davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-07-31
ISLAND REPUBLIC
Cyprus Nears Independence

withdrawal of most-although by
no means all-of the 10000 Brit
ish troops from the island will
have its effect. Their presence. al
though politically Objectionable.
contributed much to the boom in
Cyprus.
The world price of pyrites, one
of the most valuable mineral ex-
ports of Cyprus, has fallen con-
siderably in recent months, fur
ther complicating the economic
picture.
But Cyprus will not be without
friends; Britain, Greece and Tur-
key have all promised help.
Britain is planning to build up
her two military bases on the is
land. This project, costing millions
Of pounds, will provide jobs for
many thousands of Cypriots for
years to come.
The British have promised a
Evening star., 1960-07-31

uation, Gen. De Gaulle repeatedly
would like to see the following
measures taken as soon as the
U. N. has restored order in the
country:
/. Organization of a U. N. cor
don sanitaire" on the Katanga
border to prevent clashes between
the two camps;
2. Official disavowal by the Bel
gian government of all plots
against the unity of the Congo
Republic;
3. A round-table conference be-
tween the Congo leaders-includ-
ing M. Tshombe-to work out fed
eral institutions after the Swiss
and United States pattern;
4. New free elections, in which
the Congolese can determine their
own political future.
These measures, Gen. De CATTLE
believes, offer the best chance to
keep not only the Katanga but the
entire Congo attached to the
ideals of the free world.
(Worldwide Press service)
Evening star., 1960-07-31

looks promising as 1t joins the
growing list of sovereign nations
emerged from colonialism.
One of the first acts of the
independent republic of Cyprus is
certain to be an application for
membership in the United Ma
tions. Cyprus will thus join the
growing list of newly emerging
nations classified under the label,
"the Afro-ASian bloc"
In foreign affairs, these nations
have, for the most part, been
identified with "neutralism; in
effect, they have refused consis-
tently to align themselves with
either the East or the West in
the succeeding crises of the cold
war. But Cyprus is expected,
nevertheless, to be Western
oriented and little fear is held
that the island republic will 60
fishing in troubled waters in Mid
die Eastern politics.
Evening star., 1960-07-31
THE SPY TRIAL
Is Powers 'Brainwashed?

read. Anxiety builds up. AS the
process continues, he becomes in
creasingly detected and depend
ent. He ceases to care about his
personal appearance and actions.
Becomes Eager to Talk
Finally, he sits and stares with
a vacant expression. When food
is presented to him he may
mix it into a mush and stuff it
into his mouth like an animal. .
He weeps. he mutters and he
prays aloud in his cell. He fol-
lows the orders of the guard with
the docility of trained animal.
1t usually takes four to six weeks
to produce this phenomenon in
a newly imprisoned man."
When the victim is thoroughly
demoralized, he becomes eager
for the chance to talk. With the
object a complete confession, the
interrogator suddenly switches
from the harsh to the seductive
approach. He is really a friend
who has the prisoners best inter-
est at heart. After all, he. the
interrogator, is only doing his
Job. And, anyway, we know all
about your crime.
The release from pressure is
almost irresistible. Usually the
victim produces what the interro-
gator desires. If he doesn't the
harsh routine is resumed.
This thought of the immediate
resumption of the Interrogation
regimen, with its serious dis
turbances of bodily processes, is
the principal reason Soviet pris-
oners rarely ever recant their
confessions, according to the KGB
itself.
After the confession is signed,
the pressures are customarily re-
laxed. The victim is allowed to
sleep as long as he likes. He may
have reading and writing material.
His meals improve and his guards
become friendly.
1t is interesting to speculate on
how Mr.. Powers may have been
treated with this authoritative
study as a guide.
The U-2 pilot was captured on
May /. Five weeks later, without
any American official permitted to
see him during this period, he
wrote his first letter to his wife.
His second letter came more
than two weeks later and said he
was being treated well. He added
that he was reading the Bible and
Gone With the Wind. Meanwhile,
his trial date had been announced.
There is, as stated above, virtu-
ally no doubt in the minds of ex-
pertS here that Mr.. Powers has
had the treatment His actions
and statements during the trial"
thus should be judged against this
near certainty.
That the American people will
do so may be expected. Unfortu-
nately, some people abroad, in the
neutralist, uncommitted camp and
perhaps even in Allied countries,
will be taken in by this Soviet
gambit. a
Evening star., 1960-07-31
>atanga Challenge to Congo New
SECESSION PLOT?
BY GEORGE w. HERALD
Contributing Writer

