davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-08-12
CONSTANTINE BROWN
Underpoid Workers Resort to Strikes;
Government Is Practically Destitute

from industry and business
of the individuals and the
companies can be easily
compared with those earned
by similar categories in the
United States, Germany or
Italy.
On the other hand, the in
dustrial workers can barely
make ends meet. More than
so per cent of them earn only
500 a month. They, of
course, pay no taxes. The
government has learned that
any effort to extract even
a minimum contribution
toward the heavy expendi-
lures Of the state will be an
swered with Gripping strikes.
Many industries we're ma
tionalized after the war
when the Communists par
ticipated in the national
government. All utilities
gas. electricity, railways and
subways-are now the prop
erty of the nation and the
employees are state officials.
AS the cost of living
mounts. the government
must increase wages and
salaries lest France be with
out electricity or transporta-
ton. To make up the cost. it
is necessary to raise rates
ever so often.
The cost of living in Paris
and other important centers
has continued its upward
spiral. particularly in the
last three years. To under
stand the plight of the work.
ers, one must compare the
earnings not in relation to
the franc-dollar value but to
the purchasing power in
America and in France. For
instance, a pair of shoes rep
resents the earnings of a
worker for four days. A suit
of clothes takes all he can
make in three weeks. A
pound Of good beef costs
about $3.50.
The famous national dish.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-08-12
DAVID LAWRENCE

The people of New Eng
land lost one Of their most
precious civil rights" over
the week end and one of
their most important con-
stitutional rights. too, when
the principal daily news
papers of Boston were shut
down.
The Constitution says
plainly that Congress shall
make no law which abridges
the freedom Of the press.
But using the privilege of
organizing workers into labor
unions as granted by the
labor management laws
passed by Congress in 1885
and l947 - several labor
unions by concerted action
shut down a publishing
operation.
The right to strike is only
an individual right. Any
man can refrain from work.
ing If he pleases. Likewise,
he has a right to stay on the
job, even if a strike is ordered
by his union. There is, how
ever, no constitutional right
bestowed upon any labor
union-acting as a group or
organization-to order its
own members or to conspire
to influence other labor
unions also. to close down a
publishing property and thus
deprive the press of its free
dom as guaranteed by the
First Amendment.
The Supreme Court of the
United States lately has been
Jealous in protecting the
rights of Communists, Com
munist Sympathizers and
their organizations when re-
fusing to answer questions
asked by investigating COM
mittees of Congress. The
new rule is that the First
Amendment protects the in
dividual even against inquiry
by Congress. But now when
the right of individuals to
publish is impaired in Bos-
ton, what will the Depart
ment of Justice do about it?
The same question arose in
1858 when a similar strike
occurred in New York. Many
Of the unions which were
engaged in the mechanical
and other branches of the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-08-12
Senate Fovors Permanent u. N. Force;
Atoms for Peace, Mutual Aid Pushed

its forthcoming session, well
comes creation Of that Mid
die East emergency force. 1t
urges that "a force of a sim
liar character be made a per-
manent arm of the United
Nations" 1t also recommends
that it be made up Of troops
from members of the United
Nations which are not mem
bers Of the U. N. Security
Council, as is the present
Middle East force.
Another important meas
ure pending in Congress is
that to promote the peace
full development Of the atom
through the so-called atoms
for peace" plan originally
proposed by President Eisen-
hover. The international
agency already has been set
UP.
In connection with an
other important aspect OF
our foreign policy there is
some difficulty ahead. That
is the Mutual Security Pro-
gram Of economic and mill
tary aid to our allies among
free nations.
In its original form as in
itiated by former President
Truman-the Marshall Plan
lit was as bold as the "atoms
for peace" proposal and our
latest proposal at the Lon
don disarmament negotia-
tons in which we offer to
open for inspection all OF
North America north of the
Rio Grande, along with
NATO nations in Europe. in
exchange for inspection Of
Russia and her eastern Eu-
ropean satellites.
President Eisenhower's
program called for $3.8 bill
lion. In authorization bills.
the Senate cut this TO t3.e
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-08-12

