davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-05-15

fleets though they also could be
used against land targets.
Admiral Arleigh Burke, Chief
Of Naval Operations, has esti-
mated the range of these primi-
tive missiles at about $50 miles.
Early this year Defense Secretary
Gates told a congressional sub
committee: Our Seapower as
whole is clearly superior to that
OF the USSR. The fact that the
USSR has more submarines in
operation than the United States
is in large part matter of diff
ferent requirements, but it does
pose a threat of significance.
The departure of a Russian
submarine from a home port and
her passage into blue water is
almost always known to the
United States Navy. There are
only certain number of routes
the Russians can take into the
oceans.
BY various means, including
aircraft surveillance, the Navy
shadows these ships.
At present the Navy seems to
feel that it is enough to know
roughly where these Russian sub
marines are and in what numbers.
There are an estimated 120 based
on Vladivostok in Siberia. Eight
are known to be operating out of
RuSsian-built sub pens in Albania,
and nine are attached-ostenSibly
for training purposes - to the
United Arab Republics fleet.
Should there be a war with
Russia, the Navy makes no bones
Evening star., 1960-05-15

million a year currently. Further
more, the South African gold
mines now also produce $3.50 mil
lion worth of uranium concen-
trates year, making South
Africa the worlds third largest
producer of uranium-after the
United States and Canada. but
so those in the know assert, ahead
of the Soviet Union.
United States financing has
been extended to South African
platinum and chrome mines,
which are also the worlds most
productive. Their platinum output
mostly goes to the United States
and is used not only for expensive
jewelry, but also as an important
element in the electro chemical
industries and in electronics.
Chrome. which is required for
steel-hardening is also sold mainly
to the United States.
An even more vital American in
vestment in South Africa has
been in the germanium industry.
Without that rare and costly
metal-a pound of germanium
cystals sells for about $300-the
big, prosperous United States elec-
tronics industry could not produce
any transistors or diodes, any ra-
dar or television, and practically
none of the 300-odd other i'm.
portant items on which it. thrives.
And most of the worlds supply of
germanium is currently derived
from the great Tsumeb mine. 1t
is financed by American capital,
but lies in the Namib desert, on
South African-controlled territory.
Evening star., 1960-05-15

ing or verbal escape from the
evidence of the Soviet's determina-
ton to dominate the world, and
the free worlds equal resolution
to remain free of such domination,
come what may.
Once again we may begin to live
in the world of reality, which is a
world of constant danger. 1t may
continue to be just that for a
generation or more.
To face up, as now I believe
even the most optimistic must, to
the realities of how wide is the
chasm between the Soviet world
and our own is, I think, the only
hope for the avoidance of war,
and for building a solid founda-
ton upon which two basically OPP
posite concepts of life can manage
to live side by side.
The sure road to war is to live
in fantasy, in world that does
not exist. Neville Chamberlain at
Munich demonstrated how tragic
this kind of escape from reality
can be. World War II was a direct
product Of that kind of wishful
thinking. The French confidence
that the "impregnable" Maginot
Line made an attack by Germany
impossible is the older equivalent
of the current doctrine that nu-
clear weapons possessed by both
antagonists have produce a
"stalemate" that frees the world
from the danger of a nuclear war.
Communist Realism
1t is through such a dream
world that the West has been
passing. During this incredible
period. however, the bitten,
realistic and aggressive Commu-
nists were softening up our Ameri-
can resolution-their prime target.
They flooded us with horror
stories of mutual suicide" by
atomic warfare, and alluring but
empty offers of peaceful coexist-
Evening star., 1960-05-15
Three DisiI|usionments in the Month of Nav
Should End an Era of Fantasies for U.S..

