davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Arkansas State press., 1959-07-10
:: WORTH REPEATING:-
Continued from Page Five)
IS school closing laws Invalid.

clared the Faubus school closing laws invalid
The school board Immediately began plans to Cen
trial High and the other closed Institutions
But unless the Department of Justice is ready to help
the police state atmosphere in Arkansas will remain
-Afro-American
Arkansas State press., 1959-07-10
Easy Does It
Bu Betty Barclay

A glamorous dessert indeed, yet
ever so simple to make-ice
cream spooned into a rich, deli
Arkansas State press., 1959-08-28

pointed mostly in Earle IIyman,
handsome young Negro who has
done quite bit of Shakespeare
IN summer stock and has played
admirably we'll on Broadway
many times. They thought Hy-
man too 'hammy'. :. Whereas
he is not like the New York star,
Sidney Potter. Earle has his own
methods and We cannot imagine
him being anything but good in
the role. =.
Because the audience did not
understand the way of the peo-
pie the play became an education
to them and left no room for en-
tertainment. They would have
to see it over and over to finally
laugh loudly at the hilarious lines
and We doubt if they will re-
turn even once more :.
For those who have been to
America and understand Ameri-
cans they enjoyed it. But it
wasn't enough. They viewed the
players on stage as if they were
a queer lot and it will take a
lot of understanding to acquaint
them with the many lit
tie oddities of Negro life in
America.
3 = = =
The girls and boys in Harlem
are busy praeticing for the Har-
vest Moon Ball annual dance
Arkansas State press., 1959-08-28

NEW YORK cITY-lCNS)-
LONDON NOT 50 HOT FOR
"RAIsIN'-=While Broadway boast
ed and boasted Lorraine Hans
berry's players as great and inter.
esting theatre-and Dragged ON the
author as being the first Of her
race to make it." touring
company with all new sars land
ed in London and opened shop at
the Adelphi Theatre with a $500
top price. AS we might have
imagined = English people are
not too familiar with the Negro
way of life in a town like Chi
eago the basis of the play
and therefore didn't understand
the humor or the plot
The funniest lines. We under
stand they let go by looking at
each other to see who compre-
hended. And the crazy antics of
the various characters were just as
foreign to them. Which reminds
us that Langston Hughes play a.
bout simple met the same stern
criticism when It toured there last
year after making a big success
here on Broadway and the same
cast went over.
Olga James went to play the
role of the sister Juanita
Moore as the mother a newcom-
er Kim Hamilton as the sedate
wife. Britishers were disap-
Arkansas State press., 1959-08-28

sponsored by New York daily
paper which encourages the teen
ayers and older folk too to get
more out CT life by dancing. At
a time when teenage gangs are
the fashion this program which
comes on each year, is doing
more than ever now to organize
talent of the youngsters and
put it to good use. Kids natural
ly love to dance and holding
finals and giving prizes just
thrills them Each year the
winners appear on Ed Sullivan's
TV show and it's a known fact
none of the kids anywhere can
rock and roll like those from
Harlem.
James Edwards role in Pork
Chop Hill" so small he was on
ana OH before we knew IL.
Woody Strobe had larger part
but somehow it seemed quite
sterotyped :.
The Mills Brothers at the Bever-
ly Hills in Cincinnati, are still
singing their most wanted Paper
Doll. you Always Hurt The One
You Love- and Lazy River
These songs are like passwords
to them. Norman Brown does
guitar for the 3 Mills Boys.
There's a $4 minimum holidays
and Saturdays.
Arkansas State press., 1959-08-28

Detroit is swinging with Dinah
Washington singing What A Diff
ference" at the Flame Show Bar
Chico Hamilton's Quintet at Bak-
er's Keyboard Lounge. and Sam
my Davis jr, at Elmwood Casino.
No matter the weather :
it can rain and pour which kills
business for Atlantic City, Larry
Steele and his Smart Affairs
get it all the biz we mean. .
Now he's got Arthur Lee Simp-
kins. a favorite with the elite
group, as his weeks headliner. !.
and they're ranking in the dough-.
Nobody on the street can match
him.
Rex Stewart Quartet, the pro
gressive jazz group, into the En-
bers with Teddy Wilson. This is
the spot Dorothy Donegan takes
when in town. Earl Hines was
all set for his European tour :
then it was cancelled.
Arkansas State press., 1959-08-28
Mvc DEVILS TO OPEN
GRIDDRlLLS SEPT 4

