davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1959-06-14
Test Ban:
Report

The conference between the So
Wet Union, Britain and the United
States on a worldwide ban on
nuclear weapons testing resumed
last Monday. Discussion turned
to methods of detecting nuclear
blasts in space. with progress re.
ported as favorable" The So
Wet Union has so far refused to
discuss underground test detec-
ton, although the West has not
yet accepted the refusal as final.
In another major development
in the test ban controversy, the
White House released on Friday
a special report on underground
testing prepared by a committee
OF scientists. The 14-man panel
headed by DR.. Lloyd v. Berkner
began its work last December,
when results of underground nu-
clear testing in Nevada indicated
that some such explosions would
be difficult to detect.
The lengthy, detailed report
concluded that further testing was
necessary to develop detection
techniques. However, the scieLs
lists also concluded that successful
detection methods could very
probably be worked out when the
present very limited" knowledge
of underground testing is ex-
panded.
To the foes of a ban on nuclear
tests, the panels recommendation
for renewed testing was new am
munition. Pentagon and Atomic
Energy Commission officials have
been opposing the State Depart
ment's efforts to reach an agree
ment with the Russians on a ban.
For advocates of a ban, however,
the report also offered support
in the conclusion that under
ground testing could eventually
be detected.
The Berkner report was handea
to the Soviet delegation at the
Geneva test-ban conference simul-
taneously with its release here,
Chief Delegate Semyon K. Tsarap-
kin said it would be studied by
Russian scientists. but he left un-
answered the American request
that the report be discussed by
the Geneva conferees. The Soviet
position so far has been that
introduction of the underground
testing question by the United
States was a calculated move to
prevent a test ban agreement.
Evening star., 1959-06-14
Spirit Of Geneva

In this manner was the path
prepared for the first summit
conference. which met at Geneva
on July 10. 1855, and gave birth
to a brief idyll Of happy concord
which was, sadly enough. more Of
sentiment than Of settlement.
The spirit of Geneva" lasted
from July % to October 27. 1866.
On the latter date 1t was crystal
clear that, while the heads-of-
state might have found path Of
peaceful coexistence, neither their
foreign ministers nor their for
eign policies had changed one
iota.
The first summit conference.
then. was largely brought about
on the initiative Of the West. The
Soviet rulers were not reluctant,
and indeed had co-operated with
warmth and enthusiasm. even to
concluding the State Treaty on
Austria which Mr.. Eisenhower
had mentioned as a possible sim
pressive sign of sincere interest"
At Geneva, Mr.. Khrushchev.
First Secretary of the Commu-
mist Party of the Soviet Union.
was accompanied by the since dis
credited Premier Nikolai Bulganin.
President Eisenhower had at his
right hand Secretary Of State
John Foster Dulles, who made no
secret of his distrust Of the whole
business. For Britain, there was
Prime Minister Anthony Eden,
who was Sir WinSton's almost
inevitable successor, with Harold
Macmillan (now Prime Minister
as his foreign minister. At Mr..
Khrushchev's elbow sat the be-
spectacled, school-teacher yisaged
Vyacheslav Molotov-"the Ham
mer"-whose enthusiasm for the
summit matched that Of Mr..
Dulles.
This was the first summit, the
precedent for all the words and
maneuvers since for another.
Despite some almost radical pro-
posals-most of them emanating
from the Western side-,for steps
to relax world tensions, guarantee
European security, and end the
perils of the cold war, there were
no real results. Mr.. Eisenhower
proposed his "open skies" plan
for mutual aerial inspection, a
plan that jolted the Russians but
did nothing to allay their sus-
picions. They soon rejected 1t
as impractical" later they called
it planned espionage" Mr.. Eden
proposed broad plan Of neutrali-
zation in Central Europe, the first
time such a proposal had been
made formally. Nothing came of
it, but the Soviet Union has ever
since backed similar proposals
with great zeal.
Evening star., 1959-06-14
New Suez Crisis
Feared at u. N.

