davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-05

Under these circumstances
deem it necessary to seek the CO.
operation of the Congress. Only
with that cooperation can we
give the reinsurance needed to
deter aggression. to give courage
and confidence to those who are
dedicated to freedom and thus
prevent a chain of events which
would gravely endanger all of
the free world.
There have been several eXecu-
tive declarations made by the
United States in relation to the
Middle East. There is the tri-
partite declaration of May 25,
1850, followed by the presiden-
tial assurance of October 81,
1850. to the King of Saudi
Arabia. There is the presidential
declaration of April 9, 1856, that
the United the United States will
within constitutional means OPP
pose any aggression in the area.
There is our declaration of No
vember 30, 1856, that a threat to
the territorial integrity or po-
litical independence of Iran.
Iraq. PakiStan or Turkey would
be viewed by the United States
with the utmost gravity.
Nevertheless. weaknesses in
the present situation and the
increased danger from interna-
tional communism convince me
that basic United States policy
should now find expression in
joint action by the the Congress
and the executive. Further
more, our joint resolve should be
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-05
Egypt's Nosser Declares Prime Minister
Denied Such a Possibility in 1855 Tolk

CThis conversation, as re-
ported by Nasser, occurred be-
fore NaSser's sudden and
brusque naturalization of the
Suez Canal in response to the
sudden and brusque rejection
of the Aswan Dam project by
the United States and Great
Britain
l switched the conversation
to the economic problems
that would be created for
Egypt and the Arab states by
a PROLONGED suspension of
economic and commercial re-
lationS with the West.
Certainly. we would be ad-
versely affected" he said.
But in a country like Egypt
the effects will be felt only
by that part of our people who
depend upon imported goods.
The masses of our people have
lived like all their ancestors,
on the verge of starvation. The
economic effects of shutting off
foreign goods would be felt, at
most. by five million out of our
% million
Il myself went over our
budget and our imports. l
could see Immediately where
II million Egyptian pounds
worth of imports could be
eliminated without hardship
TO anyone except those who
want certain imported lux
urieS.'
NaSser listed some of these.
I made a mental note that
some of them were precisely
those that are Imported from
other Arab states. cessation
of which would have a seri-
Ously adverse effect upon their
economies. He continued to
expound the doctrine that
Egypt could be more self
sufficient than she was.
do not go into the de-
tails of this here, because it
would be too space-consuming.
The autarchical argument is
one that Russia has been eX-
pounding in the East, using
the Soviet Union as an exam
pie The analogy. of course.
is economically false, The So
Wet Union, like Imperial Rus
STA. occupies a sixth of the
land surface Of the earth, and
contains within her borders
practically every resource
plentiful land. some OF which
has never seen a plough. in
a country not, like Egypt.
plagued by overpopulation,
and every known minera! in
GLIDING, presumably, uranium.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-05
DOROTHY THOMPSON

This is the last in a series
OF fpe articles bp Miss Thomp-
son. based on her interUieU
Nth President NaSSer.J
CAIRO. Egypt.-"In Febru-
airy. 1855, l had a three-hour
conversation with Mr., Eden
and Sir John Harding" now
in Cyprus, President Nasser
continued. in the interview
am reporting. The Baghdad
pact had not been signed and
I strongly warned against it.
l said that in the long run the
results would be catastrophe.
I suggested that it was essen
tial to consider the internal
condition of all the Arab states
and the relations between
them, All this part of the
world, and, indeed. all Asia
and Africa. are trying to break
loose from external great power
alliances if only for the reason
that they create internal dis
unity. This is true, as l pre-
dicted to Eden. of the Baghdad
pact, as far as Iraq is con-
cerned. It does not have popu-
lar support.
II told Eden. If you think Of
the Middle East. think of two
factors. First. plan defense
against war. in the atomic age,
rather than how to defend
yourself if war comes. Do not
do things that are bound to
foment troubles. Second,
think of the possibilities of in
ternal subversion growing out
of internal disunity. No ma
ton is reliable as an ally if
you do not secure a solid in
ternal front. The internal
front of Iraq is not solid. An
internal front in nation
divided over external policy
can be secured by the police
and an army for two or three
years, not longer.
1.-The Baghdad Pact cuts
into Arab hopes for collective
security of our own. Why
should we not have such a
regional security system?
Il told Mr.. Eden that if
We are attacked by anyone
we will defend ourselves as
best we can and take our case
Immediately before the United
Nations. I also asked him who
he thought might attack US.
Will you ever attack us?' l
asked. Eden said. No,
An aggresSor in the world
today is at a political disad-
vantage that cannot be over
come even by effective mill
tary force and internal police
control"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-05

