davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-02
'O'NeiII Tells Own Story
In q Soaring Last Play

ing and its flashes of remorse,
the O'Neills understand one
another a little better. And,
to explain the plays impact.
the spectator understands
them a lot better. especially
the youngest son.
Hard as they were on one
another, the O'Neills of Long
Days Journey Into Night" are
scarcely less so upon the
actors who represent them.
These are playing haunted
humans, creatures of shattered
wills driven to or beyond the
brink of madness. held to four
hours of repetitious. strangled
speech which is the only kind
to tell their story.
The drama has offered no
such test since ONeill's last
play. perhaps since his older,
more measianic ones. 1t is a
test that is met brilliantly by
Mr.. March as the father, shat
tered by a cheap success and a
terror of poverty, yet intelli-
gent enough to weigh his an
guished fate.
Miss Eldridge, Mrs. March,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-02
Ann BIyth Moy
Get 10 PIuy
Helen Morgan

HOLLYWOOD (P). - Ann
Blyth is q surprising front
runner in the choice to play
Helen Morgan on the screen.
Director Mike Curtiz so far
has auditioned hundreds of
actresses. many of them I'M
knowns, for the role of the
wistful singer who skyrocketed
to fame with her singing of
MY Bill" in ziegfeld's orig
inal "ShoW Boat"
so far" says Curtiz, Ann
has made the best test. I'd
sign her tomorrow if Producer
Jack Warner approves.
Ann, long known as Holly
woods little lady" scored
heavily in a test scene where
in she performed a hootchy-
kootchy dance.
II didn't want to test Ann"
said Mike, because she is the
symbol of sweetness. but she
begged SO hard / gave in. 1
directed Ann in Mildred
Pierce and should have known
what a great actress she is"
Mike says the ideal person.
ality and physique of Helen
Morgan would be an Ava Gard
ner with the talent of Audrey
Hepburn.
Another hot possibility for
the role is Julie London, the
modern singer who most
sounds like Helen.
She made a wonderful dra-
matic test reports Mike.
Mike, in the midst of the big
gest search since Scarlet o.
Hara, says casting is the big
gest headace in Hollywood to-
day. Exhibitors want big
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-02
TWO FILM STARS
HIT BROADWAY,
ONE WINS RAVES

NEW YORK (P)..-Second
Looks at First Nights: Two
stars best known for film
work, Shelley Winters and
Walter Pidgeon are back on
Broadway in new shows that
received sh arply divided
critical comments.
Miss Winters came off
with uniformly high praise
for her own performance in
Girls of Summer" but the
Freudian problem show it
self was deemed a bit con-
fused.
Greater disagreement con-
frpnted 1.-THE Happiest Mil
lionaire," a comedy con-
cerned Wit h upper crust
shenanigans in Philadelphia.
PldgeOn to some of the
aiSlesitters was Superbly
cast, but others thought he
seemed uneasily stalking the
scenes, looking over his
shoulder for the next line.
A revival of 1.-THE Glass
Menagerie" at City Center
with Helen Hayes quickly
established itself as a gem
of the acting season.-Wil-
liam Glover.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-02
4 SELECTION Or
FAv0AlIE MALIzES

IVES II . oTssmi n Happened Ia MonteF.
Teyi Lovely LSoyl MeEicsll Rossi Love,
Mere Is Ny Heart Poem; A Downing, !
love You Truly Dancing with Tears Ia
NY Eyes, u Roadai eFeenslesves, DesT
Love. Ny Love. Ou.s70 S3.se
STRAUSS WALES
Blue osaubsi Roses from the South; WI.
LACE Swallows; Wine. Women and Song;
Tales from the Vienna Woods; Morgan.
batter Emperor waltz; Aeeelerstions,
Ncu and You Voices Of Spring, 1901
Nights. Ott6ss t3.sS
MlNT0VlNI PIAYs
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-02
Continued From Page B-1

Continued From rage b-l
and sensitive, were not merely
bad for one another, they were
horrible. Father, hated for the
parsimony that drove his wife
to morphine. despiSes her
scorn of his life in the thea
ter. The older son. contemptu-
Gus of his fathers cheap sue
cess and his mothers sniveling
retreat to drugs. seeks his ven-
geance in an effort to degrade
the younger brother as he has
degraded himself.
The younger son, trapped in
this crosSfire. sees his yearn-
ing to write snuffed out by the
lung disease by which he is
ravaged but to which the
family is apparently indif-
ferent. He is Mortified by this
indifference but in lieu of hat
ing those who infiict it, he tries
to pity them and ends up pity
ing himself.
Mercurial Family
Beyond all this, however, it
is the O'Neills' misfortune to
be mercurial. They cannot
sustain an emotion. Anger is
interrupted by remorse and
guilt and shame. The flash of
love dissipates contempt and
always, in the end, there is the
compassion of a household
that feels itself accursed and
helpless to escape.
After the plays four search
ing hours, of its endless rant.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-02
OTHER MANTOVAMI RECORDINGS
An ENCHANTED EVENING
WITH MANTOVhNl

