davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-07-31
INTERPRETIVE REPORT

plane program, which would
have the endurance he wants
without the speed and altitude.
Some Urge Full Speed
But there are q growing
number Of Air Force officers
who believe the plane should be
pushed with full speed. as a
solution to the strategic prob
lem which will begin to plague
the armed forces in the latter
part of this decade.
1t. Col. Donald F. Martin
summed up the new arguments
of this group in the current
Air University Quarterly Re-
view. He says about 85 of these
planes would give this country
a force nearly invulnerable to
surface attack and having the
ability to go to the enemy seek
out targets in time of war.
Two mobile weapons Of the
near future probably could
survive attack: Polaris sub
marine missiles and land-based
Minuteman missiles. But nei-
ther of these can take a man
out looking for a target, for
surviving enemy missiles and
airflelds.
Another weapon, the B-52
bomber, can seek out targets,
but only the expensive handful
able to stay on airborne alert
could be assured of surviving
an enemy attack.
Nuclear planes could stay
aloft for days. If a war started,
they could spend all the time
necessary over the enemy seek
ing and hitting targets. CThe
Air Force says long-range mis-
siles would knock out the enc
my's air defenses, giving bomb
ers a good chance to fly over
the enemy with small casual
ties.)
fractional Views
There are other factional
arguments. One says the A.
plane should be able to fly
supersonically to the enemy
and then slow down for a de-
liberate selection of targets
Another wants the opposite: A
slow. cheap flight to the enemy
and a Supersonic dash into the
target area. One says the i'm
portant thing is to build a
nuclear plane today, even if it is
technically feasible to fly it no
faster than $50 miles an hour.
The fact, however, is that
DR.. York's goal would give the
greatest nuelear plane speed
now in sight. A Rand Corp
study for the Air Force says
supersonic speeds at high alti-
tudes won't be achievable for a
decade-if ever.
The problem is that the nu-
clear reactor in the plane is
used only to heat air passing
through jets. The higher the
temperature, the higher the
speed. Scientists are now ex-
perimenting with temperatures
OF more than 1900 degrees,
enough for subsonic speeds, and
are finding that the planes
innards tend to melt. For super
sonic heat, new metals would
have to be invented.
If the new administration
decides to increase spending on
nuclear planes, Air Force off,
GERS say they would like to con-
tinue with the present program
but also add experiments lead
ing toward supersonic speeds.
They wouldn't care to predict
a payoff date.
AS for now, they are more
than satisfied to have achieved
one tranquil year of work on
nuclear planes.
Evening star., 1960-07-31
Powers Group
Seeks Action
On Red Visas

