davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-09

surprise. Col. Nasser's republic
loosed fierce and well-prepared
attack on the Federation and. most
significantly, on King Saud Of
Saudi Arabia.
The Syrian government at Da-
mascus accused the King of offer.
ing $560,000 for the assassination
of Col. Nasser. The plot. said
Syrian strong man. Col. Abdul
Hamid Serial, involved the United
States, which was prepared to rec
ognize an anti-Nasser Syrian re-
gime as soon as the assassination
and coup d'etat had been COM
pleted.
Col. Serial also declared he had
accepted a bride of S5,320.000 in
the form of three checks from
Assad Tbrahim. one of King Saud's
fathers-in-law. to betray the new
republic. Displaying what pur-
ported to he photostats of the
checks. the Syrian leader also said
he possessed tape recordings Of
Mr.. Ibrahim's proposals The bride
money, Col Serial said. had been
turned over to the treasury Of
the republic.
In another Arab development,
TuniSian President Habib Bour-
guiba charged Wednesday that
Egypt was giving aid and COM
fort to Tunisian exiles plotting his
murder Mr. Bourguiba threatened
to break off diplomatic relations
with Cairo unless the alleged chief
assassin, Salah ben Youssef, is not
prevented from further anti
Tunisian activities.
United States special envoy
Robert Murphy was back in Paris
last week after talks with Mr..
Bourguiba in his peacemaking
effort to settle the dispute between
France and Tunisia over the
bombing of a Tunisian border viii
lage He found French Premier
Gaillard in an unyielding mood:
the French National Assembly
voted on Friday to support a large
increase in the military budget
for Algeria. and there was no
tendency discernible to conciliate
the Tunisians.
The French increase in funds
for Algeria military operations re-
flected the worSening situation
there. Rebel strength appears to
be growing steadily. and after
three years of bloody and costly
warfare the bulk of the French
army has gained almost nothing
against the uprising save control
of coastal areas.
Mr.. Gaillard is facing increased
opposition in the Assembly on his
North African policies: he failed
signally to obtain an expression
of Assembly unity in the Friday
vote. although abstentions pre-
vent the vote from topping his
shaky coalition cabinet.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-09
THE WEEK IN PERSPECTIVE.
The Long, Peri|ous Climb

A summit. says the dictionary,
Is the highest point, the apex, the
top. The summit, whether of a
mountain peak or of q long career,
invariably can be reached only
by considerable climbing. But
achievement of the summit is
usually considered an accomplish
ment, and few climbers. whether
of peaks or of problems. would
willingly stop at a lower level.
In the mass-psychology diplo-
macy that appears to have re-
placed the old frock-coat-and-
striped-pants brand of yesteryear
the summit conference has be-
come an effective propaganda de-
vice. In 1855, Russia made effec-
tive use of the catchy phrase
talks at the summit" to promote
a meeting of the heads-of-state
of that nation, Britain, France and
the United States at Geneva.
That meeting took place in an
atmosphere of amazing cordially.
and a nebulous something called
'"the spirit of Geneva" was pre-
sumed by many to have cleanSed
international politics of agrees
Sive and selfish thoughts.
The spirit of Geneva, like
wrath, vanished with the first
cold CLEANS of political reality.
Only few weeks after the smiling
statesmen had shaken hands in
farewell to Geneva. Soviet Foreign
Minister VyacheSlav Molotov was
saying "nyet" in Paris and Ameri-
can Secretary of State John Foster
Dulles was saying II told you so'
in Washington. The issues dividing
the Communist and the nom
Communist worlds were unre-
solved.
When the Soviet Unions top
man, Nikita Khrushchev, began
about year ago to talk again of
a summit meeting, there seemed
little reason why a world already
once betrayed by its own opti-
mism should seriously consider
yet another laborious journey to
the top. But the Kremlin skill
fully built up the pressure for a
new meeting of the heads-of- state.
While the promotion campaign
continued, the Soviet Union con-
currently jolted the world with
its scientific and technical achieve
ments and with some cold threats
along the international front.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-09

