davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-04-12

The United States has an addi-
tional 10000 troops in the Mari
anaS Islands and in Hawaii.
Communist China has at least
&c million men under arms. mil
lions more in reserve. These
vastly outnumber the troops of all
other nations in East Asia, but
the presence and deterrent effect
of atomic weapons and other
heavy hardware are thought by
United States experts TO counter
balance this disadvantage.
The situation in the Chinese
"rim" countries as the Tibet crisis
emerges may be summed up as
follows.
Japan-Population 80 million,
area $4,000 square miles. Is now
deep in a constitutional crisis. A
minor court, in a case involving
treSpasS of United States mill
tary area, has held that the pres
ence of American troops in Japan
is contrary to the terms Of the
Japanese constitution. This docu-
ment, written by American occu-
patton officials after the end of
World War II, prohibits Japan
from making war. Right now the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-04-12

There are $4,000 American mill
tary personnel in Japan, mostly
Air Force men and naval main
tenance personnel.
Dependent on U. S.
Republic Of KOrea-Population
% million, area $500 square
miles. Faces Communist North
Korea across the jagged truce lines
that split the country in half,
has 100000 well-trained troops of
her own, many of them combat
veterans. backed up by $4,000
United States military personnel.
Peppery, stubborn Syngman Rhee
sometimes seems to be itching for
a return engagement with the
Communists, but he and his gov
eminent are utterly dependent on
United States support. United
States troops in Korea have nu-
clear weapons, rocketry, and the
latest type jet aircraft.
Nationalist China is based on
Formosa, now generally called Tai
wan, an island containing 10 mil
lion people in 1890 square miles.
Nationalist China has organized
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-04-12

has been wallowlng in corruption
and maladministration since win
ming independence from the Dutch
after World War II. Rebels are
still In control Of large parts Of
Sumatra and lesser islands in the
huge archipelago stretching 5000
miles from tip TO tip.
President 6ukarno has wavered
In his predictions between the
free and Communist blocs; his
government recognizes Peiping,
has accepted much Communist
aid and technical asSiStance-but
Of late a mellowing is evident.
American arms are on their way
to Indonesia. as is more American
aid money this coming year.
Malaya-population 7 million,
area 81 900 square miles. The only
dominion of the British Common
wealth to have its own monarch,
Paramount Ruler Abdul Rahman,
no relation to the Premier. Tenku
Abdul Rahman Malay's unique
ness is compounded by the fact
that the MalayS are a minority in
their own country. comprising 40
per cent Of the total. The rest are
Chinese (38 per cent?, Indians and
Pakistanis I'll per cent?, with a
smattering Of others. including
Europeans.
To maintain their power, the
Malays-who are far less advanced
than the other groups in both
education and commercial accom-
plishment-have managed to for
bid governmental posts to nom
Malays, have chosen to exclude
Singapore from the new country,
established September /. 1857. be-
cause of the preponderant Chinese
population of the strategic crown
colony just of Malaya's southern
tip.
Malaga is determinedly anti
Communist. though not formally
allied with the free world. For
10 years she has waged war
against the Communist guerrillas
in the thick jungleS that comprise
most of the country. Only few
hundred Communists are still
lighting. mostly a hard core of
China-born Communists (most
Chinese in Malaga are natives Of
Malaya).
CHARACTERIZATION 81 million,
area $4,000 SO. miles. The west
ernmost of the far eastern ma
tionS, shares a troublesome from
tier with Communist China. A
coalition of the leading democratic
groups in the country asked Gen.
Ne Win to become prime minister
a few months ago to Straighten
out the Intellectually administered
government of U M, a jolly fell
low; the two of them may be
likened to the Standardization
team that runs Indonesia. Burma
is still free and democratic, but
suffers from Chinese Communist
incursions into the northern jun
giles near the frontier, where Bur-
ma has a hard time maintaining
sovereignty.
The constitution remains unim-
paired, and Burma's 1860 elections
will probably take place, all signs
portend. But the country was
ravished by the Japanese during
the war. has yet to reach its pre-
war standard of living.
Burma likes Americans, dislikes
Communists. but worries about
irritating Peiping even while she
fights Communist bands within
her borders.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-04-12
Space:
Power

