davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-05-12

judges to demand a prompt and reasonable start"
toward deSegregation considering both the diff
cultes Of local conditions and the good faith" Of
the processes of compliance.
The reaction in Dixie now was immediate It
was defiant reaction that grew to outright ress-
lance in matter of months.
There was talk of abolishing public school sys-
TENS. Pupil assignment laws were devised White
citizens councils were organized and the Ku Klux
Khan found a lively market for its sheets
There was actual violence in a few places
notably Clinton, Tenn. and Sturgis, KY, where Ma
tional Guardsmen were called out to keep order.
Also, the whole segregation question was infamed,
and such occurrences as the Montgomery, Ala, bus
boycott by Negroes tied to the school integra-
ton decision. .r.
Today, three years after the historic decision,
much has been done and much remains to be done.
There is still talk Of abandonment of public school
systems in some States Others are frantically try
ing to crcumvent the courts ruling by pupil place.
ment plans.
Three Southern States Texas, Arkansas and
Tennessee have made timid and scattered attempts
toward partial Indignation. Less than 5000 Negroes
have been integrated in these three States, and
$500 of them are in Texas counties with small Negro
populations Arkansas is moving slowly Little Rock
Will desegregate its high schools next fall and
Nashville, Tenn, will begin migrating first graders
In September
In these three articles, Star staff reporters who
have lived with the results of the courts decision
since 1t was handed down apprase the indignation
PROFESSOR lack of tin the Washington area.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-05-12
DISTRICTS SCHOOL REVOLUTION
Now There Are New Problems

enrolment in the schools affected
and less than 2l2To Of the city's
total school population. The DEM
constructions were largely morgan
lied. In three or four days, after
a threat from Supt. Hobart M.
Corning to exclude truants from
school sports and honors, the
strikes" petered out.
That was the, end of overt re-
sistance. School officials have been
impressed by evidence that pupils
of the two races have come to toll
crate each other at unaccustomed
close quarters with amazing ra-
pidity. One assistant superintend-
ent has called the whole integra-
ton process "a miracle of social
adjustment"
Schools have managed to con-
duct integrated dances-without.
however, racial mixing as to part
ners-without apparent difficulties.
Children have elected those of the
opposite race to student councils,
homeroom Offices and team cap
taincies. Coaches have credited
victories to the presence of Negro
stars on their basketball and foot
ball teams.
A Noturol Division
It is true that, as in Northern
communities where indignation has
long been the rule, white and Negro
youngsters socially tend strongly to
go their separate ways. even in the
school cafeteria. To some this may
seem unfortunate. But there is
ample evidence that this natural
tendency is not keeping youngsters
from associating freely and easily in
clubs and similar semi-academic
school activities.
There are, of course, feelings of
suspicion and dislike that undoubt-
eddy affect not only some young
sters but some teachers in the still
new and strange situation. Some
teachers make no bones about such
feelings, and others reveal them
Internationally. But those with
close contact with WaShington's
working educators are sensing
steady improvement in such mat
tiers.
This improvement is not the
least impressive aspect of the
miracle Of adjustment" In nu-
merous instances. both white and
Negro Washington teachers are
finding out that each group has
legitimate claims to credit for both
intelligence and ability. and stu
dents Of both races are discovering
likewise.
The most perplexing problems of
Washington indignation, according
to those graphing with them, have
to do not with this area of human
relationship but with education.
Negro children by and large are
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-05-12
A LOCAL MATTER
BY GENE GOODWIN

