davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-01-19

there viii be a good deal
Of argument. he commented.
Other Developments last week
seemed 10 confirm the absence Of
steam in the administration
boilers for a military reorganiza-
ton. Defense Secretary McElroy.
earlier considered whipcracker
over the pickering services. as
sured the House Armed Services
Committee that reorganization,
even an improvement" IN the
Pentagon's system would be slow
and cautious. and would be
guided by the military men them
selves. He named three top
ranking general officers as his
advisers--General Omar Bradley.
Gen. Nathan F. Twining and Ad-
miral Arthur Radford. The latter
two have been openly antagonistic
to major changes in the Joint
Chiefs OF STAFF or proposed single
service" unification.
The go-slow attitude of the adj
ministiation brought quick ex-
pressions OF irritation from Con-
gress. House Majority Leader
Mccormack said he wanted to
know Mr.. EiSenhower's views on
what is needed TO achieve real
unity" in the Defense Department.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-01-19

Europe was subject TO obvious
objections. chiefly because it
would have the effect Of weaken
ing the NATO alliance.
As the week ended. the next
move was up TO the Russians
There exists a general impression
among newsmen assigned to the
State Department, however. that
negotiations with the Soviet Union.
at some level lower than the
summit. will take place soon. The
consensus is that both camps have
at least one area Of solid agree
ment: Neither SIDE wants nuclear
warfare. Given this common de-
nominator. efforts to find a modus
vivendi appear inevitable.
The Presidents proposal that
some accord be reached on the
peaceful control OF outer space
may offer an opportunity for So
Wet response. Last Tuesday
Senate Majority Leader Lyndon
johnson, whose post as chairman
OF the Senate Preparedness Sub
committee has cast him III a lead
ing role in both military and
foreign policy. Nurged that a world
space agency be established.
Senator johnson decried the
tnik-for-Sputnik. missile-for-
missile. -for-sub' response TO
the challenge OF the space age
mo man who looks beyond tile
moment will suggest that war is
the inevitable consequence OF
mankinds new adventure into
space. he said, adding that iii We
are TO win space as an outpost OF
peace. all men may and should
share IN that endeayor."
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-01-19
MoryIond's Tex Middle

such action--and there already
has been opposition expressed to
the proposal--the tax commission
can anticipate a barraee OF suits.
The Collins opinion came almost
simultaneously with an extensive
report on the personal property
tax prepared by Blair Lee III.
chairman OF the Montgomery
delegation.
Mr.. Lee reported that personal
property tax laws are In wild dis
order" and that the "crazy-quilt
pattern" of the laws has inevi-
tably produced ineQuities between
Jurisdictions and between business
taxpayers.
He recommended eventual aboli-
ton OF the personal property tax
but only after acceptable substi-
tutes are developed. He specifically
recommended against any major
revision In the personal property
tax system this year.
Chootic Picture
The chaos referred to by Mr..
Lee Is easily found: Only four
counties still levy a tax on house.
hold furnishings only four as
sessed retail inventories at full
value with 10 now providing a
fiat 40 per cent exemption; nine
counties provide partial exemp-
tons Of manufacturing machinery
and I'VE provide a total exemp-
ton: six provide full exemption
Of manufacturing inventories and
IS partial exemptions.
The extent Of the problems in
VOWED with the inventory tax is
illustrated by estimates that the
personal property tax base for
local taxing purposes was SIP bill
lion in early 1857 and for State
purposes at Sis billion
But the seriousness OF the prob
lem Is even more evident ON
county-to-county study.
While the personal property base
is only about as per cent Of the
total asSessahle base In Monteom-
: cry County 1t reaches as high as
2l.7 per cent IN adjacent Frederick
County and 20.5 per cent in Wash
ington County.
Tampering with this source Of
revenue without extensive study
would seriously affect the coun-
ties ability TO float bonds for
needed projects such as schools,
Mr.. Lee warned.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-01-19

