davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17
Research Program

In another area--defense re-
search and development pro-
grams-the need for central
direction is especially acute.
This area, more man any
other. invites costly rivalries
The programs are critically i'm
portant. They involve the
weapons of tomorrow. In these
programs we cannot afford the
slightest waste motion. MOI
can we afford to devote three
sets Of scientists and labora-
tories and costly facilities to
overlapping weapons systems
and research projects.
Recently we have been
spending something more than
SIS billion a year for research
and development programs dis
persed among the several serv-
ices. This great sum is used
to maintain our new weapon
potential but does not procure
one single weapon or piece Of
equipment for the operating
forces. Eminent scientists re-
port that Capitalization of di.
rection over this program will
surely cut costs markedly and
improve efficiency.
I have recommended that the
supervision Of this entke &C.
tiyity-and. TO the xtent
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17
Cubu Press Curb
Hit by O'Rourke

John T. o'Rourke. president
OF the Inter-American Press
Association. today called on
Cuban President Fulgencio Ba-
tista TO live UP TO promises TO
permit a free flow Of news from
Cuba.
Mr.. ORourke, who is editor
OF the Washington Daily News.
stated the associations views In
a telegram to Batista. He told
President aBtista his promises
must be viewed as worthless II
they are not kept.
Mr.. ORourke said Chicago
Tribune Correspondent Jules
Dubois is being prevented from
communicating with the United
States. He said this is in "di-
rect contradiction" TO Cuban
government announcements.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17
GouIs Achieved

Many Of the goals ! then pre-
sented to your society are now
achieved:
In Korea and Wet Nam. the
wars are ended.
In FormoSa - Guatemala -
Iran-the Communist threats
are blocked.
In Trieste. the age old
struggle is resolved.
Austria is liberated. the Red
Army withdrawn.
Germany-at least West Ger
many-once again is sovereign
and today reinforces European
unity.
Atoms for Peace" so mean
ingful to mankind, at last is
under way.
The stature of the United
Nations is appreciably raised:
free world nations are more
united in collective defense.
And slowly but significantly
the Iron Curtain has started to
lift. Behind it the personal Sc
curity and intellectual freedom
OF oppressed peoples gradually
increase-another development
not without promise.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17
Now, one final thought:

S - WV
Now. one final thought:
Today ] have been speaking
mainly about military problems.
Overseas we can count on the
Soviets 10 twist these state
ments into accusations that we
are making threats and are
obsessed with war making tech
niques. But all the world
knows. as We do, that neither
war nor the techniques Of war
has ever been Americas pri-
mary concern.
The powerful armed forces OF
the United States are no more
than supports for q much
larger purpose. That purpose
Is peace and the advancement
OF human well-being at home
and throughout the world.
Freer trade and cooperative
assistance among the free ma
tons are indispensable aids I'm
bringing this about.
This I believe very deeply
II we will but hold fast in our
struggle for lasting peace, we
shall, In coming years. find full
justification for confidence that
war will not occur and that this
wearisome and dangerous arm
aments burden will be lifted
from the shoulders Of q CRATE
full humanity.
I believe further that In this
struggle the strength that en-
dureS rests with those who live
In freedom. Tyranny is too brit
tle-too insecurity based--too
dependent upon force and bru-
tality-too contrary to the
hopes and ideals of humanity
to last over the long pull.
The day will surely come when
this undeniable truth will dawn
upon even the rulers OF the
Soviet Union. as already 1t is
dawning upon their peoples.
Then. we shall see at last the
true worth Of all our effort. all
our sacrifice. all our prayers.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17
Need to Consolidate

