davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-01-31
Attacks on Nixon

While the Democratic presiden-
tial hopefulS hunted doggedly for
an issue to challenge the G. o. P.
peace and prosperity line. they
turned their guns on the person.
allty Of Mr. Nixon. At the Janu-
ary % beauty contest" fund
raising dinner in Washington, at
tended by all the aspirants except
Adlai Stevenson, the Vice Presi-
dent was belted with vigor.
Senator Humphrey of Minnesota
led the way in the name-calling
department, referring TO Mr.. Nixon
as a Juvenile delinquent" and a
"slicker." Resentful Republican
Senators saw a chance TO turn
the attacks against Mr.. Nixon's
tormentors by accusing the Dem
ocrats Of "loW-road" campaigning
a charge often made in the past
against Mr.. Nixon.
Meanwhile, the intra- party fight
among the Democrats produced
new indications of gains by SEN
ator Kennedy.
The Bostonian seemed assured
Of Maryland's "a convention votes
Uhen Democratic Gov. Tawes last
week decided against running as
"favorite SON" And the Senator
did we'll in several polls.
A check of Democratic National
Ev1y,a I tnn Na1 -
three noWSpGpcrS, showed Mr..
Evening star., 1960-01-31
OnCWI Rights.
JockeWng

Attorney General Rogers an
nounced a new plan to help
guarantee Negroes the right to
vote, as the civil rights issue
grew in Congress last week.
Although civil rights is i'm
portant, politically, to the Repub-
llcan Party, it is the most divisive
issue confronting the Democrats
as they prepare for the 1860 cleo
ton campaign.
Congress is the stage upon
which the civil rights drama is be-
ing played With the consensus
holding that some kind of legisla-
tion will be passed before the
members pack off for the conven-
tion wars in July, serious jockey
ing by all factions is underway.
The most controversial item
this year is the plan to guarantee,
by Federal action, voting rights for
Negroes.
Last year, the Civil Rights Com
mission recommended a plan call
ing for presidential-appointed
Federal registrars who would act
as Watchdogs to assure that Ne
groes are permitted to vote in Fed
eral elections.
This plan was not only opposed
by the Southern Democratic bloc;
President Eisenhower the Justice
Department and others were
doubtful as to its constitutionality.
Nevertheless, the lines of battle
for and against the commissions
proposal were being drawn when
Evening star., 1960-01-31

twice. :" These are the open
ing words of the amendment that
became part of the Constitution in
1851 after ratification by three
fourthS of the States.
That seemed, to the 8Oth Con-
gresS, to be clear enough. But
is it?
The final sentence of the Twelfth
Amendment reads: But no per-
son constitutionally ineligible to
,he office of President shall be
eligible to that of Vice President
of the United States"
This wording may also be sub
Ject to a double Interpretation.
The Twenty-second Amendment
bars election to a third term but
appears to leave open the possi-
bility for tWo-term President to
succeed to the Office through the
vice presidency Some think this
loophole is closed by the Twelfth
Amendment, but the most expert
opinion seems to be on the other
SiGe.
The Justice Department has in
formed President Eisenhower that
1t would be absolutely legal" for
him to run for Vice President.
Leeol. Says Department
And that stopped it right
there, as far as I'm concerned"
the President-still smiling-told
his news conference last week
The unequivocal and unex-
planned Justice Department opln-
ion. however lightly expressed,
only served to inflame the argu-
ment. But the view of the anony-
nous Government lawyers is
given stout support by Edward S.
Corwin. professor emeritus at
Princeton University. who is re-
garded by many as the foremost
authority on the Constitution.
A long distance telephone call
Evening star., 1960-01-31
'Pessimists' Hit

Mr.. EiSenhower'S address was
principally a defense of his ad-
ministration, although he took the
occasion to blast political NOR
ticians" in the Democratic Party
who, he said. are exhibiting a
breast-beating pessimism in the
American system"
The Vice President. who must
run on the record of the Eisen-
hover administration. promised.
in effect, that he would not coast
on the accomplishments of the
past, if he were elected We must
be proud of the record" he as
serted, but we must do better"
He titilated the liberal wing of
his party and many independent
voters with talk of extension of
social security, overhaul of our
"obsolete" farm programs, areas
OF chronic unemployment, made
quate classrooms and underpaid
teachers.
AS for Mr.. Rockefeller, his con-
tribution was challenge and an
admonit4on He said the G. o. P.
needs more CRUSADERS and
should, as minority parry, build
a broader base - particularly
among women and youth.
The New York Governor, who
many persons believe is waiting
in the wings, ready to jump back
into the race for the nomination
If the opportunity presents itself,
warned that the Republicans could
not win on the Eisenhower her
ltage" alone.
Evening star., 1960-01-31
Other Candidates