the area be promptly and clearly
determined and declared. Thus
the United Nations and all
friendly governments, and in
deed governments which are not
friendly, will know where we
stand.
If, contrary to my hope and
expectation. situation arose
which called for the military APP
plication of the policy which
ask the Congress to join me in
proclaiming, l would of course
maintain hour-by-hour contact
with the Congress if it were in
session. And if the Congress
were not in session, and if the
situation had grave implications,
I would, of course, at once call
the Congress into special session.
MiscaIculation Is Risk
In the situation now existing,
the greatest risk, as is often the
case, is that ambitious deSpots
may miscalculate. If power
hungry Communists should
either falsely or correctly esti-
mate that the Middle East is in
adequately defended, they might
be tempted to use open measures
of armed attack. If SO. that
would start a chain of circum-
stances which would almost
surely involve the United States
in military action. l am con-
vinced that the best insurance
against this dangerous con-
tingency is to make clear now
our readiness to cooperate fully
and freely with our friends of
the Middle East in ways con-
sonant with the purposes and
principles of the United Nations.
I intend promptly to send a spe-
cial mission to the Middle East
to explain the cooperation we
are prepared to give.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-05
Eden Said He Wouldn't Attack

And even Russia needs access
to hard currency.
In everything he said about
economics, Nasser seemed to
me TO be talking a great deal
of wishful nonsense. and I
wondered whether, and to
what extent, ne listened to his
own experts, who certainly see
the situation differently.
At one point, waving to-
ward the big pile of papers in
folders on his desk. he had
said, II am on vacation. but
I must 90 through all of
these" saying. or implying.
that he took responsibility
for all decisions. Nasser. I
thought. may prefer honesty
to experience-as / have al
ready quoted him as saying
but ignorant men. however
honest. can lead country
into catastrophe.
Nor is it likely that if vast
economic dislocationS occur in
a country like Egypt or the
other Arab states. revolts will
come from the So-called
masses. The original coup
detat did not so originate. but
among a group of officers of
whom Nasser was the leader.
CoupS d'etat can only be en-
gineered by people who possess
some form of power. But I did
not go into this because I did
not want to start an argyll
ment. l wanted to learn his
views without influencing
them.
NasSer is very conscious of
the masses and plainly be-
lieyes they are the source Of
his chief support.
1T is true that most of our
people are still illiterate," he
said in one connection. But
politically that counts for far
less than it did 20 years ago.
Literacy and intelligence are
not the same thing. Radio
has changed everything. Once
the villagers had no knowledge
of what was happening in the
capital. Government was run
by small lotteries of people
who did not need to take ac-
count of the reactions of the
people. who never saw a news
paper or could read it if they
did. Today, people in the most
remote villages hear of what
is happening everywhere and
form their opinions. Leaders
cannot govern as they once
did. We live in a new world"
He repeated this last several
times during the conversa-
tion.l
This concludes these re-
ports of my conversation with
NaSSer.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-05

This program will not solve all
the problems Of the Middle East.
Neither does it represent the
of our policies for the
area. There are the problems
of Palestine and relations be-
tween Israel and the Arab states.
and the future of the Arab refu-
gees. There is the problem of the
future status of the Suez Canal.
These difficulties are aggravated
by international communism
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-05
THE EVENING STAR. Washington, D. c. ~ A.
SATURDAY, JANUARY &.

