davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1956-10-26
Statement of
Ownership

Statement required by the Act Of
August -. 1912. as amended
by the Acts of March }. 1888.
and July .. 1916 Title 80.
United states Code. Section
235l showing the Ownership.
Management and Circulation
Of STATE PRESS. published
weekly at Little Rock. Arkansas
FOR October !. 1856
The names and addresses Of
the publisher. editor. managing
editor. and business managers arr.
Publisher. STATE PRESS. Inc.
Little Rock. Arkansas.
Editor. l.. c Bates. Little Rock.
Arkansas.
Managing Editor L. c Bates.
Little Rock. Arkansas.
Business Manager. Mrs l. c.
Bates. Little Rock. Arkansas
The owners are.
STATE PRESS. Inc. Little Rock
Arkansas.
L. c. Bates. Little Rock. Arkan-
SaS.
Mrs. l. c. Bates. Little Rock.
Arkansas.
Peter Campbell Gurdon. Arkan-
sas.
The known bondholders. mort
gsgees. and other security hold
ers. owning or holding per
cent or more Of total amount Of
bonds. mortgages. OF other Sc
eurities are none.
The average number Of copies
Of each issue Of this publication
sold or distributed. through the
mails or otherwise. to paid sub
scribers during the II months pre-
ceding the date shown above was:
1892
L. {. Bates. Editor.
Sworn 10 and subscribed before
me this 18th day Of October. 1856.
MRS N L. Stephens-Kinings-
worth.
MY commission expires Febru-
airy 9Th. 1889.
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1956-10-26
Appointments
continued from page one

seR Hope, Pane Bluff, n /.
Hgnalteks.
stewart Memorial, Pine Blall
N A klrDy.
Friendship, Pine BIuti. { (
Neal
Green Chapel, jefferson spfHgs
fhurlno Pearson.
Penny Chapel Parkdale 4 {.
Williamson.
Heebe Chapel Wrightsville. \.
ChafL.s Thomas and fhufloe
Pearson. assistant
Allison Chapel, Crussett and
Ward Chapel. IIu,tig, K IL. DAVIS
Williamson Chapel, Piekins.
drs NJ l. Green, Supply.
Lane Chapel Wilmot and Tyler
Chapel Eudora, J. F Faulkner.
81 james. Fordyce. W NJ.
Brown
Christian Chapel and No l.
pei. Strong II b Burks
springhill. ROLAND, b NJ Me
Kindra
Brooks Chapel Woodson. to be
supplied.
To be provided for c, S Rus
sell. q p Pulliam. w S. Jones.
In the hands Of presiding eld-
er. c. {, Calclough, G. L. Pass
more.
Superannuates. {. A. Bailey,
: ID Turner, + X johnson.
JOINT Board Of Finance. Clcri-
cal l. c. Keys, Lay Willie
VaughnS
Annual conference missionary
president. Mrs NJ. l.. Pcttigrew
District missionary president
Mrs Lillian Thomas.
District iay leader L l. Haw-
kinS
Annual conference director OF
Christian education, Rev NJ. l.
Darnell
Episcopal district director OF
Christian education. N. Charles
Thomas.
Annual conference lay leader.
r X Smith.
Fort smith District:
Presiding Elder. 10 be supplied
Cottrell Chapel, Hot Springs. I.
{ Keys
Mt Zion. Fort Smith. II. s
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1956-10-26
Pull Together to
Solve Race Problem
S. ]. Phillips Urges

