davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-01
APRIL
SoIk Vaccine Raises,
Then Dushes Hopes:
Bundung ToIks Held

April was the month of hope for
millions Of American parents. Fear
of Observation-Disclosures paraly-
sis"-had long been an occupa-
tional ailment Of parenthood. Then.
with a maximum of fanfare, on
April IL (the 10th anniversary Of
Franklin D. Roosevelt's DEATH, the
success OF a long search for an
effective polio vaccine was an
nounced.
Tests conducted in 1854. scien-
lists told the world. showed vac
cine developed by DR.. Jonas Salk
of Pittsburgh to be so to 80 per
cent effective against paralytic polio.
The preparation was released by
the United States Public Health
Service for general use within the
limitations Of an inadequate supply.
From the start, the polio pro-
gram ran into difficulties and con-
fusion which soon gave birth to the
label, 1.-THE polio snafu." Some
vaccinated children caught polio,
as indeed the statistics seemed to
indicate they would. The polio
vaccination program was called off,
then on, them of again and on
again until parents were confused
and scared and many physicians
were downright angry. The output
Of one manufacturer, and finally
the outputs of all manufacturers,
were impounded and new tests were
run.
Inevitably there was a search for
a goat. Prominent nominees were
Public Health Service Chief Leonard
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-01
Society
955 Review Thriving World Shuns H-War

Scheeie and Secretary Of Health,
Education and Welfare Oveta Culp
Hobby. The fire ragged around Mrs.
Hobby for three months, until she
resigned July Is defective August
y. President Eisenhower, however.
made it clear when he accepted her
resignation that she was not being
forced out Of the cabinet because
of the Salk vaccine affair.
Late In the year it became ap-
parent that despite all the turmoil
and confusion the polio shots were
success. incubation against polio,
1t now appears, will be a standard
part Of growing up.
In Detroit and in Washington at
this same time there were rumbles
of important events to come.
on April In the motor city. rep
resentatives Of the United Auto
Workers and the General Motors
Corp. opened talks on new wage
contract. The important new fea-
ture was labor's demand for a
guaranteed annual wage" For the
outcome, see the June" section Of
this review.
And in Washington. the Supreme
Court heard arguments on school
desegregation enforcement-a mat
ter which would trouble many
Americans not only for the rest Of
the year but for some time to come.
Meeting at Bonding
In the hills Of Java, meanwhile.
representative Of 20 Asian and
African nations met to take up
what formerly had been the white
mans burden. Conspicuously abb
sent were Representatives Of South
Africa, Israel, Korea and National
list China. Conspicuously present
was the Communist Chinese dele
CATION which, like the man who
came to dinner. arrived as q guest
and tried to take over.
The Banding conference was
watched with some trepidation by
the United States. which feared the
meeting might degenerate into q
love feast in honor of the Reds.
But while the meeting undoubtedly
enhanced Communist China's pres
tige. it also showed the world that
some OF the neutralist leaders of
Asia were not fooled by Commu-
nism. There were two other no
table results: First, the Afro-Asian
bloc itself gained prestige land
was to gain more strength late in
the year when six new Eastern ma
tons won U. N. membership; and
second. pressure by the Banding
powers either convinced, or helped
to convince. Red China that the
time had come to soften her stand
on the Formosa question.
Historians might look at April
1855 as the end of a great age.
The Churchillian era closed April 5
when Sir Winston Churchill re-
signed as Britain's prime minister
and turned the reins over to Sir
Anthony Eden.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-01
FEBRUARY
Mulenkov Is Ousted,
Bulgonin Moves in
AS Soviet's Premier

While relations between Red
China and the United States con-
tinued to deteriorate over the For
mosa question in February, the
Communist world was rocked by
news of another shakeup in the So
Wet high command.
On February 8. Premier Georgi
Maximilianovich Malenkov. widely
presumed to have been Josef Stains
heir apparent, resigned" In his
place the Soviet government named
Marshal Nikolai A. Bulganin. who
had been Defense Minister. The
elevation of Bulganin. accompanied
as it was by the appointment Of
popular Marshal Georgi NJ. Zhukov
to Bulganin's old post in the Defense
ministry, signaied a rise in influence
of the military. But the boss Of the
communist Party. Nikita s.
Khrushchev. was looked upon as
the first among equals" in the
government by committee which
prevailed after the shakeup.
At the time, outsiders were in
clined to speculate that Malenkov's
and lot more heads would roll
before the Kremlin settled down.
But as the year progressed. Malen-
kov stayed surprisingly alive and
Bulganin and Khrushchev en-
barked on a Rover Boy" act that
made 1t look like Moscow's new
leadership was truly dedicated to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-01
MARCH
President Appoints
Stussen to Serve as
Secretary of Peace

