davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-17
DECISIONS 1857
BY t. CUYLER YOUNG

Until World War II the United
States contacts with, and interests
in. the Middle East were largely
limited to cultural and philan-
thrOpic relations.
Until very recently the Middle
East has been of tertiary concern
to Americans. after Europe and the
Far East. and most American have
been content to leave Western
responsibility for the area to France
and Britain, particularly the latter.
The withdrawal of these powers
from the Middle East following
World War II. however, created
vacuum. This vacuum is now being
filled in various degrees by some
of the emergent independent states
of the area and, by the two super
powers, the United States and the
USSR. In this period Of transit
ton it is useful to analyze the
nature of the United States stakes
in the Middle East, so that this
country's policy in the area may
be developed on the basis of exist
ing realities.
For convenience. the discussion
here is focused on the military and
strategic, economic and political.
social and cultural interests of the
United States. first from the point
Of view of the theoretical and long
view considerations, then with ref
erence to current developments in
the area.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-17
GERVASFS JERUSALEM REPORT

wage levels. improved sanitary
conditions and provided more and
better public utilities.
But only the thin upper stratum
of the Arabs was aware Of Israels
generosity and fairness. The Jews
made no effort to publicize what
they did.
They Didn't Try
Admittedly, the Israelis we're
dealing with a preponderantly IL
literate mass. But there are ways
Of reaching the minds of even the
most ignorant through simple
visual media. The Israelis did not
even try, and the knowledge Of
missed opportunity is a source of
profound regret to the civilian adj
ministrators who ran the GAIA
area.
The Strips inhabitants, even the
refugees, we're far more receptive
to a reasonable settlement Of the
Arab-Israeli conflict, this CORE
spondent found. than perhaps the
Jews realized. During the last "
hours before the sudden. dead-of-
night handover OF the Strip to the
United Nations Emergency Force,
talked with a number OF the more
literate Arabs. both residents and
refugees.
The latter's receptiveness toward
peace with the Jews was particu-
larry striking.
knowledge Of the difficulties in
volved in drafting and executing a
program for the economic regenera-
ton Of the Mideast's Arab multi
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-17

1854. but has since been buried by
the developments Of the last two
years.
A wide gap separates the parties
on all these questions. The Arabs
demand the right of refugees to
return to their homes in Israel, if
they so choose, as a condition for
discussing peace. This condition
Israel rejects. on the ground that
1t cannot take in hostile fifth
column" that its economy is al
ready burdened by an almost COM
parable number of Jewish immi-
grants into Israel. and that refugee
property has already been differ
emily oriented for use during the
intervening years.
The Arabs demand that the Dor
ders be set as originally determined
by the U. N. in 1947. Israel re-
fuses to discuss this, declares it
must and will keep what it won by
war, to which the Arabs resorted in
1948 in defiance of the u. N. Neither
the Israelis nor the Arabs have &C
cepted the U. N. recommendation
of international status for Jeru-
salem. which since 1949 has been
tragically split down the middle
between the old and new cities in
Jordan and Israel respectively.
The United States has a major
role and responsibility in working
toward an Arab-Israeli peace set
Element. Previously this role and
responsibility were shared by its
allies. particularly Britain and
France, but now the USSR must
also be taken into account.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-17
The Suez-Aqobo Dispute
And The Law of the Sea-

