davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-08-28
IS THE SUPPLY SUFFICIENT?
The Soviets as Big Exporters Of Oil

economically over the enormous
distances between the BaShkirian
Steppe and the ports of Odessa or
of Memel and Windau. All that is
required for this feat is extra
large diameter pipe and enough
booster stations along the way to
speed the flow of the crude
through the oleoduct.
This oil from the steppes is now
being added to the Soviet export
potential which, until recently.
consisted solely Of the Is to 20
million tons of Caucasian oil
which pipelines bring to the port
of Batum, on the Black Sea.
At the cost Of an enormous in
duStrial and political effort-the
Soviet government, in particular,
has returned German prisoners
of war in order to be allowed to
buy big-inch pipe in the Ruhr-
the necessary pipelines have now
been built, and others are on the
way to Schwedt-on-the- oder, in
East Germany, to Warsaw, to
Prague and to Budapest.
To CopitoIist HORRORS
Oil from the far-away steppe is
now flowing in large quantities
both into the satellite lands and
into tankers in Baltic and Black
Sea ports which carry it to capi-
talist harbors overseas.
In spite of a big postwar tank
er-building program in the USSR.
which has boosted total Soviet
tanker tonnage from $4,000 tons
deadweight in 1889 to 100000
tons deadweight in 1860, the Rus
slams do not have enough carry
ing capacity to deliver their ex-
ports, but the idle tanker tonnage
in the West-currently $500, 900
tons enables the Soviet trade Of
ficials to charter all the carrier
tonnage they need.
AS a result, Soviet oil exports to
Sweden have gone up from 10000
barrels a day in 1857 to $4,000
currently. They have increased in
the same period from 29.200 to
$1,000 to Finland, from 1000 to
10000 to France, from 18,200 to
$1,000 to West Germany, from
16,4O0 to $4,000 to Italy.
simultaneously they rose from
0 to $4,000 to Brazil and from
0 to $4,000 to Japan.
The biggest cutback which the
Anglo-American companies have
been forced to make in order to
absorb the growing flow Of So
Wet oil towards markets which,
until recently, have been eXclu-
sively theirs. has been in KuWait
The tiny sheikdom, whose great
oil pools contain over half Of
the worlds known petroleum re-
serves. had been scheduled to pro-
duce 3 million barrels a day this
year. Instead, many Of its wells
are capped and others are flowing
at a fraction of their potential,
and Kuwait now produces between
100000 barrels a day and 1,700,-
900. But with its shiek unable to
spend the royalties he already
gets, the cut has gone over
smoothly.
Evening star., 1960-08-28

would be so small it could be
lowered through a bore made by
a comparatively small drill The
cost was estimated at only $4,000
rubles.
More important, no chamber
would have to be constructed for
a nuclear explosion, permitting a
rs millon-ruble saving. And it
would take only one to two months
to bore the required shaft.
Cost of placement for con-
ventional high-eXplosive would be
Is times greater than for a nuclear
explosive of equivalent power, it
was estimated.
DR.. PokrovSkiy concluded that
any explosion greater than 10000
tons of INT would be more eco
nomical if nuclear explosives were
used.
The Soviet scientist concluded
that radioactive contamination
would be confined to the zone
where the nuclear explosion melted
or evaporated the rock.
In the case of a 15-kiloton u.s.
900 tons) explosion the radius Of
rock melted would be about II
feet, the Soviet Union calculated.
The scientists conclusion was
that 80 to 80 per cent of the
radioactive material does not
present any danger"
Since the paper was written in
1856 it is assumed that the Soviet
Union now realizes, on the basis
of data presented them by the
United States from subsequent
experiments in Nevada, that closer
to SO per cent of the gross radio
activity would be retained in a
small area in underground ex-
plosions, not only 80 to 80 per
cent as the Soviet Union calcu-
lated four years ago.
Excavation Tests
DR.. johnson, in analyzing the
Soviet essay, also reviewed the
known Soviet experiments with
large excavation projects.
Soviet scientists carried out "the
greatest blastings ever undertaken
for peaceful purposes" he re-
ports, in China during 1856. To
strip overburden from underlying
ore deposits and thus permit
"open-pit" mining, the Soviet
specialists fired three blasts, OF
Evening star., 1960-08-28