Soviet Premier Nikita Khru-
shchev has been asked by the
president of the Virginia Bar
Association to give prompt
word" whether or not the wife
and three lawyers of downed
U-2 Pilot Francis G. Powers
will be given Soviet visas.
At a news conference yester-
day. William P. Dickson. jr.,
released the text of a cable
gram sent Thursday as a last
ditch appeal to gain visas for
Mrs. Barbara Powers and the
three Virginia appointed law
yers. Mr.. Powers goes on trial
for espionage on August II.
Il request prompt word yes
or no so that I can advise the
attorneys and the American
public what to expect" Mr..
Dickson told the Soviet leader.
Mr.. Dickson said he sent the
cablegram on the advice of
Nikifor Milevchenko, a second
secretary at the Soviet En-
bassy here. According to Mr..
Dickson, Mr.. Levchenko told
him the processing of the visa
applications is being held up
in Moscow and that there was
nothing more the Embassy peo-
pie here could do.
Il was told by him" Mr.,
Dickson continued, that it
would not be considered un-
seemly or rude to send another
message directly to Khru-
shchev." He had sent a cable
in June when the wife and
lawyers had made their orig
inal application.
Mrs. Powers, who attended
the conference. repeated her
criticism of the State Depart
ment, made on Wednesday
when she said the department
was not doing enough for her
husband.
Mrs. Powers said she has
been over to the State Depart
ment and has spoken to several
officials, including Charles Bob
len, special assistant to the
Secretary of State on Soviet
affairs.
"They told me they had made
repeated requests for a repre-
sentative Of our Government
to see my husband" she said
Mrs. Powers added, however
that she thought the depart
ment could do more.
"Purposely Put OFF"
Mr.. Dickson and Mrs. Powers
have been in Washington since
Wednesday and have visited
the Soviet Embassy twice. Botf
times, in Mr.. DickSon's words
they were "purposely put off.
They left Washington yester'
day afternoon, Mr.. Dickson fol
Norfolk and Mrs. Powers fol
her family's home in Georgia
Mr.. Dickson said he asked tt
see Mighail N. Smirnovsky, tht
Soviet charge daffaires, but
was not able to gain an ap.
pointment in the four days HI
was here.
He said he asked Nikolai G
Reznichenko. first secretary II
charge of the consular division
for the visas on two grounds
the human wish Of a wife tt
see her husband and the lega,
interest the trial has aroused
among thousands Of lawyers
in this country.
In another development, il
was announced yesterday that
the ailing mother of Pilot
Powers, Mrs. Ida Ford Power.
Of Pound, Va. also has applied
for visa for herself and hel
doctor. Lewis K. Ingram.
The older Mrs. Powers 1!
under treatment for a hear
condition, and DR.. ingram
would accompany her as a pre-.
caution. This means that tht
whole Powers family, wife
father and mother, have all ap.
piled for visas, but so far, only
the father, Oliver Powers, ha.
received one.
Evening star., 1960-07-31

Fifteen yeos ego next week, the first
atomic bomb woS used on mon. One
Of Americas atomic scientists who
helped produce the bomb wos Dr..
Walter Zinn, s., world authority on
nucIeor reoetors, member Of the
Presidents Science Advisory Com
mittee and winner Of the 1860
Atoms for Peoce Aword. Dr. Zinn
is president Of General NueIeor
Engineering Corp. Of Dunedin. Fla.
He presents some views on nueleor
weapons, post, present and future.
Evening star., 1960-07-31
A-Plone Work Survives
Year Without Changes
BY RICHARD FRYKLUND
Star stan Writer

If nothing wrong between and the beginning
OF the Pentagon working day tomorrow the Air Force will
be able celebrate the completion of first full year
work the atomic airpane without basic reorentaton
For the first time since the program started in 1916 the
Evening star., 1960-07-31

For the flrSt time since tn
plane developers have been able
to spend a year without orders
to stop, restart, slow down,
speed up, zig or gag.
The result is that a year has
been spent on steady work
toward a modest goal, and the
Air Force. Defense Depart
ment, White House and Con-
gress are happier than they
have ever been about the pro-
gram. Arguments haven't
ended over the cost and value
of nuclear planes, but almost
all persons concerned now ac-
cept the present goal-which
is:
Do basic research toward
military plane which will be
flying, though low and slow,
in 1865.
What Could Have Been
A nuclear plane could have
been in the air three years
ago. 1t would have been a
flying laboratory, a converted
B-36 bomber, with no direct
military use but some value as
a research tool and propaganda
weapon.
Nuclear aircraft fans on
Capitol Hill and in the Penta-
gon wanted to do just this, but
cooler administration heads
ruled that it had to be mill
tarily significant plane or
nothing. The program stalled,
sputtered and crept forward in
a variety of directions until
August Of last year.
Then the Defense Depart
ment's director of research and
engineering, DR.. Herbert F.
York, gave the historic order
to the Air Force to shoot for
something attainable and stick
to it.
Quit work, he said. on the
fast, high-f1ying bomber you
want - without knowing how
you can build it-and invent
something feasible: A plane
which will fly at around $4,000
feet at a little under the speed
of sound. which will carry big.
long-range missiles and fly for
ever.
Build two of these planes, he
said. and then decided whether
to use them tactically or go on
to nuclear planes that will fly
high and fast.
AT Satisfied
\ The Air Force, which in the
ory should be crying for more
money and fancier goals in the
program. is in general salts
fed after a year under DR..
York's August edict. Most Con-
gressmen who are directly con-
cerned like the program, al
though Representative Cannon,
chairman Of the House Appro-
priations Committee. along
with several OF his committee
men, cannot see why a billion
dollars spent to date and al
most a billion planned for the
future will result in nothing
but two r1uclear planes.
He ordered a staff investi-
cation to start this summer
into the whole nuclear plane
concept.
Actually. Mr.. Cannon's dis
gust with the program has gone
right to the heart of the Air
Forces internal argument over
nuclear planes. Ideally, Air
Force Secretary White would
like a plane that would fly at
several times the speed of
sound at 10000 or 100000 feet
and stay UP indefinitely. He is
pushing the BIO all-purpose
bomber. which will have the
necessary speed and altitude.
And because money is tight
In the Pentagon, he is not CIV
ing high priority to the nuclear
Evening star., 1960-03-09
Storm Slows
Rescue on
Spanish Peak

