davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-01-03
Khrushchev's Toast

In Moscow. meanwhile, Premier
Khrushchev drank a toast to the
"inevitability" of worldwide
communism and then dropped q
hint that Russia would disarm
unilaterally If the West does not
reach q disarmament agreement
with the Kremlin. This was in
terpreted as a Soviet maneuver
to force the Vests hand on q
Khrushchev proposal for total dis
armament within four years.
The West approves the general
idea but regards the proposal
vague on the essential issue Of
controls. 1t insists any program
must be guaranteed by a workable
control and inspection system.
whereas Russia favors reduction
first and consideration of con-
trolls later.
Mr.. Khrushchev, in a jovial mood
at q big New Years party, said
the Soviet Union should further
reduce" its armed forces and rely
more on rockets and nuclear weap-
ons to defend its borders. He said
the military establishment has
been cut by more than million
men and added the Kremlin is
willing to disband its army alto
gether because numbers Of troops
do not matter much in the rocket
age.
Evening star., 1960-01-03

q limited ban on atomic tests
in the hope this will salvage the
stalled Geneva negotiations. Un-
der the Presidents proposal Of
last April, there would be q first
stage agreement to outlaw nu-
clear tests under water and in
the atmosphere. That would stop
the spread of radioactive fallout.
If progress can be made on this
point. q beginning would be made
on disarmament. But failure on
the nuclear test talks would have
an adverse effect upon the gen.
eral disarmament conference
scheduled in Geneva March IS.
The decision to end the test
moratorium appeared more of q
maneuver for bargaining pur-
poses than as q declaration of
United States intentions. 1t was
viewed as a warning to the Rus
sans to agree on an accept
able international inspection pro-
gram or face the possibility of
new tests by this country. Small
hope is held for q reversal of the
Soviet attitude toward the Amer
lean demand for stiff controls on
the underground shots. Thus the
plan for limited curbs is gaining
in favor.
Evening star., 1960-01-03
The Surprise Element

One Of nine such submarines
now building-the Navy wants
45 to 30, the Washington is the
lead unit of the Nations first
virtually invulnerable deterrent
force. Unlike fixed-land base
missile systems, the safety Of this
force will not be endangered by
a surprise Soviet rocket attack.
DR.. George B. Kistiakowsky.
chief scientific adviser to Presi-
dent Eisenhower, hailed the ship
with this Endorsement:
"She and her sister ships will
give our Navy a new capahility
and so will provide our Nation
with q unique strength - the
strength of q secure deterrent-of
a force that can with inevitable
assurance, decisively punish an
aggressor."
Many critics Of current defense
policies warn Of q coming missile
gap" which they say will leave the
United States far behind the
Soviet Union. This gap" predic-
ton is based on comparative
numbers of land-based ICBMs.
For some puzzling reason, most
of these critics virtually ignore
the Polaris system from their
calculations. They would do well
to consider DR.. KistiakREskyS
words.
Evening star., 1960-01-03
New Terms Seen

Just how far the administration
is prepared to 60 has not been
revealed, but some officials are
limiting that. despite Mr.. Eisen-
hower's reluctance to intervene
directly, he may recommend terms
for a new contract and rely on
public pressure to bring the parties
to accept them.
The administration, quite natu-
rally. would prefer a settlement
without enactment of new legis-
lation, the terms of which could
not be predicted in this politically
charged presidential election year.
But 1t is becoming more clear
that II there is no pact shortly
before the workers are free to
walk out again-on January as
the Government will re3h hnmend
Evening star., 1960-01-03
On NucIeor Tests

These developments followed
President Eisenhower's announce
ment from Augusta that the
United States is reserving the
right TO resume nuclear testing af-
ter the self imposed moratorium
expired Thursday. He explained,
however. that any future test ex-
plosions would be authorized only
after advance notice. But his
statement clearly reflected United
States displeasure with Russia's
attitude toward a permanent ban.
President Eisenhower said the
United States will resume disarm-
ament negotiations in Geneva
January IL "in a continuing spirit
Of seeking to reach a safeguarding
agreement" But he said there is
no immediate prospect of one. The
Chief Executive objected to "in-
temperate" language and tech
nically unsupported" conclusions
Of Russian scientists who rejected
the findings of United States ex-
perts regarding the difficulty Of
detecting underground nuclear
blasts.
Evening star., 1960-01-03
Others Are Ready

