davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1958-12-12

The Saturday morning program
will be for the children, with ad-
mission price for an all-cartoon
movie at the State Theater being
a new toy.
The collected toys will become
part of the family baskets to be
distributed later in the holiday
period to community and area
families where gifts will be help
full and useful this season.
10 AM. Movie
The theater will open at $50
am, with the youngsters show
commencing at 10 O'Clock, accord
ing to Alvin Simmons, theater
manager.
The Sunday event will be the now
well-established radio-telephone col
lection Of materials for Christmas
baskets. The Ladies of the Moose
will be at Station WFLO answering
telephone calls offering gifts during
noon to pm. airWave appeal, in
tersperSed with entertainment.
The Moose men will pick up gifts
as phone calls are received during
the four-hour broadcast. John Var
ner, of the Moose committee, said
today such gifts as food. clothing
TOYS and money will be welcomed.
With money contributed the spon-
sors viii purchase food staples and
household necessities to be placed
in each family basket.
1--WE IL welcome anything that
can be placed in a basket for dis
tribution to our needy families.
Money given will be converted to
food and necessities to make each
basket complete Warner said.
j. Nat Wilkerson and Mrs. Ell
nora Davis, senior regent of the
Women Of the Moose, are heading
up the annual program for the fra
ternal 0rganizational.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1958-12-12
Council To DemOlish Butchers Store:
States First Sewage Lagoon In Use
Farmville Lagoon
Completed; Council
Sees Money Savings

The first sewage lagoon in the
State of Virginia is now in opera
ton serving the town OF Farmville
From all reports the lagoon is
functioning exactly according to
plans
The lagoon itself actually is a
system Of three small lagoons each
approximately lao acre In size.
The lagoons have been ready since
September. but several parts to
the pumping station delayed use
Of the lagoon until recently.
The pumping station Is complete
ly automatic and pumps and sew
age from the west edge OF town
tnear the water station, to the la
COON. which is near the airport
property.
The lagoon Is currently serving
over 800 persons. which includes
the hospital. and the residential
section OF Second. Third. Fourth
and Fifth Avenues and the avenue
extensions.
Being the first in the State, no
one knows exactly how many per
sons each lagoon can serve. To
help determine this, detailed
study Is being made by the State
Water Control Board at the Farm
vile lagoon AT the present time
different amounts OF the raw sew
age arc being pumped to the diff
/ ferent lagoons. One is receiving a
half another one-third. and an
other one sixth From I h e G
studies will come information on
what size to build the next lagoon
and information that will guide
similar communities throughout
the State.
The three lagoons were contract
ed for at approximately SIS 600
which does not include cost OF en-
glneering. surveying property. etc
Town Manager f. l. Quisenberry
said he could not give an exact
cost Of the lagoons at the present
time.
Tho lagoons were built and other
arc IN the planning stage because
the water control board has d.
rected Farmville to cease dumping
raw sewage into the Appomattox
River.
A sewage treatment plant TO
serve Farmville would cost in
the neighborhood Of half million
dollars Thus the town council de-
cided to Try the lagoon method
which has been used only in the
midwe to date.
The cost Of maintaining the lagoon
is Very small compared to the cost
OF maintaining sewage treatment
plant. Qulscnberry pointed out The
plant would require some $4,000
per year operating costs. while the
major expense OF the lagoon Is ex-
pected to be cutting the grass
around the edge Of the lagoon. plus
keeping the pumps running
Farmville received federal
grant for the lagoon project. The
amount OF the grant is Sl9. $50.
Quisenberry said the town would
receive 90 per cent Of the grant
in the near future and the rest
later.
The Farmville herald. (Farmville, Va.) 1957-current, 1958-12-12
Methodist Dignitaries
Entertained Monday

Dr- and Mrs Thomas +. Carroll
entertained the Committee on High
er Education Of the Virginia Metho-
dist Conference. including Bishop
Paul N. CARRIER at dinner Monday
evening preceding the Farmville
District educational rally
The committee and visitors were
entertained at reception at the
home of Dr. and Mrs, W. Edward
Smith after the session.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-17
Psychological Factor