Among the nations OF the At
lantic alliance, there was substan-
tial If unenthusiastic acceptance
Of the Dulles position on an early
summit meeting with the Soviet
leaders. British Prime Minister
Harold Macmillan. who has al
ready suggested a nonaggression
pact between the Soviet bloc and
the Western alliance. temporized
in his reply TO Mr.. Bulganin. He
urged that the Soviet Union, as
a sign Of good faith. work toward
a future summit conference by
first accepting suspension of
nuclear tests and formal system
OF inspection which would guar
antee against surprise attacks.
Closely following the tone and
Technology Of the Eisenhower
letter. the British leader reminded
Mr.. Bulganin that the West had
a lack OF confidence" In Soviet
sincerity. He noted that the Rus
sian proposal ~ a non-nuclear
neutralized zone In Central
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-01-19
Food and ICY

The worlds food supply is not
keeping pace with g rapidly in
creasing population. It IS impera-
tive that new and vast food
sources be discovered TO assure
mans future survival.
The oceans with their abun-
dance Of edible and highly nu-
tritious plant and animal life may
be the main food source Of the
future. Ocean fertility is directly
related to the rate at which Wa
tiers are overturned by ocean cur
rents much as lano is over
turned in blowing so that 1t may
be enriched and made more pro-
ductive. ICY studies on ocean
currents may reveal the ocean
areas where food is most album
dant and why.
One OF the ocean foods of great
potential use is minute floating
plant called plankton. some forms
of which are highly nutritious and
have as high a protein content
as lean. red meat. Oddly. this
high protein plankton is found in
greatest abundance in the waters
OF the Antarctic Ocean.
Plankton'S value as major
food supplement already has been
recognized by overpopulated coun-
tries with acute food shortages.
Japan is growing this type of
plankton commercially and Jap
anese ICY scientists in the Ant
arctic are studying the currents in
order 70 determine. among other
things. why plankton is so rich
and abundant in this area.
Recently scientists have devised
a successful method of food pres
ervation by atomic radiation
whereby food SURPRISES III this
country can be easily and mex
pensively preserved indefinitely
The main obstacle in employing
this method. as 1t is in any indus
trial use OF atomic energy. is the
disposal Of atomic waste.
1t may be that the ocean depths
can be used as safe dumping
ground for atomic waste. depend
ing upon the rate at which ocean
currents overturn the surface
waters and rid them Of dangerous,
radioactive materials.
ICY research in solar activity.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-01-19
Missile Progress

Mr.. McElroy OH Thursday as
signed to the Army and the Air
Force a dual mission for defense
against missile attacks. The Army
Is TO develop an anti;missile mis-
sile: the Air Force is to set up a
system for detecting approaching
missiles while they can still be an
tercepted.
At the missile test station. Cape
Canaveral. Fla, the Navy fired its
swift. solid fuel submarine missile.
the Polaris, in successful test
Friday. The Polaris. an interme-
date range device. is described as
especially promising. particularly
since its solid fuel simplifies great
~ the launching process. The
Army has been ordered to develop
a solid fuel for It's successful Red
stone IRBM.
The Cape Canaveral test station
has been uncommunicative to
uewsmen since the failure Of the
Navy's Vanguard satellite rocket
last month. But observers from
nearby beaches report unusually
brisk activity on the base, with
three sleek missiles In place on
launching pads. One is described
as a second Vanguard. another as
an Atlas. the Air Forces inter-
continental range missile.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-01-19
REDS CAPITALIZE
Okinowo: Uneasy Occupation

