davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27
NUMISMATIC NOTES
u. S. Small Cents:I

The first small cent legally
struck by the United States
was the 1857 Flying Eagle"
Made Of 88 per cent copper
and IL per cent nickel, it be-
came known as the white cent,
as distinct from its pure cop.
per predecessor.
A pattern small cent, struck
in 1856 before Congress had
authorized its issuance, has
become so popular that coll
lectors do not consider their
sets complete without it. Due
to the small number minted
(about 10000. its value is well
over $500 for choice specimen
in proof. The other Flying
Eagles are not scarce.
The wreath reverse was car.
ried over from the large cents.
but 1t was made up of all
New World staples - corn,
wheat, cotton and tobacco.
In 1859 the diverse was
changed to the Indian Head"
The model for it was not an
Indian, but the daughter of
the engraver, J. B. Longacre,
who inspired the new design
by trying on the headdress of
a visiting Indian chief. The
reverse wreath was changed
to laurel.
In 1864 the composition Of
the cent changed again. There
after it was IS per cent copper
and 5 per cent tin and zinc,
giving US the bronze cent. The
weight also was changed. The
large cent had 1853 grains, the
first small cent u. This was
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27
CESKOSLONENSKO

-Four stamps honoring Czech
oslovak writer's and poets
were due for release this
month. A set Of six on towns
and architecture is expected
February % and four mark
ing the Booth anniversary Of
John Comenius, Czech educa-
tional reformer, is scheduled
for March is.
(Arttd, Pr10ue.D
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27
CAMERA ANGLES
BY A. J. wEDDERBURN
Curator Of Photography
The Smithsonian Institution

the Smithsonian Institution
With winter fairly upon us.
a logical place to spend some
time is the darkroom. While
the winds howl and the tenn
perature skids. many a warm
and pleasant hour can be
whiled away developing films
and prints.
But let's talk about film de-
velopment and finishing first.
After a film has been exposed
in the camera there is left a
picture in the chemical coat
ing known as the emulsion.
If we were able to examine this
exposed (but Impressed 1ilm)
1t would. to the eye, appear no
different than before its ex-
posure in the camera.
So, to have a look at what
we have accomplished, we
must first bring out this latent
or hidden image. Later steps
will insure the permanence Of
the recorded scene. First, how
ever, we commence our task
in the darkroom where there
is no danger of having the film
exposed to q second treatment
of light that would spoil the
first.
Reagent Works ON Image
Development consists Of i'm
mersing the exposed film in a
liquid chemical reagent which
works on the latent image and
makes it visible. What happens
is this: the developing solu-
ton disposes Of that part Of
the emulsion that was not af-
fected by light during the ex-
posure in the camera.
The part that is left, the ex-
posed silver halides. forms the
negative Photographic image
we see on the film. This neg
alive image is a complete re-
versal of the original tone
values Of the subject Of your
picture, with white appearing
as black on the film. black as
white and the intermediate
tones porportionately reversed.
When print is made from
this negative image these tones
are once again reversed to pro-
vide a positive image with the
same tone values as the orig
inal subject.
Development Of films is
carried out by One of two
general methods. Roll films
are best handled in specially
designed tanks that have inner
reels upon which the film is
to be wound. On the other
hand a roll of film can be pro-
cessed in an ordinary metal or
rubber tray-the same as you
use for processing your prints.
Cut film, still the favorite
with many amateur photog-
raphers. can best be done in
large quantities in the deep
tanks that we're designed for
this purpose. Again, though,
when not more than four or
five sheets are to be handled
they too can be processed in
the same shallow trays men,
toned above.
Five Basic Steps
No matter which type of film
you use or which method
tank or tray-you will have
five steps which are basic.
First is the development. de-
scribed above, which brings
out the negative image. Next.
is a brief bath for the film in
what is called "shortstop."
This is an aSid rinse that kills
the action Of the developer so
that it will not be carried over
into the next bath and weaken
it.
The final of the chemical
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27
Daughters Of Isis
Plan Teu-Dinner

Mecca Court. Daughters OF
Isis. a unit Of the Prince Hall
Masons, will hold their annual
Oriental tea and dinner from 4
to 8 o'clock today at the Masonic
Temple. Tenth and U streets
NV.
Illustrious COMMANDERS Inez
q. Parker and members Of her
|divan will be honored.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27
PHILATELIC NEWS
Stamps Reflect Story
Of Fighting in Egypt
BY BELMONT FAIRIES

