davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-05-03
PerIe Mesto's Marrow
Escape From Murder !

Perle MeSta, the hostess with the moStes',"
tells about her adventures in the Far East
and how she was almost murdered by crazed
fanatic Be sure to read They Call Me
Madam" by Perle MeSta
Evening star., 1960-05-03
Auto Refinuncinu

We can substantially reduce your present
car payments, without adding high inter-
est rates, through First & Citizens auto
mobile rehnancing loan. If you're keep
ing your present late-model car and would
like to readjust payments to take less of
your income each month, then come in
and see US.
Automobile Loans and Personal Loans
are made at all branches and Offices.
You don't have to be depositor to
borrow from First & Citizens. Call King
$4,000 for information or
Evening star., 1960-05-03
49, u q lslglll

SaVe money with our low interest rotes.
Take up to 36 months to pay-
Evening star., 1960-05-03

pTeSluenJlal nominations.
The primary in Alabama
sends some signs to Democrats
on whether to expect a South
ern bolt over civil rights at the
national convention in July.
The primary in Florida nom-
mates candidates for Gov
ernor, Congress and the State
Legislature.
Evening star., 1960-05-03

To be an Influential,
keep posted-reod the
Saturday Evening Post.
Get your copy today!
A cURr'( MAGAZINE
The Nome nugget. [volume] (Nome, Alaska) 1938-????, 1960-04-25

For Packing. Painting or Puppies
Old Newspapers-25c Bundle
For Sale at the Nugget
The Nome nugget. [volume] (Nome, Alaska) 1938-????, 1960-04-25
U-A Summer Science
Director Will Address
Final P-TA Session

DR.. William Wilson, Director of
Summer Science Training for
Secondary School Students at the
University of Alaska, will be guest
speaker tomorrow evening at the
last meeting of the year for the
Nome P-TA
More than 700 inquiries and ap-
plications have been received
from students who wish to attend
the summer sessions, to be given
at College August 7 through Aug
ust 81.
Inquiries from as far southeast
as Miami, Fla, and from the north
at Barrow, are being processed
tby the staff.
Only 40 students will be ac-
cepted, from the Ninth, Tenth and
Eleventh Grades, and will be Sc
lected for admission on the basis
The Nome nugget. [volume] (Nome, Alaska) 1938-????, 1960-04-25
New Advances in
Missiles Tested at
Vandenberg Base

LOS ANGELES, Up = The Air
Force is packing a new missile
shooting-iron, after blasting an
Atlas ICBM from a revolutionary
horizontal concrete firing hangar
Friday.
And the Navy successfully
tested Friday a new method of
launching that turns any ocean,
lake or stream into a missile
launching pad.
The Air Force, after the Atlas
test Friday at nearby Vandenberg
ALB, announced the new hori-
zontal firing method is opera
tional, or combat ready.
This means Vendenberg now
has two operational launch COM
plexes previously completed
vertical sites plus the new "cof-
fin" or horizontal complex.
Previously Aliases, like other
big missiles, have been kept in
vertical posture on their pads un-
til launching They have been
serviced with huge gantry cranes
that take precious time to roll
away before firing.
The new Coffins are 35 by 80
feet high concrete hangers. The
83-foot Atlas is stored horizon
tally inside. Just before firing
roof slides back. Then the Atlas
blasts off for any target within
5000 mile range of the West
Coast facility 1875 miles north of
Los Angeles.
AT Point Mugu, near Vanden-
berg, the Navy demonstrated the
novel theory that ballistic mis-
siles can be launched from the
surface of oceans, lakes or streams
by floating them like spar-buoys.
The 70-inch missile, rugged by
three frogmen in rubber raft,
shot less than 100 feet into the
sky. But the Navy said the test
means oceans are now launching
pads.
The Nome nugget. [volume] (Nome, Alaska) 1938-????, 1960-04-25
40 BETHEL VISITORS
HERE OVER SUNDAY

Sunday morning there was a
tour of more than 40 people by
charter from Bethel, who spent
the morning sightseeing, and
then departed for Kotzebue, where
they were to spend the afternoon.
The group was composed mstly of
staff members of the Bethel Hos
pital. They report much activity
in that area with oil crews and
construction workers for the new
school in Bethel as well as ANG
armory construction crews.
The Nome nugget. [volume] (Nome, Alaska) 1938-????, 1960-04-25
LWY. Community Center To
Close for Summer Months