Our leadership in disarma-
ment, which seems to be max
ing slow but sure progress in
London. is a matter not only
Of hope but of national pride.
Back home in Congress are
other projects related to the
cause Of peace. and in effect
they are part Of the whole
big job.
One Of them. our foreign
economic and military aid
program. is under a threat Of
being curtailed beyond the
need at this time. But let us
look first at two others which
have not won the public at
tention, and thus the empha-
sis. that they deserve.
One was almost lost sight
OF in the midst Of other
measures that we're rushed
through the Senate last week.
Far transcending in impor-
lance the time taken to APP
prove 1t is the resolution
sponsored by Senator John
Sparkman Democrat, Ala
bama) which put the Senate
on record as favoring Gre
alton Of a permanent United
Nations police force to keep
the peace.
Such a police force was, as
we know. authorized in the
charter Of the United Ma
lions adopted IL years ago in
San Francisco. But nothing
has ever been done about it.
New impetus came from Gre
alton OF a United Nations
Emergency Force last year
for the Middle East after the
attack on Egypt by Israel,
Britain and France. and the
success Of that temporary
police force.
The Sparkman resolution.
which will be laid before the
~. N. General Assembly at
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-08-12
Boston Newspaper Wolkout Seen
Abridqinq Civil Right of Readers

publishing operation had no
dispute with the employer
but refrained from crossing
a picket line"
In Boston, out of the vari-
Gus unions involved at the
newspaper plants, all but
one-the mailers-sign ne d
contracts and were willing
to work. The publishers Of
fered to submit the contro-
versy over wages to arbitra-
ton. But those unions which
were not parties to the dis
pute nevertheless announced
that they would support the
strike and did order their
members not to cross picket
lines. Such concerted action
shut down the whole plant.
Thus a strike by $50 mailers
forced out of work 5000 other
employees.
The existing Federal stat
ute (Section 241 of Title 1G.
U. S. Code) says in part:
IF two or more persons
conspire to injure, Cypress,
threaten or intimidate any
citizens in the free exercise
or enjoyment of any right or
privilege secured to him by
the Constitution or laws of
the United States, or because
of his having exercised the
same they shall be fined
not more than $4,000 or i'm
prisoned not more than ten
years or both"
The foregoing is the law
of the land" today but the
Department of Justice has
been hesitant heretofore to
apply it. In the pending
civil rights" bill-as passed
by the House-the Attorney
General would be empowered
to seek civil injunctions
wherever any constitutional
right is impaired. This, of
course. would remove all
doubt as to the power of the
Federal Government to pros
ecute "conspiracies" to inter-
fere with the freedom of the
press. There is, nevertheless,
even under present law, ade-
quate authority to question
in the courts the concerted
action Of labor unions in Bos-
ton in the last few days.
A newspaper might get
along somehow without the
Evening star., 1957-03-31
Program Listin9s

1880
4-Gumby. Kids.
Bob Nicholson. host
S-Mishty Mouse. Kids.
100
4-Fury. Adventure.
5-N. Y. Times Youth Forum.
9-Winky Dink and You.
Drowino and Stories Tor children.
1l:30
4-Coptoin Gollont.
5-Stor Of the West. Movie
? Hours. The Lost Troll" " l943
Johnny Mock Brown. "Ho~k OF
Powder River" l94S. Eddie
Oeon
9-Toles Of Texos Rongers.
The Ronosrs troll thieves who
stole dynonite from on old gold
prospector who joined the uron-
ium rush. Willord Porker.
Evening star., 1957-03-31
April s

$3.50
9-Piek Temple. Kids.
" Hours. Fury OF Red 6uich."
Bill Willioms Plus cortoons.
400
5-Record Hop. Milt Grant.
Hour. Teen -ooefs' donce porty
4:3o
4-Eneore Playhouse. Movie
"a Hours. "ModsIeine " 1850
Ann Todd. Leslie 6onks
7-Eddie Arnold. Songs.
500
5-Stor Playhouse.
Sister VeroAico." Irene Dunno
7-Ciown Corner. Kids.
9-Moster's Golf TouFnomsnt.
Hour. AZ Augusta. Gsoroio.
National Golf Club
$50
5-BilIy Johnson Show.
7-GoIdbsEgs. Comedy.
Molly Goldberg ston.
Evening star., 1957-03-31
EVENING

