davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
Continued From Page CT

United States to ending nuclear
testing continued, however. Since
the converting of the Geneva ne
gotiations, opposition has been for
the most part under cover. It has
centered for the most part in the
Pentagon and the Atomic Energy
Commission, and is based in gen.
eral on the contention that cessa-
ton Of tests would seriously Grip
pie American weapons develop
ment to the advantage Of the
Soviet Union.
Last week the opposition came
out in the open. In q strongly
worded statement sent to Chair
man Clinton Anderson Of the
Joint Congressional Committee on
Atomic Energy, Thomas E. MUIR
ray, a former Acc Commissioner,
warned a test ban would have
disastrous effects" on national
security.
Mr.. Murray charged that United
States policy had been increas-
ingly in error on the test issue.
He called it "a continuing policy
of retreat" and q contradictory
course" Acceptance by the
Soviet Union Of the Macmillan
inspection plan would be the
worst thing that could happen, he
declared. Repeating previous
anti-test ban arguments, Mr.. Muir
ray contended that continued
testing was necessary to develop
clean" bombs and small tactical
nuclear weapons. Making no di-
rect reference to the dangers from
radioactive fallout, he called test
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
THE NATIONAL SCENE

doctors at Walter Reed Army
Medical Center we're hopeful that
Gen. Twining could return to duty
within about two months.
The 61-year-old former Air
Force Chief of staff had already
been nominated by President Eli
senhower for a second two-year
term as chairman of the Joint
Chiefs. The nomination is ex-
pected to be withdrawn, however,
to permit Gen. Twining to retire
at the expiration Of his present
term this summer.
Secretary McElroy is reconsid-
ering his plans to return to private
life. in view Of the death Of Mr..
Quarles. President Eisenhower's
choice Of a new Deputy Secretary
will probably await the McElroy
decision, since the No. 2 Pentagon
post is the logical spot for groom
ing a new Secretary.
Among those mentioned in spec
ulation as q successor to Mr..
Quarles are Gen. Alfred Gruen-
ther, now chairman Of the Ameri-
can Red Cross; Gordon Gray, spec
cial presidential assistant for ma
tional security affairs: Assistant
Defense Secretary Wilfred J. Nc
Neil, the Pentagon's controller;
Secretary Of the Interior Fred A.
Seaton, and Henry Cabot Lodge,
Ambassador to the United Nations.
The Pentagon command crisis
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
The Census:
Soviet Figures

Census-taking in the Soviet
Union is presumed to be vastly
more complicated than in the
United States. chiefly because of
the remoteness Of such Commu-
mist outposts as Siberia.
But the first Russian head
count in 20 years showed, in
figures released by Moscow last
week. a marked resemblance in
basic statistics to United States
census results.
The birth rate in the Soviet
Union, the census takers found,
is at an annual rate Of rs per
1000. The birth rate in the
United States was rs in 1857, but
slipped to 24.4 last year.
The death rate in Russia was
given as rs per 1000, which the
Kremlin says is the worlds low
est. The United States figure is
9.4.
The population Of the Soviet
Union is increasing at the rate
of little over three million a
year. So is that of the United
States. though the Russian in
crease is slightly higher. The
total population of the Soviet is
now about zoe million, that of
the United States 176 million.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
Middle East:
Iroqi Role

Premier Abdel Karin Kassem
made two gestures pleasing to
. the Communist world last week,
and one important one pleasing
to the West. The Iraqi revolu-
tionary leader ID formally de-
clared Iraq no longer an adherent
to the Eisenhower Doctrine for
defense Of the Middle East against
Communist aggression. and ~
praised Iraq's friendly relations
with Communist nations. parti-
cularly the Soviet Union, and
vowed they would continue. His
third statement was reassuring
to Westerners who have been
gloomily predicting that IraQ was
sliding swiftly into Communist
rule. The Premier rejected Com
munist demands for legalization
of the Communist Party and the
inclusion of Iraqi Communists In
the government.
Britain on Monday formally an
nounced approval Of arms aid to
Iraq. The move was decided upon
tentatively by the cabinet over q
week ago. but announcement was
delayed until Iraq's neighbors and
the United States had approved
the deal. Turkey, Iran and Jor-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17