like, which is hard for the Okina-
vans TO understand. 1t should be
stressed that generally we have
handled this situation intelll-
gently.
Also a source Of irritation Is
the fact that the 10000 depend
ents Of servicemen living on the
island employ large numbers Of
Okinawan servants. Americans.
the Okinawans feel, tend TO be
patronizing, and. naturally. COM
parsons Of the widely disparate,
standards of living breed Jealousy.
Today about one-third Of the
towns in Okinawa have Commu-
mist mayors. and the Communist
Party on the island continues TO
grow. The party fights for re-
version to Japan and the removal
Of American troops. and tries TO
create incidents embarrassing 10
the United States. However. 1t is
doubtful that they could main
tain the strong anti-American
feeling without the ammunition
We unwittingly supply.
Thus, though we have given the
Okinawans great material bene-
Ats. they seem TO feel the price
they have to pay morally and in
self-respect is too high. They do
not seem to think that radios.
American movies. better health
and education, bright. new taxi
cabs and more money are worth
having when their daughters and
wives are prostitutes and Ameri-
can troops turn their villages into
a close approximation OF Wild
West mining towns on pay night.
Not q New Problem
The problem is neither new nor
unique. Much the same situation
exists in Japan. only it is spread
out over a much larger area. III
Okinawa it is centralized and so
much more apparent.
What should be done to regain
the respect and affection Of the
Okinawsn people?
More intelligent and demo-
cratic government by the military
Is an obvious first step Morally,
our troops there are probably no
worse than any other soldiers
far from home. and their
ofienses are made to seem more
important by the times in which
We live. II is clear, however. that
closer control of the troops, bet
ter living and recreational fscll-
titles for them and more troop
education on responsibility to the
native population would be bene-
fetal.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-01-19
Continued From Page All.


THE nations Of the world face
today another choice perhaps even
more momentous than that Of
1913. That relates to the use of
outer space. Let US this time. ana
in time, make the right choice.
the peaceful choice"
The wording of the Presidents
note and the Dulles speech seemed
designed to reassure the world.
our allies in particular, that OPP
position to negotiations with the
Soviet Union was not absolute.
and that even a little assurance
from Moscow that agreement could
be reached-and implemented-in
some areas OF conflict might be
sufficient to make a beginning
Mr.. Eisenhower and Mr.. Dulles
both voiced three sample condf-
tons IN which Soviet action might
convince the West of the sincerity
OF the Kremlin's peace offensive
All three were proposals that
Moscow has rejected or ignored
in the past. and all three seemed
cardinal factors in Soviet foreign
policy, not likely TO be relinquished
or relaxed under any conceivable
bargaining circumstances. But
they were not. significantly. set
forth as preconditions for nego-
tiations On the contrary, they
were cited as looking to what
could be further negotiations and
agreements OF exceptional inn
portance.
The three items we're
o A reduction in the use OF the
Security Council vote. by agree
ment between the United States
and the Soviet Union. in all United
Nations matters affecting peace
full solutions OF International
disputes.
. A challenge TO Moscow TO re
store confidence in its pledged
word" by proceeding with the re-
unification Of Germany through
free elections "as agreed at Geneva
in 1855" tsee story by Fred
Theroux on Page ABB
. Steps to permit the satellite
nations of Eastern and Central
Europe TO decide for themselves
the form Of government they wish.
as agreed by the Soviet Union. the
United States and Britain at Yalta
In i945
To many observers. the repeated
demands made by Mr.. Dulles and
echoed by Mr.. Eisenhower on
these three critical issues meant
that no negotiations Of major I'm
portance were possible with the
Soviet rulers unlesa Moscow aban-
doned. In advance. these major
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-01-19
Shelter and ICY

Many changes in housing and
building concepts may result from
the application Of ICY research.
We are accustomed to think
that If the world could be free
from the threat Of war. We could
rest secure, Yet. according to ICY
scientists. If 10 per cent of the
worlds ice in the glaciers or polar
ice-caps melted. every major port
city of the world would be flooded.
Such catastrophe would create
many problems. including that OF
housing and shelter for those af-
fected by the disaster.
. ICY studies in glaciology will
assess the present status Of the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-01-19


