davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Nome nugget., 1957-09-18
FIRST SEVERE FROST

Nome experienced its first severe frost of the fall last night. Pools were frozen over and the water lines were very sluggish until the sun warmed things up bit. It all adds up to a sure sign that Esoperation deep freeze can't be too far away,
The Nome nugget., 1957-09-18
North American Defense Umbrella
 Will Not Protect From New
 Russian Intercontinental Missile
By PAUL WELLS

. SEATTLE tR-The United States and Canada, in the first joint news conference since the North American Def ense Command (NORAD) went into operation last Thursday, in effect warned Rus sia yesterday every resource of both countries has been pledged to protect the continent
 The defense umbrella consists of planes, missiles, radar warning lines, ships, blimps and "Texas" oceanic radar towers.
 At the same time, US. Air Force Maj. Gen. Harvey T. Al ness, NORAD's deputy chief of staff for plans and operations. conceded an enemy could get thru the continents defenses despite anything we could do.
 There is no such thing as 100 percent defense" he said. We can only keep as strong as possi- ble, hope for the best and prepare for the worst"
 The news conference was at tended by several score US. and Canadian newsmen. It was high lighted by rare look at the high ly classified Boeing Bomarc pilot less, supersonic interceptor.
 The AT foot-long Bomarc is the mightiest weapon in NORAD's arsenal. However, production in quantity only recently began at the Boeing Airplane Co. in Seat tie under a $139 million Air Force contract Alness said the missile would not become operational be- fore mid-1959.
 Performance data on the Bo- marc is classified, but unofficial reports have placed it's speed at two to three times the speed of sound, it's rance at 200 to 300 miles.
 Gen. Earle E. Partridge of the USAF is supreme commander of NORAD. He is answerable to the joint chiefs of staff of both coun- tries.
 Alness said the continents three radar picket lines and other radar defenses cannot detect an intercont1nental ballistic missile such as the Russians recently boasted they now had.
 But he said it would be some time before the Russians would have enough ICBMs in attack quantity, and until then the radar fences along North Americas aerial frontier will give warning against all lair breathing ar madas. He referred Co jet bOmberS.
 Fighter interceptor planes of both nations are in a state of con- stant readiness. These include F-102 delta-wing Convairs, CT 100 RCAF Canucks, F-94C Lock- heed Starfires, F-89D Northrop Scorpions, and F-s6D North American Sabrejets.
The Nome nugget., 1957-09-18
BOB BARTLETT ADDRESSES
 VIVA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
By RUTH MCLEAN

"This was a highly constructive session of Congress for Alaska, especially regarding lands" stat ed Delegate E. L. (Bob) Bartlett at the Chamber of Commerce weekly meeting on Monday.
 Bartlett then briefly outlined legislation which transferred Sec tion Is in the City of Anchorage to the Territory of Alaska; and the transfer of certain tidelands to the territory from the federal government which now can be transferred to municipalities.
 Bartlett also described bill he introduced to give the territory a total of 90 percent of oil and gas lease moneys. At present, Alaska receives 371a percent for schools and roads. An additional 5212 percent would be used as the Ter ritorial Legislature sees fit, Bart lett proposed.
 The Alaska delegate said the cause of statehood has never been further advanced than it is now and that it should be a reality in the second session of Congress. He told the Chamber that the Alaska delegates-at-large have served Alaskans faithfully and well in the nations capital.
 On behalf of the Chamber and the people of the Nome area, President Jim Walsh thanked Bartlett for federal funds now being used here, mentioning the new federal building and the re- mobilization of the airfield as ex- ampleS.
 Another guest at the luncheon meeting was Henry Clark, Alaska Steamship Company's representa- tive from Washington, D.C., who spoke briefly.
 Nome has a great story to tell to it's visitors" Clark said. "It has the greatest traditions of any city in Alaska. Nome is Alaska and Alaska is Nome" He mentioned that altho the territory is 5000 miles from Washington, D.C., and our population is small part of the total population, Alaska has many real friends in the nations capital.
 Clark then advised the Cham Der members that Alaska Steam officials are now in Washington, D.C., for a nate review and they will try to keep any raise in ship ping rates to an absolute mini mum.
 Other guests at the regular Chamber meeting were John Lar son, secretary treasurer of the Northern Commercial Company in Seattle; Jack Elliott of D. K. Mcdonald Company in Seattle; Roy Snyder of the CAA; Joe Gatzka of Anchorage, and Robert w. Oliver, US. marshal in Nome
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-24
Happy Days
Of Reunion
At Blair
BY Fiji eoRsKA

