davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-24
Little Rocks Extremists Hold Firm

Mrs. Bates said: 1.-THE Negro
children are being bullied and
harassed to try to force them to
leave. But they're not going to
give in" To reports that some of
the nine were about ready to quit.
she said. absolutely untrue.
They've got too much of them
selves invested in this now"
HeckIing Is Minor
White children in the school
said there were a few boys and
girls who heckle and threaten the
Negroes. But they said they did
not believe it is an organized
group. THE majority of US aren't
trying to get them to leave" a
girl student said. Some of the
kids ignore them. but think most
Of us don't care, one way OF
another"
Early this month, the voters of
Little Rock elected seven directors
to serve as a city council and to
choose a city manager. replacln'
ex-Mayor Woodrow Mann.
The Good Government Coun-
Gil, which did not take a positive
position on indignation, won six
Of the seven seats in a race with
a slate Of outright segregationists.
Was that setback for the seq
regationists? Few people think so.
Gov. Orval Faubus said: THE
GGC should have had a 81
margin. Their candidates were
well known. we'll financed. and
they had been campaigning for a
year. The segregationists we're
largely unknown. yet they won one
seat and came within a hair Of
winning them ALL"
The chairman of the new board
Is Werner Knoop. SIS, contractor.
He is an earnest. hardworking
man. keenly aware of the prob
lem confronting the new city gov
eminent and Of his responsible
ties.
There are reports that the
White House has been In touch
with the GGC. assessing the posi-
bilities that the new city admin
istration can take over the prob
lem OF handling Central High
Schol-either with Little Rock
policemen or a deputized group Of
citizens Then the Naffonal Guard
could be de-Federalized and an
other step taken toward normal
relations.
Mr.. Knoop did not comment on
that. He said The board Of
directors is certainly charged
with the responsibility for main
tanning law and order. We nave
no choice but to maintain order
around that school and every
where else"
THE Associated PTessl
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-24
BY JOSEPH F. McCAFFREY

What is the temper of the South
now that the flames of Little Rock
have subsidized?
The comment of a successful
businesswoman in Raleigh may
come as close as any: What hap
pens next? Well, most people say
all this fuss will pass over. It's
Just something Washington and
the NAACP stirred up"
Most people in the South seem
TO take this it'll pass over APP
proach-some as a solace. some as
a hope. some believing it. some not.
On the basis of my visit and
conversations with many people,
/ reached only one firm conclusion:
Nothing would help as much as a
moratorium on rabble-rousing pol
iticlans. The most bitter words
OH the race problem l heard and
read in the South came from men
In public Office and those seeking
public Office
In Alabama. for example. next
years gubernatorial contest is al
ready in the warm-up stage. /
asked a young reporter which OF
the IL possible candidates had the
best chance of winning.
He looked at me as if / were
all innocent and said, whoever
hollers niger the loudest."
Over in Georgia. the hollering is
loud already because the guber-
material contest there is coming
out of the shakedown stage. In
the northwestern part of the State
one OF the candidates spoke for
an hour and Is minutes and all
but 10 minutes of that speech was
devoted to his theme of give
them the blood test" Just what
the blood test would consist Of was
never clear, but the why" OF the
test was most apparent; Bar any
moderate from public Office,
whether it be only city or county
position or State or Federal lob.
Fire Eotine Words
Over and over ! heard or read
in the local newspapers the fire.
eating words Of men in elective
Office, or those seeking elective
Office. feeding bitterness and
hatred.
In Georgia a political science
major said: Its good politics
in this State because we have the
unit system. The unit system is
the blackjack the wool hats use
TO keep control OF the State from
the majority of the people. And
the only political issue the wool
hat understands is the race issue
...=-it's an economic issue with
him"
Would a years silence on the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-24
The South Still Seethes-But Quietly Now Three Reports
Needed: Moratorium on Robb|e-Rousinq

