davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03

IF they do not conform to law"
The Presidium has no parallel in
American government.
The executive branch of the
Soviet setup is the Council of
Ministers. There are so or go
ministers who supervise every
thing from steel production to the
cultural arts. They are appointed
by the Supreme Soviet, are re-
sponsible to it and may be re-
moved by 1t. If the Supreme
Soviet is not in session, the
ministers stand in the same rela-
ton to the Presidium.
The judicial branch is the
Supreme Court of the USSR
whose members are independent"
but are elected by the Supreme
Soviet for f1ve-year terms.
Thus it is obvious that the real
authority of the Soviet legal
structure rests with the Supreme
Soviet and the Presidium.
Suffrage and Qualifications
How are the deputies Of the
Supreme Soviet elected?
The Russian constitution gives
universal, equal, direct suffrage
by secret ballot" to every citizen
of the republic. The only limi-
tations on the voters are that they
must be 10. sane, and not con-
victed Of any major crime. These
appear to be very democratic
qualifications, but
A sleeper clause. buried at the
end Of the constitution, deals with
nominations for office in q less
liberal vein. In essence, 1t limits
this function to the Communist
Party as follows:
1.-THE right to nominate candi-
dates is secured p public organi-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03

received sos per cent of this vote
to his Republican opponents sos
per cent.
Democrats predict similar up
sets throughout the Midwest farm
country next year. It is an area
where Democrats in 1856 showed
some surprising gains, picking up
four congressional seats Zone held
for 38 consecutive years by Repub-
licans) and two governorships in
Iowa and Kansas.
Once again. the problem-freely
admitted by Republicans-is pigs,
millions of them. Cheap and
plentiful supplies of corn and
other feed grains this year make
it appear attractive to farmers to
plan huge pig crops for next
spring, many of which will be go
ing to market around election day.
And a pig glut invariably means
depressed prices and unhappy
farmers who usually express their
dissatisfaction at the POOLS.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03
REVIEW OF THE WEEK

Senator Malcolm S. Forbes, a
magazine publisher.
Last week President Eisenhower
gave a hearty Endorsement to Mr..
Forbes, who is the Presidents kind
of Republican. Vice President
Nixon previously had appeared on
the campaign trail in behalf of
Mr.. Forbes, and three cabinet
members and the Presidents ap-
pointment secretary have stumped
the State for him.
The Republicans are stalking
their hopes on the Little Rock
situation and an intra-party
battle among the Democrats in
populous Hudson County, the old
Democratic stronghold Of Boss
Frank Hague.
A victory In this race is ex-
tremely important to both parties.
A defeat for Gov. Meyner would
be morale-booster for the Re-
publicans, offsetting the landslide
victory of a Democrat in the
Wisconsin senatorial election in
August. A Meyner victory, OF
course, would bolster the Demo-
Gratis hopes for 1858 and 1860.
and additionally, could mean a
place for Gov. Meyner on the
Democrats presidential ticket in
1860.
The Governor has an easy lead
in the polls, although his chal-
lenger appears to have closed much
of the gap that existed between
them when the campaign opened
last summer.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03
Initiation

This is an issue the Democrats
hammered on throughout the first
session of the 85th Congress. The
consumer price index which stood
at 1882 when the first session be-
gan had risen for the 18th con-
secutive month, to 1911. in Sep
TENDER.
The 20-month-old Republican
tight money" policy designed to
halt the imitation represented in
the consumer price index rise, has,
according to the Democrats, led
to the worst peacetime imitation
In our history" They blame the
policy for an increase in business
failures and a sharp slackening in
home building.
Republicans have answered
that, had it not been for the adj
ministration's monetary policies,
the imitation would have been even
worse. And they point to the fact
that the disposable personal in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03
BY DAVID KOONCE

The second session of the 85th
Congress is still two months of,
but already the things that win
keep its members arguing. inves-
tigating and voting are becoming
apparent.
When the members return here
after their four-month, between
sessions vacation, it will be 1858.
And 1858 is a congressional cleo
ton year. There viii be seven
months give or take couple Of
weeks-in which the 435 members
Of the House and 80 Senators UP
for reelection will have to make
a record to put before the voters.
The task in the second session viii
be to crystalize the issues and to
play them for every vote they
are worth.
There are four big issues that
viii, for the most part, set the
tone of the second session and
color the attitudes Of the MEM
bers: Civil rights, foreign and de-
tense policy, agriculture. and In
flation.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03
Little Rock

