davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-01
HOLIDAY APPRAISAL
Labor at Home and Overseas
Free Unions Push Back
Reds in West Europe

trouble with the United States
military.
Leaders Of the Force Ouvriere
(the larger anti-Communist ur-
ion) have told me of the strange
attitude Of one United States base
commander who. they say. is plav-
ing into the hands Of the Commu-
mist union-under French pres
sure. I am trying to get a more
cooperative policy adopted"
Sees AfEiccn Role
Free labor's greatest challenge
now, MI, Brown said. is to aid in
the democratic organization of
working people in the uncommit-
ted areas Of the world--Asia and
Africa, in particular. The most
pressing issue to be faced in doing
this. he added. is that Of independ-
ence VS.. colonialism.
IF America wants to defeat
communism in Asia and Africa"
Mr.. Brown said. ut should stand
true to its anticolonial tradi-
tions."
Mr. Browns missions have taken
him to India, Pakistan, Tunisia.
Morocco and the Gold Coast. In
Algiers he has come into conflict
with the French Government over
colonial policy. Last year Robert
Lacoste. French Resident Minis
ter In Algeria, barred Mr.. Brown
nom visiting there.
I'm any event." Mr.. Brown
noted, Algerian trade unions have
been affiliated with the Interna-
tional Confederation Of Free Trade
Unions. We are supporting the
move before the United Nations
General Assembly for the evolu-
ton Of independence in Algeria "
Mr.. Brown said that he had
been impressed by Vice President
Nixon's grasp Of the Importance Of
employing free labor unions as a
means of opposing communism in
both Europe and Africa.
Il saw Mr.. Nixon" he recalled.
when he was in Europe in 1947
with the Herter commission
studying the Marshall Plan pro-
posal. He recognized the import
ance Of free trade unions then. A
few months ago in Africa. heard
him state in a speech that free
trade unions are the greatest
single barrier to Communist pene-
tration. and he said this also In
the report which he wrote when
he returned home"
Fovors 'Deminform'
Mr.. Brown said that he favored
the creation Of a "Deminform"
democratic information forcel to
oppose the "Cominform" in the
propaganda war.
I'm too many parts Of Asia
India. Indonesia. Malaga. for ex-
ample-we appear to be losing
ground" he said. Capitalism Is
a hated word and our information
services ought to stop using 1t
Even Peoples Capitalism is not
good. Why not just say free So
ciety'?
II capitalism Is what We had
so years ago. our present system
deserves a better name. We need
to show that our system serves the
rank and file. Besides collective
bargaining. we ought to stress
free education. social security
modern banking and fiscal policies
and the regulatory agencies de-
signed to protect the public from
exploitation"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-01
Scandals Slow Efforts
To Build the AFL-CIO

The second Labor Day after the
merger of the ALL and the Go
finds unified house Of labor still
to be built.
Although the national head
quarters staff Of unions has been
merged and more than half Of the
State groups have Joined together,
few of the independent unions
whose jurisdictions overlap have
merged.
Little or no progress has been
made in what was billed as the
primary reason for the AFL-CIO
merger the unionization of nom
unionized workers. And disclo-
sures by special Senate commit
tee Of corruption in some unions
have brought additional problems
to the AFL-CIO that could lead
to partial ACKNOWLEDGMENT.
Corruption charges against the
leadership Of six unions have
slowed down what was given at
the December 5. 1855. merger con-
vention as the primary reason for
the merger-bringinen new mem
berS into the union Nold. Since
the convention, the AFL-CIO has
not revised It's claimed member
ship figure of is million. Conven-
ton speakers had predicted q
jump in membership to 80 million
within a few years.
Two traditionally independent
railroad brotherhoods have been
attracted to AFL-CIO member
ship. The 96,00O-member Broth
erhood Of Locomotive Firemen
and Enginemen was accepted by
the AFL-CIO Executive Council In
August, 1856. The council last
August Is accepted with 'reserva-
tons" the application for menu
bership Of the 220, O00-member
Brotherhood Of Railroad Train
men.
Organizing Torgets
Earmarked for extensive organ
ization drives were white collar
workers. oil and chemical industry
workers. miners and metalworkers
and textile workers, particularly
in the South. AFL-CIO leaders say
the Senate investigation has hurt
their plans because 1t has given
unorganized workers the impress
sion that all labor is corrupt.
A second result Of the Senate
hearings may be the expulsion Of
about two million members Of the
six unions whose leaders have
been charged with the mishand-
ling Of union funds.
One of these unions-the 73, 200
member Laundry Workers Inter-
national-already has been sus-
pended by the AFL-CIO Executive
Council with a recommendation
that II be expelled at the Deem
Der 5 national AFL-CIO conven-
ton. Two other unions have been
placed on probation by the Execu-
tive Council. They are the Dis
tillery Workers with 25,o0O mem
bers and the Allied Industrial
Workers with 10000 members.
The AFL-CIO ethical practices
committee has held hearings on
corruption charges in the 100. OOO-
member Bakery Workers Union.
A report is slated to be made to
the Executive Council September
"a. with further action possible at
the December convention.
Hearings on charges against
the Transfers Union. the Nations
largest with an estimated is mil
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-01