COnJrlDuIlng Wrlper
PARIS.-President Charles de
oaulle fears a Korea-type war
will engulf Negro Africa unless
the Western powers scotch the
attempt to detach Katanga Prov
ince from the new Republic of
the Congo.
The general has given his full
support to Belgium's efforts to
protect the physical safety of her
citizens in the Congo until the
U. N. troops arrived. But at the
same time the French President
has notified Brussels that he will
not condone attempts to establish
the Katanga as an independent
state.
The general knows that neither
the British nor the American Gov
ernment have been involved in
that effort. But he wishes they
would discourage it more vigor-
ously than they have done so far.
for it constitutes major threat
to the French community. which
remains the biggest asset the West
has left in Africa.
In Gen. de Gaulle's eyes, the
Belgians court an even graver
disaster than has already hap
pened if they believe that they
can sever Katanga from the rest
of the Congo and maintain it as
a sort Of economic redoubt con-
trolled by their big private in
tereStS.
He considers this as a pro-
foundly defestist project, for it
abandons all hope of keeping the
whole Of the Congo out of Mos
cows orbit. For him the game is
not yet lost, and he is sure that
the entire Congo can still be saved
for the free world, provided Bel
GUMS Operation Katanga" is
quickly nipped in the bud.
Behind this separatist maneuver
lies indeed a battling story of
human greed and blindness. At
stake are the fabulous riches of
tin. copper. cobalt, radium, ura-
mum. zinc and antimony that
have made the Katanga a mineral
treasure trove.
Up to now. all that wealth has
been concentrated in the hands
of a few Belgian companies whose
shares were collectively known as
the Congo Portfolio. Last Janu-
ary, the total value of this port
folio was estimated at close to
81 billion.
New DeoI' Negotiated
The most important of the
companies was the Union Miniere,
which exploits the High Katanga
copper mines. Until recently, the
majority of its shares were held
by the semi-public CSK Especial
Committee of the Katanga). This
committee also owned IL per cent
Of the shares Of the Katanga
Co.. the second-biggest mining
concern.
AS long as the Belgians ran the
country, two-thirds of the CSK
assets belonged by statute to the
Congo government. But when
independence became inevitable,
the BelgianS decided not to let
these profits fall into the lap of
their native successors.
Thus the CSK was dissolved
Evening star., 1960-07-31
The Turning Point


The Turning Point
The turning point came July 10.
On that day, at high-level con-
ference in Newport, R. l.. President
Eisenhower and his key foreign
policy aides decided to stand up
to Moscow.
The next day the blockbuster
appeared. American Ambassador
Henry Cabot Lodge Solemnly told
the United States Security Council
that, together with other United
Nations members, the United
States will do whatever may be
necessary" to prevent a Soviet
troop landing in the Congo. 1t
was a clear threat to risk war if
Moscow pressed any further.
Russia continued its bellicose
line in debate on the RB-47. Mr..
Khrushchev seemed determined to
shoot down" peripheral RB-47
do PtA
formance had shot down the U-2
overflights. Mr.. Lodge replied
grimly that the United States
would not be intimidated.
The pattern of challenge and
response was so striking that one
observer remarked the United
States and Russia were playing
Little Sir Echo" The following
are exact quotes:
Soviet Delegate Sobolev July
19): do not touch Cuba"
Mr.. Lodge Qater July 19): do
not touch U.S."
Mr.. Khrushchev Guly 15: THE
Soviet government will give The
Congo Republic the necessary help
which may be required E"
Mr.. Lodge (July 20l: with
other United Nations members,
Evening star., 1960-07-31