ment required in communities
where segregation was q deeply
entrenched way Of life 1t gave the
lower courts wide latitude in the
timing of Indignation.
Statistics compiled by the South
ern School News give this sum-
mary of the extent to which the
South has integrated its schools
since the Supreme Court decision:
Q OF 1900 "biracial" school dis
tricts in Southern and border
States, 500 have been desegre-
gated.
o Desegregation in border States
accounts for 1888 Of the 500 inte-
grated districts. The remaining 10
are in the mid-South States of
Arkansas 6 out of 22S districts) /.
North Carolina a of 172), Ten
nessee g Of l4l) and Virginia a
of 1897.
o No public schools have been in
tegrated in the Deep South below
the college level. The holdouts
are Alabama, Florida. Georgia.
Louisiana, Mississippi and South
Carolina.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17

the first to see the value Of her
name. They elected her as dele
gate to the Kuomintang National
Assembly in November 1916. She
soon became q member Of the
Standing Committee Of the Gen.
trail Executive Committee.
Was Nationalist Adviser
During the Marshall missions
attempt to bring Nationalist and
Communist Chinese together in
Chungking in 1916, Nine. Sun
was a conspicuous figure.
As late as l947. when Red Chi
nese power was growing, Nine.
Sun was appointed an adviser to
the Nationalist government, even
though there had already been
suspicious about her loyalty. As
the Communist wave engulfed
China, it became clear that Ching
ling retained her admiration for
leftist causes.
She was expelled from the Kuo-
mintang in 1949 and has been
associated with the Chinese Com
munist regime since then.
The Reds have used her to good
advantage. for instance as q Chi
nese representative to the World
Peace Council. the engine Of Com
munist peace offensives in the
postwar world. She was also
chairman Of the preparatory
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
The Pent0gon::
A Real Problem

In the complex hierarchy Of the
Pentagon, the burden Of co-ordi-
mating Americas vast military ac-
tivities into a single fighting ma
chine rests chiefly on three men:
The Secretary Of Defense, the
Deputy Secretary of Defense and
the chairman Of the Joint Chiefs
Of staff.
Secretary Neil H. McElroy
earlier this year announced his in
tention to resign the top military
post. Deputy Secretary Quarles,
who had been expected to succeed
Mr.. McElroy. died suddenly a week
ago last Friday.
Last Tuesday surgeons removed
part Of the left lung Of Gen.
Nathan F. Twining, chairman Of
the Joint Chiefs Of staff.
The medical finding: cancer.
There was no evidence that the
disease had spread. however, and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17

is setting up o plant to manu-
facture streptomycin in India
while other firms are investing
81 million in a pharmaceutical
plant. To encourage investments.
India and the United States are
negotiating an agreement to
avoid double taxation.
midas trade amounts to nearly
$3.3 billion o year. OF this, the
United States share is roughly
$3.50 million while the entire Com
rnunist bloc has q total Of only
$3.50 million. But the Communists
are making a determined effort to
increase the tempo.
Trode Agreements
The Soviet Union, East Ger
many, Poland and Czechoslovakia
have signed trade agreements
with India. Their trade delega-
tons have visited India and an
Indian trade mission toured East
ern Europe last year. To help
India conserve foreign exchange,
the deals are mostly on barter
basis. Wherever payments are to
be made, these win be in Indian
rupee.
India is now building three steel
plants. Only one is being built
with Soviet aid. The second plant
is being constructed by q Censor
tium Of British Arms while the
third is being set up with West
German collaboration.
All the three existing oil re-
flneries have been set up by the
West. One is by Caltex, the Sec
ond by Socony Vacuum Oil Co.
and the third by Burmah-S Shell.
Russia now has promised loan
of 500 million rubles for q heavy
machine building plant, a coal
mining machinery plant, an
optical glass factory, a thermal
power station and equipment for
coal mining at Korba. Negotia-
tons are under way for five plants
manufacturing drugs and medical
equipment. The Russians are
exploring oil and minerals in five
Indian states. Russia has offered
to build an oil refinery in Bihar.
In addition, the Soviet Union Is
offering scholarships in basic SCI
ences on a large scale. Last year
their number was 2l0.
Rumania has offered $1o.9 mil
lion credit and technical assist
ance for an oil refinery in Assam,
apart from exploring oil at three
places in North India. Czechoslo-
vakia is to build a foundry forge
plant costing more than $40
million.
West GeFmon PIont
Aid by Western countries is
channeled through the Colombo
Plan and the q. N. Technical As
sistance Program as well as di-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
Communists Intensity Drive
To Gain Economic Powerin India

