davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-04-24

retary of the Air Force in 1850 to
protest the decision to abandon
the goal of a TO- group Air Force,
his theme has been that the
United States is tagging danger
ously behind Russia in military
strength. Some think he has be-
come something of a fanatic on
the subject; others regard him as
a prophet whose judgment is being
vindicated more clearly with each
passing year.
He has been selective and spe-
cific in his recommendations
emphasizing the belief that the
very survival of the free world
depends largely upon the strength
and adequacy of its air power"
but laboring in the Senate to pro-
vide the funds and equipment he
thought necessary for the other
services as well. In mid-1954, he
warned that Soviet progress on
intercontinental ballistic missiles
could "in short time make
the United States more vul-
nerable than Great Britain was in
the late thirties."
The highlights of his current
defense programs are to provide
for an airborne alert of SAC
bomberS, accelerate the Polaris
and ICBM missile programs, speed
the hardening" and dispersal of
Evening star., 1960-04-24

mine without delay whether the
applicant could read ssnd write
and check promptly on such mat
ters as residence, age and prior
encounters with State registra-
tion officials.
The referee then recommends
to the judge whether the applicant
is qualified to vote under State
law but is being deprived because
Of race or color. The matter re-
turns to Federal court for a hear
ing. State officials have 10 days
to show cause why the Judge
should not enter an order in &C
cordance with the referees recon-
mendation.
State officials could file excep-
tionS to the referees report but
only on issues of material fact
and memorandums of law. The
judge could hold a full-scale trial
to hear both sides as we'll as ex-
anime witnesses, records and so
forth or he could refer the case
back to the referee for further
examination.
If satisfied with the referees
recommendation the Judge issues
an order directing that the appli-
cant or applicants be allowed to
vote. State officials refusing to
obey this order could be held in
contempt of Federal court.
John Jones or some subsequent
applicant might fear he will be
prevented from voting because
his application arrives too late
or is otherwise not acted on by
election day. If his application
is filed more than 20 days before
an election and not settled by
election day, the Judge would have
to issue an order allowing him to
vote Professionally. In the case
OF an application filed within 20
days of an election, the judge
would have discretion in issuing
such an order.
Provisional ballots would be i'm
pounded pending Federal court
determination of the applications.
The procedure has not been
worked out for separating and
lmpounding such ballots, especi-
ally when voting machines are
used. They might be handled as
are absentee ballots in many
States.
The referee provision and the
civil rights bill itself do not apply
only to Negroes or mention any
specific race or color. ConCeivably.
but improbably, a white person
could request a Justice Depart
ment suit or referee recommended
ton and court order on a COM
plant he was deprived Of voting
rights because of a pattern OF
racial discrimination against
white people in some community
anywhere in the United States.
Evening star., 1960-04-24

ably will challenge constitution
ality of the voting referee section
of the new civil rights bill at the
first test case in Federal court
in any Southern State. But this
would not stay an order by the
judge that the applicant be al
lowed to vote.
The voting referee enters into
the picture only after the Judge
decides that Jones was deprived
of his right to register and vote
because of the determined pattern
of racial discrimination in the
particular area.
The referees principal function
is to receive, examine and report
on similar applications from other
citizens who complain they are
victims of the Jones case pat
tern" that deprives them of their
voting right because of race or
color. They could apply individu-
ally without further ado to the
referee for an order by the same
Federal court declaring their right
to vote and directing that they
be allowed to do so.
The judge could appoint one or
more referees. A referee would
have to be a qualified voter in the
judicial district. He would not
have to be lawyer or possess any
other stipulated qualifications.
The Justice Department believes
Federal judges in the South as
elsewhere will strive to appoint
persons suited by training, charac-
ter and temperament. 1t comedies
that many persons might be re-
luctant to serve. But it is confident
that Federal judges should find
suitable referees among the hun
dreds Of lawyers and numerous
Evening star., 1960-04-24