sultant division, Office of the
Army surgeon general, pointed out
in an interview that the Rus<
slams have an obsession for de-
tails in the interrogation of pris-'
onerS.
Thus. he suggested. they may
persuade" Mr.. Powers to impli-
cate several of Americas allies; to
name fellow pilots and superior
officers; to recall conversations
and orders which may or may not
ever have been held or received
and to list every U-2 flight and
its objective over the last four
years.
How do the Russians carry on
their "coercive indoctrination"?
First off, a common misconcep-
tion ought to be laid to rest. Co.
ercive indoctrination is not done
with drugs, hypnosis, physical
torture in the narrow sense or by
any esoteric method. It is not a
secret process. 1t is not a matter
of Pavlovism although psyche
logical principles are used.
1t is simply a routinized pro-
cedure which grew out of old
police methods. refined by. the
Communists, but not new with
them.
Perhaps the best short study of
these techniques was produced by
DR.. Lawrence E. Hinkle, jr., and
Harold G. Wolff in the American
Medical Association Archives of
Neurology and Psychiatry of
August, 1856. They explained it
this way:
Timetable for Police
The KGB officers are given a
timetable in which to settle the
case" i.e., produce a confession
upon which a trial can be based.
This is usually six weeks to three
months from the time of the
prisoners arrest. The victim IS
first put in a detention prison.
THE typical cell is a small
cubicle. about 10 feet long by 6
feet wide, containing single bunk
and slop jar. 1t usually has no
other furnishings. It's walls are
barren and it is lighted by a single
electric lamp in the ceiling.
"One wall usually contains
small window above eye level,
from which the prisoner can see
nothing of his outside environ
ment. The door contains a peep
hole through which the guard may
observe the prisoner without the
prisoners knowledge"
The victim is broken down by
a combination of physical depri-
vation, duress and uncertainty.
He is isolated in a cell that is
either too hot or too cold. He is
forced to sleep in one position,
with the ceiling light shining
down on his face. He is awakened
intermittently for questioning,
usually just after he has dropped
off to sleep. No one but his inter-
rogator talks to him.
He is fed just enough food, far
from appetizing, to keep body and
soul together He has nothing to
Evening star., 1960-07-31

new set Of airport buildings for
Nicosia-a project of more than
half a million pounds. The British
will spend in Cyprus no less than
10 million pounds annually for
some years - considerable
pumping" to the economy of a
country with little more than half
a million people.
Britain, Greece and Turkey are
also considering some joint devel-
opment projects. One of these will
provide new harbors in Limassol
and Famagusta. expected to be
a major encouragement for
shipping.
Promising Outlook
Politically, militarily and eco
nomically. Cyprus is approaching
independence" better off than
most Of her contemporaries in At
rica and Asia.
For Cyprus at least, the future
Evening star., 1960-07-31
Appears to Be Conforming

From public statements by So
Wet officials and from the four or
five letters the luckless Powers has
written home to his wife and
parents, he appears to be reacting
and conforming in the way his
captorS desire.
In one reported statement, Mr..
Powers was said to have asserted
he did not want to be represented
by American attorneys. Of course,
a defense attorney under the Rus
sian legal system is allowed to be
about as helpful as deaf mute
might be to the Robert Shaw
chorale.
Again, Mr.. Powers suggestion
to his parents that they should
postpone coming to the Soviet
Union until after the trial would
fit in with Russian desires.
The fact that the Russians
announced a postponement of the
trial from a July date to mid
August could indicate, according
to American students of BRAIN
washing techniques, that the Sow
let State Police, or KGB, needed
more time to convince" Mr..
Powers that his only way out was
TO cooperate and to make as
certain as possible that he will
nvJ recant his confession in pub
lie.
Inasmuch as the United States
and Mr.. Powers have already ad-
mitted that the U-2 was sent
over Russia on an aerial recon-
naissance mission, the "confes-
sion" in court is hardly likely to
be confined to a plea of guilty
to this Crime.
Col. Albert j. Glass, chief of
the psychiatry and neurology con-
Evening star., 1960-07-31

ers have bold plans. Not only do
they want to incorporate in their
new state the neighboring dia-
niond-rich provinces of Kasai and
Kivu. but they are dreaming of
forming a Central African Fedora
ton with Northern and Southern
Rhodesia.
Tokes Serious View
Gen. de Gaulle considers these
projects infinitely grave. The Ka-
tanga provides 66 per cent of the
Congo's national income. The new
state would not be viable without
this province and would become
a charge on the world. Politically,
a secession of the Katanga would
compare to Texas leaving the
United States.
Thus the central Congo govern
ment-and that means any gov
ernment-would have no other
choice than open civil war to
recover the lost territory. Some
French observers in Leopoldville
have the impression that Mr..
Lumumba is deliberately seeking
such a civil war for his own de-
magogic reasons.
There is a consensus in Paris
that it wouldn't take long before
such a war would degenerate into
an East-WeSt conflict of the
Korea type, but on a more dan
gerous scale. For it would force
the other African states to take
sides and could inflame the whole
black continent. Thus the hackers
of an independent Katanga are
believed to be playing right into
Communist hands, without want
ing to.
To cope with this explosive Sit
Evening star., 1960-07-31
THE SPY TRIAL
By L. EDGAR PRINA
Star stan Writer

