davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-28

$50 DIN. $50 NO. buys at $40 per
s sese a .os asre 8 eut-oyer woods; fronts
grows fast Phone or see Carlton
$500 On. VS. No. bu ys'; roo uSt a. /.
acre farm. mainly fertile open land
a. Beaver Dam. Va. has good =
rm .-and-basement dwelling. outbides. i.
cooKE REAL iE EsTHTH L SSs:ss' Sa
m: Mr.. Porter. Louisa 1891 or
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-28
QUIET RESTFIJI,

IN FAIRFAX COUNTY--5s acres
on D. ls5ss axe s1.. also long trOp,sSe
WASHINGTON. near stores. churches
and school, House OF 10 rooms with
bedrooms. oil heat, . baths. 8
tireplaces, shade. 4-car garage. barn.
On private road Price. SAL. 900:
$4,000 down. For appointment cali
Com uTpCT
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-28

home home: isi" acres; valley 'u FARM
modern s-rm. house all white
ms, deer. small game 100 miles
IN Md OR, s-4b39 or write M.
ARNOLD, oldtown. Md,
'oR SALE, SMALL LAEN: 7:rm.
IsiIiixi tax only sii per ~. cal
evenings and week end only.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-28
COLORADO BLDG.
14th AND @ SITS. NV.

Seldom available. Aforementioned
dcwntown area, Completely recon- Sns.
|dittoned throughout. Modest rental.
See superintendent on premises or
call Mr.. Gill, EN-. $4,000.
oc,,... a. H1A. ~
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-28
FAMINE
lcQNIlNuEnl

FARM In Rappahannock County
near Washinstcn. Virginia: los
acres: Groom .stueco house; elee.
tricity. well adjacent to house: full
basement. for easy installation Of
central heat and water system;
available earetaker and domestic
help within short distance; abun.
daflt game In locality; good cover
for game and birds; within 10
miles Of Shenandoah National PARK
and near its reSort facilities; Id
miles OF States best trout and bass
streams: excellent opportunity fol
week end, summer and vacation
home; daily or periodic commutine
opportunities to D. c. with neigh.
bors. Price. S7.75O. Call JAMES W
FLETCHER. sperryville. Va, 2511
UPPER MONTGOMERY COUNTY
100 acres with 3z-mile road front.
age. New horse barn. 34x44: other
excellent outbuiidinss. IS acres In
permanent pasture. remaining acre.
age tillable, $4,000. Mr., AIinutt
with BRIDGES. PETER a. SPEN.
GER. INC. 0aithersburg 4S5-J-l2
FREDERICK COUNTY--3O7 acres
267 acres tillable; large bank barn
Broom house. This Is an excellent
farm and priced TO sell AZ nnly
$6O.Q0O, Mr., Allnut, with BRIDGES
PETER q SPENCER, INC, Gal.
thersburg 4S5-J-12.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-28
MASON HURST

Annandale Va. Closed SUNDAYS
LOG CABIN, located in Middleburs
on beautiful S-acre wooded site
with stream. Unrestored, but with
new roof. huse stone fireplace
Priced for immediate sale. $4,000
Excellent terms.
George Mason Green Co.
Leesburg. Va. Spring 7.3Ab6
Ewes. and sun, call Mr.. Hutchinson
Leesbure. Fairview 5-5233
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-28

li3-AcRE FARM, SIS fertile. tiilabI,
acres. Home In very GOOD condition
With rooms. bath. New barn
gallon, fresh water pond for fishinp
or Irritating. About ] mile shore
line on small creek. OF Choptank
River, $4,000,
MATTHEW'S MATTHEW'S g. COMPANY q,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-28

: RMS, bath and cleo, ~ acrS
garden plot. loot. Patuxenf River
frontage. 80 miles D. G. In rilral
VILLAGE. ideal for Committing OF
retiring. Owner must sell for S8.p5O
or less. Low down payment. liberal
terms. Can Mr.. Kelley. IA. o.
uso4: MT. 0race--Alpine 7.4626.
OF see IN Lower Marlboro. Md.
SO ACRES. OLD HOUSE, ~ miles
from La Plata, Nd. $40. 900. good
fSerms; q vii trade for apartments.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-28

W. va, ii5 nj. from D. Cover
200 acres, 1000 fruit trees. house
and outbuildineg. cleo. furn. sum
mer cottage. Hunters paradise
1855 tractor and equip. Plenty ol
Eadtsro $4,000. OWNER. Ju
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-28

