davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
ZajednicÌŒar = Fraternalist. [volume] (Allegheny, Pa.) 1894-current, 1959-04-01

~ IiVSC LIIyoyCu Ill ~uI Gill IoIIlpolyII
Societys Medical Director Gives Views
On Overall Health Picture of Membership
The Supreme Board of Directors
CrOatian Fratemal Union of America
Sister and Brothers:
The report presented is usual resume of the work
covering the Medical Department of during the
have heard the reports of the other Officers
1t is prepared for your information annual study
AS you Know TINS work daily task and try at all
es TO be falr and just to the members and the Society,"
We would like, at this time to thank the Executive
Board other Supreme Officers the Home Office Staff and
friendly contacts ~
Applications for membership in the adult de-
panent Junior Order transfers, and increases in in
surance numbered two thousand five hundred thirty
nine (2539) approved thirty four (34) re elected: or
total OF two thousand five hundred seventy three (257
These, of course, include both medical and nonmedcl
applications. ~
Junior Order transfers numbered one thousand ninety
three QO93 4934o of the total The average age of
our membership for 1858 1888 years. an increase over
Non-Medica Experience Has Been Excellent
1t may be stated that most of our new members are
accepted on non-medcal applications That there is no bad
eecI OH our mortality experience is proven our NOR
taity experience for last year which is $685.
Not too long ago it thought that the accepance of
new members without Medical Examination would reflect
@ uay IN our annual statistics This have found to be
nave been found to be great aid our workers in the
local Lodges. " ~
bIother Bella, our Supreme Secretary, has combined
our Meocal ana non-medica forms into one application
oank 1or practical purposes We humby aided in this
Inc number and causes of deaths in the adult depart
ment for 1858 were ~ r
1. Heart Disease " AKA
2. Cancer and Malignant Tumors .,,, 222
8. vascular Disease Cerebral Hemm or Throm) 152
Pneumonia and other on-Maignant Lung Disease SO
.. digestive and Genito Urinary Diseases ........ 81
g. Accidents and Suicides - *
Z. tuberculosis -
g. Blood Disease Ueukenia Pernicous Anemia -
ulsedse)
lotal ,OS7
Evening star., 1959-12-27
Its Politics as Usual
To a Prosperous Nation
BY L. EDGAR PRINA
Star star Writer

The temptation and tendency of the chroncer is to
label by ALTERATION Thus the FfteS being called
fabulous fateful and phony.
But there other adectiveS which perhaps
apt. For Americans the decade drawing to close
might better be called aWesoTne anxious
The fftieS started for this Nation with Jolt The mill
tary budget had been SlaShed Skmpv S13 billion The
powerful land and air forces which fought and helped
win the greatest in history had been demobized We
Evening star., 1959-12-27
he Turbulent Fifties Years of Transition
Peace Proves Elusive,
But Few Expect War
By FRED THEROUX
star Stan Writer

If the decade of the 1950S had to be described in
word turbulent would be inadequate but appropriate
any, The world turbulence however has been marked
by factor of immense Sgnfcance The decade has been
plainly transitional.
Great changes taking place in world affairs changes
made neScapable by events and Developments changes
whose directions remain this point largely unpredctabe
The cold war for example, is yielding to something else as
the decade ends it will remain for the next few years to
Evening star., 1959-12-27

l. President Eisenhower.
2. Prime Minister Macmillan.
3. Chancellor Adenauer.
4. President de Gaulla.
5. GeneralIssimo Franco.
6. Premier Khrushchev.
7. Premier Kishi.
8. President NaSser.
9. China's Mao Tse- -tung.
10. Prime Minister Nehru.
Evening star., 1959-12-27
No Limit to Energy

The first two alternatives we're
out of the question, for practical
purpose at that time So, there
remained dirtineSs-the additional
terror of fallout. so silent, so subtle,
in the wake of the noise and heat
and shock of actual explosion.
Except for radiation released at
the moment of explosion, there is
nothing inherently dirty" about
a hydrogen bomb except the
flSSion products of the atomic de-
vice that triggers the fusion re-
action. But if the H-bomb is not
inherently dirty, it can be made
so with relatively little added eff
fort or expense. One way is to
produce an "FFF" bomb-for
"f1sSion-fusion- -fission" by encasing
the bomb in a special shell. of
uranium-238. U-238 in itself is
not the stuff of which bombs are
made. 1t is the useless" part of
uranium which exists in nature
in the ratio of 140 parts to every
one part of fashionable U-235. 1t
can be made explosive only by the
complicated process of transmu-
ting it into plutonium, an artificial
element.
However, when involved in an
H-bomb blast, U-233 spIinterS and
breaks into lighter substances.
Typical products unknown to all
but a handful of scientists
decade ago but familiar to the
fallout-conSciouS layman of today)
are Strontium-90 and cesium-l37.
The former lodges in the bones
and is suspect as a creator of
leukemia, or blood cancer" The
latter's chief menace is believed
by many scientists to be the power
to create mutations, or genetic
changes, in generations yet un-
born.
Bravo" a bomb exploded at
Bikini atoll on March /, 1854. was
just such a dirty device, with a
Evening star., 1959-12-27
Size Never Revealed

