davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-10-09

has been dormant for several
years, but new litigation was
started recently in the same coun-
ty. In addition, desegregation
suit has just been filed in Marion
County. South Carolina enroll
ment is $4,000 white and 264,0 900
Negro.
TENNESSEE - Two additional
school districts desegregated for
the first time this year, making a
total of six desegregated districts
out of the 143 bi-racial districts
in the State. Knoxville, began
enrolling Negroes in the first grade
under grade-a-year plan ordered
by the courts.
TEXAS - Houston, Friendship
County and Fredericksburg de-
segregated this year, giving Texas
130 integrated school districts out
of 100 bi-racial districts in the
State. .,
WEST VIRGINIA-With ALI SIS
school districts in the State al
ready desegregated, there was
little change this year.
NORTH CAROLINA-Two ad-
ditional districts-Chapel Hill and
Raleigh-integrated, making "a
total of nine North Carolina school
districts that now have some. in
tegration. The total number of
Negro students attending former
ly all-white classes is close to so,
although exact figures are not
available because some communi-
ties have not submitted enrolment
figures for this year. OF 100000
students, about 29 per cent are
Negro.
DELAWARE - Two additional
school districtS-Seaford and New
port-enrolled Negroes in white
classes, making 81 desegregated
school districts out of the States
81 bi-racial districts.
VIRGINIA-Integration extend
ed to five new school districts,
giving the State total of IL
desegregated districts out of 1913
which are bi-racial Integrating
for the first time were Richmond,
Fairfax County, Roanoke, Pulaski
County and the Grayson County
Galax community which share.
common school. There were 1O3
Negroes in predominately white
schools last year. This year, with
additional Negro assignments that
took place after the fall term be-
gan, the figure has increased to
1853. This includes "a Negroes at
tending formerly all-white classes
in Fairfax County, where a grade
a-year plan was rejected by the
courts. White enrolment in the
Virginia schools attended by Ne
groes is roughly $4,000. Total
State enrolment is around 668, 900
white and 211, 900 Negro.
Evening star., 1960-10-09

of the II Southern and border
States. as compiled by the South
ern Education Reporting Service:
LOUISIANA - A struggle be-
tween the State government and
Federal courts, much like Vir-
ginia's massive, resistance battle
two years ago, is raging as Or
leans Parish approaches a No
vember IA deadline to begin de-
segration in the first grade. This
would be the first integration in
Louisiana public schools, and the
first in what is regarded as the
Deep South.
Gov. Davis-who has promised
to go to Jail rather than permit
integration-seized control of the
Orleans Parish schools, only to
have a Federal Court take the
schools away from him and return
control to the local school board.
State Attorney General Jack P. F.
Germillion was cited for contempt
in connection with one court
hearing.
Seven Of the States anti-inte-
grafton laws have been declared
unconstitutional, but among those
still in effect are several authoriz-
ing the Governor to close all the
schools in a parish or the entire
State when threatened by integra-
ton.
Several. dozen new private school
corporations have been chartered
in anticipation of public school
Shutdowns. Louisiana has about
278,000 Negro pupils and 100000
whites.
ALABAMA-Public schools re-
opened completely segregated. No
Federal court orders have been
issued to begin integration, and
none appear imminent, although
Negroes have filed a school suit
in Birmingham and another is
threatened in Montgomery. Ala
bama has about 508,00n white
students and $1,000 Negroes.
ARKANSAS-Dollarway School
District at Pine Bluff admitted
one Negro student to the first
grade, making Dollarway the 10th
school district in Arkansas 70
integrate to some degree. Two al
ready desegregated Arkansas dis
trictS extended integration to
additional grades. Arkansas has
226 bi-racial school districts, of
which 10 are now integrated
FLORIDA - Dade County re-
mains the only area in the State
with integrated public schools.
White enrolment in the four
integrated schools is around 1900
and Negro enrolment is about IT'S.
Negroes have sought to enter
white schools in Pinellas, Hills
borough, Palm Beach. Escambia
Evening star., 1960-10-09