ship, after being delayed. was al
lowed through.
Then. in May, came the Inge
loft Mr.. Hammarskiold has tried
hard to pry 1t loose. even letting
word leak out that he was having
an argument" with Premier Mas
ser-a highly unusua! move, since
he almost never takes sides in pub
lie. preferring to work quietly be-
hind closed doors.
Pressure on Nosser
Other capitals, including WASH
ington and Copenhagen, have also
brought pressure 10 bear on Mas
ser. The task, however, was made
difficult by advance prblicity given
the Inge Toft's sailing, Israel
trumpeted it as a test case" and
1t became a matter of national
pride in Cairo. To date, all efforts
to free the ship have failed.
What next? Washington hopes
to persuade Israel to sit tight and
await the results of Mr.. Ham
marskjold's forthcoming mission
to Cairo. There Is some hope here,
despite chest-pounding in the
Egyptian capital, that if there is
minimum publicity, NasSer will
let future ships through.
In Israel, however, nerves are
raw and patience has nearly run
out. At the time the Hammar.
skiold mission was decided upon,
the Jerusalem regime was weigh
ing three alternatives:
o Selling a UAR ship as hos
tage, or otherwise creating bar
gaining power sufficient to buy
back the Inge Toft. provoking
aerial clashes over the Sinai Des-
ert might be one method.)
. Complaining to the World
Court.
o Taking the case to world
opinion via the U. N. Security
Council.
An appeal to the Security
Council probably would be futile;
1t might not even serve the mini
mum purpose Of modifying Israeli
public opinion. Moreover, If the
West backed Israel. the net effect
of the exercise would be to drive
Nasser back into the Kremlin'S
arms. He would need Russia's
veto for protection against an adj
verse verdict. and would have to
pay virtually any price the Krem-
lin chose to ask.
Nosser and the Kremlin
Israel would not be sorry to
have Nasser once again aligned
with the Kremlin in the eyes of
the world, and might be tempted
to bring a Security Council COM
plant to achieve precisely that
purpose. But such a move would
not endear Israel to the West, and
Continued on Page Ca
Evening star., 1959-06-14

II beliepe a conference on the
highest lepel should take place
betwegn the leading powers =.
NTH q measure of informally.
We might haze q generation OF
peace"
Thus spoke Sir Winston
Churchill on May II. 1858, when
the greatest of the Vests elder
statesmen was still Prime Minister
of Britain. Josef Stain had died
on March 5 of the same year;
throughout the Western world
there was a new hope that .
Soviet Union under new leader
ship might forsake the devious
alleys and byways Of suspicion
and distrust. abandon the cold
war techniques which had re-
placed the shotgun honeymoon Of
the World War II alliance. and
reach an agreement Of mutual
interest with the non-Communist
world.
On April 16. President Eisen-
hover called for q world peace
program. He observed that "the
new Soviet leadership now has o
precious opportunity to help turn
the tide of history even q
few specific acts such as the
Soviet Unions signature on an
Austrian treaty would be impress
sive signs Of sincere intent :"
Evening star., 1959-06-14
Drawing the Line

Last week the Supreme Court
moved a substantial step closer to
drawing an unequivocal line be-
tween the investigatory rights of
Congress and the constitutional
privileges Of witnesses summoned
before its committees.
1t did so in two 5-to-4 decisions
that dramatized and deepened
the sharp division of the court
on the crucial issue of individual
rights and the mantle Of pro-
lection offered by the First
Amendment.
The majority opinions clarified
and, in some eyes, adulterated the
courts celebrated rulings in the
Watkins and Nelson cases. But
more than this they stated in
clearer language than the court
has ever used before the Con-
stitutional rights Of both Con-
gresS and State governments in
the antl-SuoVerSlon held.
The first case involved Lloyd
Barenblatt, a former instructor at
VasSar College who refused to
answer questions of the House
Un-American Activities Commit
tee in 1854 about Communist asSo-
Citations.
In upholding BarenbIatt's con-
tempt conviction, the high court
ruled:
. The committees right to con-
Duct the investigation was 'un-
assailable."
. The Governments interests
outweighed Barenblatt's protec-
tion under the First Amendment.
Q The Watkins precedent did not
apply because Barenblatt did not
raise the issue Of pertinency before
the committee.
Justice Harlan wrote the ma
jority opinion and was joined
by Justices Frankfurter. Clark,
Whitaker and Stewart.
The four dissenters were JUS
Evening star., 1959-06-14
How Russians Reason