ana, as II turned out, 10 the word
at large.
Size Never Revealed
Exactly how big Bravo was has
never been revealed. 1t weighed
many tons. but certainly nowhere
near as many as the IS tons Of
Mike. Still, it probably had 1000
o. 5000 pounds of U-238 in its
casing alone, so it was no midget.
OF the two tons or so of U-238,
somewhere around so pounds was
transmitted into Sr-90 and Cs-
1877. This was not much-perhaps
a shopping bag full-but enough
if properly distributed to kill or
cripple a good part of the human
race.
Bravo's dirtiness might have
escaped public notice but for a
sudden shift in the winds of the
upper air on that day. This caused
atomic debris to shower down
unnoticed on a little japanese
fishing vessel inappropriately
named Lucky Dragon No. 5. Lucky
Dragons wireless operator, Ku-
boyama by name. got the worst
dose of fallout and died six months
later.
Public revulSion throughout the
world caused the dirty bomb
concept to be played down in
official discussions of H-weapon
developments. In Washington,
fallout received the silent treat
ment from top atomic officials
and the clean bomb" was stressed
wherever possible.
The problem of induced radio
activitv"-the incidental creation
of such dangerous substances as
sodlum-24, chlorine-38 and cobalt
so from the soil and water near
an eXplosion-WaS quite under
Standably de-emphasized.
Though a 100 per cent clean"
bomb has never been achieved,
cleanliness in the high COS is now
regarded as normal. Overlooked
even today, however, is the fact
that under certain circumstances
even the cleanest bomb can dirty
up the countryside and atmos-
phere rather badly through in
duCed radioactivity.
The Lucky Dragon incident
marked the start of a worldwide
campaign to outlaw the hydrogen
bomb. Actually. it was not one
campaign but many, some mo-
tivated honestly and sincerely by
humanitarians seriously concerned
over the fate of the world, and
some motivated by the craSSeSt
considerations of geopolitical
propaganda.
DR.. John Won Neumann achieved
a breakthrough in 1854 which
finally made truly transportable
H-bombS feasible. BY showing
how to make weapons at once
small in size and big in power,
he opened the previously locked
door to the missile age. and the
space age that followed.
The Won Neumann break
through was called a "quantum
jump in the destructive power of
the thermonuclear warhead," as
indeed it was. The thermonuclear
package in the nose of an Atlas
ICBM today weighs hardly 1I2
tons. compared with the 65 tons
of Mike
Until DR.. Won Neumann made
his breakthrough, American m
terest in really big rockets was
minimal. The Russians, by con-
trast, had been developing ever
larger rockets since 1916 in &C
cordance with their own strategic
require ementS and peculiar con-
cents of war.
Once the Russians solved the
warhead miniaturiza tlon problem
(Which they apparently did with
out recourse to espionage or
Subornation of treason) they
suddenly found themselves with
rockets that we're literally too big.
Willy -nilly, they were catapulted
Continued on Page B-4
Evening star., 1959-12-27
Deseqreaotion Progress

Finally, the President ordered
Federal troops into Little Rock.
With bayonets fixed. they es-
corted a handful of Negro chill
drcn to school. A point was won.
but the invasion" if anything,
only solidified Southern opposi-
ton.
On the labor front. the Ameri-
can Federation of Labor and the
Congress of Industrial Organiza-
tions. after years of talk about
it, finally merged. But there was
controversy and turmoil, too.
A Senate Rackets Committee
spent more than two years un-
covering widespread corruption
Evening star., 1959-12-27

