davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Glacier reporter., 1959-03-05

;.u:.. surely u = an activity TO be
,Wr;hrv rIr."prd by people IN
'I.> area
ON behalf Of the B.ack!cet Tr!.
"a. Council. ! W.>h 10 thank you
tor y0ur !n;rrcS; III our museum
and efforts 20 protect il.
Sincerely.
l.ii. Mckay Secretary
The Glacier reporter., 1959-03-05
BROWNIE TROOP }

Th.> week We al made a Very
niCc picture for our mothers.
lH,.r Mcrc - present, We plan
on gu!ng Siding before the snow
= gu," Gc:! Na!lr. Scribe
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-08-02

moved to ban forever-with a
duly ratified international con-
vention instead of the previously
unwritten Law of the Nations
any repetition of such treachery.
The Convention was signed,
sealed. delivered and ratified. But
less than seven years later-in
1914 and in the following years of
World War 1.-The good faith of
its Signers was put to a severe
test. The government of En-
peror Francis-Joseph of Austria
duly served the initial ultimatum
with an ample 48-hour deadline
on the Serbs to eXtradite the MUIR
derer of Archduke Franz-Ferdi-
nand, and scrupulously observed
to the very end all the rules pre-
scribed by the Hague Convention.
So also did. in chronological order,
the Russian Imperial Govern
ment, and the governments of
France, Belgium, Great Britain,
Italy, Turkey and the United
States of America. But the Ger
man Government of Wilhelm II
welshed both in the matter of the
ultimatum - it attacked Russia
before the expiration of its own
ultimatum to st. Petersburg, after
the Czarist Government had &C
cepted it. and in the use OF poison
gas, which had been outlawed at
The Hague. Both violations had
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-08-02

pines. and England In Malay,
expressed painful surprise when
the Soviets attacked them without
preamble in Manchuria.
In all those instances the ad-
vantages of putting in the first
lick had prevailed over any
scruples concerning international
law.
Stokes Are Decisive
The whole thing has become
like the proverbial Cossack poker
party, with all the participants
playing scrupulously according to
Hoyle so long as the stakes are
low. Then the stakes grow and
the pile of cash on the table rises.
and whoof! someone blows out the
candle and everybody grabs. And
'ultimatum,' the dread Latin word,
has come to acquire in this con-
text the symbolic meaning of the
blowing out of the candle. This,
in fact, accounts for the peculiar
Soviet antics over the Berlin is
sue, both at the Geneva confer
ence and in the hastings.
Thus, if Nikita Khrushchev's in
itial notice to the allies to quit
West Berlin or be harasSed out Ivy
the SovietS' East German satellite
was not an ultimatum, then it
certainly sounded like a twin
brother of one. Yet currently at
Geneva KhruShchev's Foreign
Minister, Andrei Gromyko, after
repeating the affirmative terms ut
tered by his boss, is busy denying
that a Soviet ultimatum was ever
meant or implied, either by him
self or by his chief in the Kremlin
even while he insists that, of
course, American, British and
French forces will have to clear
out of the embattled German
capital, or else.
But what makes the Soviet
leaders shy away like a fright
ened horse at the talk of ulti-
matum is the fear of a lightning
reply from the United States and
England.
This is obviously the circum-
stance which Soviet leaders must
have in mind as they seek to
brighten the West just enough to
make it buckle under in the Ber-
lin controversy, but not enough to
make the Americans and the Brit
ish reach for the bomb. A difficult
task, demanding great mental ac-
robatics, and one that excludes
the very mention of an ultimatum.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-08-02
FOR NUcLEAR GLORY
France Readies Atomic Force
BY GEORGE w. HERALD
Contributing Writer

