davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-27
DORIS FLEEsON
Eisenhower Viewed as Having Neglected
Cancellation He Used as War Leader

President Eisenhower's per-
sistent refusal to practice the
arts of politics in the integra-
ton crisis is its most puzzling
aspect.
These arts are the chief
means by which public ends
are peaceably achieved. They
are the tools of craftsmanship.
which is only politics rightly
practiced. They have Moth
ing necessarily to do with
party advantage; indeed. they
must rise above party ends
at moments Of national peril.
Any Chief Executive has
unique power and opportu-
nifty to practice these arts.
More than this, President
Eisenhower demonstrated in
the role which brought him
worldwide acclaim those tai
ents for leadership and con-
Citation which notably were
not employed in the months
leading up to Little Rock.
The irony is that he was
put before the country as a
great conciliator and media
tor; two landslide victories
testified to the strength OF
that appeal.
Ironically. too, in the field
Of foreign policy he consist
emily applies those talents.
The stream of foreign visitors
seems endless: he himself
crossed the Atlantic for q
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-27

policy-a lawyer-says: "Obvi-
ously, yes" Contrary to
Southern complaints. the stat
ute he used is not an "old and
forgotten law" Originally
drafted in George Washing
tons time, it was redrafted in
1861 and then included in a
new codification Of military law
by the Senate Judiciary Com
mittee.
The 1856 publication notes
that the codification was by
the Senate Judiciary Com
mittee headed by Senator East
land, Democrat of Mississippi,
and that Senator Mcclellan,
Democrat Of Arkansas was
chairman Of it's subcommittee
on revision and recodifica-
ton"
The statute says the Presi-
dent may intervene with forces
he considers necessary when
ever he considers that unlaw-
full distractions. combinations.
or aSsemblages. or rebellion,
make it impracticable to en-
force the laws Of the United
States"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-27
Extending migration Principle

systems to eliminate distinc-
ton on the basis of color"
This edict means that ex-
cuses about residence and
zoning no longer can prevail.
The Board of Education in
New York City, for example,
is transporting Negro pupils
at least an hours bus ride
from their homes in order TO
get them into predominantly
white schools. The purpose
is to give them the alleged
benefits of indignation"
For the Supreme Courts de-
cree said such psychology
ical" advantages are essential
and come within the mean
ing of equal protection Of
the laws" Hence, no sepa-
rate schools Of any kind can
be justified legally hereafter,
even on a voluntary basis.
From now on Gov. Harri-
man of New York and other
chief executives of Northern
States will be on the spot.
What. it will be asked, are
they doing to abolish all
white schools. the existence
Of which today is a viola
, ton Of "the law of the land?"
It's a tragic turn of events,
but the people of the North
have not yet awakened to the
fact that. in the eyes of Fed
eral authority. they can be
regarded as "lawless" as the
people Of Arkansas so long
as they allow any "Segrega-
ton" Of whites or Of Negroes
in the public schools to con-
tinue.
Inc SITUATION mas shifted
from one that deals with mere
prevention of violence to
questions Of military COM
pulsion and enforcement Of
Indignation" It remains to
be seen now whether the
Federal judges injunction
can be construed to compel,
at the point of a bayonet,
reluctant white parents to
send their children to school.
Three Federal judges already
have enjolned in separate or
ders any concerted move
ments or "boycotts" of school
attendance. If the parents, Of
course, were organized as a
labor union" they might get
away with the boycott"
Reproduction Rights Reserved
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-27

summit conference which in
cluded the Soviet Union. AL
ways he has laid a restrain
ing hand on those elements
Of his administration who
from time to time have
sought to go beyond the point
Of no return.
But to the storms which
have been building up for
four years around the Su-
preme Court decision barring
segregated schools he has
seemed oblivious.
AS winter wore into spring
and then summer. the Presi-
dent consistently ignored
suggestions that he might
bring the immense psyche
logical and propaganda val
ues of his Office into play.
He declined to discuss the
situation while in the South,
where he took his usual golf
ing vacation. or elsewhere.
He denied himself to those
people and groups at the cen
ter of the struggle.
That he did not wish to
identify himself with either
integrationisto and Segrega-
tionists is understandable.
What he also failed to do is
give aid and comfort to those
moderates in the South and
elsewhere who foresaw the
storms and sought to avoid
them.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-27

acting within his legal powers
and was not in violation of any
court order"
The September 7 order with
which Federal Judge Ronald
N. Davies denied an integra-
ton delay requested by the
Little Rock School Board did
contain q general prohibition
against Interference by out
siders.
However" 1t is explained
that type Of general warning
is not regarded legally as q
basis for a contempt action
particularly against a State Of
fetal carrying out what he
claims to be his duty. A Judge
can only take contempt action
against persons he has spe-
ciflcally enjoined, or against
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-27
POTOMAC FEVER
FLETCHER KNEBEL