States exploded a 65-ton device
called Mike" thus tipping the
balance of terror once more in
favor Of the West. This was no
puny 20,000-ton bomb like the
ones that had leveled Hiroshima
and Nagasaki in 1945 its TINT
explosive equivalent ran to many
millions of tons, perhaps as much
as II million. What is more, it
cast into the high stratosphere
the first seeds of a new world
wide threat. radioactive fallout.
Regardless of its power. Mike
had one drawback: 1t was literal
~ as big as a house. A wet"
bomb, using liquid tritium CT" in
the equations above, it has a
self-contained refrigerating sys-
TEN to keep this extra heavy
hydrogen in liquid state at hun
dreds of degrees below zero. 1t
was bomb by courtesy only; more
properly it was an explosive de-
vice for experimental purposes
Only nine months after Mike"
the balance tipped again in favor
OF the East. Georgi NJ. Malenkov,
then head of the Soviet govern
ment, announced in August 1853.
that "the United States no longer
had monopoly on the production
of the hydrogen bomb"
To the CONSERVATION of the
West, it turned out that the rus
slams had not merely matched
Mike" The Russian bomb proved
to be dry" one. more energetic,
more reliable. above all more
compact. 1t used the light element
lithium in one of two forms. and
either Single-weight hydrogen or
its eXtra-heavy shilling. tritium.
From Russia, then, the world got
these additional nuclear age
words to live by:
LII + H3He-4 + energy;
Lis + T-SHe-4 + n r energy.
Thus, in the fall of 1858, there
was compelling need (from the
strategic, geopolitical point OF
view for something that would
tip the balance again to the SIDE
of the West. Merely to duplicate
the Russian explosions would net
suffice; it must be surpassed,
either in terms of actual energy
output, or of transportability, or
of "dirtinesS."
Evening star., 1959-12-27
Unsatisfactory Armistice

Unsatisfactory ArmIstlce
The bitter warfare was finally
resolved by a combination of fac
tors. The armistice agreed to in
1853 settled nothing, but it did
bring an end to bloody fighting
that was leading nowhere.
Not long after the guns fell
silent along the mountainous
fronts of barren Korea. a man
of steel fell victim to the infirmi-
ties of old age. On March 5, 1858,
Josef Stain, who had begun life
as a Georgian named Djugashvili,
but had earned, in a long career
of revolutionary intrigue and vio-
lence, the steel" appelation he
bore. died in the Kremlin. Ruth
lessly he had built up the Soviet
power in his years of unchallenged
dictatorship after the vanquiShing
Of his enemies. Successfully he
had defended the Soviet Union
against the mighty hammer-blows
of Adolf Hitler's legions. Indis-
criminately he had liquidated the
political figures and forces inside
the Communist empire who ques-
toned his DEGREES or plotted his
downfall. Coldly he had scrapped
the wartime shotgun honeymoon"
of Soviet cooperation with the
Western democracies in the fight
against the Nazi invader. Cynic-
ally, he had ignored the agree
mentS of Teheran, Yalta and Pots
dam in which the wartime allies
had pledged the self-determina-
ton of the liberated peoples of
Central and Eastern Europe.
The passing of Josef Stain
brought momentary glimmer of
hopefulness to the West. That
hope, expressed even by so dedi-
Gated "brinksman" as John Fos-
ter Dulles, was that new leaders
in the Kremlin might reverse the
bitter hostility of Stain, might
offer to the non-Communist world
some new approach to a workable
netghborlinesS. But the hopes
Evening star., 1959-12-27
BY WILLIAM HINES
Star Science Writer

One single fact of nature did
more than anything else to shape
the l950s on earth and in space
and cast the mold for the COS. 1t
can be expressed in these four
terms:
D+D-bHe-3 IN + energy;
D+D-bT+p+ energy;
T+D-SHe-4 +n+ energy;
He-3+D1NHe-4 : p n energy.
These are the operations IN
volved in the explosion of a hy-
drogen bomb.
To date these reactions have
been used solely to create. and
then to maintain, an r-shifting
balance of terror. But high on the
agenda for science in the coming
decade is the task of harnessing
the common factor in the four
reactions - energy - for peaceful,
constructive purposes.
Most authorities consider sue
cess in this quest in the coming
decade most unlikely possibility.
The eminent DR.. Edward Teller
regards achievement of H-power
even in the goth century (which
has 40 years still to go) as highly
doubtful. Nevertheless, the job
goes on.
And who is to say the task
ahead is any more formidable
than the one confronting scien-
fists at the start of the decade
just passed-a decade that remade
the world?
Evening star., 1959-12-27
Should We Go Aheod?

