davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-01

Gen. de Gaulle, with whom some
disagreement developed. Gen.
de Gaulle wanted to be clearly
and definitely recognized by both
the allied governments as the
ruler of France. He insisted that
he alone had the right to give
orders to the French population
in directing the necessary CO.
operation with the allied forces.
President Roosevelt was fatty
opposed to giving Gen. de Gaulle
this specific and particular type
Of recognition. The President,
then as always, made a great
point of insisting that sovereignty
in France resided in the peo-
pie. =.
THE attempt to work out a
plan satisfactory to De Gaulle
and still remain within limits
fixed by our governments oc-
casioned a great deal Of worry.
;. An open clash with De Gaulle
in this matter would hurt us i'm
measurably and would result in
bitter recrimination and unneces-
sary loss Of life.
1--WE worked hard, within the
limits of our instructions, to win
De Gaulle to our point of view,
but although after the campaign
was started he co-operated with
us effectively. he did not meet our
requests at the moment"
HARRY S. TRUMAN, in his
memoirs: de Gaulle's methods of
championing French national
causes were not always along
peaceful lines, and his tendency to
use force in pressing national
claims made for difficult situa-
MY feelings about Gen. de
Gaulle were less and less friend
ly.
In 1945 Gen. de Gaulle was
most reluctant to order the with
drawal of French troops from
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-01

on statements made by Gen. de
Gaulle prior to the Allied invasion
of North Africa:
II can understand how a man
can regard himself as the spirit
of Clemenceau, or as the Joan of
Arc of modern France, but I can
not understand how he can be
both at the same time"
President Roosevelt. after HIM
self almost forcing an amicable
meeting between Gen. de Gaulle
and the Vichy commander at
Casablanca, Gen. Henri Giraud,
also repeatedly commented to an
aide that the aloof de Gaulle was
"a prima DONNA"
DWIGHT ID. EISENHOWER, in
Crusade in Europe" his own &C
count Of his supreme command Of
the Allied forces in Europe:
HE Gen. de Gaulle) asked for
the temporary loan of two Ameri-
can divisions to use, as he said,
as a show of force and to estab-
lish his position firmly. My mem
DRY flashed back almost two years,
to Africa (where) never during our
entire stay had one of the French
officials asked for Allied troops in
order to establish or affirm his
position as a local administrative
authority"
Again Con the French refusal
to evacuate Stuttgart, in Ger
many, to permit its use by the
American 7th Army: 1.-THE
French still proved obstinate and
referred the matter to Paris. Not
content with this, Gen. de Gaulle
continued to maintain an unyield-
ing attitude on the governmental
level in his reply to a Sharply
worded message from the Presi-
dent Of the United States on the
subject"
In 1914, on the eve of D-day:
Zone of our final visitors was
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-01

part Of Italy, Syria and Lebanon.
President Truman, after fruitless
persuasion, contemplated ordering
the cessation of American sup
port and assistance to France UNI
less the general co-operated. Gen.
de Gaulle insisted that to with
draw French forces from the dis
puted areas would amount to
humiliation. Mr.. Trum a n
drafted an announcement with
drawing aid to France, and asked
the opinion of Mr.. Churchill. Here
is what he received in reply:
1.-THE publication of your mes
sage would lead to the overthrow
of Gen. de Gaulle, who after five
long years of experience, I am
convinced, is the worst enemy of
France in her troubles"
Mr.. Churchill went on to say
that he considered Gen. de Gaulle
zone of the greatest dangers to
European peace. / am sure that
in the long run no understanding
will be reached with Gen. de.
Gaulle."
MAI. GEN. SIR EDWARD
SPEARS, Mr.. Churchill's personal
representative and head Of the
British Mission to the Free
French:
"He de Gaulle) is a man Of
untarnished honor, devoid of
meanness in his private life. Yet
in his dealings with international
affairs he is capable of duplicity
in what he considers a game with
out rules.
when negotiating, he is hard
and shrewd. He does not hesitate
to browbeat and intimidate an
opponent, If he can.
eff he comes to power, he will
certainly seek, while suppreSsing
communism in France, to use the
Soviets as a balancing force
against the Anglo-Americans, as
he did during the war"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-01
Party Politics Enter