The fighting in Egypt has
halted. but the propaganda
war goes on. and stamps are
playing a notable part.
Egypt has commemorated
the defense of Port Said at the
time of the Anglo French at
tack in November with a large
l0-millieme viole t-b r wn
stamp picturing a soldier and
civilian armed with rifles and
a girl with a grenade, against
a background of dropping
parachutists and a sinking
ship.
Earlier the Egyptians had
defended their naturalization
of the Suez Canal with a stamp
guaranteeing freedom of navi-
cation through it.
Israel's defense set of three
stamps issued January used
the emblem Of Haganah, the
volunteer defense force of the
Jewish community in the days
Of the Palestine Mandate, for
its design. But the denomina-
tions were divided to show in
creases in postal rates ear
marked for current military
spending, and the first day
covers were rather pointedly
Cancelled at GAIA, in the
Mediterranean strip seized
from Egypt in the November
fighting.
The United Nations, which
gained something of a moral
victory by succeeding in halt
ing the fighting. is rushing
two special stamps for release
April 8 to honor the U. N.
emergency force in Egypt.
Designed by Ole Hamann, a
Dane who heads the U. Ms
Graphic Presentation Section,
the 3 and 8 cent values pic
ture the circular badge worn
on armbands and headgear
Of the emergency force.
4 X X 4
U. N. First Day Boom
The tremendous boom in the
popularity Of the United Ma
tons stamps has spread to the
first day cover field. When
the Human Rights Day stamp
was issued December 10 a
total of 416,12O covers received
the first day cancellation.
This was an increase of more
than 100000 over the biggest
previous U. N. figure and was
greater than the number for
any of last years United
States stamps except the FL
PEX issues.
In addition to the World
Meteorological Organization
stamps for release tomorrow
and the emergency force issue
April 8, the tentative program
for the year calls for Accent
air mail stamps and postal
cards on May 81, the usual
United Nations Day set on
October "a and the Human
Rights issue on December 10.
=
More Smithsonian Revenues
The Internal Revenue Serv-
ice has turned over to the
Smithsonian Institutions Ma
tional Postage Stamp Collec-
ton a tremendous accumula-
ton of recent revenue stamps.
The transfer, largest from
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27
STAMP CLUB
MEETINGS
MONDAY

MONDAY
Alexandria Mount Vernon
Stamp Club, 8 pm, Martha
Washington Branch. Fairfax
County Library. TIA Potomac
avenue. New Alexandria, Va.
Hyattsville Stamp Club, 1870
pm, Hyattsville Public Lii
brary. 1880 Farragut street,
Hyattsville. Md.
Woodbridge Stamp Club, 8
pm, Taft Junior High School,
Eighteenth and Otis streets
NE.
Notes on club programs
should reach The Star by
Wednesday for publication
the Sunday before the meet
ing.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27
D Street Scion Aids
Serious Photoqrophers

Photo Pictorials, 939 D street
NV. (Republic 7-48l3D offers
serious amateur photographers
a chance TO register any day
after 4:30 pm. for Wednesday
night and Saturday afternoon
art sessions. For an entrance
fee, practice is given with the
latest equipment for lighting
and backgrounds. and expert
enced models furnished for
posing. Participants bring their
own cameras and films.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27

The stamps were printed
in four colors by the Swiss
firm of Courvoisier.
4 4 4 4
CZECHOSLOvAKIA = Four
stamps picturing National
Costumes" were issued De-
cember Is. The attractive
designs by Prof. Karel Svo-
linsky show girls wearing cos
tunes of Slovacko in Moravia,
Blata in Southern Bohemia
and Cicmany and Novohrad
in Slovakia. The stamps were
printed in three colors from
recess-engraved fiat plates.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27
K. of c. Council to Meet

Potomac Council of the knights
Iof Columbus will meet at 8:15
pm. tomorrow at the hall, 918
Tenth street NV. Grand Knight
Edward F. Clark will preside,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-25
Action Expected
lon Corn Bill by
Senate Group
BY the Associated Press

