davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-18
SOME CASE HISTORIES
MuscIe-F|exing-OId Yankee Art
by DAVID KOONcE
star star Writer

When President Eisenhower last
week quickly dispatched troops TO-
the Caribbean area TO be avail
able for the protection Of Vice
President Nixon. he was iiexing
Yankee muscles In a way that
many Presidents before him have
done.
II all began with the tilibuster-
ing expeditions Of American SOL
diers OF fortune and was a con-
slant feature OF our diplomacy for
10 years after the Civil War.
one Secretary OF State. James
q. Blaine. managed TO have seven
Latin nations = Mexico. Guate-
mala. Costa Rica. Colombia. Chile.
Peru and Bolivia-all Infatuated
with the United States at the
same time.
Here are a few other occasions
when the United States reminded
Latin America of It's strength:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-18
Copos Rise From the Mud Saw the Disappearance of

nent form of government. The
suggestions of the Committee
were adopted by Congress, al
through President Grants NOM
nation of Mr.. Shepherd as a Com
missioner was almost unanimously
rejected by the Senate.
During the four years which
followed the abolition of the Ter
ritorial government Congress dis
cussed many alternative forms of
administration for the District.
During this period it also heard
the views of many prominent
citizens of both political parties.
including those of men who had
been bitterly opposed to Shepherd.
The chief concern of these
men was that Congress should
bear half the cost of the District
budget, since the Federal govern
ment owned more than so per
cent of the land, on which it paid
no taxes. The question of local
suffrage was not stressed by the
delegations to Congress, since
many Of the committee members
had been antagonistic to voting
by Negroes in the District. AL
though the power of Negro voters
had been greatly reduced in the
Territorial government, they were
against the revival of local suf-
frage in any form. The disfran-
chisement of District residents
after 1877 was of much less con-
Germ to the Republicans in power
than it would have been a few
years earlier.
Device in Voting
After the Republican Party had
abandoned hope of controlling the
South it could afford to ignore the
protests that the elimination OF
District suffrage was but device
to diminish the power of the Negro
voters.
Under the commission form of
government with its great flnan-
cial benefits, Washington thrived
for more than so years. The debt
incurred by the Board of Public
Works was paid off in the course
of time without causing undue
hardships to taxpayers, and real
estate values and building zoomed
following the completion of the
Improvements to the city.
What Mr.. Shepherd failed to
foresee, however, was that the
advantages of direct rule by Con-
gress would not be permanent.
The fixed ratio of so per cent
ended in 1923. and since that date
Congress has voted each year
what contribution it should make
to the District.
Today, while continuing to own
more than half of the land, the
Federal Government covers only
IA per cent of the cost of run
ming the National Capital. N
recent years many residents Of
Washington have come to wonder
whether the price paid for their
so years of prosperity was not too
high, and are demanding once
more a greater voice in the run.
ming of theisApwn affairs.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-18
Chile:

In 1891, at a time when there
was bitter feeling between the
United States and Chile, 100 sail
ors from the USS Baltimore were
given shore leave one afternoon in
Valparaiso. That evening, a riot
started in the True Blue saloon
when a Chilean allegedly spat in
the face of one Of the sailors.
When the dust had cleared, two
Americans lay dead and II
wounded.
Instead of sending the apology
demanded by the United States,
the Chilean foreign minister had
some highly uncomplimentary
things to say about President Har-
rison. Ultimatums were sent and
ignored, but after Harrison virtu-
ally invited Congress to declare
war, Chile came across with an
apology and SIS, 900 indemnity.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-18

publicans, as were the appointed
members of the District Legisla-
tive Council, and in the only
elected body, the House of Dele
gates, the Republicans maintain
ed a consistent majority.
Noble Perspectives
The comprehensive plan of the
Board of Public Works was to
carry out the ideas of Pierre
LEnfant. Most Washington res
idents, used to the slow and half
hearted attempts at improving
the city in the past, had imagined
that L'Enfant's plan was dream
which they would never see full
filled in their lifetime. Mr.. Shop
herd, however. was proposing to
establish a uniform grade for the
principal streets and avenues, thus
making possible the noble per-
spectives originally planned for
the Federal City. The streets were
to be paved in a variety of ma
terials - concrete, asphalt and
wooden blocks.
A Parks Commission was Gre
ated composed of leading horti-
culturists and landscape archi-
tects-among them Frederick
Olmstead, the designer of New
York'S Central Park-to plant
trees along the city streets. The
canal so long an eyesore and dis
grace, was to be covered over and
to become the principal sewer of
the city. The streets were to be
completely Illuminated by gas. All
of these improvements, the board
estimated, would cost Sc million,
of which it proposed to raise
81 million by floating a bond is
sue. and to raise the remaining
So million by special assessments
against property owners.
AS soon as the plan of the
board had been announced a
number of the weather. property
owners in the city filed an in
junction against it. They claimed
that 81 million, added to the
existing funded debt of the cities
of Washington and Georgetown,
would exceed 5 per cent of the
property valuation of the District
and thus the loan would be il
legal. The injunction was granted
by the Circuit Court, and work
temporarily halted. In Novem-
Der, 1871, however, a special
election was held to ratify the
bond issue and the loan was
approved by an overwhelming
majority.
Although defeated in the cleo
lions the property owners were in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-18
Nieoroguo:

