davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1958-05-12
Automatic Reductions Scheduled
Unless Legislative Action Comes

They are reluctant to make
any moves in a narrow area
until they are absolutely per-
suaded that President Eisen-
hover will not send them a
general bill.
The same squeeze is ap-
preaching on the wide variety
of issues Congress must either
take up or decide by merely
setting them aside. Leaders
have set July Is as their ad-
journment goal, this being
an election year in which
members are more than ordi-
narily anxious to return to
their fence-mending.
Already abSenteeism is a
problem in both House and
Senate. Members go home
for their State primaries and
find troubles to keep them
away. With the Congress so
narrowly divided and all the
difficult issues cutting across
party lines, this is even more
than usually upsetting to the
whips charged with lining up
the votes.
The Eisenhower decision on
taxes ties in closely with re-
ciprocal trade extension. The
tariff lobby has enthusias-
tically embraced the recession
as another reason for greater
protection of home industry;
they will be even more vehe-
ment if industry fails to get
meaningful tax cuts.
Speaker Rayburn has issued
gloomy warnings that recip-
rocal trade must be compro-
Evening star., 1958-05-12

strongly last year - the sub
committee said:
"AFL-CIO international un-
ions differed greatly in reaction
to disclosures of persons, identi-
fled as Communists, claiming
Fifth Amendment privilege.
Certain AFL-CIO unions,
notably the United Auto
Workers. have adopted a double
standard with respect to dis
closure about communism or
the one hand and corruption on
the other"
And in renewing its fire.
quently expressed concern
about what it called Communist
control of the American Com
munications Association, an in
dependent union with some
5000 members, the subcom-
mittee said:
There are persons with
Communist records who have
access to radio wires and cables
carrying Government messages,
both classified and unclassi-
fed"
The subcommittee's report
also said that "the extensive
control by the ILWU Inter
national Longshoremen's and
WarehouSemens Union) over
the economy of the Hawaiian
Islands poses a threat to the
security of the United States"
Evening star., 1958-05-12
CONSTANTINE BROWN
Wisdom of Nixon Trip Questioned

In command. Vice President
Nixon. 10 represent him and
the powerful United States.
This Is an entirely new de-
parture In our established
diplomacy. It's wisdom Is
being questioned by many
observers who are aware OF
the Communist infiltrations
all over the world. They
wonder whether the dignity
Oh { e. country would not be
better served II our Chief Exc
ecutive and hts heir pre-
Sumptive" were spared in
suits and physical assaults by
staying home.
Experts on Latin American
affairs point out that the ar
dent Latin students and
crowds who displayed much
more than a lack OF courtesy
~ Mr.. Nixon were urged on
IN their actions by commu-
INST AGENTS and fellow travel
ing students and jeer leaders.
This is unquestionably true
and we may have to take
some blame for II. The ad-
miniStrations during and soon
after the war rammed the
Soviet regime down the
throats OF the South Ameri-
can governments by pressur-
ing them to give diplomatic
recognition to the Reds for
the sake of good neighborli-
ness. We thus naively helped
establish in South America
centers Of Communist infec-
ton which are now mush-
rooming everywhere.
The governments such as
in Peru and Argentina have
excellent police forces well
accustomed to handling DEM
onstrations and demonstra-
tors. But they felt that in
Nj. Nixon's case 1t was pref
cradle not to use the strong
arm.
Evening star., 1958-05-12

Political dilemmas often
reach a point where no de-
cision represents a decision,
This is close to the position
today on tax cuts.
June 80 next an important
group of taxes will automati-
cally drop if no affirmative
action is taken. Corporate
income taxes will fall from
So per cent to AZ per cent,
passenger car, parts and ac-
cessorieS taxes will become
; per cent instead of 10
per cent, and there will be
excise reductions on cigarettes
and WhlSkey.
In this collection, only the
drop relating to automobiles
would appear desirable polit-
ically. Many members of
Congress will not favor that
unless the automobile makers
also cut their prices on cars.
In fact. Senators Kefauver,
LANCER, O'Mahoney. Douglas
and Carroll have put a
double -barreled bill into the
hopper which cuts the auto
mobile taxes in half but only
Oh condition that the saving
goes directly to purchasers.
They added a plea to the in
GuStry for price cuts.
Many members of Congress
sun hope for a general tax
reduction affecting a wide
range of their constituents,
Evening star., 1958-05-12