ton from their own oil fields in the
Middle East and elsewhere. This
in turn causes financial iosses for
the firms themselves and for the
governments of the oil-producing
lands, as a cut in the oil flow
brings a corresponding decrease
in the oil royalties paid to those
governments.
This disastrous cycle is gain
ing greater momentum, as govern
ments negotiate their new trade
agreements with the USSR and
come under strong pressure to
take more and more Soviet oil in
barter for Soviet purchases.
Soviet oil Front
Russian publications call this
campaign Of the Soviet govern
ment the "oil front'-much like
the cotton 'front.'" the wheat
front" and even a vegetable
'front.' OF StallnlSt days. AT the
root of it is a complete change in
the Russian oil picture.
Back in the Gay Nineties and
at the beginning Of this century,
Russia We'd with the United
States for the first rank as an oil
producer. That was when the
Nobel brothers and the Shell Oil
Co. of England had discovered and
developed the rich petroleum pools
on the Apsheron Peninsula, which
jutS from the CAUCASUS eastern
Evening star., 1960-08-28
The World Question
In u. Ms Action

wind if one studies the Congo
scene carefully. Here are some:
Q SOVIET INFLUENCE. The
Kremlin has made disturbing
headway in some parts of Africa,
notably the Congo and Guinea.
But it has also had setbacks. The
Soviets delivered a load of un-
milled flour to the Congo, only
to find that there were no avail
able facilities to mill it. They
dumped tons Of cement for Ghana
on a dock and left it in the rain
uncovered. 1t hardened into an
unuSable mass. Soviet aid
quickly lost much of its appeal.
. RACISM. Discrimination on the
basis of color has begun to appear
in Africa-discrimination by black
against white. White men in the
Congo have been roughed up.
had dirt thrown at them. and
otherwise made targets of an
tagonism.
Many responsible African lead
ers deplore this trend and are
working against it. Several dele
gates spoke out against it this
past week in the U. N.
. SCARS OF COLONIALISM.
Much of the difficulty between
the U. N. and Lumumba has
arisen from the bitter Congolese
hatred of anything Belgian. Even
Egyptians have been assaulted as
dirty Belgians." Lumumba, eX-
plotting this hatred to strengthen
his personal position, even OBJ
jected to Swedish U. N. troops on
the ground that King Baudouin's
mother, Queen Astrid, was a
Swedish princess.
. PRIDE. Westerners have no
idea how deep the yearning for
recognition runs in Africa. Il will
tell you what is at the bottom of
the Congo crisis" Lumumba told
news conference this past week.
"The nations are jealous of our
power and our greatness"
Even Hammarskjold, who is one
OF the worlds most skilled diplo-
mats, failed to pay sufficient at
tention to this factor. He went to
Katanga Premier Noise Tshombe
directly from New York without
first touching base anew with Lu-
mumba, in person. He had ex-
planned his plans in WritingD
Lumuba's pride was hurt-and he
exploded.
. IGNORANCE. In dealing with
the Congo, many Westerners for
get that just outside the main
cities are tribes which engage in
cannibalism and tschipapa, a Cer-
emonial trial" of witches" in
which the accused drink poison
surviving if innocent" Prior tc
their independence day, June 30
CongoleSe bought independence
tickets" from sharpers who said
the tickets would enable them tc
take over Belgian houses ano
automobiles on July /. Credulous
Congolese also bought "independ-
ence boxes" containing nothing
but dirt.
In such circumstances as these
the U. N. is trying to rescue the
Congo. Its the turning point Of
the century" the diplomat said
BLACK versus white; the cold wal
in Africa"
Evening star., 1960-08-28
By ALICK DE MoNTMoRENCY