The other Democratic candi-
dates continued their busy pace
last week. Senator Humphrey an
nounced he would vie for West
Virglnias 25 votes on Nav 10 and
CHALLENGED his opponents to do
likewise. But this primary is
merely popularity contest. be-
cause the delegates will not be
bound by the result.
Senators johnson and Syming-
ton lashed.out anew at Eisenhower
defense policies. Their attitudes
on civil rights legislation, how
ever, may be more meaningful IN
their campaigns for the nomina-
ton. Mr.. johnson insisted again
that good" civil rights bill
would be passed this year. This
repeatedly had his Southern sup
porters concerned. Mr.. Syming-
ton, on the other hand. parried
questions on this controversial
subject during a trip to Dixie.
Evening star., 1960-01-31

Attorney General Rogers made a
surprise announcement.
He had new approach TO the
same problem, one which he felt
would get around the constitu-
tionality issue. His plan would
charge Federal judges with the
responsibility Of appointing REF
'erees" to see to it that qualified
voters were actually permitted to
cast their ballots in State as
well as in Federal elections. The
referees also would act to see
that registration of voters is con-
Quoted fairly.
The Rogers plan caused a bit
OF uncertainty among hackers of
strong civil rights measure.
Many of them now were not sure
which they like better-the COM
missions approach or the At
torney Generals.
Northern Democratic liberals
were particularly on the spot be-
cause in some ways the Rogers
plan was stronger than the COM
missions. To back the Attorney
Generals proposal would mean
giving the Republicans credit for
meaningful civil rights action in
the presidential election year. And.
as everyone knows, the all-but-
certain Republican nominee, Vice
President Nixon, is a close per-
sonal friend Of Mr. Rogers. Mr..
Rogers let it be known that Mr..
Evening star., 1960-01-31
By ROBERT E. CLARK
Star STAFF Writer

With debate on a proposal to
limit future Presidents to two
terms nearing deadlock. the late
Senator Robert A. Taft arose on
the floor of the Senate in l947 to
propose compromise.
The language drafted personally
by the G. o. P.'s most st-listened-to
voice in the Republican-led 80th
Congress became the Twenty
second Amendment to the Con-
stltution of the United States.
With a jocular assist from
President Eisenhower, the words
chosen by Taft recently have
touched off the most spirited con-
Stitutional debate here since the
1955-57 argument over presiden-
tial disability.
Could Mr.. Eisenhower or any
two-term President barred from
reelection by the Twenty-second
Amendment-run for Vice Presi-
dent? If he did and the new
PRESIDENT died or resigned, could
he succeed to the presidency and
serve the remaining part of third
term?
Proposed in jest, Mr.. Eisen-
hower'S hypothetical candidacy
has produced wide chuckles. But
the constitutional question is not
regarded as joke.
House Study Ordered
Chairman Emanuel Celler of
the House Judiciary Committee
has quietly ordered full staff
study of the matter. The Senate
Judiciary Committees Subcom-
mittee on Constitutional Amend
ment hopes to use the issue to
strengthen support for repeal of
the Twenty-second Amendment.
mo person shall be elected to
the office of President more than
Evening star., 1960-01-31

bate to eulogies Of his four terms.
Republicans were concentrating
on party unity-not one G. o. P.
member of the House or Senate
voted against the amendment.
AS it originally passed the House
the resolution stated that anyone
who had served" twice as Presi-
dent would be ineligible to an
other term. The version sent to
the Senate floor by the Judiciary
Committee would have barred
third term to anyone who had
held" the Office twice.
With this language there prob
ably would have been no confu-
sion. But there was much argu-
ment in the Senate over the pro-
vision covering a Vice President
who served out part of a presi-
Dental term. Senator Taft offered
his compromise with the key word
changed to elected" a few hours
before the final vote.
The Senate insisted On the Taft
language and the House accepted
the altered form.
The Senate Subcommittee on
Constitutional Amendment does
not regard the possibility of a
President "Sneaking" back into
Office for a third term as purely
hypothetical In a national crisis.
a staff member noted, there could
be heavy pressure for President
to stay on for a third term. as
there was with Roosevelt in 1910.
He might agree to run as Vice
President with a "stand-in" who
would resign after the election.
Third Term Pressure
What would happen if a two
term President actually won NOM
ination as Vice President?
Thurman Arnold. who has been
a judge on the United States Court
of Appeals, an Assistant Attorney
General, a law professor-and a
student of Prof Corwin-says it
would probably work this way:
Nothing could be done legally to
stop the candidate in advance of
the election. Congress, which tai
lies the electoral vote, could keep
him from Office by refusing to
recognize his votes as valid. But if
he were permitted to take Office
as Vice President there could be
no effective court challenge un-
less be succeeded to the presi-
dency.
When he began signing bills as
President, a court case could be
brought on grounds that he was
holding Office unconstitutionally.
But Judge Arnold believes the case
would collapse and the United
States would have another third
term President.
I'D give you about 25-to-l that
the Supreme Court would call it
a political question not within its
jurisdiction" he said. Il think
they'd dodge that one like a hot
potato"
Evening star., 1960-01-31
Curious Cubu:
RESPITE forU.S S.

