davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-27
State Interference
Most Serious

This brings me finally to tn,
most serious situation, and one
which all Americans solemnly
hope will never occur again
/ refer to the case where 8
State impedes the execution Of
"a courts final decree in one OF
two ways; % under the guise
of preventing disorder, it uses
State military forces in a man.
ner calculated to obstruct a
final order of the court, or ca
where a State fails to provide
adequate police protection To
those whose rights have been
determined by final decree OF
the court and as a result
domestic violence, unlawful
combination or conspiracy
hinders the exercise of those
rights.
When a group Of private per-
sons engages in a concerted
effort to obstruct the execution
of a court decree, application
for an injunction and, If neces-
sary, the institution of contempt
proceedings, will ordinarily
prove effective. That is illus
traded by the Kasper case.
In Clinton, Tenn, however,
there had been no breakdown
of local law enforcement ma
chinery. Local authorities stood
ready, able and willing to
prevent violation and to pro-
tect the individual citizen. If
local law enforcement breaks
down and mob rule supplants
State authority, the situation
is immeasurably more sc rious.
In that situation, it may not be
enough to go back to the courts
for further relief in the form
Of an Injunction, a process
which is necessarily time-con-
A mob does not always
wait.
Let me make it emphatically
clear that the maintenance Of
order in the local community
Is the primary responsibility of
the States. That responsibility
cannot be shifted. When a
court has entered a decree, the
State has a solemn duty not to
its execution. More
than that, it has the affirmative
responsibility of maintaining
order so that the rights of in
dividuals, as determined by the
courts. are protected against
violence and lawlesSneSS.
But what If a State fails to
meet this responsibility? 1t
means that persons who oppose
The decision of the court, If they
ian muster enough force. can
set the courts decree at naught.
If this occurs, there can be no
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-27
The Courts Decision
For Indignation

On May IT, 1854, the court
announced its unanimous deci-
sion - and I quote from the
opinion-"that in the field Of
public education the doctrine
of separate but equal has no
place. Separate educational
facilities are inherently I'M
equal"
The decision was foreshad-
owed by earlier holdings. Thus,
as early as 1888, the court,
speaking through Chief Justice
Hughes, had concluded that a
Negro living in Missouri was
entitled to study law at the
University of Missouri, a State
school, there being no other
law school maintained by the
State which he might attend.
The constitutional requirement
of equal protection of the
laws" was not deemed satisfied
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-27

take such steps as may be nee
essary to vindicate the courts
authority. for example, to aid
the court in the prosecution OF
a contempt charge. We are
prepared to assist the courts In
other ways - as in the Hoxie
case, where. at the request OF
the local school board, we SUBJ
mitted our views on an impor-
tant question involving the
formulation Of effective Fed
eral procedures for dealing with
threatened obstruction OF law
and order.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-27

The subject Of my talk here
today concerns a matter which
is of great moment to our
Nation. refer to the decision
Of the United States Supreme
Court in the School Segregation
Cases and to some Of the prob
lens which have arisen in
connection with the imple-
mentation Of that decision.
They are numerous, and they
go deep: often they engender
strong feelings The subject is
one which calls for our most
serious and thoughtful consid-
Grafton. I choose this occe sion
to discuss ii because this is a
gathering Of lawyers, lawyers
from every corner of our land.
Every lawyer. as the late
Arthur T. Vanderbilt, Chief
Justice of New Jersey. reminded
us, has "the responsibility of
acting as an intelligent and
unselfish leader of his COM
munity. No class in our scci-
ety." he has said, sis better able
to render real service in the
molding of public opinion"
In the Department of Justice
we have given much thought to
the various aspects of the
problem. without attempting or
purporting to deal with all
these various aspects, let me
say that as I see it. the ultimate
issue which emerges does not
turn upon the evaluation of
particular rules of law. The
ultimate issue becomes the role
of law itself in our society;
whether the law of the land
is supreme or whether it may
be eyaded and defied.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-27

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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-27
SPEECH ON MITIGATION
States Must Enforce
Law, Rogers Asserts

FOLLOWING Is the teri OF Attorney General William p
Rogers speech the Supreme Courts school tntegraon
decision at the American Bar Associations meeting
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-08-27

