davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-09-07
Why Were They Hired?

The President had ample reason to
brand as Self-confessed traitors the two
American code clerks who have turned
up in Moscow singing the Communist
tune. 1t will not be enough, however,
. to denounce these men and then close
the books on their case.
The two defectorS-Bernon F.
Mitchell and william H. Martin-were
employed by the National Security
Agency, one of our hush-hush opera
tions. They undoubtedly had access to
classified information, but their Supe
riorS have sought to give the impression
that the two men couldn't have turned
much of Importance over to the
Russians. In calling for an investigation
of the whole affair, however, House
Majority Leader Mccormack said the
men took with them valuable cryptic
graphic information and that ats loss
is far more serious than any official has
publicly admitted"
Presumably, the facts as to the pre-
else nature of the information cannot
be made public for security reasons.
We are inclined to think that Mr.. Nc
Cormack is right in his evaluation of it,
however, and in any event Mitchell and
Martin obviously have handed the
Kremlin much propaganda material
which will be used to attack and dis
credit the United States.
So the investigation for which Mr..
Mccormack has called ought to concern
itself not only with the nature of the
secret information to which these men
had access, but also, and perhaps of
greater Importance, with the question
of how they wormed their way into the
NSA.
1t is our understanding that NSA
made its own investigation of Mitchell
and Martin before they were hired. How
thorough was this investigation? Did
it turn up evidence pointing to character
defects which indicated unreliability?
If not, did NSA subsequently learn of
derogatory information and still keep
the men as employees?
These are proper matters for con-
gresSional investigation, and there is no
excuse for any attempt to cover up the
facts. If NSA and similar agencies are
careless in recruiting their personnel,
or if they do not subsequently give
proper weight to information indicative
of character defects, this is something
in which Congress and the public have
a legitimate interest. If it should be
said that such an investigation now
would be to lock the stable door after
the horse has been stolen, the answer
is that it might also result in locking
some other doors before our country's
classified data has been looted and
turned over to the enemy
Evening star., 1960-09-07
Metro Government

In a new publication, Guiding
Metropolitan Growth" the Committee
for Economic Development makes a
convincing argument as to the need for
new forms of regional government to
enhance the order and efficiency of our
fast-growing urban areas. AS matter
of lip service, the subject of metro gov
ernment is receiving increasing atten-
tion throughout the Nation. The fact
that so little actually has been accom-
plished, however, is testimony that
neither public officials nor their conStit-
uents as yet understand the potential
benefits, and the CED report is a valu-
able aid in this respect.
One fallacy attacked by the report
is the assumption that metropolitan
areas do not possess the financial re-
sources to pay for their complex and
expensive public-Service needs on
regional basis Actually, local govern
ment expenditures jumped from SO
billion in the postwar year of 1946 to
$31 billion in 1857, and the upward
spiral is still continuing For the most
part, however, this substantial outlay
was made on fragmented basis by local
governments within the metro areas,
with too little regard for the needs of
the region as whole and with no
regard at all for the increased revenues
that would be available if attractive
regional services were provided. AS the
CED put it:
Obviously, the great metropolitan
complexes within which the bulk of our
national income is produced have the
capacity to pay for local services. But
the tax sources of local governments are
too limited and inflexble to tap the COM
munitys income in ways that yield the
necessary revenues on an equitable basis.
At present. only the State and Federal
Governments can tap the economic re-
sources of the areas as a whole for
necessary public purposes.
Thus, to steadily-increasing de-
Evening star., 1960-09-07
Finnish Finesse