GRANADA, Spain, Mar. 9
(AP).-A Spanish rescue team
fought its way through a blind
ing snowstorm today to bring
to safety 10 Of "a survivors
aboard a United States Navy
plane that crash-landed high
in the Sierra Nevada. No one
was killed in the crash.
The 10 were reported unhurt
although previous reports
brought down the mountain
last night by two other sur
vivors after an eight-hour
struggle, had said all of the
remaining % aboard the four
motor plane were hurt.
Only five of the IL still to be
brought down are injured, the
rescue team reported, and their
injuries are not serious. They
were expected to reach Jerez
del Marquesado, 10 miles be-
low the scene of the crash,
later today.
Rescue teams from all of
the surrounding villages had
battled throughout the night
and this morning in an effort
to reach the big C-54, which
crash-landed in heavy fog
while en- route from Naples,
Italy. to the United States
Naval Base at Rota, Spain.
Evening star., 1960-03-09
81 Tells Trial
Captain Ordered
AWOL Beutino

STUTTGART, Germany, Mar
3 (AP).-An American soldier
told a United States Army
court-martial yesterday he was
brutally beaten on orders from
his company commander after
returning from two days alb
sence without leave.
Pfc. George Campbell, Of
Burlington, Mass, testified in
the trial of Capt. Richard Ag-
new, a former company COM
mander in the Oath Infantry
Division here.
Capt. Agnew. %, of Lawrence
Mass. went on trial Monday
He is charged with causing
maltreatment, soliciting and
conspirir1g with members of his
unit to make false statements.
Pfc. Campbell told the seven
officer court-martial that he
was struck and kicked by a
sergeant after he was placed
under guard after his return
to his unit February %, 1853.
He testified that when he
was taken to Capt. Agnew the
captain said: We'll, he doesn't
look so bad to me, take him
out and don't bring him back
until he can't stand"
After that. Pfc. Campbell
went on, he was hit again by
another sergeant in the COM
pany's orderly room. On the
following morning, he testified,
Capt. Agnew approached him
and asked him not to tell any,
body about the beating.
Evening star., 1960-03-09
A-Sub's Trip
Boosts Plans
For Po|uris
BY the Associated Press