With the prospect Of any Dem
ocrat arriving at the party con-
vention In Los Angeles carrying
the necessary majority Of 761
delegate votes in his pocket as
slim as that Of q Fourth Of July
blizzard. MessrS. johnson, Sy-
mington and Stevenson are be-
lieved to be ready to take their
chances in the scramble that is
almost certain to take place.
Both Of the avowed candidates
are faced with substantial han
dicaps. Senator Humphrey. a
hard-hitting practitioner of free
dom Of speech still looked upon
by many as being too far left Of
center. despite his drift. in recent
years, to more moderate positions.
His vigorous advocacy of
strong civil rights measures and
the backing given him by Amer
leans for Democratic Action. an
ultra liberal group, do not make
him particularly attractive to the
South and other conservative
forces within his party.
This self-styled champion Of
the plain man and lower Income
groups IL . realist. In an un-
Humphrey-liks bit Of under
statement, he acknowledged that
he faces ian uphill fight"
Evening star., 1960-01-03
Kennedy's Position

As for Senator Kennedy. there
is the question Of his religion. Al
though he has been the 'front.'
runner for the nomination in
most public opinion polls. some
Democratic Party offlcials feel
that q Roman Catholic candidate
would run with q big strike
against him.
The Massachusetts, Senator Is
the first Catholic to become q Sc
rious contender for the r1omina.
ton by either party, since Gov.
Alfred Z. Smith Of New York was
named by the Democrats in 1928.
Gov. Smith was overwhelmed by
Republican Herbert Hoover. who
cracked the solid South for the
G. o. P. for the first time.
The Humphrey and Kennedy
announcements assure that there
will be a couple. at least. exciting
primary contests next spring.
Senator Humphrey has announced
his entry into the Wisconsin pri-
mary; Senator Kennedy Is be-
lieved likely to vie there also. Both
men. along with all other con-
tenders, are automatically entered
In the Oregon race.
On the Republican side, mean
while, Gov. Rockefeller continued
to make news and stir speculation.
His announcement on December
26 that he would not seek the
@. o. P. nomination left the way
clear for Vice President Nixon.
There was immediate talk Of a
move to draft the popular New
York millionaire for the No. 2
spot, thereby creating what many
Republicans see as q dream
ticket"
Early last week, the Governor
reiterated that he would not &C
cept, even II 1t were offered, the
vice presidential nomination. The
tone Of finality in his words damp
ened hopes that he could be per-
suaded to change his mind.
Evening star., 1960-01-03
Nixon's Running Mate

The Rockefeller statement did
two things. It turned speculation
on q Nixon running-mate to other
individuals like Labor Secretary
James Mitchell, Attorney General
William Rogers, Senator Kenneth
Keating of New York and House
Minority Leader Charles Halleck
of Indiana.
1t also created uncertainty and
concern over what role Mr.. Rock
efeller would play in the coming
campaign. The Governor has de-
cided to keep intact his 70-man
special staff. This indicates that
he intends to speak out on ma
tional issues in the months ahead.
And, as he challenged and criti-
cized Eisenhower administration
policies-policies which Mr.. Nixon
by and large is bound to defend
in the past, some Republicans
wonder whether he will be of any
real help to the Vice Presidents
campaign.
There is one other possible rea-
son for the hig Rockefeller STAFF
to remain % ing concern. In the
Evening star., 1960-01-03

January 20, the workers, who
were forced back to their Jobs by
q Federal injunction on November
Z, viii be free to resume their
strike. They shut down most Of
the steel industry for 116 days
before the S0-day Injunction took
effect.
Last week administration lead
ers, including Mr.. Nixon, began Q
furry Of activity, much of 1t
secret. which had as It's obvious
goal o settlement Of the critical
dispute before q new walkout
becomes possible.
Their moves came against o
background Of renewed pessimism
on the part Of Federal mediators
and President Eisenhower'S three
man fact-finding board, expressed
as follows:
Joseph r. Finnegan, director Of
the Federal Mediation and Con-
ciliation Service, noted the pres
ent rigidity Of the deadlock on
Wednesday and announced he
would schedule no more mediation
sessions for the time being.
DR.. George Taylor, head Of the
fact-flnding panel. which recon-
vened on Monday to hear terms
of the companies last OFFER" said
that the board saw no opportun-
ity Of helping the parties" at this
time.
Both Mr.. Finnegan and DR.. Tay-
lor were apparently stressing the
point that neither side would
bulge until after the workers
voted January 11-13. Manage
ment values its last offer" at 80
cents an hour over q three-year
period; the union at slightly more
than ~ cents.
Mr.. Nixon, who is now regarded
as almost certain to win the Re-
publican presidential nomination
this year, acknowledged In mid
week that he had met, separately,
with top leaders Of management
and the United Steelworkers of
America, in private exploratory
conferences.
At the same time. 1t was re-
ported that administration leaders
were preparing an all-out peace
making effort to begin as soon as
the poll of the workers Is taken
next week.
Evening star., 1960-01-03
Summit:
A Date