For this purpose there Is no
need to consolidate the tradi-
tional services. Nor do We need
to create entirely new admin
istrative units in the Defense
Department. But there must
be no doubt that central au-
thority can direct the needed
coordination and take steps
to eliminate any wasteful
duplication.
The appropriation process
must facilitate, not hinder. this
essential coordination. Today
the Secretary Of Defense is too
severely restrained by this APP
preparation process to permit
maximum efficiency. Moreover.
strategic requirements change
NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS., swiftly
and critically. This constant
change. as well as continually
discevered new opportunities to
improve efficiency. are COM
pelling reasons for giving the
Secretary q reasonable flexi-
bility in the use Of funds.
Thirty-even billion $50 mil
hon dollars have been appro-
priated for military functions
this fiscal year. Less than two
per cent Of 1t was appropriated
to the Secretary Of Defense
this to run his once and meet
certain interservice costs. OF
the remaining 80 per cent. only
$3.50 million was specifically
subject to transfer between APP
preparations by the Secretary.
And that authority was limited
TO research and development.
I have proposed that the Sec
rotary be granted additional
fiexibility beyond that now
available by reprogramming
within appropriation totals.
The Congress should adopt one
Of the several applicable meth
DDS OF doing this. OF course.
there should be appropriate re-
ports to the affected commit
tees of Congress on the use
made Of this authority.
Flexibility does not mean IL
cense. Nor does it mean hand
ing $40 billion to the Secretary
Of Defense to use according to
his personal decision. 1t does
not mean depriving Congress
OF the power Of the purse.
What fiexibility does mean
is Congressional action that
will make annual appropria-
tons efficiently adaptable to
changing conditions. In the De-
partment and throughout the
world. every day Of every year.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17
Necessity of Spending

All Of US deplore this vast
military spending. Yet, in the
face Of the Soviet attitude, we
realize its necessity. Whatever
the cost, we must keep America
secure.
But in the process we must
not. by our own hand, destroy
America. This we could do by
useless overspending. Thus We
would undermine the economic
strength on which our freedom
and military power depend.
know one sure way to over
spend. That is by overindulg-
ing sentimental attachments II
outmoded military machines
and concepts.
Paraphrasing an American
patriot, our motto must be;
Billions for defense; not one
cent for needless waste"
Such considerations I have
placed before Congress in
message on defense reorganiza.
ton. The purpose is clear. II
is safety with solvency. The
country is entitled to both.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17

First, my warm greetings "a
the distinguished visitors here
from other lands. My subject
today is more national than in
ternational. Yet. there are in
ternational overtones In all that
! shall say. American strength,
OF which ! shall speak. is insep-
arabic from the waging OF
peace.
Five years have passed since
last ! met with your society. I
discussed then what is still the
worlds paramount need-an
enduring. Just peace.
In early 1853. you recall. the
world was deeply troubled Two
wars were In progress. One had
cost the lives Of thousands OF
our own youth. II promised to
go on indefinitely. The other
menaced all Southeast Asia.
There was daily possibility Of
more trouble-in the FormoSa
area. the Middle East. Western
Europe-even in the Western
Hemisphere.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17

Inelr essence can De stated
In q nutshell. Unified strategic
plans. carried out in peace or
war under unified direction.
presuppose that the directing
head. the Secretary OF Defense
Joint Chiefs OF STAFF mocha
nism. has SUFFICIENT authority
over supporting activities to as
sure execution Of the basic
plans. This. ! submit. Is the
sum total OF uniflcation. In
critical respects. II is lacking
in our defenSes today. Certain
revisions Of the present system
are urgently needed.
First. We must unity and
strengthen the professional
staff assistance available to the
top strategic planners. the
Joint Chiefs Of Stan. In some
respects this can be done adj
miniStratively. Such improve
ments require changes In law.
These I have asked Of Con-
gress. The Congress willing,
our military leaders will have
the professional help. in the
necessary strength. required
for efficient unified planning
and direction of our figthing
forces.
Second. we must clear the
lines of military command. To-
day they meander through sub
ordinate elements Of the De-
Tense Department before they
reach the fighting forces. With
in the limits Of law, ] have al
ready directed the administra-
tive changes this improvement
requires. Additionally. have
asked the Congress TO remove
various statutory barriers. The
Congress willing. we will free
the flow of military commands
from unified authority to the
man with the gun.
A third change Is most i'm
portant. It is to integrate the
power Of the fighting units in
the several startegic areas. The
forces in each Of these areas
must be fully unified into one
command. We must place each
command under the full con-
troll of one commanding officer,
no matter what his service.
Again ! have asked congress
sional cooperation. The Con-
gress willing. we will. in the
pattern Of the Nays mighty
task forces Of World War II.
forge Singly led fighting units Of
unified, concentrated power.
Thus. we shall face up to the
requirements Of modern war.
1t isl repeat-power that is
concentrated. not diffused. It
is warfare by unified forces.
not separate units. The truth
is that the services acting to-
gether. rather than singly. gen.
crate power that is not the sum
but a multiplication Of their
separate capabilities.
Our fourth need is no less
urgent. We must do a more
efncient job OF migrating new
weapons into our fighting
forces.
Again, we need unity Of
direction.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17