500
4-Troffie Court. Triol
Dromotizoions OF octuol coses.
5-Copitol Corovon. Variety.
Hour Host, Bob Mcewen.
7-Chompionship Sowing.
Bill 6unstto vs. Buzz Fozio.
9-Stories Of the Century.
Black Bort" The true exploits
OF O notorious stooecooch rob
Der who wos olwoys polite 10
women kind TO the children and
never shot anyone in the course
OF n robbsrIes.
$50
4-World News.
9-The Count Of Monte CPisto.
The count rides the first steam
locomotive 70 overt on explosion
and seek out those who plotted
it. George Doienz
6:45
+-Sports Time.
TOO
4-Studio 81. Dromo.
5-Grond Ole opTy. Variety,
Hour. Country Music.
7-Golen Droks Show. Voriety.
Featuring Rito Ellis, Stuort Fos-
ter and Bernie leiohton's or
chestro.
9-Hishwoy Petrol. Crime.
Chief Mothews outsmurts three
desperote crininols who employ
clever "Troion Horse" russ
eroderick Crowtord.
7:30
4-Psopls Are Funny.
Evening star., 1957-03-31

rsaAoht ., HAS en- WToP.TV. channels
Winner Of 6 Academy Awards
nOW omaaM WAS NV VALLss
aA1ins " sltsr Pidgsoa &AisaSssn o'Hsrs
Evening star., 1957-03-31
SATURDAY

Is0S
S-MOditetion. lnspirotionol.
Varied religious messages.
500
S-Stop. Look and Listen.
Mesr the StorS os YOU tour Ho'-
lY~ocd with Riohord Coriscn.
$3.50
%-csVtoon Circus. Kids.
S-0swsId Rebbit. Kids.
900
4-csptsin Midnight.
S-Ask-lt Boskst. Kids Quiz.
$3.50
<-TsUr 6sFdsn. Holly Wright.
S.Csptsin kansoroo. Kids.
1000
<-hswdy- Doedy. Kids.
Evening star., 1957-03-31
:I11lG13lN

1900
4-True Story. Dromo.
9-Bis Top. Circus Acts.
1880
Adjective Diary.
Filmed odvsnturss Of Inspector
Mork Sober.
100
4-Hrooke Johns. Kids.
9-The Lone Rongsr. Western.
The ronqsr ond his nephsw be-
come embroiled with o bond OF
9unmen and stage robbers when
the mosked mon cotches and
stops o runowoy stoes cooch.
1850
4-Cortoon Circus. Kids.
5-SotuFdoy Movies.
"a Hours The Countsrpunch
l94o Joe kirkwood, Jr. Amer
icon Empire" 1912. Preston Fos-
ter
9-Boston Bloekie. Crime.
When Blockie and Mary offend
on engagement party the host
IS murdered.
200
4-Westevn Feoture.
! Hour
9-Soturdoy Motinee. Movie.
"a Hours. The Dssperodoes
l943. A hunted ounmon tolls in
love with the douohtsr OF o
bonker he hod plonned TO hold
up RondoIph Scott Cloire Trevor.
Glenn Ford
500
4-Footlisht ThsetsF. Movie.
Va Hours.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-29

historically. whites and Negroes
work together in many pursuits in
Arkansas.
you know about the League Of
Women Voters. of course" he said.
Its been integrated for two years.
And the Urban League has had
top level support from the Ar
kansas business community for
some time"
The Urban League is an organi-
zation dedicated to the improve
ment of the Negroes condition.
Generally considered more mod
crate in its approach to racial
problems than the National Asso-
citation for the Advancement Of
Colored People. the Urban League
has many prominent Arkansas
whites on its board of directors.
zone Of the whites who up to
fairly recently was an Urban
League director is Jimmy Karam.
an enigmatic figure close to Gov.
Faubus. Mr.. Karam was greatly
in evidence in and around the mob
at Central High School Monday.
He has, quite naturally. lost what
ever support he once had from the
colored community
"They had to get rid Of Jimmy
Karam out Of the Urban League"
the manufacturer said.
Peaceful Bus chonee
What about when they inte-
grated the buses?" a Texan asked.
THAT was amazingly peaceful"
the Arkansan replied. Not an in
cident. It's what made us so GER
tain there wasn't going to be any
school trouble.
why. you know, last January
when they integrated those buses,
the white folks and the Negroes
Just took to integrated seating as
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-29
THURSDAY

AS tension gradually diminished.
attendance at Central High stood
at 1850 students of a total en-
rollment Of 2.000-100 more than
on the previous day. There were
no student walkouts when the
Negroes appeared in class. (On
Wednesday. more than a dozen
white students had stalked out
Of the school when the Negroes
entered under escort.) The crowds
OF segregationists that had
tainted the paratroopers on
Wednesday had disappeared.
Gov. Faubus came out of Sc
clusion with an emotion laden
radio-T'V address bitterly criti-
cizing the Federal Intervention
and disclaiming responsibility for
the violent events that had oc-
Cured in his capital city.
Gov. Faubus compared the sit
uation in Little Rock with that
in Budapest under Soviet &C.
cupation and Paris under Nazi
occupation.
I'VE are now an occupied ter
ritory." he said. Holding up news
photographs. he continued: Evil
dence Of the naked force Of the
Federal Government is here APP
parent in these unsheathed bay
onets in the backs Of school
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-29
The Transfers:
Internal Strife