Although the retdlidtory
pOper of the United States
Strategic Air Command is the
Western tDorld'S primary Uedp-
on, there is no participation in
the defense OF North America,
SAC's home base, by European
members OF the North Allan
tic Treaty Organization, the
Vests military cooperative.
This paradox, phtch some
NATO members find disturb
ing, is discussed here in an
article slightly condensed from
Western World, a magazine
on Atlantic community affairs.
The author, Uhile not in an
official position at the mo-
ment, may be playing an i'm
portGnt future role in the df-
fairs of his country-G posi-
btIity developed in an OttaDd
dispatch by Gerald Wartno on
this page.
BY LESTER B. PEARSON
Former Foreign Minister Of Canada
The North Atlantic Treaty
Organization Council decided in
1850 to set UP an "integrated mill
tary force adequate for the de-
Tense Of freedom in Europe" to be
under a supreme commander,
nominated by the President of the
United States. The supreme head
quarters. however. was not to in
clude the United Kingdom or
North America within its jurisdic-
ton.
There is. therefore. no NATO
North American land or air COM
mand, no NATO North American
commander. and there Is no EVIL
dence that plans for the defense
Of this region-by land or air
have been co-ordinated with those
for the European NATO regions.
This omission is perhaps re-
grettable. but 1t is understand
able because any such co-ordina-
ton would require the United
States to submit to NATO for
examination and review defense
arrangements which are now
solely controlled by and from
Washington. involving the use Of
certain American atomic weapons
which, under United States Iegis-
lation, cannot be transferred to
the jurisdiction and control Of
allies.
1t was also felt. and rightly. by
those who founded and developed
NATO that the immediate danger
was aggression against Western
Europe; and that the immediate
necessity from the political point
Of view was to bring these nations
together under q collective defense
guarantee which would include
the two overseas members of
NATO. To this end 1t was impera-
tive to build up a defense shield
against aggression in Europe
which would include forces from
dcross the Atlantic-and across
the Channel.
These military detectives have
been in part achieved. though
there is not yet enough strength
to satisfy the military planners.
The organization Of the defense
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-01

apathy is unlike the wartime 1912
apathy. that 1t must be based on
something other than preoccupa-
ton with tasks more demanding
than going to the voting booths
something that may shape the
1858 results as well.
Outlook for SO
That something. they feel. prob
ably includes continued and deep
ening farm discomfort, a nearly
complete evaporation Of the Nc
Carthy vote. a continuing decline
in the personal vote-holding power
Of President Eisenhower.
Democratic congressional candi-
dates in Wisconsin in 1858 can be
expected to do better than they
did in 1856. although they may not
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-01
A NATO Concern

1t is clear that much Of NATO's
strategic retaliatory power is To-
Gated on the North American con-
ttnent. Therefore, the task of
guarding its bases and, more i'm
portant. Of giving enough advance
warning against an attack to en-
able planes and missiles to take
the air on their mission of retail
alton before those bases could be
destroyed; all this is an essential
NATO task. quite as important to
its European as to its overseas
members.
In this sense. North American
continental defense is as great a
NATO concern as the forward
strategy in Europe. A NATO
country. like Canada. with limited
resources. contributing to that
defense is diScharging a NATO
responsibility just as much,
though not in the same way, as
1t does in sending troops and
planes to NATO's European COM
mand.
Gen. Norstad, NATO's supreme
commander in Europe, had some
significant things to say about
this retaliatoy deterrent in his
hearing before the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee in Washing
ton on June Z Of this year.
He emphasized, and this should
not be forgotten. that NATOs
first task was not to defeat ag-
erosion but to prevent it. The
first element in this deterrent,
agreed the general, consisted of
"retaliatory forces, which are
primarily the air atomic forces
which are capable Of carrying
destruction across Soviet borders;
If, and, Of course. only If, the
Soviet government has launched
an aggression which warrants such
retaliation.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-01

