davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-09-04
OnCWH Rights

Further to pin down the idea
that the Democrats planned to do
something about civil rights to
offset criticism that they failed
to take any action in the special
session, Senator Kennedy read a
statement signed by himself and
% Democratic Senators. 1t pledged
action in the next session. Missing
from the list Of signers was the
Democratic vice presidential nom
inee, Senator johnson. The ex-
planation was that the signers
were Senators who had voted all
the key measures on civil rights
in recent sessions. Senator john
son is not among these.
If the civil rights statements
were modifying in intent, the next
Kennedy move might be called
reassuring. 1t was appointment
of a group headed by Paul H.
Mite to work on security prob
lens which his administration
Evening star., 1960-09-04
Nixon's.T Travel

Travel was the one thing Mr..
Nixon didn't have to worry about.
He was confined to his bed in
Walter Reed Hospital with knee
infection caused by an injury he
received at the hands Of slam
ming automobile door on his
otherwise successful trip to
Greensboro, N. c., on August IT.
It was nothing really serious and
he should be all right soon, his
doctors said.
Mr.. Nixon received at his bed
side solicitous visit from his boss.
President Eisenhower, and re-
ceived a delegation of sports fig
ures who've formed a ."Dick
Nixon Sports Committee.
Looking outward. Mr.. Nixon was
able by the end of the week to
announce for himself a trip of con-
siderable proportions: IA States in
6 days, from San Francisco to
Baltimore. This one is set to be-
gin September IL.
fA1lQ W OIL Gig OIlCIl VIC OdA1APdA6AA
some really big G.. o. P. shoulders
were put to the wheel, Henry
Cabot Lodge and Nelson A. Rookie
feller.
Mr.. Lodge, the vice presidential
nominee, was released from his
duties as United States Ambassa-
dor to the United Nations and it
was Immediately that he would
step up the pace of his campaign
ing. The New York Governor will
make no fewer than 100 speeches
before November 8.
On some things the candidates
of both parties are agreed. The
Democratic and Republican ma
tional chairmen got together for
q handshake and a firm stand to
sign a creed set forth by the Fair
Evening star., 1960-09-04

Aggrovi|Ies' Barrier Against Marauding Communists

The peasant is the chief victim.
We come back now to the "ag-
groville." 1t has some Of the same
elements of the Israeli "kibbutz"
and the "resettlement villages" in
Malaga, built during that long
war against the Communists.
Diem conceived the plan and in
augurated it this year. To date
eight have been built. One is large
enough to have shops, restaurants,
even small hotel.
Each peasant who moves to an
"aggroville" receives plot of land
Immediately adjacent to his house.
The government loans him money
to build the house, and if he wishes
to buy land near the "aggroville,"
he can get loan for that.
Protection at Night
At night the centralization gives
him a greater degree of protection
against the Viet-Cong. Some of
the "aggrovilles," for example,
have electric lights. All are guard
ed by local militia. And they serve
as communications centers for the
Vietnamese regular army operat-
ing in the delta.
Nevertheless, the peasant doesn't
like to be uprooted from the vii
lage where he was born and taken
away from the land he has been
farming all his life. He has
deep, emotional attachment to the
graves of his father and grand
father. Like primitive people
everywhere, he feels insecure and
unhappy away from the familiar
scene.
Government officials, however,
admit to very little peasant oppo-
sition. An American expert said,
I'm keeping my fingers crossed
about the aggrovilles. don't
know if they will work"
And a Vietnamese-who opposes
many countS-said, "thiS is forced
labor. The peasant is forced to
move whether he wants to go or
not. He is not paid to build the
'aggroville,' not even in food. If
he wants to live in the 'aggroville'
but work his own plot of land at
home, he may have to walk 10 or
IL miles day, one way.
There is no difference between
an 'aggroVille' and the communeS
in Communist China"
Be that as it may, the President
is determined to plough ahead
with his plan. He is not unac-
customed to using strong arm tao
tics in running his country.
Evening star., 1960-09-04
FORCE AND coUNTERFoRCE
What Kind Of Strategy for sos?

