davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-11-03
CoIorfuI tycoon

An unreconstructed rebel, conserva-
tive type, died in Chicago this week. He
was Sewell Avery, 86. who is best re-
membered by the public as the relaxed
tycoon whose picture appeared in news
papers from coast to coast while being
carried bodily out of his Office by two
soldiers after he had def1ed Federal
Government order. The incident hap
pened during World War II, in 1914,
when Mr.. Avery as chairman of Mont
gomery Ward & Co., refused to obey
War Labor Board order to extend a
union contract pending an employe
vote. When the union finally won the
vote, Mr.. Avery signed the contract and
returned to his office
In the business world, Mr.. Avery
will be remembered for other things.
Under his direction, first United States
Gypsum and later Montgomery Ward
were remarkably successful enterprises.
Even so, a final accounting of his
stewardship at Montgomery Ward is
not necessarily flattering one. After
bringing the company to a point Of
great strength, he chose Immediately
after World War II to conserve capital
and forgo expansion-on the theory
that the country was heading for a
new depression and that eventually
expansion costs would be much lower.
The depression did not come, and while
Wards sat on its huge reserves, its
principal competitor, Sears Roebuck &
Co., pulled far ahead in sales and profits.
Mr.. Avery bowed out few years ago,
Evening star., 1960-11-03
THE PASSING SCENE
Texas Effort to HumiIiote Johnson
By RALPH McGILl

aim, as they say, to teach
Lyndon a lesson
This same power structure
has ramifications in Okla
homa," said the gentleman
from Big d. ut is powerful
there, too. It, too. has turned
against Lyndon. But, the top
Okie interests can't exert
as much power as the same
ones in Texas"
No Reason for Anger
This summary may not be
without flaw. but any error in
it Is slight. That Texas should
be so angry with Senator
johnson reveals that arro-
gance which long exercise of
power often creates. There is
no valid reason for being
angry. Dissent, disagreement
and regret are legitimate re-
actions. But, that the top eco
nomic leadership in the State
should be in a state of al
most livid fury with Senator
johnson because he took the
vice-preSidential nomination
reveals something about that
leadership which may do it
little good in the years ahead.
After all, the Vice Presi-
dency is the second highest
Office within the gift of the
people. And, while the odds
favor Mr.. Nixon, q Kennedy
victory is not impossible. It
is just possible the arrogant
group, now determined to
humiliate Senator johnson,
might find itself waiting out
side his door with hat in
hand. This. of course, would
not be the first time and to
do so would not greatly dis
turb those, so waiting.
The Texas situation, like
that in South Carolina where
another power structure is
determined to deny Senator
Kennedy a traditional Dem
ocratic State. reveals the po-
litical change taking place in
the cotton States of the Old
South. This new political
concept is to try and elect a
Republican President, but re-
tain the one-party system
control at the lowest level.
Texas did this with Ike in
1852 and 1856. In time this
may become a Republican
Party foundation. But, pres
emily, it is not that at all.
Evening star., 1960-11-03
A Day in the CITY

Richard Nixon concluded last nights
Republican telecast from New York City
by saying it marked the end Of the
greatest day in the campaign. If the
Nixon-Lodge ticket is victorious next
Tuesday, it may indeed prove that he
was right.
In any case, the Republicans lined
up their Big Four last night in an un-
usual mass assault on Nationwide
audience. The biggest Of the four was
the Commando r. in Chief, President
Eisenhower, who was behaving between
$3.50 and pm. like man who enjoyed
political campaigning-which he had
earlier told Westchester County airport
audience is in fact the case. But he was
not carrying the party fight alone last
night. Before him, the tousled Nelson
Rockefeller, New Yorks Governor, and
the suavely assured Cabot Lodge had set
the pace of party harmony and conf
dence. After him, Presidential Candi-
date Nixon barely had the moments to
say he was glad to yield his time to
the President of the United States-but
there was little doubt that he meant it.
AS for the day OF campaigning, in
which all four participated, the crowds
and their enthusiasm must have glad
dened Republican hearts and may have
encouraged their hopes Up to now, at
least, the New York State polls have not
done so and even yesterdays massive
attack may not bring the rich reward
OF the States As electoral votes. On the
big stage of New York City and It's en-
vironS and on a national television
screen, however, the effort may still
bring dividends next Tuesday.
Evening star., 1960-11-03