It's key resources a nation could
devote to the manufacture of
arms.
1t is his interest in disarma-
ment that has prompted Senator
SymingtOn to go further than any
other Democratic hopeful in ad-
vocating a change in Americas
policy of not recognizing Com
muniSt China. He considers any
disarmament agreement that does
not include Red China dangerous,
and warns against turning "our
back on these people who want to
stick a knife in our back"
At the same time he has said
the pursuit of a disarmament
agreement with "a foolproof in
spection system" is the "only road
leading to a permanent peace"
Senator Symington has argued
that mo nation can ever negotiate
a successful disarmament agree
ment with the Communists" un-
less it enjoys "a position Of relative
strength"
Evening star., 1960-04-24
Budget

It's key document would, without
much doubt, be its budget. Sena-
tor Symington is a management
man, and budgeting is a key tool
of management.
To redeem his ampaign
pledges. he would have to find
ways of improving defenses and
expanding public investment in
the domestic economy without in
creasing taxes.
He has identified four areas Of
potential large-Scale savings:
/. Farm programs. He would
end the features of the present
price support program which he
says cause the accumulation of
surplus stocks. His farm bill en-
phasizes authority for farmers to
limit the marketingS of their crops,
in order to sustain prices. 1t also
embodieS a favorite proposal for
an emergency food stoCkpile as
part of the civil defense program.
2. Government finance. He has
been critical of the Treasury's
management of the national debt
and the Federal Reserve Boards
tight money" policy. He is not
rated as an authority on fiscal
matters in the Senate, but he has
probably had more experience in
financing large-Scale operations
than any of the other Democratic
hopefuls.
3. Foreign aid. He blames its
wasteful features less on corrup-
ton than on the lack of long term
borrowing authority which, he
says, would permit sensible plan
ming of this program.
4. Defense, where he has pre-
sented a detailed program for re-
organization of commands and
elimination of friction and du-
plication."
The money saved through care
full management, he has said,
should be used for two purposes:
. ITO make us the number one
military power in the world"
. ITO set into motion the full
scale Federal programs we need to
clear the slums, build the schools,
protect the health and bring work
and security to those who struggle
for a living"
Evening star., 1960-04-24
Symington: A Careful Approach Based on the Facts

said, ''is but an extension of our
foreign policy. Nevertheless, it is
a vitality important segment, be-
cause no foreign policy. however
wise, can succeed against the Sino-
Soviets unless that policy is backed
up by adequate strength. The rec
ord shows that in their relations
with foreign nations, the Commu-
nists respect only power. That is
my premise"
He is skeptical Of claims that
the Communists are sincerely seek
ing way to live peace with the
West. The Sino-Soviet Empire"
he says, lis committed to a sin
gle objective =. the overthrow Of
parliamentary government, all
over the world-resulting in their
rule of all people"
1t is clear that he would not go
as far as President Eisenhower has
in rejecting the use of force as an
instrument of foreign policy. He
described Americas action in con-
demning the Anglo French Israeli
invasion of Egypt during the 1856
Suez crisis as "one of the most
costly diplomatic mistakes this
country ever made"
While he has supported the for
elgn aid program in general. Sem
ator Symington has voted for more
cuts in it than any of the other
Democratic hopefuls.
His attitude toward underdevel-
oped lands is rather cloudy. He
favors long-term financing of the
Development Loan Fund. has said
1T is in the interest of the United
States to foster a stable non
Communist economy in India"
and returned from a trip to Africa
speaking of "the need for greater
aid to the newly independent peo-
pie Of that continent"
At other times, though. he has
said he favored foreign aid pro
vided its purposes are found to be
essential in the struggle against
communism" and Il for one do
not believe this country can con-
tlnue indefinitely to bank the free
world"
Judging by the proposals he has
made, he would prefer to aid neu-
tral countries insofar as possible
through technical assistance, ex-
change programs, use of farm
surpluseS, cooperative ventures in
health and education. He sup
ports long-term loans to aid their
development, but on what scale
is not clear. He is averse to long
continued grants to these coun-
tries for economic or military
purposes.
Senator Symington has differed
sharply with Senators Humphrey
and Kennedy in his attitude
toward aid to Communist satellite
countries. He voted to cut of aid
to Yugoslavia in 1856. but switched
last year to permit the President
to grant such aid at his discre-
ton. He has warned the United
States to "avoid any blandish-
ments" that would encourage
the Iron Curtain countries to
overthrow their dictators."
Senator Symington favors an
increase of United States informa-
ton programs abroad and
greater exchange of persons with
other countries, has sponsored a
bill to create a Foreign Service
Academy, patterned on the mill
tary academies, to train future
diplomats.
Evening star., 1960-04-24