It would be unwiSe to minimize the
effectiveness of the benevolent big
brother technique practiced by Nikita
Khrushchev during his weekend visit
to HelSinki. Indeed, the whole stage
was so naturally suited to this sort of
pitch that it would have been astonish-
ing If the shrewd Soviet Premier had
played any role other than that of the
tolerantiy friendly (but of course more
powerfully neighbor
Mr.. Khrushchev has nothing to fear
from Finland-eXcept in the knowledge
that the Firms are hardy and coura-
geous people who do not take easily to
being pushed around. During most Of
the postwar period, Moscow has had
sufficiently good Judgment to refrain
from outright bullying of this small
northern neighbor, with the result that
a modus vivendi has prevailed between
the two states. An expanding trade
relationship, frontier that has been
quiet militarily and recently signed
cultural exchange agreement have pro-
vided the tangible evidence on which
Mr.. Khrushchev was able to boast dur
ing the week end of this model of
peaceful coeXistence."
Against this background, it was
easy for the Soviet Premier to pick an
occasion for warning two more recall
citrant, but also more distant, small
northern powerS-Denmark and Norway
that they would be better advised to
abandon their proWestern inclinations
in favor of neutraliSm in the EaSt-WeSt
conflict. It was easy, also, for Mr. Khru-
.shchev to be graciously understanding
of the idea that Finland might work out
a relationship with the European Free
Trade Association, the so-called Outer
Seven, as long as there are prior
MoScow-HelSinki negotiations on further
trade expansion and assurance that the
Soviet Union will receive all concessions
which Finland might make to the other
nations.
All of this, too, makes fine propa-
ganda in parts of the world where the
KremlinS duplicity has not been recog-
nized or admitted. In those areas, the
facade of peaceful coexistence in North
east Europe may hide the fact that one
of the parties, the small one, has gun
at its head-that it is almost completely
cut off by land, sea and perhaps even
by air from countries outside the Com
Finland has done we'll to preserve it's
dignity and, in effect, to make even Mr..
Khrushchev respect it.
Evening star., 1960-09-07

I concur with the letter to
The Star headed mo Place
to Park" especially as it ap-
plies to tourists and visitors
to our Nations Capital.
There are too many re-
stricted parking areas and
not enough public parking
places.
I circled the Washington
Monument for one-half hour
to find a place to park. Then
I circled the Smithsonian In
stitution for about the same
time. My wife asked an at
tendant at the Smithsonian
if we could park where we
had stopped. He said "yes"
for two hours"
Please observe my inclosed
parking ticket" accompa-
MED by my check, and for
ward same to the proper au-
thorities.
The Mall between the
Evening star., 1960-09-07
Our Wild World

Even though 20 years of
Chri t n influence has
made mo impression" on
the Congolese, as Henry r.
Adams pointed out in his
letter, Enlightenment on
the Dark Continent" this
does not necessarily mean
that they are exactly out of
line with other groups, as
Mr.. Adams insinuated they
are.
The great majority of us
Americans, together with our
ancestors, have been under
Christian influence for hun
dreds of years, but a good
many of us still do not indi-
cate by our words and &C
tions that we are too greatly
impressed by Christianity.
In fact, it is a fairly safe
bet that, if all the laws
(Which represent force and
therefore are not in keeping
with the principles of Chris
tianity) were abolished in
America, it would not be
long until conditions here
would be even more chaotic
than they now are in the
Congo.
For instance, in view Of
the great importance that
we Americans attach to prop
erty ownership i'm a gin e
what would result here if the
laws protecting the property
rights of individuals were
abolished and we were al
lowed to do as we pleased
in the matter. 1t is another
safe bet that all the prop
erty soon would be in the
hands of the physically most
powerful. J. J. Sperry.
Evening star., 1960-09-07
Dispirited Americans

we enjoyed II. -. WrlguCS s
wonderfully colorful letter
about the recent United
States Army Watergate Con-
cert. 1t made Us regret hav-
ing missed it. We can un-
derstand too, the sad note
that kept recurring to Mr..
Wright amidst all the rollick-
ing fun, as he remembered
that while the band had
played our National Anthem.
he had stood with the rest
rank on rank in Stone-like
silence broken only by the
thunder of the band and the
quavering notes of a single
valiant soprano in the rear"
although he had wanted to
shout at the top Of his lungs:
"The land of the free and
the home of the brave!"
Former President Hoover,
in his inspiring nonpartisan
speech at the Chicago. con-
vention, expressed somewhat
the same concern in pleading
the need for a reawakening
of the great latent spiritual
vigor enshrined in the word
America" His thinking was
that since the war many of
us have absorbed at least to
the extent of quieting our
voices some of the cynicism
implicit in the steady bar
rage of enemy propaganda
which insists that love Of
country, pride of a people in
their history and their ac-
complishments is wicked ma
tionalism";; that religious
faith is just an "opiate" of
the people.
Mr.. Hoover reminded us
that today the fires of nation
alism are burning brightly
in almost every other nation
on earth. And that even
though we, unhappily, have
a multitude of citizens who
have sunk to a posture of
perpetual apology and SEEM
ing shame for our country,
we also have, in millions of
Americans, to whom the word
America" summons to mind
the whole inspiring back
ground of our beloved Nation,
a powerful latent force for
revival of a great national
spirit capable of reversing
this situation.
We liked Mr.. Wright's sug-
gestion too that it might
encourage our hesitant voices
if band leaders would couple
the announcement of our
National Anthem with: "Let
all patriots sing out!" We
have a hunch that after a
few tries the Heavens would
ring with a blend of voices
reaching for that high note
in land of the free"-and
cause the foolishly arrogant
bear to slink back to his
cave in dismay.
TiIo So~~oo
Evening star., 1960-09-07
inferior Referees

