davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-29
A Misguided Liberal Tactic

Of the House. This was a big
enough coalition to form q
majority-and the decision
was to postpone school legis-
lation until next session when
the real battle for it will
take place.
AS for coercionism, it is not
working in the civil rights"
fight and it never will bring
indignation" in the South.
Such ill-advised proposals as
the one introduced by a So
called Democratic liberal"
in the Senate the other day
to reduce the South's pro-
portion Of representation in
Congress If more Negroes
didn't vote-is reminiscent Of
the way the Republican Con-
gressmen from the North
functioned in Reconstruction
days. Also. to deny jury trial
on the theory that Southern
people on juries cannot be
trusted to render just ver-
diets, is the way to increase
discord and dissension.
Whatever may be the solu-
ton ultimately to the hand
ling Of the race problem in
America, it can come only
through voluntarism = and
not coercionism. There is
nothing liberal" about coer-
Give tactics however tempting
may be the Machiavellian
maxim Of totalitarian minds
that the end justifies the
means. It will not work in
free America. Many Of the
intellectuals of our day who,
yielding to emotion, have
swallowed the coercionist
doctrine do not yet realize
that the greatest victories in
behalf of humanitarian
causes are won through
patience and moral suasion.
For this is true liberalism
which, 1t is gratifying to note.
is motivating more and more
members Of both parties in
the civil rights fight in the
Senate.
Reproduction Rigtts Reserved)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-29
1857 Version Is Seen CompIicoting
u. S. Stand on World Atom AGENCY

It would require congress
sional approval Of each trans
fer Of fashionable material to
the international agency. with
the exception of amounts
heretofore promised by the
President. Thus it would
represent a sharp limitation
on the Presidents power to
cooperate with the agency.
The State Departments
complaints have produced a
promise that the amendment
will be reconsidered before
it is brought to the floor.
Members who voted for it,
however, insist 1t is not so
simple as the issues usually
posed by a Bricker amend
ment. Deeply intertwined in
the story is the coming COM
mercial rivalry over the pro-
duction and sale of atomic
reactors by the great powers.
especially United States
British rivalry.
Britain has rushed ahead
with the manufacture Of re-
actors, using natural uranium
fuel which is now abundant.
Atomic Energy Commission
Chairman Lewis l.. Strauss
has consistently refused to
build this type and United
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-29
POTOMAC FEVER
FLETCHER KNEBEL

Democrats want to play fair They have deeted Oriental
nu ana lung cancer from the list Of caames they're ba
ing on President Eisenhower.
Secretary Of State Dulles flies to London disarmament
talks They're going fine Both sides agreed to outlaw
the catapult the cross-bow and the battle-ax.
Washington has funny rules They'll pay you for not
growing cotton and let deduct foreign brides from taxes
but they won't let deprecate yourself for going crazy
trying to figure it out.
You don't catch Ike doing crybaby poung when he
gets licked in Congress He squares his shoulders splits on his
hands-and yells for his golf clubs.
Senate proberS charge Treasurer Kenert the United
Textile Workers used $4,000 of union funds for tickets to
MY Fair Lady" Fellow union officials outraged-and
hope the ticket scalper is sent to Jail.
Don't be too harsh your fellow People steal
bath towels from hotels may be needy who
towels for their swimming pool guests back home.
After two weeks Of investigating her-tip cigarettes
House committee has decided the man who buys them is
worse of than the man who buns them.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-29
DORIS FLEEsON
New Style BHcker Amendment

States reactors require spe-
cial nuclear material.
Foes of the amendment
argue that 1t will force the
world market for atomic re-
actors toward the British
concept. They say buyers
abroad will not want to buy
a United States type whose
fuel is subject to congress
Sional restrictions.
The amendments support
ers suggest that if Chairman
Strauss were not so monop-
oly-minded he could manu-
facture the British-type re-
actors also, so that the world
buyers would have a choice
Of suppliers and assurance
that the vital fuel would be
in plentiful supply.
The time is growing very
short in Congress for action
in any complicated field.
Any bitter dispute might
mean the end of IAEA par
ticipation this year.
Immediately at stake are
orders Japan is intending to
place for atomic reactors.
Reports here are that she is
veering toward the British
because they can assure her
Of abundant fuel and it is
also available from other
sources whereas the Strauss
reactor as of now would con-
flne her to the American
market.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-29
THOMAS [. STOKES
New Book Describes WosteIond
Left After Monkinds Last War