ACTIVITIES C0nLf0l Board au-
thority to act on the basis of all
available evidence in determin-
ing whether a union is Com
unist-dominated. This. it
said. would eliminate arbitrary
limitations and restrictions
upon evidence which the board
may consider"
The internal security group
also recommended that;
/. The National Labor Rela-
tionS Board be empowered to
suspend a union from benefits
of the Labor Relations Act
when it finds officers of the
union have filed false non-
Communist affidavits. The sus-
pension would last until such
officers have been ousted.
2. The Communist control
act be amended to permit
union members to start pro-
ceedings before the SACB to
determine whether their union
is Communist dominated.
3. Congress make it a Grim
inal offense knowingly to give
or transmit funds of labor
union to a Communist or a
Communists dominated organi-
cation, or to use such funds for
Communist purposes.
After reviewing testimony
taken about Communist efforts
to penetrate the labor move
ment-efforts it said continued
Evening star., 1958-05-12
WILLIAM S. WHITE
Policy Makers Studying Canada

tons with unique marks of
studied respect.
Canada alone will be on
the agenda in a hearing of
May l6. No other nations
relationship has been put
alone on the docket before
the committee - and none
will be. The whole of the
Far East, for example, has
been looked into at one hear
ing, as will later be all of
Europe.
BY tradition, the commit
tee never hears any foreigner.
In this case. however, it has
done the next thing by call
ing as a witness a Canadian
born American scholar. Percy
E. Corbett. now of the Center
for International Studies at
Princeton.
Now, of course, no grown
man thinks that this sort of
thing-alone-will have any
vast meaning to the Canadi-
ans. But the point is that it
is even being thought about.
1t may be. indeed, that the
present is a tiny beginning Of
the onset of wisdom toward
the Canadians.
They are not an uncom-
plicated people-or certainly
the English -oriented kind of
Canadians long known to this
correspondent are not. They
are not like us" at all. eX-
cept in what are mainly SUI
perhcialities.
About three days a week,
so to speak, they look and
falkland to some extent
think-like Americans. But
the four other days of the
week they are more British
than the British. They are
strong and friendly people
but they are not "our" people.
They don't like suggestions
that they are. And we should
stop supposing, even for a
moment, that they are.
Evening star., 1958-05-12
Our Wheat Trade, Their Lead and Zinc
Called Spurs to Economic Cool Wor

American foreign policy
leaders are now belatedly
recognizing a problem much
closer to home than the
nearest slope of any possible
summit.
Canada, the large, ordi-
narily relaxed and uncom-
plainingly reliable associate
to the north, is being re-
discovered here.
The process is not going
on with any rush. In 1t
there is none of the drama
of our approach to more
troublesome - but hardly
more important - powers.
And it would be most pre-
mature to suggest that the
rediscovery will work any
concrete or quick lmploye-
ment between Ottawa and
Washington.
The issues, on the out
side. are dull and mercantile
and tough. This country's
greatest customer by far,
Canada is deeply put cut
with our trade policies. Par
ticularly resented is the
dumping abroad of American
wheat under the surplus
disposal" program.
In an unpleasantly literal
sense, this takes the bread
out of the mouths Of a good
many Canadians. They too,
grow a lot of wheat.
And on our side some of
our mining areas are made
less than happy by Canadian
exports here of lead and zinc.
1t is sometimes easier to
negotiate a shooting war than
to smooth out the irritations
of trade. For any Congress
or Parliament lives very close
TO home-and home usually
is a term for the immediate
Evening star., 1958-05-12