powers provided in the Trading
With the Enemy Act. He also
summoned the 73rd Congress into
special session.
On March 9. 1933-exactly rs
years ago-the two houses con-
vened. So began ''the 100 Days."
the most extraordinary legislative
period the Nation has ever known.
With unbelievable speed, meas
ures of vast consequence were
rushed into law. Measures which
otherwise would have gone through
years of study and debate were
telescoped into q little more than
three months.
When the 100 days ended, an era
Of American life ended, and a new
one began. The Federal govern
ment entered very different re-
lationShip with the individual. To
some, the actions taken represent
progress, to others socialism.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-09

cover his possible duties as act
ing President.
They also contended that under
the Constitution at present the
Vice President has the authority
to assume the duties of the Presi-
dent in a period of disability.
Democratic Senator Kefauver,
chairman of the Judiciary Sub
com mittee on Constitutional
Amendments, agreed with the
President and Mr.. Rogers. and in
troduced, with eight other Dem
ocratic and Republican Senators
a proposed constitutional amend
ment much along the lines IF the
INSTRUMENTATION agreement.
The source of the trouble is the
hazy inability clause of the Con-
stitution, which provides that:
I'm eose OF the removal Of the
President from office, or u his deoth,
resignation, or mobility to discharge
the powers and duties OF the sold
office. the some shall devoIve on the
Vice President, ond the Congress moy
BY low provide for the cose Of removal,
death, resignation, or mobility, both
OF the President and Vice President,
declaring whot officer shoII then oct
os President until the disability
be removed or President be elected"
The phrasing of the amend
ment raises a question as to what
devolves on the Vice President
the powers and duties of the of
fee, or the Office itself? If the
former, then no oath would be
required. But many argue that
If it is the Office itself that the
Vice President assumes. then he
must take the presidential oath.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-09

rocket stood ready, but weather
and technical difficulties" de-
layed firing. The Vanguard will
attempt this time to place a small
sphere-3l2 inches-into orbit.
The Army success with Explorer
I brought Pentagon indications
last week that the Army would be
selected to attempt a rocket shot
at the moon, possibly this year.
The Air Force, also anxious to
undertake the moon shot, is ex-
pected to be assigned the task of
developing manned satellite and
space platforms for military uses.
Establishment of missile bases
in Britain continued to be a sub
ject of hot debate there last week.
Opposition to the bases among
LaboriteS and others brought de-
mands from the Labor Party and
the powerful Trades Union Con-
gress for a ban on patrol flights
by American planes carrying hy-
drogen bombs. The Labor Party
leadership has been able so far
to control rank-and-f1le protest
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-09

press conference. largely taken
up with the summit question. On
Thursday, three developments:
% Ambassador Menshikov at
noon handed Mr.. Dulles a new
letter from Premier Bulganin, the
fourth since December 10; 90 at
/ pm. the Ambassador made. an
impressive speech at the National
Press Club calling for a summit
conference, peaceful cooperation,
naturalization of relations at all
levels. closer contacts. friendship,
confidence, and trust between the
United States and the Soviet
Union: go at 3 pm. Mr.. Menshi-
kov was back at the State Depart
ment. where he was handed the
official American rejection of the
Russian terms for foreign min
listers meeting.
AS the week ended, both Off,
Gals and observers were in gen.
eral agreement on a number of
points. They were % that a sum-
NIT conference would be held, in
all probability this year and pos
sibly by late summer: (2) that
Mr.. Dulles has succeeded in SELL
ing his views to the statesmen of
Western Europe that a summit
conference without advance guar
antees of some success would be
a serious setback for the West;
81 that the Soviet position has
come nearer our own, and will
come yet nearer; and (4) that
the chief danger right now to
the United States case could well
be a tendency to press crusade"
against world communism rather
than to seek a modus vivendi with
the Communist world.
Mr.. Dulles left Washington Fri
day to attend the Southeast Asia
Treaty Organization council ses-
sion at Manila. While he dis
cusseS the incipient threat to that
areas stability in the Indonesian
revolt. the State Department will
be studying a reply to the latest
Bulganin letter.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-09
No New Proposals

