davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-27
Copper Mine Riches

Kennedy holds a thin edge
Of 1920 votes out of more than
At million cast. The G. o. P.
Cook County (Chicago) leader said
on Friday that his party will file
petitions seeking a recheck of
paper ballots in many heavily
Democratic precincts. Meade AL
corn, former Republican national
chairman. said on Wednesday that
II have no doubt that Illinois. for
one could wind up" in the Nixon
column.
Q Texas ga electoral votes). MIR.
Kennedy won this Southwest plum
by 1924 out of more than %
million votes cast. A District
judge ruled last week that there
was not enough evidence of GRIM
inal fraud to justify a full-scale
investigation, but Republican lead
ers are demanding that the State
election board make a fair and
legal recount" in counties which
used paper ballots
Republican officials have talked
also about possible recounts in New
Jersey Q6D, Missouri Q3), South
Carolina 90 and New Mexico "a.
A miracle nlinois-Texas parlay
would give Mr.. Nixon 81 more cleo
toral votes and the presidency,
with a total of 274.. A bare ma
jority is 269. To carry either State
alone would, of course, leave the
Vice President considerably shy Of
a majority.
On the other hand, if Mr.. Ken
nedy lost either State, he would
be dangerously near the magic
number of 269. And, with a move
afoot in the South to persuade
electors to withhold their votes
from him. it is conceivable that
the election could be tossed into
the House of Representatives be-
cause neither candidate had a ma
jority. In such an event, each of
the so States would have / vote
for President,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-27
Election:
COP. Fights

Republicans last week pushed
demands for a recheck of votes
in Illinois and Texas, States
won by President-elect Kenne-'
dy in close races.
The score is 300 to 223, Ken
nedy. 1t would require the loss
Of 80 votes from his total to bar
the formal election of the junior
Senator from Massachusetts, as
President when the Electoral Col
lege meets on December 10.
The chances that the Kennedy
victory will be upset are quite
remote but, while the Republicans
lean upon a slim reed, indeed,
Vice President Nixon has not yet
been counted out with absolute
finality.
With some 800 precincts still to
be counted in various parts of the
United States, the Kennedy popu-
lar vote lead, the slimmest of the
century in percentage, hovers
around $4,000 out of more than
67.8 million. There is virtually no
hope that the returns from these
voting units will change the pres
ent electoral lineup, which gives
Mr.. Nixon Is States and Mr.. Ken
nedy %. (Mississippi's electors
are unpledgeO.
Republican hopes hinge on the
development of proof of wide
spread allegations of voting
frauds and/or irregularities in
two big States, both of which
were won by Mr.. Kennedy by
narrow margins. These States
are:
. Illinois CT electoral votes. Mr..
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-27
Temporary Victory
For u. S. at the u. N.

turn won for the anti-Lumumba
Africans the sobriquets "stooge"
and ''lackey." Replying. they
charged the pro-Lunumba Afri-
cans with being cats paws Of the
Russians.
1t was not good clean fun. It
was a fight which left deep
wounds among people who much
prefer to consider themselves
brothers. One who provokes
fraternal strife is. in the long run.
likely to end up hated by both
sides; and this was what the
United States did.
. Giving the Russians, of all
people, a chance to pose as the
champions of legality. order, and
anti-colonialism in Africa. In the
eyes of the pro-Lumumba people.
substantial segment of the
Assembly, this was a persuasive
pose.
AlternotIve Risky
The alternative would have been
risky; it would have been to let
the Afro-Asians try to effect a
reconciliation between Lumumba,
Kasavubu, Mobutu, and the others
on terms which probably would
have meant a Lumumba come
back but could have involved
safeguards against communism.
There was no assurance that this
would have meant stability for the
Congo.
But as things are, the whole
Congo operation is coming apart
at the seams. United States
policy is extremely unpopular
with U. N. officials running the
show-and vice versa.
Washington, the financial MAIN
stay of the operation, has more
than once had to consider in re-
cent weeks whether to pull out
and let the whole thing become
a direct politics battle, re-
gardless of the consequences.
Secretary General Dag Hammar-
skiold has warned that the con-
sequences could be world war.
U. N. people, diagnosing the
trouble in private conversation,
say Col. Joseph Mobutu, the West
ern-oriented military boss of the
Congo, is a straw man propped
up by the United States and Bel
GUM, unable to control even his
own army, let alone the country.
If there is to be a military die
tatorship, they say. let it at least
be an efficient one.
Revivine Democracy
A much better course, in the
U. MS view, would be to revive
parliamentary democracy, how
ever inexperienced the Congolese
may be. This would not neces-
sarily mean Lumumba's return,
they insist; by now, a substantial
number of legislators have been
bought up-a lot of money has
changed hands-and Lumumba
may no longer have a majority
At least, they would be willing to
take the risk.
Given a government of unques-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-27
OF THE u NJ DISPUTE -.r.a.s A.auf. .-, ,.>.~
Mauritania: Africa's Newest Old Marion