Mr.. Bisss. . member Of The Stor's steh,
recently completed . z0.mOnih tour Of
duty es . Marine Eeutenent on
Okinowo.
lands 100000 people would prefer
the departure Of American forces
and the return Of the island TO
japanese rule.
Why?
The answer. according TO this
writer's first-hand observation. is
that we have made neither our
way OF life nor our democracy
very appealing.
Prostitution has increased 100
fold with an estimated 10000 70
$4,000 women involved since the
capture OF the islands in 1914. In
the central area of Okinawa where
the big Army. Air Force and Ma
rine bases are located. every town
and village is. without exaggera-
ton. an extended brothel. Vene-
real disease is rampant. Amer
lean troops. often without ade-
quate living or recreational
facilities, for want Of anything
better to do. become involved in
ssex, drunkenness. hoodlumism and
gang street fighting. Last sum-
mer, interracial warfare between
United States troops was nightly
occurrence. eliminating In the
beating TO death of white Marine
by colored Marines.
Rules Were Choneed
Worse than this. when Naha
elected Communist Mayor,
Kameiiro Senaga. last year. the
armed forces high commissioner,
1t. Gen. James +. Moore. changed
the election laws. deposing Mr.
Senaga and disqualifying him
permanently as an officeholder.
Mr.. Senaga had come into Office
By a political fluks. without
majority. and with little backing
from the OkiEawan people who
sympathized with the orderly at
tempts Of the city council and
the military to remove him. How
ever, Gen. Moores treatment OF
the election laws. which was
generally regarded as hiehhanded.
gained communism tremendous
support.
Land ownership is an always
crucial problem on the 467-square-
mile island with its 100000 Okina-
vans and $4,000 Americans. The
United States has been generous
in its purchase prices. but often
the land has been used for golf
courses. flower gardens and the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-01-19
The Military:
No Haste

In his state-of-the- Union adj
dress 10 Congress. President Essen
hover sounded Arm and deter
mined that the Nations armed
forces achieve unity and clear
direction. But last Wednesday.
at his press conference, he re-
vealed that he had no plans to
reorganize the Defense Depart
ment. The military services them
selves. he suggested, would work
ON the problem and "there must
be a consensus reached with the
Congress. with the people that
have the Job Of operating the
services. l." There would be dis
cussions and many conferences
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-01-19
by PHIL YEAGER
special Writer tor The star


The big Federal budget Is get
ting the news play these days. but
there Is q noteworthy tax story
at the State and local levels. too.
For while State revenue is not
In the same class with Uncle
Sans $Ts.e billion tax bill. the
sis or sic billion the States
are expected to harvest in 1858
Is by no means hay. And when
the $l2 or $l3 billion local tax
tab Is added. 1t becomes apparent
that there Is good reason 10 con-
template the non-Federal as well
as the Federal tax picture.
II is no secret that the States
need mcney-even though they
have increased their per capita tax
bill 3ia times since 1910. or about
20 per cent ON the basis OF an
adjusted or stable" dollar.
Since 1858. census figures show
overall State debt has increased
by almost per cent to around SIS
billion. Less than half a dozen
States are debt free, and with the
need and cost for government
services at this level apparently
mounting. the outlook is for still
greater debt accumulation unless
more tax money is found.
Revenue Is increased
In 1857 all States except Della
ware. Kansas. Nebraska and South
Dakota increased their tax intake
over the previous year. A number
OF States, including such fiscal
big operators as New York. Penn
sylvania, and Illinois, have sue
ceeded in reversing the trend in
recent years and have decreased
their debts.
But the general trend in the
middle SOS has been toward
greater State debt. In some States.
including California, Texas and
Massachusetts. government debt
has risen anywhere from 40 to 80
per cent during this period.
According TO data prepared by
the Census Bureau. the major
revenue producing State taxes are
general sales, income. motor fuels.
liquor. tobacco and licensing taxes.
While 1t Is not possible to keep
data on taxes levied by the
l00.0c0-plus units OF local govern
ment IN the United States. most
of them have additionally derived
their major revenue from property
and license taxes.
There Is such wide variation in
the way these taxes are levied.
credited and used. however. that il
Is impossible TO get from them a
good picture OF the relative posi-
ton Of the taxpayer IN any State
or group Of States.
State taxes in Nevada, for ex-
ample. averaged out TO sl45 per
person in fiscal 1857. In Washing
ton State 1t was $l33. But in Me-
braSka and New Jersey 1t was only
$50 per person. This doesn't mean
Nevada and Washington citizens
paid more taxes or received more
government services. 1t means
primarily that the State govern
ment IN Nevada and Washington
provides services which in Ne
braska and New Jersey are left TO
local governments. In the latter
States the localities impose the
higher taxes.
The same difficulty In getting
an accurate relative picture
doubtless applies to debt figures.
When and how are governments
1T the State and local levels going
TO get the extra money they need?
Answering the first part Of the
question is easy. The process has
been a continuing enc ever since
World War II. In 1857 all but four
Of the 4S State legislatures we're
In session. According 20 various
reports from the State capitals. al
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-01-19
Impressive Heolsh Aid
RECALL FROM SPACE

