davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-10-02

way religious split: Fifteen million
five-hundred thousand Nigerians
are Muslims, 1872 million are
paganS and 7.3 million are
Christians.
MiIitory Government
The British at first attempted
to impose a unitary form Of gov
ernment on this restless conglom-
Grafton but, unlike the Belgians.
wisely backed of in 1854 when 1t
became obvious that it would be
unworkable. Three regions were
eStablished-North, East and West
and each was allotted consider
able autonomy under a federal
government.
But perhaps more important
than the system in assuring that
Nigeria will not go the way of
the Congo. is the quality of the
country's leaders.
The federal government, a
coalition of the Northern Regions
Northern Peoples Congress and
the East's National Council of
Nigeria and the Cameroons, is
headed by quiet-spoken Muslin
schoolmaSter named Sir Abubakar
Tafawa Balewa. Balewa, who is
48. has had a high school edu-
cation plus two years at London
University's Institute of Educa-
ton.
The Opposition Leoder
An enthusiastic cricket player
and a man with a reputation for
integrity and intelligence, Balewa
was elected to the Northern House
of Assembly in 1947 and to the
Federal House four years later.
Thus he is already a veteran of
Is years in politics and admin
istration, the last three as Prime
minister under the British. He
favors neutralist course in world
affairs but to Balewa this means
judging issues on their merits "a
refreshing idea) and the West
could not hope for a better man
at Nigeria's helm.
The leader Of the federal OPP
position. 51-year-old Chief Oba-
femi Awolowo, pudgy, greying
attorney, is an even stauncher
friend of the West who regards
non-alignment as diplomatic
Evening star., 1960-10-02

have never entered their heads. If
they had ever expressed any, they
would no longer be guides.
! would like to see an effort
made to expand our student ex-
change" program to include in
tourist guides. It would be an
illuminating experience for them
to come to America. We should
make such proposals even though
we know they will be rejected
Almost four times as many
books are published in Russia as
in the United States-48,0 900 or
$4,000 In contrast to our $1,000.
And Russians read books. The
average Russian and the average
German read far more books than
does the average Briton. The Brit
ish read lar more books than do
Americans.
Teleyision in Evenings
There may be easy reasons for
this-Such as the dullness Of Rus
Sia's propaganda packed news
papers and magazines or the fact
that television doesn't start until
1880 p. m. But I believe the real
reason is both deeper and simpler:
Russians are trained to read. In
school and as young people they
have it drilled into them that the
way to get ahead is to achieve
knowledge. Books are the golden
key.
I visited three leading book
stores on Leningrad's NevSky
Prospekt during my recent trip to
Russia. The first was in the old
Singer sewing machine building,
conspicuous with cupola on top.
A couple of sidewalk stands out
side were surrounded by crowds
examining books. Inside, the two
most crowded sections were those
given over to scientific and chill
dren'S books.
In the rear of the store was a
section presenting large reproduc-
ticns of Great Oil Paintings"
These were arrayed side by side
and featured greatly publicized
Soviet heroes-Marx, EngelS, Len
in, Khrushchev, and the new
President, Brezhnev, successor to
Voroshilov. In their gilt frames,
they sell for $50 rubles $3.50
apiece. Many find their way into
the homes of those who want to
get along in the Communist Party.
Fost Among Missing
We were particularly interested
In the sections featuring English
and American books. On display
were Twelfth Night" THE Scar
let Letter." and works by Jack
London, George Eliot, Thackeray,
Dickens and Poe. Five years
earlier I had been told by the
librarian Of the Leningrad Library
that the favorite American au-
thorS were Howard Fast (then a
leading American Communist and
Mark Twain, in that order. In the
largest book store, I tried this
time to buy something by Fast.
Not one of his books was available.
Evening star., 1960-10-02
Atom Test Ban:
New Proposals

The Geneva Conference Of
Nuclear Testing resumed DELHI
eratiOns Monday after a lengthy
recess.
Two years of negotiations on
ways and means Of effecting a ban
on nuclear weapons testing have
failed to produce such a ban. But
optimism continues to prevail at
the Geneva meeting, despite the
general deterioration in relations
between East and West.
Resuming their deliberations
last week, the three nuclear pow
ers britain, the Soviet Union, and
the United States took UP once
again the thorny question Of in
spection and controls. Although
Evening star., 1960-10-02

support. Bello is premier of the
North and every massive inch an
ariStocrat.
Nigeria's size. population, wealth
and the quality of her leaders all
hold good promise for the future.
But they cannot completely wipe
out the problem of sectionalism.
Northern Fulani and Hausa
tribesmen despise the more ag-
gressive paganS and Christians
Of the East and West. The East's
Ibos and the Vests YorubaS
heartily dislike each other and
both look with scorn on the North,
whose people are comparatively
backward. -
Evening star., 1960-10-02
FREEDOM FOR A GIANT
By SMITH HENIPSTONE
Contributing Writer

