davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-04-13

about renewal Of his "HoteI de
Paree" series. II the word Is
no, he will probably co-star
with Julie Harris on Broadway
in Little Moon Of Alban," al
ready played on television by
Miss Harris.
Evening star., 1960-04-13
Films of More Than Routine Merit

CAT ON HOT TIN ROOF"-Eizabeth Taylor sxxIes in
the turbulent Tennessee williams drama
THE DIARY OF ANNE FRANK"-Georre Stevens touch-
ing Aim OF the famed refugees poignant journal.
"HOUSEBOAT"-Cary Grant, with an assist by Soph,a
Loren explores some OF the comic aspects Of family life
THE MOUSE THAT ROARED"-VastIy funny account Of
tiny duchys war against the United States.
OPERATION PETTICOAT"-Cary Grant a. a beIeaxuer.d
SUP SKIPPER playing unwilling host to y plague girls
THE SHEEPMAN-Glcnn Ford, Mickey shaughnessy and
Shirley MacLaine in a Western with . sense of humor
SINK THE Observation-Disclosures More in q documentary
style recall Of an exciting World War II sea chase
TOBY TYLER"-A small boy has fun the circus a Walt
Disney treat for other small boys and small girls
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1960-08-26

N hen movie eoers attend the premiere
Of "Roisin in the Sun. the scenes will
have q smock Of authenticity. Following
the trend toward more and more real
ism, Columbia hos taken its comeros 10
Chicago in an ottempt 10 depict the
exoct Locations thot writer lorroine
Honsberry erected.
Sticking with winner, the studio
chose the original cost from the success
fuI Broadway production. Sidney Potter.
Claudio Mcneil. Ruby Dee. Diana Sends
and Ivan Dickson were in the some roles
they brought TO life so effectively on
stage.
A large cost Of "extros" took port in
the filming. accomplishing such merto-
rioUS toskS os rounding out the crowds
and walking by the comeros 10 provide
local color"
When word got around that the
costing director wos selecting "extros"
on-the-spot, many wouId-be screen
"hopefUIs" flooded the scene. II wos the
old cose Of Many ore eolled. but few
ore chosen" being proven again. For
every person chosen 10 sit in on the film,
there were ten that stood by noncho-
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1960-08-26

IontIy swallowing their pride.
The vsvoI host Of weI-wishers and on
lockers were there. too. They followed
the curious corovons Of eomeros. ward
robe trucks. electricians. and Hollywood
notobIes throughout the fIm-mokine
trek.
A cornVoI atmosphere prevailed os
the stor-strvck crowd gathered Of every
location. In some cases. spectators miIIed
around for hours 10 catch glimpse Of
the Stors as they doshed from the word-
robe truck 10 the movie set" Peanut
howkers, ice-creom vendors and all sorts
Of mobile concessions took advantage
Of the coptVe audience 10 PeddIe their
wares. - And all the while the comeros
rolled.
II all odds up 10 new interpretation
OF Arlen and Roses "Bornum and BoiIey
World" The props and fokey Of
Hollywood production may. in the final
onoIysis be "os phoney os il con be-"
but, 10 the public, il is real, living
thing. When the comeros come into the
neiehborhood, il is q hoppy occasion
that Leaves the local citizens eIoted,
exhausted. and lttIe proud.
Evening star., 1960-05-22
BY RICHARD SPONG
Editorial Research Reports

1T KNOW YOU" Premier Khru-
shchev is supposed to have re-
marked on being introduced to
Central Intelligence Director
Allen w. Dulles at the White
House last September. II read the
same reports you do" Mr.. Dulles
reply is lightly ironic in retro
spect: II hope you get them le-
gally."
1t should be no secret that Mr..
Khrushchev and Allen Dulles
make a practice of reading each
others mail, to phrase it gently.
A British expert puts the number
of foreign agents employed by
the USSR at 10 times-at least
the number used by all the West
ern powers combined.
BY the same token, the secret
budget of our own Central Intelli-
gence Agency has been estimated
at anything from $100 million to
81 billion annually; its manpow-
er at anywhere from 5000 to
100000"
The capture of Francis g. Pow
ers, admittedly an airborne Amer
lean spy, has prompted demands
from members of House and
Senate armed services, foreign
relations, and space committees
for public explanation. And while
Evening star., 1960-05-22
Espionage: A Short History