the Advancement of Colored Peo-
pie have started the legal action
which questions the county's right,
to bolt school doors.
They maintain that as long as
public schools are operated with
State support elsewhere in Vir-
ginia, they must be operated in
Prince Edward. To do otherwise
violates the equal protection
clause of the Constitution and
amounts to contempt of Federal
Court desegregation orders, the
NAACP attorneys claim. Public
schools are maintained by a COM
bination of State and local funds
in Virginia.
The question of closing schools
came up once before when Vir-
ginia's old massive resistance laws
were being tested. One of the
resistance laws required the clos
ing of any public schools by the
Governor when integration was
ordered. Schools in three Virginia
communities were shut down for
a full semester before a three
judge Federal court held the law
unconstitutional and enjoined the
State from, enforcing it.
Public Participation
In their ruling, the judges had
some things to say which the
NAACP attorneys feel will bear
Evening star., 1960-10-09

the families and established an
administrative review procedure
to try to work out agreements
without the necessity of another
court appearance.
Joseph johnson, chief of the
Child Support section, who has
served under both judges, made
this comparison:
Under Judge Cockrill, the sin
gle theme was pay or be COM
mitted.' The difference now is
that we stress adjustments as well
as collections. Our emphasis is
the welfare of the child. If we can
work with the man and the wom-
an and that leads to the man
paying a direct contribution to
the support of his family, it's bet
ter for the home in general and
means more for the child"
Under the old system. no de-
fendant under court order was
given credit for direct payments.
If the parties decided to get mar
ried and wanted the case against
the man dismissed, the judge
wouldn't dismiss it until he paid
up all he owed. Now. in non-pub-
lie assistance cases. if the parties
establish a home and the woman
asks that the arrears be Cancelled,
we may recommend it on the
theory that it's good for the child
to give the family a start"
Mr.. johnson said that in an
increasing number of cases, pay
mentS are suspended at the re-
quest Of the woman. In the ma
jority of these cases, he said, I'VE
don't see them again."
This is the other side of the
collection story: Not collection for
Evening star., 1960-10-09

heavily on the outcome of the
Prince Edward case. The court
said that as long as a State or
city maintains or participates in
the management of school sys-
tenn, the closing of public school
or a grade to avoid desegregation
while permitting others to operate
at taxpayers expense, violates the
equal protection and due process
clauses of the Fourteenth Amend
ment.
In the event the State pulled
out of the public school business
and local governing bodies took
on the responsibility, the same
principle would apply in those
localities, the court held.
What the Judges Said
But the judges had some other
things to say which attorneys for
Prince Edward County can be ex-
pected to use in rebuttal.
The court carefully noted that
it was not directing the reopening
of closed schools, but rather was
enjoining enforcement of the law
which closed them.
I'VE do not suggest that. ;.e
from the constitution of Virginia,
the State must maintain a
school system. That is a matter
for State determination" so.
judges said.
Evening star., 1960-10-09

its sake alone. but collection for
the real good Of the children.
= More judges versus aIterna-
D. tive solutions for the court
crisis.
Outside the House District sub
committee, even those who criti-
cize the court most acknowledge
that the courts caSeload demands
more judges.
What about the recommenda-
tions that would strip the court
of some of its Jurisdiction? If the
adult cases were transferred to
Domestic Relations Court, more
judges would be needed in that
court. If the age limit were low
cred and if all habitual juvenile
offenders were taken out of
Juvenile Court, more judges would
be needed either in Municipal
Court or District Court.
The judicial Conference of the
District of Columbia Circuit voted
unanimously that none of the
present areas of Jurisdiction of
the Juvenile Court which are of
primary concern to adults should
be eliminated from the jurisdic-
ton" of Juvenile Court.
The Judicial Conference also
voted unanimously not to lower
the age limit.
The House District subcommit-
tee raised the possibility of ref
ereeS instead of more judges for
Juvenile Court. When the Dis
trict recently requested an appro-
priation to pay the salaries of
referees, the House Appropriations
Committee cut it out, the Senate
Appropriations Committee re-
stored it but it died in conference.
The idea of referees was admit
tedly a stopgap and Congress re-
jected it.
The House District subcommit-
tee likened the work of the ref
erees to the work now being done
by the court through Directors
Conferences" and pointedly noted
that these conferences have re-
duced the case load handled by the
court since a substantial portion
of juvenile cases have been dis
posed of at that level"
Necessary Expedient
This is not only an inaccurate
comparison but also gives an i'm
piled blessing to a procedure
which the Judicial Conference
frowned on. The Judicial Confer
ence adopted a resolution recog-
nizing that under the one judge,
the Directors Conferences are
necessary expedient but calling for
a limitation on the Director of
Social Works authority as soon
as the court gets more judges.
Referees hold hearings and re-
port their findings to the Judge for
final decision. The social work
directors findings never reach the
judge unless the director decides
that the case should come before
the court.
Those who favored referees
among leading members of the
bench and bar did so reluctantly
as an expedient but did not con-
slider referees an acceptable al
tentative for more judges for the
Districts Juvenile Court.
Some of those interviewed by
The Star favored bringing the
Juvenile Court within the frame
work of a family court. But this
approach has previously been re-
\jscted by Congress.
The leading lawyers and jurists
who have studied the court agree
on this: That no matter what ex-
Evening star., 1960-10-09