but they would exist quite
apart from that threat. 1t is
not the purpose of the legislation
I propose to deal directly with
these problems. The United Ma
lions is actively concerning it.
self with all these matters, and
we are supporting the United
Nations. The United States has
made clear, notably by Secretary
Dulles address of August &c,
1855. that we are willing to do
much to assist the United Ma
tons in solving the basic prob
lens of Palestine.
The proposed legislation is pri-
marily designed to deal with the
possibility of Communist agrees
sion. direct and indirect. There
is imperative need that any lack
of power in the area should be
made good, not by external or
alien force, but by the increased
vigor and security of the indie
pendent nations of the area.
Experience shows that indirect
aggression rarely if ever succeeds
where there is reasonable Sc
curity against direct aggression:
where the government possesses
loyal security forces, and where
economic conditions are such as
not to make communism seem
an attractive alternative. The
program l suggest deals with all
three aspects of this matter and
thus with the problem of in
direct aggression.
Halt to Aggression Seen
1t is my hope and belief that
If our purpose be proclaimed, as
proposed by the requested legis-
lation. that very fact will serve
to halt any contemplated ag-
erosion. We shall have heart
ened the patriots who are dedi-
Gated TO the independence of
their nations. They will not feel
that they stand alone, under the
menace of great power. And
should add that patriotism is
throughout this area, a powerful
sentiment. 1t is true that fear
sometimes pervertS true patriot
ism into fanaticism and to the
acceptance of dangerous entice-
ments from without. But if that
fear can be allayed, then the
climate will be more favorable
to the attainment of worthy ma
tional ambitions.
And as l have indicated, il
will also be necessary for us
, to contribute economically tc
strengthen those countries. OF
groups of countries. which have
governments manifestly dedi-
Gated to the preservation of in
dependence and resistance to
subversion. Such measures will
provide the greatest insurance
| against Communist inroads
Words alone are not enough.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-05

Let me refer again to the re-
quested authority to employ the
armed forces Of the United
States to assist to defend the
territorial integrity and political
independence Of any nation in
the area against Communist
armed aggression. Such author
ity would not be exercised ex-
cept at the desire of the Nation
attacked. Beyond this it is my
profound hope that this author
ity would never have to be exer-
cised at all.
Nothing is more necessary tc
assure this than that our policy
with respect to the defense OF
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-05

The policy which l outline
involves certain burdens and in
deed risks for the United States.
Those who covet the area will
not like what is proposed. AL
ready, they are grossly distorting
our purpose. However, before
this Americans have seen our
nations vital interests and hui
man freedom in jeopardy. and
their fortitude and resolution
have been equal to the crisis.
regardless of hostile distortion
of our words, motives and
actions.
Indeed, the sacrifices of the
American people in the cause of
freedom have, even since the
close of World War II, been
measured in many billions of
dollars and in thousands of the
precious lives of our youth.
These sacrifices, by which great
areas of the world have been
preserved to freedom, must not
De thrown away.
In those momentouS periods of
the past, the President and Con-
gress have united, without parti-
sanship. to serve the vital in
terests of the United States and
of the free world.
The occasion has come for US
to manifest again our national
unity in support of freedom, and
to show our deep respect for the
rights and independence of every
nation-however great. however
small. We seek not violence, but
peace. To this purpose we must
now devote our energies, our de-
termination. ourselves.
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-05

dtNP app NA AdbAOAl Va SOuA AOhl
tesy in giving me. at some in
convenience to yourselves, this
early opportunity of addressing
you on a matter l deem to be
of grave importance to our
country.
In my forthcoming state-of :
the-Union message. I shall re-
view the international situation
generally. There are worldwide
hopes which we can reasonably
entertain. and there are world
wide responsibilities which We
must carry to make certain that
observation-disclosures our own
may be secure.
There is, however. a special
situation in the Middle East
which l feel I should. even now
lay before you.
Basic Aim Is Peace
Before doing SO it is well tC
remind ourselves that our basic
national objective in interna-
tional affairs remains peace
world peace based on justice
Such peace must include all
areas, all peoples of the worlo
If it Is to be enduring. There
is no nation. great or small, with
which We would refuse TO ne
gotiate, in mutual good faith
with patience and in the de-
termination to secure a better
understanding between us. Out
of such UNDERSTANDINGS must
and eventually will. grow conf
dence and trust. indispensable
ingredients to a program Of
peace and to plans for lifting
from us all the burdens of ex.
pensive ornaments. To promote
these detectives our Government
works tirelessly. day by day
month by month, year by year
But until a degree of success
crowns our efforts that will as
sure to all nations peaceful ex'
istence, we must. in the Interest,"
of peace itself. remain yigilant
alert and. strong.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-05