Civilization may yet save
itself-and it is debatable-
if everybody everywhere.
especially the handful of
political rulers who hold our
fate in their hands, could
once get to know and really
feel one sensation, what we
shall call the great silence.
The awful silence, that is,
which hangs over areas once
inhabited that have been
wiped clear of life by war.
Only the ruins are there.
gaunt and speeches.. and
nothing human or animal
moves. and not a single bird
sings in the solitude.
You come away with the
feeling of that awful silence
from reading a new book
Nevil Shute's ION the
Beach" 1t is a silence whose
dimensions we have never
dreamed Of, but which we
must take accouns Of be-
cause of the ever-larger
family of atomic bombs.
They can denude a whole
world and leave 1t silent, a
veritable grave Of civiliza-
ton with nobody left to drop
a flower on it.
In Nevil Shute's story of
the worlds last war we are
with a community in and
around Melbourne, Australia,
where the people are waiting
for a slowly advancing cloud
of radiation to reach them.
1t has already destroyed
every bit of life in the north
ern hemisphere, including
North America and Europe.
The people in the book have
three months to live.
You get the feeling Of the
awful silence on a lifeless
continent from the American
submarine that escaped to
Australia and goes on a mis-
sion along our Pacific Coast
and past San Francisco and
Seattle. where nothing lives
or moves. The same piano.
rama Of a lifeless East Coast,
and the silent giant Of New
York City, comes in reports
from another American sub
marine that escaped to South
America. the two submarines
being all that is left Of the
United States Navy.
Then. at the end, the per-
nicious poison of radiation
reaches the people we have
learned to know in Australia,
including the American sub
marine commander, and so
for them the world goes out,
and only the awful silence is
left over land and sea.
To anybody who has ever
felt this silence on a smaller
scale, as you could here and
there during the Second
World War, 1t is an unforget-
table experience. 1t colors
your whole attitude there
after. 1t sharpens the edge Of
your Illustrations that every
body else does not feel it. It
makes you want to cry out
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-29

become a farmer, but he clearly
sympathizes with him.
The young couple is living
on the farm, incidentally. be-
cause they cannot find an
apartment in the town.
Life may be hard for Mr.
Kochanek and his farm may be
too small ever to benefit from
mechinization, but Mr.. Ko-
chanek is free and independent
and he intends to stay that way
Deliberate Choice
A few peasants, however,
have deliberately chosen COL
lectivization. A visit to one OF
the remaining collectives shows
a sharp contrast to the way of
life of Mr.. Kochanek and his
neighbors.
There is a collective near
Warsaw where Is families have
Joined their lands to form a
farm of $50 acres. This farm is
obviously richer and more eff
ficient than any of the private
ones near by. For instance:
The collective has three large
brick barns; nearby private ones
have wooden sheds.
The collective has a thresh-
ing machine, a tractor (the
numbering Ursus, Poland's only
tractor and a good. though ex-
pensive one, for large farms)
an electric water pump, sowing
and wedding machines, and a
hay lift. 1t can rent others
from the state. Nearby private
farms have virtually no ma
chinery.
New Brick Home
The collective farmers live in
new brick homes, with gas
stoves and spacious rooms. The
neighbors live somewhat better
than Mr.. Kohanek but not on
the collective scale.
1t costs $50 zlotys to pillow an
acre on the mechanical, large
scale collective. 1t costs about
$50 zlotys to pillow with a horse
on the small private farms.
The collective has a 900, 900
zloty dollhouse which brings an
annual income to the group of
100000 zlotys in tomato and
cucumber sales. A private hot
house is rare.
In the collective's House of
Culture Ian old stone building
now containing only the d.
rector's apartment and a lot of
chickens. but with big plans for
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-29