PARIS. April II R.-0en.
Lauris Norstad told allied de-
tense ministers today France
has agreed TO accept United
States medium-range missile
bases and nuclear warheads.
An accord with the United
States Is being negotiated, he
added.
A senior ofiicial reported that
the supreme allied commander
In Europe told the ministers
several other European coun-
tries have indicated In explora-
tory talks they will also accept
missile bases.
The Foreign Ministry con-
firmed negotiations were under
way which would lead TO the
bases being established In
France II successful. II did not
spell out the French conditions.
The senior official who dis
closed Gen. Norstad's remarks
said the American commander
now felt satisfied he could es-
tablish all the missile bases he
needs In Europe.
The defense ministers ended
their meetings with an agree
ment for a stronger defense
shield In Europe based on mis-
siles. larger ground forces and
co-ordinated arms production.
The decisions were announced
In a communidue at the end
OF a three-day session. The
communique said the ministers
Endorsed:
/. Plans submitted by the
seven ministers Of the Western
European Union TO broaden
cooperation in research. de-
velopment and production Of
new and highly complicated
weapons.
2. A report submitted by Gen.
Lauris Norstad. supreme allied
commander in Europe, asking
for % to 80 divisions. He has
about half that number now.
The ministers expressed hope
that modernization Of their
forces will strengthen the al
lied hand in efforts to re-estab-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17
lldt 10 llOI SO'
Identity of Services

The identity OF each service
will remain intact. Its train
ing. its pride. its traditions and
its morale. all important to it
self and to the country, will
still be the responsibility Of its
own service and civil leaders.
1t will also be said that a
monstrous general staff-usu-
ally called "Prussian" will be
set up to dominate our armed
forces and in due course will
threaten our liberty.
That is nonsense.
The group Of planners and
advisers and analysts that will
serve under the Joint Chiefs OF
Staff cannot logically be COM
pared to the great general stan
of Germany in 1914. The Joint
Chiefs Of Staff will remain the
top military advisers under the
clear-cut civilian control Of the
Secretary Of Defense, the Com
mander in Chief and the Con-
gress, all functioning within
bounds set by the Constitution.
1t will likely be said. in the
same breath, despite the OBJ
vious contradiction, that not q
professional military staff but
the Secretary Of Defense will
be made q "czar," who will
overwhelm our liberty.
This, too, Is not so.
We shall have neither mill
tary nor civilian cars. The
Secretary will stay directly UNI
der the President and the Con-
gress. He will remain subject
to a tremendous body Of de-
tailed law. In military affairs
he will be advised and as
sisted by the Joint Chiefs OF
STAFF. BY no stretch Of the
imagination can he become an
arbitrary administrator work.
ing his will Independently of
the President. the Congress.
and our fundamental charter
Of government.
It will likely be said. q ID
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17
Promotion Review

Finally, ! have called atten-
ton TO the need for review by
the Secretary of Defense and
the Joint Chiefs Of Stan Of our
top service promotions and as
signments. Top admirals and
generals for unified commands
must be fitted temperamentally
and by conviction for respon-
sibilities that transcend their
individual services. To reward
parochialism with promotion is
/ to invite disunity. In the same
vein, I have directed the Sec
rotary Of Defense o take a
firmer grasp over service pub
Ilicity campaigns and congress
sional activities. This also
should reduce invitation to dis
unity.
In the bill Just sent to Con-
gress, / requested correction OF
all Of those weaknesses OF a
statutory nature which relate
to the authority Of the Secre-
ary of Defense.
Now, looking back over all
the years since 1911. when l
entered military service. ! ma
it hardly surprising that q de-
tense revision agitates partisans
and traditionalists. Never has
It been otherwise. whether we
have gone from battleships TO
carriers in the Navy. from pis-
ton engines to Jets In the Air
Force, or from cavalry to armor
in the Army-and. in all serv-
ices, from TINT TO nuclear
weapons. We can expect the
same kind OF resistance to the
new modernization proposals.
But in the present situation 1t
is more than gratifying to have
the assurance that the convic-
lions Of senior civil and mill
tary leaders in the Defense De-
partment closely parallel my
own. They have co-operated
Loyalty in designing the details
Of the proposed reorganization.
Much Of the criticism we will
likely hear. therefore. will prob
ably be loudest and most Bit
ter not from responsible serv-
ice leaders but rather from out
side sources. These sources
often resist military change far
more vigorously than the serv-
ices themselves.
But from some quarters 1t
will be said. for example. that
the changes I have discussed
will merge our traditional
forces into a single armed serv-
frn
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17
Norstod Reveals France
Will Take IRBM Boses

