davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Diario las Américas., 1958-08-22
OBJETIVO

(viene de la Pagina DOS)
degaullista, sin la formation de un partido nuevo,
Malraux dijo: ..,,.-1 --@o" -e.D
Isl Gambia Ell espiritu del pals, 81 Sc mo-
derniza la maquinaria gubernamental, los partidos
mismos reflejarans esa Transformation. Ell sistema
multipartidario no es un NAL por 81 mismo. Ell
NAL real en- Francia. ha sido la inestabilidad
Diario las Américas., 1958-08-22

de los gobiernos, la imposibilidad de que Ell jefe
del sobierno Y sus miembros sepan cuanto tempo
estaran en- Ell poder para lograr los ~objetivos
de su %politica, (
"Esto sera cambiado con la nueva c%onstitu-
ci6n. Cuando Sc haya transformado Ell espiritu
del pals, Sc transformara tanbien la actitud de
sus partidos p%oliticos, al menos de los no CO.
munistas."
Diario las Américas., 1958-08-22
SUGERIRAN =.
Continuation de Ia pSg. 81

70 Pus' u
tacion y satisfecho con sus ope-
raciones en- la forma que Sc es-
tan realizando hasta Ell presente.
Igualmente dijeron que Ell Ban
co Interamericano de Fomento.
"debe ser un banco social, des-
tinado a financiar obraS a largo
plazo que estimularian ell desa-
rrollo de los paises latinoameri.
Diario las Américas., 1958-08-22
MAN
(Viene de Ia Pagina CInco,

WaAfWl sss
Viene de la Pagina CInco,
turistas para Miami. Este ano Sc
hara una intensa campana en- las
ciudadeS de San Francisco y Los
Angeles, mediante fotografias y
cronicas en- periodicos de aque-
Has ~ciudades, exponiendo las ven
tajaB climaticas de Miami, y la
belleza natural de sus playas, asi
como del encanto de las banistas
que viene a gozar de estos aires
tan saludables.
De acuerdo con 10 que revelan
Diario las Américas., 1958-08-22

lBEROAMERIcA on
DIN
(viene de la Primera,

sion argentina, encabezada por el
DR.. Espaha Sofa. Sc ha sabido que
algunos detalles ~vinculados con
los precios y otros aspectos seran
~superados en- proximas reuniones.
Aslmismo Sc ha sabido que ell
Viernes Sc suscribira tambien I'm
convenio sobre pages. Els PROPOSE.
to de la mission b~rasilena, viajar
ell proximo domingo a Santiago de
Chile con el objeto de asistir a las
sesiones de la CEPAL, a cuyo ter.
mino ~retornara a Buenos Aires,
g fin de iniciar negociaciones ode
largo alcance, encaminadas a re-
novar ell tratado que, sobre conner
clio y navegacion, firmaron ambos
paises en- a940.
CURSE SOBRE
america LATINA EN- CRISIS"
NUEVA YORK, -(UPD- A
partir del II de septiembre, Sc
ofrecera en- esta ciudad, un curse
sobre America Latina en- crisis,
auspiciado por la Association Inte-
ramericana para la Democracia, de
esta ciudad segdn anunci6 aver
SUI secretaria general, sonora Fran
ces R. Grant.
Ell curse, alberto a todos losq ue
esten interesados en- un mayor CO.
nocimIento de America Latina, in
cluira te.nas como: i%nfluencias tee
nicas Ell America Latina; compa-
racion de, desenvolvimiento cultu-
raj entire America Latina y Anne
RIGA del Norte; experiments en-
reforma agraria e industrial; anal
fabetismo y progreso educativo en-
America Latina; penetration comu-
nista en- America Latina; lucha en-
tire la dictadura y la democracia;
politica de Estados Uuidos hacia
America Latina --sus ~fracasos y
sus exitos. "a
La direction de los cursos esta-
"a a cargo de la sonora Grant, y
dictaran las classes, entire otros que
va han acceptable hacerlo, Roberto
Esquinazv educador.y ~escritor Gu
bano; Robert Alexander, autor de
ia era de Peron" y "Ef Comunis-
mo en- America Latina; Joshua
Powers, director de Editors Press
Service y miembro de la Sociedad
Interamericana deh Prensa; Sera-
fino Romualdi, representaue lati-
noamericano de la Central Sindi-
cal Norteamericana AFL-CIO; y
DIR. Clarence Senior, director del
Departments de Migracion de
Puerto Rico. Mas adelante Sc da-
ran a conocer otros nombres:
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1958-12-25