Dy ALANN D1 NAOLN AENAOAbA14NNA
Contributing Writer
Soviet oil exports mean trouble
for the West.
Buoyed by the discovery Of rich
petroleum deposits, the USSR is
moving to wrest global oil markets.
from one of capitaliSm's classic
titans the Anglo-American oil
cartel.
In Cuba the United States
owned Texaco and Esso-Standard
and the British-owned Shell Oil
have had their installationS-re-
filming plants. storage facilities
and distribution network-seized
by the government Of Premier
Fidel Castro, after they refused to
process the Soviet oil which he.
Castro, had got in a 500 million
trade deal.
In India, whose government Is
also buying Soviet crude oil at a
discount, but, like the Cuban gov
ernment, has no refinerieS of its
own to process it, and is pressing
the Anglo-American firms to do
the job, a showdown has been
postponed when the firms-Cal-
tex, Standard-Vacuum, Burmah
Oil Co. and Shell Oil-dropped
their prices to meet the Soviet
cut. This successful squeeze play
by India is about to be initiated
by the governments Of Pakistan
and Ceylon, and similar situations
are building up in many other
countries, including allied and
neutral ones. in Western Europe,
IN Latin America, in Asia and in
Africa.
Offered at Cut Rotes
Everywhere the Soviets are Of
fering their crude oil at cut rates.
for which they make up by goug-
ing the captive markets Of their
satellites in East and Central
Europe-Poland, East Germany.
Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria. etc. In
this way the Soviets deliver crude
for $l3 a ton at Bombay and have
recently offered it for less than
Sl2 a ton at Montevideo. But the
Poles, whose markets lie much
nearer the Soviet oil fields, are
nevertheless paying $22 for a ton
Of the same Soviet crude.
This commercial manipulation
works smoothly between the So
viets and the obedient Communist
regimes in East and Central Eu-
rope-for the time being at least.
But it is putting the wise on the
governments Of capitalist coun-
tries who buy this cheap" Soviet
oil, and especially on the Anglo
American companies which own
ref1neries in those capitalist ccun-
tries. For the governments who
purchase Soviet oil generally have
no refineries or distributing facili-
ties of their own. Thence the pres
sure - sometimes gentle, as in
Sweden, and sometimes not so
gentle, as in Egypt and in some
Latin countries on the Anglo
American firms which own or con-
troll the reflneries.
But in order to oblige, the big
oil firms must cut down produc-
Evening star., 1960-08-28
BY WILLIAM r. FRYE
Contributing Writer

UNITED NATIONS, N. "a
responsible Western diplomat de-
scribed the Congo crisis this past
week as "the turning point Of
the century" How close he came
to the truth was apparent to all
who knew what happened-and to
all who knew what might have
happened.
U. N. people really held their
breaths when Secretary General
Dag Hammarskjold flew back
from the Congo under bitter at
tack from Premier Patrice Lu-
mumba.
The U. N. cannot legally main
tain armed forces on the territory
of a country where 1t is not well
come, unless it is suppressing ag-
gression. But to have purchased
Lumumba's welcome at his stated
price-help in quelling the Ka-
tanga revolt-would have been to
put the U. N. in the role of a
colonialist oppressor, shooting
CongoleSe who opposed Lumumba,
whipping them into line, deciding
the country's political destinies.
This Hammarskjold absolutely
refused to do. He said he would
pull the U. N. out first-even if
that meant that Lumumba would
call the Russians in.
Resisted Temptotion
Nor would he turn the U. MS
guns onto Lumumba and whip
him into line, despite extreme
provocation from Lumumba and
formidable pressure from within
the U. N. command itself. Lu-
mumba was trying to make his
quarrel with the U. N. appear, to
be quarrel with the U. MS white
troops only. If Hammarskjold
had struck out at him. the U. N.
might have been forever discred-
tied in Africa as an agency Of the
white man.
He stood fast-and won. He
did 1t by rallying African support.
notably from Tunisia, Liberia.
Morocco and the UAR. With
them on the side Of the majority
Lumumba and the Soviet Union
felt obliged to retreat, at least
temporarily.
1t was unquestionably hint OF
things to come. The U. N. General
Assembly. which in many ways
is a mirror of the outside world
is on the verge Of becoming
Africa dominated, in the sense
that this fall Africa will be the
largest and most influential single
continental bloc. On many issues
its % votes (out Of 9D will hold
the balance Of power.
Strows in the Wind
If this force is applied on be.
half of the West, 1t will give the
West back its control of the U. N
. and create formidable pressure
on the Soviet Union-pressurt
which could change the Who'll,
shape of the world. If Afric;
allies itself with neutralist Asi;
an dthe Communists, the Wes
will find itself in a harried minor
ity. This is one of the thing
that make the Congo crisis 81
crucial.
There are many straws in tn
Evening star., 1960-08-28
REPORTS OF CHEMICAL EXPLOSIONS
Russio's Peaceful Nuc|eor Uses