The space ships of the future
will probably be powered by atomic
energy, the nearest approach to
an inexhaustible fuel supply yet
devised by man. There are many
problems to be solved, however,
before the power Of the atom can
be harnessed to the first space
vehicle.
Electricity is produced by a nu-
clear power reactor in a bulky and
involved process. The heat given
of by the reactor converts water
to steam, the steam drives a tur-
bine and the turbine produces
electricity.
The weight of the reactor, the
boiler and the turbine becomes a
critical factor in space travel, to
the point that it is impractical to
consider using any atomic power
source developed thus far for a
true space ship.
Last week the Atomic Energy
Commission announced what may
prove to be one Of the most i'm
portant scientific hreak-throughs
in the field Of space-age atomic
power.
A team of scientists at the Los
Alamos Laboratory succeeded in
converting nuclear energy directly
into electricity-Sans water, boiler
and turbine.
The principle is basically that
Of the thermocouple. where q flow
of electricity is produced by coup
ling together two different metals,
one hot and the other cold.
The metallic elements used by
the Los Alamos Laboratory were
fissioning uranium and cesium.
Charged particles given OF by a
small rod Of uranium passed
through q tube filed with ceSium,
which was in q gaseous state.
The flow Of electricity resulted.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-04-12
National
Scene
Continued From Page CT


gia golflng holiday. AS incredulous
baseball fans set up roar Of pro-
test, he sent his regrets to the
Mats and few of to Augusta.
The day was saved when the
opening game was rained out,
giving Mr.. Eisenhower, who was
having second thoughts about the
political wisdom of offending the
Nations baseball lovers, an OPP
portunity to make amends. He was
on hand when the game was re-
scheduled few days later.
The President had not missed an
opening day since-until last
Thursday. Once again the season
opener conflicted with his annual
April golf1ng vacation in Augusta.
This time Mr.. Eisenhower decided
in favor of golf.
His place in the Senator'S OPEN
ing-day lineup was filled by a
rising young highlander, Richard
M. Nixon. With the Vice President
hurting the first ball, the Wash
ington club defeated Baltimore,
9 to 2,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-04-12
Use Of u. N. Presence Advanced
AS q Solution to Berlin Problem

East Germany-including its de
facto recognition by the U. Ma
set Of rights and privileges which
should belong to the West in any
event? There should not. of
course. be any challenge to the
Vests position in Berlin. A U. N.
role should not be necessary.
Those who argue in favor of the
purchase contend that. like it or
not, the Vests position in Berlin
has been challenged. That posi-
ton, they say, cannot be main
tanned by force without unaccept-
able risk of world war. A segment
Of NATO is unwilling to face UP
to that risk.
This preliminary question -
whether to accept any change in
the status of Berlin-will obvi-
ously have to be settled before the
West dickers with Khrushchev
over the nature and functions of
a U. N. presence" there.
A Foce- Sowing Device
If, however, the ultimate deci-
sion is to buy of the threat to
Berlin at the lowest price avail
able-and Chancellor Adenauer's
sudden decision to give up the
reins of power in Bonn suggests
that it probably will be-then use
of the U. N. should be an excellent
face-Saving device.
A U.N. regime in and about Ber-
lin need not look like diplomatic
defeat; it might not even be one.
1t would not be a defeat If the
West, as part of the same package,
got from Russia compensatory adj
vantages, say in the field of in
spection and arms control.
For maximum face-Saving, U. N.
people believe the negotiations at
one stage or another should be-
come, in fact or in appearance,
U. N. deliberations. They should
take place. it is argued. under
U. N. roof.
This is why there is private
urging that the summit confer
ence be held at U. N. headquarters
or if this is not considered
feasible, then elsewhere. but still
as meeting of the U. N. with
heads of state acting as U. N.
delegates. The agreement then
would partake the moral aura Of
a U. N. decision.
A y. N. presence" is not an
automatic cure-all. UNEF is gen.
orally credited with being a sue
cess; the TSO is helpful, but by
no means wholly effective. Spinelli
has practically nothing to do.
which perhaps means he is a sue
cess. UNOGIL was very nearly a
flop, because it was put into an
impossible position without ade-
quate tools to do the job.
In Berlin. given a reasonable
chance. q. N. people believe q
presence" could be the smoothest
way out Of a very deep hole.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-04-12