the future) the director of the
project explained how it works.
The peasants pool their land
and then work on the farm for
a regular wage. Profits are in
part invested in improvements
and in part distributed as cash
to the members.
He said all the old members
stuck with the farm through
the crisis of last year. and now
he hopes to start enlarging the
membership.
Conservative People
Its difficult to get more of
the local peasants in the COL
lective," he said. They are
conservative people. and they
want to stay on their private
farms. They see we are living
better than they are, but they
still hold out.
Some Of their children come
over to work for us, however,
SO perhaps the parents will
change in time"
The group plans to open it's
own store in Warsaw and there
by market fruits and vegetables
without a middleman. There
are plans for more buildings
and more machinery.
One cannot help believing
that collective farms are better
for Poland'S economy than
small private holdings. Yet,
after talking with peasants,
one also becomes convinced
that private farms are best for
the farmers soul.
Visiting economists say that
private co-operatives may be
the real answer to the prob
lem. Polish farmers had many
co-opS before the war. but Ger
man and then reactionary
Communists regimes stamped
them out. Now they are reviv-
ing, and some peasants are
learning with interest about
Scandinavian co-ops which
have greatly benefited farmers
there.
Peasants like Mr.. Kochanek
are still suspicious, however.
If the government wants co-ops
1t will have to prove to the
Mr.. Kochaneks that Poland's
agriculture will always remain
private and free.
But that. of course, is con-
trary to what Marx and Lenin
decreed.
Tomorrow: GOmulka, the
boss Of Poland.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-29

has done to them than fol-
them.
Talks with other peasants in
Dictated that Mr.. Kochanek was
not just an exception. With
my driver-interpreter I went
from cottage to cottage in the
countryside and found always
a kind reception and vehement
dislike Of the Communists. I'm.
partial observers have assured
me since that peasant reaction
all over Poland would be the
same.
Peasants make up 60 per cent
Of Poland's population. They
are poor people. Their farms
are small, and their farming
techniques are backward. Po-
land has rich land. and there
should be large SURPRISES Of
farm products for export. But
production is low. and Poland
must import foodstuffs.
The new Gomulka govern
ment. which Is trying to win
support in Poland by proving
that Marxist Socialism can be
good for you. needs the positive
support Of the peasants in at
tempts to modernize agriculture
Resisting When They Can
But the peasants are resist
ing Communist ideas whenever
they can.
Mr.. Kochanek has not for
gotten the days Of forced COL
lectivization. During the "Stal-
mist" times, peasants were
pressured to combine their
private farms into large state
run collectives-the kind OF
farms Marx and Lenin decreed
were best.
But the peasants wanted to
keep their private farms. Few
Joined the collectives voluntar-
lily, so the government put pres
sure on them to join. High
taxes, threats Of jail and forced
deliveries Of crops forced some
10 per cent Of the farmers to
organize l0.500 collective farms.
Then when the Gomulka
government came to power last
fall the party conceded that
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-29
A World of Awful Silence

in this wilderness were sad
eyed, forlorn. Nobody smiled.
Two little girls, holding
hands, stood on a street car
platform. They were waiting
for one of the rarely-seen
automobiles to pass; but, in
that nervous sort of hysteria
that such a scene provokes,
two members of our party
spoke UP simultaneously:
Waiting for a street-car
that never comes"
For there were, OF course,
no street cars.
Exactly 20 days from that
day this reporter came half.
way around the world to San
Francisco for the conference
that ultimately drafted the
United Nations charter. Once
again frustrating for one
fresh from the awful silence
were the diplomats and
politicians splitting hairs a.
if all that destruction, with
the awful silence brooding
over it, had never been.
But something eventually
did come of ia world or
ganization that has survived
many crises. A committee Of
the United Nations is sitting
now in London, as it has been
for many weeks. looking for
some way for the world to
stack its guns and use atomic
energy only in the pursuits
of peace. We can only hope
that the men there from the
great powers can somehow
feel that awful silence that
could come over q whole
planet now unless we can
find some way to keep men,
women and children busy at
peace and making the cheer
full noise of friendly con.
versation and laughter.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-29

every so often to the human
race to wake up. 1t gives you
new hope every time diplo-
mats sit down together to try
to find the way out. or when
a voice is raised, as Is that
Of our own President. but too
infrequently.
This reporter experienced
the awful silence during the
war on a tour that Gen.
Eisenhower. during a visit
with him at Rheims, had
recommended for anyone who
really wanted to see what
war does. The tour included
the field of splinters that
once was the town of Julich
and the hulk of sticks and
stones that had been Aachen.
But, most haunting of all
was Cologne, because the big,
busy modern city as remem-
bered from years before was
now only an awful silence.
The cathedral, almost alone,
rose above the mountain of
debris as a single symbol of
the forgotten brotherhood of
men under God in acres Of
ruins testifying to mans in
humanity to man. This city
Of the dead was Germany's
hostage to her crime against
civilization. but a crime
against her own as well as
against all of the rest of
humankind.
When you moved about in
the stiffness your feet made
that thick, padding sound as
If walking through snow, and
you lowered your voice in
Stinctively as If in a ceme-
terry. The few people abroad
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-29