The thought seems to be that this
city destruction capability-with-
out a specifically developed capa-
bility to destroy enemy aerospace
forces-would be enough to deter
the enemy"
Striking the First Blow
When Gen. White talks of ere
action to strategic warning" he
is, of course, talking about pre-
emptive" war. This means we
would strike the first blow when.
and if, we thought we had posi-
tive proof the enemy was planning
an imminent attack upon us.
The Navy does not subscribe to
the pre-emptive war idea, which
has a certain attraction when re-
taliatory bases are inmobile and,
therefore, exceedingly vulnerable.
The Navy holds that If we had a
protected (mobile) striking forces
Of sufficient size and strength, the
enemy would not attack. But If he
did, a crushing retaliation would
be inevitable. This force is now
in sight with the Polaris system.
Later on, in 1964-65, the Minute
man ICBM, aboard railroad cars,
can make a contribution.
On another point. the Navy de-
nies it advocates a force merely
designed to knock out enemy cities
100 or 200 or any number. To
accomplish the destruction of 100
Soviet cities, the Navy would need
to score hits with missiles carried
by only seven submarines. Each
would carry 16 Polarises with a
warhead Is to Is times as power
full as the bombs which atomized
Hiroshima and Nagasaki. But the
Navy wants As Polaris submarines
(720 missiles) and Congress has
already approved 81 1886 missiles).
An official familiar with Admi-
raj Burke's thinking on finite de-
terrence, said the Navy position is
that we must have a composite
target list of military installa-
tions and softer" targets.
Although he contended that the
target system we choose does not
contribute directly to the deter
renee because the enemy does not
know precisely what is listed, the
Navy official declared:
ut would appear logical after
absorbing a surprise attack, and
having reduced forces, to place
greater emphasis upon the softer
targets than upon empty missile
sites and airfieldS."
The Novy's Position
The Navy says we should not put
all our eggs into one basket
either land or sea-based retalia-
tory weapons.
"It is not advocated that all
Evening star., 1960-09-04

Q Gen. Nathan F. Twining.
former Air Force Chief Of Staft,
is retiring this month as Chair
man of the Joint Chiefs. In this
influential post, he has almost al
ways sided with the Air Force
when policy disputes arose.
His successor will be Gen. Ly-
man L. Lemnitzer, Army Chief Of
Staff who, like Admiral Arleigh A.
Burke, Chief Of Naval Operations,
believes that the Air Force mas
sive retaliation policy has failed
to deter limited wars and that
there is a danger we may build
too many strategic weapons while
neglecting conventional forces.
The Army Navy voice thus is like
ly to be louder in the jos during
the next couple years.
Difference in Strotegy
At Fort Worth. Gen. LeMay did
more than open up the budget
fight to public gaze. He focused
attention on the difference in war
deterrent strategies Of the Air
Force and Navy.
Basically, both services agree
that we must have a sufficiently
powerful retaliatory force after
absorbing a surprise attack to be
able to crush the enemy. Further,
in order to deter, they agree we
must be certain the enemy be-
lieves we will have such strength
and be prepared to use it.
After this. the Air Force and
Navy part company,
Put succinctly, the Air Force
believes in infinite or unlimited
strategic retaliatory force. They
call this the counter force" and
say it should be strong enough,
with safety margins, to destroy
Soviet strategic forces and war
making capability.
The Navy believes in finite de-
terrence, attainable with limited
(but Adequately forces, asserting
that it Is not necessary to match
the enemy in each weapon cate
CORY in order to deter or defeat
him.
Gen. Thomas D. White, Air
Force Chief of Staff, in speaking
of finite deterrence, told House
committee:
This theory. based upon lin
bility, seems first to disregard the
possibility of reaction on our part
to strategic warning. and this
is, in my judgment. so critical a
deficiency as to invalidate the
theory.
"This theory would have us
base our defense on having enough
forces surviving after an attack
to destroy 100 or so enemy cities
Evening star., 1960-09-04

There's q new word in the
cold war-aggroyiIle. An ag-
grOville Is q cross Between q fort
and bold social experiment in
South Wet Nam. Some think
aggroviIles are q daring answer
to the Communist menace but
others say they differ In name
only from the cOmmunes Of Red
China,
Evening star., 1960-09-04

