davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-06-05
Economic Progress in North Korea
Presents Real CHALLENGE TO Asia

were changed for new wons at
the rate of / to / for small
amounts on sliding scale down
to 10 to l for large sums. The
private sector of the economy de-
creased constantly. BY 1855 state
enterprises accounted for 90.6 per
cent Of all industrial enterprises,
co-operatives for ~ per cent,
private for IL per cent.
Cottoge Industry
BY 1857 the Socialist sector
provided 98.7 per cent of all indus
trial output. Today private enter
prise has almost vanished. How
ever, the regime still encourages
cottage industries to meet urgent
demands for goods, and the North
Korean constitution - the only
Communist constitution - still
guarantees the right to private
ownership of the means of pro-
duction.
In trade, the pace of nationali-
cation was much slower. BY 1858
one-third was still in private
hands, by 1856 one-eighth. There
is drive on to draw the remain
ing free merchants into co-opera-
tiveS. Tax is used to curtail private
business, merchants paying IA per
cent on a 4,000-won income, while
scientist pays only 5.4 per cent.
If IA per cent seems delightfully."-
low to American businessmen, it
must be remembered that Com
muniSt regimes depend on state
enterprises for income, not taxes.
The current five-year plan
Q957-6D is the first fully to en-
brace all spheres of economic ac-
tivity. Its emphasis is on heavy
industry and the North Koreans
claim to have fulfilled it two and
a half years in advance. However,
there seem to be stresses and
strains in the economy with too
rapid advances in some fields and
lags in others. There are COM
plants of waste, red tape and
poor quality production. The plan
was changed in midstream to put
more emphasis on housing and
farm machinery. Pravda reports
that a new five-year plan is being
worked out.
In Foreign Aid
North Korea got considerable
help from other Communist coun-
tries. Right after the Korean arm
istice Russia gave $3.50 million,
earmarked mainly for the re-
construction of the Yalu River
hydroelectric station. From China
came $3.50 million worth of con-
Sumer goods. Machinery for the
construction of diesel engines came
from East Germany, for the
chemical industry from Hungary,
for auto production from Czech
oslovakia. Horses were sent from
Mongolia. Thousands of students
were sent to study at East Euro
pean universities. Foreign aid &C
counted for "a per cent of total
income in 1854, IA per cent in
1857, but only 4 per cent in 1858.
On welcoming the first lot of
repatriates from Japan, Premier
Kim II Sung said: I'VE cannot
offer you luxury, but we do offer
you food. clothing, shelter and
hard work to improve our COM
mon lot"
Whatever the cost in personal
freedom, however distasteful COM
munism'S anthill state may seem
to Western mind, North Korea'S
effort to turn itself into a modern
self-sufflcient country presents a
mighty challenge to all of poor
Asia.
Evening star., 1960-06-05
The Foreign Scene

Continued From Page C-1
indication last week that Mr..
Eisenhower was considering post
poning his trip to Tokyo.
Evening star., 1960-06-05
'Other Means

Now that U-2 flights have been
halted by order of President Eli
senhower Mr.. Gates made it clear
Evening star., 1960-06-05
The Problem Grows

The picture presented here may
be somewhat overdrawn. None
theless it serves to dramatize a
difficult and growing problem.
Some believe that unless it is
resolved, vested interests in space
are destined to crystalline with
increasing speed-so that the day
could not be far of when nations
will cry "trespasS" even at Scien-
tific space craft operating 1000
miles or more above the earth.
This becomes serious, it is said,
since we can be fairly sure that
in the years ahead nations will
develop the capacity to down"
such craft.
Thus the space lawyers worry
that if the trend continues with
out some sort of an agreement on
sovereignty, our revered notion Of
the freedom of space" may even
tually take on the characteristics
of a fading dream.
Evening star., 1960-06-05

in the absence of a limit on "air
space"
In fact, it begins to appear that
nations are ready to make claims
to space above them just as far
as they are able to exert control
of such areas, whether any sig
nificant amount of "air" is present.
1t is not a new problem. SI-
ternational lawyers have been
aware of it for years. and men
like Prof. John C. Cooper, of
Princeton and McGill Universities,
and Britain'S eminent scholar, Sir
Wilfred jerks, long have been
warning that the time available
for reaching some worldwide
agreement on the matter is not
unlimited.
Nevertheless, most countries. in
Guiding the United States and the
USSR, have been avoiding the is
Sue-and with reason. This is
mainly because, from a security
point of view. it appears undesir-
able to restrict national defense
forces through international
agreement until these forces de-
termine just how crucial the new
medium of space may be for their
effective operation. So the dilem-
ma is genuine one for govern
ments charged with a nations
welfare.
The United Nations, too, has not
thus far been disposed to tackle
the problem, partly because the
SovietS have proved recalcitrant in
participating in space debates and
partly because the issue appears
to have so many touchy aspects.
Last week, however, it was indi-
Gated that the agenda of the U. MS
Committee on the Peaceful Uses
of Outer Space may include the
question.
Evening star., 1960-06-05
BY WILLIAM r. FRYE
Contributing Writer

