davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-17
Incentives VS.. Threats

A new plan to control billboardS
along the 41,000-mile interstate highway
system has a voluntary aspect that should
reduce opposition in and out of Congress
to the administrations initial control
or-else proposal. The compromise Com
merce Department suggestion involves an
incentive" approach to securing State.
cooperation, rather than the threat of
curtailed Federal aid to States which
fail to take adequate steps to protect
roadside scenery. While the modified plan
might not prove to be as effective as
the club of reduced funds, it would be
better to have the incentive arrangement
than no Federal legislation at all.
Under the alternative proposal of
Federal Highway Administrator Bertram
Tallamy, the Federal Government would
agree to reduce from 10 per cent to Ga
per cent the required State share of the
cost OF the Federal-aid interstate net
work-provided the State agreed to regu-
late signboards and other familiar road
side defacementS. In turn, the Federal
80 per cent contribution would be raised
by three-fourths of ! per cent. The
disadvantage of the incentive idea is
that 1t would raise the Federal cost of
the highway program by about 5000 mil
lion, spread over 16-year period. The
added investment would be worthwhile,
however, if it saved the new superhigh-
ways from roadside eyesores of the type
that have destroyed the beauty and
increased the hazards of some Of the
Nations older main roads.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-17
Superoirwoys

President Eisenhower has given Jus
titled emphasis to the need for Develop
ing superairways for aviation, comparable
to the superhighways which have become
necessary to handle the great increase
In automobile traffic. There are high
ways Of the air now, of course, but they
have grown dangerously congested, es-
pecially in the vicinity of large cities.
Control systems are inadequate and Of
varying types. Several air accidents have
revealed the shortcomings of the present
facilities. And numerous near collisions
also have indicated the urgency of more
effective controls over air traffic.
The overall problem is so acute and
SO important that the President wisely
has Endorsed special consultant's rec
concentration for creation of an interim
Anyways Modernization Board to devise
means of solving it. The board proposal
was made by Edward P. Curtis, presi-
Dental adviser on aviation facilities PLAN
ming. Mr.. Curtis, in preliminary report
on year-long study of the airline situa-
ton, told the President and Congress
that a major overhaul of the Nations
civil and military Always is needed ain
the interest Of public safety and con-
7enience," as well as for national security.
The proposed board would not over
lap the functions of the present Civil
Aeronautics Administration or the Civil
Aeronautics Board, it was pointed cut.
1t would, however, replace the old Air
Navigation Development Board, which,
according to the Curtis report, "has been
unable to bring sufficient authority, de-
cision or clear detectives to bear on the
air traffic problem" The new board,
unlike its predecessor, would be an indie
pendent agency, headed by presidential
appointee not affiliated with any Federal
department The Departments of Defense
and Commerce, however, would have
representatives on the board
With the prestige OF executive and
statutory authority, the board would have
power to obtain the cooperation Of all
Federal agencies in formulating a pro-
gram for network of superairways to
serve both civil and military require
ments And 1t would work out plans for
a co-ordinated control system designed
to end the "see and be seen" method
Of avoiding collisions in the air. Ger
tainly 1t is as essential to bring our
national Always up to date as 1t is to
develop great interstate highway sys-
tenn, with Federal aid. Both projects are
designed to serve and protect the public.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-17
Britain and Atomic Arms

