davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03

makers would be lavishly voting
more money to the Pentagon than
the administration would ask.
At the same time, however, Q
congressional investigation into
the missiles-and-rockets situation
is certain to hit hard at inter-
service rivalries. Some critics
have blamed the bitter compete
ton among the three services for
funds, scientific talent and pre-.
eminence in missions for the ex-
pensive failure thus far to produce
operational long-range missiles.
Former President Harry S. Tfu-
man called on the administration
last week to place all missile
projects under "a strong man"
RESPONSIBLE only to the President.
Meanwhile, Mr.. Eisenhower
scheduled a major speech in Okla
homa City on November IS, to be
the first in q series of talks to the
Nation ito stimulate the faith and
confidence" Of the people in ma
tional defense, foreign policy, and
the national economy. The first
speech will be devoted to "Science
and Security"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03
DEFENSE:
A Speedup

The grave concern felt in adj
ministration quarters over the ap-
parent lag in United States mis-
sile development programs found
further expression last week. On
Monday, Defense Secretary Neil
McElroy rescinded an order of his
predecessor, Charles E. Wilson.
slashing the military expenditures
for research and development and
weapons testing by $170 million.
But Mr.. McElroy directed that the
services must still stay within the
$38 billion defense budget.
The McElroy order was probably
the last time anyone in the adj
ministration would mention that
S38 billion ceiling, however. On
Wednesday President Eisenhower
at his press conference disclosed
to no ones surprise that military
spending would exceed that $38
billion limit by something more
than $400 million" Mr.. Eisen-
hover seemed deeply disappointed
that his hoped-for reductions
could not now be accomplished.
But there was little room for
doubt last week that Russia's Sput-
mix had effectively lifted the lid
of the Pentagon's spending.
With Senators and Representa-
tives all over the Nation joining
in decrying American failure to
keep up with Soviet military adj
vances, there seemed little chance
that any economy bloc could limit
military appropriations when Con-
gress meets. On che contrary. all
the sislS indicated shat the law
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03
Middle East

Syria, jittery still over Turkish
troop concentrations along her
northern border, protested last
week that joint United States
British Turkish maneuvers that
began Thursday were possible
aggressive operations. And Tur-
key, where the Menderes govern
ment is safely assured of continue
ance by the results of last Sum-
days national elections, reiterated
previous assurances that no attack
was planned.
King Saud of Saudi Arabia.
whose efforts at mediation had
run afoul of Egyptian opposition,
let it be known last week that
he had not withdrawn his offer
to mediate, as Syrian and Egyp-
tan reports claimed. The mod
crate Tunisian President Habib
Bourgouiba expressed surprise
that the Syrian regime had re-
jected Saud's efforts at mediation.
But the Saudi effort appears
doomed unless Damascus has a
change of mind-a possibility not
to be dismissed since the dropping
Of the debate at the u. N.
In Jerusalem. Israel's aging but
vigorous Prime Minister David
-Gurion, Foreign Minister Mrs.
Coda Meir, and two other cabinet
ministers narrowly escaped as
sassination Tuesday when a hand
grenade was tossed from the
Knesset gallery during a foreign
policy debate. They suffered slight
wounds from splinters. Most for
tunately for the shaky armistice
between Israel and her Arab
neighbors. the would-be assassin
was a Jew and an Israeli citizen
with a record of mental disorder.
The commander in CHIEF of
Egypt's armed forces (and Of
Syria's too. under the terms Of
the existing alliance) Mai. Gen.
Abdel Hakim Amer, left Cairo
with large military and civilian
staff for Moscow Friday. His party
few in Nikita Khrushchev's per-
sonal jet airliner, sent to Cairo for
the trip. Ostensibly the Egyptians
will be Moscow's guests for the
anniversary celebrations. but the
stzs aad nature Of the GrouD AJAX
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03

republic but the entire Ukraine and
eventually Poland.
The present expansionist policy of the
Soviet Union in the Middle East is in
certain respects but another phase of the
centuries-old Russian drive against Turkey
and toward the Mediterranean.
Now Moscow seems to be using the
device Of fabricated Middle East crisis
as basis for new attempt to get foot
hold there. With the atomic age well
along and the missile age beginning, the
Soviet phase Of the long-lived Russian
drive toward the Mediterranean is in
finitely more dangerous to the world than
was that of the Cars. And the fact that
behind the Marxist doctrine OF Nikita
Khrushchev may be lurking the hatreds
and warnings Of the wild Zaporozhe
warriors is not reassuring.
NICHOLAS peRoCsIEFcRT.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03
REVIEW OF THE WEEK
Russia: The Party Rules