PARIS-France is to have an
Atomic Striking Force. That is the
decision Of the French Committee
of Defense. A government bill to
that effect will be put before the
Assembly in october.
This new project to put France
on an equal military and political
footing with the United States
and the U. X. is UNDERSTANDABLE
yelled in secrecy by the ministries
and plants concerned. The fol-
lowing genera account of plans
for the Force de Frappe Atomique
has been obtained from authori-
tative unofficial sources.
At the core of the proposed au-
tonomous Atomic Striking Force
will be 80 Mirage IV-02 bombers
capable of carrying ligh1 French
A-weapons A half-size model of
this aircraft was tested in June.
A full-size prototype will be ready
in the summer of 1861.
The Mirage IV-02 will weigh As
tons, have a cruising speed of IL
mach Cl.7 times the speed of
sound) and range of 1000 miles.
1t will be manufactured by the
Marcel Dassault works at a price
Of So million per unit. Delivery Of
the 80 planes to the French Air
Force is scheduled for 1862.
Locks Weapons
The trouble is, OF course, that
France so far has no nuclear weap-
ons to put aboard these machines.
Her long -heralded A-bomb has not
yet exploded in the Sahara, and
the test may again be delayed
until next spring because of a
number of technical bitches. At
any rate, the model will be much
too big to fit into a bomber or a
missile
But these obstacles don't keep
Gen. de Gaulle from going ahead
with his striking force program.
He believes that by 1862 the secret
of building lighter bombs will
either have been secured from the
United States or fathomed by
French scientists themselves.
In order to help finance the new
effort, the Committee of Defense
plans to reduce state subsidies to
the civilian aircraft industry from
an anticipated $40 million to a
mere $13 million in 1960-61. The
only civilian aircraft that will
continue to receive support will
be 'the highly successful Cara
velle." All other prototypes have
already been shunted to the hang
arS for the time being.
Similar drastic changes are
foreseen for the military sector.
The French Air Force won't can
eel the order for 100 Mirage III"
fighters it has placed with Das-
sault for delivery by fall in 1860.
But together with the "Sabres K"
and "Super-Sabres" already in
service, these will be the last
piloted fighter planes France is
going to buy.
Gen. de Gaulle who, before
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-08-02
BY LILLIAN LEVY
contributing Writer

WARSAW.-Anti-S has
been social disease in Poland
for centuries. The contagion still
persists.
To an outsider, the continued
vigor Of this disease is particu-
larry battling in view OF Jewish
life and circumstances in Poland
today.
There are hardly any Jews left
In Poland. About SO per cent of
its Jews were destroyed by the
Germans during World War II.
Before this Jews constituted the
largest minority in Poland, num-
bering 10 per cent or about 3.5
million of the total population.
The estimated 20 to 80 thousand
Jews who survived are about one
tenth of l per cent Of the present
80 million population.
Most of this small remnant are
assimilated or, at least, divorced
from active participation in Jewish
religious and traditional life. And
little remains of the former rich
and colorful physical and en-
vironmental manifestations of this
way of life.
The once famous and renowned
Jewish Theological Seminaries or
YeShivot of Poland have been
destroyed. Centuries old Jewish
quarters and Synagogues no longer
exist. There is hardly any sup
port, even in attendance, for
those few synagogues that still
stand. DiSuse has prompted the
conversion into apartments of
part of Warsaw's only remaining
synagogue. Its physical condition
and environmental setting invites
neither pride nor envy.
Its rabbi. Rev. Rubin Perkowitz,
a frail and Sickly old man past
80 years of age who is Poland's
chief and only rabbi, bewailed
the scant attendance at Syna-
gogue services. For 10 years
have been Poland's chief rabbi"
he said, land each year the Syna-
gogue grows more empty and the
few who attend grow older.
Poland'S young Jews no longer live
as Jews. Without them our Jewish
life here. the little that remains,
will die"
Resident observers at this
death watch echo the old rabbi
and predict that in another
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-08-02

1889, campaigned in vain for a
striking force of modern tanks,
does not want his country to be
caught mapping again. That's why
he insists that the hard core Of
Mirage "" nuclear bombers be
supported by strong supersonic
surface-to-air missile system.
This system in its final form
is to consist of 10 launching ramps,
20 batallions and 200 engines that
are expected to cost $3.50 million.
AS matters stand now, the engines
will be partly American Hawk"
missiles and partly homemade
French products.
The Hawk missiles are already
going into production under a
license granted to the Societe Eu-
ropenne de Teleguidage (SETEL).
This is a consortium formed by
Frances Thomson-H Houston, Ger
many's (Telefunken, Hollands
Philips, Italy's Finameccanica
and Belgium's Ateliers des Con-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-08-02
UNITED NATIONS REPORT
Middle East Menace

