davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-21

the court prohibited the action
as arbitrary. Still later, however.
the court afflrmed a lower court
ruling that Memoirs of Hecate
County," Edmund Wilson's book
on the sexual adventures OF New
York suburbanites, was obscene.
Its AVAILABILITY was not in question
and the court did not give an
opinion.
The first Supreme Court opinion
addressed squarely to the censor
ship Of books came in February,
1857, when the court unanimously
invalidated a Michigan law against
works which might tend Ito the
corruption of the moral of youth"
The opinion said that the effect
of the law was to reduce the
adult population of Michigan to
reading only what is At for chill
dren." thus curtailing liberties
guaranteed in the Fourteenth
Amendment. In the Roth case,
five months later, the court, while
upholding the Federal statute
against mailing obscene literature,
emphasized that sex and OBJ
scenity are not synonymous.
More significantly, the court
provided a new test for obscenity:
Whether to the average person,
applying contemporary standards,
the dominant theme Of the mate
rial taken as a whole appeals to
prurient interest" The court thus
made clear that book had to be
considered as whole, rather than
lifting passages or single words
from 1t. and that the book must
be judged for its effect on the
average adult, instead Of the
youngest or most susceptible
reader.
In subsequent rulings. the Su-
preme Court has kept a watchful
eye on obscenity cases. reversing
four lower court findings Of OBJ
Scenity. In one, the District Court
here had upheld the contention
Of Postmaster General Summer
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-21
Primaries:
Mixed Emotion

The presidential primary is
viewed with mixed emotion by
many politicians. II your man is
the front-runner. he can probably
clinch the nomination with an
impressive string of primary vic
tories. But victory in your State
by anyone but your candidate may
cost you control over the States
delegation TO the national con-
vention cit will automatically II
the primary law awards the dele
gate votes to the winnerD
With the reluctance of most
Democratic presidential aspirants
to take on front-running Senator
Kennedy in an open primary,
some strange things have been
happening recently in States
whose primary elections have pro-
vided key tests Of strength in
previous years.
Minnesota, the home State Of
Senator Humphrey, a Kennedy
rival, has passed a law doing
away with its presidential pri-
mary. So has Florida.
In California, Gov. Pat Brown
will seek to hold control over his
States big delegation to the DEM
ocratic Convention by running as
a favorite-son candidate. Gov.
Gaylord A. Nelson Of Wisconsin is
trying to get Senator ProXmire to
enter the Badger States primary
as a favorite son. a move that
would lessen Senator Kennedy's
chances of capturing the Wiscon-
sin delegation.
There are efforts in Oregon to
enter Senator Wayne Morse as
favorite son. which would deliver
another jolt to the Kennedy pri-
mary hopes.
Last week the Massachusetts,
Senator had a private conference
with Gov. Tawes of Maryland.
He indicated he may enter Mary
lands primary, where his chief
opposition would probably be Sen
ator Symington of Missouri, scion
of an old Maryland family.
The implication was clear.
Senator Kennedy had decided to
fight back against the primary
maneuvers of his presidential
rivals that have taken on an in
creasingly "stop-Kennedy" flavor.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-21
BY GERALD WARING
Contributing Writer


OTTAWA.-There is consider
ably more to a recent Canadian
offer Of $40 million worth of
flour to European NATO countries
than farm surplus disposal. The
gift is a strong bid by Canadian
Prime Minister John Diefenbaker
to induce NATO to establish food
reserves in Europe for use in the
event of war.
Mr.. Diefenbaker first put for
ward the idea of a NATO food
bank when he addressed the
NATO summit meeting in Paris
in December, 1857. His objective
was not the distribution of
charity. The food bank proposal
is tied firmly to the aim of COL
lecttTe security through NATO.
1t is intended to help both the
military forces and the civilian
populations Of continental
pean countries maintain their
resistance If attacked by Russia.
The plan is to establish food
reserves at strategically located
points which the NATO partners
can draw on in time of war. The
reserves would be built up largely
by Canadian and American con-
tributions of surplus food, and by
NATO purchases of additional
food to round out the surplus
stocks.
Surprisingly enough to Cana
dams Mr.. Diefenbaker's food bank
proposal got cool reception in
NATO. The United States all but
ignored it, and the United King
dom didn't seem very interested.
In recent months the proposal
has appeared to be barely alive.
Push for Food Plan
Mr.. Diefenbaker's decision to
fill the bottom Of the empty pot
with $40 million worth of flour
and invite Europeans to help
themselves is a determined push
for the food bank plan. Either it
goes now, Canadians are saying,
or Canada might as we'll forget
about it, and concentrate on put
ting its unstable food to hui
manitarian IN ~ giving 1t away
to neeoS countries like those in
Asia which receive Canadian eco
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-21

