davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-24

The lower boundary of the crust
is called the Moho or Mohorovicic
discontinuity. The Moho is named
for the Yugoslav scientist who
first identified it in earthquake
tracingS.
Below the Moho lies the second
principal layer of the earth, the
mantle. The mantle is 1900 to
1000 miles thick and makes up
80 per cent of the earth's bulk.
Finally, within the mantle is the
earth's molten central core, which
is itself sometimes said to consist
of an inner and outer core.
Over the years earth scientists
have obtained a number of hints
of the nature of the earth's in
terror. Some come from the study
of earthquakes, which originate in
the mantle; others from investiga-
tons of the lavas thrown up by
volcanoes. Still other hints are de-
rived from analysis of meteoriteS
raining upon the earth from
space; many meteorites are COM
posed Of materials believed similar
to materials inside the mantle.
The chief constituent of the
mantle is probably a rock called
peridotite. But no one can be sure
until specimens are brought up
from the mantle and examined.
Earth scientists would like to
get their hands on specimens of
the mantle rock for other reasons
as well. One is that measurement
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-24

arise in the case of the super
safe" Savannah. Not being war;
ship, it is anticipated that full de.
tails on its reactor will be given
to any country which demands
such information as a condition
for access to its ports.
In addition to the justifiable
fear that a collision involving a
nuclear powered ship could release
radioactive materials in harbor;
there still exists a widespread be-
lief that a reactor could explode
like an atomic bomb.
THE nature of the fuel element
In power reactor is such that,
even under the most serious acct
dent conditions, it cannot become
an atomic bomb" Captain Hardy
asserted.
AS matter of fact, it is virtu-
ally impossible even for an atomic
bomb, when being transported by
rail, ship. truck or plane, to ex-
plode in the event of a crash, fire
or conventional blast. There never
has been such an explosion.
Accidents Involving Planes
The Defense Department has
admitted that there have been at
least five accidents involving Air
Force planes carrying atomic
weapons. There may have been
others. None of the incidents ifl-
volved nuclear explosions.
On January 10, 1858, the Penta-
gon was asked for details on one
of these accidents. 1t replied:
"The plane was destroyed by
fire. No nuclear explosion was pos
sible and, of course, none oc-
cured" tt~.
On February IL, 1858, the PEN
tagon explained another accident:
Following a mid-air collision
February 5 in the Savannah, Ca,
area, a BAT bomber jettisoned a
portion Of nuclear weapon. The
weapon was in transportable con-
flguration and not capable of a
nuclear explosion, hence there is
no danger of explosion or RADIO
activity"
AS for land-based atomic power,
the Atomic Energy Commission
has said that there has never
been an accident with a reg
ularly operating reactor." Al
though there have been a few
with research reactors since the
first one began operation in De-
cember. 1912. these did not affect
the public.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-24

begin searching for place to
drill q hole through the earth's
crust. ~
The hole is to be at least several
miles deep, and will be drilled
beneath several miles of water.
Hopes are to drive 1t clear
through a layer within the earth
called the Moho and into the
mantle, the thick. mysterious
band Of hot rock surrounding the
earth's molten core.
The Mohole--as the big hole
has been dubbed-will turn mans
efforts to explore the world and
space about him in a dramatic
new direction. It will furnish
window. mans first, into the in
terror Of the earth.
Sponsoring scientists expect the
Mohole to provide clues or out
right answers to a long line OF
fascinating riddles.
What Is the interior of the
earth made Of? How did the earth
originate? Is 1t cooling down or
warming up? just how do earth
quakes come about? Is there any
fossil record from the first billion
years Of life on earth, a period
now a nearly complete blank in
the earth's history?
Reason for Ocean Drill
The Mohole will be drilled out
In the ocean because the earth's
crust is thinner there and the
mantle is easier to reach than in
continental areas. Nevertheless
not all drilling and earth-science
experts are convinced the Mohole
is feasible. Oil companies have
drilled underwater wells as deep
as 10000 feet, but only in shell
tered. shallow water. No one has
yet attempted to bore a hole
let alone hole that may 60 down
$4,000 feet-in the open sea
beneath waters of true oceanic
depth.
The search for a site will be
conducted by four ships. Two are
from Columbia University -the
Vienna, from Columbia's Lamont
geological observatory, and the
Gibbs, former seaplane tender
now operated as a research vessel
by Columbia for the Navy. The
others are the Bear from the
Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti-
tuition and the Hidalgo from Texas
AIM College.
The survey ships will do no
drilling. Instead, they will bring
up samples from the ocean bottom,
listen in on artificial earthquakes
created by dropping explosive
charges in the sea, and carrying
on other studies to determine
whether the bottom is suitable for
the drilling project.
The ships will investigate an
area 200 miles long from east to
west and $50 miles wide known
as the outer ridge. The latter is a
slight rise in the ocean floor north
of Puerto Rico. The ridge comes
to within $4,000 feet of the ocean
surface and lies between deeper
parts of the Atlantic called the
Abyssal Plain and the Puerto
Rican trench.
The survey will be completed by
mid-June. But several months
more will be needed to analyze the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-24
BY L. EDGAR PRINA
Star STAFF Writer

