davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-07
MATTER OF INFLUENCE
Can ItReoIIy Be Called the Warren Court?

a level Of achievement in their
judicial work second only to that
of Marshall"
In modern times many consider
some of the most influential
justices Excluding present men,
bers) to have been associates
such men as Justices Holmes,
Brandeis and jackson.
Does Earl Warren belong in
this select category Of internally
influential justices? The complete
answer is known only to the court
itself.
However, no member Of the
current court at the time Of his
appointment had a more remote
legal background than Mr.. War
rem. So far as legal scholarship
is concerned the Chief Justice has
yet TO receive wide acclaim from
his profession. In fact. law
yers have taken Mr.. Warren
to task for his social" approach
to the law, and even lay critics
have referred to his emotional
opinion" on the recent Watkins
case.
Moreover. the acknowledged
learning. skill and temperament
Of such "old hands" on the Court
as Justices Black, Frankfurter and
Douglas, plus the broader legal
and judicial training Of the more
recently appointed Justices Har-
Ian. Brennan and Whitaker,
makes the propriety Of the WAR
rem" label appear even DINNER.
Who Does Influencing?
Some lawyers. in fact, suggest
what they think is q greater
probability-that the Chief JUS
tice, and occasionally some Of
the newer court members. may
have been taken into the Black
Douglas liberal camp. In this
view. the alleged influence is
flowing not from Mr.. Warren.
but to him.
It is true that administrative
procedure gives the Chief Justice
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-07
Anderson Faces Tough Debt Problem

hardly say they have policy Of
violent storms"
About the only thing that
everyone seems to agree on is
that it would be a good thing for
Uncle Sam to cut down his short
term debt and put it in long-term
securities. There are several rea-
sons for this, all of them con-
cerned with the effect of such
Government borrowing on the
Nations economy.
For instance, much of the Short
term debt winds up in the hands
of the commercial banks. That's
when it is most dangerous, be-
cause it adds to the money supply
and tends to be inflationary.
It works this way: When COM
mercial banks buy the Govern
ment's notes. they do it by open
ing a deposit account for the
Government. The Government
can write checks on this account
just as any individual depositor.
This deposit account in turn adds
to the banks reserves, and in
creases the amount of money they
can loan to businessmen and
consumers.
Trips to Money Morket
Another factor is that the
Government pays OF most of its
obligations by borrowing more
money. When much Of the debt
is short-term. it means Uncle
Sam has to make l-too-frequent
trips to the money market in
search of fresh funds.
When the Government is in
competition with private indus
try for available funds, the old
law of supply and demand pushes
interest rates higher for every
one. Moreover, such Government
borrowing makes just that much
less money available for such
things as the construction of new
factories and the expansion of
public utilities.
Why, then, doesn't the Gov
eminent simply convert its Short
term bills and notes tn long-term
bonds and end this unhappy state
of affairs? It's easier said than
done. In recent months there
has been an increasing demand
for long-term money, at near rec
ord high interest rates.
In early May, the Treasury was
faced with maturing issue of
some 81 billion in notes. 1t Of
fered to give new securities in ex-
change-either .one-year certif-
icates bearing ga per cent inter-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-07

careful shrewdness and legalistic
maneuvers evident in his foreign
dealings are to be found in his
Arab policy. On the contrary, it
now seems that Col. NaSser most
probably never had any planned
long-range policy for the Arab
world beyond the traditional
Egyptian policy of domination"
and leadership" Of the Arab and
Muslin worlds.
= Despite Col. Nasser's fervent
As proclamations Of "a single
Arab nation embracing all the
Anticipating countries" which
have lone goal" and common ma
tional interests" his actions have
generally gone contrary to the
vital interests of sister Arab
states and tended to serve Egyp-
tan rather than common Arab
interests. Arab nationalism as
pronounced by Egypt thus looked
like a new name for the old
Egyptian nationalism. This in
depreciation has become more and
more prevalent among the edu-
Gated classes in the Arab world
with the result that the very basis
Of the Nasser nationalistic appeal
to the Arab intelligentsia is being
undermined.
I Egypt's domination Of Syria
Os has produced an ugly ex-
ample Of what an Egyptian safe
lite would look like. Whether
encouraged by Egypt or not. Syria
today has become dangerously de-
pendent. both politically and &C.
onomically, on the Soviet Union.
The present Socialist Communist
regime has its back to the wall.
And the ruling clique fully real
ICES that the alternative to being
in power is total destruction. In
the midst Of the economic and
political chaos to which they have
brought their country. Syria's
three strong men, Serraj Of the
army, Hourani Of the Bath So
cianst Party and Bekdash, the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-07

