davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-08-03

body temperature drop as pre-
viously believed, said Drs.
w. r. Keatings and M. Evans.
Panic Angle Noted
While drunkenness could
clearly be dangerous, there was
little reason why people forced
into cold water after shipwreck
should forego the relief that
moderate amounts of alcohol
can provide. The relief itself
may have survival value by re-
ducing the risk of panic, they
said.
The only man who survived
immersion in cold ocean water
until rescue arrived after the
sinking of the Titanic was said
to have had considerable alco-
hol, they note.
Evening star., 1960-08-03

In pregnancies destined for
female child may induce the
mother to continue the preg-
nancy to birth since the child,
although a carrier. would not
suffer from hemophilia.
Evening star., 1960-08-03

other forms of mental illness
they said.
Evening star., 1960-05-22
Congress-:
Politics

The House Rules Committee
on Wednesday sent a Demo-
cratic sponsored, S975 million
school construction bill to the
floor for debate.
Many congressional Democrats,
though not all. have been under
standably reluctant to attempt to
make political capital out Of the
collapse of Summitry and the set
back to hopes for progress on the
road to true peace.
On the domestic legislative
front, however, there is no such
hesitancy to engage in political
warfare. Last week the Demo-
Gratis were pushing hard, and
making progress, to sharpen diff
ferences between their party and
the G. o. P. The House Rules
Committee, on an almost straight
party-line split, voted Z to to
send to the floor for debate next
Wednesday a $975-million, three
year, school-aid bill.
Democratic proponents, headed
by Representative Thompson of
New jersey, who introduced it,
appeared to be we'll aware of the
risks of a presidential veto in an
Continued on Page CA
Evening star., 1960-05-22

dent was not binding upon his
successor.
There were two widely divergent
points of view on the reasons
for the debacle of the summit
conference, which was in shambles
even before it was properly
started. CThe Soviet side contends
that it never began, and that
Mondays meeting was only a
preliminary" session., The Off
cial Western position was in gen.
eral that, for some reason not yet
entirely clear, Mr. Khrushchev
came to Paris with the deliberate
intention of wrecking the summit.
and that the U-2 affair provided
him with a made-in-U. S. A. eX-
cuse. There was welter of spec
ulation as to what reasons, if any.
Mr.. Khrushchev may have had to
torpedo a conference he himself
had worked hard to bring about.
The opposite view, one held not
only by the Communist bloc but
by many critics in the West. was
that either by laundering or by
cold design, the United States had
put the Soviet Premier into a
pocket, by the U-2 affair, in
which there was left no room for
maneuver. In this view. Mr..
Khrushchev had specifically abb
solved Mr.. Eisenhower of respon-
sibility for the spy flight when he
revealed its details before the Su-
preme Soviet on May 8, and the
President had chosen to reject the
abSolution and defend such
flights.
Whatever the correct explain
ation-and it may indeed be a
composite of the opinions Of both
sides-the summit turned out to
be a landslide right back into the
abyss of the cold war.
Personal bitterness had re-
placed the spirit of Camp
David" with Mr.. Eisenhower ig-
noring Mr.. Khrushchev when he
arrived at Paris week ago today,
and with Mr.. Khrushchev ac-
cusing the American President of
double e-dealing. Reporters pres
ent at the Soviet Premier's mara
thon press conference on Wednes-
day, after the summit had already
been thoroughly wrecked and only
the apologies remained for the
wreckage, described his remarks
about Mr.. Eisenhower in such
Evening star., 1960-05-22
THE WEEK IN PERSPECTIVE
Summit Sound and Fufv

The remote summit, scaled at
last on Monday, proved to be
the beginning Of an avalanche.
In the motley debris, left at the
very bottom Of the hard-fOught
slopes after the sound and the
fury had subsided, were the
worlds best hopes for an end
to the cold war and a start on
peaceful coexiStence."
Politics. it has been said, is the
art of the possible. In Paris last
week, according to this definition
at least. there were no politics.
All was impossible, almost in
credible.
We know today that the prin-
cipals in the long-awaited Big
-Four summit conference were
reasonably certain. last Sunday
evening, that there could be no
summit negotiations. Mr.. Khru-
shchev. the Soviet Premier, had
assured French President de
Gaulle and British Prime Minister
Macmillan that the Soviet Union
was not prepared to talk on the
outstanding issues confronting
the world unless President Eisen-
hover would, in advance. under
take to:
0 Apologize for the incursions
into Soviet air space of the Amer
ican U-2 spy plane shot down
over Sverdlovsk on May /;
. Guarantee that no more such
flights would be authorized or
permitted;
Q Identify and bring to ac-
count" those American officials
responsible for the U-2 fight.
Since it was painfully obvious
that no leader of any nation could,
in effect. punish himself" the
third Soviet condition made the
summit talks impossible.
Evening star., 1960-05-22
Political Effect