With the first nuclear-powered
merchant ship, the N. S. Savan-
nah, due to be launched within
the next two months, the United
States still has big job to do in
selling the. world on the safety Of
such vessels.
The general, and perhaps nat
ural, fear provoked by mans
handling of the atom unfortu-
nately is not limited to weapons
testing and radioactive fallout, al
though this remains the source of
rousing public controversy.
There also is concern over the
potential dangers of the har-
messed atom working in peaceful
and productive pursuits, like pro-
pulsion for ships.
The United States Navy and
shipping lines believe that such
concern-more prevalent abroad
than in this country---is largely
based on an incomplete under
standing of the safety features in
atomic reactors.
But they realize 1t exists. Dem
marks refusal to allow the nu-
clear submarine Skate to visit a
Danish port after her historic trip
under the ice Of the North Pole
last summer is, Of course, a case
in point.
NucIeoF Accidents Feared
Recent scare stories, published
in the United States and picked
up by the foreign press, alleging
that the Air Force now feels there
is more danger of nuclear acci-
dents than it previously had be-
lieved, have not helped matters
even though the Pentagon
promptly labeled the stories false.
Public distrust and suspicion of
nuclear power was pointed up last
January when the first atomic
battery was announced at the
White House. Photographs of
President Eisenhower standing
beside the 5-pound device pro-
duced comments over the country
suggesting that he may have been
in serious danger because he had
been so near the battery.
Noting this background Of
feeling, Captain Leonard r..
Hardy, a top-ranking Navy ex-
pert on maritime law. contends
that the ship safety problem must
be put in perspective without
delay. Writing in the JAG
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-24
How Long 1t Will Toke

The entire Mohole project will
take several years. Special drilling
equipment, much of which doesn't
exist yet, will be required. Several
smaller holes may be drilled first,
partly to gain experience and
partly because a single hole is UNI
likely to yield all the different
kinds of information wanted.
Exploring the inside Of the
earth has fascinated science -f1c-
ton writer's since Jules Verne.
Even Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the
creator Of Sherlock Holmes, was
intrigued. In the 1920s Conan
Doyle wrote a fanciful tale about
the drilling of hole through the
earth's crust into the living" body
of the earth. He called his yarn
when the World Screamed"
The Mohole project was born
two years ago at a Sunday break
fast in La Jolla, Calf, home
of the University of CALIFORNIA;
Scripps Oceanographic Institution
and a leading U. S. center for
ocean research. It's. authors were
Profs. Harry Hess of Princeton
and Walter Munk of California.
They suggested the Mohole as a
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-24

