davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-12-15
BY WILLIAM N. OATS

UNITED NATIONS. N. y
There are still about 1875 mil
lion refugees in the world today
more than one-tenth OF the
1897 million that have fed war.
persecution and disc fort
since the century began. That
informed estimate comes from
the World Alliance Of YMCAs
with headquarters In Geneva.
Switzerland.
The United Nations. national
governments. voluntary organ
nations and individuals In many
parts OF the world are helping
take care OF the homeless mil
lions. There are about $3.50 900
in Europe. l.350.0 900 in the Mid
die East. 81 million In South
east Asia and 4 million In the
Far East.
West Germany leads the list
Of countries sheltering refugees
with So million within her bor-
ders. Pakistan and Korea are
next with 3 million each.
U. N. Has rs Million
The United Nations at pres
ent has as million refugees UNI
der It's care. More than a mil
lion OF these--practically all
Europeans-are under the pro-
lection Of the u. N. High Com
missioner for Refugees. Auguste
r. Lindt of Switzerland. The
General Assembly has just voted
to keep his ONCE open In
years beyond 1858. II also has
authorized Mr.. Lindt TO seek
contributions from governments
and organizations. 10 alleviate
the distress Of 100000 Chinese
refugees In Hong Kong. $4,000
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-12-15
COMMUNISTS DEFLATED
Indiu Reoffirms Her friendship

OF vast criticisms on either side.
Is a friendly approach"
Mr.. Nehru said he was amazed"
by the dynamism Of the American
people and the tremendous de-
gree OF friendliness and hos
pitality" they had shown toward
him. II was very important"
that the United States and India
should cooperate with each
other and understand each other
in the largest measure possible"
He summed up: I'VE have Diff
ferent backgrounds. We may not
agree on everything. Our APP
proach to each other must be
one Of understanding and CO.
operation and our desire must be
to improve relations. The rest
follows"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-12-15

that Indians were friends Of the
United states and they appreci-
ated all that the Americans had
done. 1T is hardly to our adj
vantage" ne argued. ito create q
feeling Of bitterness that does not
exist IN our country"
Added Mr.. Pant: The United
States has been acting selflesSly.
It has given away millions and
millions OF dollars to underde-
veioped countries for their uplift
and advancement. They are a
good people"
He's Not 'Ashcmed
Mr.. Krishnamachari announced
that he. had nothing TO be
ashamed Of in what have said
abroad" What had impressed
him most. he said. we're Americas
social security measures and eco
nomic buoyancy. The American
standard of living and social Sc
curity measures would takes years
to achieve in Indian. he told the
lawmakers.
Anglo-In Indian Leader Frank An
thony said the Communists had
deeper motive in mounting "all
this abuse" on the Finance Min
ister. Though the Communists
said they wanted the second Ave
year plan to succeed. ne charged.
secretly they did not want it TO
succeed. II the plan failed. Mr..
Anthony said. the Communists
would profit by the economic
Illustration and political unrest in
the nation.
This entire debate in the
Parliament has focused public
attention on all aspects Of Indian
American relations. Indians stress
there is a fundamental identity
OF aims which may often be
obscured but cannot be affected
by any passing controversy. II
relations between the two countries
give the impression Of being
under continual strain. govern
ment speakers pointed out. 1t is
mainly because news or comment
usually take for granted what Is
normal and lay stress only on
the abnormal.
This point seemed uppermost
in Mr.. Nehru's mind when he
addressed the American Technical
Cooperation Mission personnel
in New Delhi a few days ago.
Il am quite convinced" he said.
that the basic approach Of the
United States and India. In spite
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-12-15
By FRED THERoUx

Secretary Of State John Foster
Dulles. in Paris for the crucial
meeting Of the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization Council, will
be facing a rising tide of pressure
for q relaxation in the stern West
ern policy he espouses. That he is
aware Of that pressure seemed
evident at his press conference
last Tuesday when he chose to
stress renewal Of the spirit Of
unity" in NATO rather than the
specific political and military
agreements he has been proposing.
The voice of Adlai Stevenson,
twice q candidate for the pres
idency and titular head Of the
Democratic Party. has been added
to those Of George r. KEENAN,,
former United States Ambassador
TO the Soviet Union. and Lester B.
Pearson. former Canadian Min
lister for External affairs and
winner Of the Nobels Peace Prize.
In urging q more affirmative" at
titude In the State Department
toward Soviet proposals.
American policy at the NATO
Council sessions seemed certain
to be heavily weighted by i'm
mediate military considerations.
Specifically, the establishment OF
bases for guided missiles in West
ern Europe and Of stockpiles OF
nuclear weapons, TO be controlled
through some NATO agreement
permitting the direct participation
Of NATO member nations, APP
peared TO be major goals.
Powerful Office
Mr.. Dulles has established a
reputation for one-man diplomacy
over the years he has conducted
American foreign relations. More
than any Secretary Of State in
recent times. he is q formulator
Of policy rather than simply an
adviser te the President. Under
the Constitution. the President is
charged with the conduct Of for
eign relations: the Secretary func-
lions as an executive aide. But
Mr.. Eisenhower. a believer In stan
work. has with few exceptions
allowed Mr.. Dulles full rein.
Additionally. Mr.. Dulles has
been an extremely active Sec
rotary OF State. He has flown
all over the world to personally
attend 10 problems vexing the
administration. In fact. his State
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-12-15
Germans Report
Russia Made Own
Rocket Advances

