davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-06-02

ture considering the late hour.
But the Speaker, as he left
the Capitol, remarked, II don't
believe he convinced me-"
Mr.. Curtis defined "nonfeass
ance" as a failure to act and
"misfeasance" as action con-
trary to what he regarded as
proper. The District Commit
tee is guilty on both counts, he
insisted.
Wants Opinions Voted
THE should meet and vote
the bill down if they feel it is
poor legislation" he said.
They haven't met, they
haven't debated and they
haven't voted.
The Davis subcommittee did
take testimony, mostly unfa-
vorable, at hearings in this
Congress, and then kept the
hearing record open without
meeting through most of the
session.
Mr.. Curtis did not spare
home rule champions from his
criticism. They have presented
their side of the case in a mar
row and selfish manner" he
asserted. branding opponents
as guilty of racial bigotry.
Racial bigotry is an import
ant element" in the issue, he
said. He added it should not
be used to camoufiage other
arguments against home rule,
such as the danger of chipping
away at Federal interests in
the Capital.
The territorial bill satisfies
Mr.. Curtis, however. He indi-
Gated he'll vote for it If he has
the opportunity.
Evening star., 1960-06-02

ping of the, mandatory death
sentences, by the Districts
Judicial Conference, which rep
resents judges and court Of
f1cers.
The Abernethy unit SubSti-
tuted a bill modelled on Missis-
sippi law for the one suggested
by the judicial group and
backed by the District COM
miSsioners and District Bar AS
sQciation,
q Acceptable to Gasch
United States Attorney Oliver
Gasch. who drafted the sub
stitute language at the sub
committees request, said he
would have preferred the origi-
nal bill but the substitute was
&c C epta Bile as a practical
matter.
Under either bill a death SEN
Itehce could be blocked by one
EjNfor. IL
Il Fhe recommended measure
that persons convicted
lcdBf degree murder shall be
electrocuted unless thefajury
Unanimously decides on life
imprisonment. -
sn the jury fails to agree on
punishment, then the court
automatically would order life
Imprisonment, under the bills
terms. A convicted first-degree
murderer would be required to
serve at least 20 years before
being eligible for parole from
a life term. A convicted second
degree murderer would also
have to serve at least 20 years.
The judicial conference pro-
posal was to make life imprison-
ment automatic unless the jury
unanimously recommended the
death penalty in first-degree
Evening star., 1960-06-02
The
Rambler
Wishes the
Horse Had Won
BY GEORGE KENNEDY

BY GEORGE KENNEDY
What would we do without
lobbyists?
This column is a gift from
D. C. WilkerSon of Detroit,
a General Motors man, who
has amaSsed 100000 items
on the history of the auto
mobile.
He was kind enough to
send me his Washington file.
1t starts with an 1897 item
from The Horseless Age, a
monthly journal devoted to
motor interests.
1t was headed Prejudice
at Washington" 1t read:
"The Federal Commissioners
of Washington, D. c., recently
refused the application of
a local firm who wished to
run a motor delivery wagon
in the streets of the Capital
on the grounds it would
frighten horses and thus en-
danger life and property.
Such official foSSilism at
the very center of American
legislation, in a city of wealth
and culture whose pavements
are PECULIARLY adapted to the
new locomotion, will excite
amazement among Europeans
who have been told of the
progresSiveness and alertneSS
of the American people"
At the turn of the century
the automobile was largely
a European development.
Daimlers, Peugeots, RenaultS,
Flats were the great names
in motors.
Washington not only had
paved streets, it had the
embassies. The diplomats
and their vehicles were the
subject of frequent Washing
ton items in the early au-
tomotive journals. -
o.
THUS WE READ in a 1so3.s
copy of. Automobile Topics
that: - q 4
Probably the finest au-
tomobiles owned in Wash
ington are those of Baroness,
Hengelmullera (wife of the
Hungarian AInbassa
DOR, who counts eight,
among them one of the fin ; I
est and speediest machines
that could be bdfit i'm Europe. I
with the ambassador by
her side she creates no little
sensation as she goes beyond
the speed limit over the as
phalt streets of the Capital"
Washington had more than
the embassies. 1t had the
Conduit road to Great Falls,
described as "a city street
running into the country"
1t was a stretch of pavement
almost II miles long.
President Theodore Roose-
velt welcomed the automo-
bile with his usual enthuSi-
asm and caution. He would
have liked to purchase an
automobile for the White
House stables but he feared
that too much would be made
of it commercially,
So he rented a car occa-s
Sionally-an American car
in this instance, a Columbia.
He had a chauffeur drive
him out to Great Falls on
the Conduit road SO he.could
walk back to Chain Bridge
on the towpath.
Two bicycle policemen de-
cided the car was going too
fast. The limit was IS miles
per hour. They estimated
the car was going 25. BY
dint of vigorous pedaling,
they caught up with it.
There was some dismay
when they recognized the
President, but he apologized
for the infraction and told
them he would have the
driver proceed at a slower
rate
Evening star., 1960-06-02

