davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-05-05
NATO'sC Growth

In 1880, when NATO was lust
getting under way. there were some
IS understrength divisions in West
ern Europe, under various COM
mands. A swift Soviet attack could,
in the opinion Of military men, have
sliced through these scattered units
all the way to the channel in a
matter of days.
BY 1854. when NATO marked
its fifth anniversary. Western
Europe's ground forces had in
creased by 220 per cent-from is
to 48 divisions and NATO air
forces from 1900 tactical aircraft
to $500. most Of them modern Jets.
At that time. Gen. Alfred M.
Gruenther. who succeeded Gen.
Dwight d. Eisenhower as Supreme
Commander in Europe. declared
I'VE are still not strong enough to
resist an About act Of Soviet ag-
erosion. but we have built UP q
shield which would be q deterrent
to hasty. miscalculated. or so-called
accidental war"
Since 1854. NATO has been
strengthened by ID the formal
admittance of West Germany and
the beginning Of German rearma-
ment. and CD by the steady adj
vances toward European unity.
particularly during the past year.
The European Atomic Energy Agen-
cy-"EURATOM"-is now reality.
as also is the Common Market. o
plan designed to remove national
barriers to free trade within q short
period Of years.
But on the other side Of the coin.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-05-05
Sparks in Morocco

In Morocco. where tranquility has
prevailed for many months, Q new
source Of internal trouble was re-
vealed by the arrest Of the i've sons
Of the late Pasha Of Marrakech,
THANH el Glaoui. The Pasha, who
died last year. had long been q thorn
In the side Of Moroccan moderate
elements. His sons, along with
others rounded up by Rabat police,
were accused Of "antinational ac-
tivities" and held.
Tunisian Premier Habib Bour-
CUBA on Thursday failed to dispel
persistent rumors that the Bey Of
Tunis. hereditary but nominal ruler
Of the newly independent North
African nation. planned to abdicate.
Such a move would almost certainly
mean q republic in Tlnisia, with
Mr.. Bourguiba probably named its
FIRST president.
Emphasizing the comparatively
relaxed atmosphere prevailing in
the Middle East, the mighty 9Th
Fleet. including the huge carrier
Forrestal. quietly returned to the
central and western Mediterranean
to resume regular maneuvers. The
fleet. dramatically dispatched to-
ward Palestine when the Jordan
crisis fiared. would still be ION call"
II needed.
Possible new evidence Of Egypt
ian intrigue cropped up in Riyadh,
Saudi Arabian capital. Friday.
Saudi police raided cells" last
month. repeatedly breaking up o
plot 10 assassinate King Saud. The
plotters were linked 10 Cairo
bosses.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-05-05
Five Senator'S:
AChoice Made

John C. Calhoun once called
Henry Clay "a creator of wicked
schemes" and Clay often described
Calhoun as . dangerous fanatic.
Daniel Webster. who, according to
John Quincy Adams. possessed q
rotten heart" would hardly have
ascribed lasting greatness to either
Clay or Calhoun. Senator Robert
M. LaFollette. ST.. was one Of the
little group Of willful men, Pres
ident Wilson accused Of wandering
the United States helpless and
contemplate" Robert "A. Taft was
called "muddled and confused" by
a Majority Leader Of the Senate.
But history has treated those
men more kindly than some Of their
contemporaries. and last week they
were chosen by q committee of five
present-day Senators as i've Of the
greatest Senators who have passed
from the scene.
The PHILOSOPHERS Of those Sc
lected. like the selectors, were
predominately conservative.
No such committee that included
Senator John Bricker, Republican
Of Ohio. and Senator Styles Bridges,
Republican of New Hampshire.
could have avoided finding a place
on the list for the late Senator Taft
or. for that matter, for the conserva-
tive Henry Clay. Senator Richard
Russell Of Georgia no doubt was
pleased that room could be found
for the name Of Calhoun, the great
exponent of States rights, and
Committee Chairman John Ken
nedy was in good position to
champion a fellow Massachusetts,
man. Daniel Webster. Senator
Kennedy and Senator Mike Mans
field. Democrat Of Montana, both
probably found much to admire in
the liberal LaFollette.
Nosably absent from the COM
mittee's selections was any spokes-
man Of internationalism, although
Taft and LaFollette, both strict
isolationists. found q place. This,
Of course. could reflect the fact
that also absent from the commit
tee were any representatives Of the
internationalist modern Repuhli-
canism" Of President Eisenhower.
There were regrets expressed on
the Senate floor that it was impos-
sible to name some other Senate
"greats"---such as Norris, Benton,
Barley and Ellsworth. But the
committee was held to five selec-
tons, since there is room for no
more in the Senate Reception
Room, where the portraits viii be
hung.
There were no regrets heard,
however. on one accomplishment
Of the selection committee: It man.
aged to return $9.466.68 Of the
$4,000 that had been allotted for
its work.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-05-05

