davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-06-02

could throw bombs at a small en-
emy-or plant them in the West or
East-and by touching them of
convince Russia or the United
States that the great holocaust had
begun? To some. it is possible to
imagine nightmare In which ia
matte enemies of Russia, for exam
pie, might bomb Stalingrad, in
hopes that Russia would reply
against the West, and thus bring
down our final massive retaliation.
In the resulting chaos, the mad
enemies of Russia would calculate,
their own position would be i'm
proved.
What are prospects for prevent
ing other countries from becoming
atomic powers?
This is one OF the prime ques-
tons before the disarmament dis
cusSions in London today. Some
planners in the State Department
reason that Russia has more to
fear than we, from atomic chaos,
for she has more reason to fear
ruthless enemies. Thus it is pos
sible that Russian self-interest
would be a strong weight on the
side Of maintaining the present
situation, which is tense but has
q certain stability.
Others can say the currents Of
nationalism viii not permit leaders
Of rising countries to submit to q
system which insures they can
never be more than second-class
powers. The psychology Of the
have-not countries often takes the
turn that they would like to wait
until they own these evils Of West
ern civilization, then I'VE can all
abolish them together" Many. for
example, say that a Russia which
has A-b0mbs and H-bombs Is likely
to be more sincere about abolishing
them than the Russia which had
never gained the prestige Of build
ing them.
These are some Of the frightening
or hopeful uncertainties which the
Fourth Country" may add to this
already uncertain world.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-06-02

VERY CONTROVERSIAL
Our Toxicobs Get Congressional Attention

1t seems certain that the biggest
battle will be over what rate system
should be used. Mr.. league &C
knowledged that meter interests
have brought pressure for q change.
Ask Rote Hearing
At the same time. q group rep
resenting about 5000 hackers from
several companies and associations
has filed a request with the District
Public Utilities Commission for a
rate hearing. This faction wants to
retain the zone system (adding a
fifth zone in the Chevy Chase area)
and is seeking an increase of 10
cents for single fares, and S cents
per passenger for group riders.
Shortly after the rate hearing re-
quest was filed. Associated Taxi.
cab Operators, Inc, petitioned Mr..
league to release o report made
by House District Committee Clerk
William N. Mcleod. IT,, which rec
ommends meters.
~ oRRSaAo VIC PAOfOAACAAto VI tllC
present fare system have an edge.
The annual District appropriations
measure approved by the House and
awaiting Senate action prohibits
use Of funds for inspection or regu-
lation Of taxi meters by the PUG.
This bar against meters has been
in the District appropriations bill
since 1888.
Meter proponents also suffered a
defeat In QUESTIONABLE sent out to
hackers by Mr.. league earlier this
year. About 5000 cab drivers re-
turned the QUESTIONABLE and Mr..
league reported the response was
way heavy on the side of the zone
system" Few private citizens or cit
liens associations have expressed
their views to him on the meter
zone system.
Mr.. league said he had studied
extensive reports made on the taxi
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-06-02
WHO Will BE NEXT? 41+.s-
The Problem Of the Fourth Country
WHO WILL BE NEXT?
By MICHAEL AnaRINE

For some years the planning
committees Of the State and De-
tense Departments have worried
about something they called the
Fourth Country" problem.
:. Policy planners reviewing grand
military strategy or the organiza-
ton Of the United Nations. or con-
sidering disarmament or arms con-
troll. sooner or later talk about the
change In the balance of power
which the Fourth Country" would
cause.
VA person overhearing some Of
these conversations, or seeing the
a1ame in document. might assume
chat 1t was q code name. The very
words have an aura Of mystery: the
afoufth Country" sounds as omi-
nous as the Third Man.
: The explanation Of the Fourth
Country" is not mysterious, al
though it may wen be omnibus. The
expression arises from the fact that
Ohiy three countries now have the
ability to make atomic bombs-the
United States, Great Britain and
Russia. Someday there might be q
fourth, and when that day comes
there wiz be inevitably q change in
the world power balance.
The whole world is talking these
Jays about new disarmament pro-
p6sals. A feature which the West
has suggested as part Of the over
all pattern Of arms control is an
agreement that only the Big Three
should have A-bombs. This provi-
SION would attempt to make Ger
tain there never would be a Fourth
Country. But unless some such
agreement is reached, there win
some day be fourth, q nth, a
sixth =. and perhaps in our life
time, a 18th or 50th atomic power.
would the advent Of the Fourth
Country" change the international
situation for better or worse?
Would the world be less stable?
Would we have what some observers
predict-an atomic jungle?" Would
possession Of atomic bombs auto
matically make any small power
Into big power? Would the world
be at the mercy of any mailman
who can inspire his followers to
seize bomb supply?
81 These are q few Of the perplexing
questions raised by the problem
n the Fourth Country"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-06-02