The Western Big Three powers
proposed, and Soviet Russia
agreed to, May is as the OPEN
ing date for the summit confer
ence to be held in Paris.
AS 1859 neared its end. the final
obstacle to the next East-West
summit conference was removed.
Soviet Premier Khrushchev, who
previously had agreed upon Paris
as the site for discussions with
President Eisenhower, Prime Min
lister Macmillan and President de
Gaulle, made known his willing
ness to meet them on May l6.
Mr.. Khrushchev had objected TO
the Vests original proposal to
begin the deliberations April AZ
because Of q conflict with the
traditional May Day celebrations
in Russia. He had suggested
April 81 or May as alternative
dates but neither Of these was
convenient and the West countered
with the May Is proposal. The
Soviet leader responded promptly
and expressed satisfaction that the
details had been cleared for q con-
ference he regards as urgent.
The way is now open for the
heads of the four governments to
seek solutions to problems revolv-
ing around disarmament, the Ger
man and Berlin issues and general
East-West relations.
In Washington the Western
allies Immediately began to pre-
pare for Paris. Top-ranking dip
lomats from Britain, France and
West Germany met with Secretary
Of. State Herter to begin the job
Of co-ordinating their plans for
the summit. Word was passed at
the same time that the Western
powers are considering the advis-
ability Of bringing together their
Continued on Page E-4
Evening star., 1960-01-03
Defense::
Strength

The USS George Washington,
the Nays first POlaris ballistic
missile submarine, 10 commits
stoned.
In the bustling Yankee river
town Of Groton, Conn, Q new era
Of seapower or, more accurately,
Of national power was ushered in
last Wednesday.
For the Navy on that day ac-
cepted from the builder, General
Dynamics Corp, the first Of a
coming feet Of Polaris submarines,
the giant George Washington.
The commissioning Of the 5,40O-
ton ship. which will be capable Of
firing Is hydrogen-warhead mis-
siles nearly 1,400 miles, portends
the inevitable shift Of q major
part Of our deterrent forces from
Fortress America to the compare
tive safety Of the 10 per cent Of
the globe that Is salt water.
Evening star., 1960-01-03
Khrushchev Motives:
A Mystery Story

to hasten the break up Of Russia's
empire.
What, then, is behind the olive
branch Mr.. Khrushchev so osteu-
tatiously brandishes in the Vests
direction?
New information recently has
come to light which may provide
the answer. AS with most policy
decisions made by governments,
there is more than one motive
involved. The principal ones are
believed to be these:
KHRUSHCHEV'S PERSONAL
POSITION - When Mr.. Khru-
shchev and Mr.. Bulganin visited
Britain in April, 1856, Mr.. Khru-
shchev talked freely and indis-
creetly about Q struggle for power
inside the Kremlin. The issue
between him and Molotov, Kagan-
ovich, and Malenkov. he said, was
whether Stalinist repression in
ternally and the cold war exter-
nally were essential to the security
Of the regime. He insisted they
were not; they thought he was
undermining the very foundations
Of communism. This was more
than year before the clash in the
Kremlin broke into the open.
Events in July, 1857, when Mr..
Khrushchev's three adversaries
were overthrown. confirmed the
story in all essential detail.
British Encourage Him
The British decided then and
there-a year before Prime Min
lister Macmillan went to Moscow
to encourage Mr.. Khrushchev
down this path. If an astute
judge of the Communist system
like Vyacheslav M. Molotov be-
leved communism was being
undermined, the West should CO.
operate, they argued. Mr.. Khru-
shchev might indeed be unable to
control what he had started.
Mr. Khrushchev, too, may be
having certain inner doubts. This
Continued on Page E-4
Evening star., 1960-01-03
THE FOREIGN SCENE
A Timely Warning
On Our Defenses