lion members. have been post
poned twice at the request Of the
Transfers. They are currently
scheduled for September 5. The
ethical practices committee delved
into charges against the 10000
member United Textile Workers
Union August ~. The Executive
Council may make recommended
tons to the national convention
In these two cases also.
Beck Loses Post
Dave Beck, Transfers president,
was expelled from membership on
the AFL-CIO Executive Council as
a result Of the Senate hearings.
He also has said he will not run
for reelection. Transfers Vice
President James r. Hoffa, virtually
certain to succeed Beck. has had
his share OF troubles with the
Senate committee. He promised
the committee, however, he would
clean UP the union.
But while corruption holds the
spotlight and is the immediate
problem, the AFL-CIO still has
been unable to solve the iurisd!c-
tional problems that have plagued
1t since its formation.
Most of the former Clio indus
trial unions were placed in the
AFL-CIO's Industrial Union De-
partment; the AFL's predomi-
nantly craft unions were placed
primarily in a Building and Con-
struction Trades Department. Dis
putes between the two groups re-
volve around who is to do the
work when, for example, an in
dustrial plant undertakes mainte-
nance and repair work. The In
dustrial unions claim they have
jurisdiction because they have or
ganized the plant. The craft
unions insist their members, such
rs carpenters and painters, have a
right to these Jobs.
Arbitration Proposed
The latest in a long list Of pro-
poSals would settle these matters
by a series of arbitration units,
and If arbitration is unsuccessful
by a special AFL-CIO executive
council committee. This latest
proposal has been accepted by
the IUD, but not by the craft
unions.
The jurisdictional disputes have
hindered the integration of State
and local ALL and CLIO councils
and member national and inter-
national unions. At the time OF
the merger. the ALL had so State
and territorial councils. the CIO
had IS State councils.
The first AFL-CIO convention
gave these groups until Decem-
Der S. 1857, to merge or else facs
the possibility Of being dissolved
by the national AFL-CIO. AS OF
August rs, only 20 State groups
had merged. but most were in the
South and other States without q
high degree Of unionization.
Only three international and
national unions have merged
those representing BARRIERS, Gov
eminent employees and paper
makers. Their total membership
is only about $4,000.
Members Of rival upholsterers
packinghouse workers and shoe
workers unions have either par
TALLY merged or are in the process
OF matchmaking. Their total
membership is about $4,000.
(By CongresSionAl Quarterly
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-01
Holding Operation

The NATO shield in Europe
remains Of vital Importance, but
Its function, in Gen. Norstad's
words, would be ito hold long
enough to force the Soviets to
consider the effect Of this retalia-
tory force which will lead to their
destruction" He added: If they
start the war" certainly we will
not start it, II think we can hold
until the effect Of the retaliatory
force is felt"
In short. though this is perhaps
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-01
BY CHARLES EDMUNDsON

