davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-20

posture in some parts of the world,
but complained that many "un-
certainties" remained because
other areas were still relatively
unchecked for radioactivity.
The Void We Fill
It is this void of evidence
largely in the lightly populated
southern hemisphere - that the
United States is attempting to
fill through the use of the U-2.
In Australia, where fallout
studies of any kind are at
premium, the U-2s arrival late
last month was at first greeted
by mixed feelings.
Far-left wing elements protested
that "U-2 threatens you, too"
but Australian scientists were
quick to answer.
1--WE have long needed this
evidence for public health plan
ming in Australia" one official de-
clared. 1T shouldn't matter to
anyone whether we get it from
a U-2 or a kite. The fact is that
the U-2 can and will provide such
information"
The critics haven't been heard
from since.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-20
Hope or Conviction?

On the other hand, the Kennedy
statement may reflect more of a
hope than a conviction. The new
session of Congress opens in seven
weeks. Then actions will speak.
On Monday, in an unprece-
dented move, Mr.. Kennedy flew
from Palm Beach to Key Biscayne
in Florida to confer for an hour
with the man he defeated in the
closest presidential race of the
century.
The meeting with Vice Presi-
dent Nixon was more than
courtesy call; it was a gesture of
national unity and a specific gain
for the country in these ways:
It helped close ranks after
campaign which had its bitter
moments and it promised to ease
the problem of transfer of au-
thority between the outgoing and
incoming administrations.
It seems clear from what the
principals did not say, that is,
from the way they lodged peril
nent questions in the area, that
one or more Republicans are
likely to be appointed to key jobs
in the Kennedy administration.
Mr.. Nixon, however, is not ex-
pected to be one of these men.
although he may undertake a
temporary assignment of a nom
political nature, if called upon.
He is to be leader of the con-
structive opposition" a role he
hopes the Republican Party will
play.
There was speculation, too, that
Mr.. Nixon would move his per-
manent base back to California
and lay the groundwork for a
possible race against Edmund
(Pat Brown for the governorship
in 1862, with an eye on another
try for the presidential nomina-
ton in 1864.
California will be an important
base. In 1864 it will have 40
electoral votes, second only to
New York's 40. And the State
finally went for Mr.. Nixon this
time despite the fact that there
are 1.3 million more registered
Democrats in the State than
Republicans.
Meanwhile, representatives of
Mr.. Kennedy and of the Eisen-
hover administration met in the
first of a series of conferences
aimed at bringing about an Or
derby transfer of power. Clark
Clifford for the elect
and Maj. Gen. Wilton d. Persons
for Mr.. Eisenhower met for more
than two hours on Monday in
what both men described as a
most satisfactory" session.
They agreed, for one thing, that
there should be briefing papers
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-20
I'm Millions of Dollars)

parents to boycott the two inte-
grated schools. This the parents
did, by the hundreds.
Judge Wright's reaction was to
issue restraining orders against
the entire Legislature, barring
them from interfering with inte-
grafton. Attorney General william
P. Rogers, from Washington,
added his warning to the Gov
ernor.
AS violence in the streets con-
tinued into mid-week, with ar
rests numbered in the scores, the
indignation battle returned to the
courts.
On Thursday, the school board
asked Judge Wright to suspend
his desegregation order until the
Federal-State controversy, now
headed for the United States Su-
preme Court, is settled.
A three-judge panel actually
heard the plea and took the mat
ter under advisement. While the
judges. all Southerners, ponder a
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-20

Balance Of international pay
ments. An accounting of q
country's economic transactions
with the rest of the world dur
ing given period of time. such
as a year. The tabulation shows
on one side the value of all sums
paid to the country by foreign
ers, and on the other all sums
paid by the country to for
eigners for goods. services of all
kinds, investments. loans. gifts
and other capital transactions,
as well as gold movements. In
Guiding gold. the payments are
equal to the receipts.
Balance of payments deficit. The
amount by which, excluding
gold. country's payments to
foreigners within a given period
exceeds its receipts from
foreigners.
Balance Of payments surplus. The
amount by which, excluding
gold. a country's receipts from
foreigners within a given period
exceeds its payments to for
eigners.
Foreign trade deficit. The excess
of country's merchandise i'm
ports over its merchandise ex-
ports during a given period.
Foreign trade surplus. The excess
of country's merchandise ex-
ports over its merchandise i'm
ports during a given period.
Imports. Goods brought in from
abroad.
Exports. Goods sent abroad.
Quotas. Official quantitative limits
applied to imports or exports of
particular goods or to goods
from particular countries. In
some countries quotas are APP
piled to foreign exchange trans
actions.
Invisible transactions. In the bal
ance of payments, those items
not representing physical goods
or bullion. In the invisible"
category are shipping and in
surance transactions, tourist ex-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-20
THE NATIONAL SCENE

