davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Petal paper. [volume] (Petal, Miss.) 1953-19??, 1960-05-05

bility of our striking force.
The practical effect of such a
move, however, could be exactly
the opposite from the one intend
ed. First, the fact of hundreds OF
let planes in the air will lead to
even more extreme counter mea-
sures. One could be in the form
of dozens of earth circling sat-
elites, each loaded with hydro
gen bombs. Another could take
the form of high speed subma-
rines only a few hundred miles
off the East and West coasts of
the United States, each Of them
equipped with launching plat
forms for missiles carrying nu-
clear explosives.
Each side, meanwhile, has to
reckon with the risk that a pilot
or submarine commander may go
beserk and make the decision
that would start the full chain
reaction. The possibility of an
accident or miscalculation
grows in direct proportion to the
distribution of the power and the
means of instant use.
In 1857, a French pilot took
it upon himself to bomb an AL
9erian village. He acted out of
the highest impulses of patriot
ism. He felt his government was
vacillating and that immediate
action was necessary to save
Frances honor. It was within
his power to act-and he acted.
Would his decision have been any
different if the power at his dis
posal had been greater? If he had
been carrying a nuclear explosive
instead of a INT bomb, would he
have controlled his impulse? Or
would he have sought out q
larger target?
The spiraling competition for
military advantage carries with
it ascending and accelerating
tensions. The fear of surprise at
tack is the greatest single factor
in the thinking and planning of
the opposing military policies.
The pressure will build up in
each country to hit first rather,
than wait to be hit The same
logic that gave birth to the
around-the-clock jet bomber and
the nuclear cooked satellite will
argue that there is no choice ex-
cept to take the final initiative.
Thus, the deterrent leads to pre-
ventive or pre-emptive war.
Since both countries have to con-
tend with the same factors in
volved in surprise nuclear at
tack, each knows the other is
considering the same antidotes;
the very fact that each is even
considering preventive war causes
the other to move in that direc-
ton itself.
The incredible paradox is that
both potential foes today seek
security in the same terms. Each
calls upon the other to be de-
tered by its striking power, yet.
both are becoming more insecure
in direct proportion to the in
crease in their own power.
The theory of the deterrent
The Petal paper. [volume] (Petal, Miss.) 1953-19??, 1960-05-05
armed, was unable to defend him

armed, was unable to defend him
self and his family adequately.
Only as enough individuals, act
ing together to create a consen-
sus, also created specific machin-
cry to deal with the anarchy did
the anarchy subside. 1t is sub
stantially the same in the world
today. Only as the worlds peo-
plies see beyond the limitations of
absolute sovereignty will they be
able to deal with the volatile ac-
tons of the nations in the world
arena.
A common security requires
machinery. 1t requires new rules
of the game. 1t requires new con-
ditionings, new habits, new OUT
looks, new prospects, new allegi-
ances. The new allegiances need
not eliminate the old. They need
only take into account the oldest
fact in the world: namely, that
man has the obligation to create
a sane society for himself and to
safeguard the essential conditions
of his well being.
For the individual who wants
to know how he personally can
serve such an abstract idea, the
answer need not be vague. He
can live it centrally in his own
life; he can invest it with his
active concerns; he can use the
gift of communication to put the
idea before others; he can find
aspects of it that can come alive
in his own experience. The ques-
ton for the individual or the
group is not whether we can
achieve such goals. The question
The Petal paper. [volume] (Petal, Miss.) 1953-19??, 1960-05-05