Because all budgets are not
equal, because all kitchens are
not decorated the same, Pre-
way Wallchef comes to you in
two distinct and attractive
models-one with an all STAIN
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steel and chrome trim. Both
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faces; both have the famous
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-30
END OF TEAM
Bulgonin's Specially Was Genial Lioison

of World War II that Mr.. Bull
ganin's name became an impor-
tant one in the top hierarchy Of
the Kremlin. He was given the
task Of preparing Moscow for
a street-by-street, house-to-house
defense against the advancing
Nazi Wehrmacht. The capital was
moved to Kuibyshev, but Moscow's
citizens were ready to do battle
as the people of Stalingrad did
months later.
Tank traps, trenches, barri-
cadeS, strong points in factories
and public buildings were hur-
riedly prepared while the German
panzers swept nearer the city. The
thoroughness Of the job earned for
Mr.. Bulganin a top rank in the
Soviet leadership, and gave the
Soviet army time to bring up re-
Inducements from east Of the
Urals.
Although he holds the top rank
Of Marshal Of the Soviet Army. Mr..
Bulganin has never been a pro-
fessional soldier. Here again his
role has been that of liaison be-
tween the political leadership and
the military establishment, d diff
flcult duty he seems to have per-
formed very effectively.
After World War II Stain made
him Defense Minister, a post he
was holding when the dictator
died in 1858. His inclusion in the
collective leadership" that took
up the reins Of power then was in
evitable. and he seems to have
continued his impersonal, liaison
functions all during the jockey
ings and maneuvering inside the
Central Committee that have
turned out so well for Nikita
Khrushchev.
Named Premier In February,
1855, when Georgi Malenkov be-
came the second to fall before the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-30
THE WEEK IN PERSPECTIVE

ployed workers may draw jobless
benefits. Under this plan, in Flor
ida, which pays unemployment
compensation for a maximum of
only Is weeks, the period would
be extended to "a weeks, and to
Pennsylvania 30 weeks would be
added another is weeks.
The proposal, which would cost
$500 million to $500 million. al
ready has run into some con-
gressional criticism, especially
from Southern members who
seem to fear a Federal invasion
Of States rights. Also, these
members do not feel as pressed as
do some others in the matter of
extending aid to the jobless. OF
the 2 million unemployed Who
have exhausted their benefits, the
majority is outside the South,
an area that, by comparison is
weathering the recession with a
minimum Of hardship.
There are other such pockets
Of relative prosperity amidst hard
times in the East and Southwest.
Here in the District of Columbia
area, with Government employ
ment as a major buffer, the recess
sion is slight.
But the automobile industry
continued to be hard hit. With
production running more than 80
per cent behind last year, General
Motors, the giant Of the industry.
plans to close down seven plants
all this week, and reduce produc-
ton at two assembly plants. Pos
sibly 10000 employees will be idled.
Ford had earlier announced six
day shutdown for one plant and
curtailed production at another.
The Senate last week passed
a major anti-recession measure
an accelerated neutrality-suspicious.
bill that would add $18 billion
TO the tagging road program and
bring the total to $5.5 billion OF
planned spending between nov
and June 80. 1861.
The bill provided for an in
crease in Government grants to
States that comply with Federal
regulations for billboards along
the planned 41,000-mile system.
The House has passed its own
legislation to speed up the pro-
gram, but 1t did not include a
billboard provision.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-30
Presidential Approach

Mr.. Eisenhower's go-slow APP
proach so far has involved for
the most part an acceleration Of
spending that has already been
planned, plus extended benefits
for the unemployed.
Last week he proposed a $500
million speedup in Government
procurement Of nonmilitary equip
ment and materiel. The plan was
unveiled by Senate Minority Lead
er Knowland after the President
met Tuesday with COP congress
sional leaders on recession prob
lens. It calls for spending about
500 million between now and
June 30-money originally sched-
uled for the 1859 fiscal year. be-
ginning July /. Another $500
million. previously scheduled for
still later in 1859, would be spent
three to six months sooner.
This plan was more likely to
find easy going through Congress
than another Eisenhower proposal
that would extekd by SO per cent
the period during which unem-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-30