Sidney J. Phillips. president Of
Booker 7. Washington Centennial
Commission. released the first n
. series Of messages 10 the Amer
lean public. He reminded them
that a house divided against
itself shall not stand. and plead
for goodwill between the races
while solving problems affecting
the nation as a result of the
Supreme Courts decision.
The Booker 7. Washington Cen
tennial Commission came into ex-
istenee in April Of this year 10
pay tribute 10 the One Hundreth
Anniversary of the birth Of
Booker 7 Washington who was
born IN Franklin county, Virginia.
April ). 1856 A yesr-long pro-
gram has been arranged 10 focus
the attention Of the nation upon
the present day value Of the fun
damental teachings Of this great
American
Mr. Phillips recalled that Il
was a little more than 81 year.
ago when. IN an address at the
Cotton States Exposition N 1t.
lanta. Georgia. that Booker I.
Washington said. There is no de-
Tense or security for any Of Us
except in the highest intelligence
and development Of all. This ad-
monition delivered before a crit
zeal audience in 1895. applies with
equal force today. Certainly the
need for unity is Just as strong
as ever.
Urging communities % pull to-
gether for the solution of face
problems. Mr.. Phillips stated thai
Hate and mistrust may be wiped
out If Representatives OF various
groups will meet, discuss aud
work together To find answers to
the problems that are causing re
cal sores 10 tester
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1956-10-26
Baby Contest
Closes

zs@s 3
The Baby contest closed recent
y at Whites Memorial church
under the auspices Of the Woman
society Of Christian service. The
objective was 70 raise money to
beauty the sanctuary The baby
sponsor raising the highest a.
mount Of money IL the drive
Ras Mrs Mable Kay. The amount
Of money was sl07 The baby
Uas little Linda Moore ana she
received a prize Of $500 The 9th
babies received prizes Of $500
The drive brought about great
competition and vas considered
an enjoyable event b. the ladies
TIE amount Of money raised was
500 The sponsor was Mrs. Emma
Smith and the pastor is Rev o.
". Gibson.
Coleman.
Leach Chapel No. Little Rock,
Spring Hill l. K Collins.
LANE Chapel. Russellville, J.
L Buford
Trinity Chapel Morrilton and
Nit Hebrew, Springfield to be
supplied.
ST. James, Conway S. W
Greer.
Charleston and Grey Rock. Par
Is, 10 be supplied
Malvern, L 7 Brown
81 Paul Dardanelle and Ha-
yana, A Nelson.
Pleasant Heights. Ozark and
Grotgea Chapel. Midland Hts. %
be supplied
Pleasant Grove. Cato and New
Light Marehe. s T Anderson.
Lane Chapel. Plummerville and
Zion Temple. Meaifee. c a
Byrd
England and Millefs Chapel
Wampoo, d p Staggers.
Ebernezer, England and Airport.
Fairyiew MeAlmont. J W Dunn
Lane Chapel Biseoe. { h
Rice
To be provided for. Ben T
Garter, L, o Moore, c D Cath
y.
In hands Of presiding elder. a
Il Hall
Superannuate. " E Easley
JOINT Board Of Finance. CIeri-
cal, H. S Coleman. Lay. warfcld
Roby
District president Of Women's
Missionary society Mrs. H. p
BatsOn
District lay leader. r. II
Slaughter,
District director Of Christian
education, Ada McGill
District evengelist Rev A p
Taylor
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1956-10-26
Cr0ssett
Ronald Watson

Ronald Watson
The Daniel hi Tigers invaded
LeWisyille the mite Of October
10 for another one Of their games
toward the conference champion
ship. The Tigers have a 3-win
and 0-loss record IN conference
play by defeating the Lewisville
Pirates with a score Of 1877. their
third straight win. Outstanding
players were Isaac Newton al
half back and Mathew Burns at
full back. along with the general
ship Of quarterback Kenny Burns.
In the line II vas Jack Cason
at center. r. Newton Al tackle
and Sammy Lee Ross at end
Halfbaek Newton frequently
broke thru for long runs consist
ing Of 10 10 40 yards. scoring one
touchdown. and setting up an
other ON the scoring which was
later scored by Kenny Burns,
also In ON the scoring vas Ma
thew Burns The Tigers will
meet Cullendale for their home
coming this weekend Rev
and Mrs Paul Young Of Pitts
burgh. Texas. are visiting Nh
and Mrs. Jeffrey Lewis at 408
North Florida street The
PTA under the leadership of II.
Johnson. is heading toward an
other successful year as the at
tendance continues to grow. Par
ents from surrounding areas are
continuing To attend in great
numbers Mr., and Mrs. overt
Cha.man are Visiting their par
ents, Mr. and Mrs Luther VIM
berly at 3O7 N. Arkansas street
&C.. MOO met Sunday afternoon
at $40 with President Jordan IN
charge Funeral services for
J ID Smith were held Sunday al
200 at Zion Temple AME church
with the Rev Albritton offieiat-
ing Burial was In North CroSSett
cemetery
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1956-10-26
Endorses


