davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-29
State Obstruction

While the School Board was
thus going forward with its
preparation for desegregating
the Little Rock school system,
other State authorities, in con-
trast, were actively pursuing q
program designed to perpetuate
in Arkansas the system of ra-
cial segregation which this
court had held violated the 14th
Amendment. First came, in
November. 1856, an amend
ment to the State Constitution
fatty commanding the Arkan-
sas General Assembly to oppose
lin every Constitutional man
ner the Unconstitutional de-
segregation decisions of May IT,
1854 and May 81, 1855 of the
United States Supreme Court, "
and, through the initiative, q
pupil assignment law. Pursuant
ito the constitutional command,
a law relieving school children
from compulsory attendance at
racially mixed schools. and a
law establishing a State Sow
ereignty Commission were en-
acted by the General Assembly
in February, 1857.
The School Board and the
Superintendent of Schools
nevertheless continued with
preparations to carry out the
first stage of the desegregation
program. Nine Negro children
were scheduled for admission
in September, 1857. to Central
High School, which has more
than 1000 students. Various
administrative measures, de-
signed to assure the smooth
transition of this first stage OF
desegregation, were undertaken
On September 2, 1857, the
day before these Negro students
were to enter Central High, the
school authorities were met
with drastic opposing action on
the part of the Governor Of
Arkansas who dispatched units
Of the Arkansas National Guard
to the Central High School
grounds, and placed the school
"off limits" to colored students.
AS found by the District Court
in subsequent proceedings, the
Governors action had not been
requested by the school author
tiles, and was entirely I'M
heralded. The findings were
these:
up to this time (Septem-
Der y, no crowds had gath
cred about Central High
School and no acts of vio-
lence or threats of violence in
connection with the carrying
out Of the plan had occurred.
Nevertheless, out of an abun-
dance of caution, the school
authorities had frequently
conferred with the Mayor
and Chief Of Police of Little
Rock about taking appropri-
ate steps by the Little Rock
police to prevent any possible
disturbances or acts of vio-
lence in connection with the
attendance of the nine COL
ored students at Central High
School. The Mayor consid-
ereG that the Little Rock po-
lice force could adequately
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-29
A Prompt Stand

It was made plain that delay
in any guise In order TO deny
the constitutional rights Of
Negro children could not be
countenanced. and that only q
prompt start, diligently and
earnestly pursued. to eliminate
racial segregation from the
public schools could constitute
good faith compliance. State
authorities we're thus duty
bound to devote every effort
toward initiating desegregation
and bringing about the elimina-
ton of racial discrimination in
the public school system.
On May 20. 1854, three days
after the first Brown opinion,
the Little Rock District School
Board adopted, and on May IS.
1854. made public. statement
of policy entitled Supreme
Court NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. in
| Public Schools" In this state
ment the Board recognized that
1T is our responsibility to
comply with Federal Consti-
tutional Requirements and
we intend to do so when the
Supreme Court Of the United
States outlines the method to
be followed"
Thereafter the Board under
took studies of the administra-
tive problems confronting the
transition to a desegregated
public school system at Little
Rock. 1t instructed the Super
intendent Of Schools to prepare
a plan for desegregation, and
approved such a plan on May
"a, 1855, seven days before the
second Brown opinion. The
plan provided for desegregation
at the senior high school level
(grades 10 through 12) as the
first stage. Desegregation at
the junior high and elementary
levels was to follow. It was
contemplated that desegrega-
ton at the high school level
would commence in the fall of
1857, and the expectation was
that complete desegregation of
the school system would be ac-
complished by 1868.
Following the adoption Of
this plan, the Superintendent
Of Schools discussed 1t with q
large number Of citizen groups
in the city. AS q result of these
discussions, the Board reached
the conclusion that "a large
majority Of the residents" Of
Little Rock were Of the be-
lief that the plan, although
objectionable in principle, :"
from the point of view of those
supporting segregated schools,
was still the best for the in
tterests Of ell pupils in the Dis
Itrict.p
Upon challenge by a group
of Negro plaintiffs desiring
more rapid completion of the
. desegregation process, the Dis
, trict Court upheld the School
, Boards plan. The Court of
! Appeals afirmed. Review of
that judgment was not sought
, here.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-29
Delay Asked

