davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-03-06

sTUDE. SO Larks and Havks q
G%S srR IVRse ess sIETTsEEs AMEN ms 4
Glebe I'd. Arl.. IA, 7-1122.
STUDEBAKER 1858 Commando
trans. with Cd. 7, and b. Thi
iow-mileage. l-ownsr auto !.
beautiful 2-tone Of baby blue an,
milk white. The interior Of mi
auto Is perfect In all respects, !
truly clean auto for the RsIticn,
h N Sq ESssE5krsss.e S ssodS 4 ~. y.
NV, tn. 2-SS77.
STUDEHAKER 'B2 VS. sedan
t tois. so0 %' sody' $3.50 $50 OF '4P.aSSs5
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-03-06
PoNTIAC ~ oonveTII6Ie: power
lcoNTINUtpl

PONTIAC so station vaIon; p,
mileage, one-year warranty ~
sardless Of milsage driven fun
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-03-06
American Service Center

PONTIAC IS Convertible; radio.
heater. hydramatie, blue and
white. Guaranteed. $1,i96. ARL-
IN0TON MOTOR CO. $500
COLUMBIA PIKE. ARLINGTON,
VA "A > ootA
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-03-06

sTypE. 1883 Golden HAWK; straighi
s n.S: h.aSass rrrssSISv .h s', s.r nas
kEbs SXEEs a sEKvICH. ssuds..
Pssksrd-EaFE Dealer. ~ II &; ne,
sTupEnAKxR IS 4-df. ssdan T;
oyefdTIve, heater, beautiful e-tons
Ssi:., Z mi; ,SSs'ii'n' condition Pun
ROYAL MOTORS, INC.
400 Ga. Ave. ia. $4,000 1904
sTUDRBAKEn 80 Champion cow. :
S,s' n ~ sood cond'i ssaS cash
STUDRBAKERs 80 Champions ana
cSmmandsrG 9 70 choose from
American Service Center
Ssb M ois6s I'd, All, Jx, f.7i2a
lTHuNDKRntRD 'bS cruIseQma tic ;
radio and heater, white-wall tires.
lovely sky-blue finlSh with white
TOP: pswsscsar condition throush-
CAVE FORD
asia Elm st., Bethesda, Nd.
THUNpERBiRR 'se 4-pessenser
T aslsntss ss' s!SspSs. SsHssss
kAMBLER, INC, Route No. 1.
across from Laurel ehoppins
Center. Open evenings. 70 o.
lTHuNDERBiRD '5s: beautiful ca
nary yellow nnish: full pSyer:
DISCOUNT LYNN'S
a00l 18th 81, NV. AID. 1000
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17

poration profits tax, Of creating
what they term q bad business
climate.
But Gov. Williams has this on
his side: Not q single firm NOV
ing elsewhere has blamed Michi-
gan's business climate.
Michigan's labor climate may
cause uualms. The State is the
home Of both Walter p. Reuther
and his United Auto Workers
Union. 1t also is the home Of
James r. Hoffa. whose Teamsters
Union is strong here.
But John Creecy Of the Detroit
Times writes that Jimmie and
Walter are omnipresent on the
American industrial scene" and
aren't likely to bother q manu-
facturer any more in Detroit than
they would in Wetumpka, Ala.
The Big Three General Motors,
Ford and Chrysler-have invested
312 billion dollars in new Michigan
factories and facilities since 1850.
Michigan utilities are investing
1923 million dollars in expansion
this year alone. Great Lakes Steel
Corp. plans a new 100 million doll
lar mill in suburban Ecorse. Mus
kegon is getting a new plant with
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17

least four significantly different
situations premeditated and de-
liberate murder, purposeful killing
by poison, purposeful killing in
the course of committing or at
tempting to commit a felony and
unintentional killing while COM
hitting or attempting to commit
certain felonies. At present, no
distinction is made in the hei-
nousness Of the act. The penalty
is the same for all.
3. Juries reluctant to send GER
tain prisoners to their death will
ignore the law as presented to
them by the judge and find them
guilty of second degree murder.
This creates a body Of bad law.
4. The mandatory death penalty
in the District is self-defeating.
Persons charged with first-degree
murder win acquittals,. dismissais
or reversals in q far larger per-
centage Of cases than any other
type Of offense. From l947 through
June 80, 1858, total of 276 per-
sons were indicted for first-degree
murder here. OF this group. 43.9
per cent either were acquitted or
won a directed verdict in court.
OF the remaining 1856 defendants,
127 were convicted Of a lesser
ofense and % were sentenced to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17