MALINDI, Kenya.-Independ-
ence came yesterday to Nigeria.
Africa's boisterous and well-heeled
giant and the continents 10th
new nation Of 1860.
The West African states in
dependence marks q shift in
Africa's political center Of gravity.
In the past, Africa and the world
have danced to tunes whistled
by such pygmy states as Ghana
and Guinea-important only be-
cause Of their independence.
But in more ways than one
Nigeria dwarfs these calabash re-
publics.
Nigeria'S population Of IS mil
lon makes it more populouS than
its fellow Commonwealth states
of Canada, Australia and New
Zealand combined. Aside from
tiny Ruanda- -Urundi, its popula-
ton density is the continents
highest and one out of every
seven Africans-black, white and
browns NigeriAn.
Has Greet Wealth
The new nation, the worlds
18th largest, is bigger than any
European state except Russia.
France, Belgium, Holland, Lux
embourg, West Germany and Ire
land would At tidily within its
borders.
Nor is Nigeria without wealth.
Exports Of palm products, pea
nuts. cocoa, cotton, rubber, tin
and other commodities bring in
$375 million annually. Her i'm
ports are worth $3.50 million.
Nigeria's annual national in
come stands at more than $2.5
billion (more than that Of the
copper-rich Federation Of Rho
desia and Nyasaland, Kenya.
Tanganyika and Uganda COM
bined). The national debt is
small ($55 million in 1889, the
country's sterling reserves amount
to $575 million and the federal
and regional governments will
spend 5000 million, 78 per cent
Of it from their own resources.
on development between 1855 and
1862,
Things are done in big way:
Nigerians swill 6 million gallons
of beer per year, buy 4 million
pairs of shoes, and purchase. 8
million square yards Of textiles,
enough to blanket Lagos, the
capital, three times.
Small Number Literote
The country has 1900 schools,
q university (two more on the
drawing boards, and 5000 stu
dents studying abroad. But only
rs per cent of the population over
Z years Of age is literate, 2 per
cent Of the people are blind, Nj
geria has SOC, 900 lepers, and ritual
murders still take place with
alarming frequency. This last
may diminish now that Nigeria,
the first African country to do So
has televiSion.
Nigeria used to be described as
"half way between purgatory and
hell" More precisely, it lies be.
tween the ex-French territories
Of Dahomey and CAMERON on
the Blight Of Benin.
The Portuguese hacked Their
way a few miles into the interior
Evening star., 1960-10-02

in 1485 and the first English trad
ing expedition, which realized a
modest profit of 1000 per cent on
pepper and Olifants' teeth and
oyle of PALM" reached the coun-
try in 1854.
In the 18th century Nigeria be-
came the center of the slave trade
as more than 100000 Africans
each year were caught and shipped
to the New Yorld (moSt American
Negroes are of Nigerian extrac-
tion).
The British Background
Paradoxically Britain, which
had profited most from the slave
trade, moved into Nigeria in 1849
to put an end to the trade. But
it was not until 1908 that the great
Muslin emirs of the north were
conquered by the British.
Although Nigeria has $4,000
whites, these are all missionaries,
, traders or government officials. A
sweltering climate combined with
malaria (the Anglican Church
buried a bishop a year for one
three-year period combined to
discourage settlement and to earn
for Nigeria the reputation of being
"the white mans grave"
The tribal an1mosities which
plunged the Congo into civil war
are present in Nigeria, which con-
tainS more than 200 tribes speak
ing 40 principal languages Zone
dialect is spoken and understood
by only 80 people,.
In addition. there Is q three
Evening star., 1960-10-02
South
AIonfc
Oceon