1,640 tons on July 10. 1856: of
4,780 tons on November Is, 1856
and of 5000 tons on December 81,
1856.
The next known experiment, DR..
Johnson reports. was l,000-ton
experiment, using high explosives
at Tashkent on December l9,
1857, almost a year later.
The charge was placed in a
chamber about l30 feet below the
surface. 1t formed a crater with
a depth about ITO feet and IA
dius of about $50 feet.
The three Chinese Single-charge
results and the 1,000-ton inStru-
mented experiment in 1857 gave
the Soviet scientists scaling law.
DR.. Johnson said. which is in
agreement with more limited
American experience. The scaling
law permits estimation of the size
of craters to be produced by a
given nuclear explosive.
Having established the basic
laws for concentrated charges. the
Soviet Union then moved on to
experiments with rows OF point
charges to develop laws of spacing
and the depths Of placement for
digging bitches and canals.
The U. S. Record
So far the United States has
set off rows of charges only up
to 1000 pounds, DR.. johnson re-
ported.
These American experiments
have been preliminary to Project
Plowshare experiment. planned to
use four 20-kiloton nuclear ex-
plosionS in a line.
The Soviet Union has been
ready since 1858 for nuclear eX-
periments in the eXcavating field,
Dr.. johnson concludes.
Whether the Russians have
nuclear experience to compare with
the high-explosives program, DR..
johnson writes, lis not known.
The only reference made officially
to such experience was the l949
Vishinky statement and no tech
nical data have ever been pub
lished on those explosions of any
subsequent ones that might have
been conducted as part OF the
program"
More Chemical BIosts
The Soviet Union is still pursu-
ing it's chemical explosive program,
Dr.. johnson reports. On March
S. 1860 the Moscow press carried
a report from Siberia that scien-
fists there are proposing to strip
a thick coal seam recently dis
covered in the south Yakutian
area. The same scientists also
discussed building a dam with
explosives in Kazakhstan, to shield
the capital of Alma Alta from de
Structive mud and rock stream
which rush down from the noun
tainS approximately once every SO
years" The dam, the article said
would be some $50 feet high and
would be built by blasting away
the gorge sides of river simul-
taneously with approximately
5000 tons of explosives.
There is no way of knowing
without on-the-spot investigation
whether the Soviet explosions
have truly been chemical OF
whether some of them have al
ready been nuclear.
Evening star., 1960-03-31
Leukemio Virus Tests
Spur Vaccine Search