ment compensation, welfare pro-
grams or any Of the domestic aid
programs.
The key to his approach to
these areas is the concept Of in
vestment. When a businessman
has faith in the future OF his
company" he has said, he invests
in it. If We have faith in America,
will make the investments that are
needed to insure a secure and
proper future"
Favored Symington investments
would be Federal aid for educa-
ton, for the development Of
chronically depressed areas. for
community facilities, slum clear
ance, highways, expansion ot
water, power and other resources
and for health and nutrition.
Senator Symington has indorsed
'in principle" plans to include
hospital care in social security
benefits and to Increase Federal
funds for medical research and
construction of hospital facilities.
He is the sponsor of a bill to
distribute additional surplus food
to needy persons through a food
stamp plan
Senator Symington's domestic
investment programs reflect his
abhorrence of waste-waSte of
talent in youngsters who lack
education, waste of undeveloped
resources, or waste Of manpower
in areas of chronic unemployment.
This same attitude shapes his
views of labor and civil rights
questions.
The former businessman has a
near-perfect record from the
viewpoint of unions. He supports
their current drive for Sl.25 mimi
mum wage and he has more in
dor~Nnents from top-rank union
Leaders than any other candidate.
Repeatedly, he has urged the
President to call together leaders
Of labor and management. to dis
cuSS such problems as unemplov-
ment, imitation, and foreign COM
petition.
During the recent steel strike.
Senator Symington introduced
resolution calling upon the Presi-
dent to summon the disputants
to the White House and impress
upon them their primary respon-
slbllity to the Nation to conclude
an early and reasonable settle
ment." Failing in that, he said,
the President should appoint a
public board to make recommen-
dationS for a settlement.
Senator Symington had per-
formed Just such a head knocking
feat as Secretary of Air Force,
when dispute between the
United Auto Workers and Bendix
threatened to interrupt production
of the B-36 bomber.
II believe in collective bargain
ing he has said, because it is
the best way we have found to
avoid work stoppages."
In race relations, Senator Sy-
mingtOn's record has won praise
from Negro leaders. He is credited
with achieving major gains in
the integration of Negro workers
when he was head of Emerson
Electric Co. in st. Louis. and
he presided over integration in
the Air Force. In the Senate,
he has not been vocal on the civil
rights issue, but has voted for
all the strengthening amendments
to recent bills.
His attitude, it is clear, rests on
his concept of democracy - and
something more. In 1852 he said:
1T is now essential that every
worker, regardless of race, creed
or color, be utilized at his or her
maximum efficiency. The
free world cannot afford to lose
the productive energies of any
worker
Next Week: Senator Johnson.
Evening star., 1960-04-24
How Court-Apponted Rights Referees Would Work

other qualified persons in a judi
cial district that generally covers
an entire State or half of it.
How Referee Operates
The referee opens a small Office
in a central post Office building in
the judicial district. There he re-
ceiveS applications, holds hearings
and prepares reports to the court.
He also could travel to some eX-
tent throughout the district for the
convenience of applicants. His pay
would be set by the Federal Judge
according to the same general
method for compensation of court
special masters in other cases.
Except in rare instances or at
few rush periods at election time,
the referee would not have to de-
vote much of his time to the Job.
The Justice Department believes
the average referee will have to
handle few applications in a year.
The courts original order in the
case of John Jones would be ex-
pected to lessen attempts to pre-
vent other Negroes from register
ing and voting. A sudden flood Of
applications might cause a referee
to call the situation Immediately
to the judges attention whereupon
the judge might call State officials
on the mat for probable violation
of the original injunction.
Any Negro convinced he is de-
prived of registration and voting
rights as a result of the specific
pattern of racial discrimination
determined in the Jones case could
apply in writing to the referee.
Or he could merely walk in the
referees Office to fill out an
affidavit.
He would have a hearing within
10 days on his request for a court
order that he be allowed to regis
ter and vote. The hearing before
the referee would be "ex parte."
that is. without State officials
being able to question him or OBJ
ject at that time to the voting
qualifications he states in his
affidavit.
In the application, probably a
short printed from to be filled out,
ne would state his age. residence
and unsuccessful efforts he had
made to register or otherwise
qualify to vote. Before applying,
however, he must have made an
effort to register and qualify.
Subject to Doth
Those statements would be
prima facle evidence, acceptable
as truth on first view. But they
would be made under oath and
subject to possible perjury pros
ecution. The referee would deter
Evening star., 1960-04-24

