davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-28
Up to NATO Itself

But just as the NATO allies can
make It true that an attack On
one is an attack on all, they can
also make 1t untrue. It has been
argued-for instance, by the Ger
man Social Democratic Party
that NATO is a hindrance to
peace, to European security. and
to German unif1cation. Hence it
should be dissolved. and. in any
event, Germany should be entirely
ASSOCIATED from it.
At the Social Democratic Party
conference held in Munich in
1857 a resolution adopted con-
tanned these demands:
The federol government should seek
oetive. olI-rOund negotiations with q
view to replacing the existing bloc
policy by system Of collective security;
The Poris ond Worsow treoties
should be reviewed so os TO reIeose both
ports Of 6ermony from their militory
commitments ond 10 permit on under
standing OF the four powers on the
militory stotus OF oil Germany. :"
This policy. it is argued. would
permit the reunion of Germany,
reduce tensions, reduce the bur-
den of ornaments. and-through
a European security treaty
guarantee" the tranquility OF
Europe. A policy which would
produce these results would be a
good one indeed.
But the argument put forward
can only beguile If one fails to
see that it is disingenuous through
the suppression of unarticulated
premises. The unarticulated
premises are that Germany, as a
condition to unification. shall
render impossible the defense of
her territory and of Western Eu-
rope against Soviet penetration
and domination.
This is accomplished by the
dissolution both Of any unified
forces in being in Europe which
could offer more than token OPP
position. and also Of the political
cohesion which creates and sus-
tains them. Instead the security
and independence of the Western
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-28
Neutrality Acceptable

Membership of NATO entails
recognition of the principles of
freedom and democracy in the
Western sense of these terms. The
examples of Sweden and Austria
show that guaranteed neutrality
is no betrayal of the Western
cause. Practical support for the
ideals of Western democracy need
not take the form of military
alliances.
But if we assume that no
agreement of any kind can ever
be reached with the East, we are
resigning ourselves to the division
of the world into two blocS, in
dorsing the ornaments race and
accepting the risk of new world
war.
This view, so often repeated
with wearisome monotony in the
past, which we, in Western Ger
many still hear expressed today,
is incompatible with the respon-
sibility for world peace. assumed
by the chief powers on behalf
of mankind as whole.
The general development has
led to something very different
from what NATO's founders ex-
pected or could have foreseen. 1t
is now clear that the Bolsheviks
have lost the theological battle in
the border states they added to
their empire after l945, and in
Europe as whole. The uprising
of the German workers in East
Berlin and throughout Central
Germany on June II, 1858, was
the signal of an imperishable will
to freedom and an unyielding de-
termination to defy the Commu-
mist dictatorship. even in hopeless
circumstances.
The bloodshed then, in faith
fulness to the finest traditions of
the German workers movement,
not only failed to terrorize East
ern Europe. but seems to have
served as a promise. Three years
later came the instruction in
Poland. and the Hungarian revo-
luton shook the very foundation
of the Soviet empire. These
events must have convinced the
Soviet rulers that the booty they
had acquired as a result of post
war events could not be held
indefinitely.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-28

which the present regime is UNI
likely to survive.
The hard core of the deterrent
is the nuclear capacity of the
United States and the willingness
to use it in dire extremity. How it
would or should be used-whether
with graduated intensity or in the
most lethal manner at the begin
ning-we may pass. The point
here is that it furnishes the ulti-
mate deterrent.
What we are concerned with is
under what circumstance is the
United States prepared to use it.
have said under dire extremity.
which means an attack on the
United States or an attack upon
interests so vital as to be its
equivalent.
One equivalent is expressed in
the words of Article 5 of the North
Atlantic Treaty-"an armed at
tack against one or more of them
!. =. shall be considered an at
tack against them all :" This
is an equivalent to an attack on
the United States, not because the
treaty says so. rather the other
way around. The treaty says so,
because it is true; and it remains
true only as long as the NATO
allies make it true.
They make it true so long as
they maintain a united and alert
will to resist Soviet encroachment
and also maintain a force in Eu-
rope of such substantial strength
that the Soviet Union cannot hose
to have its way by subversion or
attack or both, without so plain a
mobilization or aggression as to
give unambiguous notice of an
attempt to break the Western
coalition.
Under these circumstances, an
attack on one Is unquestionably
an attack on all, including the
United States. The United States
knows this. The Soviet Union
knows that the United States
knows this; and does not believe
the gain worth the injury which
the response to such an attack
would bring.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-28

