davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1960-12-02
what will he do with it"

What will he do with it,
ST. LOUIS, MO-, Dec. i
MISSOURI is ONE of the
states which has lost a Congress
man. We Southern losers needn't
feel too backward about it, Ele-
CANT Massachusetts lost two and
SO did almighty New York. And
Pennsylvania lost three.
Unlike some of the others
which have fallen behind, the
South's states have hope of re-
placing the loss with better popu-
lation. Some of our recent emf
grants were not SO hot and no
great loss - and meanwhile pio-
neers are looking our way, and
the pioneer spirit is lifting among
those who have stayed
And there is always to be con-
sidered the fact that many who
have left have gone to the grow
ing- mad Southern state of
Florida which tops the nation in
per cent increase.
FOR MISSOURI, HOWEVER.
this is the sixth Congressional
seat lost in the past three dec
AIDES. The Globe Democrat there
blames an "unfavorable business
climate" caused by a multiplied
ty of government selfish
labor leaders who kill the goose
that lays the golden eggs -
and taxes too low to provide "es-
sential services and needs"
Missouri ranks 48th in percent
age Of state and local tax reve-
nues to personal income.
SEAT-LOSEKS CAN ALWAYS
fall back, too. on the folly Of
big-manship. The fixtions which
plague Planet Earth most are
not those of individuals. an inter-
esting gentleman in my audience
here opined. He compared Com
munism's "fiXation' on total
conquest with Americas on
growth ito which Messrs. Ken
needy and Nixon were subscribing
SO hard in the campaign. Agree
ing that our talk Of growth and
Russia S of dominion are based in
part on fear of each other, he in
sisted they were also fixations,
obsession with being bigger and
bigger and having more and
more of more and more.
And he warned a world facing
a simultaneously situation
few years hence because Of its
population explosion needs
more than birth control. 1t needs,
he said. new "fixations in the
sense of ruling ideas.
He cited Sinclair Lewis novel
Main Street." of years ago. in
reminder that the booster"
spirit had always been ours. The
test Of success. of victory has
been bigness and more bigness.
He suggested that science is
succeeding as much in directions
of mlnimurns as of maximums.
Of the infinitely small as of the
infinitely big. He spoke tenderly
OF his little pocket-Size transiStor
radio and his compact auto
mobile.
TT WAS PLEASANT to have
my lecture S adumbrations on in
dividualisn, limited and de-
centralized government, states
rights, and the South as
Americas most American mi
nority inspire such quail
tative, exquisite" and superior
remarks as this Missourian
No, he wasn't Harry S. flor
nothing) Truman.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1960-12-02

Bible Material: jeremiah 81;
Luke 1878. 1919; Romans 8
Devotional Reading: Hebrews g.:
Ills.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1960-12-02

! found this piece I'd written
Some sixteen years ago
About my daughter, Jeanne,
Whom some Of you may know.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1960-12-02


To Face the Nation" on his
school Indignation situation as
mayor Of New Orleans did last
Monday night and to sound fair
and enlightened without failing
his own people or in any wise
repudiating his belief in school
segregation Was no small &C
cOmplShment.
There was no time for Mayor
Morrison to 60 into the Interpo-
Sition Doctrine or the Placement
Law. although he mentioned
them. The Placement Law is still
INFESTED nationally for its ,uti-
mate possibilities and continues
to be. in my estimate. the great
est Southern hope and Supreme
Court out. The mayor did iden-
tify himself with those of us who
are able to hope a much altered
The Phoenix Jewish news., 1960-02-19
Cord Porty SET
Bv Bikkur Chofm

Phoenix Bikkur Cholim will hold
its annual card party at 8 pm.
Feb. 27 at Beth Hebrew Congrega-
ton.
Tickets may be obtained from
Mrs. Selma Siperstein, ticket chair
man, AL 1886, or Mrs. Peggy
Goldin, assistant chairman, AM 8
0736. Donation, is 81.
Mrs. Reda Schlossberg is hos
pftality chairman. Hostesses are
Mines. Anna Pinkus, Rose Bite
koff, Ann Morrison, Freda Rabin-
owitz, Sylvia Klein. Rose Olsher,
Ann Pickelner, and Sadie Hutt.
SAY YOU SAW IT ADVERTISED IN
THE PHOENIX JEWISH NEWS
The Phoenix Jewish news., 1960-02-19