knew almost nothing about agri-
culture before he came to the
Senate. He made the effort to
learn the field and now discourSeS
on it with ease and authority.
Executive Responsibility
Senator Symington has what
might seem an oversimplified view
of executive responsibility for one
who seeks the presidency: There
are only three things a man needs
to know to do his job" he has
said frequently. ITO whom do I
report? Who reports to me? What
job am expected to do?"
His hackers point out that
whatever his formula, he has been
a success in every job he has ever
held: In private business, from
which he retired with a good pro-
duction and labor relations rec
ord; in six top executive assign
ments in the Truman Administra-
ton, for each of which he was
unanimously confirmed by the
Senate; and in the Senate, to
which he was reelected in 1858
with the biggest percentage Of the
vote in Missouri history.
3. Would Symington as Presi-
dent delegate a great deal of au-
thority to his department heads.
as President Eisenhower has done?
Probably, yes. He relies heavily
on other people now, and he un-
doubtedly would as President.
In the Senate, he often seeks
out key members OF other COM
mitteeS and questions them about
legislation with which he is un-
familiar.
1t is clear, therefore, that Sena-
tor Symington's Cabinet appoint
mentS would be of vital impor-
tance for the character of his sd-
miniStration.
Two predictions seem safe: The
men he chose would be persons Of
high @5ility. At every stage of his
public career, reporters have COM
mented on his ability to enlist top
drawer talent. His Senate staff
rates as one of the ablest in the
business.
Second, on the basis of the rec
ord, his associates would be di-
verse group, including men from
the top ranks of business and
banking, from unions and from
university faculties.
Here is a look at what a Sy-
mington administration might be
like:
Evening star., 1960-04-24

pursuant to or under color of
State law" as a means of depriv-
ing qualified citizens of the right
to vote. 1t would ask for an order
directing that John Jones be al
lowed to vote. And it would petit
ton the judge to determine that
Jones was deprived of the right
to vote because of a pattern or
practice" of racial discrimination
in the community or judicial dis
trict where Jones lives.
The proceedings thus far resem-
BILE any other Federal court trial
or hearing. The judge would re-
qulre evidence and could question
witnesses and examine records. In
its effort to prove existence of a
pattern of discrimination, the
Justice Department would have to
show that Jones was no isolated
instance"
The Community 'Potten'
The Judge might find pat
tern" if the department showed
that few if any Negroes in the
community, State or judicial dis
trict had a chance to vote. Or
the Justice Department might
show that Negroes trying to reg
lister are subjected to questions
and qualifications different from
those applied to other persons or
that most ballots cast by Negroes
are never counted.
The judges decision on the ex-
istence of a pattern could be ap-
pealed all the way to the Supreme
Court. Such an appeal, however,
could not be used by State Off
cials as a device to stall an order
that Jones be allowed to vote.
State officials might and prob
Evening star., 1960-04-24
Observation-Disclosures

Senator Symington stood
apart from Senators Humphrey.
Kennedy and johnson on only
% of the 893 roll-call votes in
the 1888 period on which all
four Democratic presidential
AopefulS took stands. This
makes him less of lone wolf
IN his voting than any of the
others.
Virtually all his important
disagreements came in foreign
policy, particularly in foreign
aid. In 1858. 1856 and 1859
Senator Symington voted for
Evening star., 1960-04-24
Disarmament