UNITED NATIONS, N. Y.-The
striking contrast between Soviet
and Red Chinese diplomacy con-
tinues to be one of the landmarks
of the international scene, despite
all that has happened to East
West relations in the last month.
Vice President Nixon is only the
latest of many who have COM
mented on this phenomenon. He
called it to the attention Of the
Ministerial Council of the South
east Asia Treaty Organization
last week in Washington.
Among the points on which
Moscow and Peiping are on rec
ord with contradictory views are:
Q The necessity and desirability
of using force against the enemies
of communism.
. The probable results of a nu-
clear war.
. The practically and utility of
negotiating agreements with the
'imperialistS."
. The motives and character of
President Eisenhower.
The list could be heightened to
include obscure, though fascinat-
ing, theological points. But the
differences which are of most sig
nif1cance to the West are the ones
which imply an intent to behave
in contrasting ways where West
ern interests are involved.
Old Alliance Feared
There were many who believed,
when Premier Khrushchev torpe-
doed the summit conference in
circumstances implying maximum
antagonism to the United States,
that Moscow had closed the gap
in the Moscow-Peiping alliance
and would henceforth align its
policy and actions with those of
Red China.
This prospect seemed, especially
to the British who had nourished
Evening star., 1960-06-05
The eQuestion ofWho OwnsSpoce,
Long Avoided, Nay Be Forced Out

who have been theorizing that the
failure of nations to object to
space vehicles circling above them
amounts to the tacit consent and
custom which often serves as the
initial basis for international law.
The current trend suggests that
this era of acquiescence, a rela-
lively short one of less than three
years, may be about over.
The United States with it's Tiros
and Midas satellites, and the So
Wet Union with Sputnik ", have
introduced a new factor into the
equation: near perfection of the
precisely oriented, circular orbit
at low attitudes.
This is something essential to
the use of effective observation
space vehicles. What will be the
attitude of either country, or of
Britain or France or Germany or
China, toward advanced vehicles
operating above them at attitudes
of $50 or 200 or 500 miles? Will
they consider the space belt SO
utilized to be "free"-beyond the
12-mile-limit so to speaker will
they consider it part of their ma
tional domain? And, if the latter,
will they be prepared to destroy
the orbiting craft if they can?
Marshal Malinovsky's present
stand, if followed to its logical
conclusion, seems to imply that
the SovietS, when capable, will be
willing to blast not only the in
strumented vehicle but its launch
ing site as well.
In the case Of satellites, rather
than aircraft, would this include
Cape Canaveral. or Vandenoerg
Air Base?
Evening star., 1960-06-05
Airspoce Underlined

The difficulty posed by these
developments is that no rule of
law, national or international, de-
fines the extent of "air space
although all nations claim sover-
eighty of such areas above their
respective territories.
Presumably. space beyond "air
space" is free in the sense that
the oceans are free. But this con-
cesSion, if it really exists on a
world scale, does not mean much
Evening star., 1960-06-05
SupremeCourt:
TdeOH

The Supreme Court last week
handed down a ruling in the
Off-shOre oil case. Florida and
Texas won; Alabama, Missis-
Sippi and Louisiana lost.
Long before Congress passed the
controversial Submerged Lands
Act of 1858 and sent the real
problem to the Supreme Court,
argument had ragged over whether
the oil-rich offshore lands in the
Gulf of Mexico belonged to the
individual States or to the Federal
Government.
Last Monday. the high court,
after wading through mountains
of documents submitted by the
litigants, announced its decision.
1t took 81 pages to do it. But even
this "schockingly long opinion" to
use Justice Harlan's words, has
failed to settle the problem. Argu-
ment still RACES.
Rejecting the Federal Govern
ment'S contention that the Inter-
national boundary is 35 statute
miles, the court ruled that the
borders of Texas and Florida ex-
tend seaward 10.5 miles, while
those of Alabama, Mississippi and
Louisiana go out only 35 miles.
The Federal Government, of
course. has jurisdiction beyond
these State boundaries. Hundreds
of millions of dollars in oil wealth,
at a minimum, are involved.
Evening star., 1960-06-05
BY PHILIP YEAGER
Contributing Writer