the Russians probably used q mix
ture of kerosene and oxygen---the
same fuels that powered the Maxi
Vas.
Mr.. Zansser conceded the Rus
slams might have improved fuels
but expressed doubt that they are
much more powerful than the va
mixtures developed at Peenemu-
ende. CThe man who developed
Germany's va is DR.. Wernher Won
Braun. now the United States
Army's top missile man. His head
quarters is at the Army's Redstone
Arsenal at Huntsville. Ala. where
a number Of German scientists
including Or. Won Braun-have
become American citizens)
Mr.. Siegmund gave q picture Of
the German scientists life in the
Soviet Union. one which sharply
contrasts with the career Of those
who came to the United States.
He was captured In l945. In
1916 he was taken TO Russia for
work at q super-secret rocket sta
ton.
The station was located on q
lonely island in q lake near
Ostashkov about halfway be-
tween Moscow and Leningrad.
The lake formed q natural moat
the Germans couldn't get away
and shoppers couldn't get In.
There were about ITO Germans
on the island. most Of them
technicianS or skilled craftsmen.
Only four could be classified as
rocket scientists.
The station was strictly limited
in scope. The scientists were not
permitted TO build rockets with
thrust Of more than one ton. So
most Of the research involved ex-
periments with metals and small
rocket models. which were tested
in wind tunnels.
Mr.. Siegmund knew Of two other
rocket experiment stations that
employed German scientists. One
was limited to building rocket
motors. the other to electronic
guidance systems. Neither group
knew exactly what the other was
doing. Reports were sent 10 q
central ofiice in Moscow.
All told. the Russians had about
IL to II pure" rocket scientists
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-12-15
By NARANJAN SINGH UPPAL

NEW DELHI.-The Indian Par
lament has approved a statement
by Finance Minister Krishnama-
CHAIR on his recent visit to Wash
ington. and in so doing has re-
affirmed the strong tide Of friend
ship here for the United States.
In his statement Mr.. Krishna-
machari had made many friendly
references to the United States
and told Parliament of a very
real desire" among the American
people to assist India in Its efforts
to improve the condition Of its
people.
Earlier the Parliament rejected
by 143 votes to "a an opposition
motion which sought to record
strong disapproval Of the man.
ner in which Mr.. Krishnamachari
sought to interpret the basic ap-
proach and political perspective
Of midas economic policies" dur
ing his tour.
This voting has completely de-
fiated the Juror which the In
dian Communists had tried TO
raise over Mr.. Krishnamachari'
speeches in the United States.
The official organ Of the Commu-
mist Party OF India. New Age. de-
manded that Mr.. Krishnamachari
be "chucked out" Of the cabinet.
The deputy leader Of the Com
munist bloc in Parliament. Mr..
Hiren Mukerjee. said Mr.. Krish-
namachari's performances" had
brought shame and futility 10
India"
Stond Is Supported
During the two-day debate in
Parliament all speakers except
two supported Mr.. Krishna-
machari's stand. Prime Minister
Nehru stoutly defended the FL
nance Minister'S speeches and ex-
planned how his government was
being criticized by both sides Of
"either being too agreeable, or
being not enough agreeable. or
being disagreeable."
Mr.. Nehru ridiculed opposition
members for concluding that he
had sold" himself to the United
States when he said "how much
in common we have with the
United States. with the demo-
cratic traditions. and how much
I have admired Lincoln. WASH
ington. jefferson and Others"
Home Minister Pant declared
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-12-15
Continued from Page B-I

