davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-01-31
INSTRUCTIONS TO TROOPS
Survival: Soviet Soldier StyIe

Col. Gavrikov DEGREES, AOmething
OF an innovation in Red Army
procedure,
The defense position should be
chosen so that the enemy can be
kept in sight, the lecturer postu-
lates. AS soon as the defensive
position is chosen. the foot soldier
starts digging trenches and
equipping them.
Usually the enemy will use
atomic weapons before beginning
his advance. Col. Gavrikov pre-
diets. The trick is for the Soviet
forces not to be taken by surprise.
Scouts should be alert for the
enemy's signals of his own atomic
attacks, then relay the word to
headquarters.
Go Into Shelters
Usually, the commander will
order the men into previously
prepared shelters.
The man that enters the shell
ter first" Col Gavrikov orders,
must close the chimney if the
shelter is equipped with a stove;
the last who enters must close
the door securely"
AS on offense, not all Soviet
troops will head for the shelter
on signal the enemy is about to
launch an atomic attack. Some
will take up defensive positions"
in trenches until the shock wave
has passed, then resume their
work.
If the shock wave blocks the
exit to the shelter where the
main body of troops is holed up,
they must be rescued"
Col. Gavrikov also warns that
light emanation" may cause
clothing to start burning. The
victim should throw himself on
the ground or undress quickly,
he advises. or get a comrade to
cover him with a protective
poncho.
Able troops proceede to their po-
sitions to repel the attack.
The assault Soviet tacticians
envisage is one led by enemy tanks
and infantry. The tanks will be
engaged by Soviet tanks and artil-
lery. Col. Gavrikov promises.
If they fail to stop the tanks,
hit the insurgents with recoilless
guns and anti-tank hand grenades
first, lie down in the trench while
the tank goes over, and then pep
per 1t with grenades. Save some
Of the grenades, however. for the
enemy infantry which will be close
behind, Col. Gavrikov forecasts.
Evening star., 1960-01-31
BY ALICK de MONTMORENCY
Contributing Writer

Soviet Russia. already vying with
South Africa for the world pri-
macy in gold production, now is
to give the Boer-ruled Dominion
a run for its other precious COM
modity-Diamonds.
Soon diamonds mined in the
frozen sands Of Yakutia, in North
eastern Siberia, will make their
appearance in the jewelry stores
in the United States. Western
Europe, and other parts of the
world, side by side with the ira
ditional African and Brazilian
stones.
Extensive diamond deposits were
discovered in 1855 in upper Lena
in Siberia, both in alluvial state
and in pipes, or cores, running
deep into the ground.
But the SovietS, Drawing the
severe climate, and the remote
ness of this region, have pushed
the development Of the find.
Mining operations have begun and
the giant De Beers group of South
Africa, which controls SO per cent
of the global diamond trade, has
been contracted to market the
new Siberian gems.
In 1859 the world outside Rus
sia produced rs million metric
carats of diamonds, of which l6
million came from the Belgian
Congo.
South Africo Aheod
Industrial diamonds sell for as
little as SO per carat while quality
stones bring up to $4,000 per
carat. Figures show that South
Africa, with bare 10 per cent of
the world production in volume
2,606,0 carats- took more than
half of the $255, ,178, 900 which
importing countries spent last
year.
Portuguese Angola, Tanganyika,
the Belgian Congo. Sierra Leone,
Ghana and Brazil, followed in
order of production value, which
ranged from $25 million to $40
million, and India, once the
worlds leader, was down to 1000
carats, worth some $50,000.
Soviet production was believed
to represent mainly industrial
diamonds which, as highly
strategic material, will be kept in
the country, while the gems, rep
resenting less than 20 per cent in
value, will be exported.
The United States, whose only
diamond mine, located in Arkan-
Evening star., 1960-01-31
Soviets Enter World Diamond Market

