davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1960-02-07

representation was prepared by
the Legislative Reference Service
of the Library Of Congress, as
follows:
"A survey Of proposed amend
ments to the Constitution of the
United States introduced in Con-
gress from 1889 to 1854, inclusive,
reveals that they have included IS
resolutions providing for national
representation in some form for
the District of Columbia. National
representation in this context
means representation for the Dis
trict Of Columbia in one or both
Houses Of Congress and in the
electoral college.
"A constitutional amendment
has been considered necessary for
the purpose because the Constitu-
ton provides that the Members Of
Congress shall be chosen by the
people Of the several States, and
the District Of Columbia is not a
State.
"Of these 65 resolutions. the
first was introduced in the House
of Representatives on November
27, 1877 (H. R. 81, 45th Cong.
1st sess) by Mr.. Corlett Of
Wyoming. 1t proposed to grant
one member each in the House
Of Representatives to the Terri
tories and the District Of Colum-
bia. The most recent of these
proposals was introduced in the
Senate by Senator Case of South
Dakota on March 8, 1854 IS. j.
Res. 1876, 83d Cong, I'd sessD. 1t
proposes an amendment to the
Constitution empowering Congress
to grant representation in the
House of Representatives and in
the electoral college to the District
Of Columbia.
"Of these IS resolutions, 20 were
introduced during the period
1888-1926, 20 were introduced dur
ing the period 1926-47 and is
have been introduced during the
80th to 8Sd Congresses, inclusive
Thirty-seven Of them were intro
duced In the Senate. and 20 in the
House Of Representatives. Such
Evening star., 1960-02-07
Attempts to Remedy

Some IS resolutions providing
for national representation have
been introduced in Congress since
the formal establishment of the
District of Columbia as the seat of
the Federal Government. The
proposed constitutional amend
ments would variously have
granted the District representa-
ton in one or both Houses Of Con-
greSs and in the electoral college.
There have also been proposals to
retrocede the District of Columbia
to Maryland and Virginia, the
lack of voting representation being
one source of such proposals. In
1846, Alexandria citizens passed a
resolution complaining of being
denied "the rights and privileges
enjoyed by our fellow citizens"
and requesting retrocession; in the
same year and in part because Of
this dissatisfaction the Virginia
portion of the District Of Columbia
was retroceded by presidential
proclamation.
In 1854, a summary Of past legiS-
lative attempts to provide the Dis
trict Of Columbia with national
Evening star., 1960-02-07

created in no small part to rectify
the inequity Of taxation without
representation" the denial to any
group of citizens of voice in the
government which taxes them and
can send them to their deaths in
the country's defense is both all
anomaly and an injustice. Federal
cities, modelled after the American
capital, have been established in
Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. But
the residents of the capital cities
in each of these Latin American
countries have full citizenship
rights. including national repre-
sentation. as do the residents of
capital cities in every other major
republic. In this respect, America
lags behind the other democracies.
The Heating Case Beall pro-
posal is designed to give citizens
Of the District of Columbia both
voice in the selection of the ma
tional executive and representa-
ton in the national legislature.
AS has frequently been pointed
out, the Districtof Columbia, with
more than 850,000 residents, has a
greater population than IL States
New Hampshire, Vermont, North
Dakota. South Dakota, Delaware,
Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, New
ada, New Mexico. Alaska and Ha-
waii. The Districts population in
fact exceeds the combined popu-
lation of Alaska, Nevada and
Wyoming, three States which are
represented by nine men in Con-
gress while the District remains
unrepresented. In l948, the last
time District tax contributions
were reported separately, the Dis
trlct paid S363,210,4 ,489 in Federal
taxes, more than the contribu-
tions of 25 States. The number
, of District citizens who have
served in the armed forces during
World War II and after has like
wise been greater than that Of
many States.
The Constitution provides that
Congress shall have the exclusive
legislative power for the seat of
Government, while the President
appoints judges and certain ad-
ministrative officials. The right to
vote for presidential electors and
Evening star., 1960-02-07