death. OF the 20 facing death,
seven had their sentences COM
muted. seven had their cases re-
versed on appeal, three were trans
ferred to st. Elizabeths, one is
awaiting the outcome Of his APP
peal and 10 were actually electro
cuted. For other serious crimes,
about 80 per cent Of those in
dicted are convicted.
5. The Mosaic concept of retri-
bution-an eye for an eye, tooth
for a tooth-iS out of line with
present-day thinking.
6. At present in the District,
prisoner found guilty of second
degree murder is more likely TO
receive an adequate sentence than
a person found guilty Of the more
serious crime Of first degree MUIR
der. The amount Of time served
by persons convicted of other than
f1rst-degree murder or non-negli-
gent manslaughter here is higher
than in So per cent Of the States.
z. No rule Of law which is
absolutely rigid is preferable to
one elastic enough to permit the
exercise of discretion, particularly
where human life is involved.
For Deoth Penalty
Against those arguments. those
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
BENEFITS Position

Statement By James v. Ben
nett. Director of the Federal
Bureau of Prisons, on the
mandatory penalty for murder
In the first degree in the District
OF Columbia:
! am opposed to the manda-
tory death penalty because it
has been repudiated and re-
pealed by every other State and
territory. IS no deterrent to first
degree murder and results in
unequal administration Of JUS
tice. Moreover, it brings law
into disrepute because it makes
for bad law. delayed justice, and
resort to tedious technicalities.
Also, it imposes upon the Execu-
tive Branch of the service and
the President of the United
States the distasteful and fright
ening responsibility of acting
on petitions for pardon or COM
mutation. No society that has
confidence in its courts should
require as a matter of law the
imposition Of any specific PEN
atty. That is a matter to be
left to the sound discretion of
their judges and juries. If such
sentence is not warranted
elsewhere in the Federal sys-
tenn with respect to rape, kid
mapping, or bombings of an air.
plane, how much less is it justi-
fled with respect to homicide
that may as a matter of fact be
committed by an emotionally
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17

a four million dollar annual pay.
roll. A Bay City shipyard is build
ing So million dollars worth of
destroyers for the Navy.
Michigan's treasury isn't broke,
despite the payless paydays. More
than q billion dollars goes into
the treasury each year, compared
with slightly more than half q
billion in 1949. But only 80 cents
Of each tax dollar goes into the
general fund. which is broke.
The State had been spending
more from the general fund than
it was putting in for several years
when the 1957-58 recession hit.
The recession reduced the States
tax revenue and. by increasing
unemployment. increased demands
on the State for unemployment
compensation.
WiIlioms' Theory
Gov. Williams, among hopefuls
for the Democratic presidential
nomination in 1860, blames the
deficit on the Republican-con-
trolled legislature. He says it has
failed to levy taxes to support its
appropriations. The governor is
demanding personal income tax
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17

4. A combination Of centraliza-
ton (parts) and decentralization
(assembly) in ALTERNATING.
Michigan isn't dying industri.
ally, nor are its plants in head
long flight elsewhere.
The auto industry as q whole
produced approximately 4,6OO,OOO
cars last year. Harry A. Williams,
managing director of the Auto
mobile Manufacturers Association,
predicts the normal market in
the l960s viii be at least 6 mil
lion cars year, with sales shoot
ing as high as 8 million in
years of prosperity. Despite de-
Capitalization, Michigan still
builds more than 80 per cent of
the Nations cars and trucks.
The Michigan Economic Devel-
opment Department, State
agency, says its figures show the
State has gained more plants
and jobs than it has lost since
1850.
Governor Is Accused
Some quarters have challenged
its figures and some industrialists
have accused Gov. williams, who
has consistently advocated q cor
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
BETWEEN BOOM AND BUST