Leading Democrats in the
Senate and House, following the
news of the total collapse of the
Paris sessions, united to cable the
President assurances of support.
The cablegram, signed by Ma
jority Leader johnson, Senate
Foreign Relations Committee
Chairman Fulbright. House
Speaker Rayburn, and Adlai E.
Stevenson, titular head of the
Democratic Party, urged Mr.. Eli
senhower to convey to Mr.. Khru-
shchev the views of the opposition
party in your country that he
reconsider his suggestion for
postponement of the summit con-
ference until after the national
elections. ="
The Democrats message was
seen as both a pledge of unity of
views with the President on basic
peace aims and an effort to assure
the Soviet chief that Democratic
administration would be no
softer" than a Republican in
dealing with world affairs.
But Mr.. Stevenson on Thursday
had a word of warning, as did
many observers of the interna-
tional scene. The two-times nomi-
Evening star., 1960-05-22

nee for President put the blame
for wrecking the Paris summit
quite squarely on Mr.. Khru-
shchev's shoulders. But, he added,
1--WE handed Khrushchev the crow
bar and the sledgehammer to
lwreck the meeting" There was no
question of national unity at all.
he said, but I'VE cannot sweep this
whole sorry mess under the rug
in the name of national unity"
Mr.. Stevensons admonitions
were translated into action Fri
day when 38 House Democrats
asked the White House for full
explanation" of the U-2 incident.
A letter asking eight specific ques-
tions was delivered to the White
House by special messenger just
as Mr.. Eisenhower was arriving
home to the cheers of an eSti-
mated 100000 along his route
from Andrews Air Force Base to
the White House.
The letter, noting distress over
the collapse of the summit meet
ing and the damage to our pres
tige and leadership in the world"
asked the President why the U-2
flight was ordered just before the
summit; why contradictory state
ments were issued after the plane
was brought down in Siberia; why
a military alert was ordered last
Sunday night while the summit
statesmen prepared to sit down
together in Paris, and similar
queries. 1t ended with: Has the
traditional American policy of
civilian supremacy over the mill
tary been impaired"
Vice President Nixon and Re-
publicans generally moved quickly
to minimize any danger to their
election prospects resulting from
the Paris debacle. (See the Ma
tional Scene on this page0 Mr..
Nixon told a New York political
meeting of an incident last year
in which two Russian diplomats
had been involved in espionage in
Massachusetts,. The whole affair,
he said, had been hushed up be-
cause Mr.. Khrushchev was visit
ing in this country at the time.
Evening star., 1960-05-22

chiefs of state that internal poll
itics" made it necessary for him
to behave as he was doing.
Observers we're, reminded, as
they watched Mr.. Khrushchev and
Marshal Malinovsky act virtually
as team, of the days only a few
years back when it was Khru-
shchev and Bulganin who together
ruled the Soviet Union.
There is good reason for Mr..
Khrushchev to have lost prestige
and standing inside the Soviet
Presidium.
For months he argued that it
would be possible to extract from
the West, by means of threats and
Establishments, a detente which
would stabilize the Soviet empire
and protect it from the peril of
another Hungary. He sought to
begin by Turing Berlin out of
Western grip.
This effort failed notably. For
a while the West nibbled at his
bait, but by the time Chancellor
Adenauer left the United States
in March, decision had been
made not to purchase a detente
at the price of recognizing and
firming up the partition of Europe.
Mr.. Khrushchev's domestic pow
er base was his boast that he had
made the Soviet Union invulner-
able. Indeed. he claimed massive
superiority over the West.
This boast came crashing down
around his shoulders when it was
disclosed that the United States
Evening star., 1960-05-22
Cold War