sas, is idle, and whose output of
synthetic diamonds, carried out in
the laboratories of General Elec-
trio Co.. represents a negligible
volume, buys over so per cent
all the gem-quality diamonds pro-
duced in the world and over TO
per cent of the industrial ones.
The latter are needed by the tool
and machine-tool manufacturers.
The eventual impact of the
arrival of Siberian diamonds on
the American market and on the
other free worlds markets is a
matter of conjecture.
Bock to Alexander
The origins of the diamond in
dustry are lost in time, 1t is be-
lieved that by 1000 B. c. the
Chinese were obtaining the hard
gems from Northern Borneo.
Traditionally the first Western
ers to set their eyes on those high
refraction stones, which seemed
to cast red and blue flames, were
the soldiers of Alexander the
Great. On a un-drenched plain
in the Vindhia region of India.
amid heaps of red pebbles and
enormous clusters of jasmine, the
Macedonian conquerorS saw naked
coolies digging up the gems.
The invaders called the novel
stones adamaS, or "adamant, on
account of their extreme hard
ness. and took a goodly amount
of them back to Europe and
Egypt, where the novel gems were
quickly acquired by royalty,
More such stones arrived in the
West when the Portuguese colo
nized India. They wound up
again on the crowns of kings and
queens, who were about the only
people who could afford the bril-
liants.
A change in this state of affairs
occurred in 1725.
In canyonlike valley in the
mountainous Minas Geraes terri
tory of Brazil, Portuguese Jesuit
was watching gold Planners on the
banks of fast-flowing stream
when he saw a group of those
illiterate "garimpeiros" play dice
with very brilliant stones-and
recognized the gems he had seen
at Golconda during his days as a
missionary in India.
The padre obtained one of the
stones and sent it to Lisbon for
examination. It was beautiful
diamond with the rare shape OF
Evening star., 1960-01-31
PorIeys Sobotoged
By yAnti-GouIIists

fighting in the belief that the FIN
was a lunatic fringe-a small
group of assassins and fanatics
without voluntary popular back
ing. The French government,
having popularized this theory,
could scarcely abandon it lightly.
If the negotiations were to break
down, the army's will to fight
would have been undermined.
'Guorontees' Issue
This whole issue of guarantees"
was fought out first, very much
in private, last summer. I was
in Paris at the time, and the
word in diplomatic circles was,
go easy on the general. If we
push him too far or too fast
toward Algerian freedom, there
will be a fascist coup d'etat in
France"
Essentially the same dispute
fared. both in public and in
private, at last falls U. N. Gen.
eral Assembly, after the De Gaulle
offer. Friends and champions Of
the Algerian rebels urged the U. N.
to endorse direct political negotia-
tions, arguing that negotiated
guarantees were necessary.
The U. N. majority refused to
put any additional pressure on
De Gaulle. 1t accepted the French
view that he had gone as far. as
he could. The FIN came away
furious with everyone-including
the United States-who had stood
in its way. Moderates within the
rebel leadership lost influence.
Sooner or later a showdown was
inevitable, everyone agreed. Either
De Gaulle would let the Algerians
60 free, or he would not; his in
tentions could not be obscured in
definitely. Exactly why the crisis
broke last week-whether, for ex-
ample, the dismissal of Massu was
the real cause or merely a pretext
is not yet clear. But for what
ever reason, it broke.
Coueht OFF BoIonce
De Gaulle's first reactions indi-
Gated he was not ready for it.
Even without international pres
sure, he had gone too far too fast.
The right wing had caught him
off balance; it set out to force
him back.
From the point of view of the
FIN, the need for guarantees had
been proved. There clearly had
been good reason to question De
Gaulle'S control over events. If
the Moslem rebels had indeed laid
down their arms the previous
September, expecting to be free to
vote for independence, the French
extremists obviously would have
double-crossed them very quickly.
Evening star., 1960-01-31
A NOTE OF APPREHENSION LNGERs
Mau Mau Terrorism Ends-OfficiaI|y

that Kikuyu unable to obtain work
and other tribeSmen displaced by
those who are will combine to
form the same restless proletariat
which added so much to the origi-
nal impetus of Mau Mau.
Pass Books Out
Removed also is the require
ment for Kikuyu, Embu and Meru
to carry special pass books. The
curfew has been lifted and licens-
ing of printing presses, intro
duced during the emergency, has
been abolished. The emergency
power to prescribe Subversive pub
lications or those which system
atically publish material calcu-
lated to prejudice the maintenance
of law and order is withdrawn. 1t
is expected that the raising of
restrictions against publications
will soon bring to the surface a
flood of pamphlets which will
make East Africa's f1amboyant
native press look rather old maid
ish.
In signing the proclamation
ending the emergency, Gov. Reni-
son said that I'VE have a real
chance to move away from the
tragedies of the past and to turn
our thoughts to the challenge of
the future" The Governor added
that he looked forward to "a
Kenya nation in which all of
Kenya's peoples can fully play
their part"
These are brave words and gen.
erous ideas. But the cottage rented
by this writer on the slopes of
Mount Kenya is still guarded by
an outer mesh of chicken wire.
Every window has its heavy grill
of wire mesh and each door is
locked and bolted at night. Two
large and belligerent maStiffs
patrol the yard, African servants
are not admitted after dark, and
our hostess maintains an ex-
tensive and lethal armory.
1t may be that the settlers in
the Nanyuki area, which was
hard hit by Mau Mau, are overly
cautious. But police officer re-
ported the other day that he
knew the Africans were still
meeting secretly at night, as they
did for the Mau Mau oathing
ceremonies.
Unrealistic African political de-
mandS coupled with stiff and
unthinking white opposition to
demands which are not unreason-
able have combined to produce
situation in which Kenya'S seven
year-old state of emergency ends
on note of apprehension among
all races. Despite Sir Patrick's
words of hope, there are many
here who look to the future with
miSgivingS.
The wire stays up, the locks
snapped, the dogs awake and the
firearms ready.
Evening star., 1960-01-31