Let him be damned who
thinks of warI Let him be
damned who wants war! He who
wants war. let him fight alone"
So cried a jovial Nikita Khru-
shchev last Tuesday at a Turkish
Embassy reception in Moscow
honoring Turkeys National Day.
The First Secretary Of the So
Wet Communist Party thus seemed
to put to rest. both by his words
and by his presence at the Tur-
kish celebration. a goodly number
Of words he had uttered only
few weeks ago. Then he had told
an American reporter, James Res
ton Of the New York Times, that
Turkey was planning an attack
on neighboring Syria. In blunt
terms he had threatened Soviet
Intervention on Syria's behalf.
warning that 1.-THE Turks won't
last day" if war came. and
further that no such war could
be confined to the Middle East.
The contrast between the bel
licosity of the Kremlin then and
the good fellowship displayed last
week may have been occasiOned
by Russian reconsideration Of
Turkish and United States inten-
tons, which obviously were to
stand firm. But it is far more
likely to have been the result
of another development: The
abrupt dismissal last Saturday
and public disgrace yesterday of
Marshal Georgi K. Zhukov as So
Wet Minister for Defense. They
are. it seems certain, still a num-
Der of family matters to be settled
inside the Kremlin's walls. Also
the moment of disciplining Of a
Red Army hero would not seem
appropriate for pursuing course
which might depend largely on
army support.
There were other developments
also possibly linked to the unde-
niable political ferment in the
Kremlin.
Soviet Foreign Minister Andrea
Gromyko abruptly departed the
United Nations for Moscow via
airliner. abandoning previously
announced plans to return to
Europe leisurely by sea. And Syria
dropped her vociferous demand
that the United Nations investi-
gate alleged threats by Turkey
and the United States. Few
doubted that the Syrians had
been advised from Moscow to
switch to the soft pedal.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03
The Zhukov Case

A week ago, when news Of Mar
shall zhukov's abrupt dismissal
startled the world, there was spec
ulation that he was slated for
bigger and better things. But
speedily it became apparent, more
from Moscow's silences than from
its sayings, that the soldier-hero
was in deep trouble.
The tone of the Soviet press and
Moscow Radio was daily more
ominouS for Marshal Zhukov.
Pravda. Red Star. the Literary
Gazette. and Soviet Fleet all
stressed the allegiance and loyal
ties of the armed forces to the
Communist Party. Despite strict
censorship, Western reporters were
able, by careful implication, to in
form their editors and readers
that the Marshal was about to
join the ranks of the disgraced.
Yesterday, after what must have
been a frenzied internal tug-of-
war, the public condemnation
came. The Central Committee Of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03
homogeneous
Turn at Bot