case is being rushed to the Japa-
nese supreme court; If the ruling
is upheld, the japanese govern
ment will be no less embarrassed
than the United States Govern
ment. AS it stands, most Japa-
nese who support the mutual Sc
curity treaty between Japan and
the United States and concede
that some United States fighting
forces are needed.
But the Liberal-Democratic gov
eminent, headed by Premier Mo-
busuke Kishi, is under constant
fire from the opposition Socialist
Party to scrap the treaty. There
is no present danger of this,
thanks to Kishi's support from the
powerful and numerous farmers,
bourgeoisie, and upper classes
but danger impends from the
Communist infiltrated left wing
of the Socialist Party-especially
if Japan's standard of living, now
the highest in east Asia, should
suffer from trade restrictions, I'M
employment, and the general
pressures of massive overpopula-
ating in country poor in basic
resources.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-04-12

If a summit conference were to
agree upon a new formula for
Western access to Berlin, giving
East Germans some or all of the
functions now exercised by Rus
slams, U. N. observers of the TSO
type could be stationed along the
route to see that there was no
interference.
Analogy in Middle East
The analogy perhaps is not
suspicious, but the TSO does this
kind of thing now in relation to
Mount ScopuS, the Israeli enclave
inside Jordanian territory in Old
Jerusalem. next to the Mount of
Olives. TSO observers check
cargo manifests and try to make
certain Jordan does not interfere
with legitimate Israeli conveys.
There has been intermittent
trouble despite the TSO'S efforts,
but no one doubts that it would
have been much worse without
the UN on hand.
If the East Germans must check
Western conveys to Berlin-and
Khrushchev seems inflexible on
this point-the West obviously
would rather have the UN there
than leave the job wholly to the
Germans.
There should be no illusions
about the extent Of the UN's po-
tential authority. 1t would not
have power to compel the East
Germans to do or not to do any
thing. 1t does not have that
power today in the Middle East.
The UN is not a super government.
If Khrushchev land the East
Germans) would let the UN
actually man the checkpostS. it
would be a different matter. But
preliminary soundingS in Moscow
appear to rule out that idea. Pos
Sibly-just posSibly-the point can
be negotiated.
In practice, however, the best
attainable solution probably will
be one in which the UN role would
be that of a troubleshooter who
would observe the checkposts, in
vestigate complaints, iron out gen.
uine misunderstanding, and pub
licize willful violations. depending
on the pressure of world opinion
in the latter case to provide the
necessary sanction.
From the point of view of real
politik, this would mean that If
the West were forced to ram its
conveys through to Berlin by
force, the moral justification for
such action would have been es-
tablished in advance by an author
itv few would challenge.
All this, Of course. is in the
realm Of preliminary thinking and
planning. There are those within
NATO who resist the whole idea,
Why. they ask. should the West
purchase from KhruShchev at the
price of a considerable contribu-
ton TO the stability of Communist
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-04-12