Seven applications were de-
clined because of psychological
problems. OF these seven, six
c, 2, 6. 8, 81 and 24-were
among those just noted as re-
jected for academic deficiency.
No. l was not in that group.
For this classification the
boards chiefly relied upon the
conclusions of the State di-
rector of Psychological Services.
OF course. the school records of
these children were also at
hand. In substance, the opinion
of the director was that lit
would be unwise and possibly
harmful to this child to subject
him to the preSsures which
might result from attending a
school" having children of a
different or another race. In
stability. lack of self-control,
extreme shyness and difficulty
of mingling or making friends
are the circumstances generally
named by him for his conclu-
sions, persuading him that entry
into such a school would result
in severe difficulty in the schools
as well as to the subject pupil.
Thus the directors determina-
tons do involve race.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-17
overcrowdine Cited
ID: 0vercrOwding at Washing
ton and Lee-Pupils ID, 1
IL, 10 and 81

ID: OvercrOwding at Washing
ton and Lee-PupilS ID, 1,
IL, 10 and 81
For senior high school at
tendance ALLEGATIONS, Arlington
County has been for many
years divided into three dis
tricts. The Washington and
Lee district, taking the name
from the high school located in
the north center of the county,
originally embraced approx
mately the north half of the
county. The second district is
Wakefield, named for another
high school situated on the ex-
IRENE western boundary of the
county and in the southwest
section. The third district is
Hoffman-B Boston, already de-
scribed, and forming an enclave
within the Wakefield district.
Before the commencement of
this litigation and without an
ticipation of it, a large area in
the northwest corner of the
county was taken out of the
| Washington and Lee district,
because of the over-population
of that high school. The sew
cred area is not contiguous to
but we'll north of the line be-
tween the Westinghouse and
the Wakefield districts. Since
the inception of the present
controversy the northern dis
Itrict of Hoffman-Boston has
been vacated. 1t was entirely
surrounded by Westinghouse
District; hence it is now thrown
Into that district. This small
TERRITORY is contiguous to that
part of Washington and Lee
Just described as taken of from
1.-THE latter. Pupils D, l, IL, 10
and 81 reside within the terri
tory formerly comprising the
northern district of Hoffman
Boston. They have been as
signed to the Hoffman Boston
High School.
Washington and Lee High
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-17
Population Figures

1t occurs, too, from the rela-
lively small Negro population
in the county. The condition
now does not differ greatly
from that noted in this courts
opinion of September. 1857.
Then there we're 1882 Negroes
in all of the county's schools.
This compared to some $1,000
white students. The latter are
scattered throughout the coun-
ty. The concentration of Ne
gro population is confirmed in
this case by the fact that only
one white-school parent was
available to testify as a resident
of Hoffman-Boston district.
Nor is discrimination proved
by the stipulation that 100 Ne
gro pupils are transported to
Hoffman-Boston from the now
dissolved northern division of
Hoffman-Boston. AS many as
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-17
AdopfubiIity Test

Thus, IS of the 80 applicants
have been found disqualified
upon at least two, and some
times three, of the criteria, and
seven for the sole reason of
overcrowding, attendance area,
or academic standing. The re-
naming five applicants-A. z.
10, l6 and 20--were refused
transfer for failing the test Of
adaptability.
On this last criterion the
principal witness was the SUI
perintendent of schools. With
80 years in segregated schools,
his experience covers both Ne
groes and CaucaSians, though
separately. He defines adapta-
bility as including the ability to
accept or conform to new and
different education environ
ment. In reference to these five
pupils he readily comedies that
their places of residence would
entitle them to go to the schools
of their application pupil A to
Patrick Henry Elementary
School, and 7, IS. Is and 20 to
Stratford Junior High School.
But the point made by the
superintendent is that these
students would, respectively. be
injured by placement in Patrick
Henry or in Stratford Junior
High School. His reason is that
they would lose their present
position of school superiority
and leadership. At Hoffman,
Boston, Z, IS. is and 20 rate
about two years above the
school norm of achievement.
They are nearly year ahead
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-17

