davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-08-11

In submitting figures on the
number of Federal criminal con-
tempt cases to arise in recent
years, however. the Justice De-
partment assumes that few. if
any, involved direct contempt.
Lowers Disagree
This doesn't make sense to
many lawyers who point out that
most contempt cases actually do
occur lin the presence of the
court" when feelings and emotions
run high. Few violate formal
court orders to which the jury
trial provision is pitched. Or, as
Prof. Carl Auerbach of the Uni
versity of Wisconsin Law School
puts it, people are not generally
accustomed to disobey court
orders"
In summary, it seems doubtful
that even 40 to go Federal con-
tempt cases of the kind affected
NY JIlt CuIICllI OlNu llBllNo bAAl
actually arise in the course Of a
year
But in the administrations
opinion, numbers are not mean
ingful; what is important is the
deterrent value of a contempt trial
without jury.
The Justice Department argues,
in effect, that. since the power Of
the courts TO punish for contempt
is swift and unhampered by juries.
fewer people violate court orders
than would do so II jury trials
were allowed.
On the surface this appears rea-
sonable. but legal scholars dis
agree. They say the trend is and
has been toward a curbing of the
contempt power = summary or
otherwise-where no jury is avail
able.
To the Judiciary the problem is
as real as 1t is complex.
Court interest in the function
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-08-11

ing of the contempt power is at
least as great as the policy making
interest of Congress and is prob
ably a good deal stronger than the
police power interest Of the Ex-
ecutive. For while the Justice De-
partment and other executive
agencies may be somewhat incon-
venienced If jury trials are re-
quired in cases Of indirect criminal
contempts. the Judiciary must live
with the problem on a working
level day in and day out.
Conceding the power to sentence
summarily for criminal contempt
when necessary, Supreme Court
Justices Holmes and BrandeiS in
1918 argued forcefully against the
existence Of the power in every
case. Il favor the sharpest and
most summary enforcement Of
order in Court and obedience to
decrees," wrote Justice Holmes,
but when there is no need for
immediate action, contempts are
like any other breach of law and
should be dealt with as the law
deals with other illegal acts"
High Court Booking
Justices Black and Douglas on
the present Supreme Court have
consistently expressed kindred
feelings. other modern Justices,
including Frankfurter, Rutledge.
Murphy and Jackson, base shown
similar concern.
More and more the appellate
courts seem to be limiting nom
Jury punishment for criminal con-
tempt to cases of immediate need.
If this test cannot be met they
are apt to view the conduct COM
planned Of as not fitting statutory
definitions of punishable con-
tempt.
Thus. while they do not cut
down the power of discretion of
the trial courts, the higher courts
manage to put q practical brake
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-08-11
VIRGINIA AFFAIRS
Little Equity Here

ginia jurisdictions acted together
to meet some problem like sewage
disposal, but the report states, in
other respects Northern Virginia
rs still little more than an aggre-
CATION of small communities IN
different to the common needs
and problems that bind them to-
gether and unreconciled to having
grown into metropolitan status"
"1ntercommunity consultations
are increasing" Mr.. Ecker-Racz
notes in the introduction, "but
such a logical step as joint re-
gional administrations of func-
tons which are essentially re-
gional in character has hardly
reached even the discussion stage"
He further warns that "reluc-
lance to recognize the essential
unity of the Northern Virginia re-
gion can condemn the entire area
to the status of an aggregation of
shopping centers and deny to it
the benefits of an integrated met
ropolitan entity ideally situated to
play leading role in the economic
life of Virginia"
Focts and Figures
The increasing burden of pro-
viding services for Northern Vir-
ginia'S growing population is dis
cussed in detail. Facts and figures
are given, where only generaliza-
lions existed before.
Total bonded debt in Northern
Virginia amounts to 500 million
most of it for schools. There has
been some Federal aid, but the re-
port warns that this cannot be
expected to go on forever.
The familiar complaint that the
Federal Government ought to con-
tribute more to the area because
Federal activity has brought about
so much painful growth gets little
sympathy in the report. 1t is rea-
soned that Federal activity has
brought prosperity as we'll as prob
lens. Release of Federal land to
taxable private use is urged, in
stead of the more common hand
out-begging.
Some kind of increased con-
sumner tax offers the best hope of
new revenue, in the committees
opinion.
A more familiar way Of express
ing this idea is a sales tax, but
every jurisdiction in Northern Vir-
ginia doesn't have authority to i'm
pose sales tax. Instead. the COM
mittee suggests a business tax high
enough that merchants would pass
it on to consumers.
This item is particularly hard
for area officials to digest. It al
ways has been easy for some of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-08-11
THE JURY TRIAL TANGLE
Courts Nay Have Lost Word on Contempt Issue