electricians were unable to
produce a qualified appli-
cant. :" Were this true,
1t would be q "sad COM
mentary" as you suggest. It
is one thing to produce a
qualified applicant, but quite
another to produce a quail
fed Negro" who is accept
able to contractors who have
traditionally employed only
whites. The previous rejec-
ton of the Urban League re-
ferrals as unqualified" had
little to do with their quail
fication as electricians, but
was rather a result of special
requirements imposed upon
them and not upon white
electricians, who were simply
hired through the union re-
ferrals system without either
application or interview. All
the league referrals are quail
if1ed. licensed journeymen
electricians with skills and
experience which would equip
them for employment on the
projects, and privately, the
contractors have admitted as
much.
Your editorial suggests that
the Negro electrician now
employed on FOB-6 was i'm
ported from Detroit. He Is
James Everett Holland, a ma
tive Of the Washington area,
and a graduate of Cardozo
High School. True, he re-
ceived his union training
while working in Detroit, but
he had returned home long
before he was referred to the
project involved.
You also state that "the
plight of the contractor in
cases such as this is passed
over all too hurriedly," be-
cause he must rely on Local
rs, IBEW for electrical work.
ers which has an all-white
membership. Certainly, the
dearth of skilled Negro elec-
tricianS is attributable most
ly to the discriminatory
union practices, and until ap-
premiership and member
ship opportunities are made
available in the union the
problem will not be solved.
But do not lose sight Of the
fact that the ultimate au-
thority to hire rests with the
employer; and If he wants
to hire, he can do So. In the
instant controversy, there is
no prohibition in the con-
tract between Local 26 and
the contractors which for
bids hiring outside the union
hall. In the face of this, as
we'll as the fact that the par
ties to Federal contracts must
comport to a nondiscrimina
ton clause. it seems hardly
proper to suggest that the
contractor is an innocent
victim whose unhappy plight
Is lost sight of.
Sterling Tucker,
Executive Director. Washing.
ton Urban League, Inc.
Evening star., 1960-11-03

@. How do red spiders
harm plants? Do they get on
house plants? "A. L.
A. These almost micro
scopic pests feed on foliage,
chiefly from the underside,
drawing out the sap after
piercing the leaf with two
little projections attached to
their mouth. The leaf soon
yellows, then turns brown.
Red spiders are found the
world over, attacking green
house, house and garden
plants. and some garden
vegetables and fruits. They
Evening star., 1960-11-03

lay their eggs on whatever
they are feeding on, and
these hatch in 20 to 80 days.
@. Who called America
Goods melting pot"?-V. F.
A. Israel Zangwill 1884
1926>. In his play, THE
Melting Pot" produced in
New York City in 1908, Lon
don-born Zangwill- expressed
the theme in a line in the
first act: America is Gods
melting pot where all the
races of Europe are melting
and reforming"
Evening star., 1960-11-03
VISTAS IN SCIENCE
New Liqht on Growth of Trees
By THOMAS R. HENRY

ever, from the mountains Of
Northern New Mexico, from
the ChisoS Mountains Of
Southwestern Texas, from
Yuma, Ariz., and from the
vicinity of Washington, D. c.
These areas varied widely in
climate and amount of rain
fall, but in general the same
principles seemed to hold
throughout.
Perhaps the greatest signifi.
canoe of the studies in their
present stage is the doubt
they throw on the validity of
tree ring calendars" upon
which Psychologists have
leaned heavily. The hitherto
unchallenged assumption has
been that a tree adds one
ring" of growth a year which
can be differentiated clearly,
and that the width of this
ring depends on the climatic
conditions and rainfall during
the year of growth. BY
means of this calendar it has
been considered possible to
correlate ages of ruins con-
tanning timbers and, in some
cases, to calculate their ages.
The scientists emphasize that
their work applies especially
to trees in forest borders and
may not be so applicable to
those in forest depths. 1t
shows, they report, that
multiple flushes within one
year can and do yield multiple
growth layers within an an
nual increment. From a forest
interior, where it is thought
that an annual increment
seldom if ever contains null
tiple growth layers, to the
forest edge and into the scat
tered trees beyond the tend
ency towards multiplicity in
creases until it becomes of
high order.
Branches Important Too
1.-THE error in the simple
counting of sharply bounded
growth layers and interpret
ing them to be annual is
therefore rather large" the
report says. ut is abundantly
clear that growth rings can
not be used for precise dating
of historical events if the
trees grew in or near the
forest border. A tree ring
calendar centuries in length
from the lower forest border
would, it is believed, have
its accuracy enhanced for
purposes of archaeological dat
ing if it could be duplicated
by other materials or records.
Strong evidence indicates
that the trunk of a tree
duplicates the history and
vicissitudes of growth as writ
ten in the branches. Branches
were studied to a great ex-
tent in the present work not
only because of the obvious
advantages in manipulation
and measurements but also
because their growth layers
could be dated in absolute
fashion," ..
Evening star., 1960-11-03

