davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
Peculiar Beasts
In the Atomic Zoo

We have come to know some
peculiar beasts in our zoo of the
elementary particles:
NeutrinOs are emitted by
radioactive nuclei whenever
they emit electrons. Like light
waves they have no mass at all
and no charge, but, unlike
them, almost no interaction
with other particles. A beam
of neutrinos is unaffected even
when going directly through
the earth itself. Our sun
whose energy is produced by
nuclear reactions, emits an
enormous fiux of neutrinos
Every second. hundreds of bill
lions Of these neutrinos pass
through each square inch OF
our bodies, coming from above
during the day, and from below
at night, when the sun is shin.
ing on the other side of the
earth!
MuOns are apparently ir
every way like electrons except
that they are 215 times as
heavy. A muon is not, how
ever, a stable particle. 1t live.
on the average a millionth Of
"a second, after which it decays
into an electron. a neutrino
and an anti-neutrino.
Pions, or pi-mesons, slightly
heavier than muons, have beer
observed to play a vital part
in the structure of protons anc
neutrons. 1t is the continuou:
exchange of pions between
neutrons and protons thai
binds them together into &
nucleus. the pions are the main
constituent of the nuclear glue
But when free, each of the
three kinds of pions-positively
charged. neutral, and negatively
charged-breaks up into Other
particles. The charged pion.
decay into muons (themselve.
unstable) and neutrinos in
about a hundred millionth of 8
second. The neutral pion de.
Gays into two high-energy light
waves (photons) in less than {
millionth of a billionth of 8
second.
Strange particles are a grour
Of eight newly discovered par.
ticles and their anti-particles
They are really no stranger
than pionS or protons but diff
fer in various properties. They
are significantly heavier. Sc
that only giant Bev-accelera-
TORS can produce them and be-
gin to illuminate the role they
play in the structure of other
elementary particles. There
lore the detailed exploration of
their properties has just begun.
All the strange particles
are unstable, and some decay
into many different groups of
particles. For example, the K
meSon is a strange particle
more than three times as heavy
as a pion, 1t usually decays
into a muon and a neutrino,
but it can also break up in
many other ways. 1t was the
observation of different decay
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
The Subatomic World "A Primer for the Layma

Following Is the teri OF .
Elementary Particle Physics.
yesterday In connection iDi
dtom-smasher construction
summary OF the latest ideas
perse" inside the atom. iDdl
RudermaR OF the UHtDersiti
Elementary particle physics
Is the exploration Of the sub
atomic world.
II Is concerned with phenom-
ena remote from our imme-
diate and familiar surround
ings, but applications stem
ming from this branch Of
physics have had profound eff
fects upon our technology, our
national security. and even our
daily living. And yet elemen-
tary particle research proceeds,
not with any view toward use
full application. but by pursuing
discovery for its own sake. 1t
is the very heart Of modern
physics, and the product Of
many centuries Of effort to
understand our universe.
This statement seeks to con-
vey something of the main
ideas Of elementary particle
physics, its spirit, its methods,
its results. and its value to our
society.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
Woys and Means

With our eyes we can distin-
guish objects whose size is as
small as $4,000 Of an inch. A
microscope is used to see detail
on a much finer scale. But the
wave nature Of light limits the
sharpness of detail that can be
observed. Theory predicts and
experiment confirms that with
even the most perfect optical
instrument it is not possible to
see anything smaller than the
wavelength of light. For visible
light this is about 100000
inch, a thousand times the
radius Of an atom, 100 million
times as large as a nucleus. And
SO in the conventional sense we
cannot see an atom or a nu-
cleus, nor can we ever hope to
do SO. The exploration Of
atomic and nuclear particles
demands a different type Of
vision, different kinds of instru-
ments.
One way to try to see to
atomic distances and beyond is
to use light of wavelength much
shorter than that of normal
visible light, X-rays or gamma
rays. Such short-wavelength
forms of light are emitted only
by sources that can impart a
great deal Of energy to a single
light wave; the higher the en-
ergy the shorter the wave
length and the more clearly
we can see.
All the sources of very-short-
wavelength radiation that are
employed by physicists are
based on the simple fact that
when an electron hits a target
it radiates light; the greater
the energy of the electron the
shorter the wavelength.
Thus a beam of electronS is
the source of radiation not
only from an X-ray tube, but
also from betatr0ns and cleo
trOn synchrotr0ns, which use
electrons many thousands of
times as energetic. and emit
radiation whose wavelength is
correspondingly many thou
sands of times shorter.
Another Seeing Tool
However, short wavelength
light is not the only tool used
to explore down to nuclear
dimensions and below, nor is
| it even the main one. A beam
of particles itself can be used,
like beam of light, to probe
the atom, the nucleus, and
beyond. II
The astonishing discovery OF
wave-particle dualism means
that particles of matter-elec-
irons, protons, and all the
rest-behave in many phenom-
ena exactly like light waves.
They too have associated with
their motion a wavelength
which decreases as their en-
ergy increases. And, as with
light. this wavelength limits
the detail that can be ex-
amined with a beam of par
ticleS.
Same Object, Different Picture
Thus an electron microscope,
which uses an electron beam
instead of a beam of visible
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
Physicist Works
In Changing ReoIm

