davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-10
IS AGGRESSION INVOLVED?
Israe|is Present Tough Legal Problem

Chapter WI of the U. N. Charter
1t is the Security Council that may
take action by military force to
maintain or restore peace. But
Chapter VII also gives the Security
Council the power to take measures
not involving the use of force, and
call upon the u. N. members to
apply such measures. to handle
threats to the peace. Under the
U. N. Charter. the General Assem-
bly, is empowered only to discuss,
to prepare studies and make rec
concentrations to the members of
the United Nations and to the
Security Council when the Secu-
rity Council does not have a mat
ter under considerations.
In relation to the threat to peace
posed by the Israeli occupation of
Egypt. this may seem only a tech.
nical legal point. But under inter-
national law what is legal has a
lot to do with what is justice.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-10
Brussels Session Brings Europe
To Threshold Of Economic Union

jealousies and rivalries, the nations
have finally succumbed to prodding
Of two factors defense necessity
and economic pressure.
Suez Wos Spur
The rnisadventure of the Suez in
!, ,vasion Of last october and Novem-
DER pointed up more plainly than
ever before the compelling need for
unity on a continent where there
Is no longer any real great
power" but Russia. 1t Underlined
the unacceptable fact that no nation
in free Europe can act unilaterally.
or even with an allied power. In the
face of opposition from the United
States. the Soviet Union, or both,
as was the case in Egypt.
The Suez affair brought out the
additional truth that the nations Of
Western Europe share common
economic interests. This latter
realization, perhaps more than any
other. has brought even Britain to
the point of reluctant acceptance
of the common market" principle.
and thus to an acceptance of parti-
cipation in the movement toward
united Europe.
The united Europe that is de-
veloping so rapidly today is even
more than European. for it will
include, in its international aspects.
both the United States and Canada.
With the crisiS-ridden and tense
world of today dominated by two
non-European super powers. the
United States and the Soviet Union.
Western Europe has already cast
its lot with one. the United States.
The official American attitude
toward the accelerating trend
toward European unity is one Of
all.0ut. encouragement. State De-
partment officials stress. Of course.
the mutual nature Of the Atlantic
alliance, plus the fact that the
chief reliance of Western Europe
for defense is necessarily placed on
the military power of the United
States.
"A united free Europe, these
officials feel. will contribute a
sound economic structure to bolster
the growing defense unity Of the
West.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-10
REVIEW OF THE WEEK

auto mechanics, statesmen, and fu-
neral parlor workers.
He lives in a Sl63,000 Seattle
ranch-type home, which he bought
and then sold to his union, which
told him he could live in it rent
free for life. His union also furnishes
him living quarters here in its COM
Portable new marble and glass
headquarters building. Known as
Shrewd businessman. his invest
mentS have been many and sue
ceSsful.
But last month. Senators investi-
eating reports of questionable use
of labor union funds by union off,
Gals said they had heard charges
against Mr.. Beck hardly worthy of
man Of such opulence. There we're.
they said, allegations" of misuse of
union money against Mr.. Beck.
The statement was made after
Mr.. Beck wired the Senator's from
Seattle that his doctor didn't think
it best for him to show up for ques-
tioning on Capitol Hill. as he had
promised. Three days later he
turned up in sunny Miami Beach.
At and ready to do battle with an
old opponent, AFL-CIO President
George Meany. at a meeting Of the
AFL-CIO Executive Council.
During the 10 days of the meet
ing, Mr.. Beck spared with Mr..
Meany and other top AFL-CIO
leaders over the business of plead
ing the Fifth Amendment before
congressman who have searching
questions regarding union funds.
The council drafted a lengthy
statement of ethical practices which
included an expression to the effect
that union officials who plead the
Fifth Amendment in such circum-
stances have no place in organized
labor.
Mr.. Beck, of course, couldn't
agree. Three lesser officials of the
Transfers Union already were in
hot water with the Senators for
claiming up. and Mr.. Beck contin-
ued to maintain, with what APP
peared to be support from the Ameri-
can Civil Liberties Union, that II
the Fifth Amendment isn't in the
Constitution to be used, then it
should be removed.
In Washington. select commit
lee of the Senate was waiting TO
question the Transfers boss, who
had indicated that he would be
available after the Miami meeting.
But when the council adjourned,
Mr.. Beck, along with Mrs. Beck,
headed for London via Nassau. He
had returned from Europe only
three weeks previously. but there
was still some unfinished business
he had TO attend TO over there, ne
explained.
The Senators anger over MI.
Beck's peregrinations was not abated
by a letter he sent 10 Chairman John
Mcclellan. It asked that a hear
ing for him be set between March
26. when I've expects to return and
eatly June. when he will be occu- 4
pied with other matters
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-10
By FRED THEROUx