forces us to. The story of Pearl
Harbor is classic in this cate
CORY.
There is wealth of impressive
evidence that the American people
can face hard, cruel and disap-
pointing facts, and can act with
vigor, toughneSS, tenacity and
firmness. Here I think is the hope
full side, and the saving grace of
the rather sudden disillusionment
of the past weeks.
1t was American firmness arid
readiness to face up to facts that
helped get the Red army out of
Iran, that rebuilt our armed
forces and thereby kept the Chi
nese out of South Korea, that
saved Greece and Turkey, that
helped produce a peace treaty for
Austria, that saved Berlin by the
amazing airlift. On almost any of
these acts Of resolution, the So
viets might have gone to war.
They didn't.
We are dealing with q revolu-
tionary and highly successful
enemy. We must be at least as
realistic as the Russians have
shown themselves to be. We do not
want to compete with them by
initiating their closed society,
their lying to their own citizens.
We need above all to be ourselves,
Americans at our best. And at
our best we do not finch from
facts, we do not insist that our
public servants feed us only good
and pleasant words, but that they
tell us the truth, however distaste-
full.
Let us hope that the debacle
of the summit and the maneuvers
of the nuclear ban test negotia-
tions will mark the beginning of
a period of realism in our dealing
with the Soviet.
A peace that is no peace, a
"thaw" that is now warming up
except in the most superficial
ceremonial sense, a consequent
lulling and deterioration of Amer
lean resolve and will to stand firm
for what we believe-this is not
the road to peace. On the con-
trary, it is the road to disaster.
A stockpile of atomic and other
weapons are inert machines. They
have no deterrent value whatever,
unless there abides the will to use
those weapons rather than sur
render freedom.
There is as yet no evidence that
facing up to reality in dealings
with the Soviet adds to the risks
that already exist. My own opinion
is that the greatest risk of all
would be to continue to nurse the
illusion that international tension
is relaxed because we ourselves
have been relaxing.
Copyright, 1850, by David LilienthaD
Evening star., 1960-05-15

about the fact that it plans to go
after the submarine bases with
thermonuclear weapons and leave
the submarines on duty at sea to
die on the vine. 81
There is a school of thought
within the Navy. however, which
does not believe the United States
fleet will ever tangle with the
present Russian submarine feet.
Other Motions Involved ~
This school holds that the most
likely threat lies in the gift Of
submarines by Russia to nations
which might become involved with
the United States in limited wars.
The Russians are known to be
at work now on three nuclear-
powered submarines. possibly more.
Presumably they also are working
on missile bearing submarines sim
liar to the United States Navy's
Polaris type.
The present Polaris-type sub
marine is designed to launch 16
missiles with range of 200 miles
from underwater.
With the appearance of Soviet
submarines armed with long-range
missiles. the Navy's defense prob
lem will be increased immensely.
Such a submarine has only one
purpose, the all-out thermonuclear
attack.
When these submarines put to
sea, their positions will have to be
known at all times and with pre-
ciSion for their dispersal could be
part of a concerted attack plan.
This means more ships.
Evening star., 1960-05-15

the United States needs to main
tain control of the seas.
At the end of World War II
and the beginning of the cold
war Russia apparently was genu-
inely afraid Of an attack by the
West.
At the time, Russia had a huge
land army and massive air force.
Her weakness was Seapower. Rus
Sia was completely vulnerable to
attacks around her perimeter by
. the United States and British
fleets, the mightiest ever assem-
bled.
Though the United States was
then the sole posseSsor of atomic
bombs, Russia apparently believed
she could prevent delivery of those
bombs. or at least most Of them,
by land-based aircraft.
She could not, however, prevent
delivery by carrier-based aircraft
capable of striking from almost
any point Of the compass.
To meet what she thought was
a real threat, Russia embarked on
an expensive, crash construction
program, using captured German
blueprintS to form a submarine
force with the classic mission of
underwater boats:
l. To deny enemy surface ship
ping the use of adjacent waters
for attack purposes.
2. To carry out a war of attri-
tion against enemy supply lines.
The Supply Picture
About half of Russia's subma-
rine feet is designed for short
range defensive operations in the
shallow waters of the Baltic,
Black, Caspian, White and Japan
Seas. The remainder are long
range, diesel-powered attack types.
The rest of the active fleet con-
sistS of 480 destroyers and about
500 coastal patrol craft. Russian
naval strategiSts see no future for
her 81 cruisers and they are grad
ually being discarded. Russia has
no aircraft carriers.
One of the almost inflexible
rules of classic submarine war
fare is that for every U-boat at
sea there is one in port under
going repairs or taking on sup
plies, and another en- route to sea
or on the way back.
Assuming that the Russians
Evening star., 1960-05-15
BY DAVID E. LILIENTHAL

