davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-01-24
Nearby Votes

Following are the votes of Mary
land, Virginia and West Virginia
members of Congress on major
roll calls last week:
SENATE
S 2436. Prevent corrupt prac-
tices in Federal elections by limit
ing campaign funds and requiring
certain reports. HenningS, DEM
ocrat Of Missouri, and Heating,
Republican Of N. Y, Amendment
to require. reports on campaign
contributions and spending for
candidates and committees in pri-
mary elections (ncluding prefer
ential primaries) and conventions
or caucuseS. Agreed to 5000.
Randolph, Democrat of West virginia.
AGAINST: Beall, Republican of Mary
land: Butler. Republican of Maryland;
Byrd. Democrat Of vireinia, Robertson,
Democrat Of virginia.
S. 2436. Hennings. Democrat Of
Missouri, amendment to require
political committees operating
within one State to report con-
tributionS and expenditures IN
Federal elections which exceed
$4,000 annually. Agreed to 53-37.
FOR: Byrd, Democrat of West Virginia:
Randolph, Democrat of West Virginia.
AGAINST: Beal Republican of Mary
land: Butler, Republican OF Maryland;
Byrd, Democrat OF virginia: Robertson,
Democrat of virginia.
Compiled by Confessional Quarterly
Evening star., 1960-01-24
Soviet Step Ahead

About "a hours after the Gates
testimony was made public. the
Russians announced the results
Of their much-publicized Pacific
missile test. The news was hardly
cheering. The big missile Travelled
nearly 1900 miles and landed
within lbs miles of its target.
This Russian achievement lent
added interest to the comment on
the Gates-Twining testimony by
speaker Rayburn. a man who has
a reputation for not playing pol
itics with defense. II think people
in the executive branch are Just
too complacent," he said.
The intelligence estimate con-
troversy is likely to haunt the Eli
senhower administration to the
end Of its days. The wisdom Of
such q system for gauging the
enemy when the stakes could be
nothing less than survival was
challenged seriously. And the ad-
ministration's persuasive argu-
ments that there is now no de-
terrent gap nor will one be per-
mitted are likely to receive less
credibility than they deserve.
Evening star., 1960-01-24
Novel ldeos on Control
Continued From Page C-1

Continued From Page C-1
and, in the opinion of many ex-
perts. an unhappy disclosure.
Instead Of making an assess
ment Of the Soviet Unions long
range missile threat in terms of
Its capabilities. the National In
telligence Board. which includes
representatives Of all the leading
intelligence gathering agencies,
military and military, was
now making estimates on the basis
OF Soviet intentions. He explained
the change this way:
During the last year we have
continued to acquire information
which has enabled United States
intelligence, for the first time, to
estimate the probable Soviet
1CBM inventory and its expected
bulld-up with time"
Many a military man at the
Pentagon shook his head In Won
derment. Some of them remem-
bered Pearl Harbor and the fact
that the high command, know
ing that a japanese battle fleet
was at sea. decided Premier
TOTO intended to strike at South
east Asia, not Hawaii.
Some Democrats, noting that
the new estimate all but wiped
out the missile gap" saw politics
involved.
Certainly, the Gates disclosure
left the administration open to
charges. fair or not, that it was
manipulating intelligence and
tailoring it for its own purposes.
On another aspect of the missile
controversy, Mr. Gates appears
to have been overtaken by events.
He told the committee that I'VE
also have an informed estimate of
the performance of the Soviet
ICBM" and the analyses indicate
that their accuracy will be in
Evening star., 1960-01-24
Defense
407