suspecting that the oil-bearing
strata OF the peninsula of adjacent
Qatar, or those of Kuwait. might
extend through Trucial Oman TO
the area of Buraimi and into the
desert of Rub'al Khali beyond.
On August 81. 1852. a unit OF
Saudi Arabian soldiers occupied
the center village In the Buraiml
oasis over British protest. How
ever. through the mediation of the
United States. an arbitration
agreement was reached between
Saudi Arabia and Great Britain
according to which both parties
were to withdraw their troops
from the oasis. Each contributed
Is men to q police group to be
stationed in Buraimi to maintain
law and order during arbitration.
Arbitration was TO be conducted
by tribunal consisting of five
members 10 determine the SOW
ereignty over the Buraimi zone.
and to Ak the borders between
Saudi Arabia and Oman uscat.
The tribunal met in Geneva in
the fail OF 1855 amid charges and
counter-charges by Britain and
Saudi Arabia. Then in the middle
OF october, while the arbitration
was still being conducted. an ex-
ploration party Of Aramco person.
mel, accompanied by a Saudi Ara
bian military escort. was asked TO
leave the disputed area by a Brit
ish ofiicial backed by native troops.
The Aramco party left but the
Saudi Arabian escort later re-
turned 70 the area.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-28
'Offensive-Defen

Thus there came into existence
powerful military alliance,
rightly described by President
Truman as an "offensive-defense
pact"-constituting a political
counter ATTACK inasmuch as the
sorely threatened Western Euro
pean countries felt their dwindling
self-confldence restored by the
American guarantees, yet empha-
sizing. at the same time, its purely
defensive character.
This policy did not aim at driv-
ing the Soviet Union out of the
territories absorbed into its en-
pire during the immediate post
war period, but was based on the
determination not to recognize
this state of things. and, by de-
veloping the military potential of
the whole free world. to create a
situation which would compel the
USSR to withdraw from these ter
ritories.
The Atlantic Pact came into ex-
istence as the instrument of this
policy. Regarded simply as an
attempt to put a stop to Soviet
expansion. it can claim to have
justified itself.
From the very first, the ques-
ton of Western Germany'S part
in the general defense was one of
decisive Importance for the West
ern powers. 1t was question that
had to be solved, because the
vacuum created by the defeat of
the German forces could not be
filled by the victorious powers
alone, and there were moral, eco
nomic and military reasons why
the West German potential could
not be permanently set aside.
The United States had little
hesitation in developing that po-
tential for the common defense,
since Chancellor Adenauer him
self offered, as early as 1850. to
accept the rearmament of the
Federal Republic in the Western
allied camp. America was ready
to make political concessions in
order to create the necessary
psychological basis for this meas
ure in Western Germany.
But strong opposition came
from Americas West European
allies. particularly France. which
withheld Its comment even after
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-28
:
Is NATO Doing the Job? A Pair Of Experts Disagree
Times Have Outrun the Device

one of the cornerstones of the
North Atlantic defense organiza-
ton. If parts of the territory
covered by NATO are. as proposed.
included in the inspection zones.
a process of revision will undoubt-
eddy be launched.
The views developed at the
climax of the cold war. though
they may not have been refuted.
are no longer valid criteria for
forming future policy. Arguments
on this subject are complicated
by the tendency to moralize, which
has always characterized the pol
icy of the Western Powers.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-28
NATO Faces Facts