Nigeria, unlike Balewa, Awolowo
and Azikiwe, holds no federal
office. He is 51-year-old Sir
Ahmadu Bello, Muslin noble
man who commands the unswerv-
ing allegiance Of the mass of the
North's 19 million people.
Bello, as Sardauna of Sokoto,
is the religious head Of the
MuslimS; as the descendant of
the man who established the
feudal Northern states, his secular
writ runs far. And, in fact,
Balewa cannot rule without his
Evening star., 1960-10-02

rectly into an expanding para
dise-at an extra hundred rubles
per month per year! (By our
standards, it would be better to
bring down the high prices on
consumer goods, and to raise
taxes on the high incomes of the
privileged.)
Work Hours Cut
4. Hours of work have been
cut and shortly will be reduced
some more. Half the workers are
now said to be on a 40-hour
week and by the end of this year
all will be scheduled seven hours
a day for five days with five
hours on Saturday.
The pension plan has been
stepped up. Men are now eligible
at go after 80 years of work
and women at IS after Is. The
pensions run from 800 to 1900
rubles month. This is part of
the effective incentive system.
5. One of the most important
trends is toward decentralization.
In 1865 the economy was still
largely operated by the great
ministries in Moscow. Since then
more and more power has been
given to local districts, the min
Evening star., 1960-10-02
Some Minority Groups

Within each region live minority
groups which constitute 40 per
cent of the regional population
and which object strenuously to
being governed by alien tribes. In
recent weeks, for instance. pagan
tribesmen of the North have
rioted against their Muslin over
lords. 70.
These problems will not dis
appear with independence and
Nigeria must solve them If she
is to assume her natural role Of
leadership in Africa. In con-
trast to the Congo. her leaders
have both the will and the ability
to do just this. ~
Evening star., 1960-10-02

istries acting more as co-ordi-
mating boards.
Similarly, in agriculture, where
orders once came from a Gen.
tralized control, now the local
collectives have more autonomy.
And the Ministry of Health has
turned over its sanatoria to the
labor unions for local administra-
ton.
BIotent Propaganda
Every change that makes Lenin-
grads standard Of living seem
more Western" is accompanied by
its blatant propaganda-in the
streets. in the factories, on the air.
1t has deafening effect on the
people. We of the West do not
fully comprehend the nature of
Red propaganda.
Immediately upon arrival the
visitor to Leningrad is handed an
Intourist pamphlet, extolling its
"breath-taking panoramic pros
poets and stately architecture 4. e.. :"
This is fair enough, like any Cham
Der of Commerce oratory. But then
come the Intourist guides-charm-
ing and well-groomed and the
most highly indoctrinated guides
in the world.
Evening star., 1960-10-02

Our three guides were exception
ally attractive young people
Georgi, Marie-Anna and Igor.
They learned their English in
Leningrad translators' school and
1t is remarkably good. The guides
are trained to handle the poten-
TALLY embarrassing questions Of
tourists and to turn them to prop
aganda advantage.
For instance, Marie Anna said
she listened all the time to Amer
ican broadcastS; nothing would
get her to admit there is any jam
ming.
Subway os Propaganda
And Georgi denied that the new
subway had been handled as
propaganda instrument. pointed
to "the station of the square of
the uprising" with its great bronze
plaques commemorating the revo-
lutionary activities that took place
there. He looked at me impassive-
ly and said, "but that isn't propa-
ganda: the station is really 10
Gated at the square Of the upris-
ing"
These guides, trained like par
rotS, have never been out of the
country and unorthodox ideas
Evening star., 1960-10-02
Pacific Stations

Britain also conceded a point by.
offering to admit international
inspection stations to the South
Pacific islands used for test shots.
But the British delegate. Sir Mi
chael Wright, reminded Mr.. Tsar-
apkin that Britain could not
speak for Australia when the Rus
sian demanded that Australian
test sites be included in the plan.
Under the moratorium proposal
on underground tests as presented
by the United States acting chief
delegate, Charles c. Stelle, the
period of 81 months would be util.
lied for research into seismic and
other methods for detection of un-,
derground nuclear blasts. The
underground testing of nuclear
weapons would be excluded from.
any general ban agreement reached
before the conclusion of the mora
torium. After study Of the results
of research into adequate detec-.
ton methods, a ban on UNDER
ground testing could then be added
to the general prohibition.
Evening star., 1960-10-02

like well-off middle-class shop
owners. Many wear badges and
medals, sometimes five or six at
once.
2. Consumers have much more
to buy, both in variety and guam
tity; they enjoy improved condi-
tions in other ways.
Tex Abolition"
8. The guides second point was
that "all income taxes are to be
abolished" The Russian govern
ment charges for goods whatever
it likes and thus gets its revenue
through a vast sales tax. eve
saw shoes in the great depart
ment store, GoStiny Dvor. at 2l0
rubles ($2D or about one-fourth
the monthly wages Of an un-
skilled worker.) But this year
there is to be no income tax
on anyone earning under 800
rubles a month; next year the
exemption will be TOO rubles a
month, the following year 800,
and so on, we were told, until
the entire income tax (which is
now between 6 and IL per cent?
has been done away with.
The Soviets consider this "re-
form" to be leading them di-
Evening star., 1960-10-02

