davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31

islation TO close their public
schools If integration is forced on
them.
Alabama, North Carolina, Geor-
gia and South Carolina took such
action earlier. In addition, Arkan-
sas. Florida, Texas and Tennessee
have put anti-school indignation
statutes on their books.
Legislative defiance usually has
taken the form of permissvie laws
TO operate public schools on a pri-
vate basis with special tuition
grants or a less extreme pupil
placement law.
When school bells ring in the
new year next month. TIT Of APP
proximately 5000 southern school
districts will be integrated. More
than two million white children
and more than $4,000 Negro chill
dren will be involved in "inte-
grated situations. " Only a handful
of these will be outside the border
states.
A year ago. 1888 districts had
begun or accomplished desegre-
cation since the 1854 school de-
cision. Two years ago the figure
was 208 districts.
A solid wall of school segrega-
ton has been maintained in Ala
bama, Florida, Georgia, Louisi-
ana, South Carolina, Mississippi
and Virginia.
Indignation has proceeded on a
limited basis in Tennessee, North
Carolina and Kentucky following
sporadic violence last year.
Here is a State-by- State report
with the exception of Virginia,
which is described in another story
on this page.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31
TOWARD BETTER EDUCATION
School Aid Act a Real Milestone

propriated to start Of this equip.
ment program land may be
raised, when Congress reconvenes,
to reach the $40 million MAXI
NUM- District of Columbia, $685.
442; Maryland, 1881 1888, and Vir-
GINA, $466,379.
The fact that the student loan
program will give some preference
to students with special ability in
science, math, and engineering
should also stimulate study in
these fields. Also the expanded
testing guidance and counselling
services should result in more
qualified students taking scienti-
fic courses. The IS million alloca-
ton to increase supervisory work
in the State school systems in
science and math will mean
higher standards in these subjects.
Need for TechnoIooists
Fifteen million dollars a year
for four years is allocated on a
State matching basis for area
vocational education programs.
These funds are to train indivi-
duals for employment as highly
skilled technicians in occupations
requiring scientific knowledge. In
this way. the act makes an i'm
portant contribution towards
meeting the national need for
more and better trained technolo-
gistS, especially in skilled trades
vital to defense like missile pro-
duction.
ONCE Of Education officials, all
ready preparing details of the
program so 1t can start operating
when the President signs the act,
believe that the student loan fund
should be well under way by
January. Those provisions which
require matching amounts from
the States cannot become opera
tive until the States act. There is
every confidence that even the
poorest States will find the neces-
sary matching = funds often
through local school districts. Ex-
perience in matching funds In
the vocational education program
has shown that the States and
local communities have put UP
$5h for every Federal dollar.
In summary. the new education
act commits the Federal govern
ment for the first time to an inn
portant wide-range and well-in-
tegrated attack on our educational
deficiencies. Yet as Senate major
ity leader Lyndon johnson said
during the debate Il hope this
bill is only the forerunner Of bet
ter things to come"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31

Florida's public school segrega-
ton is 100 per cent now, but two
court suits have challenged it.
Graduate schools at the Uni
versity of Florida in Gainesville
were ordered this summer by a
Federal judge to drop racial bar
rlers. The State did not appeal.
One of two Negroes who applied
to enter the university's law
school qualified after a test.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31
North Caroline

Thirteen Negroes are to attend
normally all-white schools in three
Of North Cardinals largest cities
this year.
Limited indignation began last
year with IL enrolled. One with
drew after a week but the other
10 completed the school year.
Four will attend two schools at
Winston Salem; seven will 60 to
one schoo' in Greensboro and two
others will attend two schools at
Charlotte.
However, the Charlotte school
board has pending reassignment
applications from % additional
Negro pupils.
Four court cases aimed at over-
turning the States school segre-
cation laws are pending in North
Carolina courts.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31
Education
Act Benefits