"They considered it impera-
tive that the Seat of Govern
ment be removed from possible
control by any State and the
Milford chronicle., 1960-02-19

application form and be asked
to compute how much you ex-
pect to get under the new sys-
tenn, for this year as well as
for next year, in case you are
thinking of changing. VA will
check your computation. If it
appears you have made the
wrong choice, you will be asked
Milford chronicle., 1960-02-19

need special restorative train
ing. How much such training
would she be entitled to re-
ceive and would this be deduc-
ted from her other schooling?
The amount of time allowed for
restorative training would be
whatever VA decides is neces-
sary to overcome her disabil-
Milford chronicle., 1960-02-19

line for applying for loans is
only for World War ii veterans.
In talking with other veterans
get the impression not every
one understands that compen-
sation and pension are two diff
ferent things. VIII you define
each kind of payment, as it
applies to living veterans?
Milford chronicle., 1960-02-19

under the new pension program
in July or stay with the system
under which / am now being
paid. Will VA check over my
choice for me, to be sure it is
in my best interests?
Yes. With the pension check VA
mails to you around the end or
February YOU will receive an
Milford chronicle., 1960-02-19

ity or to minimize its effects so
she can pursue her education.
Special restorative training
may not in any case exceed 36
months. It is not deducted from
entitlement to War Orphans
school training.
4 am on VAS pension rolls and
must choose whether to come
Milford chronicle., 1960-02-19
to decide AGAIN.

to decide again.
Ill am a Korea veteran and have
never yet used my privilege to
obtain a CT loan. Is my dead
line the same as for veterans
of World War II, July 25, 1850?
Mo. The CT loan deadline for
Korea veterans is January 81,
1865. The July 25. 1860, dead
Milford chronicle., 1960-02-19

Compensation is payable to eli
gible veterans whose disabili-
ties are DUE to service. PEN
sion is payable only to eligible
veterans whose total and per-
manent disabilities are NOT
DUE to service.
Milford chronicle., 1960-02-19
Veterans Administration
INFORMATION SERVICE
QUESTION AND ANSWERS

Q-My daughter is eligible for war
orphans education. She has a
physical handicap and would
Milford chronicle., 1960-02-19

Classified Ads Get Resultr
Evening star., 1960-03-27

Of Gov. Rockefeller Of New York
from the campaign for the Repub-
lican presidential nomination, the
questioning about Vice President
Nixon has intensified. The colony
here Is right on the dividing line
where East meets West at its most
sensitive point.
Diplomats here know every de-
tail Of Mr.. Nixon's public attitude
on foreign questions. They don't
know to what extent he would let
foreign problems be Influenced or
determined by domestic considera.
tions. They debate among them.
selves and with Americans how he
would stand up at the summit
conferences.
The same sort Of questioning
goes on about Democratic candi-
dates.
Russians watch the campaign,
too. but their questioning is more
sardonic. although perhaps no less
concerned. They have-or at least
express-a feeling that Ameri-
can policy inside and outside is
controlled by what the Russians
themselves are doing.
Here in Moscow. where heavenly
things aren't taken very seriously,
the Russians jibe that God and
the undecided nations will be on
the side Of the country with the
most battalions-and the most
steelworkers.
Evening star., 1960-03-27