The North Atlantic Treaty. its
organization and its military
forces; are recognition of the truth
that there can be no balance OF
power in Europe, or elsewhere,
which will restrain Soviet power
unless the weight of the United
States is put into the scales. United
States power alone cannot pro-
duce this result. But it can do
SO when Joined with the will and
power Of others.
In Western Europe only the
association Of the United States
with European powers can pre-
vent the leaders of the Soviet
Union from having their way. In
Eastern Europe only this as
ISOLATION can restore independent
national life. In Germany only
this same association can achieve
a uniflcation of the nation toler-
able to West Germans. East Ger
mans and their neighbors.
Let us see why this is so.
In the first place. there can be
no doubt that the Soviet Union
has the capacity-were 1t not for
the association Of Western Europe
with America-to have her way
both in Germany and throughout
Europe. What that would mean
we can gather from the experience
OF Eastern Europe.
Whether the rein would be
looser because of Western Eu-
ropes greater distance from Soviet
borders or tighter because of its
greater potential danger and use
fulness to the Soviet Union we
need not argue. In either event it
would mean peoples republics of
some sort operating within limits
set and maintained by Soviet
force.
OF Soviet capacity to bring this
about-absent the American al
liance-there can be no doubt.
What of Soviet intention? Here
the Russians have been at some
pains to make clear that what
they have the capacity to do in
determining the alignment of
europe, and especially of Germany,
they will do.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-28

All in all, last week was a bad
week for legislation sponsored by
liberals. The House Interior Com
mittee killed a bill for Federal
construction Of a high dam at
Hells Canyon on the Snake River
in Idaho. The revived bill had
been passed by the Senate on
June 81.
Democrats sponsoring the meas
ure had no hope Of overriding a
certain presidential veto OF the
bill But they had hoped 70 add
10 their growing strength in the
powef-conscious West by placing
the blame for the bills defeat on
a veto By Republican President.
The House passed a 5000 mil
lion postal pay increase bill by
vote Of 379 TO 38-i0l votes more
than needed TO override the vetos
which MI Eisenhower has PRONE
ised. The bill was then sent 10
the Senate. where II will be called
up after the civil rights bill re-
ceiyes action. II was expected
70 breeze through the Senate. 49,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-28
BY ERICH OLLENHAUER
Chairman, Social Democratic Party
OF the German Federal Republic

Anyone who looks into the ORR
gins of NATO will realize that as
military alliance it owes its
inception to certain perils which,
though they may have been tenn
porary, were none the less acute.
The Atlantic pact came into
existence because. of the brutal
power politics of the Soviet Union.
which, during the years imme-
diately following the war, swal-
lowed up a whole series Of Middle
and East European states and even
spread its tentacles over Western
Europe. In 1918 there was every
reason to suppose that the USSR
intended to bring the entire con-
tinent under its sway.
The North Atlantic Treaty Or
ganization was based on two COM
Elementary assumptions: The
Western European states were I'M
willing to commit themselves to
the development of their military
potential unless they had Ameri-
can support behind them. and the
United States would not commit
itself in Western Europe unless
the nations concerned would make
simultaneous efforts to help them
selves.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-28
Changed Conditions

The North Atlantic Treaty must
be regarded in a different light
today from that of eight years ago.
if only because there have been
tremendous technical advances in
weapons on both sides, accom-
panied by considerable shifting
of balance.
When NATO was first set up
the situation was extremely dan
gerous, for while the Western
Powers. particularly the United
States, had almost completely
disarmed. the Soviet Union still
had millions of men in service. But
the lack of mobile forces on the
Western side was compensated by
the position in respect of atomic
weapons. where the United States
at first had a monopoly and even
later maintained a considerable
advance in output.
In saying nowadays that a
stalemate has arisen in the East
West situation regarding atomic
weapons. we inevitably imply
revised judgment of the Atlantic
Treaty.
1t is all very we'll to declare
that If East and West are now
on an equal footing with regard
to atomic equipment a Joint or
ganization of ground forces be-
comes all the more urgent, because
in that respect the advantage still
lies with the Soviet Union: but it
must not be forgotten that the
Atlantic Treaty, too, is affected
by the technical revolution In
ornaments.
Prompted and led by the United
States. the West has embarked
upon the current discussion of
zones of inspection, thus declar-
ing its readiness. in principle. to
re-examine q policy which was
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-28
BY DEAN ACHESON
Former Secretary Of state