the modern" Republicans would .
defeat his last attempt for the
presidential nomination upon what
to him was a spurious triviality :
about the steal" of delegates by
Taft people in Texas in 1852.
He had assumed that the
"modernS" would assault him ra-
tionally, that is upon his record
and views, just as he would have
assaulted them on the issues, and
as he did, or attempted, rather,
to do. He knew, as every poll
tician knew. that Southern dele
cations to Republican conven-
tons were historically not notable
for their pristine purity. So, he,
was first utterly amazed, and,
then deeply hurt. when the Eli
senhower managers at the So
convention set up the evangelistic"
howl in his direction: Thou
shalt not steal!" (He was, of
course, embarrassed, too; he did
not like Biblical connotations in
politics, just as he did not like
any kind of invasion Of privacy.
He was most painfully shy.)
His Finest Hour
All the same, when Gen. Eisen-
hover had been nominated and
the Taft forces had staggered
broken from the field, Taft of 4
Ohio entered upon his finest hour.
First, he passed the word land
the word from Taft was engraved
upon stone tablets to his follow
ers) that whatever had happened
meaning the heavy-handed mis-
takes of Taft lieutenants, was ex-
clusively, finally and unarguably..
the responsibility of Robert Al
phonso Taft Of the State of Ohio.
Then. after a short. UNDER
standable period of bruised re-
tirement from public view, he met
Gen. Eisenhower on Morningside
Heights in New York and there set
upon the administration that,
might have been his own indelible
imprint Of Taft philosophy at
vital points. That imprint is still
there, especially in foreign, mill /.
tary and budget policy.
And then, Taft of Ohio took /.
up in awkward and moving gall /.
lantry-in the largeness of spirit /.
that most of the time was his, as !,
most of the time it Is his institu- :
tion's-his master work. He set ?
out to guide. to support and to /.
defend the administration that he :
thought ought to be his, but never !.
could be.
No more unselfish mission has .
been undertaken by a man of the !.
Senate. And this, finally. Is most :,
of all why unique monument.
rises at the Capitol to a difficult !.
man, to a man who perhaps reany
should not have been President,
to a sometimes harsh and intellec-
tually arrogant man. but to a
great man, a man Of moral and
professional grandeur that we
have not often seen. He had lived.
in granite honesty; he died, in.
that curiously apt old expression,
like real man.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-04-12
BY WILLIAM R. FRYE

Contributing writer
UNITED NATIONS, N. Y.-To
one who has just returned from six
weeks in the Middle East, talk of
o United Nations presence" in
and about Berlin has a familiar
ring.
The q. N. has established its
''preSence" in the Middle East in a
variety Of forms. ranging from one
man (Pier p. SpinellD with a
small staff in Amman. Jordan, to
q 5.000-man army in the GAIA
strip.
The q. N. is present on IsraelS
borders in the form of a small
corps Of observers (the Truce SUI
pefvision Organization). The
u. N. came and went in Lebanon
as q very different kind Of observ-
er team.
Exactly how the idea could be
borrowed for Berlin. and in what
form, is by no means easy to fore
see. 1t depends in large part, of
course, on Soviet Premier Khru-
gf1chev.
A good deal of preliminary
thinking and planning has been
done, however. on the western
side-notably by the Canadians,
who are credited with the original
proposal. and by Secretary-Gen-
eral Dag Hammarskjold, who has
Just come back from Moscow.
Some of the thinking is still
secret; some can be reported.
How II Might Be Done
The starting point is that no
conceivable U. N. army could be
mustered to hold open the APP
proacheS to Berlin by force. Even
If it did not have to clash direct
ly with the 350,000-man Soviet
occupation force in East Germany,
it would still have an East German
army of some 100000 men to deal
with.
A military operation on this
scale, against organized OPPOSE
ton. is well beyond the U. MS
capacity. 1t would require. in
practice, the deputizing of NATO
forces to act on behalf of the
u. N.-something the Security
Council could not do, because of
the Soviet veto, and the General
Assembly would not do, out of
fear of world war.
+ The U. Ms role, therefore,
would be that of executing, or
supervising the execution. Of q
plan agreed upon by the great
powers.
If the Big Four were to agree
to make West Berlin a free city
under international auspices. the
U. N. could provide the govern
ment, and Western occupation
troops could be called u. N. troops.
The U. N. has never done this
kind Of job-governing q city
but was prepared to do so both
in Trieste and in GAIA until
events removed the necessity.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-04-12