! $500
50 ACRES. 10 in woodland. seeded
"a Blue Grass, Orchard Grass anc
Clover. Good fences. Loundon coun.
y. 2 miles OF IT. so. 3 wells. never
dry. Nice 6;rm. and bath Insulated
attic. heated BY oil space heaters
storm doors and windows. 9 chin
neys. nrepi.. nice lawn with huge oak
and hickory trees; . story barn.
31x60. machine shed, 20xBO: corn
CRIB, 1OxlT: COW shed, 2Ox6O: stan
onions for IL cows, wood silo; S3b.-
900. good terms: owner will hold
large LIST trust. AMY II. HOLDER.
Realty. Herndon $50.
RAPPAHANNOcK grazine farm;
$40 acres; S-rm house. . baths,
basement, barn. tenant house. other
hldes.: river. $41.25O, terms. Write
Tor free r'i s,, CthsS i ssnSv.
lpKRnVVTIT VA
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-28
'STROUT
'CATALOG

Mailed FREE Farms. homes. bust.
neSses; bargains salore.. many pic:
lures. 2,soi properties described. 20
States. coast o-coast. Livestock.
eqpt., crops often included; many
81 years service. WORLDS LARG-
EST BUY and SAVE thru sTRoUT
REALTY, 1l3S-N Woodward Bldg.
Washington. Sterling 3-37S4.
| Charming Home.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-28

LEEsBURG. vA.-chafming house
on 6kz. acres. surrounded By nne
properties: lovely setting: o bed
rooms In all Main house: Liv. rm..
ern kitchen. large screened porch.
attic. partial hsnt.: oil heat. Con-
Meeting guest house has 9 bedrms
g-ear garaee. spring house. large
Helen Kennedy. ED. s-e433. Pur-
eeiiyille. Va. representine GRACE
4 AZ, KbsEsMPToN R6AL EsTATE. r.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-28
WAREHOUSES FOR SALE
WAREHOUSES F0R RENT

WASH. BLDG. pI. II
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-28

VA. FARMETTE. By owNER-six.
din, Tm-. 9 bedTms'. iiv. Im.. kit,
uttl- rm., scr. side porch, bath.
gas heat. 20-eu IT. freezer. stove
sfs nei. :hiS ans Iscne ,s o. aDgros
bus by house, within eoFnmutine
distance to. D. c. Price. $4,000,
Phone Arcola. Va, Fsirview 5-539s
20 Nj. FRoM y. G.. In Pr. Geo. Co,
on Route 30t-SO acres for farm
Ing or buildins. Call LII. $1,000
After $50 pm. or oil day Sat.
ano sun
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-28

' sd Run I MosSan at t thf m ,SPt q
ideal mountain retreat: is acres
clear, bal. in woods; 3-rm. house
with cleo, but no bath: good pond
sue sprinss on prop: Sl2.5OO.
NORMAN REALTY. lis Z. Center
ST., Manassas, Phone tiSA or S5S
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-04-28

HoMEsITEs ON STATE HWY.--30
minutes from Rockville, Is minutes
Atomic Energy Bids. Size. iOOx330:
Nl.50O: easy terms. HARRY p.
VILLAINS, ClarksburH. Nd. On.
derhill b-2i05.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-17
BY SIMON TUCKER

Does Israel have the right, under
international law, to use the Gulf
of Aoaba and the Suez Canal?
Ultimately the International
Court of Justice--the so-called
World Court" have to pro-
vide an answer to that question,
which is basic to the final settle
ment of the Middle East crisis.
But whether the final determina-
ton comes from the World Court
or some other agency, it will be
based on special branch of inter-
national law known. somewhat ro-
mantically. as 1.-The law of the sea-"
The law of the sea defines and
distinguishes internal waters"
international waters" and 1.-THE
high seas. and it spells out the
rights of nations in those waters.
Internal waters can be defined
broadly as those within the land
territory of a country and subject
to the control of that country.
Territorial water is generally
2-mile-wioe belt running along
the sea coast. of a country although
some countries claim wider belts).
This is subject to the full sovereign
jurisdiction of the coastal country.
except that ships of other countries
have the right of innocent pas
sage" High seas are the waters
beyond the territorial waters and
they are not subject to the control
of any country.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-17
MlDEAST BRIGHT SPOT
Tunisio Follows Her Own Course

