davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-11
Competing With British

Also. some of them felt, If for
eignefs we're to see what England
made and how England made it,
they would begin to compete with
English products.
The other governments Of Eu-
rope gave him trouble, too. They
did not want their citizens con-
taminated by radical" English
ideas of democracy.
But Albert and Victoria per-
sisted. The 1851 show was a rous-
ing success, and with its 10000
profit, the Albert and Victoria
Museum was endowed.
BY the time of the 1893 CO.
lumbar Exposition in Chicago,
worlds fairs had lost their Vic
torian tinge, and hootchy-
kootchy dance by Little Egypt
was one of the star attractions.
That fair brought more than
Little Egypt to America. 1t re-
oriented American architecture.
The architects responsible for the
Chicago exposition tossed out the
then-popular Romanesque style,
and turned the country toward
neoclaSsic and neoclassic varia-
lions The influence was especially
felt in new public buildings in
Washington.
A worlds fair can be q thing
Of beauty and a joy for six
months. But sponsorship, par
ticularly in the United States, is
q tricky thing to handle.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-11


follow them throughout the rest
Of their school careers.
Acceptance Of Failure
Children who fail repeatedly
in various endeavors during their
formative years, teachers ex-
planned, tend to build up an ac-
ceptance of failure which may
become a part Of their permanent
character.
This year mental maturity tests
were given to all children who
came to enroll in Alexandria'S
first grades.
Teachers who had received spe-
cial instruction during training
program sponsored by Miss Mary
E. Barbour, director of special
services for Alexandria schools,
administered the tests.
The Kuhlmann-A Anderson intel
ligence test for 6-year-old chill
dren was given first to about $50
first grade applicants. Late regis
trants were given the test later.
Each child was given a pre-
pared booklet containing IA pages
with rows of pictures used to an
swer multiple-choice questions.
In one test, for instance, the
children looked at a row of pic
lures showing q boy, q cat and
horse. They were asked to place
a dot with their pencils on the
one that could run fastest. This
tested their experience with their
environment, .
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-11
BY JOSEPH G. O'KEEFE
star stan Writer

When William Grape Durant
was making one Of his frequent
efforts to borrow money for his
burgeoning automobile plants, a
banker squelched him with this
remark:
"Bosh! Don't you know the
automobile is Just a passing fad
like the bicycle?"
The banker could hardly have
found more Skeptical audience.
Little Billy Durant dreamed
dreams Of the automobile that
seemed fantastic in the 1902 era
Of 2-cylinder gas buggies and
scarcely any Handicapped roads.
In turning his dreams into
realities he established General
Motors Company in 1908, and
subsequently REINFORCED it with
du Pont capital and management.
Two Durant regimes with GIN
were brief and highly spectacular.
But the GM-du Pont affiliation
was far more durable.
After some 10 years of anti
trust litigation initiated by the
Government in l949, E. I. du Pont
de Nemours, Inc, with shares
worth $3.4 billion is still the lar
gest single GIN shareholder. The
Government won its case in 1857
when the Supreme Court upheld
the charge of violation of the 1914
Clayton Act. Little more than a
week ago Federal Judge Walter
j. LaBuy, as ordered by the High
Court, defined the terms of equi-
table relief. His decision was wide
ly hailed as a victory for du Pont.
industrial Colossus
Durant. who furnished the bold,
imaginative leadership which
launched General Motors, prob
ably would have viewed the
strength of this STA billion in
dustrial colossus as the normal
fruits Of his labors. ~
Before he was 40, Durant had
made 81 million, largely from the
carriage business in Flint, Mich.
A group of businessmen in that
town had backed a shaky venture
to produce a Buick automobile
with a valve-in-head motor, and
were looking for an able manager.
Durant was basically a salesman
with no knowledge of mechanics.
He gave the rickety car a two
month tryout before he nodded
assent.
From that moment the infant
automobile industry took tremen-
dous. exciting strides. Nearly
everyone in Flint knew Durant,
and in one afternoon he sold
100000 worth of stock.
Most automobile pioneers were
treading cautiously. But in an as
tonishingly short time new Bucks
poured out. The largest automo-
bile factory in the world Sprang
up in Flint. In it $4,000 men were
employed.
While banks closed and bust
ness throughout the country was
pinched by the 1907 slump, Flint
rode serenely to prosperity on
Billy Durant's slim shoulders. The
fourth year after Durant took
charge S,487 Bucks were sold and
the concerns net worth rose to
$3,417,412.
Birth Of General Motors
Durant's lawyers Incorporated
General Motors Company in New
Jersey in 1908. The nucleus of
the organization was Buick, Olds-
mobile, Cadillac and Northway.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-11
Du Pont-GM Deals a Legacy
Of Wild Auto Days Of Duront

