davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-12-11

Almost the only certain way
would be to hold the nominating
conventions much later than July,
when they are usually held now.
However. this offers problems.
Much of the political organiza-
ton and activities in various
States are related to the conven-
ton. Some States have August
primaries and State candidates, in
some instances. are related to what
happens at the national conven-
tions. Political regulations have
been made or lost by the events,
the political give-and-tak that
goes on at the convention.
So many political leaders see
almost insurmountable opposition
to delaying the conventions as a
means Of shortening the cam
paigns.
Another suggested means would
be to have the nominees by mutual
agreement postpone the start of
their actual campaigning. But it
is doubtful that the candidates,
however willing they might be.
could place themselves in deep
freeze for several weeks after the
conventions.
A Nixon associate who had an
active role in the Vice Presidents
campaign pointed out that a cam
didate is placed under almost un-
believable pressure from the time
he obtains the nomination. De-
mands pour in at mounting rate
for the nominee to take to the road
and speak in this or that place.
His hackers say they need his help
to get the campaign rolling, to
build up an organization, and to
Evening star., 1960-12-11
Presidential Interregnum
Leaves NATO Role Open

was to France. But President de
Gaulle's plan to give France its
own nuclear striking force-at
tremendous expense-became law,
without the direct approval of
parliament, on December 6.
Britain has more or less re-
served judgment on the Norstad
plan until the specifics turn up
at the NATO council meeting.
West Germany publicly approves.
But West German Vice Admiral
Alexander Heve on November Is
warned that the joint control plan
could lead to "15 fingers on the
trigger"
Soviet Russia, as expected, on
November q warned that turn
ing the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization into a fourth nu-
clear power could easily plunge
the world, including the United
States" into war at the whim,
of some irresponsible officials in
Bonn"
Inasmuch as the Eisenhower
administration must bear re-
sponsibility but cannot commit
the Kennedy administration, the
approach to the NATO council
meeting will be to propose only
the concept of equipping NATO
with the ultimate weapon. A
concrete operating plan will have
to be worked out after January
20.
Senator Kennedy at his news
conference made it clear that he
had not been invited to send
an observer to the Paris discus
sions. But he noted that Vice
President-elect johnson and Sem
ator j. w. Fulbright, Democrat
of Arkansas-the latter a poten-
tial Secretary of State-had at
tended the parliamentarians'
meeting. Actually, Fulbright drew
up the resolution presented there.
And it is known that Kennedy
and his principal advisers, though
powerless until after the inaugu-
ration, have been carefully briefed
at every stage of the plans de-
velopment.
Editorial Research Reports)
Evening star., 1960-12-11

The handicap in real politics
OF the United States interregnum.
as it is rather grandly called
the time lag of 10l2 weeks between
the Presidential election and the
inauguration of a new Chief Ex-
ecutive-is exposed brightly by the
NATO council meeting in Paris in
mid-December. The transitional
meeting between President Eisen-
hover and President-elect Ken
nedy on December 6 produced a
communique which stressed that
until the Inauguration the out
going President maintains sole
jurisdiction over the conduct of
the government. Mr.. Kennedy in
his subsequent news conference
supplied emphasis by repeating:
Under the Constitution there can
be no sharing Of . responsibility,
nor was it suggested that there
should be-"
Yet the NATO foreign ministers
have before them in Paris on
Friday a decision of utmost i'm
portance-in short, whether NATO
itself should become the worlds
fourth nuclear power. The annual
advisory conference of NATO par
liamentarians on November 26 ap-
proved a plan advanced by Gen.
Lauris Norstad, NATO supreme
commander. to give NATO an
atomic pool" of United States nu-
clear weapons for use as jointly
decided by the United States and
NATO.
Gen. Norstad said his plan
would:
Calm European fears that nu-
clear weapons would be used for
aims not shared by our NATO
allies.
Make impossible our withdrawal
of the weapons and end hesitancy
that we would not use them for
fear Of Soviet attack upon the
United States.
Lead certain nations" to give
up the desire to create their own
nuclear striking power.
The last Of these objectives has
so far proved beyond our grasp.
Gen. Norstad's reference obviously
Evening star., 1960-12-11

