davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-12
VigiIonte' Death Jury
Hears First Witness

see II he could do anything
for me. He offered me the use
Of his phone II / wanted 10
call q lawyer and he offered tc
take my son to see one. He
said 1t was funny that Mr.
Gibson hadn't got a dose Of his
own medicine"
Under cross-examination by
Mr.. Welch's lawyer. Henry F.
Black. Mr.. Martin said: AFTER
Mr.. Gibson struck me down ]
got UP and he kicked me out OF
the barn. I fractured three OF
four ribs. I got my leg broken
and injured my kidneys. He
grabbed me by the shoulders
and used his knee"
Victim Outwdghed
Mr.. Martin weighs about lis
POUNDS ana Mr.. gibson weighed
100.
Mr.. Martin said his employer
struck him once with his fist
He testified several neighbors
also called on him and said
they didn't know why he (Mr
GibsonJ always was so hard on
the help"
Mr.. Gibson disappeared on
December 81. 1857, and his
trussed body was found three
months later in the Connecti-
cut River.
Frank w. Carpenter, 40, also
indicted for murder in Mr..
Gibson's death, was in the
courtroom. His trial will be
held later.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-12

He contends that artificially
low interest rates would in
crease demand for credit and
discourage lending. Demand
again would exceed supply,
money again would tighten and
interest rates again would rise.
Initiation Peril
II the Federal Reserve tried
to keep interest rates low
through this process, it would
have to buy more and more
Government securities, accord
ing to this argument. It would
wind up pumping out much
more money than the economy
needs. Result: Imitation.
But critics have an answer
to that one, too. They say that
the Federal Reserve could off,
set any infiationary effects of
its bond purchases by raising
the reserve requirements of
member banks. The Federal
Reserve replies that 1t doubts
this would work.
Instead Of trying to hold in
tereSt rates down through OPP
erations in the bond market,
the Federal Reserve maintains,
the only sound course is to let
supply and demand establish
the price Of credit.
Although this policy makes
it difficult for the Treasury
to borrow money. President
Eisenhower and the Treasury
agree with the Federal Reserve
that the Government should
not tamper with the supply of
credit. If money gets too tight,
they contend, the Government
can ease the pinch by reducing
its own demand for credit
that is, by balancing the budget
and so avoiding deficit spend
ing.
Tomorrow: VIII Uncle Sam
pay his bills?
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-12

the outcome of the House in
quiry.
Mr.. Harris has refused to
say whether the subcommit-
tee would order Mr.. Van Doren
to appear. Several contestants
and two producers have testi-
fed that Twenty-One and
other shows were rugged. How
ever, no one in public hearings
has accused Mr.. Van Doren Of
taking part in the rigging.
FEC Stand Attacked
Mr.. Doerfer told the subcom-
mittee Saturday that while
rigging Of the shows was repre-
hensible," he doubted the COM
mission has authority to take
any action. He said the FEC
is barred from censoring pro-
grams and cannot interfere
with free speech Gin the field
lof dramatic expression"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-12
COURT
Continued From First Page


boards may shift to their own
pupil placement plans next
year if they do not want to
use the State machinery.
In the Raleigh case, a Negro
high school student, Joseph
Hiram Holt, jr., sought to
transfer from Negro school
312 miles from his home to a
white school l mile from home.
He and his parents refused
TO appear personally before the
Board of Education as required
by the pupil placement law.
They asserted the boar d
planned to question him on
such irrelevant matters as his
emotional makeup and his
reasons for wanting to attend
the white school.
He was denied relief by the
Federal District Court on
grounds that he had not ex-
hausted his administrative
remedies i in effect, that he
had not completed the pre-
scribed procedures under the
pupil assignment law.
In the other case, As Negro
school children asked an in
junction requiring Montgom-
cry County IN. c. to initiate
a prompt plan of school de-
segregation. They did not seek
entrance to white schools
through the pupil placement
plan.
Their complaint also was
dismissed on grounds that they
had failed to exhaust their adj
ministrative remedies. The
court said they should have
complied with pupil placement
procedures before challenging
the law.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-12