Homecoming Weekend
It can be more than the
waving of pennants, or the
voicing of school spirit in
a chorus of cheers.
1t can be a time when
alumni members can
stretch their legs along
memory-strewn paths, re-
gain a spark of that school
spirit and enjoy maybe
most of all the COMPARE
son between their own
teen-age youth and those
of today. And, similarly,
it can be d time when
today's students can get a
kick out of learning what
it first hand was like in
those proverbial good old
days"
That's what happened
during Montgomery Blair's
Homecoming. 1t was a
nostalgic-and colorful--
weekend for Albert B.
Clarke, jr., and his wife,
the former Elsie Hessel-
gesSer (claSs Of AZ, for
mer Blair students who
fell in love. Mr.. Clarke
was president Of Blair's
1888 graduating class and
his bride-to-be finished
three years later. They
shared the two-day cele-
bration with present-day
Continued On noss Z
Evening star., 1957-12-26
ELviS
PARTS COMPANY
WITH TEDDY BEARS

NEW YORK B.--Army-
bound Singer Elvls Presley
and some Of his teddy
bears have parted COM
pany.
The National Foundation
for Infantile Paralysis am
nounced yesterday the re-
ceipt Of q trunkful OF
stuffed animals from Mr..
Presley's collection. In
cluded we're two black and
white toy "cuddle pandas"
and q large stuffed brown
Australian koala bear.
A March Of Dimes
spokesman said the teddy
bears would be sold at an
auction Of possessions Of
celebrities on January 20.
with the benefits going to
the foundation.
Evening star., 1957-12-26

rent 1858 iiscal year ending
next June 80.
The figures show that in
terms of man years equivalent
OF one man working one year, /.
the Science Bureau reached q
high Of Lis man years on It's
own projects In fiscal 1850. The
rate declined TO o94 man years
under the last Truman admin
istration budget in 1858.
Under the first Eisenhower
budget, fiscal 1854. the bureaus
man-year total applied TO It's
own projects dropped to 7is.
From Tie the following year, II
climbed back TO an estimated
$40 for 1858.
Meanwhile the budgets dol.
lar figures dropped from ee,-
i6i. 900 In 1850 70 S7,40e, 900 In
1858 and t5.6s3. 900 In 1854,
but rose again TO o 0.42o. 900
high estimated for the current
year.
The bureaus figures also
Evening star., 1957-12-26
Rocing in France
Held Agricultural

PARIS. Dec. 26 R.-The
French Supreme Court decided
yesterday that race tracks are
properly an agricultural activ-
ity. the betting that goes on
there is secondary and the
races are for the improve
ment OF horsefiesh.
Under French law race tracks
are administered by the Min
istry of Agriculture.
However. employees of q track
In Algiers complained that race
tracks we're primarily public
entertainment. and therefore
their pay should come under
public regulations covering
nonagricultural employees.
The trial court decided for
the employees. An appeals
court decided against. The
Supreme Court published the
final word--in France, the man
who takes your bet at the pari.
mutuel window is an agricul.
tural employe.
Evening star., 1957-12-26
Army Reviews
Risk 0usters

NEW YORK. Dec. 2s R.-
The Army is reviewing the
cases Of every, soldier dis.
charged as q security risk be-
tween le4s and 1855. the New
York Times said today.
When the earlier findings
now appear too harsh. the ma
ture Of the mans discharge has
been upgraded or the security
label removed, according to a
Washington dispatch to the
paper.
The Times story also said:
Changes have been made in
almost half the cases reviewed
so far and many former soldiers
have been given leave pay and
other benefits for which soldiers
receiving undesirable dis
charges are not eligible.
Started Voluntarily
The Army undertook the
program voluntarily. The men
affected generally know noth-
ing of the review unless the
service decides TO improve their
type Of discharge.
In this event, the former SOL
der receives q letter from the
Evening star., 1957-12-26

adjutant general Of the Army
inclosing the improved dis
charge paper and asking him
TO throw the old one away. The
letter also says the Army FL
nance Center will send him
back pay due.
The military services have
four general types Of discharge: /:
Honorable. general under hon
orahle conditions. less than
honorable or under "other
than" honorable conditions and
dishonorable.
Result Of 1855 Orders
The cases are being recon-
sidered in the light of less re-
strictive security standards laid
down in two directives late in
1855.
The flrst, issued on october
II. was an order from Secre-
tary Of the Army Brucker re-
quiring a common sense"
judgment on the significance
Of subversive associations.
The second, on November is,
required consideration Of the
quality Of the mans military
service in deciding the type OF
discharge in security cases.
Previously, the regulations
made less than honorable dis
charges automatic in some
cases. no matter how good q
mans service record was.
Evening star., 1957-12-26

Charles s. Draper and DR..
Walter Wrigley.
They began work In 1899
on the problem under the spon-
sorship Of Sperry and the
United States Navy Bureau Of
Ordnance.
The heart OF the system is
q completely free-fioating gy-
roscope sealed in a four-inch
cylinder about the size Of a
tomato can. 1t spins in a fluid
at $4,000 revolutions per min
ute supported by practically
frictionless sapphire bearings.
BY aligning the axis Of the
gyroscope to an imaginary
star. any object which moves
and can be controlled can be
directed 20 q predetermined
target.
Further. no natural phe-
nomena such as weather. sun
spots or magnetic influences
will cause Il 10 deviate from
It's path. Once the gyroscope
has been set and the missile
launched no enemy can inter-
fere with radio or radar.
The problem OF recently has
been tackled BY nearly 20 pri-
vate concerns. One Of the pio-
neers in the field is AvcO
Manufacturing Corp. at Ever
EFT. Mass.
AvCO is under a Sill mil
Ion contract to the Air Force
to build the nose cone for the
Intereontinental baliistic mis-
sile Titan. now being made by
the Martin Co. Of Baltimore.
At the Massachusetts labora-
tories Of AVcO, q 55-year-old
invention known as the shock
tube was refined by DR.. Ar
thur Kantrowitz. one OF the
nations top scientists in gas
dynamics.
Nose Gone Is Secret
DR.. Kantrowitz' shock tube
is q large. cannonlike assembly
which, when fired. produces 4
shock wave so fast that II,
travel time is measured in mil
lionths Of a second.
The tube is fired by the high
compression Of a combination
Of gases or the explosion of OK
Evening star., 1957-12-26

showed a sharp drop between
1858 and 1854 In its work for
other Federal agencies. How
ever this was said TO reflect q
shift In procedures under which
the agencies. mainly military.
undertook the scientific prof.
ects themselves-not a drop In
the amount OF research.
Evening star., 1957-12-26

spent mas luCEcdbcus
One reason given for higher
expenses is the bigger salaries
paid Federal scientists now.
Another Is the mounting cost
OF things needed for their re-
search projects.
House Probe Slated
The figures were supplied BY
the bureau 70 the House Gov
ernment Operations Commit
tee. which plans an extensive
inquiry next month into what
the Government Is doing In
scientific research and devel-
opment.
Preliminary study by the in
vestigators has indicated TO
them that any large stepup in
Federal science activities--as is
being proposed IN the cold war
race with Russia--would cost a
lot more now than II would
have Just q few years ago,
President Eisenhower is now
working on q budget for next
year. but its details are still
secret. Report are that the
Bureau Of Standards is in for
q stable increase.
The Bureau Of Standards,
which does research on its
own and for other Government
agencies. replied to q commit
tee questionnaire on finance
and procedures sent all Fed
eral agencies. Two major
spenders on research and de-
velopment--the Defense De-
partment and the Atomic En-
Iergy commission-have yet TO
reply.
The House group headed by
Representative william l..
Dawson. Democrat of Illinois.
also may seek testimony on how
some other countries tackle
their science problems, par
ticularly Russia and Canada
Some feel American scientists
are more hampered by budget
airy red tape than their Soviet
counterparts.
Separate Unit In Canada
In Canada. military research
is handled by a separate De-
fence Research Board, whose
head is ranked equally with the
chiefs Of the army. navy and
air force.
The Bureau Of Standard fig-
ures. which the committee
plans 70 evaluate along with
those from the other agencies.
run from fiscal 1913 to the cur
Evening star., 1957-12-26

ygen and hydrogen tempered
by heliuln and nitrogen.
As the gases now over any
object placed in the chamber
OF the tube. conditions result
which approximate that Of q
missile nose cone travelling at
$4,000 miles per hour. The re-
sistance of the object 70 the
flow Of gases produces tempera-
lures Of 5000 degrees Or more.
Involved n the selection Of
q material for a missile nose
cone was consideration OF
shape, The scientists ct AvcO
we're seeking a form which
would dissipate heat as II
moved through the air at tre-
mendous speed.
Week in and week out. since
1855. the AVCO researchers de-
signed and re-desiened "fami-
lies" Of shapes. One family
would involve as many as 40
such shapes. all closely related
but with slightly different TECH
nical properties.
Nobody but AvCO now knows
how many such families have
/ been tested. The number runs
into the hundreds.
| In any case. AVCO has
announced that 10 finally does
have q cone which viii meet
the military's requirements.
While no details are available.
( 1t is known that the cone is
blunt and rounded with a nee
die projecting outward 70 break
the sound barrier.
For hundreds of years the
military have been trying to
develop an effective baliistic
missile. II now looks as II
they are about to get one.
Evening star., 1957-12-26
Eust Juvu Mill PIonned

SINGOSARI, East JAVA
large textile factory, equipped
with 300 modern textile ma
chimes and employing 1000
workers, is TO be built here
soon.
Evening star., 1957-12-26
Science Units Costs Up
Despite Monpower Cut
Ry lhs As.oeIalsa Prsaa

The National Bureau Of Standards the Governments main
science agency using less than during the
Truman administration
This gist Of information developed BY House nves
looking into science manpower and spending problems
found that In spite OF lower nnmhers the money
Evening star., 1957-12-26
Device May Let Missile
Hit Gridiron on Moon
BY Benz PRICE
Associated Press NswsfeatuFss writer

The day Of the balc missile which both ntercon-
tnental and pinpont accuracy is about here
To reach this development stage scientists have dup
Gated the principles of the universe and created temperatures
and one-half times hotter than the
They built machines which reproduce the fight
Arkansas State press., 1957-02-15
Loyalty Oath

From The Arkansas oazstte
The Senate has passed without discussion loyalty oath
bn which require public school teachers to swear tna'
they are not Communists fellow-traveiers
The measure, 1t seems to u.s. deserves full discussion
ana we hope viii get at hearing scheduled this week
At time the Of the country seems to be recover
ing from orgy Of suspicion and fear why should Akan
suddenly feel that the need Tor some sort Oh adduon
protecon against subverson in the classroom?
The bin seems deficient In at least two important
and by its very general aspersion upon their
rrspects First of singles public school teachers
profession The classic question Of course why should
loyal citizen refuse sign such oath! The answer
that loyal citizen right that his loyalty
II upouesfioned in of any evidence to the con-
rary And very properly should resent the suggestion
has make a monument to his PATRIOTISM parucu
larry when Is not required of his feowczens including
his professional colleagues who teach In private institutions
Beyond that such bill not only would provide no pro
lection against Communist conspiracy in educato, In me
unlikely event that exist in Arkansas but actually
among us 1t might conceivably flush honest teacher
who al some point mixed with Of the organ
zations attorney generals list But certainly no mem
Der the Communist conspiracy person otherwise
MARKHAM principle that the end ustifes the
means, would hesitate to sign
Finally existing laws provide heavy penalties for any
person teaching advocating overthrow Of the government
by force and volence what the oath would require
teacher 10 swear they viii do. 1t would be as
committing bgamy.
The legislature has Just made handsome gesture to
the school teachers Of the state by passing taes that will
permit In school appropriations, and seeing
TO II that additional money win be channeled for the
most part teachers salaries There Is point maring
that record by passing this b which is simply gratuOu
insult honorable profession
Arkansas State press., 1957-02-15

From The Arkansas 0azstts
The Negroes of Montgomery. Alabama. who have about
run out Of churches be bombed by their white neigh
bos have appealed desperately for President Eisenhower
come South and say something.
since the appeal first made. Mr. Eisenhower mas
had Al least one tend to lose traei) sone vacation
At Augusta Georgia. and has laid On hunting TRIP 70
Treasury Secretary Humphreys plantation at Tnomasve It's
esv TO &c what president meant when he told Negro
lsadsrs that his schedule too tight to permit southern
pc on The question but they can scarcely be DIAM
Fl Tor vooerne Why couldn't least step out on the
vrsnda at 3homasve and speak few hehprnciped words
"a nrotary mpheys hired hands both white and coored
Fbr whatever speech would be WORTH " would Dc sue
70 b WILDLY reported by the press corps that accompanies e
prssident wherever he goes
But even before Eisenhower explained why he couldn't
make IT, the Negroes had given and were expressing wiz
iness to for Vice President Nixon After ALL tney
recalled Nixon had recently made hyns trip TO Aus
a to Mt the Of refugees from Communist Hungary
1hsv got Ne sdmnistraons answer on that Invitation
Y sbout the time that they got one from Mr. Eisen
hover hinss The vice president is going on goodwin trip
none The Negroes. al right but II will be to Africa ior
hraton Of the Gold Coasts newly won Independence In
dds the British Commonwealth
This b all very well. but 1t occurs to US that such
Memo Tor rather whe) problems the Gold Coast may
have belonged to London rather than Washington
Arkansas State press., 1957-02-15
Mother

'osn..se ''o. - 80
man oi he hoose 'uus
somn,..ee. 49,,
mr. M''ensn ho'ea ''.' '',.s-
ING the ss'seH upoh ner NJ
iounS "ss nosp''@n-eo anu &
Tered . mlscsiia
Aeeosu'ns 70 III iouns .
nosvn@ deputy sns nney
Arkansas State press., 1957-02-15

tCsntinnsd ffo0 Dags easl
cific charges Of police brutality.
Lindbergh said his department
was investigating the incidents
The delegation represented the
Alabama Christian Movement for
Human Rights. which was or
gained after the National Asso-
citation for tho Advancement Of
Coiored People was outlawed In
Alabama.
Lindbergh told the group: We
will 20 into this thoroughly. We
want this department to be one
that Is respected by iaw-sbidins
citizens and by non-law-abiding
citizens because we have the
power to enforce the law
The statement handed to Lind
bergh charged that at least two
Negroes recently arrested on
minor charges were bruitally
beaten. Shuttlesworth also
brought up the matter Of the
Christmas night bombing Of his
home. for which no arrests have
been made.
We have not let up Lind
berEh told him
Arkansas State press., 1957-02-15
BrinqInq The Chickens Home 10 Roosi-

Opponents Of constitutional government VIII have Their
day this week on Capitol Hill the of the tar pay
es when they introduce legislation aimed al killing the
NAAcP In Arkansas The legislation II II should become
law would require the NAAcP to publish It's membership
list contributors and expenditures every three months
3 me NAACP Is an American organization None of IL
members known to parade around At mite WIN
lowsps over heads burning crosses and throwing
kmbs II operates In the open under. the laws OF me
hnd A. interpreted BY Highest Court In the world It's
orrsninon is open membership and determination 10
sny American Who believes the American creed irrespee
tive 10 r,ee creed Ct Therefore, our belief mat
waste Of time special legislation to find out VINO
a,onxs to the NAAcP would be far more profitable ana
osatic for the Legislators join the MACE then hey
uosad Be able teach their constituents the pnnc'pes
democracy. ,.-,.- -.
LII "a suh eelslaon h guess mat loyu Americans
osd not zee too objections Such law would give the
Ioy,l ueope Of the state chance to know VINO wears pillow
lps over their heads who contributes to and supports me
white Citizens council and above ALL find out VINO ue wnite
people are who burning In front o. ana mfowms
bbs IN Negroes homes; also those who are ntimidatmg
and threatening Negroes who want to be good Americans
II Is The State Presss thinking that II the various or
eanizations In the state of whom collecting money
n wash tubs and buckets and meeting behind closed
door, in defiance Of the court willing 70 expose me
embershp and source Of the NAAcP would s'aor
~ do "a.
Arkansas State press., 1957-02-15
THEY'RE ENTITLED TO PROTECTION.

1889 One hundedth anniversary Of the death Of John
Brown
1863 One hundredth anniversary Of the Emancipation
Proclamation
1861 TO 1868 One hundredh anniversary of the par-
cpation of American Negroes In the Civil War.
1868 One hundredth anniversary Of the death Of Tad
deus Stevens of the enfranchement Freedom and
Of the Freedmen's Bureau.
1872 One hundredh anniversary Of the birth of Paul
Laurence Dunbar.
1876 One hundedh anniversary of the Bargain Of 1876
There many other significant anniversaries. which
call Negro history and the cultural tie Of the black with
American history neglect mark this history II may
be distorted forgotten Already repeated efforts beng
made to prove that slavery the Of the Civil
War; to minimize the part of Negroes In the slavery contro
and the SANDER friends Of the Negro and to
represent his Acknowledgement q serious mistake.
would be wrong to make these celebrations occasions
for controversies cxacebaon of hate Rather they
should be occasions for calm and scientific inquiry into the
past participated In by Of authority white and black
Northern and Southern We only be that every point
of view has adequate and worthy representation
suggest that these celebrations be varied In character
and In sponsorship have only be that mpor-
tant event forgotten In these centenars Of the
first participation Of the Negro free citizens In the
civilization Of the United States Colleges might celebrate
jointly sngy the birthdays of distinguished men, nevspa
might issue special editions recall great events: organ
cations might hold special meetings their branches and
aternites might offer prizes for books
certain subjects. nhouigfmY