ITO understand Texas" "
said q citizen in Dallas, 'it
is necessary to comprehend
that Of the so States. it is the
only one which may truly be
said to possess a power struc-
ture. There are economic
groups which are infiuen-
tial in cities. But, in Texas.
the ultra conservative in
terests of all that we include
in the words oil and cotton
are able to dominate on a
Statewide basis.
There are many varied.
but associated industries
bound up in those two words.
But they include also, be-
cause Of need which each
has for frequent supply of
capital, the financial struc-
ture in the State.
"It is this power structure
which has made up its mind
to humiliate Lyndon johnson.
1t plans to return him to the
Senate, but at a greatly re-
duced majority. 1t also is de-
termined to defeat the Ken
nedy ticket in Texas. The
most vindictive members OF
this group talk about this at
their daily luncheon meet
ings. They SAVIOR 1t each
evening in social gatherings.
They like to slap their thighs
and laugh about Lyndon
waking up to find he is still
Just a Texas Senator. Their
whole desire is to humiliate
the man who has, after all,
served them so we'll, but who,
at Los Angeles, didn't con-
suit them about joining with
Kennedy because. they think
he knew they would have said
no.
No Sentiment in Politics
This will be a cruel thing
to do. They mean it to be.
The situation in Texas is
one which illustrates there
is no sentiment in politics.
The power structure of Texas
has given many testimonials
of its gratitude to Senator
johnson and Speaker Sam
Rayburn. But. once these two
men failed to obey the un-
written and unspoken, but
well-understood rules, they
became targets of a vindic-
tive objective. Its members
Evening star., 1960-11-03
Opposes School Site

There is an appropriation
of $4,000 in the budget of
the Board of Education for
the purchase of a site for q
new 16-room elementary
school.
On the surface, this would
appear to be a fine thing. But,
actually the choice made
North Dakota avenue, be-
tween Kansas avenue and
Pea body street N.W.-is
enough to shock anyone ac-
quainted with the area, who
has the welfare of children
in mind.
Visualize sending over 500
children and their teachers
to an intersection which the
Highway Department deems
so dangerous that it has in
stalled IL light Stanchions in
an attempt to control the
traffic. Even so there is the
inevitable screeching of brakes
each morning and no sem
sible parent allows his chill
dren to cross at this point.
The east side of Blair road
which intersects at this point
is highly industrialized area
with extremely heavy truck
traffic. On Kansas avenue
about 500 feet from the in
tersection an underpass was
built under the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad tracks!
The noise of both the rail-
road and the traffic is una
bated. Added to this, the
State of Maryland has sur
veyed and is planning to pro-
vide access to Kansas avenue
from New Hampshire ave-
nue. to alleviate the traffic on
that arterial highway. When
that happens it is inevitable
that another underpass-over-
pass arrangement will have
to be constructed at the in
tersection at the proposed
school site.
Are we so short-sighted,
that we plan to put a school
in the heart of an industrial,
railroad siding area, at one
of the heaviest traffic ex-
change points into the city?
Or are we looking forward to
an increased use of the ia
cilities of Children's Hos
pital?
The need for this addi-
tional school was acute some
five years ago. But since then
the La Sale Elementary
School was opened. Under
construction are additions to
the Rudolph and Whittier
Elementary Schools which, I
am informed, will amply take
care of our needs for the next
five years.
Should the need for addi-
tional classrooms become
apparent, we should be able
to persuade the authorities
to make available a portion of
Fort Slocum Park. This
would be a much more ap-
propriate school site-pref-
erably on Third street at the
corner of Oglethorpe.
Ann M. Katsuranis.
Chairman, Education Com
mittee, Chillum Heights
Citizens Association.
Evening star., 1960-11-03
Sound Dollar