On Tuesday President Eisen-
hover reaffirmed his policy Of
mo reprisals" against Cuba for
Castro attacks and eXpropria-
tiOnS. Whether in response or
not, Cuban speakers and news
papers suddenly ceased their
daily blasts at Uncle Sam.
1t was possible in Havana, for
the first time since January of
1858 to read a newspaper or lis
ten to a radio speech by a Castro
official without encountering a
savage blistering of Yankee i'm
perialism. The guns were silent.
There was no way of knowing
whether the silence was perma-
nent or even deliberate. But it
was real.
At his news conference on Tues
day, President Eisenhower was
asked about his intentions toward
the Castro regime. The emotional
Cuban revolutionary's speeches
had been growing ever more viru-
lent, and he was being echoed by
his Minister of Justice and other
high officials.
Would the United States slash
the Cuban sugar quota in retalia-
tion for Cuban attacks on the
United States and for expropria-
ton of American holdings? No,
said Mr.. Eisenhower.
Ready for the question, the
President read to the reporters a
formal statement that was OBJ
viously designed % to reaSsure
the people of Cuba on American
good intentions, and (2) to place
the thorny Cuban issue in the
open. especially for the edif1ca-
ton of other Latin American
nations. In it he warned Cuba.
and indirectly other nations of
the Western Hemisphere, that it
was necessary Ito recognize and
defeat the intrigues Of interna-
tional communism which are
aimed at destroying democratic
institutions in Cuba and the ira
ditional and mutually beneficial
friendship between the Cuban and
American peoples"
Evening star., 1960-01-31
Atom Test Ban:
No o'PortioIs'

Last week the American dele
cation at the Geneva conference
on ways and means of ending
nuclear weapons tests prepared
to offer compromise. In effect,
partial ban would be agreed
upon. with large underground
tests barred but small tests un-
checked. On Wednesday, before
the proposal had been presented
formally to the conference. the
Soviet delegation rejected il.
For almost l6 months repre-
sentatives of the Soviet Union, the
United States and the United
Kingdom have been talking at
Geneva on a worldwide cessation
Of nuclear testing. Their progress
has been measured in inches; the
chief result to Gate has been only
that no nation has resumed test
ing in the absence of an agreement.
Some hurdles have been scaled
successfully. But the present diff
ficulty appears the toughest of all
to date: American and British
contentious that nuclear tests can
be conducted underground with
little risk of detection are chal-
lenged by the Russians, who insist
that the issue was raised merely
as a device to head off a work.
able test ban.
In a new effort to break the
log jam, the United States chief
delegate, James j. Wadsworth, was
ready last week to propose that
large underground tests be banned
but that small ones be permitted
until there was reasonable asSur-
ance that detection methods were
adequate to check them.
"Ersatz," said the Soviet chief
delegate. Semyon K. Tsarapkin,
when told of the compromise pro-
poSal by reporters. Nonsense and
totally unacceptable" he added
later after talking with Mr.. Wads-
worth. Only a complete and all
inclusive ban would be acceptable
to Moscow, he said, reminding the
reporters that the United States
Evening star., 1960-01-31
The CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES
A 'Back-door' Third Term?

