davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-10-20
REVIEW OF THE WEEK

Fair Deal as having been Elm the
grip Of an alien ideology."
When Mr.. Larson appeared be-
fore a Senate Appropriations sub
committee last winter to justify
his plea for S144 million for USIA.
Senate Majority Leader johnson
asked for an explanation. Mr..
Larson said his speech had Moth
ing to do with his budget needs.
and for a while refused to dis
cuss it.
AS a result. not only Mr.. Lar
son. but his USIA budget also.
took a trouncing from Congress
Instead of getting $l44 million.
he was grudgingly given only
1862 million. which was So mil
lion less than USIA had received
the previous year.
Mr.. Larson will take over a
newly-created post in the White
House-adviser to President Eli
senhower and Secretary of State
Dulles on combating Russian
propaganda.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-10-20
By REED sARRATT
Executive Editor. winston Salem Journal
and the Twin City Sentinel

MAgSWtlNN NAAltuNs Wluhtuu-oAtNAm aVutuat
and the Twin City Sentinel
I believe that the South can
live with the Supreme Courts de-
cision without doing violence
either to the decision or TO its own
customs and traditions. These
seemingly contradictory detectives
can best be achieved through VOL
untary compliance with the courts
mandate.
All that the decision requires is
that no child shall be excluded be-
cause of race from a school which
he otherwise Is qualified to attend.
The Supreme Court has said
that laws requiring segregated
schools violate the Fourteenth
Amendment. It has not said that
enforced mixing Of the races in
the schools must be substituted
for enforced segregation. Legal
segregation can end tomorrow
without requiring single pupil
to change the school he attends.
The court has not replaced one
compulsion with another.
The Southern States. In my
opinion. can remove race as a
factor in assigning children to
schools without causing much
change in the present racial COM
position Of the student bodies in
their schools. ! believe that. given
q choice. free Of discrimination or
intimidation. the vast majority Of
Negro children would continue TO
attend schools with exclusively
Negro student bodies.
Doubts Negro Objection
I lay no claim to knowing what
is in the collective Negro mind.
But I doubt that very many
Negroes object to going to schools
attended exclusively by other
members OF their race. I doubt.
too, that very many Negroes have
any burning desire TO attend
schools with members Of the white
race merely to be in the same
school with whites.
/ do believe that most Negroes
probably object strenuously to
being required to go to schools
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-10-20
TIE SOUTH
SPEAKS

The South Is BY no means
united on the issue Of school
migration. There II q wide
diversity Of views, ranging from
outright defiance Of the Su-
preme Court decision 10 sup
port for complete, though grad
ual. integratiOn. The Star has
provided ON this page q plat
form for three leading south
.erners who demonstrate the
wide span Of opinion.
Senator Talmadge Is q sp0kes-
man for the dominant south
ern viewpoint. A former Gov
ernor OF Georgia, he has de-
clared that no one living today
will see the integration Of
Georgia's public schools.
Mr.. Sarratt and his news
paper have provided leadership
In the nonviolent and volun-
tary beginning Of integration Of
public schools in Winston
Salem this year.
Mr.. Orr. who represents
Dade County tMiamiD In the
Florida Legislature. startled the
State last year with a speech
IN which he opposed segrega-
ton on moral, economic and
legal grounds. Although he was
subsequently reelected handily.
his IL distinctly a minority view
In the South today.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-10-20
By MARY LOU WERNER