A recent letter to The Star
ridicules President Eisenhow-
er's advocacy of a sound dol
lar. The letter calls for i'm
agination to wipe out every
slum now, rehabilitate big
cities now. and dot them with
parks and recreation CEN
ters, triple our classrooms
now" (ten children in o
room?).
The facts are that under q
sound dollar we have prog
ressed to a position where
two-thirds of our families live
in their own homes, and an
even larger proportion owns
at least one automobile. Our
insurance, pension and health
systems are practically uni
versal. What would hap
pen to this structure If our
dollar becomes soft?
The writer of the letter
obviously has never lived in
a country which did not have
a sound dollar. He is reck-
less because he has not ex-
perienced the horrors of in
flation which can turn a des-
perate people to dema-
gogues and dictators Ger
many and Hitler.
Today our enormous Fed
eral, State and local expen-
ditureS and debts, If subjected
to spending which is guided
solely by imagination. could
bring to ruin our entire eco
nomic structure. Let us re-
member this before we start
following the Keynes, the
Galbraiths and other Pied
Pipers who promise some
thing for nothing.
Evening star., 1960-11-03
Trees are temperamental

Trees are temperamental
growers.
They tend to grow by
"hushes" rather than by
steady, predictable incre-
ments. One part may grow
while another stands still.
Rings as indicators of annual
growth probably no longer
can be accepted as entirely
reliable indicators of age or
climatic variations.
Hitherto unknown factors
of timber growth were found
in an intensive study of vari-
Gus species and different
parts of the country by Drs.
Waldo S. Clock and Sharlene
r. Agerter of Manchester Col
lege, st. Paul. and the late
R. A. Studhalter Of Texas
Technological College, Lub-
book, Tex. Their work was
supported by grants-in-aid
from the Society Of Sigma
XII, the Smithsonian Institu-
ton, Texas archaeological
College and the National Sci
ence Foundation. A compre-
hensive report has just been
published by the Smith
sonian.
Tree Ring Data Doubted
The findings not only lead
to a clearer understanding of
arboreal behavior. They
throw serious doubt on some
previous findings of arche-
ologists based on tree-ring
data. The study was con-
fined to growth of branches.
Whether the findings apply
equally to trunks is in ques-
tion. Findings in brief were:
Growth neither begins nor
ends consistently among all
trees in a specified environ
ment. among all members OF
a species. among all branches.
or even over a single branch.
"Flushes," spurts of growth,
may take place not only
annually but several times in
a year.
The amounts Of xylen, or
woody tissue, included in an
nual growth increments re-
main fairly consistent from
year to year, but the amounts
included in single growth
layers may fluctuate to an
astonishing degree.
The woody tissue may be
formed as a sheath over all
the tree during a single
growth flush, but also as a
partial sheath over a large
or even very small portion.
Partial growth layers may
be highly irregular in their
distribution among different
trees or over a single tree.
Growth activity may be
either general over a tree
throughout the growing sea-
son, or it may be highly
localized in both time and
space.
Most of the trees studied
came from near the campus
of Texas archaeological Col
lege. There were some, how
Evening star., 1960-11-03
LETTERS TO THE STAR

Pen names may be used II
letters carry t1riters' correct
names and addresses. All let
ters are subject to condensd-
tion. Those not used tpin be
returned only tDhen accom-
panied by self addressed.
stamped envelopes.
Evening star., 1960-11-03

and new management has been
attempting ever since to make up the
ground lost during his one-man con-
servative administration. Right or
wrong, however, Mr.. Avery was q colorful
and unusual personality-cut from a
pattern not likely to be seen again.
Evening star., 1960-11-03
Questions and Answers
BY THE HASKINS SERVICE

reader get ansge BY msi to any syeson q fact
Evening star., 1960-05-19
SHEINWOLD ON BRIDGE
Too Many High Cards

abandon them for the moment.
Lead a diamond from dummy
and discard a club from your
hand.
This permits West to take
the rest of his diamonds. He
can get only four diamonds in
all. Whenever he stops, you can
win any return and lead your
Evening star., 1960-05-19

last club to dummy's queen.
The rest of the clubs, and nine
sure tricks, are then yours.
Daily Question
Partner opens with one dia-
mond, and the next player
passes. You hold:
"A K 10 VAQ84 1A5 %10986
What do you say?
Answer: Bid one heart. There
is no need for a jump bid at
this stage. First find out
whether or not you have a good
suit At, and then do your jump
ing.
(copyright, 1860. Gen. Features Corp.)
Evening star., 1960-05-19
BY ALFRED SHEINWOLD