The effect of the Paris failure
on the future course of East-West
relations remains to be seen.
There have been some signs al
ready of a chilling of day-to-day
temperatures. Several concerts
have been Cancelled. ViSas are
slower. Anti-American articles in
the Communist press and on Com
munist airwaves have reappeared
in a spate of fury.
But Mr.. KhruShchev, in Berlin.
adopted a startlingly moderate
tone. He told a cheering crowd
that he would do nothing. for his
part. to bring back the worst
times of the cold war" and in
effect said there would be no hasty
action over the status of West
Berlin or Germany.
Inevitably. there has been much
speculation that the abrupt
harshness of Mr.. Khrushchev in
Paris indicates some serious polit-
ical trouble inside the Kremlin. A
four-day conference Of Commu-
mist Party workers assigned to
the Soviet Army and a special
meeting of the President of the
Party's Central Committee that
followed may have resulted. OBJ
servers guessed, in defeat for
the Khrushchev program for a
detente with the West.
The Soviet military leaders are
known to be unhappy over the
slashes in the armed forces and
concerned by Western bases ring
ing Soviet territory. A hard core
of old-line Stalinists still exists
in the government and Party
leadership which could be ex-
pected to oppose any softening Of
the Communist line towards the
capitalist world. And Communist
China has made no secret of its
dislike for Mr.. Khrushchev's
peaceful coexistence" drive.
There have even been predic-
tions that the Khrushchev days
as top man are numbered; that
he has had to knuckle under to
Continued on Page Ca
Evening star., 1960-05-22
The Session

When the chiefs of state met
in the elaborate Elysee Palace
Monday morning. Mr.. Khrushchev
moved into action like a Panzer
division. Taking the floor ahead
of Mr.. Eisenhower by his own
insistence that his bid to Chair
man de Gaulle had been first,
the Soviet Premier dealt a devas-
tating and, for the time at least,
conclusive blow to the whole idea
of EaSt-West negotiation.
Ignoring Mr.. Eisenhower's al
ready-iSsued assurances that no
more reconnaissance flights over
Soviet territory we're to be per-
mitted. he accused the American
President and the entire American
Government of an enormous and
malicious perfidy. Almost savagely.
the burly Russian leader accused
the United States of planned
sabotage of summit prospects and
of deliberate provocations that
could lead only to nuclear war.
The background for the blister
ing Khrushchev TRADE was the
May Day capture of the American
U-2 weather plane" far inside
the Soviet Unions borders. But
against that unfortunate back
ground, several additional irritants
had been erected. In the worlds
view the United States had:
I Dispatched the U-2 and its
L. espionage-trained pilot into
the territory of the Soviet Union;
= Denied that such was the
As case. contending rather that
a weather plane" had suffered an
oxygen system failure and was
missing;
= Admitted, days later, that in
Cs telligence agencies had in
deed sent a U-2 into the Soviet
Union for ..'information-gather-
ing" purposes made necessary by
the continued danger of surprise
attack by Soviet forces;
n Reasserted, in effect, the
fs necessity of such flights and
the intention to continue them
a statement made by Secretary of
State Herter and backed by Pres
ident Eisenhower publicly;
- Assured the Soviet Union
y. that such flights had been
suspended land would not be re-
sumed";; but
Il Delayed this assurance until
U. the very beginning of the
summit meeting in Paris, and
then qualified it with the observa-
ton that the decision of a Presi-
Evening star., 1960-05-22
The Outlook

AS of today. the summit objec-
tive toward which so many have
struggled for so many months
is farther away than ever. Mr..
Khrushchev insists that he is
ready to talk at a new summit
at any time, if the United States
first meets MoScow'S conditions
to promise no more spy plane
flights; to apologize for the ones
already made and to punish those
responsible for making them.
The Soviet Premier insists that
his stand does not mean an aban-
donment of peaceful coexistence"
as a policy of his government.
Since the swift crash of the
Paris summit he has said on sew
eral occasions-the first at last
Mondays shattering Elysee Palace
blast, the most recent on Friday
in East Berlin-that a new sum-
NIT "in six to eight months" will
take place despite the existence
in the United States of strong
and powerful forces which are not
interested in an end to the cold
war"
MIR. Eisenhower kept his temper
we'll during the Paris disaster. At
no time did he meet personally
with Mr.. KhruShchev, and he did
not undertake to reply to the
many personal attacks the Soviet
Premier hurled in his direction.
In all the Western statements,
from Sunday to Wednesday, there
was a deliberate restraint and
cautiously moderate tone. free of
belligerence and inVective. But
there was no disposition among
the British, French and Ameri-
can delegations to underestimate
the enormity of the diplomatic
disaster they were witnessing.
While still in Paris, Mr.. EiSen-
hover was described as com
pletely disgusted" by Mr.. Khru-
shchev's violent attitudes. After he
had flown to Lisbon, he talked of
Tightening our belts" and keep
ping our chinS up" in the days
ahead. There was no need for dis
couragement, he said. in the con-
tinuing battle "for the great cause
Of peace with justice and free
Evening star., 1960-05-22