the big oil and gas pools of
French Sahara and Of Libya
have been discovered continue
into the land of the Moors.
Furthermore, oil has been struck
further southeast and, very
recently, further northwest be-
yond the country's boundaries.
Those discoveries are sending
Arab blood pressures up, especially
since they have been made by
companies owned by inf1dels. There
is a crescendo of neighing Arab
voices both in the Mideastern cap
itals and at the Manhattan
islands international establish
ment, as strategy is being ham
mered out for tackling the Mauri-
tanian question. The aim is to
show that historically and jurid-
ically the area. is part Of the
legitimate Arab heritage.
This may take some doing. for.
historically at least, the Arabs,
far from being a native nation of
Mauritania, are just one Of the
many foreign groups that have
colonized that country throughout
the ages.
A History Of Mauritania
The region which is Mauritania
today first bobbed up into world
limelight some 1900 years before
our era, when RameSes III, Pha-
raoh of Egypt, arrived there with
his war chariots in the course of
his expedition to the Atlantic
shores.
The country, so the hieroglyphic
chronicle engraved at Medinet Abu
and on the Karnak Monument rec
ords, was then quite fertile and
was inhabited by strange warlike
people with white skins and blue
eyes, who called themselves Ia
mahu. and whom the Egyptians
dubbed Barbara, !. e. Berbers, or
Barbarians.
The Phoenicians, who came
next, called those rubicond stran-
gers Ma'ur, or Westerners, and re-
cruited them to fight their enc
mics, the Greeks and the Romans.
Hannibal. in particular. tapped
this tropical outpost for elephants
whose present-day descendants
still roam the Affole Hills of Mauri-
tania in greatly reduced numbers
and for native recruits, both Of
whom he took across the Alps into
Italy.
The Romans who conquered the
country in l46 B. C. changed it's
name from Ma'ur to Mauritania.
They ruled it for nearly 900 years
and used it to stock up on lions
for their arenas, and also for
gladiatorS.
The Vandals, who overrun
Mauritania next, seem to have
been the gentlest yet of its rulers.
Christianity with l60 bishoprics
came with them and the IS years
of their dominance were not
marred by single rebellion of
the natives.
Those rebellions were an almost
constant occurrence during the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-27

Although the wide-angle lens
camera Is not functioning as well
as hoped. 3,its narrower companion
is working perfectly. Weather
Bureau officials, cheered by the
Tiros success, now are said to be
urging an accelerated program
which would put a system of
weather satellites in orbit by mid
1862.
All was not success for NASA
and the space effort last week.
The third straight failure of an
unnamed space capsule launch
ing dimmed hopes on Monday of
sending a man into space early
next year.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-27