lish international confidence by
controlled disarmament. The
communique did not mention
possible summit talks with the
Soviet Union In this connec-
ton.
The ministers reafiirmed that
the aim OF the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization Is defen-
sive and for the preservation OF
world peace,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17
Problems Changed

Inc onruSh OF science has
changed this problem at its
very roots. Take, for example,
a reconnaissance satellite, or
biting in space. II successful,
it would transmit military in
formation Of value to all the
armed forces. The utility and
purpose Of such an instrument
could hardly be prerogatives OF
any single military service.
Nor is 1t rational for the serv-
ices to wage bitter struggles
and multiply expensive research
facilities in a race to control
such a development.
The ballistlc missile is an
other example. This weapon
can be fired at targets hundreds
OF miles away. It's principal
function rises above one-service
considerations. 1t matters not
at all to the American people
whether such a missile is fired
from land or from a submarine.
Nor is the public overly con-
cerned whether a piloted
bomber takes of from land or
from an aircraft carrier to hit
the very same target. The
point is to be able TO get the
job done, at the least cost.
In short, 1t is high time for
all Of us TO pay more attention
to Americas strategic require
mentS and less to individual
service claims.
/ The fact is, modern weapons
have scrambled traditional
service functions. Interservice
controersy and confusion are
the result. This simply means
that our military weapons and
techniques and certain provi-
sions Of law just do not mesh.
I am quite sure that the
American people feel 1t is far
more important to be able to
hit the target than it Is to
haggle over who makes a
weapon or who pulls q trigger.
I have asked the Congress
to accept and apply these facts
of modern military life, The
Congress willing, we shall bring
to bear, In each unified COM
mand, all the power each mill
tary service can Vsefully pro-
vide to support the mission of
the command.
ISecretury's Position
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17
World War Lesson

Now let's examine our de-
lenses. There is a simple start
ing point. 1t is this:
The waging Of war by sep
arate ground. sea and air forces
Is gone forever.
~ This lesson we learned in
World War II. lived that les
seq in Europe. Others ged II
tn the Pacific. Mild 3 OF
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17

American veterans learned II
well.
II In organizing our defenses
we ignore that LESSON. we shall
do so at deadly peril.
To prevent war-or. In the
tragedy Of war. 10 win it's
the whole purpose OF our huge
defense establishment. It's sue
cess requires one single basic
scheme. under single direction.
That scheme is our strategic
plan. The single direction Is
provided by our highest mill
tary chiefs. acting in unity I'M
der civilian control.
Unity. then-unity in stra-
tegic planning. unity In mill
tary command. unity OF our
fighting forces in combat COM
mands-these we must achieve.
Now. applying this yardstick
Of unity. we at once identify
needed defense changes.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17

deemed necessary. Its direction
be centralized In the Defense
Department under q top civil
ian who will be q national
leader in science and technol-
ogy-the actual work being
done largely by the military de-
partments as is the case today.
The Congress willing. We viii
substantially increase the ef-
ficiency Of this multibillion-dol-
lar research and development
effort. reduce its cost. and
strike at one Of the roots OF
service rivalrieS.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17

efiiciencies and needless dupli-
cations encouraged by present
law.
Thus we viii meet our dual
needs - safety and solvency
The Congress willing. we shall
have maximum strength, with
minimum cost. In our national
defense.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17
Demands of Survival