rolet ran up assets Of 500 million.
This time the flnancier had
solid backing from Pierre S. du
Pont and John j. Raskob. Later
he acquired a production genius
named William Knudsen.
Meanwhile, Mr.. Durant was
quietly accommodating GIN stock by
offering five shares Of Chevrolet
for one share of GIN. Since GIN
had paid no dividends, Durant's
old friends were eager to get on
the new band wagon. One man
dropped a briefcase crammed with
GIN certificates on Durant's desk
and walked off without even ask
ing for a receipt. ,.
On the day of his melodramatic
revenge. Durant walked into a
GIN stockholders meeting accom-
panied by secretaries carrying
baskets filled with securities and
proxies. The little financier, who
couldn't always control a tendency
to ham it up. underplayed his big
scene.
Gentlemen" he said quietly.
II control this company"
A legend growing out of this
incident attributes Mr.. Durant's
reticence to the fact that he con-
trolled only 40 per cent of out
standing shares and was staging
a king-sized bluff. In any event,
the bankers Representatives quit
without fight.
Success Once More
General Motors paid $50 divi-
dend Immediately and once again
Billy was looming down the run
way. In 1919 GIN earnings climbed
to $50 million and paid dividend
of $22 million. .,
But he was still making costly
deals that must have made the
conservative Du Points shudder.
He acquired the Scripps-Booth
car and then Sheridan. The trao-
tor industry caught the Little
Giants" eye and in a remarkably
brief period he managed to lose
$42 million of GIN money in a
deal involving the Sampson Trac-
tor Co. of California and the
GAINESVILLE Machinery Co. of Wis
consin. The worst was still to
come.
Postwar def1ation struck in 1920
and auto sales Slumped. The stock
market sagged also and Durant
tried to support the price of Cen
eral Motors. AS the market slipped
point by point, Billy kept buying.
sure he could reverse the trend.
Finally he hit bottom. He had
bought $35 million worth of GIN
stock and didn't have enough to
cover his margins. g.,
When Durant'S brokers threat
ened to sell him out, Du Points
realized that a forced sale of that
size could harm GIN credit and
possibly set off a panic. With the
help of ]. P. Morgan & Co. they
got Durant out of hook while he
still had a few millions left. Then
they pointed to the door.
well, it's moving day." said
Durant. -
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-11
Comeback Didn't Lost

Four months later he bounced
back with the Durant car and the
familiar pattern of short-range
successes. In less than a year the
new company had $31 million in
orders. The bull market of the
'20S swung Durant to the top
again. In 1927 he bought out the
Star car. Reputedly he was then
worth $50 million.
But the Wall Street bubble burst
and circumstances turned against
him. In a 1886 bankruptcy petit
ton, Durant listed assets Of $3.50.
He died in 1947 at the age of IS.
In his last years he was reputed
to be comfortably fixed"
"Billy'S principal trouble" said
a friend. was that he was an
incurable optimist. He never
learned to fear the worst"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-11
First erode Failures

Alexandria's plan began form
ing in the minds of school ad-
ministrators after they observed
several disturbing factors:
During the past five years an
average Of 100 pupils out of about
1900 failed the first grade and
had to repeat the class another
year.
Several Of the 6-year-old chill
dren could not speak in sentences
and had vocabularies so limited
they frequently were unable to
understand simple instructions.
Many were poor listeners be-
cause they could not focus their
attention on any one subject for
a reasonable length of time-thus
appreciably curtailing their chance
Of learning.
Others had marked fears, were
afraid Of new experiences and
were overly dependent on the
teachers, who served as substi-
tutes for their mothers. These
children cried too easily and had
temper tantrums or imaginary
pains.
Some Of the first graders could
not mix well in group study and
play and were unwilling to share
possessions and experiences with
classmates. They also lacked imag-
ination and initiative.
These were the children who
usually failed and had to repeat
the first grade, causing emotional
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-11
Experience in Counting