rectly. West Germany is to set
UP a prototype plant to manu-
facture machinery for the cottage
industries. Agreement also has
been reached for Frances pars
ticipation in midas five-year
plan. Last year Japan gave India
an 10 billion yen credit. Now it
has offered to help build midas
fourth steel plant at Bokaro.
Britain's latest contribution
is 5000 million credit. British
participation In Indian economy
is largely in the private sector.
Their capital forms IS per cent
of the entire foreign investments
in India.
Canada is associated with the
Umtru power project, the Kun
dab and Mayurakshi dams, and
the atomic reactor, apart from
wheat grants.
United States aid has taken
the form of wheat. cotton and
dairy product loans. Tea pro-
grams, community development
and malaria programs and ar
rangements for third country
currencies. 4
The United States has now
sought midas agreement to
change the pattern of its aid.
United States Undersecretary Of
State Douglas Dillon declared re-
Gently that "it might be proper in
future to identify ourselves more
directly with certain specific prof.
ects, which will be known as the
projects the USA financed" !.
This suggestion has not found
favor with the Indian government.
Apart from the fact that the
United States aid is on q much
bigger scale as compared to as
sistance from other countries, 1t
is valuable because it is available
in a number of forms which gives
fiexibility to its use. It also con-
U1I0uJCo W bAAC AAAdAAAVCAtAAAOS Va
Indian economy as whole.
India looks to Western democ-
racies for the amelioration Of her
economic ills. Finance Minister
Morarji Desai declared recently
that the "USA was the only
country which could help India
the most" Prime Minister Nehru
told Parliament he would like
American investments to increase.
That was why, he said. he "en-
couraged the recent American
trade missions" midas Commis-
sioner General for Economic AZ
fairs b. K. Nehru has called for
a decisive move forward In or
ganizing the forces of economic
cooperation between Asia and
the USA." And Indian Ambas-
sador to the United States
Mohammed Chaglia has appealed
to the United States to launch
a Crusade for prosperity" in the
under-developed countries.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
Segregation:
Anniversary

The Supreme Court ruled five
years ago today that segregated
public schools were a violation Of
the United States Constitution
The historic decision rocked and
enraged the South like no event
since the Civil War.
In the five intervening years
Southern States have employed
every possible legal device to stem
the inevitable advance Of integra-
ton. They have succeeded to a
degree unexpected when the SUI
preme Court decree was issued
May II. 1854, in forestalling the
eventual day of, capitulation to
the law of the land.
The Supreme Court set no time
limit on desegregation. Recogniz-
ing the magnitude of the adjust
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
Free Of Friction

The Soviet envoy told reporters
that he thought his government
would be in favor Of continuing
the arrangements probably for
another couple of years." The
present program has been re-
markably free from friction and
controversy. Reflections Of pro-
posed exchanges by either side
have been rare, the most notable
being the American turn-down OF
a tour by the famed Red Army
Chorus. Appearance Of Soviet
singers in army uniform, it was
thought, might provoke incidents
among American audiences.
In another cultural develop
ment, both Harvard and Colum-
bia Universities last week an
nounced exchange programs with
the faculty Of Leningrad Univer-
sity. Professors, lecturers and re-
searchers would be exchanged be-
tween the institutions. A student
exchange program is already in
operation, with Americans attend
ing both Moscow and Leningrad
Universities and Soviet scholars
several United States schools.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
pELpLNcs HUME FOR REspEcTABLiY
Nine. Sun Yat-sen in Red China