ITTA BENA, Miss. Fierce in
tra-squad competition will be the
order Of the day here Tuesday,
Sept 1, when the Mississippi
Vocational College Delta Devils
begin their gridiron training
period.
Arkansas State press., 1959-08-28

Some so plus grid hopefuls are
expected to turnout for the try
outs and will be fighting tooth
and nall as they seek to win
starting berths ON the MVC
eleven.
Arkansas State press., 1959-08-28

:: DON'T SUPPORT JIMCRo =
Arkansas State press., 1959-08-28

FOR FEMALE AIINTENTS prove famous Lydia E
Pnkhams Vegetable oomRond qid also brings QUICK
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-03-01

Office have been particularly trying.
why, I haven't had time to 60 home
for LUNCH" he declared. I've had to eat
a sandwich here at my desk every day.
ITS because I'm the first Democratic
Governor In eight years, and the first from
the Eastern Shore since Emerson C.
Harrington in 1916.
Democrats who have been strangers
in Annapolis for years want to come in
and shake my hand. And then there's
the General Assembly In session. Every
body, 1t seems, has to see the Governor"
The Governor did manage to skip out
Of his ONCE for few minutes to 60 across
the street to the Mansion to see Mrs.
Tawes. who was preparing to serve tea to
some rs women He wanted to be sure,
he said, that there were no details he
might help with before leaving to attend
a banquet in Baltimore.
And there was one little problem for
the Governor matter Of what to do with
coats-which he solved quickly by having
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-03-01

coat racks brought in to an anteroom.
Like the Governor, Mrs. Tawes was
having her own troubles. There was the
problem of getting established in a new
house and Of having to entertain before
really getting moved in"
An accomplished musician, Mrs. Tawes
attended Peabody Conservatory in Balti-
more. and has taken an active interest in
/. the choir Of the Methodist Church in
Crisfield. She expects to move her electric
organ from her home in Crisfield to the
Mansion. although there is already q
grand piano there.
And Of course, Mrs. Tawes said, there
will be visits by grandchildren during the
next four years. Leslie, willard and David,
sons Of Philip w. Tawes. live in Crisfeld,
only q short distance from the capital
via the Chesapeake Bay Bridge.
Visits may be less frequent for Susan
Lynn, who lives in Limestone, Me. Susan is
the daughter OF Jimmie Lee, who married
Air Force Maj. william r. Wilson.
CONTINUED
oy,NnAv rxsw orap ~ .
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1959-06-30

a tiara Of seed pearls. The bride
carried a prayer book topped with
a white orchid
Mrs. Otto S. Overton, Of Farm
vile, was her matron Of honor.
Other attendants were Miss Viz
ginia Sheldon, Of Keysville, Miss
Myrtle Michael. of Crewe, and Mrs.
Sam A. Cook. of Burkeville. The
attendants wore street length
dresses Of blue nylon over taffeta.
They carried bouquets Of white car
nations.
Sylvia Cook and Janice Dunno
want, Of Burkeville. cousins Of the
bride, were flower girls. Miss
Patricia White, Of Farmville, was
candle lighter.
Mr.. Michael served as his son +
Best man. Ushers we're Phillip NJ
Cook. Wilson +. Cook, Of Burke
Vile. and Eugene H. Michael q
CreWe
A reception followed IN the socia
hall Of the church.
After a wedding trip the couple
will make their homo in CreWe.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1959-06-30
Miss Phyllis Aleise
Cook Weds Mr.. Michael