The General Advisory Commits
sion. a panel of scientists headed
by DR.. j. Robert Oppenheimer,
met October 29, l949, at the behest
of the Atomic Energy Commission.
The question confronting the
GAG was: Should the United
States embark upon the produc-
ton, as a matter of urgency, Of
a thermonuclear bomb?"
Had the question been posed in
terms of whether the United
States could produce the bomb,
there would have been scant room
for debate; the GAG members
agreed the job probably could be
done. Not all believed, however,
that it should be done.
At any event. the decision to
go ahead with the H-bomb came
from President Truman on jan
uary 81, 1850. II have directed
the Atomic Energy Commission
to continue its work on all forms
Of atomic weapons, including the
hydrogen or super-bomb," Mr..
Truman said.
Mr.. Truman's decision was not
entirely voluntary; in part, it
was thrust upon him. Four days
earlier, slight scientist had sat
down at a table in the War Office
in London.
My name is Klaus Fuchs" the
scientist had told Police Inspector
James Skardon. Il am Deputy
Chief Scientific Officer at the
Atomic Energy Research Estab-
lishment, Harwell. :"
The First Explosion
Thirty-three months later, at
Elugelab in Eniwetok Atoll-on
November /, 1952-the United
Evening star., 1959-12-27
AN AGE OF SCIENCE
Most Important Single Event

casing of U-238. It's explosive
power was reckoned at IA or Is
million tons TINT equivalent. by
far the biggest yield ever achieved.
But this was of secondary i'm
portsnce to weapons experts
and, as it turned out, to the word
at large.
Evening star., 1959-12-27

disclose WndJ VIII replace II.
The present undoubtedly earnest
negotiations between the West and
the Communist world could result
in a peaceful coexistence" that
would be little more than an
armed truce, or armistice. There
could conceivably be initiated an
era of genuine cooperation and
mutual respect between the two
great, antagonistic systems now
competing for the minds Of men.
A third alternative remains: War.
But there are indeed few world
leaders today who see war as in
evitable simply because commu-
nism and capitalism are irrecon-
cilable.
The cold war-expreSSion Of
the great gulf between the bur-
geoning forces of world commu-
niSm and the democracies of the
West-divided the efStwhile allies
almost Immediately after the COL
lapse of Nazi Germany in l945.
But the final, conchoidal fracture
between East and West occurred
in 1948 when CZechoSlovakia. Gen.
trail Europe's most advanced
democracy, fell into the Socialist
camp through series of devious
political maneuverS.
Only six months after the
1950s began the cold war abruptly
became a hot one in one part Of
the world. On June Is. 1850. the
well-trained, Soviet-equipped di-
visions of Communist North
Korea smashed across the from
tier" of the 38th parallel in
swift, massive assault on the Re-
public of Korea to the south. That
invasion, ending in 1858 in an
inconclusive armistice. may per-
haps have contributed more to the
realization of peaceful coexistence
than is generally realized today.
The Defense Of Korea
The Korean War produced
anomilies of many sorts. First.
there was the direct Intervention
of the United Nations, an act
made possible only by the volun-
tary boycott of the N. N. Security
Council by the Soviet Union just
prior to the invasion over the
issue Of continued Nationalist
Chinese representation in the
U. N. Secondly, there was the
prompt. and not unchallenged,
action of President Harry S. Tru-
man in ordering United States
land, sea and air forces into the
defense of the Republic of Korea.
Thirdly, there was the totally eff
.fective reluctance of the West,
particularly those allies Of the
United States who participated in
the Korean defense, to risk turn
ing the Korean police action"
into a third world war.
Technically. the Korean ad-
venture was the business Of the
United Nations. Gen. Douglas
Macarthur, commander of United
States forces in the Far East at
the time, was commander in
Korea as U. N. official, not
alone as an American. There
were differences of opinion among
the Western allies when Gen.
MacArthur's forces, in a we'll
planned invasion at Inchon.
turned the Red Korean invasion
into a disorderly retreat. The
Macarthur views prevailed, and
the forces under his command
marched straight across the 38th
Parallel all the way to the Yalu
River, marking the boundary
with Communist China.
Then came the real test of the
peace of the world. The Com
munist Chinese, fulfilling warn
ings they had been issuing almost
from the start of the Korean con-
f1ict, poured across the Yalu and
forced the American divisions into
a frigid, humiliating and full re-
treat.
IIae. k:.k~-k..
Evening star., 1959-12-27
Looking Back TO 1850