ambitious listeners. "Why not try
the Soviet way for changer"
Those who seek a presidential
statement of urgency would have
him point out that our prestige in
space is important because our
pocketbook and political position
are profoundly affected by our
standing in other nations eyes.
With such a statement as back
ground, the public could come to
grips with the question: rs space
really necessary" Without such
a statement, even the modest sums
now financing the space work are
being spent in a vacuum tno pun
intended.
II the program is vital. it is
probably worth much more than
the $800-odd million allocated to
Civilian" space work in the COM
ing year. If it is not vital, the
money now being spent would
probably be better applied to med
ical research, schools, roads or (as
is high on the Presidents priority
list reduction Of the national
debt.
Evening star., 1960-01-24
Use of Union Dues for Politics
Raises Delicate Lego| Question

tenders Of individual rights, to
support their ruling:
THE right to be let alone is
indeed the beginning of all free
dom. :. Compulsion which comes
from circumstance can be as real
as compulsion which comes from
a command"
Justice Douglas Quoted
Justice Douglas and other mem
bers Of the Supreme Courts liberal
bloc have indicated in the past
that their sympathies lie with the
majority members of a union who
might be denied their right Of
political expression by the hold
ing Of the Georgia court.
In dissenting opinion in 1857
dealing with the law prohibiting
political contributions by unions
or corporations, Justice Douglas
declared:
"The people determine through
their votes the destiny of the
Nation. 1t is therefore important
vitality important-that all cham
nels Of communication be open to
them during every election, that
no point of view be restrained or
barred, and that the people have
access to the views Of every group
in the community"
1t was a Supreme Court decision
upholding a railway union shop
contract in 1856 which inspired
the constitutional challenge now
before the court.
The majority noted pointedly at
that time that a different problem
would be presented if dues COL
lected under union shop agree
ment were used "as a cover for
forcing theological conformity or
other action in contravention of
the First Amendment :"
In the eyes of the Georgia
court this is precisely what the
railway brotherhood was doing
through its political activity. The
North Carolina Supreme. Court
has ruled otherwise, however, in
a parallel case involving another
group Of employees of the Southern
Railway System. 1t interpreted
the Supreme Courts 1855 decision
as permitting the type of politick-
ing engaged in by the railroad
brotherhoods.
Encouraging by the North Caro-
lima decision, labor attorneys are
confident the Supreme Court will
overthrow the Georgia ruling, de-
spite its 1856 words. The case is
being appealed by 16 brotherhoods
and other railway unions directly
involved; the tremors of an ad- q.
verse ruling would be felt through
out organized labor.
Evening star., 1960-01-24
By CHARLES BARTLETT
Contributing Writer

Against a grim backdrop Of air
craft accidents, one of the most
virulent feuds on the national
scene has developed between the
airline pilots and the new Federal
agency charged with control over
performance and safety in avia-
ton.
The circumstances may become
dramatic because the Federal
Aviation Agency is determined to
press its pursuit of safety and the
pilots are talking informally of
possible recourse to a general
strike aimed at forcing the Gov
ernment to moderate its attitude.
The airline industry finds itself
standing somewhat uncomfortably
between the lively determination
Of the FAA administrator. Elwood
Quesada. and their pilots who
the industry believes have tended
toward independence and even
arrogance in past dealings. One
detects distinct satisfaction
in the industry that the pilots
are getting what some feel
has been coming to them, COM
bined with a strong disinclination
to become involved. There are
plenty Of pilots on the market
today but it costs large sums to
train them and the airlines are
expected to support Quesada while
keeping their official mouths shut.
The industry, as well as the
pilots, has learned that in Gen.
Quesada and his agency, which
Evening star., 1960-01-24