l8, all of the applicants now in
discussion-2, 3, 4, 9, IA. Is. II.
%, "a, 25, B. C, D, E, S, 6. 8.
10. IL, IL. 81 and %. totaling
22-were below the median
of the ad-schools.
Fifteen-22, II. IA, "a. E, C, 10.
S, 8, IS, is, D, 81, IL. 3--of
them were below the national
norm. Two of them were three
years below and five others as
much as a year or more. 1t
must be remembered. though,
that some of the ad-school stu
dents are also below the ma
tional norm. In the table of
average mental maturity. grade
for grade, the Hoffman-Boston
is shown to be more than If
teen points under the other
schools. the one about 90 and
the other los plus.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-17
Attendance Areas

On the attendance area test
IL transfers were declined
students Nos. 2. 3, 4, 9, IA. Is,
II, 10. %, "a and Is. With the
slightest exceptions hereinafter
noted. the school districts have
remained the same since the
lines were fixed long prior to
the Supreme Courts decision OF
May II, 1854. These pupils
have been attending the Hoff-
man-Boston School. 1t has
been housing elementary grades,
as well as both junior and
senior high schools, but solely
for Negroes. The Hoffman
Boston lines we're originally
drawn to embrace an area oc-
cupied almost entirely by Ne
groes. In fact. save for a very
small area known as the North
Hoffman Boston district, it is
the only Negro residential sec
ton in the county. These II
pupils q, 3, Is and rs being
senior high school students. and
4, 9, Il, II. Is. % and "a junior
high school Students. live in
the Hoffman-Boston area.
There is no othoer high
school, white or colored, nearer
to them than Hoffman, Boston.
Nos. 2, 3. Is and Is applied for
admission to Wakefield High
School. Among other adjust
mentS this change would mean
the establishment of a new bus
route and would mean a longer
haul than the bus ride now
afforded them to Hoffman
Boston.
The others sought entry into
either Kenmore Junior High
School, Gunston or Thomas
Jefferson. In distance all of
these schools are slightly closer
to their residences than Hoff-
man-Boston. However, the
school authorities had other
factors to consider, such as the
adoption of presently eStab-
lished school bus routes, walk
ing distances and the crossing
of highways, as well as that
Hoffman-BoSton was but a 20
minute bus ride for these
pupils.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-17
Conclusion

/. The very formulation and
use of the criteria is pleaded by
the plaintiffs as racial discrim-
nation. With this the court
disagrees. True. previously no
such tests were known; they
came into being in the latter
part of August, 1858. in con-
nection with the instant school
assignments. But this does not
prove discrimination.
These tests were not used
previously because there was
no necessity. The removal of
the rule and custom of segre-
CATION was an abrupt change.
1t was a social epoch, beginning
a new era. Accommodation to
its demands meant new meth
DDS as well as facilities. The as
signment of pupils took on an
added obligation. At some time
and place. assignment reguIa-
tons had to be adopted. There
fore, the instant criteria are
not discriminatory as born of
social change. Otherwise, after
the erasure Of race as a factor
in pupil placement. no assign
rnent plan could ever be validity
adopted.
2. This recital of the evidence
is not written with the implica-
ton that the evidence as to the
tests was not questioned. In ref
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-17
Dute Delayed