fectively; UN officials believe 1t
inf1ames them to the point of utter
recklessnesS and thus is counter
productive.
In the present case Mr.. Ham
marskjold went to Cairo and tried
to persuade Col. NaSSer to pull
back from his recent extension of
the Suez blockade. Since March
Col. Nasser has been barring the
canal not merely to Israeli ships
but to Israeli cargoes carried in
ships Of other nations. A Danish
ship, the Inge loft. has been
cooped up at Port Said since "
81.
Portiol Success
The best Mr.. Hammarskjold
could get from Col. Nasser, how
ever, was consent to let Israeli
cargoes through (a) if legal title
to the goods had passed to the
ultimate purchaser; (b) if Israel
itself, or Israeli citizens, had not
chartered the ship; and Co if no
publicity were given to the sail
ingS.
These terms, if accepted, would
make it much more difficult and
quite possibly more expensive for
an Israeli producer of, say, cement
to fill an order from a Filipino
customer. Moreover, the Arab
boycott against companies doing
business with Israel could crack
down not only on the foreign
shipping company agreeing to
carry the cement but on manu-
facturerS in third and fourth
countries dealing with the ship
ping company.
Thus while Col. NaSSer was
opening up a loophole with one
hand, the Arab League could slam
the door shut, or nearly shut,
with the other. This, at the core,
is the real explanation of the
Lay d1l al blClC dIlu IIlC 1Cdl lllCdS-
ure of the seriousness of the situa-
ton.
1--WE will swallow the HAM
marskjold- NaSser formula" Gen.
Dayan said in effect-and few
doubted that he spoke for Prime
Minister David Ben-Gurion. 1--WE
have no practical alternative. But
if the pinch is made any wrose,
we will raise holy Ned-up to,
and if necessary including, the
kind of attack we conducted
in 1856"
1--WE want nothing better than
a showdown battle" Col. Nasser
said in effect, as the Arab League
planned to make the pinch worse.
This time we will exterminate
you"
1t is not an easy or a COM
fertable conformation.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-08-02

been motivated by the advantages
they seemed to present for the
Germans at the time.
At the beginning of World War
II, during what may be called the
warm-up period, both the allies
England, France, Canada, Aus
tralia, South Africa and New
zealand) and the Germans sane
timoniously observed the bellig-
erentS' protocol. But then on Sep
TENDER 20, 1889, Joseph Stain, the
Soviet strongman, launched his
onslaught against Finland with
out bothering with any ultimatum
or declaration of war. And less
than two years later he bleated
with righteous indignation when
Adolph Hitler sent his armored
columns crashing into Soviet
occupied Poland, Lithuania, ESto-
MIA and BesSarabia, without stop
ping to tip the Kremlin of the
coming blow.
At a later stage still the Japa-
nese, who had attacked without
warning the United States at
Pearl Harbor and in the Philip
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-08-02
Anti-Semitism in Poland
Persists Despite Changes

many accepted by rabid racists
and spread wherever they can find
a receptive audience, this group Of
Poles protest and even profess
surprise and shock.
What of the Jewish response to
this unhappy social climate? For
the majority of the few thousands
who remain, the answer is as
similation. Most of the assimila-
tionists believe that the abandon
ment of the traditions Of their
fathers is the best answer to and
the only defense against anti
S m I / S m. These Jews have
plunged into the mainstream Of
the literary, artistic, scientific and
governmental life in Poland. For
many, assimilation stems from
conviction as we'll as expediency,
and often they do not associate
with fellow Jews and take pains
to hide their ancestral origins.
Some Optimistic
Those Jews who have divorced
themselves from traditional habits
and customs and maintain no re-
ligious contact and yet do not
hide their heritage appear more
optimistic. Together with the en-
lightened Pole, they like to sug-
gest, particularly to an American,
that anti-Semitism is no different
from segregationist doctrine in the
Southern United States. They
point out that the constitutions Of
both governments oppose discrim-
ination on the basis of race.
color or creed. at is like your
President Eisenhower expresses
himself on Negro integration,"
said one Polish leader. 1.-THE law
is not enough. Education is the
answer. If education can erase
prejudice against the Negro in
the United States, why should it
not be effective against anti
Semitism in Poland?"
A relatively small percentage of
Polish Jews are less sanguine
about the future. The ravages Of
the organized anti-SemitiSm of
World War II are still too vivid
in memory to permit complacency
about its present less organized
and less virulent form. Knowing
that some of this disease is spread
by Poles who also suffered in Ger
man concentration camps and
witnessed the horrors inflicted
upon the Jews emphasizes for
them their complete rejection as
full and equal nationals. They &C
cept isolation and divorce from
Polish life without the former
comfort of numbers. For those Of
this group who remain, their
aloneneSs is terrible to behold, let
alone sustain.
Others who find no future in
Poland and hope to seek it else
where explain, There are too few
VI 10 dIlQ VIC d1C UOO IAICO W OullO
upon the dead. Our only hope lies
in exodus"
There is, at present, no restric-
ton on Jewish emigration. How
ever, many enlightened Poles,
both in government and in pri-
vate life, deplore the possibility
of a mass Jewish exodus. One Of
Poland's most famous authors put
it quite bluntly, II don't blams
Jews who decide to leave Poland.
but if I had my way, they would
not be allowed to leave. The con-
tribution of Jews in every worth
while field of human endeavor in
our country today far exceeds
their slight proportion OF popula-
ton. If its Jews go, Poland will be
the loser. We need them"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-08-02