The 6.000-mile cruise Of the
nuclear powered submarine
Sarge gained important knowl-
edge and experience for op-
Grafton Of Polaris missile
launching submarines in the
Arctic, 1t. Comdr. John H.
Nicholson said yesterday.
The youthful-looking skipper
told a reporter that the abil-
ity of an atomic powered sub
marine to reach the surface
and stay there, even in the
remotest Arctic areas, has OBJ
Ivious and important connota-
tions" for missile launching.
He said 16 OF the 20 surfac-
ings by the Sarge were in ice
averaging 8 feet thick. Some
times the ice was so heavy
that only the sail" that pro-
trudes upward from the sub
marines hull was able to break
clear. In many cases, how
ever. Comdr. Nicholson said,
the main portion of the ships
hull rose to the surface.
Polaris submarines are to
carry 16 missiles that can be
launched from underwater or
while the vessel is surfaced.
Operating under the polar ice,
for concealment and to draw
within range Of the Arctic
coast of the Soviet Union, these
submarines would have to
break through the ice to fire
their missiles in winter when
the polar basin is frozen over.
Comdr. Nicholson said he
found quite a few lakes" In
the Arctic even in wintertime
where the ice was as little as
/ foot thick.
The Sarge, which spent 81
days in and under the ice. is
the third United States nuclear
submarine to cruise the polar
basin and cross the North Pole.
Evening star., 1960-03-09
PRIMARY
Continued From First Pag,


f1cially tabulated. the Demo
cratic totals were:
Kennedy, AZ ,969; Fisher, 6,7S4
Write-ins: Symington, 375.
The Republican total vote
was: Nixon, 65,077.
Write-ins: Rockefeller, 1880;
Fisher, 2.087. d.
The dimensions of Senator
Kennedy's victory took on
added significance by compari-
son to the last two New Hamp-
shire primaries.
In the 1852 primary. the Re-
publicans cast about n per cent
Of the total vote. Four years
later, they racked up IS per
cent Of the total.
AS expected. Mr.. Nixon and
Senator Kennedy scooped up
all the delegates to their re-
spective nominating conveh-
tions - IA Republicans each
with a full vote, and % Demo-
Gratis who share II votes.
Write-in Vote Small
In Washington. Senator Nor
ton of Kentucky. Republican
national chairman. called Mr.
Nixon's showing extremely
gratifying" And Senator
Bridges. Republican of New
Hampshire, said, "the vote OF
confidence by Republicans OF
New Hampshire has set the
stage for a tremendous Nixon
victory in November"
Efforts on the part Of ad-
mirers of New Yorks Gov. Mel
Evening star., 1960-03-09
BYRD'S PRAYER
DRAWS PRAISE
FROM SENATORS

Senator Robert C. Byrd,
Democrat of West Virginia,
is being congratulated to-
day by his colleagues ON
the prayer he composed on
a moments notice when the
Senate took an unexpected
adjournment at 4 am. yes
terday.
The rules require thar
when the Senate conVenes
after an adjournment the
new legislature day must
begin with a prayer. The
chaplain was not expect
ing an adjournment at 4
am. and was not in the
chamber. So Senator Byrd,
who was presiding, took
over.
e.
"Our Father, we thank
Thee for this new day and
for the new opportunities
for service which attend
its coming" the Senator
began. Prepare our hearts,
our minds and our hands
for the challenges and the
trials that await us. Make
us ever mindful of the fact
that except the Lord build
the house, they labor in
vain that build it.
Keep our land free and
our Republic safe and
secure, a Government OF
the people, by the people
and for the people. These
things we ask in the name
that is above all names,
our Savior and our Lord.
Amen" EN
Evening star., 1960-03-09
PRIMARY
Kennedy Receives
/ CO. P.Write3inY Votes

son A. Rockefeller to roll up a
siZeable vote for him failed to
bear fruit.
The Governor, who did not
enter the race and therefore
was not. on the ballot, received
1880 write-in votes for Presi-
dent. Another 1874 write-ir
votes were cast for him for Vice
President.
Several factors affected the
election.
/. Senator Kennedy cam
paigned hard in the State
in the last three days before
the election. Members If his
family, including MS mother
and two of his brothers. stumped
the State earlier in the cam
paign.
2. Vice versa, Mr.. Nixon did
not appear in New Hampshire
His campaign, however. was
spearheaded by Gov. Powell and
most of the leading Republicans
in New Hampshire.
3. A sharply-worded ex-
change of charges and retorts
probably steamed up interest
among voters who previously
had been apathetic. On the
day before election, Gov.
Powell accused Senator Ken
nedy of being soft toward
communism" Senator Ken
nedy hit back with a denial
and the assertion that he be-
lieved Mr.. Nixon would repudi.
ate Gov. Powell's charge. The
Vice President, through one of
his aides, did so.
Evening star., 1960-03-09
Maryland U. Given
Grunt of 100000
By the Associated Press