the failure to do so was due to an
oversight rather than to any in
tention on the part of the Found
ing Fathers to deny such residents
the right to vote.
(Various constitutional amend
mentS protect the right of Ameri-
can citizens to vote from abridge-
ment or denial in other respects
on account of race, color. sex, or
previous condition of servitude)
Thus, for more than a century
and a half those American citi-
zenS who reside in the District Of
Columbia have been denied the
right to vote for their President
and Vice President or to be rep
resented in the national legisla-
ture simply because the necessary
constitutional provisions for the
exercise of these basic rights of
self-government have not been en-
acted.
Evening star., 1960-02-07
The Growing Boom in World Trade Fairs

of Trade officials and Commits
sioner Robert Mclaughlin an
nounced only two weeks ago that
open land (mostly runways to be
abandoned) on the site of the
present Boiling Air Force Base
and the Anacostia Naval Air
Station had been selected as the
most feasible location for the
trade center.
William Press. executive vice
president Of the Washington area
trade group, emphasized that
what he and the other sponsors
of the trade center proposed was
not a huge marketplace for do
ing business but a number of
industrial exhibit buildings.
1T would be a great showcase
for American and foreign indus
try" he said, mot a place for
over-the-counter businesses. There
might be some business trans
acted. but it would be only in
ClQ6IlIdl.
Eost River Center
A few days after the Wash
ington announcement, New
York group disclosed plans to
build a $3.50 million world trade
center on the Lower East Side,
along the East River.
Old and rundown structures
in the financial section along the
waterfront would be torn down
to build three new buildings-a
70-story commerce and hotel, a
central securities and exchange
and a world trade mart with
display space and Offices.
The purpose Of the New York
center, said its sponsors, would
be to bring together all of the
skills, equipment, trade and spe-
cial servicf that are required
for conduc4lg foreign commerce.
Evening star., 1960-02-07
ny the People Of the District Should Have the Vote

resolutions have been introduced
in both Houses of every Congress
since 1915.
"All Of the IS resolutions were
referred to the appropriate COM
mittees Of the respective Houses,
usually to the Committees on the
Judiciary which have Jurisdiction
over proposals to amend the Con-
stitution. Beyond such committee
reference, only 10 out of the IS
resolutions we're acted upon in
some manner (see table,. On 10
of the resolutions, committee
hearings were held. Three of the
resolutions were favorably re-
ported by the full committee.
Two of these favorable reports
were made to the Senate, in 1922
and 1925 IS. Rept. 507. 67th
Cong. I'd sess.. and S. Rept. 1915,
69th Cong, I'd sess.). The third
favorable report was that made
by the Judiciary Committee to the
House on the Summers resolution
Oh. J. Res. 25D on August 5,
1910 CH. Rept. 1928, 18th Cong,
Sd sess.).
"Of the 19 resolutions acted
upon, three were reported ad-
versely by the full committee.
Each of the adverse reports was
made in the Senate. The two
Blair resolutions of 1889 were re-
ported Jointly and adversely by
the Committee on Privileges and
Elections, debated and passed
over without vote Congressional
Record. 51st Cong, 1st sess., PIP.
297, 802). The Capper resolution
of 1941 Is. ]. Res. 35) was re-
ported unfavorably by the Senate
Judiciary Committee on August 4.
1s4l Is. Rept. 646. 77th Cong. 1st
sessO.
Apparently only five full COM
mittee reports on the subject of
national representation for the
District of Columbia have been
submitted during the last 65 years.
Three favorable reports were
made. in 1922, 1925 and 1910; two
unfavorable reports were received,
in 1899 and l94l.
Apparently no committee re-
Evening star., 1960-02-07
Not Home Rule

The committee wishes to stress
at the outset that this proposed
constitutional amendment is not
intended to have and does not
have any bearing upon the ques-
tion of "home-rule" for the Dis
trict of Columbia. That is a
separate and distinct issue. How
ever, it would insure that the
citizens of the District would be
represented in the Congress,
which is the governing body for
the District of Columbia.
OF course, it also provides the
citizens of the District with a
vote in presidential and vice
presidential elections, of which
they, have been deprived since
the election of 1900. 1t is a
minor national disgrace that the
citizens of the capital city Of
the free world should continue
to be disenfranchised in the elec-
ton Of their Chief Executive.
Sight is often lost Of the fact
that the District of Columbia has
not always been completely dis
enfranchised. Citizens of the Dis
trict voted in the national elec-
tions of 1892, 1896. and 1900.
They also had a delegate in Con-
gress for several years during the
l870S,
Evening star., 1960-02-07
Historical Accident