Miss Susan Barbara Kline and
Mr.. Murray R. Gesshel were mar
ried at Temple Beth Israel jan
81.
The bride is the daughter of Mrs.
harriet Kline, 2541 E. Avalon Dr.,
and Mr.. Sidney F. Kline of Los
Angeles. Mr.. Gesshel is the son
Of Mrs. Nat Gesshel of Los An
geleS.
The bride wore a white satin
gown with lace applique trim
around a square neckline and a
bouffant slitr. Her short veil was
held by a pearl studded cap OF
lace.
Miss Roberta Kline was her sis
ter's maid of honor.
Sidney Borie of Los Angeles was
best man; and guests were escort
ed by William Hull of Scottsdale
and Jack Chertin of Los Angeles.
The Phoenix Jewish news., 1960-02-19
Membership
Lunch Slated

Edith K. Baum Chapter of B'nai
Birth Women will present merit
awards for outstanding work at its
annual Paid-up Membership Lunch
con at noon March at the Lantern
Inn, 500 w. Indian School Rd.
Members who have paid 1960-61
dues or individuals joining at the
luncheon will be admitted free. Do
nation is 50 each for guests. Nah
jongg and card games will follow
the luncheon. Free babysitting
service will be available.
Reservations may be made with
Ruth Rosenberg, AM 6-9843, or Rita
Rosen, AM 5-1734. by March 8.
Hostesses and committee members
are Mines. Bill Rosenberg, Irving
Chadwick, Alex Charnow, Jerry
Dreiseszun, Sanford Kaye, and Bur-
ton EiSner.
The Phoenix Jewish news., 1960-02-19
Sis+erhood
Program Set

Mrs. Leonard Mandel, program
chairman, will present program
dealing with the psychological ap-
proach to problems of family re-
lations at a noon luncheon meeting
March 1 of Temple Beth Israel
Sisterhood at the temple. A ques-
ton and answer period will follow.
Luncheon chairmen will be Mrs.
Mac Chiate and Mrs. Sam Shapiro.
The nominating committee, con-
sisting of Mines. Julius Citron,
Burton Kruglick, Bernard Bern
stein, Sam Mackoff, Dan Insel-
berg, Mark Leibsohn, and Oscar
Leverant, will announce a slate
OF candidates for the sisterhood's
April election.
Free baby sitting service will be
available. Reservations may be
made at the temple office, AM
5-1311.
The Phoenix Jewish news., 1960-02-19
Bar Mitzvah

! Light, Mr.. and Mrs. Herschel Ros-
enthal and children, all of Los An
geles; Beatrice Lucas of San Fran
cisco, Lilyan Sobel of Pittsburgh,
Jacob Serbin and son of Philadel-
phia, Mrs. Frances Wilkoff of Ali
quippa; DR.. and Mrs. Harry Sta
man of Uniontown; Mrs. Jack
Sarbin of Fremont, Ohio; Mrs. LOU
is Davis of Johnstown; Al Vogel OF
Cleveland, Mr.. and Mrs. M. l..
Rutz of Tucson and Mrs. Rutz and
Miss Rutz of North Dakota.
Marc Leverant, son of Mr.. and
Mrs. Oscar Leverant, 119 w. Keim
Dr., will be Bar Mitzvah this Sat-
urday at Temple Beth Israel. Rab-
bi Albert Plotkin will officiate. On
Friday night Torah crown will be
consecrated by Rabbi Albert Plot
kin, given by Mr.. and Mrs. Lever
ant in honor of their son. Grand
parents are Mrs. Fannie Krell, 445
w. Osborn Rd., and Mr.. and Mrs.
Samuel Leverant of Boston.
The Phoenix Jewish news., 1960-02-19
Susan B. Kline Becomes
Bride OF Murray Gesshel

While attending the University OF
Southern California, the bride was
a member of Phi Beta Kappa. The
bridegroom received his degree in
accounting from use.
Attending from out-of-town were
the bridegroom mother; Mrs.
Julius Gersman of New York City,
grandmother of the bride; Mr.. and
Mrs. AL Berkman of Los Angeles,
cousins of the bridegroom, and
Isadore Jistrow of Chicago, great
uncle of the bride.
A reception followed the cere-
mony in the temple auditorium.
The Phoenix Jewish news., 1960-02-19