tor national discussion center to
be operated at Widespread. the
sprawling manorial prairie house"
which the late Frank Lloyd
Wright. designed for H. F. john
son Of this city, "the wax king"
Mr.. johnson recently gave 1t to
the johnson Foundation which
specialized in this sort Of research
study into pressing current ma
tional problems.
Allied with the foundation and
the American Assembly in this
effort were the Universities Of H.
inois. Michigan. Minnesota and
particularly Wisconsin. whose Ex-
tension Bureau Of Government
undertook much Of the planning
for the sessions.
Set Of Conclusions
The conference stratagem en-
ployed Is one which is being used
by q number Of universities
throughout the country which
have been given large estates re-
Gently by wealthy alumni and
other benefactors who have found
the huge properties too burden
some to maintain as private res
licences.
It calls for assembling Q corps
Of purported experts. usually for
o week end of of -the-cuff confer
ring together in small discussion
groups. each with q reporter" as
signed to summarize at the close
of each day the end-product Of
the discussions.
An overall reporter. in this in
stance DR.. James L. McCamy, pro-
fessor Of political science at the
University. Of Wisconsin, then
pulls together" all the summaries
into a single "set Of conclusions, :"
which he presents for adoption at
q closing "plenary session"
Early in the deliberation O ma
jor address is given by a resource
speaker" who In this instance was
Otto L. Nelson, jr., vice president
Of the New York Life Insurance
Co. and with background of hav-
ing served in various capacities
in international affairs.
Mr.. Nelson sounded keynote
that "the Secretary Of State must
be able to deal directly with the
President frequently and init
mately and without the barrier Of
any intermediary"
The. stage was further set for
what is widely regarded as the
most searching investigation OF
the role Of the Secretary Of State
since Gov. Rockefeller headed a
committee on government re-
organization, by a set Of pre-
conference papers, containing par
ticularly revealing discussions OF
the office by a former occupant
Dean Acheson. and several former
top-ranking assistants.
Decline in Prestige
Editor Of what amounts to vir-
tually . book designed to pave the
way for q real book soon to be
published is Don K. Price, dean oi
the Graduate School Of Public
Evening star., 1960-12-11

small part attributable to the
secret. unilateral manner of its
handling. it is still reasonable to
expect that the Department of
State will aim at telling nothing
but the truth"
However. he added that, What
is less likely is that any govern
ment information program can be
expected to meet the other sworn
obligation of a witness. namely,
to tell the whole truth Govern
ment information activity will in
evitably always be cirucmscribed
by the purposes of government"
Evening star., 1960-12-11

claims on him. As one voice Of
435 in the House Of Representa-
tives. he could easily afford in most
instances to hang heavily on his
own opinions and listen largely
to his own viewpoints. He never
had to wear q hat.
Now elected Chief Executive, he
has obligations and responsibilities
which extend in every direction.
Many people can claim to have
been instrumental in his victory
and to have a right to make their
feelings known to him. His own
opinions and viewpoints are no
longer as important as his best
judgment Of the opinions and
viewpoints which are pressed
upon him. His capacity to operate
as highly independent figure is
gone. He has even had to don a
hat.
FinoI Decisions
This is not to suggest that Mr..
Kennedy or any President becomes
a puppet Of the people who elected
him. When all the words have
been said and all the thoughts
expressed, the final decision is his
alone and there is no one who can
stand between him and that re-
sponsibility. When all the pushing
and pulling is done on the cabinet
selections, he alone will name the
men.
He is the boss, the top dog, but
under the system his only prudent
course involves an awareneSS of
the forces that are at play. Once
a man gets the Office of President,
there is no path of ambition still
open to him except the burning
desire to be good and-if cir
cumStances make it possible-a
great President. Under the Sys-
tenn there is no way to achieve
that end except through shrewd
political leadership and this means
responsiveness.
Evening star., 1960-12-11

the department to the public-at-
large should be improved.
Plans for the latter were detailed
by DR.. John S. Dickey, president
of Dartmouth College and a for
mer Co-ordinator of Inter Amer
ican Affairs in the State Depart
ment and member of the United
States delegation to the conference
in San Francisco which established
the u. N.
He commented that: Leaving
aside the alteration Of the So
called spy-plane episode. which.
incidentally. was probably in no
Evening star., 1960-12-11
Mr.. Kennedys Hat:
1t Took Some Effort
BY CHARLES BARTLETT
Contributing Writer