can scientists, engineers and
naval officers have proved that
nuclear power is safe in land
based reactors and in the five
atomic submarines now in serv-
ice. But this is not enough for
the international community of
nations. he asserted, adding:
Unless the United States can
obtain a worldwide social ac-
ceptability' of the nuclear-
powered ship this power plant
may find itself relegated to the
confines of the laboratory and to
weapons of war"
Urge Agreement
Experts in the Judge Advo-
cate Generals Office of the Navy
are urging that an International
agreement on safety require
ments for the construction and
operation of nuclear reactors in
ships should be hammered out at
the earliest opportunity.
They suggest the Safety of Life
at Sea (SOLAS) conference in
London next spring would be a
good place and time to discuss the
problem. The parley will get
underway about the same time
the Savannah begins her sea
trials.
Such problems as the disposal of
the radioactive waste products to
bar pollution of sea life and
stricter "rules of the road" to cut
down the chances of collisions are
among those which must be
tackled. Many observers feel that
the new International Atomic
Energy Agency, an 80-nation or
ganization, could contribute much
to bringing about agreement in
this area.
Dones' Action Explained
Capt. Hardy, who said that
atomic merchantmen are not going
to be built unless they can enter
ports and make a profit for their
owners. defended the Danish Gov
ernment's cancellation Of the
Skates scheduled visit.
Asserting that the Danes should
not be criticized for their action.
he explained that the United
States could not furnish sufficient
information-for security reasons
on which Danish officials could
base their own independent de-
termination that the ship would
not endsnger their people.
This circumstance should not
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-24

direct, If seemingly fantastic, way
to settle numerous mysteries re-
lating to the inside of the earth.
A committee to further the bold
scheme was enthusiastically form
ed on the spot. As a rib upon the
cumbersome names of many SCI
entif1c organizations, it was called
the American Miscellaneous So
ciety, or Amsoc. Amsoc had no
officers, no constitution, no bylaws.
Meetings could be held whenever
two members found themselves in
a cocktail lounge at cocktail time.
Later an AmSoc- Mohode commit
tee of the National Academy of
Sciences was set up to take formal
charge.
DR.. Gordon Lii. chairman of the
Amsoc-Mohole committee, says
the Mohole will cost 5 to 10 million
dollars. which the committee ex-
poets to secure from the Govern
ment and other sources. But the
big hole will repay its cost by
giving man an unprecedented look
into the inside of the earth.
Layers of the Forth
The earth is composed of three
principal layers. On the outside
is the crust. the thin film of rock
inhabited by man. In continental
areas the crust is IS to 20 miles
thick; under some parts of the
ocean it's as little as 21a miles
thick.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-24
NucIeor-Powered Merchant Ship Brings Up Anew
The Dangers Of Everyday Use of Homessed Atom

Journal, he sounded this warn
ing:
The United States must con-
vince other nations that our
nuclear-powered ships are safe
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-24
Layers of the Forth

lest ''the Savannah is to become
another Flying Dutchman-
doomed to sail the seas forever
without ever making port"
The captain said that Ameri-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-24

What's Il like inside the souh1
Scientists plan to drill q hole miles
deep IN the ocean 70 find out. The
only writer oboofd one 81 the ships
setting out on preliminary explore
tion tells about the ambitious prof..
; ect IN this story.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-24
SCIENTIFIC ADVENTURE BEGINS SOON
BY LEONARD ENGEL
written for the Associated Press

A fiotilla OF research ships viii
rendezvous OF San Juan. Puerto
Rico, this week In the first step
toward one Of the great science
adventures Of history.
Out in the Atlantic. 200 miles
from Puerto Rico, the fiotilla viii
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-24

results and determine whether q
likely site for the Mohole has been
found. Drilling sites in the Pacific
are also under consideration.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-14
Ferris 8 Co. to Open
New Offices I Tomorrow

Ferris and Co.. members Of the New York Exchange
will open spacious offices in the office
old National Metropolitan Bank at Gil 18th NV
morrow.
The impressive marble lobby Georgian architecture
been redecoraed The firms main trading room will be on the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-14

has been especially active in
this field. and the firm has a
staff Of eight trained lecturers
to carry on the educational
! program.
The younger Mr.. Ferris said
yesterday that many addition
al services are expected to pro-
vide the firms staff and clients
with the most extensive finan-
cial library in this area.
Other partners are well
known in the financial district
and have been prominent in
community affairs. They in
clude: G. Fenton Cramer,
Thomas N. Leef. John S. r..
Schoenfeld and Mrs. Julia M.
Montgomery.
The new leased Ferris quar-
tiers occupy the old portion of
the National Metropolitan
building. The new part facing
on F street is occupied by the
National Metropolitan Branch
of the American Security &
Trust Co.
McAfee and Associates de-
signed and decorated the Fer
ris Offices.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-14
2Associutions
Weigh Merger
In Montgomery

