davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27

Thus, all the other nations,
whatever they deem to be their
status, must attach themselves
TO one or other Of the H-b0mb
powers. Unless they can get
support from their protector, they
will just have to give way.
If force is ruled out, what about
economic sanctions? The objection
to these is that they can be applied
only against some nations while
others are immune.
What Is the use Of enactments
which can be enforced against one
part Of the community but not
against the other? We. unhappily,
are one of the nations most vul-
nerahle to economic sanctions.
But what would be the use Of
trying to impose them on Russia?
Only nations which have built up
an artificial economy, which de-
ponds upon the rule of law and on
the observance Of the sanctity Of
treaties as it existed throughout
the 18th century, are vulnerable to
such sanctions. Antarctic systems
are immune. Cutting OF their
imports or exports scarcely affects
them.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27
MLDEAST PROPOSAL
Officials Study Big Nile Development Project

Up to the moment Secretary
Dulles withdrew the Aswan aid
offer. the Sudan and Egypt had not
come to agreement.
Sudonese Objections
Even If the water-use question
could have been worked out, the
Sudan would have had other OBJ
jections to the Aswan dam:
. The Aswan reservoir, which
would have extended 100 miles into
the Sudan, would have engulfed a
large Sudanese town and forced
resettlement Of some 10000 people.
Sudan wanted Egypt to pay for re-
settling them and for irTigating
fields they could till. That would
have cost an estimated 500 million
and taken several years.
. Egypt's already disproportionate
share of the water would have
been increased at the Sudan's
expense.
Q Evaporation from the reservoir
in one Of the hottest areas on earth
would have caused the loss Of
some 10 billion cubic meters Of
water a year. some IL per cent Of
the total flow. BY distributing res
ervoirs more strategically, losses
from evaporation could be compen-
stated by rainfall-which is practi-
cally non-existent In the Aswan
area.
The United Nations Economic
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27
REVIEW OF THE WEEK

ly begged down and India changed
its mind. In 1850 and 1851 similar
resolutions were voted by the
Council.
Last week, v. K. Krishna Menon,
midas chief delegate to the u. NJ,
broke a record by speaking before
the Security Council for Z hours and
48 minutes (about $4,000 words in
two-day period in opposition to
a new resolution reaffirming the
prebiscite plan.
The speech. stressing the old
argument that Kashmir is q part
Of India and cannot be detached
for any reason, fell on deaf ears.
The Council again voted, this time
by 10 to 0. to allow the people Of
Kashmir to decide their fate in q
free vote. The Soviet Union alb
stained.
The next day the Nehru govern
ment formalized the accession Of
Kashmir to India at New Delhi.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27
BY EARL H. VOSS

American foreign aid officials
have begun to explore details Of
Nile River Development Project
they hope can become a major long
range program to bolster the Mid
die East's resistance to Communist
penetration.
A survey team soon will set out
for Ethiopia to make aerial and
ground studies Of possibilities for
developing the Blue Nile, which
provides IS per cent Of the annual
flow Of water into Egypt and the
Mediterranean Sea.
When Secretary Of State Dulles
abruptly withdrew the United
States offer to help Egypt build
the giant Aswan High Dam in trop-
ical southern Egypt. he conspic-
uously left the door open for some
broader Nile development later.
1.-THE United States remains
deeply interested in the welfare Of
the Egyptian people and in the de-
velopment Of the Nile" a State
Department announcement said last
July. 1T Is prepared to consider
at an appropriate time and at the
request of the riparian states what
steps might be taken toward
more effective utilization of the
water resources of the Nile for the
benefit of the peoples Of the re-
gion."
When the Aswan High Dam was
being considered, many American
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27

