davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13
BY DIR. EDWARD TELLER

AL of us have become accus-
toned to the idea that nuclear
weapons, which are so powerful,
are also very scarce--that we, or
anyone else, can only have few
Of them. This idea has already
undergone some modification. Ger
tainly, II there is scarcity Of nu-
clear weapons, the scarcity is not
based on lack Of materials.
In this connection / would like
to mention two points, both of
which are matters Of public record.
The first is that the Government
makes available. for industrial use,
nuclear material, uranium 235. The
price. I can assure you. is not below
cost. 1t has recently been reduced
to about $1,000 pound.
My other point is this: If you
take this figure of $1,000 pound
and ask yourself. sis it cheaper to
make a given size of explosion with
this 7.000-a-pound nuclear ma
terial, or is 1t cheaper to make 1t
with conventional means, such as
TNT?" the answer may surprise
you. Even without considering the
wide disparity in delivery costs.
TINT turns out to be considerably
more expensive. Exactly how much
more expensive ! won't attempt
to say beyond saying 1t is several
hundred times so.
With this disparity in what we
might call the effective cost OF
nuclear materials and TINT. it is
obviously nonsense to think about
nuclear materials as scarce. If they
should become scarce it will be our
own fault, through lack Of foresight
and lack of planning.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13
Foreign Policy

The Presidents increasing con-
Germ with foreign affairs was re-
f1ected in the fact that the larger
part of the message dealt with
foreign and defense policies.
He repeated his request of the
previous week for standby authority
to use troops in the Middle East
in event of Communist aggression.
Our mo0ern military machine. he
said. is major deterrent to war"
but he reminded his listeners that
national safety does not necessarily
increase as military spending goes
up. Regional pacts. inplementing
the strength of our military. serve
to increase our own and others
security and must not be weakened,
he declared. The strains upon
them, he said. have been severe,
but they are still durable.
To further bolster our position
in the world and help promote
peace, Mr.. Eisenhower also:
Q Urged United States member
ship in the proposed Organization
for Trade Cooperation.
. Said that he would ask for
United States participation i'll the
International Atomic Energy
Agency.
. Asked for an increase in the
funds for the United States 1nfor-
nation Agency and the establish
ment of a career service for the
agency's overseas officers.
. Requested legislation to "regu-
larize" the status in this country
of Hungarian refugees.
Omitted from the message were
several items which he was expected
to request-statehood for Hawaii
andior Alaska. suffrage for 18-
year-olds and home rule for the
District Of Columbia.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13

on the crowd. Soviet tanks threw
a ring of steel around the islands
approaches.
The Kadar regime once again
last week announced Flaw and
order have been restored and there
is peace" But there was no peace.
Even schoolchildren in Budapest
demonstrated. Several were re-
ported arrested by the govern
ment's new security police, already
referred to contemptuouSly as
"Kadar's Hussars." Children rang
ing IN age from 8 to IL piled their
Russian textbooks in the street and
cheered the bonfire they set.
The renewed fighting by indus
trial workers was spanked by the
dismissal OF thousands Of Office
workers from the Csepel steel
plants. When the white-collar
groups held protest meeting, their
shop and foundry fellow workers
joined them. The resulting demon
Stration quickly got out of hand.
and the plant police had to call
for reinforcements. But fighting
continued until Russian forces were
rushed to the island.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13
.RLD SCENE