The realm OF the physicist Is
ever changing. knowledge of
the physical universe increases
at an enormous rate, and the
physicist-who explores the
rapidly shifting border between
the known and the unknown
continually departs from ia
miliar areas and enters into
new and unknown regions.
Fifty. even twenty-five years
ago, the main branches of
physics were quite different
from present fields Of investi-
cation.
Radio waves, electronics, the
forces that bind molecules, the
arrangement of electrons in the
atom. the radiation and abb
sorption of light-indeed, most
of the phenomena which so
strongly held the attention of
physicists half a century ago
are now part of the subject
matter of other disciplines. Just
as the mechanical physics of
Calico and of Newton have
given rise to the separate GRO
LESSONS of mechanical engi-
neering and civil engineering,
so these phenomena are now,
for the most part. part of the
domain of the electrical ergi-
neer, the physical chemist, and
similar specialists.
Even nuclear physics, the
main focus of attention of
physicists just 10 or 20 years
ago, has already given birth to
the separate fields of nuclear
chemistry and nuclesr engi-
neering. The frontier of knowl-
edge and with it the chief con-
Germ Of physics is moving into
newer regions.
The Big and the Little
The exploration of the phys
ical universe has proceeded in
two directions, opposite but not
unconnected.
From the partial understand
ing by Newton and his contem-
poraries of the behavior CT the
familiar objects of our world,
the motions of bodies when
forces are exerted Upon them,
the flow of liquids, or the
changes in a gas when we heat
or compress it, our knowledge
has expanded to encompass
phenomena which take place
on a scale vastly different from
that of our immediate expert
ence, the astronomically large
and the submicroscopically
small.
Physicists now comprehend
not only the structure of stars,
the motion of our own and
other galaxies, the curvature
of space, the possible ways in
which our universe has evolved,
but also matter on a finer and
finer scale: From familiar OBJ
jects to molecules; then to the
atoms of which the molecules
are composed; the internal
structure of the atom with its
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17

dant evidence for such mesons
in its structure: even their ar
rangement is in part known.
But to "see" the tiny pion in
side the proton requires a beam
Of very short wavelength, and
hence high energy. 1t is q gen.
eral consequence of the laws
Of quantum mechanics that the
energy of the particles in the
beam must be just high enough
to create a pion. using the rela-
ton
E-H,pioari
Thus the same beam which
can distinguish the pion inside
the proton can liberate Tor
''produce~ pions. Separate
measurements can then be
made to determine the proper
ties Of these free pions. More
over freshly produced particles
like pions can be focused into
secondary beams which are
themselves used as probes to
obtain a view of the submicro-
scopic universe different from,
and complementary to, that
obtained from the primary
beams Of light-waves, electrons,
or protons.
Thus the main tools of the
physicist who explores the SUBJ
atomic universe are the beams
of high-energy particles which
are his light, and the various
devices to detect these particles
which are his eyes.
COsmic Rays Unsuitable
High-energy particles exist in
cosmic rays. but these are in
frequent and uncontrolled. Our
understanding Of the ultimate
structure Of matter and energy
depends upon the great particle
accelerators, which take low
energy electrons and protons
and impart to them the enor-
nous energy necessary to "see"
to distances which are to the
thickness of a sheet Of paper
as that thickness is to the dis
lance to the moon
The primary beams of cleo
irons and protons are them
selves useful probes, as also are
the secondary high energy
beams of light, neutronS, me-
sons. etc. which they produce.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17