Continued From First Page
promise dark horse being
brought forward.
Some figured that the 90
nation Latin-American group
and the Donation Asian-Afri-
can group would divide their
votes about evenly between the
two.
They said Poland's support
ers probably would include
Canada, New Zealand, Ireland
and the three Scandinavian
nations, as well as the Soviet
bloc, while Turkeys would in
clude most of Western Europe.
Britain and the United States
also are backing the Turks.
Indian Defense Minister v. K
KriShna Menon told a tele-
vision audience yesterday that
Poland should be elected to re-
turn to a 1916 London gentle
mans agreement" assigning the
seat to Eastern Europe.
The Council, he added,
should reflect the world as it
is" and Poland's election will
help to lower tensions in the
world and create mutual conf
dence between the United States
and the Soviet Union"
Poland and the Soviet bloc
contend that Eastern Europe"
in the 1916 agreement meant
the Soviet bloc.
Turkey argued that it meant
all geographical Eastern Eu-
rope. The Turks also held that
the seat in question should be
available to Eastern Europe,
Asia and Africa so as to give
new u. N. members a better
chance to get onto the Council.
The United States took a
similar line. The Americans
also pointed out privately that
the Council could be enlarged
to take care of new U. N. men,
bers except for the Russian re-
fusal to go along with any
such step until Communist
China is seated in the u. N.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-12
STEEL
Continued From First Page

Continued From First Page
still is below S million, q total
that the President has not con-
sidered an emergency in the
past.
Mr.. Mcdonald said yesterday
that the union would show
that there is absolutely no
need for an injunction and that
If one is issued 1t will only
serve to prolong the unneces-
sary conflict brought about by
the greed and selfish economic
amorality Of the steel industry"
Report Due by Friday
The board is due to file its
report with the President by
Friday. Mr.. Taylor, however.
limited that the panel might
seek an extension Of the dead
line if it felt time would help
mediate the dispute. Under the
law, the President would not be
pound by the boards recon-
mendation.
Mr.. Taylor said yesterday
that nothing would be settled
liz Mr.. Eisenhower were forced
to seek a court order hating
the strike for 80 days. In the
end. such a procedure would
prolong the dispute, Mr.. Taylor
added.
His colleagues on the panel,
John A. Perkins, president Of
the University Of Delaware, and
Prof. Paul N. Lehoczky of Ohio
State University, agreed with
Mr.. Taylor.
I'VE intend to do everything
we can to narrow the differ
ences between the parties" Mr..
Taylor said. I'VE certainly
will seek to avoid procedures
which would widen those diff
ferences."
In a copyrighted interview in
United States News & World
Report today, Mr.. Taylor said
that the emergency strike pro-
cedures Of the Taft Hartley
Law are inadequate to deal
with big strikes. Mr.. Taylor had
been interviewed by the maya
zine before he was appointed
to head the board.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-12
CONTINUED FROM First Page

continued From First Rage
economy's growth by financing
increased production and con-
sumption.
Maybe we have succeeded
too well In convincing bankers
and the Congress that we can
create money" a Federal Re-
serve official comments. Ser
tainly We can, but we can't
create real savings, and real
savings ultimately are the only
source Of capital accumula-
tion."
Production Needed
| According to this argument,
the economy cannot grow if all
income is spent for immediate
consumption Of autos, wash
ing machines and other goods
and services. Some income
must be saved and invested in
capital resources - factories
and machines. Invested saw
ings pay for expansion of the
economy's capacity to produce.
Only increased productive ca
pacity can create real wealth.
II the Government increases
the money supply faster than
the economy's productive ca
pacity grows. this argument
continues, prices inevitably
rise. Consumers have more
money to bid for the same or
slightly increased supplies Of
goods and services.
| II 500 is available to buy
100 widgets, each widget will
sell for 81. If $1l0 is available
to buy the same 100 widgets,
the price will rise to $1.10,
without increasing the supply
Of widgets. The only way to get
ahead is to save and invest so
that more widgets can be pro-
duced.
But the administrations crit
les contend that the economy
is suffering from inadequate
purchasing power, not from in
sufilcient investment. They note
that many industries are pro-
ducing far below capacity: ma
chimes are idle and workers are
unemployed.
Inefficiency Cited
If the Federal Reserve would
increase the supply Of money
faster, according to this argu-
ment, consumers could buy
more. This increased purchas-
ing power would not raise prices
because industry would increase
! production to meet the demand.
Factories would turn out ITO or
100 widgetS, keeping the price
at 81 or even lowering 1t. The
Nation would be richer in Wild
gets and everything else.
BY restraining purchasing
power, the argument continues,
the Government keeps produe-
ton at inefficient low levels.
Unit costs of production tend
to rise when a factory has many
idle machines. BY increasing
costs, tight money actually
raises prices and causes infia-
ton.
Thus the argument over how
fast to expand the supply Of
money and credit boils down to
disputes over the state Of the
economy and the causes of re-
cent imitation.
Even If the Federal Reserves
judgment is correct about the
amount Of money needed, the
critics contend, its technique
is wrong. They want the Fed
eral Reserve to buy Govern
ment bonds when it decides to
increase the money supply. In
stead it depends largely on adj
justing bank reserve require
ments.
The Federal Reserve comedies
1t could lower interest rates by
purchasing Government bonds.
BY bidding for bonds, the Fed
eral Reserve could help to keep
prices at or near par; a $1,000
bond would sell for $1,000.
When bond prices decline be-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-12