committee Of the 6in0-6oviet
Friendship Association and still
retains q prominent position IN
the organization.
The Pelping regime uses her
not only as q symbol Of respect
ability. She is also Exhibit A In
the Chinese Communist fiction
that its government is a demo-
cratic" coalition or united front.
including other parties besides the
Communists, vather than o one
party dictatorship. The united
front" Is helpful for Dictator Mao
Tse-ting in carrying along the
much-needed Chinese intelligent
sia to support Communist re-
forms.
Status Of Women
Mime. Sun also syrnbolizes the
improved status Of women under
Communist rule In China. The
Reds claim they have taken Chi
nese women out Of their second
class position and provided them
q place Of equality with men. Her
ceremonial functions in welfare
projects, and her craftsmanship
OF the All-China Federation Of
Democratic Women. and China
Welfare Institute, all call atten-
ton to the Importance Of women
in modern China.
American officials also suspect
that the Chinese Communists
have a third role planned for
Nine. sun: AS a special pleader
with the Chinese on Formosa to
return to Greater China"
Her past associations with the
Kuomintang and her present Sue
cess lend themselves to pleas for
prominent Nationalist Chinese to
follow her lead and defect to
the Communist side.
Ching-ling, however, is losing
some Of the old charm, according
to reports reaching here. She is
now 50 and just beginning to
show the signs Of her age.
There are no longer any rumors
Of romantic interests. as there
were in the Nationalists' last days
on the mainland.
Then her name was linked
economically with q young ex-
Army captain and Purdue football
player, Gerald Tannenbaun, who
served as executive secretary Of
the China Welfare Foundation
which Nine. Sun headed.
Reports Of illness
There has been some suspicion
here that she has been Ill Of late,
but this has not ended her USE
fulness in Communist Chinese
ceremonial roles. Only last week
she sent a special message Of
greetings to the 10th anniversary
session Of the Red-front World
Peace Council in Stockholm.
"Allow me to extend hearty
greetings" she wrote, a. and my
high tribute to the World Peace
Council and peace partisans Of all
countries who fight necessarily for
peace.
''The world people. in common
efforts, repeatedly checked the
dangerous situation created by
imperialist aggressive blocs, there
by safeguarding peace. The unity
and persistent efforts Of the world
people viii assuredly continue TO
defeat irnperialist war policy and
aggressive designs. -"
This from the graduate with
bachelor Of arts degree) of the
Methodist Wesleyan Collegel
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
Exchanges:
New Accord

With the famous Bolshoi Ballet
packing American theaters with
enthusiastic audiences. the State
Department last week suggested
an extension Of the Soviet United
States cultural exchange program.
The present agreement. SO emf
nently successful, will expire next
January 81. More than ITO ex-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
Continued From Page CT

impact Of such volunteer peace
making invariably Is to strengthen
and stabilize the status quo. But
the West does not want to stabil-
lie and perpetuate the status quo
In Central Europe anywhere ex-
cept in Berlin. Such sterilization
would mean a permanent parti-
ton Of Germany--indeed, a per-
manent Soviet empire land 1t is
Western policy to press for a roll
back of the frontiers of that ern-
pire. at least as far as the Oder
Neisse line.
Under present conditions, unless
there is q striking change in So
Wet policy, no such roll-back is
attainable. The West does not
have the bargaining power to buy
one. Since it Is not willing to set
tie for the half-loaf it could buy,
the West must try to delay an
overall settlement Of the cold
war The "Herter Plan" is inter-
preted here In that light.
Delaying Action
Once the U. N. was brought
into the picture, it would be much
harder to fight a delaying action
and at the same time successfully
shift the onus to the Russians.
They are too many u. N. pressures
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17

coupled with the departure Of
former Secretary Of State Dulles,
also stricken by cancer. is particu-
larly troublesome in the light of
the Berlin crisis. It further in
creases the burden of RESPONSE
bility for vital national security
decisions that the President must
carry personally in the crucial
months ahead.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
by EARL III. vOSS
star stan writer