uons 10 society Among these are
the obligations to encourage. By
all available means, the promot-
crs Of righteousness. justice and
fair play. for all people on the
other hand. II is the duty Of the
church to condemn. with an the
power II possesses, any and an.
individuals or groups who by
word or deed would deny any
person all the blessings Of the
democratic way Of life
We live in a day In which so-
cal fcrment challenges the church
10 make eryStal-clcar ITS posi-
ton in matters which affects an
kinds and classes Of people Vo-
CALLING pious platitudes and
making resolutions are wocfully
inadequate.
Therefore. be 1t resolved. that
this Annual Conference will 20
on record as heartily approving
The promptncSs and nrmncss
with which Governor Chandler Of
Kentucky and Governor Clement
81 Tennessee. upheld the law
IN their respective states
? That we join the people Of
goodwill. irrespective Of race or
group. in seeking 20 solve the
problems Of our country IN a way
that will be fair and just to ALL
citizens
J. We endorse and pledge our
support 10 the NAACP in ITS e.
forts 20 help implement the ST.
preme Court decision which out
lawed Segregation in the Public
Schools.
Be it resolved on the other
hand that this Annual Confer
ence unaltersbly opposes
J. All efforts 20 circumvent the
Supreme Courts decision against
segregation in the Public schools.
such as. School Assignment Plans
The Doctrine Of Interposition
Modification, withholding State
Funds from Schools which at
tempt 10 abide by the Law Of the
land. Intimidation Of Teachers.
etc.
? We further oppose without
reservation, the acts Of Govern
ors Orval Faubus Of Arkansas
Zimmerman Of South Carolina.
Coleman Of Mississippi. Shivers
Of Texas and others who have
violated the oath Of their offices
70 uphold the law. by their utter
disregard for all the rights and
all privileges Of ALL the people
in their states
Recommendations:
Realizing that the INTELLIGENT
use Of the ballot is one Of the
means Of solving the problem
which confronts us.
Il. That each minister will sc-
quaint himself with the political
issues Of the day and the candi-
dates; and will provide means OF
training his people in citizenship
and responsibility.
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1956-10-26

time. and is at the home Of his
sister, Mrs. OetaYla Davis OF
Camden The Sunday school
at First Union Baptist church.
under the leadership Of Superin-
tendent Elisha Harris. sponsored
the project Of installing gas in
the church. We are both proud
Of the leadership and supporters
Of this church.
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1956-10-26
Holly Springs
Mae Marshall

Mr. and Mrs c. D. Marshall
ana family, Mrs Ella Jacobs and
children were guests Of their
brother. Roy Waller of Camden
last week Monroe Smith Nas
guest Of Rushell Parham last
week Miss Roberta Marshall
Of Little Rock spent last week
end with her father. John Mar
shall Endia Marshall spent
Wednesday with her nieees. Miss
e. Lizzie and Aggie Rance d.
Mr.. and Mrs. Oliver Parham and
family spent last Saturday at
BeaFden % Mrs. Fred Rideout,
Mrs Dorothy Mays visited the C.
ID MaTshalls last week.
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1956-10-26

demonstration on flower arrange
ments. Other guests included Mrs
Lillian Grow and Mrs Ruth
Weoten. Co-hostosses with Mrs
Bridges were Mrs Carrie Hoop
CT and Miss Lizzie Lou Jordan
The meeting was very enjoyable
and thanks were expressed to
Mrs Leila Walsh for her bril-
liant leadership, and 10 Mrs
Bridges for her delicious re-
lreshments
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1956-10-26
DR.. Davis