the innocent passage of foreign
ships through straits normally used
for navigation between two parts
of the high seas.
In the past few weeks there has
been discussion as to whether the
Gulf OF Aqaba is high seas. The
idea behind this seems to be to
establish whether the Strait of
Tran falls within the fourth prin-
ciple above and-if it does-to
argue that Egypt cannot stop Israeli
ships from passing through there.
But whatever the character Of
the Gulf and the Strait is deter
mined to be. this would seem to
have little effect on the question
of Egypt's right to stop Israel
ships. For even if Egypt were not
privileged to suspend the right of
innocent passage through the
Strait temporarily and in excep-
tional circumstances, still it re-
tainS the right to take steps in its
territorial waters to maintain its
security.
Under this power, one restriction
that the coastal state may apply
in its territorial waters is that it
may deny passage to ships of a
country with which it is in state
of war.
Now Israel and Egypt are, legally
speaking, in state of war dating
ho nk m tho fiy,oa TcraoI ,poc cot ,,,1
in l947. In 1949. a U. N.-sponsored
armistice agreement was struck be-
tween Egypt and Israel. But an
armistice agreement merely sus-
ponds active hostilities; it does
not terminate a state of war.
Furthermore. under international
law, an armistice does not end the
right to exercise even such bellig-
erent rights as blockade. search
and seizure of vessels, and other
acts of hostilities by sea, unless
it is SO agreed in the armiStice
terms. What athe Egyptian-I Israeli
armistice agreement calls for is
a cessation of military operations
and armed conflict.
In its 1851 resolution calling upon
Egypt to terminate restrictions upon
Israeli-bound shipping in the Suez
Canal. the U. N. Security Council
determined that the armistice
agreement implicitly precluded the
exercise of belligerent rights such
as search and seizure. Whether this
could be taken as legal Judgment
that a country in a state of war
with another country must allow
its territorial waters to be entered
by ships of the enemy country Is
still a question.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-17

Continued From Page Ar
ing and working with rifles and
uzis over our shoulders. A uzi is
an Israeli-made stubby little ma
chine gun with a very authoritive
vocabulary.
Less than 5000 years away the
lights of the GAIA Strip twinkled
uncertainty.
Lost Opportunity
The Israeli occupation of the
Strip, with its 100000 residents and
100000 refugees. provided Israel
with an opportunity to break down
some Arab hostility to the Jewish
state. But the Israelis failed.
Their failure is partly attribut-
able to lack of time. Four months
were hardly sufficient to overcome
eight years Of Egyptian domina-
ton, during the last three OF which
Egypt's President Nasser skillfully
exploited the refugees grudges
against Israel for having stolen
Arab homes" in Palestine.
Part OF the blame, however, must
fall on the Jews for their seeming
disdain or ignorance Of modern
propaganda techniques.
The Israelis have proved them
selves excellent soldiers. superb adj
ministrators and generous con-
querors--but in GAIA they disclosed
an astounding weakness in the field
OF psychological warfare
They poured more money into the
upkeep OF the resident population
In is weeks than the Egyptians did
in an entire year. They raised
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-17
BY FRED THEROUX

Tunisia. site Of ancient Carthage
and once the granary Of the Ro-
man Empire, will celebrate the first
anniversary of its independence
Wednesday.
Vice President Nixon will be on
hand to convey to the Bey, Sidi
Mohammed ell Amin, and to Pre-
mier Habib Bourguiba the con-
gratulations and best wishes of the
United States. And in the context
Of today's turmoil in the Middle
East. the good will Mr.. Nixon will
express will be much more than
perfunctory.
~Tunisia, in its short career since
independence from France, has
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-17

tudes. and of the massive financing
required, was one Of the reasons for
Israel's difference in publicizing its
own modest efforts in behalf of
Gaza's resident population. (The
refugees are responsibility OF
the United Nations Relief and
Works Agency
even the most we could have
afforded TO do would have been
puny in comparison with the actual
needs saiu one Israeli authority.
Nevertheless. the Jews had ex-
cellent propaganda material with
which to try to persuade the Arabs
that the Israelis were not the i'm
perialistic, Zionist, despoilers they'd
been painted.
Figures Are Impressive
The Egyptian government. for
instance, provided total annual
budget for the Strips administra-
ton of less than So million. The
Israelis spent a four-month total
of $4.4 million. All the Israeli
money went into food, wages,
maintenance Of public services and
a few development projects. Most
Of Cairo's allotment went into
officials salaries.
The Israelis might also have
publicized the fact that they raised
the flour ration per family by two
pounds per week, doubled the wages
Of unskilled laborers and as much
as tripled the prices received by the
Strips many truck farmers and
citrus growers.
Worldwide Press servioel
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-17
The Military Stake