forced collectivization was
wrong. The peasants promptly
de-collectivized s,40O of those
farms. dividing the land among
the former owners.
Hasn't Given Up
The party has not given UP
its goal Of collectivization. It
merely has postponed it and
removed the threat OF force.
1t is trying now to collectivize
by the back door. 1t is en-.
couraging a cooperative move
ment and hoping that will lead
gradually to collectivization.
The co-ops are private, not
state-owned, and are given
considerable financial help by
the state.
But peasants so far have re-
NAMED suspicious. Mr.. Kocha-
mex said the Communists could
not be trusted to let the GOODS
remain private and free.
Economists point out other
past mistakes the Polish gov
eminent has made in agric,il-
ture. Little capital was in
vested in farming. Land was
shifted from food to industrial
crops like tobacco, fax and
sugar beets. And the indus
trailization program encouraged
movement Of people from the
farms to factories.
Poland gained good farm
acreage In war-caused shifts
and lost one-third Of its popula-
ton. Yet. Polish agriculture
Is now less able to supply the
country's needs than before
the war.
Medium Sized Farm
Mr.. Kochanek. who owns a
medium sized" farm Of Is
acres. has no machinery. He
grows potatoes. wheat. assorted
vegetables and has a few fruit
trees. His home has two rooms
One is a kitchen with a wood
stove and two extra beds. The
other has a rough wooden table,
wardrobe and chest. The walls
are painted white with a blue
fioral pattern rolled onto It.
The home and fields are neat
and orderly.
Mrs. Kochanek was barefoot.
but other members Of the
family wore shoes. Farther
East in Poland one finds almost
all the peasants barefoot, and
home are poorer. sometimes
Just trimmed-log cabins with
out floors.
Mr.. and Mrs. Kochanek and
the daughter-in-law work the
farm. The son has a Job in
the nearby city and does not
want to be q farmer. II make
more money and work less in a
city Job. Why should work
the farm" he said. His father
regrets that the boy will not
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-29
DAVID LAWRENCE

CoercioniSm - the mis-
guided tactic Of too many of
the so-called liberals" Of to-
day-just will not work.
This has just been impress
sively demonstrated in the
handling by Congress of two
major pieces Of legislation
the modification of the civil
rights" bill and the side
tracking Of Federal aid for
schools.
1t Is unrealistic to say, as
some Of the partisans now
are saying, that If President
Eisenhower had only fought
harder for the school bill he
could have gotten it through
the House. What killed the
bill for this session was the
mistaken zeal of a large
group of both Northern
Democrats and Republicans
who tried to jam down the
Threats of the Southern peo-
pie a measure that would
have deprived them Of Fed
eral money for their schools
unless they accepted Gin
tegration." It is true that
there was a parliamentary
maneuver under way to elm
mate this coercive feature
from the pending bill. but
in the background was the
announced intention of GER
tain Of the So-called liberal"
bloc in the House to attach
the same provision later on
to an appropriation bill as a
rider"
What is generally over
looked by the critics is that.
even had there been approval
by the House, no such bills
would have gotten by in the
Senate anyway.
It is passing strange how
often so many Of the So
called liberals" openly adj
vocate that the President APP
ply threats and the tactics Of
pressure to coerce the mem
bers of his own party in Con-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-29
FutiIity of 'Coercionism' Seen in Defeat
OF Two Racial Measures in Congress