had been flying reconnaissance
missions over the Soviet Union for
four years with relative impunity.
Even the U-2 brought down on
May ! was not, as he claimed,
shot down by a rocket. The
United States traced the planes
progress into the Soviet Union by
monitoring Soviet radar, and
knows that it lost altitude, prob
ably from engine failure, before
coming under attack.
Calculated Tontrums
Mr.. Khrushchev's calculated
tantrums in Paris. therefore. were
the displays of a man who has
been Inundated before his Off
cials, whose policies had gone
bankrupt, and whose personal
judgment-for example, of Pres
ident Eisenhower's malleability -
had been flung back in his teeth.
He thus did what many another
arrogant man would do. He lashed
out in anger. He staggered into
Paris waving a caricature of the
U-2 over his head, and like a
spoiled child denied his own way,
lay down and kicked and thrashed
and screamed.
1t was Disneyland all over again
on a vastly more important
level.
There was also a deeper rea-
son for what happened. Just as
the United States, in order to
achieve q reconciliation with the
Evening star., 1960-05-22
BY WILLIAM r. FRYE
Contributing Writer

PARASITIC irascible, histrion-
ic coal miner who has ruled the
Soviet Union since 1853 acted last
week like a frightened man grimly,
perhaps even desperately, clinging
to a position of personal power.
The only explanation of Nikita
Khrushchev's extraordinary be-
havior in Paris which makes
logical sense and fits the known
facts is that either he or his poll
cy has to be liquidated following
the spy-plane incident--.and that
he chose to dump his policy into
the Seine River, hoping thereby
to save himself
There is much fascinating evi-
dence that Mr.. Khrushchev's po-
sition is insecure, that he may not
be wholly free agent.
Everywhere he went this past
week his shadow-Marshal Rodion
Malinovsky-was watching over
his shoulder. Every time Mr..
Khrushchev was to have met
alone with Western leaders the
session was cancelled, on one pre-
text or another. or else Mali
novsky was added to the guest list
Another Soviet Teom
Mr.. Khrushchev went out of his
way to heap fulsome praise on the
defense minister. At one point, he
actually confessed to the Western
Evening star., 1960-05-22

DOM" Arriving back in Washing
ton Friday afternoon, he repeated
his hopeful attitude, and was OBJ
viously grateful for the friendly
welcome he had received in Por-
tugal and on his return to the
United States. 1t was. plain that
the sojourn in Paris. brief as it
was, had been painful and diff
ficult.
There were but few who ques-
toned the faltering nature of
American policy in the days be-
tween the U-2 incident and the
May Is summit stillbirth. Even
the President, in a talk to Ameri-
can Embassy staff members in
Lisbon, had acknowledged that
perhaps leaders here and there
may make mistakes" But the
general dismay over the collapse
of the summit and the handling
of the spy-plane affair was ap-
parently in no way weakening
the traditional unity of Ameri-
cans behind the august office of
the President, whoever he may be.
Evening star., 1960-05-22
Kennedy Sweep

There has been some talk that
the East-WeSt crisis will lessen
the attractiveness of Senator
Kennedy to the voters because Of
his age. (He will be 43 next SUM-
day. But the undefeated Bostoni-
an went long way to scuttle this
idea when he scored smashing pri-
mary triumphs in Maryland and
Oregon last week.
He now has won seven straight
contests and has an unofficial
delegate count of 31712. This is
not counting scores more he ap-
pears certain to garner on an
early ballot from the populous
States of New York, New Jersey.
California, Michigan, Illinois and
Pennsylvania. 1t takes 761 votes
to win the nomination.
While Mr.. Kennedy is still
short of his goal. he has created
a bandwagon, one which is going
to he difficult for the politically
ambitious TO let pass by. He mas
proven he can win in the East,
Midwest Far West and in a Bor-
der State. He has downgraded the
importance of the religious issue,
winning aS Catholic in heavily
Protestant West Virginia.
In the 55 days remaining be-
fore the Democratic convention
opens in Los Angeles, his two
chief remaining rivals, Senators
johnson and Symington. have a
tremendous job to do if they
are to Stop Kennedy" Neither
has been willing to enter a pri-
malY contest against Mr.. Ken
nedy, but they we're on the bal
lot in Oregon. Both trajled even
Senator Humphrey, who has with
drawn from the nomination race.
Evening star., 1960-05-22
MOST PROVOCATIVE RUkOR
Was Khrushchev Trying to Save Himself?