to Prof. Corwin produced this legal
opinion:
1T would be perfectly constitu-
tional for two-term President to
run tor Vice President and to
succeed to the presidency again.
1t is ridiculous to say that by
being President he has disquali-
fled himself from eligibility as
Vice President"
Prof, Corwin holds that the
18th Amendment has no bear
ing on the issue. He points out
that the seemingly pertinent SEN
tence was intended only to extend
to the Vice President the consti-
tutional requirements for the
presidency-to be at least 35 years
of age and a natural born citizen
who has lived within the United
States for IA years.
Fowler Is Doubter
Bernard Fensterwald, counsel of
the Senate Subcommittee on Con-
stitutional Amendment, agrees
with the Justice Department and
Prof. Corwin. There are some
doubterS on the House Judiciary
Committee, however. Chairman
Celler does not consider the mat
ter to be this "cut and dried"
Another doubter is Henry H.
Fowler, Washington attorney and
expert congressional witness on the
question of presidential disability.
MY view is that on a clear
reading and Interpretation of the
22nd and 18th Amendments a
two-term President is not eligible
to serve as Vice President" he
said.
Didn't anybody in the 80th Con-
greSs notice the loophole in the
language? Apparently not.
The amendment was debated
with bitter partisan rancor. Dem
ocrats regarded it as a posthu-
nous insult to Franklin D. Roose-
velt and devoted much of the de-
Evening star., 1960-01-31
THE NATIONAL SCENE

Kennedy far out in front as the
man with the best chance" to
win the nomination. A private
poll. taken at his request, had
him the favorite candidate among
Democrats IN Florida. And the
latest Gallup survey showed
substantial increase in support
for him among the Democratic
rank and file throughout the
country. He led the No. 2 man,
Mr.. Stevenson, by 80 to % per
cent.
In the biggest poll of all, how
ever, Mr. Gallup did not have
good news for him. The score:
Mr. Nixon, SO per cent, Mr.. Ken
nedy At.
Evening star., 1960-01-31

Algeria's food basket and It's
cities. These include Algiers.
with broad avenues and arcaded
buildings on the harbor and
modern apartment buildings
climbing into the hills. Oran is
a cosmopolitan port with roads
converging upon it from all di-
rections; Constantine, an inland
city built on a great rock about
2.l00 feet above sea level.
In the Tell are farmlands
lush with grape, olive, fig and
orange groves. Chill winter
rains bring life to Algerian soil
and interrupt the oppressive
heat Of summer. Far to the
south are Algeria's snow-capped
peaks.
Chains Of the Atlas Mountains
rise all the way across the coun-
try, and for most Algerians.
deeply rooted in the Tell, the
distant barriers seem unreal.
These are the homes of tribes
men who grow some grain but
mostly live solitary. nomadic
lives. Their goats, sheep and
camels forage for alfalfa and
esparto grass on the windy, high
plateaus.
Beyond is Algeria's empty
quarter. Bleak territories of the
Algerian Sahara cover an ex-
panse three times greater than
Texas and reach far down into
the continent to touch French
West Africa.
Alger.a's hope of an El Dorado
for its growing population
there is a yearly increase of
250G0O-lies in this sea of sand
and rock. Oil, coal, iron, man.
aganeSe, and tungsten have been
found. France has been formu-
lating multibillion- dollar eco
nomic development program
even in the atmosphere of un-
resolved war.
tThe National Gcographic Society
Evening star., 1960-01-31
Conflicting Textile Policies
Plaque u. S. Manufactures

United States manufacturers,
thanks to an Agriculture Depart
ment export subsidy of that
amount.
Domestic manufacturers don't
want to see this American cotton
come back mere to give them COM
petition in the form of finished
cotton. Actually, however, they do
not appear to be suffering any
substantial damage at the moment.
Despite recent increases, i'm
ports of cotton goods are running
at a rate equal to only about
three per cent of American pro-
duction. Mill profits are high.
Confronted with these facts, the
manufacturers say they want Gov
ernment protection against future
trouble. They say they are alarmed
over the upward trend in imports
of cottons. The industry here is
noted for its cyclical ups and
downs. Its representatives claim
an increase in imports during a
down period" could spell real
trouble.
Through the Commerce De-
partment they already have sue
ceeded in persuading Japan to
limit voluntarily its exports of
cotton goods to the United States
under highly complex formula.
Japan knew it faced the prospect
Of mandatory controls if it didn't
institute voluntary ones.
Hong Kong Efforts
Now the Commerce Department
is trying to do the same thing
with Hong Kong but without the
same success. Henry Kearns, AS
sistant Secretary of Commerce for
International Affairs, has travelled
twice to Hong Kong recently to
discuss voluntary export quotas.
Hong Kong has proposed volun-
tary quotas on garments only,
not textiles, and it has said it
would only limit 1860 garment
exports to Is per cent increase
over 1859.
Neither Mr.. KearnS nor the
American mill owners are pleased
with this suggestion. Perhaps the
most disconnected party, however.
is Japan. The japanese have in
formed the United States Govern
ment that they are unhappy over
the Hong Kong situation and do
not intend to continue their
Evening star., 1960-01-31
A Look at Algeria