If the pattern is being repeated,
the Khrushchev view today is
believed to be to the effect that the
Soviet position on Berlin is un-
assailable, that the West must
eventually concede. that no West
ern government would now go to
war over West Berlin. and that
German political squabbling plus
French intransigence over men,
bership in the atomic club" have
seriously weakened NATO.
Mr.. Khrushchev himself spoke
out on the Geneva impasse on
Thursday. He told a mass rally
in Riga. Latvian capital. that the
West still sought to deal from a
position of strength" a reference
to one Of Mr.. Dulles favorite de-
scriptive phrases. The real for
mulator Of Western policies, said
the Soviet Premier, was Konrad
Adenauer. Chancellor of the Ger
man Federal Republic, who was.
in Mr.. Khrushchev's words, trying
to work up a war hysteria."
Evening star., 1959-06-14
The Soviet Demands

On the Soviet side, there were
the familiar demands for an END
to the provocative" North At
lantic Treaty Organization and
the withdrawal of United States
armed forces from Europe, with
the liquidation Of those air bases
ringing the Communist bloc with
retaliatory striking power. Mr..
Khrushchev called the reunifica-
tion of Germany "unfeasible" in
1855. and there is no indication
that the passage of four years
has changed his mind.
Last week the foreign minis
ters Of the Western Big Three
we're negotiating for the fifth
straight week with Soviet Foreign
Evening star., 1959-06-14
The Witness Riqht

Where does this leave a witness
who balks at answering questions
because he does not consider them
pertinent to the subject Of the in
vestigation? 1t leaves him with
the right to demand Of the COM
mittee an explanation of what it's
driving at.
As the Supreme Court said in
the Watkins case:
The explanation must describe
Continued on Page Ca
Evening star., 1959-06-14
Threat Is Resented

But the Western foreign min
listers, led by Mr. Herter. strongly
objected to the threat" implied
in the Soviet Berlin demands.
There could be no negotiations in
the presence of threats and ulti-
matums, Mr.. Herter told the So
Wet spokesman. When Mr. Gro
myko replied that there was really
no ''ultimatum" involved. and that
the suggested one-year time limit
could be "open to negotiation"
an American official commented
you can call an ultimatum a
valentine, but that does not
change its Implications"
Evening star., 1959-06-14
By WILLIAM r. FRYE
Contributing Writer


UNITED NATIONS, N. y
Just below a deceptively tranquil
surface, the makings of another
major Suez crisis are boiling and
churning here.
Insofar as this crisis can be
controlled, it will not be allowed
to come to a head while East
West relations are balanced on a
knife edge at Geneva. But no one
knows how long it will be possible
to postpone a blow-up.
The immediate issue is the fate
Of the Danish freighter Inge loft
and its Israen cargo, which have
been cooped up in the Suez
Canal since May 81.
In q deeper sense, however, the
reason for concern here is that
the whole painfully negotiated ar
rangement. or moduS vivendi, be-
tween Israel and the United Arab
Republic, worked out in private
after the Suez crisis of 1856, is
being violated and could easily
collapse.
When Israel withdrew its armies
from GAIA and the Sinai desert In
March, 1857, after the invasion
Of October November, 1856, it was
agreed among other things that
Israeli cargoes lin ships Of other
nationalities) would be permitted
to. pass through the canal.
Appearance of Victory
This was part of the price
Egypt privately agreed to pay to
purchase the appearance of mill
tary victory. Other elements in
the price were abandonment Of
feydayeen (commando) raids into
Israel, the opening of the Gulf of
Aqaba to Israeli commerce, and
the stationing Of a U. N. peace
force along the Egyptian Israeli
frontier to help guarantee the
pact.
On the basis of this agreement,
there was comparative peace on
Israel'S southern borders from
March, 1857, to February, 1859.
Cargoes to and from israel passed
through the canal; fedayeen raid
ing stopped; and the and-swept
frontier town of ElaCh at the
northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba
doomed into major Israeli oil
port.
In February, however, President
Nasser began tearing up one part
Of the pact-the part having to
do with transit Of Israeli cargoes.
First a Liberian freighter, then
a West German ship Was halted,
and the cargoes seized.
U. N. Secretary General Dag
Hammarskjold and one of his key
trouble shooters, DR.. Ralph
Bunche, tried to intervene. They
thought at one point that they
had succeeded; in March q Greek
Evening star., 1959-06-14
THE NATIONAL SCENE
Fundamental Rights
Tackled by Court