part of the politicians help?
Il think it would allow time
for a little reason to move into
the picture" a South Carolina
minister told me. but as long as
they keep talking like they're
talking, most reasonable men hesi-
tate to say anything. You know,
the type you'd call the reasonable
man doesn't like the idea of a
conflict, of a tussle, so he is
keeping quiet. If the politicians
stopped threatening for just a
year, then thoughtful men would
venture out"
The political candidate will say
he is only rejecting the views of
his constituency. In many areas
his reflection seems to be a great
deal harsher than the original
light. And it is light that has
been famed by his own tub
humping.
Two Points of View
The problem is best illustrated
by the following quotes jotted
down after two different inter-
views-one with a high-ranking
State official, the other with a
Negro college professor:
The OfIicial-"There is no evo-
luton going on down here. It's
a revolution. being forced on US
by Federal bayonets. It's caused
by the NAACP, the Communists
and the Northern politicians who
are whipping it UP for their own
political gains"
The Professor don't belong
to the NAACP. nor do my friends.
We feel 1t does more harm than
good. But the NAACP is only an
instrument through which this
present evolution is taking place.
If there had never been an
NAACP there would still be this
movement. Outlawing the NAACP
would not slow down what is hap
pening today in the South"
The .Official-"There will never
be indignation. because the Negro
just isn't equal. in any way, to the
white man. And you can't make
him equal by merely passing a law
or two OF having a socialistic
court hand down unconstitutional
rulings"
The Professor This is the
problem and think Judge Byrnes
James Byrnes) in South Carolina
would agree with this: Every
Negro should be educated accord
ing to what he has up here point
ing to his head. Accepting that.
we. should sit down and try to
work out how best that education
should be provided.
The Ofiicial - There is no
breakdown in communication
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-24

endurance contest, long tug-of-
war.
In the middle are the majority
Of Little Rock people. They don't
want indignation, but they don't
want mobs in the streets either.
The Negro children are now
going to school without armed
guards. They ride in their parents
automobiles and recently Negro
parents attended a meeting of
the parent-teacher association.
There we're no incidents:
The Army is preparing to with
draw the rest of the l01st Air
borne troops by Thursday.
Conditions at the school have
gradually improved until. at the
present time, there is very salts
factory school program going on"
says Virgil Blossom, superintend-
ent of schools. He said the aver
age daily attendance is 1900
Normal enrolment is approx
mately 1000.
So on the surface. things look
quiet in Little Rock.
But two women-who stand at
opposite poles in the dispute-give
a very different picture.
There will be bloodshed If all
troops are taken away from the
school," says Mrs. Margaret Jack
son. president of the Mothers
League of Central High. a segre-
gationist organization.
There is a definite organization
inside the school trying to make
life so unbearable that the Negro
children will leave" says Mrs. L. c.
Bates, Arkansas director Of the
NAACP.
Mr.. Blossom denies Mrs. Bates
statement. Most Little Rock peo-
pie disagree with Mrs. Jackson's.
Mrs. jackson says her organiza-
ton is growing and that the
determination Of the segregation
lists is flrmer than ever. She
claims between 400 and 500 mem
bers although, under a new city
ordinance requiring organizations
10 register their membership and
finances, the Mothers League
reported 1853 members.
Similarly, Mrs. Bates said the
Negroes in Little Rock have be-
come more militant in the past
two months. People who before
were simply paying their dues but
taking no positive part are now
volunteering TO work. asking for
things to do. offering money" she
said.
Mrs. jackson said. "There is
great resentment against the
Negroes inside the school. The
white children are determined to
get them out Of there"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-24

between white and Negro. That's
Northern propaganda. My butler
and I still talk. The men on my
farm and l still get along fine"
The Professor - Talking with
your maid or cook isn't talking
with Negro minister or Negro
college professor. The people in
the Negro community who could
talk on an intellectual level with
the white leaders, just aren't given
the opportunity to sit down and
talk with them. AS result the
distance between us widens every
day"
The Official - What happens
now? If we are let alone every
thing will work out all right. But
If the President intends to send
troops into every State, there will
be trouble
The Professor I'm sorry to
say that look for things to get a
lot worse before they get any BET
ter. But think about five, at the
most 10 years from now. the
South will be a good place in
which to live
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-24