This was why, though he was sup.
posed to be an arch-type of con-
ServatiSrn, he was always in the
forefront of what is called liber-
alism in such matters as public
health, public housing and public
assistance to public schools. For.
you see, these were all in aid of
the irreSponsibles-the children.
and those adults who, to Taft's
lifelong myStification, somehow
could not wholly take care of
themselves.
Welfarism of this sort, he once
told me in wry personal dis
comfort, was of course social
istic." And Socialism" he hated
as a. form of nonsense" But. he
went on, latter all, public educa-
tion-and these other things
are socialistic anyhow. If they
have got to be done, then they
have got to be done right"
1t was said all through his
political life that he had no really
sympathetic contact with the poor
and the unfortunate. This was
only technically true; and to the
degree that it was even technically
true it was due to life's accidents.
Taft had been born to privilege.
He lived all his life in privilege;
and he simply and honestly could
not apprehend what it was like
to be in another kind of world.
There was no lack of compassion
in him; far from it, though he hid
compassion, and all other Senti-
ment, in the desperate reserve
that caused him to tell some of us
who knew him well that he was
improving splendidly" in the very
last weeks when he knew he was
fast dying with cancer.
Brilliant but Not Intuitive
What hampered him. rather.
was a simple unawareness of many
things; he was brilliant but he
was never at all intuitive. He
never grasped, for example, the
profound inner corruption Il speak
here of corruption of public and
not private morals) of some of
those politicians to whom he gave
his trust. Because Taft would
have found it indescribably un-
thinkable to twist and distort and
fabricate so-called evidence"
against so-called subversives and
security risks, he long protected
infinitely lesser men in his party
who did just that.
Because he was so accustomed
to having the forum of the Senate
to respond to attacks, he never
quite realized that others had no
such forum, or anything like it.
at their command. He never
could quite credit that other men
had none Of his vast respect for
objective truth and justice. and
so he tragically underestimate,
among other things. the capacity
for evil in the Axis powers. A
man informed primarily by his
intelligence, he never understood
the incalculable force Of emo
tionalism in public affairs.
Thus, he never could quite be-
lieve, until it was all over, that
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-04-12
TAXING A SECOND LOOK
BY DON FRIFIELD
canfvihnaInr wv,s.s

Sontfiputine Wfltef
HONG KoNG.--The nations Of
Southeast and East Asia, some Of
them long entranced by Commu-
Dist China's professed interest IN
helping them TO free themselves
hom colonialism. are taking a
lecond look.
The ruthless Chinese suppress
Son of the revolt In Tibet was as
4 bucket Of ice water In the coll
Iective face Of the Orient. par
tcularly those nations afiiliated
With the Banding Conference SO
enthusiastically backed by Peiping.
In New Zealand, the council Of
The Southeast Asia Treaty Organ
tzation, now meeting. finds its
spirits lifted by this unexpected
Communist assistance to SEATOs
uphill fight. Nothing SEATO
Gould do or say could equal the
effectiveness on wavering nations
q the Red breakdown on the
aloof. peaceful Tibetans.
The impact Of Tibet is felt not
only by the Banding nations but
by all the rim" countries on
Communist China's perimeter.
Most directly concerned are ia
pan, the Republic of Korea, Ma
tionalist China Formosa), the
Philippines. Wet Nam, Cambodia,
Laos, Indonesia. Malaga. Thai
land and Burma.
They Were Colonies
with three exceptions-Japan,
Nationalist China (Taiwan), and
Thailand - these countries were
colonies before the end Of World
War II. AS resultant with the
same three exceptions - these
countries are jealousy national
istic. wary Of foreigners, suspi-
cious of anything that could be
construed as unsolicited advice or
interference in their affairs.
Only two Of these countries
Burma and LaoS-actually border
Communist China. Two others
South Wet Nam and the Re-
public Of Korea-border on the
Communist Chinese satellite coun-
tries of North Wet Nam Tor Wet
MIMI and North Korea. The re-
manning seven countries, though
separated from Communist China
by foreign lands or the open sea,
are no less conscious, however, of
Communist China's nearness and
power.
One Of the countries Oaos) is
landlocked, while four of them
Japan, Nationalist China (Tai-
wan), the Philippines and Indo-
nesia-are island countries. One
the Philippines predominantly
Christian. Two - Indonesia and
Malaga - are predominantly
Moslem. The rest are generally
Buddhist.
U. S. Troop Stotions
United States troops are sta
toned in four of the countries
Japan, Republic of Korea, Ma
tionalist China (Taiwan) and the
Philippines. They total about
100000 men. These same four
countries have 1.414,000 troops of
their own under arms. In addi-
ton to those stationed in these
four lands closely allied with the
United States. some $4,000 Ameri-
can troops are billeted on Okinawa.