Democrats questioned the sur
plus estimate as too high.
The President, in his annual
Economic Report to Congress.
predicted another year and more
Of prosperity and urged con-
tinued vigilance against infia-
tiOn.
The Federal budget is a finan-
cial plan. 1t is not something set
in concrete. Its fulf1llment de-
pends upon a wide number of
complicated factors and it is,
therefore. subject to change, great
or small. AS President Eisenhower
recently said:
"A budget. after all, is not a
paper that you go to jail on if you
happen to be a little bit wrong"
Congress last week began look
ing into Mr.. Eisenhowers finan-
cial plan and the Democrats, who
hold large majorities in both the
House and Senate. spoke of spend
ing and tax plans of their own.
The thing that drew most con-
gressional attention. perhaps, was
the Presidents estimate, an
nounced in his state-of- the
Union message, Of a $4.2 billion
surplus in the year beginning
next July /.
The budget document ex-
planned how the President arrived
at this hoped-for figure. He saw
gross national product of $50
billion, the first -trillion- dollar
one in history, and called 1t a
conservative" estimate. This
would. of course, boost revenues,
particularly from income taxes.
In addition, and this is where he
will run into trouble, he called
for increases in postal rates and
gasoline taxes.
Democratic leaders and realis-
tic Republicans both have ex-
Evening star., 1960-01-24

ance, observing such details as the
use Of the checklist and how
much time the captain spends in
the passenger cabin. 1t had been
the CAA's custom to check two
tenths Of one per cent of all
flights in this manner; for 80 days
last fall the FAA men rode on l.6
per cent of the commercial air.
miles that were flown.
lrritotions From Quesodo
These inspections, described as
harassing intrusions by the pilots,
sharpened an animosity which
had already arisen from Gen.
Quesada's ruling that ship cap
tains should confine themselves
to the cockpit and avoid the pas
sengers' cabin. A third irritant
was his declaration that all air
line pilots must stop commercial
flying at the age of 60, a prohibi-
tion which will take some $50 Of
them out of service in the next
year. The Pilots Association al
ready has filed court suit to try
to prevent the order from being
enforced.
To top it off, the FAA's
first year brought so violation
reports against airline pilots, over
three times the number filed by
the now-defunct CAA in its most
active IL months.
The change has been severe
and the pilots, or at least their
spokesmen, are deeply nettled.
They say that Gen. Quesada is
trying to make them fly the
book" posture of rigid adher-
ence to written regulations which
can eliminate the factor of pilot
judgment and prove dangerous.
In some cases the pilots have re-
fused to cooperate with the FAA's
decisions and are taking their
appeals from penalties to court.
But Gen. Quesada has given no
sign of losing either his smile or
his resolution. AND the chances
that his authority may be curbed
by Congress seem to dim with
each succeeding crash, and par
ticularly with the one on Thurs
day which took the life of Senator
Capehart's son.
Evening star., 1960-01-24

States and for Congress, the
court also found.
1t is illegal for corporation or
a labor union to make contribu-
ton or expenditure in connection
with" any Federal election. There
has never been a successful GRIM
inal prosecution under this law,
however. 1t has been diluted by a
series of court decisions condoning
such union political actions as the
purchase of radio-television time
and newspaper advertisements in
support Of its candidates.
Woy Abound the Low
Voluntary contributions from
union members dispensed through
such channels as the AFL-CIO's
Political Action Committee have
provided the easiest means of cir
cumventing the law, however.
The absence of any volition on
the part of the giver in the case
of worker who had to pay dues
whether he wanted to or not in
spired the Georgia Supreme Court
to this legalistic prose:
"One who is compelled to con-
tribute the fruits of his labor to
support or promote political or
economic programs, or support
candidates for public Office, is just
as much deprived of his freedom
of speech as If he were compelled
to give his vocal support to doc
trineS he opposes"
The Georgia justices took oc-
casion to lecture the Supreme
Court on the Bill of Rights and
quoted Justice Douglas, one of the
high courts most articulate de-
Evening star., 1960-01-24