COLLEGE LOANS-Up to 81 900
a year, with $4,000 maximum at
80 interest per year. sou Of
loan to be Cancelled If student
teaches full-time for five years
in elementary or secondary
school. Loans to be granted by
colleges. Preference for students
entering teaching or studying
science. math, engineering or
modern foreign languages. Au-
thorized funds should benefit
minimum Of from 50,O00-100, 900
students.
GRADUATE fellowship
$4,000 first year TO $4,000 third
year plus s400 per year for each
dependent. Preference to can
didates interested in college
teaching. 1000 fellowships TO be
awarded first year and 1900 for
following three years.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31
Kentucky

In Kentucky, more than 10000
Negroes - approximately one
fourth of the Negro school popu-
lation-attend 262 migrated
schools.
At Fulton, the city schools are
under a Federal court order to
intergrate this year.
There will be approximately
100000 white and $3.50 Negro
pupils in mixed classes in Texas
this year, mostly in the Southern
and Western parts of the State
where concentration of Negroes is
relatively light.
The 1857 legislature passed a
law requiring school boards to
call local option elections before
schools are integrated. Only one
district out of 1900 has been Inc
tergrated under this plan.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31
Georgia

Georgia, a citadel of resistance,
is faced with a suit in United
States District Court to end
segregation in Atlanta's public
schools.
Oral arguments are pending on
a motion by the board to throw
out the suit on the grounds that
the plaintiffs-28 Negro children
were not denied admission to
any schools because of race or
color.
The motion also contends that
the Negroes failed to seek admin
istrative remedies, that is, they
have not sought a hearing before
either the city school board or the
State Board of Education on adj
mission of individual Negro pupils
to white schools.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31
Alabama

Alabama's placement law which
gives local school boards almost
unlimited police power to say
where individual pupils 60 to
school, has survived its first court
test but is being appealed to the
United States Supreme Court.
A three-iudge Federal panel
held that the law is not uncon-
stltutlonal on its face, but said it
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31

tinue their education is the lack
Of proper guidance and counselling.
once of Education officials place
great Importance on those sections
Of the act which provide funds
which the States must match, to
develop this student testing, guild
ance and counselling program.
Special summer institutes to train
teachers who will specialize in
these fields of secondary education
will be established by universities
with Federal funds. An extra in
ducement will be a stipend of SIS
per week with extra for depen-
dents.
One Of the chief purposes Of
such guidance program is to en-
courage good students to make full
use Of their abilities by taking
more mentally challenging courses
of study as well as subjects for
which they are best suited. The
new act may raise the number Of
qualified guidance counsellors by
as much as so per cent and make
talent testing possible at two
grade school levels.
Recent studies have shown that
about 100000 students in the top
rs per cent Of high school gradu-
ating classes might go to college
if they had benefited from proper
counselling in school. This loss
Of high quality manpower should
be reduced as more qualified
couselors enter the school system.
College attendance for able stu
dents lacking adequate private A.
nancial means will be mainly slim
ulated by the student loan provi-
sion of the act. At present 883 col
leges and universities that enroll
80 per cent of the Nations total
number of college students have
no available student loan funds.
The acts authority to loan each
student 1000 a year may benefit
from $4,000 student the first year
to 100000 in the fourth year Of
the program. Although many may
be thus spurred into higher educa-
ton who would have missed col
lege for financial reasons, some
educators believe that the amount
offered will appeal mostly to stu
dents in the middle income groups.
Families in extremely poor circum-
stances often insist that the boy
go to work rather than incur the
obligation of loan. Educators also
point out that proportionately as
many students seem to drop out Of
colleges that have loan funds as
from those that don't.
More for Mathematics
8. The urgent need to attract
more and better students to
mathematics, science and technol-
ogy is the target Of several parts
of the act.
Top-flight students can only be
encouraged to take science if the
high schools have adequate teach
ing facilities and equipment. A
recent survey by the National
Education Association indicated
that at least $50 million is re-
CURED for science laboratory
equipment and apparatus in ex-
isting schools.
A major share of the $40 mil
lion equipment fund dncluding
the States contribution will be
available for the purchase of SCI
entiflc equipment and materials.
An idea Of how stable a con-
tribution this amount can make
toward meeting the problem can
be had by realizing that 1t costs
about $4,000 to equip a high
school science laboratory for the
teaching Of general science,
physics, chemistry and biology.
In the Washington area the
following amounts. which must be
matched, have already been APP
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31
The Grey Commission


