davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-04

only one municipality Of five
within the confines of the District.
The administrations of the older
cities Of Georgetown and Alexan-
dria had been LIFT intact by Con-
gresS when the District was
created, and there were also two
large rural areas, the County of
Washington and the County Of
Alexandria (now known as Ar
lington County,, which were sepa-
rately administered by Levy
Courts appointed by Congress.
The residents of the District
were unable, accordingly, to speak
with a unified voice, and there
was much petty jealousy and
pickering. particularly between
Washington and Georgetown. In
1846 the residents of the Virginia
section Of the District, which had
not benefited in any way under
Federal administration, succeeded
in perSuading Congress to retro
cede this area, and the citizens Of
the remainder of the District were
too short-sighted and lacking in
political power to make an effec-
tive protest.
During the years before the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-04

between February "a and March /.
The auto buy" drive in Chicago
resulted, dealers claim, in $50
million worth of sales. And in
Memphis. where the campaign
currently is in progress, dealers
report that their business is go
ing great guns"
Nobody really knows. however,
just how much credit should be
given to the slogan. Cleveland's
campaign, for example, was put
on during a week of good weather
that followed several weeks of bad
weather. Some of the sales in
creaSes are seasonal. dealers or
CARNATIONS admit, and they're
also wondering how much the
drives are borrowing from future
good weather-say June"
Meanwhile, the small econ
omy cars manufactured overseas
are taking an increasing share of
the shrinking market from De-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-04
BY DAVID KOONCE
Star Stah Writer

A few days ago the presidents
of the IL Federal Reserve Banks
issued a statement declaring that
recovery from the recession is up
to the consumer.
Previously President Eisenhower
had one-word suggestion for
speeding the return of prosperity:
Buy"
General Motors is spending 5000
million on local you Auto Buy
Now" advertising campaigns, and
the Advertising Council has asked
between $40 million and SIS mil
lion in free space and free time
for saturating promotional cam
paign appealing to the consumer
to cure the recession" by buying.
Spending money in a recession,
like taking up arms in a war, has
thus become virtually patriotic
duty of Americans.
Most of the entreaties are made
in behalf of the auto industry, al
though the recession has worked
severe hardship on workers in the
steel, lumber, textile, chemical and
machinery industries-to mention
only a few.
The Keystone Industry
Why the big pitch for autos?
The auto industry is often re-
ferred to as the keystone to the
economy, and for good reason.
The industry's retail sales last
year totaled about SIS billion. But
it doesn't end there. Related in
duStries produced about Sc billion
worth of automotive products and
employed $50, 1000 workers to make
tires. upholstery, electrical equip
ment, windows. paint, asbestos
brake Innings and all the other
equipment that goes into today's
complicated and luxurious auto.
The steel industry is operating
now at less than half of its rated
capacity because Detroit, which
used 10 per cent OF the Nations
steel produced for domestic con-
sumption last year, is 100000
units behind its 1857 production
at this date. cat present. more
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-04

and be permitted representation
in Congress.
In 1902 the municipality Of
Washington was established by
Congress, and residents were given.
by charter, privileges similar to
those Of all other American city
dwellers. At first the Federal Gov
eminent reserved the right to
nominate the mayor Of Wash
ingon. and the first occupant Of
that Office. Thomas Brent, was
appointed by President jefferson.
Ten years later the Board Of
Aldermen and the Board of Com
mon Council were authorized to
select the mayor from among their
members. and in 1920 a new
charter established the direct cleo
ton of the mayor by the voters
Of Washington City.
The Burden Was Too Big
Had the National Capital been
laid out on less grandiose scale
than under the plan Of Pierre
L'Enfant. and had the city de-
veloped industries and manufac-
turing on the scale of Baltimore,
for example. the development and
maintenance of the city would
have presented comparatively few
problems. Since, however, more
than half of the land area of
the District belonged to the
Federal. Government and was ex-
empt from taxation, the burden
of paving the broad avenues laid
out under L'Enfants plan was far
greater than the small population
Of Washington could carry with
out large appropriations from the
national administration.
Furthermore, Washington was
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-04
POINTS OF DIFFERENCE
Moscow Details Tito Errors