swer when he said that little
short of revolutionary" change in
the treatment of juvenile offenders
in juvenile courts throughout the
Nation has developed from a
single concept - "individualized
justice in juvenile proceedings
oriented toward promoting the
welfare of the juvenile offender"
Recent Court Mandates
These changes have come into
the Districts Juvenile Court not
only by law but through recent
mandates of the Court of Appeals.
That court has laid increasing
stress on the rights of juveniles.
The opinions call it fair play"
The right of counsel is now
rated basic to "fair play" for
juveniles. So the court process is
slowed down to appoint counsel,
to allow counsel time to prepare
the case, to allow time for cross
oil dloO
requires timely warnings so some
who planned to plead guilty
change their plea to not guilty
at the last minute and ask for
trial. More delay. With more
attorneys in the court. more legal
points are raised and the judge
must take the time to write opin-
ions.
officials of other agencies who
come into court complain that the
judge takes the time to get first
hand witnesses when he could ac-
cept reports. that he will continue
a case because an obviously indif-
ferent parent is absent, that he
spends too much time listening to
lay witnesses and too little time
listening to official conclusions,
Evening star., 1960-10-09
BY MARY LOU WERNER
Star Stan Writer


The beginning of the seventh
school year since the Supreme
Courts desegregation decision
finds Prince Edward County, Va,
once more in a crucial test of what
lies ahead in the still-segregated
South.
The SouthSide Virginia county
was one of four that figured in the
1854 decree outlawing segregated
public schools.
This time the question before
the courts is whether public edu-
cation can be abandoned as Prince
Edward has done to avoid mixed
classes.
With five Southern States -
Alabama, Georgia, louisiana,
South Carolina and Mississippi
still holding out against any in
tegration and some of them threat
ening to forego public schools
rather than to yield, developments
in Prince Edward are to be far
reaching.
According to the latest survey
by the Southern Education Re-
porting Service, 2,066 of the 1884
bi-racial school districts in the II
Southern and border States re-
main completely segregated.
Few Added This Year
Of the 1853 integrated districts,
only II were added to the, list
this year. This includes five COM
munities in Virginia, two in North
Carolina, two in Oklahoma. two in
Tennessee. three in Texas. two in
Delaware and one in Arkansas.
Prince Edward was confronted
with court order to desegregate
last fall. Instead, the local gov
erning body withdrew from the
public school business and refused
to levy any taxes for public school
support.
Private classes were arranged
for white students, financed at
first by donated funds. This year,
tuition grants provided under the
States freedom of choice" laws
are being used for the private
classes.
Negro parents set up training
centers for their children, but say
these do not take the place of
formal schooling. Only one Ne
gro child has applied for a tuition
grant, which Negroes generally
have scorned because they con-
slider the grants part of a segrega-
ton scheme.
Lack of schooling for the coun-
TVS 1900 Negro children was de-
plored recently by Health, Educa-
tion and Welfare Secretary Flem-
ming.
In an attempt to reopen Prince
Edwards classrooms, attorneys
for the National Association for
Evening star., 1960-10-09
HOW NOT TO GET ACTION
BY MIRIAM OTTENBERG
Star Star Writer