The many activities of the La
vinia Wallace Young Community
Center are drawing to a close for
the summer months. Esther NC
Coy, director of activities, re-
quests that all children in the
rhythm band meeting on Wednes-
day, as well as the boys of the
Bird and 4th Grade Boys Club, who
want copies of pictures which
were taken, bring is cents to their
meetings this week, as that is the
only time the pictures will be
available.
The Nome nugget. [volume] (Nome, Alaska) 1938-????, 1960-04-25
EXECUTIVE WILLPOWER

TRENTON, N. j., R - Maya
zine articles on lung cancer have
frightened Gov. Robert Meyner
into giving up smoking.
81 had to either give up smok-
ing or give up reading magazines"
he told a news conference.
If the Governor fails. it won't
be because of inexperience.
"This will be the fifth time I've
given up the habit" he said.
The Nome nugget. [volume] (Nome, Alaska) 1938-????, 1960-04-25
LOST RIVER TIN HOLDINGS
WILL BE UP FOR SALE AGAIN

It was announced at the Cham
Der of Commerce meeting this
noon, that once again the u. S. Tin
Corp. holdings at Lost River will
be put up for sale. Several times
in the past this has been planned,
but each time, the sale has been
withdrawn. According to the an
nouncement, the bids will be adj
vertised as of June 20, and opened
on July 7.
The Nome nugget. [volume] (Nome, Alaska) 1938-????, 1960-04-25

of interest, ability and recommen-
dalton by teachers.
Eight Nome students will be
interviewed.
Installation of P-TA officers for
next year and appropriate fare
well for those retiring and depart
ing teachers will also be a feature
of tomorrow nights program.
The Nome nugget. [volume] (Nome, Alaska) 1938-????, 1960-04-25
Nome Directory

Northwestern Alaska
Chamber Of Commerce
Meets Every Monday Noon at
North Star Dining Room
Pearse Walsh, President
The Nome nugget. [volume] (Nome, Alaska) 1938-????, 1960-04-25
Santa Maria Anchor
Being Sent to U. S.
National Museum

CAPE HATIEN, Haiti, R : The
second anchor recovered from
Columbus flagship Santa Maria
is being sent to the Smithsonian
Institution in Washington by the
Haitian government. Edwin Link,
American underwater explorer,
found it off here four years ago.
The first anchor was found in
mid-19th Century.
The Nome nugget. [volume] (Nome, Alaska) 1938-????, 1960-04-25
VISITORS TO BRITAIN

LONDON, R = About million
and a half foreigners came to
Britain last year, the government
reports, and $1,000 or so stayed
for long visits or settled. Most
short term visitors - All, 1850 =
came from the United States. Ger
many was second with 197,905.
Evening star., 1960-06-03
Skipper Swims
An Hour to Brinq
Aid to Party

The owner Of an I8-foot
cabin cruiser swan for an hour
to the Potomac River shore
last night to summon help
for three companions stranded
after the boat struck a SUBJ
merged object and sank.
Arnold Pollock, 25, of 7413
Alaska avenue NV, an owner
of the Marlboro Electric Co
in Upper Marlboro. Nd, said
he decided to swim to shore
after the sinking boat plunged
the party into the center of
the river of Alexandria.
His three passengers clung to
cushion life preservers until an
Alexandria rescue squad boat
picked them up and brought
them to shore.
They were identified as Her.
bert Reiskin, %, of 1904 Crit
tenden street NV; Miss Judy
Abrams, 20, and Miss Rebecca
Abrams, 81, both students at
American University.
Alexandria police said Mr.
Pollock reached shore at the
end of North Fairfax street ano
asked persons there to summon
help.
Evening star., 1960-06-03
Woman Sought
In Fatal Stubbinq

Police today are seeking a
stocky 28-year-old woman in
connection with the fatal stab
bing of a man who was pro-
nounced dead on arrival at
FreedmCn's Hospital.
The dead man, Lewis r.
johnson of the Dunbar Hotel,
a worker on a beverage truck
was stabbed several times while
he sat on porch of a house in
the l400 block of Ninth street
NV, early this morning. police
said.
They said the woman, dressed
in gray fatigue trousers and an
orange-checked shirt, appar-
emily had argued with the man.
Police said she stabbed him
with a long knife and then dis
appeared,
Evening star., 1960-06-03
Intern Plan
Lawyers See
Brennun