called William Stieber "the king
of all sleuth-hounds." During the
Franco-Prussian War, he dis
guised himself as a servant. to
the French leader Jules Favre
during the peace negotiations. AS
F'avre's servant, he had access
to all the French documents,
which he copied and gave to Bis
marck before the negotiations had
even begun. After peace was de-
clared. he established a network
which included walters and play
ers in itinerant bands. One agent
became coachman for the French
Minister of War while he was
visiting his Notifications.
Women have figured in espion-
age from Delilah to Belle Boyd OF
Confederate fame to Mata Hari,
perhaps the most famous of them
all as a result of her efforts for
Germany in the first World War.
Mata Harris daughter, Banda
Mcleod, who was known as the
Sunfiower," reported from the
Orient under the cover of a nurse
until she was shot as an Ameri-
can agent in a Korean ditch in
1851. Some experts claim she was
greater than her mother.
Techniques have changed since
Jenghis Kahn sent his travelling
merchant-spies in advance of his
columns but as one historian
wrote, Spies are as old as civil.
zation-that Is to say, as old
as war"
Evening star., 1960-05-22
Of CIA?

time at this session Of Congress is
short. an attempt almost certainly
will be made next year to revive
the proposal made by Senator
Mansfield, Democrat of Montana,
four years ago that permanent
joint committee be established to
make continuing studies of the
activities of the Central 1ntelli-
gence Agency.
Nobody denies that Congress has
a perfect right to investigate the
daylightS out of it. Congress es-
tablished the agency in 1947; Con-
gress votes its funds (though only
a few members know what they're
voting for); Congress in 1949
greatly extended GAS authority.
The CIA Act of 1949 specifically
exempts the cloak and dagger
agency from the provisions of any
law requiring publication or dis
closure of the Organization,
functions, names, official titles,
salaries, or numbers Of personnel
employees" The director has
authority to hire and fire with
out regard to any other law re-
garding Government employment.
CIA of late has increased its
briefing of congressional COM
mittee. But few if any members
of Congress know any specifics of
what CIA does or how the
agency" does it.
Evening star., 1960-05-22

And also the third point was
the punishment of those directly
responsible, as stated in his own
statement this morning.
Suggestion for Recess
The matter was left in some
obscurity. Up to the time of Mr..
Khrushchev's announcement of
his determination to publish this
thing and publish it in full, there
had been some consideration along
the lines of Gen. de Gaulle's state
ment of providing-suggestion as
presiding officer that they should
take a recess, should see what
might be done through bilateral
or other forms of discussion, that
he would stay in contact with the
delegations and then later on
would determine whether to call
a session of the conference.
1t was again at this point that
Khrushchev pointed out that he
did not consider this the confer
ence. that these were preliminary
meetings and not the conference
itself. After he insisted upon pub
q fishing this, both Mr.. Macmillan
and Gen. de Gaulle, think, ques-
toned what was going to happen;
whether or not a meeting would
take place tomorrow-or when
and I would say the matter was
left in complete allegiance.
Both Gen. de Gaulle and Mr..
Macmillan pointed out that if
this statement were made public,
it would be the taking of a deci-
sion of the type which Gen. de
Gaulle had urged should not be
taken; except after mature and
due consideration during the re-
cess.
@. What is your view of the
significance Of Mr.. Khrushchev's
Evening star., 1960-05-22

War. Frederick the Great, whom
the Nazis described as the father
of espionage" established the sys-
tenn in Prussia. He once said that
it is easier to train peasants to
SOY than it is to train generals
and marshals to be peasants in
order to spy.
A British ex-convict named
Daniel Defoe, later known as the
author of Robinson Crusoe," pro-
posed England's first spy system
in an unsigned letter to the Lord
Treasurer in 1704. He established
a network that had branch Offices
in Paris. Toulon, Brest, and
Dunkerque.
The Germon Version
Mai. Benjamin Tallmadge, a
friend of Nathan Hale. who was
executed as a spy in the Revolu-
tionary War, established George
Washington's apparatus. His
group relayed messages to the
commander by the signal of a
petticoat and some handkerchiefs
hung on a clothesline and devised
a code so complicated that it re-
quired pocket dictionary. Sur
viving the war undetected, they
operated under names known
only to Tallmadge and were un-
doubtedly the most successful of
Washington's spies, on whom he
spent some $17,617 between Its
and 1781.
German Chancellor Bismarck
Evening star., 1960-05-22
MOOD OF THE MEETING
BohIen's Account of the Paris Summit Session