War or peace in the Formosa
Strait still hung In the balance in
March. President Eisenhower, to
emphasize his sincere quest for
peace. named Harold E. Stassen,
his foreign aid administrator, to
a new post in which he could CO.
ordinate all Governmental activi-
ties military. political and eco
nomic--aimed at peace. The en-
phasis of Mr.. Stassen's Job was on
finding workable plan for world
disarmament.
But Chinese Communist threats
were becoming so insistent that Mr..
Eisenhower found need to balance
his emphasis on peace with clear
warning that the United States
would not be pushover for the
loud-talking paper tiger of Pei
ping. AZ press conference in
March he announced that atomic
weapons could be used in any war.
large or small, "just exactly as you
would use a bullet or anything
else" He qualified this by saying
fission bombs would be used ION
strictly military targets and for
strictly military purposes"
Up to this important announce
ment. American Government off,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-01

cials had indicated that atomic
weapons were becoming conven-
tional. but this was the first clear
statement that they had indeed
become conventional.
Precision Atom Bomb
The same week, Secretary of State
John Foster Dulles spoke Of tpre-
cision" atom bombs in q connec-
ton which made it an unmistak-
able warning to Red China that 1t
might bring small nuclear explo-
sions down upon its airfields or
invasion launching sites If Peiping
persisted In attacking the offshore
islands or Formosa.
The deterrent effect of Uncle
Sans arsenal Of nuclear weapons
was greatly strengthened by these
developments. as future relaxations
Of tension In the Formosa area were
to show.
Octogenarian Sir Winston Church
i'll, in the twilight Of his career
on the world stage. had reinforced
this deterrent on March l. with
IA particularly lucid discussion be-
fore Britain's House Of Commons
on the terror of the hydrogen
bomb. He volunteered his opinion
that hopes for disarmament were
slight because H-bombs were easily
concealed But he did hold out
hope for mankind's survival in Q
concentration on building the Vests
deterrent power. And II the Soviet
Union ever achieved q standoff. he
said, the balance Of terror might
lead, "by process Of sublime irony"
to permanent peace.
In the last part Of the month,
President Eisenhower himself had
to step in to quiet the jittery Ma.
ton after Chief OF Naval Opera
tons Robert B. Carney had led
a group Of newsmen to believe that
Communist China was on the
verge Of opening the war.
These formative days. for Amer
lean atomic and Formosa policies
also were marked by a high-level
government decision that the time
had come for the long expected
meeting at the summit, among
the heads of government from
America. Britain. France and the
Soviet Union. Embassies In the
four world capitals went about set
ting a date. Senator Walter F.
George had set the ball rolling by
suggesting the President agree to
such q conference after the Paris
Agreements had been ratified by
all IL NATO powers and West
Germany. The French finally ap-
proved the agreements on March
81. clearing the last big hurdle.
Harvey Matusow, confessed per-
jurer. drew a three-year sentence
for contempt of court in FL Paso,
Tex, for deliberately, maliciously
and designedly" scheming to ''ob-
struct justice for his personal
ends" Congress warmed up its
legislating mill by approving q
pay boost for the military services.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-01