($7375.O0); Two executive AS.
sistants $1185.00 ($8495.00)
Printing $4,000 ($45O.OO); In.
cidentals $2500.OO ($235O.O0)
Legal Advertising $650.0O
($6OO.OO); Civil Defense
$1500.O0. (No ALLEGATION ir
1859; Workman's Compensa.
ton $4,000 ($9300.0O); Group
Insurance $18O0.OO ($1835.O0)
Stage Retirement $29,24O.O(
($2S1OO.OO); State Examiner
$525O.OO $4,000; Elections
$500 ($5750.O0); Law Library
S425.OO ($415.0O); Insurance
$6565.OO ($4250.O0); Equip.
ment $4,000. Total $91,585.0C
| ($7S,3s5.OO).
Total: General Administra.
tion $234,315.OO ($211,O95.OO).
Safety, Welfare,
Health
Police Department: Chief sal
ary $S925.OO ($S84O.OO). Regu-
lar Police $342,710.OO $685.
O5O.OO); Guards, Watchmen
$19,575.OO (S2O,1O0.OO); other
employees $12,145.OO ($12,-
1907; Dance Hall Inspector
$16SO.OO ($950.OO); Regular
Police Weigh Detail 100000
| ($73OO.OO); Special Detail
$7S50.0O ($9250.00); Offic e
Supplies $4,000 ($1s5O.OO) +;
Incidentals $1750.00 ($1825.00)
Materials, To Is, $2500.0O
| ($27OO.OO); City Equipment
| Rental $28,510.0O ($28,955.OO) ;
Uniforms 100000 ($375O.00) +;
Prisoner Sustenance 100000
(S175O.O0); equipment $15O0.0O
($1O00.0O). Total Police De-
partment s442,s45.OO) (s434,
080.O0).
Fire Department: Chief Sal
ary $S925.O0 (S8840.00); Reg
ular Fireme $238,46O.0O
231,330.00); Office Supplies
$4,000 ($125.00); Materials,
Tools: $4,000 ($725.OO); City
Equipment Rental $72.00; Uni
forms $25O0.0O (S1350.00) ;
Equipment 100000 ($175O.OO).
Total Fire Department $751;
235.OO ($252,470.O0).
Welfare Department: Direc-
tor Salary $3150.00 (Same
amount paid by Board of Edu-
cation, the director dividing her
time between the city and the
schools). Employees $2625.0O
! (S227O.00); All other expenses
$4,000 ($625.O0). Total We'll
fare $6975.0O (S5995.OO).
Health Department: Direc-
tor salary $4380.0O (S4130.0O)
Sanitary Inspector $4,000
! ($4320.00); Assistant Inspector
$1O26.O0; Nurses $10,080.00
($9835.OO); Clerical $835O.00
(S785O.O0); Office Supplies
$15OO.OO ($1325.O0); Labora-
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1958-12-25