Four young lawyers who next
September will take part in the
Nations first lawyer-interr
program in the District were
received yesterday by Supreme
Court Justice Brennan.
Justice Brennan received the
four in his oak-paneled cham
bers at the court. He congrat-
ulated them on winning grad
uate fellowships to the George
town University Law Center
which will operate the program
and warned them that the sue
cess of the experimental pro-
gram depends upon their per-
formance.
During a year of post-grad-
uate law studies at Georgetown
the four, along with six other
fellowship winners not present
today, will serve as public de-
tenders in courts in the Dis
trict. They will represent client;
who cannot pay for their owr
defense in criminal and civi
cases.
The fellowship winners art
graduates of law schools
throughout the Nation. Upor
completing the program they
will receive a master Of tria
advocacy degree, the first of it
kind in the United States.
Two of Justice Brennan:
visitors are residents of nearby
Virginia. They are William N
Farlie, jr., of 1858 Martha Gus.
tbs drive. Alexandria, a George.
town Law School graduate, anc
S. White Rhyme, jr.. of l50C
North Sixteenth road, Arling-
ton, a graduate of the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania Law Schoo
and for the last three years a
practicing lawyer with Rhyme
and Rhyme of Washington.
The other fellowship winners
present yesterday were Richard
M. Coleman of South Dart
mouth, Mass, a graduate oi
Harvard Law School, and An
drew T. McEvoy, a New York
University Law School graduate
from New York City.
Evening star., 1960-06-03

Fredericksburg, Va; William E.
Terry. of Centreville, Va. and
Rufus B. Fink. of Hillsboro, Va.
Ira D. Steckman, of German
town, Nd, is also a member Of
the graduating class.
DR.. Charles B. Taylor, exec
utive director of the Ameri-
can Association of Theological
Schools, will address the class
at the graduation exercises.
Evening star., 1960-06-03
Four New Parishes
Formed in MARYLAND

Holy Name Parish. Washington. TO
Mount Calvary Parish. Forestville, Nd.
The Rev George B. Reid, from
Assumption Parish WASHINGTON, to
Shrine Of the Most Blessed Sacrament
Parish, Washington.
The Rev, Francis F, Chodnicki
Washington q, Mount Calvary Parish,
Forestville, Nd.
The Rev. Adam j. Kostick. from
St. John Baptist de la Sale Parish,
chillum. Nd. to st. Bernard's Parish,
Riverdale. Md
The Rev, Philip A. o'Shea. from
Park, Nd. to st. Mary's Parish,
The Rev. Michael NJ, De Saints,
from st. Thomas More Parish. Wash
tngton, to St Peters Parish, Washing
ton, as assistant and auxiliary Army
chaplain.
The Rev. J. Jean Roy. from st
aiate @ Conception s aiEir" PARISH wSshin9ton "a i
The Rev, Paul Larkin, from st
Peters Parish. washineton, to st
Jane, Frances de Chantal Parish, Be-
thesda, Md.
The Rev. Francis j. Dolan, from
Immaculate Conception Parish, Wash.
ington, to Holy Comforter Parish
!
The Rev Harry E. Ferry, from An
nunciation Parish. Washington. to St
Margaret Parish, Seat Pleasant, Md
The Rev. T. Joseph o'Donoghue
from Our Lady OF Lourdes Parish
Bethesda, Md, to st. James Parish
Mount Rainier, Md.
The Rev. NJ. Frank Rupert, from
st. Bernard's Parish. Riverdale. Nd
to Annunciation Parish, Washington.
The Rev Gerald p. Horgan. from
81, Margaret's Parish, Seat Pleasant
Ireland.
The Rev. Joseph NJ. o'Connen, from
st. Thomas. Apostle Parish Washing.
ton. to st. John Baptist de Ia Sale
Parish, Chillum. Nd.
NEWLY ORDAINED PRIESTS:
The Rev. Hugh Brogan, to st
Thomas the Apostle Parish, Washing
/ ton.
The Rev. Donald D. De Lash, t.
st. Andrews Parish. Silver Spring, Md
The Rev. John T. Dewan. to oui
La OF Victory Parish, washington
The. Rev Vincent D. Donovan, tC
81. John the Evangelist Parish, Silver
The Rev Joseph Dooley. to oul
Lady OF Lourdes Parish. Bethesda, Nd
The Rev: Donald D. Duggan, to Oul
Lazy OF victory Parish, WASHINGTON
The Rev. Robert A. Ferguson, Il
Our, Lady Of Sorrows Parish, Takoms
The Rev. Ralph J. Fraats, to As.
sumption Parish, Washington.
The Rev William F. Goode, to HOLY
Redeemer Parish, Kensington, Nd.
The Lev, Joseph T. Haslinger tC
Shrine Of the Most Blessed Sacrament
Parish, Washington
Rev. John Holley, to St. Anthony S
Parish, Washington
Rev. William j. Kane, to st. Bar
tholomew's Parish, Bethesda. Md
Rev. John Mcbride, to ST. Martin {
Parish, WASHINGTON
Rev. Edward Mccarthy, to St
| Thomas More Parish. WASHINGTON
Rev. John Mcmahon, to st. Teresa
Parish, WASHINGTON.
Rev. Bernard E. Martin, to Our
Lady Of Lourdes Parish, Bethesda, Md
Rev Gerald Pindar, to Nativity
| Parish, Washington
Rev. William J. Silk, to st. Johns
| Parish, Clinton. Md
| Rev. John T. Trapold, to Assump-
tion Parish, WaShington. - 49,,
Parish, Waldorf, Nd.
Evening star., 1960-06-03
46 to Get Degrees
At Seminary
Commencement

