davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-21

President Eisenhower has
learned from the mouths of
the congressional leaders
themselves that at long last
there is an unprecedented
bipartisanship and meeting Of
the minds between Republic
cans and Democrats in Con-
gress. But it does not extend
to a meeting of the minds
in favor Of the foreign policies
Of the administration.
Those who have watched
developments closely in the
last few weeks realize that
there is a definite schism
between the legislative and
executive branches Of the
Government. 1t is not due to
any partisanship but to the
fact that many members Of
Congress. having heard long
testimonies from spokesman
of the administration, have
come to the conclusion that
there are too many uncer-
tainties in the formulation of a
sound foreign policy. At no
time. say those close to these
legislators, has Secretary Dull
les stock been so low as 1t
is now. There is little. If any,
confidence left in his Judgment
and policies. There is a feel
ing that he has pushed expedi-
ency too far and has paid
too little attention to prin-
ciples. This feeling was par
ticularly illustrated in the
almost unanimous opposition
to the application Of sanctions
against Israel unless the same
measure is pushed by our
representatives in the United
Nations against other viola
tors of the Charter-the So
Wet Union. India and Hun
gary. Senator Knowland's pro-
test at Furnishing only the
little fellows" was Endorsed
not only by some Of his
Republican colleagues but also
by the whole Democratic side
of the Senate. spearheaded by
Majority Leader johnson.
At the same time, the White
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-21

hand from his late night notes
the proposed draft which he
read to the White House
meeting. He had no copies for
the President and Secretary
Of State Dulles: a White House
stenographer had to be called
in to perform that service.
Other Senators at the con-
ference tipped of reporters
that Knowland had offered the
administration a way out of
its dilemma on sanctions. After
several had repeated to him
their hearsay versions. he de-
cided to make public exactly
what he had said.
Being Knowland, he would
probably act as he did II he
stood alone. Actually he has
had the unusual and exhilarat-
ing experience on this issue
Of being the leader Of the en-
tire Senate. Majority Leader
Johnson has strongly sided
with him. as have Senators
influential in foreign policy.
The Senate does not have
the power to overrule the
President should he decide to
support sanctions against
Israel. The President makes
United Nations policy. When
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-21
A New Kind of Biportisunship

yet condemned Russia for the
invasion Of Hungary and the
Kadar government had not
treated with contempt the
U. N. demand that its teams
be permitted into Hungary to
investigate the situation on the
spot. 1t is this contemptuous
attitude which prompted the
Californian to object to the
double standard of morality
adopted by the United Nations
and our own Government. In
this he was followed by an
overwhelming number Of Sen
ators. Representatives and by
the country at large.
Members Of the legislative
bodies wonder why the inter-
national picture has become so
much darker than it was few
months ago. Since the sigma
.ture Of the armistice in Korea,
many Of them say, the coun-
try has been lulled into a feel
ing Of relative security. The
American people were told that
after so many years we were
finally at peace and that all
that was left to do was to put
together the loose ends and
make this temporary peace into
something permanent. 1t was
for this reason that the meet
ing at the summit was half
heartedly approved by so many
members of Congress. 1t was
for this reason that much Of
the administrations spending
on foreign aid was approved
by Congress and brought only
mild objections from the
heavily burdened American
taxpayers.
Now, suddenly, we are con-
fronted with a situation
fraught with danger, not only
in the Middle East. but also in
the Far East. 1t is difficult,
say the legislators. to put the
blame only on the plotters in
Moscow and Peiping. Congress
has given its unstinting sup
port to the administrators
foreign policies, and wants now
to know who has blundered.
This explains more than any
thing else the unprecedented
cooperation between Republic
cans and Democrats in this
field.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-21
CONSTANTINE BROWN
Democrats, G. o. P. Seen in Accord
Against u. S. FOREIGN Policies

