davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-04
kasper 10 Face
Trial tomorrow

CLINTON. Tenn, Nov. 3 up.
-Segregationist John Kasper
goes on trial Monday on charges
of violating Tennessee's ancient
laws against sedition and in
citing to riot.
The 26-year-old Washington
ID. c. bookseller is accused
Of stirring up protests against
admission Of IL Negroes to pre-
viously all-white Clinton High
School.
The school, which admitted
the Negroes in August along
with 700 white students. was
the first State-supported Sec
ondary school in Tennessee to
lintegrate the races.
Specific Charges
Specifically. Kasper is accused
OF making speeches here in late
August advocating disregard Of
ton says Kasper did "willfully
and Intentionally utter seditious
words or speeches to instigate
others to cabal and meet to-
gether to contrive, invent, sug-
gest or incite rebellious con-
spiracieS to contrive the
ruin and destruction Of the
peace. safety and order Of the
government"
Under Tennessee law, enacted
in 1859, seditious acts and in
stigation of riots are misde-
meanors. The code provides no
specific penalty but the general
statute on misdemeanors sets
the maximum punishment at a
year in jail, 81. 900 fine, or both.
Federal Charge Appealed
Kasper already has been SEN
fenced by United States District
Judge Robert L. Taylor at
Knoxville. 20 miles southeast of
here, to a year in prison for yio-
lating an Injunction against in
constituted authority and tend
ing ito produce a breach Of the
peace and incite a riot"
The indictment charging sedi.
terfering with peaceful integra-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-04

men in Moscow to conceive of
taking out American retaliatory
power at a blow, they must pro-
coed with great caution in the
use OF force. When. in addition,
the United States and the
United Nations demonstrated in
Korea that they would meet
limited aggression with counter
force, the rulers in both Peiping
and Moscow drew the conclusion
roughly in the summer of
1951-that they would have to
seek to expand their power by
lesser means.
For the better part of seven
years now we have seen a Com
muniSt offensive building UP on
the basis of diplomacy, psyche
logical warfare and economic
policy. Nevertheless, the funda-
mental fact about the world is
that the power Of small nations
their ability to tell the major
powers to go to hell and get
away with it-has been increas-
ing. and the basic reason for
this trend is that the major in
struments of force can only be
used under very limited circum-
stances.
Limitations Now Exploited
Now Communist and nom
Communist leaders in Eastern
Europe have watched this pro-
cess carefully. They know that
Moscow has Staked a great deal
on maintaining a peaceful image
of its purposes in Asia, the Mid
die East and Africa.
In short. Gomulka has Joined
Nehru, Nasser, Tito and others
in exploiting the limitations i'm
posed on the Soviet Union (and
the United States) in translating
economic strength into disable
force in an era of atomic weap-
ons.
1t is from these four basic
factors that the crisis in East
ern Europe has arisen. Their
existence does not, Of course,
guarantee that the Soviet Union
win not seek to reiinpose on the
satellites-and even on the Rus
sian peoples-a new version of
Stains rule. The next months
and years may see many phases
in the historical process now
under way. The existence and
depth of these forces does guar
antee, however, that a return to
Stalin's pattern of rule cannot
for long be stable.
\
Tomorrow: What the revoltS
mean to the Kremlin.
(Copyright. 1856. by National Associa-
ton OF Newspaper Alliances.)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-04
Economic HERITAGE

The third basic force at work
in the recent crisis is economic.
Stains economic policy was
based on the ruthless exploita-
ton Of surplus manpower, de-
signed to produce rapidly a
heavy industry base and a mod
ern military machine. In both
the Soviet Union and Eastern
Europe this policy, backed by an
efficient police state, succeeded
in increasing industrial output
rapidly. But it has two funda-
mental flaws.
First, in agriculture, COLLECTIVE
cation has proved extremely in
efficient. Wladyslaw Gomulka,
the Polish leader, recently stated
that individual peasant farms
were II per cent more efficient
than collective farms, 81 per
cent more efficient than govern
ment-owned farms. And we can
be sure that under communism,
even individual farms do not
operate at maximum efficiency.
for the incentives for an about
effort are simply not provided.
This low productivity in agricul-
ture means that in order to eat.
the Communists countries must
keep a very high proportion OF
their people on the land: Rus
STA is now a food-importing ma
ton with half its population on
the land, while the United States
is a great food exporter with
about IL per cent of it's people
in farming.
The second flaw is that labor
is now in short supply, and that
industrial output can only in
crease if productivity per man
increases.
But men living under virtually
slave labor conditions do not pro-
duce at high productivity. And
now Communist bureaucrats.
from a purely technical point of
view, have begun to consider
what it takes-by way of incen-
tiveS-to get men to work eff
GENTLY in both industry and ag-
riculture. Stains brutal view
that manpower was cheap and
dependable is no longer workable
in the Communicates econo-
mics.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-04
British-F rench Invasion
Of Egypt Appears Near