Last Monday the foreign minis
tiers Of six European nations met in
Brussels to tackle once again the
problems Of European unity. The
result: Virtual certainty that an
economic union is near and the
possibility, at least, that it will
bring eventual political union in
its wake.
The ministers had two immediate
taSks-u) to establish a workable
customs union, thereby diminishing
the welter of confusing tariffs.
taxes, duties and other economic
hurdles to the free flow Of trade on
the European continent, (2) to
clear the way for a European inter-
national atomic energy agency.
"Euratom." to start working on the
peaceful development Of nuclear
power.
The conferees, representing
France, Belgium. the Netherlands,
West Germany. Italy, and Luxem-
bourg. decided that the thorny
question Of overseas territories re-
quires another meeting on Febru-
airy IT In Paris. But the confer
ence chairman. Belgium's astute
Paul Henri Spaak, had no doubt
that the actual experimentation Of
economic union and an atomic
energy pool was only a matter Of
time and. technicalities.
Mr.. Spaak. who is expected to
visit Washington in the near future
to discuss with American officials
the details Of the impending unity.
declared: There is sufficient feel
ing in every delegation to find solu-
tions to all remaining problems"
'Eurctom Agreement Achieved
General agreement on the "Eura-
TOM plan has already been
achieved. And accord on the de-
tails Of the common market" pro-
posal is reported TO be substantial.
Transport, tariffs. and a price sys-
TEN have already been decided: q
number of small points" remain
to be worked out BY economic ex-
perts.
The structure Of the new United
Europe will include l42-member
assembly, to which members OF
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-10
Mr.. Tucker is lawyer in Government
service who speeioIizes in public low.

ton has existed since Israel de-
clared itself an independent state
in 1913. Egypt. from the beginning,
has not recognized Israel's legal
existence as a state. In l949, Egypt
and Israel signed an armistice
agreement which called for an end
to military action between them,
but which did not terminate the
state of hostility. 1t did not affect
the claims or rights of the parties
in connection with the Palestine
territory.
The "fedayeen" raids may con-
stitute breach of this armistice
agreement. It would seem, how
ever, that they could not consti-
tute aggression since they are
directed against an entity whose
existence as state was never
recognized by Egypt and with whom
Egypt was at all times in state
OF war or hostility. At most, they
represent a resumption Of military
action in violation Of the armistice
agreement. something less than
aggression.
In the Aqaba area, the charge
against Egypt is that 1t restrained
the passage Of shipping to the
Israeli port of Elath by its gun
positions overlooking the Straits Of
Tran and the Gulf Of Aqaba.
Egypt's Justification for restrict
ing Israeli shipping is the state
of hostility. The armistice only
terminated active fighting. There
fore, Egypt asserts, 1t may, under
international law, continue to ex-
ercise the belligerent right OF
blockade.
international law supports
Egypt's view that an armistice
doesn't terminate the right OF
blockade. unless the armistice actu-
ally provides So On the other hand,
the u. NJ. In Its consideration and
handling of Egyptian restrictions
against Israel shipping In the Suez
Canal, has clearly recognized that
the exercise OF blockade rights is
inconsistent with the armistice
agreement.
Thus, Egypt's actions appear to
be a violation of the armistice
agreement. But they do not appear
to be aggression under international
law since they could not represent
more than a resumption Of bel
ligerent action under a continuing
state Of hostility.
No Aggression Apparent
In neither the GAIA nor Aqaba
areas. therefore, can II be said that
Egypt Is guilty OF prior aggression
Justifying the Israel OCCUPATION.
But. by the same token then. Is
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-10