Continued From Page Ell
of Majority Leader Dirksen and
Senator Keating of New York.
They kept the proceedings lively
with a steady spray of light but
effective political jibes. Toward
the end they seemed to be riding
somewhat triumphantly over the
mob-scene of milling Democrats.
Senator Kennedy, nervously
awaiting the moment he could
break away for his campaigning.
was saying loudly and earnestly
what everybody knew both sides
had had in mind since August 8:
We'll take this fight to the
American people"
Evening star., 1960-09-04
The National Scene

would be faced with and to have
a program ready so that it could
move quickly. Mr.. Mite, Re-
publican turned Democrat. served
as a director of the State Depart
ment's policy planning staff from
1850 to 1858.
Senator Kennedy lost no time
when the Senate session freed
him to hit the open road. He
went first to New England for
speeches in New Hampshire and
Maine. Then a croSs-country
dash to San Francisco, on to
Alaska and back to Detroit for
a Labor Day appearance.
In New England he referred
to the need for action - action
at home to keep pace with our
growing needs, to help the un-
fortunate, to build still greater
Nation - and action abroad to
match the rise in Communist
power, to meet the turbulent rev.
olutionS reShaping our globe"
In traditionally Republican
Maine and New Hampshire he
promised that, if elected. he
would bring Republicans into the
Government.
In San Francisco he hit once
more at the stand still philoso-
ply of the Republicans"
The trip is Senator Kennedy's
first real chance to do any per-
sonal sampling of the political
climate.
The straws in the wind have
been both meager and confusing.
The first polls indicated that
Kennedy and Nixon were neck
and-neck. But everybody knows
polls don't mean anything. The
Americans for Democratic Action
came out for Kennedy but every
body knows they had nowhere else
to go. There'd been insulated in
cidences indicating that maybe
the Kennedy partisans had un-
derestimated the opposition that
would be aroused by his religion.
Maybe the underground campaign
on that score would be greater
than had been expected.
Evening star., 1960-09-04

for the average Vietnamese. The
rice crops have more than doubled
In the past two years and now
point to a healthy, 400,000-ton
surplus. Production of rubber may
double this year. New industries
are coming into being.
Better Life Coming
In short. the sheer physical
problem of recovery. and OF
providing the means of better
life for the average man and
woman in Wet Nam appears well
on the way to being solved.
The security problem, however
- meaning the Communists
operating in the delta. south of
Saigon-is far from solved. There
in the fiat. swampy land. criSs-
crossed with innumerable canals
and waterways, with high grass
and jungle for hiding places and
few real roads, the Reds are still
operating. full blast.
Their strength today is esti-
mated at 5000 to 5000. Supplies.
and doubtless reinforcements,
come from North Wet Nam and
from Communist China. They
come by sea and land. There is
a long, unguarded coastline. There
are innumerable land routes
through Laos. Many cross into
Wet Nam from Cambodia, mill
tary observers say. The border is
only vaguely marked, and the
petty frictions between Wet Nam
and Cambodia have delayed at
tempts to close it to the Wet
Cong bands.
Security Problem
Thus, if the new government in
Laos changes the previous policy
and becomes "neutraliSt." the
security problem in Wet Nam will
be seriously aggravated. A coup
d'etat by elements of the Laotian
Army ousted the erstwhile pro-
western government.
So the Viet-Cong has a rela-
lively easy time reaching the
delta and of getting supplies for
its operations.
They use the classical Commu-
mist guerrilla tactics l.. hit and
run. :.
Almost every day the govern
ment reports Seven Viet-Cong
terroristS killed. Army units
killed nine Communist guerrillas
and captured FIVE"
It's that kind of war. Sudden
death, then silence and the lurking
menace in the jungle.
Evening star., 1960-09-04

Campaign Practices Committee
calling for hard and clean" cam
paigning. Ruled out was any kind
of underground stuff" No one
doubted their sincerity and there
had already been charges, notably
by Senator Kefauver, Democrat of
Tennessee, that the country is
being flooded with false and libel
Gus Catholic materials.
The next few weeks would tell
whether an already lively cam
paign was going to be also a
dirty one.
Evening star., 1960-09-04
BY L. EDGAR PRINA
Star Stan Writer