A proposed merger Of Mont
gomery Mutual Building anc
Loan Association of Kensing-
ton. Md. into Citizens Building
Association of Silver Spring
will be voted on by sharehold-
ers Of the former association
at a special meeting June 26
The proposed merger would
add around 50 million Of assets
to Citizens present total OF
nearly $50 million and Mont
gomery Mutual would become
the Kensington branch. Citi-
zens has Offices in Rockville
and Damascus as well as Silver
Spring.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-14
N. Y. COTTON

NEW YORK, June 10 CApD.-cot.
ton futures prices were mostly easier
this week
Active futures contracts traded or
the New York Cotton Exchange CLOSED
at prices Tanging from 10 cents {
bale higher for nearby July to "a
cents q bale lower for distant october
Nearby July was the only month Il
show Q net gain.
The markets general downdrift re-
suited chiefly from light hedge sellinI
and profit-takins. Some scattered
liquidation was prompted by favorabl,
crop news and the possibility the.
next years harvest would run aheac
Of domestic and export demand.
Exports for the week ended Tuesday
we're estimated by the New York Cot.
ton Exchange Service Bureau at 49,.
900 bales compared with $4,000 balei
the week before and ICE 900 in the
same week Of 1858. Total for the
season through Tuesday vas estimated
nt 2.4ls.000 bales. AGAINST 4.951 ,00t
last year.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-14
CHICAGO GRAIN

CHICAGO, June 10 (AP).-The Gov
ernment's June wheat crop report this
week was described By most grain fu-
lures traders as o dud insofar as z
market influence was concerned bul
that grain and almost all others scored
good gains on the Board OF Trade.
Oats and rye led the advances with
gains running well over cents
bushel in most deliveries. The 1888
almost daily advances which added UP
TO more than q cent for the week while
the 1860 crop months declined more
than Q cent Soybeans added mostly
small fractions and corn was virtually
stationary except for July which moved
Up about q cent.
The Government wheat crop esti-
viewed BY q few traders At the time
as both mildly bulligh and oeariSh.
Some called 1t bullish because 1t pre-
dicted q winter ana spring wheat crop
yield OF about 400 million bushels less
than the record hiEh 1883 production.
Others said II was bearish because the
figures were somewhat higher than had
been expected in view OF reported plant
disease damage.
One major commission hrm COM
mented that the report could not DO
anything like Q substantial trade fac
tor unless II showed some good reason
for altering the May production eStt-
mates Al least 50 million bushels
'sither way.
The same firn pointed out, however,
that during the past 10 years the
average changes between the June esti-
mates ana harvested totals have been
~ million bushels and ranged from q
low OF million TO . high OF l1S
million.
Oats became the most bullish grain
on tine boaro most Of the week. Again
reports of crop Damage was the main
influence. The advices said bugs were
causing severe damage IN Missouri. H.
linois, Minnesota ana the DakotaS.
Alter q sharp runup on Monday, rye
lepeled OF in slower trade but held
most OF the advance. The Government
report that the condition Of the crop
on June ! was ~ per cent OF normal
had q bearish effect.
Corn and soybean trade throughout
the week was slow and lacking any
new significant influences either way.
At the end Of the week. wheat was
l9u-Is4 cents q bushel higher than q
week ago Tor the 1859 crop months,
July l.s4ls-5s, and the 1860 crop
to z lower. July .aBk. "a: oats I-21s
cents higheT. July new type contract
6U cents. rye 2aa-251 higher. July
.2224; soybeans UNCHANGED 10 y
higher, July 2.2i1s-9a
Rance Of prices for the week:
WHEAT
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-14