over 1913 per cent of its shares to
the United Aircraft Corp. in ex-
change for permission to make
Pratt & Whitney J-75 reactors in
France. 1t also concluded gen
tleman's agreement" with Aerojet
to produce locally a rocket motor
of an undiscloSed type.
The total cost of Frances new
Atomic Striking Force is esti-
mated at $2.7 billion to be distrib-
uted over period of three to five
years. French opposition quarters
wonder how such an outlay can
be made in addition to the costs
Of Algerian war. But Gen. de
Gaulle-never one to be daunted
by mere financial problems-is
ready to pay almost any price for
his admission ticket to the Atomic
Club. For, in his eyes, only
France that possesses an up-to-
date aero-atomic arsenal will be
able to regain the respect Of
friends and foes alike.
worldwide Press servics)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-08-02

ton to reassure them was irresist-
ible, and Col. NaSSer did so not
once but twice within 48 hours,
processing eagerneSs for a final
battle" with the enemy.
Even when allowance is made,
however, for the Israeli election
campaign and the crowd-rousing
value in Egypt of thunderboltS
hurled at Israel, there remains an
uneasy residuum of danger in this
kind of thing. It is a reminder
that war-up to and including
world atomic war - remains
possibility in the Middle East.
The danger is pointed up by a
parallel development. This past
week representatives of nine Arab
states have been meeting at Bel
rut, Lebanon, to. plan an INTENSE
fication of their economic warfare
against Israel.
Decisions made at this Arab
conference could be interpreted in
Israel as just the kind of addition
al hostility" that Dayan meant
the kind which, he said, should
touch off retaliation.
It may well be that the Dayan
article was designed to warn the
Arabs away from a tighter eco
nomic blockade. But UN people
say it is likely to have precisely
the opposite effect-that it will
put the Arabs in a position where,
if they are not to appear fright
ened, they will feel they must
perform some act of defiance.
This is. parenthetically, a basic
difference between the UN and
Israel. The Israelis - at least
many Israelis-are persuaded that
retaliation or the threat of re-
taliation deters the Arabs eff
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-08-02

structions Electriques. Each of
these companies is supplying Sc
lected components of the weapons
system, and the final assembly
is accomplished by SETEL in
France
At the same time, the new
French firm SEREB (Societed
d'Etudes ct de Realisation d'En-
gineS Balistiques) will fabricate
100 per cent French surface-air
missiles. SEREB has been incor-
porated by the group Dassault,
Sud-Aviation, Nord-Aviation and
various other French aircraft
companies. Negotiations are also
under way with Lockheed Aircraft
which might become a partner in
the firm by bringing in the license
for the PolariS.
Another French company that
is already cooperating with Amer
lean firms in the field is SNECMA
(Societe Rationale d'Etudes ct
Construction de Materiel d'Avia-
tiCnO. Last May, SNECMA turned
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-08-02