Marshal MalinovSky's order to
Soviet rocket forces to attack any
base from which plane takes off
and violates Russian "air space"
provides additional evidence that
the thorny question of third di-
mensional sovereignty is now very
real.
In other words, the unsolved
riddle of how far "up" national
boundaries extend has left the
realm of theory and is now a
practical issue.
A number of incidents, all in a
short period, have contributed to
this:
The U-2 affair during which
United States observation plane
which repeatedly flies at $4,000
plus feet was forced down in the
Soviet Union.
The launching of Sputnik w
by the SovietS. a heavy satellite
which operates at relatively low
attitudes, between 1874 and 229
miles.
The claim of Sir Richard Glyn,
Conservative member of Britain's
Parliament, that Sputnik w was
violating English "airspace."
A few days later Major Robert
White piloted Americas Kills to
an easy 100000 feet, lending
strength to the promise of a
United States craft which will
soon be able to "fly" at an alti-
tude of 100 miles.
Five days after that, the Air
Force launched Midas II, the first
missile-detection, survei lance
satellite, into a 300-316 mile
orbit.
On the same day the ubiquitous
voice of DR.. Edward Teller warned
that unless the United States
steps up its activities considerably,
the Reds will have anti-space
capabilities first and hence will
probably claim space for them
selves.
Then came the Malinovsky pro-
nouncement.
Evening star., 1960-06-05
The Meaning

In reaching its decision, the
court had to determine what Con-
gresS meant in 1858 when it speci-
fled that States we're to have
ownership of submerged lands
out to the boundaries existing
when the State entered the Union
or as later approved by Congress.
1t ruled that the 1848 Mexico
United States treaty had fixed
the Texas boundary at los miles
and that Congress, when it re-
Evening star., 1960-04-14

BeoutfuI, inspiring Eoster cords
=. for fomiIy, friends and tots,
too. Choose from religious and
floral designs.
Evening star., 1960-11-04
Ring Body Ranks
Moore as Heavy,
Honors Brown

PROVIDENCE, r. T.. Nov. 4
(AP).-A record number OF
lightweight title defenses has
been made by Champion Joe
Brown, named the National
Boxing Associations boxer-of-
the month.
Browns ninth lightweight
defense was his October %
defeat Of Cisco Andrade. He
also knocked out Battling Torres
earlier in the month.
Tony Petronella, NBA Rating
Committee chairman, said the
runnersup for the honor went
to England's Terry Downes who
outpointed joey GiardelIo,
Guilio Rinaldi of Italy for his
triumph over Archie Moore and
Jorge Fernandez who defeated
Denny Meyer.
The NBA which stripped
Moore Of his light-heavyweight
title for failure to defend listed
him as 10th among heavy
weights.
Archie has been weighing
well over the class limit of ITS
pounds" Petronella said. 1T
is our feeling that Moore can
not make the limit and our
view, in rating him in the
heavies. is q realistic one"
Evening star., 1960-11-04
Memphis State U.
Asks AffiIiution

MEMPHIS, Nov. 4 (AP). -
Memphis State University voted
yesterday to give up its inde-
pendent role in athletics and
apply for admission to the Mis-
souri, Valley Conference. The
application will be considered
at the next meeting of confer
ence directors January IL.
Approval would put Men,
phis State in a football league
made up Of Wichita, Tulsa,
Cincinnati and North Texas
State.
Basketball members of the
conference are st. Louis, Drake,
Bradley. Cincinnati, North
Texas State. Wichita and Tulsa.
Evening star., 1960-11-04
By.LEwIs F. ATCHIsON
Star stan Writer