CHELSEA. VT. oct. IL (AP)
Err Martin. SO. a frail hired
hand, testified today that Rob-
ert o. WEIGH. As. on trial for
murder In the Staying of Or
Vile Gibson. Al, said 1t was
funny Mr.. Gibson didn't get
"a dose Of his own medicine. y
The first witness Of the trial
Mr.. Martin told the jury Mr.,
WEIGH made the remark after
Mr.. Gibson, a well-to-do farm
er. allegedly beat Mr.. Martin
for splitting milk.
Under questioning by Attor-
ney General Frederick M. Reed,
who has described Mr.. Glib
sons death as the outcome OF
"vigilante action Mr.. Martin
said:
f''I spilled a couple cans Of
milk. I went back and told
Mr.. Gibson and he struck me-"
This occurred on Christmas
Day, 1857.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-12
Injuries Cited

II had q black eye and
bruised the other side of my
face when I struck the fioor,'
Mr.. Martin said in q voice
barely above q whisper.
Mr.. Martin said Mr.. WEIGH
came to see him a day or two
after the incident.
''He wanted to know how
bad I was hurt" the witness
said. HE said he had just
heard about 1t and wanted to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-12
Bond Prices Decline

The general rise in interest
rates has led to a decline in
prices of bonds already on the
market, and has resulted in low
bids on new issues auctioned by
the Treasury.
BY purchasing enough Gov
eminent bonds to peg the prices
at par. the Federal Reserve
could force interest rates down.
Federal financing is so big a
part of the credit market that
a decline in interest rates on
Government bonds would lower
interest rates paid by the pri-
vate economy.
That's how it would work at
first" a Federal Reserve official
lagreeS, but it wouldn't last. "
, 1959-01-23
Notice Of Sale 81 Used
Government Property

-
Sealed bids, in quadrupli-
cate, will be received at the
Division Q + Procurement,
Christiansted, Virgin Islands,
until 100 AM, January 20,
1859, and then publicly opened
for the sale Of the lem listed
below 1as is' and where is"
located at the Christiansted
Hospital, Christianst.ed, st.
Croix, Virgin Islands.
4-Door Ford Sedan
The Government reserves
the right to reject any Or all
bids, to waive any i~nformality
in bids and, unless otherwise
specified by the Government
or by the bidder to accept any
item in the bid.
Copies Of Invitation to bid
will be supplied by the Divi-
sion Of Procurement, Chris
tiansted, st. Croix, Virgin
Islands.
Daniel w. Ambrose
Commissioner Of Properly
and Procurement
By:
Alphonso RomneY
Clerk in Charge
Div. Of Procurement
St. croix, v. I.
21-22-23
, 1959-01-23
correspondence
January Z, 1853.
~ CanHte A. Brodhurst
Editor, The st. Croix Avis
Christiansted, st. Croix, VI.
MY dear Mr.. Brodhurst:
Washington, r. G

