davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-15
As Clear as Mud

The full text of recent Court of
Appeals decision dealing with the ques-
ton Of unnecessary delay" in arraign-
ing criminal is printed on the opposite
page. We believe that this decision
abundantly demonstrates the utterly
confused state of the law on this point,
and that it should be a matter of great
concern to the public-as it is to police,
prosecutors and trial judges.
This case involves man named Joe
Metoyer, who shot and killed Gallau-
Diet College student year ago. There
is no doubt about Metoyer's guilt. The
only issue is whether, under the unclear
rule laid down by the Supreme Court
in the Mallory case, he was arraigned
quickly enough after his arrest.
Two of the appellate judges Burger
and Prettyman) thought that he had
been. They commended the arresting
pulously proper police work." and also
pointed out that Metoyer's real COM
plant was not that the police had moved
too slowly, but that they had moved too
fast. Chief Judge Edgerton thought
otherwise. He would have reversed
Metoyer's conviction on the ground that
there was too much delay in his arraign-
ment and that, therefore, his written
confession was improperly used against
him.
What concerns us is the hopeleSSly
muddled state of the law which obvi-
ously prevails when appellate judges can
disagree so sharply on the facts of this
case. We believe that the public inter-
est urgently requires precise definition
of the legal meaning of unnecessary
delay" And the same thing applies,
incidentally to the uncertain definition
of insanity as announced in the Durham
case. If this Qualification is not forth
coming from the courts, Congress should
supply 1t. For as things stand there is
great force, we think, to the view that
the judicial scales in this city have be-
come overbalanced in favor of the
criminal to the detriment of society.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-15
To Curb 'Scotterotion'

It is gratifying to learn that the
long dormant East Capitol Mall plan is
not dead In fact, If Chairman Harland
Bartholomew of the National Capital
Planning Commission has his way, the
plan will be revived and revised to meet
the needs of city cramped for space
In which to continue the Federal expan-
sion program. Fronting on the East
Mall would be Government buildings
which otherwise might go outside the
Districts the CHA, the Acc and other
offices have done. This "scatteration,"
as Mr. Bartholomew aptly terms it, does
violence to the concept of Washington
as the seat of the National Government.
The idea of great mall and Fed
eral building rectangle extending from
the Capitol grounds to the Anacostia
River is an old one. Tentative plans
for such an undertaking were drawn
many years ago by the planners, the
intention being to counterbalance the
present Mall lying to the west, from the
Capitol to the Lincoln Memorial. Just
as the latter Mall has been lined with
public buildings of the Federal Triangle
and the still-unfinished Federal Rec
tangle west of Seventeenth street, the
plan was to line the East Mall with
imposing structures of governmental
nature. But wars and other factors
interposed to shove the plan into the
background
Meanwhile. tendency has devel-
oped in Federal circles to look for build
Ing sites in the suburbs of Washington,
and beyond. The advent of the A-bomb
and the H-bomb has served to stimulate
this trend away from the city. But
sense of realism in the face of the po-
tentialitieS of the "fallout" threat should
convince even a layman that security
cannot be assured by such "Scatteration"
as has occurred around Washington
Under the circumstances, resurrection
Of the East Mall-East Rectangle plan
is justified.
Fortunately, 1t is not too late to
designate this area for future public
development and to begin reServing the
necessary land Private development on
large scale is not yet serious threat.
But long delay could increase the cost
of such a project to -prohibitive
limits. The reservation of the area for
public uses would encourage Federal
officials to consider sites there for future
= buildings and hence would help to curb
the movement out of Washington.
It will take congressional action to
establish firm basis for such a pro-
gram OF course. The National Capital
Planning Commission. the Federal City
Council and other agencies concerned
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-15
Forum on Females