This was the situation on jan
uary l. 1850:
The theory and mechanics of
nuclear fiSSion were not only well
understood, but had been put to
use in the atomic bomb more than
four years earlier. Thanks in part
(but by no means entirely to
espionage and treason, the Soviet
Union had exploded an atomic
device in August. 1949 At that
moment, the balance of terror
became weighted in favor of Rus
Sia by virtue of the United States
historical remuneration of pre-
ventive war"
Confronted with this situation,
the leaders of the West. at the
opening of the sos, were searching
for something that would restore
the status quo ante. The "some-
thing" they sought was the hy-
drogen bomb.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-10
Top-LeveI Confusion

Julian Zimmerman, the new FILA
Commissioner, has displayed either dis
regard or ignorance of Federal policies
concerned with the sale Of land to pri-
vate investors for rebuilding in urban
renewal areas. In either case, his re-
marks to group of housing and rede-
velopment officials here this week were
indicative of the confusion which unfor-
tunately surrounds this subject-among
officials and the public alike.
What Mr.. Zimmerman said, in an
swer to questions by District Redevel-
opment Land Agency official, was that
local agencies like the RIA would be
better off" to rely more on competitive
bidding to dispose of land than to nego-
tiate with single redeveloper-such
as the RLA'S negotiation with William
Zeckendorf for parts of the Southwest.
The remarks of the high-ranking Mr..
Zimmerman caused quite furry, be-
cause numerous projects throughout the
country are relying on the negotiation
procedure. But Mr.. Zimmerman was
quickly Strengthened out by his boss,
Federal Housing Administrator Mason,
who made it plain that either nego-
tiation or some form of competitive
marketing is all right with the Federal
Government.
1t seems to us, however, that the
diff1culty does not lie in the form Of
the procedure as much as in the need
for closer. more sympathetic working
relationship between the big Federal
agencies which must approve redevelop-
ment programs and the local agencies
which are trying to carry the programs
out. In Washington, redevelopment has
suffered one setback after another, de-
spite the great urgency that it proceed.
The ridiculous little episode created by
Mr.. Zimmerman'S statements is entirely
typical of just the sort of miSunder-
standings and disagreementS which al
ways seem to be cropping up to cause
delay.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-10

in the various body organs,
we will have advanced fur
ther toward a practical solu-
ton Of the problem" the
report said.
An official Swedish study,
published in the March,
April issue of the Minnesota
Chemist, has carefully meas
ured the effects of Strontium-
80 on bone and found it to
be up to so times more
dea dly than the NCRP
assumes. Has the NCRP
used this study?
Lives are at stake. Lives
affected by blood and bone
cancers. Defective children
in future generations. Still
borns. 1t would be reassuring
to know there is no danger.
But all the past assurances
from the Acc and now from
the NCRP have a hollow
ring of revelations which
they have tried hard to keep
from the public.
Sanford GOttlieb,
Chairman, w shin g t 20 n
Committee for a Sane
Nuclear Policy.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-10
Joint Anniversary

Although the history of the Federal
Bureau of Investigation actually goes
back to 1908, its rise to national and
international fame as crime busting
and counterintelligence agency began
just IS years ago, when it came under
the control of young Washington law
yer named John Edgar Hoover. 1t is not
stretching facts, therefore, to say that
Mr.. HooverS 35th anniversary today
as head of the bureau marks also the
35th anniversary of the FBI as we now
know it.
The pre- Hoover Bureau of InveSti-
CATION" as it was known officially in
those days, was more notorious than
noted. 1t was small agency with lin
tied duties, hampered by politics and by
scandals traceable to an inefficient and
allegedly corrupt staff of investigators.
Mr.. Hoover, then Department of JUS
tice attorney, was handpicked by then
Attorney General Harlan Stone to clean
up the bureau. He proceeded to do so
with zeal, thoroughneSS and relent-
leSSness that have become his trade
marks Political patronage was tossed
out the window, unworthy agents-Some
of them with criminal recordS-met the
same fate and the bureau was put on
a strict merit-syStem basis.
The new FBI began to make its
mark in the law enforcement world, to
the growing CONSERVATION of criminals
and spies. Cooperation of local police
was sought in common war on lawleSS
ness. Yet, through it all, Mr.. Hoover has
resisted successfully recurrent efforts to
enlarge his bureau into national police
force. He has insisted on keeping clear
line between Federal and local law en-
forcement, while encouraging teamwork
between the two. The Nation has reason
to be grateful to Mr.. Hoover as he con-
tinues what has become permanent
tour Of duty as FBI director. And Wash
ington is proud that native son is Serv-
ing his country with such distinction.