Soviet Union. would have had to
enter a negotiation implying will
ingness to sacrifice West Ger
many's interests, so Mr.. Khru-
shchev, in order to achieve de-
tente, would have had to imply
willingness to double-cross Red
China.
Maybe II Wos q Trup
The United States refused to
start down this path, in part be-
cause there was no assurance of
a reconciliation at the end, even
after Germany had been antag-
onized. The whole exercise could
have been a trap.
For Mr.. Khrushchev, it became
more and more clear there was no
likelihood of a detente on his
terms, even if he fiouted Red
China. He too, from his point of
view. might be getting into trap.
So he pulled back and revived the
cold war as Peiping had all along
wanted him to do.
This step may do most of all to
solidify his personal position in
Moscow. For the principal chal-
lenge to that authority, next per-
haps to a disaffected officer corps
furious over cuts in the army,
was Peiping.
For how long Mr.. Khrushchev
has extended his reign it is i'm
possible to say, but some high
level diplomats here are giving
him about six months.
Evening star., 1960-05-22

presumably the Republicans)
are in power"
Republicans already are begin
ming to ask: Does this mean that
Democratic administration
would negotiate on Russian terms,
apparently the only way to sue
cessful" talks with Khrushchev?
The delicacy Of the Democratic
position was accentuated by
Khrushchev's clumsy interference
in our own domestic politics. This
was evidenced by his statement
that in six or eight months, when
Mr.. Eisenhower is out of Office, a
new summit meeting can be called.
Inasmuch as Mr.. Nixon is a key
part of the Eisenhower admInis-
tration. the Khrushchev remark
is being interpreted by Republi-
cans as a hope on the part of
the Soviet leader that a Democrat
will win.
The Stevenson jibe about "suc-
ceSsful negotiations" could also
boomerang if the Russians Cor
even the Chinese Communists)
provoke any new crises between
now and November.
The Stevenson foray was fol-
lowed by one from a group of
House Democrats, who demanded
that Mr.. Eisenhower tell the full
story of the spy plane incident.
Threatening an investigation if he
fails to do so, the congressman,
members of a liberal" study
group of about 100, posed a series
of eight pointed questions for the
President to answer when he ad-
dresses the Nation by radio and
television this week.
Then. yesterday Chairman Full
bright said he would recommend a
Senate Foreign Relations Com
mittee inquiry into pre-summit
events.
Evening star., 1960-05-22
Stevenson Criticism

Mr.. Stevenson led off on Thurs
day night by asserting that I'VE
handed Khrushchev the ,crowbar
and sledge hammer to wreck" the
summit meeting.
Without our series of blunders,
Mr.. Khrushchev would not have
had a pretext for making his i'm
possible demand and wild
charges" he said. Let there be
no mistake about that, either"
In his list of charges against
the administration. the articulate
former Illinois Governor made one
which could haunt him. He as
serted that successful negoti-
ations with the Russians would
be impossible so long as they
Evening star., 1960-05-22
THE NATIONAL SCENE
Scramble Over Blame
For Summit Begins

The effects on the 1860 pO-
litical campaign Of the summit
d b acle and Khrushchev's
threats last week began to stir
wide speculation. The Demo-
Gratis, pledging unity. stepped up
criticism Of the administrations
handling Of the spy plane Incl
dent.
This being presidential CAM
paign year, it was to be expected
that once the shock of the Soviet
sabotage Of the summit meeting
began to ease speculation would
turn to what effect the unhappy
event would have on the can
didates and the November election.
The speculation started late last
week. There appeared to be nearly
unanimous agreement on only one
point:
The issue of peace dncluding
East-West relationS) would be a
major one.
The Republicans, of course, had
made it clear months ago that
Peace and Prosperity" would be
their campaign battle cry. Until
last Sunday, they appeared to
have a stranglehold on peace" "
Now they are being challenged by
the Democrats. The mishandling
of the U-2 spy plane incident and
the Soviet refusal to go ahead
with the summit meeting helped
break the G. O.P. grip.
Many political observers had tied
Vice President Nixon'S chances in
November to what might have
happened in Paris. If the summit
meeting had produced some prog
ress. however little. Mr.. Nixon
would have benefited.
On the other hand. the think
ing went, if the Russians kicked
over the traces and the summit
failed, Mr.. Nixon would inherit
the blame,