Continued from page one
Kansas. Dr Glenn Kendall, Chi
ca state college. California, DR..
Milo Ball. University OF Omaha,
Nebraska. DR. NJ Earl collins,
Missouri valley college. Marshall
Missouri. DR. r. W HolmstcdL
Indiana state teachers college
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1956-10-26

= Thai each minister will lead
his people and use his influence
m the community in getting the
people 10 register and vote
Committee
Miner L Dafuell. chairman
L G Moore. secretary
b. Julian Smith, presiding Bish-
op
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1956-10-26
Casscoe


Mrs. RoTell Pickett
The Wofford chapel HDC booth
won second prize at the Arkansas
county fair The theme was
Sacks Save Housewives Many
Dollars" The HDC OF Ethel won
first prize on the theme STEPS
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1956-10-26
FordVce
Mrs NJ s Smith

The Ladies Auxiliary Of St
John AME church held their
meeting in the home Of Mr.. and
Mrs Nathaniel Bridges. Mrs.
Marks Atwood gave a beautiful
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1956-10-26

APPRECIATION SERVICE for
The twelfth year service Of Re-.
A. W Rieks viii be held at St
Paul AMEZ church. 1901 Spring
street. faesday thru Sunday Pro
gram each mite will begin at 8
O'Clock Motto for the week Is
1t Can't B. Done. But II Has
Been
Finance committee. Henry Nor
ton, James Vault James Hicks,
and o p Fogg committee. Nh
Ida Johnson. Mr. Hottie Morton
MTs la Wilberf Mr. Gladys
Garter. Mrs Marie Williams and
Joe Rueker.
that Make Servings Easy
The Mt risagsh Eastern Star
chapter observed ST Johns day
october Fl with an excellent pro-
gram Rev Robert Phillips, pastor
Of Providence Missionary Baptist
church, preached the sermon -.
Mrs Oeia Crockett OF Chicago
is here visiting her nephew, Roy
Montgomery and other relatives
, o.. Mr. and Mr. Eli Pickett
and daughter, motored 10 Pine
Bluff last weekend Rev.
Robert Vaudibili had his 4th
anniversary At the Poplar Greek
church Sunday
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1956-10-26

An appreciativc audience heard
Mrs Alice L. Perry last Sunday
in a review Of A. J, Kronin's
best selling novel A Thing Of
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1956-10-26

A new Y-Teen club, the To
cites has been organized a y
Horace Mann hi school Thef 3
ficcrs are Dclsres Battles pro-
dent: Joctta Williams vice PIE
idcnt. Ernie MeCullum 'e'''1
nv. Romano Walton, eorresPl''
ing secretary: Clariee RiehaTa'1
treasurer: Sadie Scott ehap.'-
Grace Williams, reporter Aa'y
ors are Mrs. A. L PsIi1 .
Mrs V. T Haywood.
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1956-10-26
Y-Teen News

Most Of the Y-Teen clubs as'
a number Of new members scasi
20 their group during Y.Iw
week. The Star Climbers had "
largest increase in members 8
their initiation meeting Nct
than 20 new members were pre-
pnt.
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1956-10-26

The Saturday afternoon euA
class is being well ATTENDED
Glasses are open to all ieen'agi
girls and are free
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1956-10-26

The program committee, M
Hazel Hynson. chairman. a.
nounces the program for The q
membership meeting VIII b 1
Hobby convention to be he'd 4
the Y Tuesday November 10
al 3 p m AL members a.
friends are urged 10 attend n.
display examples Of Their 10
bies.
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1956-10-26