The author. publisher Of the EMey-
elcpoedia Britonnies and widely known
es On authority on the uSsR. is .
former United States Senetor from
Conneeticut and onetime Assistant
Secretary Of Stote. He hos just re-
turned from q visit to the Soviet Union.
Evening star., 1960-10-02

much closer together than ever
before, the division between the
Western powers and Moscow re-
mains wide.
The United States proposed
Tuesday that moratorium on un:
derground testing of small atomic
weapons be set at ~ months. The
Soviet delegate, Semyon K.
Tsarapkin. had previously pro-
posed a moratorium of much
longer duration-perhaps four or
five years. He promise to consider
the shorter period, however. 3,
Evening star., 1960-10-02
BY WILLIAM BENTON

SOUTHPORT, Conn., wish
AHsSy influential American and
S.st European-the people we
call opinion makers" could visit
the Soviet Union. They would
Quickly learn that the competition
we are up against from Russia is
tougher than we think.
This was my strongest reaction
when I visited the USSR in 1855.
Evening star., 1960-04-07
Pineapple Angel Jelly Roll

l package Hawaiian angel
food cake mix
113 cups water
l cup whipping cream
2 teaspoons confectioners'
sugar
y teaspoon vanilla
! cup cherry preserves
Prepare cake mix with
water as directed on package.
Pour half of batter into a
l5Xl0xl-inch jelly roll pan,
which has been lined on the
bottom with waxed paper.
Spoon rest of batter into un-
creased 9x5x3-inch loaf pan.
Bake in moderate oven (375
degreeS) Is to 18 minutes for
jelly roll cake and 80 to 35
minutes for loaf cake. Bat
ter can stand at room tenn
perature while one cake is
baking.)
Turn jelly roll cake onto
towel which has been busted
with confectioners' sugar.
Remove paper and carefully
roll up cake, starting at end
and rolling towel up in the
cake. Cool on cake rack for
II hour.
Cool loaf cake upside down
in pan, resting edges on two
other pans. Then use for
another dessert.
To fill roll: Combine
cream, sugar and vanilla;
Evening star., 1960-04-07
New Booklet
Features
SuImon

The most unusual book on
the current best-seller list
costs but Is cents. The pub
Usher is the United States
Government. This booklet,
Take a Can of Salmon" is
sponsored by the Department
of Interior, is available from
the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, Washington 25, D. c.,
for Is cents.
The recipes run from dips
through chowders, luncheon
dishes, dinner dishes, curries,
kebabs and "salmonburgerS"
for the young. Samples:
Salmon Curry
Drain a 1-pound can SAL
mon. reserving the liquid.
Break salmon into large
pieces. Cook "a cup chopped
onion in 3 tablespoons butter
or other fat until tender.
Blend in 3 tablespoons flour
and 1la teaspoons curry pow
der. u teaspoon salt, "a tea
spoon ginger and a dash Of
pepper. Add 2 cups salmon
liquid and milk gradually,
stirring constantly. Add SAL
mon; heat. Serve over rice
with any of the following
curry condiments. Serves
six.
Curry condiments: Chopped
hard-cooked egg whites;
shredded toasted coconut;
chopped nuts; chopped green
pepper; chopped tomatoes;
fried noodles; chopped on
ions; crystallized ginger;
Sieved hard-cooked egg yolks.
Salmon FlOrentine
Drain a pound can salmon,
reserving liquid. Mash salm-
on. Chop l cup cooked,
drained spinach. Season with
2 tablespoons butter or mar
garine. "a teaspoon pepper
and a dash of nutmeg. Spread
seasoned spinach in a we'll
creased, round baking dish,
8X2 inches. Cook 2 table
spoons chopped onion and l
Glove garlic, finely chopped in
2 tablespoons butter or mar
garine until tender. Blend in
3 tablespoons flour and "a
teaspoon salt. Add IA cups
salmon liquid and milk grad
ually and cook until thick,
stirring constantly. Add 2
tablespoons sherry and the
salmon. Blend thoroughly. An
electric mixer or blender may
be used. Place over spinach.
Sprinkle with "a cup grated
Parmesan cheese. Bake in a
moderate oven, $50 degrees
F., 20 to 25 minutes. Garnish
with egg slices and water
creSs. Serves six.
(Relessed by the Bell syndicate)
Evening star., 1960-04-07
Perky Potato SuIud