The other big Senate hurdle is
party politics. Alaska is, histori-
cally, sympathetic to the Demo-
cratic Party. Hawaii, the other
candidate, leans more toward the
Republican Party.
For this reason, there are many
Republicans who do not want
Alaska unless Hawaii also is ad-
mitted, although the G. o. P.
leadership prefers TO keep the two
statehood candidates separated.
If the bill is called in the Senate,
then, its success may depend on
whether the Democrats are willing
to promise that Hawaii also will
be considered this session.
In such situation, it might be
easy for opponents Of statehood
for either territory to lump them
together in one bill. thus CONSOLE
dating the strength of the oppon-
ents of either bill.
When the Senate passed a Joint
Alaska Hawaii statehood bill last,
in 1854, it died in the House.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-01
PATRIOT OR OPPORTUNIST?
The Man Nobody Knows

and prestige" Of France. He in
sisted on an independent COM
mand within allied operations
against the mainland Of Europe.
He insisted, successfully, on put
ting the liberation of Paris and
Marseille in the hands Of French
troops job Eisenhower was
only too glad to give him in view
of the fierce civil war which soon
cropped up between the Gaullists
and the remnants of the Vichy-
ties.
After liberation, only the pre-
sence of millions Of American
troops in France prevented the
Communist underground from
seizing power. Fortified by over
whelming allied strength, De
Gaulle successfully disarmed the
Communist resistance movement.
Signed Moscow Pact
But De Gaulle kept Maurice
Thorez in his cabinet as contact
with Moscow. Still Smarting from
his. dependence on London and
Washington, De Gaulle saw path
to independent grandeur and
prestige in playing Russia of
against the Western allies. One Of
his first acts in foreign policy was
to fly to Moscow to sign a mutual
aid treaty with the Kremlin.
A few years later, when De
Gaulle organized his rally Of the
French people (RPF) as a political
vehicle. he conceded that this had
been a mistake. He explained he
had thought that Russia would
keep its word.
The general has the arro-
gance of the selfrighteous. He
is reserved to an extreme in
private contacts. Although in later
years he has trained himself to be
little more affable and relaxed,
he still strikes the average person
as aloof, naughty, cold.
This was the side of his char
acter which. Immediately after
the war, prompted him, in a flt
of disdaln, to suddenly quit the
provisional government.
With the sad example of the
Third Republics latter days in
mind, he despised the political
leaders in the Constituent Assem-
bly,. He despised their partisan
pickering. Like many another
fervent apostle. he could not un-
derStand their reluctance to sub
merge personal or party interests
for the sake of the one great ideal.
This has been going on for years
as De Gaulle confidently awaited
another call.
AS the Algerian war dragged on
De Gaulles greatest asset became
the feeling that he is the man
who somehow can rally the colo
NAL peoples to a common ideal.
But the big question remains:
Will it work for France? Are the
French willing to sacrifice sex
cessive" public liberties at home
for the sake of tranquility in
Africa?
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-01
Elsewhere

Iowa was preparing for a pri-
mary tomorrow to nominate can
didates for Governor and its eight
House members. On Tuesday,
Montana primaries will nominate
candidates for its two House seats
and the one Senate seat (held now
by Senator Mansf1eld) up this
year. Senator Mansfield has only
negligible opposition. Also on
Tuesday, South Dakota will name
candidates for Governor and two
House seats.
While the laSt-minute appeals
are being made, there were these
other political developments last
week:
. Representative Adam Clay
ton Powell of New York City,
dumped by Harlem Democrats for
supporting President Eisenhower
in 1856, was snapped up by Re-
publicans in his district who of
fered him the chance to run on
the COP. ticket.
. Representative Noble Gregory
Of Kentucky, second-ranking De-
mocrat on the Ways and Means
Committee. lost his bid for re-
nomination in a primary last
Tuesday. Mr.. Gregory, in the
House for % years, lost by 432
votes. There were loud protests,
however, that Logan County had
been stolen again." and the FBI
confirmed that it was investigat-
ing.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-01
Iron Curtain No Barrier in Fight
To End Evils Of Narcotics Trade