What kind Of a Juvenile Court
does this community want?
Is the answer a treadmill to get
rid Of the ever-swelling backlog of
cases or individualized justice?
Should the emphasis be on col
lecting more money for destitute
wives and children or building
family life?
Are more judges the answer to
what has been described variously
as "a tragic situation" and IAN in
credible mess" or is there some
acceptable alternative?
Does the courts crisis stem from
the present judge or would any
judge of this one-judge court be
a natural target Of criticism?
These are some of the questions
raised by the recent barrage of
criticism directed at the Districts
Juvenile Court.
They are questions the Senate
District Committee staff will have
to cope with in its current inves-
tigation Of the court.
A House District subcommittee
spent nearly year in its investi-
cation of the court but raised
more questions than 1t answered
in its report to the departing Con-
greSS.
Stor Investigation
The Star investigated this
House investigation, interviewed
friends and critics of the court,
made a case-by lease analysis of
the courts activities and con-
cluded:
The report ignored both the
purpose and the philosophy of a
modern juvenile court. Through
intention or carelessness, it used
incorrect figures: miSinterpreted
statistics and combined misquo-
tation with a distorted assemblage
of facts.
It listed a series of proposed
recommendations without indors-
ing them-recommendations de-
signed to give the impression that
if the court were stripped of
enough responsibilities, no more
judges would be needed.
The report. then. is significant
only in its clear showing that the
House District subcommittee un-
der its present chairman will go
to any lengths to block the Sem
ate-passed bill to provide more
Juvenile Court judges.
The Senate District Committee
staff has been assigned by the
committee chairman to make the
kind of thorough study which
will be the basis for legislation,
if needed, in the next session.
Here are the isSues-and the
answers indicated by The Stars
investigation:
4 IndividuaIized justice versus
IL the treadmill.
The courts backlog is now prob
ably close to 1000 cases. Included
are juveniles awaiting arraignment
or trial for offenses committed
more than six months ago: depend
ent children waiting two months
for the court to take them out of
inadequate homes or emergency
quarters; destitute women and
children waiting nine months or
more for the court to see nom
supporting husbands and fathers.
The backlog has grown steadily
since Judge Orm W. Ketcham
succeeded Judge Edith H. Cock
rill. Why?
Corporation Counsel Chester
Gray, in a recent opinion to the
Commissioners indicated the an
Evening star., 1960-10-09

paid, sent them to Jail when they
fell behind and let them out when
they paid up.
Corporation Counsel Gray and
his aides contend that Congress
intended to provide Jail only as a
last resort under this law. Judge
Ketcham contends 1t is a last
resort" matter when it reaches
him. The Judge takes the view
that married women, instead of
seeking the criminal sanctions of
Juvenile Court to make their
husbands pay. should file civil
suits in the Domestic Relations
Branch of Municipal Court when
what they want is support and
not punishment.
Judge Ketcham. however, does
accept recommendations for pro-
baton in paternity and non-sup-
port cases where the beneflciaries
are on public assistance. The
money collected in these cases
goes to the District treasury. Thus,
the District is the loser when,
for lack of judgepower, the men
are not put under court orders
to pay for a year or more.
Not q Collection Agency
Because he refused to view
Juvenile court primarily as a COL
lection agency and because he
considered it more important to
work with the whole family rather
than the man alone, Judge Ketch-
am took these steps: He abolished
the adult intake section where
cases of complaining wives and
mothers were previously screened,
transferred the workers to the
Child Support Probation Unit
where probation officers work with
Evening star., 1960-10-09

that he adds to his own backlog
by rulings which bring children
back into court later.
A prominent jurist of another
court considered these complaints
virtue. He summed up the issue:
"One way to run a court is to
bat out the cases. The other way
is to give careful consideration to
each case. You can have differ
ent procedures and get around
any case load in any court. But
we don't want those procedures in
Juvenile Court"
= Collecting money versus
%s building family life.
Money collected from the fathers
of illegitimate children and hus-
bands hailed into court for not
supporting their wives and legiti-
mate children dropped from a
high of $945,677 in fiscal 1857 to a
low of $506,040 in fiscal 1860.
Why?
Part of the answer is the delay
in getting these cases into court.
Judge Cockrill devoted 55 per cent
of her time to adult matters and
emphasized collections. Judge
Ketcham devotes 40 per cent of
his time to adult cases and does
not consider the court collection
agency except where the benefi-
ciaries are illegitimate children OF
their mothers are on public
assistance.
Judge Ketcham takes the view
that the law under which he
operates in non-support cases is a
criminal one and violators should
go to Jail. Judge Cockrill used
probation as long as the men
Evening star., 1960-10-09
Juvenile Court Row Leaves Real Issues Untouched