was done. Furthermore no re-
surfacing was done last year
Mr.. Apthorp explains thai
two proposed measures are
hoped to come before the com
ing session of the Legislature
to ease the situation which i!
general throughout the state.
(This situation should alst
be a warning to all East Cleve
landers to be certain their auto
license applications are marked
EAST Cleveland, thus assur
ing the state disbursing share
to return to their home munic
ipality)
In the following, the pro
posed 1859 General fund esti
mate is compared to the actua
expenditures for 1858, given il
parenthesis.
Where there are no changes
only the one figure is given.
General Administration
City Commission: Commits
sioners Give, each gets $100 g
wear with an additional $50 fol
the president) $3.50; Clerk Hire
$500 (s54OO); Supplies, etc.
$275 ($260). Total $6325
($6210).
Director of Finance: Salary
$13,5OO ($13,245.OO). Gle r k
Hire S9O45 ($9O5O). Supplies
ETC., $24OO.0O (S1610). Tota,
$24,945 ($23,9O5).
Director of Law: Salary
$6,OOO.OO ($593O). Clerk Hire
$3.50 ($1775). Court Stenog.
rapher $500 (S275.00). Con
tracts 100000 ($3200.00)
Supplies, etc. 1915 (S250). Tota
$11,,775.OO ($11,430).
City Manager: Salary $17,2O(
($17,O30.OO), Clerk Hire $500
(s54OO), Supplies, etc. $1,000
($715.0O). Total $23,7OO.O(
1928, 3,145.OO).
Civil Service Commission;
Salaries, Members, $4,000
Clerk Hire $3.50. Supplies
$3.50 ($1O5O). Total $2250.0(
($215O.OO).
Municipal Court: Judge Sal
ary (not including part paid
by county }, s7,200.00), Clerk
S33OO.0O ($3200.00). Bailift
S24OO.
Assistant Pros tor
$252O.OO ($2495). Other EN-.
ployees $1O,965 (S9295.00)
Rental $4OO. Fees and Special.
lists $4,000 ($2OO.OO). Supplies
ETC., $325O.OO ($3150.OO). Tota,
$3O,435.OO 8,3sO.OO).
Lands and Buildings: EN-.
ployees, cleaning and mainten-
ance, $14,O5O.OO $1O3O0.00). Ma
terials S4O,OOO.OO ($31,500.OO)
Telephone $4,000 (s2650.o0)
Heatinf S75O0.OO (S5800.00)
Lighting s55OO.O0 (S4500.00)
Equipment rental $3.50; Taxes
81, 100000 (s4815.0O). Insurance
S3,00O.OO (S5OO.00). Repairs
contract S43OO.OO (S9,O00.O).
Miscellaneous
Purchasing A gent salary
$534O.OO ($5290.O0); Tele-
phone Operator $3680.0t
(S3S5O.OO); Clerical S6750.0C
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1958-12-25
City Faces Tight
Budget In 1859

East Cleveland's proposed
1859 Budget is tight" accord
ing to Finance Director G. T.
Apthorp. "The budget has been
carefully drawn, no leeway has
been allowed" he declares.
Any salary increases noted
are the increments for police
and firemen, and a few adjust
ments since the general salary
increase of last March.
In Street Construction, main
tenance and repair, the city
anticipates it will be in the
red by about 100000. These
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1958-12-25
"A Reminder
Dog Licenses

Have you taken care of that
dog 'ice3se yet? Don't forget
closing date is January goth.
Licenses are on sale every
day at the Water Department
of City Hall excepting Satur-
days when City Hall is closed.
So, on Saturdays you may get
them at the home of Mrs. Dom
nelly, 1901 Windermere st.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1958-12-25

costs come from the State Auto
License Fees and State Gaso-
line Tax and these two in
comes are estimated to be
$178,000 for 1889. The city's
needs are budgeted at 100000.
"We have been dipping into
a balance gradually for a num-
Der of years." explains the FL
nance Director. "This balance
grew during the war years
when little, if any street work
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1958-12-25