The notion of consulting both
races got lost in a hurry. On
August 80, 1854. Gov. Stanley ap-
pointed 80 members of the Gen.
eral Assembly to a Commission
on Education to recommend what
course the State should follow in
meeting the Supreme Court de-
segregation ruling.
The commission, headed by
State Senator Garland Gray Of
Waverly, labored for IS months
and came up with plan moderate
by comparison with the States
present course.
Gov. Stanley and other State
Democratic leaders in the Byrd
organization gave the Gray plan
their unqualified support. They
waged an about campaign to win
public support for a constitutional
change to carry it out.
The referendum carried over
whelmingly.
Tension generated by debate
over the Gray referendum gave
massive resistance" its first fooot-
hold. The General Assembly, which
met on January II, 1856, set out to
adopt a resolution Of interposition,
which is a theory resurrected from
pre-Civil War days. The general
idea is that a State can interpose
its authority between the Federal
Government and State admins
tration.
While interposition was taking
shape at Richmond, the Arlington
School Board announced a ten
tative plan of gradual indignation.
The school board thought the idea
was in keeping with the Gray plan,
and conScientiouSly prepared to
obey the Supreme Courts desegre-
cation ruling.
An angry assembly retaliated by
taking away Arlington's right to
elect school board members. An
tagonism against Arlington be-
came a rallying point for segre-
cation sentiment in the General
Assembly. The indignation plan
was buried, and Arlington in the
succeeding years has bowed to
State authority.
The constitutional convention
authorized by the referendum met
in March, 1856 and took care of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31
Tennessee

Aside from Oak Ridge, which
operates under Federal auspices
and starts its fourth year of COM
plete indignation in September.
there will be integrated schools in
only two Tennessee systems this
fall.
They are Clinton High School
which started mixed classes two
years ago; and second grade
classes in Nashville where the first
grade classes in some schools
were integrated for the first time
last year.
Both first and second grade
classes In some Nashville schools
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31
BY MARY LOU WERNER
Star Stan Writer

Free education got off to an
early start in Virginia, 324 years
ago.
Americas first champion Of
State-operated public schools was
observation-disclosures JEFF erson.
On the eve of the 1858 school
term, Virginia stands ready to
close some of its historic public
schools rather than yield to inte-
grafton.
The long legal battle ushered in
by the Supreme Courts desegre-
CATION decision has brought Vir-
ginia the role of leader of South
ern massive resistance" It is
lace to face with the prospect of
closing some schools, or per-
hitting indignation.
Barring last minute legal de-
lays, the threat of closed schools
is imminent in Arlington, Char
lotteSville and Norfolk.
School Closing Law
All three are under court orders
to end segregation. AS soon as an
integrated assignment is made
by local action or court order
State law automatically closes
the school involved. The law is
explicit. There is no room for
uncertainty about what 1t means.
In obedience to court instruc-
tons, the Norfolk School Board is
ready to assign II Negro students
to SIX white schools. The assign
ments are expected to be made
this week after steps are taken
TO dispose OF a State court in
junction forbidding any action by
the Norfolk School Board. The
school board is considering the
possibility of postponing the fall
term. which is due to begin Sep
TENDER 8.
Arlington on Tuesday expects to
learn from court action whether
80 Negro applicants must be en-
rolled in white classes. The APP
plicants include five who last year
won court orders to enter the
schools of their choice, and are
seeking to exercise that choice
this year. Arlington schools are
due to open next Thursday.
Applications from 80 Negro stu
dents in Charlottesville are due
to be turned over to Federal court
this week for review. In the
meantime. Charlottesville has de-
cided to postpone the opening Of
schools from this Tuesday until
September is.
What is not known is how long
a school might remain closed
or how long the public will be
content to let it sit idle.
Within Virginia's own borders
there are those who are ready to
fight the School-cloSing strategy.
The National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People is
prepared to go to court to chal-
lenge the whole school-closing
mechanism as an illegal maneu-
yer to flout the Supreme Court.
For Virginia and six other States
in the deep South that have held
the line against indignation so far,
the outcome is apt to answer a
question often asked since the
Supreme Court ruled against seq
regation: To what lengths are the
white people of the South willing
to go to resist racial mixing?
When the Supreme Courts his
toric decision came on May IT.
1854, Gov. Stanley, who then
was in the executive mansion,
spoke of meeting the decision with
calm study and sound Judgment"
There was no talk NJ snything so
drastic as closed schools.
He said the State would work
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31
Louisiunu