In Explanatory Statement on
released BY the White House
n recommendations for an
,ro0ranl. The statement, a
about the infnitesimal uni
prepared By DR.. Mdlvin A.
OF California.
electrons DRIFTING around nu-
clei: the nucleus itself, made
Of protons and neutrons and
the mesons which bind them
together: and lately even some
thing of q picture of the inside
of the proton itself, complex
and containing yet other par
ticles.
We are peeling an onion
layer by layer, each layer un-
covering in a sense another
universe: unexpected, comph-
Gated, and--as we understand
more-strangely beautiful.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
IAccelerutors:
How They Work

The various kinds Of particle
accelerators all work in a SIM
liar way
Electrical energy is impaired
to an electron or proton by
repeatedly kicking the particle,
lust as the electrons in a wire
or a light bulb are kicked when
the electrical switch is turned
on The total energy given to
the particle is measured in
terms of the necessary voltage
difference to give an electron
this same energy. For a giant
accelerator this is some billions
Of electron volts abbreviated
Bev).
The electron or proton may
be given a few very hard kicks,
as in the linear acceleratOr, or
it may move In a circle and re-
ceive an enormous number OF
precisely timed small kicks, as
in the cyclotron and its sophis-
ticated offspring, the BevatrOn
(6 Bev), and the COsmotrOn
g Bev).
Huge yoItages Needed
The design and construction
of these accelerators is an
enormous engineering fea {
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17
Different ldeus
Are Needed Now

Conventional pictures and
words are inadequate for the
description of these subatomic
phenomena; it is not sufficient
to think of familiar analogies
on a reduced scale.
When a piece of wood is
Clipped from a table we have
two new objects, a Clipped
table and piece of wood. But
occasionally some particles may
be torn" from a proton and
still leave the proton intact. In
this sense we may consider the
new particle to have been "cre-
ated" in a high energy COLI
lision. The creation" takes
energy, for we must still con-
form to Einsteins familiar rela-
ton
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-05-17

and supply the energy (E)
which appears as the mass (m)
of the new particle.
An example of particle crea-
ton is the production of an
elementary particle called the
pion or pi-meson. When we
probe the proton there is album
The Phoenix Jewish news., 1959-12-25
Bits of News

the foreign exchange student pro-
gram at West Phoenix High
School. Don, a junior, has been ac-
tive in the Key Club and is Par
nassus member. He is also vice
president of Temple Beth Israel
Youth Group.
Beth FL Religious School children
will present a Chanukah Revue at
7:3O pm. Wednesday in the syna-
gogue auditorium under sponsor
ship of Beth FL Young Marrieds.
Proceeds will go towards a schol-
arship fund for Hebrew-speaking
summer camp.
Mrs. Sol Konick will attend the
wedding of her nephew, Jerome
Blatt, in Brooklyn. She was to
leave, Wednesday for a 3-week visit.
She plans to attend the Curtain and
Drapery Show Jan. 1914 in New
York.
The Phoenix Jewish news., 1959-12-25


of refugee children
APPROXIMATELY so women
will assemble at the home of Mrs.
Louis Turken, STA N. 14th Ave-,
for a 9 am. breakfast Jan. 6, re-
turning for lunch. Recent Youth
Aliyah developments will be report
ed by Mrs. M. B. Goldman Jr.,
who paid an extended visit to Israel
last spring and summer.
PhoenicianS who are not Hadas-
sab members but would like to
pledge a contribution to Youth
Aliyah may contact Mrs. Morris
Himelstein, CIR 9-2280; Mrs. Louis
Greenberg, WI 3-5994, or Mrs.
Morris Sobol, AM 6-8273.
THE PLANNING committee con-
sists of Mrs. Peter Davidson, Secre-
tary, Mrs. Sam Kiviat, treasurer;
Mrs. Goldman, leadership chair
man; Mrs. Matthew Ritchie, tele-
phone chairman; Mrs. Martin
David, assistant telephone chair
man; Mrs. Bernard Frazin, lunch
con chairman; Mrs. Hyman Gel
fand, assistant luncheon chairman;
Mrs. Greenberg, collection chair
man; Mrs. Fred Green, assistant
collection chairman; Mrs. Joseph
Fliegel and Mrs. Joseph Burdman,
Youth Aliyah contribution chair
men; Mrs. Sobol, Youth Aliyah
honory chairman; Mrs. Himelstein,
Youth Aliyah chairman; and Mrs.
Martin David and Mrs. Ritchie,
ENTHUSIASTICALLY chairmen.
eliminating the Phoenix Chapter
drive will be a pm. Jan. 10
luncheon at the Woman's Club.
Mrs. Fannie Simpson of New York,
member of the national Hadassah
board, will be principal speaker.
The Phoenix Jewish news., 1959-12-25
ISRAEL WATER
PLAN ELECTS
THREAT