Wesley Theological Seminary
will award degrees to As men
and one woman at 2::30 pm.
Monday in Metropolitan Meth
odist Church, Grant circle NV
The lone woman graduate is
Mrs. Obelia Scott Ross of 1872
Emerald street NE. She will
be the first Negro to receive the
Evening star., 1960-06-03
-Four new suburban Maryland

-Four new suburban Maryland
parishes have been formed and
new assignments given to 40
priests in the Roman Catholic
Archdiocese of Washington, it
was announced yesterday.
The new parishes were Gre
ated from existing parishes in
Bethesda, Silver Spring. Sea-
brook and Oxon Hill, Md.
The new assignments, most
Of them effective Saturday,
June 18. include first assign
ments for 20 newly ordained
priests.
Other new assignments in
clude the appointment of the
Rev. c. j. Salkevich, now pastor
of Ascension Parish, Bowie,
Md, as chaplain of Xaverian
College in Silver Spring, Md.
The Rev. Charles M. Gre
mona, an assistant at st. Mar
tins in Washington, was named
pastor of Our Lady Queen of
Peace Parish in Washington,
and the Rev. ]. Gregory Echle,
an assistant at Mount Calvery
Parish, Forestville, Md, was
appointed pastor of Ascension
Parish in Bowie, to replace Rev.
Salkevich.
The new parishes and their
pastors are:
st. Bartholomew, 5000 River road.
Bethesda: the Rev Aloysius E O'Con-
Queen of Peace in Washington. This
parish was formed from the Bethesda
parishes Of st. Jane de Chantal: Little
FLOWER ana Our Lady Of Lourdes.
Route so. Seabrook: the Rev E. Albert
HugheS, assistant pastor of St James
Parish in Mount Rainier; Nd; since
St Marys Hs Parisb iH in Ai LandoVer eT His, T
Md, and Ascension in Bowie, Md.
st. John the Baptist, l23l9 Coles
Vile road. Silver Spring, Md; the
Rev. E. Carl Lyon, since 1916 an
Blessed Sacrament, WASHINGTON. The
parish was formed from st. Berna-
dette's Parish in Silver Spring.
ST. Columbia, LIVINGSTON road, OXon
Hill, Md; the Rev. Milton A. schelien-
berg, an assistant at st. Patricks in
Washington since 1858. The parish
was formed from St. Isnatius Parish
in Oxon Hill, Nd.
All the new parishes will hold
services in temporary quarters
until permanent churches can
be built. The parish boun-
daries will be announced later,
the announcement said.
other new assignments made are as
Special assignments:
Mary'S Parish Laurel, Md, to St.
Hermann, assistant chancellor. from
assistant at Our Lady of Victory
Parish in residence, st. AIMS rectory,
Center to the faculty Of ST. Mary
Seminary, Baltimore.
:, The Rev. James G, Gillen. assistant
Doctrine, from assistant at St. john
the Evangelist Parish in Silver Spring
Md, in residence at st. Stephen s
rectory.
The Rev. James F. MONTGOMERY,
from assistant at Nativity Parish.
Washington, to assistant director,
Catholic Charities, in residence at St.
Michaefs rectory, Silver Spring Md
The Rev. Robert H. Wharton. asso-
ciate editor Of the Catholic Standard.
from assistant at Our Lady OF Lourdes
Parish, Bethesda. to chaplain at St
AIMS Infant Home.
The Rev Michael J. McManus,
from assistant Holy Redeemer Parish,
kensington, Md, to chaplain. Wash
tngton Hospital Center. in residence,
St. Anthony's rectory.
ASSISTANTS:
The Rev. Henry j. Yannone, from
st. Teresa's Parish. Washington TO
st. AIMS Parish. WASHINGTON.
The Rev. Edward @. Lyons. frcm
Evening star., 1960-06-03
Typhoid Victims Win