shelter is admonished to "lay
prone in the trench. close his
eyes. and place his hands under
the body"
AS soon as the shock wave
passes, the scouts and firing-line
soldiers signal the shelters. The
troops then rush out, take up
their prepared positions and make
ready to strike forward.
In masterpiece of casualness
Col. Gavrikov takes only three
sentences to deal with the dread
ed mushroom cloud which the
rest of the world has been edu-
Gated to fear as death itself.
1T is possible" he says. that
the atomic explosion cloud might
pass over these positions Gf the
wind switches. presumably
When the soldier sees the atomic
cloud he should at once, without
waiting for command. put on his
gas mask and protective poncho.
This protection should not be re-
moved until the commander has
given the order"
Advance Toword Enemy
So much for the close-in at
tack. On an assault from
depth" soldiers deploy in Chain
formation" and advance toward
the enemy. At the bombs flash
all hands hit the dirt, either be-
hind the nearest shelter or in
the open. with feet pointing in
the direction of the explosion.
Everybody hops up after the
shock wave passes, Col. Gavrikov
optimistically prescribes, and re-
sumes the advance, firing as they
go. The enemy should be SHOW
cred with grenades" from Is to 35
yards range. And don't stop at
the enemy's front lines, keep
plodding along.
"A swift and concentrated at
tack confuses the enemy" the
colonel advises, land gives him no
chance to recover from the
initial blow"
The Doughboy's Role
1t is clear that the doughboy is
still getting q bad deal In the
Soviet Army.
In his radio Volga lecture on
defense operations" Col. Gavri-
kov starts on the premise that the
main task Is to repel the tank
infantry assault in preparation
for resumption of the offensive.
Under enemy FIRE. every man
should act on his own initiative,
Evening star., 1960-01-31
BY EARL III. VOSS
Star staf Writer

Soviet Premier Khrushchev's re-
cent announcement Of the nuclear
streamlining of Soviet armed
forces has been followed by new
instructions to Red troops on how
to fight a nuclear war.
Radio Volga broadcast a pair
of lectures by one Col. Gavrikov
tn Soviet forces abroad" They
give an unsettling insight into how
expendable the Soviet tactician
considers the footsoldier to be.
According to Red army con-
cepts, there is. however. a hope Of
saving large numbers of troops on
the forward battlefields of nu-
clear war by shutting them up in
well-constructed shelters until the
shock and heat waves pass-a kind
Of nuclear-age Maginot Line for
both offense and defense.
Col. Gavrikov's first admonition
for an attack operation is: Hug
the enemy" This is true particu-
larly in nuclear and other mass
annihilation" wars. The closer
our units come to the enemy, the
less is his chance of using atomic
weapons" the colonel reasoned.
He envisions two kinds of at
tack-from positions close to the
enemy and from afar. Presumably
the size of the nuclear bomb to
be used against the enemy de-
termines how far away the for
ward infantry and tank forces are
kept.
Positions for Attock
Positions for launching a close
in attack should be we'll con-
structed, Col. Gavrikov advises. He
speaks as if he expects huge con-
crete shelters to be constructed.
1t is presumed, of course, that
when the Soviet forces attack
their own troops can be hustled
into the shelters before the nu-
clear destruction starts.
Most of the forces are to pro-
ceed on signal-either by siren,
signal rocket or voice-to the
bomb shelters, with their protec-
tive equipment, the Radio Volga
instructions say.
Observers and firing crews,
however, take their starting posi-
tions" outside the big shelters.
The observers or scouts report
everything they notice" about
the enemy's actions.
On seeing the atomic bombs
flash each soldier not inside a
Evening star., 1960-01-31
BY SMITH HEMPSTONE
Contributing Writer