occasion. and have played a key
part in keeping Senator Louis L.
Gol6stein Of Calvert County in the
Senate presidency. The 10 Demo-
Gratis in the House from Southern
Maryland have not matched this
effort. although they caucused Just
last week and elected Delegate
Perry o. Wilkinson of Prince
Georges as chairman with instruc-
tions to call future meetings on
mutual problems.
The two Senators and IL Dele
gates from Montgomery and Prince
Georges often stick together on
issues, but their numbers are too
small to carry much weight.
So the Shore is in the saddle
much Of the time.
Effect on Legislation
A good example of what effect
this has had on the laws of the
State lies in the area Of seafood.
Because much Of the Shore makes
its living from commercial fishing,
Maryland tidewater laws aim clear
ly at protecting commercial seafood
interests.
The Shore bloc has always led
the effort against roadside control
bills. This fight, due for renewal this
session, is one in which the line be-
tween urban and rural interests Is
most clearly drawn. Urban groups
fight hard for protection against
billboards and honky-tonks along
roadsides, but the billboard lobby
and the farmers have won all the
battles SO far.
In the vital area Of State finances,
the Shore bloc generally fights for
more State aid measures, from
which that area benefits more than
any other. and against large ex-
penditures for parks and mental
hospitals.
Ask Shore legislator which he
would favor most as q means of
raising teachers salaries--an in
crease In the income or the sales
tax-and he'll say income every
time. because he feels the Shore
has less Of that. m
But one thing the Shore has lots
Of and that's pull In the Legisla-
tuye.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27
Rely on Moral Force?

Finally we are told that no nation
can stand out against world opin-
ion: that we can rely upon the
moral forces Of the Assembly's reso-
luton. Surely this is more wishful
thinking. What is more, it is fatty
contradicted by experience.
For several years now q. N. has
condemned Egypt for refusing to
allow the passage of Israel's ships
through the Suez Canal in direct
conflict with its obligations under
the 1888 Treaty. Has the moral
force Of this condemnation had any
effect on the Egyptians? None
whatever.
BY a huge majority q. N. has
called up Russia to withdraw its
troops from Hungary. Has the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27
BY GENE GOODWIN

ANNAPOLIS.-When good fell
lows from the Eastern Shore get
together. they sometimes sing a
parody on 1.-THE Old Gray Mare"
which goes:
I'VE don't give q damn for the
whole State Of Maryland.
We're from the Eastern Shore"
This is q somewhat exaggerated
expression Of the philosophy Of the
most powerful sectional interest
operating within the Maryland
Legislature today.
Like most State Legislatures, the
Maryland Assembly is dominated
by non-urban interests. But except
for the good fellows from the
Shore, none Of these non-urban in
terests has been able to put to-
gether an effective block Of votes
for more than an issue or two.
The nine counties of the Shore
are represented by nine of the 20
Senators and 26 of the 1913 dele
gates. Shore Senator's are chair
men of six Of the 10 Senate COM
mittees and Shore Delegates head
seven Of that chambers 16 COM
mittees.
Yet the population Of the Shore
counties, according to 1865 esti-
mates Of the Maryland Bureau Of
Vital Statistics, totals 1882 -
only about eight per cent Of the
estimated 1866 total Maryland
population Of 2,668,621.
Reopportionment Blocked
The Maryland Legislature has
failed to allow any reapportion-
ment since 1922.
The constitution provides that
the people shall vote every 20 years
on whether they want a constitu-
tional convention to be called to
rewrite the document, which un-
doubtedly would involve some sort
OF reapportionment. A majority Of
the people voted for the convention
In 1880 and 1850, but the Legisla-
ture has consistently defeated bills
calling the convention. Another
such bill has been introduced In
the current session.
One Of the nam reasons that the
Shore and other rural area lepisla-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27
The NucIeor Factor

A new factor has come into the
picture with the development Of nu-
clear weapons. Any nation today
which possesses hydrogen bombs
can impose its will on any nation
which has none. Though in the flu
ture there will be others. at pres
ent only two nations have rea-
sonable supply Of these weapons
the United States and Russia.
AS long as they are on opposite
sides, peace between them may be
maintained. because each Of them
knows that a nuclear war would
spell complete humiliation to one
side or the other or, probably, to
both. But If one of the two is I'M
interested or even lukewarm, the
other can impose its WIN on any of
the other nations Of the world.
For it is little use hoping the
opposing possessor Of H-bombs,
whatever his initial attitude, will
come to the rescue in due course.
There will not be any due course.
In the last two world wars it was
possible for America to hover for
years before coming to a decision.
Next time. the whole thing will be
settled in matter of days. per-
hapS even of hours.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27
More Room for Missiles