For nine months the Senate
Select Committee on Improper
Activities in the Labor or Man
agement Field heard testimony on
depredations by corrupt labor
bosses against the good faith Of
labor's rank and file. The stories
that the committee, headed by
Senator John Mcclellan. heard
tied certain labor leaders to
gambling, prostitution. blackmail.
extortion, assaults, thievery and
the corruption of a city of AGO.
900 persons.
Last week began manage
ment's turn to stand before the
stern chairman from Arkansas
and his colleagues. Much of the
testimony revolved around the
activities of the labor relations"
firm headed by Nathan Sheffer-
man. who. it seemed, always man.
aged to be near when an employer
wished to discourage union or
ganization.
Mr.. Shefferman's aides, who of
ten worked under aliases, played
both sides of the labor-manage-
ment fence, the committee
brought out. One of his agents,
it was testified, "counseled" q
group Of anti-union Sears, Roe
buck & Co. employees, with Sears
paying his expenses. Raymond j.
Compton, an attorney for the
National Labor Relations Board,
testified that it was unlawful for
management to support a vote
no" campaign in a union recogni-
ton election.
A Shefferman agent called be-
fore the committee, Edmund
Wroblewsh, pleaded the Fifth
Amendment to 38 questions,
which led Senator Mcclellan to
observe that he was interested to
"see If your employer will apply
the same standard of ethics as
the AFL-CIO," which had ordered
its officers to explain their use Of
the Fifth Amendment.
The committee also has re.
ceived evidence that Mr.. Sheffer-
mans policy was first to try to
defeat the union in any recogni-
ton election. and that failing, to
win recognition for the Team.
sters' Union, which often agreed
to a sweetheart" contract of
little benefit to employees.
The Mennen Company, manu-
facturers Of toiletries, which il
owned by the family Of Demo-
cratic Gov. @. Mennen Williams
Of Michigan. got the spotlight at
the hearings on Thursday. George
Mennen, vice president Of the
company. testified that an officer
Of racketeer Johnny dos union
once offered to call of a strike at
the Mennen plant for about
$4,000"
The offer. Mr.. Mennen said, was
rejected, although the company
later accepted a contract with
dos union through direct nego-
tiation with Dio himself.
A former labor adviser to
ex-Gov. Thomas E. Dewey of New
York. Merlyn s. Pitzele, told the
Senators that he had accepted
$4,000 in three years in funds
that came originally from the
Transfers. His job was to lad
wise" Transfers President Dave
Beck. but the $4,000 was paid in
checks by the Shefferman fund.
CozsinWea - Raws A-ae
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03

orally known, refused to guess
whether the Zhukov removal was
good news or bad news" and
warned that stiffened foreign atti-
tudes might be. expected whenever
Moscow had serious internal trou-
bles to conceal. But he did not
expect that war is around the
corner, because we don't think
it is"
President Eisenhower, observing
at his news conference that efforts
to explain the Kremlin's mind
"are highly speculative" also at
tempted no guesses as to the
meaning Of Marshal Zhukov's re-
moval.
In Belgrade, Marshal Tito re-
acted to the Zhukov firing by con-
tracing lumbago-"a diplomatic
backache."" many assumed
which would prevent his sched-
uled visit to Moscow Thursday
for the anniversary of the revo-
luton. Marshal zhukov had been
Marshal Tito's guest just prior
to his dismissal. The Yugoslay
leader is considered certain to
think carefully before continuing
his recent friendship policy with
his erstwhile enemies in the
Kremlin.
Belatedly. the State Department
seemed to realize that the United
States was unrepresented at Bel
grade at a crucial time. The Am
baSsador, James w. Riddleberger,
has been in Washington many
weeks serving on a foreign service
selection board; his next-in-com-
mand in Yugoslavia died unex-
pectedly. and both Americans and
Yugoslavs were complaining that
important decisions were about
to be taken affecting relations be-
tween the two nations while the
United States had no top-drawer
envoy in the Yugoslav capital.
While the Russian maneuver-
ing remained, in Winston Church.
ills words, riddle wrapped in a
mystery inside an enigma" SCI
entists on this side of the Iron
Curtain were predicting that the
Soviet Union would probably
launch a new earth satellite or
perform some other spectacular
scientific feat. as the star attrac-
ton Of their anniversary celebra-
ton Thursday. The original
Sputnik. its radio transmitter now
silent, continues to whiz around
the globe for the fifth week.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03
BoIstering
The Alliance