Twenty-one months ago, in April,
1855, Sir Anthony Eden was ten
dered and accepted the highest office
in Britain's parliamentary govern
ment-Her Majesty's First Minister
The suave. handsome Sir Anthony
had been a sort of knight in bur-
nished armor ever since his dra-
matte resignation from the cabinet
of Sir Neville Chamberlain protest
ing appeasement of Hitler and
Mussolini. When he took over Brit
tania's helm, he was second in po-
litical popularity only to Sir Win
ston Churchill, whose protege he
was. tried-and-true guardian OF
the unity of the free world.
Last week, broken in health and
spirit. under fire all over the world
as the architect of the dis
astrouS British-French intervention
in Egypt, Sir Anthony rode sadly
to Buckingham Palace and rendered
his resignation to Queen Elizabeth
II. Health was the official reason,
and there was little doubt that the
Prime Minister'S physical condition
was poor. But there could be no
question that even the healthiest
constitution would have found his
political situation untenable.
The Egypt adventure. undertaken
in cooperation with a frustrated
France and in either deliberate or
coincidental concert with Israel,
had shaken the Big Three alliance.
brought British prestige to an un-
precedented low, disrupted relations
with the United States. provoked
Russia into new boldness and all
but wrecked the economy of Britain.
In Sir Anthony's own Conserva-
tive Party, deep cleavages threat
ened to pave the way for a return
to power of the Labor Party. Labor
leaders, astutely exploiting the
austerity imposed on the British
people as a result of the Egyptian
failure, were feeling strong enough
to begin demanding the elections
that only a few weeks ago they
were reluctant 10 lace.
Late in November, when the true
seriousness of the damage to
Britain's position in world affairs
was no longer a matter of doubt,
Sir Anthony had turned over the
heavy duties of his Office tempo
rarily to the Lord Privy Seal and
leader of the House of Commons,
his close associate, r. A. Butler, ano
flown to Jamaica for rest.
On Sir Anthony's return last
month. he seemed confident of his
ability to reunite the feuding fac
tions of his Tory Party and pick
up the pieces Of his broken foreign
policy.
But it was not to be. Although
there were indications economic
first aid would be coming from the
United States, Sir Anthony failed to
regain the trust and confidence OF
Washington. His reported efforts
to arrange a visit to President Eli
senhower were rebuffed, and the
British opposition press opined that
the United States would not deal
with Britain on the old friendly
basis until Sir Anthony and some
of his top aides had bowed out.
The Eden chapter in British
history closed Wednesday with the
Prime Minister'S resignation. On
Friday he resigned the House OF
Commons seat he had held for SO
years. He repeatedly turned down.
"for the present." the Queens offer
of an earldom. traditional reward
for a retiring Prime Minister.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13
The Choice Is Made

On Thursday, in q somewhat I'M
expected switch, Chancellor OF the
Exchequer Harold Macmillan was
named the new Prime Minister by
Queen Elizabeth. bypassiug the
heir-apparent to the post. Mr.. But
Ter. The 62-year-old Mr. Macmil-
Ian. whose mother was an Amer
lean. was repeatedly the choice OF
the right-wing Tories vino had been
most critical of the British with
drawal from Egypt. But he has
not been identified with the "rebel
back benchers" whose outraged
cries of empire had cruelty har-
aSsed the Eden cabinet. His gen.
eral policy is expected to be close
ly similar to that pursued by his
departed chief.
The significance Of the Macmil-
Ian appointment appeared to lie in
the possibilities of rebuilding the
tottering structure of British-A Amer
lean relations. Top adminiStra-
ton officials here quickly predicted
that Mr.. Macmillan would soon re-
ceive an invitation from Mr.. Eisen-
hover to come to Washington.
The quick approval evident In
the United States for the appoint
ment of Mr.. Macmillan brought
angry comment from important
segments of the British press.
Some editors even charged that
the passing lover of Mr.. Butler and
the naming Of Mr.. Macmillan had
been dictated" by Mr.. Eisenhower
at the behest of Secretary of State
John Foster Dulles.
Whether dictated" or not, there
could be little doubt that consid-
erations Of restored friendly rela-
tions with the United States was
of paramount importance in the
decision to select Mr.. Macmillan.
During the hours before Buck
ingham Palace announced the Mac
milan choice. Sir Winston
Churchill and the Marques Of
Salisbury, veteran and potent lead
ers of the Conservative Party, had
visited the Queen. There was no
question that the decision was
made on their seasoned advice.
The new Prime Minister has been
called a man of many contrasts.
He is the grandson Of a Scottish
crofter who built the great publish
ing house of The Macmillan Co. His
mother was the daughter Of an
Indiana doctor.
Although in appearance Mr.. Mac
milan looks like the epitome of q
cartoonist's idea Of an unbending
Tory, his political career has been
marked more often by rebellion
rather than conservative conform
ity. In all the important assign
mentS he has held, he has achieved
the reputation Of an energetic
"doer," and In debate his ready wit
and merciless barbs bring him de-
ference and respect.
Yesterday Prime Minister Mac
milan was deep in serious confer
ences with Conservative Party lead
ers on plans for a cabinet shakeup.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13
1t Would Be Uphill