Segregation, of course, is a big
issue in the Little Rock city coun-
Gil election. There, the fight is a
"pro-segregation" slate VS.. a Flaw
and order" slate.
Had it not been for the turmoil
at Central High School, the full
list of Flaw and order" candidates
would have been shoo-ins, say
Little Rock sources. But now,
there is at least a possibility that
the segregationists may place one,
or even two, of their candidates on
the seven-man council.
The complexion of the new
council may be an important fac
tor in determining when Federal
troops will be removed from the
city. The candidates Of modera-
ton believe that clean sweep by
their slate might encourage Mr..
Eisenhower to consider withdraw
ing the troops soon.
One of the first tasks the new
council will face will be that of
hiring a city manager to replace
the present lame duck Mayor,
Woodrow Wilson Mann. They will
also replace the citys police chief,
who has resigned.
Meanwhile, the incumbent Lit
tie Rock City Council voted last
week unanimously to order the
arrest of all officials OF the Ma
tional Association for the Ad-
vancement of Colored People in
the city.
The president Of the Little Rock
NAACP chapter, a minister, APP
peared at police headquarters on
Friday, was arrested, and then re-
leased on bond. The president OF
the Statewide organization, Mrs.
L. C. Bates, who has been in the
headlines often in connection
with the city's integration con-
troversy, was out of town.
The charges were that the
NAACP had failed to obey a new
ordinance which requires segrega-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03
Russians, 40 Years After Revolt,
Are Strong but Still Not Free

socialism, and no power could
stop 1t. Today's Communist the
oreticians explain confidently that
the basic premise is sound. that
the state will wither away in time,
that today's socialism" in the
Soviet Union will In time be re-
placed by true communism.
But it has been 40 years since
that fateful November z, and
there are yet no indications that
the Marxist millennium is in sight.
On the contrary, vast and in
tricate bureaucracy Yields a hy-
draheaded state power over
every detail Of every citizens life:
personal liberties are largely nom
existent in important matters:
philosophy, music, literature and
all creative arts must first Of all
serve the state; science, favored
and stressed as never before,
works not at its own but at state
direction.
There are, however, aspects Of
the Russian experiment offering
some hope.
Despite its worst excuses, such
as those prevailing during the long
rule of Josef Stain, the comn1u-
nism of the Soviet Union has
never shared the open contempt
for humanity characteristic of
Hitler's Nazis, for example. Again,
many nom Marxists who have been
long and careful students of Com
munist developments consider
characterization inevitable under
the present system, and cite the
trends in that direction in Yugo-
slavia and Poland to prove it.
The on-Communist world has
learned at first hand that the
comfortable belief of the 1920s
and 1930s-"communism is GER
tain to fail"-was false. Although
it may fail as a doctrine, it has
after 40 years been a signal sue
cess as a galvanizer, and today the
Soviet Union stands before the
world as evidence of that.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03
French Crisis:
Chaos Near

The Western hopes for a tight
ening and bolstering Of the Attain
tic alliance were darkly Swallowed
last week by the continuing polit-
ical and economic crisis in France.
British leaders expressed open
concern that the troubles afiict-
ing the third member of the Big
Three would bring complete col
lapse that must inevitably affect
all of Western Europe.
Former Premier Guy Mollet
failed on his second try to form
a government last week; a new
effort is being made by Felix
Gaillard, finance minister in the
fallen Bourges-Maunoury cabinet.
Mr.. Gaillard's chances Of success
depend almost entirely. observers
say, on the realization that some
thing must be done quickly to
avert certain chaos.
With her government In con-
fusion and her economy shaken
by increasing imitation and waves
Of protest strikes, France marked
the third anniversary last week Of
the rebellion in Algeria. After the
expenditure of hundreds Of thou
sands Of lives and billions Of dol
lars, the bitter nationalist revolt
was apparently undiminished.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03
The Outlook