thicker on administration bills
awaiting congressional action, Mr..
Eisenhower told Republican leaders
in Congress that he was considering
an appeal directly to the people
similar to the one he made three
years ago when he successfully
turned back a Democratic tax-cut
drive.
The word from the White House
was that the President felt "there
has been a great deal of misin-
formation spread about" especially
regarding his $7l.8 billion budget.
and that he wanted to straighten
things out in the public mind. The
implication was that he would
utilize the Nations radio and tele-
vision facilities to seek understand
ing of his program, and the
Republican leaders repeatedly said
it was a good idea.
AS for the Democrats, Senate
Majority Leader Lyndon johnson
said that such an appeal from the
President would be welcome" But
he suggested that it might better be
directed not at the people. but at
the members Of his official family"
referring to the apparent disagree
ment within high administration
circles as to just what the Govern
ment should cost next year.
Earlier in the week, Senator
johnson asked committee chairmen
to report within a week what course
was planned for each of the Presi-
dents LAG proposals. He indicated
the Democratic leadership would do
all possible to push the administra-
ton program.
There were other strong express
sions of support for the administra-
ton program, or parts Of 1t. Vice
President Richard Nixon defended
Mr.. Eisenhower's $71.8 billion budg-
ct before one Of the more vigorous
critics Of the budget-the United
States Chamber Of Commerce.
And in Kansas City, Mo-, former
President Harry s. Truman told q
rowing subcommittee Of the House
Foreign Affairs Committee that
drastic reductions In foreign aid
would prove costly in the long run.
In the Senate. three members Of
the Eisenhower wing" came to the
aid Of the Presidents budget with
charges that the wholesale attack
on the spending proposals are part
Of o broad plan to torpedo the whole
substance Of modern" Republican
ism.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-05-05
REVIEW OF THE WEEK ,
Problems for NATO.

On April 4. 1919, the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization, the
free worlds military cooperative.
was created by representative Of
the United States. Britain, Canada,
Iceland, Norway. Denmark, France,
Belgium. Portugal, Italy, Luxem-
bourg and the Netherlands at cere-
monies in Washington. In February.
1862. Greece and Turkey joined the
list Of nations seeking a common
defense against the threat Of Soviet
aggression. and in 1854 West Ger
many was admitted.
Today, eight years after its
inception. NATO faces q major
turning point. At no time did the
free worlds defense program have
an easy path, for challenges and
problems have been as regular as
the seasons and much more fire.
quent. But last week, while the
North Atlantic Council, policy
making body. deliberated in Bonn,
the capital of the Federal Republic
Of Germany. on NATO's future
course. the consequences Of new
and disturbing factors had to be
weighed.
Probably most pressing Of the
new problems were presented by
the revolutionary change in the
tools Of warfare: NATO, struggling
for eight years to build up ground
forces in Europe suficient to at
least slow down q Communist drive
toward the Atlantic, must now eval-
uate the effect Of adoption Of tacti-
cal nuclear weapons.
The conferees, meeting in the
West German Foreign Ofice's
World Hall, considered future
strategy based on the assumption
that Cd nuclear weapons will be-
come standard equipment Of exist
ing NATO forces. and (2) that
member nations will insist on
drastically curtailing NATO man.
power on the grounds that the
character Of warfare is changing.
Even before the formal opening
of the North Atlantic Council
Thursday, Secretary General Lord
Ismay. who will retire from the top
post on May IA to be succeeded by
Belgium's Paul-Henri Spaak, pre-
dicted that NATOs military experts
will recommend that NATO forces
be armed with atomic weapons.
But the decision to be made is
not simply one Of adopting the best
possible arms for NATO troops.
Involved are major political consid-
erations, particularly the effect Of
a undetermined NATO force on
the Soviet Union. Moscow has al
ready made 1t plain to NATO mem
hers that the presence Of nuclear
weapons. particularly guided mis-
siles, in the territories Of Western
European states would invite dire
consequences.
Unquestionably. NATO has been
a source Of constant annoyance to
the Kremlin. Despite the clear and
quite logical fact that NATO forces
could at no time have constituted
q threat to the overwhelmingly
superior manpower Of the Soviet
bloc. Moscow has labeled the alli-
ance as aggressive. A major aim
Of Soviet foreign policy has been.
consistently. to do everything
possible to break up the unity Of
the West as expressed In NATO.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-05-05
The NATIONAL SCENE
Death Of a Senator