cab industry by the Washington
Criminal Justice Association.
which found:
. Two cases where hackers with
vision in only one eye had killed
pedestrians with their cabs, were
never charged in connection with
the deaths and Continued to drive
their cabs. present qualifications
do not specify vision in both eyes.)
. Many reports Of overcharging.
Most common source Of such COM
plants is where hacker takes
passenger outside of the District.
Once a District-licensed cab leaves
the District line there is no regula-
ton or law governing the fare. In
side the District the fare for single
passengers now ranges from
40 cents in the first zone to S1.2O
in the nth zone.
. Charges that some companies
do not have complete records of
vehicles they own; that cabs are
titled in the name Of one company
and operated under the "colors" of
another; that cabs owned by one
corporation bear the printed name
Of another.
. Reports that cabs have been
used in gambling, bootlegging and
other criminal activities.
Would Simplify Rules
To do away with the confusion
surrounding ownership, thel Asso-
citation recommended a revision
and simplification" Of present
regulations to eliminate the
chaos and resulting avoidance
Of responsibility and liability"
The association also recon-
mended sitter standards to weed
out the small percentage Of unde-
sirable hackers using their cabs for
vice or criminal activities.
1t avoided the meter and limita-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-06-02
THE FORMOSA STORY
Continued From Page A-2s

=, Continued From Page A-23
Rhine boys and pedicab drivers to
students and teachers. Only frac-
ton could have been motivated by
or even conscious Of such issues as
extraordinarily. On the MAIN
land before World War II, foreign
ers had settlements and concessions
where they enjoyed extraterritorial-
ity. exercising Jurisdiction not only
over their own nationals, but also
over Chinese living there. Nothing
Ike that exists on Formosa.
]. Ofiicial American civilians here,
however. enjoy diplomatic immu-
nifty from Chinese jurisdiction.
Members of the American Military
Advisory Group have the same i'm
nnunity through an exchange of
notes in 1851.
:, Negotiations for q status-of-
forces agreement, governing juris-
.diction over servicemen, concerns
only the tactical forces, that might
,be assigned here TO implement the
1854 mutual defense treaty. Until
such an agreement is concluded
the guided-missile units and the
air task force on Formosa are re-
'earded as part Of MAAG.
:FrustrotiOn Moy Be Foetor
Foreign Minister Yeh has denied
ithat any political or military or
'ganization was behind the riots.
There might have been subcon-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-06-02
BY PHIL YEAGER and
JOHN STARK

The s0-called "Girard College
Case" in which the Supreme Court
outlawed racial discrimination in q
private school. promises to take
its place among the more contro-
versial decisions of recent times.
Not only have the schools trus-
tees. the Philadelphia Board Of City
Trusts, petitioned the Court to re-
consider its decision, but other
schools and colleges all over the
country are wondering just how to
take the whole thing.
A good example is little Haver-
ford College. 125-year-old Quaker
school q few miles down the pike"
from Girard in Philadelphia.
Haverford has been wrestling with
the problem of whether or not to
accept a grant Of Defense Depart
ment funds for research in organic
chemistry. However. Haverford dis
eliminates" It discriminates on the
basis Of sex and. to degree, re-
ligion. So the question Is
II Haverford accepts Federal
money for research, does the Gov
ernment-on the theory Of a DEM
onstrable public interest similar to
that which brought Girard under
court scrutiny-have the power to
stop any discrimination IN favor Of
male Quaker students?
On a practical plane the question
may be far-fetched. So far as legal
rationale is concerned. it may not
be.
Educators Are Puzzled
Ever since the United States
Supreme Court On April 20 upset
the holding Of the Pennsylvania
Supreme Court regarding Girard
Colleges traditional policy of re-
stricting its enrolment to poor
white male orphans" educators
have been mulling over the possible
long-range meaning Of the decision
for privately endowed schools.
Girard College was established in
1848 in accordance with the Will Of
Stephen Girard. who left 81 million
to be administered by the city of
Philadelphia for the education of
"as many poor white male orphans
/. as the income shall be adequate
to maintain"
After LOG years of conformance
with these requirements, the college
was challenged in 1854 by two
Negro boys who met all the entrance
qualifications except that Of race.
They claimed the school policy
violated the 18th Amendment Of
the Constitution. This idea was
rejected by the Orphans Court Of
Philadelphia and the State Supreme
Court, which said the argument did
not apply to private schools.
The United States Supreme
Court. however. in a brief per
curtain order, ruled:
The Board which operates Gil
rard College Is an agency Of the
State Of Pennsylvania. Therefore,
even though the Board was acting
as a trustee. its refusal to admit
(the two boys) to the college be-
cause they were Negroes was dis.
elimination by the State. Such dis
elimination is forbidden by the
Fourteenth Amendment"
No other reasoning, beyond O
simple citation to the courts orig
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-06-02
Who VIII It Be?