Tough, cigar chewing Gen. Cur
tbs E. LeMay. one Of the last Of
World War II's big bomber COM
manders still on active duty, has
been like q quiescent volcano since
he came here three and a half
years ago as Vice Chief Of Staff
Of the Air Force.
An outspoken advocate Of bigger
and better models of bombers, he
had taken q long holiday from
fiery, controversial public speeches.
A week ago, in Fort Worth, Tex,
home Of the B-58 Hustler, the
holiday ended.
In a free-wheeling performance,
the highly explosive General did
not discriminate. He dropped in
cendiary bombs in the direction of
the Army. Navy, Marine Corps
and Defense Department. Though
the speech was cleared by Penta-
gon policy review officials. the Le-
May assault plainly implied that:
/. Only the Air Force has gen
uine" deterrent forces and, there
fore. only it can win an all-out
war.
2. To rely on mobile missiles
like the Navy's Polaris, but not
like the 1864 Minuteman of the
Air Force-is to buy the false Sc
curity of a limited and indecisive
force"
8. Only an overwhelming stra-
tegic striking force made up Of
land-based missiles and bombers
can win a big war or deter a
limited war.
4. The Navy wants the Nation
to have a retaliatory capability
suitable only for destroying cities,
but the threat of destroying cities
is no longer a dependable deter
rent factor.
Fight Over Future
The LeMay speech is around a
battle for public support for more
Air Force funds in the new budget
now being drawn up at the Pen
tagon. Army and Navy leaders
may be expected to answer in
kind unless Defense Secretary
Gates clamps down hard-and
soon.
The traces Of irritation, and
Illustration - exhibited by the
former SAC commander could
perhaps be explained by this
situation the Air Force faces now:
. Its only operational ballistic
missile, the first-generation,
liquid-fuel Atlas. was declared
ready a year ago. but only nine
are on the launching pads. Con-
struction Of bases has fallen six
months behind schedule. The
improved Titan ICBM is catching
up and the question arises: Should
Atlas be cut back in favor of the
newer weapon?
o The Navy'S second genera
ton, solid-fuel Polaris rocket be-
comes operational aboard a nu-
clear-powered submarine next
month. Thirty-two of these hy-
drogen-warhead weapons are due
to be at sea aboard two subs GIG
in each) by December 81. Twenty
one Polaris submarines are now in
the program-with IA fully fund
ed. This means that before the
end Of 1868 the Navy could have
/. 1886 missiles concealed under the
: ocean, ready for launching against
. enemy targets.
Over the last several years, the
Air Force frequently has asserted
that 1t possesses 80 to 95 per cent
of the Nations nuclear strike ca
pability. With the Navy likely to
have more ballistic b missiles
through the next few years than
the Air Force. this percentage will
be reduced considerably.
Evening star., 1960-09-04
BY RELMAN MORN
BY the Associated Press

MYPHUoCTAY. South Wet
Nam.-Deep in the water-logged
delta Of South Wet Nam, far from
the nearest city, another "aggro-
vile" rises.
This is q new-type farming COM
munity. The Vietnamese govern
ment calls 1t, more elaborately, "a
populated prosperity zone"
It's wood and bamboo houses
shelter 1877 families, nearly l,l00
men, women and children. To-.
gether with some larger buildings
"a primary school. a hospital. ad-
ministrative offices-the houses
cluster in a tight knot on the edge
Of the jungle. Except for its new
ness, the "aggroville" looks pretty
much like any other village in the
delta.
Actually 1t Is very different.
For this is q symbol of war on
two fronts against the Commu-
nists In Southeast Asia--war at
the rice roots level.
BY night, the "aggroville" is q
sanctuary.
It is designed to provide a degree
of security for the peasants, and
the village headmen, against
marauding bands Of the Wet
Cong, the Communists from the.
north. They are little safer
here than in the scattered COM
munities where they formerly
lived.
BY day, it is an economic and
social experiment.
Storted by President
The President of South Wet
Nam, tough, forceful Ngo Dinh
Diem, inaugurated the "aggro-
villes." They are part of his pro-
gram Of land reform, and islands
Of resistance in his fierce struggle
against the Viet-Cong.
And they symbolic many Of
the vast and dangerous problems
confronting staunch anti-Com-
munist Wet Nam-the military
problem Of stamping out we'll
trained, well-supplied Communist
forces. the political problem COM
Evening star., 1960-03-18

A wonderful new invention with high NITROGEN
content makes the oreenest grass ever! Makes
heovy, dusty. smelly fertilizers out Of dote
free from bod odors . and economical, too!
Evening star., 1960-03-18
PING PONG TABLE AND PINC.PONC