zero hour appeared approaching
on the Israeli-Jordan frontier
Conveys Of white ambulances
were seen forming in the Israeli
section of Jerusalem. Jordanian
leaders in the Arab sector of the
city said an Israeli attack was
imminent.
Countrywide blackouts were
ordered in Jordan.
In air attacks Saturday, low
flying French and British fighter
bombers aimed explosives at
Egyptian tanks and armored We
hicles, and troop concentrations
in the canal region. On previous
days the targets, according to
the British and French, were
mainly air installations. This,
they said. resulted in the virtual
wiping out of the Egyptian air
force. recently supplied with
Soviet planes.
Syrian Ends Moscow Visit
Syrian President Shukri Ku-
watly wound up a visit to the
Soviet Union and Soviet Presi-
dent Klementi Voroshilov told a
farewell reception Russia was
ready to supply Syria with
every necessary assistance to
overthrow its last remaining YES
tiges of colonialism and complete
its national independence"
Whether Russia has agreed to
ship additional arms to Syria was
not directly stated. But Arab
politicians had expressed hope
Mr.. Kuwtaly's trip to Moscow,
undertaken at the time Israel
was invading Egypt. would result
in enough Soviet aid to turn the
tide against Israel.
Marshal voroshilov and Mr..
Kuwatly said the aggression
against Egypt" was a threat to
the whole Arab world.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-04

Ition Of the school. He is free
In $4,000 bail pending an ap-
peal. Judge Taylor issued the
original order for migration Of
Clinton High.
Actual mixing Of the races was
followed by a series Of disorders
that reached a climax during the
Labor Day week end. Gov.
Frank Clement sent National
Guardsmen and State troopers
here to restore order.
Responsible officials from
Clement on down to Mayor w.
II. Lewallen blamed Kasper for
stirring up most Of the anti
integration disorders.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-04

Continued From First Page
flicted losses on British-French
forces trying to invade the Suez
Canal zone. The first said Egyp-
titan coast artillery at the south
ern end Of the canal sank a
British troop carrier and an
other vessel and damaged q
French ship.
Capture Of Ships Claimed
The second said Egypt had
captured three British troopships
near the town of Suez. It
claimed the British vessels were
flying the Egyptian flag las a
deceptive device" 1t did not
state how many troops were on
the captured vessels.
There was no confirmation
from British-French headquar-
tiers and a British admiralty
spokesman said:
There is no information in
London to support the Egyptian
claim of sinking British naval
vessels and land craft"
Iraq Petroleum Co. employees
in Syria reported the flow of
oil from Iraq to the Mediter-
ranean coast had been stopped
with the blasting in three places
of a pipeline in northern Syria.
The company is owned by Brit
ish and American interests and
the French government.
The French declared the Suez
Canal, through which half the
oil for Britain and France comes,
had been blocked by Egyptian
action in sinking ships. The
Egyptians charged the French
and British blocked the canal
by bombing ships in it.
The Arabs bulwarked their
strength on the eastern borders
of Israel. The Ieraelis, victori-
Gus in the battle for Sinai and
the GAIA strip. kept a careful
watch in the direction of Jordan.
TwO-FrOnt War Threatened
1raq announced its troops had
entered Jordan. Syrian troops
were reported also pouring into
the desert country of King Hus-
sein, posing the threat of two
front war for Israel. Each side
appeared ready for an attack
which would widen the scope of
the Middle Eastern war.
Reports from Beirut said the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-04
Atomic Paradox

The fourth fundamental fac
tor stems from the paradox
built into atomic weapons: their
very power makes them danger
Gus to use when they are in the
hands of more than one nation.
So long as the Soviet Union
does not have a monopoly in
weapons. and so long as
it remains irrational for the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-04
Shakespeare Is Topic