With one out Of every I'VE Negro
pupils in a mixed school, Mary
lands slow but sure integration Of
public classrooms has followed a
pattern somewhere between that
OF the District and that Of Virginia.
The Free State. whose sons
fought on both sides Of the Civil
War, has not attempted to wipe
out its segregated classrooms in one
fell swoop, but neither is it resisting
the Supreme Courts anti-segrega-
ton decree.
It is complying with II in its
own way and-if you please-in
its own time.
I'VE recognize the courts deci-
sion as the law Of the land" was
the way Governor McKeldin put
1t three years ago. He has stated
the pro-iptegration views Of his
administration in stronger terms
since then. Attorney General c.
Ferdinand Sybert also has added
the weight Of his ONCE TO the
Maryland experimentation Of the
courts ruling.
State school ofiicials, for their
part. took the Supreme Court
literally when 1t said details Of
indignation we're to be workedsout
at the local level.
There is no State de-segregation
plan. beyond the recommendation
of the State Board Of Education
that county school boards begin
voluntary compliance at the ear
Hest practicable date.
Baltimore city and each Of the
% counties has been working out
its own program. with Montgomery
County setting the pace among the
latter.
The Baltimore Story
The Baltimore city school system.
which is much more independent
OF State control than the various
county systems, was the first Mary
land school district TO integrate.
The city started desegregating In
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-05-12
BY MARY LOU WERNER

The third anniversary Of the de-
segregation decision finds Virginia
doggedly determined to hold the
line against integration. even at the
cost OF closing public schools.
No integration has occurred, and
Gov. Thomas B. Stanley has vowed
that the States 566.596 white stu
dents and l84,417 Negro students
shall never be mixed.
After half-heartedly considering
one plan that might have resulted
in some indignation, the States
controlling Democratic leadership Is
united behind a complicated scheme
to close schools where indignation
occurs and withhold State funds
from local school systems where
races are mixed.
In the courts, however, Virginia
has been steadily losing ground in
its fight to stave OF the inevitable
day when the Federal Courts de
rect admission of q Negro student
to an all-white school.
Meanwhile, of course, the poll
ticians are making hay of the seq.
regation cause and casualties are
occurring. For example:
. Arlington County lost its right
to elect school board members for
daring to announce q tentative in
tegration plan.
. Two Appomattox school teachers
who questioned the wisdom Of
spending public funds for private
school tuition grants did not get
rehired.
. Two Fairfax County white boys
were dropped from school because
their mother refused to I'LL out
papers required by the Statesmen
anti-integration program.
Promises Sound Judgment
When the Supreme Court an
nounced its indignation decision on
May II. 1854. Virginia's Gov. STAN
ley promised calm study and sound
judgment" He said II shall call
together as quickly as practicable
representatives of both State and
local governments to consider the
matter and work toward a plan
which shall be acceptable to the
people in keeping with the edict of
the court-views of leaders of both
races will be invited"
Even Senator Byrd. who since has
been credited with calling the sig
mails for Virginia's massive resist
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-05-12

State with more Negro than white
pupils. has had a desegregation pro-
gram recommended by its citizens
advisory committee. but has not
acted on it. In Caroline. the county
school board says it is studying
what steps to take.
Most of the other counties. in
Guiding Prince Georges, are gener-
ally following what has come to be
known as voluntary desegrega-
ton" In other words, 1t is
up to the colored pupils to apply for
admission to white schools.
Under this policy. technically
speaking, doors of white schools in
Maryland were open this year to
approximately $4,000 colored chill
dren in Baltimore and 10 counties.
or about "a per cent OF all school,
age colored children.
Actually. outside OF Baltimore
City. only l.725 Of the AZ. 8O7 colored
pupils In the counties were attend
ing mixed classes this year.
But the State is firmly committed
to compliance with the antisegrega-
ton decree and 1t Is Just a matter
Of time before segregated class
rooms will be gone from the Free
State.
Montgomery Is Leader
Montgomery County ranks third
percentagewise, but first in the
actual number OF Negro pupils
absorbed in formerly white schools.
With 686 Of its 3,0l7 Negro pupils
integrated, Montgomery this year
has more mixed schools than all
white schools.
Just last week. the Montgomery
School Board voted TO continue its
"selective" indignation program
with the addition Of at least 227
more colored pupils in mixed
schools next fall.
In Prince Georges County. the
school board is scheduled to decide
this week what It's policy for next
fall will be. Prospects are that
II will continue It's program OF
allowing colored pupils TO apply
for transfer to white schools. with
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-05-12
Moy|onds Slow But Sure Policy Has Spotty Results