DETRorT.-The State Of Mich
igan Is caught in q tug Of war
: between boom and bust.
More people almost a quarter
million more-are working In
1850. And they are getting more
pay. Automobile production this
year Is running half q million
units ahead Of the same 1858
months.
The State gained n industries
last year against q loss Of rs for
alnet job gain Of avs. March sales
tax collections were the highest
on record for any March and re-
Elected a ST. million gain In
retail business over the same
month In 1858. Winter resorts had
their best season ever and q sum-
nler tourist increase is forecast.
Those are the forces Of prosper
ity. But ct the other end of this
economic rope are these factors
tugging for depression:
Although unemployment de-
creased $1,000 In the month ended
( March Is. Michigan still had one
of the highest unemployment rates
In the Nationals per cent Of its
labor force. In metropolitan De-
troit the rate was 1879. BY con-
trast the national average was
aga. During 1858, Michigan's un-
employment averaged 1873.
The States general fund. which
provides day-to-day capital for
operating the government, is run
ming deficit that might total
$1l0 million BY June 80. Dur
ing the last week in April the State
could not meet q 100000 payroll
covering 325 employees, including
IA State legislators. Gov. @. Mem
men Williams called the payless
payday q disaster Of the FIRST
magnitude" BY May s, $4,000
State workers were unpaid.
Picking up bits and pieces from
other funds under emergency leg
islative authorization, the State
had managed by this week end to
make its paychecks good. But
Gov. Williams warned more pay
less paydays may be in the ofiing.
The general fund was down to q
meager $452.s63 Friday, following
payment of $40 million on S35.5
million overdue to schools.
Causes Of IdIeness
/, Actually there are two things
working against prosperity: I'm
employment and a political stale
mate that has prevented the
Democratic Governor and Repub-
lican legislature from agreeing on
Q program for solving the State
financial problem.
? Michigan idleness stems from q
variety of causes.
y For one thing, Michigan's pop-
ulation has grown by 1884. 900
since 1850. Only three other
States = California, Florida and
Texas-have added more.
-Four other reasons stand out.
They are:
!. Attenuation.
q. A switch in the Nations de-
Tense spending to missiles and
away from tanks. airplanes and
mobile guns.
3. The foldup of old-timers
like Packard and Hudson and
newcomers like Kaiser Fraser In
the automotive field.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17


Frost decision to make, are two
Burns streets and a place, and
streets for Longfellow. Tenny-
son, Lowell, Irving, Emerson,
Taylor, hawthorne, Whittier and
Browning. There is one slight
catch in all this. It is not known
whether these streets are actual
ly named for the writer's or for
definitely lesser figures. accord
ing to the surveyors Office. Dis
trict records do not note for
whom a given street was named.
Nevertheless. Mr.. Healy says
he's inclined to give the poets
the benefit Of the doubt.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
Street Named for Frost
Would Be in Tradition

A new and unusual honor has
been proposed for Robert Frost,
famous poet and now the L.
brary Of Congress consultant
in poetry. It is the suggestion
that q street in the Nations
Capital be named for him.
The idea came from a con-
stituent Of Senator Prouty, Re-
publican of Vermont, who bows
to no one in his admiration for
the 83-year-old New England
writer. It was addressed to the
District Commissioners who
turned it over to Francis F.
Healy, the Districts surveyor
and the man in charge of nam
ing streets.
In thinking about it, Mr..
Healy may well reflect on the
fact that there is ample prec-
edent for naming streets here
for men Of letters.
In Northwest Washington, for
example. there are a Hawthorne
street, a Hawthorne lane and
q Hawthorne place, all presum-
ably honoring Nathaniel Haw-
thorne. There are Hawthornes
in Cheverly, Md; Montgomery
County and Alexandria as well.
Hyattsville has two Longfel-
low streets and q Longfellow
road while there are one each
in Washington, Montgomery
County and Arlington.
Takoma Park is limited to a
paltry Whittier street. Arling-
ton has a Longfellow, q Lowell
and a Poe while Alexandria has
streets for Hawthorne and Low
ell.
In Fairfax. there are two
streets named after poets, If
one counts Edgar Guest. The
other is for Joyce Kilmer.
In the District, which has the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17

disturbed person, or be the out
growth Of a quarrel. a misguided
effort to vindicate honor, or
the unforeseen consequence Of
another crime.
If the death penalty is to be
retained, it should be imposed
only in the sound discretion
Of the court and only when the
jury so recommends and should
be renewable as a matter Of
course by the Court Of Appeals.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
BETNEEN BOON AND
Why Michigan IS in Trouble Financially

