davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-11
New u. N. Patrol Reaches 1T
Russian Veterans Volunteer
For Suez Duty With Egypt
MIDDLE EAST NEWS
ON INSIDE PAGES

Middle East and Hungary to Get High
U. N. Priority. Poee AS
George Sees NATo Aided by Middle
Eost Crisis. Pooe A
lsroel Cloims Capture Of $50 Million
Moteriui. Poee "A
Pope Plus Coils for World Peoce.
Poee AS
New KOreo" in Egypt Implied in Rus
sion Threot. Pose A
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-11
U. S. Is Unwilling Now
To Hold Big 3 Talks
Fears Creating impression Thut Nation
Is Involved in Invasion Of Egypt
By EARL H. vOSs

The United States holding back scheduling Big
meeting this time avoid giving the world impression
this country involved in with the British and French
adventure in Egypt
likely requirement before President Eisenhower invites
Sir Anthony Britain Molet of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-11
Hungarian Rebels Defy
Soviet Heavy Artillery
Budapest Fight Ruges for 18th Day
As Invaders Fail to Break Resistance

VIENNA Nov 10 QRussan heavy artillery pounded Buda-
pest today and refugees said battles ragged the suburbs
Hungarys anti-Soviet revolt refused to die
Travellers from Budapest said and workers
peared to have Joined student rebels the Russian
Sunday. general strike parayzed the Nation.
Yugoslav reaching Belgrade said several
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-11
WEATHER FORECAST

Cloudy, high in upper 40s today. Not as
cold with chance Of rain tonight Cloudy,
warmer Monday. Gull report on Page A-2)
Hourly Temperatures
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-15
VIRGINIA.
BY ALEX r. PRESTON

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
What Is Is?
A lot Is being heard in the
Capital Of the Confederacy
these days about interposition.
Webster's doesn't even list
the words meaning. in q gov
ernmental sense. But the
General Assembly may try to
get around the Supreme Court
school segregation decision by
adopting q resolution Of inter-
position.
Last Mondays referendum
indicates most virginians want
to maintain racial segregation
in public schools. The SUI
preme Court said. on May II.
1854, this could not be,
so now the legislature.
which convened Wednesday. 10
trying to maintain segregation
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-15
IL Men,
But Good
And rue?
BY PHIL YEAGER and
JOHN STARK

Is the American trial jury
on the way out?
In recent weeks and months
there has been a rash of public
criticism involving this par
ticular time honored bulwark
of Anglo-American justice.
One incident which focused
much attention on the jury
was the recent experiment Of
the University Of Chicago law
school in plugging" the jury
room Of a Wichita, Kan,
court. Another is the recon-
mendation of a Florida State
law professor contained in
the current Journal of Grim
inal Law that juries in Grim
inal trials be abandoned as
outmoded and ill-suited to
their purpose.
In addition, courtroom at
titude which seems to be gain
ing currency has it that inno-
cent persons being charged or
sued would do well to waive
their jury rights and go to
trial before the judge-while
guilty parties are better OF
relying on a jury. The impli-
cation is that a judge is bet
ter educated, more apt to
apply the law correctly, and
less subject to prejudice and
emotion than a jury. While
there may be doubt II this is
an accurate assumption, there
is little doubt that many lay
men think 1t is.
Cose Of the Torn Note
A good example Of a jury's
emotional approach" hap
pened recently in an Arkansas
case involving a man who had
made a 5000 loan to his
brother-in-law. When pay
ment was demanded the
brother-in-law tore up the
note and threw it in the face
Of his creditor saying now try
and collect the damn thing"
Oddly enough the jury
brought in a decision award
ing only $500 to the plaintiff.
The puzzled judge inquired
why this amount.
well, judge" came the an
swer, I'VE don't doubt this de-
PENDANT owes the money. all
right: but seemed to us like
anybody who'd stand there,
and let hisself get insulted
that way didn't deserve more'n
half of it."
Argument over the petit jury
system has been going on for
years in legal circles. Some
lawyers would like to do away
with it entirely. Others would
like to do away with 1t in civil
cases.
The net situation appears to
be this:
The jury promises to remain
q fixture in the American
court. but. relatively, 1t Is being
used less. More cases are going
to trial before the judge. More
defendants are waving their
jury rights. The function OF
the jury may be due for partial
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-15
MARYLAND
D'AIesondro Tops
Other Officials Paw