In the House, where the entire
membership Of ABS faces re-elec-
ton. the Democrats presently hold
an edge Of 234 to 1877, with four
vacancies.
In the Senate. held so to as by
the Democrats. 80 seats will be up
in 1858. In these races, mathe-
matics favors the Democrats, who
have only IL seats at stake. OF
these dozen seats, five are "sure
seats in the South. and another
is regarded as virtually "sure" in
Missouri. The remaining six seats
are held by John Kennedy Of
Massachusetts,, Mike Mansfield of
Montana, Dennis Chavez of New
Mexico, John Pastore of Rhode
Island. Henry M. jackson Of
Washington and william Prox-
mire of Wisconsin.
Democratic officials say that
there will be real" contests in
only three of these races: New
Mexico, Rhode Island and Wis
consin. Republicans claim they
will pick up these three seats for
sure and possibly more.
The Republicans express conf
dence their party will hold the 20
Senate seats now occupied by Re-
publicans, but Senator George
Smathers, chairman of the Senate
Democratic Campaign Committee,
predicts-without naming names
that Democrats will unseat five
or six" Republican Senators. Other
Democratic officials say they are
counting on victories over incum-
bent Republicans in Arizona, CAL
ifornia, Nevada, Pennsylvania and
Maine (where Democratic Gov.
Muskie is their hope).
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03

The poverty and the tyranny re-
main, the first because all re-
sources have been channeled into
the creation of more resources and
more power; the second because
dissidence and opposition to the
Dictatorship of the Proletariat
cannot be countenanced. To the
unhappy Soviet citizen who runs
afoul Of the bureaucracy's regu-
lations, it makes little difference
whether his prosecutors are the
black-hatted men of the Cars
dreaded Okhrana or the leather
jacketed agents Of the Soviet
MVD.
The American writer and po-
litical theorist Lincoln Steffans,
after trip to Soviet Russia in
the 1920s, told flnancier Bernard
Baruch II have been over into
the future, and it works."
Forty years have proved that
it does work-World War II and
the incredible Soviet triumph
over Hitler's legions proved its
vitality; the little man-made So
Wet moon now DRIFTING the earth
proves its daring and its scientific
advancement. Never in history
has a great nation transformed
itself from somnolence to superb
ority in so short a time. But
neither has the world before wit
messed so complete a negation of
the idealism profeSsed by Lenin.
The Soviet Science
No true Marxist will accept
either mysticism or idealism as
valid motivations among man.
kind. To the devotee, Marxism
is science, a pure science, deal
ing only with inevitable and pre-
dictable historical processes. HUI
man affairs are explainable by
the application of "dialectical
materialism," an unacceptable re-
atty in every aspect of society.
Through the operation of in
exorable processes, the state just
had to wither away under Marxist
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03
OfCor,s
And Goats

Article I, Section 9 Of the Con-
stitution says:
a.. No person holding ony office Of
trust shoII, without the consent Of
Congress, accept Of any present, emolu.
ment, office, or title Of any kind whot-
ever from cny king, prince. or foreign
stote."
That little-known admonition
arising from the Founding
Fathers determination to be be-
holden to no one became Of great
interest in Washington last week
in the course of State Depart
ment tempest in teacup.
Early in the week it became
known that Victor Purse, lately
removed from the Office of deputy
chief of protocol, apparently after
a personality clash with his boss,
had accepted a $4,000 Oldsmobile
from open-handed King Saud of
Arabia. Mr.. Purse had managed
the Kings recent trip to this
country.
While the State Department
did not officially link the gift with
the job change, Secretary Of State
John Foster Dulles said Tuesday
that acceptance of the automobile
had been bad judgment"
Mr.. Purse defended acceptance
of the car technically. it went to
his wife, as quite proper and said
he had made no attempt to con-
ceal it.
The week ended with Mr.. Purse
in the hospital victim of nerv-
Gus exhaustion, according to his
mother, a physician-and a new
spur to the city's most intensive
debate of gifts to public officials
since the Truman administration:
Mrs. Eisenhower accepted-after
first saying Moan $1,000 beaver
coat from Maine trappers who
felt the publicity might help the
sagging beaver pelt market. She
insisted. however, on paying the
$685. cost of making up the coat.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03
Other Elections