House, the State Department
and the bulk Of the legislators
began to hear from the grass
roots-that segment Of the
American people that gener-
ally shows little interest in the
conduct Of foreign affairs.
While members of both houses
admit freely the large volume
of communications they have
been getting. the executive
branch of the Government is
silent. It is known that the
day after Senator Knowland
made his terSe statement, no
fewer than LOO kilograms
were received by the State De-
partment. How many more
since is now a restricted mat
ter kept away from the nosy
press.
Secretary Dulles is In q
somewhat difficult position
concerning the United Nations.
When the British French-Is-
raeli forces attacked Egypt a
week before the election last
November. we pledged our
selves to the application Of
sanctions against the invaders.
The British and French have
complied with the dictates of
the U. N. and have Withdrawn
their troops. Israel has only
partially complied and keeps
soldiers in the GAIA Strip and
the Gulf Of Aqaba. The adj
nlinistration has felt until the
protests from the country were
heard that there is no such
thing as a partial compliance
with the edicts of the United
Nations. Hence, it informed
Israel that until all its men
are withdrawn we would join
other nations in economic and
possibly political sanctions.
Senator Knowland and
others who Joined him in pro-
testing the unilateral applica-
ton of the provisions Of the
Charter were criticized by the
administration. Why did they
not raise the same objections
late in October, it is being
asked. The answer is that at
that time the U. N. had not
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-21

Moral force--the President
Of the United States and the
Congress speaking in one voice
to secure peace in the Middle
East--is the only influence, for
the present at least, that will
be applied in order to secure
the opening of the Suez Canal
and the Gulf of Aqaba to the
ships of Israel and all nations.
There is no intention on the
part of the United States to
impose any military or eco
nomic Sanctions. But 1t is
urging the Egyptian and the
Israeli governments to accept
the basis laid down by Presi-
dent Eisenhower in his mem
orandum of February II made
public last Sunday.
What is more important to-
day even than the Presidents
television S peech h. reiterating
the fundamentals of that mem
orandum, is the reception given
the document at the White
House meeting on Wednesday.
This was participated in by 81
members of both parties. con-
shutting the leadership of the
two important committees Of
the House and the Senate on
Foreign Affairs and Armed
Services.
Almost without exception,
the Democrats and Republic
cans agreed with the detectives
Of the President in trying to
find a way to attain the with
Gfawal of Israels troops from
occupied areas. There was a
unanimity of feeling and a
manifestation of the true spirit
Of bipartisanship at the meet
ing which pleased both the
President and the Secretary of
State, as well as the members
Of Congress.
It was a constructive con-
ference, because it was agreed
that the February II memo
randum was sound in every
respect and that the United
States could go no further in
giving Israel the ironclad
guarantees she seeks. Instead.
it was urged that Israel be
persuaded to accept Ameri-
can assurances and rely on
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-21
Fight Over Mideost Issue Seen Likely
To Affect Administrators Course

The tough issues in the Mid
die East crisis have become
pawns in a political battle in
the very early stages Of the Sec
ond Eisenhower administra-
ton that could affect its course
and that Of the Republican
Party.
Temporarily at least, the
President lost the initiative TO
the Senate over the matter Of
sanctions against Israel. The
incipient danger for the adj
ministration Is the often DEM
onstrated fact that the Sen
ate, which is most jealous Of
its prerogatives. including its
share in authority over foreign
policy. is hard to shake loose
once 1t seizes the initiative
from a President. Other Presi-
dents have discovered this
hard reality of American poll
tics and suffered from 1t. In
such a situation the issues
tend to become obscured in
the raw struggle for power.
Though the Senate is under
Democratic control. and the
Democratic Party ostensibly
would be the chief beneficiary
of such political advantage as
may derive from the threat
ened Senate-White House duel,
the field Of conflict in such a
situation can become bigger
and broader than party and
pit the Senate, as such, against
the White House. We must
wait to see II the present tussle
over the Middle East will
develop to that extreme, as
did a Senate-White House
conflict over a foreign policy
issue-the League Of Nations
lin the Woodrow Wilson
Democratic regime; or as did
the depression issue in Herbert
Hoover's Republican admin
istration; or as did the SUI
preme Court packing" issue
in the time of the Democrat
Franklin d. Roosevelt, which
was the last big Senate White
House struggle Of any duration.
Smarting under a second
overwhelming defeat for the
presidency. which was the
harder to take because II was
q personal victory, Democratic
leaders In Congress have been
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-21