Some Enchanted Evening, Tell Ne Mae
You Love Ne Tonight, WheA the lllse
Blooms Again; Loves Dream After the
Ball; symphony AmoureuSe; SpeskessyI
The Agnes Waltz; The Nhlstilng BOyl
Faith; sehonbfunneF Wsltz; clsFdss.
OtL.7s6 . $50
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-02

Robards manages it in q per-
Torrance that is the talk Of
Broadway.
Looking out with such re-
morseless gaze upon the others.
O'Neill gives the plays lightest
stress to the character that
represents himself. played with
tender anguish by young Mr..
Dillman.
David Hays is responsible for
the setting Of O'Neill's auto
biographical play. and an ex-
pert he is in bleakness.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-02

who came back with her hus-
band from retirement. has an
equally taxing, savagely re-
vealing role to play of which
her long second act alone is
a remarkable achievement.
The acting that will chal-
lenge March's as Broadway's
best this year is that of Mr..
Robards as the older O'Neill
son, Jamie, the family's most
degraded ruin. Hardest put of
the quartet to find the shred
OF humanity in his character,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-02

names and the few big names
know it.
las soon as a star becomes
a big name. he asks so per
cent, even rs per cent of a
picture. At that rate, we
couldn't even afford a piano
for Helen Morgan to sit on.
I've looked at hundreds Of un-
knowns but finding one good
enough for this role is like
striking OIL"
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06
:
BY Raf Hardester
Feature Editor TV GUIDE Magazine

October should be the opening game date of the
World Series And on that date Kraft Theater will
dramatize Mickey Nantes life story waiting till the
last possible moment before writing the third act
include the results of Mickeys heroic effort to break
Babe Ru's record of sixty home , Bette Dauis
and husband Gary Merrill, scheduled to appear as
Ed MuTows Person To Person guests on September 21
The following week Ed will visit the Duke and
Duchess of Windsor Jonathan Winters is all set to
take over Dinah Shores 5minute Tuesday night spot
He'll do two monologues each show and will
have different guest singer every week. , It's an
almost dead certainty by that Nanette Fabray will
sign Nth N NBC s a hs Ra means sha ner st show will
Imogene Coca will male three guest appearances on the
Ed Sullivan Show Her fee $25, 900, just about
half of what Ed will pay Eluis Presley for similar
stint. Most asked question at the information desk
of the Los Angeles Police Headquarters: where's
Jack Webb's ofice?" > Vincent Price, encountering
Billy Pearson at party given for director John Huston
declined to pursue their $64 900 Challenge duel with
the words: II only answer questions for money" ,
Jack Benny has spent the summer filming TV shows in
London, Paris, Venice and Rome The plot of the
comedy set in Rome has Jack looking for those three
coins in the fountain
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06
Thursday, September 6

Thursday, September 6
TOO Today
900 Roy Rogers Gene Autry
1000 Ding Dong School
1890 Bandstand
11:00 Home
1900 Tic Tao Dough
1890 1t Could Be You
100 Heart of the Home
1:30 Beauty Aids
las Back Fence
200 City Detective
2:30 Tennessee Ernie Ford
800 NBC Matinee Theatre
400 Queen for Day
4:45 Modern Romances
500 Comedy Time
$50 Roy Rogers-Gene Autry
$50 Sports
$40 TV Newsroom
6:55 Weather Ahead
700 Annie Oakley
7:30 Smoky Lanson Show
7:45 News Caravan
800 The Best of Groucho
$50 Dragnet
900 Slim Bryant Show
$50 Ford Theatre
1000 Lux Video Theatre
11:00 Up-to-the-Minute News
Ills Tri-State Trails
11:30 Tonight
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06

tainment world as guests.
Caesars Hour" 900 to 1000
p. m. Caesars gang" moves to
a new time this fall. Janet Blair
will star as Sid's new CIV wife"
"Your Hit Parade" 1890 to
11:00 p. m. Dorothy Collins,
Smoky Lanson, Gisele MacKen-
zie and Russell Arms will be
spotlighted, backed by Raymond
Scott and the Hit Parade Orches-
fra
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06
Monday, September 10