gress. This Is euphemisti-
cally described as q means
Of exercising leadership" It
runs counter. however, to true
liberalism which holds that
the elected representatives Of
the people should represent
the will Of their constituents
and should not surrender
convictions by succumbing to
the Establishments Of presi.
dental patronage or special
favor.
The idea is frequently ad-
vanced that all q President
has to do is to crack the
whip" and, to change meta
phors, he will then have q
rubber stamp" Congress to
do his bidding. This isn't
true representative Govern
ment today and it never has
been. Presidents have won
major causes only when they
could convincingly persuade
and not when they tried to
coerce.
The real reason why the
SIS billion school bill failed
is that the sponsors Of it have
not yet sold it to the coun-
try. There is, Of course, need
for more classrooms and In
some areas certainly Federal
aid is essential if there is to
be any immediate program Of
construction. But the very
partisans who are complain
ing about the Presidents fail.
ure ito fight aggressively" for
the school bill forget that
they themselves helped to
build up throughout the Ma
ton the So-called economy
mood" of today which began
when the critics last January
assailed the $71.8 billion
budget Of the administration.
There wasn't a China
mans chance of passing any
kind Of a school aid bill at
this session. The Southern
bloc had its back up and so
did the economy-minded bloc
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-29

the old landlords. it was better
Tenth OF q Series
If they had another election
now. I would vote against them
I'm sorry I voted for them in
January"
The speaker. a peasant farm
er named Jan Kochanek. was
seated at the table in his COM
bined dining. living and bed
room on hot Sunday after
noon. With him were his wife
a pleasant, smiling woman who
brought me white cherries
picked from a backyard tree
and insisted they were all for
me: his son, about rs. and his
sons pink-cheeked wife and
their little girl.
I had asked what he thought
Of the new. liberal Communist
government in Poland, and his
eyes had blazed up in indigna-
ton. His family nodded agree
ment as he spat out his hatred
I the Communists.
Don't Talk TO Stranger
I was surprised. In the first
place. Poles in Warsaw had
told me there was no use talk.
ing to the peasants. Peasants
don't talk to strangers. 1t was
said. and anyhow they are not
interested in politics. In the
second place. Communist Party
supporters in Warsaw had told
me Of the good things done for
the peasants by the new gov
eminent - abolition Of forced
deliveries, return Of agriculture
TO free enterprise methods. fix
ing Of higher prices for crops
and, in general. an end OF Par
ty harassment.
But in a few minutes with
Mr.. Kochanek. / decided that
perhaps peasants love strang-
ers, are very much interested
in politics and are better able
to remember what the Party
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-29
QUEST FOR FREEDOM
Peasants Criticizino
Regime of GomuIko
BY RICHARD FRYKLUND
European Correspondent Of the star

BIALAGORA. Poand.-The peasant stretched out his
hands and said Look Look at these hands They bruised
and from work Work before the up
dark at night. I'm not lazy. work hard.
But what good does work do? The Communists take
everything They make sell my milk them a half
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-29

zloty, and they sell 1t in the city
for three Zlotys. They keep the
difference. / work and gel
nothing.
Even before the war. under
the old landlords. it was better
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-10
Boy, 10, Wins
100000 on "

NEW YORK. April 10 (R.-I
Schoolboy Quiz Whiz Robert
6trom parlayed his TV winnings
to 100000 last night and be-.
came the new champion money
winner for a single program.
The 1O-year-old Bronx science
expert deposed Theodore Nader,
st. Louis Army clerk, as top
money winner for one show.
Mr.. Nader had boosted his win
nings to $4,000 on another
program last Sunday.
Young Strom will return to
CBS-TV's 1.-THE $4,000 Cues
ton" next week to try for $780,
BOO. If he doesn't stumble. he
eventually can win $256.000.
Another boy. ll-year-old
Leonard Ross of California. still
holds the title for the most
money won. But his winnings
of $164,000 came on two differ
ent quiz shows.
Last night Robert correctly
answered q complex four-part
question dealing with physics.
aerodynamics. astronomy. math-
ematics. meteorology and cleo
tronics. That brought him
$4,000.
He answered the first part of
the question by giving q formula.
assuming the resistance to be
normal, for the resonant fire.
quency Of an A. C. series circuit
used In tuning q standard radio
receiver. His answer: The fire.
uuency equals over 2 pi times
the square root of LC.
In the second question. Robert
said rocket propulsion rather
than Jet propulsion will be used
for space exploration because
there Is q lack Of air in outer
space. Jet propulsion requires
the intake of air.
In the last two questions Rob-
ert correctly drew four symbols
used in mathematics, astronomy,
meteorology and electronics.