electoral votes are: Illinois CD;
Texas (24); Missouri Q3D; New
Mexico "a: Nevada go; South
Carolina Cd; New Jersey Q6).
and Pennsylvania (3O.
To win the presidency. Mr..
Nixon would have to capture 46
more electoral votes. This Is con-
sidered highly improbable.
Last week, there was another
remote threat to Mr.. Kennedy.
There was growing talk Of a re-
volt by Southern electors who.
like other electors. are not legally
bound to vote for the man who
captured their State. Some news
papers called for such a revolt.
Six Alabama electors and eight
from Mississippi already have
stated they would not vote for
Mr.. Kennedy and, therefore,
these IA votes have not been fig
ured in his total.
If 80 other Southern electors
WCLC w 1C1uoC w NOVC 4OA AAAAkl,
Mr.. Kennedy would lack the 269
majority by one vote. The elec-
ton then would be sent to the
House of Representatives where
each State would have one vote
to cast for President. Again, such
an event is not at all likely at
this point.
Meanwhile, the closest popular
vote of the century grew closer
last week as more returns were
counted. With approximately L.
500 precincts still unreported.
the unofficial totals were: Mr..
Kennedy. 1885, 1853; Mr.. Nixon,
33,710,073..
This leaves margin Of 185.395
for Mr.. Kennedy out of total
vote of more than 67.5 million.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-20
BY HERBERT BRATTER
Contributing Writer

The United States gold hemor-
rhage and the balance of pay
ments drain have been q long
time a-building and won't be
quickly cured. The steps taken
by the Eisenhower administra-
ton are widely regarded as too
little and too late. The problem
has been obvious for several years,
but its treatment has been de-
layed. In fact, the administra-
tons foreign aid policies have
, tended to aggravate the adverse
balance Of international payments
in the period ahead.
The United States acceptance
Of the International Development
Association, a soft-loan bank; Of
the long-rejected Inter-American
Development Bank, also partly
soft-loan in character; of the
coming Central American Bank
for Economic migration; the new
United States hemisphere aid pro-
gram. for which Mr.. Eisenhower
has promised $500 million as q
starter and aid projects in other
areas-all these spell further de-
. mands on the United States pay
ments resources.
While Europe and Japan, long
. nourished on United States aid,
have grown economically stronger,
the dollar has weakened. This
was quite clear by 1858, as the
Secretary Of the Treasury learned
at the New Delhi meeting of the
World Fund. After his return
. from that gathering and his
travels abroad, Chairman William
McChesney Martin of the Federal
Reserve Board publicly called at
tention to the declining prestige
of the dollar, which this October
eliminated in SPECTATORS in Lon
don offering Sal for an ounce Of
. gold. compared with our official
price Of $35. Said Mr.. Martin
. then:
"A recent trip to several coun-
tries Of the Far East gave me q
welcome opportunity to see our
selves as others see us. One dis
tressing experience was to find
among intelligent and perceptive
b men in those countries a growing
d distrust over the future of the
American dollar. Whether or not
it is justified-and certainly I
think it is MOTT is important to
recognize that this feeling exists. +"
Deteriorotins Payments
In the fall of 1859 Secretary
Anderson at the funds next an
nual meeting called the worlds
attention to the deteriorating
United States balance Of payments
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-20
The Vote:


New population figures an
nounced last week show that
California, with an increase of
eight, will lead eight other
States gaining new House seats
in 1862.
Every 10 years, the Department
of Commerce takes a census of
the United States.
The official purpose of the
census, is to determine how many
seats each State is entitled to in
the House of Representatives. The
popular purpose is to tell us how
many there are of us.
On Tuesday, the final results of
the 1860 census were made known.
along with the new lineup for the
House. Our two most famous re-
sort States, California, moving in
exorably toward the position of
most populous, and Florida, led
the list of nine gamers. with in
creases of eight and four seats,
respectively.
The seven others, each of which
pick up one seat, were: Arizona,
Hawaii, Maryland. Michigan, New
Jersey, Ohio. and Texas.
There were losers. too. In fact,
the losses total 81 and the gains
only 10 because the number of
House seats rose temporarily from
435 to 437 with the admission of
the new States of Alaska and
Hawaii. Pennsylvania led the
losers, dropping three seats; New
York. Massachusetts, and Arkansas
followed. down two, and IL other
States lost one each.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-20

penditures, capital movements,
and the like.
Gold stock, United States. The
stock Of monetary gold bullion
and coin owned by the Govern
ment, available for use in meet
ing balance of payments deficits.
Domestically the gold stock also
serves as the ultimate reserve
behind the Nations money and
credit system. The law requires
the Federal Reserve System
our central banking systemic
keep a minimum reserve of Is
per cent against outstanding
Federal Reserve notes and de-
posts. Under certain condi-
tons. this minimum may be set
aside for temporary periods.
Gold outflow. The amount of gold
passing from United States to
foreign ownership in settlement
Of balance Of payments deficits.
The outflow may involve the
physical shipment of. gold from
this country: or it may involve
merely the earmarking of gold
for foreign account.
Earmarking Of gold. The physical
segregation in the vaults of a
Federal Reserve Bank of gold
belonging to a foreign country
but left here for safekeeping.
Central bank. A government
owned or government chartered
bank empowered to issue cur
rency and bank credit, to ex-
pand and contract the volume
OF money and credit in general
use, to hold the reserves of
ordinary banks, to supervise
and regulate the banking sys-
TEN and the use of credit, to
act as the Governments fiscal
agent, etc. In the United
States, the Federal Reserve
System, composed of the Board
OF Governors in Washington
and the Federal Reserve Banks
and branches in the IL Federal
Reserve Districts.
Official price of gold. The price
at which a government or CEN
trail bank buys and sells gold,
minus or plus a handling charge;
the value Of a troy ounce of
gold as determined by the legal
gold content of the currency
unit. In the United States the
law defines the dollar as 1/35th
of an ounce of gold. A full
ounce Of gold therefore equals
$35, which is the official price
OF gold here. Including the
handling commission, the
United States sells gold to
foreign governments and CEN
trail banks and to industry at
$35.0875 an ounce and buys
gold from any seller, including
mining companies. at $34.9125
an ounce.
Par value. The equivalent of a
currency unit as by law defined
in terms of gold or of some
other currency unit. Most cur
rencies today have an official
par value in terms of gold.
Some currency units, such as
the Canadian dollar, have no
fixed par value and at times
f1uctuate considerably in the
foreign exchange markets. The
gold parity of the United States
dollar is 0.888.671 grams of
fine gold, or 1/35th of a troy
ounce.
Gold points. The foreign exchange
rates at which, in buying or
selling foreign currencies, it
becomes advantageous to ship
gold. For example, a heavy de-
mand for British money in the
New York foreign exchange
market will tend to raise the
price at which holders of pounds
sterling are willing to sell them.
The price of sterling will tend
to exceed the par value. Since
it is official policy here and in
Britain to hold the dollar
sterling exchange rate close to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-20