Despite all these formidable po-
liticai advantages, the bid for the
Republican presidential nomination.
if he makes it, will be uphill all
the way for Bill Knowland.
If Senator Knowland is the pro-
tege of Senator Taft. Vice Presi-
dent Nixon is the protege of Presi-
dent Eisenhower. And there is lit
tie question that the latter Spon-
sorship is the more powerful one.
If the Senator, as is reported, hopes
to pave the way for 1860 by first
becoming Governor of California,
he still would not hold the ready
made advantage enjoyed by Mr..
Nixon, who seems about to go down
in history as the strongest of the
Vice Presidents.
History on the other hand (if it
means anything any more is
against Mr.. Nixon. Not since Mar
tin Van Buren,. 100 years ago. has
a Vice President succeeded to the
White House except on the death
of the incumbent President. But
it should be noted that Van Buren,.
like Mr.. Nixon, was the favorite
of an extremely popular President.
Andrew jackson.
Senator Knowland's strength does
not spring from President Eisen-
hower's backing, as does Mr..
Nixon's. but rather from the right
wing Of the party. which recently
has been in partial eclipse in most
places except on Capitol Hill. For
this reason a struggle between Mr..
Nixon and Senator Knowland might
again bring to a head jntraparty
differences now subdued by the ALL
pervading Eisenhower popularity, a
situation Democrats would not find
unwelcome.
But even if the battle Of the Cali
fornianS is in the making. it is still
long way of. Meanwhile. there
will be a preliminary bout in the
Senate among Republicans who
will have to replace their leader.
The principals in this one are likely
to be Senator Everett Dirksen Of
Illinois, for the right: Senator
Leverett Saltonstall of Massachu.
sets, for the center. and Senator
Clifford P. Case of New Jersey or
Senator Prescott Bush of Connecti-
cut for the left.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13

When President Eisenhower de-
livered his first state-of Union
message to Congress on January
Z, 1854. he was interrupted by APP
plause IS times. His most recent
report on the state Of the Union
on Thursday drew applause only
three times.
This reaction, more than any,
thing else, demonstrated the differ
ence between a state-of the Union
message trimming with new ideas
and report that was only a bare
outline of what the President
wanted from Congress. In 1854.
Mr.. Eisenhower presented to Con-
greSs detailed delineation of the
goals of his crusade"
Thursdays message launched no
fresh crusade. There were no great
new programs. 1t was. as such
messages go, both brief and broad
And, as though he were expected
elsewhere shortly. Mr.. Eisenhower
dealt with the greater part of his
program with the promise that he
would expand on it in later mes
SageS.
He remarked: I'm this message
it seems unnecessary that I should
repeat recommendation involving
our domestic affairs that have been
urged upon the Congress during
the past four years. but which, in
some instances. did not reach the
stage Of completely satisfactory
legislation"
He said that in future weeks he
would have specific recommended
tons involving our financial and
fiscal affairs. our military and civil
defenses: the administration Of
justice; our agricultural economy;
our domestic and foreign commerce;
the urgently needed increase in our
postal rates; the development Of
our natural resources; our labor
laws. including our labor-manage-
ment relations legislation, and
vital aspects of the health, educa-
ton and welfare of our people.
There will be special recommended
tons dealing with such subjects
as atomic energy, the furthering Of
public works, the continued efforts
to eliminate Government COMPETE
ti2n with the businesses of tax
paving citizens"
The budget message, he said.
vii! reach CONGRESS within the
week and will include other legis-
lative sGggC stions.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13
The Host Disogrees