Reported communique No. 1 from Gen. Ike to Gen.
Herbert Browne Il occupied Little Rock. Now let's
you try to take Vicksburg and Atlanta.
The Transfers Union appears to have taken a OF
poverty All the leaders made pilgrimage to Miami Beach
to mpoverish themselves in $20-a-day suites.
Major Of the 101st Airborne Division reporting to his
colonel "A little Federal aid to education today Sr?"
One young is working his way through college
charging babysters so cents hour to sit with them
The Democrats a 28-man committee to consider
foreign policy Democrats figure the first thing to do with
problem is to set up machinery to turn it into dilemma
Modern Repubicansm: The New Deal tied up in an
exciting package Of hurricanes, drought tornadoes civil
war and Asian flu.
The boys of the Arkansas National Guard never had 1t
so good They've been federazed neutrazed vaporzed-
and ordered leave without absence at full soldiers
benefits.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-27
Party Membership Reported Thinning,
Due to Prosperity and Hungary Event

Communism - though not
Russia's prestige and infiu-
ence-is at a low ebb in
Western Europe.
The main reason the
Communist Party ranks have
thinned out in such countries
as France and Italy is the
unprecedented prosperity of
the masses despite imitation.
Another cause is the So
Wet behavior in the Hungar-
ian revolution last year. The
intellectuals and half baked
liberals who had taken the
MARKHAM feminist doctrines
hook, line and sinker were
Mortified at the massacre of
helpless Hungarian people by
the organized military hordes
of Marshal Zhukov.
Some Is per cent Of the
registered members Of the
Communist Party in France
have. abandoned the Red
flag. More than 80 per cent
are reported to have deserted
to the Christian Democratic
and other parties in Italy. In
Germany, where communism
has been weak ever since abo-
lition Of the Morgenthau plan
which the American Govern
ment tried to force on the
German people, the Marxist
followers are fading away
rapidly. The same thing can
be said of the other Western
European countries.
Across the channel in
Britain militant communism
has never taken root. The
men in Moscow hope the left
wing Laborites headed by
Aneurin Bevan will do neces-
sary work for isolating the
United States after they re-
place the Conservative Party
In office.
Despite this paling Of COM
munism in Europe there is a
growing determination among
the people not to participate
in what the military and
political experts of Western
Europe describe as the "in-
evitable clash" between the
two remaining major military
powers - America and the
USSR.
We have the NATO treaty
which provides for the COM
mon defense Of the free Eu-
ropean nations against So
Wet aggression. But this re-
porter was unable to find a
single peSsimist among the
people he interviewed on his
round : the world tour who
believed that the men in
Moscow will attempt to COM
init overt aggression against
any Western country. Most
political and military leaders
seem convinced. however.
that within the next 10 or
IS years Cor maybe less,
America and Russia will find
themselves in an armed con-
f1ict unless the United States
decides to accept the Soviet
version Of co-existence with
all its implications.
Acceptance of co-existence
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-27
CONSTANTINE BROWN
Red Ebb Tide in West Europe