1t is commonplace to say that
Sarajevo brought an end-or the
beginning of the end-to an in
ternational order which had for
a century nodded and. in impor-
tant measure, controlled human
conduct on this globe. But it is a
commonplace of basic significance.
Upon it rests the unacceptable
necessity for NATO.
What disappeared in the .mael-
strom of two world wars was an
international system based on
recognition that no one power
should or would be permitted to
aspire to European hegemony,
and unorganized save by skillful
shifts of weight on the part Of
Great Britain.
This system since Waterloo had
kept international violence within
tolerable bounds. produced eco
nomic development unparalleled
in human history, and given to
the world degree of political
cohesion unknown since the Ro-
man Empire. and far exceeding it
in scope.
Not only was this system de-
stroyed in the first half of the
present century, but the great
empires of Europe and Japan
which made it work were either
destroyed, voluntarily relinquished
or greatly weakened in relative
power.
Two powers, always potentially
powerful but hitherto compare
lively withdrawn, now furnish the
principal antithetical conceptions
of human purpose and manifesto
tions of human power. Out of the
ruin of this international order
must emerge workable and work.
ing arrangements in the nom
Communist world if it is to live
through the present hazards
without catastrophe.
1t must permit the development
of strong and coherent societies
which will enlist the support and
loyalty of their members. At the
heart of the effort to create ar
rangements of this sort lie rela-
tons within the Western Henri
sphere and between the Western
Hemisphere and Europe. In both
relationships NATO plays an in
dispensable part.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-28
America Essential

Western European nations can
only survive as independent
states with the active support Of
America. Conditions have been
created wherein, should the So
Wet Union attempt to impose its
will on Western Europe, the
United States has the capacity
and intention of intervening and,
with the NATO allies, Of prevent
ing or defeating the attempt.
The deterrent to the attempt
is furnished by the conviction in
the Soviet Union that this can
and will be done and that. in the
course Of it, injury will be inflicted
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-28

East must be answered in that
fashion, the presence of Ameri-
can troops on the continent is
less important than hitherto: for
atom bombers can take off or
rockets be fired from North Amer
lea or North Africa. to attack
strategic targets in the East.
No political party in the German
Federal Republic regards the Ger
man situation purely and simply
from the same angle as do the
members of the defense organiza-
ton of other countries of the world.
The attempt to equate these at
titudes is prompted by cor1sidera-
tions of propaganda and has led
to a general confusion harmful
not only to Germany.
Chancellor Adenauer's Govern
ment adopted. from the outset.
the attitude that without a Ger
man contingent as part of NATO,
the Western Powers would not de-
fend the territory of the Federal
Republic, which would be left at
the mercy of the USSR. whereas
NTH a German defense contri-
button, the Soviets would gain the
impression Of expanding military
strength and be forced to nego-
tiate the identification of Germany
under conditions which could not
be secured in any other circum-
stances.
The German Social Democrats
had never disputed the necessity
of supporting Western self-asser-
ton, and wished to make an I'M
armed but effective contribution
thereto. They were not neutral,
but convinced that rearmament
would deepen the trench cut
through German territory, and
that the West German contingent
would be Offset by the rearma-
ment Of the 10 million Germans
in the central zone.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-28
Proved Correct

Events have proved this pre-
diction to be correct. and the
recognition of sovereign rights
to the provisional Western Ger
man regime, which necessarily
accompanied rearmament, has
supplied a pretext for the Soviet
assertion that Germany now con-
sists of sovereign States, which
must reach their own agreement
as to the reunification of the
country.
1t is hard to see what help NATO
could give in contesting that as
sertion. On the contrary the
longer the partition continues.
and the more firmly the Fed
eral Republic becomes embedded
in the Western defense sys-
tenn, the greater the danger
that partition will become rigid,
that the Bolshevization of Central
Germany will be carried to greater
lengths, and that the so-called
German Democratic Republic will
be promoted to the ranks of the
Peoples Democracies." after
which the Soviet imperalists will
feel unable to relax their grip on
1t, If only for reasons of prestige.
The time has now come to ad-
vance beyond the military agree
mentS embodied in NATO and
create an organization in which
the economic forces of the West
ern countries would unite as a
World Marshall Plan" to solve
the greater problems by a general
co-ordinated effort to further the
economic development OF the
young nations all over the world,
TO raise their standards OF living,
to render them immune TO Com
munist infiltration. and thus
strengthen and reinforce world
security and peace.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-28
Hope for Future