In Poland, the independent Com
muniSt" government Of Wladyslaw
Gomulka publicly differed with Wis
iting Chinese Premier Chou En-lai.
The Red China leader had sug-
gested that all Communist nations
should recognize the "primacy" of
the Soviet Union. His hosts politely
but pointedly disagreed.
Mr.. Chou, who interrupted a tour
Of Asian nations to fly to Moscow,
will visit Hungary before returning
to the Russian capital. There has
been much speculation, based on
reports from Moscow sources, that
Mr. Chou's support was requested
by the Kremlin leaders. His visit
was timed to include a Kremlin
conference of the leaders of Bull
garia, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and
Hungary. and his public remarks
in Moscow and Warsaw have
stressed the need for unity" in
the Communist camp.
Russia's rotund party chieftain.
Niklta Khrushchev, repeatedly
survived a challenge to his leader
ship by a narrow margin last
month. The Central Committee of
the Soviet Communist Party sus-
tanned him in his powerful post as
First Secretary by only few votes:
his opponent was said to have been
former Premier Georgi Malenkov,
co0cidorad a oCfalinictD aAharov,f
The U. N. General Assembly
on Thursday voted SO to to set up
a five-nation special committee to
check on the situation in Hungary.
The Kadar government. which has
been boycotting the U. N. sessions
dealing with the Hungarian revolt.
protested the action as interference
in her internal affairs and blamed
the United States.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13
FATHER OF THE H-BOMB
An Expert Looks at Hydrogen-Aee Warfare

the Commander in Chief of the
Strategic Air Command-who takes
his duties very seriously and full
fills them very effectively.
1t now begins to seem to some
people that the Air Force is be-
coming so important that perhaps
the best thing for the defense Of
this country would be to retain and
expand our Air Force. and to dis
continue-gently or otherwise-the
services Of the Army and the Navy.
This may be the right solution. But
I believe that a better and more
practical solution would be for the
other services to take advantage OF
the possibilities Of nuclear weapons
as the Air Force has done.
To begin with I will try to out
line what some Of these possibilities
might be in the case of the Navy
I'm not talking about today. or even
1860. I'm talking about 10 years
from now, so we can be reasonably
free in our imagination.
n CCIOhl1l pIOPOl VlOLl VI VIC PAdAl-
ming. building and money-spending
in the Navy is directed toward the
construction of those superb ma
chimes, the aircraft carriers.
I would not put so many dollars
and so many people into so good q
target. Come to think Of 1t, would
not put anything on the surface Of
the ocean-it's too good target.
This does not mean that / want
to sink the Navy! Because the
Navy has some nice little machines
called submarines. ! understand
the Russians have few--I suspect
that they have more than we do.
We have a nuclear-powered sub
marine. which is a wonderful thing
because 1t can 60 fast under water.
1t is the only real submarine, be-
cause 1t does not have to emerge. A
submarine Maya nuclear sub
marine Navy-is an extremely
powerful weapon.
Assume now, for the sake Of
argument, . conflict In which one
Continued on Page A-2S
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13
Questions Are Sharp

Secretary Dulles and Chairman of
the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral
Radford went to Capitol Hill Mon
day to testify for the Middle East
plan. Both encountered sharp ques-
joining. Despite administration pres
sure to push approval of the resolu-
ton through both Senate and
House before the end of the month,
there were indications that the
measures progress would be rough.
Democrats in the House quickly
labeled the Presidents proposal a
'rehash" and a continuation of
previous policies which had been
found wanting. They came up with
a substitute resolution of their own.
The substitute was, it was said.
composed by "a former high official
of the Government" But. according
to Speaker Sam Rayburn, that
mysterious figure was not ex-Sec-
rotary of State Dean Acheson nor
former President Truman.
The substitute said succinctly:
The United States regards as vital
10 her interest the preservation of
the independence and integrity of
the states of the Middle East, and. if
necessary, will use her armed forces
to that end"
Mr.. Dulles reacted swiftly and
strongly. The substitute, he de-
clared, would call for military action
in violation of the United Nations
Charter, would unilaterally guaran-
tee existing boundaries. and if in
effect last october would have re-
quired the United States to go to
war against Britain, France and
Israel.
And President Eisenhower. in his
state-of the Union message on
Thursday. renewed his plan for APP
prevail of the administration pro-
posal. He called the plan "of vital
and immediate Importance to the
Nations and the free worlds Sc
curity and peace"
Thursday, in a relaxed. almost
gay appearance before the House
Foreign Affairs Committee. Mr..
Acheson called the administration
plan vague, meaningless, hack
neyed and dangerous" He asserted
it was no policy at all. but only
bid to Congress to create one. 1t
was a blank check" to resort to
nuclear war, he commended. and
constituted catastrophe threat"
The former Secretary. at ease
and quick to fence with committee
members, appeared to enjoy the 4 2
hours he spent in the witness chair.
To newsmen who recalled the
stormy sessions on the Hill when
Mr.. AcheSon was in Office and the
favorite target of the Republicans.
the contrast was startling.
Despite the crossfire, it still ap-
peared virtually certain by yester-
day that Congress would comply
with the Presidents request for a
Joint resolution on the Middle East.
But it also appeared certain that
the resolution finally adopted would
depart from the White House sug-
gestions in important respects and
might very we'll be little more than
a general expression of American
interest in averting aggression in
the Middle East.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13
Sen. KnowIond::
Thoughts Of 80