The Army says its needs for
limited warfare are many and in
clude a new 30-ton tank with
powerful. heavy gun-a prototype
Of which already exists: new light
infantry weapons, more amphibi-
Gus personnel carriers, and heh-
copterse and a flax tank for pro-
lection against low-fiying jets.
Navy spokesman fear that Con-
gress might knock out the sea-
going services program for five
more atomic aircraft carriers over
the next five years and a iessen-
ing of its anti-submarine and es-
cort capability through the de-
commissioning of other ships.
Funds for one nuclear-powered
carrier we're provided in the pres
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-24

ent budget.
The Air Force, which for several
years has been getting the biggest
share of the budget. is not as con-
cerned over funds as the other
services. Nevertheless. some Air
Force officers see possible further
reductions in troop carrier and
tactical air wings for ground troop
support. Such cuts would be felt
more by the Army. perhaps. than
by the Air Force itself.
In the current fiscal 1851
budget, the Air Force lost four
troop carrier wings, a Matador
missile wing, two all-weather
fighter wings. six tactical air wings
and. was held to three day-fighter
wings.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-24
ABOUT THESE
ARTICLES

BY Thanksgiving Day the
Regular Army troops which for
two months have been enfOrc-
ing migration at Little Rocks
Central High School will be
withdrawn from that city. As
an interim sampling of the
mood of Little Rock and the
South generally at this time. of
apparently easing tensions we
present these three reports. Mr..
McCaffrey, a Washington radio
and televisiOn commentator,
collected the information for his
article on a twO-week lecturing
and reporting tour Of the South.
Mr.. NORM covered the original
Central High violence for the
Associated Press and has since
reported frequently on the in
tegration struggle. Gov. Col
Inns remarks are excepted from
a recent speech to the Southern
Newspaper Publishers AssO-
citation.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-24

a periodic inspection Of all X-ray
equipment to insure that they
aren't issuing unnecessarily heavy
doses of X-rays.
One of the reaSons-besides that
OF the problem of radiatiorl-for
the recommendations was the
recognition that the tuberculosis
problem has changed radically in
the past is years. In only the
last five years, the number of ac-
tive cases has dropped almost 80
per cent. and some areas of the
country are practically free of
active cases.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-24
BY RELMAN NORM

LITTLE ROCK. Ark.-The red
and green symbols of Christmas
are cleaning in the streets of
Little Rock but the city is still
filed with bitterness, anxiety and
racial tensions.
Two long months have passed
since the riots at Central High
School, and the incredible moment
when Federal troops crossed the
Arkansas River to enforce integra-
ton in a Southern community.
On the surface, some things
have changed in Little Rock. IN
derneath, however. the situation
seems basically unchanged. The
fierce feeling is still here.
Both Sides Determined
The segregationists are still de-
,termined to force the nine Negro
children out of school. The Ma
tional Association for the Ad-
vancement of Colored People is
still determined to keep them in
school Between these two groups.
the struggle has settled into an
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-24
The RIGHT TO TRAVEL .
State Softens Passport Stond

4. If the applicants health is
not up to going abroad.
The major area of dispute lies
in the question of United States
interests. This is the reason per-
sons who might advance the Com
munist cause, even if unwittingly,
are denied passports.
Mr. O'Connor, who has general
charge of passports and visas, is
streamlining the cumbersome regu-
lations in both fields. One thing
he seeks is a penalty system less
harsh than the present one of
$4,000 fine or five years imprison-
ment. What probably will result
will be suspension lifting
a persons passport for two or
three years.
The Appeals Process
Oficials feel the passport APP
peals system is sound. 1t works
like this:
A man applies for a passport.
The passport Office turns him down.
He demands and gets hearing.
If rejected again, he appeals to a
passport board of appeal in the
State Department. If he loses
again, he goes to court.
No statistics are available ON
how many passports are denied.
But officials insist the number is
very small.
Does State restrict the countries
lin which American passports may
be used?
Yes. but the list is not large.
It includes only the Communist
held sections of China, Korea and
Wet Nam. Travel to Hungary has
been curbed somewhat since the
revolution.
Violation of the State Depart
ment's orders does not always
mean severe punishment. The AZ
young Americans who went to Red
China found that out. They were
given so days in which to appeal
the ordered lifting of their pass
ports. All their appeals have to
say is that they will not do it
again, and all will be forgiven.
William Worthy. jr., reporter
for the Baltimore Afro-American,
was offered the same option, but
he refused to make this pledge
after his trip to Red China. This
led to the departments refusal to
renew his passport.
Mr.. Worthy's case is expected to
clear the air considerably when
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-24
BY WARREN RoGERs. D.

