davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1957-04-21

was figuring out ways to save steps
in her kitchen. She applied the
same idea to the Passport once.
She had a study made Of how
much time was consumed in car
rying passport applications up and
down stairs and through Railways.
She had each person report every
move he made In processing pass
ports from morning to night. She
figured out how mail could be
opened more quickly. how photo
graphs could he attached TO pass
ports more efficiently.
She asked the National Archives
and Records Service of the Gen.
eral Administration Service to help
her simplify paperwork. And she
asked the Civil Service Commission,
and the General Accounting once
to suggest improvements in organ
ization and finances.
In a report issued In October,
1865. GSA stated that the net saw
ings to the Government from
improved paperwork procedures
amounted to $386.493.
The Passport Ofiice moved out
OF its ancient quarters into a new
building. Applications that had
gone through processes on four
floors in eight separate sections
were now consolidated on one floor
In four sections.
Service While You Wait
The telephone calls for passports,
arriving at q l.000-a-day clip last
May, have been reduced TO 800.
Evening star., 1957-04-21

The telephone calls for passports,
arriving at q l.000-a-day clip last
May, have been reduced TO 800.
Evening star., 1957-04-21

worth represents program whose
justification is entirely different
from any Of those we have dis
cussed so far. Its central purpose
is to assist the underdeveloped
countries to make the transition
from stagnant feudal societies. in
which the bulk Of the population
hovers precariously on the bare
margin of subsistence, to econom-
J ically progressive societies. whose
output and standards of living are
growing.
This program of Systematically
aiding the development of the
underdeveloped countries started
with the fourth point in former
President Harry S.. Truman's State
OF the Union message in l949. Mr..
Truman's message launched the
Point -Four program-modest in
scale-of providing technical as
sistance for the underdeveloped
countries to help them borrow our
technical skills and know-how in
agriculture. public health. educa-
ton. administration and industry.
AS time went on. 1t was recog-
nized that these countries needed
capital as well as technical knowl-
edge to advance themselves, and
loans and grants were added to the
technical assistance program.
Why is it important to the in
terests Of the United States to
help the underdeveloped countries
in their efforts to develop them
selves?
For centuries the vast majority
Of the worlds population has been
politically and economically inert.
The democratic revolution and the
industrial revolution which swept
Europe and America in the 18th and
18th centuries left the two-thirds
Of the worlds people living in Asia.
the Middle East, Africa and Latin
America largely untouched.
A New Aworeness
Two world wars, combined with
rapid advances in the communica-
ton both Of ideas and of goods and
people. changed all that. Within
the last 20 years hundreds Of mil
lions Of people have become aware
that a life different from that of
their fathers and their grandfathers
Is possible.
This new awareness is both po-
litical and economic. Politically
they have acquired a new desire
for independence. national respect.
and dignity which has led to the
recent establishment Of independ-
ent states in most Of the former
European colonies in Asia and
some In Africa. Economically they
have developed aspirations for new
standards Of living which until
recently they had never dreamed
were possible.
Now that these millions Of people
are aroused and on the move, the
form that their political evolution
takes becomes profoundly impor-
tant to US. II they develop values
contrary TO ours. political systems
hostile to us. and economies from
which We are shut out. the chances
that we can establish and maintain
a peaceful world in which we can
develop our own society to our
liking will be small indeed.
The United States. operating
Evening star., 1957-04-21

capital assistance from us will not
put them on their feet. We must
find ways Of permitting countries
like Burma to participate with us
In supplying the extra food that
countries like India need to develop.
An international plan for the use
of surpluses in development could
solve the Burmese as well as the
Indian development problems.
More broadly. the best hope for
freeing the underdeveloped coun-
tries from the need for continuing
subsidy is the development of an
international trading community
in which each country can exploit
to the full its own special advan-
tages. Such a community will
emerge only if we in the United
States take the lead in opening
our own markets more freely to the
products Of the rest Of the world.
Long Term Effort
Trade cannot replace aid in one
year or two or perhaps ten. There
is an initial margin of outside help
that the underdeveloped countries
will need for a time even under
the most liberal world trade
policies.
II we accept the philosophy and
requirements of economic aid out
lined above. we cannot hope that.
as in the case of the Marshall
Plan. the job will be done in five
years. 1t must be accepted, II at all.
as long-term effort to which we
are prepared to devote ourselves
for perhaps a generation.
But it is not an endless effort.
There should come a time when
We can say. as we have said with
several of our aid programs with
different objectives. that the job
is essentially done and the invest
ment has paid Off Indeed. we
should conceive Of our development
assistance efforts not as an aid
program but as an investment
program.
Like any investment program,
this one has risks. The Job may
be beyond the capabilities of some
Of the underdeveloped countries
even with aid from us. In the
process Of trying to help we run
the further risk of being accused
Of meddling and Of generating i'll
will instead Of gratitude from those
We are trying to help.
Those who oppose further aid
argue that these risks are too great
to justify the possible benefits.
Those who support 1t feel this is
one Of the best investments we
could make in our own future.
1t can be an investment in the
narrow economic sense that a large
proportion of the capital we supply
for development can be supplied
not as grants but as long-term
loans which can eventually be paid
back out of the increased produc-
tivity of the recipients.
1t is an investment in the sense
that we are not subsidizing foreign
peoples. but lending them the re-
sources to help themselves.
Finally it is an investment In
peace and orderly political eyolu-
ton toward a democratic world
which. If 1t succeeds, cannot only
protect us from the incomparably
greater sums we shall have to
spend to defend ourselves If the
free world turns against us, but
can make possible the continuation
Of the American way Of life.
Evening star., 1957-04-21

grew after the war and its hostile
intentions toward the West became
more apparent. the United States
came reluctantly to realize that
our security required a reversal
of our postwar policy of demobili-
cation and disarmament.
Those responsible for our mill
tary policy surveyed the problem
of building deterrent forces and
concluded that In addition to
streng thening our own military
establishment 1t was necessary to
increase the military strength Of
our NATO allies.
Economic recovery in Europe
might be halted or even reversed
If the European resources pouring
into the Reconstruction and mod
ernization Of industry and agri.
culture had to be diverted to ex-
pensive programs to equip the nec-
essary military forces. Accordingly
we launched substantial program
Of military assistance.
This program. which continues
at a high level, takes several forms.
IN part it consists Of the shipment
Of arms and military equipment
to our allies. In part it involves
supplying civilian-type items. such
as food. clothing. gasoline. trucks
and the like, to the armed forces
OF other countries. In some cases,
where the main problem for the
foreign country is the budgetary
problem of raising the funds to
pay for the military establishment,
we supply what we call defense
support to the civilian economy
to permit the release of an equiva-
lent volume of resources to military
uses.
The chief difference between this
program and the Marshall Plan is
thus not so much the kinds Of
things we actually ship. as the
reasons why we feel it is in
our interest to supply aid. Mill
tary assistance finds its justifica-
ton principally in the argument
that a given amount OF money
supplied to an ally will provide
more effective defense for the
United States than the same
amount Of money spent on the
United States military establish
ment.
There can be no question of
trade replacing military aid. since
the costs of opposing the military
power Of the Soviet Union, as long
as that power continues to grow
are clearly beyond the capacities
Of all but the industrially advanced
nations.
In discussion OF our policy toward
foreign aid" however. 1t is seldom
realized that this military pro-
gram now constitutes the bulk Of
our aid expenditures. In fiscal 1856
nearly 50 billion, or some IS per
cent Of our foreign aid obligations
Of nearly $2.4 billion, was justified
by the administration to Congress
on military grounds.
Point Four Aid
1t is probably reasonable to esti-
mate that not more than $500 mil
lion Of 5000 million Of aid last year
went for primarily nonmilitary
purposes.
That $500 million or $500 million
Evening star., 1957-04-21

from outside these societies and
viewed with some suspicion as the
inheritor Of the European imperi-
alist tradition. can have only lin
tied influence on their internal
political evolution. We do. how
ever, have one powerful instrument
of influence. We have it In our
power to supply the margin of
economic resources and Of tech
nical know-how without which the
efforts Of these countries to meet
the economic aspirations of their
peoples by democratic means will
fail.
If we do not help them in their
efforts to develop, they have only
two alternatives. They can turn
for help to the Soviet bloc and
thus risk becoming so dependent
economically on that bloc that
they lose their political independ-
ence, or they can do as the Chinese
are doing and as the Russians did
before them and extract the re-
sources for development from their
own peoples by forceful repression
OF standards of living and Of eco
nomic and political freedom OF
choice.
1t is the grave dangers posed
for US by either Of these two al
ternatives that have led many
Americans to feel that we must
maintain and expand our programs
Of aid to economic development.
If we accept this conception OF
the United States interest. what
are we letting ourselves in for in
the way of future aid commitments?
Is this bottomless pit down which
we must pour substantial sums for
an indefinite period of time?
Three Foctors to Consider
Three things must be borne in
mind in attempting to answer this
question:
. In the first place. the amount
Of outside assistance which the
underdeveloped countries can use
productivity, while large relative
to their own incomes. is quite small
relative to our own national output.
It has been estimated that even
II we were to offer to supply all
the underdeveloped countries of
the free world with all the capital
they could productivity use. they
could not take more than So or
So billion additional year at the
most, from all sources.
. In the second place, history
gives convincing evidence that the
process Of economic growth. once
put firmly in motion. tends to be-
come self-sustaining. 1t is very
difficult to get stagnant economy
of dead center. Once output be-
gins TO grow, however, a part of
each years increase can be used
to expand the productive instru-
ments which make further growth
possible.
. In the third place. whether
these economies can achieve self
sustaining growth will depend on
the trade policies followed by the
United States and the other devel-
oped countries.
Few II any Of the underdeveloped
countries have the resources TO
sustain q growing standard of liv-
ing without trade. Some, like
Burma, need markets for their
agricultural exports. II we de-
prive them of these markets
by dumping our own agricultural
Surpluses abroad. even substantial
Evening star., 1957-04-21

The problems of foreign aid-how
90 CD J; 9 8 !
[FNT TQ I'M Sunday Stars eight-week Decisions
the Washington area by the Foreign Policy
Association and the Junior Chamber of Commerce Dr.
Mkan professor of economics and director of the Center
for international Studies at Massachusetts Institute
Technology He has frequently advised the Government
foreign policy matters His article condensed here
written for the FPAs publication, Headline Series"
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1957-11-09
BSu Active
AT mVC

Itta Bena-Student religious life
on Mississippi Vocational College
Campus is being enriched by the
active functioning Of wide-awake
B. S. U. organization. The group
under the faculty leadership Of Mr..
John A. James had as its student
head, Sylvester Johnson, senior
from Taylorsville, Mississippi. Its
membership is open to any student
who wishes to affiliate, but it has
for it's chief objective; a program
whereby the students of this par
ticular faith will be encouraged to
increase and maintain not only
their religious zeal, but their con-
nection with their home church.
The B. S. U. on campus is af-
filiated with both the state and ma
tional organization and enjoys the
fellowship Of the sister colleges
in the state in the local and state
meetings.
The recent "tag-day" which open
ed the membership drive has
greatly increased interest and en-
thusiasm.
Sixteen students represented the
organization at the recent meet
ing in Jackson, Mississippi, all of
whom returned with increased am
cunt of fervor for the task Of
kingdom building.
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1957-11-09
Healthy Industry
Vital: Carson

Dallas.-The United States gov
eminent cannot allow the health
of its domestic petroleum industry
to. be undermined, Navy Capt
Matthew V. Carson, Jr., admins.
traitor Of the governments volun-
tary oil import program declared
here before the Independent Pc
troleum Association of America.
Addressing the body's Import
Policy committee, he warned that
we cannot assume the "costly liza
bility of petroleum industry which
is too heavily dependent upon
sources of petroleum outside our
shores"
Discounting arguments against
imports limitations, Capt. Carson
told the group that "if the United
States consumer becomes almost
totally dependent upon foreign oil,
the price of that oil would, of
course, be controlled at the source
of supply"
Anyone who seriously believes
the price of foreign oil would re-
main relatively low when the
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1957-11-09

worlds richest and largest market
had been captured, Carson said, "is
suffering from self hypnosis.
Speaking out strongly, in favor
Of voluntary import limitations
rather than "strict regulation by
government fist" Capt. Carson said
"the imposition Of mandatory con-
trolls would not lead TO any
appreciably quicker nor beneficial
results than we are obtaining un2
der the voluntary program" =
He said that prior to instigatioI
OF the voluntary program, crude
oil imports into the u. s. exclusive
of District v, were scheduled by
the importing companies at &c.
900 barrels daily. "As q result
of our voluntary and cooperative
effort, imports in September were
$4,000 barrels daily-a decline of
$4,000 barrels below the original
scheduled. For the next five
months, imports should average no
more than $4,000 barrels per day.
He predicted imports would
closely approximate the target fig
ure by mid-1958. He added that
our national security requires
reasonable balance between i'm
ports and domestic production.
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1957-11-09
New Jersey's...

Continued from Page One)
the B & P and also an Apointee of
Gov. Meyner's on the Board of
one of New Jerseys Homes for
Youth, also spoke Of how the B &
P women were meeting "Today's
Challenge" with poise, dignity and
service.
Mrs. Marjorie Van Dyke was TIE
wonderful Breakfast Chairman who
saw to it that the Program was
timely, international and indeed
one long to be remembered because
Of the many fine personalities on
the program.
The highlight Of the program
was the presentation of the So
journer Truth Award to Mrs. Ber-
tell C. Wright, Health Education
of Essex County tuberculosis
League.
Special Citations were given to
Mrs. Barbara Morris, U. S. Assist
ant District Attorney and to MISS
Althea Gibson, Tennis Champion OF
| the World.
Mrs. Ethel M. Moore, president
of the New Jersey B & P Club,
and other members of the B & T
were highly praised for their ach-
ievements by Governor and Mrs.
Meyner who attended the Break
fast with her husband. Most i'm
pressive and timely was the fact
that the Governor took time out
from his busy 30 engagements)
dav to be with the B & P and also
to congratulate Mrs. Harrison on
her wonderful leadership as Ma
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1957-11-09

against "anti-minority discrimina-
ton" to make this possible.
Philip M. Klutznick, a Chicago
housing developer and a member
of the United States delegation to
the United Nations, told the B'nai
Birth meeting that despite ode
structive behavior tending to frus-
trate the good purposes of the
United Nations, it was fallacious
to believe that the world body
would benefit from Russia's expul-
sion.
1--WE won't be correcting the de-
feet by closing the door ON the de-
fectors," he declared.
The American Jewish Commit
tee, observing it's fiftieth anniver-
sary, has been devoted since it's
establishment to the combating
of bigotry and discrimination and
the protection of the civil and
religious right sof Jewish people.
The Anti-Defamation League, also
prominently known as a human re-
lations agency, engages in similar
programs. Both have their head
quarters in New York City.
Mr.. Hoffman told the eleventh
annual meeting of the national
council of the Joint Defense APP
peal that Jewish communities in
New York and Chicago were car
rying a "disproportionate share of
tie cost for the fight against big
otry and the promotion of demo-
cratic ideals.
All of the meetings were held in
the Edgewater Beach Hotel.
Patronize Our Advertisers
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1957-11-09
South's
CONTINUED from Page One)

axe O1e
ed a three-day convention here,
heard racial and religious discrimi-
nation in higher education in this
country denounced by Benjamin R.
Epstein, the national director, of
the league. He called it an sun
guided missile" that was the chief
obstacle to American efforts to
outdistance scientific developments
of the Soviet Union.
See SOuth's Talents Needed
Mr.. Carter declared that the
South "needs all it's talents to
meet the economic crisis arising
from the agricultural meckaniza-
ton and diversification,' and the
consequent migration of white and
Negro Southerners."
The racial conflict that has
erupted in the South, Mr.. Carter
declared, "has given some impetus
to anti-Semitism in a region in
which it has generally been alb
sent" But, he added, "this situation
is not yet alarming"
The committee awarded former
New York State Supreme Court
Justice Joseph M. Proskauer the
American Liberties Medallion for
his exceptional advancement of
the principles of liberty and equal
ity."
At the Anti-Defamation League
meeting, Mr.. Epstein declared that
the "crisis point" in the struggle
to match and surpass Soviet scien-
tific achievement would come in
1860 when the first major wave of
the World War II babies boom"
would reach college age.
He called for an expansion of
college facilities and safeguards
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1957-11-09
Democratic..,
CONTINUED from Page One)

Democrats will be more con-
cerned in 1860 with writing a plat
form which the vast majority of
Democrats around the country can
support than in holding any minor
ity. or faction, the Democratic
chairman declared.
Mr.. Williams said that he thor
oughly approved what Mr.. Butler
had said, pointing out that Michi-
gan Democrats have stood against
any compromise on civil rights.
Both Democratic leaders said
they felt that the Little Rock dis
orders would weld together Dem
ocrats in other sections of the coun-
try and would point up the need
for a strong civil rights plank in
the party's platform.
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1957-11-09
Negro
Continued from Page One)

Continued from Page One)
letin, and Vincent Roberts, General
Secretary of the South African In
stitute of international Affairs.
Of the fifty to 100 letters receiv-
ed daily by the high school chill
dren, the leading nations repre-
scented are West Germany and New
Zealand. The nine expressed some
disappointment that no mail had
come from France because they
wanted to make new "pen pals
from that country.
Mrs. Dean who recently returned
from teaching at the Indian School
of International Studies this past
summer, said that "most editorials
in the Indian press were friendly
and understanding in dealing with
the Indignation problem"
The effect of world opinion in
resolving the Little Rock situa-
ton democratically was also en-
phasized by Mrs. Dean.
Mr.. Roberts related some "un-
fortunate effects" of world opin-
ion on the political leaders of South
Africa. The expression of interna-
tional opinion against apatheid
policies had only hardened the seq
regation policies there, he said.
Mr.. Poston noted that in Am
erica the effect of world opinion
on increasing civil rights and liber-
ties had been important. He said
that recourse by Negro leaders to
the position of America in the
world today was both legitimate
and effective in their fight for
Indignation.
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1957-11-09

Rouge;
Maryland-Paul E. huntington;
Mississippi-Lamar Whortenberry,
Jackson; North Carolina - G. H.
Ferguson, Raleigh; Oklahoma -
Dick Pryor, Oklahoma City; South
Carolina-V. L. Cannon and F. M.
Kirk, Columbia; Tennessee-W. E..
Turner, Nashville; Texas-V. ].
Kennedy, Austin.
Directors of the Foundation are
DR.. ]. C. Dixon and DR.. Fred Nc
QUESTION.
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1957-11-09
Southern
CONTINUED from Page One)

Faculty, explained the Hampton
curriculum; Coils H. Davis, Reg
istrar, scholarship and placement
programs, and DR.. Hugh M. Clos
ter, Chairman of the Communica-
tons Center, the Summer Session
program.
Following the meeting, the group
was taken on tour of the campus.
State representatives were:
Alabama-Robert M. Cummins,
Auburn, j. G, Blair, Montgomery,
John E. Bryan, Birmingham;
Florida-D. E. Williams, Tallahas-
see; Georgia-Robert L. Cousins,
Atlanta; Kentucky - A. D. AL
bright and j. E. Barrows of Lex
ington, Sam B. Taylor, Frankfort;
louisiana. L. Kilgore, Baton
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1957-11-09

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Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1957-11-09

tional President of such a grand
organization as the Business and
Professional Women's Clubs, Inc.
Others in a picture Caught" as
the Governor was offering con-
gratulations to Mrs. Harrison were
his wife, Mrs. Moore, local B & P
President and Mrs. Marie E. Stew
art, member.
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1957-11-09
Hire On basis...
Continued from Page One)

(COntlnueQ from rage One)
American business, industry and
commerce can't. In fact, baseball
by showing courage instead of
being wishy-washy, has made the
job easier for all of us here"
Robinson who joined the restau-
rant chain and coffee company six
months ago, spoke before the open
ing session of the American Man
agement Associations fall person
mel conference at the Hotel Stat
Ter.
Patronize Our Advertisers
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1957-11-09
kIansnlan
Continued from Page On

Continued from Page One)
Khan faction.
Pritchett, the "cyclops" of the
Khan faction, allegedly ordered the
mutilation of Aaron as warning
to other Negroes.