first floor. Additional sales Of
fees will be on the mezZanine
and an expanded financial Ii
brary will be on the second
door.
A modern electric board
furnishing complete prices on
$50 securities will be installed
In September.
The new Offices provide
around $500 square feet Of
space to handle increasing vol
ume, compared with the 4.l00
square feet at the former loca-
ton in the Washington Build
ing.
George M. Ferris. ST.. senior
partner, who founded the firm
in 1892. will return to the same
building in which he started
in the securities business with
the old Strauss bond firm after
leaving the ARMY as a captain
at the end Of World War / in
1919.
Started as Corporation
Mr.. Ferris started his firm
as a corporation with small
quarters on Fifteenth street
north of H street, but moved
to the Washington Building in
1884. 1t became a partnership
in 1948 when Mr.. Ferris be-
came a member of the New
York Stock Exchange. Mem
berships also were acquired in
the American Stock Exchange
and the Philadelphia -Balti-
more Stock Exchange.
Mr.. Ferris has been very &C
tive in community as we'll as
financial affairs. Last year he
headed the business unit Of
the United Giyers Fund and
currently is president of Co.
lumbia Country Club. A grad
uate Of Trinity College at
Hartford, Conn. he is a trus-
tee of that institution and also
Is on the board of Gallaudet
College here. He is a director
Of National Mortgage & In
vestment Corp.
Active in Education
The Ferris firm has been
prominent in underwriting
Washington area securities for
many years and has been a
leader in conducting invest
ment courses for adults. uni
versities, associations and large
business firms. 1t also has con-
Quoted many financial plan
ming courses for Government
agencies and departments.
George M. Ferris, jr., who is
managing partner of the firm.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-14
Treasury LIST
Moves Higher;
CorporatesDip
BY WARREN BENNETT
Associated Press Financial Writer

Associated Press Financial Writer
NEW YORK, June 49,
Treasury bonds closed higher
for the week but 1t was q very
uneasy advance on extremely
light volume. Corporate secu-
rites continued to drift down.
ward.
Money got a little tighter
this week. Commercial paper
rates cloth dealer and finance
variety went UP a shade. The
Cleveland and Richmond Fed
eral Reserve Districts raised
their discount rates to ga per
cent. bringing all IL districts
to the new higher level.
There were reports mutual
savings banks and commercial
banks were preparing to re-
quest permission from regu-
latory authorities to raise their
interest rates on savings de-
posts.
The corporate market ended
the week lower on balance.
Rails were of sharply and In
vestment quality issues de-
clined. Utilities closed I'M
changed. Foreign dollar bonds
advanced and so did indus
trials.
For the week, the Victory
21as Of December l972-67 and
the 3l4s of 1885 advanced
1882 at 80 1882 and 81 1882
bid. respectively. The IS of
1895 and the 3As Of l983-78
added 1882 each at SO 1882.
and 81 1882. The 212s Of 1868
closed unchanged at 90 1882
bid. touching a previously
established 1859 low.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-14
DIVIDENDS

NEW YORK. June 10 tAPJ.-Divi-
dends announced:
Pc Stk OF Pay
Rate Rod record able
Aecumulative
Wagner Bak pf Sl.75 6-l9 I'll
Regular
Aero Equip csc Q $50 7-15
Heinz, HI SOC @ 6-23 7-ln
s,riing Nat Blk NY 4Qc Q $50 7-l5
Irregular
Kaltman a. Co 1l7c 1928 9-S
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-14

Pflces quOteu IN uOIIdTs ana Unity
seconds.
Subject to Federal taxes but not h
State income taxes.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-14
TREASURY BONDS

NEW YORK, June - (AP).-Closini
Over.the- counteF Treasury bonds,
Evening star., 1959-10-07
School Bourd
Candidate
Forum Asked

A public meeting to hear the
views of persons proposed for
appointment to the Arlington
School Board has been urged
by the Arlington Civic Fedora
ton.
Federation delegates voted
last night to. sponsor such a
public forum in conjunction
with other countrywide organ
ization if the county board
wishes. Such a meeting would
be held in late November OF
early December.
Federation delegates also
voted to screen school board
nominations proposed by the
various citizen associations and
to indorse six candidates for
the three positions. The fed
eration's selections will be
made at its next meeting on
November 10.
The purpose of the public
meeting would be to inform the
county board of the views of
candidates for appointment be-
fore it fills three expiring terms
on the school board in Decem-
ber. Members of the school
board whose terms expire at
the end of this year are Mrs,
Helen S. Lane, Barnard Joy
and James G. Stockard.
In another matter. the fed
Grafton delegates voted to op-
pose rezoning requests which
would tend to increase the
population density of Airing
ton, a trend which delegates
contended must be held in
check. >