munications and banking facilities
in their worldwide operations.
Illicit fields of marijuana and
coca leaf fan out below the Rio
Grande and into South America.
The cocaine-loaded leaf is chewed
principally in Bolivia, Peru, Ar
gentina, Colombia and Chile, and
the marijuana inf1ltrates north
ward into the United States.
A stiff narcotics law, passed by
Congress in 1856, is credited with
wiping out large segments of the
United States dope racket and
what remains has been boxed
into a relatively few urban areas.
But addiction here and abroad
is still alarming.
One out of every 5000 persons
in the United States is a heroin,
morphine or opium addict.
Canada runs a close second. -
In the Andes is million mall
nourished Peruvians chew the
poisonous coca leaf.
Hashish enslaves the Egyptians
and opium the Iranians.
Two terrifying drugs-Ethiopian
khat and Japanese hipropon-
are drawing new attention as they
addict thousands.
Marijuana, growing wild or
under cultivation, is eaten or
smoked throughout the Middle
East, United States and Africa.
The Addicts' Cost o.
United States Narcotics Com
missioner Harry j. Anslinger.
distinguished authority and for
mer chairman of the U. N. Com
mission, reports that heroin adj
diets spend $40 to $40 per day
to maintain the habit. or up to
$4,000 per year. Since the vice
renders them incapable of regu-
lar work. they resort to crime for
the money.
He estimates that addiction robs
the United States of $3.50 million
per year, 10 times her annual con-
tribution to support of the United
Nations.
internationally, Mr.. Anslinger
explains, controls have been based
on the theory that use of mar
cotics must be limited to the
scientific and medical communi-
ties. Public opinion has proved a
potent ally but he admits that,
The odds are very much against
U.S."
One reason is that the United
States and France are among the
handful Of nations maintaining
narcotics enforce ment units.
Other countries rely on regular
police.
Mr.. Anslinger's 300 highly
trained agents roam the Nation
and the world, often in disguise,
relying on nerve and resourceful-
ness. cooperating with police of
other countries.
Whether the nations of the
world can achieve a more perfect
victory over narcotic traffic will
depend on their approach to the
1ellsprings of drug addiction
malnutrition, juvenile delinquency,
economic and psychological in-
securities.
And this in turn will depend
upon the politicians, diplomats
and military leaders who shape
tomorrow's world.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-01

bers Of Congress have urged tax
relief as a primary antireces-
Sionary measure. Their pleas
have been echoed by economists
generally identified with one
school of thought. Tax cut plans
of several varieties have been
brought forward-increased per-
sonal income exemptions that
would cost from 81 billion to $40
billion, reductions in excise taxes,
especially on autos, and a roll
back to pre-Korean War levels of
corporation income taxes.
This being an election year,
there was some fear-and with
good reaSon-that the tax cut
issue might become hopelessly
embroiled in politics to the detri-
ment of the whole economy.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-01
Alaska:
Half Victory?

Alaska last week was once
again half way along the legisla-
tive path to statehood.
Among many ironies in the sit
uation was the fact that it might
today be a Soviet republic had
not an American Secretary of
State 81 years ago felt a strong
sense of obligation to the Russian
car.
In 1867, Secretary William Sew
ard believed that when the Rus
sian fleets had been sent to San
Francisco and New York in 1868,
their mission was to aid Mr.. Lin
coins government. should Brit
ain or France intervene in the
Civil War in behalf of the Con-
federacy. Actually-but Seward
did not know this-the car had
sent his ships to America to es-
cape the British feet in case of
war with England. which seemed
imminent.
Knowing that Russia was anx-
ious to sell the frozen peninsula.
Seward quickly grabbed the
chance to pay off the supposed
obligation. The cost was $72 mil
lion, a great sum in those days,
Seward was roundly condemned
for spending taxpayers money on
worthless real estate"
AS every Schoolboy knows, how
ever, Stewards Folly" turned out
to be second only TO the Louis
lana Purchase as a good real
estate buy. Recently. Idaho's
Senator Frank Church pointed
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-01
A Primo Donna in Game Without Rules
Was War Colleagues Verdict on De GouIIe