A suit seeking indignation Of
public schools in New Orleans is
tied up in court action in Louis
lana. No date has been set for
integration although it has been
ordered with all deliberate speed"
Louisiana recently filed a
counter action in State court seek
ing to validate a State law requir-
ing New Orleans schools to be
classified Negro or white by a
legislative committee.
A similar suit has been filed in
Baton Rouge, but has not been
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31

might later be held unconStitu-
tional in its application,
Incoming Gov. John Patterson
has said he will advocate legisla-
ton to close the schools auto
matically if any are ordered inte-
grated. Pupils and teachers
would be absorbed by other
schools.
The existing law gives school
boards the right to close schools
which are threatened with inte-
grafton but it isn't mandatory.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31
BY GEORGE w. CAKES
Special Writer for The Star

Our new education act, as
finally passed by Congress, attacks
our major educational weaknesses
by:
Improving the quality and num-
berS Of teachers.
Stimulating the capabilities Of
talented school children.
Encouraging more able students
to enter college.
Putting greater stress on the
study Of mathematics, science and
modern languages.
Congressional passage Of the
most broadly based education leg
islation in almost 100 years has
firmly established the long-con-
tested principle that the Federal
Government recognize school and
college education to be a national
responsibility requiring "Substan-
tial" Federal financial assist
ance." Better school and college
education is now regarded as es-
sential to national defense.
In a significant policy declara-
ton, the act states, I'VE must in
crease our efforts to identify and
educate more of the talent of our
Nation. This requires programs
that will give assurance that no
student of ability will be denied
an opportunity for higher educa-
ton because of financial need"
Main Woys Act Will Help
Here are the main ways in
which the new legislation will
tackle the Nations most serious
educational deficiencies:
l. There is a vital need to in
crease the number of teachers
and raise teaching standards.
Next month 245,500 additional
teachers should be available to
handle rising enrolment, relieve
overcrowding, replace emergency
teachers and $4,000 others who
left the profession last year. More
important, too many school and
college teachers-particularly in
science and math-are seriously
deficient in adequate training.
The student loan program Of
the act, enabling college under
graduate to borrow $1,000 a year
at 3 per cent interest up to a
total of $1,000 provides that half
of the loan will be Cancelled if
the student teaches school full
time for five years after gradua-
ton. At present about half of
those who leave the profession do
so in their first five years. There
fore, this provision is expected not
only to reduce the number who
give UP teaching but also to en-
courage many college students to
enter it. In North Carolina and
Florida, where somewhat similar
plans have been tried, teacher
applications substantially rose, but
there have been cases where such
inducements have meant a drop
in the quality of teaching because
unsuitable people entered the pro-
fession only for the financial
benefit.
The Senate-HouSe conferees
deferring to the House eliminated
a scholarship proposal even
though the Administrator had
requested 10000. College schol-
arships lost out in the House
when Congressman supported
Representative Judds view that
those who require financial aid
should work to repay public
loan and not be given higher ed
ucation at public expense. Back
ers Of the scholarship plan decided
not to contest the issue further for
fear of endangering the whole
bill. especially since the colleges
themselves we're not keen on the
program because it would only
have met about half their cost
for each scholarship student.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31
BY JIM LAWSON
Associated Press stan Writer