New York City, which habitually
elects Democratic Mayors, is ex-
pected to return Democratic in
cumbent Robert F. Wagner to his
$40. 000-a-year post for another
four years on Tuesday. His OPP
ponent. Robert K. Christenberry,
has been all but counted out of
the race.
Voters of Pennsylvania 18th
congressional district will elect a
successor to veteran Republican
Representative Samuel x. McCon-
nell, retired. The district. COM
prising suburban Philadelphia's
Montgomery County, has been
overwhelmingly Republican for
years.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03
EYES ON THE VOTER
Issues Are Waiting for Congress
EYES ON THE VOTER

to their specifications. At least
one Democrat already is pointing
out that it was former Defense
Secretary Charles e. Wilson who
said Of the Importance Of scien-
tific research: LET somebody else
find out why the grass is green"
More words from the past will be
heard throughout the year.
Two Democratic Senators facing
reelection Symington of Mis-
souri, and jackson of Washington
have been especially critical Of
the Republican defense policies
and win likely assume q major
role in defining what they regard
as Republican shortcomings In de-
tense policy. And Democrats In
general will remind the voters
that it was during q Republican
administration that Soviet missile
and satellite successes occurred.
The fact that these Soviet
gains will result in higher de-
Tense spending. probably a higher
budget. and diminished hopes for
a tax cut also will hurt Republic
cans, many Democrats believe.
Foreign policy is the one issue
that both the Northern and
Southern wings Of the Democratic
Party seem united on. Two weeks
ago the Democratic Advisory
Council set the tone for the COM
ing debate on foreign policy with
a statement that accused the adj
ministration of leading the United
States "far toward political isola-
ton" from her allies. President
Eisenhower will have the oppor-
tunity TO answer the charges in
the half dozen speeches he has
scheduled for the coming weeks.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03
Virginia

In Virginia, the organization OF
7O-year Senator Harry F.
Byrd is seeking a mandate"
from the voters for continuing its
policy of m massive resistance
against school indignation. Such
a mandate, the Byrd followers
have said, can come only in the
form of an overwhelming victory
for Democrat Lindsay Almond
over Republican Ted Dalton in
the gubernatorial race.
Actually much more is at stake
for the Byrd machine, whose can
didate is expected to win easily.
The machine and its leaders, both
old and not as sure of perpetuity
as in past years, are in great need
of a massive victory to nip the
burgeoning Virginia Republican
Party, which four years ago came
within per cent of the total vote
of toppling the machine. (See
analysis of the big issue-integra-
tion-by Mary Lou Werner on
Page A-29.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03
HOW IT'S DONE
BY PHIL YEAGER and
JOHN STARK

Americans, accustomed to q
Government rigidly controlled by
a 16S-year-old Constitution, find
the periodic shake-ups within the
USSR difficult to fathom.
Malenkov gets the boot. Then
Molotov. Now Zhukov. Who
knows, maybe Khrushchev is
next. How can these upheavals
take place in a country processing
to employ modern constitutional
system? Does no one in Russia
pay any attention to law?
The answer seems to be a dou-
BILE one:
. The constitution Of the USSR
is, to a considerable degree. tail
ored to the political precepts Of
the Communist Party. In other
words, the party controls mainly
because the law was designed to
permit it.
. At the same time, according to
experts on internal Russian af-
fairs, the Soviet government does
not always follow its constitution.
When necessary, the party con-
trolls in spite of law.
The picture may be clarified by
looking at the general legal frame
work of the Soviet government
then superimposing it on party
practice.
The Socialist Stote'
Technically. the USSR is a so
cialist state Of workers and peas
ants s. (and) all power be-
longs to the working people Of
town and country as represented
by the Soviet of Working Peoples
Deputies"
Such deputies form the two
chambers of the Supreme Soviet.
which is the national legislative
body equivalent to our Congress.
In one chamber, the Soviet
(counciD of Union, there is one
deputy for every 100000 popula-
ton. In the other chamber, the
Soviet Of Nationalities, deputies
are elected on the basis Of so
many for each member republic
or region Of the union. Deputies
are elected for four-year terms.
The Supreme Soviet meets twice
a year. When each newly elected
Soviet convenes, it elects a sort
of super-Supreme Soviet - the
Presidium.
Within the legal framework Of
Soviet government, the Presidium
Is the most powerful entity. 1t
consists of a president, various
vice presidents, a secretary and
members 80 in all. This group
may convene sessions of the SUI
preme Soviet, dissolve them, pro-
vide for new elections, and 1t has
power to annul any decisions and
orders" Of the ministers of the
USSR and the union, republics
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03
HOW IT'S DONE
Red Constitution Is Shaped to Fit the Party