tory Tests 100000 ($sO0.OO)
Medical Supplies $4,000
($28O.O0). Supplies, etc.
$287O.OO ($2750.OO); Tota
Health Department $745,010.0(
24,s60.OO).
Service Department
Engineering and Building
Salaries $29,800.00 ($25,S50)
Tools, Materials, Supplies $3,
1850 ($3,0OO.OO). Total 1872,
955.0O ($28,850.00).
Parking Meters: Employees
$4,000 ($S2OO.OO); All Other
$145O.0O ($1850.O0). Total &c..
$4,000 ($10,O50.O0).
Electrical Department: EN-.
ployees $1500.00 ($16O0.0O)
All other 100000 ($185.00)
Total S1750.O0 (1785.0O).
Street Lighting: Employ
ees $4,000 ($7550.0O); Light
ing Contract $56,850.00 ($71,-
100000; Tools, Equipment ST.
10000 (S6200.00). Total $72,-
10000 ($71,600.00).
Police-Fire Communications
Employees $45OO.0O ($46OO.OO)
New Equipment $s00.0O (s1,-
100000; Tools, Materials, etc.
3O5O.OO (S29O0.OO). Total $3.50.
($S5OO.OO).
Administration: Superinten-
dent $S4OO ($S32O.OO); Supplies,
etc. $s25.OO ($775.OO). Total
A administration $9225.00
($9O95.OO).
Incinerator and Waste Col
lection: Superintendent $840O
($832O.OO); Employees $119,-
10000 (s114,3SO). Tools, Ma
terials, Equipment, Supplies,
$144,715.00 ($106,060.0O). Tot
ais $164,825.OO ($161,71O.OO).
Parks and Fairgrounds: Ad-
ministration $4,000 ($7940)
Employees $39,sOO ($38,8O0); /;
Lighting $4,000; New Equip
ment $500 (s1soO.OO); City
Equipment Rental 100000
($35O0.O0); Materials, Tools,
Supplies $640O.00 ($6200.00)
Contracts $1,000; Incidentals
$4,000 (S75.00); Fees $500.
Total $6O,775 ($59,130.00).
Swimming Pool: Employees
$4,000 ($1O,16o.OO); Lighting
s56O.OO ($2S5.OO); Tools, Sup
plies $4,000 ($261O.OO); City
Equipment Rental $4,000
($165.OO); New Equipment
$4,000 ($6O.O0); Incidentals
S1OO. Total s12,92O.OO ($13,-
28O.OO).
Forestry Division
Employees $10,000.00; Ma
terials, Supplies $226O.0O (S2,-
100000; New Equipment $57O
($444O.OO); Incidentals $500
($135.00); City Equipment
Rental $4,000 ($13O0.00).
Estimated Revenue Est. 1859
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-29

likewise have accepted the
findings Of the District Court
as TO the conditions at Central
High School during the l957-58
school year, and also the
findings that the educational
progress of all the students,
white and colored. Of that
school has suffered and will
continue to suffer If the con-
ditions which prevailed last
veo~ are permitted to continue.
The significance Of these
findings. however, is to be con-
sidered in light Of the fact,
indisplltably revealed by the
record before us, that the con-
ditions they depict are directly
traceable to the actions Of
legislators and executive Of
| flcials Of the State of Arkansas.
| taken in their offlcial capacities,
which reflect their own deter
mination to resist this Courts
decision in the Brown case and
which have brought about vio-
| lent resistance to that decision
in Arkansas. In its petition for
certiorari filed in this Court,
the school board itself de-
scribes the situation in this
language: 1.-THE legislative,
executive and judicial depart
ments Of the State government
opposed the desegregation of
Little Rock schools by enacting
laws. calling out troops. making
statements villifying Federal
law and Federal courts. and
failing to utilize State law en-
forcement agencies and judicial
processes to maintain public
peace"
One may well sympathize
with the position Of the board
In the face Of the frustrating
conditions which have con-
fronted it, but. regardless Of
the boards good faith. the &C.
tons Of the other State agen-
cies responsible for those con-
ditions compel us to reject the
boards legal position. Had
Central High School been I'M
der the direct management of
the State itself, it could hardly
be suggested that those imme-
diately in charge of the school
should be heard to assert their
own good faith as a legal ex-
cuSe for delay in implementing
the constitutional rights of
these respondents, when vindi-
cation of those rights was rem
dered difficult or impossible by
the actions of other State Of
ficials. The situation here is in
no different posture because
the members of the school
board and the superintendent
of schools are local officials:
from the point Of view Of the
Fourteenth Amendment, they
stand in this litigation as the
agents Of the State.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-29
State Prohibitions