Russia's rulers have long
sought to dominate the Middle
East That was true of the
Cars and it is true of the Boil
sheyiks. The reasons are not
hard to find They do not affect
Russia's security. for no one
plans to use the Middle East as
base for aggression against
Russia. Never for a moment has
the United States entertained
such a thought.
The Soviet Union has nothing
whatsoever to fear from the
United States in the Middle
East. OF anywhere else in the
world, SO long as its rulers dc
not themselves first resort tC
aggression.
That statement I make sol
EMMY and emphatically
Neither does Russia's desire tc
dominate the Middle East sprine
from its own economic Interest
III the area. Russia does not
appreclably use or depend upor
the Suez Canal. In 1855 Soy,et
traffic through the canal repre-.
sented only about three-fourth,
of l per cent Of the total. The
Soviets have no need for, anc
could provide no market for, The
petroleum resources which con.
stitute the principal natura
wealth of the area. Indeed thu
Soviet Union is a substantial. ex.
porter Of petroleum products.
Power Politics Is Reason
The reason for Russia's inter-
est in the Middle East is solely
that of power politics. Consid.
ering her announced purpose Of
communizing the world. it j,
easy to understand her hope Of
dominating the Middle East.
This region has always beer
the crossroads Of the continent.
of the Eastern Hemisphere. Tht
Suez Canal enables the nation.
of Asia and Europe to carry OF
the commerce that is eSSentia
II these countries are to main.
tain well-rounded and prosper.
Gus economies. The Middle Eas
provides gateway between
Eurasia and Africa.
II contains about tWo-third
Of the presently known oil de.
posts Of the world and it nor,
mallr supplies the petroleum
needs Of many nations of Eu
rope, Asia and Africa. The ma,
tons Of Europe are peculiarl,
dependent upon this supply, anC
this dependency relates to trans
portation as we'll as to produc
tion. This has been yividl,
demonstrated since the closint
az the Sue2 Canal and some o
the pipelines. Alternate ways q
transportation and. indeed, al
ternate sources of power can, i
necessary, be developed. Blu
these cannot be considered a
early prospects.
Mideast's Importance Cited
These things stress the i'm
mense Importance of the Midi
East II the nations OF tina
area should lose their independ
ence If they were dominated b
alien forces hostile to freedom
that would be both a traced
for the area and for many othe
free nations whose economic lii
would be subject to near stran
gulation Western Europe woul
be ENDANGERED Just as thougl
there had been no Marsha
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-05