There is no more striking in
stance of the pervasive power Of
the democratic system than the
pictures in the newspapers Of John
F. Kennedy wearing q grey felt
hat.
What nature. family. friends
and advisers failed to accomplish
during years when Mr.. Kennedy
was one Of the milling horde, Alex
Rose Of the New York Liberal
party has apparently managed at
a point when the young man Is
nearing the zenith Of human
power.
He didn't look happy in the hat
pictures. He has a basic aversion
to hats. But he was wearing one
and Alex Rose must have uttered
a deep and satisfied chuckle at
seeing Mr.. Kennedy in the felt
crown.
How did this man. one In o
plethora Of political leaders who
contributed to Mr.. Kennedy's elec-
ton get the hat on the President
elect?
The answer can only be sur
missed but 1t is known that Mr..
Rose. whose political jurisdiction
encompasses Manhattan's hat and
clothing workers, has been scream
ing like q bansi1ee over stories
emanating from q London tailor
that both Mr.. Kennedy and Lyn-
don johnson have been buying
suits there. Clearly a man with
an opportunistic eye for publicity,
this tailor has been pressing to
have the world believe that he
Is responsible for the Democratic
leaders sartorial splendor.
This is less than true since Mr..
Kennedy buys most of his suits
from a good tailor in New York
and Mr.. Johnon buys most of his
in Texas but the publicity was
clearly damaging to a domestic in
dustry that is struggling to meet
the competition from abroad.
There was a certain legitimacy to
Mr.. Roses outcries.
Answer to CIothiers
Without any certain knowledge,
it may be comfortably assumed
that the grey fedora is Mr.. Ken
nedy's answer to the lament Of
the United States clothing indus
try and that any new suits in
which he appears from this point
will bear local labels.
The wondrous thing about the
American political system is the
way in which it ties Offices to
responsibility, legal power to hu-
man obligation.
To put it in personal terms,
John Kennedy was a far more
autocratic personality as q fresh
man congressman from Boston
than he is as President-elect OF
the United States. He had in his
initial political role a direct re-
sponsibility only to the people oi
his district and their demands
were few. He had achieved the
office largely by the dint Of his
own talents and resources and few
political leaders in his district hac
Evening star., 1960-12-11
CONGRESSIONAL HEARING SET
Are Our Campaigns Too Long?
BY CECIL HOLLAND
star star Writer

IA House investigating subcom-
mittee Is scheduled to hold hear
tngs this week as o poSt-election
mortem on how to shorten pres
idential campaigns.
y With the most intense and
gruelling campaign In the coun-
try's history fresh in the minds
Of the candidates and those who
travelled with them, the inyesti-
gators should have little trouble
in obtaining Q mass Of informa-
ton.
But whether they viii be able
to produce any acceptable plan
for cutting short q candidates
quest for the White House Ii
another matter. The nature Of
our political system being what
1t is. the chances are they won't.
Even the candidates themselves
or their spokesmen-are not
sure how the campaigns could be
shortened end still be effective.
The only thing they are sure Of
is that they are too long and ex-
hausting.
Senator Kennedy has estimated
he Travelled $4,000 miles in his
campaign which carried him into
46 Of the SO States.
Vice President Nixon who
started later because Of Q knee
infection, Travelled fewer miles
but managed to visit all so States.
The President-elect, whose hard
primary battle for the Democratic
nomination led inexorably into
the campaign itself, made 20 many
speeches and appearances that
his star threw up its hands over
trying to figure out how many
speeches he had made.
But the Vice Presidents staff
managed to maintain O fairly de-
tailed record which reveals quite
starkly what presidential cam
paigning means in this jet age.
Nixon in 1888 Cities
Between the convention and
the election Mr.. Nixon visited l8S
cities as he Travelled more than
10000 miles by jet and conven-
tional planes. by train and by
motorcade.
His total air miles before
September IL. when he was re-
leased from the hospital. was
1929 miles. Between that date
and the November 8 election his
travel record was as follows:
Jet miles, l2,245: air miles (not
including jet), 30.827: train miles.
1.T72. and motorcade miles, 213.
The Vice Presidents staR esti-
mate that the Republican candi-
date made 180 major speeches
between September IL and
November 8. Adding 10 minutes
only for each Of the 176 cities
visited during this period of less
than two months for airport and
trainside rabies and other inn
promptu remarks the staff has
estimated his total speaking time
since September IL at $3.50
minutes, or a total Of four days
and seven hours.
What the bare figures fail to
reveal is the amount Of travel.
firing In itself, involved in much
Of the speech-making. The Vice
President, for example, when he
started his campaign September
Evening star., 1960-12-11
New Look at the Role Of Our Secretaries Of State