In a text broadcast by Moscow
Radio, that letter renews appeals
for summit conference but makes
no major new proposals. 1t re-
peated the Soviet rejection of the
subject of German Identification.
or of the internal affairs of the
satellite nations of Eastern Europe,
as an agehda topic.
But Mr.. Bulganin did accept two
Eisenhower suggestions, made in
a February Is letter, for stepped
up cultural exchanges and a pro-
gram for exchanging visits by
leading citizens" of both nations.
He also said the Soviet Union was
ready to discuss the Eisenhower
proposal for talks on control Of
outer space for peaceful purposes.
The Soviet Premier did not over
look the acid tone of some of Mr..
Eisenhower's words of February
Is. THE sharpness Of the tone
cannot help in the search for
ways to end international ten
sion." he wrote.
The basic Bulganin proposals,
seven of which have already been
rejected at least once by the
United States, are: Cd Hating OF
nuclear testing Immediately; 20
a ban on the use of nuclear weap-
ons: CD a neutralized, atom-free
zone in Central Europe tsee story
by Fred Theroux on Page AID;
az an East-West non-aggression
pact; 80 reduction OF troop
strength stationed in Western
Europe; (6) mutual guarantees
against any surprise attack; Cd
steps to increase East-West trade;
60 cessation of propaganda at
tacks by both sides; go steps to
reduce tensions in the Middle
East.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-09

ing Congress now is whether q
permanent solution will best be
provided by an act of Congress
or by the more lengthy process Of
constitutional amendment. which
requires ratification by three
fourths of the States.
Mr. Rayburn and many others,
mostly Democrats. prefer legisla-
ton. The administration and
congressional Republicans coined
now by a number of Democrats)
take the position that the Consti-
tuition should be clarified by
amendment.
The odds now would seem to be
with those supporting the amend
ment solution. since. it is rea-
Soned, the Eisen er-Nixon
agreement removes the danger Of
a complete paralysis of executive
authority during a time of crisis.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-09
THE NATIONAL SCENE
The Understanding Explained

Soon after President Eisen-
hower's health became matter
of serious public concern, he began
discussing with Vice President
Nixon the problem of what to do
should he become unable to carry
on his duties.
Mr.. Eisenhower has since indi-
Gated that he had expected Con-
gress to provide solution to the
constitutional puzzle that leaves
the question unsettled. But Con-
gress dallied. So Mr.. Eisenhower
and Mr.. Nixon decided they should
make a temporary working ar
rangement between themselves.
Sometime. probably months ago,
they agreed on a plan which they
made known to the Attorney Cen
eral. Presidential Assistant Sher-
man Adams and others close to the
Chief Executive.
On February 26, Mr.. Eisenhower,
in answer to reporters question,
conceded that clear understand
ing" existed but he refused to
reveal its terms. Last week, how
ever. yielding to bipartisan pres
sure, the White House made the
arrangement public. Its provisions
were these:
. Upon becoming disabled, the
President will-if possible-so in
form the Vice President, who will
serve as "acting President" exer-
cising the powers and duties of
the Office until the disability is
ended.
. II the nature Of the inability
prevents the President from COM
municating with the Vice Presi-
dent. the Vice President. after
such consultation as seems to him
appropriate" will begin serving
as acting President until the in
ability is ended.
. In either event, the President
will determine when to resume
exercising his powers and duties.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-09
The Economy:
Pressure

President Eisenhower was being
pressured from all sides last week
to bring forth a dramatic and i'm
mediately effective program 20
counter a recession that finds Goa
sumers increasingly cautious ond
business increasingly pessimistic.
First, Democrats in the Senate
goaded the President to take
action now to counter the slump.
Majority Leader Lyndon johnson
introduced two resolutions ex.
pressing "the sense of the Con-
gress" that public works programs
already authorized be started i'm,
mediately. Within hours, Sc Sem
ators, including Is Republicans.
had placed their names on the
resolutions.
Senator Gore. Tennessee Demo-
crat. offered bill for extra funds
to speed the tagging highway con-
struction program. getting the
jump on Republican leaders who
were preparing a similar proposal.
Senator Douglas. Illinois Demo-
crat. said he planned to ask for a
temporary reduction of SO billion
in income taxes and STA billion
in excise taxes. And the Senate
Banking Committee approved a
Democratic housing bill making
available $3.50 900. 900 of Federal
funds for mortgage buying and
raising the ceiling on interest
rates for veterans mortgages.
Congressional Republicans. who
face trouble in the fall elections,
also were said to be increasing
their demands that the admin
istraLion come up promptly VI n
a program for increased puo.io
works spending before the Den :
Gratis grab all the credit. SEM n
Watkins, Utah Republican. took
the appeal directly to the Pr ST.
dent. He said he told Mr.. EiseiI-
hover that a further delay at tie
White House would make 1t ap-
pear that any action by Reprb-
licans was taken only after tne
Democrats had pushed us into
a corner"
Yesterday. MIR Eisenhower
wrote his Leaders in Congress thatS
Continued on Page AIS
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-09
A Busy Week

