davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-22

others identified with the 1856
revolt, had been executed.
After the revolt collapsed in
November, 1856. Macy sought ref
uge IN the Yugoslav Embassy at
Budapest. He agreed to leave
when the new Communist regime
offered safe passage out Of the
country. Instead. he was ar
rested and later executed.
Also executed by the Commu-
nists was Mai. Gen. Msleter. A
professional soldier, Gen Maleter
agreed to meet With the Russians
on November 4, 1856, TO discuss
withdrawal Of Soviet troops from
Hungary. He never returned and
a few hours later fresh Soviet
troops poured into Budapest to
complete the destruction and
dispersal Of the Freedom Fighters.
The two others executed were
journalists.
The Russian announcement cast
a pail over prospects for a sum-
NIT meeting. President Eisen-
hover in his press conference
Wednesday said anything Of this
kind tthe executions that shocks
the whole free world, its whole
conscience and its whole beliefs,
is detrimental to fruitful nego-
tiations."
The executions brought similar
expressions of disapproval from
India, Britain and the United
States Congress. Both Houses Of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-22

Congress unanimously approved a
resolution scoring the "barbarism
and perfidy" of the Communist
action.
During the week. Free World
condemnation Of the executions
mounted. Saturday. the United
Nations committee that censured
the Russians for supressing the
1856 Hungarian revolt reopened
the case to study the executions.
1t was reported the committee
might ask Russia to explain and
justify the executions.
Free World Interpretation Of
the executions yes q warning TO
wavering Communist satellite
leaders was borne out by front
page editorial in the Peking Peo-
piles Daily, ofilcial organ of Red
China. The editorial said the
executions we're the Communist
way of dealing with counter
revolutions and warned Yugo-
slavia that 1t had better give up
its "revisionist" ways.
The threats did not appear to,
brighten the hayward Yugoslavs.
Marshal Tito's government de-
nounced HungaTy's Red leaders as
liars and doublecrossers for going
back on their promise Of safe-con-
duct to Premier Macy. The bitter
attacks gave rise to some specula-
ton that the Macy execution and
the Communist attacks on Yugo-
slavia might bring a break in dip
lomatic relations between Moscow
and Belgrade.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-22
Surplus Farm Products Bortered Abroad
For Cultural Benefits to United States

schools is to establish and improve
institutions where foreign students
can obtain an education oriented
both for their own local needs and
a greater knowledge of American
life and culture. Many American
teachers take two-year leave
of absence to instruct in these
schools which are in a way dem
onstration centers of American
educational methods in the
broadcast sense.
The policy objective of this pro-
gram is directed towards further
ing a wider appreciation of Amer
lean life, ideals and detectives by
educating those who may influ-
ence opinion and thought in their
countries. O..
Scholars in Greece Aided
Robert College in IStanbul,
which has won a distinguished
academic reputation in the Middle
East as a center of learning, has
received the largest grant. Ninety
per cent of its 1900 students are
Turkish. One hundred thousand
dollars in counterpart funds has
been given out of a possible allo-
cation of one million dollars to
enable this institution to build a
newly equipped engineering build
ing and thus meet the technical
needs of Middle East students.
Robert College will supplement
theS government funds by rails
ing 100000 additional for engi-
neering purposes.
The equivalent of half million
dollars has been allocated to three
outstanding American-sponsored
educational centers in Greece
Athens College, Anatolia College
and the American farm school in
Salonika. The majority of their
student bodies are Greek or for
eign nationals. These funds will
make IL possible Tor the Jnfee
schools to raise salaries of their
American teachers, to provide
scholarships for deserving Greek
students and to expand their plant
facilities. The farm school
operates on the lines Of an Ameri-
can agricultural college teaching
the latest methods in improving
farm production.
approximately a million dollars
will be made available for two
institutions in Italy-the Bologna
Center of International Studies,
conducted by Johns Hopkins, and
the American overseas school in
Rome.
American schools in Latin
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-22
In Tnisio::
Hopes Brighter

Less than three weeks after
becoming Premier Of France, Gen,
Charles de Gaulle has brought
about the first steps in a settle
ment with Ttlnisia-a settlement
that had been impossible under
the politically fragmented Fourth
Republic.
Frances World War II resist
ance leader announced Wednes-
day that all French troops would
be withdrawn from the interior
of the North African republic
within four months. Tunisia, a
French protectorate from 1881
until June. 1855, agreed to per-
init France the use Of the Bizerte
naval base.
The difference between the two
nations had them on the brink
Of war in February when French
planes bombed the Tunisian Dor
der town Of Sakiet to stop the
fight Of Algerian rebels into
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-22
WEEK IN PERSPECTIVE

will be very similar to the House.
approved measure in which the
Administration suffered major
defeat.
Despite President Eisenhower's
appeal for bill which would give
the Secretary of Defense broader
authority and greater control over
the military, the House measure
provides for separately admin
istered services, a measure of con-
troll by Congress over the combat
functions of the Armed Forces and
direct communication between
Congress- and military chiefs.
In his message on April 4
outlining recommendations for
changes in the Nations military
setup, President Eisenhower said,
Il recommend elimination of
such provisions as those preScrib-
ing separate administration of the
military departments" He said
there was a need for removing
doubts concerning the secretary's
authority to transfer, reaSsign,
abolish or consolidate functions
Of the department (of Defense)
:.
The House-approved measure
specifically provides that each
military department shall be sep
arately organized under its own
Secretary and shall function I'M
der the direction. authority and
control of the Secretary of De-
Tense exercised through the re-
spective Secretaries of such
departments"
The President heatedly attacked
this provision. particularly the
phrase requiring the Secretary Of
Defense to exercise his authority
through the Secretaries of the
Army, Air Force and Navy.
This would, he said, create a
"legalized bottleneck and if fol-
lowed would result in admins
trative chaos friction, delays
and duplication" Although Sec
rotary of Defense McElroy and
others teStifying before the House
committee did not specify what
role the service Secretaries under
the administrations proposals, it
was suggested they might become
Undersecretaries in the Depart
ment of Defense. They would, in
this capacity. administer the
affairs Of the services as subor-
dinates Of the Department of
Defense.
Admiral Arleigh A. Burke, chief
of Naval Operations. voiced the
Nays traditional opposition to
further unification.
Air Force Chief of Staff Thomas
d White endorsed completely
President Eisenhower's recon-
mendations. But he was told by
Senator Bridges, Republican. New
Hampshire, that Congress would
never approve changes that would
gag the military chiefs.
I'VE didn't intend to have the
right of Congress circumvented by
having to go through the Depart
ment of Defense to be able to talk
to the service" he said. Il want
that contact maintaiped."
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-22
Labor Bill:
Moderation

The Senate last week passed a
moderate" bill to curb labor
union racketeering by a vote of
90 to /, the only dissenter being
Senator Malone, Nevada Repub-
lican.
A vote more representative of
the Senate's temper was the ST.
to-32 one by which the Senate
defeated an amendment by Mi
nority Leader Knowland. This
was approximately the margin
that defeated all the substantial
changes in the bill which we're
proposed on the floor.
Major provisions of the bill as
passed would:
. Require all unions except small
locals to disclose their financial
and governing operations, and re-
uuire union leaders to report on
financial transactions with en-
ployers.
Limit the placing OF locals into
'itrusteeship."
. Require reports from employ
efs who spend more than $4,000
In exercising their rights under
the Taft Hartley Act
o Require secret ballot elections
of international union officers
every four years and local officers
every three years, and bar felons
from holding union Office.
Q Make impeachment OF union
officers more simplified.
. Prohibit "shakedown" picket
ing.
Q Require employers as we'll as
union officers to sign a non-Com-
munist oath if they use the serv-
ices of the NLRB.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-22
Senate

S 1914. Labor Management Re-
porting and Disclosure Act of
1858. Smith amendment to bar
access to the NLRB to any union
that has not filed with the Secre-
tary of Labor and made available
to its members financial reports
and documents required by the
Act. Rejected 30-53.
FOR: Butler, Republican Of Maryland
AGAINST: Byrd Democrat OF Virginia,
Robertson. Democrat Of Virainia. and
Beail. Republican OF Maryland
S 3974. Curtis amendment 10
bar hot cargo" contracts. sec
ondary boycotts and certain types
of organizational picketing. Re-
jected 32t5l.
FOR: Byrd. Robertson and Butler.
AGAINST: Beall.
S 3974. Mcclellan amendment
to strike out a provision permit
ting employers in the building
trades industry to conclude con-
tracts with unions that have not
won a representation election. Re-
jected 1880.
FOR: Byrd and Robertson
AGAINST: Beau and Butler
S 3974. Passage Of tie bill.
Passed 88-1.
FOR: Byrd, Robertson, Beau and Butler.
AGAINSTi None.
HR 1896. One-year extension
of corporate and certain excise
taxes at present rates. Douglas
amendment TO reduce taxes by So
billion by cutting personal income
taxes by $50 per person, reducing
or repeating certain excise taxes
and giving relief to small business.
Rejected 1865.
AGAINST: Byrd, Robertson. Beau and
Butler.
HR l2695. Kefauver amend
ment providing for refund to
manufacturer of half Of excise tax
on autos for allowance TO the
ultimate consumer. Rejected "a
Sc.
FOR, None
AGAINST: Byrd Robertson. Beali and
Butler.
HR. 1895 Smathers. Democrat
Of Florida. amendment to repeal
8 per cent tax on freight transport
tation. Agreed to 59-2b.
FOR: Beaii and Butter
AGAINST: Byrd and Robertson.
..HR. 1896. Smathers amend
ment to repeal 10 per cent tax on
passenger transportation fares.
Agreed to 50-35.
FOR: pean and Butler
AGAINST: Byrd and Robertson-.
CBy congrsssionai ouarteriyl
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-22


the precious civilizations: Those
under investigation or indictment
for crime, those sought by out
standing legal process. and-anti-
climactically - men accused by
their wives of desertion or nom
support. No attempt was made to
retaliate against people who held
unpopular opinions by forcing
them TO stay home.
Political Question Arises
In the cold war years. however.
all this changed. Hundreds Of
citizens we're refused passports for
political reasons: They were told
that the issuance of passports to
them would not be in the best
interests of the United States
This new policy was incorpo-
rated in a series Of regulations
issued by the State Department
in 1882 These regulations pro-
vided that passports would be
denied to three classes Of persons:
/. Current members of the
Communist Party and recent
members remaining under Com
munist discipline;
2. Individuals supporting the
Communist movement as the re-
suit Of Communist control; and
3. Those going abroad to adj
vance the Communist movement.
Secretary Of Stote Decides
The regulations we're based on a
1852 law in which Congress made
a passport prerequisite to foreign
travel and left its issuance to the
discretion of the Secretary of
State. Both the constitutionality
of the law and the validity of
the regulations were promptly
challenged in a series of lawsuits,
three of which were decided by
the Supreme Court last week.
The court did not rule on the
question OF whether the 1907 act
is constitutional. Instead it held
that Congress, when it gave the
Secretary of State discretion to
deny passports. had not empow-
cred him to withhold them from
applicants because of their po-
litical beliefs or associations.
If Congress feels that the SUI
preme Court has misconstrued its
intentions. it can pass a new law
explicitly permitting the Secre-
tary of State to refuse passports
to Communists. And, as Con-
gress very, well realizes. the SUI
prene Court can then proceed to
label the new law an unconstitu-
tional abridgment of the liberty
protected by the Fifth Amend
ment. -,. =
So the struggle may be far from
over. And the final verdict in
"The Case of the Deceptive Docu-
ment" may have been only post
poned.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-22
Continued from Page All

Continued from Page A-2l
which will be made by the Ma
tional Association for the Adj
vancement of Colored People,
would result in overruling the
order of Judge Lemley, who has
the reputation in Arkansas of
being IAN excellent judge" but
whose personal opinions regarding
segregation are known to be
strong.
Under normal procedure, how
ever. an appeal probably could not
be completed before September,
when Central High will open
classes again-segregated.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-22

tutions organized to promote
closer cultural understanding be-
tween the United States and the
host country.
Their activities include teaching
English, providing library facili-
ties. as well as community build
ing. for the study of American art.
music and films. Funds supplied
by tuition fees and voluntary con-
tributions from individuals and
business organizations cover about
so per cent of the cost of these
establishments.
New Buildings Planned
The local currencies accumu-
lating from the sale of agricul-
tural commodities are now suffi-
cient so that plans are actively
under way to improve the facili-
ties and construct new buildings
for these centerS in the following
countries: Peru, Colombia, Brazil,
Bolivia, Mexico, France, Greece,
Turkey, India, Iran. Pakistan,
Thailand and Burma. The first
new center with an expenditure
of 100000 in counterpart funds
will soon be under construction
in Peru on a 100000 site which
the government has contributed.
The US1A is also using farm
surplus funds to translate, pub
lish and distribute American text
books for school and college use.
These books are mainly to be sold
to Ministries of Education and
to students at prices low enough
to attract purchases. Initially this
program will soon operate in Aus
tria, Colombia and Turkey ana
later will be extended to eight
other countries as diverse as Yugo-
Slavia and Thailand. For example,
in Austria $4,000 in counterpart
funds will be spent on the pub
LEGATION of science textbooks
whereas in Turkey the equivalent
of $4,000 will enable books to
be distributed mainly for use in
the elementary and secondary
schools.
The State Departments aca-
demic exchange activity also sub
stantially benefits from Public
Law 48O money in all countries
where both programs function.
Local currencies, resulting from
the sale of farm surplus, pay the
travel and living expenses of visit
ing American Fulbright professors,
teachers. lecturers and students.
In addition these funds defray
the travel cost of foreign Full
bright fellows visiting the United
States.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-22

America are important bene-
f1ciaries under this program. in
Guiding seven in Mexico, five in
Colombia and several in Ecuador,
Peru and Brazil. For example,
the American school in Quito,
established in 1910, has 936 chill
dren from elementary through IL
grades of whom 80 per cent are
Ecuadoreans. Former President
of Ecuador Gallo Plaza was a
graduate, This school is scheduled
to receive $4,000 in local cur
rency to expand its facilities and
improve the ealibre of its cur
riculum.
Activity in South America
Ever since I94S the State De-
partment has been supplying a
small amount of money to 80
private schools in Latin America.
During the war the impact that
German schools throughout South
America had on public opinion was
deeply impressed on American
officials. Now the private Ameri-
can-sponsored schools are re-
garded as vital in the struggle to
counter Communist influence.
This 10-year experience in as
sisting Latin American schools is
proving useful in expanding such
operations just at the time when
the need for greater American
cultural activity has been high
lighted both by Vice President
Nixon's recent trip and conversely
by the enthusiastic reception given
American symphony orchestras.
The State Department receives
essential support in operating the
school and college programs from
such professional organizations as
the American Council on Educa-
ton and other technical advisers
on educational curricula. The
academic standards OF the lnStitu-
tons being aided meet the Ameri-
can college generalization require
ments. AS a result many graduates
of these American schools overseas
attend universities in this country.
Another important cultural ac-
tivity financially being aided by
funds from the sale of surplus
farm products is the cultural cen
ter program of USIA. These GEN.
tiers. of which 10 are operating
in Latin America, are run by
groups of distinguished private
citizens. partly nationals of the
country and partly resident Amer
leans.
The centers are political,
non-Sectarian, autonomous insti-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-22


Today an American citizen
needs a passport TO leave-or re-
turn to-the United States. Orig
inally, however. passports we're
not even intended for a country's
own citizens. They we're given
rather 10 foreigners-often enemy
aliens as passes guaranteeing
safe conduct through the territory
Of the issuing nation.
But the deceptive documents
soon became something quite DIFF
ferent. The United States. for
example, began furnishing pass
ports to It's own nationals in order
to identify them as Americans
entitled to have their rights as
citizens respected as they travelled
in other lands.
Many Issued Passports
During the early history of tho
Nation passports were issued by
all sorts Of Federal. State and
municipal officials, including no.
taries public. To attempt 70 bring
order out of the chaos Congress
decided, a little more than 100
years ago, to centralize the power
TO give passports in the hands OF
the Federal Government. An 1856
law provided that "the Secretary
of State may grant and issue
passports and no other per-
son shall grant, issue or verify
such passports"
4 The 1856 act still viewed pass
ports as only letters of introduce
ton to foreign governments ask
ing for treatment in conformity
with the practices of international
law. Passports we're to be issued
as long as adequate proof OF citi-
zenship was furnished. There was
still no desire to license travel.
AS of 1900. in fact. no more
than half a dozen countries re-
quired aliens to present passports,
and even these did not insist that
their nationals needed passports
in order to leave.
History Of U. S. Passport
In the United States it was
only in time of war that citizen
was compelled to obtain a pass
port for certain types of travel.
During the War of 1912 Congress
made it unlawful for an American
to enter enemy territory without
d passport. In the Civil War a
similar restriction was imposed.
And during World Wars 1 and II
Congress declared that citizen
would be committing a crime If
he left or entered the country
without a valid passport.
1t was thus the two world wars
which converted the American
passport from an identification
card into a document without
which a citizen was restricted to
home base.
But there were very few Amer
leans who were unable to obtain
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-22

Continued from Page A-21
was unacceptable to Athens. And
on Cyprus, the uneasy peace that
had been maintained by 10000
British troops was broken when
new rioting broke out at Limasol.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-22
Defense Bill:
Vote Due Soon

The Senate is expected to vote
Within the next 10 days on Penta-
spn reorganization legislation.
Hearings before the Senate Armed
Services Committee last week
clearly indicated the measure
which will go before the Senate
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-22

THE PASSPORT aa .gi
Identification Cord
Or Policy Weapon?
ny DANIEL NJ. herman
Special writer for The star

The Supreme held Monday that the Department
under existing refuse
and others whose loyalty questions In announcing Its Sd decision
the added another chapter long serial story which could
be entitled The OF the Deceptive Document"
The document question Is, OF course the American passport
decepvness evident Of its history the
brief Of century and half has developed from
than wallet identification
for Furnishing extreme political views
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-22
Macy Death
A WARNING

The free world was shocked last
week at the announcement from
Moscow that Imre Macy, former
Hungarian Premier. and three