In discussing constitutional
provisions which would give the
Federal Government, in the per-
son of Congress, the indispen-
SABLE necessity of complete au-
thority at the seat of the Govern
ment," James Madison stated in
The Federalist No. 43, that the
prospective inhabitants of the
Federal City will have their voice
in the election of the Government
which is to exercise authority over
them" But at the time that the
constitutional provision establish
ing the seat of Government was
written, it was not known where
the seat of Government would be,
who would live there, or what
would be the size of the area ceded
to the Federal Government for
that purpose. Under the circum-
stances, no provision for national
representation for residents of the
seat of Government was included
IL the Constitution. AS the re-
marks of James Madison suggest,
Evening star., 1960-02-07

for delegates to Congress would
provide residents of the District
of Columbia with the fundamental
right to a voice in their own gov
ernment which they have for so
long been denied.
The District of Columbia not
being State, it can only be pro-
vided with national representation
through a constitutional amend
ment. The provision in the Keat-
ing-Case-Beall proposal relating to
presidential electors was designed
to give citizens of the District pro-
portionately equal rights with
other citizens in national elections,
as is their just due. The District
of Columbia being a unique entity
and not State, the problem Of
providing representation in a ma
tional legislature which recognizes
the principle of State representa-
ton is not so easily resolved. The
ting-Case-Beall provision re-
lating to representation in the ma
tional legislature, as amended,
would preserve the principle Of
State representation in the Senate,
but would give the District num-
Der of delegates in the House Of
Representatives proportionate to
its population. The wording of this
latter provision would enable Con-
greSs, once the resolution has been
adopted as a constitutional amend
ment, to confer on the Districts
delegates powers equivalent to
those of other House members, If
it chooses to do SO. The proposal
under consideration would in no
way lessen the control by Con-
greSS over the seat of the National
Government. 1t merely insures
that citizens of the District Of
Columbia have an equal voice with
citizens of the States in matters
relating to their vital interests.
Both the Democratic and Re-
publican Parties, by their 1856
platforms, are committed to ma
tional representation for the Dis
trict of Columbia. And, as pre-
viously noted, President Eisen-
hover has recently indicated his
strong support for the Keating-
Case-Beall proposal.
Evening star., 1960-02-07
Voting Rights History

Under Article /, Section 8 Of
the Constitution of the United
States, Congress was given the
power, ITO exercise exclusive leg
islation in all cases whatsoever,
over such District as may.
by cession of particular States,
and the acceptance of Congress,
become the seat Of Government
of the United States" In 1888
and 1889 Maryland and Virginia
made ceSsions contemplated by
the foregoing clause. The District
of Columbia was established by
Acts of Congress approved July
16, 1890, and March 8. 1871, and
was officially proclaimed the ma
tional capital after the national
elections of 1900.
Under the Act of July 16, 1870.
which provided that the laws Of
Maryland and Virginia would
govern citizens in those sections
of the District which the two
States had ceded for the capital
site until formal establishment Of
the seat of national Government,
District citizens were permitted to
vote in the national elections of
1892, 1896, and 1900. However, in
the absence of a constitutional
provision specifically granting Dis
trict of Columbia residents the
privilege of voting in national
elections, District residents have
not participated in any national
election since that of 1900.
BY an 1871 Act of Congress,
which provided Washington with
a territorial form of government,
the District was given a delegate
in the House of Representatives.
Three years later a temporary
commission form of government
was installed, and in 1878 the
present commission form of gov
eminent was established. The
1871 Act was superseded by these
measures, and the District of
Columbia lost the small measure
of national representation which
it had briefly enjoyed. The Dis
trict has not subsequently been
represented in Congress.
Evening star., 1960-02-07
Background of the Report