trial by peers of capital charges,
had its origin in the ancient Gus
tom of the Goths. The latter never
went to war without notifying the
adversary of the impending attack.
Greek and Roman chronicles
profusely illustrate that point.
They relate how in 235 a tall
youth, his blond locks streaming
down over a resplendant red
cloak clasped around his neck
with an eagle-Shaped f1bula of
gem-incrusted gold, had galloped
into the Roman camp at Olbia on
the Black Sea and had informed
the generals of Emperor Maxi
minus that King AuStrogutha was
riding against them at the head
of the Gothic war host.
Mornings Observed
Both of thise mandatory rituals,
the ultimatum and the declaration
of war, which had afforded the
parties in the dispute with last
opportunity for reflection, or for
warding off the blow, had been
religiously observed throughout
the Western World, including Rus
STA, even though the darkest of
the Dark Ages. But they had just
been f1outed by the japanese, who,
on February 9, 1904, without any
ultimatum or declaration of war,
had staged sneak-attack against
Car Nicholas IFS fleet at Chem
ulpo harbor. BY their success in
sinking the cruiser "Varyag" and
other Russian vessels, the Japa-
nese had pioneered the ultimatum-
less war of the future. But this
was not clearly perceived but only
feared at the time, and the High
Contracting Parties" signatory of
the Second Hague Convention,
who included such worthless as
Sultan Abdul-the-Dam of Tur-
key and Prince Nicholas of Mon
tenegro, father of Danilo, the
Student Prince" of the famous
opera, we're greatly incensed at
the behaviour of the Japanese. BY
an overwhelming majority they
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-08-02
THE RULES GONE
'UItimotums Have Been Bombed Out

war had interviewed between the
rejection of an ultimatum and
the start of the military opera
tons.
The declaration Of war, like
most chivalry practices. like
truce, ordeal, oath of fealty and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-08-02
BY ALEC de MONTMORENCY
Contributing Writer

The ultimatum, once an impor-
tant item in the arsenal of inter-
national politics, appears to be
passe now, a casualty of the nu-
clear age. And the declaration Of
war, with its preset deadline of
shooting will start at . :" which
was wont to follow the rejected
ultimatum, has also gone. together
with the lace sleeves. the rapier
and the broadsword, into the bin
of discarded amenities of civilized
warfare.
This development, easily the
most sinister fact of life-or rather
of death-to come to light at the
current Geneva Conference on
Berlin, means that never again, in
any armed conflict between big
powers, will the world get the de-
lay of grace represented by these
two formalities. And for a simple
reason: nuclear weapons have put
a premium on sneak attack, so
that the advantage of hitting first
with kiloton and megaton missiles
appears greatly to outweigh any
possible disadvantage resulting
from the moral onus likely to be
incurred through the breach OF
- III wal.
Inose rules were embodied in
their final form by the Second
Convention Of The Hague. That
document was signed october 10,
1907. IN the Dutch capital by the
representatives of A governments,
and set an equivalent of the Mar
guess of Queensberry's boxing
rules for the conduct of war and
the manner of starting it.
The Second Conference OF The
Hague, which had led to the adop-
ton of the new war rules, had
been called, in a remarkable
instance of prescience, by Presi-
dent Theodore Roosevelt to for
mulate the minimal requirements
from civilized nations engaging,
in war.
Agendo Was Long
The international conclave con-
sidered such questions as the
treatment of prisoners of war,
the protection of civilian popula-
lions in the war zone, the man
ner of proclaiming an open city
and the obligations resulting
therefrom, as well as various other
dos and don'ts of land, sea and
even air warfare. Thus it for
babe bombing from balloons, the
use of dumdum bullets, the wan
ton sinking of passenger vessels
when the attacking warship had
no room aboard for the passengers
of the doomed ship. But more
especially the conference had
dealt with the preliminaries of
war, and had adopted provisos
outlawing such acts as the attack
on Pearl Harbor was to be. And
for that purpose it, had made the
ultimatum and the declaration of
war mandatory as a preceding
move to belligerency.
1t was not properly an innova-
ton. For since Roman days the
ultimatum pdcem dut bellum POLLS
lis it peace or war you will" was
the Latin formula attached to
it-had been an obligatory initial
step to hoStilities, whose rejection
led to war.
Furthermore, since the Bird CEN
fury of our era a declaration of