We come now to the aspect
of the proceedings presently
before us. On February 20.
1858, the school board and
the superintendent OF aedoC
filed a petition in the District
Court seeking a postponement
of their program for desegre-
cation. Their position in es-
sence was that because of ex-
IRENE public hostility, which
they stated had been engen-
dered largely by the official
attitudes and actions of the
Governor and the Legislature,
the maintenance of a sound
educational program at Contra,
High School, with the Negro
students in attendance, would
be impossible. The boar,
therefore proposed that the
Negro students already admit
ted to the school be withdrawn
and sent to segregated schools
and that all further steps to
carry out the boards deseg-
|regation program be post
poned for a period later sug-
geSted by the board to be two
and one-half years.
After a hearing the District
Court granted the relief re-
quested by the board. Among
other things the court found
that the past year at Central
High School had been attended
by conditions of chaos, bed
lam, and turmoil" that there
were repeated incidents of
more or less serious violence,
directed against the Negro stu
dents and their property" that
there was tension and unrest
among the school administra-
tors, the classroom teachers,
the pupils, and the latters' par
ents, which inevitably had an
adverse effect upon the educa-
Itional program; that a school
official was threatened with
violence; that a serious finan-
cial burden" had been cast on
the school district: that the edu-
cation of the students had suf-
fered land under existing con-
ditions will continue to suffer-"
that the board would continue
to need military assistance or
its equivalent" that the local
police department would not be
able Ito detail enough men to
afford the necessary protec-
tion;;" and that the situation
was "intolerable."
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-29
Cannot Deny Rights

The constitutional rights of
respondents are not to be sac
rificed or yielded to the violence
and disorder which have fol-
lowed upon the actions of the
Governor and Legislature. AS
this court said some Al years
ago in a unanimous opinion in
a case involving another aspect
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-29
Board Petition

The Boards petition for post
ponement in this proceeding
states: THE effect Of that ac-
ton [of the Governor was
to harden the core of opposi-
ton to the plan and cause
many persons who Heretofore
had reluctantly accepted the
plan to believe that there was
some power in the State OF
Arkansas which, when exerted,
could nullify the Federal law
and permit disobedience of the
decree of this District Court,
and from that date hostility
to the plan was increased and
criticism of the officials Of the
[Schooll District has become
more bitter and unrestrained. "
The Governors action caused
the School Board to request the
Negro students on September
"a not to attend the high school
until the legal dilemma was
solved" The next day, Septem-
Der 8, 1857. the Board petit
toned the District Court for
instructions, and the court,
after a hearing, found that the
Boards request of the Negro
students to stay away from the
high school had been made be-
cause of the stationing of the
military guards by the State
authorities. The court deter
mined that this was not a
treason for departing from the
approved plan, and ordered the
School Board and Superintend-
ent to proceed with it.
On the morning of the next
day, September 4, 1857. the
Negro children attempted To
enter the high school but, as
the District Court later found,
units of the Arkansas National
Guard acting pursuant to the
Governors order, stood Shout
der to shoulder at the school
grounds and thereby forcibly
prevented the nine Negro stu
dents from entering" as
they continued to do every
school day during the following
three weeks.
That same day, September 4
1857, the United States Attor-
ney tor the Eastern District OF
Arkansas was requested by the
District Court to begin an i'm
mediate investigation in order
to fix responsibility for the
interference with. the orderly
augmentation of the District
/ Courts direction to carry out
| the deSegregation program
Three days later, September Z
the District Court denied a
petition of the School Board
and the Superintendent Of
Schools for an order tempo
rarily suspending continuance
| of the program.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-29
Accept Positions

In affirming the judgment of
the Court of Appeals which re-
versed the District Court we
have accepted without reserva-
ton the position of the school
board, the superintendent of
schools, and their counsel that
they displayed entire good
faith IN the conduct of these
proceedings and in dealing
with the unfortunate and dis
tressing sequence of events
which has been outlined. We
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-29
Negroes Appeal

The District Courts judg-
ment was dated June 20 1858.
The Negro respondents APP
pealed to the Court of Appeals
for the Eighth Circuit and also
sought there a stay of the Dis
trict Courts judgment. At the
same time they filed a petition
for certiorari in this Court ask
ing us to review the District
Courts iudgmen without
awaiting the disposition of
their appeal to the Court of
Appeals, or of their petition to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-29