The embattled International
Brotherhood Of Transfers pre-
pared for a tumultuous national
convention last week with a legal
squabble within its own ranks.
On Friday, at the request Of 10
New York members of the giant
union. Federal Judge F. Dickinson
Let's granted temporary injunc-
ton restraining the scheduled
election Of officers at the Miami
Beach convention, which opens
Monday. The plea for the injunc-
ton was based on the charge that
the convention was rugged to as
sure the election Of vice president
James r. Hoffa. center Of the
controversy that has threatened
the Transfers with expulsion
from the AFL-CIO.
Saturday afternoon, however,
Teamster lawyers persuaded a
three judge panel Of the Circuit
Court Of Appeals to stay the Let's
injunction. which means that
barring further complications-the
election can take place as sched-
uled. The appeals court held Judge
Let's had gone beyond the neces-
sites Of the situation"
Other developments in the
Teamster controversy last week:
. The AFL-CIO executive coun-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-29

if they'd been used to it all their
lives"
Because three Of the FIVE pas
sengers in the lounge were in or
on the fringes Of business and
finance. the talk soon turned to
what was going to happen. de-
velopment-wise, in THE Land Of
Opportunity"
Somebody out at the country
club wisecracked last night that
when Orval gets through with it.
Arkansas will be known as The
Land Of Lost Opportunity" the
manufacturer said.
Really. a lot Of people who
might have been attracted here
by our right-to-work laws that
hold down labor unrest probably
will tend to stay away now be-
cause they are scared of racial un-
rest"
The manufacturer turned to the
reporter.
Il saw that TV show with you
and Faubus." he said. 1.-THE worst
thing FaubuS said, from the stand
point Of Arkansas development,
was that crack he made to you
about how Arkansas people don't
talk to strangers"
The reporter commented that
most OF the Arkansas folks he had
met were cordial and communica-
tive.
Certainly" the manufacturer
said. ITS a lot of nonsense about
our not talking to strangers. But
people up North don't know that,
and I'll bet lot of them driving
West 60 via Missouri or Louisiana.
You know, Arkansas really isn't a
hard State to avoid If you
want to-"
The lawyer said he had heard
Continued on Page Ash
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-29

were quickly removed. One man
who refused to move when ordered
to do SO. and instead grabbed for
a soldiers bayonet, was knocked
down. With a quick movement.
the soldier reversed his rife and
rammed the butt into the mans
face. Another man also refused
to move in the face Of advancing
bayonets and he was jabbed in
the arm by one.
Some 700 students stayed away
from school. many as a part Of
an organized boycott. others be-
cause their parents feared for
their safety.
Near the school, a Negro teliv-
cry boy, on an errand to a white
woman's house. was set upon by
a gang Of white boys. The woman
let the delivery boy into the house
and locked the door behind him.
Outside the boys set up a cry Of
burn the house down." and one
yelled: What are you? A niger
lover?"
The woman opened the door
and answered: mo. But ! am a
Christian woman"
Inside the high school, there
were no incidents. Most Of the
white students. according to all
reports. accepted the Negroes
calmly during this first full day
OF indignation at Central High.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-29
How 1t Happened

The Presidents action followed
a 20-day sequence of events that
brought home as nothing else
had the cataclysmic nature of the
social change demanded by the
Supreme Courts decision.
On September 3, the day Little
Rocks schools opened, Gov. Fau-
bus had ringed Central High
School with National Guardsmen
in order, he said. to prevent vio-
lence. The Guardsmen barred Ne
gro students from the school. On
September 20. Federal District
Judge Ronald N. Davies ordered
the Governor not to interfere fur
ther with indignation at the
school. Three hours later, Gov.
Faubus withdrew his troops. Thus.
when the time came for the school
to open last Monday morning.
preservation Of the peace was in
the hands Of local and State po-
licemen. Here is what happened:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-29

girls in the bloody face Of
this railroad worker who was bay
oneted and then felled by the
butt of a rife :" actually, the
man was not bayoneteD.
The Governor reminded his
audience that. when his National
Guard troops were stationed
around the school during which
time Negro students were turned
away mo bayonetS were used
and the weapons of Guardsmen
we're never loaded"
After voicing a plea in behalf
Of States rights. castigating three
political opponents and charging
the FBI with holding schoolgirls
incommunicado FBI chief Hoov-
er angrily called the charge a
falsehoodl. Gov. Faubus appealed
for peace and obedience to the
orders Of the soldiers.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-29