extensive land reforms and radi-
cal revamping of the old feudal
administrations are provided.
In the field OF education. perhaps.
is the most heartening indication
of the direction chosen by the ma
tons leaders. In the Middle East
where illiteracy is accepted almost
as the natural order. Tunisia allo-
Gates 10 per cent of its budget to
schools. This year. 81 per cent OF
Tunisian children of school age are
attending classeS-a Inquire lar
above that of any Arab nation.
Economic Problems Foremost
AS the young but ancient land
begins its second year OF new free
dom, economic challenge comes
first among the problems facing
its leaders. The Tunisian economy
is basically agricultural. as 1t has
been for many centuries. But i'm
mense mineral deposits are known
to exist. If the necessary processing
plants can be created, industrializa-
ton and its concomitant higher
standard of living can be achieved.
With some success in industrializa-
ton, plus an ambitious program
for the reclamation of much DESERT
swallowed agriculture in the south
ern areas. Tunisia's leaders hope
to reduce substantially the present
dangerously high unemployment
$1,000 in a population OF 3.8 mil
lion.
In foreign affairs Premier Bour-
CUBA has indicated staunch support
for independence in Algeria, to be
followed in time by a "Mahgreb
Arab" or Arab-West federation,
strong backing for the U. N. and
opposition to Communist or ma
tionalist dictatorship.
Much of Tunisia's present course
can be attributed to the cosmopoli-
tanism of its people. For many CEN
turtles real crossroads OF the Medi-
terranean. Tunisia has been in
fiuenced in turn by Phoenicians.
Romans. Greeks, Numidians. Ber-
bers. Arabs. Spaniards. Italians.
Jews and French.
Mr.. Nixon. when he joins in the
observance Wednesday. can recall
Hannibal and his Carthaginian
legions. the days of Romes gram
deur. the great Arab conquest and,
IN more recent times. the success of
the little American Navy of l80l-05
in ending the depredations of the
Barbary corsairs. III today's indie
pendent Tunisia. he will see
bright spot of hope in the threat
ening clouds OF the Middle East.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-17
The Gulf

The problem raised by the Israeli
Egyptian dispute over the Gulf Of
Aqaba is concerned less with navi-
cation in the gulf itself than with
passage through the Strait of Tran,
which connects the Gulf with the
Red Sea. Thus the use of the strait
is the real key to Israel's develop
ment of trade route through her
port of Elath. at the far end Of
the gulf. and into the Mediter-
ranean (See map).
The first question that arises in
connection with rights to passage
through the strait is whether these
waters are internal waters of Egypt,
subject to Egypt's full control. I'm
der the law of the sea. if the dis
lance between the coast of a coun-
try and an island belonging to that
country is 6 miles or less, the 3-mile
belt of territorial waters runs along
the outer side of the island, and the
waters between the island and the
coast are internal waters of the
In order for this to apply to the
waters of the Strait of Tiran: it
would be necessary that the island
of Tran belongs to Egypt. Here
mystery creeps in: Who owns
Tiran?
A call to the Egyptian Embassy
produced information that the is
land of Tran had been Saudi Ara
bian. but that Saudi Arabia gave
it to Egypt since 1850 to protect
and administer. A call to the
Israeli Embassy brought forth the
opinion that Tiran belongs to Saudi
Arabia. The Israeli Embassy said
it knew of an agreement whereby
Saudi Arabia loaned" the island
to Egypt for fortifying. but it had
never seen such an agreement.
Finally, a call to the Saudi
Arabian Embassy brought forth the
statement that Tran has been put
under Egypt for administration.
but that it was Saudi Arabian still.
Thus. it seems open to doubt that
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-17
The CunuI