the fall Of 1854, without waiting
for the courts 1855 implementa-
ton decree. 1t was not done with
out incident. There were some
fights and brief pupil strikes. but
city school and police officials stood
firm.
Actually. however, Baltimore has
experienced only a moderate
amount Of indignation despite its
early start. According to the Balti-
more Sun, more than 86 per cent
of the city's colored pupils still
attend all-colored schools or schools
that formerly were all-colored and
now have q scattering Of white
pupils. tThere are "a white children
in 10 otherwise colored schools)
Baltimore has more Negro pupils
than all the counties put together
--66,913 out Of a Statewide total
Of 109,720. It's 1872 per cent Of
colored students is exceeded only
by Calvert County with So per cent
and Charles with ass per cent.
The city now has 9.242 colored
pupils in what used to be white
schools, compared with 4,60l last
year and 1876 the first year Of
indignation.
Progress in the Counties
In the counties, degeneration
generally has begun after appoint
ment by the local school boards Of
citizens advisory committees, COM
posed Of representative white and
colored residents. The recommen-
dations OF these committees have
been followed in most instances,
and in all instances the commit
tees recommended compliance with
rather than resistance to the Su-
preme Courts ruling.
All Maryland counties except
three have either begun desegrega-
ton or have announced desegre-
cation policies.
One Of these is Garrett. which
has no Negroes of school age.
The other two are Calvert. in
Southern Maryland. and Caroline,
In the middle Of the Eastern Shore.
Calvert. the only county in the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-05-12

ance." spoke temporarily. He called
the decision a most serious blow"
against States rights, but eau
toned against any action without
sober and exhaustive considera-
ton"
On August 80, 1854, Gov. Stanley
appointed 80 members of the Gen.
eral Assembly to a Commission on
Education to recommend what
should be done. State Senator Gar
land Gray Of Waverly. Va, was
made chairman.
Fifteen months later the So
called Gray plan was announced.
1t was two-fold. Local school boards
were to be given the power of
assigning students to schools for
variety of reasons mot including
race and tuition grants were to
be made available for the private
education of children who did not
want to attend integrated schools,
or who were deprived of public
education by a school shutdown.
Gov. Stanley gave the plan his I'M
qualified support.
, A referendum was scheduled for
January 9. 1856. on a proposed con-
stitutional amendment to permit
the tuition grants. and the Byrd
organization threw its full support
behind the plan.
Referendum headquarters were
set up in Richmond. One after
another Of Senator Byrd's followers
appeared on television to plead
for support of the constitutional
amendment. A few hardy souls,
mostly from Northern Virginia, OPP
posed the "hasty stampede" and
urged that the pupil assignment
feature Of the Gray plan be tried
first before changing the constitu-
ton.
Gray plan supporters labeled
their foes as integrationists, and
went on to a humping victory in
the January referendum. The con-
stitutional change was approved,
304,154 to 146.164.
Arlington. lexandria, Falls
Church and Fairfax were among
a handful of communities in the
State that went against the plan.
Passage of the referendum re-
quired the calling Of a convention
to amend the constitution accord
ingly. That was one of the duties
awaiting the General Assembly
when 1t met in regular session on
January IL, 1856.
The Maverick County
Three days after the Assembly
convened, Arlington County School
Board rocked the State by an
nouncing gradual degeneration
program. The school board called
the plan tentative. and said it was
subject to State approval in keep
ing with the Gray plan. No one
seemed to hear the qualifying re-
marks. A vengeful Assembly set
out to punish the maverick county,
revoking its right to elect school
board members. Ever since, Ar
lington has bowed to Richmond's
wishes on segregation.
The same Assembly session
adopted a resolution Of interposi-
ton. technique resurrected from
pre-Civil War days to defy en-
forcement Of the Supreme Court
decree.
On March 5. while the Assembly
was still in session. the Constitu-
tional Convention convened and
amended the State constitution as
approved In the referendum. The
convention also adopted a resolu-
ton commencing Gov. Stanley and
the General Assembly for invoking
interposition TO assert the States
sovereignty.
The rest Of the Gray plan never
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-05-12