For determining their expert
ence with elementary counting,
the children were shown rows of
pictures containing three base
balls, f1ve boxes, seven stars, etc.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-11

startling. Within two years sales
totalled $34 million and profits
were $l1,O90,763.
Competitors who wanted to get
ahead of Billy Durant had to get
up early in the morning, because
at 7 am. he was down at the
Office with his coat of, rafting
off orders, outlining new policies,
or talking cross-country in his
quick, confident voice. In one
week he ran up telephone tolls Of
$4,000.
Durant drove and dominated
men twice his size. He was buoy
ant, optimistic and resourceful.
And SELL
Man, he could sell straw to a
scarecrow" chortled an admirer.
Extraordinary Memory
The secretaries who had to re-
cord Mr.. Durant's affairs were
usually about a week behind the
boss. Key points of his complex
financial deals we're often worked
on the basis of Durant'S extraor-
binary memory. Sometimes his
Office was crowded with lawyers,
bankers, engineers and business
leaders whose affairs the Little
Giant briskly disposed of without
a shred of privacy.
A barber shaved him in the Of
flee without slackening the pace
of GIN administration bit.
Sleepy executives were called in
to am. conferences. 1t was 2
O'Clock before the lights went out.
And five hours later the jaunty,
100-pound promoter was back,
starting the cycle all over.
In full swing, General Motors
was turning out Buick, Cadillac,
Elmore, Oakland, Cartercar, Raj
nier, WEIGH, Welch-Detroit, Rap
i'd, Reliance and Randolph cars
and accessories. But many could
not make the grade as COMPETE
ton intensified.
Durant next sought to control
the incandescent light bulb bust
ness by buying into the Heeney
Lamp Co. But court decisions null
lifted some of the concerns pat
ents and the enterprise collapsed.
Durant's 81 million investment
was Sluiced down the drain.
Enter Chevrolet
But sales slumped and General
Motors was hard pressed for cap
ital. Bankers were wary of Du-
rants unorthodox methods. When
loan was finally obtained one
of the conditions was that Durant
yield control of the concern.
Squeezed out, the little financier
turned to new automobile enter
priseS. His chief venture was a
car built by Louis Chevrolet,
French racing driver and engi-
neer. Its success was almost in
Simultaneous. In Is months Chew
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-11
Alexandria Moves to Correct Failures
In First Grade by Pre-Schoo| Tests
By DAN POOLE
Star Stan Writer

Alexandria, in a move that is
capturing wide attention, has ex-
tended It's school-testing program
this year to the lowest possible
age level.
The results, confirming what the
city's school officials said had been
worrying them for long time,
showed that a surprisingly large
number Of 6-year-old children are
too immature for first-grade work.
So Alexandria school officials
decided to do something about it..
Testing the intelligence and
mental capabilities Of school chill
dren is a long-accepted practice
everywhere. Like many, other
school systems, Alexandria tests
all its school pupils periodically to
determine their school potential.
But it went one step further this
year. Preschool children were
given mental maturity tests to find
out whether they were ready to
enter the first grade.
Test results showed that 1903 of
the city's 1859 potential first
graders were incapable of taking
regular school work, Officials said.
Under the new plan they were
not permitted to enroll for classes.
Instead these children will at
tend new readiness centers" set
to open this week in four of Alex
andria's elementary schools. There
they will prepare, under the guild
ance Of special teachers, to enter
the first grade next year.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-11
Birth Of General Motors

Durant's lawyers incorporated
General Motors Company in New
Jersey in 1908. The nucleus of
the organization was Buick, Olds-
mobile, Cadillac and Northway.
Henry Ford was invited to come
in, but he held out for So million,
of which 50 million had to be
cash.
"It's not worth it," Durant's
hackers told him.
Once the consolidation was
whipped together, its progress was
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-11

Letting a site for the 1864 fair.
There may be some solace for
the disputants in the fact that
even Prince Albert had his trou-
bles getting the Grand Exhibi-
ton under way in London in 1851.
Some stodgy Englishmen- in
Guiding a few in Parliament
we're afraid their country might
be swamped by an invasion of
undesirable aliens.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-10-11
No Preeedents Here

There was no precedent to fol-
low on the readiness center"
plan. Alexandria Is the first in this
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1959-12-24

order Of receipt and there is a
registration fee.
Further details may be OBJ
tained by contracting Rev. Myers
at the hospital.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1959-12-24
Shaw GAA
Has Winners