When Virginia voters go to the
polls November 5 to select a new
Governor, someone ought to be
there passing out law books. So
much of the campaign revolves
around racial legislation and liti-
CATION that the voter untutored
in law is likely to have hard time
deciding what the facts really are.
Each Of the major candidates
Democrat j. Lindsay Almond,
jr., and Republican Ted Dalton
insists his way is best 70 preserve
Virginia's separate schools; each
frequently points to court deci-
sions to prove he is right.
Mr.. Almond. VINO was Virginias
attorney general until he resigned
last month to campaign for Gov
ernor. stands for massive resist
ance." At present this embraces
the States new anti-integration
laws which include a State pupil
placement program. and provi-
sions TO close schools and with
hold funds whenever integration
occurs.
Mr.. Almond has said he has no
specific plan TO fall back on IN
case the present program fails in
the courts, where it has been hav-
ing trouble. But he has promised
to resist indignation with all legal
and honorable means at my COM
mand."
The Republican nominee, a
member OF the Virginia Senate
from Radford, is campaigning on
a platform that calls for adoption
of a local pupil assignment plan
like North Cardinals. He claims
that the Democrats massive re-
sistance" will lead to mass inte-
grafton, or closed schools. He in
sists the Federal Courts will go
along with a local assignment plan
like North Cardinals. which at
least indicates an effort TO COM
ply with the Supreme Court de-
segregation decree.
SerDockS Help OoIton
Setbacks suffered by the present
State laws have kept Senator Dali
ton supplied with fresh campaign
ammunition, but the Democrats
have managed to lob some legal
bombshells right back.
Senator Dalton. for instance.
has noted that North Cardinals
local pupil assignment law has
survived a test all the way to the
Supreme Court, while Virginia's
placement program has suffered
two setbacks. Final word on Viz
ginia's placement law is expected
any day now from the Supreme
Court.
But the Democrats, notably
Senator sByrd, who has entered
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-10-20

than It's context merits. Alteration
Of ofiicial DEGREES Is only In accord
with totaltarian concepts.
II o decision Of the Federal SUI
preme Court announces correct
doctrine. II it Is in accord with the
fundamental law Of the Constitu-
ton, 1t is of great moral force. II.
on the other hand. II undertakes
to announce a rule contrary to the
Federal Constitution. contrary to
the dual system which is the foun-
dalton Of the National Govern
ment, and clearly indicates in text
and holding that the law and facts
have been ignored. it proceeds to
teach error. and should receive
stern disapproval from both Of
flcals and the general public.
Such q decision Is not "the law
Of the land" as some contend. It
Is simply an enforceable pro-
nouncement Of the court. As was
said by Justice Cardozo In The Ma
ture Of the Judicial Process:
Judges have. OF course. the pow
er. though not the right. to ignore
the mandate Of 9 statute. and
render judgment in despite OF 1t.
They have the power, though not
the right, to travel beyond the
walls Of the interstices. the bounds
set to judicial innovation by prece-
dent and custom. Nonetheless, by
that abuse Of power. they violate
the law"
The legal force Of such decision
is Of course different matter.
The decision in the school segro-
CATION cases. like any other, viii
bind the parties before the court
when the DEGREES issue in proper
form. When DEGREES are issued
against the school districts in liti-
cation the officials Of those dis
tricts will be bound by the terms
Of those DEGREES. No one else win
be in anywise included.
But the primary legal force and
effect Of the case is that the dis
trict and circuit courts will follow
it in later cases. and the Federal
Supreme Court will decide subse-
quent litigation upon its authority.
The Federal Constitution does
not refer to education and does
not prescribe that any educational
advantages Of any kind shall be
presided by reason of United
States citizenship. Such privileges
as the citizen has in respect Of
educational advantages or oppor-
tunities are conferred solely by
State law and are possessed by
the citizen in virtue Of State citi-
zenship alone.
The Georgia Position
The people Of Georgia have
looked ahead and provided for this
situation. amending their funda-
mental law so that the people may
be able to educate their children
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-10-20
continued From PAGE All

Continued From Page A-31
other officers elected at the recent
Miami Beach convention from
taking office. Tomorrow Judge
Let's will hear union attorneys
. Senator John McClellans Sc
lect Committee investigating labor
rackets agreed-somewhat eagerly
to honor a subpoena calling for
the committee to turn over TO the
IS New York petitioners conven-
ton records which the committee
itself had previously subpoenaed.
. It was revealed that Internal
Revenue Service agents had ex-
tended their check on the finances
of top Teamster officials to local
Transfers officers and business
agents as we'll as to the officers
Of other unions.
o AFL-CIO Vice President Walter
Reuther. addressing a convention
Of the Chemical Workers Union,
again clearly implied that Mr.
Hoffa must go. Mr.. Reuther will
be one of the 81 union leaders
sitting in Judgment on the Team
sters on Thursday when the ALL
CLIO Executive Council will vote
on ousting the union from ALL
CLIO.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-10-20
Kosper Case:
End of Line