Turning to the Suez Canal, It
is purely internal water of Egypt,
being an artificial watercourse cut
through Egyptian land. The rule
of international law is that rights
to navigation in man-made canals
are governed by treaties and agree
ments made between countries.
In the case of the Suez Canal,
the governing treaty is the now
famous Suez Canal Convention of
1888. Pertinent here are the fol-
lowing provisions:
. Article I, which lays down the
general principle that: THE Suez
Canal shall always be free and
open. in time of war as in time
of peace. to every vessel of COM
merce or of war without distinc-
ton of flag"
. Article " which amplifies the
general principle, saying: mo right
of war, act of hostility or act leav-
ing for its purpose to interfere
with the free navigation of the
Canal. shall be committed in the
Canal and its ports of access. or
within radius of nautical miles
from these ports, even though the
Ottoman Empire (now Egypt
should be one of the belligerent
powers"
. Article x, which says: "the
provisions of Article w shall
not stand in the way Of any meas
ures which Egypt might
find it necessary to take to assure
by their own forces the defense
of Egypt and the maintenance Of
public order"
Now. does Article x basically
except Egypt from the terms OF
Article "? Does 1t say. in effect.
that acts IN the Canal area deemed
necessary by Egypt TO protect her.
self and maintain public order are
not acts of hostility and bellieer-
ency. but only the internal exercise
Of sovereign rights?
AS has been mentioned the u N.
Security Council Resolution of 1851
seemed to think the stoppage Of
Israeli shipping in the Canal was
an exercise of belligerent rights
by Egypt in contravention of the
armistice agreement and the 1888
Convention. But a judicial body
like the World Court would have
two difficult questions to answer
/. Can it be called an act OF
belligerency or of active hoStilities.
within the terms of the armiStice
agreement when Egypt excludes
ships of Israel from its internal
waters in the Canal, inaSmuch as
internal waters are subject to full
sovereign control by a country over
the ships of any foreign country
coming IN there?
2. Can it be said that the right
of Egypt to assure its internal de-
lenses under the 1888 Convention
does not include the right to keep
out of its internal territory ships
of country which is, in legal
concept, its enemy?
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-17
DECISIONS -. 1857
Our Growing Stakes in the Middle East

Of problems as primary and insist
first on political solutions.
A case in point is the Suez Canal
dispute. The United States en-
deavored to keep attention focused
on the basic economics of the Sit
uation-the preservation of peace,
and the long-term guarantee of
the canals use to shippers. But
Egypt-and the rest OF the Middle
East-aS well as Britain and France,
allowed the SueZ to become SYM
Dol of national prestige to such an
extent that mutual agreement
proved impossible.
The Suez dispute highlights the
fundamental political problem the
United States faces in the Middle
East: How to encourage the estab-
lishment and development of the
genuine independence of the peoples
of the area, which involves smooth
liquidation of the remnants of CO.
lonialism or similar tutelage with
out unduly offending our European
allies.
The political position of our allies
must either be maintained and
supported or changes must be made
in such a way as to guarantee that
Soviet power does not increase in
the area because the United States
offendS either the sensitive emer-
gent nations of the area or it's
European allies, some of whom are
almost equally touchy and uneasy
about position and prestige.
Moreover, beyond the attainment
of independence by the peoples of
the Middle East. the United States
has a stake in helping them to
achieve political maturity and re-
sponsibility within the family of
nations.
1t is, however, the Arab-Israeli
problem in which most of our po-
litical difficulties in the Middle East
are rooted and in which we have a
particularly great stake. Since the
United Nations recommendation in
1947 for the partition of Palestine.
and the establishment of Israel
with so per cent more territory
following the Israeli defeat of the
Arabs in 1948. the relations of these
hostile nations have been governed
by unstable armistice agreements
negotiated by the U. ~ in l949.
From the start, differences. and
obstacles to peace. have centered on
three problems. in descending order
of Importance: 81 The disposition
of Arab refugees. originally over
100000, now over 100000; ~ the
determination of final boundaries
for Israel; and 90 the status of
Jerusalem.
To these has been added the
question of the utilization of the
waters Of the Jordan River to the
mutual advantage of Israel. Syria
and Hashemite Jordan. by imple-
menting the Eric Johnston plan.
which came near 10 adoption in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-17

already charted course of great
promise as a democratic nation.
Thoroughly Moslem. and loyal to
the Arab cause. she has nonethe-
less followed a significantly indi-
vidual course in her relations with
the rest of the world.
When the Arab bloc in the
United Nations carefully abstained
from voting to condemn the Soviet
Union for the subjugation of Hun
gary last fall. TuniSia was the only
Arab state to vote for the resolu-
ton. When midas reluctance to
accept a U. N.-sponsored plebiscite
in Kashmir got the tacit support Of
the Afro-Asian bloc, Tunisia politely
reminded Prime Minister Nehru in
a formal note Of his responsibilities
toward international law.
Not in Nosser Comp
Even in matters directly affect
ing the Arab world. the govern
ment of Premier Bourguiba, has
behaved with restraint and ma
turity. Tunisia, as did all other
Arab nations and much of the rest
Of the world, protested firmly the
Israeli British-French attack on
Egypt last october and November.
But Tunisian condemnation did
not imply any sympathy for the
regime of Egypt's dictator presi-
dent. Canal Abdel Nasser There
is ample evidence in Tunis that the
new government OF this ancient
land has no intentions OF becoming
a cog in any Arab steamroller
driven by the Egyptian leader.
In domestic affairs the Tunisian
course has been unusual, too. Jews,
targets for discrimination through
out the Arab Middle East, enjoy
complete equality as citizens in
Tunisia. Andre Barouch. Cabi-
net minister, is Jew; several
others are legislators. Despite
Moslem custom sanctified by the
Koran. polygamy has been banned
IN the new nation. Women have
the complete right Of suffrage, and
equal rights with men in civil courts.
the civil courts themselves have re-
placed the old religious courts.
Five days after the independence
OF Tunisia was formalized last year
in agreement with France. a gen.
eral election chose delegates to the
nations first Constituent Assembly.
That body. meeting regularly since,
has almost completed constitu-
ton establishing constitutional
monarchy on parliamentary prin-
ciples for the country. Under the
terms OF the new national charter,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-17
SocioI-CuIturoI Stake