dicted Mr.. Beck in Seattle acted
only Is days before the statute Of
limitations would have expired. He
was accused Of listing income for
himself and his wife. in 1850 as
$46.S98.28. when the return should
have listed $l35,222.05. The differ
ence in the two figures would leave
Mr.. Beck owing $56,419.50 in taxes.
Chairman John L. Mcclellan of
the Senate Select Committee on
Improper Activities in the Labor or
Management Field said that the
committee would hear Mr.. Beck
on Wednesday as scheduled, but
that it would not be necessary to
ask him questions pertaining to
the charges in the indictment.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-05-05
Disarmament:
Soviet Offer

On the very eve of the NATO
meeting in Bonn, the Soviet Union
proposed a new disarmament plan.
The proposal. revealed by Valerian
A. zorin. Soviet delegate to the
London meeting of the United Ma
tons Disarmament Subcommittee,
offered q partial open skies" aerial
inspection agreement. urged once
again q ban on nuclear weapons,
asked staged reduction Of ground
forces, and suggested q system Of
ground controls on arms cuts.
Although there was a measure of
qualification in the West over the
unusual scope and apparent SINGER
ity Of the Soviet offer, the initial
reaction in Washington was cool.
The Moscow proposal had define
ated certain areas of the United
States and the Soviet Union to be
open for aerial surveillance. Some
United States officials quickly noted
that huge parts Of the 2.770,O0O-
square miles Of Communist land
to be subject to inspection under the
Moscow plan would be wasteland,
while the United States areas avail
able to Soviet cameras included all
Of Alaska and most Of the continent
tai United States west Of the
Mississippi River.
But the State Department said
1t would have q hard look" at the
proposal before acting on 1t. There
was q strong body Of ofiicial opinion
that world conditions have brought
Moscow to the point where 1t wants
at least q limited disarmament
agreement.
Notably absent from the Soviet
proposal was the usual fanfare. In
the past. sweeping plans almost
certain to be rejected by the West
were proclaimed to the world with
propaganda barrage. This year, the
Communists moved quietly. The
contrast led many observers to con-
clude that Moscow meant business,
not bombast.
In another departure. Moscow
continued to press for an immediate
end to testing Of nuclear weapons,
but said the issue could be separated
from that Of general disarmament
and treated Independently.
The provocative question Of nu-
clear testing offers the Communists
q particularly attractive field for
propagandizing. Since scientists
cannot agree on as to the extent Of
danger to humanity, present and
future. brought about by radiation
caused by test explosions, 1t has
been impossible to dismiss the So
Wet stand as spurious. (See
symposium on nuclear weapons
testing on page A-35.)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-05-05
Middle East:
'NormoIcy'

AS the week ended, the Middi9
East was returning to its normal"
state Of tension "a smoulderinR
rather than a burning. In Jordan.
young King Hussein consolidated
his control and the capital city Of
Amman relaxed after two weeks Of
turmoil.
The basic issues in Jordan were
still unsettled. and the enemies Of
the Hashemite monarch were be-
lleved certain to renew their pro-
Egyptian and pro-Soviet activities
at the first opportunity. But for
the time being the Kings foes were
scattered and dismayed by the
unlooked-for vigor Of Hussein's ac-
lions of a week ago.
In Cairo. spokesman for Col.
Nasser praised Jordan's independ-
ence. In Saudi Arabia, King Saud
hailed Hussein's victory. In Bonn.
Mr.. Dulles declared that Jordan
had. by resisting pro-Communist
conspirators and accepting SO
million in preferred American aid.
agreed "in effect" to the Eisenhower
doctrine. which King Hussein, him
self, had appeared to reject on
Tuesday.
King Hussein, despite the forth
rightness Of his swift moves to
disarm his enemies and preserve
the independence of his little king
dom. continued nevertheless to walk
dexterously along the tightrope Of
Arab unity. In asserting freedom
Of action and noninvolvemeut with
the Eisenhower doctrine and In
carefully laying much Of the blame
for his recent difficulties at the door
OF Israel. the monarch sought to
keep his identity with his Arab
neighbors. .
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-05-05
Dulles Reossures