John KaSper. the Yankee segre-
gationist, has q whole year dur
ing which to reflect upon the
dubious rewards Of racial rabble-
rousing.
The end of the legal line for
KaSper came on Monday when
the Supreme Court refused to re-
view his conviction and one-year
sentence on charges of violating
Federal Courts injunction
against interfering with integra-
ton of the Clinton. Tenn. high
school Is months ago. Kasper
was arrested here Thursday night
and placed in the District Jail
to await assignment to a Federal
penitentiary.
In other cases last week the
Supreme Court also:
o Turned down a request from
a Florida Negro. Virgil Hawkins.
for an order directing the Uni
versity of Florida Law School to
admit him. The court told Mr..
Hawkins, who has been trying
to enroll at Florida University
since 1949, that he could take his
request to a Federal District court
. Reversed the Smith Act con-
victions of two second-string
Communists. Junius Scales Of
North Carolina and Claude Lisht-
foot Of Chicago. Reversal was
based on the courts ruling in the
Jencks case during Is spring
term. That ruling held that.
where reports Of Federal Bureau
Of Investigation agents are used
as oral testimony in court, the de-
Tense counsel has the right TO see
those reports.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-10-20

limited to their own race. They
do not like the stigma that at
taches to the implication that
they are inferior. The protest is
not so much against Negro schools
as 1t is against enforced seore-
CATION.
OF course, whether compulsory
segregation could end without
causing a general movement Of
Negro children to schools pre-
viously reserved for white children
depends upon several things.
Basically it depends upon the
kinds Of schools which are avail
able to the Negro children. and
where they are located. This
means that the emphasis on
equality OF facilities must con-
tinue If segregation is TO continue
in practice.
II the Southern States con-
tinue their efforts to provide equal
schools for Negroes. their chances
OF maintaining separate schools
will be much better. Given a
choice between a good white
school and an inferior Negro
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-10-20

admonition. Let him who is with
out sin cast the first stone"
Morally Wrong
believe the maintenance of
segregation is morally wrong and
is repugnant to democratic prin-
ciples. believe the Supreme
Court decisions OF May II, 1854.
which outlawed compulsory seq
regation In our public schools, to
be sound as a matter Of law and
right as a matter of ethics.
Segregation is largely response
BILE for the economic retardation
Of the South. Segregation has
given the Communists a more
effective propaganda weapon than
Russia's Sputnik. Segregation has
caused a large segment Of our
population TO be poorly educated
and thus has caused a depression
of the living standards of all. Our
wage rates are lower, our disease
rates are higher. Every facet Of
our life has been adversely affected
by the artificial barrier we have
created and maintained.
believe, as a follower Of JEFF
ferson, that the government which
governs least governs best, and
that in the government closest TO
the people should reside most gov
ernmental power Therefore, ia
vor home rule for cities and coun-
ties, and / favor States rights.
However. those who raise the
doctrine of States rights as
cover for their prejudices pervert
the doctrine. For the most part
the Federal Government has not
usurped the rights of the States:
the States have abandoned these
rights by failing to recognize that
with every right there is cor
responding obligation to all of the
people.
Constructive Work Needed
Right now, in the South. if oul
leaders would devote their time.
energy and talent to discovering a
means OF working out a positive.
though gradual. plan Of abolishine
compulsory segregation. We would
not be faced with the prospect OF
our children learning more about
bayonets than about their ABCs.
We could develop our oirn plan
Of living under the law instead OF
in defiance of it. We could assert
our States rights and still comply
with the law of the land. We
could avoid the violence and blood
shed which all of us abhor. But
too many high Southern officials
are predicting. and thus inviting,
violence.
Fortunately. some new leaders
are rising in the South. These men
recognize that it is the function
Of public officials to lead. not to
follow to help mold public
opinion, not to melt under the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-10-20
TIE MrtcRArloMsr
Segregation Is MorolIyWrong