plus all sorts of dune+live, dead,
long, round and crescent-shaped.
The whole thing is unbeliev-
ably dry and almost unbearably
hot in daytime, except in a few
hilly regions.
Fishing in the rich tuna,
mackerel and sardine grounds
of the Mauritanian coast being
mainly done by outsiders-Bre-
tons. Basques and fishermen
from the nearby Canary Islands
the only cash income available
locally comes from meager ex-
ports of salt $4,000 tons a year,
and gum arabic $1,000 tons a
year,. plus from the sale of
leather goods-belts, handbags,
billfolds. etc.-to the passing air
travellers.
This Moorish industry and
trade is not much of an economic
asset to be covered with frenzy
even by Mauritania's impover-
iShed neighbors. Apparently the
great prize for which the pam
ArabiSt passions are being
whipped up is the country's min
eral wealth, which is still mostly
undeveloped, but appears con-
siderable.
Copper Mine Riches
One important item in this
subsoil riches are the recently
opened copper mines of About.
High-grade ores containing over
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-27

be a conflict Of the two person.
alities vying for the prime minis
tership: Mr.. Diefenbaker, the ia
cumbent. and Mr.. Pearson as the
leader Of the Liberal opposition.
And the election may turn on the
popular images" of the two men.
Diefenboker's Position
There is plenty of evidence that
Mr.. Diefenbaker's image has de-
Perforated recently. There Is rea-
son to believe that Mr.. Pearson's
has improved. Consequently any,
thing that portrays Mr.. Pearson
in an unfavorable light is meat
for his foes.
So far as this death-or -commu-
niSm issue is concerned, it seems
to me that persons who read
cowardice, lack patriotism or
worse in Mr.. Pearson's comment
haven't asked themselves what
good Mr.. Pearson or anyone else
would be dead. Nor whether they
personally would rather be dead.
To pose the questions is to in
vite negative replies. The simple
fact is that vaporization In a
nuclear blast would be the in
Simultaneous, easy way out. We
will not, of course, have a choice
fate and the Kremlin will de-
cide-but those who survive even
a partial destruction Of civillza-
ton, with or without subsequent
Communist overlordS, may be the
more unfortunate.
A yes-but retort that national
leaders should set an example only
makes the issue more ridiculous.
Without leaders. those who sur
vived would be worse of. Diefen-
baker would seem to agree: The
Canadian Defense Department Is
spending millions on a lead-lined
concrete hide-away to make GER
tain that Diefenbaker, his cabinet
and top officials survive whatever
may come. The Prime Minister
has not seen fit to invite the
leader of Her Majesty'S loyal OPP
position to share this sanctuary.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-27
The National Scene

Continued From Page CT
bers of Congress believe that legis-
lation in the fields mentioned by
Mr.. Rayburn is needed. How
much should be spent, of course,
is the big question and Congress
must provide the answer.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-27
Red Live or Die
Issue in Conodo
By GERALD WARING
Contributing Writer

OTTAWA.-In the event Of q
nuclear war. and assuming death
would be the only alternative to
life under q Communist Dictator
sship, which would you choose?
:. This question epitomizes poll
-tical issue in Canada that for all
its unreality can have an emo
rtional effect on how people vote
in. the next election.
It Is the same question over
which Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt and
the British philosopher. Bertrand
Russell, disagreed in a TV dis
cusSion. Lord Russell, who seems
concerned not at all with the cold
war but very much with the sur
vival Of civilization, asserted that
people should choose to live. Mrs.
Roosevelt stated fatty that most
Americans would prefer to die
rather than accept Communist
enslavement.
This became a political issue
In Canada when the Liberal Party
leader and former Foreign Minis
ter, Lester B. Pearson, said in a
TV interview that he would choose
to live land do what I could to
throw Mr.. Khrushchev and his
type out of power" On the same
program Justice William o.
Douglas of the United States Su-
preme Court said he would prefer
death.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-27
BY EARL H. VOSS
Star Stan Writer