marks the ultimate failure of un-
fettered national sovereignty. 1t
represents the fullest indictment
of national determination in an
internationally anarchic world.
Never in history has the sover-
eign state been more powerful or
less secure. Its capacity for wag-
ing war has never been SO great,
nor its ability to protect itself so
puny. In turning to the theory of
the deterrent for protection, it in
vokes irrational force as the prin-
cipal means of creating rational
restraint. Far from inspiring great
restraints, the deterrent produces
filters and hair triggers.
There is yet another fallacy to
the deterrent theory. 1t assumes
static world. 1t assumes that
everything will be kept under
tight control, that upheavals in
the making for more than a CEN
fury will somehow remain quies-
cent It does not take into account
that the nuclear deterrent will
not prevent social and political
unrest and the consequent dis
turbance to the peace. People
who have great grievances will
be in the market for revolution
until the grievances are met. The
quest for independence of those
nations that are now without it
will not be subdued. The churn-
ings and yearnings of the major
ity of the worlds peoples will not
take an indefinite holiday Basic
forces such as these will become
violent if the means for effective
peaceful change are lacking. We
will not keep Communism or 9TH
er ideologies from exploiting
those forces just by calling atten-
ton to our nuclear deterrent. If
we want to be effective in these
situations, we shall have to come
up with some relevant ideas.
The basic problem is with the
term national security" The
term has a built-in contradiction.
In the atomic age, no national Sc
curity is possible. Either there is
workable world security system
or there is nothing. Indeed, the
efforts of the Individual nations
to achieve military supremacy or
even adequacy are actually COM
petitive and provocative in their
effects.
Such being the case, how does
nation protect itself against ag-
erosion? How does it safeguard
its freedom and its values?
The best chance-perhaps it's
only chancellor meeting these
needs is through the development
OF a common security. The people
who settled the American West
found that the only workable an
sWer to lawlessness was the ade-
quate machinery of law. A single
Individual, no matter how we'll
The Petal paper. [volume] (Petal, Miss.) 1953-19??, 1960-05-05
FaIlaey

arms and power as undesirable.
Thus, restrictions on nuclear test
ing or the development of mis-
siles are generally considered in
consistent with the requirements
of nations security.
The main flaw in the deterrent
theory, however, is that it does
not deter The possession by the
Soviet Union of advanced nu-
clear weapons has not served as
a deterrent to the United States
in matters involving our national
interests. The US. has not al
lowed fear of nuclear weapons to
deter us from making clear that
we were prepared to fight with
everything we had to keep from
being pushed out of Berlin. Nor
has our own nuclear stockpile
prevented the Soviet Union from
pressing its demand that we pull
out of Berlin. Each has attempted
to convince the other that it is
prepared to let fly with every
thing it owns rather than back
down.
It is natural for a nation to
display, not restraint, but a will
ingness to march to the brink
when its national interests are
threatened. Even when the threat
is not major one, there is a
natural concern lest an unchal-
lenged small threat lead to a
larger one. In world Of anarchy,
not deterrents but the compul-
sions of national sovereignty are
the prime movers.
The announcement by one ma
ton that it has achieved mill
tary break through in one field
creates in the other nation not a
mood of defeat but a blisterlng
determination to match that par
ticular weapon and surpass it.
The United States possessed an
atomic monopoly from l945 to
1913. This period of monopoly
conceded with the period Of max
imum Soviet aggressiveness and
intransigeance. Similarly, the adj
vent of the Soviet sputnik, with
its portents of long-range rockets
carrying nuclear bombs, did not
cause the United States to ask
for surrender terms. What it did
was to light fires of determina-
ton in the United States to close
the gap.
One nations deterrent becomes
the other nations incentive. The
fact Of Soviet rocket supremacy
has already led to various ex-
IRENE counterproposals from the
American military, by ways of
bolstering the deterrent against
surprise attack. One such propos-
al has called for hundreds of AM
erican jet planes, fully loaded
with nuclear explosives, to be in
the air at all times and within
ready striking distance of the
Soviet Union. The object would
be to avoid the destruction of our
retalitory capacity through sud-
den attack and to insure the mo-
The Petal paper. [volume] (Petal, Miss.) 1953-19??, 1960-05-05
.3faae 3.f sHG
East Side

A. 10000 college dormatories
5. 100000 scholarships Of $1,000 each
6. 10000 centers for cancer and heart research
2. 100000 thousand dollar homes
and in addition to this, the money would PROVIDE:
8. 286 900 men and trained psychologists 10
help mentally distressed. and to do research In
crime prevention and prison reform.
g. $4,000 and trained to do research IN var
ious departments of State and Federal Government
science projects
10. college teachers trained for seven years.
100000 high school teachers trained tor tour years.
H. $4,000 experts do research in hunger disease and
ilteracY -,
49, There would several billion dollars left II has
been suggested that this could be used to reduce
our National debt and taxes
- And all this in year! .
Aw what the hell Why get excited about such matters
as Peter has pointed out? Who me Well personally must
now understand there's Negro at the Gourt
house wanting vote have forth and scream stop
them nggers" You see, friend that really important!
Since writing the above for March 3rd I've given add-
tiona thought the whole matter and I've about come TO
the that this represents the wrong approach
haps it would better suggest that for example, the
makers of Cracker Jack put small Atomic device IN each
box as prize That think would bring the matter nome
to most of us.
The Petal paper. [volume] (Petal, Miss.) 1953-19??, 1960-05-05
Theatre -.