With echoes of the 1856 presi-
dental campaign sill slightly audi
BILE. Senate Republican Leader Will
liam F. Knowland last week set off
speculation about 1860.
When the senior California Sem
ator on Monday announced his
plans to leave the Senate two years
hence, he said only that he wanted
to return to California to be with
his family. No one, however. be-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13


charged with emotion. This is the
question: us it proper now, or in
the future. to use atomic weapons
in warfare?" Here are my own ideas.
There is no question that war
itself is something which we have
10 try to avoid in the greatest seri-
BUSINESS. and with the greatest skill.
But If war comes, some people
will draw a distinction between con-
ventional weapons and nuclear
weapons. They will say that the one,
however dreadful, can be justified
and that the other cannot. To my
mind the distinction between a
nuclear weapon and a conventional
weapon is the distinction between
an effective weapon and an out
NODDED weapon.
Still another distinction can be
drawn, but not between nuclear
weapons on the one hand and con-
ventional weapons Of the other
This second distinction should be
drawn between weapons used
dBdlIlSC al enemyb armed Iorceu
and weapons used against a civilian
population.
This is an older distinction,
more logical distinction. a better
justified distinction.
Unfortunately. the only times
nuclear weapons have been used
in war so far at Hiroshima and
Nagasaki-they were used against
civilian populations, and people
have thereby been led to identify
them with such use. Russian prop
uganda has exploited this theme
and has made 1t difficult, perhaps
for the time being impossible. to
make use Of nuclear weapons, even
In situations where such use would
be logical and justified.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13
THE WORLD SCENE
Exit Sir Anthony

lean troops in the Middle East in
the event of Communist aggression
has failed to start any stampede
toward quick enactment.
AS the new Congress settled down
to business. it became apparent
that the White House bid. much
heralded as major foreign policy
move. was going to get a routine
treatment.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13
Expanding Economy

The President dwelt at some
length with the state of the econ
omy, which, he said. was strong.
expanding and fundamentally
sound" He spoke proudly of this
soundness, which he believes to be
one of the important accomplish
ments Of his administration.
But there was also q warning
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13
The Senate:
Seniority

In a paradoXical action that was
questioned by only two Senator's.
the Senate last week first igno""d
its cherished unwritten rule that
to the senior members go ne
SPOTS, and then in an about lace
upheld 1t with only one audible
dissent.
The Democrats, faced with a re-
quest by two Senators who wanted
to fill one vacancy on the Foreign
Relations Committee. gave the COW
eted post to Senator John Ken
Continued on Page A-28
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13
The Satellites:
Sill! Restless

Behind the Iron Curtain the
Communist complex of nations
continued to simmer last week.
The Kremlin was still trying to
restore stability.
While Hungary's Soviet-backed
Premier Janos Kadar went off to
Moscow to hear what his Russian
bosses wanted him to do, the
angry workers of his captive nation
joined new demonstrations Riot
ing on Csepel Island in the Danube
at Budapest left two workers dead
after Red militiamen (police) fired
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13

tailored by his mentor. And his
association with Chief Justice Earl
Warren, also of California, has
been long and close.
Moreover, at 48, the Senator has
been before the public eye for %
years in the pivotal State of CAL
ifornia, where he has few peers in
the history of the State as a vote
getter. In his reelection t. the
Senate in 1852. he was the nominee
Of both Republicans and Democrats.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13
To Use or Not to Use

Having, I hope, to some extent,
disposed of this idea Of scarcity,
I would like to talk about a much
more difficult issue, much more
difflcult because 1t is much more
elusive, and also much more
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-01-13
Mideust Plan:
In the Tolls

President Eisenhower's dramatic
request TO Congress last Saturday
for standby authority TO use Amer