KEENE, N. H, June 3 CAP)
A total of $4,000 in pay
mentS to Is persons who
charged they were stricken with
typhoid fever after drinking
municipal water was authorized
by the City Council last night.
The fever outbreak last Decem-
Der caused one death.
Evening star., 1960-06-03

master OF religious education
degree from the seminary.
Clyde w. Humphrey, of 1921
Lincolnia road, Alexandria, also
will receive the M.R.E. degree.
Students. from nearby Mary
land and Virginia who will re-
|ceive the bachelor of sacred
theology degree are Carl E.
Day of 1905 North Tuckahoe
street, Arlington. Va; Herschel
]. Lynch, of 5733 South Wash
.ington boulevard, Arlington,
Va; James c. Hennings, of
Evening star., 1960-06-03
Sunday Rodio to Air
Presidents S Speech
BY the Associated Press

President EiSenhower's COM
mencement address at Notre
Dame University on Sunday
will be carried live on the Co.
lumba Broadcasting System ra-
dio at sos pm, the White
House announces.
The Mutual Broadcasting
System will provide a delayed
radio broadcast at 8:05 pm.
No live television coverage is
planned.
Evening star., 1960-06-03

A sparkling punch for receptions and
parties. Made with frozen fresh slices of
orange, lemon, and maraschino cherries
floating in rich, zeSty punch base. Add
5 quarts of gingerale to one half gallon
to serve 25 people.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1960-08-25

much of the laboratory's work
is not in the public eye.
Projects range from relative
ly small tasks and products to
the complete development Of
the most modern, complex arm
ament. "B city" Terrier"
Tartar" "Talos" - these are
some of the weapons that the
laboratory has helped to devel-
op. At present MOL scientists
and engineers are contributing
to the final phases of the Polar
is program, to arm the nuclear-
age Nays new IRBM subma-
rines.
White Oak workers have tools
as highly specialized in their
design and operation as the
weapons for whose development
they are used. These tools are
complex laboratory equipment
and elaborate developmental ia
cilities. Probably no other re-
search organization in the U. S.
has as wide a variety Of such
equipment available to its
workers in one plant complex.
Many of these facilities are
NOL-designed and built. They
are unique applications Of sci
entific and engineering know
how, created to solve problems
that continually arise on the
frontiers of technology.
AerOdynamics
Perhaps the most widely
known of NOL's many research
facilities are its wind tunnels,
where scale models of missiles
and projectiles are tested in air
streams travelling as fast as
1000 mph.
Newest of NOL's five wind
tunnels is a giant hypersonic
tunnel, operating at speeds from
Mach 5 to 10. The tunnel is
housed in its own separate
building and has a huge gas
fired storage heating system
with an additional number of
electric heaters. Air is supplied
by compressors totalling 1900
horsepower. Preh e ted to
1900 F., by passing through a
thankful of red.hot steel balls,
the air enters the test section
at pressures up to 1900 pounds
per square inch, thus closely
Stimulating conditions encount-
cred by a missile in atmospher-
ic flight. The wind tunnel noz-
zle-whose size and shape de-
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1960-08-25