Senator Symington has had a
longtime interest in the problem
OF disarmament. AS far back as
1855 he introduced in the Senate
a resolution calling on the Gov
ernment to seek an international
agreement limiting the portion Of
Evening star., 1960-04-24

seven cuts in foreign aid funds
which were opposed by the other
three Democrats.
In 1856, he was the only one
OF the four backing a move to
end all foreign aid to Yugo-
slavis in 80 days and to suspend
Tor year assistance to all
countries shipping to the Soviet
bloc materials on the United
States embargo list. In 1858, he
wanted to cut off aid to the
Dominican Republic and a year
later voted to earmark $50 mil
lion Of defense support funds
specifically for Spain.
Evening star., 1960-04-24

ICBM bases. increase anti-sub-
marine warfare capability, develop
and produce the BIO bomber and
modernize the equipment and in
crease mobility of the Army and
Marines.
Senator Symington has worked
as hard on problems of organiza-
ton of the defense and space pro-
grams as he has on seeking the
hardware" for them.
He has called for combining the
separate military and civilian space
efforts into a single program, with
single head who reports directly
to the President. The defense
reorganization bill he introduced
this year proposes strengthening
the powers of the Secretary of
Defense, appointing a single Chief
of Staff for all the services and
making mandatory a single over
all war plan"
Evening star., 1960-04-24
Domestic Programs

Senator Symington has had
very few disagreementS with
liberals like Senator Humphrey in
such domestic areas as education,
housing, public works, unemploy-
Evening star., 1960-04-24
Defense

Defense is Senator Symington's
chosen field and his reputation
turns largely on his work in this
area.
Ever since he resigned as Sec
Evening star., 1960-04-24
Foreign Policy

The emphasis on strength as
the prerequisite for peace also
underlieS Senator Symingtons
foreign policy views.
THE military segment" he has
Evening star., 1960-04-24
BY DAVID S. BRODER
Star stan Writer

Senator Stuart Syington the least doctrnare and
probably the least predctable in this years Democratic
presidential field
He lacks the carefully nurured philosophy that enables
Adai Stevenson Hubert Humphrey or John Kennedy
to define his position on any given issue.
Nor is he endowed with the sensitive political antennae
that permit lyndon Johnson to find his through
Evening star., 1960-04-24
By ROBERT X. WALSH
Star Stan Writer

Theoretically the voting referee
provision in the civil rights bill
could operate faster and more
fairly and with less cost and red
tape than any other major meas
ure considered by Congress this
year.
Sponsors believe its success will
surprise even the severest critics.
However, as the legislation was fl
nally enacted, skeptics recall what
the late Senator Borah, Republi-
can Of Idaho, said about another
measure almost 25 years ago:
THE bill may be passed in the
theoretical atmosphere of Wash
ington but it must be enforced
down among the people in the
realistic atmosphere of the South
ern States"
At the risk of -simplifica-
ton and supposition, let's take
hypothetical case to trace STEP
by-step procedures and admins
trative mechanics of the referee
plan designed to see that a citi-
zen's rights are not blocked be-
cause of his race or color.
John Jones believes he is being
deprived of the right to register
and vote in a Federal or State
general or primary election be-
cause he is a Negro. He requests
United States Attorney General
Rogers by direct communication
or through the United States At
torney in his district to file a
suit in Federal court in that
judicial district.
Authority for Suit
The Attorney General files the
suit under the 1857 Civil Rights
Act which allows him to institute
civil action for the United
States or in the name of the
United States if he thinks any
person is attempting to engage
in any act to deprive another
person of the right to vote. This
suit is an adversary proceeding"
against State official or officials,
probably the State voting registra-
ton officer.
The Attorney General could file
such suit even if John Jones
did not expressly request it. Such
a move on the Attorney Generals
initiative could include a group
OF persons as well as John Jones.
To expedite matters the Justice
Department would put in a pack
age suit requesting three things
at the same time.
This would seek a Federal court
Injunction to stop the State official
from continuing to perform acts
Evening star., 1960-04-24

This is the third in q series Of articles on
Democratic presidential nominee pos
sibiities.
Evening star., 1960-04-24
Subject to Doth

Those statements would be
prima facle evidence, acceptable
as truth on first view. But they
would be made under oath and
subject to possible perjury pros
ecution. The referee would deter