Eric Alan Levine, son of Mr.. and
Mrs. Emanuel Levine, $500 N.
Third Ave-, and Malcolm Howard
Mari, son of Mr.. and Mrs. Philip
Mari, 1889 w. Orchid Lane, first
cousins, will be Bar Mitzvah to-
gether Feb. 81 at Temple Beth Is
rael. A Kiddish will follow the
service
Grandmother of Malcolm is Mrs.
David Markowitz of Cleveland. Out
of-town guests: Mr.. and Mrs. ia
cob Markowitz, Mr.. and Mrs. Har-
ry Markowitz, all of Cleveland; Mr..
and Mrs. William Roth and son,
Mrs. Matilda Staman, Mrs. Alec
Kanigher, Mr.. and Mrs. Emanuel
The Phoenix Jewish news., 1960-02-19
SOCIETY & PERSONALS
MISS BROWNSTEIN,
SAM WILLETT WED

Miss Dorothy Brownstein and
Mr.. Sam Willett were united in
marriage at Congregation Beth He
brew Feb. IA. Rabbi William H.
Greenberg officiated. Among out
of-town guests were: Mrs. Clara
Sheinberg and Mr.. Gordon Shein-
berg, sister and nephew OF the
bride, both of New York.
Evening star., 1960-09-14

Mr.. Walter said last week that
Maurice H. Klein, NSA per-
sonnel director, will be the first
witness Friday.
The three-member Subcom-
mittee appointed by Armed
Services Committee Chairman
Vinson, Democrat of Georgia,
and headed by Representative
Kilday, Democrat of Texas, has
called IL NSA, Central Intelli-
gence Agency and Pentagon
officials for questioning Begin
ming tomorrow.
To Quiz AT General
One scheduled witness is 1t.
Gen. j. F. Carroll, Air Force
security information chief, who
was designated by the Defense
Department last week to in
vestigate the detection of Mar
tin and Mitchell, the circum-
stances of their employment
and any shortcomings in the
screening of intelligence and
security agency employees.
Mitchell ana Martin disap-
peared last June when they
left for a vacation in Mexico.
House Democratic Leader Nc
Cormack asked Mr.. Walter on
August 20 to have his COM
mittee investigate in view of
indications that the two men
might have detected to Russia
and previously gave valuable
information to Soviet agents.
Later the two men showed up
in Moscow to announce their
detection and denounce the
United States.
Evening star., 1960-09-14

ton about the witness excep
to say he detected to the
United States and his presence
here has not been previously
revealed.
Today's hearing is a warmur
for the committees scheduled
Friday hearing on the detection
of two former National Secu-
rity Agency code clerks to Rus
Sia.
Second Inquiry Slated
The session also gets the
jump on similar closed ses-
Sions starting tomorrow by a
special House Armed Services
subcommittee. Both of these
hearings will look into the de-
fection of Bernon F. Mitchell
and William H. Martin, the
former NSA employees.
Although appointed after the
Walter Committee set Friday
for the start of its inquiry into
the Mitchell-Martin case, the
Armed Services Subcommittee
decided to begin its session to-
morrow.
Chairman Walter said last
night that the open hearing
this afternoon is in no way con-
nected with the committees in
veStigation of the NSA defec-
tors and the problem Of screen
ing employees in Federal Secu-
rity agency jobs.
Aimed at Red Activity
He described today's hearing
as part of a continuing inves-
tigation of Soviet intelligence
activities against the United
States" He said he hopes the
former Russian officer can pro-
vide "up-to-date information
on certain activities conducted
by Soviet armed services units. -
The committee has not yet
announced a complete list of
witnesses for hearings on the
Mitchell-Martin case or indi-
Gated how soon the sessions
might be opened to the public.
Evening star., 1960-09-14

two Arms faced shutdowns un-
less agreements satisfactory 10
the union were reached before
expiration Of current contracts.
The G.E. contract, covering
u.s. 900 workers, expires Octo-
ber /.
Negotiations have been under
way in New York since July 10.
Mr.. Carey and AL Hartnett,
reelected to a sixth term as
secretary-treaSurer, will serve
four years under a constitu-
tional amendment adopted yes
terday. Terms were two years
previously.
Evening star., 1960-09-14
Electrical Union
Reflects Carey