participation and cooperation in
IGY's peaceful and purely scienti-
fic aspects: .2l' such weakening
among the 81 nations now parti-
cipatinR in the ICY may lose to
the world new scientific knowledge
relating 70 such basic needs as
food, clothing. and shelter.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-01-19
RECALL FROM SPACE
ICY Scientists Stress Mundane Projects

glaciers and future prospects.
Should these studies indicate a
gradual warming Of the earth's
surface temperatures. prepare
lions can be made 10 prepare
shelters and build new cities to
replace those that may be SUBJ
merged. This problem would not
occur for many years. but pru-
6ence requires that specific in
formation be gathered now.
The threat of earthquake and
tidal waves is more immediate.
The ability 10 predict accurately
when and where such events will
occur is one Of the goals Of ICY
research in selsmology. Loss OF
property as well as loss Of life
could thus be prevented. Con-
Strucsion III areas threatened with
future earthquakes or tidal waves
could be engineered TO withstand
damage.
Houses and equipment run by
solar energy appear likely in the
foreSeeable future as information
from ICY solar research is COM
piled and applied.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-01-19

meteorology, and elacioloey. aimed
at weather prediction and even
tual weather control. gould have
a profound effect on land produc-
tivity, crop variety, and abund-
ance.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-01-19
The States Are in a Fiscal Squeeze
The Revenue Scramble

most all Of the a converting legis-
latures were occupied In one way
or another with devising means
for additional revenue.
Answering the 'how" of the
question Is less simple. Up to the
present, the collective action OF
1857 State legislatures In regard
to revenue production does not
seem to have been compiled any
where. al least not In such way
as to disclose particular trend.
1t might be expected that new
revenue would be sought In proven
areas Of greatest tax-getting abil-
ity, ie.. sales and income taxes.
However. q preliminary survey in
dictates no new States were added
10 the SO employing sales taxes
or to the 81 which tax individual
income. Moreover. tax rate In
creases In these fields apparently
were few.
1t may be that q considerable
part Of the answer lies instead In
a trend toward the removal Of tax
Law loopholes and the imposition
OF new taxes on business activi-
ties--particularly on out-of State
businesses operating partially
within State borders.
Spotlight on Business
This idea has been suggested by
a recent study done for the Har-
ward Business Review by q Chr
cago law firm.
las the costs OF local govern
ment IN the United States have
increased the study notes. state
legislatures have had 70 tap every
available source of revenue. One
OF the best sources. of course. has
been business. and the legislators
have not lacked ingenuity IN max
mg the most OF II. Their efforts
to raise revenues from corporations
carrying ON activities within their
borders have resulted in a bewild-
Grlng array OF tax laws"
To reap this popular harvest
popular in the sense that II is
source which yields a certain
amount of money from non-yoters
the States have refined and in
novated such revende producing
concepts as the franchise tax. the
use tax, the retailers occupation
tax. the businesS-and-occupation
tax. the gross income tax, the busi-
ness receipts tax. the ad valorum
corporate tax. and so on. All these
taxes are levied on some phase OF
commerce as an incident to the
privilege Of doing business with
in the State.
The Courts Are Friendly
In addition. where arguments
arise as to the validity OF such
taxes or their proper scope. the
courts have natural tendency to
uphold the States. Determination
of liability" says the Harvard
study, ARE made by State author
titles or the State courts. and
doubts are usually resolved against
foreign corporations"
or course. this kind Of thing
can cut two ways, truism borne
out by the fact that 20 States
have now adopted reciprocal en-
forcement legislation. These laws
permit the taking agency OF one
State to bring suit in another
State to recover taxes owed II by
a firm incorporated in the second
State. providing both States have
such laws.
So far as municipal and local
government taxes are concerned.
there now seems to be a fairly
perceptible movement toward tax
areas once regarded pretty much
as Federal or State reserve.
A number Of major metropoli-
tan areas have now inaugurated
an income tax. City sales taxes
are III use. And auto licensing
taxes are becoming popular To-
cally.