bath together the world would
be much closer to peace. Even
when he says of Swami: sshe is
an optimist, he's learning Rus
sian; I'm pessimist, I'm learn
ing Chinese" he never quite
leaves that jolly never-never land
that the audience wades out of,
smiling and singing:
Mud, mud glorious mud,
Nothing quite like it for COOL
ing the blood.
The Petal paper. [volume] (Petal, Miss.) 1953-19??, 1960-05-05

is whether we want to achieve
them. We can have what we want.
Evening star., 1960-12-25
n Hurt as Bus
Skids Into Truin

ST. JOHNS, MILD. Dec. "a
(AP). "A bus packed with
Christmas shoppers skidded at
an icy railroad crossing and
slammed into the side of a box
car today. Traffic officials said
it was a miracle no one was
killed.
All Of the % persons in the
bus were injured. Seven were
hurt seriously
The Canadian National Rail-
ways combination freight and
passenger train dragged the
battered bus so feet before ram
ming it against a telephone
pole.
The bus driver, James Glenn
ents, a substitute making his
first run, was injured critically.
Evening star., 1960-12-25
1900 Evacuated
AZ Music Man

NEW YORK, Dec. "a (AP).
New York's largest legitimate
theater, filled to near capacity
with 1900 matinee perform
ance patrons, was evacuated
today minutes after the curtain
had gone UP. A leak in an out
side gas pipe was responsible
for the precautionary measure.
The 63-member cast in the
long-run Broadway hit, The
Music Man." also was ordered
out Of the Broadway Theater
at Broadway and Fifty-third
street.
The evacuation was ordered
by the Fire Department after
the dangerous leak was dis.
covered in gas pipes outside
the theater along Fifty-third
street.
Patrons were told that they
could exchange their ticket
stubs for later performances,
Utility company employs
subsequently repaired the leal
in an underground main, ant
q capacity audience OF 1,78'
was on hand for the Christina
Eve performance.
Evening star., 1960-12-25
Byr'd0pposes
Medical Plan
Star staH Writer

Chairman Byrd Of the Senate
Finance Committee said today
he will continue to oppose q
social security type Of medical
care program for the aged. as
proposed by the Kennedy ad-
ministration.
The Virginian said he would
line up with Senator Kerr Of
Oklahoma, another influential
Democrat on the Finance Com
mittee, in defense of the plan
approved by Congress last
August, under which Federal
aid is extended to voluntary
State-controlled medical care
programs. This was the ap-
proach supported by President
Eisenhower.
Senator Kerr, who steered
the State plan through the
Senate, announced 10 days age
he would take the position that
any expansion Of medical care
benefits which may be needed
could be accomplished under
the present system.
The combined opposition OF
Senators Byrd and Kerr will
prove steep barrier for Presi-
dent-elect Kennedy to over
come when he presents his
social security plan to the new
Congress.
II the Kennedy program
Evening star., 1960-12-25
Soviet, Koreans
Sign rode Pact.

MOSCOW, Dec. a (APl-
The Soviet Union. and Commu-
mist North Korea today signed
a pact aimed to increase trade
between the two countries by
80 per cent in the next five
yeafS. 4. .
Radio Moscow said the So
Wet Union will supply ma
chinery. cotton and petroleum
products in exchange for non-
ferrous metals, cement. steel
and other goods.
Under a separate agreement
the Soviet Union also will pro-
vide technical assistance fol
the construction and extension
OF industrial enterprises in
Guiding power stations between
1s6l-l967.
Evening star., 1960-12-25
Probation Officer
Will Retire Jan. !