MIAMI BEACH, Fla, Sept.
IA (AP).-The international
Union OF Electrical Workers has
elected James B. Carey to a
sixth term as president and
threatened shutdowns at Gen.
eral Electric and Westinghouse
Electric plants.
Negotiating committees yes
terday told delegates at the
unions national convention the
Evening star., 1960-09-14

Mr.. David Jones, Cor
bosco expert, here
through this Saturday to
IN a ke arrangements Of
new varieties in holders
you bring or choose.
Evening star., 1960-09-14
Exusperuted Thieves

LEICESTER, England, Sept.
IA (AP).-ThieveS who broke
into an insurance Office in the
night spent hours trying to
crack the safe, finally gave up,
broke open q piggy bank hold
ing staff contribution to char
ity. left with 10 shillings
(Sl.4O).
Evening star., 1960-09-14
House Probers Slate
Ex-Red Navy Officer
BY ROBERT X. WALSH
Star staT Writer

former officer who has been in the United
States since June disclosed the mystery witness
scheduled testify today before the House Committee I'm
American Activities.
The committee identified him Capt. Nikolai Federovch
Artamonov Walter other advance nforma
Evening star., 1960-09-14

. In this extensive collection of superb Oriental
rugs are treasures from Persia, India and China,
hand. picked for their level" colorngs intricate
designs and shimmering beauty
. Choose from antique, semi-antique and mod
ern patterns to enrich traditional, contempt.
rary modern setting
All sizes approximate all subject to prior
sale
No down payment required when you use our
Deferred Payment Plan for purchases of $500
or more. Convenient monthly payments arranged.
WGrI-EIoor Coverinns 9th Floor
Evening star., 1960-09-14
CORBOSCO CORALINo
FLOWERS AND FOLIAGE

Let Mr.. Jones make ortfuI arrange
ments for you during the day at our
Washington Store. Or toke your choices
to him at our Chevy Chase Store, Thurs
doy evening, or Friday evening at 7
Corners. Our own expert will arrange
Corboseo plastic flowers or folioee for
you any time at our Washington Store.
WGL-The Gift Shop, 7th Floor;
also Chevy Chose Wheaton PIozo,
Corners and Alexandra
The Nome nugget., 1960-03-04

FRESH dry salmon, 40 cepts lb. plus freight. Write Teller Con- mercial Co.
The Nome nugget., 1960-03-04
Idaho Senator Leads Fight For Higher Gold Price

Senator Henry Dvorshak of Idaho is leading the Congressional action for the increase. of the price of gold. In his remarks to Congress, he calls attention to the fact that it has been 63 years since William Jenning Bryan launched his attack on gold policy, and started this nation on the road toward flat currency, and he reminds the American people that the security of their currency is being jeopardized by complacen- cy in the handling of gold re- serves by the U. s. Treasury, and by indifference in Congress.
 He notes that under a Treasury policy, foreign nations can re- deem their u. s. dollars any time in gold, and now have obligations against the U. S. gold supply of over 18 billion dollars, while Americans are denied the possess sion of gold.
 In May of 1859, America had only $20 million in gold reserves.
 He urges Congress to safeguard the security of our financial sys- tenn, or find itself on the brink of fiscal disaster.
 Several thousand names have been turned in to the American Gold Association on petitions for a gold price that is realistic
The Nome nugget., 1960-03-04

PFAFF MACHINES - Rent by
 the week, $4; or month, $10. See Dorothy's. If
The Nome nugget., 1960-03-04
PIONEER CARD SERIES STILL OPEN TO NEWCOMERS

The second game in the Pio- neer Card Series will be played tomorrow evening at pm. at the Pioneer Igloo.
 The parties are open to the pub lie and anyone desiring to take part in the tournament who did not attend the first party will be given an average low score for the last game.
 Prizes are also given for each evenings games and refresh mentS are served.
 There are a series of five games in the tournament.
The Nome nugget., 1960-03-04
Friday. March 4. 1860
Fines Handed Out In Magistrates Court For Drunkenness