Wet cause. Moscow claims, because
1t diverts Communist energies
from the main task of winning
power by revolutionary means.
2. Communist Party indispensa-
ble?-In some countries, YugoSlav
Reds believe. there is no need for
a Communist Party. The United
States is such a case, they say.
Workers can win socialism here
through their trade unions. Trade
unions that defend capitalism are
not likely to lead the United States
to socialism" Soviet theoreticians
object morosely. Kommunist says
a Communist Party in America is
indispensable.
8. All military blOcs reprehensi-
ble?-The Yugoslavs charge that
the two big military blocs are the
main cause of world tensions
today. Both blocs seek positions
Of strength" Belgrade observes.
KommuniSt Magazine objects:
They put on the same level the
peaceful policies of the Socialist
countries and the aggressive poll
cies of the imperialist bloc" The
NATO bloc is reprehensible, yes,
but the Warsaw Pact, no, accord
ing to Kommunist.
4. Need for collective farms
Yugoslavia, predominantly agri-
cultural economy, found that COL
lectivization didn't work. Kom-
munist notes that the Yugoslav
program laudS Soviet industrial
achievement, but makes no men,
ton of the value of collectiviza-
ton. Another distortion Of
Marxist-Leninist theory and prac-
tice, KommuniSt complains.
5. Should Moscow be the lead
er?-The rest of the Communist
bloc accepts Moscow's theoretical
and practical leadership; Yugo-
slavia spurnS it. Moreover, Bel
grade Spotlights the Soviet
Unions shortcomings. Moscow
wants Belgrade to acknowledge
Russia's world leadership.
6. Independence VS.. Mutual AS
sistance - Yugoslavia overempha-
sizes the importance of strict
equality and noninterference in
each others domestic affairs while
neglecting IN tual assistance,
support and unity among socialist
nations" Kommunist charges.
Obviously Moscow wants more
Yugoslav support for "independ-
ence" like Czechoslovakia's and
mutual assistance" such as Hun
gary and the Soviet Union now
enjoy.
7. One road to socialism or
many?-Yugoslavia accuses the
Soviet Union Of attempting to set
up an theological monopoly and
to dominate the Communist world.
Kommunist Magazine decries this
allegedly false notion.
Reosserts independence
President Tito reasserted his po-
Sition at the opening of the Yugo-
slav party congress. And a few
days later Vice President Ran
kovic attracted world attention
when he asked bluntly:
What manner of a country's
policy is this which does not lay
down as its chief task a concern
for its own people, for socialism
in its own country, and for its
proper development. but lays down
as its chief task-availing itself
Of the occasion-a settling of acIy
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-04
THE EC0N0AlYs KEYSTONE
Recession Taxes, Imports All Add to Detroits PLIGHT

steel is going into construction
than into autos.
The rubber industry depends on
auto manufacturers for IS per
cent of its business, and autos
take AZ per cent of the Nations
lead, and % per cent of its zinc.
Altogether, about 10.5 million
of Americas 62.9 million workers
are employed in the auto-related
industries. according to the Ma
tional Association of Manu-
facturerS.
The Detroit Picture
A look at Detroit's plight, then,
is to large degree a look at
the American economy. Here's
what it reveals:
With passenger car production
in the first four months of this
year running more than 100000
behind last year, still further cut
backs are planned. A month ago,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-04

counts with the YugoSlav Com
munists, interfering in this way
in the internal affairs of Yugo-
slavia?
From the perspective of 1858,
looking back on the frequent
clashes of Soviet and Yugoslav
theoreticians since 1948, this latest
falling out appears to be just an
other incident in a well-estab-
lished pattern of disagreement.
Only theory is involved. Trade,
cultural and political contacts
continue.
Moscow probably is playing a
longer game, however, in the hope
that, after Tito, a more co-opera-
tive Red leadership can be helped
to power in Belgrade. Then these
1858 warnings could be used as
indictment against the Titoists.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-04