LONDON (JTA) - The United
Arab Republic would intervene
militarily "on the very day that
the IsraeGs begin to put into eff
feet their plan to divert the flow
of the Jordan River" Major Salah
Salem, Egypt's chief propagandist,
declared in an article in the Cairo
newspaper AL Gumhouria, of which
he is editor.
The First Egyptian Army, he re-
vealed, had already been put on
the alert on the Negev frontier
and, should the Israelis begin the
Jordan diversion scheme, this ar
my would engage, he asserted, in
large-scale operations" with the
support of the Second Syrian
Army.
The Egyptian editor called the
Israeli water plan a matter OF
life and death to the Arabs" II
the Negev were rendered fertile,
he warned, it could receive 2,000,-
600 more Jewish immigrants who
would form a wedge between
Egypt and the rest of the Arab
world.
A London Daily Express cores
pondent who has just returned
from Cairo said that President
Nasser of the United Arab Repub-
lie "is determined to risk war
rather than let the Israelis carry
through their plan" to take water
from the Jordan River to irrigate
arid areas of the Negev. He said
that Nasser believed that ''if there
is war again with Israel, the Egyp-
tians will win"
The Phoenix Jewish news., 1959-12-25

Linda Lantin, 16, daughter of
Mr.. and Mrs. Phillip Lantin OF
Globe, is one of three high school
students chosen to attend the
White House Youth Conference by
invitation of the President Miss
Lantin, a junior at Miami High
School, is president of the junior
class. She is state president of the
Future Teachers of America and
a member of the state steering
committee for Girl Scouts. The
conference is to be held March 27-
April 8.
Don Templ1in, is, son of Mr.. and
Mrs. Elliot Tempkin, sol w. Holly,
is one of four final candidates for
The Phoenix Jewish news., 1959-12-25
Naval Chapel Named
For Jewish Officer

NORFOLK, Va.-The name OF a
Jewish naval officer who played
key role in the campaign to abol-
ish flogging in the U. S. Navy was
memorialiZed here on Dec. 13
when the new Jewish chapel at the
Norfolk Naval Base was named
the Commodore Levy Chapel"
A warm admirer of Thomas JEFF
ferSon, Commodore Uriah P. Levy
helped preserve the great Ameri-
can statesman's home at Month
cello.
The Phoenix Jewish news., 1959-12-25
ShoIom Sis+erhood
To See ChiIdren's Skit

Temple Sholom's fifth and sixth
grade religious school pupils will
present a program From the Cra-
die to the Chuppah," at a 7:45 p.
m. meeting of the temple sister
hood Jan. 5 at the Jewish Com
munity Center.
The program was co-ordinated
by Mrs. Sara Landau, family edu-
cation chairman, assisted by Mrs.
Thelma Heimer and Mrs. Norma
Barer.
The Phoenix Jewish news., 1959-12-25
$50, 100000 For UJA

NEW YORK-A total of $69, ,300,-
600 in cash has been raised to
date by the United Jewish Appeal
in 1859 in support of the work of
it's three beneficiary agencies
which provided humanitarian re-
lief and constructive assistance
this year to more than 596, 200 men,
women, and children in all parts
of the world.
The Phoenix Jewish news., 1959-12-25
SECTION
A-Duy Campaign To Curry
Story Of AIiYoh To Homes

Hadasahs will ADay campaign
calling Phoenix present the Youth
prospective To Youth Ayah
The program feeding, housing
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-09-09