situation, given the foreign aid
load being borne by this country.
At the funds 1860 meeting in
September, Mr.. Anderson re-
iterated his warning. Meanwhile,
the administration has been try
ing to get exporters to fill the
hole in the balance of payments
by exporting more.
Also, the United States has been
quietly pressing wealthy European
countries-notably Germany-and
also Japan to give more aid to
the underdeveloped. This week
the Treasury Secretary and IN
dersecretary Of. State Dillon 60 to
Germany to push their point
harder. And, at Augusta last
week, President Eisenhower issued
his balance of payments directive
after comforting with Mr.. Ander-
son on the dollar problem.
What shifted the administra-
tons balance Of payments efforts
from behind the scenes to the
front Of the stage was the specu-
lative flareup on the London gold
market in late October. Specu-
lators bid up to SAL for an ounce
Of gold. putting the dollar at a
discount of over IA per cent. In
direct United States selling Of gold
has suppressed the premium in
London.
Eisenhower Directives
Mr.. Eisenhower's 7-point direc-
tive includes:
/. Slowly reducing the number
of dependents of United States
military and civilian personnel
abroad; reducing military procure
ment abroad, and prohibiting pur-
chases of foreign goods by PXs,
etc.
2. Applying like measures to the
United States Coast Guard.
3. Emphasizing buy American"
in our foreign aid programs; OBJ
tanning more liberal tariff and
similar treatment for United States
goods abroad: getting removed
existing barriers abroad to foreign
tourist travel in the United States.
4. Trying harder to avoid. in
surplus commodity disposal abroad,
competition with normal United
States exports trade.
S. Stressing buy American" in
the Development Loan Fund, our
soft-loan bank.
s. StreSsing by civilian depart
ments and agencies of the United
States the detectives named in %
above.
7. Reviewing not later than De-
cember Is the steps taken under
this directive.
None of these steps will change
materially the situation by the
time the Kennedy administration
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-20
BY WILLIAM MacDOUGALL

MELBOURNE, Australia
Americas famous U-2 is making
a new name for itself in the skies
beneath the Southern Cross.
From a base in the southeastern
corner Of Australia-at Sale, Vic
toria-three of the United States
Air Forces skyscraping reconnais-
sance planes have embarked on a
mission Of peace.
They are sampling the upper
layers of the atmosphere for
atomic "fallout" ingredients, a
task never before undertaken sys-
tematically in the worlds south
ern half.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-20
Continued From Page CT


politicians is that he and his fell
low-Texan, Speaker Sam Rayburn.
would have q great deal to say
about what legislation passes
Congress in the new session-the
inference being that Mr.. johnson.
a conservative, would not extend
himself in the realm of welfare
spending programs.
If the Kennedy statement may
be interpreted as indicating a
pledge on the part Of Mr.. johnson
to fight for the platform, perhaps
the Texan never implied that he
would sit on his hands when well
fare measures came up.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-20
Collecting Air Samples


Over the Soviet Union, the U-2
was used to photograph vast land
areas from attitudes no Russian
planes or rockets could reach. In
the southern hemisphere, this re-
markable airplane is collecting air
samples at high attitudes between
40 and so degrees south latitude.
In all, 20 aircraft have been
assigned by the Air Force to the
mission. The U-2S, under the COM
mand of 1t. Col. Kenneth r. Nc
Caslin, are part Of the Strategic
Air Commands 4080th Wing from
Del Rio, Texas.
In company with four RB-57
jet aircraft, which will collect
samples at heights up to 10000
feet, the UPS will make available
to the United Nations vitality
needed information on nuclear
fallout and radiation.
The effort, which is being con-
Quoted with the full support of
the Royal Australian Air Force. is
being directed by both the De-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-20

The reason the U-2 was chosen
for the job is essentially the same
reason it was picked for spy flights
over the Soviet Union-of which
the world learned after Virginia
Pilot Francis Gary Powers crash
landed near Sverdlovsk earlier In
the year. The aircraft is capable
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-20
A History in Glossary Form