was the reliable report that l..
Harold Sothoron is giving
serious thought to challeng-
ing Mr.. Landlord in the 5th
District Democratic primary
this May 7.
Mr.. Sothoron, former State
Senate president and majority
leader and present chairman
of the Prince Georges County
Democratic Central Commit
tee. is popular among organ
ization Democrats, the kind
who generally control pri-
marieS.
The chief threat to Mr..
Landlord in Mr.. Sothoron's
candidacy, however. lies in the
definite possibility that the
challenger might carry of
most of the heavy and vital
Prince Georges County vote.
Mr.. Landlord is from An
napolis.
Cos Tex Money
The proposed method Of A.
nancing the new Maryland
Port Authority that Gov. Nc
Keldin wants the Legislature
to create may run into heavy
opposition from lawmakers
who have additionally OPP
posed spending gasoline tax
revenues and other motor We
hicles fees for anything but
the improvement Of highway
facilities.
A three-tenths Of a cent
gasoline tax has been agreed
upon by the Legislative Coun-
Gil as a means Of financing the
proposed authority that would
be charged with putting Bal
timore's port into better shape
to compete with other East
Coast shipping points.
Oddly enough. many Of the
Democratic members Of the
Legislative Council who ap-
proved the authority financing
plan also have been in the
forefront in the past in oppos-
ing Gov. McKeldin's insistence
upon drawing the State Police
appropriation from motor We
hicle revenue.
The Governor has claimed
that the work done by State
troopers is closely enough re-
lated to road matters to JUS
tify tapping the revenues re-
ceived from the gasoline tax,
auto tag fees and titling tax.
Some States have constitu-
tional bans on diverting motor
vehicle revenues to uses other
than the improvement Of
highway facilities. That has
been proposed to the Maryland
Legislature In past years. but
it has never been approved.
1t still has its supporters.
though, and there are enough
Of them to constitute a trou-
blesome stumbling block for
advocates Of the port author
ity legislation.
Among the most powerful
and insistent of the support
ers of the ban on diverting
motor vehicle revenues from
highway uses is the American
Automobile Association.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-15

ability to serve, Cc) death or
serious illness in the immedi-
ate family, Id cases where the
jurors service would be against
the public interest.
Appoint one or two alternate
jurors to sit with every jury
through a trial.
Facilities
Clean up the courtroom;
make it as attractive and dig
nified as funds permit. See
that jury quarters are clean.
comfortable and reasonably
spacious. Give jurors a fee
roughly commensurate with
the daily pay Of an average
wage-earner.
Provide all jurors reporting
for jury duty with a special
handbook outlining their jobs.
Make the handbook include:
the legal terms jurors are apt
to encounter during the trial:
an outline Of trial procedure:
how much Importance to at
tach to procedural facets Of
a trial such as objections, over
rulings, contempt actions. re-
quests for delay, etc.
In short, provide all the prac-
teal information a juror might
be expected to want or need.
In felony trials make the
jury's isolation a matter for
the discretion Of the judge.
rather than mandatory.
Functions
Simplify the judges "instruc-
tons as to the law" in the
case. Often this will require
statutory changes since the
judge may now be required to
make his instructions conform
to a certain mode or standard.
In many States, for instance.
a judge may not comment to
the jury on the evidence nor
even sum it up. Federal pro-
cedures permit simplifled in-
structions, and it seems signi-
ficant that reversals on grounds
of faulty instructions in Fede-
raj law are far less than in
most states.
1t would be helpful to tal use
simple terms. (b) give the jury
a typed copy of instructions.
c. permit special interroga-
tions as to meaning of in
structions.
AS an alternative. do away
with instructions altogether
and use the Jury exclusively to
arrive at the facts Of any given
situation. Let the judge apply
the law. AS a matter of prac-
tice. modern trials appear to
be moving in this direction. as
can be seen from the fact that
many Jurisdictions now permit
special verdictS in which the
jury answers only certain
specified questions.
Abolish the necessity for
unanimity in arriving at YER
diets in civil cases. Otherwise
oftentimeS one stubborn juror
can throw a monkey wrench
into the entire judicial process.
Already seven States require
only a flve-sixth majority to
reach a decision in civil cases:
eight States require only Q
three-fourths majority; Nom
tana requires only a two
thirds majority.
Such reforms as these may
not cure all the troubles of the
trial jury. but many judges
think they would help.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-15