A revolution during the Coolidge
administration gave rise to fears
that the Panama Canal might be
endangered. The United States
recognized the government Of
Adolfo Diaz and supported II with
5000 troops who waged what some
critics called mir. Coolidges pri-
vate war" Except for a short
while in 1925. the troops remained
in Nicaragua from 1924 until 1888.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-18
BY WILLIAM r. FRYE
special Writer for The star

UNITED NATIONS. N. Y. -
Two subjects are coming more
and more TO be linked by United
Nations disarmament experts In
forecasts Of things TO come. They
are:
. A temporary ban on the test
ing Of nuclear weapons. with In
spection 10 verify compliance.
Q Ground and air inspection not
merely OF the Arctic but OF all
areas where the Communist and
free worlds come In contact.
These two subjects were first
linked by the United States al
most exactly a year ago-to be
specific, on May 81. l957-in a
private memorandum handed 10
the Russians by Harold E.
Stassen. then the Presidents dis
armament adviser. The incident
took place behind the scenes at
meeting Of the U. N. Disarmament
Subcommittee in London.
The two ideas also were linked
by u. N. Secretary General Dag
Hammarskjold in his dramatic
appeal for a break in the East
West arms deadlock. Mr.. Ham
marskjold spoke during the U. N.
Security Council debate on bomber
flights across the North Pole.
Khrushchev Tokes Over
Now, Interestingly enough, the
test ban and open skies appear
to have become the principal dis
armament concerns Of Soviet
Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev.
His latest letter to President Eli
senhower deals almost wholly with
these two subjects.
More and more people here at
the U. N. are coming to regard
a so-called little package" con-
sisting of a curb on testing and
inspection to bar East-West sur
prise attack as the most likely first
step toward arms control. Diplo-
mats say privately that Mr.. Ham
marSkjold, who has been acting as
a go-between for the great powers.
regards it as the probable pattern
of arms negotiations in coming
months.
The fact that the United States
was the original author of this
"little package" is not widely
known. The contents of the
StasSen memorandum have never
been published. When the allies
learned of it-they we're not filled
in until after it had been given
to the Russians-two of them,
France and West Germany, blew
through the roof, and the British
also objected.
AS a result. the package was
broadened to include other items
which the Russians were known to
oppose. CynicS said that the
danger" of disarmament agree
ment between Washington and
Moscow had thus been averted.
Steps are now being taken to
revive the original package.
New Proposal
In an effort to overcome the
allies objections, the United
States is suggesting tentatively, as
a possible move, a three-year test
suspension which would not begin
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-18
CoIombiu:

Theodore Roosevelt was anxious
to obtain land across the Panama
Isthmus. then a part of Colombia,
for construction of the much
needed canal. When Colombia held
out for more money than the
United States wanted to pay,
Roosevelt denounced Colombia
and Colombians as a corrupt
pithecoid community" of "ineffi-,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-18

Three quarters Of the streets ore
torn up and will not permit Of tTovel
MudhoIes and montrops. dangerous
oIike by doy and by night, sworn in
oil directions os thick os the leaves OF
Vollombroso, q putrid stencil comes
from all sections Of the city. offensive
TO the sense and dangerous to the pub
lie heoIth. Idle and pooehne colored
men imported from the neishborins
Stotes for political purposes ore being
pod with the peoples money. The
streets hove been converted into work
shops, for on mony of the most travelled
mommoth saw mills ond tor-boiline
establishments ore to be seen in promi-
nent eonspieuousness."
A Washington resident who had
lived in Paris during the period
when Baron Haussmann had been
carrying out his improvements to
that city stated in a letter to the
Patriot that in Washington the
work was being carried on in all
parts of the city at the same time
instead of being limited to certain
sections as had been the practice
in France.
The established grades OF the
streets were changed to such an
extent by the city improvements
that in some cases houses were
left perched on banks 20 feet
high or covered nearly to the
roof. The Alexandria & Wash
ington Railroad tracks along
Maryland avenue were torn up
overnight. The market men of the
Northern Liberties Market (Which
occupied the present site of the
Central Public Library had their
food stalls demolished over their
heads one evening; the sons OF a
jus ice o. the reace and puccle"
were killed by the collapse of
rubble. So heavy were the special
assessments on property that
owners were often compelled to
let it be sold at tax sales.
The reason for the tremendous
haste in the District improvements
during the territorial government
had been stated by the vice
president of public works, Alex
ander Shepherd, in testifying be-
fore congressional committee.
THE Board of Public Works"
he declared, concluded that they
had either been created for some
thing or for nothing and that if.
for anything, it was to devise and
carry out as rapidly as possible
some system of improvements in
order that in this respect the
Capital of the Nation might not
remain a quarter of a century be-
hind the times"
MIR. Shepherd was in unique
position to carry out the work,
since he had the full support and
confidence of President Grant. All
the members of the board whom
Grant had appointed were Re-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-18