Continued from Page B-l
backgrounds should be attached 10
our embassy STATS all over the
world. They should be in posi-
ton to assess foreign scientific
achievements. and bring them to
the attention Of our scientists.
They should be empowered TO offer
lucrative fellowships 70 foreign
scientists, TO permit them TO pur-
sue work at established centers In
this country. They should be In q
position TO invite our own scien-
lists TO go TO research centers
abroad.
Essentially this Is not q new
concept. In many facets OF science
this policy was pursued diligently
and rewardingly during World
War II. Today we belatedly rec
ognize the benefits Of such asso-
Citations. Yet we apparently are
still unwilling to release the
shackles Of security for the free
interchange Of ideas.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-12-15
REFUGEES BY THE MILLIONS
Az Ne~sisoivres !,

with governments on their be-
half and provides legal advice.
For some. he must do more
than that. These are approxi-
mately l26,300 who are not yet
comfortably settled. He supplies
them with necessities and helps
them to get established in Jobs.
in business or on farms in the
countries where they live--or
TO emigrate to other countries.
His Office builds them housing.
Finally. he encourages their
Northumberland when they
are naturalized. they stop being
refugees.
200,000 Hunoorions
A special group among the
so-called nonsettled refugees
consists Of Hungarians who es-
capped from their country during
and after the uprising in the
fall of 1856. OF about 100000.
10000 went to Austria and
10000 to Yugoslavia. A tally
last month showed 27,59l we're
still in those countries. 8,l68
had gone back to Hungary and
l57.7S8 had proceeded to other
countries in Europe or overseas.
The United States has taken
34.605, Canada 24.505. Britain
1850. West Germany 1924.
Australia 8.604. Sweden 5,426,
Italy $3.50 and The Netherlands
3.572 Of the Hungarian refugees
from Austria. France and Bel
GUM have taken 2.l8l each,
Canada LOTT, Germany l,024,
Sweden l.023 and Australia
l.0l6 Of the Hungarian refugees
from Yugoslavia. The United
States has accepted 372.
CThe Associated PresO
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-12-15
By PHIL YEAGER
and JOHN STARK

An important evolutionary
change in the role Of unions in
American life can be read into
some of the recent developments
on the labor front.
These Developments seem to
indicate a judicial and legislative
determination that organized labor
has become so important its oper-
alton is now "everybody's busi-
ness" For example:
0 Federal courts have under
taken to determine the proper
internal structure and government
of the giant Transfers union fol-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-12-15
MATTER OF RESPONSIBILITY
Lobor's Status Slowly Changes

lowing the election Of the con-
troversial James r. Hoffa to its
presidency.
Q State courts in New York have
undertaken to regulate the big In
dependent transit unions of the
worlds largest city, even 10 the
extent of failing its leaders for
defiance of court orders.
Q The Senate's Mcclellan Com
mittee, in the course Of producing
a considerable amount of testi-
mony on some OF the less admir-
able union practices, has asserted
the public interest in union opera
ton.
o The Eisenhower administration.
through Labor Secretary James
P. Mitchell. has proposed to the
AFL-CIO leadership a new L
point legislative program to help
eliminate a variety of alleged
union-employer abuses.
When such labor regulation
activities as these are ADDED to
the recent interpretive conduct
of labor itself-for example the
election of the Transfers from
the AFL-CIO-they seem TO spell
more than just a coincidental
furry of labor miseries. AT least
many experts in the field of labor
law now diagnose them as gen.
uine growing pains, symbolic OF
long suspected evolution within
the labor movement.
Growing Responsibility
The reasoning goes something
like this:
Labor unions have come long
way since they were condemned
by the courts as price-fixing con-
spiracies" in the early days OF our
republic. They have acquired pow
err and responsibility. They have
also acquired tremendous
amount Of responslbility-and 1t
is this fact which is now being
driven home by law. More and
more. with each year since the
unrestricted halcyon era Of the
Wagner Act. labor is being held
accountable in the courts.
This is by no means solely
matter of State and Federal leg
lislation. although legislation has
clearly played a major role i'm
posing responsibility on unions. 1t
is also matter of legal attitude
which now finds the courts ready
to insist land the unions possibly
ready to concur that organized
labor must face up to its reSpon-
sibility as a major factor in the
national economy--a factor that
has become so great that some
lawyers are suggesting the labor
union has acquired most Of the
distinguishing characteristics Of
the public utility.
One of the leading opponents
of the union-utility theory is
Mathew o. Tobriner. San Fran
cisco lawyer who was formerly
solicitor for the United States De-
partment Of Agriculture and who
serves as attorney for q number
of West Coast ALL unions.
A recognized authority on vari-
Gus aspects of labor law, Mr.. To-
briner sees the labor evolution this
way:
with the attainment Of legal
status, with the right to sue and
to be sued. the union exposed
itself to judicial scrutiny. The
courts pried into the practices
which previously had been volun-
tarily followed as custom or &C
commodation Once the unions
rested upon the right to enforce
their contracts at law. all Of the
relationships involved in the
union organization came before
the courts and received a judicial
twist"
So the pattern was set. &C
cording to this theory, and an
inevitable trend began.
After u unions took form Is
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-12-15