ATIANTA-Ahough spotlight m the explosive Little
Rock situation the struggle maintain schools for whites
and eadiyh less dramacalyn other
cation strongholds Of the South.
The border States which began deseggaon after the 1854
Court decision ordering ngraon continue constant
lowering of racial barriers in the clasSrooms
But the heart of the legislatures have fened
their opposition the order with nearly 200 laws aimed at
holding traditional -but-equa school facilities
louisiana Mississippi Virginia the latest TO adopt leg
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31
Oklahoma

Indignation in Oklahoma has
moved forward without incident.
Indignation has been accom-
plished in 342 schools. 16l ele-
mentary and l8l high schools.
An estimated $500 Negroes are
attending classes in Oklahoma
schools with whites.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31
South Carolina

South Carolina relies on a stat
ute that withdraws financial sup
port from a school which takes a
pupil by court order, and from
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31

Orangeburg, Florence, Sumter,
Charleston, Greenville and Spar
tanburg counties. They got no
further than the county boards.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31
Where Southern States Stand on |ntegration

school on a nondiscriminatory
basis.
They also criticized that part
Of the plan which provides for
voluntary transfers Of pupils under
various circumstances. saying 10
permitted transfers solely on the
basis of racial discrimination.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31

toward a plan which shall be
acceptable to the people in keep
ing with the edict of the court
views of leaders Of both races will
be invited"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31
Foreign Languages Included


Foreign language instruction in
elementary and high schools will
also be improved by the establish
ment for teachers Of advanced
training language institutes. A
stipend Of SIS per week plus extra
for dependents will encourage at
tendance at these training courses.
At the college level perhaps the
most important provision to at
tract more and better teachers is
the substantial program to estab-
lish graduate fellowships - 1000
the first year and $500 in the
three following years. At present
many graduate Students ma
jority in some fields of study
have to support themselves by
taking jobs and so require from
4 to 10 years to get their doc
toral degree.
The act grants from $4,000 the
first year to 81, 400 the third year
for each fellowship plus $500 per
year for each dependent. In adj
dition the graduate institution,
which will select she candidates,
will receive $4,000 per year to
cover its costs for new or expanded
facilities. The graduate fellow
ships are to be awarded primarily
to those interested in college teach
ing in any field of study-science
or the humanities. 1t is hoped
that this program, which was pro-
posed by leading graduate school
deans, will develop the smaller
graduate schools which are not
as crowded as the larger ones.
Teaching methods in the schools
should also benefit in time from
the section of the act which di-
reefs that research and expert
mentation be conducted in more
effective use Of TV, radio, movies
and audio-visual aids.
Guidance for Students
g. One of educations most press
ing problems is to identify out
standing talent, use it more eff
fectively in school years, and en-
courage all such able students to
enter college. A major reason
why approximately 100000 stu
dents Of the upper 10 per cent
in the Nations schools do not con-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31

Litigation is pending in the
Houston and Dallas systems which
are under Federal court orders
to integrate with all deliberate
sneed
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31

The authorization of $40 million
a year in matching grants to the
States for the purchase and re-
modelling Of Institutional equip
ment for science, mathematics,
and modern foreign languages,
one of the most valuable sections
of the act. will appreciably raise
the teaching standards in these
subjects in many Of the Nations
$4,000 public high schools. Too
often good teachers. frustrated
for lack of basic teaching facili-
ties have quit.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-31

pushed pending outcome of the
New Orleans action.