As the Bonn sessions got under
way, Secretary Of State Dulles re-
assured the assembled statesmen.
He said the United States expected
to keep up its commitments to
NATO. that he feared no chain
reaction" to Britain's decision to
slash its ground forces in Europe,
and that the Vests position in the
Middle East was improved.
But the concern Of the delegates
with the implications Of nuclear
warfare was evident. Several
pleaded for balanced forces" Lack
of conventional ornaments, they
said. might force the use Of nuclear
weapons unnecessarily. Their fears
were perhaps best summed UP by
Norway's Foreign Minister Harvard
M. LANCE: The Western alliance
must not be obliged to choose be-
tween apocalypse and capitulation."
The report Of q military COM
mittee is expected to be submitted
to Mr.. Spaak In August. Between
late summer and the next meeting
Of the North Atlantic Council In
December. NATO's future military
policy will be blueprinted.
Pending these developments. the
is foreign ministers at Bonn decided
only to reiterate previous pro-
nouncements: NATO forces would
resist aggression with "all available
MEANS" including both nuclear
and conventional weapons.
In q communique issued late FRI
day, the conferees warned that
the Soviet campaign against nu-
clear weapons was designed ito
weaken the principle Of collective
security In NATO." Success Of the
Red drive. the communique warned.
would mean only that the Commu-
mist bloc would then hold q monop-
oily Of nuclear force on the Euro
pean continent.
The basic division Of opinion
among the celebrating statesmen
remained unsettled. But the Ian
guage Of the communique. con-
CURED In by all present, seemed to
be aimed at reassuring the West
that the unity Of NATO's defense
structure was unimpaired: that only
details Of implementation were at
issue.
In NATo. harmony depends on
unanimity. No member nation is
bound by Q majority vote In the
Council: each Ia at all times free
to adopt whatever policy or take
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-05-05
Still Stalled

But at weeks end, the beleaguered
administration program. including
the record peacetime budget, was
still stalled.
Senator Harry r. Byrd. Congress
most persistent budget cutter. de-
manded that spending be cut by
$7.8 billion in two years. Such q re-
duction. he said. would permit a
50 billion payment on the national
debt and a reduction in both per-
sonal income taxes and business
taxes.
The Virginian also called for the
resignation Of Budget Director
Percival Brundage and his replace
ment with someone who Is "dedi-
Gated to economy instead Of APP
parently dedicated to finding new
ways to spend more money"
Senator johnson on Wednesday
outlined the dilemma presented to
the would-be budget cutters by the
administration He pointed n the
plea Of Secretary Of State John
Foster Dulles for restoration Of see
million Of the SAT million cut from
State Department funds uy the
House and recalled Treasury Sec
rotary Humphreys warning that,
unless spending were cut back, the
Nation faced q hair-curling de-
preston. What was Congress to
do? Senator johnson asked. Il do
not want to breach the front-line
defense Of peace and freedom" he
said. quoting Mr.. Dulles warning,
but neither do I want my hair
curled by Secretary Humphreys
depression"
With the new fiscal year only 81
days in the offing. the Senate still
has not passed q single depart
mental appropriation bill for fiscal
1858.
A plan for Federal aid to educa-
ton seemed just about dead, FORE
doomed by the threat Of another
anti-segregation amendment prom
ised ~ Representative Adam Clay
ton Powell. There are 1913 Repre-
sentatives from the Southern States.
almost all Of whom oppose the
school sid bill.
Sixteen Of the States would pay
more into any such plan than they
would receive, and school aid op-
ponents have said that they can
depend on help from most Of the
243 Representatives from those
States. In addition, there was the
urge to pass UP the school bill again
In order to feed the economy drive.
With the first session Of the 85th
Congress past the halfway point,
civil rights legislation still was tied
UP In committees in both bodies.
In the House, where the admin
istration bill was reported by the
Judiciary Committee on April /,
civil rights was stalled in the Rules
Committee. headed by Virginia's
Representative Howard Smith. In
the Senate. Judiciary Committee
Chairman Eastland Of Mississippi
proposed Q 'right-to-work" amend
ment be tackled on the civil rights
bill. q move obviously designed to
split supporters Of the legislation.
Even II 1t survives this test, there
is the prospect Of o lengthy fili-
buster when-and if-the bill ever
gets TO the floor.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-05-05