The derisive and irreverent
cadets of st. Cyr who dubbed
Charles Andre Marie de Gaulle
"the big asparagus" lived. most
Of them, to revise their appella-
ton. In World War II they
called him lie grand Charles"
but never to his face. He was too
austere. too dignifled and too
much imbued with his almost
mystic conviction that he was the
French Man Of Destiny to be
amused by such humor.
Since 1915. Gen. de Gaulle has
been called many things. His foes
look upon him as a potential
a-nationalist dictator; his adj
herents see him as the savior
Of France. But even as he led the
determined forces of Free France
from exile in World War II, this
aloof and austere man baffied his
allies and colleagues, as the fol-
lowing comments make plain:
WINSTON CHURCHILL, Prime
Minister of Britain: HE :.
thought we ought to be exclu-
sively loyal to him. He also felt
it essential to his position before
the French people that he should
maintain a proud and naughty
demeanour toward 'perfldious
Albion although an exile de-
pendent on our protection and
dwelling in our midst. He had to
be rude to the British to prove to
French eyes that he was not a
British puppet. He certainly
carried out this policy with per-
severence. 1 always admired
his massive strength"
Again from Sir Winston: Under
an impressive, imperturbable de-
meanour he seemed to me to have
a remarkable capacity for feeling
pain. I preserved the impression,
in contact with this very tall,
phlegmatic man, here is the Con-
stable of France"
FRANKLIN d. ROOSEVELT,
wartime President commenting
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-01

treaties on narcotics adopted
since 1912. Eight years of effort
are behind this decision which
now moves to the diplomatic level
for approval.
. Opium eating has been wiped
out, opium smoking and heroin
driven underground, morphine
manufacture cut back to legal
levels. and illicit cocaine all but
vanquiShed.
Impressive as this may be. ex-
perts still see a long list Of
minus" signs:
They point to Red China's stub
bornness. She prohibits use Of
heroin within her borders but has
no scruples about manufacturing
and dumping illicit tons of it on
other countries. Opium and heroin
are smuggled from Hong Kong
to Formosa by complex interna-
tional rings" Thousands of drug
sorties slip across the Bhamo Dor
der into Burma, Malaga and Sing
apore.
More contraband starts out from
the Middle East, moving furtively
through France and Italy, to be
struggled through lie Havre,
Genoa and other European ports
TO terminal points in the United
States and Canada.
Turkish or Iranian raw opium
is converted to morphine base,
then heroin, at secret factories
on its clandestine route to the
sea and frequently moves to the
American mainland via Cuba,
which is becoming a key way sta
ton,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-01

split arose-between the original
Gaullists and those who Joined
the Allied cause in 1923. This
came to head in rivalry between
De Gaulle and Gen. Henri Giraud
whom the Allies had selected as
field commander of French troops.
For months De Gaulle and
Giraud spared for leadership.
Peoce Between Friends
1t took the combined efforts of
President Roosevelt, Prime Minis
ter Churchill, General Eisenhower
and career diplomat Robert MUIR
ply to get the two men even to
speak to each other. When they
finally agreed to work together,
1t was almost like two chiefs of
State signing peace treaty.
De Gaulle soon Unanswered
himself into top position. Two of
the levers he used are disconcert-
ing to many Frenchmen now.
One was a deal whereby De
Gaulle gave government posts to
Communists who were operating
the most efficient resistance net
work back in France.
The other was the shadowy and
suspicious operations of De
Gaulle's secret police under the
firm hand of Jacques Soustelle. a
section which later came under
fellow-traveling Emmanuel d'As-
tier de la Vigerie.
One of De Gaulle's obsessions
is what he calls the grandeur
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-01
What Could Be Next?

What comes after the Fourth
Republic?
The range of possibilities is
wide, taking into consideration
Frances past.
Gen. de Gaulle may try to work
with a consultative assembly.
Long-range forecasters raise
the possibility that Gen. de Gaulle
might play Naguib to another.
younger. French generals Nasse1.
maj. Gen. Mohammed Naguib
led a military junta that took over
Egypt IN July. 1852: Col. Camel
Abdel Nasser deposed him Novem-
Der IA, 1954)
In the past, Gen. de Gaulle has
favored revision of the French
government system to increase the
powers of the executive and de-
crease those Of the legislature
enfeebled by the multiparty sys-
tenn. He is believed to prefer an
executive with powers commensu-
rate with those of German Chan
cellor Adenauer or American
Presidents.
These changes might be effected
by constitutional amendment and
the Fourth Republic might then
be continued. But whether Gen.
de Gaulle could swing the votes
in Parliament without sending
the issue to a referendum is
doubtful.
Presumably the French execu-
tive departments, stated by the
civil service, would continue to
handle the central administration
as it has in the past under
frances shufaing-premier system.
The Army, of course. has no
constitutional power in France.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-01
BY JOSEPH Z. DYNAN