United Auto Workers strike against
the Kohler company. it did so with
some serious misgivings on the
part of some members. It looked
too much like a political fishing
expedition against JAW President
Walter Reuther.
AS the investigation into the
Kohler strike neared its end yes
terday, these suspicious did not
seem entirely unfounded.
During much Of the session yes
terday, the subject Of the strike
was all but forgotten as the near
ings were turned into a political
debate between Mr.. Reuther and
the groups three Republican Sem
ators.
About the only concrete thing
that came out of the hearings was
two bills of particulars, one filed
by the president Of the company.
Herbert v. Kohler. against the
JAW. and the other by Mr..
Reuther against the company.
Committee Chairman John Nc.
Clellan. observing that the COM
mittee was charged only with in
vestigating improper activities BY
both labor and management.
asked each Of the two men to list
the improper activities they
thought their opposition was guilty
Of.
Mr.. Kohler listed: Cd Mass
picketing during the early days
Of the strike; (2) demonstration
by strikers in front Of the homes
of nonstrikers; ~ vandalism and
violence; a. a coercive boycott
against the company, and go inn
portation Of "goons."
Mr.. Reuther listed: ID An at.
tempt to break the union by fall
ing to bargain in good faith; (2)
attempting to displace strikers In
order to get another union at the
plant; 90 building up an arsenal
Of riot guns and tear gas during
prestrike negotiations, and "a
employment Of labor spies.
The committee hit the headlines
earlier in the week with a lengthy
report recapitulating corruption
and management collision found
in its investigation Of the Team
sters Union and six other Of the
Nations 100 labor unions. The
Senators charged that $40 mil
lion in union funds had been
mishandled over the past IS years.
The recommendations included:
. Regulation and control OF
pensions and union funds.
. Legislation to insure union
democracy"
. Restrictions on middlemen
in labor-management relations.
. Authority for the States to
take oves where the NLRB refuses
Jurisdiction.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-30
BY TOM OCHILTREE
Associated Press stan Writer

LONDON.-A campaign calling
on England to renounce her nu-
clear weapons is sweeping through
every channel of British public
opinion. The issue Of atomic and
hydrogen weapons has become the
dominant political and social
theme in life here.
Emotional in tone, the ban the
H-bomb" campaign echoes day
after day In Parliament. from
speakers platforms. on television
and in the columns of news
papers.
It has produced counter claims
that Britain would commit ma
tional suicide if she were to give
up her own nuclear weapons in ad-
vance Of any possible world agree
ment on disarmament. But that
argument has failed thus far to
check the Shrill campaign.
Demonstrations have erupted
outside No. 10 Downing street.
Prime Minister Macmillan's Lon
don residence. and before the
gates of American air bases.
More demonstrations are planned,
one at a British atomic weapons
establishment on Good Friday.
The movement could split the
opposition Labor Party. It has
reached into the universities.
Some co-eds of Oxford even
threatened a kiss strike" unless
their boy friends signed a nuclear
disarmament petition.
Trump From the Post
Opponents Of the campaign have
one trump card. The calls to throw
away nuclear weapons arouse I'M
comfortable memories. To many
Britons they sound like the cries
; Of the pacifist movement which
swept their country in the 1906
at the very time Hitler's Germany
was arming itself to the teeth.
Oxford. then as now, was a CEN
ter Of agitation. Many young men
at the university resolved mot to
fight for King and country" only
to f1nd themselves a few years
later manning Britain's planes,
ships and guns in World War II.
The argument is heard that the
old paciflst campaign helped, in
a small way at least, to bring on
war by convincing Hitler that the
British lacked the will to defend
themselves. Now this question
arises: Will the present campaign
against nuclear ornaments give
the Russians similar ideas?
Basically, the campaigners want
Britain to abandon her own nuclear
arms regardless of the policies of
the United States and the Soviet
Union-the other two nuclear
powers. They claim such an action
by this country would give q
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-30
BY WILLIAM r. FRYE
Special Writer for The Star