no mood to give up. In January,
1872, they petitioned Congress to
investigate the extravaganza of
the District government, and an
investigation was held by the
House. During the three months
of the investigation work on the
improvements was again halted,
Although the committee reported
that the boards plan had been
haphazardly executed and that
its original estimates had been
exceeded in several instances, the
members of the Board of Public
Works were exonerated from
charges of having made profit
from the Improvements and were
commended for their zeal, energy
and wisdom"
Race Against Time
After the investigation, the
board resumed its work, which
had been held up for so long by
injunction, investigation and by
bad weather. Mr.. Shepherd was
desperately anxious to complete
the work while Grant was still in
the White House, fearing that
another President might be less
interested in the condition Of the
National Capital.
Unlike Baron Haussmann, who
enjoyed undisputed power under
Napoleon III and could undertake
his Improvements of ParS in a
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-18

commander. But the commander
refused to be Modified and de-
manded that the Mexican army
raise the American flag and sa-
Lutte it with 81 guns. The Mexi-
cans refused.
During this controversy a Ger
man ship was steaming for Vera
Cruz with arms which the United
States feared might be used
against her by Huerta. The Navy
bombarded and captured the city.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-18
Mexico:

A series of grievances with Die
tator Huerta, whom President
Wilson had refused to recognize
because of a dislike for him,
eliminated in 1914 with the ar
rest by Mexicans of some Ameri-
can Navy men in Tampico. The
men were released shortly and an
apology was sent to the American
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-18

Cooke, aware Of the impending
bankruptcy Of Jay Cooke g. Co.
which he represented in Washing
ton, resigned as Governor, Mr..
Shepherd was named by President
Grant to succeed him just four
days before the First National
Bank, of which Cooke was presi-
dent. closed its doors. The failure
of the bank and of Cookies firm
had widespread repercussions in
the United States, leading to a
financial depression which was to
last several years.
The effect of this depression
was particularly felt in Washing
ton, where the Board of Public
Works, in spite of the assistance
it received from Congress, was
dangerously over-extended. From
the fall of 1873 work on improve
ments came almost to a standstill.
as the District treasury became
exhausted and as citizens, hard
hit by the financial panic, found
it impossible to pay their assess
ments.
Serious Charges Mode
The property owners, who had
been accommodating evidence for
another petition to Congress, now
decided to act.
They sent to Congress, in jan
uary, 1874, memorial which
brought such serioAs charges
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-18

the ''little package" is much harder
10 overcome. Bonn does not want
to sell Russia relief from two OF
the Kremlin's greatest fears-fear
OF surprise attack and fear of
Germany building the bomb-for
any price which does not include
German uniflcation. To do so. in
Bonn's eyes. would be 10 aban-
don all practical hope Of ever OBJ
tanning such uniflcation.
But there was great pressure on
Germany at the NAro meeting In
Copenhagen this month to permit
negotiation on disarmament TO
proceed without tying unification
into the package In the early
stages, And Bonn had 10 give In
though some face-saving was
written into the final communique.
cIeored for Action
Thus the decks are fast being
cleared. And now. In Mr.. Khru-
shchev's letter TO Mr.. Eisenhower,
Moscow. too. seems 10 have come
around TO test suspension and
prevention Of surprise attack as
the two principal objections to be
sought.
Most Of the worlds attention
UNDERSTANDABLE was focused on
that part Of the Khrushchev letter
which agreed to study methods Of
inspecting test ban. But his
references to surprise attack we're
also of importance-and they in
cluded at least one conciliatory
gesture toward the West.
For the first time, the Soviet
Premier acknowledged that in
spection of the Arctic was impor-
tant. Previously, Moscow's line
had been that there was nothing
there to inspect except polar
bears. Now Mr.. Khrushchev called
the region "an important strategic
area which is Of particular sig
nlficance in view of the existence
Of rocket weapons" This SEN
tence could have been written in
Washington.
Asks Inspection
Mr.. Khrushchev then went on to
ask for aerial and ground inspec-
ton of other areas from which
surprise attack could be launched,
he said, against the Soviet Union
inspection which the United
States has long since agreed to
give, If conditions are right.
U. N. diplomats believe the
overall impact of this part of Mr..
Khrushchev's letter is to revive
for negotiation in a new and less
Objectionable context a question
the United States has regarded as
paramount ever since the Eisen-
hover open skies" plan was first
put forward in 1855.
Taken together with the offer
on test inspection, this gesture to-
ward open skies constitutes a
considerable price for Russia to
have paid to dig herself out of the
hole she fell into as a result of
her U. N. veto May on the Arctic
inspection issue.
The outlook for arms negotia-
tons thus has changed materially.
There is new talk here that it
may be a useful diplomatic sum-
mer after all.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-18