The Redskins are flying to
st. Louis this afternoon to
await Sundays game with the
transplanted Cardinals, and
Coach Mike Nixon has warned
them not to forget their scoring
punch.
Last years first game against
Coach Frank Ivy's "whoop-
to-do" offense had a niehtmar-
ish ending for. the Redskins
who took a 1921 drubbing as
Bobby Joe Conrad scored %
points for the then represent
ing Chicago victors. No other
player ever had scored that
many points against the Red
skins. The only redeeming fea-
ture was Halfback Dick James
three touchdowns for the Red
skins.
The return to Griffith Stadium
had a happier ending because
Quarterback Ralph Guglielmi
was on the beam with his
passes and Bill Anderson dis
played his pass-catching talent.
It was Goog's 57-yard touch
down pass to Anderson that
broke open the game and paved
the way for the Redskins 23-14
victory.
A week before, Anderson was
on the receiving end Of a TO
yard scoring play that helped
upset the Pittsburgh Steelers,
1917. Coming through from
time to time with spectacular
receptions, the former Tennes-
see star was gaining a reputa-
tion as one Of the most danger
Gus clutch" players in the
Eastern division. But this year
he hasn't been up to par.
For a while he wasn't fax
ing as well as q year ago.
Coach Mike Nixon observed.
He tried to run away from
some Of these defensive backs,
and you can't do It. And YOU
cant fool them with just a
nod Of head or a dip Of the
shoulder. You've got to make
two. sometimes three moves to
get loose for a pass. and Andy
wasn't doing It,"
To some. 1t appeared that
Anderson wasn't in peak physi-
cal condition this year. but the
coaches discount that. They
point out that running pass
patterns, every day in practice
and at least half Of every game,
Is extremely taxing.
Goog seems to prefer Ander-
son and Halfback Jim Podoley
for his long-range targets.
Podoley gets relief from time
to time. but Anderson has to
go all the way. At the finish
Of a couple Of games he's been
Evening star., 1960-11-04
Newcomers Win
CupitoI Feature

The Sharpe brothers, Mike
and Ben. made short work Of
Chief Big Heart and Arnold
Skoaland in their wrestling
debut last night at Capitol
Arena.
The newcomers from the
West Coast viii be paired
against Abe Jacobs and Bob
Boyer. another newcomer. in a
match next Thursday night at
Capitol. N
In other bouts last night,
Buddy (Natufe Boy) Rogers
won over Haystacks Calhoun,
Red and Lou Bastien whipped
Skull Murphy and Lou Albano,
Dick Steinborn defeated Angelo
|6aycldi, Tito Carreon beat
Johnny Gabor and The Cru
Isader was too much for Tony
|Martinelli.
Evening star., 1960-11-04
SNOW NAN DISApPOtNTS OWNER
Riviera Wonder Sets Pace
In National Horse Show

He's no Snowman, though;
he's strictly a thoroughbred"
Pedro collected a third, good
for three points in the inter-
national jumping last night.
Riviera Wonder. owned by
Bernie Mann of Port Washing
ton, N. Y. scored his third vic
tory in five classes and went
into the lead with 16 points.
Not only has Snowman failed
to place, but Windsor Castle,
the defending champion, owned
by Bob Ballard of Toronto, still
hasn't done a thing.
The two international events
were split between Venezuela
and Canada.
LIT. Jesus Palacios, riding
Ponichinela, won the Frederick
d. Mackay trophy in the after
noon session after a jumpoff.
U. S. Is Shut Out
The United States team was
shut out for the first time
George Morris of New Canaan
Conn.,, riding Simon, had one
knockdown in the first round
and Frank Chapot Of Walipack
N. j., handling Trail Guide, hao
two. Hugh Wiley of Towson
Md. plotting Nautical, with
drew.
Tom Gaylord, 31-year-olo
Toronto stock broker, won the
Wagstaff challenge trophy, or
Blue Beau later, after two
jumpoffs. They went clean all
the way. Morris was second
after knocking down a 6-foot
stone wall. on Night Owl.
Air Dome. owned by the
Kimberton Hills Farms Of Kim.
berton, Pa, won the greer
hunter title with 1914 points
Miracle Day, belonging to Mrs
Winston Guest OF New York
was reserve with 1914 points
Evening star., 1960-11-04

Stakes in recent years.
Italian Horses Arrive
Although Europe's top equine
stars have started arriving at
Laurel for next Fridays $780,
900 Washington. D. c., Interna-
tional, the Selma has been
sharing the lmelight in the last
day or so.
Getting acquainted in
Laurels International Village
today were the italian hopefuls,
Rio Marina and the 3-year-old
filly, Santa Severa, who arrived
last night after a flight from
Milan. Rio Marin, owned by
Comdr. Gino Montovani, and
Santa Severa, owned by Raj
faele Straziotta, are Italy's first
representatives in the Interna-
tional and also the first foreign
horses on the grounds for the
ninth running Of the grass
classic. ~
Meanwhile, the Russians
make their third invasion of
Laurel today. The Soviet pair
Of zabeg and Zadorney are not
expected unit. late this after
noon or tonight.
r A few hours before the Rus
sian horses check In. the French
pair Of Hautian and Puissant
Chef are due on a flight which
started in Paris yesterday.
Sword Dancer Delayed
The last of the nine foreign
invaders will not arrive at
Laurel until Monday. They are
England's Apostle II and Pro-
life and Ireland's Farrney Fox.
vanned to Laurel today.
A change in plans by Trainer
Elliott Burch also has delayed
the arrival Of Sword Dancer.
The Brookmeade stars, workout
Wednesday in New York was
postponed by bad weather until
yesterday. Sword 81 Dancer
worked 6 furlongs on grass
around the dogs.
Burch said, II didn't get a
clocking on his move but I was
very satisfied with it. He is
doing very well.
Sword Dancer is due to be
vanned to Laurel Today.
Trainer Woody Stephens has
mapped out plans for COM
pleting Bald Eagles prepara-
tions for the International.
Bald Eagle, who won the race
last fall. will be worked from
the Newmarket-type webbing
gate tomorrow morning and will
receive his final drill next
Wednesday.
Evening star., 1960-11-04
Chargers Try
To Break Tein
AFL Tonight
~ the Associated Press