school buildings. all but "a have
pupils Of both races. Only six re-
main all-white. Negro children are
barred from no school provided they
live within its official zone. Negso
teachers are teaching white chill
dren. and white teachers Negroes.
About 80 Negro teachers were as
signed to the faculties of formerly
all-white schools in the first autumn
of indignation. The number since
then has not been reported, but it
has substantially increased. Teach
ing assignments. by strict Board of
Education rule. like those of pupils,
are made without regard to race.
School administration also is
fully integrated. Several Negro
assistant principals now are serv-
ing at formerly all-white schools.
Formerly independent Negro and
white department heads are work.
ing as teams, A Negro now heads
all elementary schools, and an
other vocational schools, while
white assistant superintendent
supervise junior and senior highs.
A Negro directs the pupil appraisal
department, and a white official
directs research. The school sys-
TENS many committees are racially
mixed.
Today, most of the city's schools
on all levels. from kindergarten to
teachers college. have white and
Negro pupils and teachers work.
ing side by side in apparent har-
mony. In the classroom and on
the Fairgrounds, at teachers meet
ings and meetings of parent and
teacher organizations, all of which
now also have dropped racial ex-
clusion, there is virtually no visible
reminder that less than three years
ago all was SO different.
Not Without Pain
This transformation has not been
accomplished without difficulties.
The process inevitably has met
Illustrations and resistance, and
problems remain to be solved.
The most overt resistance, en-
countered almost at the very start,
was short-lived. In October, 1854,
some of the white students at three
newly integrated high schools were
evidently stirred by publicized racial
disturbances outside of Washington,
notably in Baltimore and Milford,
Del. as well as by rumors of
impending enrolment of addi-
tional Negro students. One
balmy Monday. number of
them stayed outdoors instead of
reporting to classes. Some students
at other schools followed suit.
School officials estimated the ulti-
mate total of the strikers"
of whom were kept home by pre-
cautionary parents-at $500 stu
dents, or about q third of the white
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-07-07
,srROM1ANCE
OF FLOWERS
Ax Eugene Il 81 pe.st

The worlds expensive spice from the heart
of the SAFFRON CROCUS Il takes the orange sgmas Of
$4,000 blooms make pound of saffron condment In
ages past saffron valued drug and yellow dye that
burned the stake for aduterating Today
have better dyes and drugs but still the flowers
their spicy stigmas and autumn color.
Better known in gardens is the SPRING CROCUS. II
can bloom early because manufactured flowers and
the year before and stored them underground With little
water these parts ready push of the and
flourish even in cold February
Unbelievable Flowey
In 1871 the King Of Spain sent his physician 70 Mexico
in search of medicinal plants He brought back draw.
ings of Aztec avorite, the spotted HORSEPOWER Cor
shetower) Il was SO odd authority dismissed
meere fiction Today it brightens summer gardens,
and the oorms still are an important Mexican food.
The BLUE FLAG is even more attractive TO bees than
TO man. Its petals stand signaling for attention with
ing strips streaked yellow toward the necaries broad
styles arch above the sepas forming beezed tunnels (no
butterflies alowed with nectar their bases and pollen in
their ceilings This beethoven partnership works so well
that blue flags grow BY the IN u marshes
Flamboyast- Soatberners
LOUISIANA IRISES outshne their conservative Yankee
relatives With amboyant display of color they parade
the marshes and bayou banks of the Mississippi delta Civil
zaton with its building and drainage programs has destroyed
many native iris fields but at the time Souherners have
taken these bayou beauties into their gardens nurseries
offer them in other sections
BLUE-EYED.GRASS seldom finds its way into gardens
uOuSn mdkeS ueCOrdtiVe DOrOer Wnen gwen Chance
Growing wild it colors fields meadows and hllsides with
fles OF blue during the brief morning hours degns
open its pert This is miscaed grass that
fools with slender leaves.
The BLACKBERRY-LILY acts like an eastern American
wildower but its native home is China Americans i'm.
ported il for their gardens and from these paintings it has
run wild Properly, should call the plant Bemeanda
since is neither blackberry Though has black seeds
lily GhonGh has petap It's mark as
part of the iris family rather than the similar amaryds
Both families evolved from earlier lilies.
Next Week: IRISES from eUeyywbere.
Send IS cents for u first 81 panels Mail
YOUR and address TO Boz $685. Dept ROF New York
~
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-10-17
PRESS RECEPTION
GOES ON V. BUT
NOT GRID GAME