With the first public trial of an
American by the Soviet Union
scheduled for August II, attention
once again is being focused on the
demonical practice of brainwaSh-
ing or "coercive indoctrination,"
as the experts prefer to call it.
There is little doubt in high
Government circles here that
Francis Gary Powers, pilot of the
Inflated U-2 airplane which
crashed or was downed on May
deep inside Russia has been the
target of the most skillful BRAIN
washers in the USSR.
In fact, the feeling is strong
here among students of these
techniques of turning a man into
a trained seal that Mr.. Powers al
ready has made an elaborate con-
fession" and probably has been
put through one or more dress
rehearsal or dry run" trials in
preparation for the upcoming big
production in Moscow.
Certainly, the Russians are be-
lieved to be determined to wiring
every last drop of propaganda ad-
vantage out of the trial and at
the same time, to use it as vehicle
for renewed threats to the United
States and it's allies.
Evening star., 1960-07-31
ISLAND REPUBLIC
BY SEMIH USTUN
Contributing Writer

On August II, Cyprus will be-
come Europe's newest republic.
The last remaining difference with
Britain-the size of the two bases
the British will maintain on the
island-has been settled.
What does the future hold for
Cyprus once the Union Jack is
lowered from the flagstaff of
yet another British Government
House?
The key lies in the complicated
formula which evolved after years
of strife on the island and bitter
ness among the three NATO part
ners: Greece, Turkey and Great
Britain.
The London agreement, signed
on February 19, 1859, gives ef-
fective control to the ethnic Greek
majority while safeguarding the
rights of the ethnic Turkish COM
munity. Britain retains a certain
area as a military base with GER
tain ancillary rights and facilities.
The interests of the three "fos-
ter" parents are secured by three
guarantees, which will determine
the political future of the inde-
pendent Cyprus.
The first of these guarantees
concerns the powers of the Greek
Cypriot President and the Turkish
Cypriot Vice President. Each will
have the Rights of final veto E. .
on any law or decision concerning
defense and security"
Evening star., 1960-07-31
Integrity Guaranteed

The second is a treaty between
the Republic of Cyprus on the one
hand and Britain, Greece and
Turkey on the other. The three
NATO partners guarantee the in
dependence and integrity of
Cyprus" and pledge Ito act to-
gether or singly to prevent enosiS
or partition"-the original Greek
and Turkish demands respectively.
The third guarantee gives teeth
to the second by providing for the
Stationing of Greek and Turkish
troops on the island.
The checks and balances, guar
antees and counterguarantees Of
the "mathematically precise" new
government will require much pa
tience and forbearance to work
out.
There will be a House of Repre-
sentatives with 10 per cent Greek
and 80 per cent Turkish participa-
ton. The same proportion will
be observed in the gendarmery,
and the 2,000-man police force.
The cabinet and the Legislature
will make decisions by majority
vote, thus assuring Greek control
in ordinary matters. But a con-
stitutional change will require a
two-thirds majority in each Of the
two ethnic communities in the
House of Representatives.
The judiciary reflects a similar
separation. The constitutional
court will have one ethnic Greek
judge. one ethnic Turk and
neutral" judge as president. But
the bench of the high court will
have two ethnic Greeks, one ethnic
Turk and a neutral.
This is the formula that re-
solved the difficult Cyprus prob
lem. Now the Cypriots of Greek
and Turkish origin will try to
make it work as citizens of the new
Republic of Cyprus.
Other Problems, Too
Not all of their problems will
be political.
On the economiqA front, the
Evening star., 1960-01-12
EXCUSES TO BUY
Sports Car SoIesmen
Reason With Women

When the top is up. they lie in
the car. That's why we have so
much leg room, just like a
chaise Tongue.
But all those shifts. I've been
used to power steering.
Now. you know women are
thinkers. They like to direct
things-run the family, the
PTA, and other important
organizations. Why should
they have a car that thinks for
them?
But. have two Children:
/ That's the ideal thing about
this little car. You have a good
excuse when The Youngsters
want to 60 out with you: No
room.
My husband weighs 200
pounds:
He'll love this car. Have
you ever noticed how big men
favor little pets chihuahua,
poodles and such?
But it's so expensive:
But it'll be worth more second
hand. These cars are going like
hot cakes. and very much in
demand. It'll need only an eye
dropper of gas when you say
fill 'er up" and just think of
riding ferries that charge by
the car foot.
Don't you think I'm too old
for this sort of frivolity:
Age is a matter of idea as
ISOLATION, madam. In this
youthful sprinter. no one could
guess your age. Push the starter
and erase the years, that's my
motto
But I'll never understand
this motor:
You won't need to know a
thing about the motor. Just
get out Of the car. make a few
idle motions, and you'll be
surrounded with would-be en-
gineers.
Evening star., 1960-01-12
BY VIVIAN BROWN
AP NeEsfeatures Writer