waiting for an opening which
they recognize they are
equipped to capitalize upon by
their control Of Congress.
They found 1t In the Middle
East. The administration, YOU
may recall. kept the brewing
trouble In the Middle East
under cover during the presi-
Dental campaign until a week
before the election. Then it
exploded into the open, but
the President rather than his
Democratic opponent-Adlai
Stevenson-beneflted from 1t.
After the election the admin
istration admitted the serious
ness Of the Middle East sltua-
ton which has become :ncreas-
ingly critical by successive
developments. with which we
all are familiar.
When the President sub
rnitted his Middle East "doc-
trine" to Congress, Senate
Democrats pounced upon Sec
rotary Of State Dulles, who was
harassed and bounded for days
before the Senate Foreign Re-
lations Committee to drama
tie what Democrats called his
"bungling" in the Middle East.
Then came the ready-made
issue when both the President
and his Secretary Of State were
found In a state Of uncertainty
about sanctions against Israel,
their initial reactions being
that they we're willing to leave
this to the United Nations
where the prospect was being
discussed. Quickly there came
from Congress and from vari-
Gus outlets Of public opinion
loud and insistent complaints
about how inconsistent 1t would
be to clamp sanctions on Israel
when that had not been done
In the cases Of Soviet Russia
and Egypt. among others,
which had defied United Ma
tons resolutions.
Here there was offered TO
the Democrats q good issue,
one with justice on Its side.
To prove its justice, they had
the shining example Of the Re-
publican leader Of the Senate
Senator william F. Know
land Of California-who dra-
atized 1t first by pointing
out the U. Ms failure To do
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-21
Unonimity of Feeling on U. S. Objective!
Toward Israel Viewed as Significant

American support for the JUS
tice Of her viewpoint.
This very fact--that there
is no disunity inside the
American Government, but
rather a solid unity-when
conveyed to the authorities in
Israel. will indicate that there
is no use in holding out for
further concessions because
the maximum has already been
granted.
If there had been discord,
the Israeli cabinet might have
felt justified in waiting for
further concessions. But when
the United States speaks out
with one voice. 1t becomes
necessary for Israel to accept
what has been pledged, with
draw her troops and then see
how the American pledges are
supplemented. The Israelis can
always re-enter the occupied
zones to protect themselves
and perhaps even get military
support from other powers
if the Egyptians fail to heed
the resolutions of the U. N.
requiring free passage for all
ships through the Suez Canal
and the Gulf Of Aqaba.
There was a time at the
White House conference when
considerable sentiment was ex-
pressed in favor Of a sugges-
ton by some Of the Democrats
that a resolution be adopted
by the Senate itself to support
the February II memorandum.
But it was finally decided that
this might complicate the Sit
alton on Capitol Hill with re-
spect to other phases Of the
whole problem. such as the
status of the Eisenhower doc
trine resolution in the Senate.
It was asked specifically at
the conference whether the
President and the Secretary
Of State had determined to
recommend to the United Ma
tons that sanctions" --coer-
Give or punitive measures-be
adopted against Israel If her
troops are not withdrawn. But
the answer given was that this
contingency had not been
reached and that the debate in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-02-21
Another Southern Railway "FIRST"!

PICTURED ABOVE is the spanking-new
IBM 7O5, Model II, Electronic Data
Processing Machine installed in our
recently-opened Computer Center at
Atlanta, Ga.
This is not only the first use of this
new computer by the railroad industry.
1t is also the first commercial installation
anywhere of this latest, largest and fastest
version of the so-called "electronic brain"
with twice the remembering" capacity
of even the best of previous models.
The people's voice., 1957-08-09