Italy in 1928, was barred from
the United States by the Customs
Bureau the following year. The
ruling has never been contested in
court. In 1880, an expurgated edi-
ton Of the third version was issued
in this country and widely re-
printed. In 1914, the FIRST version
was published here as 1.-THE First
Lady Chatterley." Neither is
barred from the mails.
Even II the Postmaster Gen.
erals ruling is overturned, Lady
Chatterley" undoubtedly will run
UP against some local censorship.
Such suppression, both by local
governments and by private
groups, is widespread. The Ma
tional ONCE for Decent Litera-
ture. for example, which circulates
list Of books prepared by the
Chicago Archdiocesan Council Of
Catholic Women. is credited with
keeping more books of the drug
store racks than all of our police
sergeants and public prosecutors"
Its lists concentrate on magazines.
comics and paperbacks.
Many State legislatures have
sought recently to strengthen
obscenity statutes. Their con-
Germ is obviously over the kind Of
materials available to youths.
And an increasing number Of
private community organizations
has put pressure on newsstands
and drugstores to "clean up" their
offerings.
Woteh and Ward Society
The most famous such organi-
cation. Boston's Watch and Ward
Society, now the New England
Citizens Crime Commission, prob
ably holds the American record
for getting books banned. begin
ming in 1878 with Whitman's
Leaves Of Grass" These pro-
hibitions have almost invariably
had the effect of increasing sales
elsewhere, so that publishers con-
slider it suspicious for a new books
success to have it banned in
Boston," Local bans cannot take
much credit for success, however.
when they are invoked as, they
have been, against such estab-
liShed favorites as Tom Sawyer"
or Robin Hood"
The wave OF censorship, If it is
that, is directed chiefly at books
and magazines. The motion pic
ture industry, radio and television
have developed systems of self
censorship, as one observer says,
partly to forestall an official CEN
sorship, partly out Of fear Of
offending audiences and sponsors.
This self-regulation has been very
effective. Only four States exer-
else censorship of movies. while
every State except New Mexico
has statutes against obscene
publications.
How well Lady Chatterley" will
fare in the many inspections she
still must undergo. remains to be
seen. Her popularity is already
assured.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-21
Congress-:
New Strategy

an a government where the
executive branch is headed by a
member of one party and the
legislative branch is controlled by
a majority of another party it is
always very difficult to enact leg
islation. We must seek the best
at all times and attempt to do the
possible"
The words. spoken last week by
Lyndon johnson, trumpeted a
strategic retreat by the Democrats
in the battle Of the budget and
defined new Democratic strategy
devised by the Senate Majority
Leader.
Reduced to simplicities, it
amounted to giving in to pres!-
dent Eisenhower's spending pro-
posals but trimming key programs
down to two years.
AS Senator Monroney, Demo-
crat Of Oklahoma, put it in SEN
ate debate on the airport bill:
AT the end Of that time we
properly anticipate that President
Eisenhower will have retired and
will be able to use his hand on
mashie or niblick instead Of a
veto pen"
Flouting Mr.. Eisenhower's de-
mand for a balanced budget, the
Senate earlier this year voted a
four-year $465 million Federal air.
port program. The House APP
proved a 1927 million plan Mr..
Eisenhower wanted only 5000 mil
lion, spread over four years.
Last Monday. after listening to
Mr.. johnson and Mr.. Monroney.
the Senate strapped its original
bill and voted to substitute a
two-year. 1925 million program.
That. they were assured by the
Democratic leadership, was the
best they could do in the face
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-21
European Food Pool
Aim of Canadians