The week was the busiest,
"summit-wise," as q British dip
lomatic correspondent put 1t. in
many: On Monday, a visit to Mr..
Eisenhower by the affable Soviet
Ambassador Mikhail Menshikov, at
which the envoy apparently con-
veyed to the President his govern
ment's willingness to come to
Washington for a summit confer
ence. (Mr. Eisenhower treated the
Soviet offer as a gracious courtesy
to him and his constitutional
duties. but Mr.. Dulles was re-
portedly privately fuming over
what he considered another So
Wet propaganda coup); Tuesday,
the Dulles hard-hitting news con-
ference.
On Wednesday, the Presidents
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-09
How Things Were

A whole generation of Ameri-
cans has grown to maturity with
no direct knowledge of the great
depression. 1t was like a blight,
mySteriously spreading from mid
America to both coasts.
Did it come from abroad, as
some economists said? Was it a
result of farm surplus? Or the
market imitation and subsequent
crash? Or banking practices? Or
was it simply affirming the the
DRY that. the American system is
chained to cycles of boom and
bust?
Whatever the answer, the
United States was sick. quite sick,
when the 100 days began. Every
bank in the country was closed.
In February. before the bank holi-
day, the rate of Withdrawals of
gold and currency shot up from
SIS million a day to SIS million.
The holiday caught many peo-
pie without cash. An employer
might issue due bills on the gro-
Gerry store in lieu of the payroll.
In some places, scrip circulated,
pieces of paper backed by nothing
but mutual trust.
Thousands of A eric an S
Stranded Abroad" said a news
paper headline.
At home, breadlines coiled
around whole city blocks, serpen-
tines of shutting men, dazed,
beaten, shame-faced or defiant.
Men-and women, too-sold APP
Piles on the corner, or panhandled.
The standard appeal-"Brother.
can you spare a dime?"-would
soon become the title of popu-
lar song.
City governments defaulted on
employees payrolls. The shattered
bank, the cold factory chimney,
the silenced freight yard-sym-
bols of at least Is million unem-
ployed and probably more.
But there was more disquiet-
ing symbol-the knot of hard
eyed farmers, some with shot
guns, blocking the sheriff when
he came with a court order to
foreclose.
Was the Nation on the brink
of revolution? Not in any organ
lied sense. Yet hunger bred law
lessness. Frances Perkins, the new
Secretary of Labor, quoted a rail-
road president as saying: IF a
man whose family is hungry steals.
I can't blame him. / think / would
do the same"
Bitter, sardonic letters appeared
In the newspapers
One in the New York Times,
signed Virginia Leffingwell, said
the depression had taught her
D valuable lesson. II shall never
again practice economy. l shall
spend every cent >"
On the eve of the 100 days,
William Hard wrote in The Wash
ington Star
THE country and the Congress
do not want Mr.. Roosevelt, as
President, to query. They want
him to command. He therefore
will"
1t was an accurate statement.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-09
Space Age:
Lost Moon

An Army's missile team tried to
launch second earth satellite
from Cape Canaveral Wednesday,
but failure of the fourth-stage
rocket TO ignite kept the satellite
from achieving the 1900 m.p.h.
speed essential for it to 90 into
orbit. The missing satellite has
not been found.
While this was going -. a Navy
Vanguard satellite launching
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-09