on criminal contempt punishment.
One thing that worries the
judges is that, while there are
certain statutory limitations on
contempt penalties, they do not
apply when the Government is the
inStigator of the case out of which
contempt arises. The only limi-
tation then is that the penalty
must be either fine or imprison-
ment, but not both.
Other Considerations
Other facets surrounding the
problem of contempts which have
given the Judiciary pause include:
. The fact that appellate review
of a contempt sentence is sub
jective in nature. The rule has
been laid down that contempt
punishment may be adequate to
serve its end, but no more. What
is adequate" depends on the EEK
tent, seriousness and willfulness
of the defiance" and this is all
the reviewing judges have to go
on in trying to decide if the SEN
fencing judges acts were unrea-
sonable or arbitrary. The decision
is thus human rather than legal.
. The fact that criminal con
tempt procedure appears to get
around double jeopardy" restric-
tons. In other words. it is possible
to be prosecuted both for con-
tempt and for violation Of some
tempt and for violation Of some
particular law for the same act.
. The fact that the Federal Gov
ernment considers 1t proper for
a civil contempt citation to be
made on its behalf. BY definition,
civil contempts are undertaken on
behalf of the adverse private party,
not to redress a wrong to the
court
Many legal experts believe the
when the Federal Government is
party to the suit is criminal con-
tempt.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-08-11

them to say I'VE need a sales tax
but the State won't pass one"
The report points out that
State sales tax would only COM
pound the existing fiscal inequity
endured by Northern Virginia.
With such a tax. more money
would be poured into Richmond
from the prosperous northern cor
ner of the State, with less coming
back.
A business tax, such as the one
proposed by the committee. would
leave every dime right in the area
where it is collected.
There are many other specific
recommendations-some Of par
ticular use to one community or
another, and some Of benefit to
the entire area.
But, as the report notes, 1t is
going to take leadership to get
some of the ideas of the ground.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-08-11
BY SAUL PETIT

NEWPORT. r. l., Aug. lot
has been the practice of writer's
more sophisticated than this one
to fly to Newport to sniff the sea
breeze. to hold up a tea crumpet
and see the way it crumbles and
then. eyes moist with crocodile
tears. to compose a requiem for
the death of social Newport. the
faded rose of American capitalism.
But for this simple suburbanite
visiting the Rhode Island playland
where President Eisenhower will
vacation this summer. there was
still much to be awed by. Perhaps
enough to awe a President. And,
carrying this speculation to a
reckless extreme, it might even be
said that Newport is one of the
few places left to awe a Texas
millionaire since nothing humbles
new money more than old money,
made before high taxes.
True, things have changed
since the turn Of the century
when a man earning a million
dollars could live like a Million
aire, when the Newport yachts
were a block long. liveried foot
men held gold candelabra on
every sixth step of a grand stair
case. diamond necklaces could
sink the national debt and New
port hoStesses could entertain 100
at dinner without calling in extra
help.
Some Casualties
1t Is also true that some Of the
great old summer palaces like
"CroSsways." where the imperious
Mrs. Stuyvesant Fish once enter
tanned, have been sold and broken
up into apartments. Others. like
the 100-room Edison Bradley cas-
tie, have become schools. And the
grandest of them all. the 70-room
Breakers. built by Cornelius
Vanderbilt, is now open to public
tours and only a third-floor apart
ment Of IA rooms is occupied by
the present owner. Countess
Czechenyi, the former Gladys
Vanderbilt.
For those slavishly devoted to
the old days, social Newport OBJ
viously has slipped. But for this
contemporary student of split
level housing developments and
so by 100 foot lots. the magnifi-
cence that remains is dazzling
enough. The fact that about IS
per cent of the huge summer
houses remain in private hands is
more impressive than the rs per
cent which have slipped away.
Not all but many acres of lawn
are still manicured to within a
quarter-inch of their velvety life.
Formal gardens, outdoor statuary,
sparkling fountains and ancient
beech and elm trees sweeping the
ground like graceful hoop skirts
are still treated with the care re-
served for the family silver. And,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-08-11
BY DIR. CHARLES S. WHITE