From the point of view of global
geography and communications, it
is clear that the Middle East is
strategic: 1t is the direct land, sea
and air connection between the
Western nations and South and
Southeast Asia. between the
Eurasian heartland of Soviet Russia
and Africa.
Short of an about atomic
struggle between the United States
and Russia. centered on destruction
of each country's industrial core.
the Middle East could be of pri-
mary significance. For if one con-
testant or the other could not use
it for its own advantage. it could
still gain an advantage by denying
its use to the other.
Moreover. military and strategic
features in this area must be
weighed in terms of their con-
tribution to American security and
defense. and to the maintenance
of world peace. So viewed, the
basic United States interest is to
make sure that control of the Mid
die East does not pass to the
USSR: that it remains in the
hands of the areas inhabitants,
provided they are friendly-at least
not hostile-to the West and to the
basic principles of world peace, and
that. so far as these countries are
unable to exercise power, the United
States should do So
1t is in this long-term perspective
that recent events must be viewed
For some time the United States
has had access to air bases in
Morocco, Libya. Turkey and Saudi
Arabia. The USSR could scarcely
regard these bases with equanimity.
but it was not goaded to overt or
direct counteraction.
The Vests efforts in 1855 to weld
a military alliance connecting
NATO and SEATO (Southeast Asia
Treaty Organization using the
outpost nations of Turkey and
Pakistan, respectively. for this pur-
pose have had different results.
The original effort to form a re-
gional pact, with Egypt a sponsor
ing partner, failed. 1t should not
have been surprising that the sub
sequent northern tier" Baghdad
pact of 1955-joining Turkey, Iraq,
Pakistan. Iran and Britain-should
have aroused Egypt to oppose Iraq's
bid for Arab leadership. even to
the point of turning for help to
Russia. which jumped at the chance
to vault the enlightenment Of the
northern tier" right into the mid
die of the Arab world.
Russia is in the Middle East to
stay. and from now on everything
the United States does in that area
must be calculated to include it in
some fashion.
The Baghdad pact countries ex-
pected the United States to join
them. Yet in view of the violent
Arab and Egyptian reaction. this
country could scarcely freeze the
situation and give up its maneuver-
ability. At the same time, it could
not turn its back on its friends.
The result has been that the United
States became a member of the
Economic Committee of the Bagh-
dad alliance and gave assurance Of
military assistance to each member
country. but did not formally join
the pact.
The United States faces a fun
damental dilemma, which promises
TO plague it for long time to come:
Whether to Join the pact despite
adverse consequences in the Arab
world. or only continue present
efforts to support it sufficiently to
prevent its dissolution. There is
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-17
The Economic Stake

The economic stake of the United
States in the Middle East consists
mainly of oil-not so much directly
to energize its own vast industrial
life, as to support indirectly the
economy of its European allies The
economy of the NATO countries is
based 80 per cent on Middle East
oil.
On the negative side, although
the USSR at present seems to
possess adequate oil resources. its
demands in the future. together
with those of its allies-especially
Communist China-might outrun
internal supplies SO that it would
become important for Moscow to
have access to the vast resources
Of the Middle East.
The rest of the Middle Eastern
trade. either in raw materials or
finished goods, is relatively unim-
portant to the United States direct
~. Indirectly. the trade of some OF
our NATO allies is substantial and
therefore. part of our stake. Most
important among these are Britain
and West Germany.
Moreover, the other side of our
economic stake in the Middle East
is very important--and that is
basic interest in the development
and prosperity Of the area, which
are necessary for the maintenance
of peace. Economic distress in the
Middle East could be infectious and
spread rapidly elsewhere in Asia
and Africa
Considerations of this nature lie
behind all recent efforts to provide
the peoples OF the area economic
aid of various kinds-grants, tech
nical assistance. loans. Whatever
may be said of the means thus far
employed to reach this end, our
stake in the healthy economic de-
velopment of the Middle East can
scarcely be overemphasized.
To put this another way, the es-
Sentials of the capitalist and free
enterprise system are present in
CNOAlOlAJ Vi tllC I4dOJs
although in a different form than
in the United States or Western
Europe. This system is challenged
by the Communists, who point to
the experience of Russia and Com
munist China as proof that only
their economic practices can rap
idly modernize an industrially
backward country. Thus the health
of the free world economy. as we'll
as its ability to propagate its ideas,
is being tested in the Middle East.
Perhaps the most basic change
indeed revolution-in the con-
temporary Middle East is the
realization of the masses that the
age-old economy of scarcity, which
means for them poverty and sub
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-17