Archie Helwig. for more than
four years a probation officer
at District Court here. will re-
tire January ! after a total OF
Is years service as a United
States probation officer.
He was appointed a Federal
probation ofhcer for the U. S.
District Court at Minneapolis,
Mimi, January 2, 1885. and re-
manned there until 1852. He
then served as United States
probation officer at Denver,
Colo, before coming to Wash
ington.
Last Thursday. the staff OF
the probation office at Dis.
trict Court here and the stafi
Of the Division Of Probation
of the Administrative ONCE OF
the U. s. Courts attended q
luncheon in Mr.. Helwig's honor
Mr.. Helwig, who Is 63,- lives al
1881 Deal drive. Oxon, Hill. Md
Evening star., 1960-12-25

Mebane, Clarence Millard, Will
lie Moten, Berta Lee PearSall,
Harry Scott, Corese Stephens,
Daisy Thomas, James Whit
myer, William Braddock, Peter
Chakalakia, Edward Lopez,
Tom Vaughn, Clarence Wells,
Francis Kelly, Lester Colbert,
Edna Compton, Naomi Cooper,
Clara Dunkley. Herman Fer
guson, Erma Hammer, Andrew
Kowalick, Lena Leary. May
Schwedler, Fred Hasselbring.
Rose Marie Barracks, Annye
Weldon, Leilah Lewis, Cecil
Scott, Georgia Jones, John
Soden, James Argyropoulos.
Silas Damn, Robert Fox, Ebert
Keene, Harry Mallgrave, Wes-
ley Stiltz, Lloyd Kardell. Roger
E. Smith. Frederick Tice and
Ralph Valodin. Mary
Aspan of the National Capital
Planning Commission has re-
ceived a sustained superior per-
formance award. Govern
ment Printing Office has given
meritorius suggestion awards to
Frank Aldridge, Joseph Burk-
hard, Gilbert Garman, Jerome
Hartnett, Paul 1mmel, Nelson
Keeney, Alex KemenyaS. An
thony KostrZewsky, Frank
Luckel, jr., Gibson Moore,
Frank Meyer. Minnie Shelton.
John Trumbo, Milton White
more and John E. Williams.
. Alexander Muzzey of Air
Forces Office of special investi-
cations received a sustained
superior performance award.
Nays Bureau of Supplies
and Accounts has given these
awards: Superior accomplish
ment. Evelyn Caldwell, Jimmye
Fisher; beneficial suggestions,
Manuel Malinas, Evelyn Wright,
Ruth Terwilliger, Charles Brew
ington, Albert Cato, Patricia
Sisco; safe driving, Charles
Anderson. William Triplett.
George Brown, Haywood john
son: 1,000-hour sick leave ac-
cumulation, Wilton Brewing
ton, Irwin Klavan. Dorothy
Samek, Daniel Tredway. Louis
Williams; 80 years service,
Irving Hullings: 20 years serv-
ice, Paul Sarokin. Florence
Hunt, Leonard Fryer. Omer
Carey, Ned Sparks.
Evening star., 1960-12-25

Kennedy johnson forces las
August is not likely to deter
the new administration from
making a strong effort to pas.
its social security medical care
plan early in 1861. A..
Supporters Of the Kennedy
program believe it will fare
better in the new Congress with
a Democratic President in the
White House than it did at the
August session, when control
was divided between "a Repub.
lican administration and a
Democratic Congress. But there
are signs that it will be one OF
the major battles of the new
session.
Evening star., 1960-12-25
Go|dfine Quits
St. E|izabeths
BY the Associated Press

Boston industrialist Bernard
Goldfine yesterday left St. EliS-
abeths Hospital where he had
been confined since last Oc-
tober.
He rode through a hospital
gate at 1880 pm. EST. lifting
his hat and waving to photog-
raphers as he went.
The taxicab in which he was
accompanied by five other per-
sons did not stop and there was
no opportunity to determine his
plans.
Under a court order signed
this morning, Mr.. Goldflne Is
under instructions to go to
Boston for private treatment.
Mr.. Goldfine has been con.
fined since october 18 under
orders of the United States Dis
trict Court in Boston. Thai
court held that Mr.. Goldf1ne
was mentally incompetent tc
stand trial on charges Of evad-
ing almost 100000 in personal
and corporate income taxes.
Judge George L. Hart, jr., OF
District Court here agreed that
Mr.. Goldfine is unable to stand
trial but held that there was a
better chance Of recovering Il
he returned to his home. =,
Judge Hart ruled that Mr.
Goldfine must return to Boston
and remain within the juris-
diction Of the. United States
District cout for MasSachu
The judge told Mr.. Goldfine'
attorney that it is desirable Il
have Mr.. Goldfine recover q
he can be tried eAnd have thi!
over one way or another"
Evening star., 1960-12-25