pockethook interests of con-
StituentS.
Thus. only the starry-eyed
could look for an early solu-
ton of what is nothing less
than an economic cool, repeat
cool. war between the United
States and Canada. Still,
there is a possibility of caus-
ing some slight rise in the
temperature. And to this pos
sibility responsible Americans
are addressing themselves.
Able people on both sides
of the border have told our
officials that an American at
titude that appears to take
Canada for granted is doing
almost as much harm as more
measurable matters.
On this assumption, our
foreign policy makers are
searching for ways to improve
at least the form of relations.
They have concluded, in
short, that mere good man
ners never did any great
harm and occasionally may
actually do some good.
Hands across the WE'LL
known unfortified frontier are
particularly hard to clasp in
a current atmosphere that is
more nearly akin to economic
nationalism than to interna-
tionalism.
Typical of what is being
attempted. however, is a small
gesture arranged with the
knowledge of the State De-
partment on the initiative of
the Assistant Senate Demo-
cratic leader, Mike Mansfield
of Montana.
The Senate Foreign Rela-
tionS Committee, in its review
of this country's position
around the world, is examin-
ing Canadian-American rela-
Evening star., 1958-05-12
DORIS FLEEsON
June 80 Important Tax Day

missed. Its principal hackers
rejoice that the President is
standing firm and would
rather see no bill than a shell
tailored to protectionist de-
mands.
Rayburn had in his hand
a whip count showing that
81 House Democrats favor
the bill. SO oppose it, II are
doubtful and four probably
will be against it. OF the 80
in opposition, Is are from
oil and gas States.
This fact has led some
observers to feel that Ray
burn is angling for a vu.n-
promise on oil imports, after
which he might bear down
more heavily upon the dis
senters. There is not now
and never has been evidence
that Rayburn is not a sin
cere friend of reciprocal
trade.
The figures show that a
steady drift away from the
policy has been taking place
in the South. At the same
time the influence of Eisen-
hover has helped it ma
terially in the Republican
Midwest.
In l945. 206 Democrats
voted for the bill, only seven
Republicans.
In 1865. the Democra tic
ayes fell to 14O-almost en-
tirely a textile Southeast loss
while Sc Republicans ap-
proved. nearly all from the
Midwest farm belt.
Evening star., 1958-05-12

Americans rightly boast
that theirs is "a government
OF laws-not OF men" When
q dispute arises as 10 whether
presidential powers are law
fully exercised. II is OF the
utmost Importance that both
sides OF the controversy be
presented 10 the public so
that the citizens may know
whether they are being gov
erned by the arbitrary action
OF the executive branch OF
the Government or by rules
Of law.
The White House has Just
made public a statement an
nouncing that federalized
troops will be withdrawn from
Central High School at Little
Rock. Ark, on May 28 at the
end Of the present school
term The statement is OF
historic Importance because
nothing like II has ever been
issued before. and. in the
view Of many prominent law
yers throughout the country.
the position taken by the
Federal Government in
ordering the troops sent in
was in violation of the Con-
stitution and the laws OF
Congress.
The statement, in full text,
says:
"Since last September the
Federal Government has
stationed soldiers at the Lit
tie Rock high school TO pre-
vent obstruction of the orders
Of the United States District
Court.
"Since the summer recess
starts at the Central High
School on May %. and since
there will be no further pres
ent need for guardsmen, I
have directed that they will
be released on May 30.
Following that date I
trust that State and local
officials and citizens will as
sumo their full responsibility
and duty for seeing that the
orders of the Federal Court
are not obstructed. The faith
full execution of this respon-
sibility will make it unneces-
sary for the Federal Govern
ment to act further to pre-
serve the integrity of our
judicial processes.
Evening star., 1958-05-12