lands area Of Kazakhstan put
down their tools because Of tough
working conditions. That factor,
coupled with mismanagement in
the whole Kazakhstan planting
and harvesting season last year,
brought disaster to one Commu-
mist leader.
He was Nikolai Belyaev who,
from q job roughly equivalent to
governor Of one Of the biggest
chunks Of land In the Soviet
Union, was busted down to the
party Craftsmanship Of . little
region the size Of an American
county. It happened after Khru-
shchev had given him Q public
bawling-out.
Clearly part Of the trouble was
that $4,000 young men from west
ern Russia, who had been sent to
the virgin lands to help build them
UP, quit their jobs and returned
home. Another 100000 also found
working conditions 90 disagree
able under Belyaev's regime that
they staged what looked like q
sort Of non-violent sitdown. All
this was reported in public some
time ago when Dinmukhamed A.
Kunaev took over from Belyaev
and told all at q formal meeting.
1t doesn't take much back
tracking TO recall o time when at
least Q major portion Of the
$4,000 unhappy workers would
Evening star., 1960-03-27

radioactivity resultant from a nu-
clear explosion can be contained
underground, but its very commo-
ton can be muf1led effectively.
A mathematical formula ex-
pressing this muffling indicates,
for instance, that q Hiroshima
size blast, If carried out In the So
called Big Room Of the Carlsbad
caverns, in the Guadalupe range
Of New Mexico, would be so muf-
fed as to yield q seismic signal
equivalent to that Of an explo-
sion Of 800 tons INT above
ground. And such signals are not
SUFFICIENT to allow experts to To-
cate them, even If they used 100
seismographs In the immediate
vicinity Of the blast.
The Carlsbad Big Room is 1000
feet long, 625 feet wide and 800
feet high, and the mass Of rock
above it is about 800 feet thick.
Thus there would be no risk of
shattering the cavern in question,
and still less Of blowing its top of.
Further Facts
If the whole of the energy yield
ed by the atomic explosion were
to be in the form Of mechanical
energy instead Of being mainly
heat, and If the rock formations
above and below were of absolute
hardness, then the blast would lift
the mass Of rock Immediately
above-some / billion tons-but
only by about an finch. However,
in practice even the mechanical
energy Of the blast is quickly
transformed into heat by the
cushioning action Of the air mass
and Of the rock walls, which heat
tremendously-as o nail heats un-
der O hammer blow.
A further fact brought out by
Evening star., 1960-03-27
Three-MiIe Limit
And Our Strategy
BY JOHN BARRON
star stan Writer

In Geneva the United States
now is fighting one Of its most
important postwar actions to pre-
serve freedom Of the seas.
There, representatives OF "a
countries are trying to agree how
far into the sea national sover.
eighty should extend.
The vastness Of the oceans and
controversy over fishing rights
have helped obscure the real issue
Of the conference and the gravity
with which this country regards it.
The Soviet Union and its
satellite nations are trying to
force expansion Of territorial
waters from the traditional 3
miles to IL miles.
In their efforts, they have had
the exaSperating support Of
countries considered friendly to
the United States 0ncluding
Canada and Mexico) and Of neu-
tralist powers with deluded con-
cepts Of national security and
prestige.
The current conference, con-
vened March II by the United
Nations, is Q continuation Of one
which recessed in 1858 after fall
ure to achieve agreement about
the breadth Of territorial waters.
Since then, the Soviet Union
subtly has tried to foster world
wide acceptance Of the 12-mile
limit.
'Disostef Feared by Some
The United States delegation,
headed by Arthur II. Dean, promi-
nent New York attorney who
helped negotiate the Korean
armistice, and retired Vice Ad-
miral Oswald Colclough, acting
president Of George Washington
University, has asserted that the
12-mile limit is "fraught with
disaster" for the West.
This is why this country
thinks so:
There are 116 straits and ocean
passages narrower than "a miles.
AL now are open to warships and
merchant vessels Of every coun-
try. But adoption of the l2-mile
limit would make them territorial
waters and, under international
law subject to regulation by the
countries exercising sovereignty.
Much Of the deterrent peace
time value Of the American 9Th
and 7th Fleets results from their
ability to steam swiftly to the
scene Of q crisis which threatens
war.
Should nations which might be
neutral or unfriendly in time Of
future crises acquire the right to
deny American warships use Of
key straits, they could delay for
days or weeks arrival Of our
flotillas at the site of embryonic
conflicts.
The 12-mile limit also could be
Evening star., 1960-03-27