The marriage Of Miss Phyllis
Aleise Cook. daughter Of Mr. and
Mrs. William Thomas Cook, Of
Burkeville, to Robert Lee Michael,
son of Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Hobert
Michael, Of Crewe. took place In
the Burkeville Baptist Church on
Saturday, June 27, at 4 pm.
The Rev. William D. Gravatt,
pastor Of the church, performed the
ceremony. He was assisted by Dr.
w. Otis McClung, pastor of the
Farmville Baptist Church
Mrs. Lloyd p White, of Farm
Vile, played the nuptial music and
accompanied Mrs Walter Bruce, Of
Farmville, who sang Because, F" II
Love You Truly" and 20 Perfect
Love-
Given in marriage by her father
the bride wore a gown Of Peau de
Sole with scalloped neckline en-
riched with Venetian lace. which
also formed the empire line bodice
Her bouffant skirt with large pouf
back ended in a chapel train Her
fingertip vel Of silk Illusion fell from
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1959-06-30

Mrs. Willie B.. Drumeller lie TT
Sunday for a two weeks visit with
her nieces, Miss Dorothy Ransom
and Mrs. Truman Bull, and family
in Baltimore, Md.
Kent Watson is visiting in the
home of Mr.. and Mrs. J. R. T.
Bowen in Hot Springs.
Mrs. Wilson Watson will be hos
tess to her bridge club Wednesday
evening.
Mr.. and Mrs R. c. Jones have
returned to Monterey after spending
a week with their daughter, Mrs.
E. M. Andrews, Jr.. and family.
Mr.. and Mrs. G. T, Motley, Of
Chatham, visited her sister, Mrs.
S. R. Geyer, and Mr.. Geyer dur
ing the week end.
Mr.. and Mrs. Lester E. Andrews
and Mr.. and Mrs S. A. Martin
have returned from spending sew
eral days in Hot Springs
Mrs. Agnes Williams, of Lynch
burg, visited Miss Sarah Orange re
Gently.
! Miss Louise Cowan. of Richmond
has been the guest of her mohter
Mrs. Emma x. CoWan.
Mrs. j. O. HardaWay and Mis-
ancy Lane were at Virgin;
Beach for the week end
Mrs. B. T. Taylor. Jr., will er
terrain her bridge club Tuesda,
evening
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1959-06-30
Double-Ring Ceremony Unites Miss
Thackston And Curtis n. Franklin
The Camera Artist

who sang, .Entreat Me Not to
Leave Thee" and The Lords
Prayer"
Given in marriage by her father,
tie bride wore a floor length dress
of white tered lace and tulle over
taffeta. Her flnger-tip veil Of French
Illusion was attached to Elem
ish bonnet of Alencon lace en-
broidered with pearls She carried
white orchid corsage on a prayer
book.
Mrs. John Nelson. sister Of the
groom. was mauon Of honor She
was attired in a ba]lerlna length
dress Of blue lace and tulle over
taffeta with matching lace head
band, and carried a bouquet Of
mixed flowers.
Elton Franklin, Of Prospect, was
his brothers best man.
Lawrence Franklin. brother Of the
groom, and Marshall Thackston.
brother Of the bride, served as
ushers
+ mrs. j. Milton Templeton, Of
Fairfax. was mistress Of cefe-
monies.
4 After a short wedding trip, the
couple will make their home II
Prospect.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1959-06-30
Miss Shepherd And John c. Spencer, yr:
United In Saturday Afternoon NuptiaI