tary power in the whole area.
Drunk with the continuous
flow of diplomatic victories
since 1947, the men in the
Kremlin, civilians and mill
tary, seem dedicated to strike
at US whenever they feel that
they can do so with some
chance of success.
There is little doubt that
the majority of the nations
which have Joined the United
States in various pacts and
treaties will stand by us dip
lomatically in the United
Nations and elsewhere until
the Russians decide that the
time has come to strike at
us directly. Then. according
to what this reporter was able
to CLEAN in his travels from
Southwestern Europe to the
West Pacific there will be any
amount of alibis explaining
why Europe must sit this one
out" cheering or moaning
from the sidelines.
There will be explanations,
from what can be learned,
that Britain, France and Ger
many must remain impassive
since for the sake Of preserv-
ing Western civilization they
cannot get into an ARRAY
which might doom them for
ever. And there will be dec
larations from Italy that be-
cause of the military strength
of Yugoslavia, which we
armed, it could not risk any.
thing and must remain neu-
trail.
This unpleasant picture is
known to some Of the high
est authorities in the United
States since it is inconceiv-
able that the hosts of official
and unofficial diplomats. in
telligence agents and others
whom we keep in all parts
Of the world could have
failed to get at least a Whit
of what our friends are think
ing.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-27

those who conspire with such
enjoined persons to block court
orders. There was no injunc-
ton against Gov. Faubus until
last Friday afternoon.
1t is explained that the Fed
eral Government was not a
party to the Arkansas legal case
until after Gov. Faubus brought
out his Guardsmen. On Sep
TENDER 9 Judge Davies asked
the Justice Department TO in
tervene as a friend Of the court.
ON September 10 Attorney Gen.
eral Brownell petitioned Judge
Davies to summon the Governor
to explain his blockade of Negro
students. The judge set Sep
TENDER 20 for the Governors
lhearing. Why the Today de-
lay in the court hearing?
THE date" it is explained.
was set by Judge Davies. Per-
haps he wanted to give the Gov
ernor an opportunity to reverse
his action as he had promised
to do when he met with the
President in Newport. 1t is
also possible that the Judge
wanted to delay the hearing
until after September 10 when
The and two other Federal
judges were to rule jointly as
to the legality Of four new Ar
kansas segregation laws"
The presidential aide notes
that, given his day in court on
last Friday, Gov. Faubus did
not justify his actions. The
judge then ordered him to re-
move the Guardsmen and re-
frain from further indignation
obstruction. Although Gov.
Faubus' lawyers talked OF APP
peal. they did not file for q
higher-court stay Of Judge
Davies order.
Faubus Finally Yields
THAT" he said, finally
created the situation where the
Governor was under direct
court order. But he immedi-
ately complied. He removed
the guardsman. Then 1t was
necessary to wait again to see
whether local officials In Little
Rock would 60 ahead with in
tegration, whether mob resist
ance would form and. finally.
whether that resistance would
prove beyond control Of the
local police.
Monday proved the Little
Rock police could not handle
the mobs. That night. the Pres
ident Used the cease and de-
sist" order. Tuesday noon, he
sent in troops after FBI agents
had reported (a) that Little
Rock was under mob rule and
Oh that lynching of Negro
children. their parents OF
/ NAACP officials was a real pos
sibility.
Was the Presidents action
legal? The defender OF his
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-27

would be easy for Europe
which has no longer the will
to fight and is bent on bust
ness with the Communists in
Europe and Asia on any con-
ditions or at any political
price. But 1t is admitted that
there will have to be many
drastic changes in the think
ing OF the rank and file of
the American people before
they are willing to bow to the
Communist demands.
Political leaders as well as
the man in the street in
Western Europe are con-
WINGED that the Kremlin is
not afraid Of the military po-
tential of that continent. It
no longer offers a serious
hurdle to the MuScovite
plans. But they all admit
that the United States does.
and consequently an armed
clash may be inevitable. And
the peoples of Western Eu-
rope are determined to sit
this one out.
The NATO pact requires
us to rush to the assistance
Of Europe with everything
we have. 1t does not, how
ever. provide for any of the
members Of that pact to come
to our rescue in the event
the Communist powers decide
to attack the United States
directly.
Our realistic allies are
aware that the present So
Wet build-up of conventional
and nuclear forces is not a
vain gesture dictated by fear
OF America Neither are the
Reds successful moves to get
a solid foothold in North
Africa and the Middle East
where they are trying to
intimidate our staunch Turk
ish ally-the only real mill
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-27

liberal Democratic complaints
that Mr.. Eisenhower "dallied
too long" and angry Southern
cries that his intervention with
troops was an illegal. politi-
cally inspired mistake"
Briefly. the administration
case is that the President could
not legally and properly move
before he did. and that his final
action came when Federal
agents in Little Rock warned
Monday night Of great danger"
that Negro children or their
parents might be lynched.
Didn't FOresee Trouble
The detail of the case for
the President is chronological;
It starts prior to September 2
with a Washington belief that
Little Rock was one of the last
Southern cities in which trouble
might be expected.
1.-THE Little Rock Indignation
plan" the Eisenhower aide
said, "is almost a model for
q Southern community seek
ing slow compliance with the
Supreme Court indignation rule.
First, 1t is a 10-year program
starting with the high school
level. Second, it provides that,
whenever any child finds him.
self in q racial minority in the
school nearest his home, he
can transfer to the next-nearest
school where his race consti-
tutes a majority.
"Other Negroes could have
entered Central High but only
10 carefully selected ones did
30. The other eligibles asked
to go to all-Negro schools. OBJ
viously, school and local Of
hcials were confident of peace
full execution Of the program,
until Gov. Faubus on Septem-
Der 2 suddenly summoned Ma
honal Guardsmen and blocked
Indignation"
Why did not the President
Ut that point federalize the
National Guard?
Because 1t was perfectly
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-27
DORIS FLEEsoN
Little Rock and Arts of Politics

At no time. either, did he
attempt to reason with his
close friend and supporter.
Senator Harry F. Byrd of
Virginia. Byrd is the archi-
tect of massive resistance.
In Virginia he has revived
the pre- Civil War doctrine
of interposition which that
State is now attempting to
maintain in the courts.
The acute involvement of
Gov. Orval Faubus in Arkan-
Sas is almost accidental. Lit
tie Rock could have happened
almost anywhere in the
South. The key figure and
spiritual leader Of the South's
intransigence is Senator Byrd.
The Presidents failure to
use the methods Of peaceful
persuasion and the power Of
his ONCE still continues. In
stead. he has used his powers
as Commander in Chief to
invoke force.
But II that force is not to
be his only answer. he must
turn to the political means
he has so far avoided. A start
is available to him next Tues
day when he meets with a
committee Of Southern Gov
ernors in the White House.
That committee is domi-
mated by moderates-a group
that managed to maintain its
poiSe and its control of the
Southern Governors Con-
Terence, even in the shadow
OF paratroopers with barred
bayonetS in Little Rock.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-27
DAVID LAWRENCE

Every public school in the
United States that is "segre-
gated" - which means that
for any reason whatsoever all
white pupils are in a single
building and all Negroes are
in a separate location - is
today violating "the law of
the land" as now interpreted
by the President and en-
forced by Federal bayonets.
voluntary segregation" is
taboo. Enforced indignation"
is now the command.
Unless the Governors of
every State-Northern as well
as Southern - take steps
promptly to require that at
tendance at every school be
mixed in large proportions as
soon as possible. so that there
is no segregation Of either
whites or Negroes in separate
schools, these Governors. too.
will be violating what the
President terms the law of
the land" He repeated in his
television address Tuesday
the Supreme Courts declara-
ton that separate educa-
tional facilities are inher-
emily unequal"
Negro organizations have
called to the attention Of the
Board Of Education in New
York City that segregation"
continues there and have
declared that the ratio in
every school in the metropolis
should approximate about IS
per cent whites and Is per
cent Negro-the proportion
Of the races there today. A
school with 40 per cent
Negroes in New York has
been termed by these same
organizations to be a "segre-
gated" school.
The Supreme Court Of the
United States ruled in 1854
that. because a Negro stu
dent feels a sense Of inferi-
ority in a segregated school.
there must be an opportunity
for mingling with large num-
bers Of white students or
else there are no equal edu-
cational opportunities" The
Nations Capital. with several
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-27

conceivable that the Arkansas
Governor might have had valid
ground for his action" is the
reply. He was sworn to MAIN
tain order in his State.
Although FBI investigation
quickly showed there was no
basis for his claim Of threat
ened mob action. he was still
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-27
Any Public School Lacking Two Races
Seen in Technical Violation of Law

all-white and many all-Negro
schools, is evidently disre-
garding "the law Of the land"
A sprinkling here and there
of one or the other of the two
racial groups isn't a fulfill
ment of the Supreme Courts
definition of the psyche
logical benefits of "integra-
ton" Applying the formula
of indignation" demanded
by New York groups would
require that every public
school in the District of CO.
lumbia contain 70 per cent
Negroes. 80 per cent whites.
These developments may
come as a surprise to most
people in the North who have
assumed all along that "in-
tegration" was not compul-
sorry everywhere-as, indeed,
a three-judge Federal court
said in 1855 in a decision as
yet unreversed. But, in en-
forcing the decision of the
Supreme Court Of the United
States of 1854, Mai. Gen.
Edwin A. Walker. the mill
tary com m a nder of the
United States army of occu-
patton at Little Rock, said
this week, upon instruction
from his superiors at Wash
ington, that all separate"
schools are barred. Law
abiding citizens in the North,
therefore, must begin to con-
form at once to the same
edictS against which the
people at Little Rock have
been protesting.
Gen. walker was not
limited to the task of pro-
tecting the city against vio-
lence. He entered the class
rooms of the high school and,
just as in reconstruction
days. threatened dire conse-
quences to the pupils If the
rules laid down by the Mill
tary officer were not upheld.
Unquestionably, Gen. Walk
er's instructions were pre-
pared in advance in WASH
ington. He told the students
that the Supreme Courts de-
cision makes 1t necessary for
those States maintaining sep
arate schools to revise their
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-27
Step-by-Step Story
Of Decision on FOODS
BY MARTIN S. HAYDEN
North American Newsnansr Aiitane.

Why did President Eisenhower delay action on the
Little Rock school crisis and why did he on Tuesday?
An answer to these questions given by top official
active in the Arkansas since made world headlines
September g.
The replies constitute administration defense against
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-19
TODAY'S RADIO
HiGHLIGHTS

$500, WMAL-Metropolitan OPP
era: Offenbach's la PERI
chole," will be staged by Cyril
Richard who also takes a
major role.
$3.50, WRC-Monitor: Interview
with Miss Eleanor Pressly of
the Naval Research Labora-
tory in Washington. D. c..
1900, WMAL-FM-Concerto No.
A: tBeethoven.) Rudolf Ser-
kin conducts the Philadels
phia Orchestra.
700, WIDOW, WASH-FM-Lit.
tie Symphony: Addinsell.
Warsaw Concerto: Liszt, Lie
bestraum No. 3; Grieg, Peer
Gynt Suite No. 2. Opus SIS,
S:45, WMAL-It's Your Bust
ness: Incentive in Small
Business is discussed by
Richard Turk. president Of
Pence Corp, Baltimore. Md.
1880. WTOP-Music Til Dawn:
IL midnight to / am. fea-
ture, Lalo's Symphonic Es-
pagnole in D Minor" with
violiniSt Isaac Stern and Eu-
gene Ormandy conducting
the Philadelphia Orchestra.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-19

A renegade Of the early KAN
sas frontier country is in
volved In a kidnapping of the
Indian wife of a settler. James
ArneSs.
lO:30, WTTG (5)-Serta Pre-
miere Playhouse: Hotel Re-
serve" James Mason and
Patricia Medina star in a
spy story. A guest at a
French seaside resort before
the war is falsely accused Of
being Nazi agent.
11:15, WTOP (9)-The Late
Show: Together Again"
Irene Dunno, Charles Boyer
and Charles Coburn. When
a woman visits a sculptor in
order to have him rebuild the
statue of her late husband,
she runs into new romance.
(1944.)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-19
Acquitted Ruling Clears
Man in Wife's Death
III AND LOIS.
BEETLE BAILEY
DR.. GUY BENNETT
oAKY DoAKs.

A man was cleared yesterday
through a Judgment Of acquittal.
without the case going to q jury.
on a charge Of killing his wife
last June in their home.
He is Herbert Mathis, Al,
Negro, Of the HOO block Oates
street NE, who had been &C
cused in an indictment Of fatally
shooting his wife. Mrs. Elizabeth
Mathis, 81. Negro.
The Judgment Of acquittal was
granted by Judge Richmond B.
Keech Of District Court on mo-
ton Of Mr.. Mathis attorney, Cur
tbs p. Mitchell. Mr.. Mitchell
argued that the Government had
failed to show that the shooting
was not accidental, as the de-
Tense claimed It was.
Mr.. Mathis testified his wife
had picked UP the gun because
Of q prowler In the neighborhood.
He testified the weapon went