without causing leukemia. The
injections did. however, cause
antibodies to appear in the blood
stream, he said.
DR.. Schwartz announced the
development at the American
Cancer Society's seminar on the
latest cancer research for the
Nations medical writers.
DR.. Schwartz said he recov-
cred the virus from the brains
of dead leukemia victims. He
injected it under the skin Of
the IA prisoner volunteers. Al
though DR.. Schwartz said ne
danger to the volunteers wa;
involved, all were granted par.
dons and released before
Christmas.
The researcher reported thai
the blood taken later from tht
volunteers contained antibodie!
which, when injected into test
mice highly susceptible to leu
kemia, protected them for
long period of time. The in
cidence of leukemia was re-
/ duced sharply, he said.
This fact, DR.. Schwartz noted
may lay the foundation for
future vaccine against leuke
mia. No such vaccine is Il
Evening star., 1960-03-31
HORMONES AID
IN DIAGNOSIS

LOUISVILLE, KY, Mar. 81
| If science can learn to deter
mine the normal levels Of hor-
mones in the body and find out
when these levels are being
changed, early diagnosis of
many cancers and better hor-
none treatment will probably
be possible, cancer researcher
reported.
Recent research, according to
a paper by DR.. Jacob Furth of
the Roswell Park Memorial In
stitute, Buffalo, shows that spe-
cific hormones not only may
help stimulate cancers such as
breast cancer. but may also be
used to fight them.
The fact that hormones are
specifically designed to seek
out certain areas of the body,
he added, means that they may
be used to carry cell destruc-
tive chemicals directly to the
cancer tumors.
j Although DIR. Furth did not
come to the American Cancer
Society's annual seminar fol
medical writer's being held here
this week, his paper was read
for him.
Breast cancer, the most COM
mon of human cancers, may
Evening star., 1960-03-31

minutes or more under "a hours
or, sometimes, slightly longer
than "a hours.
The rise and fall Of certain
white cells, the kind that ap-
pear in great numbers during
allergies, in the Ilood observe
these periods.
On a schedule Of light by
day and darkness by night
mice ere most susceptible tc
certain poisons about 4 pm
And least vulnerable about {
am.
These little animals are af'
fected by alcohol most severely
at 8 pm. 1t may be just the
opposite with humans because
mice are nocturnal whereas
humans generally sleep a
night.
Certain blood hormones il
humans are produced mostl,
Evening star., 1960-03-31
Rockets Figure
Convicted Here
By the Associated Press

Peter Licavoli of Detroit, who
Ignored a subpoena to appear
before the Senate Rackets
Committee, yesterday was con-
victed of contempt of Congress.
Licavoli, who is serving a 30
month prison term for income
tax evasion, was described by
the committee as a Detroit
hoodlum.
A jury in District Court here
deliberated less than an hour
before returning the verdict.
Judge Alexander Holtzof de-
ferred sentencing Licavoli, who
was brought here from the
Federal prison in Atlanta to
stand trial. He faces a sem
tence of up to a year in jail
and q $4,000 fine.
The committee had ordered
Evening star., 1960-03-31


countless clocks, some OF them
running at different speeds and
in different time zones of the
body. --.-
And, he told the American
Cancer Society's annual semi
mar for medical writers here, 1t
looks like for all things there
is q time and a season"
Biological Clocks"
The biggest clock Of all. OF
course, is the one by which
we grow, develop, age and
when it runs down-die.
DR.. Halberg said the bio
logical clocks" are less exact
than our wrist watches. There
are eccentric" periods-uniqut
in natural law-whlch puzzle
scientists. Under controlled
conditions the researchers have
shown that the clocks ma!
run on a period just a few
Evening star., 1960-03-31

80" wide, reg. slO.98, 9.99.
EN- bossed 2.tone beige
color. Nylon guides, pre-.
fabricated steel headtrack.
Complete with instructions.
Sears 5 Stores
Evening star., 1960-03-31
BY a Star stan Writer