Was II necessary 10 expose
Vice President Nixon, the sec
ond highest elected ofhcial
OF the United States. TO In
suits and physical assaults
such as he suffered at the
hands OF Communicated stu
dents and crowds In Latin
America?
Is the idea well-founded
that state visits by American
Presidents. Vice Presidents
and other high-ranking Of
ficials 10 foreign countries
stimulate good will toward
the United States?
These are questions which
many foreign political OBJ
servers are asking after Mr..
Nixon's gruelling receptions
not only In Peru and Arpen-
tina. but 10 a lesser de-
gree In other Latin American
republics.
Nobody In Buenos Aires
appeared TO have found 1t
necessary to apologize for the
traffic jam which prevented
Mr.. Nixon. who was the off,
cial representative of the
United States at the inaugu-
ration Of the Argentine pres
ident. from attending the
swearing-in ceremonies. Yet
this was the ofiicial purpose
Of the visit.
Was not the old practice of
the American President and
Vice President tending TO
their knitting at home a bet
ter one? The old saying that
familiarity breeds contempt
could well be applied to the
good will traipsings of the
highest American officials all
over the world.
Evening star., 1958-05-12
u. S. Tradition Demonds Public
Know Both Sides of Controversy

But, as various articles IN
the American Bar Association
Journal and pronouncements
by constitutional lawyers IN
the North as well as In the
South have since pointed out.
there is no law that author-
izes the President OF the
United States 10 use troops 10
enforce court DEGREES. The
power TO request Federal
troops 20 suppress disorder
or insurrection devolves on
the State authorities.
Also. a year before the Lit
tie Rock episode. President
Eisenhower said TO his press
conference at the White
House apropos Of the possible
use Of Federal troops In a
Texas school incident:
Nov, / assume that II that
marshal is not able TO carry
1t tan order Of the Federal
court out by himself, he has
got the right TO deputize any
number Of deputy marshals
TO help him carry it out. l
really don't know what the
next step is. ! do know this:
in a place Of general disorder,
the Federal Government is
not allowed to go into any
State unless called upon by
the Governor. who must show
that the Governor is unable
with the means at his dis
poSal to preserve order. be-
lieve 1t is called a posse COM
itatus act of l882-and / am
now going back to my staff
school Of l925-and that is
the thing that keeps the Fed
eral Government from Just
going around where he
pleases to carry out police
duties"
But when Federal troops
were ordered to Little Rock
in September 1857, the White
House statement cited GER
tain Federal statutes as au-
thorizing the action. None Of
these is applicable, because
they refer to obstructions Of
"the laws of the United
States" Charles j. Bloch, an
eminent lawyer of Macon,
Ga. in his recently published
book States Rights - the
Law of the Land" wrote as
fellows; However much en-
titled to respect a decree of
a Federal court may be, it is
Evening star., 1958-05-12
LowsAskedto HeIpU.S.
Check Red-Run Unions
BY the Associated Press

Legislation to make easier for the crack
down Communstdomnated labor recommended
today by the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee.
In the fourth nStallment of its annual report
committee said Communist policy has dictated
nsts have done
The subcommittee urged that Congress give Subversive
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1958-06-21
Fear Described
At Central
High School
Vice-Prin. Testifies
For School Boards
Petition To Suspend
Indignation Plan

LITTLE ROCK, Ark, June s.
The vice principal of Central High
School testified today that she was
constantly concerned about violence
during the first year of integra-
ton, which ended last week.
Mrs. Elizabeth Huckaby, the
school official, was the first wit
ness in Federal District Court,
where a petition by the city school
board for a Observation-Disclosures
suspension of Indignation was be-
ing heard.
Describing the atmosphere at the
school, Mrs. Huckaby said teach
ers came to be atremble; some had
observed violence for the first
time, some were weeping"
~ have no reason to think there
will be any change" next year If
Indignation continues, she declared.
The board formerly supported
Superintendent Virgil Blossoms
plan for gradual Indignation on
the basis that compliance with
the Supreme Court Indignation or
der was the only legal approach.
1t now contends that a years ex-
pereince with the plan has dis
rupted the educational process.
Thurgood Marshall, attorney for
the National Association for the
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1958-06-21

closely with employer and worker
organizations so as to gain their
full understanding of the projects.
The concept of technical assist
ance is to build up a project which
will ultimately be taken over and
operated by the national authori-
ties. The lilo does not want to
remain responsible for the project
for any longer than is necessary to
train national staff to run it.
AS one may imagine, there is in
such program, a certain measure
of learning by trial and error. In
Haiti, for instance, we started with
a setback. 1t was clear that a ma
jor resource of that economically
under-developed country lay in its
manpower, but that manpower was
ill-educated and largely unframed.
The government asked us to help
set up a national institute of tech
nology, and we sent an expert to
Continued On Page Five)
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1958-06-21