"A basic question, Of course, is:
What country is likely to be the
next atomic powers
Most experts would list France
and Red China as the most likely
TO make Q bomb in the next few
years. although the defeated coun-
tries Of the Axis-Germany. Italy
and Japan--have the best industrial
potential to do so. Japan is particu-
larry against bombs and generally
egainss war. Germany, Of course,
narrowly missed the chance to be
the worlds first atomic country.
France is q likely candidate
YArtly because Of her continuous
scientific tradition. from her early
-pioneers, BecQuerel, Roentgen and
the CURES. down to her modern
leaders. Pierre Anger, Francois
Perrin. Lew Kowarski and Joliot-
Curie. She has the technical
ability In her industries, she has
the electric power and most GER
teiniy she has the incentive to re-
store her prestige as q flrSt-class
power.
s:Communist China says she has
uranium, and outside visitors say
xhe is making tremendous strides
toward Decentralization. She is
hungry for new sources Of power,
end she has every motive to achieve
fall military strength, as she has
potential enemies on all sides.
7At present, China Is isolated; she
b not Q member Of the United Ma
ttDns. she was not invited to the
Atoms-for-peace conference and
she wiz not be q party to the Inter-
national Atomic Development
treaty. SO the outside world does
mt know and will not know Of the
bomb or atomic power development
within Red China. But experts be-
iieve she has the potential to be-
come q major atomic power.
SIN calculating what countries are
likely to be atomic bomb powers,
several factors may be studied. First
would be the possession Of or access
to stores Of uranium, and next
would be some degree Of Industrial
ization. Unless quite unusual cir
cumstances prevailed, the plutonium
to make bombs would be obtained
as a by-product Of atomic power
reactors. Therefore it seems likely
that the country in question would
have to 60 in heavily for atomic
power, and would probably be a
country which needs q new power
source.
.dAnother important consideration
- the ambition Of the country, the
nature and development OF its ma
.tjonalism. For example, India, be-
cause Of her anti-bomb policies and
past tradition Of nonviolence,
would hardly be thought Of as likely
to be the Fourth Country" or even
the tenth. But both India and PAX
istan are interested in new sources
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-06-02

basic research to be done by private
institutions?
It should be emphasized that the
kind Of discrimination prohibited
by the Fourteenth Amendment in
cases involving public or quasi
public institutions is only that
which runs counter to public policy.
Where education is concerned it has
thus far generally been limited to-
discrimination based on race or,
color. e.
On the other hand. once the legal
pattern has been nodded there is
no guarantee that other kinds Of
discrimination may not be banned
IN the future-such as that based.
on religion, sex. age or residence.
Estate schools like the Universities
OF Virginia and North Carolina.
which discriminate" against wom-
en- at the undergraduate level
BY employing kind Of separate.
but-equal educational system, may
be brooding about this possibilityI) :.
In any event, the Girard decision
Is thought by many to herald the
enforcement Of antidiscrimination
principles. actual or potential, in
almost any case where there is q
public interest" tie-in. If it can
be done. as in the Girard case. when
the schools only governmental con-
nection is through a city board Of
directors acting as trustees in the
administration of an individuals
VIII, then it can be done where the
state or Federal government ID,
granting money to the discriminate
ing private school-at least, so some
people think.
Others believe it might even be
applied in cases where a governs
ment agency enters into q contract
with a private school to do a certain
JOB. although this seems less likely,
A Further Extension
There is another important facet
to the Girard ruling.
Could it be extended to private
institutions or services other than
educational ones? Could it, for ex-,
ample. be extended to cases where
the State licenses an essential
service such as those provided by
doctors, lawyers, pharmacists, archi-
tects, engineers restaurateurs, and
so on?
Maybe this sounds pretty re-.
mote.
However. in a California law
suit decided just q few weeks ago
Negro brought q suit against 4.
Los Angeles dentist who had re-
fused to treat him because of his
race. The plaintiff had argued
that the dentist, as q publicly lie
censed practitioner Of an essential
service. was prohibited by consti.s
tutional principles from refusing
TO accept him as a patient.
While the California court ruled
for the dentist, it did so at least
partly in Difference to the tradi-
tional reluctance Of the courts To
interfere with the doctor-patient
relationship.
The point is. the question has
been raised and has actually gone
to court. The argument has been;
made. In future cases Of the kind.
the apparent public interest" doc
trine Of the Girard case might be
advanced in efforts to strengthen
that argument. =
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-06-02
The Landlord Countries