avoiding some Of the Stain ruth
lessness. especially as 1t affected
them.
Another key political shakeup
occurred In France. Premier
Pierre Mendes- France was deposed
on q matter Of North African policy
which was later accepted by the
French National Assembly. The
French marked time without a
government again from February
5 to February %. until Edgar Faure
finally got the deputies approval.to
form a cabinet.
Vital as both these cabinet shake
ups were to. the United States,
Washington,s main attention was
focused on the Formosa powder
keg," as President Eisenhower re-
ferred to it. There was talk of an
other, small war.
Peiping was In an ugly mood. It's,
radio transmitters daily broadcast
threats to tliherate. Formosa. The
United Nations efforts to arrange
a cease fire In which Moscow
concurred were angrily rejected.
After an agonizing period Of
negotiations with GeneralissirnO
Chang Kai-shek. the United States
prevailed on the Chinese National
lists to evacuate the Tachen islands,
whose radar warning sites were of
disputed strategic value but un-
doubted psychological Importance.
Satiated by this retreat Peiping's
air force even jumped an American
reconnaissance bomber and its
fighter escort In the Yellow sea, OF
Korea. losing two MICS in the
process.
Artillery exchanges by Chinese
Red and Nationalist guns increased
in the offshore island areas around
Quemoy and the Matsus. Congress.
already firmly committed to follow
President Eisenhower. to war or
peace. as he saw fit. underlined its
support for the Nationalist on Feb
ruary 8 when a mutual defense
treaty with Taipeh was ratified by
the Senate.
H-Bomb Follout
The shadow of the hydrogen
bomb still darkened the world hori-
zon, On February is the United
States Atomic Energy Commission
confirmed that the bomb exploded
the previous March at Bikini spread
deadly fallout over a 7.000-square-
mile area. Actually, the area esti-
mate was found later to have been
conservative. It was widely spec
ulated, too. that the 1854 H-bomb
had been so-called "3-F" bomb,
a fission-fusion- flssion device which
could be made TO spread iethal fall
out much farther and at much
cheaper prices than previously
realized.
Congress was deep In the hard
work. few-headline part of its ses-
sion that month. It's biggest at
tention-getter was the. confessed
liar, young Harvey Matusow, who
testified before Capitol Hill COM
mittee that he had deliberately
borne false witness about his res
lations with Is convicted second :
string Communists and with Owen
baltimore. the Far Eastern special
LIST indicated on perjury charges but
never prosecuted.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-01
MA Y
Khrushehev at Loroe
Gives West q Surprise;
Court Decree Issued

The Western World got its first
chance in May to observe the new
leaders Of the Soviet Union away
from their native heath. The occa-
sion was a visit by Nikolai Bulganin
and Nikita Khrushchev to Marx
ism's only non-Soyiet stomping
ground, Yugoslavia.
And what the West saw was as
tonishing. The two Russians, who
not so long before had been damn
ing Yugoslavia's Marshal Tito as a
warmonger. tool of the imperial
lists and running dog of the
Americans, landed at Belgrade hat
in hand. They got cool reception
from Tito at the airport. but later
social relations improved greatly.
So great was the improvement,
in fact. that Khrushchev was over
whelmed. At state dinner he vir-
tually drowned himself in vodka,
ending the evening by offering So
let visas to any newsmen who would
like to visit Russia. Then he stag
gered of to waiting car.
If the Soviet happiness boys"
went to Belgrade to WOO Tito back
behind the Iron Curtain, they
failed in their mission. But they
appeared to have succeeded in
dragging Tito a little away from
the West and toward "neutralism.
One thing proved by the visit
was that the thaw was on, as far
as Soviet external relations was
concerned.
Also in May, the Federal Re-
public of Germany-the Western
part-became a sovereign nation
but without Russia's blessing.
In the next tour days the West
Germans were solidly ensconced in
the North Atlantic anti-Communist
alliance. adding the missing link to
the free worlds European chain
around the expansioniSt Soviet bloc.
The way was cleared for German
rearmament and her contribution
of IL divisions to NATO's ground
defenseS.
And in England, Prime Minister
Eden's conservative government was
returned to power-the first gov
eminent in 80 years to increase its
majority in general election.
indignation
The inevitable occurred on May
81 in Washington, when the Su-
preme Court ruled unanimously
that racial segregation in public
schools must be ended. The court,
almost year earlier, had ruled
that segregation was unconstitu-
tional. and the 1855 decision merely
went into the "hows" Of the matter.
But in its decree, the court set
no precise deadline. 1t ruled that
o Public school officials must make
prompt and reasonable" start on
Indignation.
o Steps toward indignation must
proceed with AL deliberate speed"
Unreconstructed Southerner s
we're bitter over what they regarded
as the courts unconstitutional
usurpation of power. Unrecon-
st,sicisd anti Southerners were
equ.,ily hitter over the gradualism
inherer. in the decision. But most
Americans saw in the nature OF
the decision the only possible course
Continued on Page BIS
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-01
JANUARY
Effort Made to Free
II Flyers; Stond on
China Token by U. S.