the parliaments Of the six govern
ments win be assigned. The assem-
bly, will be built on the Common
Assembly set up for the European
Coal and Steel Community tthe
Schuman plan).
Executive powers win be held by
q council Of ministers. In the de-
alterations Of the council France.
west Germany and italy win have
four votes each: Belgium and the
Netherlands will have two votes
and Luxembourg one. A qualified
majority will be IL. SD
The meeting in Paris on Febru-
airy II is expected to produce final
agreement on details. So certain
are the architects Of European
cooperation that the session win
be a final one that they have all
ready scheduled tentatively a meet
ing of the Premiers Of the member
nations, also to be held in Paris.
for formal signing OF the basic
treaties on February 10.
Britcin Interested
Last July, British Prime Minister
Harold Macmillan. then Sir An-
thony Eden's Chancellor OF the
Exc1equer, proposed that Britain
consider joining other nations in
a common European market. Last
Monday, while the representatives
Of the six-natiOn group met in
Brussels, q special committee of the
Organization for European Eco
nomic Cooperation reported from
Paris that a common market" in
Europe embracing the trading areas
OF IL nations was technically pos
sihie."
The common market will
abolish all tariffs and trade bar
riers between member nations for
a period OF between IL and II.
years. The action sof the DEC.
comprising II nations. win have
the effect Of canceiing any dis
elimination in favor Of the original
six-nation group and avoid the
creation of two separate economic
blocs in Europe.
That Europe is on the threshold
OF positive unity thus seems all.
most certain. After centuries Of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-10

Now the Government is moving
to liberalize its policies toward
workers councils still more.
Forced Investment
In the past between one-fifth and
one-sixth Of the profits accumu-
lated by workers councils was re-
quhed To be invested in state en-
terprises controlled by Belgrade
and President Tito.
This proportion is now to be re-
duced. and the workers will be
allowed to decide by vote how to
spend more Of their profits. They
can distribute the, money among
themselves in the form of wages,
reward their managers, build
workers housing facilities or cafe
terias. or contribute to other pro-
jects to improve their communities.
There is some question about how
much autonomy workers councils
nave in practice. as opposed to
Yugoslav Communist theory. Their
freedom varies widely with local
circumstances.
But the voluntary Yugoslav
decision to modify official theory
about workers councils could itself
have a significant effect in Eastern
Europe.
Austerity Post?
The official explanation for the
governments decision TO grant more
autonomy to workers is that the
first, austerity phase Of enforced
THRIFT. in which the government
needed large sums for basic invest
lnent, Is now passing.
Yugoslav officials here point to
the country's rising gross national
product. In 1852 IL was valued at
949 billion dinars: In 1865 II was
l.6 trillion dinars. and for 1857 II is
expected to be l.8 trillion dinars.
,rhere are 500 dinars TO the dollar
The social pfJduct, as YugoSlav,a
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-10
By CAsPAR NAMES

A half-million-d dollar publishing
venture is reaching its climax this
year with the publication in Ia
konna Park. Md. Of the final vol
ume Of monumental Seventh day
Adventist Bible commentary.
The publication has significance
far beyond the Adventist church.
It is the only recent work on this
scale published by a fundamentals
group. Individual volume common.
taries have been issued. but this Is
the first complete conservative
commentary to come out since the
Expositor's Bible in 1907.
While the volume publ
cation was produced essentially for
Adventists. 1t is quite likely the
commentary'will be used by millions
of other fundamentalist adherents.
The work has a scientific APP
proach bound to increase the pres
tige of fundamentals scholarship.
With scholars Of solid rank contrib
uting to the publication, its stand
ing has been attested by leading
authorities. One noted Protestant
scholar, DR.. n. H. Rowley Of Man
chester, England. in reviewing the
first three volumes said that "the
writer's are familiar with the work
Of modern archaeology. and al
together represent a scholarly con-
servatism which will enable their
work to be consulted with profit ct
many points. The usefulness
Of the commentary is by no means
limited to the readers who share its
position"
Proised by Catholics
A review in the Catholic periodi-
cal Verbum Domiti, published by
the Pontifical Biblical Institute at
Rome, said: by far the greater
part of the work can be said to be
characterized by solid and serious
workmanship. But most praise
worthy is the application Of the
conclusions Of modern archaeology
and history to the deeper illumina-
ton of the sacred text"
The entire commentary is marked
by spirit Of searching inquiry and
willingness to examine all aspects
Of the subject.
"We believe you can take a sec
ond look at the Bible" DR.. F. D.
Nichols, editor Of the commentary.
explained. Believing in the in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-10