City cases heard in the court of District Magistrate James St. Amour in the past week included the following who pleaded guilty to being drunk and were fined $75: Ray Attatayuk, John Omede- lima, Jr., Ignatius Pushruk. and Steve Pederson. Alexander Muk- toyuk was fined $20, and Elmer Soosuk $100, on the same charge.
 Paul Omiak pleaded not guilty to drunkenness and bail was set at $100. He was found guilty on trial and fined $75.
 John Smith pleaded not guilty to vagrancy and bail was set at $50.
 The case against him was dis missed on motion of counsel Vir- gil Vochoska.
 A charge of disorderly conduct against Smith, brought by the state, was continued until Mon- day morning. 4
The Nome nugget., 1960-03-04
Home Arts Club Hears Supt. Conrad Potter

Members of the Home Arts Club, who met Tuesday evening at the home of Mrs. Gerald Me Cray, with Mrs. John Maakestad as co-hostess, heard plans for the annual Girl Scout party which they sponsor every Spring.
 Previous theater parties, given for them at this time through the courtesy of Mrs. Willie Brown, have been so popular, that an- other will be given for them and their leaders on Saturday, which is during Girl Scout Week. Mrs. Brown, who is a member of the organization, is also furnishing popcorn for the group, which to- tals over a hundred girls.
 Speaking for the Home Arts meeting was Conrad Potter, Su- perintendent of the Nome School, who talked on education and its several departments now operat- ing under the State. He also ex- plained some of the local school problems, and plans for taking care of the continuing increased enrolment, stating that probably 35 teachers will be needed next year.
 The club voted to contribute $25 to the wardrobe fund for the local Junior Miss candidate, Lorena NerShak.
The Nome nugget., 1960-03-04
MT. and Mrs. w. B. Mccarthy.

MT. and Mrs. w. B. Mccarthy. who have been on a vacation trip outside, enjoyed visit with their son Paul and family, which in- cludes three grandchildren, and a trip to Southern California to visit relatives and enjoy some sum- shine.
 They returned in time to start planting for their greenhouse and outside garden which is a show place to tourists during the sum- mer and an example to the rest of the community of what pro- ducts can be raised with a little effort and ingenuity.
The Nome nugget., 1960-03-04
MRS. JEFFORD PASSES AWAY IN NOME AT 70 YEARS

Mrs. Mary Jane Jefford, age 70, passed away today at the MNIM Hospital, after an illness of more than month. Jeff" has been an Alaskan since 1889, and was beloved for her kindness, cheerfulness and courage, by her many friends in Nome and other parts of the State She is survived by daughter, Mrs. Houston Alex ander of Nome, a son, Jack lief ford of Anchorage; son, Bill Jef- ford of Wasilla, and her husband, also of Wasilla. There are seven grandchildren, and one great
 grandchild. Funeral will be at 4 pm. Sunday in Methodist Church.
The Nome nugget., 1960-03-04

Methodists Plan Potluck Tonight
 Members of W.S.C.S., Sister hood and Northerners are re- minded of the World Day of Pray CT potluck supper this evening at 5:30 pm. Bring your own food contribution and eating utensils. Coffee will be furnished.
The Nome nugget., 1960-03-04
NOTICE TO SPORTSMEN!

The first meeting of the Isaac Walton League will be held this evening al 8 pm. at the Arc tic Club.
 This will be an organizational meeting for the sportsmans' club al which lime temporary officers will be named and application for a charter will be made.
 The meeting is open not only 10 those who have already signified their interest. but 10 anyone who is interested in protecting the wildlife and fish of this area.
The Nome nugget., 1960-03-04

MT. and Mrs. N. C. Simonson. who have been here for the past year with Alaska Airlines, are being transferred to Anchorage where they plan to make their home.
The Nome nugget., 1960-03-04

Medical Missions in Southern Rhodesia." a film, will be shown Sunday evening by the W.S.C.S., at the 2 pm. evening service in the Community Methodist Church.
The Nome nugget., 1960-03-04

Jimmie LaPierre. Well-known Tellerite and Pioneer, was brought down to the hospital for a medical check-up. He is reported im- proved.
The Nome nugget., 1960-03-04
First Grandchild