Plan, no North Atlantic Treaty
Organization. The free nations
OF Asia and Africa, too, would
be placed in serious Jeopardy.
And the countries of the Middle
East would lose the markets upon
which their economies depend.
All this would have the most
adverse, if not disastrous. effect
upon our own Nations economic
life and political prospects.
Then there are other factors,
which transcend the material.
The Middle East is the BIRTH
place of three great religions
Moslem, Christian and Hebrew.
Mecca and Jerusalem are more
than places on the map. They
symbolic religions which teach
that the spirit has supremacy
over matter and that the indi-
vidual has dignity and rights
OF which no despotic government
can rightfully deprive him. 1t
would be intolerabie if the holy
places of the Middle East should
be subjected TO a rule that glori-
fles atheistic materialiSm.
International communism, OF
course. seeks TO mask its purposes
of domination by expressions OF
good will and by specifically at
tractive offers Of political, eco
nomic and military aid. But any
free nation. which is the subject
OF Soviet enticement. ought. IN
elementary wisdom, TO look be-
hind the mask.
Baltic States Recalled
Remember EsJonia, Latvia and
Lithuanla. In 1889 the Soviet
Union entered into mutual as
sistance pacts with these then
independent countries; and the
Soviet Foreign Minister, address
ing the extraordinary fifth seS-
sion OF the Supreme So
Wet in October, 1899, solemn
~ and publicly declared that
we stand for the scrupulous anc
punctiliOuS observance of the
pacts on the basis of complete
reciprocity. and we declare thai
all the nonsenSical talk about thu
IsoVletization of the Baltic coun-
tries is only to the interest O.
our common enemies and of al
anti-Soviet proyocateurs. - Ye
in 1910, Estonia, Latvia anC
Lithuania were forcibly incor
porated into the Soviet Union.
Soviet control of the satellite
nations OF Eastern Europe ha.
been forcibly maintained in spite
of solemn promises of a contrary
intent. made during WorlC
War II.
Stains death brought hop,
that this pattern would change
And we read the pledge of thu
Warsaw Treaty of 1865 that thu
Soviet Union would follow il
satellite countries the principles
OF mutual respect for their in
dependence and sovereignty anC
non-interfcrenee in domestic af
fairs" But VIC have just seei
the subjugation of Hungary b!
naked armed force. In the after
math Of this Hungarian tragedy
world respect for and belief il
Soviet promises have sunk to ;
new low. International com
munism needs and seeks a rec
ognizable success.
Three Facts Listed
Thus. we have these simpl,
and indisputable facts.
/. The Middle East. which ha
always been coveted by Russia
would today be priced more thai
ever by international commu
nism.
2. The Soviet rulers continu,
to show that they do not scrupl'
to use any means to gain thei
ends
3. The free nations of the Mid
east need, and for the most par
want. added strength to assur,
! their continued independence.
8.
Our thoughts naturally turl
to the United Nations as a pro
tector Of small nations. II
/ charter gives IL urinary respon
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-05

Our thoughts naturally turn
to the United Nations as pro-
tector of small nations. It's
charter gives it primary respon-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-05

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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-05

so couched as to make it APP
parent that If need be our words
will be backed by action.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-05
PRESIDENTS MESSAGE
Program Outlined
For Mideost Peace

Following the OF President ESenhotCers message
TO Congress the Middle East situation.
First express to ulaed by International
ciati on of w MS
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-05
POTOMAC FEVER
FLETCHER KNEBEL

Ike goes before to power to defend the Mid
die The divisions the Eisenhower crusade will be
known as the Arabian Knights
Adla aps Democratic leaders of Congress The
They how Stevenson used
tack Eisenhower-and look what happened to him!
Assistant Secretary he didn't his
husbands better He doesn't buy the in his
family
leaders succeed in organizing Congress Best
job Its KIND since they succeeded in dsorganng the Demo-
cratic Party.
Elvis Presley is called a predaft physical exam
it's lucky Ike didn't think of that before
the electionor he would have carried all 48 States.
Senator Joe Mccarthy for defeat of Repub-
can Senator Weker in Idaho Joe dreams OF the good old
days when Republican candidates permitted to beat them
selves
The Democrats and the Kremin can't even agree on
simple geometry Moscow always attacking Americas ruling
circles while the Democrats insist the ruling being done by
squares.
sby of goals of independence economic
peace and security welbeng and spiritual growth
country the United If the Middle East
Nations its full in rela nue its geographic role
the hosties in Hun uniting rather than separating
and Egypt The United West if its
able bring about thu
withdrawal of wel-beng of peoples there
hostile from Egypt because well that of Others and
dealing with governments its cultures religions
peoples who had decent their shrnes be
the opinions of the uplifting of the spirit
kind reflected the United of the then the United
Nations General Assembly But States make evden
the of Hungary the sit its willingness support the
different The of the freedom
Wet Union vetoed action by the nations of the
Security Council to require the
withdrawal OF Soviet armed
forces from Hungary. And it -
has shown callou indifference Under circumstances
the recommendations, deem
he ceSue OF the General AS operation of the On
semby The United Nations with that can w
always De helplu put II cannot the needed
wholly dependable deter aggression to give
VI "e VI. ao4 and confidence to those who