raels own actions in GAIA and
Aqaba are not aggression. However.
they are hostile acts banned by the
armistice agreement. and hence take
their place in the procession Of
violations Of the armistice agree
ment.
This is the idea that seems to
lie behind U. N. Secretary General
Dag Hammarskjold's report of jan
uary 26 on Israeli withdrawal.
The report says, in effect, that
both Israers occupation and Egypt's
hostile acts are on the same plane
violations of the armistice agree
ment which must be ended to
restore peace. The Israeli occupa-
ton is a presently continuing vio-
lation which must be terminated
forthwith. To permit continuing
occupation Of GAIA and Aqaba
by Israel in order to prevent hos
tile acts by Egypt would condone
a permanent violation Of the armis-
stice agreement. In effect it would
be solving the problem of hostile
acts under the armistice agreement
by terminating this agreement.
The two resolutions adopted by
the U. N. General Assembly on
Saturday, February 2. carry out
the idea Of the Secretary Generals
report in seeking to restore peace
to the Middle East They call for
Israeli withdrawal at the same time
that they call for an end to hos
tile acts by Egypt contrary to the
armistice agreement. They do not
provide for guarantees to Israel
that Egypt's hostile acts will be
terminated as condition preceding
Israel's withdrawal.
Two Questions Roised
For this reason, they have been
so far found unacceptable by Israel
II Israel persists in rejecting the
call for withdrawal, two interesting
questions will come into focus on
the possibility Of applying U. N.
sanctions to force Israel to comply.
First. how can the U. N. apply
sanctions to Israel for noncompli-
ance with u. N. resolution, when
the U. N. has done nothing to
apply sanctions to Egypt for vio-
lating. over the past five years, the
Security Council resolution OF 1851
on terminating restrictions in the
Suez Canal? Particularly, since
Egypt has violated a decision of the
Security Council. which all u. N.
members pledge themselves to ac-
cept and carry out, while Israel
has only violated resolution Of
the General Assembly, which the
U. N. members have not committed
themselves to honor and apply.
The answer 10 this question may
be. In part, that Israels violation
OF the armistice constitutes an i'm.
mcdiatcly pressing threat TO world
peace Al any rate Apmpliance BY
Israel or the application OF sane
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-10
FUNDAMENTALS VIEWPOINT
|Adventists Issue New Commentary

600 and finally reached the half
million dollar mark.
A pre-publication subscription
plan. which sold 5000 sets. proved
the solution. They were sold with
out bookstores. magazine or news
paper publicity. and only to Ad-
ventists.
Before the financing had even
been arranged. DR.. Nichols set
about getting scholars. obtaining
their manuscripts and being sure
the commentary was consistent
throughout.
Scholars Recruited
1T took six months to set up
the organization" he explained.
1--WE had no precedent to follow and
had to work out our own patterns"
The first step of lining up schol-
ars proved a big one. AS an editor
aeutely aware of what readers want.
DR.. Nichols sought Bible authorities
capable of putting their knowledge
in terms everyone could understand.
Thirty-six scholars were even-
tually chosen. BY October, 1852,
the first manuscripts began to come
in. All told. the commentaries have
80 general articles In the seven
volumes. They range from 1.-THE
Language, Manuscripts and Canon
of the Old Testament" to Musical
Instruments Of the Ancient He
brewS" through "A Basis for New
Testament Chronology and end
ing with 1.-THE Reformation and
Onward"
Consistency presented a delicate
problem. DR.. Nichols was constant
ly worried that something would
appear in Volume 7 contradicting a
statement in Volume /. Even now
he fears an obscure reference might
be turned up by someone eager to
trip an editor.
Four basic rules were set down
for the commentary, exegesis "a
critical explanation of the text or
a portion Of the Scriptures). They
we're:
. Be sure the accurate meaning
of word is given.
. Keep to the concept that the
Bible agrees with itself.
. Assert the view the writers OF
the Scriptures were diyinely in
spired men. -
. Hold to the firm belief the Old
Testament is history and not fable.
fundamentals Concept
Adventist commentary scholars
insist the Bible agrees with itself.
Where apparent contradictions ap-
pear. they have to find the points
of harmony rather than disagree
ment. The conflicts were resolved
by seeking the total message of the
Scriptures on particular point.
Conservative scholars oppose any
idea that writers of the Bible made
errors. They hold that every Chris
tian believer must be convinced of
the divine origin of the Old Tes-
lament books by means of which
the Christian apostles proved the
soundness of their faith and doc
trines."
While the commentary will I'M
doubtedly be sold to others than
Adventists. DR.. E. D. Dick. president
Of the seminary. emphasized the
essential aim was to bring to the
denominations members "our IN
depreciation of the Bible"
But beyond this objective, the
Adventist commentary will also
serve as an example of how a
determined few can overcome SEEM
ingly insuperable obstacles and
produce a work of Importance for
others as we'll as for themselves.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-10
BY EARL H. vOSs