The marriage of Miss Mamie
Rose Shepherd. daughter Of Mrs.
w. j. Shepherd, Of Buckingham.
and the late Mr.. Shepherd. to John
Corson Spencer, Jr., son of Mr.. and
Mrs John c. Spencer. of Bucking-
ham. took place Saturday after
noon at in Enon Church. Buck
ingham county.
In setting of magnolia leaves,
white gladiolus. and white cathedral
candles, the Rev. E. Hugh Rag
land, pastor Of Maysville Baptist
Church, officiated. The double-ring
ceremony was used.
Miss Jane Pennington presided at
the piano and rendered traditional
nuptial music To her accompani-
ment, E. Bruce Knapp sang. BE
cause and The Lords Prayer"
Given in marriage by her brother,
William j Shepherd. the bride wore
a gown of white lace over satin.
made waltz length. with finger-tip
veil. She carried a Bible W h
gardeniaS.
Miss Betsy Spencer. sister Of the
groom, was maid of honor. S h e
wore a gown of white organza over
yellow satin.
Other attendants were Mrs. 10
anne S. Elliott, of Richmond. wear
ing white organza over pink satin,
Mrs. Jack S. Sanford. of Rich
mond, in organza over green satin:
and Mrs. William J. Shepherd, OF
Buckingham. clad in organza over
blue. The attendants wore floral
bandeaux in their hair. and car
ried bouquets Of summer flowers.
John C. Spencer, clerk of the
county. was his sons best man.
Ushers were Donald c. Shepherd
and Jack S. Sanford, both of Rich
mond, and Bossieux Shepherd, OF
Cumberland.
A reception was held at the home
Of the bride, where Mrs. j. R. Nc
Kenny. Mrs. B. H. Word. Mrs. j..
B. Wood. and Mrs j. R. LeSueur
presided at the punch table.
After a wedding trip, Mr.. and
Mrs. Spencer will be at home at
68Ol Carnegie Drive. Richmond.
where he is senior at the Uni
versity. The bride is employed by
an insurance company in that city.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1959-06-30

The marriage Of Miss Elizabeth
Ellen Thackston, daughter Of Mr.
and N1rs. Clyde Powell Thackston,
Of Charlotte Court House, to Curtis
Nalvin Franklin. son Of Mr. and
Mrs. Robert H. Franklin, Of Pros
pect, took place Saturday evening,
June n at 8 in Bethlehem Presby-
terian Church in Prince Edward
County.
The Rev. Jesse R. Hutcheson.
former pastor Of the bride, per
formed the double-ring ceremony
against a background Of ever
greens, baskets Of mixed flowers,
Miss Mary Dodd played the
nuptial music and accompanied
Miss Martha Carter, Of Farmvllle,
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1959-06-30
R.~,e~a(
2lrner

N. O. Myers and daughter, Karla,
have returned from camping trip
to Oregon Inlet, N. c.
Mr.. and Mrs Meredith Robson,
Elizabeth and Jackie, returned Sun
day from Kill Devil HILL N. c.
Mr.. and Mrs. c. j. Leese and
family are spending this week at
their cottage at Oregon Inlet, N. g.
Miss Josephine Bailey is the guest
of Mr.. and Mrs. John Anderson in
Annapolis. Md.
Mrs. u r. Gillian recently
visited her brothers, James "A.
Overton, in Sanford, N. c., and
Jake Overton in Wilmington, n. c..
and their families.
Miss Mary C. Womack has re-
turned from a visit with her sister,
Mrs. j. j Robinson and family in
Washington d. {.
Mrs. Frank organ, Mr. and Mrs.
Will Svdnor and Mr.; and Mrs W.
X. Whidden are attending to-
bacco convention in White Sulphur,
They were accompanied by Mr. and
Mrs. Walter Sprye. Of Rocky Mount,
N. c.
Mr.. and Mrs. E. Preston An
dreWs, Of Richmond, were guests
in the Maurice Large home for the
week end.
Mrs. N. B. Steele, who has been
the guest Of her niece, Mrs. B. S
Hamersly. and family. left Monday
for a visit in st. Louis, Mo, before
returning to her home in Fort
Lauderdale. Fla.
MI. and Mrs. Donald Bishop and
son. Danny, and Miss Alice Fulton
all Of Richmond were week end
guests Of Miss Fulton parents, Mr.
and Mrs. j E. Fulton.
Kathy Sprye, Of Rocky Mount
N. c.. is spending few days in
the Robert Taylor home.
Dr.. Whitfield Elliott. Of Durham
N, c.. visited his mother, Mrs
James Elliott, during the week end
Mr.. and Mrs Overton Gillian
Mr.. and Mrs. Doc Quick and son
Bruce. of Fishersville, were guests
in the Duke Bolhck home last week
end
Mr.. and Mrs. Donald Foster ano
daughter, Faith Anne, OF SaXls
were recent guests of his mother
Mrs. Louie Foster
Eugene fowler is in Cumberland
Md. where he has Temporarily
taken charge Of the hotel business
Of his brother. Jack fowler. who !:
patient at the Memorial Hospita
in Cumberland.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1959-06-30