Perky and extra hearty is
this recipe for potato salad:
Make a dressing of mayon-
naise, prepared mustard,
pickle relish and minced
onion. Add drained sliced
canned potatoes, and canned
corned beef cut into bite size
pieces. Season to taste with
seasoned salt. Mix well and
chill. Serve in lettuce cups.
Evening star., 1960-04-07

beat until thick and glossy.
Unroll cake. remove towel.
Spread with preserves: then
spread with half of the
whipped cream. Reroll and
wrap securely in waxed
paper. Chill. Just before
serving. spread with remain
ing whipped cream. Makes
eight to 10 servings.
Evening star., 1960-04-07
Tusty Dessert

This dessert takes almost
no fixing and yet looks and
tastes festive. Cover drained
canned fruit cocktail with a
few tablespoons dry sherry
wine and let stand an hour
or longer. At dessert time
put a spoonful of the mari
mated fruit cocktail in each
sherbet dish. Add q spoon of
vanilla ice cream and top
with more of the fruit cock
tail.
, 1960-05-02
Cussi1neer Of
La Vullee Dies;
Funerul on TuesduY

Jacob Cassimeer pass d
away at his home in La Vallee
at AS on Sunday morning.
He was rs.
He is survived by his wife,
a sister, Mrs. Elizabeth James,
a son, Ignatius, two grandsons
and four great grandchildren.
The body will lie in state at
st. Luke's A.ME. church at
Grove Place from $50 to 4:SO
On Tuesday when the funeral
services will be conducted.
, 1960-05-02
Jeltrups Book Store
Now Open in
Christiunsted

Just opened in Christian
sted on King Cross Street be-
tween King and Company
Streets is "Jeltrups : Books"
owned and managed by Tom
and Dorothy Jeitrup. The
store carries a general stock
of new books with many cur
rent best-sellers; Caribbean
specialities; quality paper
backs; children's books, includ
ing the popular series for
boys and girls; cookbooks, die
tionaries, and most other
books you'd expect to see in
a good New York City book
store. The stock is highly cur
rently and will be expanded
regularly.
Continued on page q
, 1960-05-02
Four Coses Heord
III Municipal Court
This Morning

In the Municipal Court this
morning before Judge Will
liam Moorhead, Karl Lind
quist charged with disturb
ance of the peace was fined
SIS suspended, He had no pre-
vious record, the judge taking
that into consideration.
Resale Malone charged with
CONTINUED on page a
, 1960-05-02
CRUCIANS FAVOR RIGHT HAND DRIVE.
GOVERNOR JOHN D. MERWIN SAYS

GOVERNOR JOHN u. MEHWlN SAYS
AT the Rotary Club luncheon meeting at Richmond
House in Christiansted, Thursday, Govrnor Merwin spoke on
the program for the coming year for these Virgin Islands. AS
always. the Governors extemporaneous talk was delivered
with wit and wisdom, and the Rotarians were immensely
pleased w i h the future
mappd out and indicated their narcontaoa Of Puerto R;can
endorsement OF ms Ideas Dy drivers and continentals who
freqeunt applause. have been trained for years to
The most prolonged burst of drive right, it would raise no
handclapping came after a great problem Many native
question from the floor re- Crucians who drive spend
garding the Governors pro- time IN Puerto Rico and the
posal to the Legislature to States, driving to the right
change over to right-hand We need 70 make the change
driving. The questioner, Bruce now, as each passing month
Millar, wanted to know what puts more cars on our roads,
success the Governor was and our population is increas-
having in putting his proposal ing rapidly. It will be harder
across. Governor MerWin an to make the change later on.
swered that he was getting The increasing number Of
support from Crucians for the accidents directly attributable
changeover, but much oppo- TO left-hand driving is q warn
sition from st. Thomians. ing we should heed. The con-
Whereupon John Colby sug- struction of our cars, with the
gested, with the approval of drivers seat on the left, and
the group, that st. Croix be the headlights beamed to the
allowed to make the change right directly into the eyes Of
to ~righthand driving at once, the oncoming driver consti-
so that we could act as a prov tute a hazard we are ~foolhardy.
;;ns ground + trial area- fer !e put up with VIII, must we
this method Of driving. There continue to be backward in
is no doubt that a trial would company with only England
prove that the Governor is and Sweden, while the rest Of
right, and we would be so the world drives right?
pleased with driving on the Let's Go Right
right that we would never -
consider returning to the old So -.
nu'a0 IT ~ -DD1a.4a1 - C. IN Municipal Court
10noweu sms su sssesss - :. ! This Morning
:. IL Nf.r:a.r.1 Ca,r+4 h;a
was up to the Legislature. At IN sne MUNICIPAL C0ur' TINS
Ter the meeting adjourned, morning before Judge Will
tlo couornor IN TALKING with liam Moorhead, Karl Lind