~ ''0F'71F'N3 11111'3I1N0' thu
NEW YORK.-May, 1860, may
be remembered as the month when
we Americans returned to the
harsh reality of the world as it is.
Once again our feet are on the
rough and long and painful road
to survival. Two years of wistful
thinking and fantasy about the
approach of an era of peaceful
coexiStence and nuclear disarma-
ment are about to come to a close.
Three recent events can be
thanked for this awakening:
First-The demonstration of
how little substance there is-in
Evening star., 1960-05-15

ence," total disarmament and an
end to nuclear weapons.
They realized that if by threats
and promises our will to resist
was eroded, freedom might perish
without single shot being fired.
I think we must admit that their
campaign was partly successful.
Now we are ready, I hope, to
put aside the superficial hopes
engendered by the spirit of Camp
David" or the notion that visits
of Russians to this country, and
Americans to Russia, highly de-
sirable and beneficial as they are.
in themselves. have any basic re-
lation to survival. We are now
ready, hope. to recognize that
these are only side shows that
to many have obscured the real
and basic obstacles to getting
along with the Soviet system.
We are, I hope. ready to put
aside, too. the wishful thought
that the Russian political leader
ship desperately wants disarma-
ment because they must keep
their people happy" with consumer
goods, and cannot do so unless
their huge costs of armament are
diminished.
Perhaps now we can come to
grips with the central problem.
That is to return to our efforts,
exhausting but essential, to learn,
step by cautious step, case by case,
the process of negotiation with
political leaders whose concept of
life is almost as far from ours as
if they were beings on smother
planet.
Need for q Jolt
1t is in the American tempera-
ment to be sanguine. to believe the
best of others. 1t is also in the
American temperament to face up
to whatever must be faced, but
only when some dramatic fact
Evening star., 1960-05-15
More Thon Propaganda

All this interest in a diplomatic
enterprise must have a reason,
1t is pointed out. Mr.. Khrushchev
has invested too much time and
effort, the West believes, to want
simply a bigger and better propa-
ganda megaphone.
In part, of course, Mr.. Khru-
shchev'S eagerness for high-level
negotiation can be attributed to
the fact that the Soviet Union is
at or near the zenith of its relative
military power, and hence can now
negotiate from a position of max
imum strength.
But Russia could be militarily
strong without feeling any impul-
sion to use that strength at the
bargaining table. More funda-
mentally, experts here believe, Mr..
KhruShchev'S desire for summitry
arises from a need for a detente,
that is, for release from Western
pressures on the basically unstable
Soviet empire.
If this analysis is correct, diplo-
mats here say. it follows that
sooner or later-at this summit
conference or another to follow
Mr.. Khrushchev will pay a useful
price for a detente if he fails to
extract it from the West by other
means.
He will certainly exhaust his
bag of other tricks. He can be
expected to continue his campaign
of bluSter, intimidation, divisive
maneuvers, and propaganda: but
if he fails-and the West intends
that he shall fail-he is expected
eventually to come around.
This, at least, is the French and
West German analysis, which has
become the Western view. If it is
too optimistic. that fact will soon
be dramatically and perhaps ex-
plosively demonstrated.
How long the process of Soviet
pressure tactics will last, and how
dangerous it will be, no one dares
predict. Mr.. Khrushchev may de-
vote the whole of next weeks
meetings to it. Indeed, he may
play this theme all summer. But
if he does, it will be much harder,
If not impossible, to persuade the
West to sit down again-and the
Evening star., 1960-05-15
By ALICK DE MONTMORENCY