District and vicinity-Vari-
able sunshine and cloudiness
and warmer today. high in the
upper 30s. Fair tonight with
the low in the mid-20s. Fair
with little change in tempera-
ture tomorrow.
Maryland-Partly cloudy and
warmer today with the high
in the 30s. Fair and rather
cold tonight. Partly cloudy
with snow furries in the noun
tains and little change in tenn
perature tomorrow.
Virginia-Partly cloudy and
warmer today with the highs
26 to "a in the mountains and
So to A elsewhere. Fair and
rather cold tonight. Partly
cloudy with snow fiurries in
Evening star., 1960-12-25

passes the House it will have
to run the gantlet.ef the sen-
ate Finance Committee before
it reaches the Senate floor.
Senator Byrd recalled that
when the Senate rejected the
social security approach last
August by a vote of 81 to ~
and adopted the State-con-
trolled plan, it was going
against the Democratic plat
form, which had just been
adopted in Los Angeles. The
Virginia Senator said it was 9
rare occurrence for a party in
control of Congress to &c
against its own platform before
an election. at..
The setback suffered by the
Evening star., 1960-12-25
HyottsviIIe Librorion
Gets County Post

Robert w. Sykes, Hyattsville
librarian, has been appointed
assistant director Of Prince
Georges County Medical Lii
brary. >
He will assume his new duties
on January / when Miss Melba
Martin, reference librarian at
county library headquarters.
takes over his Hyattsville post.
Evening star., 1960-12-25
Cubu PoIicewomen

HAVANA, Dec. "a (AP).-
Three thousand woman mem.
bers Of the civilian militia have
been assigned as police in
Havana. The uniformed young
women. equipped with side
arms, are believed destined fol-
traffic and other routine tasks
relieving male police for sternel
duties.
Evening star., 1960-12-25
Reds to Visit nigeria

LAGOS. Nigeria. Dec. "a
(AP).-A troupe Of Is Soviet
singers, ballet and folk dancers,
acrobats and illusionists is
scheduled to open a week-long
tour here January Is. The
visit was arranged by the Soviet
ambassador at Accra, Ghana
and announced reluctantly by
a Nigerian official who said the
inclusion Of illusionists seemed
appropriate.
Evening star., 1960-12-25
Group Studies
Nixon Plan on
Discrimination

The Presidents Committee on
Government Contracts is con-
sidering broad new proposals
backed by Vice President Nixon
to end job discrimination
against Negroes in almost every
area where Federal funds are
involved.
If the proposals are formally
Endorsed by the committee,
which Mr.. Nixon heads, they
will be offered as recommends
tionS in the groups final re-
port to President Eisenhower
early next month.
A spokesman for the commit.
tee emphasized yesterday, how.
ever, that the Nixon-backe6
proposals are only one of sew.
eral proposed drafts Of recon.
mendations being circulated
among committee members.
"They have been approved by
the Vice President. subject to
the approval of the remaining
members Of the committee" he
said.
The principal proposals of.
fered by Mr.. Nixon would:
l. Bar discriminatory hiring
practices by contractors whC
perform work for State or local
governments which is paid from
Federal grant-in-aid funds.
2. Extend the principle o.
non discrimination to any
housing which involves Fedora
funds or credits.
8. Create q permanent com
mission to promote equal jol
rights for workers on any Gov.
ernment contract and on prod,
ucts produced for interstate
commerce.
Evening star., 1960-12-25
Lesson From Huwuii

KUALA LUMPUR, Dec. "a
(AP).-Taking a cue from Ha-
waii. Malaga has decided to
have beautiful girls hand out
fragrant flowers to arriving
tourists and show their dane
ing talents. In the past, greet
ings have been confined to BAN
nerS and brass bands.
Evening star., 1960-12-25
Engineers to Meet

The Washington section Of
the. American Institute Of, Min
ing, Metailurgicat and retrol-
cum Engineers will meet al
$40 pm. Tuesday in the din
ing room Of the BroadmooI
apartment hotel. 36ol Connec-
ttcut avenue NV:
Evening star., 1960-12-25
Books Discussion

Books I. II and III Of the
Roman poet LucretiuS' "On the
Nature Of Things" will be dis
cussed by the Great Books Dis
cuSsion Group Of the Jewish
Community Center, 1929 Six
teenth street NV. at 8 pm.
Wednesday.