Civil War the white property
owners of Washington, who alone
were qualified to vote under the
city charters, had run the city
at minimum expense to them
selves. Taxes amounted TO only
so cents per 500 valuation on real
estate. and there was almost no
bonded debt. A small tax on stocks
and bonds had been imposed in
1848, and 10 years later a poll tax
of 81 was levied for the support
Of the public schools. The city
Of Washington had not under
taken any large-scale paving of
the streets, hoping that Congress
would eventually make large
enough appropriations for this
purpose.
During the Civil War the entire
character of the national capital
was transformed. Washington So
ciety had been largely Southern
IN its nature. and the principal
landowners had been related by
ties Of blood and marriage to the
slave-owning aristocratS and plant
erS of Maryland and Virginia. This
changed almost overnight.
After the secession of the
Southern States many Govern
ment officials and their families
departed for Richmond, and their
places were taken by men from
the North and West. Washington
became the chief source of supply
for the Army of the Potomac. and
more than once it was to feel
the presence Of the enemy at its
door.
Greet Social chonse
During the four years Of war
the population Of the District in
creased from $4,000 to 10000.
One-quarter Of this increase was
due to the influx of Negro refu-
gees from the plantations Of
Maryland and Virginia after
Emancipation had been pro-
claimed in the District in 1862.
They hoped that the Federal Gov
eminent which had set them free
would also provide for their sup
port and protection.
The property-owners of WASH
ington and Georgetown were dis
turbed by the rapid increase in
the size of the colored popula-
ton during the war. They feared
that the destitute freedmen would
become public charge upon the
taxpayers, and they considered it
the responsibility of the Federal
Government to provide for their
relief and education.
The Mayor of Washington,
Richard Wallach, was a Conserva-
tive Unionist, a former slave
owner whose brother had served
as an officer in the Confederate
Army.
Mr.. Wallach had been particu-
larry opposed to the action of
Congress, which had in 1864 or
dered the municipalities of WASH
ington and Georgetown to set
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-04
BY EARL H. VOSS
Star stan Writer

There has been another falling
out in the stormy history Of
Soviet Yugoslav relations. and
Moscow has come of second best.
Marshal Tito's independent
Communists have put through a
deviationist program at national
party Congress despite Soviet eff
forts to erase the deviations. For
a while it looked as If Moscow
really might once again be trying
to erase Tito's leadership of the
YugoSlav Communist Party.
But Moscow found fewer
"healthy forces" in the Yugoslavia
of 1858 than there had been in
1948, when the Cominform read
Belgrade out Of the club and APP
pealed to healthy forces" to take
over. Whether the Russian the
oreticians are building for the
long-range future is now point
for speculation.
The Russians first. accepted
Yugoslav invitation to attend the
Seventh Congress Of the League
of Communists Of Yugoslavia in
Ljubljana. But then Belgrade
published its draft program.
which the leadership was to pre-
sent to the Congress for rati-
flcation.
Russia found it theoretically
unsound and decided not to send
a full-fledged delegation. In the
end the whole Soviet bloc dis
patched only observers" mean
ing their Ambassadors in Bel
grade, and all of these except the
Pole walked out when they were
offended by speech of Vice Pres
ident Aleksandar Rankovic.
The main dispute was ideolog-
ical, and important enough for
the Soviet Communist Party'S the
oretical bible. the magazine Kom-
munist, to spell out seven points
of difference and publish them
two days before the Ljubljana
Congress met.
Kommunist went so far as to
express the hope that the Con-
gress would alter its leaders pro-
gram before adopting it. In the
Communist world, the most pop
ular method of changing a pro-
gram is to change leadership. Of
course, and 1t is for this reason
that some Belgrade officials
thought they detected a Moscow
invitation to Yugoslav dissidents
to bolt.
Major Differences
These were. the seven points of
difference. interesting for the light
they shed on what Communists
think is important in their ide-
ology:
l. Evolution VS.. Revolution
Yugoslav Communists have a the
DRY that capitalism is in a process
of evolution that will lead it to
socialism. Capitalist governments,
the Yugoslavs observe, are inter-
fering more and more in free en-
terprise, and ownership of indus
tries is spread widely as the daily
operations of the stock market
show. All this is nonsense, say the
Russians. Capitalist monopolies
are in charge of the government,
so capitalism is still in complete
control. The Yugoslav talk Of
eVDlution Is damaging to the So
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-04
About This Article

This is the first Of three
articles on Washington's turbu-
lent political career from its
inception to the establishment
Of the present Commission
government. Mr.. Whyte is the
author of the recently published
book, THE Uncivil War-Wash-
ington During the Reconstruc-
ton"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-04