have given q long second thought
before quitting work. II it had
happened under Stain the story
likely would have been vastly
different.
But now the man blamed for
mismanagement was busted, not
shot, and the men who kicked up
their heels-well, 50 far there Is
not the slightest indication that
they have been punished. Instead
better housing, more clothes,
better food, picture shows and
radios have been promised them
on q speeded-up schedule.
Like the satires in the Moscow
theater. that represents . consider.
able change in these parts.
At coektoiI Porties
There's an endless round Of
cocktail parties and dinners that
occupy the evenings Of Moscow's
foreign colony, which Is mainly
diplomatic. They can't mingle
much on o home-to-home basis
with Russians. It Is not welcomed
by the authorities.
Increasingly these days, as the
political campaign heats up in
the United States, 1t heats UP as
well in the cocktail colony here.
American diplomats and cor
respondents undergo constant
questioning about the political
situation. Since the withdrawal
Evening star., 1960-03-27

ern point Of view-the available
information on Russian and Chi
nese caves comes principally from
archaeologistS. who are mainly
interested in the remnants of pre-
historic civilizations and in bones
OF primitive men found in those
under-earth habitations, but rel
atively little in the size Of the
various compartments. However.
1t is known that one of those
compartments-the Chamber Of
Giants" in the Ablaskhira Cave,
in Abkhazia (Caucasus)-is big
enough and deep enough to muf-
fle an explosion of several kilo-
tons Of INT. or Of its plutonium
equivalent.
Nevertheless, in this contest for
large caves, the West would prob
ably hold considerable advantage,
thanks mainly to the San Pedro
cave in the Bolivian Andes, the
biggest and deepest known, and
capable Of muff1ling not only the
kiloton explosions of mere atomic
bombs, but even the megaton
blasts Of the biggest hydrogen
bombs produced to date.
The San Pedro cave lies under
the Illampu Mountain and its
only known entrance is near the
little settlement of Sorata. Its
biggest chamber is so large that
even the biggest searchlights that
could be brought in through its
exiguous entrance could not reach
its ceiling. It is crossed by a
stream and a lake and a French
Jesuit who sailed up that stream
found the cave extending into the
very heart Of the huge mountain.
There an iron grill-work, typical
OF the 17th Century Spanish
wrought iron lattice work, barred
his progress toward the far end.
Evening star., 1960-03-27
How 1t Is Possible to Explode A-Bombs
InCoves Without Being Able to Detect Them
By ALICK DE MoNTMoRENCY

By ALICK DE MONTMORENCY
contributins Writer
For many months the represent
atives Of the worlds three major
nuclear powers have been hag.
Cling at Geneva over the effec-
tiveness Of Q policed ban on nu-
clear testing. The chief block to
an accord has been the question
Of underground testing - could
such subSurface explosions be de-
tected? Could o nuclear explosion
in q huge, deep cave be Identified
as such, and not be confused with
the seismic evidences Of an earth
quake?
So after many centuries, caves
are again in the forefront Of mil
itary affairs.
At the dawn Of human history,
these natural fortresses, concealed
deep In the flank of mountains or
hillsideS. were the object Of .
millenial struggle. At first it was
between cave bears, their orig
inal discoverers, and thick -limbed
huge-headed Neanderthal men who
welded flaming torches against
the big bruins. Later, the fight
was between the human-fesh-
eating Neanderthal plug-uglies
and the gigantic Cro- -Magnons, who
poured into Europe from q mys-
terious southwesterly homeland.
Still later, in the fourteenth CEN
tury, the forces Of Queen Tamara
OF Georgia, using the network of
communicating caverns of the
Caucasian country as a war base,
successfully defended their noun
tainous realm against the Mongol
hordes Of Tamerlane.
In modern times, caves have
been important only to speleolo-
giSts, explorers and archaeologistS.
But today, due to the rapid
advance Of technology, military
science has gone a full circle, and
caves-big, deep caves-are again
a serious asset in power politics.
It's because of the possibility Of
muffling nuclear explosions by
carrying them out underground In
huge, secluded chambers.
Frequency Of Quokes
American and British atomic
scientists, ballistic experts, seis-
mologists and mining engineers
have supplied information on the
frequency and the intensity Of
earthquakes in different parts of
the world and the reduction which
the air cushion inside an under
ground compartment effects in
the commotion caused by an ex-
plosion.
The number Of quakes each
year Of sufficient intensity to be
registered by a network of seis-
mographS is estimated at around
a million. About $4,000 Of them
are shallow earthquakes with seis-
mic amplitudes equivalent to those
produced by detonating 1000 tons
or more TINT. About 5000 are
equal to or greater than a kilo-
ton $1,000 tons TNT) blast. And
some 1000 tremors each year are
equivalent in force to a 20 kiloton
blast or more-the force Of the
Hiroshima bomb.
And information gathered from
the Rainier and Hardtack atomic
tests in 1857 and 1858 in Nevada
showed that not only the telltale
Evening star., 1960-03-27
By NARANJAN s. UPPAL
Contributing Writer