marginal existence, is due not to
the memorable decree of Allah but
rather to the mismanagement by
man of natural resources that
under scientific development can
bring an economy of abundance.
If the United States and the other
Western nations expect to have the
friendship and to secure the CO.
operation of the Middle East, then
leadership in economic develop
ment must soon bring enough tan
gible results in better living to
justify the hopes of the common
man in the area.
Our economic policies in the Mid
die East may require a thorough
reappraisal The following prin-
ciples may be suggested as best
calculated to gain United States
goals:
. Expect no immediate friendly
gratitude. but rather often the OPP
posite. patiently waiting for
future different verdict.
. Make sure that all aid will help
the recipient as much as possible
to help himself.
. Avoid all strings to grants In
aid and make no such grants I'M
less prepared that they may be
misused.
. Divorce an economic adm
GLIDING. and especially, technical
assistance-from political ends and
opportunism.
. AS a corollary of this, forego all
propaganda advantage. and if any
propaganda is used. make certain it
is factual and on the side of under
statement.
. Channel the maximum of aid
through mutually beneficial trade
and loans made at a modest yet
practicable rate of interest.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-17
The Political Stake

While the economic stake of the
United States in the Middle East
is significant. 1t often takes po-
litical form. since the people of the
area regard the political aspects
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-17
THE DECISIONS SERIES

This article is the third in The Sunday
M ~ Stars eight-week Decisions . . 1857
RSN ~ N series crucial international issues pre-
ID 7 VIZ "A sented in conjunction with the Decisions"
\1jNO n area by the Foreign Policy Association and
.\W/ WIH the Junior Chamber of Commerce.
W W Prof. Young is chairman of the
Department of Oriental Studies and director the program
in Near Eastern studies at Princeton University His article
condensed slightly here written for the FPAs pubca
ton Headline Series
The Nome nugget., 1957-02-04
Two U. s. A. E. Tankers Crash Over France

ST. LO, France, 1.-Two US Air Force KB-29 aerial tankers crashed and exploded Saturday at height of almost three miles over this World War II battlefield area, killing II crewmen and in- turing three others. Five were missing.
 One of the dead was crewman who had parachuted from the flaming fireball only to die of burns after reaching the ground.
 The two planes carried total crew of 19.
 The two huge four-engine Su- perforts. converted to refuel jet intercontinental planes of the Strategic Air Command were part of three plane training flight that left England this morning. The third plane returned safely to the base at Sculthorpe.
 The us. consulate at Cher bourg said the planes were flying at about 15,000 feet when one lost speed and the second apparently crashed into it.
The Nome nugget., 1957-02-04
Elizabeth Taylor and
 Mike Todd Honeymoon In Town Where Married

ACAPULCO, Mexico, R-Eliz- abeth Taylor and Mike Todd honeymooned today at an un- scheduled spot-a guest house on the estate of former President Miguel Ale1nan. It is only 100 feet from where they were married.
 The couple had planned to leave Acapulco for brief honey moon somewhere else in Mexico. But they were up so late for the reception after the civil ceremony Saturday night they could not complete plans to leave.
 Miss Taylor, recovering from a spinal operation, was said to have been exhausted after the excite ment of the wedding and party.
 Most of the guests who flew in from the United States also re- mained for the weekend. They wore the Tarasoan Indian sports shirts Todd had made for them initialed ''E T" and, ssM T''
The Nome nugget., 1957-02-04
Marciano Will Help Joe Louis Pay Off
 Big Income Tax Debt

KENOSHA, Wis, RARocky Marciano said something old and something new last night.
 He reiterated that he has re- tired from the ring for good and declared he'll donate $5,O0O television fee toward settling Joe Louis huge tax debt.
 The 33-year-old son of a Brock ton, Mass, shoemaker who re- tired as undefeated heavyweight champ last April said no one has made him "a concrete offer" to come out of retirement and that ''it wouldn't make any difference if they did"
 Feted at the fourth annual Holy Name sports night in the Holy Rosary School by crowd of over 900, Marciano said, q know I did the right thing" in retiring.
 Rocky, at 22O pounds about 34 over his best fighting weight, said he planned to see his former man. ager, Al Weill, in Chicago Tues day ito talk over personal ap- pearance schedule.''
The Nome nugget., 1957-02-04
FlOOd-Stricken Areas Clean Up
By the Associated Press