@. Mr.. Bohlen, could you pos
sibly say in what order the state
ments were made?
Mr.. Bohlen: Yes. KhruShchev
spoke first. De Gaulle opened up
as a host and said that yesterday
he had received the information
concerning the Soviet position
from one of the participants. Mr..
Khrushchev, and he had made
this known to his other two col
leagues. and he wondered If any
one had anything to say.
Mr.. Khrushchev jumped in and
said II have something to say"
and said it.
@. Was there any informal ex-
change between the two men-be-
tween Eisenhower and Khru-
shchev.
Mr.. Bohlen: No, there was not.
@. DID they shake hands when
they came in?
Mr.. Bohlen: No, they did not.
When the President came in,
Khrushchev was already seated
at the table, and the President
Just took his place at the table.
@. How did the scene end up,
Mr.. Ambassador? Did they say
goodbye to each other informally.
or did they just walk out without
speaking?
Mr.. Bohlen: They just walked
out.
Evening star., 1960-05-22

whatever countries willing to sup
ply them-will come from Latin
America itself, many observers
predict. In recent months, Brazil
and Chile have sent trade mis-
sions to Moscow. Brazil and the
USSR will exchange $2l4 million
in goods in the next three years,
even though the Communist Party
is illegal in Brazil, another in6ica-
ton of the dichotomy in Latin
American minds between local
Communists, who are often out
lawed as in Brazil, and interna-
tional communism, a world force
that Latin America finds impos-
sible to ignore-tradition, Catho-
lie doctrine, and East-West COM
petition Notwithstanding.
In all, a dozen trade missions
between Latin American nations
and the Sino-Soviet bloc were ex-
changed last year, of which nine
came from the bloc to Latin
America and three came from
Latin America to the bloc. Five
countries-Argentina, Brazil. CO.
lombia, Mexico and Uruguay
have commercial agreements with
the Sino-Soviet bloc, of which 26
were still in effect at the end of
1859. Cuba, who concluded a 500
million pact for sale of sugar
in exchange for Soviet machinery
and other products early this
year. became the sixth Latin
American nation to establish COM
mercial relations. Cuba is also
selling sugar to Communist China.
There are voices in Washing
ton that welcome more trade be-
tween Latin America and the
Sino-Soviet bloc. on the grounds
that trade is good for peace in
Evening star., 1960-05-22

comments about the internal poll
tics of the Soviet Union?
Mr.. Bohlen: 1t struck me only
that I never at any previous con-
ferenceS heard any reference of
this kind made. I think anybody
can draw their own conclusions
from it. I don't propose to specu-
late on what might be in Mr..
Khrushchev's mind, but only say
this is the first time I have heard
a reference in exactly those terms
made in any conference with the
Soviets.
A Khrushehev HiehIieht
Mr.. Khrushchev provided a few
highlights which I might mention
to you, one of which during dis
cussion he raised both his hands
on the subject of innocence in
regard to espionage and the
friendly feelings towards all coun-
tries-he raised his arms above
his head and said: "As God is my
witness, my hands are clean and
my soul is pure"
@. Mr.. Bohlen, did Mr.. Khru-
Shchev in any way indicate what
is going to happen to Capt.
Powers?
Mr.. Bohlen: No he did not
Capt. Powers name was not
mentioned this morning at all.
@. Mr.. Ambassador, what was
the attitude of Mr.. Khrushchev,
was he fiery angry or was he nom
committal, or what was the at
moSphere Of the meeting?
Mr.. Bohlen: think he certainly
wasn't non-committal, if you read
his statement. He seemed to me
to be rather ill at ease, not par
ticularly in his manner of ex-
preston, or excited. But I would
say he was under some feeling of
tension. He seemed to pay a great
deal of attention to Mr.. Gromyko
on one side and to Marshal NAL
inovsky on the other. The at
mosphere of the meeting was very
certainly wasn't cordial. 1t was
not excited, but 1t was cold and
businesslike.
@. How did President Eisen-
hover take to Khrushchev's state
ment, Mr.. Ambassador?
Mr.. Bohlen: think the Presi-
dents statement in response gives
you the answer to that.
@. I mean, physically?
Mr.. Bohlen: Oh, there were no
signs. The President has been
around a great deal and he didn't
show any signs one way or the
other on his face when he heard
this.
@. Mr.. Ambassador, has the re-
cent expulsion of the two Soviet
spies from Switzerland been men
toned?
Mr.. Bohlen: No, the only refer
ence to espionage was the one in
the Presidents statement. and the
one I mentioned in Mr.. Mac
millan's statement, who said it
was an unpleasant fact of life that
almost forms of espionage in
volved violation Of national SOW
ereignty.
Evening star., 1960-05-22
BY N. A. STEERS
Contributing Writer