~ Ss&hAtAAA1AN 1SOOGANkys 0Is
In the Book of Nehemiah,
Chapter 2. Verse Z, it is written:
Moreover. I said unto the King
(of PERSIA. if it pleases the King,
let letters be given me to the gov
errors beyond the river. that they
may let me pass through till !
come unto Judah"
Since the days of the Bible, the
passport problem has become
bigger and bigger. Today. with
rapid, easy transportation and
the cold war. passports have
become a matter of national at
tentiorl.
Actually it wasn't until World
War that passports as we know
them today became widely used.
Now they are the concern of every
government in the world. For
Secretary of State Dulles, they
are a special headache because
they center on the basic founda-
ton Of American democratic
philosophy: Inherent freedom of
the individual.
Mr.. Dulles is slowly yielding the
concept he inherited from his
predecessors that the Secretary
Of State has absolute discretion
over which American citizens may
and which may not have pass
ports. He is doing this under
pressure from the American courts.
as they rule on passport cases, and
cold war requirements that
America must not appear to have
an iron curtain between its people
and the people of the rest Of the
world.
In time it appears the same
general rules which apply to
issuing auto drivers licenses may
apply to issuing passports: That
an applicant be competent to
travel without endangering the
community, and that if he fiunks
this test once he may try again
and again until he passes it.
The New Approach
The State Department now con-
cedes the Secretary has no abso-
lutte discretion over passports. The
new official concept was laid down
in a speech last September rs in
Baltimore by Roderic O'Connor,
chief of the departments Security
Consular Bureau. Mr.. O'Connor
defined a passport as "a document
of identity and nationality" He
said refusal of passport facilities
does not necessarily prevent
the citizen from travelling"
Passport officials later conceded
that his statement, while techni-
cally correct. might be opened to
misinterpretation. 1t is true, they
said, that an American citizen
without a passport could leave
the United States under certain
circumstances, but he would prob
ably find it difficult to enter any
country overseas-and would face
greater difhculty upon return to
this country.
In his speech, Mr.. O'Connor
also sought to clarity the depart
ment's position on a second major
criticism: That present passport
administration denies the citizen
the basic constitutional guarantee
of the right of due process Of law.
He pledged "scrupulous regard
to the requirements of due process
of law and the citizens right
to appeal"
Under current regulations. pass
ports are withheld for four basic
reasons:
/. If the applicant is trying to
evade the law, for instance by
escaping payment Of taxes.
2. If the area of expected travel
is hazardous.
3. If such travel is contrary to
United States interests.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-24
Continued From Paee A-25

Continued From Page A-25
catch up with Russia in the mis-
siles' race. could very easily re-
verse the downturn.
Treasury Secretary Robert An
derson gave hint as to what the
administration may have in mind
in regard to spending. especially
on military hardware. when he re-
fused last week to rule out the
possibility that Congress may be
asked early next year to raise the
SITS billion legal limit on the Fed
eral debt.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-24
Two Key Developments

s-tssNO NY SS'StOfNSU'S
Is, Observers believe the McElroy
statement is particularly signifi-
cant, coming as it did in the wake
of two important developments
abroad:
o The November 7 Moscow pa
rade of modern ground warfare
weapons, such as rockets, flax
tanks, amphibious personnel car
riers, which underlined for friend
and foe alike that the Soviet,
acknowledged to be ahead in mis-
siles, also has commanding lead
over the United States weapons
for limited war. whether they fight
directly or by proxy.
< 0 The November 10 report by
NATO parliamentary group which
denounced what it called the At
lantic alliances reliance on nu-
clear weapons to protect Western
Europe from Soviet attack. The
report stressed European uneasi-
ness over the downgrading of con-
ventional ground forces.
The Army and Navy, which have
been more outspokenly concerned
over the likelihood of limited war
than has the Air Force, also are
more worried over the possible ci-
rection of next years budget.
Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor. Army
chief of staff. recently declared
that the Russians had completely
re-equipped their ground forces
since World War II with modern
arms and vehicles of marked mo-
bility. He sounded this warning:
1T is an unacceptable fact that
conventional equipment in many
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-24
By l. EDGAR PRINA