Less than q century ago the city
AZ Washington was the Capital OF
the United States In little more
than name. Paving was virtually
unknown. few OF the streets were
lighted and the city sewers were
open and smelly cutters which
drained into the unsavory canal
flowing along the present route
81 Constitution avenue. Life In
Washington was expensive and
rugged. The most influential
pewspaper editor OF that day.
Horace Greeley OF the New
York Tribune, advised Govern
ment clerks dissatisfied with their
small salaries to move 70 Kansas
or Nebraska. washington Is not
a nice place TO live In" he wrote.
1.-THE rents are high. the food Is
bad, the dust Is disgusting. the
mud Is deep. and the morals are
deplorable."
Few members OF Congress main
tanned homes here before 1850.
They lived for the most part In
boarding houses. and the city took
on the aspect Of capital for only
a few winter months. During the
rest Of the year 1t had the APP
pearance Of country town, with
pigs and cows roaming the side
streets. AS late as 1867 one Eng
lish visitor wrote: ITO make a
Washington street. take one mar
bic temple or public Office. dozen
good houses Of brick and a dozen
Of wood, and fill in with sheds
and fields. Some blight seems TO
have fallen on this city. 1t is the
only place We have seen which is
not full Of growth and vitality"
What were the reasons for this
blight on the National Capital
which persisted for so long during
the first half Of the 10Th century?
To understand them it is neces-
sary to glance briefly at the cir
cumstances which led to the crea-
ton of the Federal District by
Congress in the early days Of the
Republic.
Neutral Ground Needed
When Congress established the
District Of Columbia in 1889 as
the site Of the National Capital
its principal concern had been to
find a centrally located and &C
cessible area where its delibera-
tons would be free from undue
influence by individual States.
The exclusive control" which
Congress proposed to exercise over
the District was intended to ex-
clude the authority Of the States.
1t was not intended, however, to
exclude the residents Of the Dis
trict from a voice in their own
local affairs.
James Madison, who discussed
this subject in the AID Federalist
Paper mace this point quite clear.
"A mureipal legislature for local
purposes derived from their own
suffrage will. Of course, be al
lowed" he wrote. He also assumed
that residents Of the Capital would
retain q vote in national elections
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-27

the court held there must be .
verdict Of not guilty by reason
of insanity In cases where q
defendant committed q crime
as a result OF a mental disease
or defect suffered At the time
OF the crime.
Mr.. Mcoee argued that socio-
paths are next 10 normal" and
Therefore shouldn't be consid-
cred as legally insane within
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-27

found not guilty by reason Of
insanity must be committed 20
81. Elixabeths.
The law further specifies
that such q defendant cannot
be released until the hospital
superintendent certiiies he Is OF
sound mind and viii not In the
reasonable future be dangerous
10 himself or others. The ques-
ton: Is the law constitutlonal2
Appellate Judge Warren 4.
Burger yesterday asked Hugh
MCGEE. Leach's attorney. 70
discuss the point. Mr.. MCGEE
has a week 10 file a brief In the
case.
The attorney also raised the
point that another issue In the
Leach case has resulted In a
"change In the law" by psy-
chiatrists.
He was referring 10 testimony
In the November Leach trial In
the hearing Of two weeks ago.
II was brought out that. until
November. Sc. Elizabeths con-
sidered sociopaths 10 be with
out disorder" A policy change
has resulted In designation OF
sociopaths as mentally Ill.
Mr.. MCGEE feels this has
broadened the concept Of the
1854 APPELLATE Court decision in
the Durham case. In its opinion.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-27

the confines Of the Durham
rule.
In support Of his arguments.
Mr.. MCGEE told Judge Burger.
Chief Appellate Judge Henry
w. Edgerton and Judge George
7. Washington that he feels the
District commitment law and
the Durham rule should be
changed 70 clear up these
matters.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-27

Leach pleaded for freedom from
the hospital. contending he was
sane. Seven psychlatrists tes-
tified-fiye saying he was mem
tally III. two others that he was
OF sound mind.
Judge Schweinhaut accepted
the word OF the pair OF pSy-
chlatristS who held out for
Leaeh's sanity.
An issue he did not reach
and which he suggested the
Appellate Court might want 10
consider-involves the law that
resulted In Leach's commit
ment.
Passed by Congress In 1855.
nc requires that q defendant
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-27


United States Court Of Appeals
here yesterday ordered a fur
ther stay OF Leach's release,
pending a final ruling IN the
case.
Leach ended up In the hos
pltal as a result OF two trials
one In November, the other
In January - where he was
charged. respectively, with re-
eeiving stolen Government
property and robbery. In both
trials verdicts Of not guilty by
reason OF insanity we're handed
down, after psychiatrists testi-
fed he suffered from a socio-
pathie disturbance.
Then came the hearing before
Judge Schweinhaut at whicl
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-05-27
Leach Denied Release
Pending Final Ruling
by PHIL THOMAS
star star Writer

John Leach the soeiopahie personality who has sought
release ST. Eabeths Hospital by legal and other
will be there for a while yet
Two weeks ago District Judge Henry A. schweinhaut
ordered Leaehs release from the hospital effective AZ
today But the Government appealed this ruling and the
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1958-08-28
THURSDAY, AUGUST %. 1858.
Senate C,loakroom
By ]. GLENN BEALL
United States Senator from
Maryland

Congress Goes Into Homestretch
"A few more days and then
recess" That's the theme on Capt.
tol Hill, as the 85th Congress
heads into its final deliberations.
That is the situation as | write
this. AS usual, quite few bills
are being brought up for last
minute consideration while others
are being shelved for lack of
time The latter can, of course,
be re-intrOduccd when the 86th
Congress "Opens up shop" in Janu-
ary. The Senate is holding late
sessions, meeting early in the day
and continuing on into the eve
ming.
Hospitals To Get Government
Loans-Legislation has become
law which authorizes Federal
loans for construction of hospitals
The bill was passed principally
for the benefit of religious organi-
cations which object in principle
to receiving grants of public funds
1t provides for loans under the
same general conditions which
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1958-08-28
| SEE BY THE DALIES

U. S. atomic submarine Skate was
greeted officially in Norway with
enthusiasm
A crippled airliner was landed
safely in Colorado, saving % per-
sons aboard
Aircraft carrier, World War II
terror to enemy, headed for a scrap
yard.
Parking is to be banned on main
Baltimore streets when snow is
forecast in the future.
The Eighty-fifth Congress adj
journed August "a, to meet again
January 7.
U. S. government granted diplo-
matte recognition to Iraq's 19-day-
old Republican government.
Extension service reported Mary
land commercial apple and peach
crops in unusually good shape.
Maryland reported two paralytic
polio cases, first of the year
Steel industry posted price in
creases on flat rolled items.
National Labor Relations board
ruled that AFL-CIO organizers
have the same right to bargain
with their employers as workers
of nonlabor organizations.
Russia's achievements in con-
quest of space contrast sharply
with low living standard of Soviet
people, a study shows.
Army launched Jupiter rock
ct through space and recovered
its deliberately equipped nose in
Atlantic ocean 412 hours later.
1t was reported from New York
that tWo-thirds of the Protestant
ministers in the country are in
debt.
Soviet Union was planning to
set up worlds largest solar power
station in Ararat Valley of Armenia.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1958-08-28

mission laboratory at Germantown,
Maryland, is developing, at the
request of the Pentagon, a small
A-bomb with a new mission. 1t
would have limited blast and heat
but lots of short-livcd poisonous
radiation. Why? y limited cXplo-
sion of this type could make
a target area uninhabitable by
an enemy without destroying
needed buildings and facilities.
Indian Head Has A New Name
1t used to be the Naval Powder
Factory, but is now the U. S.
Naval Propellant Plant The Indian
Head plant is manufacturing the
large propellant grains used in
rockets and guided missiles, and
is also engaged in research work
in connection with rockets, guided
missiles, and other types of Weap-
ons The new name "PrOpellant
Plant" more accurately reflects
the Importance of Indian Head in
new weapons programs, Chief OF
Ordnance Stroop tells US.
A Streamined Defense Program
The new Defense appropriation
LEGISLATION reflects a Sfreamlining
of activities. Funds we're provided
for many things in this legisla-
ton. Here are few of the inter
esting highlights:
Military Personnel An Army of
100000 men; the Army Reserve,
100000; the Army National Guard,
4G0,OO0; the Marine Corps, 100000;
the Navy $4,000; and Air force,
$4,000