to only $22,-
365, TAT and no funds were provided
for responsible building program.
The lawmakers will be asked to find
$30,963,O34 in taxes-the balance
will be made up of student fees and
land grant income plus funds from
the Interest and Income Fund.
Reid has asked for a very careful
background for each figure-for ex-
ample, projections of the travel ex-
penses must include the amount spent
last year plus the estimate for this
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1960-08-12
High Interest Rates Serve
No Public Purpose

g. (. the decision Thy the federal
government in recent years. to pay
higher interest rates has served no
conceivable public purpose In
paying out more and more interest
on it's new borrowings, the federal
government has added nothing to
efficiency; expanded no useful pro-
gram; shouldered no commonly &C
knowledged public responsibility
added nothing to the national wealth;
and merely used the taxpayers mon
ey to pay unearned bounties to those
in no need of public assistance. q
From flight Money and Rising. In
terest Rates -. and the Damage
They Are DOING published by the
Conference on Economic Progress,
July 1860.