MY dear Mr.. Brodhurst
It is very distressing to me to-
read the attempts made by some
people on st. Croi4 to blame our
comparatively few traffic acci-
dents on left-hand driving. / am
enclosing two clippings from the
Washington Post of recent date.
On the one with the illustration,
if left hand drive had been used,
in this particular case, the acct
dent might never have occurred.
The second clipping shows that
there were a total Of 1870 traffic
accidents in Washington, d. C..
during the past 81 days and this
with right hand drive!
AS for the matter of passing an
oncoming car from my experience
I feel much safer passing on the
left than on the right. When
passing an oncoming car on the
left the drivers tend to get as
near the drain as possible there
by allowing a wide margin in the
center of the road. In right hand
driving when the driver is close
to the oncoming vehicle he tends
to pass as close as he deems pos
sible and quite often midjudges.
I think it is time that the real
blame for a good many Of our
traffic accidents be placed where
il belongs, j. e. in our lax proce-
dure Of allowing visitors to the
Islands to operate a motor vehi-
Gle as soon as they land as long as
they have a drivers license.
Cities in the United States do not
allow this nor does Puerto Rico
as far as / have been able to
ascertain. A Virgin Islands
drivers license is no good as such
here in Washington, D. G. or in
Puerto Rico.
Thanking you for space in your
paper.
Sincerely,
= Walter J. NJ. Petersen
Diario las Américas., 1959-03-03
AnUncia FideI Castro
las E~Iecciones Poro
Denfro de Dos Anos

LA primer mi
nistro, Fidel Castro dijo hoy a
un grupo de periodistas visitan-
ties n-ortesmericanos que Sc &C.
LIBRARIAN elecciones generates
dcrtro de dos amos, porque los
comicios ahora mo serian jus
tos."
Anadio Castro que "lss cleo
Clones ahora reflejarian interes
de nuestrs parte. En- estos mo
mentos seremos la mayoria abru
mcdora. Por consiguiente, es
meier para la nacion 81 las cleo
clones Sc realizan cuando los
parti1os politicos esten plena-
mente desarrollados y sus pro-
gramas sean claramente defini-
dos"
Ta1..bien dijo en- respuesta a
unas pregunta5 que espera poder
aceptar la invitacion de la Socie
dad ~Norfeamericana de Direc-
torres de Periodicos para hablar
en- SUI Convention Annual en- Wa
shington. en- abril proximo.
Declare que lie encantaria re-
unirse con ell presidente Eisen-
hover Isl el tiene tempo y 20
tengo TEMPO"
Express la opinion de que la
(Pasa a la Pag. 81
Diario las Américas., 1959-03-03

res co-autores, de cuantos dess
fueros, estafas, latrocinios, DIES
parpajos, ventas de notas e in
moralldades Sc cometieron en-
esta Universidad.
Francisco Gomez Herman.
DEE; Elk secretario general de la
Universidad conocedor de to-
dos los hechos anteriores Y por
10 tanto encubridor; Gregorio
Vicente Silva Perez; Elk Teso-
zero de los hechos anteriores;
Y coparticipe. German A. Pavo-
nj; Ex Jefe de Oficinas de la
Secretarfa, los mismos hechos
de los anteriores. Gerardo Cas-
tell0 Garcia; Elk Secretario ge-
neral y tramitador de titulos
y notas a los esbirros de la die
tadurs; Alberto Jimenez Rojo;
Elk Jefe del Negociado de Ma
triculas, vulnerador de la ley
docente, e irregularidades de
la matricula, complicidad en- no
tas falsas.
"Armando Reinoso; Elk auxi-
liar del Negociado de Matricu-
las de los mismos cargos del
anterior; Orlando Silva Lopez;
ex cajero, irregularidad en- la
matricula y ademas sac6 dos
titulos en- pocos meses. Sena-
dores, de la Ultima farsa cleo
torsl que obtuvieron titulos en-
POGO TEMPO; Jose Gonzalez
Puente y Arturo II1as Cuza.
Representatives.. De la dlti-
ma farsa electoral que obtuvie-
ron titulos en- POGO tempo: Jo-
Sc Antonio Ortega Galbis, AL
fredo Zayas, Rafael Lincoln
Diaz Balart, Andres Pupo, Eddy
Diario las Américas., 1959-03-03
NARICs ARCUlTECTOS
lNTEREsADOS EN- FL
PLAN DE VIVIENDAS