This the prohibitions of the
Fourteenth Amendment extend
to all action of the State de-
nying equal protection of the
laws; whatever the agency of
the State taking the action, or
whatever the guise in which it
is taken.
In short, the constitutional
rights Of children not to be dis
eliminated against in school
admission on grounds of race
or color declared by this Court
in the Brown case can neither
be nullified openly and directly
by State legislators or State
executive or judicial officers,
nor nullifled indirectly by them
through evasive schemes for
segregation whether attempted
"ingeniously or ingenuously."
What has been said. in the
light of the facts developed, is
enough to dispose of the case.
However, we should answer the
premise Of the actions of the
Governor and Legislature that
they are not bound by our
holding in the Brown case. 1t
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-29
US. Petition

Upon completion of the
United States Attorneys inves-
tigation, he and the Attorney
General Of the United States,
at the District Courts request,
entered the proceedings and
filed a petition on behalf of
the United States. as amicus
curiae, to enjoin the Governor
of Arkansas and officers of the
Arkansas National Guard from
further attempts to prevent
obedience to the courts order.
After hearings on the petition,
the District Court found that
the School Boards plan had
been INSTRUCTED by the Gov
ernor through the use of Ma
tional Guard troops, and
granted a preliminary injunc-
ton on September 20, 1857, en-
joining the Governor and the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-29

cope with any incidents
which might arise at the
opening Of school, The
Mayor, the Chief of Police,
and the school authorities
made no request to the Gov
ernor or any representative
Of his for State assistance in
maintaining peace and order
at Central High School.
Neither the Governor nor
any other official of the
State government consulted
with the Little Rock authori-
ties about whether the Little
Rock police we're prepared to
cope with any incidents
which might arise at the
school, about any need for
State assistance in maintain
ing peace and order, or about
stationing the Arkansas Ma
tional Guard at Central High
School
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-29

/ officers of the Guard from
preventing the attendance Of
/ Negro children at Central High
School, and from otherwise
obstructing or interfering with
the orders of the court in con-
Inection with the plan. The
National Guard was then with
drawn from the school.
The next school day was
Monday, September %, 1857.
I The Negro children entered the
high school that morning under
the protection of the Little
Rock Police Department and
members of the Arkansas State
Police. But the officers caused
the children to be removed
from the school during the
morning because they had diff
ficulty controlling a large and
demonstrating crowd which had
! gathered at the high school.
On September rs, however,
the President of the United
States dispatched Federal
troops to Central High School
and admission of the Negro
students to the school was
thereby effected. Regular Army
troops continued at the high
school until November 81, 1857
They we're then replaced by
federalized National Guards.
men who remained throughout
the balance of the school year
Eight of the Negro students re-
manned in attendance at the
school throughout the school
wear,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-29
Supreme Law

Article VI OF the Constitu-
ton makes the Constitution
the supreme Law Of the
Land" In 1903, Chief Justice
Marshall, speaking for a unan-
imous Court, referring to the
Constitution as 1.-The funda-
mental and paramount law Of
the Nation" declared in the
notable case of Marbury VS..
Madison, that 1T is emphati-
cally the province and duty Of
the judicial department to say
what the law is"
This decision declared the
basic principle that the Federal
judiciary is supreme in the
exposition of the law Of the
Constitution. and that princi-
pie has ever since been re-
spected by this Court and the
country as a permanent and
indispensable feature of our
constitutional system. 1t fol-
| lows that the Interpretation Of
the Fourteenth Amendment
enunciated by this Court in the
Brown case is the supreme law
of the land, and Article vi of
the Constitution makes it of
binding effect on the States
ANY Thing in the Constitution
or Laws of any State to the
Contrary Notwithstanding"
Every State legislator and
executive and judicial officer is
solemnly committed by oath
taken pursuant to Article VI.
Paragraph 3 ito support this
Constitution" Chief Justice
fancy, speaking for a unani-
nous Court in 1859, said that
this requirement reflected the
/ trainers anxiety to preserve
it 1.-THE constitutional in full
force, in all its powers, and to
guard against resistance to or
evasion of its authority, on the
part of a State. E"
/ No State legislator or execu-
tive or judicial officer can war
against the Constitution with
out violating his undertaking
to support it. Chief Justice
Marshall spoke for a unani-
nous court in saying that: If
the Legislatures of the several
States may, at will, annul the
judgments of the courts of the
United States, and destroy the
rights acquired under those
judgments, the Constitution it
self becomes q solemn mock
cry :"
A Governor who asserts a
power to nullify a Federal court
order is similarly restrained.
If he had such power, said
Chief Justice Hughes, in 1882,
also for unanimous court, 1T
is manifest that the fiat of a
State Governor, and not the
Constitution of the United
States, would be the supreme
law of the land; that the re-
strictions of the Federal Con-
stitution upon the exercise Of
/ See TEXT, Page AS
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-29