Senator Mundt. Republican oil
South Dakota, said he expects
the Senate Agriculture Commit
tee to approve today emergency
corn legislation Ito meet the one
specific sore spot" in the Federal
farm programs.
Senator Mundt has been work
ing with other corn belt Senators
in a compromise effort to revive
for this year a special corn pro.
gram that was killed by the
House.
Chairman Ellender, Democrat
of Louisiana. called the Senate
Agriculture Committee behind
closed doors to act on the corn
bill. sponsored Jointly by Sena-
tors Humphrey, Democrat OF
Minnesota; Hickenlooper. Re-
publican of Iowa, and Thye, Re-
publican of Minnesota. as we'll as
Senator Mundt.
Senator Aiken, Republican Of
Vermont, top G. o. p. member oil
the farm committee, said he i:
not enthusiastic about the spe-
cial corn bill but II suppose the
committee will report it out II
the Senate wants to debate it,"
| He expressed doubt that the
House would accept any Senate
corn bill after killing several
of its own during two weeks Of
bitter partisan and sectional de-
bate.
1 Corn farmers, in a referendum
last fall. rejected an administra-
ton corn program that would
have increased the present 81;
million acre base to 81 million
and assured price supports anc
soil bank payments for those
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-25
Delay Seen
In Soil Bank

BY the Associated Pres,

Agriculture Department off,
Gals said today issuance Of
checks to farmers for retiring
land under the soil bank pro-
gram may be delayed until after
harvest time.
They explained there are a
number Of regulations covering
participation in the 81 billion
program which must be checked
with individual farms before
payment may be made.
In many cases, officials said,
department field representatives
may not be able to determine
farm compliance with these pro-
grams until harvest time.
Thus, In the case of corn, cot
ton, tobacco and rice. most pay
ments will not be made before
late summer or early fall. For
farmers who have two or more
crops under allotments and soil
bank programs, no payments will
be issued until after harvest OF
the latest crop.
Judging from inquiries. off,
Gals said. quite a number OF
farmers do not understand the
regulations regarding compli-
ance with allotments.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-25

der the overall command of
Vice Admiral Wallace M. Beak-
ley, 7th Fleet commander.
Observation-Disclosures Leather
necks of the 9th Marine Regi-
ment splashed ashore and drove
inland. Helicopters flew Marine
units to key positions along the
route of the advance up the
Coronel River valley.
Marine Pilot Killed
One casualty was recorded to-
day. A Marine jet pilot was
killed when his plane crashed
while taking off from the naval
station at Cebu Point. The pilot,
whose name was not announced
Immediately, was to have joined
the air cover for the landing
operation.
The operations, dubbed "Exer-
else Beacon HILL" will 60 on un-
til Thursday. Troops and equip
ment will begin decentralization
over the week end.
| Beacon Hill began last week
when Marines of the Sd Marine
Division and LIST Marine Aircraft
Wing were loaded from their
home bases in Japan and on
Okinawa.
Ships of the 7th Fleet unlim-
bered their big guns for a live
firing exercise on Okino Daito
Shima, a small uninhabited is
land east of Okinawa.
Beach "Softened Up"
The landing operations were
preceded by a hypothetical
"softening up" of the beach area
last Saturday. No live ammuni-
ton is being used throughout the
assault landing or land phase OF
the operation.
The landing was watched from
the headquarters ship Estes by
the Philippines fourth President
Carlos P. Garcia. Mr.. Garcia
succeeded the late President Ra-
mon Magsaysay. who was killed
March II in a plane crash on
Cebu Island.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-25
Congressman Tour
Aircraft Carrier

NEW YORK, Mar. Is (R.-
Six members of Congress boarded
the aircraft carrier Leyte at its
Hudson River mooring yesterday
for an orientation cruise.
They are Representatives j
Floyd Breeding, Democrat Of
Kansas; Hubert B. Scudder. Re-
publican Of California; Willard
IS. Curtain, Republican of Penn
Isylvania; Robetr w. Hemphill
Democrat of South Carolina: A
Paul Kitchin. Democrat of North
Carolina, and George S. NEGRO
vern. Democrat of South Da-
kota.
The 33,000-ton carrier will sail
today to participate in anti
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-25

participating. Although ma
Ijority backed the plan, 1t did
not receive the required 662a per
cent favorable vote.
That left in operation the ex-
listing smaller corn base which
farmers must observe to obtain
price supports at $1.36 a bushel.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-25

brown sand on the east coast OF
Luzon Island some 60 miles
northeast of Manila.
The Marines, first of some
20. 900. were shuttled ashore by
landing craft from a maSsed
armada of 80 ships of the United
States 7th Fleet.
The operations-a test OF
American military and naval
mobility in time of warfare I'M
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-25
10000 Marines Launch
Philippines War Games

DINGALAN BAY. Philippines Mar. Is lP9-Thousands OF
United States Marines full battle and camouage
the beach here early today largest amphbous
training exercise in the Pacific since World War H.
Under protective Navy Marine Corps let aircraft
the first of combatclad Marines jumped
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-25
submarine exercises 200 miles

TouUHAEu1AIIO CACIOIoCC SUV I11IKCo
of Quonset Point. r. I.
The Congress members will
leave the carrier by plane at
noon tomorrow to fly to Quonset
Point. the Leyte's home port.
The ship is scheduled to tie up
there Friday.
Arizona sun., 1957-11-14
NATIONAL YD'S ELECTS
NEGRO OFFICER

The Young Democrats in their National Convention at
Reno week lived quite up the ideals of their elders
in fact they probably went beyond their elders in beray
citizens Somehow they held to their south
ern brethren without giving away in the least to their ideas
about civil rights Jack Noes of Tonkawa Ok who thought
hewas sure the presidency defeated by Nelson
Lancone Of Columbus Ohio who campaigned for strong
civil rights PLATFORM The campaign bitterly fought
but Lancione Noles by 526 to 47O But Wait The
convention left doubt of it's attitude toward racial accep
tance from all the states and territories elected as
National Richard Crawford of Chicago the
first Negro officer of the Young Democratic Clubs of America
This done nsp of the opposition of delegations from
Tennessee South Carolina Alabama and Georgia Perhaps
by next week the SUN tell how the Arizona deega
ton voted You have right to know AS matter OF fact
the of Phoenix invite young Negro Democrats to join
the local dub and have full participation Richard Cra
ford in Chicago The only not members could
be that cheap too tmid not good enough
Democrats to seek to join If these are not the reasons let's
Join and get good start at being good and well informed
Party members We do not live in Georgia or South Carolina
We live in Arizona Get in and help the YDs build strong
Party the state for Congress- 1858 practically here
now We need another Democratic member OF the
House and Democratic Senator and elect them II
try.
Arizona sun., 1957-11-14
TREND
BY Ted Yates

News of a possible shorter
work week in the years ahead
has stimulated widespread in
terest in the trend of hours Of
work. The chart shows hoW
average weekly hours have
changed since 1919 in the manu-
featuring field where nearly
1900, 900 people are working to-
day.
In recent years, factory work
erS generally have operated on
a 40-hour basis, which is four
or five hours a week less than
the average in the TwentieS.
This has been made possible
chiefly by huge capital invest
ments in industrial machinery
and equipment-over 10 billions
of dollars in the past decade
with resulting greater output
per man-hour of work. People
can produce more goods in fewer
hours.
What about future trends in
hours of work? A leading in
dustrialiSt answers it this way:
ANY individual has at all timer
a choice between more abun-
dance and more leisure. The
longer anyone works, the more
goods and services he can enjoy.
The same is true of the Ameri-
can people as whole. We have
available for consumption as
nation only what we can pro-
duce as a nation"
He emphasizes the point that
regardless Of the progress OF
technology, automation, an d
other scientific advances, it will
always be true that the more
hours or days we work, in the
aggregate, the more we will
have. This cannot be changed
by legislation, government edict,
collective bargaining, or any
other arbitrary method"
Arizona sun., 1957-11-14
eG2".~~sg
6sii.s.s:ss5
% GUMN1Ent :!
BY James w. Douthat.

Editors Note: mo Comment"
should not be regarded as nee
essarily reflective of National
Association of Manufacturers po-
sition or policy, for it is a re-
porting of incidents and CONVEX
sations which its author, ASSIST.
Vice President Government Re-
lations Division thinks might be
Of general interest.
WASHINGTON - Initial re-
action from informed persons
in Washington indicated that
the launching by Russia of her
second satellite made no basic
change in defense plans by the
United States. y
Advocates of government econ
omy and tax reduction, there
fore, continued to urge accept
ance of, their program. They
were convinced that the nations
defense needs could be met and,
in addition, there would be an
adequate surplus for tax cuts.
Defense Secretary McE1roy ex-
planned that Sputnik II was no
surprise, since Russia had an
nounced it in advance, and that
there would be no new Speed-up
in this nations Satellite-miSSile
Continued on page g.
Arizona sun., 1957-11-14

Bids for furnishing and in
Stalling automatic fire sprink-
lers for three buildings at the
Veterans Administration Center
in Whipple, Arizona, will be ac-
cepted until 1880 PM. (EST)
December IT, 1857, VA announc-
ed.
The work will include general
alterations and repairs for COM
plete and finished automatic
fire sprinkler installations in
the three buildings, and will
Arizona sun., 1957-11-14
VETERANS NEWS

encompass plumbing, electrical
work, outside services consist
ing of required lines with all
necessary valves and accessor-
les and other items.
Cost of the project is expected
to range from $40, 900 to $4,000.
Drawings and specifications
are available upon applications
to the Director, Design Service,
Veterans Administration, Room
27O7-Munitions Building. Wash
ington Is, D. c..
Arizona sun., 1957-11-14
PAGE.
FACING THE FACTS
w. A. Robinson

the date of the enactment OF
this Act.
"(c) Sixty days after the sub
mission of it's final report and
recommendations the Commits
sion shall cease to exist"
In other words, the duties OF
the Commission are to inveSti-
gate, appraiSe, and report and
to go out of existance within
two years after the date of the /
enactment of the act creating
the Commission. 1t was this
brief lifetime that made friends
of the act impatient with the
Presidents delay in appointing
the Commission. PerhapS with
such limited duties the Commis-
sion may be able to bring to the
attention of the American Peo-
pie, the President, and the Con-
gress some things that Negroes
already know better than any,
body else-things that may SO
arouse the nation north and
south that Congress. hampered
by the fillibuster, may attempt,
to correct them. Let us hope
that we shall have the Rhodes
and the Barry Goldwaters out
of the Congress that will have
to act on this report. 1t will no
doubt educate Ex-Governor John
S. Battle of Virginia and Law
Dean Robert G.. Stoney of South
ern Methodist University, both
of whom are about 2s good and
as responsible men as could be
found to represent the south. l
have never known it to fail that
decent southernerS brought face
to face with the sins OF the
south, have been sickened and
diSgusted by them. They Will
learn to see, the south with
greater clarity than ever before
and they won't like what they
see.
Retired Supreme Court Justice
Stanley Reed brings to the
Craftsmanship of the Commis-
sion valuable experience with
holding hearings. University
Presidents John A. Hannah and
Theodore M. Hesburgh will no
longer be confined to ivory
towers. They must brace them-A
selves for a look at some OF
Americas most sordid and i'm
moral behavior. President ElSen-
Continued on page 81
Arizona sun., 1957-11-14

Negroes have awaited with
some anxiety the appointment
by the President of the Civil
Rights Commission set up in
the hotly contested Civil Rights
Bill passed in the last hours OF
Congress. The personnel Of the
Commission would for us, an
swer to a great extent the ques-
ton as to whether the Civil
Rights Bill was to be of any
service to the Negro people of
America in attaining full citi-
zenship rights. Now that the ap-
pointments have been made and
we look back over the purposes
of the bill and the personnel OF
the Commission, we still probab-
ly don't know the answer. How
ever, it seems to me that the
President has made a very wise
and reasonable choice of Com
misSioners for a vaguely out
lined and a difficult task of do
ing something about civil rights
in terms of the purposes of the
bill as written by Congress.
Let US look at the Duties Of
The Commission" "(a) The
Commission shall - Cd inveSti-
gate allegations in writing un-
der oath or affirmation that
certain citizens of the United
States are being deprived of
their right to vote and have
that vote counted by reason of
their color race, religion, or ma
tional origin; which writing, un-
der oath or affirmation, shall
set forth the facts upon which
such belief or beliefs are based;
"(2) study and collect infor-
nation concerning legal devel-
opments constituting a denial
of equal protection of the laws
under the Constitution land
"(S) appraise the laws policies
of the Federal Government with
respect to equal protection OF
the laws under the Constitution.
"(b) The Commission shall
submit interim reports to the
President and to Congress at
such times as either the Com
mission or the President shall
deem desirable, and shall sub
nit to the President and to the
Congress, a final and compre-
hensive report of it's activities
findings, and recommendations
not later than two years from
Evening star., 1957-12-01
Secrets In A

u has been said dozens Of times that control Amer
icas purse strings. This pretty trick considering
the fact that 20hcentuy has lost complete
troll Of her purse The size Of the female handbag has
bossomed from tiny chaneeholder into bubous sack
which often stretches from miadys shoulder 10 the side
walk. stranslins her and tripping passers-by.
What are the dcepseaied psychological motives that
goad modern into carrying this leather or plastic
lstone around her neck? Why has she turned the simple
odfashoned handbag into combination walking beauty
Evening star., 1957-12-01

ROSEMARY cI00MEY: In her handbss q radio.
hairbrsh. aksup pair shoesi