heat Of white supremacist dema-
goguery.
When Florida's Governor. Le-
Roy Collins. made the simple
proclamation that "the decisions
of the Supreme Court Of the
United States are the law of the
land and Florida is q land Of the
law" many Floridians were helped
TO face up to the fact that de-
segregation is inevitable. His calm
and moderate approach VIII help
avert violence In Florida.
Many members of Florida's Leg
islature are following Gov. Col
Inns leadership. AS result, the
most radical racist legislation
failed to pass during the last ses-
sion.
Moreover, there appears to be a
definite cracking Of the solid
Southern senatorial block. Five
Senators (Smathers of Florida.
johnson and Marlborough Of Texas
and Kefauver and Gore Of Ten
nessee) in the spirit Of honorable
compromise, voted for the civil
rights bill with the jury trial
amendment.
Clements Is Courageous
Governor Clements has demon
strated firm and courageous lead
ership despite the bleating bigots
imported from New Jersey and
elsewhere to cause trouble in
Tennessee.
Rev. Billy Graham of North
Carolina is teaching to millions
that segregation offends against
the concept Of the brotherhood Of
man.
These men and many others
ike them are helping to dissipate
the genuine fear in the hearts Of
many decent, law-abiding South
erners.
Fear is the basis for most
Southern resistance. This fear has
been regenerated every election
year since Reconstruction by in
ept and boisterous politicians who
would rather run against the
Negro than put their records or
capabilities in issue. The latest
example of the use Of this time
tested Southern political formula
is the use of the National Guard
by Governor Faubus. This may
have been calculated to divert the
attention of the people Of Arkan-
sas from Faubus' record Of impos-
ing new taxes.
Happily. this technique has been
abandoned by the new Southern
moderates and fortunately these
men are in the ascendancy.
No Overnight Matter
I do not believe compulsory seq
regation can be eliminated over
night, and no amount of decisions.
edicts or bayonets can accomplish
this result.
The only difference that I can
detect between my view and the
view of the so-ealled moderate is
that the moderate recognizes the
decisions of the Supreme Court
to be the law of the land but
doesn't like them; I do, because. ]
believe. that through them the
court has recognized the immo.
rality of compulsory segregation.
The task of eliminating the
emotional fear that pervades the
South and of replacing it with a
rational respect for law and order
will require patient and deliberate
leadership
Perhaps more officials will fol-
low the lead of Gov. Collins; per-
haps more clergymen will follow
the inspiration of Billy Graham.
Perhaps all of us should reflect
upon the words of Gibran in the
Prophet:
"And IL il is o feor you would dispel.
the scot o. thet fear is in your heort,
and not in the hand OF the feared"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-10-20

the campaign in behalf Of Mr..
Almond. point out that the North
Carolina case has established the
right of Negroes to go directly to
Federal Court whenever they
claim they have been denied adj
mission to a school because Of race.
This is a procedure that many
Virginians find repugnant.
Beginning with the original Ar
lington desegregation decree Of
July. 1856. 1t is possible to CLEAN
an idea Of what the Federal
Courts have and have not said
about complying with the Su-
preme Court edict.
Judge Albert v. Bryan was the
author Of the Arlington decree.
He granted a group Of Negro stu
dents an injunction forbidding
the county from denying any stu
dent admission to school because
OF race.
But his decree was not made eff
fective Immediately, and left the
way open for the State to adopt
some administrative procedure TO
handle the situation. He said:
The foregoing inlunetion sholl not
be considered os nullifyias eny Stots
or local rules, now in force or here
otter promulgated, for the assignment
OF children 10 closes, courses OF study,
or schools, 50 long os such rules or
assignments ore not bosed upon roes
or color
One month later, the Virginia
General Assembly met and
adopted the present anti-integra-
ton laws-including the State pu-
pill placement act which the State
claims is a proper administrative
procedure as envisioned by Judge
Bryan's decree.
Appeals Court Action
The next significant court de-
velopment came on November IL,
1856. when the Fourth Circuit
Court OF Appeals passed on North
Cardinals pupil assignment law.
This is the same appellate court
that gets Virginia cases.
A group Of Negroes from Nc
Dowell County had applied as
group TO enter a white school, and
we're turned away. The State took
the position they had TO apply as
individuals. under North Cardinals
new pupil assignment--or enroll
ment law. The Negroes went TO
court, charging that the assign
ment law was unconstitutional
They asked for a mandamus di-
recting their admission to the
white school.
The opinion, written by Chief
Judge John j. Parker, said: I'VE
think II clear that the applicants
are not entitled 10 the writ which
they ask for, for the reason that II
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-10-20
By HERMAN Z. TALMADGE