closing years of World War IL.
The growth of the laboratory
as an organization since its be-
ginnings in 1918 parallels the
growth of weapons science in
the same period. The labora-
tory started as a development
al unit for mines and fuses at
the close OF World War 1. Its
quarters were in a building at
the old Washington Navy Yard.
During the years between
World Wars l and II, the la
boratory operated on a shoe
string. Its total personnel for
most of those years numbered
less than a hundred. Yet, when
the first thinking weapon
the German magnetic mine
was dropped in the early days
of World War ii, our Navy had
the nucleus of creative tech
nology that was to develop the
effective countermeasures for
these weapons before the war
was half over. BY the end OF
the war, this nucleus had grown
to nearly 5000 workers. They
dealt with crash programs of
weapons design that shortened
the war by many months.
The White Oak research cen
ter was built in 1945-49 and has
been growing ever since. Its
mission is to forge ahead with
the best in weapons technology
and allied scientific develop
ments. Today, the laboratory'S
S76-acre grounds contain a COM
plex of over so permanent
buildings and some $50 million
in highly specialized scientific
and chronological equipment.
More than 5000 people comprise
its employee population, many
of them residents in Montgom-
cry County.
Three Subsidiaries
In addition to the plant at
White Oak, three subsidiary test
facilities in Maryland, Virginia
and Florida are operated under
the, direction of the laboratory,
From New Hampshire ave-,
which bounds MOL White Oak
on the west, only its Admins
tration Building and two tech
nical laboratory buildings can
be seen. Yet there are three
other r & D areas, reached by
the is miles Of paved roads on
the station.
In a corresponding sense,
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1960-08-25


can test hundreds of models al
little cost, to find out which
one will work best from the
standpoint of size, shape and
weight distribution. White Oaks
new giant hypersonic wind tun-
mel laboratory, built at a cost
of 81 million, or about the price
of two full-scale test missiles,
can test hundreds of models to
determine which aerodynamic
design should be used in a full
size missile.
Models under test in the new
tunnel are mounted on a MOL
designed support that duplicates
the motions of a missile in
flight. While the test is in op-
Grafton, scientists can observe
the pattern of air flow over the
missile through special Opt
cal system, and can make
Photographic records for de-
tailed study.
Ballistics Activity
Closely associated with the
study of aerodynamics is that
of ballistics, the science of the
motion of projectiles. NOL's
ballistics Laboratories, located
in the same area as the wind
tunnels, have three precision
free-flight ranges and three n.y.
personic shock tunnels in one
building. Most recently added
facility Is a 1000-foot controlled
a m osphere hyperballistics
range, in a new building by it.
self.
The new range brings the
Navy one step closer to the
point where missiles can be
completely developed and test
ed in ground facilities under
controlled laboratory conditions.
This hyperballistic range en-
ploys a NOL-desgined hyperve-
locity gas gun to launch scale
models of missiles at tremen-
dous speed. About the same
/ velocities are reached as would
be encountered by an actual
ICBM after it re-enters the
earth's atmosphere.
The range itself is steel
tube over 1000 feet long, 10 feet
in diameter, with walls Ia
inches thick. A battery of
pumps can remove air from
the tube to simulate the atmo-
spheric pressure as high as %
miles above the earth's surface.
The steel tube is sealed under
six feet of earth in reinforced
concrete tunnel. Twenty-Five
observation stations-one every
40 feet-straddle the tube. Elec-
tronic and Photographic appa-
ratus is placed in each station
to record passage Of a missile
model. Instrumentation sta
/ tons are also installed inside
the tube. Operation of the
range is from a shielded con-
troll room.
The hypervelocity gas gun
consists of a 60-foot long, 4-inch
internal diameter barrel,
mounted In the chamber and
carriage of an s-inch naval gun.
Gases-and S-3-1 mixture of he
lium, hydrogen and oxygen at
a pressure of 5000 pounds per
square inch--load the gun
chamber, behind the barrel in
which the missile model is
placed. The oxygen and hydro
gen burn when electrically ig-
nited. Steam is formed and the
resulting heat raises the pres