With adjournment of Con-
gresS, the Kilday bill, H.R.
1913, died in a subcommit-
tee of the Senate Armed
Services Committee. If en-
acted it would have abolished
the military Inferior Re-
tired List" 1t had passed
the House unanimously and
would easily have passed the
Senate had the subcommittee
acted. Consequently, the sub
committee is being criticized
for its failure in this matter
affecting the proficiency of
our national military estab-
lishment.
However, in partial extern
uation of the subcommittee's
failure are these considera-
tions, viz:
l. The Pentagon, not the
Congress, initiated the I'm
ferior Retired List" by recon-
mending reduced retired-to-
active pay ratios for the more
war-eXperienced veterans re-
tired before June 1858. But
the Congress enacted smaller
reductions than the Pentagon
recommended.
2. While the Pentagon later
partially reversed itself and
favored abolition of the pay
ratio reductions, it seems to
some like "damning with
faint advocacy" The Penta-
gon has not publicly stressed
the deleterious effect of the
Inferior Retired List" upon
the caliber and esprit-de-
corps of our active-duty
careerists.
A research agency is to
study the entire military re-
tirement system for the
subcommittee action next
year. But the study will
hardly recommend abolition
of the Inferior Retired List"
in view Of the Pentagon's
Evening star., 1960-09-07
THE PASSING SCENE
Kennedy Has a Cabinet Problem
BY WILLIAM S. WHITE

There is no question that
in some States, notably in
critical California, the
Stevenson Democrats" have
not for a moment forgotten
their hero. They are most
unlikely to work themselves
to death for Senator Ken
nedy If they are given to
understand that Mr.. Steven
son isn't going anywhere
much in a Kennedy admin
istration.
There is no Bowles bloc.
Mr.. Bowles, however. has
lately withdrawn for re-elec-
ton to Congress with the
frank statement that he
thus intends to free himself
for high national service in
a Kennedy administration.
The effect, of course, whether
or not intended, is to make it
harder than ever for Sena-
tor Kennedy to deny the
secretaryship to Mr.. Bowles.
But-and here the plot
really thickenS-there is in
creasing resistance among
many Democratic rank-and-
files to either Mr.. Stevenson
or Mr.. Bowles as Secretary
of State. Mr.. Stevenson is
regarded by critics as too in
decisive; too soft" toward
the Russians. Mr.. Bowles is
seen by critics as untried and
as too total a partisan of the
left-wing of the Democratic
Party.
This correspondents bet
ting, therefore, is that neither
Mr.. Stevenson nor Mr.. Bowles
will be Senator Kennedy's
choice in the end-and that
this much. at least. will be
let out by Senator Kennedy
himself, before election day.
III the meantime. Mr.. Nix
on knows just how Senator
Kennedy is sweating and is
naturally doing nothing to
ease the situation. Mr.. Nix
on'S line is that Cabinet posts
should never, never be dis
cussed before an election.
And, privately, the Nixon
people cheerily point out that
they have mo Stevenson
problem and no Bowles prob
lem"
No conceivable Nixon
choice for Secretary of
State would be considered by
anybody to be too soft"
And speaking of conceivable
Nixon choices, one could
speculate reasonably on
Thomas E. Dewey or Doug
las Dillon. the present Un-
derSecretary of State.
Evening star., 1960-09-07