Beauty Mrs Perry's reyie. u,
very interesting and II ~ IA.
lowed by a lively diseua.os.
The World Fellowship soans
tee, Mrs / " Dean. ehslrnm
announces the Annual WA
Fellowship Day q Prayer o5e,
anee will be held tins year Z
Collins Temple Baptist shsla
llth and Ringo en- Noyenbe, b
The speaker for the occasion vi
be Mrs Norma KIlliHgsgaa
Music will b b Horace Nh
choir, Frederick Ransom, Gu
Quoting ..
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-09
MARYLAND-VIR NEWS
Horwott and Wife Sure
He'd Be INDICATED

IStalcup Markward. who was an
Iundercover agent for the FB1.
"Of course, there were some
acquaintance who Stunned us
ia Bit" said Mr.. Horwatt. 81
think some of them were more
afraid of being seen speaking
to us than anything else"
He said he was especially
grateful that everyone had been
$50 nice to his two sons through
out.
The sons are 14-year-old
Michael and T-year-old David.
Business Holds Up
If Mr.. Horwatt's electrical con-
tracing business suffered any
because of the notoriety about
the case, he said he wasn't aware
of it.
He spoke freely of his long
past association with the Com
muIllSC RarLy.
THE Communists are very
clever in putting forth issues to
attract people. Many people who
join do so because they are in
terested in one particular issue
they don't think about the
overall scheme" he declared.
He said it was sympathy for
the famous Sacco and Vanzetti
executions that stirred him to
join the Communist Party in
1923.
Mr.. Horwatt wanted one thing
made clear: II never lost faith
in America. This whole thing,
the way my friends have acted,
my treatment at the trial,
the outcome. has been a beau
tiful exhibition how democracy
works"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-09
PENALTY BANNED
FOR TARDY BUYING
OF CITY AUTO TAGS

The Alexandria City Coun-
Gil found out last night that
the city has been charging
a penalty Illegally to motor
lists who did not buy their
city auto licenses on time.
Councilman John Ewald
said he had received several
complaints from citizens
that they had been charged
10 per cent extra for failure
to buy the 81 tags by
April Is.
1--WE never heard of such
a thing" Mr.. Ewald said.
you don't have to buy a tag
if you don't use your car.
Your penalty is getting
caught on the street without
one" he added.
Other councilmen and
City Attorney v. Floyd Will
liams agreed. They said the
city collector would be in
formed not to charge any
more penalties and to refund
those collected.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-09
Two Communities
Rename Officials

A total of 68 votes was cast
yesterday in electing unopposed
candidates in two Montgomery
County communication Echo
and Chevy Chase View.
In Glen Echo. Mayor Wilbur
S. Hertstein received 80 votes,
and council members David Fes-
sender, 80 votes, and Mrs. Irene
Cannon, "a votes. Forty voters
cast ballots in the Glen Echo
election.
Chevy Chase View residents
cast % votes in re-electing two
members of the areas citizens
committee, Edwin Marlowe and
DR.. Julius White. and the secre-
tary-treasurer of the committee,
A. L. Merrill.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-09
County Council Hears
Cigarette Tax Protests

Joseph Prinz, Silver Spring
wholesale tobacco dealer, told
the council that Alexandria
adopted. then rescinded. a cigar
cite tax because it drove busi-
ness out of the city.
Henry Dietle, a director of the
Montgomery County Licensed
Beverage Association. COM
planned that public officials
tended to look to "liquor. cigar
cites and gasoline" for tax reve-
nue..
How about taxing hardware
for a changer" he demanded.
The council took the tax pro-
posal under advisement.
Police Bill Hearing Tomorrow
The council set a hearing for
8 pm. tomorrow on police relief
and retirement bills.
In another action, the coun-
Gil accepted a report from the
County Library Board, which
recommended a $1.3 million
capital improvement program.
The five-year building plan
would boost the library's operat-
ing budget from the 1912. 800 re-
quested for next year to $575, 900
at the end of the five years.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-09
Foirfox Hospital Board
Elects Ball as President