DR.. James @. McManaway of
the Folger Shakespeare Library
will talk on Shakespeare and
the Elizabethan Age" at $3.50 pm.
tomorrow in the chapel of the
Chevy Chase Baptist Church,
5671 Western avenue NV.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-04

ment Of the General Conference
OF Adventists. and Wesley
Amundsen, secretary Of the AS
ISOLATION of Self-Supporting In
situations Of the General Con-
ference of Adventists.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-04
People Of Red Empire
Losing Fear Of Rulers
By w. ". ROSTOW

Why has this crisis Europe arisen? WHY has
<Sussa's satellite structure begun to fall apart?
The attempt by Poles Hungarans Communist and nom
communist to assert their Independence profound
causes Dayto-day events should against the
ground of these because whatever may happen in the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-04

.
is that communism as an ide-
ology has totally failed in the
satellite countries. We all can
recall the frightening thought,
when Stain took over Eastern
Europe after the war, that he
might be able to bring up a
new generation knowing only
communism and its doctrines.
This has not happened in Po-
land, Czechoslovakia and Hun
gary. We know less of what is 60
ing on in Bulgaria and Romania:
but 1t is most unlikely to have
happened there.
In the Soviet Union, to a GER
tain degree, the Communist lead
ers have been able to harness
national pride to their purposes.
1t is probably true to say that
Russian nationalism is now a
more important unifying ele-
ment in the Soviet Union than
Communist dogma. In Eastern
Europe the satellite system has
been swimming against a tide of
nationalism. 1t has never been
able to stem or divert its flow;
and now 1t is losing ground
against It.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-25
The Results
Republicans Claim

THE test of failure or success Of
foreign policy is whether 1t results
in war or peace" Those are the
words of Vice President Nixon. He
continued:
In the finol onolysis, the difference
between the Trumon Aehespn policy and
the Eisenhower Dulles policy is thot the
Truman Aeheson policy got US into war;
the Eisenhower Dulles policy got US out"
In addition to ending the Korean
war and keeping the peace else
where in the world, Republican for.
eign policy has scored another
great accomplishment. Secretary
of State Dulles said the policies
brought about major shift Of
Soviet tactics from those of vio-
lence and attempted intimidation.
The new Soviet sweet-talk is an
admission that previous tactics
failed.
There are other specific successes
the Republicans will claim for their
foreign policy:
Collective security has been boil
stored through West German sover-
eighty and NATO membership and
the Austrian peace treaty; Red
threats to seize Quemoy, Matsu and
Formosa have been forestalled:
Red seizure of Guatemala was
thwarted with American help; dis
putes in Suez, Trieste and Iran
were settled; the "Atoms-for-
Peace" program was developed, and
world trade relations were improved
while safeguarding American in
dustry.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-25
The Policy
Republicans Claim /.

The world is at peace, the Re-
publicans say, because the present
foreign policy is one of action, not
reaction" In other words, the Re-
publicans wage peace" positively.
dramatically.
AS Vice President Nixon put it:
"Ours is policy Of peace, peace
without surrender, peace without
appeasement. peace without aban-
donment Of the enslaved peoples Of
Europe and Asia, peace with
strength controlled by wisdom and
restraint supported by the will and
power Of America and the free
world"
The Republican foreign policy
takes these forms, according to I'm
dersecretary of State Herbert Hoo
yer, jr.:
Q Collective security. Some AZ
nations have been bound together
with the United States as warn
ing to potential aggressors that
massive opposition will follow any
warlike act.
Q Building political and economic
strength. America keeps strong her
self and extends aid to our friends
so that they may become strong
enough to remain free.
. Resolving disputes. Rejecting
force, we negotiate in good faith
to remove causes Of tension all over
the world
0 Disarmament. We continue in
our efforts to tame the atom. The
Presidents open skies" and blue
print exchange" proposals were
constructive efforts in that direc-
ton.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-25
FOREIGN REVIEW