Secretary Of State HerteF,
predicting that great challenges
lie ahead in United States for
eign policy, warned the cOun-
try II must maintain . strong
defense.
The principle of peace and
friendship in freedom, enunciated
% frequently by President Eisen-
hover on his recent world trip,
was emphasized again last week
by Secretary of State Herter. In
Q year-end statement. the Secre-
tary declared the American people
must face up to the task of con-
verting this principle from an ex-
preston of hope into actual fact.
One Of the challenges of 1860,
said Mr.. Herter, is the effort Of
the United States and its friends
TO reach political settlements-an
obvious reference to talks with
Soviet Russia on the fate of West
Berlin and the division of Ger
many. A second challenge is the
attempt for arms control. A
third is the assistance needed by
developing nations to achieve
freedom.
Despite prevailing hopefulneSs
regarding solutions to major
world problems. the Secretary
noted there has been no real
change in Communist intentions.
Pointing out that peaceful words
from Moscow have not been fol-
lowed by deeds, he declared it
more than ever essential for the
United States and its allies to
maintain their defenses.
Evening star., 1960-01-03
Congress-:
New Session

Preparations were being com
pleted last week for the opening
Of the second session Of the
S6th Congress on Wednesday.
BY train and plane and private
car, the return Of the Nations
legislators to Washington is un-
derway. After one Of the longest
sessions ct ended last September
15) in recent times. the 537 mem
bers OF the 96th Congress are
about ready to go at 1t again.
But this time, q fast start and
a fast and furious finish. prob
ably around July l. is in prospect.
There nearly always is Q short
session in a presidential election
year and 1860 is not expected TO
be any different.
Four Of the principal aSpirants
for the Democratic nomination
for President are United States
Senators. Each will have one eye
on the convention which opens
in Los Angeles on July II and a
desire to make his mark and
make 1t quickly in the new session.
Two of these Democratic leaders
will jump right of this month
with headline-producing investiga-
tions. Senate Majority Leader
johnson is said to be planning
another Of his exhaustive inquiries
into the Nations space and mil
itary preparedness programs. And
Senator Kennedy Is expected to
open hearings on the bitter steel
dispute and related labor matters.
There will be plenty Of fireworks
in these and other hearings deal
ing with a host of problems and
issues, nearly all of which are
politically charged. The other
Democratic hopefuls, Senators
Humphrey and Symington will
have ample opportunity to be
heard and may be counted on to
take advantage of it.
Despite the long first session of
last year, the seth left some
major work undone. It deferred
controversial civil rights after
voting to maintain the Federal
Civil Rights Commission for two
more years. And 1t passed no ma
jor farm bills-ate least, none
which got past or over q presi-
Dental veto.
The problem of civil rights
legislation is a particularly thorny
one for the Democratic Party.
How to keep unity and both sides
contented when the Northern
wing Of the party wants a tough
rights bill and the Southern wing,
a weak one or none at all, Is q
haunting question.
The Republicans, with little
prospect Of picking UP electoral
votes in the South riext November.
Evening star., 1960-01-03

congressional action TO bar Q new
strike. The guessing is that the
recommendation will be to permit
the Government to seek o new
Injunction to keep the men on the
job while negotiations continue.
David ]. Mcdonald, union chief,
seemed to be aware Of this posi-
bility when he hinted early last
week that the steelworkers might
strike selectively. that is. shut
down only Q certain number Of
steel plants. 90 that the Govern
ment would be unable TO convince
the courts that q national emer-
gency existed.
Evening star., 1960-01-03

probably will push q moderate-to-
strong civil rights measure. An
expected Democratic split could
mean votes for the @. o. P. In
Northern States where the Negro
population is q factor.
On the farm problem. the Re-
publicans are in o blight Of their
own. Farm income dropped IS
per cent last year and is expected
to drop some more this year
Farmers hardest hit tend, Of
course, to blame the administra-
ton.
President Eisenhower and his
Secretary Of Agriculture, Ezra
Taft Benson. are philosophically
opposed to increasing Government
subsidies to farmers. In fact, they
would like to decrease such out
lays. The Democrats, having no
such philosophical barriers, may
reap Midwest votes with proposals
for putting more money into the
. rural pocketbook.
The new session is expected to
be enlivened also with such hear
ingS as those planned on both sides
Of Capitol Hill concerned with
scandals In the broadcasting and
recording industries. Disc Jockey
"payola" and commercial bribery
will be two Of the headline
makers.
Evening star., 1960-01-03
The Same Tone