There is a growing concern
within the United States military
that the Governments response to
today's frantic demands for an
about missile buildup may put
us even farther behind the Rus
SLAMS in arms needed for limited
warfare.
s This fear, widespread in the
Pentagon, is fed by increased in
dications that we are prepared to
obtain at least some of the money
needed to catch the Soviets in
long range ballistic missiles by re-
ducing funds for weapons we must
have for successful prosecution
of the more likely brushfire con-
sflict.
-. The officers expressing concern
do not oppose speedup in mis-
eiles. On the contrary. But they
maintain that we must move
ahead just as rapidly with So
called conventional and small
scale ruclear weapons. The Rus
slams have done it, they argue.
They declare that the United
States, with a gross national prod
uct of $439 billion should be able
to afford at least 10 per cent of
this figure for its security fig
ure which would permit buildups
for both all-out and brushfire
wars. Pentagon spending for ifs
cal 1858 is estimated at about $39
billion.
Defense Secretary McElroy pro-
vided the clue to present admin
istration thinking when he gave
this reply to question on how
new expenditures for missiles and
other retaliatory and defense
weapons would affect the budget:
I'VE hope that we will be able
to pick up rather substantial sums
in other areas tof the budget
which will then permit us to take
these urgent programs of add-on's
or special priorities and still let
you end up with not too large an
increase in total"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-03
Trapped In A Dictionary

A funny thing happened in the town Of
Colchester Conn.,, the other day. A promi-
nent and law-abiding citizen named Churchill
Satterlee got trapped in Pages 1922 and 1923
Of an unabridged dictionary.
Mr.. Satterlee didn't panic. He penciled
message on a scrap of paper. folded it into
bottle and set it adrift in the kitchen sink,
whence il bodied and pirouetted straight into
the Cerfboard Office.
The message read, "a fuscous, fuzzled
gaberlunzie fuStigated furuncular fnstilug
with q fusty, fustic futt0ck." Your editor,
after only seven or eight trips to that una
bridged dictionary. is prepared to tell you
that MIR. Satterlee's message means just this:
"A sOmbre, befuddled panhandler whacked
q stOutish, bOil-infected gentleman with q
rOtting timber from the keel Of vessel"
Further aid to dull vocabularies and slug
gish pronunciation is profFered by John Bailey
and MIR. and Mrs. J. c. Furnas. in volume
called mir. Webster'S Boomers" brazenly
published by William Morrow Warning
readers that the curious mental processes
manifest herein may we'll be habit-forming,'
the authors line up hundreds Of new defini-
tons. The following are typical:
AbGIORe: An expression of disbelief.
ALkGize: Promises made after three Martins.
Aims: The upper limbs of Bostonian.
BSSybOdy: A cooch dancer.
CaRdied Sweet Potato: A sweet potato that
tells you frankly what il thinks Of you.
Cobra: A brassiere for Siamese twins
Cyclic Change: Getting off one bicycle and
on TO another.
EbHLa: A little white lie.
HexG9rGDs: A telegram from witch.
SchSapps: Tries to bite you.
Z0RRdS: Noises.
Fraser Young, the cryptologist, has climbed
down from his Tor herO ivory tower long
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-03

I0OOHOCaInS play, oonneNx OofT
And as he sat, this was his lay:
Thou ...... the weak; thou $500. the
strong.
To thee the $3.50. of battles belong"
And the $3.50. of leaves echoed his song.
z. The first missing word in this ''confes-
third three, and SO on. Furthermore, each
missing word contains all the letters of the
missing words preceding, transposed, with one
letter added:
- have never been taken
By cigars, cigarettes or -
When the drunk begins to
And smokers tongues begin to---
AS ------o Of remorSe set in
just with pride and grin
away from crowds Of
three:
don't appeal to me!
(Stumped? See answers below)
The last word. All too true is this observa-
ton in "Harper's Magazine" for July: "A
man born in New York forty years ago finds
nothing, absolutely nothing Of the city he
knew. All the landmarks, all the objects that
marked the city for him, have been torn down."
The full date Of this issue Of "Harper's,'
incidentally, was July, 1856.
- BENNETT CERT
'SslSnDt!L .SHlDSyS 'MsjSHO 'ssSML 'SagIS
'SWS mo NJ u '9pSnH JfnSSH JSSlnH
'JssAn7 IsJSn7 'Asisi1 LSEtnS ! :sIoAAsuN