The girls at Shaw High
school haven't been missing
their exercise. The Girls Ath-
etic Association sees to that.
Sports for the fall season have
already claimed some winning
teams. Sports include gym
hockey, trampoline, softball, etc.
Softball, which was only for
sophomores, had eight teams
which played on Thursdays.
The girls on the winning
team, the battery batters"
were: Janet Dreifort, captain;
Donna Federico, Linda Castel-
lano, Barb Southwick, Joan
Steinberger, Carol Spring, Col
leen Smith, Dot Davenport, and
Arlene Nethery.
Tuesday, gym hockey for
juniors and seniors, consisted
of eight teams also.
The winning team, the
"hockey soxers" included: Judy
Adds, Sue Beattie, Sharon Cad
lou, Janet Fleisher, Linda Stra-
chan, Sally Duncan, Capt,
Rochelle Walter, Bonnie Mills,
Dawn Day, Rachel Probst, Mary
Johnson, and Joyce McCamey.
Trampoline, which does not
have a winning team, consisted
of 209 girls-juniors, seniors
and sophomores. These girls
learned such skills as seat
drops, flats, swivel hips, back
drops, etc. Trampoline was
held on Thursdays for juniors
and seniors, and Tuesdays for
sophomores.
Right now "a teams are
bowling in a high school
league. The winning team will
participate in a "rolloff" Jan.
9Th with other suburban
schools.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1959-12-24
We re For New Charter

Forward looking citizens, of whom objected to
the form of the defeated charter. anxious to get
going on a workable document. The Cuyahoga County
Mayors Association at meeting two weeks expressed
themselves in favor of eecting charter commission at
the May primaries.
AS one who made a considerable contribution to the
defeat of the document last month we're in favor of
renewed effort There items in the charter
that defeated that objectionable, and
mission should have difficulty in eliminating those in
a draft.
Streamlining of the county government could be
comphed without interference with the rights of the
communities Provisions could be made for setting
mutual aid districts for disposal and
rubbish disposal without penalizng those communities
that have already met their problems.
And, most important of all. better system of
sentation county legislature could be worked out,
with due consideration for the thousands of votors who
do not, and have desire to participate in partisan
primaries.
To many citizens the defeated charter appeared to be
grab for power and perpetuaton of a political spos
system We would be very happy to support charter
that made possible the huge savings that the proponents
of the defeated issue vaguely promised-CE.B.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1959-12-24
State Hospital
Offers Program
For Area Pastors

Hawthornden State Hospital
will conduct it's third annual
Psychiatric Institute for Pas
tors from Jan. 9TH through
March 7th.
The Institute will meet each
Monday Of the ten week period
at the hospital which is located
on Sycamore Road in Sycamore
Hills township.
Reverend Jay Myers, institute
director, has stated that the
purpose of the Institute is to
offer the area pastors an ideal
setting in which to study in an
exaggerated form some of the
problems that a pastor must
deal with in his own community.
The program constitutes Of
didactic and clinical work in
subjects such as personality de-
velopment, types Of psychoses
and neuroses, techniques of in
terviewing and counselling,
mental mechanisms, approaches
to aging perso and
alcoholism.
Due to the demand Of such
a program and the nature Of the
Institute is limited. Applica-
tions will be considered in the
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1959-12-24
Caledonia Tots
Exchange Gifts
For Santa's s Hat

The kindergarten classes at
Caledonia school were instru-
mental in contributing many
used toys in good condition to
the "Toys for Tots" drive spon-
sored by the Kiwanis Club and
Shell Oil Company.
The 81 children in the COM
bined kindergartens Of Mrs.
Sarah Johnston and Mrs. Jean
Hines turned in more than one
hundred toys and books to the
Shell gas station at Monticello
and Noble rds.
Each child was designated a
Santa Claus, as he contributed
a toy of his own to the drive,
and as a reward made his own
Santa Claus hat with white cot
ton fur and bright red crepe
paper. They proudly wore these
at their Christmas party the
last week before vacation.
What better way is there for
young children to understand
the true meaning of Christmas?
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1959-12-24
engagements
Keller-Palestrant