Monday, September 10
700 Today
900 Romper Room
1000 Ding Dong School
1890 Bandstand
ll:0O Home (Color)
1900 Tic Tao Dough
1890 It Could Be You
100 Hearts of the Home
1880 Lii Rascals
las Back Fence
200 City Detective
2:30 Tennessee Ernie Ford-NBC
800 NBC Matinee Theatre-NBC
400 Queen for a Day
4:45 Modern RomanceS
500 Comedy Hour
$50 Roy Rogers Gene Autry
$50 Sports Final
$40 TV Newsroom
6:55 Weather Ahead
ZOO Superman
7:30 Meet The Champions
(GuesD Don Newcombe of
Brooklyn Dodgers
7:45 News CaraVan-NBC
800 Ernie Kovacs Show-NBC
900 Science Fiction Theatre
9:30 Robert Montgomery-NBC
1920 Ray Milland Show
l1:00 Up-to- Minute News
Ills Bud Wilkinson's Sports
1870 Tonight
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06
ATTEND CONVENTION

Mr.. and Mrs. Lewis Henery of
the local jewelry concern, re-
turned to their home Monday,
south of Caldwell, after attend
ing tWo-day convention of state
jewelers. held in the Deshler-
Hilton hotel, Columbus. They
were in attendance on Saturday
and Sunday.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06

The Caldwell Business and
Professional Women's club held
a board meeting Monday even
ing, August 81 at the home of the
president, Mrs. nellie Startzman
on Main street. The years pro-
gram was discussed and plans
were made for National B.P.W.
week which will be observed
September % to 20.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06
SALES TAG RECEIPTS

Sales tax receipts again showed
slight increase for the week
ending Aug. Is, according to
State Treasurer Roger w. Tracy.
Receipts in this county amounted
to $3,584.56, compared to $3,-
546.66 for the same period in
1855. Total collected in this
county to date amounts to $751;
234.16 or still slightly below that
for 1855.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06
NAMED CHAIRMAN

William l. Norman, GAINESVILLE,
has been appointed chairman of
the Citizens for Eisenhower
Nixon for the 18th district, ac-
cording to DR.. A. Clair Knapp,
state chairman. Norman expects
to recruit a volunteer chairman
for Noble county.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06

Panel of experts planning and zoning
shown above before a dinner meeting of the
Four County Development Council at the
Malta Hotel, Malta, last Wednesday evening.
Left to right: George Buzzarrd, Director of
Industrial Development for Monongahela Pow
er Co., Farmont, W. Va; Albert Redman, Di-
rector of Industrial Development, Ohio Cham
Der of Commerce, Columbus Harmon Mer-
win, Chief Planner, Franklin County Planning
Commission. Columbus; DR.. Carl H. Baker,
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06
Saturday, September Is

Saturday, September Is
people Are Funny" 1880 to
800 p. m. New fall series begins,
with Art Linkletter as emcee.
"The Perry Como Show" 800
to 900 p. m. Perry launches his
second season as star of an hour
long variety program featuring
major personalities of the enter
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06

Wednesday,, September IL
700 Today
900 Romper Room
1000 Ding Dong School
1890 Bandstand /
11:00 Home
1900 Tic Tao Dough
1890 It Could Be You
100 Heart of the Home
1880 Liz Rascals
las Back Fence
200 City Detective
2:30 Tennessee Ernie Ford
800 NBC Matinee Theatre
400 Queen for Day
4:45 Modern Romances
500 Comedy Time
$50 A Desk for Billie
$50 Sports Final
GAO TV Newsroom
TOO Cisco Kid
7:30 Eddie Fisher Show-NBC
7:45 News Caravan-NBC
800 Badge TIA
$3.50 Father Knows Best-NBC
900 Republican State Com
mittee for Ohio
1000 This Is Your Life
1890 TWenty-One
11:00 o-the-Minute News
Ills Greatest Fights
11:30 Tonight
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06

Tuesday, September IL
Adventures of Jim Bowie"
700 to 7:30 p. m. Premiere dram
attic show built around the life
of this famous American adven-
turer.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06
Tuesday, September II

Tuesday, September ii
ZOO Today
900 Romper Room
900 Ding Dong School
1890 Band Stand
100 Home (color)
1900 Tic Tao Dough
1890 It Could Be You
100 Heart of the Home
1870 LIZ RaScals
las Back Fence
200 City Detective
2:30 Tennessee Ernie Ford
800 NBC Matinee Theatre
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06
Monday, September 10