Administration at Harvard and
formerly a key figure in the United
States Budget Bureaus staff
working with the State Depart
ment.
He bluntly declares in his pre-
face that. THE first Secretary of
State of the United States OF
America, Thomas Jefferson, went
on to become President Each of
the next three Presidents-Mad-
ison. Monroe and John Quincy
Adains-has also served as Secre-
tary Of State. Since that time.
however. that position has been
no road to political advancement.
even though it has retained by
tradition the highest rank in the
cabinet"
Taking down his hair for init
mate revelations to his colleagues
Of the trials and tribulations Of
the Secretary Of State. Mr.. Ache
son reveals for the first time many
OF the inner workings of the Office
during his 1949-53 tenure under
President Truman.
He voices considerable misgiv-
ings over what he brands as in
creasingly vast and pervasive
intrusion into the business Of
diplomacy" by the Budget Bureau.
Relating an incident when he
once undertook to check person.
ally with Truman whether "a
communication from the stan
represented a presidential order. "
he said that the President tore
up the memo and tossed 1t in the
waste basket. whereupon their dis
cussion turned to other matters. "
Mr.. Acheson also criticizes Con-
gress for going beyond its power
to prescribe the organization and
procedures of expenditures" by the
Evening star., 1960-12-11
BY JOHN r. SEMBOWER
Contributing Writer


RACINE, visa formula for
recapturing prestige at home and
abroad for the United States Sec
tary Of State has emerged from o
four-day conference held here.
with IS carefully selected partici-
pants, each with some color Of
authority to qualify as an expert
on the No. / cabinet post through
direct experience with diplomacy
or study and research in inter-
national affairs.
It was strickly taboo to discuss
who might be appointed to Presi-
dent-elect Kennedy's new cabinet.
and rules called for keeping strictly
within bounds Of what the job
should be in the SOS so that 1t
may cease to be political dead
end for the occupant and will be-
come the stepping stone to great
ness that 1t was for four Of its
early occupants. Jefferson, Mad
ison. Monroe and John Quincy
Adams.
Strictly speaking, the report
also Is not aimed at John F. Ken
nedy, but intsead goes to the
American Assembly at Columbia
University, whose founder in 1850
was Dwight D. Eisenhower. then
president of Columbia.
The assembly is a foundation
which publishes books aimed at
stimulating free discussions on
matters Of international impor-
tance," based upon twice-yearly
conferences Of the type conducted
here.
The gist Of the academic brain
storming" about the role Of the
Nations chief functionary in the
area of overseas prestige which
figured so prominently in the re-
cent presidential campaign, was
that the Secretary should be but
tressed with enough top-level as
sistants to enable him to find
time for the kind Of top-level
thinking that the original big
four" did in the earliest days Of
the Republic.
The jury Of experts decided that
there ought to be five UNDER
secretaries, each with regional re-
sponsibilities, and an undersecre-
tary for administration.
Regional officials now rank only
as assistant secretary and the
administrative aide is a deputy
secretary.
The Presidents Attention
II the Secretary Of State is to
fulfill his responsibility for major
decisions and to maintain init
mate contact with the President
himself. he must be extricated
from much Of the time presently
required of him in Congressional
hearings. personal negotiations
overseas, and in detail work, ad-
vised the panels drawn from rep
resentative groups in business
labor. farming, education and
government.
The Ivory tower" attack on
problems Of the state secretariate
kicked of operation Of q new ma
Evening star., 1960-12-11
Accelerated Poce