is embarrassing to the United States.
The proposed agency Is q direct
result Of Mr.. Eisenhower's ATOMS
for-peace" plan submitted to the
U. N. in 1858. The statute creating
the agency was submitted to the
United States Senate last March
81. and the President urged speedy
approval.
But there is strong possibility
that the Senate will fail to muster
the two-thirds majority necessary
to ratify the statute. A strong OPP
position. led by Senator Knowland.
Republican minority leader. Sem
ator Bridges, Republican Of New
Hampshire. and other right-winR
Senators Of both parties threatens
to defeat the measure.
Failure Of Senate ratification
would virtually end any chance Of
the "atoms-for-peace" plans sue
cess. The United States would
then be in the unenviable position
OF having itself scuttled the bold
plan Of its own President to turn
nuclear energy to the peaceful uses
Of mankind.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-05-05

whatever steps may seem most adj
visable nationally.
As expected, the Council was UNI
able to offer any new hope that
the effort for o reunited Germany
was gaining. Mr.. Dulles, stressing
the critical nature Of O continued
division of Germany between East
and West. blamed lack of progress
on Moscow.
Except for decision to have the
four-power working group" on
German reuniflcation, established
by the United States, Britain,
France and West Germany last
February to study the problem, re-
port in future directly to the North
Atlantic Council. the Bonn sessions
were able only to reassert moral
affirmations" on the German ques-
ton. This moral backing, however,
is expected to aid the Adenauer
government in the current cam
paign to win the upcoming general
elections.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-05-05

crate security systems were erected
to keep spies and Communists out
Of laboratories, faculties and ON
cial and quasi-ofhcial jobs at all
levels Of Government. Loyalty oaths
became commonplace requirements
for teachers and others even re-
motely connected with public life.
Textbooks received close scrutiny
for Communist faint, and shelves
Of ACKNOWLEDGEMENT overseas
libraries were stripped Of the works
Of a long list Of suspect writer's.
Disavowals Of Communist back
ground began to be required on ap-
plications for jobs in private in
dustry.
New organizations designed to
protect America from the Com
munist danger sprang UP. and ex-
listing organizations established or
strengthened special Americanism
committees. Blacklists of persons
alleged to have been Communists or
fellow travellers were circulated
among prospective employers. The
"soft-on-C Communists tar brush
was used effectively against political
candidates.
The Mccarthy charges were at
least q factor in all these things.
And some even saw him as the
cause for q general retreat to con-
formity; q reluctance to speak out,
particularly If speaking out meant
taking liberal or unorthodox point
Of view; . widespread distrust of
the Intellectual. There was another
view, however, that held this was
giving him too much credit. In this
view, the Senator was merely an
opportunist riding the crest Of q
national mood. or. at most. q cata-
lyst who crystalized that mood into
action.
BY the time Senator McCarthy's
colleagues wrote an end to his
career, for all practical purposes,
with their condemnation action,
these manifestations were firmly
imbedded In the social pattern. And
they seem destined to stay there,
although they may become less
rigid.
The Senator's death promised a
scramble for his seat among both
Republicans and Democrats In Wis
consin, where there Is no provision
for appointment to congressional
vacancies by the Governor.
Republican Gov. Vernon Thorn
son has delayed the setting Of q
date for q special election until
after Senator Mccarthy Il buried.
Likely contenders among Republic
cans included former Representa-
tive Glenn Davis. who lost q bid
last year for nomination TO the seat
held by Senator Alexander Wiley:
former Gov. Walter Kohler, once
q friend Of Senator Mccarthy, who
grew Increasingly to believe that
the Senator was o Republican LA
bility, and Gov. Thomson himself.
William Proxmire, who lost the
Governorship race TO MIR. Thomson
BY only 10000 votes last year, was
believed to be the leading Demo-
cratic possibility.