"One spy in the right place is
worth 10000 men in the field"
Napoleon once observed. Even be-
fore Simon, the friend of the
crafty Ulysses, convinced the Tro-
jams that the large horse outside
their walls was an omen of good
luck, espionage had been impor-
tant in the worlds power struggle.
Moses sent spies into the land
Of Canaan and early Egyptian an
nails tell how King Thutmosis III
managed to smuggle 200 armed
soldiers, disguised as sacks of
-four, into the city Of Jaffa.
julius Caesar refused to organ
ize a spy system as emperor OF
Rome but a great subsequent gen.
eral, Scipio Africanus, sent a man
to mingle among the elephants
that we're being used by Hannibal
Of Carthage. The man learned
that the strange beasts we're skit-
tish of sound and when they
charged, every trumpet in the
Roman army was raised to greet
them. Scipio won victory from
the resulting stampede.
The First in Fronce
Richelieu established the first
espionage system in France and
it was later refined into the famed
Deuxieme Bureau, which perform
ed effectively in the first World
Evening star., 1960-05-22

incidents like this of the plane
were in effect the result of the
tensions that this conference had
been called upon to deal with. He
thought that its very happening,
which was in the past, had high
lighted the Importance Of address,
ing themselves to the subject on
which they had come to Paris for.
He pointed out that as matter
of common sense, the time was
not far distant when the satellites
in orbit would open the skies over
all countries, and even mentioned
that there was Soviet satellite
launched yesterday, which was
crossing France 18 times a day.
None of this seemed to shake
Mr.. Khrushchev in his fundamen-
tai position and he announced
that he intended to publish this
statement at a time of his own
choice, and that he could not do
otherwise.
He made one interesting refer
ence-interesting to me-when he
said that this was a matter that
involved deeply the internal pol
itics of the Soviet Union, a mat
ter which he said was of great
Importance to them. He stressed
the fact that as he termed it, the
United States policy had been
made public on this, ignoring the
Presidents statement about the
suspension of the plane flights,
and that consequently a public
statement would have to be issued
by the United States. and this
statement included not only the
question of suspension of the
flights but also a denunciation Of
what had already happened and
an expression of regret that this
had occurred. The Presidents
statement makes plain this was
not acceptable to the United
States.
Evening star., 1960-05-22