Not only is NATO and It's
common force essential for the
security of Western Europe, 1t is
the principal cause for hope for
the recovery of national identity
in Eastern Europe. out Of which
alone German identification can,
safely and lastingly develop.
Surely no one can seriously be-
lieve that Yugoslavia and Poland
would have the varying degrees
Of national independence which
they have If Soviet power was
subject to no check or restraint :
in Europe. If it were free to have
its way wholly unrestrained, both
of these countries would be as
dominated as Hungary. And.
while Germany might be reunited,
it would be under conditions which q
not only West Germans, but East
Germans. and all East Europeans
as well, have found all but unen- +,
durable.
For the present it is greatly to
Russian advantage to discuss Z
withdrawal tof Soviet and Amer
lean troops from Europe) in a
vague and general way. This =
weakens Western resolution. post- 2
pones German military partcfLn
patton in her own defense. en4d
courages British belief that the y
expense of British troops in Eu-.
rope is unnecessary and French :
desire to concentrate wholly on /
North Africa. ID
Whenever the discussion be- :
comes at all pointed. the Russians
can insist that by American with
drawal they mean withdrawal
from all overseas bases. At one
stroke this would accomplish more !,
Tor the Soviet Union in reducing !.
American power-and European
security-than a nuclear attack
upon the United States and With
out any danger of retaliation. $50
That this would be for the West /.
folly almost beyond Imagination j,
does not prove that it may not
happen. For the folly of man
surpasSes the imagination. The
stimulus TO this particular folly
is the temptation before all poll
ticians to tell their people that !.
their greatest hopes and wishes
can be achieved without danger
and without effort.
Perhaps we can avoid this dis
aster by constantly telling our
selves that weakness makes OPP
preston all but inevitable. and
that for a nation which in trou-
bled times is weak and friendless,
when 1t need not be, retribution is
terrible but Just.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-28
OIL IS THE KEY
BY NED MARTIN

On the surface, the rebellion
raging in the Persian Gulf sultan
ate Of Oman and Muscat appears
to be of little international sig
nificance - another instance Of
the British helping an ally quiet
dissident elements in his country.
Actually. however, the economic
and political implications of this
little war are much broader.
The economic stakes are enor-
mously high. A wealth of oil. esti-
mated in the hundreds Of millions
Of dollars. is believed to lie be-
meath the sands Of the desert
where the fighting is taking place.
Both Britain and Saudi Arabia
have ideas on how this oil should
be explored.
The British want Petroleum
Development. Ltd. which is 81
per cent government-owne to do
the job. Saudi Arabia wants the
Arabian American Oil Co. to do
II.
Politically, the rebellion is i'm
portant because 1t involves the
last vestiges OF British prestige as
a force in the Middle East. And
the United States is drawn in as
the friend Of both sides in the
basic oil dispute.
The United States may have TO
choose between supporting or
abandoning Saudi Arabia. whose
newly won friendship. following
King Saud's recent visit to WASH
ington. has helped enhance Ameri-
can prestige in the Arab world.
Britain is acting in Oman in
accordance with a g-standing
treaty with the Sultan. which puts
the administration Of defense and
foreign affairs Of Oman-Muscat
in her hands.
Borders Underlined
The Buraimi oasis consists of
eight small villages each with its
wells. date gardens and cultivated
areas. The oasis lies in a neutral
area with underlined borders be-
tween Saudi Aribis and the Sheik-
dom Of Oman. In 1915. the
tribes occupying these villages
were induced to adhere to the
British-protected sultanate OF
Oman-MuScat. Until that time
neither the British or the Saudi
Arabians paid any attention to
the Buraimis and left them TO
Craze their lands in peace. But
when the smell Of oil doomed over
the hitherto undisturbed oasis.
things began TO happen. For dur
Ing that period biologists began