and q corporations profits tax to
balance the budget.
Legislative leaders, who criti-
CHE Gov. williams for increas-
ing State services with each new
budget. oppose the personal and
corporation income taxes. They
favor q sales tax Increase.
Recently Gov. Williams sought
to ease the general fund dilemma
through liquidation Of q so mil
lion dollar veterans trust fund,
without cutting on assistance to
needy veterans. But the leeisla-
ture refused TO liQuidate the fund
unless one cent increase in the
per cent sales tax was tackled
onto the bill. The Governor re-
fused.
Gov. williams has cried Islander
at some national publications
which have labeled Michigan o
welfare State. He uses Bureau Of
Census figures to show Michigan
ranks saith in per capita expendi-
lures for public welfare purposes
and Sist In combined State and To-
cal taxes in proportion to income.
The Governor named q ZOO
member. bipartisan corps Of in
dustrial ambassadors to promote
the state. At the first meeting,
Chairman Merritt d. Hill. who
also is general manager Of the
Ford Motor Co.'S tractor and Inn
plement division, told his fellow
ambassadors:
Lets do our damnedest to make
the rest Of the world eat its words
about Michigan being ready for
the scrap heap"
Michigan's employment in
creased from 2.233. 900 on january
is. 1850. to 2.45S. 700 on March IS.
1859. Its employment peak was
1851 900 in 1866.
Role Of Automotion
The auto makers won't estimate
jobs saved via attenuation. but the
Big Three have special research
units whose duty 1t is to come up
with manufacturing savings at
least equaling the automatic g.
cent hourly annual wage increases
written into JAW contracts.
I'm 1857 the auto industry pro-
duced 1900, 900 cars and trucks as
compared with 4.797. 62l in 1877
an increase Of 501a per cent" the
JAW president says. But pro-
duction worker employment during
the same period increased by only
one-half of ! per cent. from CAS-
800 to 652,0O0."
The auto makers have tended in
recent years, as they abandoned
outmoded factories for more EN-
cient ones. to begin making their
own parts rather than farm them
out to suppliers. Through auto
nation, they usually can do the
job more cheaply.
On the other hand, there has
been a tendency to follow the Ma
tons mushrooming population to
the West. Northwest and South
west with assembly plants. There
also has been a trend toward To-
eating basic plants near raw ma
terials-in other words, an alu-
minum components plant near an
aluminum-making plant.
These trends undoubtedly have
cost Michigan jobs. But as one
auto maker said, I'VE don't buck
the economic facts Of life, we take
advantage of them"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
Question to Be Debcted

The gap between trial and pun
ishment, with its implications Of
straining at technicalities, is one
OF many reasons why the city's
judges and leading lawyers will
debate the question of mandatory
capital punishment this week.
A committee of q lawyers has
been assigned to present to the
Districts Judicial Conference
its views on whether the man
datory death penalty should be
abolished here.
Opinion of the 81 lawyers ranges
all the way from those who want
to keep the law as it is to those
who want to see capital punish
ment banned entirely. The ma
1ority Of the committee members.
however, favor a law giving the
Judge, the jury or both the choice
OF life Imprisonment or death in
f1rst degree murder cases.
Against Deoth Penalty
These are the principal argu-
ments Of those who want to take
the mandatory aspects out of the
death sentence:
!. The District Of Columbia is
the only jurisdiction-State or
Federal--in the whole country
where the laws require a death
sentence after a first degree
verdict.
2. The Districts present first
degree murder statutes cover at
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
Williams Theory
Abolition Of Mandatory Death Penalty in the District
Splits Lawyers Studying Question for Judicial Group