Nine. sun Yat-sen. the fellow
travelling sister-in-law Of anti
Communist Chang Kai-shek, was
elected" vice Chairman Of the
Peoples Republic Of China IN
Peiping last month. but the event
caused hardly q stir in this country
or Ia Taiwan. TWAS not always so.
AS q widow of the world
renowned founder Of the Republic
Of China, she has been courted
for her symbolic name BY both
Communist and non-C Communist
regimes In her native land since
sun Yat-sen died in 1925.
She has never joined the COM
munist Party. although she has
been associated with Reds since
SUMS death and now aets as o
front Of responsibility" for the
Peiping regime in many Of It's
dealings with the outside world.
She has made her share OF
enemies. too.
High on the list is Sun Yat-sen's
first wife, who died only o few
years ago in Macao. stili referring
to her as "Concuhine."
Another Is Nine. Chang Kali
shek, her sister, who is q leading
spokesman for her Generalissifno
husband, in seeking support for q
return to the mainland to Gust
the Communists.
The Sisters Background
The strange saga Of two sisters
whose paths diverged to such an
extent as those Of Mines. Sun
and Chang began with q young
Chinese Christian named Charles
Soong. He came to this country.
was educated at Vanderbilt uni
versity and then returned to
China to live. He sent his two
daughters back to the United
States to be educated. The older
Nine. Sun--attended Wesleyan
college In Macon, Ca, and
the younger-Mme. Chiang--too
young for college, boarded at
Wesleyan and was tutored there.
Both the young women became
Christians wesleyan is q Metho-
dist college,.
After their return to China
they met Dr.. Sun Yat-sen. He
was Christian, too, so it came
as somewhat Of q shock to the
young girls parents when young
Soong Ching-ling (now Nine.
SUM married the prominent
revolutionist. who was contenl-
porary Of their father.
The Soong girls father had
fled to Tokyo with Sun Yat-sen
and Chang Kai-shek after an
early attempt at q coup had
failed.
Their younger sister. Fling. was
DR.. Sun Yat-sen's secretary. A
Tokyo romance blossomed and Or.
Sun dumbfounded Charles Soong
by asking Eling's hand in mar
rage. DR.. Sun explained he would
get a divorce from his first wife.
with whom he had had several
children.
According to the account Of
Emily Hahn. author of several
books on China including one on
the Soong sisters, there was q
row. Charles Soong ordered his
daughter to quit as Dr.. Suns Sec
rotary.
Romance Enters
Chingling tthe present Nine.
SUM took over her younger sis
ter's job. Soon she had fallen in
love, DR.. Sun sent away his wife
and Ching-ling married him. For
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
BY NARANyAN s. UPPAL
Contributing Writer


The Communist countries,
emerging from their isolation en-
forced during Stains regime, are
now embarking on an economic
offensive in all the under-de-
veloped countries Of Asia.
Leading the frontal attack Is
the Soviet Union, while East Ger
many, Poland, Rumania and
Czechoslovakia trail q little be-
hind.
This offensive Is being pressed
by implementation Of earlier credit
agreements, the expansion Of tech
meal assistance measures, and in
tensive efforts to stimulate even
further the rising level Of trade.
1t has an approach which involves
propaganda appeals Of one sort or
the other.
The steps being taken have be-
come an integral part Of Com
munist diplomacy which is seek
ing to promote It's political objec-
tives-to reduce the influence OF
the United States and it allies.
to disrupt free worlds defensive
alliances, and to increase its own
prestige and power.
This offensive is increasingly
apparent in India, which is on the
Threshold of a great economic
and industrial upsurge. The COM
munists believe that If they gain
ground in India. their entry into
other Asian countries will become
easier. But the Western democra-
cies, led by the United States and
Great Britain, still hold the day.
And the chances Of the Com
munists dislodging them In the
foreseeable future seem rather
bleak.
Our Aid to India
United States aid to India so
far amounts to nearly $2.l billion
in loans and $2O5 million in
grants. Almost the entire amount
has been received by India.
Against this, the Soviet Union has
promised credits worth 1882 mil
lion but, Of this, only $2l.9 million
has been received. OF course, the
entire grant Of SAT million has
been fully received.
The World Bank and the United
States, Britain, Canada, West
Germany and Japan have now
assured India Of credits worth
$500 million for the current year.
Earlier. they had given India q
$3.50 million aid package.
Indian Deputy Finance Minis
ter Bhagat revealed recently that
American private investments in
India have been increasing. They
rose from $23.l million in 1913
to over $2OS.9 million toward 1853
end. Merck. an American firm.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17

changes Of artists, musicians, ed-
ucators and technicians have been
arranged under the program. "
Soviet Ambassador Mikhail
Menshikov was summoned to the
State Department Friday to re-
ceiye the renewal proposal from
Ambassador william s. B. Lacy,
who negotiated the present agree
ment.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17

Continued From Page CT
tainly covered the threat Of a
steel strike and the imitation prob
lem that Mr.. Eisenhower considers
equally serious.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17

ing mot only q military necessity
but q moral imperative"