The fundamentals Of freedom written into the First Amend
men have for 1853 provoked justices Of the Supreme Court 10
heights Of judicial passion often recorded in pungent legac
prose.
The language Of the first article of the Bill Rights
pedgng freedom of speech and Of religion and assembly
regarded by most Americans lawyers aymen alike the
most important paragraph of the Constitution
IF there is principle Of the Constitution that more impera
lively calls for attachment than other II Is the principle
Evening star., 1959-06-14
Adenuuer:
No Truce?

Chancellor Konrad Adenauer,
at SO a power to be reckoned with
in the German Federal Republic
and in Western councils. is stub
born man. He kept his ideas and
his independence all during the
era Of Adolf Hitler, and survived
Evening star., 1959-06-14

q summit meeting without openly
rejecting it.
Supporting the latter conjecture
is the record itself. The Soviet
government pressed hard for a
summit meeting in 1856 and 1857.
yet when reluctant Western states
men seemed at last ready to ac-
cept the inevitability of a heads
of-state conference. the Kremlin
grew cool. Pressure from Com
muniSt China was b"''ev"@ 49,
many diplomats to be the reason
for the 1858 turn-away 70 \
road to the summit. when the
mainland guns in Fukien were
daily bombarding Chang Kai-
shek's troops on the offshore
islands Of Quemoy and the Matsus.
Evening star., 1959-06-14
Majority Is Challenged

The bitterly worded Black dis.
sent challenged the majority view
that the projections of the First
Amendment could be outbalanced
by the interests Of the Govern
ment. It said the real purpose Of
the Un-American Activities Com
mittee is exposure and punish-
ment" of witnesses rather than
investigation for legitimate legis-
lative purposes.
Justice Black and his three
fellow dissenters made 1t plain that
they consider the last point alone
sufficient reason for q witness
to refuse to answer the commit
tees questions.
Thus they would extend to its
broadest possible scope the ruling
Of the court lin the Watkins case
that questions need not be an
swered unless they are "perti-
nent" to the investigation.
Here. as at almost every other
point, the majority and minority
views were in irreconcilable OPP
position. In one Of the most sig
nificant statements Of the major
ity opinion, Justice Harlan as
serted:
so long as Congress acts in
pursuance Of its constitutional
power, the judiciary lacks author
ity to intervene on the basis of
the motives which spurred the
exercise of that power"
In blunt language the majority
opinion said that Congress had
complete authority to investigate
subversive activities. that it had
conferred this authority on the
Un-American Activities Commit
tee in vague but still valid in
structions Ito investigate "un-
American propaganda and that
1t was not for the courts to ques-
ton the committees true motives.
Evening star., 1959-06-14

and the removal of some $50
NATO aircraft from French air.
fields. NATO Secretary General
Paul-Henri Spaak called for
relaxation Of the United States
secrecy bars. 1T is certainly ur-
wise to refuse to communicate
ones secrets to those with whom
one has decided to defend all. -"
he declared.
The French demand is viewed
as another effort by Gen. de
Gaulle to get France into the
atomic club" now limited to
Britain, the United States and the
Soviet Union.
Evening star., 1959-06-14