who would like to see the statute
remain as it is contend:
/. The fear Of death is the
greatest deterrent to crime. While
opponents Of capital punishment
argue that the death penalty has
not deferred crime, no one can
know how many people are still
walking around today because
fear Of death prevented killing.
2. The right Of the State
to execute murderers in order to
protect the common welfare
Of the community is recognized as
natural as well as a legal right.
3. Murderers are better Off the
way things are now. Juries now
know that a first-degree convic-
ton carries the death penalty and
they are reluctant to sentance
anyone to death. But If the
choice were left to them, they
might be given additional infor-
nation in considering the sem
tence and the additional informa-
ton might be of the kind to con-
vince them that the prisoner
should be sentenced to death.
AS one defense attorney put
1t, why favor change unless
it's going to be of advantage to
your clients? If defendant
doesn't take the stand, the prose-
cutor can't bring in his record.
But. if the jury is going to have
the discretion of determining life
or death. it's going to get the
mans record. So the prosecutor
is going to accomplish by indirec-
ton what he can't accomplish by
direction"
The veteran criminal trial law
yer added that If United States
Attorney Oliver Gasch favors re-
moving the mandatory feature of
capital punishment-which he
does-the change must be of
benefit to the prosecution.
Since those who want to retain
the mandatory death penalty are
in the minority, the interest Of
the Judicial Conference is likely
to focus on who will decide
whether a flrst-degree murder
should be punished by life inn
prisonment or death.
In the District. sentencing has
always been the exclusive preroga-
tive of the judges with this one
exception: Juries in rape convic-
tons may add to their verdict
the words with the death PEN
atty"
In most jurisdictions through
out the country. the laws provide
that juries should FIX the penalty
in murder cases or should recon-
mend death or mercy.
In Divided Juries
In the case Of divided jury
on the question of life or death.
S0rnQ Gtofac v,aoka ev,ao{oI ,.,.1,,s
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
BY MIRIAM GUTENBERG
Star Stan Writer

Around the courthouse, one
lawyer after another win tell you
that he'd rather take his chances
on a first-degree murder convic-
ton than to see his client of
to prison with second degree
sentence.
It's a matter Of the odds,
Granted that a first-degree con-
viction carries an automatic death
penalty and a second-degree con-
viction may mean only a few years
in jail, how often does a first
degree conviction stand up?
If it's not reversed in the United
States Court Of Appeals, there's a
good chance the Supreme Court
win knock it out.
In the last eight-and-a-half
years. only two men have gone to
the electric chair in the District.
Since 1855, District Court juries
have found prisoners guilty Of
-first-degree murder in IL cases.
Only one person has been electro
cuted in that period.
During this time, two men sem
fenced to death have walked out
of death row to freedom. A third
remained in custody only because
he was already serving time for
rape. A fourth would be free today
II he hadn't agreed to cooperate
ina civil commitment to st. Eliza
-beth's Hospital. A fifth, convicted
and sentenced to die three times,
Is now awaiting the outcome Of his
third appeal.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17

vided. the sentence Is life. In
Missouri and Montana, the court
casts the deciding vote in case Of
q divided jury.
While legal authorities believe
that judges are more competent
than juries to Ak the penalty
through their long experience,
they nevertheless recognize that
judges don't want the sole respon-
sibility of life or death.
The sentiment among lawyers
who have studied the question
here seems to be that the jurors
with their cloak Of individual
anonymity-should have the life
or death discretion.
Many Of them feel, however.
that the jury decision should not
be totally binding on the judge
that he should have the power to
mitigate, but not to increase, the
sentence.
There has been considerable
discussion about how much in
formation the Jurors should have
before passing sentence. In most
jurisdictions. the jurors In murder
cases pass on the sentence as well
as the guilt without additional in
formation. In Pennsylvania, q
hearing which provides the addi-
tional information is held before
the case goes to the jury. This
is frowned upon by those who feel
that the questions Of guilt and Of
sentence should be kept strictly
separate. They prefer the Cali
fornia system where jury decides
on guilt and then holds a hearing
to determine punishment. This
is the system in the military courts
where the serviceman's previous
record and behavior is the sub
ject Of hearing after he has been
found guilty.
If the jury holds a hearing after
passing on guilt, what information
should 1t be given? Lawyers study
ing the question in preparation for
the judicial Conference feel that
the the jury should get as much If
not more information about the
defendant than the judges get
from probation officers in pre-
sentence reports.
Low Institute Involved
The American Law Institute,
which is holding It's annual meet
ing here next week to work on
its proposed model penal code,
will be considering the same
question.
Many Of the elements which
lawyers feel jurors should be told
before recommending a sentence
would never come out in the trial
Of a murder case. That was the
reason the defense attorney speak
ing out against change was con-
cerned. On the other hand, other
attorneys want the jurors to know
all about the defendants-their
social, economic and environ
mental background-so they can
deal with the prisoner more un-
derStandingly.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
In Divided Juries

In the case Of a divided Jury
on the question of life or death,
some States make special provi-
sion. In California. the court can
sentence to life or impanel new
jury to sentence. In Florida, the
majority may recommend mercy.
In Mississippi. If the jury is di-