ways of education to themselves and society
but ways that do not happen to be in such
demand? Is it not better to leave education
as free as possible to all good students and
then charge those who make good thing
of it financially for the support of education
through the income tax? All people who
make money, educated or not, childless or
not, receive the advantages of money only
through the services of an educated society.
There is increasing talk about scholar
ships for all worthy students, but there is
no plan in effect now and none in immedi-
ate prospect that will take care of the ordi-
nary good student who is earnest and in
dustrious but not a good athlete nor an
exceptional grade-getter Many such an
ordinary youth wants college education
and will profit by it personally and be
much better citizen for having it. Any con-
siderably higher fee will stop many such
youth from going to college, We will be
moving a step back toward the nineteenth
century English time when half the Uni
verstiy students were from a very small
segment of families with money and the
other half were the youths with very extra
ordinary brains from the immensely larger
unmoneyed segment of society.
And how can any widely spread scholar
ship program, dependent as it must be on
fail to encourage the very drift toward
conformity of conduct and opinion that
we so lament in our present college life?
The people's voice., 1957-08-09
PHYSICS I'm The SCHOOLS
BY DR.. RULON c. JEPPESEN,
Professor of Physics, MSU


In these times when the fruits of physics
are of daily concern in our international
relations and of untold and perhaps un-
known humanitarian consequences to the
race. how has this subject Jared in the
curriculum of our schools? We may we'll
ask whether or not emphasis on this, the
pioneer science, has kept pace in the schools
subject that has occurred during the last
half century. The answer is that quite the
contrary has been the case
In the March 1866 issue of the journal
PHYSICS TODAY, Professor w. C. Kelly
of the University of Pittsburgh presents
some completely documented data con-
cerning enrolment trends in high school
physics as we'll as in other science and
mathematics courses. Some of these data
are presented herewith, by permission of
the editor of PHYSICS TODAY.
In 1895 over $50 of all students gradu-
ating from high school in that year had
taken a course in physics. In 1852 only
about 21 % had taken a course in physics.
Perhaps the most significant data appears
in one of Professor Kelly's graphs, which
shows the percentage of the total national
high school enrolment that was enrolled
in each of the several science courses dur
ing the years from 1890 to 1852. Biology
leads having risen from about TO to 20@o
in less than forty years. General science, a
ninth grade subject, is close second.
Judged by enrollments, biology and general
The people's voice., 1957-08-09
Student Fees
Continued From Page One)


speculate about the causes and conse-
quences of the change in policy.
Obviously there is a much larger pro-
portion of high school graduates coming to
college in recent years and this greatly in
creases the cost to the state. The cost
charged to the student who goes to a pri-
vate college is much greater and is rapidly
increasing; perhaps it is thought that public
institutions will get an undue number of
students if fees are not increased.
Undoubtedly some people think that too
many youth are going to college and higher
fees will be means of making them think
twice before embarking on a course for
which they may not have the mental ability
OF the serious intention that significant
education requires. Other people assert
that college is a highway to professional
advancement and economic advantage, so
it is only fair that those who profit from
college should pay good part of the bill.
(This supposition argues the other way
toe. of course; if higher education is an
economic advantage, then no serious youth
should be denied his chance at an educa-
ton; for it is not just people who have
money to pay taxes but all people who
work that really support any institution
in a modern society,"
Probably most of the educators who
concur in this policy of raising fees sup
pose that its consequences need not be
unfortunate. But certain questions ought
to be asked. Will higher fees not make it
harder for the serious but financially poor
student to come to college? Will they not
make it less likely that all the children from
a large family will get to come to college,
and even less likely that intelligent parents
will wish to have large families? The answer
will probably be that these hard cases will
be taken care of by loans and scholarships
to deserving students.
But what if deserving students do not
want to end their college careers in debt?
The much greater cost of board and room
and books is already burden to many a
good student, and there are few of us who
do not know very worthy youths who have
quit college or who never came because the
financial burden was too great. Loading
graduates with debt is no good scheme in
a rich society like ours No youth in order
to get his education wants to deprive his
parents of money they need, and no parent
wants to be dependent on his children for
support in his later years.
There are frequent proposals that state
be given to college students who
themselves for specially needed
lines of work like science and teaching
which not enough youths are now following
But is it wise to raise fees and then give
fee reductions to these special students?
Does it not lay both temptation and
The people's voice., 1957-08-09