President Eisenhower's deter
mination to strengthen the unity
and effectiveness of the Western
alliance. a job begun q week ago
with the visit to Washington Of
British Prime Minister Harold
Macmillan, was emphasized anew
last week. Mr.. Eisenhower, con-
firming earlier reports, declared
his intention Of journeying to
Paris next month for the meeting
Of the North Atlantic Treaty Or
ganization Council.
The chiefs-of-state of the IA
member nations of NATO will all
be present, Paris headquarters an
nounced, to lend their prestige to
the Council sessions, viewed as the
most important to the West since
the inception of the alliance. The
summit" character of the meet
ing was suggested by NATO's sec
retary-general. Paul Henri Spaak.
who Joined the Macmillan-Eisen-
hover talks week ago.
In substance, the Paris gather
ing will be a top-level rally of free
world supporters, a dramatic re-
emphasis of Western intentions
to resist any possible Communist
encroachments, and a direct re-
Spouse to the recent spectacular
Soviet scientific and weapons adj
vances. Plans are now in the study
stage for a division of defense re-
sponsibilities among the member
nations, each contributing what
ever it can best offer to the COM
mon defense.
Agreement has been reached in
principle for a definite sharing of
nuclear weapon information be-
tween the United States and Brit
ain, the only NATO members at
present possessing nuclear arms.
Each nation will concentrate on
certain types of weapons. in the
meantime sharing the results and
information of the separate re-
search and development projects.
But the agreement cannot be
effective until Congress eases some
of the restrictions written into
the Atomic Energy Act of 1854.
There have already been signs
that security-minded lawmakers
will vigorously oppose any sharing
of secrets with Britain.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03

Nikita Khrushchev's biographies re-
veal that the present successor to the
might and ambitions Of the Muscovite
Cars is a descendant of the Ukraines
famous Zaporozhe Cossacks-a fact of spe-
cial interest in view of his current diplo-
matte offensive against Turkey and his
spectacular operations at home.
His zaporozhe Ukrainian name,
Khrushch, was Russified and its bearer
now is more Russian that Ukrainian land
indeed speaks Ukrainian with a heavy
Russian accent, but he still retains the
exuberance Of his ancestors, their fierce,
sometimes reckless natures, their penchant
for strong drink-and their Unsuitable
hatred of the Turks.
Some 400 years ago, the strange little
republic Of ZaporozhskayA> SIGH occupied
an island in the Dneiper River on the
southeastern Hlank Of chs Ukraine. Its
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03

to liquidate the all-powerful secret
police, a new atmosphere was
created in the Soviet Union in
which the army began to play an
ever more important role. The
top-level groups in the Communist
Party which were fighting for
power began to seek the support
of the army and the military
commanders.
Malenkov appointed Marshal
zhukov, who had fallen into dis
favor under Stain, Deputy Defense
Minister. and Mr.. Khrushchev
later named him Defense Minis
ter. In order to seize control,
Khrushchev required the active
support Of the army. Marshal
Zhukov gave this support at the
decisive plenum of the Central
Committee of the Communist
Party, held in June, 1857. In
return Mr.. Khrushchev appointed
him member Of the all-powerful
Presidium of the Central Com
mittee of the Communist Party.
Position Of Power
When he became a member of
this supreme organ of the party,
Defense Minister Zhukov became.
in effect. the head Of both the
military and the political person.
mel of the army.
The entire history of the So
Wet Union shows that those men,
bers of the Presidium of the Cen
trail Committee formerly the Po-
litburo) who controlled the secret
police with its troops or the army
ultimately became masters of the
situation
Stain became an absolute die
tator after he succeeded in gain
ing control of the secret police and
placed the obedient and mediocre
Marshal Voroshilov at the head of
the army.
After Stains death, Beria had
every chance of becoming the die
tator, since he had in his hands
the secret police and was at the
same time a member of the Pre-
sidium Of the Central Committee.
This was precisely the reason why
the rest of the members of the
Presidium fastened to shoot Beria
and all his aides and, sharply re-
duce the powers of the secret po-
lice by putting at its head men
who were not Presidium members.
Becoming in the summer of
1857 both Defense Minister and
member Of the PreSidium Of the
Central Committee. Marshal Zhu-
kov concentrated in his hands
enormous power. greater than that
of any other Presidium member,
including Mr.. Khrushchev.
The only channel through which
Khrushchev was able to control
the actions of Zhukov and the
army as a whole was the political
personnel of the army. But as
soon as Marshal Zhukov became
a member of the Presidium. the
Soviet Army's generals and COM
manders raised the old question of
genuine single authority.
Time for Action
Utilizing zhukov's position, the
military command decided that
the time has come to get rid of
the control and interference Of
Continued ON Page A.29
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03