LOUISVILLE, Mar. 81. - A
leukemia virus, isolated by a
Chicago researcher, may prove
to be the basis for a future
vaccine against the dread blood
cancer, a blood specialist re-
ported here yesterday.
DR.. Steven o. Schwartz, oi
the Hektoen Institute for Med
ical Research, Cook County
Hospital, Chicago, said the viru'
was injected beneath the Skin
of IA volunteers from prison
Evening star., 1960-03-31

at night. In the morning the
bloodstream is loaded with
adrenal hormones. BY noon
there are few. Within the cell
there is also a definite sequence
of events. At first there is
activity in ribonucleic acid, the
protein producer of the cell.
Eight hours later another acid
shows activity and eight hours
after that the cell divides in
two.
In the case of cancer, a
cellular clock" may free
run" DR.. Halberg said. A
hormonal brake to cell division
may no longer keep the cell
in step with other periodic
body functions.
Bearing on Data
These clocks could have an
important bearing on all re-
search. The failure of one sci
enlist to confirm another's re-
suits or his success in obtaining
contrary data may often mear
that both investigators arI
conducting identical expert
, ments but at opposite ends o
a cycle.
This work may be importan
? to alr-space medicine, DR.. Hal
: berg declared. In short tern
E simulated space capsule flights
S human subjects have bee
t maintained on an eight-hou
day routine with four hours G
4 activity followed by four hour
y of rest. However, he said, whe
Evening star., 1960-03-31

mice are kept for five days on
such a routine, their ability to
withstand injury from poisons
is significantly reduced.
While it seems premature to
draw parallels from mice to
man, DR.. Halberg concluded
enough data has been accumu-
lated to show the needs fol
mapping a time structure oi
the body over a 24-hour Pc
riad. A reliable atlas of time
structure, corresponding to the
anatomist's atlas of spatia
structure is needed, he said.
Evening star., 1960-03-31

sometimes be cured by surgery
or radiation. Once the cancer
spreads, however, DR.. Furth
declared, hormone treatment
offers the greatest hope. BY
cutting of the hormone supply
some cancers, fed by hormones,
will shrink.
Evening star., 1960-03-31
Expert Views Cancer
As Body Clock Upset
By CHARLES G. BROOKS
star stan Writer

LOUISVILLE KY Mar. 31-Cancer may be the result OF
an unset time table when one bodys countless biological
clocks" wild -.,, l.
n the particular clock can found be possible to
II and cure the Halberg professor OF
pathology at the University OF Minnesota eocal Schoo e
today. .y.r ux :. ~ L
Evening star., 1960-03-31

Licavoli to appear July 81.
1883. during an investigation
into whether racketeers or
their associates had infiltrated
the linen and overall rental IN
dustries.
Evening star., 1960-03-31

lexistence an dit will be some
time before it can be developed,
he reported.
Evening star., 1960-03-31

FREE ESTIMATES
ON ALL
MODERlNIZIlNG NEEDS
Sears free estimates are
giuen Without any obi
cation on all modern.
ising needs!
Evening star., 1960-03-31
SHOP
TONIGHT
UNTILo

Store Hours: Mon
days.. 1880 to g;
Tuesdays. Wednes-
days and Saturdays,
10 to 6; Thursdays
and Fridays, 10 to 9.
Free Parking!
Evening star., 1960-03-31

Sturdy HOmart mixer has
3.cu. fl. capacity drum which
handles concrete, feed or
grain. Steel construction.
Watertight drum. $3.50
down. Electric motor extra.
Sears 5 Stores
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-03-10

is-without presidential power
to change quotas-and hopes
to avoid committee hearings
because the bill should not
be considered under an emo
tional atmosphere"
Extension Defended
Supporters of the admins
tration plan said a four-year
extension is logical because
growers need time for their
paintings. Previous extensions
have been for four years at
a time.
They pictured the admins
trative power to change quotas
as something that should have
been in the law before, to al
low f1exibility to meet changing
conditions.
Inc quota change under the
administration plan was said
to call for a shift of 100000
tons from Cuba's quota to that
given United States mainland
growers. Cuba in turn would
get 100000 tons of Puerto
Rico's quota, if Puerto Rice