Mrs. J. H. Whitfield has joined Mr.
Whitfield in Chapel Hill, N. C. Mr.
Whitfield rs on a years leave from
Hampden-Sydney College.
Mrs. j. w Fretwell is at home
after a ten day visit with her daugh-
ter, Mrs. Cordell Sanford. and
and family in Warsaw.
The Rev and Mrs. George Hen
ley. of Hampton, have been guests
of her mother. Mrs y Garland
Hanes
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1959-06-30

Mr.. and and Mrs. Overton Gillian
and son. Lynde, of Portsmouth,
were week end guests of his
mother, Mrs. Luther Gillian.
Patricia Owens has returned to
Richmond after a weeks visit with
Mr.. and Mrs. j. E. Fulton.
Mr.. and Mrs. T. L. Lancaster,
Jr.. and sons, Leitch and Bill. were
recent guests Of her daughter, Mrs.
Dudley P. Jackson, and DR.. Jack
son in Clarksville, Md. While visit
ing, they attended major league
game in Washington. D. c.
Mrs. George p Mccoy and
daughter, Miss Elizabeth Mccoy.
of Monterey, we're week end guests
of her niece, Mrs. E. j. Andrews,
Jr., and family and attended the
Dowdy School of Music recital Fri
day evening.
Mr.. and Mrs Dan Locklair and
son, Terry. visited their other son,
Danny. at Camp Monoca, Sunday
Mrs. E. A. Dryer and daughter
aron, accompanied by Mrs.
Charles Hand and children. Pattie
Chuckie, Tommy and Jimmy. OF
Mansfield. Ohio, spent several days
last week touring Williamsburg
jamestown and Yorktown. They
also attended The Common Glory
Jimmy Putney and Lex Bruce
are spending a month at CamE
Nimrod in Bath County.
Mrs. S. R. Low Of Roanoke. wa
the guest Of her sister. Mrs. Waite
Putncy, and Mr.. Putney for tn
week end. Betty Anne Putney. VIII
had been visiting in Roanoke. ae
companied Mrs. Low to Farmville
Mrs. l.. w. Scruggs WIS a recef
guest Of her daughter. Mrs. Denn1
Critzer. and family in Coloni;
Heights
Miss Dorothy Ransom. OF Bait
more, Md, was the week end que
of her sister. Mrs. c. l. Noble. u
and family.
w. A. Watson. III. is spendii
the week in Hot Springs where
will participate in the golf tourn
ment.
DR.. Louis Baird. of Rlchmon
spent several days last week WI
his parents. DR.. and Mrs. c.
Baird
Mrs. W. A. Watson, III. will
terrain her bridge club Tuesd
evening.
Mrs. Claude Milan and childr
are guests of her parents. Mr.. a
Mrs. Lawrence Hoover, of Harris
burg.
Mr.. and Mrs. L. w. Scruggs a
Walker Noblin visited Mr.. and M
Julian Noblin in Petersburg dur
last week.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1959-06-30
McKays Announce
Birth Of Daughter.
Carolyn Faye

Mr.. and Mrs. Curtis Mckay, Of
Petersburg, announce the arrival
OF daughter. Carolyn Faye, Sun
day. June 81.
Grandparents are Mr.. and Mrs.
Raynard Mckay, of Worsham. and
Mrs. Robert Scott Booker, of Pros
pect.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1959-06-30

III. and Mys. Dennis critzer, q
Colonial Heights, announce the
birth of their second son, klmoal
Scott, Tuesday, June L.
Maternal grandparents are Mr..
and Mrs. l.. w. Scruggs.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-19
Intruder in Office
Beats Woman,
FIees With $100