Gus attention on the eyes
having cit"
Delightful Italian words
add to the colorful proceed
ings and help you improve
yours Italian vocabulary at
the same time you make up
your eyes. Verde equals
green. Violetta is violet. Cafe
Mezzo is dark brown while
Cafe Creama is light brown.
Notte is black. Verde Capri
in the Princess lexicon of
beauty terms. is a teal blue
color to light up a woman's
eyes. Her ''Mascarola," roll
on mascara. comes in frosted
shades Of the color wheel.
Especially geared to the
brocades and the fabulous
fabrics being used in even
ing clothes this Fall and
Winter, are the gold. silver,
platinum and platinum gold
colors of eye shadow, masca-
ra and eye accent crayon.
Used with delicacy and
great art the new cosmetics
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-09-09

provide q glittering outlook
on the subject of eye beauty.
They are at Julius Garfinckel
81 Co. The Princess herself
will be available for customer
consultation tomorrow and
Friday with the latest fash
ion and beauty news from
the capitals of Europe. One
thing she's sure to tell you
is that the pale. wan, unhap-
py doe look is passe. Things
are Frightening up and the
washed-out faded beauty
look is past fashion history
right now. ELEM.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-09-09

this week. Princess Mar
celia Borghese, senses that
the approaching fall season
will be a gala time after
dark. With her fine Italian
hand" the Princess is launch
ing what she calls her col
lezione splendore." a group
Of eye cosmetics that make
eye makeup a real work Of
art. The Princess from Rome
has concocted creamy eye
shadows, eye crayons, mas
caras and pencils-all in
shimmering shades that To-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-09-09

Fashion moves into a lux
urious orbit. Cleaning sat-
ms, brocades, sparkling jew
els and precious furs can
only add up to one thing
fine time Of elegance.
It means, too. a decided
emphasis on things feminine.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-09-09
BEAUTY ROUNDUP
All Thut Glitters
Mdy Well Be You

The use Of truly exciting
makeup and being surround
ed by an aura Of fabulous
fragrance.
Channels new No. 5 Spray
Perfume in q sleek. chic con-
tainer of black and gold in
sures that for 225 times
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-09-09

The Literature Section Of
the Junior Woman's Club of
Chevy Chase will meet at the
home of Mrs. John Ferry,
1923 Woodfield road, in
Bethesda, at 8:15 pm. tomor-
row. The group will discuss
program plans for the COM
ing year.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-09-09

you'll be wearing exactly the
right amount of perfume any
time. any place. The meas
ured spray has a sister fra
GRANGE idea in the spray
cologne which m asures
sprays to the high count Of
800. The perfume spray
may be purchased separate
ly or combined in a set with
the cologne. At woodward
q Lothrop and Jelleff's.
A celebrated cosmetics per-
sonality Ia In Washington
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-09-09
To Address Boord

Miss Gail Winslow Of
Ferris and Co. will discuss
How to Help Your Husband
Diagnose the Family Invest
ments" at Q meeting Of the
Women's Board OF Provi-
dence Hospital on September
Is.
The meeting will be held at
II am. in Laboure Hall.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-09-09
Sorority Meeting SET

XXI Sigma Chapter. Beta
Sigma Phi international So
rority. will meet at 8 pm.
tomorrow at the Hillwood
Community House. Cherry
street In Falls Church. Miss
Nancy Lee Ballard will lead
the program, "On Being
Alive"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-09-09
off to dreamland in
SLUMBERTOGS

reminiscent OF grandma's day
Delightfully."- old fashioned in
feeling, notice the niehteop,
wonderfully modern in fobric,
cholIis royon. Loee-trinmed
pink or blue print. Gown and
pojomos in sizes 4 to Ia.
Each 500
Niehteop, 100
Matching peno, 500
WGl-Girs' Furnishings, 4th Floor
-. also Chevy Chose, Corners
ond Alexandria
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-09-09

Washington
lin & ? Streets. NV.
Open Thurs. nights
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-09-09
JEWELERs ANn sILvERsMI1Hs since ls74

Chevy Chose Center. Nd.
Wisconsin at Western Ave.
Open Thurs. Fh. nights
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-03-04
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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-03-04
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