Asserting that "the third world
war is in sight," Brazil's Foreign
Minister Jose Carlos de Macedo
Soares signed q flve-year agreement
on Monday permitting the United
States to build q misunderstanding
base on an island 1875 miles of Ma
tai, where the eastern tip Of Brazil
juts out into the South Atlantic.
The island, Fernando de Noronha, is
situated along Americas 5,000-mile
experimental range originating at
Patrick Air Force Base in Florida.
Washington has been negotiating
for more than a year for what the
United States Air Force considers
an essential base in connection with
the testing Of long-range guided
weapons. Talks were intensified re-
Gently when Shark missile went
out Of control and presumably
crashed In the Brazilian jungle.
No commitments have been made
by the United States In exchange
for base rights, but we have prom
Used to consider Brazil's request for
more aid In bolstering her defenses
and economy.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27

~~~~~-@--N~
his supporters in the politbureau.
The Stalinists now appear due for
a wholesale purge-not in their own
violent tradition. but through loss
Of party position or membership.
Western observers say that the
Gomulka victory must not be in
terpreted as an indication that
most Poles support communism,
whether 1t be nationalist or Soviet
STYLE, They went to the polls with
Mr.. Gomulka's warning that to
cross out the name Of q Communist
candidate was ito cross out Poland
from the map Of European states"
ringing In their ears.
This acknowledgment Of the
danger Of o Soviet attack II the
voters turned out the Reds or
stayed away from the polls amount
ed to an admission that the recent
Polish-Soviet agreement that Rus
sian troops would not interfere in
internal Polish affairs was not
worth the paper upon which 1t was
written.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27
MARYLANDs RULING CLASS
Shore Dominates Legislature

tors stubbornly refuse to allow such
convention, of course, is that any
logical reapportionment would take
away their power and put it in the
hands Of Baltimore City and the
more populous counties such as
Montgomery and Prince Georges.
Partly as a result of this failure
to reflect recent population patterns
IN representation here, the political
and sectional makeup Of the Mary
land Legislature is a crazy quilt.
Democrats have the control on
paper, with 81 Senators and SO
Delegates, and they dominate all
sections except Western Maryland.
But the Republicans control the
administration. through Gov. Nc
Keldin.
SeetionoIism Important
Sectional interests, therefore, are
apt TO play more important part
on most issues and party politics.
And when it comes to protecting
or promoting sectional interests, the
Shore really shines.
1t does 1t in the LEGISLATURE
particularly in the House--by full
time and faithful adherence to the
philosophy that in unity there is
strength.
Lloyd Simpkins, young Somerset
County Chairman Of the House
Judiciary Committee, explained It
this way:
I'VE know that we can get our
way If we stick together: otherwise
we get pot luck. Besides, we all
think pretty much alike-conserva-
tive mostly. It's just as II all Of us
came from one hometown"
About the only other sectional
blocs THAT occasionally rise I'D to
challenge the onservative- think
ing Shoremen are those from Balti-
more City, Southern Maryland and
sometimes. in a feeble way, the
two highly urbanized counties Of
Montgomery and Prince Georges.
The Baltimore City contingent Of
six Senators and SO Delegates is
so fraught with factionalism that
1t rarely can present q united front.
The five Southern Maryland
Democratic Senators have tossed
their weight around as . bloc on
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27
CherweII: An lconoc|ast Examines the u. n.

moral force Of this resolution had
any effect? Ask the Hungarians.
But. we are told. Look at the
great triumph Of U. N. in stopping
the North Koreans over-running
the South Koreans" Nothing could
be more misleading.
America was able to obtain U. Ms
blessing for warlike action on that
occasion simply owing to the fluke
that the Russian delegate had re-
tired from the Security Council in
sulk, so that he could not inter-
pose his veto in time. What would
have happened If he had been
present? The use of armed force
would have been vetoed.
Does anybody believe that the
United States would simply have let
events take their course and
abandoned millions who had put
their trust in them to be massacred?
OF course not. With or without
U. N. approval. they would have
taken action: and quite right too.
We should have thought less of