United States senator From osorsia
Historians will record the Presi-
dents decision TO dispatch Federal
troops into Arkansas. against an
admittedly pro-integration Gov
ernor and against an admittedly
pro-integration State administra-
ton. as an act of tyranny which
solidified public thinking In the
South to resist Federal interview
ton sin the conduct Of public in
stitutions and private affairs with
every resource available.
The precipitous resort to force
IN this uneasy time has retarded
racial harmony In our region 70
q serious degree. All the worse. 1t
comes at time when constructive
progress is being made on vol
untary and cooperative basis on
all efforts to improve the lot Of
every citizen.
about 10 years ago when I as
eumed office as Governor Of
Georgia. stated in my inaugural
address;
We 6ecraioas believe thot IN
molested We Goa work out cur problems
10 the best interests Of ell our people.
Our major concern in Georgia lies
squorely In the realm Of heelth, vel.
fare end edueotioa. Here Is where We
need to do the most for the greatest
number"
Sentiment expressed then on
the subject Of harmonious race
relations In Georgia and the
South. for that matter. is true
equally today.
All of the history of mankind
proves that social patterns cannot
be changed by force.
Gecrgians reject force and vio-
hence of any kind as the solution
to any problem.
We have had no racial violence
in our State.
We do not want any.
Left alone to work our own
solutions. we will not have any.
The Feeling Is Deep
Unfortunately. many liberal
Journalists and other well-mean-
ing people do not realize the depth
Of the feeling in the South--feel-
ing which has been intensified by
recent events.
Little Rock has become q symbol
in the public mind Of resistance
to Federal encroachment on the
reserved rights Of the States and
the people.
The people Of the South are
confident that 1t is they who are
UNFOLDING the law Of the land. as
embodied In our Federal Consti-
tuition.
The people Of the South know
that the Supreme Court was
wholly without its clearly defined
constitutional authority when its
present members sought to read
the writings Of the Swedish so
eialist. Gunnar Myrdal. into our
organic law.
The people of the South do not
recognize. nor do they feel bound
by the twisted line Of reasoning
which sought to overthrow the
combined legal wisdom and human
experience Of the ages. as written
by Hughes. Holmes, Brandeis. Taft
and those other legal giants who
were judges. not politicians.
The people Of the South respect
fully. but firmly. decline to yield
to unconstitutional and unlawful
judicial DEGREES. the enforcement
Of which can be obtained only
through military occupation and
at bayonet point.
The Weight Of Decisions
No decision Of the Supreme
Court Of the United States is en-
titled any greater moral weight
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-10-20

The people of Georgia have
looked ahead and provided for this
situation. amending their funda-
mental law so that the people may
be able to educate their children
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-10-20

admonition. Let him who is with
out sin cast the first stone"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-28
BETHESDA BATHS-$l9,0O0
Take Over Big 81 4Ke6 Trust

$40 MALVERN DR., Wynoote-$l22 mo- poys oil
charges Including and insuonce twin bedrooms
modern kitchen, separate dining room, Workout full bose
SELL Small down poyment OK. DetoiIs. VII. 6-leo7.
Ont oeersetown R6 to Beech left block to Singleton.
right to AelreTH leJt. FoIow drToES
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-28

on Tuesday, wednesday and
Thursday nights. Each school
begins ct 1880 p. m. and will
be held at the Housing Gen.
ter, 1625 L Street N. w.
Fifteen interior designers
from New York and Washing
ton win deliver lectures. They
will touch on the fundamentals
Of decorating a home. Courses
will include color, backgrounds,
lighting, accessories. mixing
old ana new pieces, and furni-
ture arrangements.
Information on admittance
can be obtained by phoning the
Home Builders Association Of
Metropolitan Washington.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-28
Home Decor TuIks Sturt
At Housing Center Monday

Questions that you can ask
about interior design are al
most endless.
Does every room in your
home have to be furnished in
the same period9 Do you know
that you can buy colored kitch-
en- appliances and never worry
about future color schemes?
What kind of pictures should
a homemaker buy? How much
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-28

Of your old furniture can you
keep when you move into your
new home?
These and many other
queries will be discussed on
Monday, when the National
Housing Center launches the
first in q series Of Schools Of
Interior Design and Furnish
ings."
The lectures will be repeated