Physics struggles along with present en-
rollments somewhat larger than sociology
(3.4%) for example, but decidedly less
than agriculture (6.7%).
In 1949 slightly more than $50 of high
school students were enrolled in physics.
In that same year Montanas per cent high
school enrolment was nots significantly
higher, being $40.
Certainly the value of other sciences
that have Jared better than physics is not
to be deprecated but how are we to view
the decline in interest and enrolment in
the particular physical science that not
only has had such profound effect upon
society but which offers such outstanding
opportunities for training and development
in the kinds of intellectual activities that
characterize our scientific age? When we
hear continually of the shortage of scien-
lists and the Importance of scientific de-
velopment to the maintenance of our ma
tional welfare can we view without con-
Germ the startling decrease in emphasis
on the primary and fundamental physical
science?
that is heard concerning the physics course
given in the high schools is that this course
has been maintained in the "traditionaP
manner and has not become "functionaP
in terms of the activities of modern society
and of high school students in particular.
To this writer this criticism seems nothing
more nor less than depreciation of physics
courses because they have not become, say,
engineering or mere descriptions of appli-
cations of the science rather than the
science itself.
But physics is a science, not technology
1t ends and objectives are only in part
materialistic and, as far as being function
al in the lives of the students" is concerned,
are necessarily more remote and subjective
than is the case in the chronological disci-
plines. The fact that no one, not even the
scientist who developed a basic principle
or uncovers a new relationship, can foresee
all the consequences Of his work has been
demonstrated innumerable times and is
basic to the understanding and apprecia-
ton of the pure sciences.
Are our young people so short sighted
and so lacking in intellectual qualities that
they can only accept and study offerings
that yield immediate functional returns?
If so, how can we be optimistic about main
tanning this nations preeminent position
in technology in the future?
One wonders if our society, enamoured
of our material advantages, has not over
emphasized them to the detriment of the
basic sciences upon which these advantages
depend, and if this over-empha-
sis is not mirrored in the attitudes of the
schools and their students.
Arizona sun., 1957-11-14
FASTER BUS SERVICE ON
CITY ROUTES

A Speed-up Of buses on City
routes to provide faster and bet
ter bus service on City routes
covered by the municipal tran
sit system has been authorized
by the City Council.
One of the methods to be used
in providing faster service is the
elimination Of as many unpro-
eected intersections as possible,
and given buSses the right-of-
way whenever possible.
The Traffic Engineer will CO.
operate closely with the Division
of Public Transit in correcting
deficiencies at interS c tt onS
throughout the City. The use Of
the new yield right -of-way"
signs will be of considerable as
sistance in accomplishing this.
They will be installed at certain
intersections which need some
traffic control but do not war
rant stop signs.
Arizona sun., 1957-11-14
BIGGEST NEGRO
RADIO STATION

from Cairo, Ill. to Jackson, Miss.
It was soon needed not only
in homes and cars but in the
fields, where cotton pickerS still
take portable radios to pick up
the iSk-jockey ramblingS Of
Theo CBleSs My Bones') Wade
and such musical shows as Tan
Town Coffee Club, Wheelin' on
Beale and Hallelujah Jubilee.
Despite the jazzy titles VIDA
favors spirituals over romp- and
stomp music.
The stations strongest pitch
is not to the ear but the heart.
During it's 4 a.m.-to- midnight
schedule, it airs hundreds of
distress calls, ranging from
alarms for lost children to pleas
for blood donors. AS a tracer of
missing persons, it puts radios
fictional Mr.. Keen to shame, has
a stringer system all over the
South to help in tracking them
down. Last year VIDA gave
baseball uniforms and equip
ment to $50 boys, is now raising
funds for an orphanage.
Like it's old owners, WDLA's
new buyer, Egmont Sonderling
of Oak Park, Ill, is white, and
so is it's management. With more
sponsors than he can crow into
his schedule, even at the rate
of one every five minutes, Broad
caster Sonderling plans to keep
Memphis VIDA on the same
old lucrative beam.
(From, Times Magazine, Nov. II
iSSue)