the Supreme Court decision on
segregation was void.
Pending such settlement of
the issue, the interposing
States would declare that. as
a matter Of right. they recog-
nized no obligation to comply
with DEGREES they regard as
unconstitutional"
Senator Stuart has not dis
closed the details Of the reso-
luton he proposes to introduce
this week.
Language in Mr.. Boatright's
bill of interposition fits in
pretty closely with Mr.. Kill
patrick's papers definition Of,
interposition.
The Boatright bill, if enact
ed, would place the General
Assembly on record as declar-
ing:
THE action of the Supreme
Court of the United States In
holding that the States can
not provide separate but equal
facilities for children Of Diff
ferent races constitutes an I'M
lawful and unconstitutional
assumption Of power which
does not exist. An agency (the
Supreme Court created by a
document (the Constitution
to which sovereign States were
parties cannot lawfully amend
the creating document :"
Founding Fothers Sold :.
The Boatwright bill also fur
nishes this interesting bit Of
background. 1t says:
Among those who particle
pated in the founding of the
United States and in the
drafting Of the Constitution of
the United States were citi-
zens of Virginia. These men
declared that in case of de-
liberate. palpable, and danger
Gus exercise of powers not
granted by the Constitution OF
the United States. the States
who are parties thereto have
the right and are in duty
bound to interpose there's
that word AGAIN. for arrest
ing the progress Of the evil.
and for maintaining. within
their respective limits, the au-
thorities. rights and liberties
appertaining to them"
MIR. Boatwright-an unre-
constructed member Of the
Byrd Democratic organization
OF Virginia. put this stinger in
his proposed legislation:
Tyranny goes from one ex-
cess to even greater ones"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-15

h1tC1 6b4Oll. kA1lu, 90 IAdS I'll ChdJ
happened in Canada and Eng
land, the time may be coming
when a jury will rarely be used
except In cases involving
punishment.
Whot Are the Shortcomings?
What is wrong with the jury
system as it Is working today?
Why are judges and lawyers
often unhappy about it? Why
do parties to a trial sometimes
feel shortchanged? Why do
some people with good cases
refuse to 60 to court or settle
out or court at a sacrifice?
Here are some of the allega-
tons:
Q The jury is too often made
up Of subpar personnel. Jurors
may be illiterate. of question
able character or both. Too
many good" men and women
are excused from jury duty.
. Jurors must frequently work
in depressing. poorly equipped,
even Squalid surroundings. The
atmosphere is conductive
neither to pride ncr dignity.
Their pay is mee< fer. usually
only q few dolleI a day.
. Jurors often are not ade-
quately apprised of their du-
ties. the Importance of what
they are doing. their rights,
the effects and permanence of
their findings, etc.
0 The judges instructions to
the jury" prior to retirement to
seek a verdict are apt to be
over the heads Of many jurors.
. Requirements for jury I'M
animity in civil trials is time
consuming. expensive to both
government and litigants. and
gives individual jurors far
more power than their purpose
warrants.
. Statutory requirements for
keeping the jury together in
felony trials work a considera-
BILE hardship on most jurors
and causes prospective jurors
to utilize every means at hand
to duck the assignment. Those
who finally do serve are thus
frequently impaneled in a sour
frame of mind.
Three Approaches to Solutions
There are other problems
which arise in connection with
juries, but the foregoing in
clude many Of the major ones.
Proposals to solve them fall
into three general categories
about as follows:
Personnel
Improve the jury selection
system by requiring special
commissioners to select juror
lists: give them facilities for
checking on prospective jurors
plus reasonable pay for this
service. Prohibit prosecuting
attorneys or sheriffs from sub
mitting juror names. Do away
with the use Of property. tax
or voting rolls as the sole
method of selecting names for
jury duty. Investigate the
backgrounds of prospective
jurors in order to avoid obvi-
Gus illiteracy or bad character
Do not excuse prospective
jurors except for honest cause
such as ta) absence from the
community. (b) physical in.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-15
BY GENE GOODWIN