France, however.
Elections today will fill the first
Tunisian Parliament and set into
motion the processes of writing a
constitution.
Algeria
In Algeria things had not pro-
crossed nearly so far-and the
French still insist they never will.
Last week they had apparent
assurance that the United States
shares this view-a shock to North
African nationalists land many
Americans, who thought America
had a sort of underline liable SYM
pathy for all Arabs dissatisfied with
French administrators.
Last week c. Douglas Dillon, the
American Ambassador to France.
made an important policy speech in
Paris. It was carefully hedged, but
the reactions it produced showed
that both sides in the dispute read
his careful meanings the same way.
The French were immensely graft
fed. The Algerians and all Islam,
for that matter, were outspokenly
furious.
This was Mr.. billions key remark:
May I repeat, so that there can
be no possible misunderstanding,
the United States stands solidly be-
hind France in her search for a
liberal and equitable solution of the
problems in Algeria" The key
words are liberal and equitable" of
course, but the impact of the whole
sentence was preponderantly anti
Arab.
There are some 8 million Arabs
in Algeria and some IL million
French-a much more stable
French minority than in Morocco
or Tunisia. But most Arabs still
have the same fundamental OBJ
lection to French administration
it tends to concentrate economic
wealth into the hands of the
French.
France was pulling another 100,-
900 troops out of Europe's NATO
forces to make war on the Algerian
rebels. As a carrot to go with
this brandishing Of the stick,
France also announced plans to
introduce economic reforms. Land
lords could no longer take four
fifths of the crop from their share
troopers, France decreed - only
half. And agricultural loans will
be made easier to come by for Mos
lem farmers. Irrigation and other
land development projects are also
planned, France announced, to i'm
prove the plight of the many land
less Moslems.
More Moslems are also to be
taken into Algerian government
administration.
Whether these raforms can es-
cape the two-little-too-late reac-
ton that has bedeviled France In
Indo-C China and in other North
African fracases with native popu-
lations will be something that viii
be clearer % the spring wears on.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-25
NEARBY VOTES

Votes of nearby Maryland and
Virginia legislators on major roll
calls in Congress last week.
SENATE
On amending the farm bill to
deny price supports to all, except
tung nut farmers, not taking part
in soil bank plan, thus making soil
bank compulsory. Adopted, 1915,
March 10.
For: Beall R.. Md. Butler lR. Md. Bvrd
d., Va, Robertson ID. Val.
On amending the farm bill to set
aside certain quantities Of wheat.
cotton and corn and not include
them as surplus commodities. thus
increasing their support prices.
Adopted, 50-44, March 10.
Against: Bean, Butler. Byrd. Robertson.
On final passage of the farm bill.
Passed, 93-2, March 10.
For: Beall. Butler, Byrd, Robertson.
HOUSE
On adopting conference report on
school milk and brucellosis (undu-
liant fever, eradication programs.
extending them for 90 days. Re-
jected, 1925. March 81.
For: Landlord d.. Md. Harrison Cd. Val.
Smith ID. Val.
Against; Hyde (R., Md, Broyhin (R, va.).
On receding from House provis-
ions and agreeing with Senate
amendments to extend the above
programs for two years. Agreed to,
1000, March 81.
For: Hyde, Landlord. Broyhill. Harrison.
= Smith.
Congressional Quarterly
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-25
Democrats Reply

Again 1t must be admitted that
Democratic policies adopted by the
Republicans were effective in in
ducing the Soviets to change their
tactics. But the Republicans have
failed to cope with the new Kremlin
economic infiltration offensive.
Administration policy has been
one of indecision and drift since
the Reds unveiled their Geneva
spirit" last summer. In place Of
a vigorous counter to the new
threat, the Democrats point out.
we have had brink of war" boast
ing from the Secretary of State, q
tank shipment fiasco conducted by
subordlnates left to mind the store,
all accompanied by platitudes with
out policies from the Secretary Of
State and President.
And as for the Korean war, the
Democrats might as well claim
credit for ending bigger one
World War II.
But the worst fault Of the present
administration is Its attempt to
play politics with the Nations
foreign policy, Democratic Chair
man Butler charges. While Presi-
dent Eisenhower talks bipartisan
ship, Secretary Dulles releases the
Yalta papers in order to fulfill Re-
publican campaign oratory and
Secretary Of Defense Wilson and
Secretary of Treasury Humphrey
cut the size of the armed forces
in order to achieve an election
year balanced budget.
The Democrats will demand O
return to the bipartisan foreign
policy which existed under Presi-
dents Roosevelt and Truman.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-25
THE 1856 DEBATE
BY RICHARD FRYKLUND