parity, the amount Of sterling
available to supply the increased
demand in New York will be
increased by the shipment Of
gold from the United States to
Britain and its sale to the Bank
of England at the official Brit
ish price. The increase in sup
ply of sterling exchange will
thus tend to bring down the
sterling exchange rate in New
York.
Foreign exchange rate. The local
currency price, at any given
time, of a foreign currency unit.
For buying a foreign currency
there is one rate; for selling.
a different rate. Foreign ex-
change rates fluctuate in &C
cordance with demand and sup
ply, but for a currency with
maintained par value, the fluc-
tuationS are within the gold
points.
Bullion. Gold or silver in bar
form.
Hard Currency. Originally, a
metallic currency such as gold.
Nowadays, currency for which
foreign governments and cen
trail banks may freely obtain
gold at the official price or par
value.
Soft Currency. A currency which
IS not freely redeemable in gold
externally; and which is not
redeemable in a hard currency.
Free gold market. A market in
which gold may be traded at
prices above the official price of
the country. Such a market has
existed in London since 1854.
On such a gold market the price
of gold in terms of the local cur
rency theoretically has no CELL
ing; but it has a floor. The floor
is the official buying price Of
gold, determined by the par
value of the currency, in this
case the pound sterling. This
is true because there is 40 maxi
mum limit on the quantity of
gold the authorities are willing
to buy at the official price The
British official price. in pounds
sterling is the equivalent of the
United States $35 an ounce Of
fetal price. In october the price
of gold on the London market
temporarily scared to the equiv
alent of about SAL an ounce.
Short-term dollar assets. In bal
ance of payments discussions
this refers to foreign-ow
bank deposits, Treasury bills,
commercial paper and the like.
Interest rate differentiaIs. The
differences between short-term
interest rates here and abroad.
Hot money. Private capital tempo
rarily moved from one country
to another to take advantage of
interest rate differentials; also
to seek safety from possible cur
rency devaluation or exchange
controls or sanctuary from
feared political or other disturb
iance:
DEGRADATION. An official measure
reducing the gold content Of a
currency unit. Thereby the Of
fetal price of gold is raised.
Soft loan. A loan made by one
government to another in hard
currency, but repayable over a
period of time in soft currency
which is neither convertible nor
freely spendable in the debtor
country by the lender.
Counterpart funds. United States
Government-owned bank bal
anceS generated by our foreign
aid or loans and held abroad in
the form of irredeemable local
currencies which may be spent
by the United States only for
limited purposes as agreed with
the country concerned.
Unilateral transfers. The mer-
chandise and services given by
one country to another, for
which no payment is to be
made; gifts.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-20
A New Atomic Fot|out Mission for W

tense Department and civilian
agencies.
Samples collected from the
planes will be closely studied for
such particles as plutonium, stron-
tium 80 and cesium 1877, all haz-
ardous to human life.
Nueleor Explosions
These atmospheric components
were formed by the explosion of
nuclear weapons. Forming q res
ervoir Of radioactive isotopes, they.
have continued to fall to the
earth over a period Of years.
Thus, the U-2 samples will pro-
vide needed information on how
much radioactivity remains IN the
upper southern skies. From this
evidence, scientists will be better
able to predict how much of it
will fall to earth and when.
1t will also help the United Ma
tions Scientific Committee to de-
termine potential long-range eff
fects of radioactivity on human
life throughout the world.
The committee warned in 1858
that there was evidence Of in
creasing levels of radiation ex-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-20

prepared by Eisenhower depart
ment heads to provide "as much
information as possible for new
appointees."
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-20

Mr.. MoeDousolI, q member Of The Stor's
stoff. hos been on Ieove Of obsenes
Tor an extended trip in the Poetic.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-20

of flying at phenomenally high
Enthusiastically up to 100000
feet.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-20
BuIunce of Payments

In 1857 the Sue brought big United States
goods and services and balance payments surplus
Since then we haze experienced continuous
payments. The figures
Evening star., 1960-06-26
SUNDAY

"ScondoI, Inc" 1857. Robert
Hutton.
2:3o
5-BensoI Laneers. AdV'nture.
5-crusade in the P0cifie.
"Up the SoIomons Lodder: Bou-
ooinvIle 4"
7-open Hearing. News.
Political discussion by Edith ).
Green, Jessico Weis, Kotie Loueh-
helm, Clare Williams.
$3.50
Slim Bowie. Adventure.
Scott Forbes stors.
7-Compoisn Roundup.
400
5-Metropolitan Movie.
Va Hours. "Sinbod the SoiioF."
le47. Douglas Foirbonks. II.
Sunday Listinss Cont. on Next Page
Evening star., 1960-06-26

5-Sundoy Movie.
IA Hours. Got People," 1912.
Simone Simon.
7-ColIese News Conference.
Guest: Senator Berry GoIdwoter
of Arizona.
9-Sundoy Afternoon Movie.
Hours. Son Of Lossie."
l945. Peter Lowford. Million
DoIIor Legs" 1889. Betty 0robIe.
4-Frontiers Of Faith. Panel.
why Aren't the Churches Keep
ing Up With the Times?"
7-Sundoy Matinee. Movie.
IA Hours. "Sleepers West"
l94l. Lloyd Nolan.
200
4-Sundoy Double Feature.
2h Hours. "Scotlond Iord
Droonet." 1857. Roland Culver.