ChorIes Y. BohIen, special odViser 70
Secretary Of Stote Herter, wos present
OF Lost Mondays explosive Summit ses-
sion. Afterwards he offended q press
conference with White House Press
Secretary jones Hoserty and answered
questions.
Most Of Mr.. BohIen's comments were
IN reply to questions about the incoming
OF the Settlements issued by both
Premier Khrushchev and President Els
enhower otter the conference and these
were widely published. Scattered through
the conference, however. were remorks
on whot the meeting wos octuoIly like,
the mood, the order Of its momentous
events ond some personal sideliehts.
This oecount hos been extracted
from the text Of Mr.. BohIen's comments.
I will try and hit. gentlemen,
the highlights of this meeting,
since it went on for quite while,
as you know. And I think the
first point I have already made,
that Mr.. Khrushchev made it per-
fectly plain that he did not regard
this as his attendance at the con-
ference. This was a preliminary
meeting to see whether or not, as
he put it, conditions could be es-
tablished which would permit
them to stay. He read his state
ment which lasted at least half
hour, and more with the transla-
tions-cloSe on to an hour with
the tranSlation-waS followed by
the Presidents statement.
Both Gen. de Gaulle and Mr..
Macmillan urged Premier Khru-
shchev to adopt an attitude which
would make this conference pos
sible. Mr.. Macmillan pointed out
that their reference to any threat
had been completely removed by
the present statement that these
flights had been suspended and
would not be resumed. Mr.. Mac
milan also made the point that
all espionage is in effect violation
of sovereignty and that, unfortu-
nately. espionage was an un-
pleasant fact of life. But that he
did not see how you could make
too much distinction between one
form of espionage and another
since the great majority of any
form Of espionage constitutes a
violation of national sovereignty.
Result Of Tensions
Gen. de Gaulle, as I say, was
trying to counsel moderation on
MIR. Khrushchev. He proposed
there should be at least a days
recess while there might be an
opportunity to make any final de-
ciSion.
In replying to Mr.. Khrushchev's
question, as I had already said,
the President made it clear that
this suspension of flight was not
just for the duration of the con-
ference. Mr.. Khrushchev ignored
this and put out his statement, as
you all know, publicly, which con-
tains no reference to the fact
that the President had made this
important statement.
Gen. de Gaulle pointed out that
Evening star., 1960-05-22
How the Soviet Is Campaigning to Win Latin America

has correspondents in several
Latin American countries.
Short-wave broadcasting in
creased last year from 104 hours
per week in 1858 to 1873 hours
per week.
Films from the Communist bloc
were shown in almost every Latin
American country last year; film
festivals of the Communist-bloc
films were held in Argentina,
Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua,
and Panama. An additional film
festival was held in Caracas early
this year. Film content and en-
phasis are largely cultural, with
very little direct anti-United
States propaganda. An organiza-
ton to promote films from the
bloc has been established in Ha-
vana. The country showing the
highest percentage of Soviet films:
Argentina, where per cent Of
features exhibited were of Soviet
origin.
TroveI Is Involved
BY no means the least of Sino-
Soviet propaganda activities was
the travel of Latin Americans to
both the Soviet Union and Com
munist China-and the visits of
the Sino-Soviet to Latin America.
Latin Americans returned from
these visits thoroughly impressed
with economic and social develop
ment behind the Iron and Bam-
boo curtains, often comparing the
"dynamiSm" of the Communist
nations ruefully with the stag
nation" of their own societies.
This is recurring theme from
many diverse Latin American
travellers to the bloc. These num-
bered more than 2,l00 persons last
year compared with 1900 in 1858
and l,700 in 1857. Most of the
Latin visitors to the bloc were
non-Communists, bering
among them politicians, business
men, writer's. students, and even
priests of the Catholic church.
Few. if any. became Communists
as result of their travels, but
just as few returned unimpressed
with the technical and material
accomplishments of the Commu-
mist nations seen in the perspec-
tive of recent history.
None of these travel figures in
cludes ordinary tourists, whose
numbers we're negligible on both
sides of the Iron and Bamboo
curtains. The age of tourism, with
its Self-motivated pleasure seek
ing travellers, is still in the future
for both the Communist nations
and the Latin American.
The recent Soviet exhibitions in
Mexico City and Havana - the
same mammoth display Of tech
nology, science. cultural Develop
ment, and social achievement
seen in New York - impressed
more than a million visitors in
the two countries. While visiting
Soviet deputy premier Anastas
Mikoyan scored a success in Cuba,
where he negotiated a five-year
500 million deal for the purchase
of Cuban sugar in exchange for
Soviet finished products, his tri-
umph was limited in Mexico to
popular acclaim for the exhibit
itself, for no trade agreement re-
suited. Correspondingly, his re-
ception in Mexico was cool COM
pared to his greeting in Cuba,
despite a few rounds of gunfirs
in apparent protest at his visit.