In Western Europe free trade
unions have pushed back Com
munist-affiliated unions until the
free labor groups predominant IN
dues-paying members by to /.
Only in France do pro-Commu-
mist unions now have q majority.
and that is by a narrow mar
gin which could be reduced by
changing the manner Of handling
United States offshore military
procurement there.
This is the report which Irving
Brown, representative in Europe
Of the AFL-CIO, has made in a
weeks visit with labor union off,
Gals in the United States. Mr..
Brown returned last week to his
Office in Paris.
Mr.. Brown reported to ALL
CIO President George Meany here
that paid-up membership in the
pro- Communist French General
Confederation Of Labor has fallen
from SIS million to IL million
since 1940. Two Communist
unions. the French Labor Force
and the French Christian Work
ers Confederation. now claim, be-
tween them, ! million dues-paying
members.
Next to France. Communist
afflliated unions are strongest in
Italy. There. Mr.. Brown said. free
labor unions have pulled abreast
Of the pro-Communist unions.
Each side lists about "a million
members.
In all Western European coun-
tries except France and Italy. Mr..
Brown said. Communist-union
membership Is 80 slight as to be
relatively unimportant.
Lose Strike Power
TN France" he said In an inter-
view before returning overseas,
"the Communist controlled unions
can no longer stage a general
Strike-which they used to do at
wi1l-unless the free trade unions
agree to go along. AS opposed to
an 80 per cent drop in paid mem
berships. however. the pro-Com-
munist unions have lost only
about IS per cent of their voting
strength in factory elections and
even less in national elections"
He said that the law enacted
by Congress governing offshore
military procurement contains
definite language on aiding free
trade unions but that this provi-
sion is largely disregarded IN
France.
I'm Italy" he stated, "offshore
procurement has been limited to
plants where something Is being
done for non-C Communist unions
This explains. in part, why free
labor unions have made more prog
ress in Italy than they have in
France"
United States military orders in
France total about 500 million a
year. Mr.. Brown estimated. In
addition. he said. the United
States Army in France provides
$4,000 French civilians with jobs
at attractive wages.
Il have suggested limiting
United States employment to nom
Communists" he continued, but
this has not been done. The free
labor unions are trying to organize
these employees and are having
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-01
The PR0XNlRE VICTORY
An Experts View of the Wisconsin VOTING

the votes for the minor candi-
dates. total participation came to
about 775.000. This is almost
exactly half the vote cast for
President Eisenhower and Adlai
Stevenson In 1856 and close to
half Of their vote in 1852.
In the 1854 Wisconsin congress
sional election, turnout was about
l,l10.000. You must go back to
the most apathetic midterm cleo
ton Of 1912. when the Democrats
lost heavily. to find a parallel for
the Wisconsin apathy last Tues
day. In that year the congress
sional vote fell to about 100000
from the 1910 presidential turn
out Of around 100000.
Compared with the 1872 900 Re-
publican voters who went to the
polls in the 1856 senatorial race
in Wisconsin. only $4,000 voted
Tuesday for Gov. stay
away" Of nearly $4,000 or more
than so per cent. Compared with
a Democratic 1856 vote Of 628 900,
there were 435,000 who voted for
Mr.. Proxmire. This represents a
stay away" Of only $4,000 or
80 per cent.
Couses G. o. P. Optimism
This greater apathy among Re-
publicans is the basis for the ex-
pectation Of some Republicans
that they can recapture the
Senate seat in 1858 If they can
encourage their fellows in Wis
consin to go to the polls.
Simple arithmetic seems to be
on the Republican side. But how
about next years political cli-
mate?
Democrats can just as easily
point to the fact that the 1857
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-01
Essential Border

This particular border is vital
TO the success of NATO's mission,
because behind it lies much Of the
retaliatory strength which, though
not under NATO Jurisdiction or
control, is the major factor in the
NATO deterrent against agrees
sion.
The NATO European shield is
important, and to weaken it in any
significant way-nilitarily or DO
litically-would be unwise and
dangerous. But an even stronger
shield against aggression is the
certainty that the United States
Strategic Air Force, which is not
under NATO control or superyi-
sion. will be able to strike back
with devastating and decisive
power-and if necessary, with nu-
clear weapons-against an about
aggression.
Who decides that about agrees
sion has begun? Who decides
when to press the button which
brings air retaliation through nu-
clear strategic bombing? Certainly
not any NATO command or coun-
Gil. in so far as the use OF the
United States Stategic Air Force
is concerned.
This problem Of such decisive
Importance remains to be solved.
Yet an attempt to force a solution
at this time would. / think be un-
wise. because 1t would not be likely
to result in agreed and clean-cut
decisions; and might we'll result in
dissension and trouble inside the
alliance.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-01

Dr. Beon, O political onoIyst and economic
eonsuItont. achieved renOwn as a prog
nostieotor when he eoIIed the Truman
lo4S election sweep almost to the
percentage point.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-01
Should North Americas Defense
Be More Closely Tied to NATO?