them II they had flinched.
If all the nations in the world
adopted Christian principles. Of
which there does not seem any i'm
mediate prospect, moral force might
become effective.
But this would happen only II
nations had the feeling that they
were being treated with justice.
How can anyone talk of justice
without sworn evidence and pen
alties for perjury, without the pos
sibility Of testing witnesses state
ments by cross discrimination?
Even more important is that ma
tons would have to be convinced
that their case has been heard
before an impartial tribunal and
that the judges had given their
verdict without fear or favor
Finally. it would be essential for
the nations to be convinced that
they were all equal before the law
and that Judgment would be en-
forced upon everybody. great and
small.
As I have explained, none Of
these vital conditions is fulfilled
by U. N. In its present form and
l question whether in the state
Of mind obtaining In almost all
the countries Of the world today,
with their infiamed ideas of ma
tlonaI sovereignty and dignity.
any system can be invented which
would fulfil these essential con-
diti0ns.
My view is that 1t Is nonsense to
demand that nations should submit
their vital interests to the decision
Of body constituted In such an
absurd manner as the General AS
sembly Of U. N.
Any government which did so
would be neglecting its duty. Civil
ization is built up on the basis that
contracts and treaties must be, and
viii be, observed. AS I have said.
the United Kingdom relies for It's
very existence on this principle.
The role of the iconoclast is
always hateful. but facts and logic
cannot simply be brushed aside.
therefore think it my duty, as one
not linked in any way with the
Government, and still less with the
Opposition. to refuse to foster what
I believe to be a dangerous delusion
which is rapidly becoming a snare.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27

and Social Council issued q report
last summer in which it listed four
aims Of Nile River development:
First, annual storage, to hold
back some Of the Blue Nile food
waters that trouble the Sudan and
Egypt from August to January and
use them in the dry periods from
February to July.
Second, to reduce the more than
80 per cent q year losses Of water
that pours into the Mediterranean
unused.
Third, to build UP a storage sys-
tenn over q period Of years, 30 that
water can be released to tide over
protracted dry periods.
Fourth, to protect Egypt and
the Sudan and whatever other
areas are threatened by floods.
The World Bank, headquartered
here, was impressed during its in
vestigation of the ASwan project
with q Nile development plan
worked out in 1916 by the Egyptian
Ministry of Public Works = six
years before the Naguib-NasSer
revolution.
This program is being busted on
now and probably will form the
basis for new ICA studies and pro-
posals for developing the Nile. 1t
did not have the nationalistic -
some say sefish--tone of the later
Aswan High Dam plan.
Features of the Plan
Here are some Of its features:
WHITE NILE - Lake Victoria
would be used as large reservoir
and controlled by the Owen Falls
Dam, already built, to store Nile
waters and generate electricity for
use in Uganda. Another water reg
ulator-called a barrage-would be
erected below Lake Kioga, also in
Uganda. Lake Albert in Uganda
would be used as another reservoir
and the amount Of water released
to the Sudan and Egypt would be
regulated there. A canal would be
constructed to divert the Nile
around the notorious Sudd swamps.
which sop up half the rivers flow
at that point
BLUE NILE-At Lake Tana in
Ethiopia a dam would be built to
make the lake comfortable reser-
voir. Ethiopian cultivation could
be increased by evening the present
cratic Blue Nile flow. Long-range
water storage could also be UNDER
taken against the possibility of dry
years.
MAIN NHE-The principal
downstream reservoir would be 10
Gated at Merowe in Northern Sudan,
north of the Khartoum confluence
of the White and Blue Niles. The
Nile would be damned to produce
a 3-billion- meter reservoir in
average years and 5-billion-cubic
meter reservoir in floodtime. A bar
rage above would protect the
Egyptian capital against floods by
diverting Nile waters into the Wadi
Rayan basin. Water could also be
stored there for use in dry periods.
American engineers acquainted
with the Aswan High Dam idea
say that some kind of new dam
in the Aswan region would still
be feasible in the regional context.
But so large q one might not be
necessary If more equitable water
distributions were agreed upon.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27