pedients are used, no matter what
changes are made in Juvenile
Court procedures, there is no ac-
ceptable substitute for more judge
power. And that judgepower should
be lodged in the court where spe-
cial knowledge and experience is
required-the Juvenile Court.
n The present judge versus any
fs one Juvenile Court Judge.
Is it the present judge or the
one-judge set-up that has caused
the tragic situation" in Juvenile
Court?
People have short memories.
Judge Cockrill was under attack
during virtually ali her years on
the bench. She was criticized
among other things-for refusing
to waive jurisdiction over serious
juvenile offenders, for refusing to
tell police the disposition of her
cases. for refusing to tell the We'll
fare Department how much money
fathers under court orders ac-
tually were paying to families on
public assistance, for the secrecy
of her proceedings. Under public
pressure Stemming from several
investigations, she ally
changed some of her procedures.
In retrospect, some of her critics
have praised her for keeping her
caseload current. But others have
said emphatically that juvenile
cases particularly should not be
handled on a mass-production
basis. She was praised for the long
hours she stayed on the bench but
criticized for not devoting more
time to joining community attacks
on the whole juvenile delinquency
problem.
Judge Ketcham rejects the mass
production approach to juvenile
cases. He spends less time on the
bench than his predecessor, ham
dies more matters in chambers
and devotes more time to COM
munity understanding of delin-
quency problems. -
JuristS outside the court say
that maximum efficiency starts
diminishing after six hours on the
bench a day. Judge Ketcham's
critics vary on how he should
spend his time-just as Judge
Cockrill's critics did.
Many Changes Made
Judge Ketcham has m a d e
marked changes in the court. Some
of his changes have been in the
interest of expediency. More have
been in the interest of establish
ing a framework for efficient -op-
Grafton. But it is only a frame
work-the bones without the flesh.
The flesh is more judgepower.
Accepting the status quo of q
one-judge court and trying to keep
up with the calendar by the tread
mill method was one solution
Judge Ketcham chose to handle
all cases individually without re-
gard to the growing backlog. Both
methods have been criticized. Both
approaches are the direct result
of trying to cope with one judge
court.
Judge Ketcham put it in these
words before a House Appropria.
tionS subcommittee considering
the fiscal 1860 budget:
Whenever you commence tt
bring about change-and I rec
ognized this when 1 started-you
invite controversy and concern
as the headlines say. You also
make mistakes. I am sure I have
made some. l shall try to make
as few as possible"
Evening star., 1960-01-31

Truly beautiful. big Do1 sofo and mosehns lounge IN
styling thot fits ony decor Smart styling with
vide orms button tufted and welted back The osheoor
design enhanced BY opered sImne legs with bruss ferue
luxurious pebpe decorator fobc your choice Of
Chocolate brown. Gulf TURQUOISE Midnight block Sunset
-oroi Wonderful seotins comfort with full FOAM KUBBER
cushions reversible too for twice the weor NO WAITING
IMMEDIATE DELIVERY!
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1960-04-22
Data 'N' Chatter
BY DARCY DEAGnLGE

FROM HOLLYWOOD TO HARLEM Actress Juanta Moore
she did something
special rom that special guy her life
questions concerning his
Why secrecy Roy?? What's cooking
she's NOT to retire! Who started that
going places has taken real upswing
within past months
trying into wedding with all
trimmings shortly Ruth isn't
saying yes would make pretty bride wouldn't
fancy wedding Could be
usually part and
parcel of fancy doingsT
Thought today remembered 20 from
wealthy white farmer Hendrix verwOerd??
"Davds" making days Chicago
Poe Pulled down the wrath Of churcen
faiths the context of his explosive
gherups Community leaders Joined the down
learned Of the alleged bgoty intro
duced in the Scottish clergymans sermons
the Sammy Davis free Of Canadian
ntangements Johnny
a
needed)
after her lengthy stay in Los Angeles and Las Vegas
the powers a
would include Bognine Crame Cobb
would excel the college student and
Sidney behevable husband
timely tomorros
newspapers sometimes gripping always interesting
a bigoted stranger.
Speaking of spotted
marquee:
Death Of a scoundreL" Angry Man"