There are other countries which
serve as advance bases for the West
or the Kremlin. No one knows
whether We have A-bombs at air
bases in Spain or throughout NATO
countries. One assumes the Krem-
lin does not trust her satellites
enough to provide them with stock
piles. but stranger things have
happened.
There may some day be countries
which figure as atomic landlord
powers In the sense that they rent
out space for bombs and bombers, or
missiles with atomic warheads.
Then, perhaps one day in one of
those countries q. government or q
faction against the government will
seize enough bases to command
some bombs and means to deliver
them. Thus revolutionary party
might attack the bomb storehouse
and establish a separate atomic
power. The danger Of this would
logically increase as the number of
atomic powers increases, so the
situation may become more COM
pick quite rapidly, once it starts.
There are those who say the
world will mot become seriously
more unstable when there are a
few. or several, or many more
atomic-armed nations. In fact.
some say. that might provide a
general deterrent Tor both large
and small powers. and result In q
tense but peaceful world.
To understand the hope for q
Pax Atomica," and the case
against it, the developing power
situation can be considered this
way:
The present position is not really
one Of three powers but Of two
the United States and Britain act
as one in their position toward
Russia.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-06-02

ton controversies, simply advocat.
ing clean, efficient, properly regu.
lated taxicab industry.
Commissioner Robert Mclaughlin
is among those who have expressed
opinions on what industry needs. He
has said he believes meters afe
more desirable than the zone fare
system and that in any case, hack
ers are justified in seeking 4
higher rate. -
CIeor Dollor on Hour -.
In a recent meeting Of the taxi
group seeking a zone fare increase.
several drivers agreed that after
paying operating expenses they
clear just a little more than a dol.
lar an hour. Most Of the drivers
said they worked between go and 70
hours a week. They figured that
the 5 or 10 cent fare increase they
are seeking would add So to "a q
day to their incomes. -
This group feels meters, instead
Of increasing their incomes, would
scare away" many regular riders
who now use taxis in preference
to streetcars and buses. ~,
I'VE feel" said one driver, "that
the more or less regular riders
Government and other office work.
ers-know what it's going to cost
them when they get in a cab. We
depend on these regular riders
for our living. The industry couldn't
get along on tourist trade alone.
Those in favor Of meters say they
are the only fair way to charge for
the time and mileage. They claim
meters would give feet operators
an easy way to keep track of their
business and that q salary plus
commission arrangement would be
possible with this system.
%
See Better Drivers
AS for limitation, those who favor
1t say 1t will give cab companies
q better opportunity to select COM
petent, courteous and careful driv-
ers. They add that it will make
possible better police supervision
and cut taxi accidents 40 per cent.
Those opposed to limitation say
1t would tend to create q MONOPOLY
OF a few companies and associa.
tons. Some fear that the inde-
pendent driver. the man who owns
his own cab and colors, would be-
eliminated.
Frequently mentioned as the
correct" number Of cabs are the
figures 1000 and 5000. There are
now about 10000 cabs in over SO
combines and 20 associations and
about 900 independent drivers.
The taxi industry will bring its
troubles to a sympathetic subcom-
mittee chairman.
Il have ridden taxicabs in a 10 .
OF cities" said Mr.. league. %
there is one thing will say--I ha
never seen service like we he
here
And on that one point. inc
dentally, there is agreement. The
are plenty Of taxicabs In Was.
ington.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-06-02

of power, and If either of them
builds or borrows atomic bombs,
what then? Observers would agree
that II one Of them becomes the
fortieth A-power, the other would
like to be the forty-first.
Syngman Rhee's Korea and Col.
Nasser's Egypt undoubtedly would
like atomic bombs to use on
their enemies. but neither has
the raw materials nor the basic
industry. The Scandinavian coun-
tries have many fine scientists and
engineers, they are keenly inter-
ested in atomic power for merchant
ships and other uses, and they al
ready have q working agreement
with the Netherlands to develop
atomic science. But it has been
several hundred years since they
thought Of themselves as military
powers.
Canada and Belgium (along with
the United States and Russia) are
the worlds richest uranium coun-
tries. Neither Of them gives any in
dication that 1t wants to build
bombs. and both have been reason-
able in negotiating to sell their raw
materials to England or the United
States. But it would be logical to
assume that today or at some date
one or both Of these could deal
themselves into the atomic bomb
picture by trading raw materials for
finished bombs.
There are many countries which
figure in the atomic power political
scene BY being allies, satellites, or
puppets Of atomic powers! Australia
has uranium, an interest in science.
the bomb-testing grounds for Great
Britain, and q unique. geopolitical
position as an outpost Of Western
tradition close to Southeast Asia. II
Communist China or any other
Asian country Of flaming NATIONAL
ism builds or borrows bombs, win
not Australia be interested In Dor.
rowing some from her mother coun-
tfv9