UNITED NATIONS, N. Y
United Nations diplomats in
touch with the planning for an
East-West summit conference are
exploring the possibilities Of a
radical new idea: A U. N. police
force for Central Europe.
The principal purpose Of q
European UNEF would be to break
the deadlock over German uni
fication and thus free the diplo-
matte log jam which has piled
up behind that stubborn central
problem.
Germany stands divided for two
principal reasons:
Q Because neither East nor
West is prepared to see its sec
tiol. Of German real estate pass
into the sphere Of influence of the
other.
Q Because foreign offices-Doth
east and west of the Iron Cur
fanfare afraid of what a re-
united Germany, independent Of
either sphere, might do to the
balance of power, especially If
new Hitler were to arise.
The Kremlin asks the West to
freeze permanently in power a
bitterly deteSted East German
regime. The West asks the Rus
SLAMS to be so gracious as to pull
the Iron Curtain back 200 miles
to the east, leaving all Of Ger
many free to join the NATO.
No one really thinks either Of
these asking prices ever will be
paid. But no one has come for
ward publicly with an attractive
compromise.
Germony Is Feared
To men such as George F. Ken
nan who have suggested neutral-
ization-with Germany neither
weStern-oriented nor under the
Kremlin'S thumb-the reply has
been that this would enable Ger
many to play East against West
and again become the most pow
erful nation on the Continent,
perhaps upSetting the peace of
the world as she has already done
twice in this century.
If Germany is to be disarmed
and neutral" asked Sir Anthony
Eden in a kind of interrogatory
epigram, who is going to keep her
disarmed? If Germany is to be
neutral and disarmed, who is 60
ing to keep her neutral?"
Some bold u. N. diplomats are
now venturing an answer-a po-
lice force.
Their reasoning starts from the
assumption that naturalization
would not have to be imposed on
the German people; that it would
be popular with q majority, and
indeed would be enthusiastically
welcomed-if it brought reunifi-
cation and freedom with it.
The police force would be merely
a vehicle, a means Of carrying out
solution desired by all parties
as UNEF is today on the Egyptian
Israeli frontier.
If the assumption that Germany
would welcome naturalization is
false. then the whole plan COL
lapses. But debate in the Bundle
stag over guided missiles last week
and its aftermath have strongly
reinforced the impression that a
very large sector of German opin-
ion would like nothing better than
naturalization and disarmament
always assuming, of course, that
with them came unification, Sc
curity and political freedom.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-30
Continued From Page All

Continued From Page A-21
itol Hill are wringing their hands
over Mr.. Eisenhower's let's-wait-
and-see approach, they would
seem to have good reason.
But when the President is urged
to Support-in the name of all
Republicans vast public works
program providing millions of jobs,
he has only to look at the new
surge of Federal spending for an
inspiration to caution. These ex-
penditures are now running at
about SIS billion a week, and by
the third quarter of the year are
expected to top a rate of more
than $50 billion a year. The
House only last week passed a
military pay raise bill that would
add $668.4 million a year to the
costs of Government. And final
congressional action on nom
military pay increases will be
taken in coming weeks.
AS for a tax cut by the sug-
gested 500 increase in personal
income tax exemptions, Mr.. Eisen-
hower's Treasury Secretary,
Robert Anderson, said recently
that it would mean a loss to the
Government of about SO billion
in revenue"
A hefty tax reduction and a
multi billion-d dollar works pro-
gram could run the deficit to So
billion or $40 billion, with the
danger of a resurgence of infla-
ton. And that would not be an
attractive situation to have to de-
fend in a presidential campaign,
either.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-30
Stormy Ban the H-Bom6' Campaign
Pervodes All Walks of British Life