The U. S. Signal Corps has
made a $303.000 grant to the
University Of Maryland physics
department, the university an
nounced yesterday.
The money will go to two
research groups for studying
processes which occur in solid
materials. These include inter-
action Of electrons. sound
waves and nuclei.
Evening star., 1960-03-09
RIGHTS
First CIoture Move
Expected to Fail

members Of that race could
seek court relief without the
preliminary step Of trying to
register with State officials.
Senator C.surch said he had
conferred with a number of
Senators, and believed his
amendment would command
the maximum amount of sup
port. He said, however, he had
not conferred with party leaders
about it.
Several times since the civil
rights debate began there has
been discussion Of whether
around-the-clock sessions would
endanger the health of Sena-
tors, But Senator Neuberger
did not take part in the mara
thon sessions. He had been in
Oregon recuperating from a
virus infection and shingles.
Evening star., 1960-03-09

OA 44uAOAa oahu liC dIlu I1l
the call that Soviet Premier
Khrushchev has sent a new
message to President Eisen-
hover. The Ambassador de-
clined to say whether they got
q report on it. 4
The message was delivered
to Mr.. Eisenhower by the Rus
sian Ambassador, Mikhail Men
shikov. Except to say that it
was a personal message, Mr..
Menshikov declined to give de-
tails.
"pm sorry TO say I'm not
in a position to say anything, b"
he told White House reporters.
Mr.. Menshikov had asked
yesterday morning for the ap-
pointment with Mr.. Eisen-
hover.
Secretary of State Herter
and Undersecretary Livingston
Merchant called on Mr.. Eisen-
hover shortly after Mr.. Men
shikov left. Presidential Press
Secretary James c. Hagerty
said arrangements for their call
were made before Mr.. Menshi-
kov asked for an appointment.
The summit meeting with
Mr.. Khrushchev is scheduled
to open in Paris on May l6.
Sir Harold told newsmen he
and Mr.. Alphand called at the
State Department to fix the
dates for this series Of meet
ings:
/. A Western Big Three for
eign ministers session begin
ming April 12. This is to last
one day.
2. A four power Western for
eign ministers meeting which
will include the West German
Foreign Minister, Heinreich
Won Brentano. This begins
April 13.
3. A five-nation foreign min
Evening star., 1960-03-09
RIGHTS
Continued From First Page

COntlnue0 from FIrSt rage
ator Cases action in forcing an
early vote on Part III, because
1t is one of their main pro-
posals, and they wanted it
called up after cloture has been
voted on.
Senator Douglas, spokesman
for the Democratic liberals,
charged that the statement by
Senator Case that he would op-
pose adoption Of the Injunction
provision after calling it up in
dicated that he wanted to put
the amendment in a difficult
position.
Senator Johnson made it
clear he believes the defeat of
the first cloture petition at
this time will only encourage
the Southerners to prolong the
debate. The Texan raised the
possibility that the liberals may
not even get a majority of the
Senate to vote for cloture at
this stage.
A substantial number of
Senators want to know what
kind of a civil rights bill is
going to pass before they vote
for cloture. Those who are
holding back on cloture now
want a moderate bill, devoted
mainly to insuring the voting
rights of Negroes, and with d
minimum Of other controls.
Marathon Session OF
The filing of the cloture petit
ton yesterday caused leaders to
abandon for the time being the
marathon around-the-clo ses-
sion which had been going for
more than seven days, except
for last Sundays armistice.
Senators who had been get
ting only short maps on Army
cots in the Capitol in order to
answer frequent quorum calls
demanded by the Southerners,
were able to go home to their
comfortable beds at $40 pm.
last night.
Before yesterdays recess
Senator Church, Democrat of
Idaho, filed a new voting referee
plan, which he described as a
"beefed up" version Of Attor-
ney General Rogers proposal
for court-appointed referees.
Features Of Plan
The new features of the
Church plan are:
/. 1t would give State officials
a 20-day period of grace in
which to put Negroes on the
voter registration rolls before a
court order compelling such ac-
ton could take effect.
2. Once the court in any jur-
isdiction had found that a pat
tern of discrimination against
any racial group existed, other
Evening star., 1960-03-09
HERTER