pectsNup to now has degenerated
into goLbledegook because % so
much of weaponry is highly secret
and % the line between myth and
reality is fuzzier in space than al
most anywhere else. So, while
there may be good national de-
fense case for spending in space,
it would be hard to sell in terms
the public could understand.
Need for Allies
Probably the most fortnight,
understandable and candid - and
therefore effective - explanation
would be couched in commercial
and theological terms. Most Amer
leans would concede the Nations
need for both customers and allies
abroad. The explanation might 60
thus:
A Soviet salesman Of commodi-
ties might point out with immu-
nifty from refutation that:
/. A Sputnik is harder to build
than an icebox or an automobile.
2. The Russians to date have
bigger and better Sputniks than
the Americans have built.
80" the salesman might say,
why not try Soviet products for
a change?"
A Soviet salesman of ideas (who
might or might not be the same
individually could point out with
equal immunity from contradic-
ton that:
/. A generation ago the United
States led the world in science
and technology. and the Soviet
Union was an intellectual slum.
2. Today the Soviet Union is
markedly ahead Of the United
States in some fields, equal in
others. and gaining IN most of
the other areas of science and
technique.
I'VE did it in a single generation
under our political system" he
might say to his uncommitted and
Evening star., 1960-01-24

pressed doubts that Congress will
hike firSt-class postage from to S
cents and airmail from 7 to 8
cents. or raise gasoline taxes. 1t
would be difficult enough in an
ordinary year. when a surplus is
within reach. but this is not an
ordinary year. Next November a
new President will be elected and
very few politicians are willing to
risk annoying the voter.
But even allowing for the pros
pect of a congressional rebuff on
new revenue sources. continued
prosperity land peace) could pro-
duce a surplus of around $3.5 bill
lion.
The President wants to apply
the estimated surplus against our
staggering national debt, now at
1922 billion, Whether those DEM
ocrats who seek more welfare
spending can overcome presiden-
tial vetoes and the tight budget
men in their own party-like
Chairman Cannon and Repre-
sentative Mahon Of the House Ap-
preparations Committee-remains
to be seen. Their attempts will
enliven the new session.
In his economic report, the
President outlined how the Nation
could help insure prosperous times
and combat imitation: Labor should
not demand higher wages If its
productivity did not increase
equally; management should hold
the line on prices and in fact,
should cut prices frequently in
those industries where there is a
rapid increase in output per man
hour.
Meanwhile, the Labor Depart
ment reported the cost of living
dropped OIL per cent in December,
the first decline in four months.
For the entire year 1859 the rise
was a modest 0.9 per cent.
Evening star., 1960-01-24

administrator, agreed that the
race is desperate and there
should be more impetus behind
it. But second-echelon statements
Of emergency are not enough.
Mr.. Glennan represents only a
Federal bureau with a vested in
telest in space. Mr.. Merchant is
concerned with our diplomatic
political posture viS-a-vis the So
Wet Unions. Mr.. Aliens chief in
tereSt lies in seeing the United
States place its best foot forward
at all times.
Senator johnson of Texas, Dem
ocratic leader of the Senate and
chairman of the Space Committee
Of the upper house, declared his
view of the emergency in a seven
point statement last month. But
his views, too. can be regarded
as colored by his position on Capt.
tol Hill and his status as an as
pirant for the Democratic NOM
NATION for the presidency.
All, in short. are special plead
ers. None speaks for the whole
people or even for the Govern
ment. The views of each must
necessarily be taken as parochlal,
ana therefore biased to some ex-
tent.
Without an expression of con-
Germ from the one source repre-
sentative of the whole Nation
the President himself-the space
program must of necessity rock
along as a matter of secondary or
tertiary Importance.
There is another thing to be
considered in any presidential
definition of the situation. A
mere statement is not enough; the
public must be told why any
thing as expensive as space ac-
tivity is important. In a day of
high taxes and high living costs,
talk of the great challenge" the
high adventure" and the intel
lectual stimulation" of space rings
rather hollow in the average
Americans ears.
Public discussion Of defense as
Evening star., 1960-01-24
Long-SmoIdering Animosities Preceded
The Struggle Behind Air Safety Drive