A woman was beaten and her
ifth-floor office robbed of 500
by an intruder at 8:15 am. to-
day, police reported.
Mrs. Mary l.. Phillips, 80,
5317 Patterson road. Riverdale.
Md, told police she had Just
come into the office, BIS Fiji
tenth street NV, where she
works as a bookkeeper for the
International Brotherhood Of
Hold Carriers.
She said a youth in his teens.
wearing a tan jacket and dark
pants, entered and said he had
been sent to pick up a package.
Mrs. Phillips directed him to
the only place a package norm.
ally would be picked up there.
A moment later, detectives
said, the youth returned and
told her somebody wanted to
see her down the hall. Mrs.
Phillips stepped out of the Office
found nobody and returned.
She told police she saw the
youth leaving with money
sticking out of his pocket. Mrs.
Phillips said he grabbed her
and struck her in the face be-
fore fleeing.
Police said the youth was
colored, about 6 feet tall and
weighed about $50 pounds.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-19
NAB Ready to Prevent
Rigging of TVQuizzes

CHICAGO, Oct. 10 (AP)-
The president Of the National
Association of Broadcasters
said today the industry is pre-
pared to set up its own addi-
tional safeguards If necessary
to prevent rigging" of TV quiz
programs.
Harold E. Fellows, speaking
at the opening session Of the
associations two-day fall con-
ference, expressed personal
Concern over certain testimony
presented recently to a con-
greessional committee.
II should not have to remind
you that the result of these
hearings may be a challenge to
our system of voluntary self
regulation" he said.
Charging that Outside pack
aging producers" have hood
winked both the public and the
broadcasters. Mr.. Fellows
added, II assure you that we
at NAB are fully aware of the
broadcaster's responsibility to
the viewing public.
The industry has proved, in
its four decades of service, 1t
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-19
East and West Woqe
VWor' in Germany

public opinion poll carried out
oy the Bonn government dis
closed that Is per cent IF West
German viewers can now tune
in Communist East German
programs-and most like the
imported TV fare better than
the home diet.
The Red telecasts were ad-
mittedly superior technically
and artistically, and the East
Germans were able to show new
Aims on TV first because they
have no competition between
~ and movies. Also, Com
muniStS slipped in anti Western
plays on themes such rs racism
and juvenile delinquency in
America.
The East Germans were pic
tured as noleSs worried about
the Western shows.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-19

Representative Pillion, Re-
publican Of New York, says the
United States is heading toward
a complete surrender of its
sovereign rights in the Antarctic
and has opened the door to
Soviet domination of the
region.
In a letter to Secretary of
State Herter made public yes
terday, Mr.. Pillion objected
that the current conference
here on an Antarctic treaty
called by the United States is
unfair to nations not invited. e.
U. S. Policy Hit
"1his country's Antarctic pol
icy has failed to advance an
equitable solution to this prob
lem and has created unneces-
Sary confusion ana d1Scord
among the nations of the
world" Mr.. Pillion said, adding:
1.-THE conference, in effect,
shuts the door on the peaceful
use of the Antarctic by the
nations of the world except by
the grace ana license of the IL
participating nations"
Directing to an information
alization of the Antarctic. Mr..
Pillion said the United States
has spent more money and
MAPPED or explored more area
of the continent than all other
nations combined.
''It is inconceivable that the
United States allow its pre-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-19
u. S. Antarctic Policy
Criticized by PiIIion

eminent status in the Antarctic
to be reduced to the same level
as those nations with little or
no valid interest in this con-
tinent," he said.
6-POint Program
Mr.. Pillion urged that Mr.
Herter submit to the Antarctic
conference a program includ-
ing: =
/. A joint statement express
ing an intent that the Antarctic
be used for peaceful purposes
only.
2. A joint statement inviting
scientific research by all ma
tons with free access to all
parts of the Antarctic.
3. a joint statement to the
effect that temporary occu-
pancy for scientific studies
shall not give rise to territorial
claims.
4. A remuneration by the
United States of its policy to
internationalize the Antarctic.
S. A United States proclama-
ton extending the Monroe
Doctrine to the Antarctic, sub
ject to the valid claims of other
nations, and a reconflrmation
of the inter-American treaty
of reciprocal assistance signed
at Rio De Janeiro in 1947.
6. A reStatement by the
United States of its agreement
with other American countries
to defend the Antarctic against
hostile forces.