At time when the Soviet Union
has been setting of one nuclear detona-
ton after another (our own country Is
about to do the same thing in Nevada),
it is bit hard to understand why GER
tain Britons have been berating their
government for undertaking to test its
first hydrogen bombs in the Pacific. These
weapons, Of course, are such terrible
things that the world undoubtedly would
be better off If man had never been
capable Of fabricating them. But they
exist nonetheleSS, and Britain-for the
sake of its own security and the key
role 1t plays in the defense of the free
worlds therefore justified in striving
to arm itself with them pending some
effective International agreement to out
law all instruments Of mass destruction.
But no such agreement is now in
sight, largely because of Soviet nay
saying. Why, then, should Briton con-
denim his country for following the lead
OF the United States and the USSR in
adding nuclear and thermometer weap-
ons to its arsenal? Why should English
men threaten, as some have done in con-
SCAV WAtAA tNA Vail OdPdIlCoC ClGIuGIlLS, u
sail into the testing area and invite self
destruction as personal protest against
experimental detonations of any kind?
True, gestures of this sort dramatic the
issue, but they make little sense in the
kind of world we have today-a world
in which Britain, not less than our own
country and every other free nation,
must reckon with the hard reality of
the Kremlin's ever growing atomic
hydrogen Stockpile
Certainly, everything considered,
Prime Minister Macmillan's government
has done the right thing in refusing to
be preSsured into calling of its projected
test series. 1t has done the right thing,
too, in warning the protesting elements
that they will be proceeding at their
own risk If they attempt any spectacular
sailings into the danger area. Britain
is as much entitled to act in this manner
as is any country capable of producing
A and H weapons, especially SO in view
OF the continuing Soviet threat both to
itself and the free world in general.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-17
For the Record
WAs1ltNGToN STAR

In a story April 8. under the
heading Outside Milk Buying
Charged" you state that the
undersigned, as general mana
ger of the Maryland and Vir-
ginia Milk Producers Associa-
ton, stated at a hearing be-
fore the Agriculture Depart
ment that two area diaries
buy second-grade surplus
milk outside the Washington
market area, then sell it here
as first-grade milk"
Knowing the high standard
Of your newspaper for accu-
rate reporting, / wish to adj
wise you that I made no such
statement. My testimony con-
tanned no reflection whatsoever
on the quality of so-called
outside" milk sold in this
district. ! think the reporter
mistook Class ! and Glass II
milk for "first-grade" and
"second-grade" milk. The two
things are entirely different.
In the trade. milk is divided
into classes. depending on its
usage. Class / Is fluid milk:
Glass II is cream, cottage
cheese. etc. A particular
class" has no relation to quail
ity. but simply to utilization
for accounting purposes.
w. b. Hooper,
Secretary Treasurer, General
Manager, Maryland and Vir-
ginia Milk Producers Asso-
citation, Inc.
Editors note: The Star
regrets confusing class" milk
with the graded product.)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-17
Mans BeostIiness

The subject Of the more hui
name slaughter Of animals and
the eventual abolition Of this
slaughter has long been on my
mind.
Other countries have estab-
lished humane slaughter laws.
Such a law requires changes in
equipment and methods Of
slaughtering to be economically
sound as we'll as humane. but
1t must be compulsory.
About 80 million hogs. 10
million calves and 80 million
lambs were slaughtered last
year in ways too cruel and
gruesome to mention here.
There are more humane ways
to kill livestock for meat, and
we can do something about
getting them put into use by
writing our Congressman. the
President and the Secretary OF
Agriculture.
Robert Bauer.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-17

served as president Of the board. There
are others whose length of service ex-
ceeded his. including Mrs. Lenore w.
Smith, % years; DR.. j. Hayden Johnson
and Mr. Sharpe's immediate predecessor
as president, Mrs! Marion Wade Doyle,
both of whom served 81 years. But there
have been no members of the board
whose span Of service covered the pro-
found changes that have taken place in
Washington and its public school sys-
TEN. That he survived in so sensitive
spot, and plans to step out next June
80 still in the possession of the good
will and the good wishes of the people
of this city are among the tributes of
which he can be proud.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-17
THIS AND THAT
By CHARLES {. TRACEWELL