An increasing number Of schol-
ars, some with civilian back
grounds, have begun to advance
openly the idea that not only the
Soviet but the American approach
to disarmament has become COM
pletely invalid and should be
abandoned.
There is something bizarre"
one critic finds. about the quest
for arms control in selected seq
ments of the weapons spectrum
while in other segments the race
to produce new instruments of
mass destruction proceeds at a
furious pace"
His target is essentially the
American and Western approach
reflected in the energetic pur-
suit of a nuclear test ban while
the development of biological and
chemical weapons Of unimagined
potency proceeds at a feverish
pace without serious challenge.
The critic is James E. Dough-
erty, member of the editorial
staff of the Foreign Policy Re-
search Institute at the University
of Pennsylvania. His thoughts
appear in the fall issue of the
Institutes quarterly journal,
"OrbiS."
The State Departments new
disarmament study section, under
career diplomat Ed Gullion. and
President-elect Kennedy's prom
iSed National Peace Agency, thus
are confronted at the outset of
their work with both a challenge
and a proposal; challenge to old
concepts and a proposal for re-
orienting the whole search for
security in the nuclear age.
Co-ordinoted Reduction
One alternative to concentrate
ing on narrow sectors in the
weapons spectrum is to seek a
co-ordinated reduction in all
sectors, but this is becoming an
increasingly hopeless task as the
weapons systems multiply.
Abolishing technology, of course,
is impossible. but the present quest
for disarmament is a hopeless
proposition on other counts, Mr..
Dougherty writes:
The Soviet and Western worlds
are hopelessly split on what con-
stitutes an adequate basis for
world law.
The Sino-Soviet bloc has devel-
oped such a superiority in nom.
military methods of carrying on
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-27
Chemical Warfare Raises Point
We Are Aiming and Discerning

the maintenance of an invulner-
able retaliatory force. Realization
of the optimum mix on each side
would enhance the mutual sense
Of security"
Both the Soviet Union and the
United States should liberalize
their military information policies.
Still and motion pictures should
show the performances Of the
new weapons.
Should Publish Doto
The United States Che does not
mention the Soviet Union) should
publish data on its total nuclear
megatonnage now Stockpiled, the
number of multimegaton weapons
in the stockpile, and the number
of installations from which the
multimegaton weapons could be
fired in retaliation.
internationally controlled spy
satellites and exchange of observer
teams at central rail and air
depots should be arranged.
The system of military attaches
should be expanded. 1T would
be desirable to have the major
powers admit foreign military
observers down to the lower ech-
elons of military forces, beginning
with the major commands and
gradually extending downward to
the divisional and reglmental
levels. Ultimately there should be
an attache or equivalent observer
at every major base. The ground
rules defining permissible and
impermissible actions by these at
taches should be drawn literally"
Later, it is suggested, an inter-
national convention on espionage
might be drawn up. The term
would be defined and penalties for
spies would be standardized,
preferably on the lower side of
the punitive range" Mr.. Dough-
erty suggests.
Air Force Reduction
Once the open society spreads,
he says, one could picture big
power proposals for arms reduc-
ton along these lines:
I'VE shall be willing to reduce
our air force by three groups if
you are willing to eliminate three
air defense battalions. If you
signify compliance, we shall start
taking steps Immediately toward
this reduction and you can verify
it in the usual manner. We shall
expect to verify your parallel &C
ton within year"
What Mr.. Dougherty proposes,
of course. is exactly the "inspec-
ton without disarmament" which
Soviet Premier Khrushchev and
all his henchmen vehemently op-
pose.
But Russian opposition, the
writer holds is not sufficient rea-
son to dismiss the idea. Advocates
of the thesis, including many in
the American Government, believe
it has the advantage of realism.
They say it would take disarm-
ament out of the present ridicu-
lous never never land" where
high-powered negotiators spend
hopeless years trying to reduce
the threat of one weapons system
while the rest of the worlds
making technology develops
unimpeded.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-27
BY WILLIAM r. FRYE
Contributing Writer