ITS1 GrdHQCNIIQ
 Grandma Ella Tanner is enjoy ing the arrival of her first grand child, girl born to her daughter, Mrs. Carol Wieler of Naknek, on Tuesday, at the MMM Hospital.
The Nome nugget., 1960-03-04

ATTENTION GIRL SCOUTS
 All Girl Scouts are reminded 10 wear uniforms to church on Sunday.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1960-06-21
Mrs. Hazlegreve
To Head Women
Of Guinea Church

GUINEA, June IS - On Tues
day evening Mrs. D. NJ. Bea slev
Of Cumberland. entertained the
Women Of Guinea Church in her
home.
Due to absence Of president
Mrs. Jesse Sanderson. the vice
resident presided. There was
an interesting program. which
ended with a discussion period
There was a splendid attand-
ance. Two guests Ct honor were
Miss Haynie Allen and Mrs. j.
P. Stratton.
Delicious homemade cake and
zee cream were served by the
hostess.
The new officers elected for
the ensuing year were: presi-
dent. Mrs. Joe A. Hazlegrove
vice president. Mrs. Carl Mat
thews. Mrs. George Sanderson
the secretary and treasurer, was
reelected.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1960-06-21
lean Reynolds
Wins Latin Honor

CUMBERLAND, June 16-Miss
Jean Reynolds, second y e a r
Latin student at Cumberland
High School. recently received
honorable mention in the 32nd
Latin Tournament sponsored BY
the Virginia Classical Associa-
ton.
On a written examination given
10 approximately 700 students
throughout the state, Jean scored
Just four points less than the
highest grade received in her
group. The examinations we're
graded by teachers Of the clas-
sizes in some of the Virginia col
leges and universities.
Other students from Cumber
land High School who entered the
tournament were Dorothy Bales.
another second year Latin stu
dent, and Michael Forbes, a first
wear student. Both of these stu
cents did well in their groups.
Mrs. Irving Driscoll teaches
flrst year Latin at Cumberland.
ard Ms. John Putney teaches
the second year Of the classic
language.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1960-06-21
Guinea Mills

Mr.. and Mrs. Lee Moorefleld
ana daughters visited Mrs. W.
q. Hedrlck and children Satur-
day night. Calling on Miss Pau
Inc Corson Monday We're Mr..
and Mrs. Jesse Gates, Of Farm
Vile. Sunday visitors were Mr..
and Mrs. Bruce Spencer.
Mrs. Lee Moor and
daughters and Horace Moore
field Were in Richmond Friday.
Harlan Wood. Of VPI. is spend
I'M the summer with his parents,
NM and Mrs. John Wood.
WI c. Hedlick and j. M. He'd
lex were dinner guests June
0f the n. H. Huskey family. They
..sited Mr.. and Mrs. Pink Ownby
ard Mr. and Mrs. West Waycas-
ter. of Dillwyn. in the afternoon
Mr.. and Mrs. Blaine Vance
and Mrs. W. c. Hedrick and
children recently visited r. w.
Smith and Mr.. and Mrs. A. G.,
Starllings. of Manakin. r. w.
Smith has been quite sick. but
is a little better at this writing
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1960-06-21

recent operations. j. D. Throck-
morton is patient in the Re-
treat for the Sick in Richmond
and little Dennis Lane is a pa
tent in Southside Community
Hospital.
Youngsters from the COM
munity have enjoyed the Va
cation Bible School at College
Church this week.
Mrs. w. J. Pollard, of Keys
vile. Mr.. and Mrs. Lloyd Nc
Kay and Mr.. and Mrs. Billy
Scruggs. Of Farmville, visited
Mrs. Stanley Mckay and Ernest
Mckay Monday.
Archer Southall, Of VPI. was
an overnight guest at his home
here Saturday. He resumed his
vacation work in Richmond Mon
day.
Bernard Mckay, of Richmond
spent the week end with Mr.. and
Mrs. R. H. Mckay. Mr.. and Mrs.
Curtis Mckay and daughter. of
Prospect, spent Sunday with
them.
Mr.. and Mrs. Logan Hammock
and Debbie, of Richmond, visited
their parents the past week end