The West Central and South west portions of the nation lay under generally clear skies today while varied assortment of pre- cipitation sprinkled the Pacific Northwest, Texas, the Ohio Val ley and much of the East and the Southeast.
 Cleanup operations moved along steadily to flood-stricken areas of West Virginia, Virginia, Ken lucky and Tennessee today as Alabama, Georgia and Mississippi braced for lowhand flooding along rivers.
 At least Is persons have been killed, some 15,000 were home less and damage was estimated at more than $75 million in the wake of the devastating floods.
 The American Red Cross has set up flood relief headQuarters in Bristol, Tenn.
 "The worst appears to be over" said Gen. Alfred M Gruenther, president of the Red Cross.
The Nome nugget., 1957-02-04
Dismantling Work Starts On Globemaster Down On Cook Inlet Ice

ANCHORAGE, R-Air Force crews started Saturday the job of dismantling a C-124 Globemaster plane which was forced down on icy Cook Inlet because of engine failure Sunday night.
 The big plane, whose 13 crew members were rescued by heli- copter after the landing, was blown ashore this week by wind drafts set up by whirling heli- copter blades. The decision then was made today to "cannibalize" the aircraft.
 Engines which were being fer ried from Elmendorf Air Force Base, near Fairbanks, to McChord Air Force Base, near Tacoma, have been removed.
 Thousands of gallons of gaso- line are being pumped from the tanks into a railroad car prepara- tory to further disnlantling.
The Nome nugget., 1957-02-04
President of w. Germany To Visit US. in March

BONN, Germany R-President Theoror Heuss of West Germany will visit the United States in March.
 The Presidents office announced the 73-year- old German chief of state has accepted an invitation from President Eisenhower 10 visit Washington March 6-8.
 Heuss also is expected to visit several states in a private capac- ity. It will be the West German Presidents first visit to America.
The Nome nugget., 1957-02-04
NEWS OF NOVELTIES
By LULU FAIRBANKS

Mrs. Anna A. Pepper, 83, wid- ow of the late Sam A. Pepper, died at her home, 2134 N. 64th St., Seattle, after a long illness. Pepper, who mined in the Kobuk in '98 and later lived in Candle and Nome in 1904, died in Seattle in 1885. Mrs. Pepper operated Peppers Corset Shop on Fifth Ave. A niece, Mrs. Amber Clark Young, Seattle, survives her.
 Frank Dufresne has taken off to Mexico for another fishing and picture-taking trip for national sports magazines. His wife, ''Klondy," is receiving a flock of letters from people who want to know WHO was the sLady Known as Lou" Robert w. Ser vice once remarked that he used many of these names as fig ments of my imagination" for poetic parlour entertainment.
The Nome nugget., 1957-02-04
Eastern Stars To Meet

The new officers of Alaska Chapter No. l, Order of Eastern Star, will officiate tonight at a regular meeting, which will be followed by a social hour.
 The initiation planned for this evening has been postponed until the second meeting in February.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-06-18
LAW IN THE NEWS
Who Will Rule Finally
On FoIIout Danger?

experts" They are not scientists,
nuclear physicists. medical re-
searchers. military brass or
political dignitaries. But their
number might include a sales
man. a store clerk. a housewife,
a teacher, a musician. a garage
mechanic and so on.
These are the men and women
who would make up the jury in
"a lawsuit as yet unbrought,
charging "fallout" with being
responsible for some genetic dis
turbance or inherited deform-
Iity-the most feared Of all peace
time nuclear threats-that had
actually occurred.
On that future day the men,
bers Of the jury would listen to
the experts, to the testimony OF
the scientists. the doctors, the
bombmakers. the weather FORE
casters. etc. Then they'd retire
to the jury room and endeavor
to apply the layman's common
sense to what they had heard
They would have to answer the
question: Was radioactive fall
out responsible for this trouble?'
Could Decide Test Issue
Their answer could have real
significance for the. future OF
atomic weapons tests. For IL
would be based on a concrete
situation, not a hypothetical one;
and 1t would tend to place legal
responsibility. to initiate a solid
trend in the law which could moi
be ignored.
This, primarily. is what jurie.
are for-to make q common sense
appraisal and a decision wher
experts or partisans cannot
agree. The way things have beer
going, 1t looks as II the hydrogen
bomb controversy might have tt
be settled in just this way.
Fndcy: Don't be fooled by the "stotut,
OF limitations"