D.. UNITED NATIONS, N. Y.-The
United States got into a rough and
tumble fight with a considerable
part Of Africa and Asia last week
in the U. NJ, and won.
But it was a very costly victory.
How many more victories of this
kind Washington can afford to
win is a very real question.
The issue was that troublemaker
extraordinary Patrice Lumumba,
ousted Premier of The Congo. The
Afro-Asians set out to restore him
to power, using U. N. Endorsement
as the fulcrum. They thus started
the fight.
The United States took up the
challenge. hurled Lumuba back in
their teeth, and in his stead
rammed through the 99-nation
U. N. General Assembly an in
dorsement of his principal rival,
President Joseph Kasavubu.
1t was possible to take satisfac-
ton in the victory. and some
Americans did so. Ghana, Marxist
Guinea, and India. Lumumba's
principal non-Soviet supporters.
had been taught a lesson" They
had had to come down off their
high horse" THE started it," the
United States said-in diplomatic
language, of course; I'VE finished
it. Don't try to push us around
again."
Other Americans, however, con-
sidered this view dangerously
shortsighted.
If Washington had succeeded,
once and for all, in keeping Lu-
mumba out Of power, it might
have been worth while winning a
victory, at the cost of considerable
bitterness, over some of the very
people the United States most
wants to befriend. 1t would have
been acting in their real interest;
it would have been barring Com
. munist influence from Africa.
But the seating of Kasavubu
was just one skirmish in a con-
tinuing battle. 1t by no means
settled the Congo's future. 1t SIM
ply reduced the restoration Of
Lumumba from a virtual certainty
to perhaps a $3.50 chance, buying
time in which to fight again.
For that negative result, the
price that was paid was very high,
in the view of most independent
observers here.
The Price We Pay
Some elements of the price were
these:
Q Underwriting months. indeed
years, of work building up a basis
for friendship and cooperation
between the United States and
the newly emerging nations.
. Antagonizing key votes without
which other important American
detectives in the U. N. probably
cannot be achieved.
. . Setting Africans against Afri-
cans. The victory was won by
lining up former French Africa
against Mr.. Lumumba. This II
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-27
Old Smeor Revival

Now Mr.. Parsons frank, off,
the-cuff comment is being used
by political foes to impugn his
personal courage and to revive
the old smear that he is soft on
: Communism. In the past he has
repeatedly made the point that
what the. West should oppose is
: the Soviet policy Of military.
political, economic and cultural
: aggression; not communism as
such. This point of view is much
more widely accepted in Canada
than in the United States.
The chief organ of the ruling
Conservative Party, THE Con-
Sentative Canadian" says Mr..
Pearson would Rather Be Red!"
The president of the Federation
of Conservative University Stu
dents Clubs has charged that
Mr.. Pearson has destroyed his
effectiveness for combating COM
munism.
Even Prime Minister Diefen-
baker has taken a hand, seeking
to leave the impression, without
actually saying so, that he would
prefer death to communism.
1--WE don't want to die in a nu-
clear war;" Mr.. Diefenbaker told a
Conservative Party conference
: here last month. But" he added.
there can be no compromise
with those who would live under
Khrushchev in the hope of throw
ing him out of Office. We don't
intend to live with that kind Of
defeatism."
The next general election, which
could come as early as June, will
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1960-11-27

the power struggle that West
could not diSarm.
Missiles, communications. satel-
lites and other modern military
methods have outmoded the con-
cept of disengagement or the
Gordon sanitaire."
ut is no longer possible to draw,
neat distinction between military
weapons and civilian-industrial
capabilities, or between uni
formed and uniformed per-
sons.
Nor is it likely that an arms
control agreement, once preached,
can be reinstituted by Furnishing
the violator THE only sanction,
once we have discovered viola
ton by the other side, is to scrap
the agreement and resume the
arms race" Western democratic
nations with their wishful publics
would be hard put to muster the
strength for canceling the agree
ment precipitating a great inter-
national crisis and resuming an
extremely expensive arms program.
How Con StobiIity Come?
II this is the situation, how can
the West hope to stabilize the
situation IN the nuclear age?
Mr.. Dougherty suggests a con-
tinuation of the balance of terror,
but in complete openness. He calls
it security by consent" The main
ingredient, he says, should be full
disclosure by each side of his
military potentialities - in other
words, the often-proposed extern
ton of the Vests open society to
the Soviet world.
He suggests joint war gaming
exercises by Soviet and American
strategists. Each side would then
come to see what constitutes an
optimum combination of weapons
systems de, types of weapons,
force levels and deployment) for