The Star presents herewith the partial text the draft
proposed from the Senate Judiciary Committee
Senate approval Of resolution constitutional
mtng residents Washington President President
and delegates in the House.
This report approved by majority of subcommittee
the Senate Judiciary Committee but presented approved
by the full committee Had been presented it possible that there
would have been minority individual views In of
action Wednesday approving the resolution amendment
to another resolution is that the resolution be
sdered again at this session by the judiciary committee
condition that the made
chairman of judiciary subcommittee which held
the District publication
draft Of the favorable report
The Star it herewith excellent
of worthwhile voting rights the people of
proposal report before the
House Judiciary Committee.
Evening star., 1960-02-07

Exporters and importers, marine
insurance companies, tranSlatorS,
transportation and travel firms,
stock and commodity exchange
and exhibit areas would be pro-
vided in three buildings covering
less than IA acres of land.
Washington officials quickly
pointed out that the New York
trade center would not kill local
plans.
Its not a question of direct
competition such as it was with
the Worlds Fair New York was
chosen over Washington because
we aren't talking about the same
kind of center" said Mr.. Press.
Another sponsor of the Wash
ington plan said the local venture
would be more like Permindex in
Rome or the big industrial and
cultural exhibit in Moscow"
In selling the Washington in
ternational trade center to the
Nations industrial leaders, its
promoters are using handsome
brochure on Permindex and pic
lures of the Moscow exhibits.
These, they say, illustrate some
forms the Washington project
might follow.
Storted by Mussolini
Permindex stands for Perma-
nent Industrial Exhibition. Phys
ically it's four huge palaces built
by Mussolini in the 1930s as part
of UER - Universal Exposition
Rome. World War II interrupted
the dictator's monumental plans
and the project was never finished,
The buildings have been leased
by a group of private investors
headed by Ferenc Macy, former
premier of Hungary. Permindex
says 1t Is now renting exhibit
space and hopes IS be in full op-
Grafton by the time the Olympics
Evening star., 1960-02-07

biles, sewing machines, watches,
cameras-all kinds of products.
Permindex exhibits goods "by
categories of products and not by
country or origin"
The Washington trade group
also is studying the New Orleans
International Trade Mart. COM
bination trading and industrial
exhibit center. 1t was organized
IL years ago by non-proflt Or
ganization and is housed in a FIVE
story building in downtown New
Orleans.
The mart was started to Gin
crease trade between the Mis-
sissippi Valley and the world
abroad"
Its success can be gagged by the
new home on which it started
construction last month. The new
trade mart is a $12 million palace
of commerce designed by Edward
Durell Stone, who is perhaps the
Nations best-known architect. He
is also designing the National
Cultural Center here.
Giont in New Orleans
The new mart, on the banks of
the Mississippi estuary, will COM
bine the traditional public square
of the great European city (Place
Vendome in Paris and Venice's
San Marco with a 19-story tower
and five-story exhibition hall.
The tower will provide both Of
fee and display space. The ex-
hibition hall will have, in addition
to display areas, 600-car garage,
cafeteria, large meeting rooms and
auditoriums.
Not all of the international
trade centerS have the enchanting
appearance of the one to be built
in New Orleans or the mcSlmental
grandeur Of Permindex Rome.
Evening star., 1960-02-07
JOINT RESOLUTION Pro-

JOINT RESOLUTION Pro-
posing an amendment to the
Constitution of the United
States granting representation
in the House of Representatives
and in the electoral college to
the District of Columbia.
Resolved by the Senate and
House Of Representatives of the
United States of America in
Congress assembled (two-thirds
of each House concurring there
in), that the following article is
hereby proposed as an amend
ment to the Constitution of the
United States, which shall be
valid to all intents and purposes
as part of the Constitution only
if ratified by the Legislatures of
three-fourths of the several
States within seven years from
the date of its submission by the
Congress:
ARTICLE -
"The people of the District
constituting the seat of the
Government of the United States
shall elect, in such manner and
under such regulations as the
Congress shall provide by law:
"A number of delegates to the
House of Representatives equal
to the number of Representa-
tiveS to which they would be
entitled if the District were a
State with such powers as the
Congress, by law, shall deter
mine; and
"A number of electors of Pres
ident and Vice President equal
to the whole number of Sem
ators and Representatives in
the Congress to which the Dis
trict would be entitled if it were
a State; such electors shall
possess the qualifications re-
quired by Article II of this Con-
stitution; they shall be in addi-
ton to those appointed by the
States, but they shall be con-
sidered, for the purposes Of the
election of President and Vice
President, to be electors ap-
pointed by a State; and they
shall meet in the District and
cast their ballots as provided by
the 18th article of amendment"
Evening star., 1960-02-07
By ALFRED ALIBRANDO