ny ALT RED SEAEAEN NNOLD
1t is possible to have too many
high cards for your own good.
When this happens, look for a
way to get rid of the high card
that embarrasses you.
South dealer.
North-South vulnerable.
NORTH
A62
073
17432
%AKQ53
WEST EAST
AQ75 AJ9843
3K1092 2J65
1KQJ1OS p96
~ %J74
SOUTH
AAK10
VAQ84
NA5
%10986
South West North East
INT 20 3NT All Pass
Opening lead: Diamond king.
West opens with the king of
diamonds, and you count your
tricks: Two spades, one heart
one diamond and five clubs. All
you have to do is find a way
to take your tricks.
Perhaps the danger doesn't
strike you at once. Taking five
clubs isn't as easy as it looks
You must take the ace, king
and queen to capture East'S
jack. Then your own remain
ing club will be higher than
dummy's two last clubs. You
can take the fourth club in your
own hand, but how do you get
back to dummy for the fifth
club?
Rely on Enemy
Strangely enough. you must
rely on the enemy to help you
play the clubs safely. They don't
really want to help but they
cannot resist you.
Refuse the first trick, anc
win the second diamond. Now
cash the ace and king of clubs
to see how the suit breaks. Il
the jack dropped, you woulc
have no problem. You coulc
then lead a club to the 10 anc
return your last club to dunn
my's queen.
| Since the clubs break badly
The Nome nugget., 1960-06-29
Research Will
Continue On
Alaska Blast

RICHLAND, Wash, N-Scien-
lists from the Hanford Atomic
Works are engaged in a second
summer of field research to help
determine whether it is safe to
blast a ship harbor with nuclear
devices ON the Arctic coast.
General Electric Co, operator
of the Hanford project, said a
crew of six men will operate from
a base camp at Ogotoruk Creek,
ESQ miles north of Nome. The
group will be headed by J, J.
Davis, manager of the Hartford
Laboratories archaeology opera
ton.
The experimental excavation
project, tentatively scheduled for
1862, would employ five under
water nuclcar explosives, GE Of
ficials said. The aim would be to
clear a harbor $50 by 1000 feet,
with a turning basin 1900 feet
across.
The Hanford scientists will
study plant, animal and insect
life on the Arctic coast as part
of what Davis called "the most
comprehensive pre-survey to be
made at a test site before o pro-
posed nuclear test
"If the proposed nuclear test
is completed" General Electric
reported, scientists will have the
necessary background inforna-
Non to evaluate whether any
changes have occurred either
from natural causes or possible
effects from the blast on popula-
tions Of plants and animals.
"Laboratry experts estimate
that more than 80 per cent of any
radiation created by the detona-
tons will be confined because of
the fact that explosives will be
buried"
The Nome nugget., 1960-06-29
Castro Delivers
UItinatunn To
Oil Companies

HAVANA, R-Prime Minister
F>idel Castro shipped two barge
loads of Soviet crude oil to the
Texaco refinery at Santiago today
and odrered his government to
take over the American owned
plant il TeXaco executives refuse
to process the oil.
There was no indication what
action Texaco would take.
The oil showdown followed
CaStro's announcement that he
will seize all American property
in Cuba penny by penny until
nothing is left if they United
States cuts its purchases of Gu
ban sugar.
Three oil companies -- Texaco,
ESQ Standard and the She'll Oil
CO.-have refused to refine the
Soviet crude oil purchased by the
Castro government in exchange
for sugar ON the ground they have
OD1lSciJlOllS W Illcll III etUIIIOl1dl
suppliers, in this case Venezuela.
Castro contends he can buy the
Soviet crude oil for almost 81 a
barrel under the Venezuelan price.
At stake is a 75-million- dollar
the three companies
have in their Cuban refineries,
plus an estimated so million dol
lars in foreign exchange the Cas-
tro government owes them for
crude already imported and pro-
cessed.
The three companies told Cas-
tro June 6 they could not refine
the Soviet oil. Castro had de-
manded they process 100000 tons
each during the remainder of
1860.
The prime minister was in a
rage when he threatened retail
iation on the sugar issue.