some added power ,on the court.
Here's how it works:
The court meets on Fridays to
discuss cases on which it is ready
to decide. The Chief Justice pre-
sentS each case and says what
ever he has to say about it. Then
the senior associate justice takes
over, and so on down the line to
the most junior justice. Appar-
emily the discussion may become
more or less general at any point.
but each justice in turn has an
opportunity to air his views.
When the discussion is con-
cluded the court votes, beginning
with the junior justice and back
up the line, ending with the Chief
Justice.
If the chief justice is q member
Of the majority. he decides who
shall write the opinion. He may
assign it to himself or to the JUS
tice Of his choice. If the Chief
Justice is a member Of the mi
nority, the senior associate justice
in the majority group assigns the
writing of the opinion.
Any minority member who de-
sires may write a dissenting
opinion. And any member Of the
majority who agrees with the re-
suit Of the decision but who ar
rives at his conclusions by a diff
ferent route may write a concur
ring opinion.
The greatest influence accru-
ing TO the Chief Justice because
Of his position doubtless stems
from his authority to assign the
writing of opinions. In law, this
can make a lot Of difference. The
reasoning behind a decision may
be as crucial to future cases as the
specific holding or result.
Mr.. Warren, 1t will be noted,
has assigned himself the writing
Of some Of the most difficult and
far-reaching recent opinions. Still.
this must be considered q pretty
fragile reason TO tag the present
court with 0 Warren" label.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-07
BY G. X. HODENFIELD

The Secretary Of the Treasury
has a pretty luxurious job. He
gets $4,000 a year, a chauffeur
driven limousine (plus a place to
park it,, and an conditioned
office with a nice view of the
White House.
But that's the tinsel. Under
meath all the pretty wrapping is
one Of the toughest jobs in Gov
eminent: Trying to manage the
country's short-term debt.
When Robert B. Anderson takes
over shortly as Secretary of the
Treasury from George M. Hum
phrey. he'll assume a total ma
tional debt of nearly $275 billion.
It's size makes the national debt
an awesome thing. But this Is
only part of the problem. The
real headaches come with the
short-term /. o. us, the Gov
eminent securities that fall due
within a year of their sale.
When Mr.. Humphrey took over
as Secretary Of the Treasury four
years ago he said the Treasury's
goal was to lengthen the debt by
issuing more long-term bonds and
fewer short-term notes and bills.
That. he said, would ease infia-
tionary pressures.
Four years later he has had to
admit that he has been able
to make no improvement in the.
situation.
He says it's q problem Of pros
perity: The demand for money far
exceeds the supply. and this in
turn has raised interest rates all
around to a point where investors
aren't interested in long-term
Government bonds at compare
lively low rates.
'Blome Tight Money
The Democrats blame the adj
ministration's tight money" and
debt management policies. Senator
Kerr, Democrat of Oklahoma, put
it this way: 1T looks to me like
they (the Treasury and the Fed
eral Reserve) arranged 1t so they
would have to pay higher interest
rates at the expense of Uncle Sam
and everyone else who borrows
money"
The Federal Reserve System,
which manages the Nations
money and credit supply, insists
tight money isn't a policy. it's
a condition. AS one Federal
Reserve spokesman said, THE
Weather Bureau has to contend
with a condition of hurricanes
and typhoons. but you could
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-07

lecturing some years ago at Co
lumbia University. Chief Justice
Hughes, widely regarded as one Of
the three or four best Chief
Justices IN American history,
went on to say:
In a small body Of able men
with equal authority in making
decisions. it is evident that (the
Chief Justice's) actual influence
will depend upon the strength Of
his character and the demonstra-
ton Of his ability in the intimate
relations of the judges. It is safe
to say that no member Of the
court is under any illusion as to
the mental equipment of his
brethren. Constant and close
association discloses the strength
and exposes the weakness Of
each"
Doubts Domination
In essence. Chief Justice Hughes
was driving home the point that
most Supreme Court justices are
too experienced, knowledgeable
and firm to be intellectually pushed
around by other court members.
They may be persuaded by supe-
rior legal reasoning, but seldom,
If ever, do they merely reflect"
the views Of some dominant
member.
Influence can be exerted by any
member Of the court. Associate
justices such as Joseph Story
and Benjamin Curtis probably
had as much influence within the
court as any Chief Justice. Con-
versely. such able Chief Justices
as Salmon p. Chase, Morrison
Waite and Melville Fuller, ac-
cording to Mr.. Hughes. gained
nothing by their headship Of the
court over such men as Samuel
Miller. Stephen Field. Joseph
Bradley. Horace Gray and David
Brewer"
Chief Justice Hughes felt these
latter associate justices rose to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-07

leader Of Arab communism, fight
not merely to preserve the status
quo in Syria but equally for sheer
personal survival. Syria is now
totally isolated: her relations with
the surrounding Arab states have
reached a new low with the aliena-
ton last week of Saudi Arabia
after a bitter attack on King Saud
accusing him Of working against
Arab interests and in favor Of
Western imperialism" Thus Syria
now constitutes more Of liability
to Egypt than an asset.
He's Not Through
All this however does not mean
that Col. Nasser's power in the
Arab World is finished. The fact
is that he still Yields considerable
influences among the masses in
most Arab countries.
BY executing another dramatic
feat he might still be able to re-
kindle the blind, violent passions
which create the kind of crisis
in which radical political changes
in favor Of Egypt could take place.
And no matter to what extent
the decline Of Nassers power in
the Arab countries may have now
reached, Egypt cannot be totally
isolated from the rest OF the Arab
countries.
For Egypt remains the strongest
and most strategically located
Arab country in the Middle East.
and no Arab bloc could become
effective in stemming the tide OF
communism and re-establishing
mutually advantageous co-opera-
ton with the West without sooner
or later coming TO some kind OF
reconciliation with Egypt.
Despite all appearances TO the
contrary, understanding with Col.
Nasser Is both possible and desir.
able, II only q serious and sincere
attempt il made TO understand
his dilemma and the position in
which his country now stands. 10
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-07
BY FRED THEROUx

The dramatic upheaval inside
the Soviet Unions top hierarchy
the Presidium of the Central Com
mittee of the Communist Party
marks the beginning of q new
phase in the development of the
Soviet system. But it is unlikely
to mean any sharp or radical
shift in the systems general di-
rection.
The custer of Vyacheslav M.
Molotov, odd Bolshevik" former
Foreign Minister: Georgi NJ. Ma
lenkov, named Premier on the
death of Josef Stain, and Lazar M.
Kaganovich. First Deputy Premier
and brother-in-law to the late die
tator. on charges of descriptive
hostility to the Communist Party,
is in the curious political tradi-
ton Of the party. Since the Boil
sheviks seized power in. 1917.
wings and factions in its ruling
body have commended over high
policy matters. When they lose.
they are out. Under Stain. they
we're frequently also dead.
Close observers of the Moscow
developments since the death Of
Stain foresee these probable re-
suits of the Presidium shakeup:
. A more influential role for the
Red army in future political de-
cisionS.
. Greater fiexibility in foreign
policy.
Q A new and generally softer re-
lationship with the Communist
satellites--but no nonsense like
free elections or self-determina-
ton.
. A greater emphasis than ever
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-07
MEANING OF THE SHAKEUP THE SUNDAY STAB yEss4ansn Az
Anew Phase But No New Russia

in the Big -Four conference called
right after Geneva the dour Mol
otov yielded not an inch.
Toke a New Tack
The ushchev-Bulganin poll
cies Of friendlier relations with the
satellites. permitting greater de-
gree of nationalism inside the sat-
elite Communist regimes. were
anathema to the StaliniSts. The
dramatic flight of the entire Pre-
sidium from Moscow to Warsaw
last fall, when Wladyslaw Co
mulka gained ascendancy over the
hard-core Stalinists in the Polish
party, demonstrated the extent to
which the issue had concerned
the hierarchy.
Here again the Khrushchev
wing carried the day. Poland's
new national communism" was
permitted to go on with cautious
reservations. Similar movements
were countenanced in Hungary
and Romania. But Hungary went
too far. and the resultant revolt
and its suppression almost dumped
the Khrushchev group from
!. power.
The Hungarian uprising showed
clearly the divergent elements
present in the collective leader
ship of the Kremlin. It also
pointed up clearly the fact that
the balance of power in the rul-
ing Presidium was held by the
Red army. in the person of Mar
shall Georgi Zhukov. hero Of
World War II.
From october 20, when the
streets Of Budapest first erupted
In violent revolt. until November
4. when the tanks and guns Of the
Red army clanked across the
Danube, was 10 days. It took
that long for the decision to be
made inside the Kremlin. and it
was the Soviet Army that swung
the balance toward armed inter-
vention.
An Isolated Instance
There were predictions then
that Hungary's uprising had been
Khrushchev's undoing. But it
quickly became apparent that the
army's support of the Stalinist
group was confined to the Hun
garian crisis alone, the deciding
factor being strictly military: AL
low no potentially hostile force to
establish itself on RuSsia's bor-
ders. In other matters. even in
GLIDING the continued sufferance
of Gomulka's national commu-
nism." Marshal Zhukov offered
no opposition to the Khrushchev
program.
Some strong indications Of the
stability of the Russian Com
munist regime may be observed in
the days and weeks ahead, when
the popular reaction to the Molo-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS clusters
becomes known. All have their
followers and each has built UP
some degree of personal popu-
larity-M alenkov particularly.
through his efforts to ease the
rigid restrictions on the peas
antry.
If the discrediting of the erst-
while leaders rests where it is, or,
as may turn out to be the case.
further steps are taken to punish
them. the world will know how
secure the new Khrushchev lead
ership feels itself to be.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-07
Case of Clinton Is Got Its Stort
Before the Segregation Decision

tended that it would be virtually
impossible for Judge to enforce
his injunction under such cir
cumstances.
The Kasper trial will not give
a definitive answer to the question
of which side Is right on this
point, but whatever indication it
does give will be studied carefully
on both sides Of the Mason and
Dixon line.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-07

M0lotov and, Stain shocked the
world by signing q nonaggression
pact with Hitler's Nazi Germany.
But the present case involves no
shock, nor even surprise.
Long Term Dissension
Dissension among men Of the
Red hierarchy has been apparent
since the death of Stain in 1858.
The departed dictator had been
careful to see to it that no one in
dividual in the Soviet command
ever attained stature enough to
become an heir-apparent.
The collective leadership" was
the result and the naming Of
Georgi Malenkov as Premier was
compromise appointment. in no
way indicating that Mr.. Malenkov
was top man. Lavrenti Beria, as
head of the secret. police, was elm
mated quickly by his colleagues as
a menace.
AS the maneuvering inside the
PreSidium went on, the existence
of two general groups became
plain-the "Stalinists" led by Mr..
Molotov and the advocates Of a
showdown in Communist revolu-
tionary policy led by Mr.. Khru-
shchev. Each side scored tempo
rary victories, as evidenced by Of
fetal statements and actions. For
example. the liberal" group won
when Malenkov was replaced as
Premier by Mr.. Bulganin, a politi-
cal marshal on cordial terms with
the Red army and with the
Khrushchev school.
One result Of the change was
the Geneva summit" conference
OF 1854 and the benign beginning
Of peaceful coexistence. But the
Stalinists won the next round, for
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-07
MIDDLE EAST REPORT
NosserHos Lost His Big Chance
MIDDLE EAST REPORT

Last week, H. B. Sharabi,
assistant professor OF modern
Middle East history at George
totOn University, reported
from Beirut on the groloth of
American prestige in the Arab
counties. This tollow-up story
discusses another important
Development in the MideGst
finder Dor - the changing
status OF Egypt's President
NGSSer.
BY H. b. SHARABI
BEIRUT, Lebanon.-It is now
becoming increasingly evident
that President Nasser Of Egypt
has lost his chance Of becoming
the leader Of a politically-united
Arab front stretching from Mo-
rocco to the Persian Gulf.
In the last few months, the
series Of Arab alliances with
Syria. Saudi Arabia, Jordan and
Yemen which Egypt had so
diligently built and through which
President Nasser had hoped to
dominate the Arab world have
all but crumbled. Except for
Syria, Egypt now stands alone.
A new, pro-Western bloc, COM
posed of the three Arab mon
arches Of Saudi Arabia, Iraq and
Jordan, is gradually taking shape.
Western diplomats have little
to boast about on this favorable
change. Aside from the generally
cooperative attitude which the
United States took with regard
to Arab problems after the Suez
invasion and her firm stand in
the application Of the Eisenhower
Middle East doctrine. no direct
step was taken by any Western
power to bring about q change in
Arab alignments.
To any observer of Middle East
ern affairs 1t is evident that the
decline Of Egyptian power in the
Arab World must in large part
be attributed TO Egypt's grave
mistakes and miscalculations in
both the drawing and execution
Of her policies.
Causes Of Decline
To the writer on the scene, the
following observations are per-
haps the most important in I'M
derstanding the causes OF this de-
cline.
I It is clear that the more
1s successful Col. Nasser was on
the international scene, the more
impatient and abrupt he became
in his dealings with the Arab
states. His enormous popularity
among the masses of the Arab
world led him to believe that II
governments failed to comply with
his policies he could undermine
them through direct appeal to the
people, as he attempted in Jordan.
His Arab policy began to appear,
especially after weathering the
Anglo-French invasion Of Egypt
last fall. no more studied or bal
anced or rational than the hys-
terical broadcasts Of his govern
ment-sponsored radio station.
Voice Of the Arabs" None Of the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-07

Mr.. Theroux. Q member Of the stoff Of
The Stars Sunday Editorial Section.
specializes in foreign effoir4
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-08-21


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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-08-21

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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-08-21
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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-08
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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-08
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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-08

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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-08

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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-08

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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-08

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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-10-06
Proorom Listinos

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