OF racial segregation: 1T is
urged that this proposed segre-
cation will promote the public
peace by preventing race con-
fiicts. Desirable as this is, and
important as is the preserva-
ton Of the public peace, this
aim cannot be accomplished by
laws or ordinances which deny
rights created or protected by
the Federal Constitution"
Thus law and order are not
here to be preserved by depriv-
ing the Negro children Of their
constitutional rights. The record
before us clearly establishes
that the growth of the Boards
difficulties to a magnitude be-
yond its unaided power to con-
troll is the product OF State
action. Those difficulties, as
counsel for the Board forth
rightly conceded on the oral
argument in this Court, can
also be brought under control
by State action.
The controlling legal prin-
ciples are plain. The command
Of the Fourteenth Amendment
is that no state" shall deny
to any person within its iuris-
diction the equal protection Of
the laws. "A State acts by its
legislative, its executive. or its
judicial authorities. It can act
in no other way. The constitu-
tional provision, therefore. must
mean that no agency Of the
State, or of the officers or
agents by whom its powers are
exerted. shall deny to any per-
son within its jurisdiction the
equal protection Of the laws.
Whoever, by virtue of public
position under a State govern
ment denies or takes away
the equal protection of the laws,
violates the constitutional in
hibition; and as he acts in the
name and for the State. and is
clothed with the States power
his act is that of the State.
This must be so. or the consti-
tutional prohibition has no
meaning"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-29

that court for a stay. That we
declined to do.
The Court Of Appeals did not
act on the petition for a stay
but on August Is, 1858, after
converting in special session on
August 4 and hearin gthe APP
peal. reversed the District Court.
On August 81, 1858. the Court
of Appeals stayed its mandate
to permit the School Board TO
petition this Court for certio-
rari. Pending the filing Of the
School Boards petition for GER
tiorari. the Negro respondents.
on August %, 1858. applied to
Mr.. Justice Whitaker, as Cir
cult Justice for the Eighth Cir
cult. to stay the order Of the
Court Of Appeals withholding
its own mandate and also to
stay the District Courts judg-
ment. In view Of the nature Of
the motions, he referred them
to the entire Court.
Recognizing the vital impor-
lance Of a decision of the issues
in time TO permit arrangements
to be made for the l958-l959
school year, we convened in
Special Term on August 20,
1858, and heard oral argument
on the respondents motions,
and also argument Of the Soil
citor General who, by invita-
ton, appeared for the United
States as amicus curae. and as
serted that the Court Of APP
pealS' judgment was clearly
correct on the merits, and
urged that we vacate its stay
forthwith.
Finding that respondents
application necessarily involved
consideration of the merits OF
the litigation, we entered an
order which deferred decision
upon the motions pending the
disposition Of the school
boards petition for certiorari
and fixed September 8, 1858
as the day on or before which
such petition might be filed
and September II, 1858, for
oral argument upon the petit
ton. The petition for certi-
orari, duly filed, was granted in
open court on September IL,
1858, and further arguments
were had, the Solicitor Gen.
eral again urging the correct
ness of the judgment Of the
Court of Appeals. On Septem-
Der IL, 1858, as already men
toned. we unanimously af-
firmed the Judgment of the
Court of Appeals in the per
curtain opinion set forth in
the margin at the outset Of
this opinion.