The question Of who is to
be the next Secretary Of
State is becoming one Of the
most important sub-surface
issues in the presidential
campaign.
Democratic candidate Ken
nedy is under such peculiarly
difficult pressures that he
may find it necessary before
the election to give some
public indications as to who
he has in mind for the job.
Republican candida t e
Nixon might in this case
have to follow suit.
Ordinarily, it is highly
premature for a presidential
aspirant to seem to begin
to choose his Cabinet before
the people have chosen him.
These. however, are not
ordinary times. Nor are the
problems-notably on Sem
ator Kennedy'S side.
Before the Democratic con-
vention, Senator Kennedy
suggested that Adlai E.
Stevenson would be an i'm
portant foreign policy figure
in a Kennedy Presidency.
Since then, Representative
Chester Bowles of Connecticut
who was a Kennedy foreign
policy adviser at and before
the convention, has made it
very plain he expects to be
just such a figure.
Mr.. Stevenson has made no
demands, direct or implied,
upon Senator Kennedy. But
Mr.. Stevenson'S followers
and their devotion is extra
ordinary - are showing a
constant determination that
he simply must be a top per-
sonage in any Kennedy ad-
ministration.
Thus, the Senator's un-
happy situation. There are
two rivals for Secretary of
State - Mr.. Bowles working
on his own steam and Mr..
Stevenson being pushed on
the steam of his hackers.
Senator Kennedy owes Mr..
Stevenson nothing in a per-
sonal sense. For Mr.. Steven
son did nothing to assist in
the Senator's nomination,
but rather was a barrier to
it.
But Mr.. Stevenson is in
comparably more powerful
than is Mr.. Bowles, to whom
Senator Kennedy has a GER
tain personal debt. For it
was Mr.. Bowles who ran the
Democratic platform COM
mittee on the Senator's be-
half.
Evening star., 1960-09-07
VISTAS IN SCIENCE
Navy Has Oxygen-Giving Candle
By THOMAS r. HENRY

It can operate at depths
down to 10000 feet and move
about at a speed of about
3 miles an hour where
level bottom conditions per-
NIT. 1t can maneuver and
operate on go per cent grades
and go over obstacles a foot
high.
The first experimental
vehicle of this sort has been
developed under the direc-
ton Of DR.. Victor Anderson
Of the Marine Physical
Laboratory at La Jolla, Calf.
1t now is undergoing extern
sive underwater tests. The
basic hull and truck assem-
bly, is that of an operational
self-propelled rifle developed
for the Marines.
Operated by TV
Arm and hand are a modi-
fled version of apparatus now
in use in atomic laboratories
which make possible investi-
cations without human ex-
posure to deadly radiations.
AS described in a Navy re-
port:
Made of stainless steel,
the arm is an electromechan-
ical device which synthesizes
the motions of the human
arm. 1t includes a two
pronged hand that opens and
closes. a wrist that rotates
in either direction, an elbow
that pivotS, and a shoulder
that both pivots and rotates.
"A unique television system
utilizes four underwater cam
eras. These are designed to
monitor from the beach the
operation of the vehicle and
manipulate its arm and hand.
Illumination for the cameras
in pitch-black ocean depths
is provided by mercury vapor
lights attached to the ocean
rig.
"A oaxial cable long
enough to permit operations
out to five miles links the un-
dersea vehicle to a mobile van
on shore. The cable carries a
television signal and relays
power for operation of the
vehicle, the cameras and the
lights"
But even this is considered
just a start. 1t has been built
primarily to test the practi-
cability of such an apparatus.
Designs already are on the
drawing boards for attach
ments which will enable the
undersea vehicle to swim un-
der water rather than Just
crawl along the bottom, as is
now the case. With this addi-
tion it will be able to raise or
lower itself in the water,
move sideways and backward,
float. or hover over an object
being observed.
1t is the Man from Mars"
of oceanography, designed for
exploration of a realm of
which actually less is known
than of the face of Mars
itself.
Evening star., 1960-09-07
LETTERS TO THE STAR