In international affairs, the year
opened on what some regarded as
q hopeful note and others con-
sidered q shameful one. United Ma
tons Secretary General Dag Ham
marskjold undertook a mission Of
mercy to Asia shortly after the
close Of the 1854 session Of the
U.N General Assembly.
His objective: To obtain the re-
lease Of IL American flyers sem
fenced to long jail terms In Red
China as spies" The espionage
charge, 1t appeared. was trumped
up. perhaps in Communist effort
to blackmail Red China into the
UN. after shooting had failed.
To Americans who were willing
to pay any price to keep Red China
out Of the family Of nations, Mr..
Hammarskjold's mission to Peiping
was nothing short of scandalous.
Others. however. thought the at
tempt worth making, provided no
concessions were promised or i'm
piled.
At FIRST glance, Mr.. Hammarsk-
jold's trip appeared fruitless. He
came back to New York with moth
ing to show for his trouble but ex-
pressions Of hope. The flyers re-
NAMED In Red prisons.
Later In the year, however. be-
hind-the-scenes Vaccinations by
midas v. X. Krishna Menon "a
shadowy figure who stole back and
forth across the stage of 1850 re-
suited In the release Of the II flyers
on August 4. In all, is American
airmen we're released by Red China
last year.
The intransigeance Of Red China
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-01

meanwhile moved President Eisen-
hover to ask for an unprecedented
and some thought unnecessary
favor from Congress. The legisla-
tors granted his request for per-
mission to take any military steps
necessary to the defense of our
Nationalist Chinese ally on For
mosa. The overwhelming congress
sional support given Mr.. Eisenhow-
er impressed a watching world.
The result Of the Presidents ac-
ton was to draw two lines through
the Formosa Strata "for-sure"
line and a maybe" line. For sure.
the United States would defend
Formosa itself. plus the Pescadores
Islands. Maybe the United States
would defend Quemoy and Matsu.
smaller islets close In to the Chinese
mainland.
Though there was much criticism
of the maybe" line, time seemed
to justify it. AS the year ended.
Quemoy and the Matsus were still in
Nationalist hands, and Red China
still did not know whether an as
sault on those islands would or
would not mean war.
State Of the Union
On the national front. the
middle of -the-road Government OF
President Eisenhower stuck close to
the central path. His annual series
of messages demanded less Of Con-
gress than he had asked the year
before. Subsequent legislative work
gave him less than he asked.
Mr.. Eisenhower was successful.
generally speaking. in getting mill
tary appropriations. tariff revisions,
a draft law extension and pay in
creases for virtually all persons in
Government service. He also got a
military reserve program Of ques-
tionahle value.
Results fell short Of expectations.
however. in the fields OF military
dlQt puDliC HOthot okAtOOlo, AlCd4tlAp
nursing, housing and labor law re-
vision The perennial issues Of
statehood for Hawaii (which he
wanted) and Alaska (which he did
not want, and Of home rule or
national representation for the Dis
trict of Columbia remained unre-
solved. In one field. Congress gave
the President more than he asked
for. He had requested q boost in
the Federal minimum wage law
from rs cents to 80 cents an hour.
Congress gave him 81.
When the Federal budget was
announced. it asked for $685. bill
lion in new appropriations. In the
subsequent session Of Congress, the
legislators actually appropriated
$52.2 billion.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-01