Peace is wonderful. and the vot-
ers will surely reward the party
that has brought peace to the
world-or at least. so say the Re-
publicans.
G. o. P. leaders believe that
peace" is the best of their trium-
virate Of issues, peace, prosperity
and progress" Voters know their
boys are not being sent abroad to
be shot at, and Republican leaders
intend to drive home the thesis that
credit for peace goes to the Grand
Old Party.
The Democrats see it differently.
They want to make foreign policy
major issue, but they will tell the
voters that the peace" is a hollow
one and that the Republicans have
bungled the Nations foreign affairs.
There are two sides. as in any
political issue, to peace"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-25
The Basic Purpose

The jet-electronic age has shrunk
the oceans which surround America
and emphasized an old strategic
concept about our role in the world:
The island power concept.
We are the principal power on.the
North American island" We are
surrounded" by Eurasia, a much
larger and potentially more power
full land mass. Looking of across
the Atlantic, we see the western
shores of Eurasia. Across the Pa
cif1c are the eastern shores of Eu-
raSia.
If all the power on Eurasia were
ever co-ordinated-or put under a
central control-its master could
dominate our island power. Our
long-range strategic aim is to keep
several powers contending for su-
premacy in Eurasia. We seek Q
balance Of power" on Eurasia like
England used to seek in Western
Europe.
How do we keep several contend
ing powers on Eurasia? At o
minimum, by helping the weaker
powers avoid domination by the
stronger. At maximum, by form
ing coalitions with them.
Our most important postwar
success in strengthening the weaker
powers on Eurasia was the organi-
zation of NATO. made possible by
the Marshall plan of foreign aid.
Our most important setback was
the triumph Of communism in
China, which tended to put large
masses of strategic territory and
peoples under Moscow control.
Building up Western Europe was
relatively much easier task. Of
course, because we had well-devel-
oped industrial societies to work
with. The problem was merely to
return them to their feet.
In Asia, however, the weaker
powers are for the most part under
developed. They have never really
been on their feet. They want
above all to get up fast.
To strengthen them against
Soviet encroachment is automati-
cally long-term job, however. It
will take decades to develop them
industrially. Meanwhile, they will
be in constant danger Of Soviet
domination.
It also will take time to develop
the mutual understanding that
must precede coalitions.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-25
.C|O-AFL Merger Is Likely
To Retord Sc PoIitickinq

under the co-directorship Of the
AFL's James l.. McDevitt and the
CLOS Jack Knoll.
Efforts are being made to set up
COPE committees In the States and
localities pending completion Of the
merger. But the question Is whether
these newly combined committees
will be as effective in the 1856 cam
paign as the PAC and LLPE local
organizations working separately
were in the past.
Two Phases to Work
There are two parts or phases
to the labor political effort-edu-
cation and direct political aid to
candidates. The objective Of both
is the election Of candidates friendly
to labor.
Political education consists Of
urging union members to register
and vote and informing them Of
political developments and the vot-
ing records Of candidates and the
furnishing of background material
on those seeking office.
Direct political aid, of course.
involves Endorsement Of candi-
date and assistance. financial or
otherwise, to him in the campaign.
COPE, under the law, must keep
separate financial accounts for edu-
cation and direct political aid. The
education ampaign may be
financed by the unions from funds
paid by members as dues. But
money used in helping to elect a
candidate must come from con-
tributions sent in by members for
political purposes.
The education" effort-up to the
point when an Endorsement Is
made-may be financed from union
treasures. But after Endorsement,
the effort is political" and the
supporting funds must come from
individual contributions.
In past years both AFL and CLIO
have spent considerably more on
education" then on direct political
aid. In eight years OF organized
effort the AFL collected less than 81
million in small contributions from
members. The best year was 1850
when members sent in $555, 900. rep
resenting 81 each from only about
per cent of membership. The
CLOS SAIL 900, on the other hand,
was the equivalent of 10 per cent.
Because the CLIO has historically
been more active politically, this is
hardly surprising, despite the fact
that the AFL Is twice as big.
COPE want to do better than ever
this year. It has set q target Of 81
from IS per cent Of total member
ship, or Of $3,750,00 on the basis
Of Is million members. But on
cials would be pleased If contribu-
tions top the 81 million mark.
There are indications that COPE
this year L. placing major emphasis