The National Management Associa-
ton held a six-day conference recently
to discuss wide range Of problems i'm
portant in business and industry admin
iStration. Approximately ZOO bosses"
attended-pooling their views on such
varied matters as the current trend
toward attenuation, memory training,
effective public speaking and research
of one kind or another. Perhaps their
most daring venture, however, was to
conduct a forum on females-a study
session on the behavior of women in
business and, as part of boss Job,
how to supervise them.
Fortunately, the bosses started out
with realistic premise, namely. that
the women not only are different from
men, they are diffefent from each other.
Even so, 1t was agreed there are certain
common denominators among the fair
sex. They need to be kept happy, or
they will go to another job They like
to gossip. They like Offices kept warmer.
They need more mirrors for primping.
But for the male managers themselves
probably the most foolhardy conclusion
of all was that most women are quite
willing to accept a man as boss. On this
note, the 1000 bosses probably dispersed
happily to their homes-to learn who
really Is bossing things.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-15

The recent charges made
by representatives of Russia
and Syria to the effect that
Turkey. with the encourage
ment of the United States.
was planning to invade
Syria. have called attention to
the Importance of having a
permanent international po-
lice force which could be
quickly sent to any part Of
the world where any nation
has a (real or pretended fear
that it is likely to be invaded.
Such a force could patrol the
frontier involved until such
time as the tension has les
sened to a point where 1t is
clear that no aggressive &C
ton is likely to take place.
An international police
force. in order to be effective
in this way, should undoubt-
edly be under the direction
Of the veto-free U. N. General
Assembly, rather than under
the security council whose &C
ton can be land frequently
has BEEN completely para
lyzed by q Soviet veto.
Walter II. McClenOn.!
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-15
Fairfax Problem

News that the Fairfax
Water Authority and the City
of Falls Church contemplate
Joint purchase of the An
Mandate Water System sug-
gests a disturbing lack OF
acumen on the part of the
Fairfax Water Authority.
The Annandale Water Sys-
tenn is the keystone Of an
eventual integrated water
system for Fairfax County.
Any sharing OF that valuable
system with Falls Church
(which initially buys its
water from Arlington) only
opens the door to further
annexation by Falls Church
OF Fairfax County territory.
And perhaps more impor-
tant, 1t serves to detract
from our ultimate goal-an
independent source of water
supply.
Two years ago. the under
signed fought against the
Potter Association proposal
for a $50 million water bond
because 1t would have placed
our county in deep debt on
a poorly conceived and de-
ceptive plan, jeopardizing the
credit standing of the county
as a whole for the sale Of
school bonds and other nee
essary expenditures. After
the Fairfax voters rejected
the Potter proposals. l and
other Fairfax citizens worked
hard to assure the creation
OF a water authority so as
to place In It's hands the
vital task Of organizing Q
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-15
chins Up-~N

The President put his best foot for
ward in his Oklahoma City eEort-the
second in the scheduled series Of "chins
up" talks. Even so, we doubt that these
speeches are going to accomplish very
much, If anything. It was useful for
the President to give a report, as he did
few nights ago, on the status OF the
Nations security. But we cannot see
that the second speech adds much TO
the first effort. If there are to be many
more along the same line, we suspect
that Mr.. Eisenhower is going to run out
Of material-and an audience.
The hard core Of the Oklahoma City
effort is to be found in the Presidents
assertion that defense spending will be
increased where necessary, and that the
concept of a balanced budget will not
be permitted to stand in the way. He
hopes to avoid an unbalanced budget,
and, we suppose, a higher debt ceiling.
by stringent economies, achieved pri-
marily by cutting out or deferring
entire categories of (nondefense) activ-
ity" But If this fails to do the trick,
security will not be sacrificed on the
altar of balanced budget.
This Is an interesting statement,
and it seems to reflect substantial re-
versal of previous administration policy.
But it is not specific, and 1t doesn't tell
us very much. The President held out
against cuts in mutual defense funds
and economic aid. If he can prevent it
the economies will not be made there.
Where, then, will they be made? Pre-
sumably in those "entire categories,"
which Mr.. Eisenhower, evidently con-
Guiding that discretion is the better part
of valor at this stage of the game, re-
Trained from identifying. He noted,
however that the pressure groups will
wall in anguish" when the categories
are identified, and we do not share the
Presidents evident expectation that
Congress will stand Arm. More probably,
as between these two items, the balanced
budget concept and not the pressure
groups will be the casualty of high de-
Tense costs.
The real threat to the United States,
as we see it, is in the long run, not in
the immediate future. Our programs
in the satellite and missile fields have
been laid down, and are well under way.
For the short run, meaning perhaps the
next year or so, we must stick with these
programs Little is to be gained here,
and much might be lost, by crash"
efforts or the pouring in of new billions
If the Russians have made the progress
which their satellite successes indicate,
the real test for us will come in the next
five to ten years. If we are to meet this
test, however, 1t will be necessary to
spend more money soon, especially in
such things as basic research, and we
suppose it is this which the President
has in mind when he speaks of higher
expenditures. If So what is needed, we
think, is not more chins-up speeches
now, but detailed program for sub
mission to Congress next year. If the
necessary support is not forthcoming
when this has been done, that will be
the time for the President to take his
case to the people.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-15