war, the second started with the
deadly nuclear stingers sheathed.
At Geneva in July the worlds only
two powers possessing the H-bomb
agreed In effect 1t was 50 deadly .
weapon that all-out war had be-
come unthinkable.
Competition below the level Of
war was intensified, however. In the
spring, the free world brought po-
tentially powerful West Germany
into its North Atlantic alliance.
Moscow reacted with q dramatic
shift in public tactics, away from
military threats and harsh words
to a strategy Of non-military sub
version based on economic penetra-
ton and popular fronts.
The free and Soviet blocs also
entered into an intense competi-
ton to spread the peaceful benefits
OF atomic science to backward ma
tions. And the quiet war for
superiority in arms technology
slipped into q higher gear.
German unification was as far
from fact IS 1t had been for the
previous decade. it seemed. with
Soviet and free worlds Juggling In
opposite directions on the riven
Reich. Thus, while the threat Of
devastating war apparently had
receded in 1855. the contention had
hardly been taken out Of foreign
affairs.
But If the year ended ungratify-
ingly as far as international rela-
tons were concerned, 1t was q
smashing material success for
America--and to somewhat
lesser degree, the rest of the free
world. Sixty-four million Ameri-
cans were at work. and the vast
bulk of the population literally
never had it so good.
The exception was the farmer,
who saw parity" - the ratio Of
prices of what he sells to prices of
what he buys-decline from a dis
tressing So to a panic-breeding 80.
For the rest Of the country, how
ever, the year was onc@of superla-
tives. The stock market closed last
Friday afternoon with average
prices 16 per cent over the 1854
close and a humping 66la per
cent over 1883 final tabulation.
Department store sales--a good in
dex Of general prosperity-were up
81 per cent over 1884. The worlds
biggest manufacturing concern.
General Motors Corp, reported
sales averaging more than 81 bill
lion q month. This company was
the bellwether of the booming auto
industry. which turned out just a
few less than 8 million passenger
cars.
American labor scored . victory
Of a new and untried kind when
auto workers won what they
termed q guaranteed annual
wage" Then the two big factions
Of labor. AFL and CLIO. Joined
hands in q merger and looked
ahead TO even greater gains in
the years to come.
The most Noteworthy single
event Of 1855 was the heart at
tack suffered by President Eisen-
hover on September a. II made
the Democratic nomination more
valuable, and Adlai Stevenson, who
got there fustest. seemed also to
have got there with the mostest
The Republicans still put most OF
their hopes in Ike. but without
any real knowledge Of the incum-
bent's intentions for 1856.
But though the illness Of the
President topped the list of spot
news, the most significant develop
ments seemed to lie in the cycle
Of East-West relations and the
continuing boom in the American
economy.
This is the way the year went:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-01

MEN OF THE YEAR-The sketches
in the left and right hand columns
Of this pose. drawn by Stor Staff
Artist Dick Richardson, portray the
II men who dominated the II
months Of 1855.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-01

The year 1885, historians of the future may note marked
the end Cold War and the beginning of Cold War H. The
hiatus between the two wars of known for few
brief months in midsummer "the Spirit of Geneva"
There happy change however, in the temperatures
of the two cold Whereas the first had been overad by
grim threat of civilization annhilang thermonucear
Arizona sun., 1956-08-16

Well folks, it has come that
time again when members of
both parties are making speeches
everywhere you turn.
One candidate was being art
fully honest. Tossing his
coonSkin cap into the ring, he
humbly confessed, "I wasn't
born in a long cabin folks. No,
but my family moved into one
as soon as they could afford it,"
Oh boy, this thing is going to
be a mess what with the Demo-
Gratis meeting in the Chicago
Stockyards and the Republicans
at the San Francisco Cow Pal
ace. Makes a man kind of won-
der if he's going to get shot full
Of bull or MIXED to death.
Thought Of the Week:
Congress finally found the
way to cope with the rising cost
of living. BY a large majority,
they voted themselves a raise.
Arizona sun., 1956-08-16
PLASTIC WALL TILE
EASY 70 INSTALL

More and more homemakers are
finding they can do remodeling
Jobs that were formerly beyond
their budget. thanks to the devel.
opment Of new products. One OF
these. for example. Coronet plastic {:
wall tile, has made many a lady
of the house the weekend rertod-
eier of her bathroom and kitchen.
It can be installed in FIVE easy
steps, and in very short time fs the
modern homemaker has a durable.
new tile wall. 1t will save her time
In the future, too, because its beau,
tiful. lustrous surface can be wipeo
clean with a damp cloth. Made by
Hako Building Products, Mastic
Tile corp. of America, Newburgn,
NY, Coronet can De obtained
from local dealers.
Arizona sun., 1956-08-16

A woman can forgive a man
for the harm he does her, but
she can never forgive him for
the sacrifices he makes on her
account.-Somerset Vaughan.
The secret of managing a man
is to let him have his way in
little things. He will change his
life when he won't change his
bootmaker.-John Oliver Hobbs.
Women make marriage endur-
ing; they do not seem weary OF
its commonplace.
Arizona sun., 1956-08-16
! !l|||,|g|
August Is, 1856

August 10, 1856
Well Folks
I'm vacation bound! Back to
the OIL home town! When I'm
up in Valley City, North Dakota,
I'll try to think of you. All that
can hope is that you will have
as good a time while I'm gone,
as I expect to.
I feel confident that the girls
will take excellent care of your
wants while my family and I
are vacationing.
Now, here comes some truth
ful advertizing: Come and buy
our whiskey, ETC.; we need the
money to be able to take this
vacation.
"Reddy"