it's part.
At the same time, however, there
exists an increasing concern with
the problem of apathy on the part
of trade union membership con-
corning the control and policies
of their own organizations. The
trade unions have become con-
scious of the need to conduct their
own educational programs so that
their membership may continue TO
assume effectively the social re-
sponsibilities which fall to them.
kave mentioned briefly a few
of the special problems of which
we in the lilo have become par
ticularly conscious during the years
since the war. The test of the
Hos practical achievement is, I
submit, the extent to which its pro-
grams have been reshaped to deal
effectively with such questions as
those have mentioned.
The Hos response to tie chal-
lenge of improving living stand
ards in the underdeveloped coun-
tries has been the technical assist
ance program which now consumes
the largest share of our total eff
fort. The lilo cooperates in this
program with the United Nations
and other specialized agencies.
Let me give a few examples of
the Hos technical assistance work
which may help to show the kind
of practical results which can be
attained.
This program = operational in
character - deals principally with
manpower organization, including
vocational training, productivity,
cooperation and handicrafts, social
security, and labor conditions and
administration. Projects are un-
dertaken at the request of govern
ments and are planned and carried
out with the government services
concerned. The lilo also works
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1958-06-21

cessful economic Indignation de-
ponds to a large extent on lib
eraling the movement Ct workers
between the European countries
concerned.
It is differences in real wages,
in social security and analogous
benefits and in the definition Of
occupations which are among the
many factors tending to restrict
the free movement of workers
across national boundaries into
Jobs in which they could make their
most effective contribution toward
the economic prosperity of Europe
as a whole.
Such problems call for practical
negotiation of agreements between
the governments of countries con-
cerned and for other concrete meas
ures to promote vocational train
ing, full exchange of information
about jobs and so forth.
Finally, l would like to draw at
tention to a problem which gives
me great concern and with respect
to which l feel that international
organizations have a special re-
sponsibility.
Many are the sources of funds
and assistance going into the great
international task of furthering the
economic development of underde-
veloped countries, of promoting
rapid social change or of introduc-
ing new technology in parts of the
world where people have hitherto
existed in the most primitive condi-
tons.
This is a necessary and humani-
tartan task. The amount of effort
and resources put into it is still
manifestly inadequate, but We must
not think solely in terms of eco
nomic and chronological progress.
We must also think in terms of
the problems we are creating for
the people most directly affected
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1958-06-21
WHAT'S THE
lilo DOING?

A dynamic institntion is one
which is always capable Of adjust
ing its methods of action as new
needs and opportunities arise for
the pursuit of realistic detectives.
This dynamic quality is the real
test of practical achievement, par
ticularly when we deal with hu-
man problems.
Mechanical achievement can be
accurately and statistically meas
ured, but in the realms of human
affairs the important thing is to
know that we have identified the
real problems and that our APP
proach to their solution goes in TIE
direction of recognized needs. l
think the International Labor Or
ganization in this sense, and it is
my purpose here to give few ex-
amples to show why.
Most people are familiar with the
standard-setting functions of the
lilo. There is no question but
that in the period following the
establishment of the organization
in 1919 this was the principal form
of lilo action.
This was only normal. In those
years the organization was pre-
dominantly European in compost
ton. Workers organizations and
many national governments had An
interest in reaching agreement on
minimum labor standards as n
guide to the development of their
own labor legislation.
1t was widely accepted that in
ternational standards would be a
useful means of eliminating I'M
fair labor conditions as a COMPETE
tive factor in international trade
and that improvements in working
conditions could more easily be
introduced between countries COM
peting in international markets if
this were done on the basis of an
agreed international standard.
Moreover, any organization deal
ing with social problems needs to
be inspired in its work by certain
basic principles; and the Interna-
tional Labor Organization was and
is in the unique position to draw
up such basic principles of social