moral lead" to the rest Of the
world and convince other nom
nuclear nations not to start
making H-bombs.
Their movement comes at time
when Macmillan's conservative
government has announced a STEP
ping up of Britain's own nuclear
striking power. 1t comedies also
with the new Washington-London
agreement for the stationing of
American made Thor missiles on
British bases.
Further, they challenge the
validity Of the western powers
nuclear deterrent defense system
"a close-knit arrangement built
on the theory that Russia will not
strike so long as Soviet leaders
know the West can hit back with
massive retaliation.
Dire Possibility
Carried to its logical conclusion,
the ban the H-bomb" campaign
would require pull-out of United
States forces in Britain and prob
ably damage the North Atlantic
Alliance, the keystone of the free
worlds defense.
Some of the participants con-
cede those possibilities but say the
prospect of a nuclear war-which
they claim is increased by the
stockpiling Of Observation-Disclosures
them more. Others maintain the
Vests defensive posture would not
be significantly diminished by
Britains' abandonment Of her own
nuclear weapons.
Leading figures in the movement
include 85-year-old philosopher
Bertrand Russell and j. B. Priest
ley, the novelist and playwright.
Lord Russell, in a recent letter
to the London Times, said "the
human race can only survive If
governments realize the danger
Gus futility of H-bombs." British
television networks put on q
Priestley play stressing the horror
and destruction Of nuclear war;
fare.
In a political speech directed
against the campaign. Lord Hail
sham, secretary of the Conserva-
tive Party, attacked government
by undergraduate resolution and
agitation by private referendum"
Other government spokesman in
and out of Parliament have main
tanned that the agitation about
the bomb makes it more difficult
for self-assured Britain to ar
range a summit conference with
the Russians which would have
some chance Of easing East-West
tensions.
The movement thus far is in
distinct politically. Britain'S small
Communist Party has jumped into
the campaign with both feet, re-
viving the old cries of "Yanks Go
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-30

Home" and "GI Joe, You Gotta
Co." but the widening circles of
the movement spread far beyond
Communist ranks.
Scholars. churchmen and scien-
lists of various political connec-
tons have given it their support.
The pacifistS-a distinct segment
within the Labor Party-are ac-
lively engaged.
Macmillan Is Committed
MacMillan's government is
firmly committed to the nuclear
deterrent and to the establish
ment of British bases for Ameri-
can rockets But from the Prime
Minister on down, the government
couples this stand with repeated
expressions of hope for a summit
meeting and ultimately some big
power agreement to slow the arms
race.
Hugh Gaitskell's opposition
Labor Party officially supports the
same general position with shifts
in emphasis. Mr.. GaitSkell faces
a delicate political problem.
A victory for socialism" group
has become active, threatening to
divide the party on the issue of
the H-bomb. To steal the thun-
der from this leftwing group and
still keep labor's basic position on
defense intact, the party's mod
crate leaders adopted a resolution
described as a program for
peace"
That program among other
things calls for delay in the es-
tablishment of American missile
bases until after the projected
summit conference, suspension of
British H-bomb tests for a limit
ed period and a hating of flights
over Britain by American and
British planes carrying nuclear
weapons.
Said one observer: "Gaitskell is
clearly trying to keep the party
rank and file from stampeding
and it looks like he is succeeding"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-30

rising power of Mr.. Khrushchev
Uavrenti Beria was the first, and
the only casualty of the political
struggle to lose his life), Mr.. Bull
ganin led the Moscow delegation
to the Geneva summit conference.
But even then 1t was apparent
that the real head man was the
jovial Khrushchev.
TroveIing Pair
In. the months that followed
Geneva, "Bulgy and Khrush," as
some sections of the British press
dubbed the pair, were busy
travellers. They walked side by
side until their visit to Prague,
the capital Of Czechoslovakia, in
1856. There, for the first time,
Mr.. Khrushchev was obviously the
sovereign; Premier Bulganin rode
behind him in separate car, and
appeared to be more Of an aide
than a partner.
If Mr.. Bulganin did actually
take sides with the Molotov fac
ton in the July, 1857, shakeup,
he was for the moment out OF
character. Indications are strong
that he did not throw in his lot
with the "Stalinist" group ire
vocably. but that his efforts to
temporize at the crucial point of
the discussions cost him the con-
fidence Of Mr.. Khrushchev. In
any event. although he has full
filled his functions Of protocol as
Soviet Premier since that time.
the spokesman for Soviet policy
has been wholly and unquestion-
ably Mr.. Khrushchev.
Henceforward, the letters to
the White House from the Krem-
lin will be signed by Mr.. Khru-
shchev. Ex-Premier Bulganin will
probably have some new liaison
task to perform, ana will probably
do IL well.