Importance to the maintenance
of our Federal system of gov
eminent. It necessarily in
wolves a claim by the Governor
and Legislature Of a State that
there is no duty on State of1i-
cials to obey Federal court Or
ders resting on this courts con-
sidered Interpretation Of the
United States Constitution.
Specifically 1t involves actions
by the Governor and Legisla-
ture Of Arkansas upon the
premise that they are not bound
by our holding in Brown VS..
Board Of Education.
That holding was that the
Fourteenth Amendment forbids
States to use their govern
mental powers to bar children
on racial grounds from attend
ing schools where there is State
participation through any ar
rangement, management, funds
or property. We are urged to
uphold suspension of the Lit
tie Rock School Boards plan
to do away with segregated
public schools in Little Rock
until State laws and efforts to
upset and nullify our holding
in Brown VS.. Board of Edu-
cation have been further chal-
lenged and tested in the courts.
We reject these contentious.
The case was argued before
us on September IL, 1858. On
the following day we unani-
mously affirmed the Judgment
of the Court of Appeals for the
Eighth Circuit, which had re-
versed a judgment of the Dis
trict Court for the Eastern Dis
trict of Arkansas.
The District Court had
granted the application of the
petitioners, the Little Rock
School Board and school SUPER
intendent, to suspend for two
and one-half years the opera
ton of the school boards
court approved desegregation
program. In order that the
school board might know, with
out doubt, its duty in this re-
gard before the opening OF
school, which had been set for
the following Monday. Septem-
Der Is, 1858, we Immediately
issued the judgment, reServing
the expression Of our. support
ing views to a later date. This
opinion of all of the members
of the court embodieS those
views,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-29
Background

The following are the facts
and circumstances so far as
necessary to show how the
legal questions are presented.
On May II, 1854, this court
decided that enforced racial
segregation in the p u b ! i c
schools of a State is a denial
of the equal protection Of the
laws enjoined by the Four
tenth Amendment.
The court postponed, pend
ing further argument. formula
ton of a decree to effectuate
this decision. That decree was
rendered May 81, 1855. In the
formulation Of that decree the
court recognized that good faith
compliance with the principles
declared in Brown might in
some situations "call for elimi-
nation of a variety Of obstacles
in making the transition to
school systems operated in ac-
cordanca with the constitu-
tional principles set forth in
our May II, 1854, decision. Z"
The court went on to state:
Courts of equity may proper
ly take into account the public
interest in the elimination of
such obstacles in a systematic
and effective manner. But
1t should go without saying
that the vitality Of these con-
stitutional principles cannot
be allowed to yield simply be-
cause Of disagreement with
them.
while giving weight to
these public and private con-
siderations, the courts will
require that the defendants
make a prompt and reason
able start toward full COM
piiance with our May II, 1854,
ruling. Once such a start has
been made, the courts may
find that additional time is
necessary to carry out the
ruling in an effective manner.
The burden rests upon the
defendants to establish that
such time is necessary in the
public interest and is consist
ent with good faith compli-
ai1ee at the earliest practic-
able date. To that end, the
courts may consider problems
related to administration,
arising from the physical
condition Of the school plant,
the school transportation
system, personnel, revision of
school districts and attend
ance areas into compact units
to achieve a system of de-
termining admission to the
public schools on a nonracial
basis, and revision of local
laws and regulations which
may be necessary in solving
the foregoing problems"
Under such circumstances,
the district courts were directed
to require "a prompt and rea-
sonable start toward full COM
pliance," and to take such ac-
ton as was necessary to bring
about the end of racial segrega-
ton in the public schools with
all deliberate speed"
OF course, in many locations,
obedience to the duty of de-
segregation would require the
immediate general admission
of Negro children, otherwise
qualified as students for their
appropriate classes, at particu-
lar schools. On the other hand,
a district court, after analysis
of the relevant factors (which,
of course, excludes hostility to
racial deSegregation), might
conclude that justification ex-
listed for not requiring the pres
ent nonsegregated admission of
all qualified Negro children. In
such circumstances, however
the court should scrutinize the
program of the school authoyi-
ties to make sure that they
had developed arrangements
pointed toward the earliest
practicable completion Of de-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-29

Following is the tert OF the Supreme Courts unanimous
formal opinion back OF the September ~ decision prob-
ting any delay the indignation OF Little Rocks Central
High School:
As this reaches segregation and had taken
questions of the highest proprate steps to put their
the maintenance program into effective opera
,f oir Federal system OF ton
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-29