NANYUKI, Kenya.-The state
Of emergency which has existed
in this British East African ter
) ritory since October 20, 1852,
officially came to an end earlier
this month as the Governor raised
all restrictions on tribes involved
in Mau Mau terrorism.
Sir Patrick Renison's proclama-
ton came as Kenyan delegates of
all races gathered in London to
= write new constitution expected
to bring sweeping political ad-
vances to Africans of this multi
racial colony.
Those affected by the lifting OF
the emergency regulations are the
Kikuyu, Embu and Meru tribes,
and they constitute nearly a quar-
ter of Kenya's black population
of 6 million. 1t was these tribes
which were infected with Mau
Mau, allegedly led by Jomo Ken
yatta, a mesmeric Kikuyu educa-
tor trained at British universities.
In late 1852, the Mau Mau plot
exploded prematurely as oath
sworn terrorists attacked isolated
white homesteads and massacred
entire villages of loyal Kikuyu.
White settlers barricaded their
women and children in fortified
farm houses protected by man
killing dogs and went into the
forests to fight the terrorists. Jet
aircraft and British troops combat
hardened in Korea were flung
against the Mau Mau. But it
should never be forgotten that it
was the loyal Kikuyu, Embu and
Meru, who refused to accept ter
rorism and hideous orgy as the
solution to their grievances, who
really defeated Mau Mau. These
organized themselves into home
guard units which cut off the
teroristS from their source OF
recruits, supplies and information
in the villages and isolated them
in the forest.
When all the fighting was fin-
ished "a few terrorists are still at
large) more than 1900 loyal Afri-
cans, 80 whites and 26 Asians had
been murdered, some 10,500 Mau
Mau killed and another $4,000,
including Kenyatta, imprisoned.
Financial losses incurred by the
emergency are harder to tally but
it is unlikely that they could be
less than $500 million.
Troubled People
The causes of Mau Mau were
many. A pressing land shortage
in the Kikuyu, Embu and Meru
reserves was certainly a factor.
So was the British refusal-s,nce
remedied-to grant the African
a greater control over his own
destiny. But Mau Mau was more
than just response to injustice.
real or imagined. 1t contained an
element of bestiality, an atavistic
opposition to the very fabric of
Evening star., 1960-01-31

alleged completely in the rebellion
have since been rehabilitated and
released, Jomo Kenyatta Is still
detained in a remote village in
Northern Kenya. The Kikuyu
leader has completed a seven-year
sentence for directing MAJ Mau
and is to remain incommunicado
and may not return to Kikuyu-
land.
Release Of leoder
The release of Kenyatta, how
ever, is the avowed aim of the
African political leaders now ne
gotiating a new constitution for
Kenya in London. Should Kenya
attain independence with the
Africans in political control-and
there are few who would deny
that this will take place within
the next five years-there is little
Evening star., 1960-01-31
Brozil Diamond Center

broZIl Diamond Senfer
That price remained stable for
the next century and half, when
Brazil completely displaced India
as an exporter of gems. Then in
1870 a 16-year- -old English school
boy, seeking a cure from a lung
ailment, arrived in South Africa
and made his way to Hopetown,
on the banks of the Orange River,
where diamonds had been dis
covered three years before. His
name was Cecil Rhodes. At 19 he
was completely cured. a multi
millionaire and the owner at
Kimberley OF the richest diamond
mines in the world. Those pre-
cious stones. meanwhile, had
again slumped to a fraction of
their previous value. -.
The diamond industry-and the
diamond empire which, together
with the oxford scholarships bear
ing his name, the English ad-
venturer left behind him-were
struck by another disaster three
decades ago.
In 1923, a prospector by the
name of Fred Cornell, author of
three learned treatises on the sub
soil of the South African Weld,
and of a poetical work where he
celebrated in Is cantos it's magic
appeal, showed up amid the blu
ish fog-swept sands at the mouth
of Orange River.
Accompanied by a Hottentot
servant who was former witch
doctor, he scanned the dry ground
with the eyes of a savant or of
a monomaniac. and the white
farmers scattered over that desert
corner of Namaqualand shrugged
their shoulders at his sight.
Suddenly he packed his bag,
folded his tent, loaded two dom
keys and departed. He had
picked 100000 worth of diamonds
along the beach at Alexander Bay.
A Poets Wonderings
The miner-poet headed straight
for Capetown, bought a ticket
and boarded steamer for Eng
land-without breathing a single
word Of his stupendous discovery
Evening star., 1960-01-31

dodecahedron-a form unknown
in India-with IL rhomboid faces.
A mad rush ensued into the
wilCS o. the famous Dia-
mantina District, and inside two
years the price of diamonds had
sunk to one quarter of their for
mer value.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1960-03-17
Cheese Versatile
For the Main Dish