1t was not easy to get stains
out. and it still isn't, though
we have heard that milk, APP
piled at once, and allowed to
remain for a time, will do
about as well as anything.
"Out. damned spot. ;"
This Shakespearean lament
applied with especial force to
the first ball pens, which were
forever staining up nice clean
shirts.
Today. the ink used does
not leak in that fashion, and
so everybody uses the ball
point, despite its stiffness.
The old flexibility of the old
fountain pens and the best Of
the older steel pens was q
thing in itself.
It enabled the sensitive grip
Of fingers to more closely APP
proximate what the mind and
soul were trying to say.
Do they still teach pen
manship. as such. in the
schools?
We do not know, but rather
doubt it, after all the DOW
WOW that was made about
children not being able to
read.
If they can't read, they can't
spell, and If they can't spell,
what is the use of their trying
to write?
So penmanship, as such, is
out, maybe, but we hope 1t is
still in. because there was no
product Of the schools, as we
recall. which made q better
impression.
The Spencerian hand was
tops, in the old days. 1t was
free, flowing and handsome,
but not too free. flowing or
handsome. like the copper
plate method. so called.
Young Temp Jones, always
a crank about his books, was
given so Henty books on his
18th birthday.
An uncle who prided him
self on his fine appropriated
handwriting thought he was
doing such a nice thing to in
scribe "Templeton Jones" in
each book.
If he had done so on the fly
leaf, it would not have been so
bad, but he put the name, in
all SO instances, on the inside
Of the front cover.
Young Jones, who had very
decided ideas about such
things, said nothing, having
been brought up to be polite
young man. But he felt that
his world had sunk from under
him, and he never liked those
books, and didn't mind when
somehow they were lost in a
move. Penmanship. for once,
had its disadvantages.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-17
He Survived

c. Melvin Sharpe was appointed to
the Board Of Education in 1889, seven
years before his retirement as an official
OF Potomac Electric and Power Company.
His selection undoubtedly was influenced
by the number and variety OF his asso-
Citations and activities in this city-for
at that time Mel Sharpe was taking
part In many community activities and,
to use a figurative generalization, every
body in town knew Mel.
He took the appointment seriously,
correctly regarding It as a high civic
responsibility. He has given II his best
Dor 10 years, the last nine OF which he
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-17
WSTAS IN SCIENCE
BY THOMAS r. HENRY
A Study Of the Penguin Family Life

depending somewhat on her
physical condition.
When the chick is Matched,
it is completely helpless and
must be fed by the parents
from 10 to IS months. The
emperor chicks are "weaned"
in about eight months. The
smaller and more agile gen.
tons and adelies, which pro-
duce two chicks a year. feed
them for only about six
months. A long feeding period
is essential. of course, for all
penguins. because there never
is anything available to the
chicks in the immediate
neighborhood.
Eggs may be laid anywhere
from November to mid-April,
Mr.. Stonehouse says. The first
breeders are those who failed
to raise their chick the year
before. The casualty rate al
ways is quite heavy. Those
who have been successful the
previous year usually wait UNI
til late February. If the egg Of
one Of the early breeding pairs
is broken or If the chick is lost
early they often lay again with
the late breeders. The king
penguin race cannot afford a
"childless year."
The chicks are born with a
sparse covering Of down and
are held on the feet Of the par
ents for at least the first week.
During this time they are fed
every three or four hours.
Stay Close to Home
For a month they stay close
to the parents and are kept
from much contact with the
ice or cold stones. Then they
are left alone and the parents
go to sea. They return about
once a week, however, to feed
the young.
Each pair is able to recog-
nize its own chicks exclusive
ly and pays no attention to
any others. They call them
out of the f1ocks with distinc-
tive notes, which the young
apparently can discriminate.
Each chick goes Immediately
to its own father and mother.
BY early spring the chicks
of the November breeders are
almost the size of their elders
and about ready to go on their
own. The parents abandon
them within two or three
weeks Of each other. Some
times the father leaves first,
sometimes the mother.
There is no evidence that
the pair associate again until
they return to land for the
next breeding season. If they
have raised a chick success
fully. Mr.. Stonehouse be-
lieves. each probably selects
another mate for the next
season.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-17