Text Of Supreme Court Decision on Little Rock

is necessary only TO recall some
basic constitutional PROPOSE
tons which are settled doc
trine,
, 1958-03-22

Church was filled and the
crowd overlooked outside
end under the galleries by
go pm. The services, con-
Quoted by the Rev. Harry
Nuudi, were very impressive.
People from all walks of life
were present.
A large number Of relatives
and friends came over from
st. Thomas and Mrs. Alma
Petersen also arrived with
their young son from the main
land in time for the funeral.
The procession was headed
by members of the Alexander
Hamilton Post Nc. IS, of the
American Legion. They were
followed by the. local Boy
Scout troop. At the cemetery
three volleys were fired and
taps were blown in honor of
their comrade.
Directly behind the hearse a
convertible banked w i t h
flowers and wreaths. fol-
lowed. Thousands lined the
streets and stood silently as
the procession passed.
, 1958-03-22
LOCAL

LOSAL -.
presented to her, contributed
bv Mrs. Pearl Byrd Larsen.
Miss Tia Karell of Saint
Mary's School in Christiansted
took third prize; for this she
will be given $500 in cash, do
mated by Mrs. Alexandrine
Manson.
The presentation to Miss
Nielsen was made during the
Assembly in the auditorium Of
the Christiansted High School
on Friday, March q.
Two other students received
Honorable Mention for their
essays. Loretta Hatchette Of
the Charlotte Amalie High
School in st. Thomas and
Augustine Beck of the Chris
tiansted High School here.
, 1958-03-22
TWO OIL

TWO OIL -.
were invited to send only two
pictures from the U. S. Virgin
Islands.
The judges were: Mrs. Eldra
Shulterbrandt, Miss ]
Tuitt, Mrs. Aline Kean, David
Chimney, Ira Smith, all Of St.
Thomas a n Mrs. Ruth
Gregory of St. croix.
, 1958-03-22
MISS CHRISTIAN ~.

= ~ SAA~
had as her theme "The Impor-
lance of Service in o
School"
The judges were Admins
trative Assistant Alva McFar-
lane, Miss Melba Canegata,
teacher at the Christiansted
High School; Alexander Hen
derson, Principal Of the Junior
High School in Frederiksted;
Mrs. Hilda England, Acting
Principal of the Christiansted
Grammar School and Arthur
Richards, Principal of h
Frederiksted Grammar School.
All were in separate places
and marked their scores on
points, at the end Of which
they were t9taled.
incidentally, it is worthy of
note that all the judges are
members of the Protestant
faith except Mrs. England,
who is a Catholic. Peter Chris
tian was master Of ceremonies.
A trophy, donated hv Father
Superior Joseph G. Daily Of
Saints Peter and Paul, was
awarded the winner.
The purpose of the contest
is to promote the art of public
speaking among the students
of the Catholic schools and to
encourage them in the use of
correct English even in their
ordinary speech.
Requirements were % use
of voice; ~ pronunciation (3)
enunciation (articulation) az
poise (5) appropriateness of
content (6) effectiveness of
delivery.
Five points were given for
excellent; 4 for very good; 3
for fair; 2 poor.
The students of the Saints
Peter and Paul School have
been invited to meet Miss
Christian at the airport on her
return today.
w "A N TED
, 1958-03-22

HEAD 49,.
in the nation.
He says industry-leased-
fleets will by then absorb Is
per cent of Detroit's annual
output and compel the auto
motive industry to restyle and
redesign cars to meet business
needs for functional, lower
cost transportation. Govern
ment purchases will bring the
total to 33 per cent annually.
"This will put a powerful
champion in the consumers
corner for the first time" Mr..
Braude said.
, 1958-03-22
FOR RENT
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Parcel 4 of Retreat
(adjoining the Polo Field
with guinea grass, wood
and an excellent fan mill
with plenty Of water.
Inquire AVIS OFFICE
Telephone 48
, 1958-03-22
WANTED

Carpenter Foreman
for Virgin Isldnds
Corporation
% to 8
, 1958-03-22
THE AMBASSADORS
DAUGHTER"