Fifty years ago only an optimist
could visualize the growth Of
Washington, although it should
have been obvious to him that the
Capital of the United States would
participate in the progression and
prosperity of this country. It is
evident that insufficient consider
alton was given to planning for
the expanding demands Of trans
portation, communication. water
supply. and other municipal prob
lens associated with an increasing
population.
We are now confronted with this
lack of vision. One needs only to
visit our suburban areas and
observe the harem -Scarem layout
of highways, bizarre architecture.
inadequate school facilities, and
other conspicuous deficiencies to
be convinced that planning for the
future has been sadly neglected.
When a successful industrial COR
poration decides to build a plant
which may employ thousands, it
also plans to construct and develop
an adjoining village or town, and
to set aside plots for schools, hos
pitfalls. municipal headquarters,
churches. fire houses. recreation
centerS. and other facilities which
the prospective citizens have a
right to expect. There are many
such examples in this country to-
day, nearly 200 in fact. Of which
Brook Hollow. Tex, is an out
Standing example.
Poor Distribution
We will have in Washington, in
the immediate future, an excellent
example of the poor distribution
Of hospital facilities. Two Of our
largest and most modern institu-
lions are located in the north and
northeastern sections of the city,
while a university hospital of
nearly 400 beds and another pro-
posed hospital of almost the same
capacity will be operating on the
western edge of the city. leaving
a large part of the Northwest.
Southwest and Southeast. thickly
populated areas, without sufficient
facilities to replace the institu-
lions which have moved. This
applies particularly to emergency
cases and outpatient service.
Some thought should be given
to meet this situation. Assuming
an accident occurred at Fifteenth
and Pennsylvania avenue. result
ing in the injury of several. per-
sons, how would prompt hospital
ization be provided? Ambulances
could probably be summoned from
Casualty or D. c. General Hos
pital. Should the traffic be what
it often is, the delay in moving
the injured persons might make
the difference between a rapid
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-08-11
Old Newport Is Still Plush,
Despite Changing Fashions

wealth. The town was an i'm
portant seaport before the Revolu-
ton. 1t still has more than 300
Colonial structures, many restored,
others hiding behind modern ia
cades of neon and chrome along
narrow Thames street.
Here. too, stand Touro Syna-
gogue, Oldest Jewish congregation
in the country; White Horse
Tavern. oldest tavern in the coun-
try. Trinity Church where George
Washington once worshipped and
Redwood Library, said to house
the country's oldest library room
in continuous use.
Eisenhower Welcome
Newport. of course, is excited
by the impending presidential
visit and town boosters are pre-
dieting it will boom tourist trade.
Even Bailey's Beach. which as re-
Gently as 1949 kept a Supreme
Court justice waiting a half hour
in a corridor until a sponsor could
be found for him. was quick to
extend an invitation to the EiSen-
howers.
The President is expected to
play most of his golf at the New
port Country Club, whose mem
bers include Howard G. Gushing,
Harvey S. FireStone. jr.; Robert
Goelet. Archbold Van Beuren,
Harold S, Vanderbilt and Sheldon
Whitehouse. Despite such plushy
names, it is also true that the
course is open to the public be-
fore noon.
The 6.566-yard layout should
prove a good test for the Presi-
dents game and nervous system.
1t is cooled by unpredictable sea
breeZes. Many of its roughs,
: traps, fences and out-of bounds
areas plague hookers (hitters who
pull to the lefD and the President
is known to be a hooker. If he
happens to be off his game on the
seventh hole, he may end up
thinking this one was designed
by a Democrat. The seventh has
no less than 20 heavily Tipped
sand traps, each a torture
chamber.
While in Newport. the Eisen-
howers will live on Coasters Har-
Dor Island in a white stucco
house normally occupied by the
naval base commander. 1t is
graced by broad lawns in the
front with a sweeping view of
NarraganSett Bay and lovely
flagstone terrace and rose garden
in the rear made private by
10-foot hedge.
Unlike many other hosts in
Newport, the United States Navy
can be explicit about the size of
boss house. 1t has four bath
rooms. two inclosed sun parlors
and a two-car garage. In all, it
has precisely. not approximately,
IL rooms.
ASSOCIATED Press)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-08-11
Could States Share
The Federal Burden?