II Mayor Thomas D'Alesan-
dro of Baltimore should be
elected to the United States
Senate this year. as is his ad-
mitted ambition, he'd have to
take a pay cut
They only pay Senators
$22,5 500 a year.
Mr.. D'AleSandro now gets
$4,000, under a controversial
schedule of fat pay increases
he and the City Council re-
Gently approved for themselves
and other city officials.
That increase. as far as this
reporter has been able to de-
termine. makes Mayor D'Ales-
andre the highest paid public
servant in Maryland.
He tops Gov. McKeldin by
a cool $4,000 a year and has
moved above DR.. Wilson H. FL
kins. University Of Maryland
president and former State
salary champ. whose yearly
$22,500 is now only good
enough for second place.
~
Cost Of Management
Speaking of salaries. a lot
OF people in Prince Georges
County are beginning to won
der how much longer they can
afford to do without a county
manager. in view Of the pro-
posal unfolded at the civic
federation meeting the other
night by County Commissioner
Herbert w. Reichelt.
Mr.. Reichelt wants three Of
the five county commissioners
to serve on a full-time basis
Ito give the board more time
to plan for the future"
For their trouble Mr..
Reichelt would compensate
the three ful<sR,e members
at the same rae or higher.
than the $1,000 plus $1,000 in
expenses paid annually to the
present boards full-time
chairman. The four other
commissioners under the pres
ent setup each receive $500
a year plus $500 for expenses.
Prince Georges taxpayers
now are paying $24.900 a year.
in other words, for their top
level administration of county
government. Under the Reich
cit plan that figure would jump
to at least $33.700.
MONTGOMERY County is
paying about $4,000 a year
in salaries to a county manager
and seven Council members.
Manager M. L. Reese gets
$l4,560 and the Council men,
bers are paid $50 per day on
meeting days. averaging
roughly $4,000 a year apiece.
Prince Georges. incidentally.
is the only major jurisdiction
in the Washington suburbs
that does not retain the serv-
ices Of a professional. trained
manager.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-15
Interposition: A Stote
Challenges High Court

either by The Gray Commits
sion program or by inter-
position-or by both methods.
Groy Plan Unnecessary?
Some members Of the Leg
gislature feel that the State
can "interpose" against the
Supreme Courts decision, apd
that VIII be enough. They
don't think the Gray Commits
sion plan win be necessary.
Legislation to interpose was
introduced on the opening day
last week In q surprise move by
Delegate John B. Boatwright
Of Buckingham County. But
the resolution Of interposition
which has been touted most
may be introduced this week
by State Senator Harry Stuart
OF BUCKINGHAM.
Webster's dictionary does
have o definition for Inter
pose" - which could - edito-
rally speaking-apply to Vtr-
ginia's current problem.
"Interpose," according to
the book means {" to place
between, as, to interpose a
screen"
Also, e. to come or be in
the way Of; to obstruct; him
der &. :"
A lot of unkind things are
being said about Virginia In
its hour of travail, Among
them are that 1t is acting as a
screen" to cover moral issues;
that 1t is standing Gin the
way Of" progress: that it is
setting out to "obstruct" JUS
tice. and that 1t is attempting
to hinder" inevitable integra-
ton.
High Boekins
Senator Stuart's resolution
to interpose-whatever 1t may
mean repeatedly has the
backing Of the States top po-
litical figures. Gov. Stanley.
however, said he is keeping
hands of that issue. He told
reporters last week he is
backing the Gray Commission
plan to avoid compulsory at
tendance at integrated public
schools.
The doctrine Of interposition
is stepped in tradition barking
back to the days Of jefferson
and Madison. 1t assumes that
State Legislatures may, by
resolutions, challenge lnterpre-
tations Of the Federal Consti-
tuition by the Supreme Court.
The most fervid interposi-
zionist in Virginia today is
Editor Jack Fitzpatrick Of the
Richmond News-Leader.
Using words that appeared
in his newspaper last week.
this is what interposition
means:
''BaSically. the doctrine aims
at proposing a constitutional
amendment prohibiting the
States from operating racially
separate facilities. If three
fourths Of the States failed to
ratify such an amendment.
Southern States would assert
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-15
ChoIIenae to Landlord?

Causing soma concern In the
Capitol Hill ofice Of Repre-
sentative Landlord last week
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-15

alteration. And, as has already
happened in Canada and Eng
land, the time may be coming
when a jury viii rarely be used
except in cases involving
punishment.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-11