German in Command

The rising Importance of West
Germany in NATO military strategy
was pointed UP last Thursday with
the announcement that a former
chief Of staff to Field Marshal ROM
mel vnuld be the new commander
Of North Atlantic ground forces In
Central Europe.
He is 1t. Gen. Hans Speidel,
one Of the German officers who at
tempted to assassinate Hitler in
July. 1914. He escaped execution but
was jailed by the Gestapo. Ever
since he left q university teaching
post to help plan for the new West
German army for Chancellor AIDE
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27


nation or combination Of nations.
In fact, it would have to be more
powerful than the Russian and
American armies combined. How.
otherwise, could it impose the will of
U.N. in case those powers happened
to be on the same side?
Once the facts are faced, I do not
think anybody will seriously MAIN
tain that a police force capable Of
imposing U. Ms will on the great
powers should they object, can be
contemplated seriously. Nor. for my
part. should I like to see 1t. For who
would care to put an overwhelming
military force at the disposal Of an
Assembly constituted and voting as
I have described?
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27
Comfortable Slogan?

I now turn to the question wheth-
er U. N. ever could work except If
the great powers are unanimous In
enforcing their viii on the smaller
nations.
We are told that the intention
Is to substitute law for war: that
that is. in essence, the whole OBJ
ject Of the United Nations. It is
another Of those comfortable slo-
gans expressing Q desire felt by all
Of us In rhyming monosyllables,
which seem to have an almost
hypnotic effect.
OF course, we ali want the rule
Of law amongst nations; but what
are the laws which we wish to rule?
Evidently, It is mot the laws
accepted in principle for thou
sands Of years-the fulfiIlment Of
contracts and the sanctity Of
treaties. Rather IL seems to be
commandments promulgated ad
hoe by the Assembly whenever
differences arise. That Is sub
mission to an arbitrary body. It
is not law.
But even If this monstrous inter-
probation Of the word Flaw" were
taken. how is it to be enforced? As
everybody knows. law is useless un-
less it is backed by q police force.
Thus even II we accepted this
weird U. N. body, with its odd form
Of voting as the ultimate tribunal,
it would be no good whatever unless
1t had some way Of enforcing its
decisions.
We are told that in that case all
we have to do is to endow u. N.
with a police force. think, On
analysis. that this also Is case Of
wishful thinking.
A police force. to be Of any use,
would have to be stronger than any
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27
A MiDEAST PROPOSAL

officials became convinced of the
superior qualities Of a regional APP
proach to Nile development. It
would look after the interests not
only Of Egypt but Of other ma
tons intimately connected with the
Nile-Ethiopia, Sudan, the British
protectorate Of Uganda, and the
United Nations trust territory of
Tanganyika, administered by Brit
ain.
Todoy's Division
In an average year, "a billion
cubic meters of water fiow down the
main Nile River. Distribution Of
this water is governed by the 1929
Nile Waters agreement signed by
Egypt and Great Britain. The
British acted on behalf Of their
East African territories and the
Sudan.
Out Of the "a billion cubic meters
Egypt now gets 48 billion and the
Sudan gets 4 billion. But the
Sudanese population. which has
been growing by leaps and bounds,
is already one half as large as
Egypt's-about IL million to about
% million.
The brand-new Sudanese govern
ment wants Nile waters appor-
toned on the basis of population.
1t has refused to settle any water
use problems arising out Of the
Aswan High Dam project until it
gets satisfaction on this point.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27
Around
The World

Nine years ago this April, the
United Nations Security Council. at
the behest Of India, first voted for
q U. N. plebiscite to determine
whether the state Of Kashmir
should Join Hindu India or Moslem
Pakistan. (Kashmir is n per cent
Moslem.) Negotiations for carrying
out the Council decision subsequent
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-27

nauer in 1851. he has worked well
with the Allies and has earned their
respect.
A bookish man and a devotee Of
Mark Twain, he eventually will
command a composite force Of
$50. 900 men, including the United
States 7th Army, the British
Army Of the Rhine, five new West
German divisions and two French
divisions. He will replace French
general in his new command.