an oversimpliflcation, leaving out.
for one thing. Britain's power for
atomic retaliation, NATO forces
must be strong enough to hold in
Europe until the aggressor can be
defeated by the United States
Strategic Air Force operating
under United States command
from North America-and from
other non-NATO bases. This GER
tainly makes North America q
NATO sector in everything but
name and command; and con.
tinental defense a primary NATO
interest.
For this continental defense
and the retaliatory deterrent to
be effective, there must AS I
have stated-be sufficient early
warning of air attack against the
bases from which the retaliation
must come, so that they will not
be destroyed before the aveng:ng
force can take OF.
Such adequate early warning IL
now. or will shortly be. pt'ssible
By means Of the elaborate and
costly radar chains across Canada.
Participation of Canada and the
United States. therefore, in this
kind Of continental defense Is an
important contribution to NATO
collective defense and should be
recognized as such. This would
be more likely to happen if North
America were a NATO sector as
Europe is. and its defense plan
ming more closely CO. ordinated
with NATO's other arrangements.
Role in Europe
The Importance Of continental
defense. however, does not neces-
sarily imply that the United States
or Canada should withdraw or
weaken its forces in Europe.
These forces are playing an
important military role in the
defense Of Western Europe. They
are playing an even more i'm
portant political role as concrete
and reassuring proof of the lndi-
visibility of the alliance, of our
unity of effort for the defense Of
peace. through a defense force on
the continent of Europe which In
cludes men from across the At.
lantic and across the Channel.
1t is clear that a withdrawal
from Europe to fortress America,
in whole or even in part. would
have a most harmful effect on
the NATO alliance. unless that
withdrawal was brought about in
circumstances which commanded
European acquiescence. Certainly,
any such move should not be
taken without collective consid.
Grafton and approval.
Fortress America, as a part Of
NATO. as base for striking back
at an aggressor against any NATO
country is one thing. Fortress
America in isolation from NATO
would be something else.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-01
BY LOUIS BEAN

We have had the first reactions
to the surprise victory of William
E. Proxmire over Gov. Walter
Kohler to I'LL the Senate vacancy
caused by the death Of Joseph
Mccarthy. More detailed analy-
sis will be forthcoming as the city,
county and ward election figures
are examined.
So far reactions are typical.
Democrats are cheered. seeing not
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-01

Of North America, though 1t is
of essential importance If NATO
is to fulfill its defense task in
time Of war, is a United States
Canadian responsibility. It is
therefore not felt by the other
members to be any obligation
Of theirs or Of direct concern
to them.
From the practical point Of
view, this does not matter because
tire task could only be undertaken
by the two North American mem
bers in any event. From the po-
litical and psychological point of
view. 1t is regrettable that con-
tinental defense is considered as
something apart from the other
NATO obligations and arrange
ments.
Therefore. 1t might be a good
thing for the alliance, undermining
its solidarity and unity, if there
could be some. even if only token,
participation of other members
in the defense of that other Dor
der between NATO and the Soviet
Union, the North American Arctic.
Tabor City tribune. (Tabor City, N.C.) 1946-1991, 1957-08-07

Miss Dorothy Naydcan Ward,
d; tighter of Mr.. ani Mrs. W. N.
Ward of route /. Clarendon. and
Wayl nd DCllnu CuriC. SoiI Of
Mr.. and Mrs. A. L. Curric, ST..
OF route 3. Whitcvlllc were mar
ned Sunday, August 1, al 7 p.
~, in the Bethel Methodist
tSurCh.
The Rev. Herman Ward, cous-
in of the bride. Of Eo'ton offici-
atcd using the double ring ccrc-
mony.
The church wa decorated
with palms, fern. baskets of
white gladioli. and .cvcn BRAN
chCd candiCbraS wriCh formed
III" setting for an arch cntwined
With ivcy ana a kn; cling bench.
SIUSiC was presented by Eu-
Lchc SaSScr. pianiS'. OF Gurlcy,
s. &. and Mrs. HuCy Hcwctt
vocalist Mrs HCwCtt'S sclcc-
tons included Because" and
the Lords Prayvr' iS the ben
ediction.
The bridegroom had his bro
Their. Dcwi.tc Cu.r:c. OF Char
lottc. rs best man. Ushcr> wvr,
Charles Ward. brother ur ~,
A,ic: Edwin Curr.". brother O.!
TIC bridegroom: ri route 3
Whitcvillc; Born .rd Vcroncc
brothcr-ln-law of he bride, Of
Columbus. Ga: AMI Layton Ross
cousin OF The brlIa OF Burling.
ton