free thought-not free thought
for those who agree with US but
freedom for the thought that we
hate" wrote the late Justice
Oliver Wendell Holmes, jr.
The extent TO which the rights
Of the individual as delineated by
the First Amendment can be
abridged and subordinated to the
national interest has peen debated
exhaustively in the controversy
over the tactics of congressional
committees in the much-tilled
field of Communist investigation.
The issue, intertwined with in
vestigatory rights of the legisla-
tive branch. has figured to some
degree In almost every subversion
case before the Supreme Court.
But while the high tribunal las
narrowed and defined the con-
stitutional prerogatives in a series
Of controversial decisions that
have invoked the wrath of many
members of Congress, it has never
met the basic questions head-on.
Evening star., 1959-06-14

tices Black. Douglas and Brennan
and Chief Justice Warren. Speak
ing for the minority, Justice Black
declared:
Ultimately all the questions in
this case really boil down to one
whether We as q people will
try fearfully and futilely to pre-
serve democracy BY adopting TO-
talitarian methods, or whether
IN accordance with oIr traditions
and our Constitution we will have
the confidence and courage to be
free"
Evening star., 1959-06-28

has become one of our cherished badges.
BY law, he graces the Great Seal, seals Of
some Of the Government departments,
certain flags and our larger silver coins.
During our 183 years Of independence, he
has been rendered in countless attitudes.
shapes and sizes in paint, wood, metal,
stone and almost every other material
known to art and architecture. During
the early years of the Republic, he was
a favorite decorative device WeathervaneS,
quilts, china, furniture and door pediments
show him in forms from the crudest to the
most finished.
His visage Is most familiar to US from
the larger silver coins. and at one time,
gold When the first dollars and half
dollars were issued from the mint In Phil
adelphia in 1794, a great clamor arose over
the eagle on the reverse of the coins. Some
wagS compared him to a starved pigeon
with little resemblance to the fierce and
Evening star., 1959-06-28

powerful bird that had been chosen to
symbolic the infant Republic. The agita-
ton apparently had effect, and in 179e
the eagle was altered to a somewhat
huskier bird holding the Federal shield on
his breast. On later coins, he was pre-
sented in various attitudes and reached the
peak of beauty on the famed $40 gold pieces
Of Augustus st. Gaudens, issued between
1907 and 1882. Today, he appears on the
Franklin haif-dollar as a tiny symbol
dwarfed by the Liberty Bell. But. while he
Is not getting his due on the coins, he is
so closely associated with our Nation that,
to many, he symbolizes the United States.
In these times, when the principles upon
which our country was founded are being
challenged from within and without, this
ancient device Is enjoying great revival.
It furnishes badge that is identified with
ideas we consider Observation-Disclosures
through strength and constant vigilance.
SUNDAY THE STAR MAGAZINE WASHINGTON.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-04-05
WHITE SHIRTS FOR COLOR
Five Artists Prepare
'One-Mon' Shows

They don their fathers
white shirts to express them
selves in color. They have a
touch of the artists tempera-
ment, and they're critical Of
one another's work.
They're the five senior
girls who make up the top
art class at Westinghouse
High School under the in
struction of a young Virgin
ian named Roy Anderson. All
of them want to go into art
as a career.
For the last nine weeks
Valerie Scott, Sue Rogers,
Sandy Penniman. Madeleine
Side and Anne Hardy have
been using anything that'll
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-04-05

make color and art-egg dye.
food dye, oils. water colors.
melted crayons, pastels-and
sticking them to burlap.
canvas. paper, silk and plas-
ter. They're preparing for
tomorrow, when they'll stage
five "one-man" art shows.
lasting a week, in the art
room at WI.
The girls may sell some Of
their art work; offers already
have come in. Sandy was
offered $40 for a violet and
purple sunset before it was
finished. But many Of the
paintings they want to keep
for themselves because they
"just match a room at home. "
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-03-12
AUTOMOBILES FOR SALE

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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-03-12
\ AUToMoBLEs ron SAFE AuromosIlEs ron SALE

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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-03-12

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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1959-03-12
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