The king penguin, second
largest of these curious Ant
arctic birds, incubates its
single egg per year for nearly
two months. standing on one
foot and holding the egg
against the breast feathers
with the other.
Both father and mother.
however, take turns--each a
few weeks at a time-in this
arduous duty.
Observations Of a colony Of
about 5000 breeding birds on
the east coast Of South Geor-
gia, their chief habitat. are
reported in the British scien-
tific journal Nature by Ber-
nard Stonehouse, naturalist of
the Falkland Islands Depend
encies, a branch Of the Colo
NAL ONCE which governs
Britain's Antarctic territories.
He kept fairly close watch for
three months, from October
through December.
Ways Of life Of q better
known emperor penguin of
the Antarctic continent are
Somewhat similar, but the
kings apparently are some
what more primitive and more
persistent. Perhaps nowhere
else has parental behavior
gone further to preserve a
species in earth's most diff
cult environment.
Fattening Period
First the birds have a period
Of fattening at sea. Like all
penguins they are primarily
fish eaters. Then they come
ashore for a pre-nuptial moult
which lasts from four to five
weeks. During this period
mates are chosen. They eat
nothing and lose from 10 to
20 pounds. Just skin and
bones, they return to the sea
for a second fattening period
which lasts about three weeks
in the early spring. but only
two during the summer when
food is plentiful.
When they return home
sites are selected. The pairs
remain together and defend
their sites against all en-
croachment. They build no
nests, however. Emperors have
been known to pile up rocks
into crude nests. There is some
evidence. Mr.. Stonehouse be-
lieves, that the partners are
the same for several seasons.
There never is more than a
single egg laid. The incubation
period is generally 81 or SIS
days. The males turn comes
first. He holds the egg against
his breast for about two
weeks. Then the mother takes
over for periods which range
from five to IS days. evidently
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-17
Whot the Future Holds?

JAW president Walter p.
Reuther said "the age Of auto
nation makes it possible" for
the United Auto Workers to
win a shorter work week and
at the same time an increase
in take-home pay. "Econo-
mists :. and even Vice Presi-
dent Nixon" believe a four
day work week feasible within
the relatively near future.
1t seems logical to assume that
workers in other industries and
in the Government may ulti-
mately expect a four-day work
week. too. Hallelujah!
But think of what this will
do to the Nations highways
and to Washington's own
overcrowded traffic arteries.
More take-home pay and more
time in which to spend it will
mean more people on the road.
finding more places to 60 and
at greater distances. The
number Of two and three car
families will increase by jumps
and bounds. While this will
soon be fine for car manu-
facturers. it had better be fine
for road-construction firms
even sooner-if not. workers
will have to spend the extra
hours off just for driving to
and from work. And the in
evitable upswing of traffic ac-
cidents may make funerals the
fastest growing business in the
land.
Plans for a four-day work
week must already include the
idea Of giving some workers
the extra day of on Tues
days. Wednesdays or Thurs
days, rather than extending
the week end regularly to three
days. This would temporarily
alleviate an otherwise unbear-
able traffic crush on week ends.
but as the four-day work week
becomes widespread we must
be prepared for week end"
traffic every day Of the year.
A tremendous acceleration Of
traffic planning and road
building is not merely neces-
sary--it is imperative!
J. G. Martin.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-17
A reader wants a column

A reader wants a column
about ball-point pens.
These instruments have
made such a triumphant sweep
Of things that there is not
much to do about it except to
accept them.
At the same time. one may
have a few reservations.
The biggest mark against
them is the lack Of flexibility
It was the flexible point at
tanned by ''nibs" that gave the
older pens their virtue.
1t was the day Of hand
writing, of course.
Now we all use typewriters,
even the school kids. and often
use a pen only to sign letters
and sometimes checks.
One enterprising pen manu-
facturer, evidently yearninl
for the old days. too. has put
on the market an instrument
which fills like a ball point.
Temp Jones purchased one
of these the first time he saw
it advertised. but has never
used 1t.
Part Of this reluctance, We
fear, is due to his own
memories.
Suppose the thing just
wouldn't bring back the old
days?
Maybe some day he will get
around to taking the pen out
Of its box and dropping the
cylinder in place, a novel way
to fill a fountain pen, GER
tainly.
What was so horribly wrong
with the older pens was the
filling thereof.
First, there was the bottle
OF ink, and often one had to
use a medicine dropper, re-
member?
Bottles of ink, whether large
or small, always had powers
Of their own. irrespective OF
human hands.
Somehow a bottle of ink was
always spilling itself. mostly
on the carpet. or somewhere
else it shouldn't.
Before the fountain pen.
old style, there was the metal
pen point.
These came separately, and
could be fitted into a holder.
One had to dip these In an
ink we'll. at intervals.
Now. an ink we'll was an
other invention of the devil.
AS we recall, Luther hurled
one at the devil. and no
wonder.
Ink wells had a way Of tip
ping over, too, and always at
the wrong moment. as well as
onto the wrong substance.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-17