the fact that the same men and
women often hold Office in the
party and the government stimuli
taneouSly.
In addition, party structure has
now been reorganized to parallel
that of the recommendation
has the effect of making distinc-
lions between political party and
sovereign authority even more diff
ficult. Formerly the highest level
party organization consisted OF
the Politburo (of which Stain
was secretary-generaD, the Or
ganization Bureau and the Secre-
tariat. This has been changed so
that Russia's top board OF strate-
gists is a 15-member political
Presidium, elected by the party's
Central Committee, and an eight
member Secretariat.
It is as first secretary of the
latter exclusive group that Nikita
Khrushchev Yields pre-eminent
influence as the Party Boss" He
and his followers, however. are
also members of the committees
Presidium, which formulates party
policy, and Khrushchev himself
is finally a prominent member
of the Presidium of the Supreme
Soviet. In any event, the rapport
between the political Presidium
of the party and the legal Presid-
ium of the Supreme Soviet is
near perfect-and the Khrushchev
faction is thus able to translate
decisions reached in party sane
tums into official government
action.
Quick Changes Possible
This is how Marshal Georgi
Zhukov could be removed from
his post as Defense Minister even
though the Supreme Soviet was
not in session. The governmental
Presidium is always in session and
lldO w NAA0AAbOo
in the ministry at any time.
BY the same token it would be
no less easy to GUST Nikolai Bull
ganin, the so-called Premier Of
the USSR, from Office. Actually,
Bulganin is not a Premier in the
sense usually understood by West
ern countries. He is simply chair
man of the Executive Council Of
Ministers and, as such, is remov-
able at any time by the Supreme
Soviet or its Presidium. That, too,
is how it went with former Pre-
mier Malenkov, former Foreign
Minister Molotov, former Security
Chief Beria, and others.
In summary, while the political
power in Russia today is based
mainly on constant maneuvering
Of cliques and forces within high
party circles, the constitutional
functioning Of the government is
such that every new party align
ment can be given immediate
legal effect. .
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-11-03
Civil Rights

The actual progress of deseg-
regation in terms of numbers OF
integrated pupils. schools, cities
and States is likely to play less a
role in congressional debates and
campaigns than the more emotion
laden issue of Little Rock-and
any additional Little Rocks" that
may arise within the next year.
The Little Rock situation has
hurt both parties. In the South,
where the Republican Party had
gained a toe-hold with seven
G. o. P. House seats and q promise
Of new gains in the future, this
is known as the troop ISSUE"
Five Of the seven Republicans are
In danger of defeat because Of
the troop issue. even though the
identity of their opponents is as
yet unknown. A number OF
Southern Republican Party off,
Gals at the State level have re-
signed and others have been busy
regulating President Eisen-
hower's use of troops in Little
Rock.
But the Democrats have suf-
fered, too-probably more than
have their opponents. In North
ern urban areas, where Negroes
vote in large numbers, Republic
cans were quick to point out that
Arkansas Gov. Orval Faubus is a
Democrat, but that the President
who used troops to enforce the
courts Indignation order at Little
Rock is a Republican.
According to the announced
intentions of several members of
Congress there will be an opening
day bipartisan stampede to in
troduce broad civil rights bills
covering everything from the poll
tax to fair employment.
The contest will be to deter
mine. which party shall be &C
copied by the voters as the party
Of civil rights. Democrats, addi-
tionally, will feel that a. forceful
stand on this issue will help rid
them Of the onus of Gov. Faubus.
In. this climate, Majority Leader
Lyndon Johnson's ability as a
peacemaker and master of COM
promise viii be put to It's greatest
test,