So today we find. despite our
progress. that peace. national
satety-survival itself-demand
Of America the utmost strength
in its every aspect-Spiritual,
intellectual and scientific, as
well as economic and military.
This brings me to my main
topic-our military strength
more specifically. how to stay
strong against threat from out
side, without undermining the
economic health that supports
our security.
1t is hard to grasp the
enormity Of our own military
expenditures. In only five
years, they are almost 5000 bill
lion. This colossal expenditure
has cost US far more than dol
lars alone. In a less threaten
ing world. how much 1t could
have meant to us. In private
or public spending, this 5000
billion could have bought:
of highways. the entire,
Nationwide interstate system;
of hydro-electric power.
every worthwhile project in
America;
of hospitals. our needs for
10 years to come;
of schools. our next dec
AIDES requirements. including
catching up on present short
ages.
And even had we additionally
allocated $40 billion a year for
security. some $50 billion would
still have been left to reduce
the national debt.
Clear it is that this arma-
ments race-So terrible, SC
utterly wasteful-has imposed
tragic penalties upon America
and all mankind.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17

dition. that these proposals
will violate the responsibilities
OF Congress. especially its power
over the purse.
AS I have said. that is equally
farfetched.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17
DEFENSE TALK TEXT
Criticism of Plan
Called Nonsense

Following the teri OF President Eisenhopers address
before the American Society OF Newspaper Editors today:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17
BULLpUp GOES ONTO A FURY JET

Sailors load missile called the Bull
pup onto Fury Jet fighter Nays Point Mugu Cal missile
Bupup weapon
powered weighs $40 poundsNavy Photo via
AP Wirephoto.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17

LYNDHURST, N. J. up.
Guy Pezzolla was sick on
Tuesday. the day Of the
New Jersey primary. He
doesn't feel too well today,
either.
Mrs. Pezzolla was in the
race for Republican COM
mitteewoman from the I'd
district, but a heavy cold
kept her husband from the
polls.
Mrs. Pezzolla lost-by
one vote.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17

Secretory's Position
The next change 3ect
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17

Now! 40 nights trioI offer
Try the Seoly Posturepedie mothess in
return II and your money will be refunded.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17
LOOK AND FEEL
BETTER
NATURALLY

A Ssoly PoStvrspsdis
helps you woke vp smil.
ing. With book muscle,
rslexsd, you'll stand
s,roioh,sr--fesl better
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-04-17
ARE you SLuAPED
LIKE THIS1

Ever slump for relief
from tired book mv,elss7
A Ssoly Posivrspsdie
helps you. Keeps your
spine on o llns--mvseles
rested.
The Chapel Hill weekly., 1958-08-14

J9sE.lU4El sfyii cAt
the furnace arc .ou tas.a.9Fs d
ibe building The premises vii be
inspected to determine the cost
Of repairs
2 This aldermen ao0ptec an
amendment io lbt spec -a ase set
tion Of int zoning ordinance wmca
vii allow Ted Danuger to 80
along with preliminary plans for
Z shopping center IN toe area oi
Airport Road ano iAllsboro Street
Extension
3 the board postponed ACTON
ol the matter u pfva0ce peddlers
OF Chapel Hill streets until another
season since d ina report could
not be prepare II time TINS
summer.
a. The aldermen heard writ
ten protest by c L Hornaday Of
the Service Insu ance and Really
Company against the uninienbOn-
al injustice beng done the bus
ness on Henderson Street by the
installation Of ten.minute parking
meters No action was taken
f5j Town Manager T D Rose
explained to the board that his
office Is compiling four lists oi
persons from whom taxes nave
not been collected
The Chapel Hill weekly., 1958-08-14
FARMS FOR SALE

SEVEN MILES FROM CHAPEL
Hui Slightly oFer 10 acres 81
acreS rIcA ia, open Barn, Ses er
al g0Od ogt buildings tso Of which
could Be MADE INTO apartments
Fruit trees ana grape vines. Am
pie garden space Z room house
with z baths iIeplaces Fully
insulated Central heating Air
conditioned Hot and cold water
Chapel Hill telephone Newly
painted. Beautiful farm home
Must be seen 70 be appreciated
Thompson & vincent, lac 333 "
Rosemary Days 505l, Nights
-S-(ge3