In 1884, disorders stemming
from the depression and the harsh
regime of dictator Machado be-
came serious enough to bring
United States warships to Cuban
waters on a standby basis.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-18

pacity. Information and materials
would be given only to such coun-
tries. This-not just concern for
prestige-is driving Paris toward
her first test shot this year.
West Germany's opposition to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-18

new constitution for the country
was written by young Franklin d.
Roosevelt, then Assistant Secre-
tary of the Navy. The last of the
Marines did not leave until 1884.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-18
WASHINGTON'S 'UNCVIL WAR-IH
BY JAMES III. WHITE
snecial Writer Tor The Star

BY 1871 the mudhole that had been the Capital City of the
United States was beginning to give way progress
always there certain involved in making
the improvements
said the Daily Patriot short-lived newspaper:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-18

This is the third and Lost Of series Of
articles on the District Of Columbio's
political fortunes by the outhor Of
The Uneivil Wor-Woshinoton Dur
ing the Reconstruction"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-18
New Proposal

New Proposal
In an effort to overcome the
allies objections, the United
States is suggesting tentatively, as
a possible move. three-year test
suspension which would not begin
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-23

LAMONT ST. NV, isis-Aceom
modate 3 or 4: cool, attractive gar
den. OIL. 4-3b49; 500 incl utils
MT. PLEAsANT.-studio apt: pvt
: lac, rms, bath, porch; immac
CO. A-46Ql after 8 nm
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-23

rIkNo9--Rseenelilense uprlshll
. s sss 9 ,ss ls. ,s, sss s sssI'
.a , s... Di. q ~. az !a p. s sss'' ~ !.
~ 30 Ssss .s'iHe,ls sss.sis,
MT sssT . lsss II. 'hssT.. s On ~
I. - a...,,, vel ,., y. s s,,.,, :.
very larEe seifttlon Of new, nool
the latest models and a. m
"a osr store you ~ thi !, liIIs.I
20 dont pay Until ye shdw lcu
bss. :oi hss. idsS q. ssYs > q, ' Ss
FiANos-NeN aplnst planes lleH
iea,,lnr etQek reduced q 81
. aqflag KITS IN tkn cLKA n.
ssr. sslsnss . % 10 kiTts
ekandria atoFs optn 10 . pm
~ ~. Vernon ave. tampl'
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-23
TOOLS

SAWS, si.4s; sLEDoBs, 50
WEDGES. AXES: PAINT, I, 81 so
sHovEls. PICKS, MArTocKs. 81
GAS CANS, 81 so; USED wINcHEs
s shERRfkHoswsif A y SO Eo REkEs wH UsRi
HAMMERS. soc: PLANES.
10000 MISUNDERSTANDING
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-23
Dupont CIRCLE

Sow sss, iT ssrb.s iss. Ai Sssf'T Gar Nv
s1l's re p,,s ss5, ssi n WI r. ',sea
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-23