Television and radio COW
erage Of Queen Elizabeth's
visit. scheduled 10 begin
with the royal party's ar
rival in Washington this
morning. will include q
press reception for the
Queen az $50 pm. today.
The reception at the
Statler Hotel will be COW
cred by TV Stations WRC
and WTOP and BY Radio
Stations wGMS and WRC.
Plans to televise the
Maryland North Carolina
football game. which the
Queen will attend Satur-
day, have been cancelled.
the University Of Maryland
has announced. william
w. Cobey. director Of ath-
letics. said the National
Collegiate Athletic Asso-
citation had ruled the game
cannot be shown. presum-
ably because other NCAA
games viii be going on at
the same time.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-10-17
I'd Lody in Waiting
Summoned by Queen

NEW YORK, Oct. II R.-
Queen Elizabeth has summoned
q second lady in waiting from
England because the first was
taken i'll.
The Countess Of Euston, ar
irving yesterday at Idlewild
Airport. said the Queen had
asked her to come to the United
States Elm case Lady Leicester
Is not well enough TO carry out
her duties"
The Countess Of Leicester de-
veloped heavy head cold while
in Canada.
The Countess Of Euston said
the duties Of q lady in waiting
are to accompany and "just 60
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-10-17

like best MAN in Revolt" q
major treatise on the philos-
ophy of oppression through
the ages.
A Communist for one year
ct the age Of 81 in his native
Algeria. Mr.. Camus in this book
sums Up his later views thus:
Every revolutionary ends as
an oppressor or a hereto !.
revolt and revolution both
wind up at the same crossroads:
the police or folly"
Mr.. Camus himself advocates
q Greek middle way" Of rea-
son. modesty and classical re-
straint between what he calls
the physical or moral "hang-
men" Of the extreme left and
right.
Father Slain In War
Mr.. camus was born into q
family of farmhands at Mon
dow. Algeria. on November Z.
1918. His mother was Spanish.
His French father was killed
in the Battle OF the Marine in
World War l.. before his son
knew him.
Mr.. Camus has weathered
varied living conditions and
won a bout with tuberculosis.
He has worked as an automo-
bile mechanic. ships broker,
meteorologist and clerk.
He started writing when he
went TO France at rs. just be-
fore World War II. AS a jour-
nalist his high point was edit
ing the Paris newspaper Com
bat after the war.
9th Frenchman 20 Win
One OF his first widely ac-
claimed works. The Stranger"
written in 1912. and also THE
Plague" in l947 deal with
North Africa. His most recent
book is a collection Of short
stories. "The Exile and the
Kingdom"
Mr.. Camus is the ninth
Frenchman to capture the
award since 1t was established
in 1901, No other nation has
won so many.
Other French winners we're
r. Sully Prudhomme in the
FIRST year, Frederic Mistral
1904. Roman ROLAND 1915,
Anatole France 1921, Henri
Bergson 1927, Roger Martin du
Gard 1887, Andre Glide i947
and Francois Mauriac 1852.
Mr.. camus was mentioned as
a contender for the prize In
1854. That year the sixth And
most recent American winAer,
Hemingway, was named.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1957-10-17
ICBM CoIIed Peaceful

MOSCOW, Oct. II tPl.--Red
Star said today the Soviet in
tercontinental ballistics missile
is q peaceful missile not meant
for aggression. The Soviet
army newspaper said in a spe-
ciaI article the IcBM is in
tended purely for defensive
purposes. The Russians have
claimed the missile can hit any
point on the globe.