Donald E. pete" Ball last
night was elected president of
the new Fairfax Hospital Board
of Trustees.
Mr.. Ball is president Of the
Northern Virginia Construction
Co.
Other officers elected at a
meeting at the parish house Of
the Falls Church are Lawrence
M. Proctor, first vice president:
Mandley T. Rust, second vice
president; Mrs. John S. Lucas,
secretary. and A. Smith Bow
man, jr., treasurer.
The Fairfax County Hospital
Commission, which has the lob
Of building the hospital and
turning it over to the associa-
ton. met with the trustees to
bring them UP to date on what
has been done toward construc-
ton.
The commission earlier had
written the trustees requesting
appointment of liaison commit
tee to work with the commission
IN planning the new building. A
resolution also was adopted by
the Charter Members Associa-
ton urging cooperation be-
tween the trustees and the COM
mission.
Mr.. Ball appointed a five
member liaison committee from
the board Of trustees as follows:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-09

Saul B. Horwatt and his pretty
wife Lillian never doubted that
he eventually would win the fight
to retain his American citizen
ship.
II always was sure, one way
or another, I'd be indicated, .
said the 49-year-old Falls
Church electrical contractor last
night after learning that a Gov
Ier11ment suit to take away his
citizenship hao been dismissed.
Mrs. Horwatt first heard the
good news when a reporter for
The Star called the Horwatt
home.
"I've been expecting it-but
still I can't believe 1t" she said
laughing. SIS it really true?"
She was assured it was.
Mrs. Horwatt recalled that it
was another reporter for The
Star who first told the family of
the suit to take away his citizen
ship when it was filed in 1854.
Congratulations Pour In
The Horwatts live in a hand
some rambler at 580l Virginia
avenue, Franklin Forest, near
Falls Church.
1t was a busy house last night.
The telephone kept ringing every
five minutes as friends called
to congratulate Mr.. Horwatt.
People began dropping in. One
couple brought a bottle of cham
payne.
Mr.. Horwatt said his good
friends had stuck by him
Throughout the trial and in the
preceding years when he first
was mentioned as a Communist
Party member by Mrs. Elizabeth
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-09

parent, however unreal, war
against it,"
| Conduct Plays Part
Judge Bryan said the courts
conclusions were strengthened
by the defendants conduct for
the last Is years.
The Government also had
sought to prove that Mr.. Hor-
watt belonged to the Communist
Party in 1930-31, which Mr.
Horwatt denied. Two former
Communist agents. testifying for
the Government, identified Mr..
Horwatt as active in party af-
fairs during those years.
The opinion states that after
a lapse of nearly a quarter GEN.
fury. the witnesses recollection
of him sis hardly evidence which
does not leave the issue in doubt.
The court cannot find he was
a party member in the critical
years. 1880 and 1881"
These years were regarded
critical because it was at that
time he was being processed for
naturalization as an American
citizen.
Although membership in the
party after his naturalization
was not offered as ground for
revoking Mr.. Horwatt's citizen
ship. a statment he made to the
immigration and Naturalization
Service in 1854 was introduced
in the case. In it, Mr.. Horwatt
admitted he rejoined the party
approximately in 1882 or 1882
and remained until 1898. OF this,
Judge Bryan comments:
determination Discounted
But upon study this state
ment is not as discriminating as
! it seems. During this interval he
was an electrician and belonged
to some sort of a union but ne
was unable to obtain admission
into a recognized labor union.
The great economic depression
was then Nation wide. He sorely
needed employment, he felt that
the Communist Party could aid
him in procuring entry into a
respectable union.
This same statement con-
tains. as well. a complete dis
avowal of any belief F.. in the
Communist proposal for the
forceful overturn of our Gov
eminent.
The opinion takes issue with
iintimations made by Mr.. Hor-
watt that the immigration Serv-I
ice and the Federal Bureau Of
Investigation dealt unfairly with
him.
Both in its preparatory and
trial stages this case has been
pressed by the representatives of
the United States with evident
concern both for the public in
Iterest and for the rights of the
individual"