DIPLOMA TlME-Corlo
Hennings CIeft) dough-
ter Of Senator and Mrs.
Thomas c. Hennings,
and Ann Thomas, dough-
ter of the Texos Repre-
sentative and Mrs. Albert
Thomas model two grod-
uotion doy fashions from
Posternok's. Carlo who
goes to Sidwell Friends
School wears q dress of
embossed orgondy with
O full skirt and squored
neckline. Ann is q STU
dent OF National Cothe-
drol. She models an i'm
ported dotted Swiss
orgondy shirtwoist.
They'll stor in tomor-
rows Nv O shin eton
Porty" fashion show OF
the WiIIord.-Stor Stoff
Photo by Randolph Routt,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-11
FASHION NOTEBOOK
Graduation Time
Is Almost Here

sizes from the Pasternak coll
lection.
X X y
ALONG with graduation
comes the achievement award
in the form of a gift for the
June graduate.
What to give, is a sentiment
tai thought that sometimes
perplexeS. Lasting and useful
ideas like wrist watches are
top favoriteS. Fine jewelry also
makes the sentiment live a
really long time.
If a graduate has already
chosen her silver fatware pat
tern, a place setting or an in
dividual piece would be much
appreciated.
X X X X
For Frank r. Jelleff, Martha
Page the gift-packaging ex-
pert, has chosen a Tree of
knowledge" motif for her 1856
graduation package.
Affixed to the top of the
package which holds the gift
Continued on Page BIS, Col.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-11
BY ELEM

Tomorrow'S WASHINGTON
Party" staged by Mrs. Glad
stone Williams at the Willard
for Observation-Disclosures will
be a most unusual event.
Daughters of Senators and
Representatives attending
schools in Washington will
model schoolgirl fashions
from Pasternak's.
Models include Fleur Fei-
CHAN who goes to Georgetown
Visitation, Sue and Carla Hen
nings and Harley Tollefson
whose Representative father
is currently campaigning for
Governor of Washington State,
Martha Mills of Woodrow Will
son High School, Patty CARRIER
and Betsy McInnes of Mt. Yer
non Junior College.
Crisp Swiss sheers are ira
ditional graduation dress pref
erences and we picture two
dresses available in junior
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-11
Indiun Envoy
Is Host

The Indian Ambassador and
Nine. Mehta were hosts at a
dinner last night at the En-
baSsy.
Guests included the Neither
lands Ambassador and Nine.
Van Rotten, the German Am
basSador and Nine. Krekeler.
the United States Ambassador
to India and Mrs. John Sher-
man Cooper, Mr.. and Mrs. Eric
Johnston, Mr.. and Mrs. James
c. Hagerty, Mr.. and Mrs.
James r. Virgins. and Mr.. G.
D. Birla. who is visiting here
from India.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-11

1907 7thSK 18th &c '3li3 lAh
1893 CONN.,, "slLvER SPRING. Nd. open $50 to daily
ALEXANDRIA, VA. Open $50 to 9 Thurs, Fri.
CLARENDON. VA. Open $50 to Mon, Thurs, Fri.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-03

ideas to the full NATO foreign
ministers council tomorrow.
American sources said it was
generally agreed that NATO
should not distribute funds to
other nations. One question still
open was whether the NATO ma
chinery should be used to give
aid within the NATO commu-
nifty. as. for example. to under
developed regions of southern
Italy. Greece and Turkey.
Duplication Seen
AS such, NATO might be du-
plicating the work already being
done by the Organization for
European Economic Cooperation,
which includes II nations. The
United States and Canada are
not OEEC members, but are
closely associated with its work.
American sources said there is
general agreement that NATO
may be useful in coordinating
aid policies of member states.
Mr.. Won Brentano Endorsed the
link between disarmament and
Identification in a meeting this
with Premier Guy Mol
let and Mr.. Pineau in Mr.. Mol
let's Offices.
The French leaders informed
Mr.. Won Brentano of instruc-
tons sent two weeks ago to
Jules Moch. French representa-
tive on the U. N. Disarmament
Subcommittee in London.
Mr.. Pineau later told newsmen
the West Germans were in per
feet accord" with the instruc-
lions. French sources said these
would provide for token reduce
ton of conventional forces fol-
lowed through by a start on Ger
man Identification.
The final stage would be COM
plete German Identification and
general controlled and super
viSed disarmament. The French
argument is that general dis
armament would remove any
possible Soviet fears of a re-
armed and reunited Germany.
Pearson Denies Report
Meanwhile, Lester B. Pear
son, Canadian foreign secretary,
arrived from London and denied
reports he had agreed to become
NATO secretary general in sue
ceSSion to Britain's Lord ISmay.
Il have never heard that Lord
Ismay intends to resign" Mr..
Pearson said. And consequent
ly no one ever suggested to me
that I take his place