legal entities. the courts had to
move in, regulating the relation
ship between unions and their
own members; then their internal
government: then bargaining pro-
cedures then contracts and con-
tractural Interpretation; finally.
the weapons of contest"-picket-
ing. secondary boycotts, ETC.
and the methods used in WELDING
them.
Until, as Mr.. Tobriner says.
THE union has become a bureau
cratic institution in a spider web
of legal relationships. extending
both toward it and from it."
Many of the labor develop
ments in the past few weeks and
months are considered graphic
proof that unions are being cast
more and more in the image Of
the public utility so far as law
and the courts are concerned.
The idea has been circulating
in legal circles at least since when
the California Supreme Court
ruled in a shipbuilding dispute
that "a union occupies a quasi
public position similar TO that of
a public service business and 1t
has corresponding obligations; it
may no longer claim the same
freedom from legal restraint en-
joyed by golf clubs or fraternal
associations
It is difficult to deny that recent
events lend support to this theory
of the evolution of organized
labor relationship with the public.
For instance. some students Of
the American labor movement
have noted. particularly during
the l950's. marked change IN the
theological structure and activities
of the labor union. Where labor
constitutions Of a few decades ago
tended to stress political purpose
and devotion TO a certain brand
of social consciousness. these fac
tors are said to be rarely men,
toned in the enabling documents
and charters of the modern union.
Emphasis on Economics
Emphasis today. as the unions
have become more tightly welded
and more powerful. is on economic
functions. In the view of those
who champion the union-utility
theory. it is likely TO become more
so.
The rugged antagoniSm of the
old leaders toward capitalists.
their identity with their own OPP
pressed class. lies as dead as the
leaves Of last years spring" writes
Mr.. Tobriner in a recent study
appearing in the ABA journal.
And he adds that in the future
we can expect less theological drive
of union members and more
toughening OF intra- union legal
relationships. more tightening Of
extra-union rights and duties. The
union, he suggests. is taking It's
place alongside the business cor
poration and within its legal
framework is being similarly re-
stricted.
THE union is fast becoming a
public utility Of labor relations.
circumvented at every point by
the control of law 49,. (and) =.
as an aging legal body will prob
ably exhibit less and less political
or theological potency"
If such a thesis is reasonably
accurate. it may have good deal
Of meaning for politics in the
United States as well as the legal
future Of the union.
For 1t would seem to mitigate
strongly the chances OF a real
Labor Party emerging on ma
tional basis as has occurred IN
England and other countries. In
other words. harsh split between
political left" and right" liberal
and conservative. would seem less
likely to develop-at least under
union sponsorship. i
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-12-15
Wanted Bigger Ball

Free world scientists from the
very beginning have fully realized
the powerful psychological and
propaganda impact Of the satellite
on the world. And this writeEY In
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13
Intriguing New Flavor

Shredded C a b b age. green
pepper slivers and chunks Of
ripe olives make a delicious
salad nodded in plain gelatin
with accents Of lemon. vinegar
and sugar. To give it an in
triguing new flavor, dissolve a
chicken bouillon cube in the
hot water,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13
Leather Skirt

A dress-up skirt of leather
ought to be a lot of fashion
fun. Olive green suede makes
a floor-length evening skirt
for entertaining at home. It's
bordered with two bands Of
raccoon fur.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13
WEDDINGS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