These four are all applicants
for Stratford Junior High
School; they have asked 70
enter the seventh grade, the
first year of junior high Be-
fore this decision can be ettec-
thated by a final decree, 10
days or more would routinely
elapse, carrying the effective
date into October. In the judg-
ment of the court 1t would be
unwise to make the transfers
as late as that in the term. The
decree, therefore. will be made
effective at the commencement
of the next semester, January
1853. This short deferment will
not be hurtful. Indeed, If the
basic problem can be solved by
time, the plice is not too dear.
1.-The evidence upon which
the assignments were made was
taken subject to several mo-
lions and these should be
passed upon before the evil
dence is considered. Counsel
for the Pupil Placement Board,
appearing in association with
the attorneys for the defend
ants, has moved the court to
dismiss the entire proceeding
on the ground that his client
is an indispensable party to an
action of this kind and has
never been brought into the
case. He relies on the Pupil
Placement Act of Virginia, 1858
Acts of the General Assembly,
c. 500, 1850 Code of Virginia,
as amended, 22-232.1, supple
menting the 1856 Pupil Place
ment Act. This legislation pur-
portedly vests in the Pupil
Placement Board, exclusively
all authority to determine the
school to which any child shall
be admitted. 1t is argued that
as the present action involves
the admission of the plaintiff
pupils into the schools, the
board should be a party. The
motion must be denied.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-17

$50 white pupils are carried ?
from the severed portion of
Washington-Lee district to
Wakefield. Only Is of these
Negroes are compliments here. 3
They are D, /, II. 10, 81. B, c"
E, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10. IL. 10, l6, 20
and %. Without ignoring the
record and without presuming
Continued on Page AT, Col. l
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-17

The Of Judge BrvGn decision today in the Arlington
school case Joloms.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-17
Point Called Moot

While the Pupil Placement
Act has been amended, since
the 1857 holding of this court
that the procedure there stip-
ulated was not an adequate ad-
ministrative remedy, it is still
not expeditions. The student
would be too far delayed into
the session before his applica-
ton would be finally deter
mined. Then, at the end, the
school closing and fund-cut-ofI
statutes automatically shut the
school, and withhold any money
for its operation, should the
student be assigned to a school
then teaching children of the
other race. Acts of the Gen.
eral Assembly of Virginia. 1856,
Elk. Session C. 68, 1850 Va
Code, as amended, 22-I88.5;
Acts, 1858, C. 642, Item 1873 Gap
preparations for schools.
It may be, however. that the
first stage prescribed in the
act is adoptable-some State
or local authority must process
the applications and make the
assignments-but the point is
moot. The applications in suit
were considered by the Place
ment Board and the Arlington
County School Board together
The results, the refusals tc
grant the transfers. were II
effect assignments. There il
no reason to decide now wheth-
er this was placement board Of
school board action.
Nevertheless. in no event nee'
the placement board be i'm
pleaded here. The impact o
any decree would be upon tn
persons Immediately in charg
of the schools. They it is VIII
actually admit or reject tn
students. Ordinarily the
would be the employees OF tn
school board, such as the prin
cipals and the teachers. Fror
the fact that the school boar
and its employees may be con
trolled in their acceptance c
students by the pupil place
ment board, it does not folio
khat the court cannot judg
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-17

utation the plaintiffs offered
evidence Of considerable weight
and relevance. But the court
does not in a case OF this kind
resolve such differences. 1t ex-
amines the conflicting evidence
only to see II the rebuttal EVIL
dence destroys any weight that
might be given to the defend
ants proof. Its inquiry is to
ascertain If the defendants ev-
idence, independently of influ-
ence Of race or color, was suf-
flcient to sustain the action of
the placement board and the
school board.
3. The reasons given for dis
qualifying the seven students
upon the test Of the psychology
ical problems obviously give
consideration to race and color.
On the other hand. the rejec-
ton was not due solely to these
features. The court, however,
does not rule on the weight to
be accorded this test because
the evidence before it upon the
point is too scant. The psy-
chologist was not called as a
witness and the court does not
have the benefit of his EXPOSE
ton. Therefore. this test must
be disregarded for this case.
4. Plaintiffs urge that in
validity of the assignments is
conclusively established by the
result, that is, that all Negro
pupils remain in the Hoffman,
Boston School. Though plausi-
BILE, the argument is not sound.
Actually. the principal reason
for the result is the geographical
location of the residences of the
plaintiffs, indeed of the entire
Negro population in Arlington
County. 1t is confined to two
sections. the Hofman-Boston
area and the previous, small
northern division of the Hoff-
man-BoSton. several miles
apart. Hoffman Boston Is by
far the larger Negro area. This
situation seemingly would be
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-17