Yugoslavia has taken another
step down the path leading from
rock-ribbed Communist economic
doctrine to economic concepts
more in keeping with those of the
free world. That step-a decision to
give workers greater share In the
profits from their toil--could in
crease the pressure on other Com
munist governments in Eastern
Europe for similar relaxations.
Top officials in Belgrade have
been studying the lessons Of Po-
land and Hungary with great care.
According to information filtering
into Washington's official and dip
lomatic circles. they believe that in
Hungary particularly the revolt
against Communist rule was pre-
cipitated by overstrict control of
the workers councils, which repre-
sent labor.
They do not mean to make the
same mistake.
Yugoslavia's councils. established
in 1850, are already something
unique in communism. Theoreti-
cally they give the workers them
selves wide latitude to decide such
matters as production schedules.
wages. prices and working condi-
tons In their own factories.
In practice the workers particle
patton in running factories and
setting income has been somewhat
circumscribed by the Yugoslav
Communist Party, and government
authorities. The lack Of managerial
skills among laborers in Yugoslavia
has also tended to retard the de-
velopment Of workers autonomy
movements.
Nevertheless giving workers even
small measure Of control over
their own working conditions has
been much more IDeral than other
Communist practice.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-10

tions to force such compliance
would focus more urgent attention
on the question Of applying sane
tons to Egyptian violations of the
armistice agreement.
Would Sanctions Be Legal?
Secondly. would 1t be legal for
the U. N. to apply sanctions to
Israel by resolution of the General
Assembly? In his January 26 report,
the Secretary General pointed out
that the U. N. General Assembly
could not put U. N. troops in
Egypt or Israel without the consent
Of the country. because under
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-10

spiration Of the Scriptures does not
preclude the use Of reason. We
don't shut our eyes to any critical
view of the Bible. but we have
sought to offer our reasons, docu-
mented as much as possible, as to
why we cannot accept such views"
Recent archaeological discoveries
have opened vistas closed to earlier
scholars. DR.. Siegfried H. Horn,
professor at the Seventh-day Ad-
ventist Theological Seminary in
Takoma Park, contends these new
sources materially support the
fundamentals position that Old
Testament events are history and
not fable.
Archaeology keeps pulling dates
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-10
Lobor's Beck:
Senators Wait

Dave Beck, beefy boss of the In
ternational Brotherhood Of Team
sters. draws salary Of $4,000 a
year as head of a union that con-
trolls not only more than a million
truck drivers. but also several hun
dred thousand distillery workers,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-10
continued From Page ABS

@N@@eNGS AVAAh 0kC h~kO
in New York State showed that
while Mr.. Foster had lost party con-
troll. Mr.. Gates had not yet gained it.
AS the delegates gathered, the edi-
tor mad no more than 40 per cent
of them. with the decisive votes
held by group of centrists.
Twice before in his nearly 80
years of party leadership, Mr.. Foster
has lost his control. But both times
the Communist International bailed
him out This time. the Russians
may fail as the old mans rescu-
ers, for never before have the
challenges been so formidable.
To the Kremlin. the defeat of
Mr. Gates is not merely desirable. but
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-10

vital. for the Soviets have. since re-
Stalinization began, been desper-
ately trying to exact a pledge of
theological allegiance from their
American comrades.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-10

In neither the GAIA nor Aqaba
areas, therefore. can II be said that
Egypt Is guilty OF prior aggression
Justifying the Israel occuI hilton.
But. by the same token then. Is