nan of Bethesda announces
i. the marriage of her daughter.
Marilyn Wallace, to Mr.. Heard
Fitzpatrick Baumeister, son of
Mr.. and Mrs. Theodore Bau-
meister of Riverdale on the
Hudson, N. Y. The wedding
took place yesterday in All
Saints Church, Chevy Chase.
The couple will live in Pough-
keepsie.
Witt-Morcock
Mr.. and Mrs. j. E. Nor
cock, jr., announce the mar
riage of their daughter. Nancy
Carol. to Mr.. Donald D. Witt,
son of Mrs. Helen G. Witt.
The wedding took place Fri
day in the Takoma Park Pres
byterian Church. The couple
will live here.
Rossboch-D Dudley
Capt. and Mrs. Clayton r..
Dudley of Seattle, WASH, an
nounce the marriage of their
daughter Jean Eleanor to Mr..
William Hermann Rassbach,
son of Mr.. and Mrs. Richard
w. Rassbach. The wedding
took place November "a in the
Church of the Ascension,
Seattle, Wash. The couple
will live in Newport. r. I.
Blucker-Press
Mr.. and Mrs. Frank Phillip
Press announce the marriage
of their daughter Frances
Barbara to Mr.. Raymond
Blacker, son of Mr.. Louis
Blacker and the late Mrs.
Blacker. The wedding took
place November % at 1911
Primrose road NV.
Reed-HiltS
Mrs. Edith E. Hits an
nounces the marriage of her
daughter Itha Lee to Mr..
James Arthur Reed, son of
Mrs. Irene Marriott of st.
Louis. Mo-, and the late Mr..
Marriott. The bride is also
the daughter of the late Mr..
Hits. The wedding took place
December q in Christ Epis-
copal Church. The couple will
live in Warrensburg, Mo.
Berqer-Ades
Mr.. and Mrs. Sigmund AIDES
announce the marriage Of
their daughter Carol Patricia
to Mr.. Maurice Saul Berger.
son OF Mrs. Rose Berger of
Atlanta, Ga. The wedding took
place December 81 in the
B'nai Israel Synagogue. The
couple will live in Augusta, Ga.
Biolek-Awruch
Mr.. and Mrs. Jacobo Awruch
of Buenos Aires, Argentina an
nounce the marriage Of their
daughter Ester to Mr.. Eugene
L. Bialek. son of Mrs. Annie
Bialek and the late Mr.. Fred
Bialek. The wedding took place
December IL in the Jewish
Community Center in Arling-
ton. The couple will live here.
lKeefer-Pouqh
Mr.. Thomas C. Paugh Of
Glen Ridge. N. j., announces
the marriage of his sister Miss
Alice Paugh to Mr.. Robert War
rem Keefer. son of Mr.. and Mrs.
Harold r. Keefer of Silver
Spring. The bride is the
daughter of the late Mr.. and
Mrs. G. Ruel Paugh Of Glen
Ridge. The wedding took place
January 5 in the Glen Ridge
Congregational Church. The
couple will live in Boulder.
Colo.
Klein-C ologne
Mrs. Cecil C. Baxter Of Nc
Lean. Va, announces the mar
riage Of her daughter Mildred
Dorothea Cologne to Chief
Petty Officer Robert j. Klein.
son Of Mr.. Albert c. Klein Of
Berkeley Springs. w. Va. The
wedding took place Saturday
December 30 in the Rockville
Methodist Church. Rockville.
Md. The couple will live in
Norfolk. Va.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13
Fur Duet

Persian lamb with mink
seems like really gliding the
lily. Handsome black Persian
greatcoats. straight in cut. are
shown with collars, or collars
and cuffs, in pale cerulean
mink.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13
Poncho Bolero

A ponCho-b Olero Is destined
for popularity. This brief
cover-up is a sort of shoulder
cape, cut square and falling
in points. It's draped to a
high cowl in front, dips to a
deep v at back.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-06-12
TODAY'S RADIO
HIGHLIGHTS

600, WIDOW, WASH-In tn,
Concert Hall: Symphony OF
a French Mountain Air" b!
D'indy. Concerto No. S" b.
Beethoven, Symphony No
8" by Schubert and Sym.
phony No. 5" by Sibelius.
500, WMAL-FM - Music o.
Chopin for Orchestra: Con
ductor. Andre Kostelanetz.
$500, WOOK, WINK, WAN.
FM-Milwaukee VS.. Brooklyn
$500, WGMS - The Deems
Taylor Concert: Overture Il
the Barber of Seville" by Ros'
SIM, Pearl Fishers Aria" by
Bizet and "Masaniello Over.
ture" by Auber.
9:55. WWDC-Baseball: Wash.
ington VS.. Kansas City.
1905, WMAL Wednesday
Night Fights: Virgil Atkins
VS.. Walter Byars.
1915, WRC-At The U. NJ,
Pauline Frederick analyses
the weeks developments ir
the United Nations.
11:OO, WGMS-Concert Master.
pieces: Horn Concerto No
/" by Strauss, and "A SOM
Before Sunrise" by Delius.
Baseball Tomorrow
1880, WINK, WAN FM =
Baseball: Milwaukee vs.
Brooklyn.
9:55, WWDC-Baseball: Wash.
ington at Kansas City.