LA sefores
Aldo Regalado, del Colegio de
Arquitectos de Pinar del Rio;
Oscar Pardinas, del de Matan.
zas y Santiago, Amador Casellas,
del de Camagiiey, visitaron a la
sonora Pastorita Nunez, direc-
tora del Institute Nacional de
Ahorro y Vivienda establecido
en- la Plaza de la Republica, pa
"a c~umplimentarla y tratar con
ella del inicio del vasto plan de
viviendas en- esas provincias,
plan que, como diiimos recien-
temente, comenzara a desarro-
llarse dentro de breve tempo
en- la Hahbana y Santiago de
Cuba, simultaneamente, y al
cual cooperan va ell Colegio de
La Habana, y ell de la capital de
Oriente
A proposito de clio, nos ex-
preso la sonora Carmen Castro
Portas, jefe del departamento
de information y Publicidad del
Institute y compa1era en- la
Prensa, que la sonora Nunez Sc
(Pasa a la pag. 81
Diario las Américas., 1959-03-03
HAN MEJORADO LOS
SERVIcIOS AEREOS
PARA FL INTERIOR

La HABANA. A partir del
domingo primero de mario en-.
traran en- vigor los nuevos til
Eerarios del servicio aereo de
Guiana de Aviacion a trece ciu-
dades del interior de la Isla.
Les mismos incluyen venta-
josos cambios de horas en- las
salidas y llegadas Use eliminan
las salidas de madrugada) ash
como introduction de mas es-
pacios y potentes equipos en-
determinadas rutas como la de
Habana-G Guantanamo (via Ca
magiiey) que por primera vez
sc operara con aviones Viscount
? que haran la travesia en- solo
dos horas so minutes. Ese vue-
10 Habana-G Guantanamo, ade-
mas saldra una bora temprano
de Boyeros. Els decir a las 6:45
A. M.
Sc aurenta a dos ell nunero
de vuelos diarios con Super G..
Constellation, con capacidad pa
"a 90 pasajeros a las ciudades
de Camagliey y Santiago de Gu
ba. Los Super &c" cubren la ira
vesia a Camagiiey en- solo una
bora y diez minutes, y a la ca
pita' oriental en- justamente dos
horas.
Sc transfieren a horas de la
mariana las salidas de los vue-
los a Santa Clara y Cienfuegos,
10 q''e ma sido acogido por los
viajantes y hombres de nego-
clos de La Habana y Las Villas
con gran beneplacito. Ell vuelo
que parte con rumbo a esas dos
ciudades despegara diariamen.
te de Rancho Boyeros a las 6.15
A. M. (primer vuelo del dia de
Cubana).
(Pasa . h P&gina o.
Diario las Américas., 1959-03-03

Urquia CULLEN. Eliseo Arnaldo
Guerra Romero. Miembro del
Ejercito; Francisco Perez Clau-
sell, ex jefe de la Prision de
La Habana. Miembros del
BRAC que obtuvieron certifi-
cados de estudios para mas tar
de graduarse ilegalmente en-
la universidad del Norte de
Oriente, eludiendo ash ell Tri-
bunal de- Estado, Raodl Garcia
Cantero y Paraj6n y Juan M.
Rodriguez Ibanez. Estos indivi-
duos tambien obtuvieron titulos
ilegales en- esta Universidad.
"Por los mismos motives an
teriormente expuestos y por
ser miembroS del fatidico SIM:
Rene Pedrosa Serrano, Irenal-
Go Garcia Baez y Cesar Cam
pa Wells. Contamos con nume-g
roses expedientes mas que da
remos a la p~ublicidad a la ma
yor brevedad possible.
"Por Ell Comite Depurador,
"(Fdo.) Silvia Perez Limons
ia y Manlio Bastart Valerino".
Diario las Américas., 1959-03-03
|nicia Universidad Jose Narfl Labor de
Depuraci0n de Professors y Esfudiantes
Hey PrUebos Para EneaUsaros PoIftea y Doeenfemente