trying to put it back in the egg
Shells"
Actually, the reasons are some
what more complicated. In the
first place. the Federal Govern
ment has not grown at the ex-
penSe of the States. The truth is
that there has been a tremendous
growth at all levels of govern
ment in the last SO years. Federal.
State and local expenditures COM
bined did not amount to 50 billion
a year at the turn OF the century.
Today they exceed $50 billion,
with State and local taxes COM
prlsing a third of the total.
The consensus among in
formed observers is that no
major changes will be made in
the existing Federal-State di-
vision of responsibility. They be-
lieve that reviSions are much more
likely to affect those procedures
and regulations that cause fric-
ton, and that tax sources con-
ceivably may be affected. More
specifically. the following revi-
sions are believed to be the best
candidates for serious considera-
ton:
I. Streamlining Of Federal A.
nancial aid programs. There are
now so separate grant-in-aid
programs, each with its own set Of
Federal laws and regulations.
State officials frequently complain
about needless confusion and de-
tail and ask for simplification and
less administrative overseeing by
Federal officials. Both the Joint
Federal-State Action Committee
and the House hearings will give
them an opportunity to be heard.
2. Promotion of improved and
more consistent revenue systems
in the States. There are vast diff
ferences among the States in the
kinds and rates of taxes imposed.
Many State officials admit pri-
vately that State governments
ought to put their own finances in
order before requesting transfer of
Federal revenue sources. This atti-
tude may attain greater currency
in the cooperative atmosphere Of
the Joint Action Committee.
3. Reform of State constitutions
and executive departments. States
may have TO modernize their
constitutional and administrative
structures before seriously propos-
ing to assume functions now per-
formed by the Federal Govern
ment. Representatives of city gov
ernments are particularly vocal on
this score, contending that their
problems have not received SYM
pathetic understanding at the
State level. They claim that they
are forced to seek Federal aid be-
cause their State governments are
Anticipated, and dominated by
rural legislatures.
4. ALLEGATION of certain Federal
tax sources to the States. While
no major transformations seem
likely. certain Federal taxes will
come in for scrutiny These are
for the most part excuses on par
ticular commodities or services
which overlap State sales taxes.
1t can be argued that reserving
these revenues TO the States would
eliminate administrative burdens
on both Government and taxpayer
and at the same time, permit the
States to obtain more revenues
from these sources.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-08-11

recovery and a prolonged conva-
leScence, even a fatality. Trans
porting patients suffering from a
fractured hip, broken back, or
severe hemorrhage by taxicab or
police patrol wagon, unaccom-
panied by trained medical per-
sonnet, is unthinkable and should
not be tolerated in this age. This
is not pleasant situation to con-
template, but it is staring us in
the face.
When the Southwest section is
rebuilt. the State Department
addition is completed. and Foggy
Bottom rejuvenation becomes a
reality. there will be a large influx
Of employes and residents in an
area poorly equipped to meet
the demands for disqualification.
Many Of the persons who will live
or work in this area will need hos
pital beds. because they will be
subjected to the usual diseases,
sometimes catastrophe, and ma
jor and minor injuries.
Satisfaction Solution
Some progressive communities
locate hospital subStationS where
employment. traffic and pedeS-
trian congestion is greatest in
order to meet the demands of
imperative medicine and trau-
matte surgery. These small in
stitutions are equipped to receive
and treat such patients tempo
rarily. but they are removed to
hospital centerS or to the care Of
their physicians as soon as their
condition permits.
The time arrived some time ago
when planning for distribution of
disqualification should have been
undertaken. but it would seem
that everybodys business is no.
body's business. In providing po-
lice station houses and fire de-
partment quarters, sites for such
buildings are not selected because
the real estate is inexpensive, or
an outright gift. but they are 10
Gated where they will meet the
requirements of the people they
serve. When the center of activ-
ity or the character OF the area
shifts. the buildings are aban-
doned and modern ones in a more
Serviceable location replace them.
Such a plan has merit. but to
erect an institution in a new spot
without regard to furnishing sub
Stitute services in the abandoned
area is not a functional design
for a modern community.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-08-11
By JOHN STARK