Mr.. and Mrs. Lloyd r.
Keller, of 1913 Nelaview rd.,
Cleveland Heights, announce
the engagement of their daugh-
ter, Judith Witt Keller, to
Stephen Edward Palestrant of
New York City. He is the son
of Mr.. and Mrs. Simon Pale
strant.
Judith is a graduate Of Shaw
High School and the College of
Wooster. Her fiance received
his degree from New York
University.
Both will receive the degree
Of Master of Fine Arts from
the Yale University Drama
School in June.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1959-12-24

Leading scorers: Larry
Schmidt Of the Missiles, IL
points; Ron Schott of the Hot
Shots and Rich Klein Of the
Jets, 8 points; John Miceli of
the Rockets, 7 points; Bob Lutz
and Santo Scheciano Of the
Satellites and Gary Smith of
the Meteors, 6 points.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1959-12-24

Mark Anthony was born to
Mr.. and Mrs. Robert Soeder,
1882 Superior ave., Dec. srd.
That gives the Soeders a family
OF five boys and one girl. lie
Paternal grandfather is Albert
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1959-12-24

Soeder Of 1882 Bardwell ave.
Mr.. and Mrs. Herbert Blur
strom, 1888 North Taylor rd.,
have named their Nov. 28th
addition to the family Roger
Michael.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1959-12-24
Y Basketball
STANDINGS

Class e YMCA Basketball
League played Saturday at
Shaw High School gym. The
results are as follows:
Hams Missiles 80, Schatz
Hot Shots 20. Diamonds Satel-
lites 1s, Centa Miller Meteors
IL. Eckert Jets 26, Monreal
Rockets 81.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1959-12-24

AVOID THE RUSH. For
your convenience, classified ads
will be accepted up until 8
o'clock every Tuesday evening.
Just call GIL. 1-4383 for as
sistance in planning your nd.
The Nome nugget., 1959-11-09
ouProposes
 India Agree to 25- Mile Border Buffer

LONDON LR Communist China has proposed to India that the armed forces of both countries immediately withdraw 1215 miles from their disputed border.
 Premier Chou En-Lai made the proposal in note delivered to New Delhi Sunday to Prime Min ister Nehru Chou also proposed that he and Nehru meet in the immediate future to discuss re- lations between their two gov ernments.
 There was no immediate reac- ton from Nehru.
 Peiping's note was delivered to the Indian Foreign Office a few hours after India made public a sharp message sent Red China six days ago accusing the Communists again of aggression.
 Chou's note proposed that the two sides still maintain civil ad- I1i1I1lS u dC1VO pS4SOlIllC1 0lIO ul1- armed police there.
 But tn e Chinese Premier warned that if an appropriate so- lution is not worked out, clashes on the border may occur again.
 The note said Communist China regrets that India disregards the 'fbaSic facts of the boundary question and adopts an attitude extremely harmful to the two countries. Red China contends that India has been trespassing on Chinese territory. India claims Chinese soldiers have been attack ing Indian forces on Indian soil.
 The note sent to Red China last week was the sharpest attack Nehfu has ever made formally against the Communist regime. He accused Peiping of aggressive at titudes reminiscent of old i'm perialist powers against whom both India and China struggled in the past"
The Nome nugget., 1959-11-09
Sen. Wm. Langer, North Dakota COP Maverick, Dies at Age 73

WASHINGTON, R - Senator William Wild Bib Langer R- ND, a colorful political maverick both as Governor and as Senator, is dead at 73.
 He spent 45 turbulent years in politics, the last 19 of them in the Senate
 Langer died in his sleep of heart failure Sunday at his home. He had been ailing since his wife, Lydia, died of cancer August 4. He recently spent three weeks in a hospital with pneumonia.
 Langer steered a safe course through many political whirl- wind. In 1885 he easily won nom ination for reelection as Cover nor of North Dakota although he was under a federal indictment for conspiracy. Eventually he was aquitted.
 Only last year he won re-elec- tion mn without making single campaign speech - in spite of the opposition of his own state Re- publican organization.
 In the Senate, Langer voted against the Eisenhower Admins tration more often than with it.. He opposed Eisenhower's foreign policy. Anything proposed by the Secretary of Agriculture Benson was almost sure to bring Lang er'ss opposition.
 Since Republican Governor John Davis of North Dakota is sure to appoint Republican to serve the rest of Langer's term, the Senate lineup of 65 Democrats and 35 Republicans will remain unchanged.