Monday, September 10
Robert Montgomery Present."
$50 to 1890 p. m. James Cagney
will make his television drama
debut in "Soldier from the Wars
Returning" the opening teleplay
of the fall series.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06
Wednesday, September IL

Wednesday, September IL
"A Desk For Billy, $50 to
$50 p. m. Special program pre-
sented by the National Educa-
ton Association, in observance
of NEA Week.
"Twenty-One" 1890 to 11:00
p. m. Premiere of this new quiz
show, starring Jack Barry
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06

Friday, September IA
"On Trial." 900 to 9:30 Prem
iere of a new dramatic series
with Joseph Gotten as host-nar-
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06
Friday, September Z
ZOO Today

Friday, September Z
TOO Today
900 Romper Room
1000 Ding Dong School
1890 Band Stand
11:00 Home
1900 Tic Tao Dough
1890 1t Could Be You
100 Heart of the Home
1:30 Beauty Aids
las Back Fence
200 City Detective
2:30 Tennessee Ernie Ford
800 NBC Matinee Theatre
400 Queen for a Day
4:45 Modern Romances
500 Comedy Time
$50 Roy Rogers-Gene Autry
$50 Sports Roundup
GAO TV Newsroon
6:55 Weather Ahead
ZOO Wild Bill Hickok
1880 Eddie Fisher Show
7:45 News Caravan
800 Truth or Consequences
$3.50 Life of Riley
900 Star Stage
$50 Big Story
1000 Cavalcade of Sports-NBC
1880 Red Barber's Corner -NBC
1l:00 Up-to-the-minute News
Ills Scoreboard
11:30 Tonight-NBC
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06

rator, and based on famous and
authentic court trials.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06

McConnelsville, and Atty. Edwin c. Tingley,
McConnelsville, members of the Councils COM
mittee on Planning and Zoning.
Other committee members not present
when photo was taken are Atty. T. J. Kramer
of Woodsfield; Atty. Fred F. Fox of Caldwell,
and w. Ralph Brannan of Marietta. Others at
tending from Caldwell were Robert Whitcomb
and Everett Brown, sales manager for the Per-
mian Oil & Gas company
Photo by Fred j. Pett
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06
WTRF-TV-WHEElIhG

$50 Roy Rogers
ZOO Mr.. District Attorney
7:30 Down You Go
800 Tony Bennett Show
900 People are Funny
$50 Festival of Stars
1000 Encore Theatre
1890 Your Hit Parade
11:00 The Wise
1880 Million Dollar Movie
Sunday, September 9
l1:O0, The Christophers
1880 Action Theatre
1890 Industry on Parade
I2:45 Man to Man
100 News
ITO Pre-Game Warm-Up
1:25 Cleveland VS.. Chicago
Cat Cleveland)
4:45 Bob Feller Day Show
500 Zoo Parade-NBC
$50 TBA
5:45 Fall Fashion Show
900 DiSneyland
ZOO Topper
1880 Frontier
800 Magic Bor"
900 Goodyear Playhouse
1000 Loretta Young ShoW-NBC
1890 G.. E. Summer Originals
HOO News
Ills Million Dollar Movie
Spider Woman
Sherlock Holmes
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06

400 Queen for Day
4:45 Modern Romances
500 Comedy. Time
$50 Roy Rogers Gene Autry
$50 Sports Final
GAO TV Newsroom
6:55 Weather Ahead
700 Adventures of Jim Bowie
7:30 frankie Carle Show--NBC
7:45 News Caravan-NBC
800 Dear Phoebe
$50 This is ShoWbusiness
900 Jane Wyman Show--NBC
$50 Kaiser Hour
1890 Big Town
11:00 Up-to-the-Minute News
Ills Tri-State Trails
l1:30 Tonight
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06
Sunday, September 8

Sunday, September 9
Cleveland VS.. Chicago, base
ball beginning at lilo p. m.
Bob Feller Day Show" i'm
mediately following the ball
game, a special l5-minute pro-
gram honoring Cleveland's fam
Gus pitcher.
The Magic Box" 800 to 900
p. m. TV premiere of a special
color film prepared especially
for the Festival of Britain. Robert
Donat stars. Over 60 British film
stars, including Sir Lawrence
Olivier, are featured.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06

Saturday, September s
900 Action Theatre
1000 HoWdy Doody
1890 | Married Joan
1l:00 Fury
1l:30 Uncle Johnny Coons Show
1900 Town and Country
1890 Lii Rascals
loo Adventures of Blinky
lis TBA
l:30 News
LAO Pre-Game Warm-Up
1:55 Cleveland VS.. Chicago
Cat Cleveland)
500 Mr.. Wizard
$50 TBA
900 Let's Take a Vacation
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06
News