lin 1857 Of 1902. 900. It's area
is 1895 square miles. Detroit's
metropolitan area covers 1865
square miles. and has more
than S,5 million people.
@. In how many countries
are there associations Of Boy
Scouts2-B. N.
A. The statistical service of
the Boy Scouts Of America re-
Gently published a census list
showing that associations in
SO countries are registered
with the Boy Scouts Interna-
tional Bureau. The total num-
Der Of boys Is close to 81
million. &
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-17

sdtion;
Of Congress. Summerfield's
predecessor, Jesse Donaldson,
although only a letter carrier
risen to cabinet rank, was
aware Of this truism and was
able to have his rate bill en-
acted in 1882.
AL Americans want an i'm
proved postal service. So long
as Arthur Summerfield re-
mains as Postmaster General
we will not get it. Better that
he return to Michigan know
ing that he finally had his
way, a victory at last. although
Pyrrhic.
Jay Henry.
After mail-less Saturday.
what? Defenseless Monday?
SubsidyleSs Tuesday? Brinkless
Wednesday? Taxless Thurs
day? Lawless Friday? Payless
Payday?
Mr.. Summerfield. in proyid-
ing an unscheduled holiday for
his underlings, has won a linn
TIED victory, He has also set
a dangerous precedent in
blackmailing Congress out of
SAL million of extrabudget-
airy funds. If Congress does
not stamp down decisively on
this new bureaucratic trick.
1t could deprive that body of
all powers of spending limi-
tation.
Every budget contains fiat"
the difference between ac-
tual need and desire-and is
some bureaucrat's opinion of
what he ought to have TO
spend. 1t is for Congress TO
determine how much they
snail have. Each bureaucrat's
Importance rises with the
number of employees and op-
erations under him.
why not, then, adopt an
incentive system under which
each department and division
mead would benefit financially
from economies? Even better
let all employees who increase
their output and therefore cut
costs participate. Let Mr..
Summerfeld have in the COM
ing fiscal year the same
amount as in the present one.
Then distribute among Post
ONCE officials and employees
one-quarter of next years sur
plus on a percentage-of SALARY
basis. And let retirements.
deaths and designations reduce
STATS where possible. There
would, without doubt, be a sub
stantial surplus and service
would undoubtedly be i'm
proved. If. in addition, this
incentive pay were made tax
Tree. the postal service might
even be run at a profit.
Charles w. Carter.
Postmaster Summerfield's
brilliant solution to the prob
lem was to cut out all service
this past Saturday to prove
that this was the only way he
could think Of to save money.
The result? The taxpayer
received no mail. Post Office
employees had an extra half
holiday which they get paid
for anyhow as they work on a
yearly salary basis. And on
Monday they had that much
more mail to cope with and
general delivery was again
delayed.
Will the Postmaster please
tell us where the saving was
either In money or service or
time?
M. +. JamisOn.
President Eisenhower has
apparently abrogated his lead
ership Of the Government in
favor OF golf, No other coun-
try IN the world would allow
its postal services to be sub
Jected to such outrageous cur
tailment. Had we had a leader
like Theodore Roosevelt there
would have been more scalp
ings in official circles than the
Indians ever dreamed of. Even
when operating normally, ours
Is perhaps the worst postal
service In the world, anyway.
Why don't we wake up?
John T. Parkerson.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-17
Serenude in the Niqht

Feline 0ioolo and oigoiette,
Enjoy your sdturndlidn duet
Upon mn fence. some ciutc-
minded shoe
wa soon. ! pray. make soioists
OF voui A
w. Doyis FromS
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-17
LETTERS TO THE STAR

Pen names may be used u
letters carry Urtters' correct
names and addresses. All
letters are subject to conden-
sdtton;
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-17
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS


Nv
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-17

@. How big must a piece Of
rock be before 1t is called a
boulder?-O. A.
A. A boulder is usually de-
fined as a detached piece Of
rock with a diameter Of from
10 inches up to 10 feet or
more. Rocks smaller than
boulders. down to 2 inches In
diameter. are called cobbles.
those under 2 inches are called
pebbles.
@. What Is the population
Of Detroit. Mich.7-M. L.
A. Detroit Is the NTH larg-
est city in the United States,
with an estimated population