mas elapsed since the chenlf-
cal elements were formed in
the relative abundance which
we now have. The time for
our galaxy to rotate once is
about 200. 10000 years. The
lifetime Of the o and b stars
is probably smaller than this
time also. Since these stars
delineate the spiral arms Of
the galaxy, the conclusion
implies that these arms will
not look the same for q
period longer than one revo-
luton.
1T is obvious that the ap.
pearance Of the galaxy must
change as the stars evolve.
It follows that galaxies which
have prominent spiral arms
comprising most Of their bulk
are young, or at least reju-
venated, whereas galaxies that
have little or no dust and gas
are old"
1t now is generally ac-
cepted. DR.. Underhill points
out. that stars are formed
from clouds Of dust and gas
which contract under the in
fluence Of gravity. They
begin to shine as q result Of
the energy released by the
gravitational contrac t ION.
The amount of energy re.
leased depends on the mass
Of the object. Stars with
about ten times the mass Of
the sun will contract to OBJ.
jects about the size of the
sun. it can be calculated. in
from about 100000 to 1.000.-
900 years.
Changes in Development
AS the star contracts the
central regions become very
dense and very hot. This is
the period when its heat
comes from the burning Of
hydrogen and its transmuta-
ton into helium in it's dense
central region. During this
stage of development the star
will change little in size and
luminosity. But after a GER
tain time. depending on the
stars mass. the content Of
hydrogen in the central
region becomes so depleted
that the burning can no
longer produce enough energy
to sustain the star.
when a star can no longer
generate energy it must cool
down. When stars are so cool
they can emit no more visible
light they may be called
dead. White dwarfs are stars
that are dying. They are
presumably very old stars
which have exhausted the
usual sources of energy.
Should we think of them as
having originated from stars
with masses near the solar
mass. our calculations indi-
cate that it will take at least
S billion years to go through
the hydrogen-burning part Of
life and somewhat longer to
finish the following stages Of
development. On this basis
it is not unlikely that their
life has been as long as
s billion years. which is q
very long time even on the
time scale of the universe"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-15
Keeping Johnny Happy

The Randle Highlands Cit
liens Association last Janu-
airy urged that more atten-
ton be given to the funda-
mentals, to basic education.
in public schools. with fewer
descriptions in the school day.
We argued that arithmetic
could best be taught through
old-fashioned drill rather
than by methods such as
counting bees going in and
out of hives. These projects.
designed ito keep the chill
dren happy" as they learn.
only distract from the real
objective and consume time.
Geography in one fourth
grade covered only Norway
during the first semester and
the Chesapeake Bay area
during the second. Another
fourth grade studied Egypt,
China. The Netherlands, Nor
way. and the Chesapeake
Bay area. What unified con-
cepts can be obtained from
such unsystematic jumping
around?
When one class studied
the Pennsylvania Dutch, it
sent to Pennsylvania for
lebanon bologna and had it
for lunch with baked beans,
apple sauce, etc. Obviously,
this could not have been done
without distraction from the
real aims of education. An
other class. studying Indians,
made succotash. Will all this
produce adults able to read
and spell and create to pre-
serve our civilization?
Happy children are not
always those who are kept
amused. Children will be
happy in learning new things
in making progress in read
ing. spelling, and arithmetic.
and in learning geographical
and historical facts about the
world in which they live, and
are less likely to become
juvenile problems.
Before World War II the
United States Office of Edu-
cation was advocating that
secondary schools no longer
require mathematics and
foreign languages for gradua-
ton. The war pointed up the
necessity for technical train
ing ana the trend towards
snap" courses was slowed
but not for long.
Now it is heartbreaking to
see high school graduates of
former years. hearing the call
for scientists and engineers.
trying to make up past de-
f1ciencies that they might fill
the need.
1t is time that we demand
a real education for today's
children.
Mrs. Edward B. Morris.
President, Randle High
lands Citizens Association.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-15