Gil on Wednesday demanded the
expulsion of Teamster officials re-
sponsible for corruption in the
union. Though his name was not
mentioned. it was clear that the
council was pointing a finger at
Mr.. Hoffa. 1t gave the Transfers
80 days to act.
. In New York, q Federal grand
jury indicted Mr.. Hoffa on five
counts of perjury in connection
with overlapping plot.
. The Senate Rackets Investi-
eating Committee charged that
Mr.. Hoffa had spent $4,000 Of
Transfers funds to defend four
union officials convicted Of ex-
tortion or dynamiting and to pay
their salary while they were in
jail.
. The Transfers Union aban.
doned its plans to make scandal.
tainted President Dave Beck it,
president-emeritus with an UNI
limited expense account.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-29

1t was being reported in Little
Rock after Gov. Faubus' Thurs
day speech that the administra-
ton was anxious to get the troops
out Of Little Rock before the
President meets the Southern
Governors delegation on Tues
day.
But one high Justice Depart
ment official said that "Faubus
practically invited the continued
use Of the troops in failing to
indicate in his speech that the
State could. or was willing, to
enforce the courts orders"
1t was pointed out that. one
Of the first questions Mr.. Eisen-
hover is likely to ask the South
ern Governors when he sees them
will be: What proof do you have
that the State can or will back
up the courts order against in
terfering with orderly indignation
at Central High School?
1t was expected that when the
paratroopers of the l0lst Divi-
sion are finally removed, they will
leave behind to see the task
through the Arkansas National
Guard, whose commander in chief
is no longer Orval Faubus, but
Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-29
WEDNESDAY

Two squads of tough para
troopers, their MI rifles flashing
8-lnch bayonets in the morning
sun, escorted the nine Negroes
into the school before the eyes
of Sullen groups OF men and
women gathered outside the cor
don Of 1000 soldiers deployed
around the school area.
Gen. Walker was greeted with
applause when he told the student
body of Central High that he in
tended to use all means neces-
sary" to carry out my orders"
and that you have nothing to
fear from my soldiers"
Any doubts among Little Rocks
segregatlonistS gathered outside
while Gen. Walker was speaking
that his soldiers were any less
willing to carry out their orders
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-09-29
Middle East:
Stability Near?

Stability in the strife.ridden
and highly volatile Middle East is
more than just an attractive goal
to the Vests policy-makers these
days. Its achievement would be
the most significant thing they
could hope for, short of the GER
tain end to the cold war. For the
Middle East is now the active front
Of the cold war and the scene Of
RusSia'S current offensive.
additionally. stability in any
situation can be achieved by one
Of two methods: Cd BY the exer-
else of sufficient force to quell the
factors and elements making for
continued instability. or (2) by
the emergence of decisive trends
inside the affected area making
for an indigenous stability, with
out the application of force from
without. The last, Of course, is
the highly desirable method.
There were signs last week that
just such development might be
in the making in the Middle East.
1t is still too early to put too
optimistic a valuation on the visit
Of King Saud of Saudi Arabia to
Damascus. the capital of Syria.
But on the basis of available In
formation. added to the pattern
already established by the affable
and absolute ruler Of oil-rich
Saudi Arabia. Western diplomats
are more cheerful than they have
been for many gloomy week.
Chief basis for the Western
smiles has been the insistence on
King Saud's part that the over
riding consideration in relations
among the Arab nations must be
that Of Arab nationalism. Our
common interest" the desert mon
arch declared as he prepared to
leave Syria, lis in defense of our
freedom and independence" AS
a consequence. he went on, no
Arab could possibly raise a hand
to encroach on any other Arab"
During the dangerous crisis in
the Middle East over the abortive
northumberland invasion OF
Egypt last year. the Saudi Ara
bian king exercised a moderate
ing role that has only recently
been completely appreciated.
Again. when powerful elements
in Jordan sought to overthrow
young King Hussein Of Jordan
and establish pro-Soviet regime,
1t was King Saud whose timely
and tempered intervention boil
stored the pro Western forces
backing Hussein.
Significantly. Iraq's Premier,
Ali Jawdat, made a quick flight to
Damascus to join in the talks.
Since Syria and Iraq have been
at swords point since Iraq's adj
herence to the controversial Bagh-
dad pact. this visit alone was
taken as an indication that Saud's
role as peacemaker was bearing
fruit.