Smithsonian and the Mu-
scum should be done away
with. A parking area for
hundreds of cars could be
put there. How can visitors
expect to visit the buildings
Washington wants them to
see if there is no place to
park?
r. w. Chancellor,
Warwick, N. Y.
Editors note: Mr.. Chan
cellor's ticket for parking in
an area reserved for buses
and his check for SO were
forwarded, as requested.)
Evening star., 1960-09-07

past positions. So, the en-
ferior Retired List" is prob
ably "here to stay" Each
periodic future readjustment
of military dollar-pay, for
shrinking dollar value), will
set up an additional sub
category of interiors" and
the older interiors" will
drop another notch in their
retired-to-active pay ratios.
This is a dismal prospect
for the retired enlisted and
officers who were our mill
tary hard core" in past
wars. And, more important
nationally. a dismal prospect
for the caliber of our "hard-
core" in future wars, For,
with demonstrated retire.
ment insecurity, fewer young
men of high competence and
ambition will choose service
careers. Relatively more of
oT careeristS will be medi-
ocre. (the "let the future
take care of itself" type), and
sons of the wealthy.
Paradoxically, while under
cutting our own fighting ef-
fectiveneSs, we are building
up many other nations mill
tary potential. And the Soviet
Union strives to maximize
the caliber of her military
professionals. The Soviet re-
tired-to-active pay ratios are
comparable to, or higher
than, those of our First Glass
Retired List, and markedly
higher than our Interiors.
So, let us not be overly
critical of the Senate sub
committee. as the chief blame
for the Interiors Retired
List" lies in the Pentagon.
T. G. w. Settle,
Vice Admiral, USN, Retired,
Evening star., 1960-09-07
Answers to Questions
BY THE HASKINS SERVICE

@. Is Montmartre a part of
PariS?-T. L.
A. 1t is a district of Paris
which overlooks the city from
the north. 1t is famous for
its night life, and for its artis-
tic and literary associations.
The name is supposedly taken
from the Latin for Mount of
Martyrs, scene of the behead-
ing of the patron saint of
France, st. Denis.
Evening star., 1960-09-07
Man may breath candle

Man may breath candle
light in future subs.
Oxygen, gas of life, can be
stored indefinitely in the
form of sodium chlorate
candles just developed by the
Office of Naval Research,
Within such candles could be
packed enough for a stay of
several weeks at the sea bot
tom.
Sodium chlorate is a color
less substance, a combination
of sodium and chlorine which
hitherto has had some use
in explosives and medicines.
1t can be shaped easily in
the form of a candle. When
it is burned oxygen bound up
in the atom is released.
At present oxygen must be
taken to the bottom in cylin-
ders which have considerable
weight and fill considerable
space. They impose a definite
limit on submergence. Much
less will be the storage prob
lens with the candles.
Special Cell Developed
These, however, are not
considered a real answer to
the problem of Submergence
for long times. 1t has been
predicted that another war
might be fought largely on
the sea floor and essen
TALLY permanent installations
would be required.
For prolonged submergence
under conditions where suf-
f1cient power is available"
says an Office of Naval Re-
search report" it appears
that we will have to depend
on electrolysis of water for
our oxygen supply. A high
pressure electrolytic cell for
this purpose has been de-
veloped. This cell will not
only avoid the problem of
storing high pressure oxygen
cylinders but at the same
time provide sufficient pres
sure for expelling hydrogen
from the submarine"
Providing a breathable at
mosphere in a submarine, the
Navy report stresses, will
have much wider applica-
tions. When a man ventures
for any prolonged period into
outer space, for example, he
must carry his air with him.
The problems of maintain
ing life in a space vehicle
and in a submarine are es-
sentially the same.
y \ \ n
A human" arm with a
reach of Is feet, which can
lift objects weighing as much
as 21a tons, with an attached
hand which, it is claimed,
can pick up a pin.
Such is the Navy's newest
robot" for exploring the sea
bottom. It has been de-
signed to duplicate with pre-
cision the arm and hand Of
man with nearly complete
human dexterity but with
ultra-superman muscles.
1t is just one of the at
tachments of the remote un-
derwater manipulation" de-
veloped for collection of deep
ocean mineral specimens.
plants and animals and for
assembling and setting up
delicate observing apparatus
in abyssmal depths. The
device is essentially a remote
controlled tank equipped with
a long, jointed arm and
hand and specially con-
structed underwater tele-
vision cameras which serve
as eyes for an operator on
shore.