In the long run, measured by gen.
erationS and not years, by centuries
and not decades. the United States
has a great social and cultural
stake in the Middle East.
In the development of a world
community in the air and atomic
age the peaceful Misrepresentation
of divergent cultures is highly i'm
portant. and the midway cultural
position Of the Middle East in re-
lation to the Occident and farther
Orient is crucial and may be de-
cisive.
The West and the Islamic Middle
East have much in common in the
foundations of their respective cul-
lures and civilizations. Both are
indebted to Jerusalem and what it
symbolizes. Moreover, Islam, al
though basically Semitic and Mid
die Eastern. was influenced by the
heritage of Athens and Rome.
Middle Eastern Islamic culture
therefore forms a possible bridge of
understanding between the West
and the Farther East with its more
truly Oriental cultures.
The United States is interested
in the survival and enrichment Of
the basic values of Western civiliza-
ton. Without any disposition to in
sist that other peoples should be
made over in the American image,
the United States is concerned to
see developed in the Middle East
climate in which basic Western
values, such as freedom and democ-
racy, can flourish.
II is too much to expect that
American private and institutional
ways of expressing these basic cul-
tural values will be copied by the
Middle East, but it can be hoped
that free and open society, able
TO create a new culture. will adopt
values and adapt patterns of living
from the West as well as from other
civilizations.
Finally, the United States, like
other parts of Western civilization.
Has CuItul al Sldhe III lllS AluOic
East because of what that area can
itself contribute to the new world
order and culture. The West should
expect to be enlightened and en-
riched by the cultural contributions
of this great area and its peoples.
as were our forefathers of the clas-
steal and medieval periods of Euro
pean history.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-17

the island has been fully ceded to
Egypt so as to make the Strait of
Tran purely internal waters of
Egypt.
But even If the strait is not in
ternal waters of Egypt, it lies in
the territorial waters of Egypt.
Therefore it becomes necessary to
see what the respective rights Of
Egypt and Israel are in such waters.
Recently. the International Law
Commission of the United Nations
prepared an analysis of the law of
the sea, which expressed the fol-
loving principles:
o The ships of all states enjoy the
right of innocent passage through
territorial waters.
. A country may take necessary
steps in its territorial waters TO
maintain security and public order.
. A country may temporarily sus-
pend the exercise OF the right OF
passage in its territorial waters for
compelling reasons connected with
its general security.
. There must be no suspension Of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-03-17

always also the possibility, but
scarcely probability, that Wash
ington could abandon the pact,
which would be a tacit admission
that it was mistake.
Another practical military prob
lem for Washington is posed by
Britains position and activities in
the area.
Once Britain withdrew from the
Suez in 1856. its base of Cyprus.
which serves as a solid aircraft
carrier, assumed vital Importance.
Yet London'S handling of Cyprus,
with its population of 100000
Greeks and 100000 Turks, has jeop-
ardized the eastern flank of NATO,
setting Greece against both Britain
and Turkey.
The United States cannot see
this rift deepen without risking all
the gains of the Truman doctrine
and decades expensive Marshall
Plan effort in Greece and Turkey.
The United States. however, proved
unable to restrain Britain and
France Whose military forces share
Britain's hospitality on CypruS)
from using Cyprus as a base for
attack on Suez.
Given the present political cli-
mate of the Middle East, it is
probably impossible to guard this
military and strategic stake in
the area by overt military means;
peaceful efforts must be used. If a
peaceful outcome is to be achieved.
Americans must see clearly the rest
of the stakes they have in this
strategic area.