Olivia DeHav;lland, John Forsythe
Myrna 10y, Adolph Menjou,
Tommy Noonan, Edward Arnold
He is a G.I. on the prowl in
PARIS she is the Ambassa-
doris daughter y! This is the Most
scandalous Foreign Affair." in
laugh history y!
Also Latest World Wide News
, 1958-03-22
SUNDAY & MONDAY

United Artists presents;
In Cinemascope and Color
Filmed in France
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1958-04-12

The law of our Heavenly
Father, through scientific
prayerful study, and common
sense reasoning, easies and
lightens human burdens, and
sets mankind on the straight
pathway of walking in the
light of Truth.
The structure of light and
everlasting love has always
been here, and will remain
,orever; our job is to claim
it.
1t is of great interest to
note how the people are turn
ing to God in times of trou-
BILE unashamed by error.
Science and Health with
Key to the Scriptures by
Mary Eddy teaches:
Matter does not express
Spirit. God is infinite omni-
present Spirit.
eff Spirit is all and is every
where what and where is
matter? Remember tn a t
TRUTH is greater than error,
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1958-04-12

and we cannot put the
greater into the less. SOUL
is SPIRIT, and Spirit is
greater than body. If Spirit
were once within the body,
Spirit would be finite, and
therefore could not be
Spirit" Is & H, page 223)
WORK FOR GOOD
The appearance Of the
Christ Spirit in all human
affairs does away with the
errors and faIsity, as man.
kind learns to listen to the
Voice of Truth and Love.
Divine learning to listen. may
be done gradually, yet, II
has its right place in the
consciousness Of men, and
women who are looking for
the foil source Of Life more
sbvndantIy." Christ proved
God TO be that full source
of life for the entire Uni.
tContinved on Page 4
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1958-04-12
= FEAR NO EVIL
Christ Live, % Bless An

Because it has been made known that the Christ lives
we do not have to 90 strange gods 1t is through the
love of the one God for His spiritual creation that Christ
lives to bless all
When walking in the light of the directions of Jesus and
looking heavenly Father do not labor in vain
when solving so called human problems
NOW THE ELEVEN DISCIPLES WENT TO CALlLEE TO
WHICH JESUS HAD DIRECTED THEM AND WHEN THEY
SAW HIM THEY WORSHPPED HIM But SOME DOUBT.
Ed MATT 20:l6-lD
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1958-04-12
50fh ANNIVERSARY {. S. MONITOR
pageant OF FIVE DECADES = 3rd"

BY Edwin o. Canham, Editor OF The C. S. Monitor
BY its third decade, The Christian Science Monitor
we'll prepared TO face the challenges of worldwide economic
collapse and the aggressive surge Of totstarianism
The paper had detected the clear need Of sounder
world economic foundation and hrmer basis on which
peace could be enforced. II we'll equipped for the
troubles Of late 1872 for II had warned Of many dangers
which could have been avoided Its basic attitude, the
depression deepened 70 isolate the causes Of world
economic vnbsIanee and to define remedies for them.
tses 5oTH ANNIVERSARY, Page y
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1958-04-12
NJ SENATOR'S FIGHT TEST OF TOLL Tv"

News. lI2s
GOD VIA HIS DETROIT TRIBUNE:
WE STAND UNEouivocALLY FOR TOLL TV
THERE IS NO FREE Tv-THE PUBLIC PAYS AND
PAYS AND PAYS l. NOT TOO MUCH WITH MANY
MERITED ADVERTISED PRODUCTS. BUT IMMENSELY
TOO MUCH IN THE COST TO HEALTH, HEAVEN
HE'LL LIFE MORE ABUNDANTLY," VIA THE DEVILS
FOUR BILLION 5 RAcKETS. COMING INTO MIL
LIONS or HOMES VIA RADIO AND w.
!. sEx-DEWLs SOCIAL H-BoMB'-RAMPANT
THROUGHOUT SOCIETY AND ESPECIALLY
IN THE ENTERTAINMENT WORLD AND WORLD
or LETTERS
tses SENATORS FIGHT TEST. Page 10
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1958-04-12

free Press Editorial an
Having had Walter Revher in to questions about
the JAWS conduct in the KohIer strike members Of the
Mcclellan Committee richly acquainted with Mr..
Revfher's aptitude for changing the subject.
As consequence Of his disposition the dec
Ismsioy wild blue yonder the Senators have found
cut rather less about Mr. Revfhers part sheboy
gan than they did about their inqvfy.
tses THE SWEARING. Page ID