The Los Angeles Chargers.
moving fast after q slow start,
have an opportunity to take
over sole possession Of first
place in the Western Division
Of the American Football League
tonight.
The Chargers, meeting 4 the
New York Titans at the Polo
Grounds. will seek tot keep
rolling a spirited offensive that
enabled them to crush the Bos-
ton Patriots. 45-1s. last week.
The Patriots take on the
Oakland Raiders in the other
game on tonight's slate. Two
games Sunday. Dallas at Buff
ffalo and Houston at Denver,
round out the weeks AFL pro-
gram.
Tied With Denver
The Titans, who have lost
their last two, viii be out to
stop Paul Lowe, the Chargers
speedy halfback. Los Angeles
is tied for the, top spot with
Denver.
The Oakland-Boston game is
a return go. The Raiders, de-
feated the Patriots. 27-14, Oc-
tober 16, the first of three con-
secutive setbacks for the Boston
team. Oakland. half a game
behind Los Angeles and Denver
in the Western Division, moved
into good strategic position a
week ago by edging New York,
1927, with a touchdown late
in the fourth quarter.
Best Offense Mark
Powerful Houston. the East
ern Division leader. was de-
feated by Buffalo, 1924. last
Sunday. However, the Oilers,
paced by veteran passing ace
George Blanda, still have the
top offense mark in the circuit
POI points in seven games for
a 28.7 average. Denver was
upset by Dallas. 17-l4, in its
most recent effort.
Buffalo, with overall average
yield of only 1873 points a game,
has won two in a row after
dropping four of its first five.
Dallas has recovered following
a dismal start behind the pass
ing of Cotton Davidson and the
fine running of Abner Haynes
and Jack Spikes.
Evening star., 1960-11-04
Tech Hurriers Win

Mckinley Tech defeate d
Ballou High School. l7-40. in
cross country yesterday at
Ballou. and the Tech Junior
varsity beat the Ballou jayvee,
1856. Individual winner of
the varsity competition was
Techs Robert Robinson, who
ran the mile-and-a-hal course
in 1913.
Evening star., 1960-11-04
BY JOSEPH b. KELLY
Star Turf Editor

Apatontheback. winner of
the Sorority Stakes at Mon
mouth Park. today became a
surprise entry for tomorrow's
35th running of the. Selma
Stakes at Laurel. Her addition
boosted the field to 10 and In
creased the value of thei{2-
year-old filly event to $61 40.
Owned by Mrs. Ada L. Rice
Of Chicago. Apatontheback will
be shooting for first money Of
$37. .080 at the expense Of Calu-
met Farms Plum Cake, an un-
the Sorority Stakes at Mon
bilt's Good, Move and William
Helis' Angel Speed considered
the strongest contenders for
the money spots in the mile
and-a- sixteenth race. ~,
A possible upsetter is Mrs.
Ben F. Whitaker's Shelly 10,
to be ridden by Eddie Arcaro,
who is seeking his fifth tri-
umph in the Selma. Arcaro
won the Selma 26 years ago
with Nellie Flag, repeated the
following year with Split Sec
ond. won in 1914. with Busher
and 10 years later with High
Voltage.
Brooks on Plum
Another veteran rider dom
ming silks for the Selma is
Steve Brooks, who handles Plum
Cake, a daughter Of Ponder and
Real Delight. Tommy Barrow
will rein Angel Speed and Eric
Guerin will be up on Good
Move, a daughter Of Native
Dancer. No rider was named for
Apatontheback, who has been
in Chicago. 9zaay .1
Completing the Selma field
are Boncrist Farms Prominent
Lady, Jockey Larry Gilligan:
Tom M. Girdler's Zonah. Art
Chambers; the Fourth Estate
Stables Times Two, John L.
Rotz, and Wheatley Stables
Eastern Princess. a full sister
Of Bold Ruler, to be piloted by
Ray Broussard.
With no rain predicted before
tomorrow night a fast track
will prevail for what promises