/ School is much nearer to their
residence than is Hoffman
Boston. Indeed, it lies between
the residences and Hoffman
Boston, away from the resi-
dences about one-fourth Of the
total distance. Overcrowding
of Washington and Lee is the
basis for the assignment OF
these pupils to Hoffman
Boston.
Before the necessity arose
| for considering the assignment
of senior high school pupils
residing in the former northern
Hoffman-Boston district to
any high schoU other than
Hoffman-Boston, the Washing
ton and Lee High School had
become congested. The present
population is $500 as against a
maximum capacity Of 1000. At
Hoffman-BoSton. the current
population is SIS. with a ca
pacity of 375. augmented now
by four temporary classrooms
accommodating 100 more
pupils and to be increased,
further, by the addition of five
classroms now under construc-
ton, for completion in January
1859. to care for 125 pupils. The
total facilities at Hoffman
Boston will thus be 600. Wake
field is constructed for 1000
but presently has 2,540 stu
dents.
In maintaining the assign
ment of these students to Hoff-
man-Boston, rather than to
Westinghouse, the Defend
ants referred to corresponding
treatment of Caucasian pupils.
They point to the students liv-
ing in the territory severed
from Washington-Lee. These
white pupils in the 10th grade
tthe first year of the senior
high school must go to Wake
field High School. This is a
distance as great, if not greater,
than the trip to Hoffman
Boston from its former north
ern district. They note still
another comparable transpor-
ptation of white students. Those
living at Fort Myer, in the
southeast part of the county,
are not permitted to go to the
nearer Washington-Lee High
School but are required to at
tend Wakefield, on the other
side of the county. The Hoff-
man-Boston School is superior
to any of the other schools in
the county in its 1875 pupil
teacher ratio.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-17
Academic Standing

Excepting No. 10. all of the
Immediately considered pupils
q, 3, 4, 9, IA, Is, II, %, "a and
25-were also refused transfer
because Of their academic
standing. Besides these, pupils
B. C. D, E, S, 6, 8. 10, IL, IL, 81
and % were likewise found to
be ineligible, on account of
academic deficiency, for the
transfers requested.
In making the academic de-
examinations the California
achievement test was the
principal factor. Other factors
were the school records and ex-
perience. While among these
% pupils some were listed on
their student report cards as
making low scholastic averages,
just about as many had high
averages and others were ION
grade level" Their intelligence
quotients are not low. The
school authorities do not deny
these civilizations. But they en-
phaSize that these standings
are related only to the then
grade and school of the chill
dren. The basis for refusal of
the transfers was not those
standings. The basis was that
the scholastic standing in the
classes to which they asked
entry was above the individual
standings of the applicants to
the extent that the transfers
could not be justified under
sound educational principles.
The median achievement
level in the schools to which
entrance is sought, the evidence
shows. is appreciably higher
than the national norm. On
the other hand, the median Of
the schools. from which the ap-
plicants would come is more
than a year below this norm
Moreover, in the schools applied
, for, two-thirds of the pupils
. have achievement ratings above
: the national norm; while in the
} schools of origin, four-fifths Of
the students are well below the
/ national norm. So transfer
might result in placing the
: pupil in an achievement group
one or more years above the
: achievement category Of his
present group.
e With the exception Of pupil
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-09-17

Of the national norm. How
ever, if they enter Stratford,
they will not, as they are in
Hoffman Boston, be in the top
group, but just above the
achievement Inedian of that
school. They will not be among
the leaders. Analogous reason
ing is applied to A at Patrick
Henry. The superintendent
feels that this would be dis
couraging and possibly emo
tionally disturbing to them.
Race or color is not the basis
for his opinion. though. he
owns, the necessity for his de-
cision is occasioned by the re-
moval of racial bars.