nomic aid under the Colombo
Plan.
The most commonly suggested
reason for NATO's GOODNESS to the
plan is that NATO has no ma
chinery to handle commodities of
a non-military nature, and indi-
vidual countries would be put to
the expense of transporting the
food and providing storage facili-
ties for it. Moreover, European
statesmen realized the Canadian
government was under strong do
nestle pressure to liquidate food
surpluses, and may have hoped
for another offer with no strings
attached.
The string on the Diefenbaker
offer is that the recipients must
promise not to use the flour I'M
less the NATO Council declares
that a state of hostilities exists.
However, it is obvious that If these
countries become seriously short
OF food in peacetime, political and
humanitarian considerations would
require Canada to accede to any
request to release these military
food stocks for immediate con-
sumption.
Stocks Must Be Renewed
The reason the government
decided to offer -four instead Of
wheat-both being in great sur
plus-is that -four is ready to be
eaten; wheat has to be milled.
But flour deteriorates in storage.
So these stocks will have to be
renewed every five years or So
presumably before the -four be-
comes so old that it is unfit for
consumption.
Mr.. Diefenbaker's plan is an
adoption Of the celebrated pro-
posal for a world food bank that
Lord Boyd-Orr of Britain put be-
fore the U. N. Food and Agriculture
Organization a dozen years ago.
The NATO food bank plan is not
as broad, and of course is rooted
in defense considerations, whereas
the Boyd-Orr proposal was purely
humanitarian.
Generally speaking. one can
make the same comparison be-
tween 1t and President Eisen-
hower's food for peace" pro-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-21
Segregotion:
Little Rock

The public high schools Of Little
Rock, including once embattled
Central High. have been closed
since last fall by order of Gov.
Orval E. Faubus. The Governors
authority for the closure was a
hastily passed State law aimed at
preventing the indignation once
enforced by Federal troops in the
Arkansas capital.
Last month the moderateS of
Little Rock moved a step closer
toward eventual reopening of the
citys high schools by ousting
three segregationists from the
school board. They won a bit
terly contested recall ~aa..:S.s and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-21

poSal. The Eisenhower plan,
which was first preached in jan
uary. is an effort to bring the
major food surplus nations into
world give-away program. Canada
is not yet committed to partici-
pate. although it is taking part
in meetings In Washington to
plan food for peace.
The two plans need not be
incompatible. The world can we'll
use both. And II Mr.. Diefenbaker's
action brings results. If it moves
NATO to establish a real NATO
food bank, it will do much more
for Canada than help unload sur
plus food. 1t will strengthen the
weaker NATO members will to
resist If attacked. And it will be
a major step toward the long
time Canadian goal with respect
to NATO; Making NATO an al
lance for econoss.c cooperation
as well as military cooperation.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-21
BY HARRY BACAS
star stan Writer

When Postmaster General Sum-
merfield ruled a few days ago that
Lady Chatterley's Lover" could
not be sent through the United
States mails. he set of the latest
round In an old debate over CEN
sorship VS.. the freedom TO read.
obscene and filthy" said Mr..
Summerfield Of d. H. Lawrence's
novel. Deeply religious spir-
itual fulfillment one Of the
most important works Of fiction
Of the century," said the defense.
The argument will continue. The
Grove Press, publisher Of the new
edition of Lawrence's story about
a British gentlewoman's affair
with her gamekeeper. has asked
the Federal District Court in New
York for an injunction against
Mr.. Summerfleld's ban. The case
could eventually reach the SUI
preme Court, which in recent
years has concerned itself in
creaSingly with the laws against
obScenity.
Meanwhile, the book itself is
selling at a far greater rate than
it would have If the censorship
issue had never been raised. The
PoStmaSter's Generals ruling APP
plies only to its AVAILABILITY. Book
dealers have been getting large
quantities by express.
The United States has never
had an official agency for the
licensing of books. States, mu-
inequalities and private organiza-
tions have been the chief instru-
ments of censorship. And in this
country, censorship has almost
always been based on sexual I'M
desirability.
Some Eorly Preeedents
When the Roman Emperor
Caligula tried to suppress Homer's
Odyssey" it was because he
feared the Greek ideals of free
dom. When the Chinese EN-
peror Chi Huang Ii. 200 years
earlier, ordered the "Analects" of
Confucius burned, it was because
he believed only in practical
books. The works Of Dante.
Luther. translations Of the Bible.
Roger Bacon. Erasmus, Calvin,
Calico. DeScartes and Thomas
Paine were banned on religious
grounds. Shakespeare, Moliere,
Swift, Goethe, Thomas Jefferson
and Victor Hugo we're banned for
political reasons.
In English common law Of
which we are the inheritors, pub
fishing obscenity is not a crime
Of very long standing. AS late as
1908. an English judge held that
works against religion or the
state were criminal but an OBJ
scene book was not. In the United
States, the first permanent legal
step against obscenity was the
passage of the Tariff Act Of 1912,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-21
FROM THE ODYSSEY TO ULYSSES
Lady Chatter|eys Predecessors