Continued From First Page
not reinstituted a time limit for
making West Berlin a free city.
Uncertain on Khrushchev
The Soviet leader has made
frequent threats to sign a sep
arate peace treaty with Com
munist East Germany and give
East Germany control of West
ern access routes to Berlin, but
no time element has been
stated, Mr.. Herter said.
He acknowledged, however.
that the administration is not
sure why Mr.. Khrushchev is
using a tough tone in his ref
erences to Berlin and German
problems. 1t is difficult to tell
how much is for internal con-
sumption and how much is in
tended to put the West on
notice that Berlin will be the
principal matter for discussion
at the summit, Mr.. Herter
added. @
Evening star., 1960-03-09

bassinet to the tomb; yet we
spend far less attempting to
solve 1t than we do. for ex-
ample, on the fittings for one
aircraft carrier of the Forrestal
class"
When Senator Neuberger was
in the Oregon Legislature he
met Maurine Brown. an English
teacher and Democrat. They
were married after World War
II.
Mrs. Neuberger herself served
a term in the Oregon Legisla- =
ture. She became the Senator's s
principal adviser.
The Senator had only one
other close relative-his sister,
Mrs. James Goodsell.
Evening star., 1960-03-09

JIlc NCW L1dllpSLlIlC 2 ICJuL no va .
tually sewed up Senator Ken
nedy's nomination.
This could very well just fin-
ish it up," Gov. Disable told
newsmen. II am very, very
happy about it,"
Gov. Disable has entered a
64-vote slate of convention
delegate candidates in Ohio's
May 3 primary pledged to the
Massachusetts, Senator.
Vote Doubled
The Kennedy vote more than
doubled what Senator Kefauver
of Tennessee polled in New
Hampshire in 1856 and cut
heavily into the traditional
Republican margain in that
State. s.
Il think it shows. we've made
substantial inroads in New
Hampshire" Senator Kennedy
said. land I think 1t shows New
Hampshire Democrats are in
terested III my campaign"
Senator Kennedy said he
didn't expect his showing to
start any band wagon move"
in Wisconsin where he and
Senator Humphrey are oppo-
nents in the April 5 primary.
But I think it should help
solidify support" he continued.
Senator Kennedy said he would
interrupt IFS tour of Wisconsin
tonight to return here for
tomorrow's Senate vote on
cloture.
Democratic Claims
Some Democrats claimed
signs Of a sweeping victory in
November in the record party
vote piled up by Senator
Kennedy.
But Republicans said that
the vote cast for Vice President
Nixon without a campaign
shows he has a solid founda-.
ton Of grass roots support as
the prospective G. o. P. presi-
dental nominee.
Senate Democratic Leader
Lyndon B. johnson of Texas.
one of Senator Kennedy's
rivals. said yesterdays vote
SHOWS it is a good year for
the Democrats" adding:
Senator Kennedy made a
good showing. He set good
pattern that will be followed
Evening star., 1960-03-09
Gettysburg Choir

The Gettysburg Seminary
Choir Of the Lutheran Theolo.
gical Seminary, Gettysburg. Pa.
will present a concert at 8 pm
Saturday at st. Luke's Luthe'
ran Church, Colesville road anc
Highland drive, Silver Spring.