@. How can I color sugar?
r.. S.
A. Sprinkle q few drops Of
food coloring onto the sugar.
and rub with a wooden spoon
until all is colored. Dry in a
$50 degree oven. Separate
grains occasionally II neces-
sary by rubbing between the
fingers. Store In alright
Jars.
@. When was the Battle Of
Chalons? Where's. L.
A. This battle occurred in
northeastern France about
100 miles east Of Paris in
AID. 45l, when Attila. the
Hun. was defeated by the
Romans and Visigoths.
Attila escaped and invaded
Italy again In 452. but died
or was murdered In 453. This
battle has been called the
bloodiest battle In history.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-15
RELIGIOUS Campaign

As a member of the board
of directors of the National
Committee on Religion in
American Life, I commend
the efforts of your newspaper,
and the churches and the
business organizations in your
community. for supporting
the Religion in American Life
cause. November is Religion
in American Life month. dur
ing which time a Nationwide
campaign is conducted to en-
courage people to attend the
church or synagogue of their
choice.
I hope the people Of the
Washington area will receive
this important campaign and
cooperate with 1t for the
blessing Of all.
Paul b. Osborn.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-15
Be off, Russia!

Aneurin Bevan. Britain's
Labor leader, makes the out
rageous suggestion that a
permanent solution of the
Middle East problem is only
possible lin association with
the Soviet Union" He says:
II think that we must rec
ognize that they are there"
What a hideous thought!
II the Russians would only
get off the earth we would
not have to pretend that they
are not there.
Says the November Month
~ Letter of the N. Y. Nation
al City Bank: THE Russians
have proved with their satel-
lite that they have developed
more than enough rocket
power for any earthly uses.
Should they apply this pow
er to transport themselves
in spaceships to Mars one
could only wish them god
speed. AS the London Daily
Telegraph remarked: The
Russian people go from peas
ants to space-men without
ever tasting the joys this
earth can give.
Somebody ought to stop
Dr.. Richard Woolley. Great
Britain's astronomer royal.
who has just left for a two
week lecture engagement in
Moscow. before he dissuades
the Russians from their space
travel. Seven months ago he
called space-travel talk "ut-
ter bilge." He is still unrelent-
ing. 1T is a fIfghtful waste
of public money" he observed
of the prospect Of rocketing
from one planet to another.
But 1t would not be If we got
the Russians to do IL, and be-
fore the Middle East prob
lem gets much worse.
RiAnaw EXarkkA
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-15
THIS AND THAT
By CHARLES (. TRACEWELL

side, as is common with this
species.
He offered to take it down
for $3.50.
The owner. a wealthy man.
was Mortified.
What" he roared, two
hundred and fifty dollars to
take down a tree?"
He had never heard Of
such a thing, he said.
The tree man departed.
Then came Hazel. and the
tree was uprooted and
thrown against the mans
house.
The damage to the home
cost $4,000 to repair.
y \
Too much of ugly plant
ing is caused by the unfor-
tunate fact that many older
people are not able to do this
sort Of work around their
homes any longer.
Nor are they able, appar-
emily. to pay for it being done
by others.
The result is that some
homes become clogged. lit
orally. with an overgrowth
that makes unpleasant places
to look at and perhaps to
live in. though maybe the
owners do not realize it.
But as for the worth Of
trees and shrubs. this can
never be in question, espe-
cially in and around our be-
loved National Capital, THE
green city," as Henry James
called it.
We must not make a gen.
eral rule for specific cases.
Each case must be consid-
cred on its own merits. That
way. we may keep what
should be kept, and add to
it. Another way. we may re-
pair what we have: keeping
1t is evidence of our appreci-
alton Of beauty, in which all
growing things Of the earth
play their proper part.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-15
Presidents Critics