IN favor OF tne mllltary men.
To understand the Zhukov case,
one must first understand the
strange dual command under
which the Soviet Army functions.
The military command. under the
Jurisdiction of the Ministry of
Defense. is paralleled by the polit-
ical command, under the jurisdic-
ton OF the Chief political admin
istration-in effect the military
department Of the Central Com
mittee Of the Communist Party.
Every Soviet communicable he
a war minister, a commander of
military district, or a commander
of a regiment-can do virtually
nothing without the consent of his
political deputy. This "zampolit,"
as he is called, is the "eyes and
ears" Of the party.
When the Soviet Army was or
ganized in 1918, many of its mill
tary commanders were former
officers Of the Czarist army and
mont Communists. The new Com
munist government did not trust
them, and in order to keep them
under control and surveillance it
established the institution of po-
litical commissars.
A representative of the Commu-
mist Party-a commisSar-was as
signed to every commander, to
keep an eye on him and on the
moods of the officers and men.
Every order issued in a military
unit had to be signed by the COM
mander and the commissar, who
and equal power.
This sy$tem existed in the So
Wet army until 1925, when the
commissars were transformed into
"pompolits," or political assistants
to the commanders. The political
assistant merely kept an eye on
his commanders actions and, in
the event of disagreement, was
able to complain against the COM
mander to higher authorities.
In 1887, when Stain began the
purge Of the army-Shortly before
the execution Of Marshal Tukha-
chevsky and most of the top mill
tary commanders of the Red army
the institution of army commits
sars was re-established. only to be
abolished again in 1910, q short
time before the war with Germany.
Again, the commissars were re-
placed by political deputies.
Tighter Control Imposed
In the early days Of World
War II, when large numbers Of
soldiers began to surrender to the
Germans, commissars were re-
introduced. This dual command
brought great disorganization to
military operations, since the
commissars were often totally
ignorant in. military affairs. BY
1912 wide dissatisfaction among
the commanders over the inter-
ference Of the party commissars
resulted again in the replacement
of the commissars by "zarnpolits."
Since then, while the Soviet
Army has been formally under
single authority. in reality its
commanders have been still under
the constant control Of their
political deputies.
After Stains death, when the
collective leadership was compelled
for the sake of self preservation
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03
Ex-oFFicER,s REPORT
zhukov Became
Too Powerful

The author OF this analysts OF the Zhukou incident
lieutenant army NTH Marshal
ByeIorussian front Nth
military administration Germany escaped to the West tn
editor Nth Radio Liberation City
BY VLADIMIR sHABNsKY
removal of Marshal Zhukov from his position of high
power prestige directly struggle
been raging for nearly 40 between the Soviet amys military
commanders and its political watchdogs
Action became from Nkta Khrushchevs point
when Marshal Zhukov appeared ready
military political authority amassed decide struggle
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03

ing the trip caused conjecture that
a new arms deal was in the works.
Concern for the prospects Of
peace was voiced offlcially in New
Delhi Friday, where the SO men,
Der nations Of the International
Red Cross voted unanimously for
a resolution calling for new dis
armament efforts. In addition, a
draft code calling for a ban on
nuclear arms was adopted for
submission to the member nations.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-06-29
Herter Pledges
u. S. Will Honor
All of Its Pucts

PRINCETON. N. j., June %
R).-Christian A. Herter said to-
day the United States will honor
its defense treaty obligations
with non-European nations
should this ever become neces-
sary, as quickly and as thoroughly
as we would honor those with
Europe"
The Undersecretary Of State
added. in an address prepared for
a Princeton University confer
ence on the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO):
There can be no first-class
and second-class alliances, any
more than the freedom of an in
dividual in Korea could be con-
sidered to be worth less than
that Of an individual in France
and Germany"
Mr.. Herter promised-the United
States will continue its close ties
with Europe and said that "all
the nations Of the Atlantic COM
munity, where democracy was
born and where 1t has fiourished,
must continue to exercise initia-
tive and to cooperate closely in
the common interest as they have
IN the past II NATO is to live and
thrive"
But he also emphasized that
the United States has respon-
sibilities. embodied in solemn
treaty obligations, on a world
wide SCALE"