The current strife in South
Africa finds the United States
deeply involved economically be-
cause Of the important invest
ments of American capital in that
country.
The great gold and diamond
industries of South Africa, in
which U. S. capital has a con-
siderable stake. and which pro-
duce most of the worlds yellow
metal and gem-quality brilliants,
are only part Of the story. For
the South African veld-a high,
rocky, thin-Soil prairie that goes
abloom with yellow, blue and red
flowers in the spring, but is a
poor, parched pasture in late
summer and falls one of the
worlds greatest mineral store-
houses. Its mines, which are
largely American-financed, yield a
big share of the. strategic and
rare metals used by the U. S. in
dustry, and in some cases are the
only important source of such ma
terials available to this country.
The first recorded American in
vestment in South Africa was in
1885. In that year, the Congre-
gationalist Board of Missions of
America set up mission in what
is now the Natal Province of the
Union Of South Africa. This mis-
sion has grown into the present.
day Adams College, the oldest in
stitution of higher education in
Natal.
Discovery of Diamonds
The century which followed saw
only sporadic U. S. investment il
South Africa. True, when dia-
monds were discovered in 1867
and gold in 1885 and thousands of
adventurerS flocked there from the
four corners of the world, there
were neutrality-suspicious. a thou
Sand-of American miners from
California and Colorado diggings
among them. But except for some
beautiful pages by Mark Twain,
who was there and who saw the
inside of Boer prison stockade
after taking part in the Inflated
raid led by DR.. Leander Starr
Jameson, there were no other last
ing results.
The only American investments
worth noting in all that long
period came from American oil
companies. which set up reflneries,
storage tanks and distribution
centers for their products, and
from the American manufacturers
of automobiles and agricultural
machinery, who set up assembly
plants in South African port
cities.
1t was the great depression Of
the 1930s, then World War II,
which turned the attention Of
United States financiers towards
South Africa.
The depression, which saw for
tunes wiped out overnight on Wall
Street, also saw South African
gold stocks soar a thousandfold
and more on London and johann
nesburg stock exchanges, and
many holders of those South
African equities experienced a
erve-shattering financial roller
coaster ride of riches to poverty
and back to riches.
The Gold 'BIonket'
Those gold stocks were all con-
nected with the great gold
blanket" which lies under the So
called white Waters Range" or
Witswatersrand. in Transvaal.
Then in 1946 another gold
blanket" was discovered 200 miles
Evening star., 1960-05-15
HOW ARE WE coUNTERNe THREAT7
The Strength Of Russias Sub Fleet
BY Benz PRICE
Associated Press stan Writer

The submarine road to Russia
is a two-way street.
Belated realization of this is TO-
cusing increased attention on the
fact the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans are no longer great de-
fensive barriers. They provide
hidden highways for potential
enemies.
Much also has been made of the
fact there are more submarines
-450-in the Russian feet than
there are active warships-383-
in the United States Navy.
Implicit in the alarm these con-
SiderationS generate is the specter
Of the United States isolated and
beset from the sea. Is this alarm
justified?
Perhaps the best answer is that
the United States Navy views the
threat with considerable calm.
There are two major factors in
the Navy's lack of nervousness
over the apparent Russian ad-
vantage:
/. The Russian navy as it now
stands was built to World War II
standards and designed to fight
conventional war of defense and
attrition.
2. The United States Navy can
not now foresee a situation in
which the surface ships would be
pitted against submarines as they
were in World War II, except in
limited war situations-and these
would not involve Russian
manned submarines.
A Shrinking Fleet
At that moment, the United
States Navy is far more concerned
over its ability to meet simultane-
Gus, limited war crises in two
oceans with an overage, steadily
shrinking fleet.
Seven years ago the total United
States fleet consisted Of 1929
ships. Now there are 817-and no
guarantee against further reduc-
tions. Eighty per cent of the
Navy's ships were built during or
prior to World War II. The Navy
places the useful life of a ship
at between Is and 20 years.
At the present replacement rate,
the United States Navy will be
about half its present size in 10
years.
These facts worry top Navy off,
GERS because as the character of
the Russian feet changes-and
intelligence reports indicate it is
acquiring a thermonuclear war
capability - the Navy's defense
capabilities must be greatly in
creased with new ships and new
equipment.
Any broad assessment of the
United States Navy'S present ca
pabilities is extremely difficult for
United States power must be re-
lated to the capabilities of the
potential enemy. Hard. undiSputed
facts about the Russian fleet are
difficult to obtain.
Missions Are Controsted
Based upon research on the
origins and size of the present
Russian Navy and frank, though
~ afk,.tk,,Ns@,z ia
with United States Navy officers,
here is a nutshell summary of
Navy thinking on Russian sea-
power:
The missions of the two navies,
Russian and United States, are
different. With her present fleet
Russia seeks nothing more than
control of adjacent waters while
Evening star., 1960-05-15