NEW DELHI.-By moves, both
open and subtle, Moscow is making
a, determined bid to win over
AfghaniStan, which has acted for
long as buffer state between
great powers, completely to its
side.
The Afghan government, more
than the Afghan people, has be-
gun, in turn, to regard Russians
as better friends than others,
though it has announced its deci-
sion to continue its policy Of
strict non-alignment in interna-
tional affairs.
Until this month, the Russian
game consisted Of economic aid
and cultural penetration. But now
Moscow has fired a political salvo
which has touched of a wave Of
jubilation throughout Afghanis-
tan.
Sensing Afghanistan's emotional
link with the Pakhtoonistan move
ment, Soviet Premier Khrushchev
has announced that the future of
Pathans living in Pakistan terri
tory, along the Afghan border,
should be decided under the
UNITED Nations Charter principle
of Self-determination."
Afghanistan has been demand
ing a separate Pusatu-speaking
state for the last 13 years. This
would push Pakistan's frontiers
back from the present Durand
Line dividing the two countries.
Perhaps Mr.. Khrushchev's idea
was to pay back Pakistan Presi-
dent Ayub Khan for his often
repeated thesis of Communist
plans to sweep Indo-Pakistan sub
continent, with Soviet Russia
moving from the north and China
from the east"
Interference Chorged
Pakistan's reaction has been
swift and sharp. Foreign Minis
ter Manzur Qadir has char
acterized the Soviet action as
unfortunate and regrettable in
reference in Pakistan's internal
affairs" He has made q counter
demand that the ruling family
of. Afghanistan" seek a plebiscite
among the Pathans living in At
ghanistan. "In all probability" he
asserted, their verdict would be
in favor Of joining Pakistan."
Joining this battle Of words,
Soviet Ambassador to Pakistan
DR.. Kapitsa described Mr.. Qadir's
suggestion as a coke" "It is
completely illogical" he said.
The Pakistan Foreign Office an
nounced it had taken serious
note" Of DR.. Kapitsa's statement.
Phe press and the public unan-
1mously demanded his "expul-
sion"
President Ayub Khan has dis
cusSed the matter with CENTO
Secretary-General Baig. Pakis-
tan's view is that the open Rus
sian support has changed the
complexion Of this Afghan -Pakis-
tan dispute and it has now become
q problem to be tackled under
CENTO's overall strategy to
combat communism.
Moscow Is acting swiftly on
other fronts also. This month
1t signed five-year cultural pact
Evening star., 1960-03-27

the experts Is that cavities Of
equivalent value to that Of the
Big Room, or even better ones for
muffling atomic blasts, could be
created in a couple Of years at a
cost Of between $40 million and
$40 million each, and could be re-
used q number of times. In fact,
q number of such artificial cav
erns have already been created in
the United States and are used
to store oil.
Deep coves Necessary
But even this delay and ex-
pense could be dispensed with by
powers seeking to carry out secret
tests and possessing sufficiently
large and sufficiently deep natural
caves. There are over 1900 known
caves In the United States and
Alaska, and some Of them have
chambers larger than the Carls-
bad big Room"
Similarly. some Of the worlds
biggest caveS-especially in New
Zealand-would be available to
the British If they wished to
carry out secret atomic tests,
while France could use the great
caves Of the Sahara.
Russian and Chinese caves also
are numbered in thousands, and
some of them are known to con-
tain very large chambers. Per-
hapS the largest of these are in
the Szechwan province of South
ern China-in one Of which Prof.
Won Konigswald found the bones
Of 14-feet-tall men who lived in
those parts q million years ago.
The Ural Mountains and the
Caucasus also are known to pos
sess large caverns.
Unfortunately. from the West