field that a nudist magazine was
unavailable, finding 1t filthy. foul,
obscene" The District Court Of
Appeals had affirmed the decision.
But the Supreme Court unani-
mously reversed 1t.
Over the country. courts have
tended recently to restrict OBJ
scenity findings to what the Post
Ofice's legal department calls
outright hard core pornography."
Or. as an appellate court expos
tulated, a book can no longer be
condemned as obscene II 1t is
merely bad; 1t has 70 be awful"
Science and obseehity
The Customs Bureau last year
gave up a seven-year fight to bar
the importation OF certain mate
rails. including Chinese paintings,
books and "lavatory wall inscrip-
TONS" by Indiana University's In
stitute for Sex Research. The
customs officials presumably ac-
cepted the Supreme Courts new.
strict definition of obscenity In
the Roth case and decided not to
appeal a District Court ruling that
what is obscenity to one person
is but a subject Of scientific in
quiry to another" On the same
basis. the customs this year re-
turned to a sociologist copy Of
Henry Miller's "Tropic Of Cancer"
which it had seized. 1t still bans
general importation Of the book,
however.
The Post ONCE itself, after the
Roth decision, set up new regu-
lations which now insure a formal
hearing for the senders Of mate
rial considered non-mailable by
the department. The new rules
also prohibit local postmasters
from taking it on themselves to
bar material from the mails. 1t
was after a hearing under the new
regulations that Postmaster Cen
eral Summerfield issued his ban
on Lady Chatterley's Lover"
One of the arguments made by
critics Of the Postmaster Gen.
erals decision is that poor Lady
Chatterley" is now somewhat old
hat. They point out that al
though the book does indeed con-
tain a number of four-letter Anglo
Saxon words, 1t contains none
which have not appeared in a
number Of accepted and re-
spected novels Of the last several
decades" They cite such books
as Ulysses" "A Farewell to
Arms, THE Naked and the Dead"
From Here to Eternity" by Love
Possessed" From the Terrace"
and "Peyton Place" Each Of
these. Of course, has been best
seller. no doubt in large measure
because Of its frankness about sex.
D. H. Lawrence did not even
put in the four-letter words when
he wrote the first two Of his three
complete versions of the novel.
The third version. published in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-21

which forbade the importation Of
obscene literature. Thirty years
later. in 1872. Anthony Comstock,
the whirlwind New York vice
crusader. waging what has been
called lone of the most effective
one man lobbying campaigns
known" brought about the en-
actment of an omnibus Federal
anti-obscenity law which prohib-
tied, among other things, the
sending of obscene literature
through the mails. That law is
the basis of the Postmaster Gen.
erals Lady Chatterley" ruling.
Several years later, a Federal
judge established the definition
OF an obscene book as one which
contained anything which tended
to sexually corrupt those whose
minds are open to such immoral
influence" the fee
blest mentalities in the community.
Other courts, dissatisfied with the
definition. sought to narrow its
scope. Eventually, the definition
was rejected outright, by Federal
Judge John Woolsey in the cele-
brated 1888 decision allowing
James Joyce's Ulysses" to be
imported after an l1-year ban.
Since then. most judges have used
as a standard. the effect of book
on the normal, average healthy
person.
The Esquire" cose
The Supreme Court first tackled
the obscenity question head-on in
1913. in ruling that a New York
law against "stories Of bloodShed
and lust" was unconstitutionally
vague. Later, when the Post Office
Department tried to bar Esquire
Magazine from second-class mall
ing privileges, not because of OBJ
scenity but on the grounds it
lacked the International or liter
airy character TO justify Govern
ment subsidy OF its distribution,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-21
Gov. Long,:
Subdue1