Frank r. Kent, forecasting
the criticism which the Presi-
dent would bring upon him.
self following the TV speeches
he expected to make after
the advent of Sputniks I and
II, once again has proved
that he is no novice in his
profession. Mr.. Kent said
that no matter what the
President proposes it will be
wrong in the eyes of his
critics.
For instance. Senator Ken
nedy believes his party will
rally behind the President in
his debated move to over
haul the Russians" Perhaps
it would be well to remind
the Senator that he was about
20 years old when Russia was
being coddled by the gentle
man who happened to be in
the White House at that
time. In that day. the United
States was in position to talk
turkey to Russia-tell her
where to head in. However
the man who was our Presi-
dent preferred to build him
self up in the eyes Of the
Russian bigwigs rather than
give some thought to the
consequences his coddling
would have on the future of
his own country.
DR.. Wernher Won Braun
says. 1.-THE United States had
no ballistic missile program
worth mentioning between
1945 and 1851. These six
years, during which the Rus
slams obviously laid the
groundwork for their large
rocket program. are irretriev-
ably lost" That would seem
to indicate that the program
was Debated" even before
President Eisenhower took
over.
Adlai Stevenson also felt
1t his bounden duty to crit
icize the President. even
though it was agonizingly
painful to do so. Mr.. Steven
son detected "a note of COM
placency" in the Presidents
speech, and was unable to
understand whether the
President is satisfied with
our military missile and Sci
entific situation" adding II
am not"
Just about a year ago Mr..
Stevenson was telling pro-
spective voters that. If the
United States would suspend
all H-bomb activity, Russia
would follow suit of her own
accord. Obviously, Russia. at
that very time. was well
launched on Sputnik. How
she must have enjoyed Mr..
Stevenson's efforts in her be-
half! All this at time when
President Eisenhower still
hoped that Russia could be
persuaded to use these de-
structive weapons for peace.
To be reminded that. Just
a year ago. he was ready to
hand everything over to Rus
STA, really should cause Mr..
Stevenson pain. Just suppose
he had become our President!
Ada NJ. Wentz.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-15
VISTAS IN SCIENCE
By THOMAS r. HENRY
There Were Stors Long Before Sun

There were several gem
eration9 Of stars before the
sun.
The 90 : called hitG
dwarfs" - stars about the
mass Of the sun but weigh
ing many tons per cubic
inch-may be lettering sur
vivors Of one or more Of
these generations which
have fourished and died like
human generations, but over
intervals Of billions Of years.
This concept is presented
by DR.. Anne B. Underhill Of
the Dominion Astrophysical
Observatory in the Journal
of the Royal Astronomical
Society Of Canada. The pic
ture of emerging and perish
ing stellar generations, she
explains, is supported by an
increasing mass of evidence
from observatories all over
the world. although 1t still
is beset by a few paradoxes.
Again like humans, she
points out. there are short
and long lived stars. They
are all mixed together in the
present star population Of
the vast Milky Way galaxy
of which the solar system
Is a minute part. There
may even be nursery-aged
stars as we'll as objects like
the sun which are we'll along
in adult life.
Some Age Calculations
1.-THE universe" DR.. Under
hill says. sis probably much
older than our sun and solar
system. which in turn are
probably significantly older
than many o and B type stars
Extremely hot giant stars /.
This conclusion comes from
efforts to account for the for
nation of the chemical ele-
ments. The relative album
dances of these elements are
not the same in all observable
parts of the universe. Some
stars clearly contain a greater
proportion of metal and hell
UNI atoms to hydrogen than
others. The more satisfac-
tory theories of the formation
of the chemical elements and
the building up of heavy
atoms from the fundamental
particles of physics envisage
that the necessary nuclear
reactions take place inside
starlike bodies. Put briefly,
this scheme of things implies
that there have been several
generations of Starlike bodies
before our sun and its neigh
bors were formed. The age of
the sun and solar system may
be something like five billion
years. From consideration of
the relative abundance of the
uranium isotopes and Of the
problem of synthesizing the
elements it has been esti-
mated that the time of ele-
ment synthesis was at least
six billion years ago. Are the
white dwarfs remnants from
this time?
I'm comparison with these
ages, the lifetime of a mas
Sive object which we now
recognize as an o or B star
is very small - perhaps a
hundredth of the time that