PARIS (R.-It is q tragic para
dox Of modern French history.
Gen. Charles de Gaulle, a man
who gave his utmost for the unity
and welfare of his countrymen,
has been for nearly two decades a
source Of deep and bitter division
In France.
The tall, brooding mystic has
been q controversial figure since
the days just before World War
II when he upset the French high
command with some novel theo-
ries of warfare.
He favored mobility, expressed
in tanks, versus the foredoomed
immobility of the Maginot Line.
But the high command told De
Gaulle, then a colonel, to mind
his own business.
Hitler'S fast-moving, end-run-
ming panzers proved him right.
The Wehrmacht had not over
looked De Gaulle's book, "L'Armies
de Meter" C'The Professional
Army') and his other works.
When the Germans overran
France in 1910, De Gaulle was in
a position to say II told you So"
and did.
Then came his flight to London
to carry on the war alongside the
Allies, at the head of the Free
French forces.
The Broadcast Did II
His now historic broadcast,
from the studios of BIC on June
Is, 1910, gave the Free French and
the underground anti-Nazi resist
ance slogan and rallying cry
for the somber days of German
occupation: France has lost a
battle, but France has not lost the
war!"
De Gaulle had faith in France
and in the Allied cause. He deeply
believed that Hitler eventually
would be overwhelmed, and he
foresaw that France had to be
among the victors if she were to
resume her traditional place as
one of the worlds great powers.
To Britain and America of 1910,
and to the world at large 10 years
later, De Gaulle'S attitude seems
logical and beyond challenge. But
not so to many Frenchmen, per-
haps majority, at the time. The
legal. legitimate government was
in Vichy under the leadership of
venerable and greatly respected
old soldier.
Marshal Petain had obtained
what was, under the circum-
stances, a generous armistice.
Nearly everyone expected Eng
land to collapse next and in short
order. At first, De Gaulle was an
obscure, insubordinate, seditious
officer who wanted Frenchmen to
continue fighting England's bat
ties for his personal glory.
This changed as the British
radio spread De Gaulle's message
to France. But after the Allied
landings in North Africa, a new
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-06-01
BY VERA r. CHASER
Special Writer for The Star

The nations of the world, often
at diplomatic daggers' points, can
be proud of their team work on
at least one front-the battle
against the dope evil. Even the
Iron Curtain has yielded to CO.
operative efforts in the danger
GUS undercover pursuit of illicit
narcotics trafickers.
The United Nations Commission
on Narcotic Drugs, which has Just
met in Geneva, is due most of the
credit for progress thus far. Often
termed the most effective body in
the U. NJ, it was singled out by
former Secretary General Trygve
Lie as his model" unit.
Within a matter of weeks the
is member nations will release the
frankest, most detailed account
to date of the extent of drug
addiction in every corner of the
world.
They have received and re-
vamped their massive global COM
bat technique against addiction
and smuggling.
And they will have readied their
enforcement legions for another
year of uphill effort. Their find
ings are expected to be revealed
in detail soon.
Junk" is the tag used by
addicts and narcotics officials for
opium, morphine, heroin, mari
iuana. and thirty-odd synthetics.
1t is spirited across international
borders in hollowed-out books,
balls of yarn and a thousand fan
tastic caches. The 10y dust"
eventually finds its way to an avid
underground market, principally
in the Western world.
This year a Yugoslav, Dragon
Nikolic, heads the fight against
dope. AS Chairman of the hard
working Narcotics Commission,
he reports directly to the u. N.
Economic and Social Council and
receives a helping hand from
three other international bodies
the Permanent Central Opium
Board, the Drug Supervisory
Body. and the World Health Or
ganization.
All Of them annually face up to
the question. Are we making
progress in the hideous interna-
tional traffic in narcotics?"
Some Advances Mode
This year the U. N. Commission
can show some plus" signs on its
ledger:
Q 1t has hammered out agree
ments on production, manufac-
ture and distribution of narcotic
drugs throughout the world, ex-
tending behind the Iron Curtain.
The pacts have proved workable
indeed, have slashed manu-
facture Of drugs by almost half.
. 1t also has set UP a worldwide
import and export certificate sys-
tenn.
. 1t has obtained permission to
inspect in countries with illicit
narcotics potentialities, a triumph
eyed with considerable envy by
disarmament negotiators.
. One mammoth task completed
at Geneva is the Commissions
draft of a single convention TO
codify and bring up to date all