Even with the pressure Of q
presidential election year, the
general tone Of the S6th, set in
1859, is expected to continue. This
would mean q continuation Of the
cooperative working arrange
ments between Senator johnson
and House Speaker Rayburn with
their Republican opposite numbers
and the White House on Q sub
stantial part of the legislative
program to be tackled.
AS Senator johnson said In COM
menting on the record Of the S6th
last September, in q split Govern
ment Democrats in control Of
Congress and q Republican in the
White House,, an accommodation
must be made If there Is to be any
progress.
Here is the party lineup for the
new session: House-Democrats,
$50; Republicans, 1873, four va
cancies to be filled by special elec-
tions. Senate-Democrats, IS; Re-
publicans, 35.
Evening star., 1960-01-03
THE WEEK IN PERSPECTIVE
Politics and the Men

Senators Humphrey Of Min
nes0ta and Kennedy Of Massa-
chusetts formally announced
their candidates. for the Demo-
cratic presidential nomination
last week. Gov. Rockefeller Of
New York said his decision not
to seek or accept the Republican
nomination for Vice President
IL "irrevOcable."
II a Republican occasionally
does the unexpected, . Democrat
sometimes does the expected.
Last week, two Democrats re-
stored the confidence Of the po-
htical seers, a confidence badly
shaken eight days ago with Gov.
Rockefeller's surprise statement
that he would not vie for the Re
publican presidential nomination
in 1860. They confirmed what had
become quite obvious.
Senator Humphrey on We'd
nesday said he would like Moth
ing better than to be the Demo-
cratic standard-bearer in the No
vember election. He thus became
the first avowed candidate. Then.
yesterday, Senator Kennedy, the
boyish- looking Bostonian, told an
overflow Of news conference that
he. too, was in the race.
There may be no other formal
announcements on the Demo-
cratic side, although there are
three other major contenders.
These unannounced but highly
available candidates are Senators
Lyndon johnson Of Texas and
Stuart Symington Of Missouri and
Adlai z. Stevenson Of Illinois, two
time loser to President Eisen-
Evening star., 1960-01-03
BY WILLIAM r. FRYE
Contributing Writer

UNITED NATIONS, N. y
Much of the pattern Of world
diplomacy in the new decade
would be more clearly visible II we
knew the answer to one basic ques-
ton: What is driving Nikita s.
Khrushchev to seek accommodation
with the West?
That he does seek an accomo-
dation is no longer seriously ques-
toned in diplomatic circles here.
Elements Of his peace offensive,
such as the total-diSarmament
plan. are regarded here as phoney:
sometimes he zigs more than he
Zags. But the overall objective Of
his policy-peace in the cold war
on his own terms-is considered
clear beyond reasonable doubt.
When Mr.. Khrushchev, then
twinned with Bulganin, first began
making gurgling noises, many
U. N. sophisticates believed he
was leading from weakness. The
theory then was that a major up
heaval in the satellites was i'm
minent. Some even speculated
that there was serious turmoil in
the Soviet Union itself.
Events in East Germany, Poland
and Hungary seemed to lend
credence to the theory. 1t is known
to have profoundly Influenced the
late John Foster Dulles.
The Risk Of War
This line of reasoning could, of
course, be still valid. But virtually
all experienced analysts here have
now abandoned, or at least dras-
tically modified, it. If Mr.. Khru-
shchev ever was afraid that turmoil
in an outpost of empire would lead
to world war-intervention by
Moscow bringing counter-inter-
vention by the West--the expert
ence In Hungary dispelled those
fesrs. The West Tas not. and is
vt, prepared to rfs atomic war
Evening star., 1960-01-03
Steel:
Last Effort

Vice President Nixon entered
Government efforts to settle the
steel dispute. Federal mediators
and special fact-finding board
saw virtually no chance for pact
before last offer" vote by
workers January Ills.
A week from tomorrow, more
than 100000 Steelworkers will be-
gin voting. under terms Of the
Taft-Hartley Act, on manage
ment's last offer" for Q new
contract. a
Evening star., 1960-01-03
The FoIIout Problem

At weeks end, American diplo-
mats were reported ready to re-
vive an old Eisenhower plan for
Evening star., 1960-01-03

event that Mr.. Nixon. for some
unknown and unexpected reason.
drops out Of the race or tumbles
in party esteem. the Governor
could step in with q ready organ
ization.