The crisis in Algeria turns
the worlds eyes upon a huge
section of North African noun
tains and desert land four times
the size of France.
Not since rebellion first famed
in 1854 have Algerian ports,
mountain villages, and oases
seemed so remote from boule-
wards Of Paris.
Frenchmen have long thought
Of Algeria as an extension of
Gallo soil. not as a colonial
outpost. The dazzling white
capital, Algiers, is less than two
hours by plane from the French
coast. The populous northern
division elects deputies to the
French National Assembly as
though it were part of the
mainland,
French foods stock Algerian
cafes and shops Colons own
much arabic lane They control
the wine production that makes
up so heady a share of Algeria's
export trade.
Though nine out of ten AL
gerians are Arab or Berber.
their country has deeply
rooted French culture. Once a
part OF anarchic Barbary. Al
geria was occupied by France in
1880, given a name and a ma
tional entity.
Algeria Is a vast country Of
1862 78l square miles, relatively
underdeveloped but with po-
tential oil and mineral wealth.
Times attrition has turned
much Of it into a lifeless ocean
OF wind-carved sands and Jagged
mountains. AS a whole the
country is sparsely populated.
Most of Algeria's 9.5 million
people live in the Tell. This fer
tile strip of coastal hills and
valleys forms green garden
stretching some 800 miles be-
tween Morocco and Tunisia.
Compressed into the Tell are
Evening star., 1960-01-31
Continued From Page C-f

CONTINUED from rage Ut
closed TV and contributed more
than SIS million to the G. o. P.
Golfers.
The party faithful heard glow
ing things about the last seven
years of Republican rule from
each of the three leaders But
they heard interesting differences
in approach. too. From one,
defense; from another, a promise;
from the third, a challenge.
Evening star., 1960-01-31
BY SHIRLEY SCHEIBLA
Contributing Writer

The Departments of State and
agriculture are weaving trouble
for the administration by exer-
cising two contrary policies on
cotton.
The Agriculture Departments
aid to cotton growers keeps prices
high. This brings about great out
put, which results in turn in
cotton surpluses. To keep the
surpluses from becoming unman-
ageable. the Government has i'm
port quotas to keep out cheap"
foreign cotton and export subsidies
to get rid Of surplus domestic
cotton.
The State Department, on the
other hand, wants to free world
trade channels by making mutu-
ally beneficial agreements with
other countries to end all artificial
restrictions on trade. 1t hopes
to pursue this aim actively when
negotiations open in September
in Geneva with the member ma
tionS of the General Agreement
on Tariffs and Trade CGATT).
This department believes that the
United States has more to gam
than to lose because it is the
victim of more restrictions than
it carries out itself.
The trade PHILOSOPHERS of these
departments have clashed on other
commodities as we'll, notably on
wool. In addition. the United
States has a GAIT waiver which
enables it to restrict the quantities
Of imports of dairy products.
grains and Dutch cheese.
Evening star., 1960-01-31
THE FOREIGN SCENE

had voted in the United Nations
General Assembly for a complete
ban.
Evening star., 1960-01-31

Continued From Page C-l
sumo the talks at any time - if
Moscow agreed to confine their
scope to Lend-Lease.
Evening star., 1960-01-31
Manufacturers Adorned

Manufacturers Adorned
The cotton manufacturers in
this country contend that agree
mentS such as the State Depart
ment wants would be disastrous
for them. They not only are
working hard to head off any such
developments. but are actively
proposing further restrictions on
cotton textile trade. They claim
they are at a disadvantage in
international competition because
they are forced to buy high-priced
American cotton.
Foreign mills. on the other hand
in addition to buying cheap"
foreign cotton, can buy American
cotton at eight cents a pound
cheaper than the price paid by
Evening star., 1960-01-31
SENATE

S. 2436. Federal Elections Act OF
1860, limiting campaign funds and
requiring certain reports by can
didates and committees. Passed,
1922. The President did not tak~
a position on the bill.
FOR: Byrd, Democrat of West Virgins.
AGAINST: Butler, Republican OF MarSS
land: Byrd Democrat of Virginia: Rob
ertSon. Democrat of Virginia.
NOT VOTING: Beall. Republican OF Mari
gina.
Congressional Quarterly
Evening star., 1960-01-31
NEARBY VOTES

Following are the votes Of
Maryland. Virginia and West Vir-
ginia members of Congress on
major roll calls last week: