davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1957-12-29

In Little Rock, Ark, school superintend-
~ ent's carefully devised plan for beginning
school desegregation collapsed under resistance
TO integration. His name was (a) Jess Mat
thews; tb) L. c. Bates Cc) Virgil Blossom;
Id Brooks Hays.
4 Nikita Khrushchev. conceded TO be the
O' head man in the Soviet Union, holds what
government position?
y A new nation. Ghana, achieved independ-
- ence and joined the United Nations in
1857. As British colony, 1t was known as
(a) Bechuanaland; (b) Gold Coast; tc) Kenya
9 An Arab King acted swiftly to forestall
~ well-organized coup against his regime.
He was ta) Saud; (b) Hussein; (c) Feisal.
q In 1857 a veteran outielder became the
- oldest man ever to win a major league
batting championship. Who was he and what
was his age2
HxA Barring death, President Eisenhower will
~. be the oldest incumbent President In
United States history when he ends his second
term in January, 1861. What will be his age
at that time2
Evening star., 1957-12-29
The Middle Eost

One of the Kremlin's chief 1857
objectives was penetration Of the
Middle East. a goal dating back
TO the cZars and intensified during
1856.
In response. early in the year
before the first week was out
President Eisenhower asked Con-
gress to approve a United States
declaration of policy for the Mid
die East. The resolution. dubhed
"the Eisenhower doctrine" de-
clared that the United States
would back any Middle East ma
ton threatened with Communist
aggression. 1t put the United
States on record as ready and will
ing to oppose. by force If neces-
sary, any overt Moscow move to
seize advantage In the oil-rich,
strategically vital Middle East.
Reaction In the Arab world was
varied. Egypt, under the apostle
Of Arab nationalism, Canal Abdel
Nasser, rejected the new doctrine
as another attempt at Western CO.
lonialism. Syria backed Egypt.
Saudi Arabia's King Saud. after
state visit in February to the
United States, offered conditional
support to the doctrine, Lebanon
Joined him. But in Jordan, where
thousands Of Arab refugees from
Palestine outpVmber the native
Inhabitants. tIstre was trouble.
Evening star., 1957-12-29

Adenauer viii be 81 in 1858. As
long as he remains active and
runs the government. West Ger
many will remain in Arm align
ment with the West. He viii
continue rearming the country
slowly without atomic weapons
and continue leading toward the
concept Of European economic
and political unity.
II sickness or death should
overtake him, there will be strong
currents toward West German
military naturalization. Many
Germans feel the time has come
for Russia and the West to pull
out their troops.
AS long as the country Is di-
vided. East Germany will push its
plans to become the No. indus
trial power in the Soviet bloc.
Stalinist-style police policies will
keep restive East Germans in
check.
Economically. West Germans
will continue to enjoy the greatest
boom In their history. The coun-
try Is on the way to solving its
immense postwar housing short
age. But rising prices and wages
spur slow imitation, and labor
troubles are expected to mount.
There also Is q creeping infia-
ton in Denmark, Norway and
Sweden. And there are trends
there toward political conserva-
tism. Sweden. which kept out Of
NATO. is expected to decide to
acquire or build atomic weapons
for defense.
Italy, Spain and Portugal face
an old problem common to all
how to raise the standard Of
living.
For the Netherlands, the new
year looks grim. The Dutch expect
to lose investments totaling SIS
billion In Indonesia and may have
to find new places for more than
10000 Dutch nationals TO be re-
patriated from their former East
Indies empire.
Belgium. with a worlds fair
opening in April. expects q busi-
ness and tourist boom.
TOM OCHnTREE and
RICHARD OREGAN.
Evening star., 1957-12-29
Eustern Europe

VIENNA.-The chances OF more
freedom for Russia's East Euro
pean satellites In 1858 are just
about nil.
Moscow's hold over Eastern Eu-
rope. sorely strained by the 1856
upheavals in Poland and Hungary.
has been frightened. Things may
grow even harder for the satellite
peoples.
Hungary again is in subjugation
10 a Moscow puppet regime: 1t is
still arresting and putting to death
leaders Of the rebellion crushed by
Soviet troops more than a year
ago. Nine Russian divisions stand
guard. and the Hungarian people
seem likely to have to endure yet
another year OF despair.
In Poland. neither free nor in
subjugation. the liberties won in
1856 are evaporating slowly.
Polish communism will be pre-
occupied with a massive. bloodless
purge Of its membership rolls.
Then It may hold a ng-delayed
party congress to forge new poll
Evening star., 1957-12-29
BY FRED THEROUx

Viewed as one in the series Of
tumultuous years that have fol-
lowed the illusory peace Of l945,
the year 1857 may. at a quick ap-
praisal. seem to have been a rel
atively quiet one. There was no
Korea. as in 1850; no Suez. as in
1856: no Geneva. as in 1855. But
when the history Of the cold war
period is written 1857 may well
be selected as the crucial year. the
year that saw vital changes In the
continuing struggle between East
and West.
For 1857 was the year that saw
Russia. by her invasion of space,
decisively put to rest the COM
Portable western notion that she
was our chronological and scien-
tific inferior. The proof. the arti-
ficial satellites that have become
known around the world as Sput-
niks, are not in themselves instru-
ments Of war. but their appear
ance this year was a shock. For
the power that was able TO launch
these intricate devices into space
is also, obviously. able to propel a
death-dealing guided missile to
any target on the globe.
What the Sputniks meant was
a radical change in the entire
world strategic situation. No
longer can the West depend on
massive retaliation" to deter
Communist aggression. Deter
renee. as practiced since l949
by the United States as the chief
protector of the nom Communist
world. is no longer as effective
a factor in the maintenance of
peace. Preponderant military
power. so long held in the strate-
gic sense by the West, may now
be a Moscow possession. At least
it is in question.
The year saw the political lead
ership Of the Soviet Union, in
theory collective" since the
death Of Josef Stain in 1858,
become more and more the pre-
rogative Of Nikita Khrushchev,
First Secretary of the Communist
Party Of the Soviet Union. The
portly Mr.. Khrushchev moved
twice during the year to elm
mate his potential or real rivals
in the Central Committee of the
C.P.S.U.; each time he was COM
pletely successful and each time
he tightened his grip on the little
group Of men that dictates the
policy of the mighty Communist
world.
For the leadership Of the West,
1857 was a year of repair. re-
appraisal and reaffirmation. Its
early months were marked by
efforts to patch up the bad feel
ing born Of the Anglo-French
Suez adventure and the United
States refusal to go along. It's
late months were devoted to a
re-appraisal of the world power
situation Ga project that is still
going on) as a result Of Soviet
chronological advances and a
reaffirmation Of the Vests re-
lance on the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization as its main
organ of both diplomatic and
military policy.
Evening star., 1957-12-29
Soviet Union

MOSCOW. - Soviet scientific
and engineering achievements in
launching the first earth satellites
and the intercontinental ballistic
missile. backed by the apparent
political unity Of the Communist
world. make 1858 look like a tough
year for the West,
Kremlin leaders. headed by Nj
kita Khrushchev, certainly will
push their scientists TO maintain
their lead as the basis of q major
propaganda campaign to win the
world for communism.
More emphasis viii be placed on
rockets and missiles In the coming
year. At the same time increas-
ing production Of foodstufis and
new records OF industrial output
enable Soviet leaders to hold out
the promise Of q better standard
Of living for their peoples.
Politically the Kremlin has
emerged from q series Of Middle
East crises as the seeming friend
Of Arab nationalists and the pro-
tector Of the Egyptian-Syrian bloc.
II has lost no friends in the So
called neutral bloc. The Hun
garian revolt, posing the question
Of satellite unrest. has faded into
the background.
For the first time Communist
leaders feel they are able to bar
gain within or without the United
Nations from q position of po-
litical. scientific and military
strenth. THE above dispatch,
alone Of the 10 in this symposium.
was subject TO censorship
HAROLD K. MILKS
Evening star., 1957-12-29
Western Europe

LONDON.-Britain and West
ern Europe expect an uneasy
world peace TO prevail in 1858.
But the realization is growing
that peace can be maintained
only by vigilance, greater CO.
operation and greater productive
effort.
All these countries look to the
United States for leadership and
all hope that American prosperity
and productive power will stand
the strain.
The peoples of much of Western
Europe are living better than ever
before but they still are beset by
many economic problems.
The Macmillan government
must halt the rise in Britain's
cost Of living. the basic problem
In the economy. His government
has ordered tight money policy
TO strengthen the currency.
France faces a year Of labor
unrest. A 20 per cent devaluation
Of the franc has sent prices sky
rocketing. The rebellion In AL
geria still drains away manpower
and money.
Germanys Chancellor Konrad
Evening star., 1957-12-29
The Sputniks

All the events of the year. how
ever unrelated and wherever
situated. bore inexorably toward
the core Of the worlds troubles
the unresolved. increasingly in
tolerable tensions between the East
and the West. the Communist and
the non-Communist worlds.
When, on October 4. the first
Soviet space satellite scared into
orbit and reminded the entire
world with its beeping radio sig
nails that man had broken through
the barriers Of outer space, there
was CONSERVATION and confusion
in the West.
After an initial response OF ella
ton that man had burst his
earthly boundaries. there came
quickly a sobering fear that this
great scientific achievement might
mean death rather than life, disas-
ter rather than discovery, If the
mighty powers it demonstrated
were used for conquest not Of
space but Of rivals.
The speeding shadow of the
first Russian Sputnik. followed a
few weeks by second satellite in
which doomed little dog, Laika.
became the first living passenger
to ride in space, fell over a world
in which the Vaccinations and
intrigueS of power politics were
going on much the same as they
had in the days Of the spear and
the bow and arrow.
In the Middle East a tiny Israel
still existed, surrounded by i'm
placable Arab enemies sworn to
destroy the Jewish state erected
on territory held by MoSlems for
centuries. Communist influence in
Egypt and Syria resulted in a
crisis in August that threatened
the peace Of the world.
When Damascus, the Syrian
capital. fell in a smooth coup to
the pro-CoVlnunist. pro-Nasser
See INTERNATIONAL. Mge A-2e
Evening star., 1957-12-29
By DAVID KOONCE

An ideal. q movement, q man.
and q book-those were the In
gradients of Americas big do
mestic events in 1857. which, the
old almanack would say. was 'the
Hrst year after bissextile. or leap
year. and until July 4 the lslst
Of our independence"
The ideal. civii rights. was
story Of small gains and q great
crisis.
The movement. organized labor.
provided a serialized. year-long
drama which may well have
marked the beginning Of a decline
in the influence and power Of
labor unions.
The man was President Eisen-
hover. who had his third serious
illness as President and who, at
81. viii In three weeks complete
the first year Of his second term.
The book was the l.i65-page
Federal budget for l957-58-and
the economy which It virtually
dominates.
Each Of these ingredients had
its own heavy ifnplication-politi-
cal. social. or economic. or q COM
bination. And we are not finished
with any Of them. Each will be
with US in the coming year.
Evening star., 1957-12-29

The past year was one Of
trial for labor. and 1888 can be
only slightly less trying for the
l8.363.6 Americans who are
members OF labor unions.
The Select Senate Committee
on Improper Activities In the La
Dor and MANAGEMENT Field spread
before the public a sordid story
Of misdeeds perpetrated by labor
leaders, most OF them officials
Of the big Teamsters Union. The
story was one of blackmail.
threats. beatings. racketeering,
corruption Of public officials. COL
lusion with employers. The char
acters. IN addition to union lead
ers. policemen and officeholders.
included muscle men, bootleggers.
local racket czars, gamblers. pros
titutes and procurers.
From the beginning, the main
targets Of Senator John McClel-
lans ommittee-and later of the
AFL-CIO itself-were Dave Beck.
president-general OF the Team
sters. and Jimmy Hoffa. the
unions ninth vice president. who
in September became its presi-
dent-elect.
Beck plead the Fifth Amend
ment 10 committee questions
about mishandling Of union funds
and other alleged misdeeds. and
under pressure from a frontal
attack In the courts and Congress.
finally withdrew as a candidate
for reelection. This month he
was convicted in Seattle Of lar
ceny.
Hoffa. who for some time had
been the real strong man In the
Teamsters Union. was overwhelm-
ingly elected president by defiant
delegates TO the unions conyen-
ton in Miami Beach. This was
the signal for a complete purge
Of the Teamsters from federated
labor. Hoffa had been accused of
collusion with management 10 the
detriment Of union interests and
Of permitting gun-toting rack
eteers TO set up phony Teamster
locals TO milk members.
The stage had been set for
custer Of the Teamsters from the
AFL-CIo last summer; they were
told that they must clean UP or
get out. A cleanup meant only one
J thing TO the AFL-CIo leadership,
See DOMESTIC NEAR, Page An
Evening star., 1957-12-29
The Alliance

The Big Three alliance of the
United States. Britain and France.
dangerously damaged by the de-
bacle Of the British-French-
Israeli invasion of Egypt in 1856.
was restored somewhat during the
year to the unity necessary to sup
port the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization. President Eisenhow-
er and British Prime Minister Mac
milan met late in March at Ber-
muda, and. with their foreign
ministers. mapped a path of in
creased cooperation in counter
ing the constantly expanding Of
fenSive of world communism.
But there was only a beginning
at Bermuda: the two met again
in Washington in October, and
details for the actual girding of
the Vests defenses were largely
left to the December meeting Of
NATO's Council in Paris.
There. with IA heads of state in
attendance. the West decided CD
to bolster Western Europe's de-
fenses with American intermediate
range ballistic missiles. and 90 at
the inSistence of the European al
lies and much against the wishes
Of Secretary of State Dulles, to
attempt to reach basis for nego-
tiation with the Soviet Unien.
AS the year ended there was
little indication that the capitals
of world communism and of the
democracieS would get together
any time soon. But the men Of
Moscow still talked of peace and
peaceful coexiStence. and the pres
sureS in the West for another try
at real agreement with the Soviet
bloc were increasing. The alterna-
tive. in a world of nuclear weapons
and intercontinental guided mis-
siles, was the continued threat
over mankind of an Armageddon
this time perhaps destructive not
only of civilization but Of man
kind.
Evening star., 1957-12-29

~~-~---~-~~--~-~----->~ --->~->-->--~----~-~-~--->-~
backed gubernatorial candidate
who tried to use the Little Rock
issue was as soundly trounced in
Negro precincts as In white pre-
cincts.
Since the South can turn to no
other party for succor. and shows
little inclination for q third party.
the Democrats once again feel
they can count on solid South"
But in the congressional cam
paigns Of the coming year. many
Republicans are certain to be
heard to point out that a Demo-
cratic Governor was responsible
for Little Rock. and that It was
the Democratic leadership in Con-
gress that prevented the passage
Of q strong civil rights bill. in
cluding sections that could have
been applied to the persons re-
sponsible for the Little Rock
trouble.
Now. despite the fact that the
administration Is planning to ask
for no new civil rights legislation.
several members Of Congress.
their determination stiffened by
Little Rock. are planning TO push
tor q tough bill in 1858.
The crisis constituted a politi-
cal victory only for Gov. Faubus.
who emerged as a popular leader
Of the anti-integration cause. He
is nov in q position to become the
first third-term Governor in Ar
kansas in so years.
But despite the more spectacu-
lar examples Of Southern obdu-
racy. there we're here and there
signs Of quiet surrender. More
cities we're voluntarily desegre-
eating local transportation facili-
ties. hiring more Negroes to
municipal jobs above the level
Of laborer. opening more libyaries
70 Negroes. Nashville, Tenn, got
a good start toward complete in
tegration OF its schools, and three
cities in North Carolina began
token integration.
Evening star., 1957-12-29
Civil Rights

Last summer. the first civil rights
bill in 90 years broadened. at least
in theory, the rights of Americans
Of color. But q Governor Of Ar
kansas was soon to remind the
world in his own way that the
United States most vexing social
problem must find its solution in
the hearts Of men, not In the halls
where laws are written.
The civil rights bill, or more
precisely the voting bill. provided
a key that may eventually 1T
many doors before which the
Southern Negro has stood for so
long. It's provisions viii make
more difficult the overt and cal
culated attempts to keep the
Negro from voting which have
been prevalent in many. but not
all. parts Of the South.
In many elections. the Negro
will hold a decisive balance Of
power. capable Of foiiing or full
filing the ambitions Of candidates
for Office. Votes are won with
promises and performances, and
the Southern politician is not un-
aware of what promises the Negro
wants to hear and what perform
ances he wants to see.
Yet 1t is not quite that simple.
The Southern politician is a rec
ognized master of political tactics.
and in his hand the law does not
always say what 1t seems to say.
Thus. Macon County. Ala. where
Negroes comprise "a per cent Of
the population. two weeks ago
was gerrymandered out Of exist
ence In order to put down the
threat Of Negro political influence.
Gov. Faubus refers to his capi-
tai city Of Little Rock as "oc-
cupied territory" despite the fact
that Of the 1000 United States
Army troops sent there to preserve
order and the 1900 Arkansas Ma
tional Guardsmen who we're Fed
eralized in the emergency, only
430-all Of them guardsmen-re-
main in the city to keep the peace
at Central High School, attended
by nine Negroes and more than
1000 whites.
Whatever the present status of
Little Rock, 1t was the scene Of
l957's most dramatic domestic
story-a story Of the clash Of Fed
eral and State powers which
reached the point OF force Of arms.
The issue was simple: Whether
Gov. Faubus could, by the use OF
National Guard troops, defy Fed
eral Court orders that integration
begin in Little Rocks public
schools. He tried, and after futile
efforts at negotiation, the Presi-
dent retaliated by federalizing the
Guard and dispatching regular
paratroopers TO escort nine Negro
students into Central High School.
The school was thus integrated.
but at terrible cost. The South.
nursing the worst wound to its
pride and traditions since the Civil
War. bitterly frightened the segre-
CATION bounds which had shown
some faint signs Of loosening.
President Eisenhower's dispatch
Of troops TO Little Rock wiped
out the burgeoning strength OF
the Republican Party In much Of
the South. Whether 1t helped him
IN, the North is open 10 question.
IN New Jersey, an Eisenhower
Evening star., 1957-12-29
SPOT FORECASTS
Struggle Will Continue in '58

Hoto nth IL be in 1858? Ten
Associated Press correspond
ents tn key observation posts
around the icorld mere asked
to report the outlook. In gen.
eral they expect plenty OF
trouble for the West. Here
are their observations.
Evening star., 1957-12-29

A well-organized attempt TO
overthrow the youthful King Hus-
sein by Pan-Arab, pro- Communist
elements almost openly backed by
Egypt was foiled in April by the
monarch. who moved swiftly with
the support of his Bedouin Arab
Legion to head of his enemies.
Evening star., 1957-12-29
The Surge Of Russia
Changed the Picture

Mr. Thefoux follows internotionel Develop
menfs for The Week in Perspective
and writes ortieIes on world effoin for
this section.
Evening star., 1957-12-29
Little Rocks TrovoiI
Gripped the Nation

Mr. Kooaes follows netioaol eftein for
The Week in Perspective end writes
speeiel articles ia this section.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-25
Transfers Helping Bell
To Best Football Season

Walter Markward, captain Of
last years team. has been a
bright spot in a good backfield.
Hes the best halfback in the
city, England says, "a real
triple threat. And he can kick
fleld goals"
Two new candidates who
should help reported last Mon
day. They are Curtis Prince, a
162-pound fullback prospect
who won the outstanding nov
ice award in The Stars Col
den Gloves Tournament last
year, and Charles Ward, an in
experienced but eager 2l5-
FOUNDER who is trying out for
tackle,
England believes that the
team is capable of playing bet
ter ball than it has. but also
realizes the competition will
stiffen. Wen be playing our
best soon" the coach said.
land that will be well enough
to give any Of them a good ball
game
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-25
.Moser of Virginia
Picked as Week S
Top Soph in ACC

RALEIGH, N. c., Sept. rs
R.-A 153-pound reserve half
back who spanked Virginia to
its touchdown in the 6-6 tie
with West Virginia last Satur-
day today was named by the
Associated Press as the Atlantic
Coast Conference sophomore
Of the week.
He is Carl (Rip) Moser, So,
Of Martinsville, Va, who won
his spurs with a fine offensive
display against the rugged
Mountaineers.
Coach Ben Martin said Moser
provided the spark that got
our offens rolling" Virginia
trailed by 60 with $40 re-
mainin the last quarter when
Moser entered the game. Vir-
GINA was on its 20 and had
shown no offensive spark. On
the first play Moser shook
loose for % yards. Two plays
later he caught a pass from
Reece Whitley for six yards for
a first down which kept Vir-
ginia moving to its tying touch
down.
Right behind Moser in the
running for the nomination was
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-25

DENVER, Sept. rs (R.-En-
try Of the Air Force Academy
into big-time football may be
delayed at least a year. Col.
George Simler. the academy's
athletic director. said today.
Col. Simler said he would de-
eide after watching the Falcons
in their games against Occi-
dental and Detroit whether
1858 contests tentatively sched-
uled with Tulane, Stanford and
Iowa should be Cancelled.
1T has nothing to do with
our 47-0 loss to UCLA last Fri
day." Col. Simler said. I'VE
just don't want to run before
we can walk"
He said two football lessons
were learned in the UCLA
game last week-that a school
needs the material to begin
with and equal opportunity to
prepare for its season.
I'VE only had eight days of
single practice sessions with
our complete squad in prepar-
ing for the UCLA game" the
athletic director said. I'm the
future we may have to arrange
for twice-a-day workouts like
the big boys.