Line Pilots Association, dispensed
intramural discipline which seemed
to most of them to be adequate.
Everybody has been afraid to say
anything to the pilots" observed
one industry official. mo one has
dared displease them. They were
treated like Greek gods"
But a feeling has developed
among the men in position to OBJ
serve them that the pilots have
been tending to make their re-
sponsibilities as painless as pos
sible. Their duties, except in mo-
ments Of high tension, can be
boring. Well paid (from $4,000
to $4,000 a year, but less CLAM
orous than in an earlier era, they
have chafed at the fact that few
flyers have graduated into man
agement and closed ranks almost
peevishly against those who did
make the grade. Working under
regulations which require them to
fly no more than IS hours month,
many have secondary occupa-
tions, which in some cases cause
the airlineS to fear their pilots
are reaching work in state of
fatigue.
Observing that pilot error was
reSponsible for almost so per cent
Of recent airplane accidents, and
determined to move hard against
the manifestations of a general
complaisance, Gen. Quesada's in
vestigators last fall began boarding
planes before takeoff and sitting
quietly on the jump-seat in the
cockpit. Here the investigator can
take notes on the crews perform
Evening star., 1960-01-24
LADYBUGs TO THE RESCUE
ARevivo| Of Biological Control?

was conquered recently by the
hungry wasps from India and
Pakistan. Beetles are being used
against alfalfa sphids in the
Southwest United States.
Novel ldeos on Control
The Entomology Research Di-
vision OF the Department of Agri-
culture has number of novel
ideas as to biological control
tucked away. But it is on a star
vation diet financially. 1t varies
little from year to year from the
$5.598,000 proposed for fiscal 1861.
IAN extra $40 million a year
might give us break through on
this problem" one Government
entomologist estimated.
Evening star., 1960-01-24
BY ROBERT E. CLARK
Star stan Writer

Is 1t unconstitutional to require
a worker to join a union which
uses part of his dues to support
political ideas and candidates he
personally opposes?
The Supreme Court of Georgia
has held that it is. If the Supreme
Court of the United States agrees,
organized labor will suffer its most
severe tremor since the Taft-H Hart
ley Act outlawed closed shop.
Concurrence by the high court
in the Georgia decision could place
every union shop agreement in the
country under a constitutional
shadow. 1t would also weaken
and vastly complicate labor's free
spending role in election cam
paigns.
In the case now awaiting argu-
ment before the Supreme Court,
six employees Of the Southern Rail-
way System challenged the union
shop provision of the Railway
Labor Act that would have forced
them to join the Brotherhood of
Railway and Steamship Clerks,
Freight Handlers, Express and
Station Employees. :.
Under a union shop contract an
employe is required to join the
union within a set period, nor
mally so days. Workers covered
by the Railway Labor Act are
exempted by act of Congress from
the right to work" laws which
bar the union shop in some l8
States.
Claim Rights VioIoted
The six employees said the union
was engaging in extensive political
activities financed in part by the
dues Of its members. This forced
espousal of views with which they
disagreed. they asserted, would
violate their constitutional rights
Of freedom of speech, thought and
association.
After a lengthy investigation of
the unions activities, a Georgia
court agreed. 1t found that dues
money was being used to support
candidates and legislative activ-
tiles at the Federal, State and
local levels.
A share Of Georgia railroaders'
dues, the court said, was going
into the educational" fund of
Railway Labor's Political League.
There it was spent on campaign
literature for labor Endorsed can
didates, the preparation of sample
ballots, transportation of voters to
the polls and other political
activities.
Dues money was being used to
support candidates for President
and Vice President of the United
Evening star., 1960-01-24

came alive year ago under an
act of Congress, they are dealing
with a far different group from
the old Civil AeronauticS Admin
istration, buried deep in the Com
merce Department and responsive
to the industry leaders.
The Pilots Position
The pilots. therefore. have
grown accustomed to a modus
vivendi which brought them little
interference from Government in
spectors. Their own group, the Air