Something to build meals
around" is cheese. An egg-and-
cheese combination, macaroni-
and-cheese, or any dish with
quite a bit of cheese in it be-
longs in the main-dish class.
Like meat, eggs, fish-cheese
has satisfying flavor and stay
ing power.
Cheese also fits into meal
plans in soups, salads, desserts.
But remember, cheese is a con-
centrated food far more
than just tidbit to top off an
already complete meal.
Waste no cheese. Use every
little bit. Cut off only as much
as you need each time then
store the rest tightly wrapped
In paper or clean cloth. Use
promptly before the cheese dries
out. Cheese may mold without
spelling. If it does, cut off the
mold and use the rest.
Go easy with the heat when
you cook cheese. That way the
cheese melts completely and
spreads good cheese flavor
through the whole dish. Cooked
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1960-03-17

too quickly, cheese gets tough
and stringy.
To speed up the melting and
blending of cheese, get it into
small pieces before you heat it.
Break it -. CRATE it slice it
shave it thing. Whenever
possible, mix the cheese into a
sauce before adding it to other
ingredients.
With a smooth cheese sauce
as a starter, you can build many
kinds of dishes-dishes that
give you plenty of leeway to adj
just to current cheese supplies.
For you can easily vary the
cheese to make a sauce mild,
rich, or in.between.
Cheese Sauce
A tablespoons fat
a tablespoons flour
2 cups milk
u teaspoon salt
u pound cheese, shaved thin
q cups)
Melt the fat, blend in the
flour. Add cold milk and salt.
Heat and stir until thickened.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1960-03-17
NeM Lemon
Dessert Is
March Find

Springtime is right for a fluff.
fly lemon-coconut dessert. The
light creaminess of the dessert
comes from whipped nonfat dry
milk crystals; the refreshing
flavor from frozen lemonade
concentrate. Unflavored gela-
tine assures the smoothness and
lightness of this spring treat.
Lemon COconut Dessert
1 envelope unflavored
gelatine
n cup sugar
x cup water
/ can 6 ounces) frozen
lemonade concentrate
% cups whipped instant nom
fat dry milk crystals
u cup toasted coconut
Mix together geiatine and
sugar in saucepan; stir in
water. Place over low heat,
stirring constantly, until gela-
tine dissolves. Remove from
heat; stir in undiluted concen,
trate. Chill to consistency of
unbeaten egg white. Fold gela-
tine mixture into whipped milk.
Turn into a 113-quart serving
dish. Springle toasted coconut
around edge. Chill until ready
to, serve. Yield: 6 to 8 serv-
ings.
"To whip instant nonfat dry
milk crystals:
Mix Y cup instant nonfat
dry milk with u cup ice water
in bowl. Beat until soft peaks
form g to A minutes). Add 2
tablespoons lemon juice. Con-
tinue beating until firm peaks
form g to 4 minutes longer).
Gradually add Y cup sugar.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1960-03-17
Nutritionist
To Discuss
Fat in Diet

Fat in the diet-friend or
foe" is the subject of a dis
cussion by DR.. Evelyn Spin
dler, United States Depart
ment of Agriculture nutrition
expert, Monday, March q,
at the Silver Spring Library.
The time is 8 pm.
DR.. Spindler, nationally
known for her lectures on
the Importance of fat in the
diet, is presented as part of
the Library's health series.
The series is open to the pub
lie.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1960-03-17

favorite omelet mixture before
cooking. Or, spread thin slices
of cheese over the omelet after
it has cooked but before
you roll it to turn out on a hot
platter.
Baked Eggs With Cheese
Break eggs into a we'll
creased shallow baking dish.
Dot with fat, sprinkle with salt
and pepper. Cover with milk.
Sprinkle with grated or shaved
cheese and dry bread crumbs.
Bake in a moderate oven until
eggs are set and crumbs are
brown.
Cheese SOuflle
IL cups milk
l cup bread crumbs
l tablespoon fat
A eggs
" pound cheese, shaved thin
q cups)
y teaspoon salt
Pepper to taste
Heat the milk, bread crumbs,
and fat in a double boiler. For
the crumbs, crumble up left
over pieces of bread and pack
the measure well. Do not use
fine, very dry crumbs. Add
cheese to the hot mixture. Stir
until the cheese has melted.
Add this mixture to the well
beaten egg yolks. Season. Fold
hot mixture into the stiffly beat
en- egg whites containing the
salt. Pour into a preaSnd dish