More outstanding returning
programs, specials and premieres
appear in the WTRF-TV lineup
during the period September s
through September Is.
Saturday, September 8
"Miss America Pageant" 1890
D. m. to IL midnight. Live" tele-
cast of the gala preliminary fes-
tivities and colorful crowning
ceremony from Convention Hall
in Atlantic City, N. j.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-09-06
BOARD MEETING

Photo by Fred j. Petit
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-07-15
Benny Goodman Sure
Jazz Stirs Kids Interest

The King of Swing, who Just
arrived here after session play
ing with the Boston Symphony
Orc estra at TangleWood
tMassD, has decided kids who
are interested in Jazz will get
to it-you can't stop them
Benny Goodman, whose clari-
net has captured audiences since
the early l930's. noted an up
surge among YOUNGSTERS in the
fields of woodwinds and brass
players.
In fact, he declared at a con-
ference at the Sheraton Carlton
Hotel yesterday you don't find
kid taking violin now. Therell
be birth of them. There prob
ably is nov
Benny, who has worn his
crown since before World War
II, last night performed in the
premiere Of a new Morton Gould
work DerirationS for Clarinet
and Band This concerto With
four movements was written es-
pecially for the latest Goodman
orchestra organized early this
year for a number OF sessions at
New York Waldorf Astoria.
This work. which was per-
formed at the Carter Barron Ann
phltheater here last night and
viii be repeated tonight and to-
morrow night, although written
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-07-15

in the jazz idiom, is still con-
sldered a serious work by Mr..
Gould with the most formal con-
suuction.
Benny first rose to fame-and
also forune-through swing. He
has also played with many SYM
phony orchestras. the Budapest
Quartet, and has toured Europe
His interest is in music, not
basically Jazz or classical. He
says he doesn't even mind rock
and roll, !" depending on the piece
and he plays his clarinet for his
own amusement.
But, should Jazz be included
in school curriculum?
y don't know how you would
do it. ! would certainly let them
play 1t
You might 60 about it more
or less like teaching chamber
music
In Europe a few years ago he
met varied reactions, but. he
added. he thought he cot along
well with the usual audience.
1t was the critics that did it..
The people who write about us
sometimes give me a pain. he
declared They use Towering
phrases Junk :
Then he pointed out that iazz
an American creation --actu-
ally interested more Europeans
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-07-15
BY HARRY MACARTHUR

Benny Goodman came to town
last night and the Carter Bar
ron Memorial Amphitheater now
can join Carnegie Hall among
historic institutions. The
amphitheater, too, now has been
the scene of premiere of a Sc
rious musical work written for
an orchestra playing in the pop
ular Jazz idiom.
Whether Morton Gould'S Der
ivations for Clarinet and Band
will take a place alongside George
Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue"
in this field is something the flu
ture will have to reveal. A quick
guess is that it probably will not
but man would be fool to
make a quick guess.
Certainly "Derivations' is. on
first hearing. fresh and beguil-
ing bit of music. light-hearted
and generally humorous. Mr..
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-07-15
Judge CockriII
Says Few Gangs
Are Crime-Bent

Juvenile Court Judge Edith H
Cockrill said last night that
Washington has had very few
gangs organized for the sole
purpose of committing crimes.
In a television interview on
Four Corners News" over WRC,
Judge Cockrill said she had had
only one incident in court where
1T would appear a group started
out intent on making trouble
as a group J"
In other comments, she said
she believed there should be
a modification of the statute
covering rape to permit a less
serious charge to be placed in
cases where both the offender
and the victim are juveniles.
She said the present claSSifi-
cation of rape or carnal knowl-
edge in the juvenile cases gives
a wrong picture of the situation
and puts a serious charge on q
Juveniles record for him to
carry for the rest of his life.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-07-15
GoIdstein Named
To Cumpuiqn Post

BALTIMORE. July IA LPD-
State Senate President Louis L.
Goldstein today was appointed
Maryland's chairman of the Ad-
visory Commission on Natural
Resources Of the Democratic
Party.
T. Barton Harrington. State
party chairman who made the
appointment, said the commits
sion is part of the Democratic
National Committee and will
work in the presidential CAM
paign.
He said Mr.. Goldstein quail
fies for the Job because of his
past interest and experience in
water and marine life resources.
Mr.. GoldStein. from Calvert
County was chairman of the
State Chesapeake Bay and Trib-
utaries Committee from 1947-51
and a member Of the Atlantic
States Marine and Fisheries
Commission since l947.