Yesterdays Federal-State Con-
ference at Hershey. Pa. marks
the beginning of another cam
paign to reappraise the divi-
sion Of powers between the Fed
eral Government and the States.
In Congress. a House Operations
subcommittee has com enced
hearings on the question of State
Federal relations and their effect
on State rights and responsible
ties
This question has required peri
odically since the Republic was
established. AS one of the oldest
and most pervasive of constitu-
tional issues, it aroused violent
controversy among the founding
fathers Hamilton viewed the
States as destined to become mere
adjuncts of a powerful central
government, while Jefferson. dis
trustful of centralized power,
looked to the States as the pro-
tectors of our civil and political
liberties. Contradictory views
about the relative ascendancy of
the two governments have COM
peted throughout our history
and in one form or another. man.
age to become involved in every
major political controversy.
For the past few years. the sub
ject has been in the doldrums so
far as any official inquiry is con-
cerned. 1t was President Eisen-
hower's address at the Governors
Conference at Williamsburg on
June "a that reactivated it. Citing
warnings by political scientist
Leonard d. White that the States
were in danger of becoming mere
satellites of the Federal Govern
ment," the President stressed the
need for vigorous. powerful States
and recommended Federal-S State
task force for action" to consider
the present alignment Of functions
between the two levels of govern
ment and the existing distribution
of revenue.
Joint Action Group
1t is this Joint Action Commit
tee that met yesterday in execu-
tive session. Nine State Governors
and seven Federal officials the
Secretaries of Treasury, Labor,
and Department Of Health, Edu-
cation. and Welfare, the Budget
Director, and three presidential
assistants participated.
1t is too early, of course. to dis
Germ what effect the conference
will have on State and Federal
functions. But many observers
familiar with the economic and
political complexities Of the sub
ject don't expect any startling
results History and inertia, they
feel. will prove formidable barriers
TO change. Frequently cited is the
experience Of the Commission on
Intergovernmental Relations. set
up by the President in 1853 to
study the entire field Of Federal
State relations.
This lack of enthusiasm for
revision OF the Federal-State
status quo. evinced by legisla-
tors generally. was succinctly
expressed by Gov. Rubicoff OF
Connecticut. He recently charac-
terized efforts to transfer more
governmental functions to the
States as taking an omelet and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-08-11
POTENTIAL TROUBLE
District Areas Lack
Hospital Facilities

Are the Washington oreo's hospital
facilities keeping poee with need. civic
planning and population shifts? This
article. reprinted from Medical Annols
Of the District Of Columbia. points up
dangerous situotion.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1957-11-07

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"i'Sa, a IL l Dt,n'' oatld 80 P'' "
''il' 80 80 r Pceb ret,rrcd in his
home ON Monday from Sacred
Heart hospital. Cumberland
MIR and Mrs. Arthur Butler. ,Jr..
and daughters were Sunday after
noon visitors OF Mr. and Mrs. Al
bert Glass. UniontoWn, Pa. Other
visitors were Mr.. and Mrs. Dale
Green and family ana Mr' an, ana
MIS-. Alldy an anu fanny n"l,r'
IIiorG; anu W. p h"O' 81 'N''''l'
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moro rl sn , tbo Irnk-ond VIM her
n ,," Air ana NI1s lewis Har-
KIM ThaI ,Ieo enent some timc
Nth raIaiives at accident
Mrs. Margaret Knots. Crelin:
French Smith and Mr.. and Mrs
William Knots Cumberland, were
Sunday guests of Mr.. and Mrs
Carl Bowman.
Wednesday evening visitors OF
Mr.. and Mrs. Rob Roy Paugh were
Mrs. Scott Paugh and daughter,
Olla. Deer idIh. ,....,. ~