The outhor, ehoirmon Of the board Of
consultonts thot produced the so-colIed
Aeheson- -LiIienthoI proerom for inter
notionoI control Of the otom, wos the
first choirmon Of the United Stotes
Atomic Energy Commission, ond before
thot wos choirmon Of the Tennessee
VolIey Authority. Today he is board
choirmon Of the Development and
Resources Corp, a prNote firm thot
provides management services in under
developed countries for their economic
development projects.
Evening star., 1960-05-15

terms of Survival-to all the fam
fare over summit meetings out
side the United Nations, and the
essential hollowneSs of ceremonial
visits of heads of state and lesser
lights.
Second-The collapse of the
technical, and therefore the politi-
cal, basis for an agreed BAR on
the testing of nuclear weapons.
Third-The furor over an
American reconnaissance fight
into Russia.
Historic Turning Point
The barrenness of trying to slow
up or halt the nuclear arms race
by an inspection" agreement on
an issue so collateral and essen
TALLY remote from disarmament as
a ban" on the testing of nuclear
weapons, and the impending
debacle of the summit conference,
are events which the free world
may view as a turning point of
historic proportions. Something
graphic was needed to awaken the
people of America and Britain to
the facts of life.
The major significance of the
crackup of one of our reconnais-
sance planes within Russia, it
seems to me, is that this episode
dramatizes for the average citizen
what has, quite unwisely 1 think,
been hidden from him by the
words of many of the worlds polit-
lcal and intellectual leaders, West
and East-namely; that the not
so-cold war has not and cannot
in fact be abated by wishful think
Evening star., 1960-05-15

have $50 to 800 long-range sub
marines, this means that no more
than 85 to 100 would be on station
at any one time.
This is undoubtedly a formid-
able attack force when you con-
slider that Germany started World
War II with a total of only 81.
At no time during World War
II, moreover, could Germany
muster more than 10 on station.
But even if the United States
Navy thought it might have to
take on the Russian submarine
fleet, which it doesn't at the
moment, it is confident it could
manage, especially if reinforced
by the l47-ship British Navy,
which is essentially an anti
submarine force.
Missile Lounchers
Since World War II under
water detection techniques have
been improved. The United
States Navy has atomic depth
charges and homing torpedoes
for use by underwater hunter
killer submarines. Further, the
Navy is working out techniques
of using ship-to-underwater mis-
siles and drone helicopters.
Included in the Russian fleet
is an unknown number of mis-
Sile-carrying submarines. These
missiles are launched from sur
faced or submerged submarines
and appear to be designed chiefly
for use against massed surface
Evening star., 1960-05-15
Khrushchev's Needs
Atthe SUBMITS
By WILLIAM r. FRYE

PARIS. - The summit confer
ence which opens here tomorrow
is. for Nikita S. Khrushchev, the
consummation of more than three
years of intense diplomacy, blus-
ter. pleading and threat.
This basic fact-that it is the
Soviet Union. not the West. which
wanted this conformation - has
been all but lost in the furore
about spies and open skies, Berlin
and disarmament. 1t remains.
however, the key to Western
thinking here.
Mr.. Khrushchev began seeking
a new top-level meeting almost as
soon as the roseate glow of the
first Geneva summit in 1855 began
to wear off. The Hungarian eX-
plosion in 1856 sidetracked the
project, but in 1857 it was revived
in full force.
First, he entreated; then he
used propaganda preSsures; in
1858 during the Lebanese crisis.
he very nearly got the show on
the road. only to have the Red
Chinese veto it; finally. he de
vised a Berlin ultimatym which
did the trick. The meeting which
opens at the Elysee Palace here
Monday is the result.