9O6 Gallatin st. NV.
A..Tcss,ivss snd ,ns, bedroom ssss sos ap', q
shops. transportation. apply Jan
''0i On pRHYruss BROS. -.
1919 18th 81. NV, Ma. s.o5sO
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-23
ApTs. FURNIsNED DO
lcoNrinulpl

eN@M~la~l@NIN
fun, VIC. fhomss clffls, lin
k ~ s.sgss' l1rse o IA. s s.sass'
! nEpnMl moesrn tulpiiuIs Eeec
a. lesaiioai reasenahls rent. 20
iaeo sisl 81, NV $40 faFn,. WITH
ssi u Il nv, kH' ssSiis
shis lllh 81. NV, oli coiumbls
adults. Mar 40. i-059s,
M. D0wNfowN-LaFss turn
front in, and lit. lie. closet
washer sd vi pI l-f0db.
cLOsE IN N,w.-siudio apt.. epls.
mel, NO. t.5eae,
FURNISHED EFflcIENcY APT
Very larts room, kitchen and bath
10 ne Gail At AIT i
sgvERAL s-lAres-reqm and PVT
Pfrh 10y llAoOoHhf REAL
LAR0E EFFICIENCY with kit. ant
dinetle. ise, closet. tiled bathroom
and shower. tasteiully iurn,. "
iosa. s ~ p sles s sHes can Issss'
FE 9-a0nn until pm.
CONN. AvE-TowNHoUsE APT
OF. UNUSUAL. CHARM
WILL ACCEPT SNORT
TERM LKA6K
H :. Furn ... Isrss l.ssdr%. vslgI'
ssis Dsvonshirs pl,. VIZ. 6.f7NS
DUPONT CIRCLE
Hotel. Larrs Twins room, bedroom
large OF kitchen. modern tllt
bath. 4 walk.in double closets
rues wall-to-Wah, brand-new mod.
EN- furniture free ss.: slseirieliy
chine suitable , people. Sis mo
DU. 7-604f
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-23

ANACOSTIA AREA rooms, kit
and bath; In modern garden apt
bldg: lndry. faeils.; $50 mo. Cal
10. 2-52S2 after 5 pm.
APIS. FURN.-Md., va D. c. ]
or . bedrms.; 8 mos. minimum
10. 4-S024. THE AMERICAN
LEASING co. Ask for Mr.. OF
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-23

PARK RID. VIC. on 10th ST.:
apts.i l lge., l small, furn. Of
,unturn. AD. 2-l0s3 after z pm
PARK RID. N.w.I Ii5s-Enac.. liv
T I'm i5 s S sTsssi2 closet ..y diP SdS
s4s. Manager, DE. s-0isS: jan.
ifnr DE o.21AA
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-23
ROOMS WANTED

I Ice. RM. or dry storage rm. for
furn and packed boxes OF h.h.
goods for "a months; vicinity
18th and 7 sts. NV. Reply Box
420-T. Star, price and address.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-23

and OVERSIZE 2.
bedrm. unit at sos, incl. all utils
Modern kit with full-size equip
ment, family-size dining area
complete storage and laundry IA.
eilities. 1924 9th st. sc. dust
"a Pa; ave.. Res; Al n sE,s,d No 2
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-23
APIS. FURNlsMED--VA.

ALEXANDRIA, CONTINUOUSLY Il
Ssa;5Q all utilsA incl Call TE, g.
$3.50 between 10 am. and Q pm
ALEXANDRIA, prime location a
11lb Abingdon dr.. We consider
this hne l-bedrm. apt kooC
value; attractively furnished, Of.
fering the comfort of home. Elk.
press transp. at front door. onlS
3 minutes TO Natl. Airport and IL
minutes to downtown Wash. SlO5
incl. all utils. Res. mgr, 1l0a
Portner I'd. No. lis. XII q-4A5G
or SHANNON a. LUcHS CO., Ma
S-9345.
ARLINGTON. 1879 Key blvd
bedrms.. nicely furnished, Z min
DC, Pentagon. ia. 1924.
ARLINGTON, n. = 1-bedrm. apt.
laundry; near shop; S94. IA. g.
5SSS.
ARL., near Pentaeon-Family apt
rate day or week; and hotel room
Free parkine ia. e-3343.
ARL. -aAttractiv weli-furn. bedrm.
liy. rm., din. kit, bath. modern
bids; sos. ia. 2-lS9T ia. 4-263i
y. ARL.-Attrac. 3-rm. apt; cow
location; scr. porch; S105. IA
s-sl4t
s. ARLINGTON bedroom. nicely
furnished LIST floor. Call IA
APIS. FURN. Md, VA. D. c.
or . bedrms,. q mos minimum
10 $500 THE AMERICAN
LEASING co. Ask for Mr. Gilbert
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-23

APTs..- YuRN.. ND. va, D C
LfAsISo CO Ask Tor nf. diissri.
i3a1 KNOX RID. COLLEGE PIX. Nd.
det. BIDS: lac. rms; adm. univer-
sity; De luxe bath; sAe.bO mo.
Seen by apt. only; refs. NE.
s.5nOH
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-23
APTs. FuRRlsRED-Mp.

CHAN. COMFORTABLE l.esdIm
ssss:. H. SIS incl u'ii'' ~