"You-all look. you-all look"
shouted the Governor of Louisi-
ana to the crowd gathered in
front of the Baton Rouge court
house.
The staring crowd was witness
to rare spectacle even for Baton
Rouge, where the long reign Of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-21
Senate

gress on major roll calls last week:
Senute
S /. Extension of the Federal
Airport Construction Act author
izing 500 million in annual match
ing grants for airport construction
projects during fiscal years 1860
and 1861. Passage of the bill.
Passed Till ID $40; R ibid.
June Is, 1859.
FOR: Byrd. Democrat Of Virginia. Butler.
Republican Of Maryland Byrd, Demo-
crat of West Virginia: Randolph. Dem
ocrat Of West Virginia.
NOT VOTING: Robertson. Democrat of
virginia; Beall, Republican OF Maryland.
HR 7349. Appropriate $715,328,-
500 for the Department of Com
merce and related agencies in ifs
cal 1860. Passed 1874 ID 62-2;
r 27-2), June Is, 1859. The Presi-
dent did not take a position on
the bill.
FOR: Byrd, Democrat Of virginia; Robert
son, Democrat Of virginia Beall, Repub-
lcan Of Maryland; Butler, Republican
of Maryland Byrd. Democrat Of west
Xirginia; Randolph. Democrat OF West
Virginia.
Nomination of Lewis l.. Strauss
to be Secretary Of Commerce. Re-
jected 46-49 ID 15-47; r 3l-2).
June 10, 1859.
FOR: Byrd Democrat of Virginia: Robert
son. Democrat OF Virsinia; Beall Re-
publican of Maryland. Butler Republi-
can Of Maryland.
AGAINST: Byrd. Democrat OF West Viz
ginia; Randolph. Democrat Of West Viz
einia,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-21

Continued From Page CT
Southern bloc. Senator Fulbright
refrained from voting
To Senator Anderson, Democrat
OF New Mexico, whose bitter feud
with Lewis Strauss provoked the
confirmation battle. went the sat
isfaction of removing his old
enemy from a key position in the
Eisenhower administration. The
President may still make use of
Mr.. Strauss in an advisory posi-
ton which does not require Sem
ate confirmation. however. if he
desires.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-21

ures would inevitably favor one
side or the other in the wage dis
pute and would amount to the
Government interference that Mr..
Eisenhower wants to avoid. it was
pointed out.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-21
House

S 1868. A bill to provide aneI
wheat program for the 1860 ank
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-21
BY WILLIAM II. FRYE
Contributing writer

UNITED NATIONS, N. Y.-The
United Nations is attempting to
bring the entire planet earth to-
gether in a cooperative effort to
explore outer space.
1t is a tall order. The planet
earth is torn by so many rivalries
and quarrels that only small seq
ments seem able to cooperate in
anything.
But If the U. N. could pull 1t of,
this accomplishment alone would
more than Justify its existence,
diplomats here feel.
The U. N. is using a carrot rather
than stick. Indeed. the U. N. has
no stick. Its carrot is the prom
ise Of a veritable cornucopia Of
benefits - benefits for everyone,
just at hand-if there is co-opera-
ton in the peaceful use of outer
space.
The Russians to date have
been from Missouri. Believing
themselves to be substantially
ahead of the rest of the world in
space science they can see little
or nothing in it for them-aside,
perhaps, from some propaganda
mlleage-if they share their in
formation and techniques with
others.
'Russions Are Stubborn
But this is a short-sighted view,
and the U. N. is doing its best to
persuade them of that fact. The
persuasion to date has been at
arms length; the Russians have
refused to take part even in the
preliminary thinking and plan
ming.
Here are some of the benefits
the U. N. says can be reaped by
everyone, including the Russians,
II space exploitation is made a
Joint venture:
weather fOrecasting. The
earth's surface includes such
large areas of water. ice and
desert that only about one-flfth
OF the atmosphere is regularly
under observation by present
technlqueS ground stations,
weather-sampling aircraft and
balloons.
AS a result, storms and sharp
changes in temperature often ar
rive in populated areas with little
or no warning. The weather man
Is so frequently wrong that the
man in the street thinks of
weather forecasting as educated
gueSSwork-which to a large ex-
tent 1t Is.
Cooperative space exploitation
could change all this, and make
the daily weather forecast very
nearly as reliable as the annual
tide chart. 1t could make accurate
weather forecasts possible weeks
in advance.
One technique is the launching
OF vertical rockets equipped to
eject small bits of metal foil. The
foil, carried by the wind, can be
traced by ground radar, and thus
wind velocities and directions can
be mapped at various levels of
the atmosphere.
Rockets also can be used to
measure pressureS. temperatures
and humidities at various alti-
tudes. They can carry cameras
equipped with TV-type transmit
tiers to photograph cloud areas
from above, thus locating SQUALLS,
hurricanes, typhoons and similar
disturbances.
Keeping Troek Of Storms
Earth satellites could do even
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-06-21
NEARBY VOTES

Votes Of Maryland. Virginia and
West Virginia members of Con-
gress on major roll calls last week: