davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-20
Swift Landing

Once the decision was made, the
Marines moved fast. By Tuesday
morning---less than "a hours after
reports Of the revolt were handed
to President Eisenhower-the first
units slogged onto the beach near
Beirut.
Throughout the week, tension
and feeling Of wartime urgency
increased. Leaves were Cancelled
in many British and American
commands and units we're placed
in q state Of combat readiness.
Needing the pleas Of King Hus-
sein. Britain began flying para
troopers to Jordan Thursday.
Meanwhile, the United States
moved nearly SO warships, includ-
ing two heavy aircraft carriers.
into the Mediterranean and air.
borne battle groups from the oath
Division in Germany were sent to
Lebanon via Turkey.
Russia, after verbal protests in
the United Nations and the Soviet
press, announced its army. navy
and air force would start large
scale maneuvers Friday in sections
Of the Soviet Union bordering
Turkey and Iran. The maneuverS
began after ominous warnings
that Russia would not keep out
Of the Middle East crisis II the
United States interviewed with
troops.
Thus, the military forces of the
Soviet Union and the West came
within striking distance of each
other in the Middle East, where
both contend for prestige, in
iuence and oil. Complaining this
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-20

Anglo-American troops in the
light in which Washington and
London see them, i.e., as protec-
tors Of Lebanon and Jordan from
those who would destroy self
government. true independence,
and the opportunity to control
their own destinies. Such things
are the true goals Of any ma
tionalsm.
But it is doubtful that the rifle
waving Arab, who historically
does not lack reason for his dis
trust Of a West that is in part
represented by France and Britain.
could be persuaded to the view
that the United States is acting
in the interest Of freedom. His
only source Of information-and
misinformation-is Cairo.
Much Not Yet cIeor
To much of the world, however.
it is not all clear that that is what
is happening. There is doubt
about the extent and significance
Of the infiltration, about the in
tentiops Of Nasser. and about the
beniflcence and disinterestedness
Of the Anglo-American action.
That this is so should not be too
surprising in view Of the fact that
until very recently. Washington
was a charter member of the
let's-not-be- beastly~to-Abdel club.
Had things gone as planned, the
u. N. would have been able to
dispel such doubts. The original
plan was to have the fact of sub
version-indirect aggression, as
United States Delegate Henry
Cabot Lodge calls it-established
on interchangeable, authority be-
fore anything else was done. Only
when NasSer's responsibility had
been clearly laid down and widely
accepted would a rescue operation
have been attempted, and then
preferably in the form Of q U. N.
police action.
The u. N. observers sent to the
scene were in the process Of
gathering material for q verdict.
The process was painfully slow:
the preparatory steps were being
taken with great care.
The first report from the OBJ
server team. widely interpreted as
giving Nasser a clean bill Of
health, actually did no such thing.
1t simply stated that the observers
had not yet been able to find any
massive infiltration. but that they
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-20

sonalities in the Middle East crisis
fell into the expected alignment.
Col. Nasser went directly from his
conferences with Yugoslavias
Marshal Tito 10 Moscow and Brit
ish Foreign Secretary Selwyn
Lloyd fiew TO Washington.
After Mr.. Lloyd met for several e
hours with the President, Mr..
Dulles and other top United States
officials. the White House issued a
terse statement which said that
"a close identity Of views" had
been reached. II was understood.
however. that the United States
and Britain also had decided TO
limit armed intervention to Jor-
dan and Lebanon as long as Brit
ish and American citizens and
property in Iraq are safeguarded.
The British and American lead.
ers are understood to have dis
cussed Turkish and Jordanian
pleas for Western support Of
moves by the two nations into
Iraq. Both King Hussein. who
assumed leadership Of the Iraq-
Jordan Arab Union Immediately
following the coup. and Turkish
leaders are hobbled by lack Of oil
and gasoline.
1t was also agreed that Ameri-
can troops would not be required
In Jordan, even though King Hus-
sein had asked for them In what
he called a battle for survival
against Syria and Egypt.
The announcements following
the Moscow meeting Of President
Nasser and Premier Khrushchev
were more explicit. dramatic and
frightening than the Washington
announcement. The Kremlin
warned that 1t would have to
take the necessary measures die
tated by the interests Of the Sc
curity Of the Soviet Union" and
limited at possible direct interview
ton by Moslem forces Of the So
Wet Unions Central Asian Re-
public.
Col. Nasser. addressing a crowd
in Damascus a few hours after
his arrival from Moscow Friday,
shouted that Middle East Arabs
would fight until the last drop
OF their blood" to preserve and
extend Arab nationalism. About
the same time Col. Nasser was
speaking in Damascus, a United
States note delivered in Cairo
warned that any attack on Amer
lean troops by the UAR could
involve grave consequences"
Unanswered by the bombast in
Moscow and Cairo was the big
question:
VIII the new crisis bring Soviet
troops into the UAR for q show.
down with the West? Some West
ern diplomats believe the purpose
OF Col. Nasser's visit to Damascus
was an effort to win approval Of
such a move from Syria. Others
say Col. Nasser pleaded with the
Kremlin not to send armed
troops into the Middle East un-
less requested to do so by the
VAR. Secretary Dulles told the
Senate Appropriations Commit
tee Friday that he believed the
Russians would not intervene
militarily in the Middle East.
Hour = by hour Developments
yesterday did not help clarity the
outlook. In one surprise move,
Soviet Premier Khrushchev called
for q summit conference on the
Middle East by Tuesday, indi.
eating the Kremlin also is looking
for a way out. Almost stimuli
taneously, Cairo announced Col,
Nasser had signed a mutual de-
Tense treaty with the new revolu.
tionary government Of Iraq.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-20
Note to Congress

After ordering the Marines to
Lebanon, President Eisenhower
sent a message to Congress ex-
planning the action. In his review
of the crisis, the President said
the two-month-old insurrection
was encouraged and strongly
backed" by Egypt and Syria,
which form the United Arab Re-
public. and the Soviet Union.
THE avowed purpose of these
activities" said the President,
was to overthrow the legally
constituted government of Leb-
anon and to install by violence
a government which would subor-
dinate the independence Of Leb-
anon to the policies Of the United
Arab Republic"
The President told Congress
he acted to protect some $500
American citizens in Lebanon
and to demonstrate "the concern.
Of the United States for the in.
dependence and integrity of Leb-
anon, which we deem vital to
the national interest and world
peace" This is a direct quote
from the Mansfield amendment
to the so-called Eisenhower doc
trine resolution approved by Con-
gress March Z, 1857.
The Presidents action ap-
peared to be based on q broader
Interpretation Of the resolution
embodied in q clause which says
that, 1.-THE United States regards
as vital to the national interest
and world peace the preservation
Of the independence and integrity
Of the nations Of the Middle East"
Several members Of Congress,
including Senator Mansfield. Dem
ocrat Of Montana, have challenged
the Presidents action. They con-
tend he violated the intent of the
resolution in sending troops to
Lebanon without prior congress
sional approval and pointed out
that Congress specified four con-
ditions for armed intervention
without its consent:
% Armed aggression (2) from
a nation controlled by interna-
tional communism, 60 an appeal
to the United States from the ma
ton attacked, and a. q decision
by the President that the other
three conditions had been met.
The President anticipated the
greatest possible argument against
his action--that 1t might touch
Of q third world war.
"1t is recognized" he said. that
the step now being taken may
have serious consequences. have.
however. come to the considered
and sober conclusion that despite
the risks involved this action is
required. )"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-20
ny WILLIAM n. FRYE
apeelai writer for The star

UNITED NATIONS. N. Y.-The
tragedy Of the Middle Eastern
crisis. Is seen from u. N. head
quarters. IA that the United States
and Britain stand on the brink Of
war without having obtained the
moral approval Of the organized
world community.
A moral umbrella IN q case
such a. this Is not just an Incl
~dental accessory. like q pretty
girls parasol. Il Is an essential
possession. without which the
whole undertaking may fail.
The overall purpose OF the
Anglo-American troop landings In
Lebanon and Jordan Is 30 contain
and II possible TO roll back, the
tide Of Nasserism In the Middle
East.
That purpose cannot be served
II the world misunderstands or
condemns the means employed.
Without understanding and APP
proval, both the political and mil
itary TANKS of the operation
would be exposed. Either weak
ness could be fatal.
II the military flank were TO
be exposed. that Is. II the Soviet
Union were to feel free TO send
In volunteers" or otherwise TO
give massive aid TO anti-Western
forces. the whole operation could
quickly get out Of hand. It could
either collapse in defeat or expand
into World War III.
II the political flank we're to be
exposed. that is. II the United
States and Britain were 10 be gen.
orally regarded as acting unwisely
or recklessly, Washington and
London could win a few thousand
square miles Of real estate-the
area actually occupied - while
strengthening and solidifying
Canal Abdel Nasser elsewhere, and
indeed spreading far and wide the
brand Of neutralism he represents.
The unhappy fact is that a con-
siderable number Of rational, non
Communist. and even pro- western
diplomats. including notably u. N.
Secretary-Gene Dag Hammar-
skiold, do feel that the United
States and Britain acted unwisely.
As q result. Washington and Lon
don face q hard uphill battle to
win approval and practical sup
port for their action in the Md
die East.
The difficulty lies in part in the
nature Of the challenge to the
Western position, and in part in
the fact that the West lost con-
troll over the timing of events.
Col. Nasser is powerful, not be-
cause Of any intrinsic strength, but
because he Is astride a wave of
Arab nationalism. He has managed
to portray himself to millions of
Arab peoples as its spokesman, its
knight in shining armor.
No number of American Marines
or British paratroopers could
stamp out Arab nationalism. If
they tried, or appeared to try, they
would simply inflame 1t, and
strengthen Nasser. Their job is to
separate Nasserism from Arab ma
tionalism-to check the one and
champion the other.
This would not be hard II the
world community accepted the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-20
Middle East Commitments

Here is a rundown OF some
OF the factors and commit
nlentS Which are to be taken
into account In any consid-
GRAFTON of United States poll
cy in the Middle East.
The Eisenhower Doctrine
The President was granted
special permission by Congress
to cooperate with and assist
in the development Of the eco
nomic strength Of Middle East
ern nations and to undertake
military assistance programs
with those nations desiring it.
Furthermore, THE United
States regards as vital to the
national interest and world
peace the preservation OF the
independence and national in
tegrity Of the nations of the
Middle East. To this end, If
the President determines the
necessity thereof. the United
States is prepared to use armed
forces to assist any such nation
or group Of such nations re-
questing assistance against
armed aggression from any
country controlled by interna-
tional communism"
The Presidents power is
limited by the treaty commit
ments Of the United States, in
GLIDING the United Nations
Charter.
However, Article 81 Of the
Charter states that nothing In
the present Charter shall i'm
pair the inherent right Of in
dividual or collective self
defense II an armed attack oc-
ours against a member Of the
U. N. until the Security Council
has taken the measures neces-
sary TO maintain international
peace and security"
This. in the Interpretation Of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-20
Reactions:
Dubious

One Of the most dishearteninR
Developments in last weeks fast.
moving events from the stand.
point Of the West was the buildup
OF public opinion against British
and American Intervention and
expressions Of disappointment at
the failure Of Western foreign
policy In the Middle East. British
Prime Minister Harold Macmillan
won Parliament's approval of in
prevention in Jordan, but only
after bitter. condemnation from
the Labor Party opposition.
Even pro-Western elements in
the Lebanese government Thurs
day began to question the wisdom
OF the United States action.
In Congress. criticism of the
Presidents Intervention In Leb-
anon was guarded, and for the
most part. confined to reiterations
OF complaints that have been
coming from Democrats for sew
eral years: That the United States
has had no long-range Middle
East policy, that the administra-
ton has vacillated between a day
to-day policy Of promises and Of
threats. (See excerpts from SEN
ate remarks on Page A-23.
While the Democrats we're quick
to say Il told you So" they were
almost unanimous In temperinR
their criticism with the observa.
ton that. since the Nations poll
icy-or lack Of it-had carried US
this close TO the brink. patriotism
demanded support Of the Com
mander in Chief.
Senator Morse reminded his
colleagues that he had fought the
passage Of the Eisenhower doc
trine in 1857 and that what he
feared at the time had come to
pass.
The modern" Republicans Of
the Eisenhower school Of thought
hoped that the United Nations
could provide solution, but gen.
orally the Old Guard-Senator
Bridges spoke for them--thought
that this could only be an idle
hope.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-20
Disagreement

This brought to the fore an IS
sue on which the United States
and United Nations Secretary
General Dag Hammarskjold differ.
President Eisenhower maintained
in his message to Congress that
the measures thus far taken by
the United Nations Security Coun-
Gil are not sufficient to preserve
the independence and integrity Of
Lebanon"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-20

Secretary Of States Dulles. en-
powers the United States to re-
spond to pleas for help under
any circumstance Of aggression
in default Of Affirmative 6ecur-
ity Council action.
The Baghdad Pact
Although the United States
Is not Q member Of the Baghdad
pact, it is q member Of its Eco
nomic, Military and Security
Committees in an observing and
advisory capacity. Baghdad pact
members are Turkey, Iraq. Iran,
Pakistan and Great Britain.
The pact is not q formal MILL
tary alliance and an attack
against one Of its members does
not bind the other to give direct
aid or to interfere. However,
the partners would seriously
consider military Intervention
If one of them formally re-.
quested 1t. Approval for such
action must. be unanimous
among the members.
United States participation In
the committees and Turkeys
commitments in NATO force
the Baghdad pact nations to
consult the United States before
taking military action to rescue
one Of their number.
The pact continues in effect
even II one member nation re-
pudiates it.
The Arab Union
The Arab Union, comprising
the federated states Of Iraq
and Jordan, was formed in
answer to Canal Abdel Mas
ser's United Arab Republic. The
two countries submitted to q
joint legislature, q single execu-
tive and a joint judiciary.
Article S. of the Unions Con-
stitution provides that in the
event Of the Joint Assembly
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-20

Mr.. Hammarskjold contended
otherwise and the substance of his
remarks In the Security Council
was that the observation group
was effective in sealing OF further
tnf1ltration Of men and arms to
the Lebanese rebels from Syria.
He implied that United States in
tervention was unnecessary. If not
disastrous. and that the Marines
should be withdrawn.
These views were punctuated by
two developments. The observer
group In Lebanon announced it
would not establish contact with
the United States force or have
anything to do with it and asked
that its present strength of 113
ground observers and 10 observa-
ton planes be doubled. The group
also asked for an unspecified num-
Der Of unarmed foot soldiers.
Debate in the Security Council
ended Friday in q stalemate.
Russia vetoed the United States
proposal to send United Nations
troops to Lebanon and a Soviet
resolution calling for removal of
British and American troops was
similarly defeated. Both Russia
and the United States asked for
q special session of the United
Nations General Assembly to break
the impasse.
The Security Council meets
again tomorrow afternoon and is
expected to consider a Japanese
compromise resolution-a stronger
observer corps and possibly un-
armed troops-that would permit
United States withdrawal from
Lebanon. 81
The principal forces and per-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-20

having been dissolved or not
being available, IF events
take place which cannot be de-
layed and require immediate
action, the head of the Union
may issue Union DEGREES which
shall have the force Of law"
The Constitution also pro-
I vides for the automatic sue
cession of King Hussein Of Jor.
dan to the executive power first
exercised by King Faisal II Of
Iraq. who was murdered in the
rebellion. This makes it theo-
retieally possible for King Hus-
sein to call for outside help in
the name Of the Union and thus
to legalize the entry Of invited
foreign troops into Iraq as well
as into Jordan. M
OF the two countries. only
Iraq was q member Of the Bagh-
dad pact. Because Of o clause
in the Union Constitution which
provides for separate interna-
tional obligations being dis
charged separately. Jordan has
no appeal to the Baghdad pact
In the name Of the Union.
The United Arab Republic
The United Arab Republic
was formed through the merger
Of Egypt and Syria and was
later Joined by Yemen as an
associate" Its avowed pur-
pose Is to eventually include the
entire Arab world.
The JAR has made 1t plain
that 1t expects Iraq. after its
successful coup, to join the pact.
The rebel government has an
nounced its intention to do 20.
The UAR has rejected the
Eisenhower Doctrine as colo
nialist. and has branded the
landing Of foreign troops in
Lebanon and Jordan as agrees
sion. occupation and q breach
Of the United Nations Charter.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-20
The MORAL ISSUE
Action in Lebanon
Risks DisopprovoI

did not yet have access to all the
facts.
Mr.. Hammarskjold believed this
was an essential FIRST step. In his
eyes. II gave Nasser an out n he
would stlll be reasonable. II helped
stall OF Western Intervention
until the Lebanese presidential
elections scheduled for July "A.
could be held. possibly ending the
crisis: II established the objec-
tivity OF the observer team, lend
ing additional authenticity and
conviction 10 any subsequent
guilty verdict. and Il won the
confidence Of the Lebanese rebels.
helping the u. N. team obtain
access to rebel-held territory.
Until last Sunday, events were
going much as Mr.. Hammarskjold
planned. The observer team was
progressively gaining access TO the
Lebanese-Syrian border, and pro-
gressively strengthening Its role
in many ways. including the
borrowing Of aircraft. The next
reports from the U. N. team might
well have been entirely different
from the first.
Iroqi Coup Blamed
Whatever the story might have
been, however. what actually hap
pened was that the Iraqi coup
precipitated q Lebanese request
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-20
The WEEK IN PERSPECTIVE
Middle East: Explosion?

We wcIked 10 the brink (of
wor) and We looked II In the
face. We took strong oetion."
These words = attributed TO
Secretary Of State Dulles IN 1855
proved astonishingly prophetic
last week as the United States
and Britain rushed troops into
Lebanon and Jordan after a
military junta overthrow the pro-
Western government Of Iraq.
The coup was planned with
such secrecy and executed 90
swiftly that the Monday morning
announcement was as much Of a
surprise in neighboring Middle
East capitals as In London and
Washington. Turkish leaders
waited for hours at Istanbul's
airport for King Faisal Of Iraq.
Premier Nuri Said and Crown
Prince Abdul nah. not knowing
they had been slain In the revolt
at Baghdad.
The nature Of King Faisal's
trip to Istanbul suggests that the
timing Of the coup was as cum
ming as Its planning and execu-
ton. The King and his aides were
to meet with other Moslem mem
bers Of the Baghdad pact to dis
cuss the Lebanon crisis.
II raoi Brig. Gen. Abdul Karin
Kassem. who led the revolt, had
hoped that the coup would fore
stall Baghdad pact nations from
coming to the aid Of the Leba-
nese government of President
Camille Glamour. he was mis-
taken-at least In part.
Immediately after reports of the
coup reached the White House.
President Eisenhower met with
leaders Of both parties in Con-
greSs and with Vice President
Nixon and Mr.. Dulles. The out
come Of these hurried consulta-
tons was the decision to send a
force Of 5000 Marines to Lebanon.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-07-20
Press Divided

There seemed no doubt but that
the Senate would give whole
hearted support TO the Presidents
use OF troops. but Democrats OBJ
viously were planning TO use what
they regard as the administra-
TONS paucity Of policy In their
campaign material. And they
Continued on Page Ala
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1958-01-02
Have You Seen
This Persian Cat?

Wellesley ave. folks are hav-
ing the opportunity of helping a
new neighbor. They are joining
in the search for the new neigh
boris registered, copper eyed,
blue Persian cat. The pet dis
appeared after the movers had
unloaded the household effects
of the Russell Todds at 1888
Wellesley ave. The family, in
cluding sons, Richard ii, and
Chester, moved from 5000 St.
Clair ave.
Mrs. Todd says that during
the time the movers was coming
in, the cat was on a leash in
another room. When the movers
left, she slipped the cat out of
both collar and lease. About an
hour later they missed the pet.
Anyone having seen the cat is
asked to please contact the
Todds. Their new phone was
not connected wnen she called in
the Lost Adv. to the Leader.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1958-01-02

Neladale. Nelawood, Nelamere,
Ravine, Deanwood, Caledonia,
Helmsdale, Nelaview, Greyton,
Nela and Hillside.
Wednesday, January Sth
All residences on Rnyburn,
Westburn, Alton, North Noble,
Rosedale, North Allendale, Ell
derwood, Collamer, East 152nd,
North Taylor, Colt, Dover, East
141st, East 142nd, East 143rd,
East 144th, East 145th, East
146th, B a ! d VI in, Beaumont,
East 139th, Woodwork, East
133rd, from Hartford 10 Wood
worth, East l34th, East 135th,
East 18th, Mann, Gainsboro,
Shaw north Of Euclid, Welton,
Richmond, Shawview, Hamp-
ton, Elwood, Plymouth, Elm
and Alder.
Thursday, January 9th
All residences on Ardenall,
Strathmore, Orinoco, Savan-
nah, Potomac, Mortified, Sci
oto, Mayfair, Bardwell, Doan,
Eastman, A m h 7 t, Byrn
Mawr, f lsinore, Elderwood,
North Page, North Chapman,
North Wymore.
Friday, Januarq 10th
All residences on Hartford,
Milan, Claiborne, Graham, Gar
den, Sixth, Fif t h, Fourth,
Third, Second. First, East
133rd, H oily o k e, Lakefront,
East 139th, East both, East
131st, Eddy Thornhill, Pom
tiac(, Hartshorn, Fay, Emily,
Hayden, Rozelle and Bender.
Saturday, January 1lth
All e sid ences on North
Lockwood, Melburne, Carlyon,
Speedway Overlook, East
125th, Lockwood, Elberon, Del
mont, Hover, Auburndale and
North Lakeview.