boarding or exporting gold. The
House passed it unanimously and
the Senate vote was 1871.
The very next day. March 10, a
second bill-the Economy Act
was ready to go up to Capitol Hill.
Since it provided. among other
things, cuts in war veterans PEN
sions. the act had somewhat
rougher going. But the House
passed it March IL and the Sem
ate March Is.
Meanwhile, on March IL, there
was the first "flreside chat" For
20 minutes, the President spoke
IN informal language. II want to
talk for a few minutes with the
people of the United States about
banking :"
The next message to Congress
on amending the Volstead Act to
legalize wine and beer-was only
70 words long. There was no
trouble in either House.
WCCh dlbCI WCChs III Idplu IIly
thin, Congress received and passed
new laws. They touched almost
every segment of the economy.
Some statistics indicate the wide
range Of problems:
. UnemplOyment-The Depart
ment of Labor showed 1880, 900
joblesS out of a total working force
of $780, 900. Nearly one-quarter.
. Banking-From 1880 to the eve
of the 100 days, 5,504 banks had
closed. Their total deposits had
been $3,43O, O00,0 900.
. AgricuIture-Farm prices had
fallen Sc per cent since 1929 and
gross income from SIT billion
to 81, 240,0 900, 900.
. Railroads.&c. 1873 class-A car
riers, 38 showed a profit for 1892,
SIS had earned operating expenses
but not enough to meet fixed
Continued on Page A-27
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-09
Middle East:
Yemen Joins

Last week the feudal desert
Kingdom of Yemen formally asSo-
ciated itself with Canal Abdel
Nasser's United Arab Republic.
The terms of the association are
in effect those of tight alliance;
Yemen retains a veto power in the
arrangement and also continues to
be an independent kingdom.
The Yemeni action was expected,
but swift and savage attack by
Col. NaSser on the Arab Fedora
ton, formed by monarchical Jor-
dan and Iraq, took the world by
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-09
A Nation Changed
In the TOO Days
BY RELMAN MORN
Associated Press star Writer

When he took the oath office Presidents hand lay on the
in the Bible which begins through glass
darkly. :"
Darkness all of America that
and uncertainty Nobody knows how thing CO."
saying crisis atmosphere brooded inauguration
of urgency
Indeed Franklin D. Roosevelt Immediately invoked the wide
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-09
The Action Begins

The first bill-the Emergency
Banking Act-was finished, intro
duced in Congress. passed, and
signed into law, all in the first day
of the 100 days.
In scope, it was gigantic. 1t
gave new powers to the Treasury,
the comptroller of currency, the
Federal Reserve, the Reconstruc-
ton Finance Corporation. 1t af-
fected transactions in credit, cur
rency. gold. silver and foreign ex-
change. 1t provided penalties for
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-09
THE7OODAYS
March 9-Emergency Banking Re-

March Emergency Banking Re-
lief Act.
March 2O-Economy Act. 1t was
designed to help balance the
budget by saving of $500 mil
lion in Government expenses.
MARCH 22-Beer-W Wine Revenue
Act amended the Volstead Act
to legalize wine and beer.
March 81 - Civilian Conservation
Corps REPRESENTATION Relief Act.
April 19-Gold standard abon-
doned.
May 12-Federal Emergency Re-
lief Act created an agency
authorized to allot $500 million
in direct relief to State and
municipalities.
Agricultural Adjustment Act.
May 1S-Tennessee Valley Author
ity established
May 27-Federal Securities Act,
designed to provide investors
with information on new Sc
curitieS.
June 5-Gold repeal joint resolu-
ton, cancelled the gold clause
in Federal and private obliga-
tons and made contracts and
debts payable in legal tender.
June g. National Employment
System Act authorized a Fed
eral employment service in CO.
operation with the States.
June 13- Home Owners Loan
Corp. created to refinance home
mortgage debts.
June 16-GlaSs-Steagall Banking
Act created Federal Deposit In
surance Corp, guaranteeing
bank deposits under $1,000 and
extending powers of the Federal
Reserve Board.
Farm Credit Act, designed to
facilitate credits for agricultural
production and marketing,
thereby refinancing farm mort
cages.
Emergency Railroad Trans
portation Act, aimed at promot-
ing financial reorganization and
the study of improvement
methods.
National Industrial Recovery
Act established codes for bust
ness competition operating un-
der Government supervision and
guaranteed labor's right Ito
organize and bargain collec-
lively. :"
Title II of the MIRA eStab-
lished the Public Works Ad-
ministration and authorized
fund of S3.3 billion for con-
struction.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1958-03-09

against missile sites. But last
weeks developments point to a
searching reappraisal of British
American military arrangements
If Labor's campaign to win the
next general election is successful.