En- relacion con la depura.
cion de ~profesores y gradua.
dos que ha iniciado en- la Uni
versidad Nacional Jose Marti,
hemos recibido de la Fedora
cion Estudiantil Universitaris
Mariana la siguiente comuni-
caci0n.
La FEUM da a conocer por
este medic que va ha comen-
zado a funcionar ell Comite De
purador en- SUI labor de elevar
la moral de este centre.
"A dicho efecto, tenemos a
bien informar a listed que to-
nemos datos suficientes para
encausar politica y docentemen-
ties personals:
"Ramilo de Onate Gomez:
Elk rector y titere del batista-
to e Isidro Perez Martinez ex-
rector; ambos son encubrido-
Diario las Américas., 1959-03-03
Re|dciones de Cuba con los
EE. w.. Serdn Nejores Ahora
Bajo Ell Gobierno con Castro
Asesvra 81 RePresentante Dem6erata Porter

los que han sido condenados no
t%uvieron la oportunidad de de-
fenderse", expuso ell legislator.
Este no quiere decir que re-
palda tales p~rocedimientos. Des-
de ell principle insist en- que Sc
mejorarian."
Las reIaciones de Cuba con
les Estados Unidos, en- SUI OPT
MON. "seran mas amistosas que
runca, ahora que nuestro Go
bierno ha apoyado una politica
para diferenciar entire las de-
mocracia y las dictaduras, ahora
que Cuba es una democracia que
surge y ahora que tenemos I'm
embaiador sobresaliente, un
hombre de carrera, Philip Will
son Bonsal, cuya oposicion a los
dictadores no necesita demostra-
clones"
tPasa a la pag. s.
Diario las Américas., 1959-03-03
No Podenos |mponer en- las
Escue|as Pub|icas Ia Ensenanza
de Una Determinada Religion
Diio eI Ministro Doctor Hart Ante

ca Guiana Sc ense1e determi-
NADIA religion, declare aver Ell
ministro de Educacion, doctor
Armando Hart, al dirigirse en-
Ell hemiciclo del d~epartamento
a su cargo a unos $50 delegados
de las escuelas del distrito de
La Habana, durante la inaugu-
racion de una conferencia or
ganizada por Ell Colegio Nacio-
nal y ell de La Habana de los
maestros Normales para tratar
de las cuestiones relatives a la
ensenanza y a la clase magiste-
rial que requieren mas urger.
temente SUI atencion.
Entendio que la ensenanza
de cualquier religion en- los
planteles oficiales provocaria
los ataques de los elementos
radicales, con los CONSEQUENCES
trastornos; y anunci6 que en- la
proxima semana iniciaria un
plan de trabajo para ir a la re.
forma general de la ensenan-
"a y a la reorganization admi.
nistrativa y tecnica del Minis
terio de Education.
Habl6 de la capacitacion tee
MICA y legal para las funciones
~docentes, al referirse al topico
del intrusismo. Pidio la coope.
racion a la obra de ordenamien.
to que viene realizando y con.
sigui6 que tenia ell proposito
de lesionar en- 10 menos posi-
BILE y dar oportunidad a todos
para incorporates a las proyec-
clones revolucionarias en- que
estaban empenados, en- benefi-
clio del pals.
Sc refirio en- particular a la
escuela privada, manifestando
que no tenia que temer NADIA,
pues abrigaba los mejores pro.
positos y Sc nutria de un alum
nado distinto al de la escuela
publica, de I'm alumnado con
cierta ventajosa capacidad
economical. Mi ambici6n es pre-
cisamente --dijo- elevar el
nivel de la escuela publica al
nivel de la escuela privada.
Trat6 de la campana de al.
fabetizacion que realiza Ell Mi
historic de Education, iniciada
entire los hombres del Ejerci-
to Rebelde que no saben leer
y escribir y que continuara con
maestros voluntarios y la COO
peraci6n del Ministerio. de De-
fensa en- las zonas rurales y los
centres urbanos a traves de CO.
misionados provinciales y mu-
nicipales, que trabajaran direc-
tamente con los colegios de
maestros que g~enerosmente Sc
GpaSa . h pAa- =