If women don't become sport
car enthusiasts, don't blamt
the statesmen. The ooys are IL
there pitching.
A visit to a sports car sale
salon is a challenge to any
woman. Try it and see.
Take for instance these ques'
tions, all designed to keep the
woman from weakening. be,
cause she can't afford a cal
anyway.
1t wouldn't do for me because
I'm a single girl:
But you won't be long. Thi;
little Of car is a better invest.
ment than a marriage counse.
lor. 1t has a built in mar
magnetizer.
l like 1t, but my husband is
too tall:
Madam, my most satisfied
customers are tall men. They
like the top down idea so their
heads don't bump a ceiling
Evening star., 1960-01-12
Car makers
Cool in go
6MiIIion-PIus

DETROIT (AP). - United
States auto makers built $780,
527 cars in the 1859 model year
Their goal for 1860 is half a
million more.
The 1859 run was significant
mainly because it represented
a strong comeback from 1857
1858 recession period. Only
4.222,78l cars were included in
the 1858 model run, lowest of
the past decade.
Record in '55
The induStry's record run was
the 1855 model. OF which
7,l36.497 were built. The ex-
prts talk of supassing this figure
in another couple of years with
production steadily above rs
million by the end of the l960s.
Only four makers registered
percentage gains IN 1859.
Rambler led this group with
2.00 per cent increase with Ford
right behind at 2.87 Pontiac,
hottest of the medium priced
lines. gained ia per cent and
Studebaker registered a lib per
cent increase with its new Lark.
Chevrolet built the most cars
1881 ,07D but suffered the
largest penetration setback
2.98 per cent.
Biggest Gamer
At the corporation level both
General Motors and Chrysler
suffered declines. American
Motors was the biggest palmer.
GIN accounted for 4803 per
cent Of the total industry pro-
duction with 2,673,617 cars.
During the 1858 model General
Motors built over half of the
cars, registering 50.37 per cent
on 2.126.857 assemblies.
Ford took 30.25 per cent Of
the production. a lump from
2S.75, to be the only big three
gamer.
Evening star., 1960-01-12
Drue Racers Find
New Danger Gimmick

KNOXVILLE, Tenn. tAPl.-
Enterprising drag racers have
turned law enforcement de-
vice into an aid in their dan
gerouS and illegal sport.
The State Highway Patrol
says dragsters are using as
race markers the yellow slash
marks painted on highways for
use in checking auto speed
from helicopters.
The racers come out after the
helicopters land for the night.
Evening star., 1960-01-12
Auto Cost 'Drops'

To buy a car in 1925, it cost
a worker about 81 weekly pay
checks, or 500. In 1856 it cost
him only about 80 weekly
paychecks, or about S2,4OO.
Evening star., 1960-01-12
ANGLIA SPORTS NEW STYLING
Remembers Children

MIAMI, Fla. (AP).-School
intersections in Miami are
marked with special signs this
year. They read: Dear Cross
ing"
Evening star., 1960-01-12
VIRGINIA

AIS Motors, Inc.
3l90 Wilson Blvd.
Arlington. Virginia
Bousermon's Service, Inc.
Columbia Pike 6 Globe Rd.
Arlington, Virginia
FoIls Church Goross, Inc.
lee Hwy. & Hillwood Ave.
Fulls Church, Virginia
Polk Motor compony, Inc.
lo46 King Street
Alekondrio, Virginia
Evening star., 1960-01-12

When you 60 the Auto Show, don't see Valiant first
Give the other fighting chance Then look Valiant
(ED NOTE: YOU CAN'T MISS IT'S
ALL THE PEOPLE CROWDNG IN LooK.)
Therell be there o tell you all about Valiant How
the new inclined engine stretches like rubber bands How
Valiant family of six and their luggage beautifully Maybe
nuandbo talk about its ghtas-a-cam rust-poofed
untitled body And about smooth solid orson-ba suspension
He'll also few wechon words about low Valiant (they
make hardened miSerS rub their hands with gee)
be listening word Just thinking that WaIiant's the
you'd want any price Just wondering what Valiant
dealers open in the morning. And that's just fine by
Evening star., 1960-01-12

Sellers SoleS U Service
1928 Botimore Ave
RNerdoe, Murylond
l. P. Steuor Bethesda, Inc.
4702 Miller Avonus
Bethesda. Maryland
|; P, Steuort Silver Spring. Inc.
ll4l easf-Wesf Hwy.
Silver Spring, Mary land