Of his advisers. visited Alaska in
the last 48 hours of the campaign,
and stopped on his way back for
an airport rally in Wisconsin. He
carried both States.
An argument is for more use
Of television and less Of personal
appearances. This finds little
favor with the opposing camps
in the recent election. Both credit
their intense personal campaign
ing with much Of their success.
They say with sound reason that
voters want to see the man in
person. While television will con-
tinue to play an important part
in an election, 1t will never re-
place. according to the political
strategist, the kind of campaign
or some approximation Of it,
waged by Senator Kennedy and
Mr.. Nixon.
OF course. neither one, II they
should oppose each other four
years from now, would be under
the same compulsion to wage as
vigorous a drive. Both already
are as widely known as two men
can be.
But when new and relatively
unknown candidates move on to
the presidential scene there may
we'll be a repetition Of this years
campaign. If so. it will require
men young and as durable as
both the Vice President and Sem
ator Kennedy showed they were.
Evening star., 1960-12-11

Lincoln's Secretary Of State, as
the last one who tried to be "a
prime minister" he explains that
one Of the shortcomings of his
own predecessor, James F. Byrnes,
had been not to keep the President
well enough posted on what
went on.
To remedy this. Mr.. Acheson
saw the President on business
almost every day, and rarely less
than four times a week. Every
Monday and Thursday we met
alone for a half an hour to an
hour; on two other days in the
cabinet and in the National Sc
curity Council. Special meetings
prepared him for foreign visitors.
to deal with a variety of emer-
gencies, great and small, to confer
with groups of Senators and Con-
gresSmen, and so on. Finally, we
talked frequently on the White
House telephone"
information for President
Also Mr.. Acheson prepared an
"eyes only" written report for the
President "as a result of this sys-
tematic flow Of information the
President was kept as familiar
with what was going on as though
he were present himself. He was
always able to give, and frequently
gave, direction. encouragement
and suggestions" to United States
delegations.
1t was the consensus of the
experts at the conference that Mr..
Kennedy's Secretary Of State
should be ready. able and willing
to function on this basis, and also
that the flow Of information from
Evening star., 1960-12-11

MIA Mr.. Nixon lost his balance
while standing in his convertible
and shaking hands. For q second
or two he was upset into an un-
dignif1ed Vice Presidential pose
over the back Of the moving car
as he struggled to regain his
seat.
The constant speaking also ran
the risk Of voice problems. At
times during the campaign both
candidates all but lost their
ability to make themselves heard.
So it came as no surprise during
the campaign that Mr.. Nixon. for
one. acknowledged that present.
day canvassing was terribly
wearying." While he said he
favored some less exhausting way.
the Vice President offered no con-
crete proposals to that end. In
fact, he indicated he might even
oppose any Congressional effort
to circumscribe how a candidate
should campaign for the highest
Office in the land.
Lodge Fovors Chonge
Henry Cabot Lodge, the Repub-
lican Vice Presidential candidate.
however. has some decided views
on the matter. Looking back with
no great relish on more than 10
takeoffs and landings in cam
paign planes. he told The Star on
a recent visit to Washington:
"The campaign should be lin
tied to six weeks"
Admittedly. this is q desirable
goal. The problem is how to bring
this about.
Evening star., 1960-12-11
No Relocation

Pretty much the same pace was
maintained during the campaign.
In some respects it was even
rougher. In their intensive CAM
paigning in the vital midwestern
States, for example. the number
Of miles travelled was relatively
small. But In motorcades and
otherwise. with no chance to relax
for even an hour or so while q
jet whisked the campaign party
to another city perhaps o 1000
miles away. the wear and tear
on the candidates was much
greater.
Senator Kennedy came out Of
one motorcade through densely-
packed crowds with q badly
bruised hand. Once in Pennsylva-
Evening star., 1960-12-11

IL. opened with . rally at
Friendship Airport, new by jet to
Indianapolis for o noon rally at
the public square, then to Dallas
for an afternoon rally and then
on to San Francisco for q night
meeting.
The same pace was matched
or more by Senator Kennedy. In
an opening swing the Democratic
candidate flew from here to San
Francisco. then to Honolulu,
thence to Seattle. and to Alaska
before winding up just one week
end Of campaigning with q big
Labor Day rally in Detroit. With
out pausing. Senator Kennedy
swung back across the country
before pausing in the Los Angeles
area for q breather.