The boom in international trade
centers is giving foreign COM
merce a new and glamorous
market place.
Such centers have been built or
planned for Washington, Rome,
Brussels, New York, New Orleans,
Atlanta, San Francisco, Dallas
and Houston. And while they diff
fer in size and concept. the Gen.
ters have common purposes: To
provide places in which to carry
on foreign trade or to stimulate
international business through ex-
hibits and trade fairs.
Back of this is an exploding
world population. The rate of in
crease is estimated at 10000 a
day and it's going up. World con-
sumption is following the popula-
ton spiral. World trade totaled
about $50 billion in 1854 and this
year it probably will exceed $l10
billion.
The competition for this huge
market is sharp. European coun-
tries have been pushing their
goods through trade centers and
trade fairs since the fifth century.
Americans are just awakening to
the possibilities of foreign trade
and are now anxious to compete.
PIons for Mort Here
Since the first of the year,
Washington and New York have
announced plans for international
trade centers and New Orleans has
begun construction of a new one
to replace the world trade mart it
built in 1948 and outgrew.
Proposals for Washington's in
ternational trade center still
are nebul Als. Washington Board
Evening star., 1960-02-07

But most of them are big and i'm
pressive.
San FranciSco's World Trade
Center. established in 1856, is
housed in the venerable ferry
building. Coliseum City, Atlanta's
entry in the world trade derby, is
a huge $40 million world trade
mart 25 miles outside the Georgia
city.
Dallas has its $18 million Master
Market Center and Houston is ap-
proving final plans for a $2.5 mil
lion, History trade center.
The new trade centers are
cosmopolitan market places where
buyers and sellers from all over
the world gather. The New
Orleans mart attracted hundreds
of lines of domestic goods-from
Arkansas diamonds to Minnesota
dynamos.
Foreign firms display an
equally diversified number of
products and manufactured
goods. The displays in the New
Orleans mart include ceramics
from Holland, crystal from
Belgium, German meras,
French wines, gift items from
Japan. British woolens, Swiss
watches, Indian carvings and
Swedish home furnishings.
Trade centerS require a great
number of allied services. Ma
tional trade commissions, passport
agencies, Notwithstanding and
international finance firms are
usually represented.
Local business has energeticallv
backed such projects because
they provide, in addition to trade
possibilities, additional business
for service industries. Wherever
they have been built, trade CEN
ters have been boon to tho hotel.
taxi and restaurant induSNies.
Evening star., 1960-02-07
Present Legislation

During the first session Of the
86th Congress, separate resolu-
tions to amend the Constitution
so as to provide the District Of
Columbia with national repreSen-
tation we're introduced by Sena-
tors Beall Of Maryland, Case Of
South Dakota and Heating Of
New York. The aforementioned
Senators subsequently agreed on
a single resolution which COM
bined the three earlier versions.
The new resolution, S. j. Res. 1873,
was jointly sponsored by Senators
Keating, Case and Beall.
Hearings on S. j. Res. 1873 were
held on September 9, 1859, by the
Subcommittee on Constitutional
Amendments. Testimony deliv-
cred before the subcommittee, by
Senators and witnesses represent
ing various civic groups, over
whelmingly supported the meas
ure In addition, a letter from
President Eisenhower strongly
supporting the Heating Case
Beall proposal was received by the
subcommittee. The subcommittee
approved the proposal, recon-
mending that the original word
ing. which would have granted the
District three delegates in the
House of Representatives, be
amended so as to give the District
a number of delegates equal to
the number Of Representatives to
which they would be entitled if
the District were a State"
Conclusions
In any democratic society, and
particularly In one which was
Evening star., 1960-02-07

port on this subject has been de-
bated on the floor of Congress
since the first report on the Blair
resolutions of 1889. However, the
question of extending national
suffrage to the residents of the
District of Columbia has been
considered on the floor of Con-
gress from time to time. In 1917,
for example. the resolution of Mr..
Austin of Tennessee Oh. J. Res.
73) was debated"