Ping Pong set consists of four
three-ply rubber feee bots, fine
loequer finished hondles; poir. of
"a" steel rust-proof extension
posts; 66" regulation tie net;
two official bolIs and one set
OF rules.
Evening star., 1960-06-12
DIPL LO/NATICALLY SPEAKING
British Mark Queens Birthday

print of blue and violets.
Their pretty blond daugh-
ter Antonia circulated among
the guests, looking like the
breath of summer in a blue
and-white striped cotton sun
dress. Also present now and
again was the family boxer,
Figaro, a dignified dog who
acts as though he could take
parties or leave them.
Among the guests were six
men who had been awarded
decorations from the Queen in
a ceremony at the Embassy
shortly before the reception.
They were Mr.. D. j. B. Robey
British Consul General in
Cleveland, named Companion
of the Most Distinguished Or
der of St. Michael and st
George; DR.. Courtney Craig
Smith, president of Swarth-
more College and secretary ot
the Rhodes Scholarship (and
brother of Mr.. Carleton Smith
of this city,. and Mr.. Reginald
Barrett. former Attache fol
Evening star., 1960-06-12

an Englishwoman yesterday
as she arrived for the recep-
ton given by the British Am
bassador, Sir Harold Caccia,
and Lady Caccia.
Embassy officers were sta
toned inside the front door,
on the double stairway and
along the hall. directing
guests to the second-f1oor
terrace where the Ambassa-
dor and his wife received.
THE COVERED TERRACE
leads down onto a rich eX-
panse of lawn enclosed by
Shrubbery and trees, gener-
Gus enough to hold hundreds
of guests without any danger
of congestion.
The day was not only
beautifully clear, it was cool
enough to allow Ambassador
Caccia to wear his handsome
gray cutaway, sometimes
called the ascot" suit after
the royal Ascot races. Lady
Caccia was dressed in a filmy
Evening star., 1960-06-12

Perhaps the very incest
thing one can say about the
annual British Embassy gar
den party to celebrate the
Queens birthday is that it
hardly changes from year to
year.
American guests find with
delight just what they eX-
pected: Big bowls of straw
berries and whipped cream
and plates of little sandwich
es and pastries spread out
on a table under a huge
green canopy: pleasant con-
versation, and a wide variety
of Commonwealth diplomats
in a colorful range of dress
-NigerianS in their stately
robes and turbans, Ghanaians
in kentes, a few Scotsmen
in kits, women of In6Ga and
Pakistan in their lovely saris,
and so on.
Even the weather is fairly
constant. 1T is always felici-
tous for this OCCASION" said
Evening star., 1960-06-12

The comedian congratulated
Prince Philip on his seth
birthday, then added. Il
know just how it feels. I've
celebrated mine seven times"
OVER AT THE FRENCH
EMBASSY, later last night,
Ambassador and Mrs. AL
phand entertained a host of
young people, also some Of
their own friends, at a gay
dance for Mrs. Alphand's
daughter, Miss PriSoa Bunau-
Varilla, and her niece, Miss
Doriane Merenda. Doriane
has been living here since last
fall.
Prisoa, a little blond beauty
with Dresden coloring, and
Doriane, who is tall, brunette
and good-looking, stood with
Mrs. Alphand to receive the
guests. They were the very
picture of French chic.
The Ambassadors wife was
dressed in a Dior gown,
named by the designer Mutt
de Grenade" might in Gre
nada). OF fine taffeta print
ed with various shades of red
and touches of black. the
floor length sheath featured
a voluminous overskirt which
swept into a valance at the
hemline.
Prisoa's gown, also by
Dior. was a full white Or
CANDY embroidered with large
navy blue dots. The seal
loped strapless bodice, very
tight at the waist. was &C
cented with a fiat navy blue
bow. Doriane's dress of white
Aleutian silk with red dots
hugged the bodice to the
hipline, then flared into a
full skirt.
After the reception the two
girls Joined their young
friends on the terrace where
an orchestra played for dane
ing. 1t was a romantic set
ting: Flowers and foliage ran
up the poles supporting the
marquee and there were pink
and white balloons and rib
bons about, giving the ter
race a May Day atmosphere.
At midnight the guests
were served a sumptuous
supper, featuring such deli
cacies as eggs interallie, SAL
mon Bellegue, cornet de jam
bon and so on, also chocolate
cream puffs and strawberry
tarts.
The young people included
sons and daughters of Am
bassadors and Ministers from
the other embassies and Of
high-ranking American Off
cials. Among the out-of town
guests was Princess Isabelle
of France, who had come
from New York for the week
end.