davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-09
Three Senators Confident
Eisenhower Will Run
BY the Associated Press

Two Republican Senators said today the G. O. viii have
pick candidate President Eisenhower should
announce of this month he won't again.
Senators Duff of Pennsylvania and Payne Of Maine added
however confident than that Mr. Ese
hover will second term. So did Senator Godwater
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-16
DORIS FLEESON
Hartman FIirts With the West

country maintain status. Poll.
ticianS prefer to call this i'm
portant group "senior citizens .
and pay it much Lip service.
In New York, Hartman set
up a whole new department Of
his State administration to
deal with the problems of their
enforced retirement, possible
occupations, health and related
considerations.
Members of the House in
particular have found that this
is a genuine issue and have
shown concern about it. They
feel there is pay dirt in his
stress on the waste of man.
power in present retirement
policies Of industry and the
refusal to hire older workers.
Unless Stevenson should
stumble badly in the Florida
and California primaries, Har-
riman'S best chance still rests
in a convention deadlock which
Stevenson cannot break. Harri-
man managers hope to take
him to the convention with
$50 firm first ballot votes to
establish his claim for con-
sideration in that event.
They have no commitments
from former President Tru-
man.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-16
Supreme Court Under Criticism

ment are perplexed because of
the 6-to-3 decision in the
Steve Nelson case. Under this,
State governments are told
they cannot punish sedition
and that only the Federal
Government can at present
deal with such a crime.
Bills are being introduced to
correct the Supreme Courts
misunderstanding of congress
sional intent. For, if the deci-
sion is left standing, it means
that a crime committed
wholly within a State and
directed at the overthrow Of a
State government cannot be
touched by a State authority
and must be left to the Federal
Government. This means that
a bigger and bigger police force
will be necessary for Washing
ton. It also means a whiting
down of the rights of the
States to maintain law and
order within their own bound
aries.
Many bills also are being in
PRODUCED to try to get better
justices. Senator Smathers of
Florida has a bill to require
five years of experience on the
bench. The bill of Senator
Stennis of Mississippi would
require at least ten years of
previous service on the bench.
The fact is that only one of
the nine justices now on the
highest court actually served
any appreciable time on the
bench. No constitu tional
amendment is needed-just a
Senate rule to insist on such
a qualification before it gives
consent to confirming a
nominee for the Supreme
Court. Senator Long of LOUISE
ana proposes an amendment to
limit tenure to IL years.
But this isn't the main COM
plant. It really is that too
many of the nine justices have
become theological" and in
tereSted in causes" rather
than in objective and judicial
handling of the issues of the
day. The speeches made by
some of the justices on current
political issues have given rise
to the suspicion that too many
of the justices consider them
selves protagonists. That's
really what is worrying citizens
generally who have always
thought of the Supreme Court
as a body completely detached
from political turmoil and
strife.
Reproduction Rights ReServed)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-16

basic installations, projects re-
quiring immense initial capital,
To raise this. labor and con-
Sumers are squeezed to obtain
the greatest possible surplus
value" for new investment.
Trade unions are forbidden,
and political activities poten-
tial of popular revolt sup
pressed.
1t is only when this stage of
industrial capitalism has been
completed that workers are
permitted to bargain for their
share in "the fruits of produc-
tion,' and goods passed on
with a low MAKEUP to the
consumer.
Josef Stain. who launched
the first five year plan in 1928,
was the father of the Rus
sian industrial revolution and,
as such, the most ruthless
capitalist exploiter in history.
Although the early phase Of
all industrial-capitalist revolu-
tons has been exploitative, in
the West it was mitigated by
the criticism of free writer's,
Christian leaders Especially
of nonconformist sects), STIR
rings and uprisings in the
ranks Of labor itself, by a
landed aristocracy threatened
by the industrial revolution.
and by the competition of
separate enterprisers for
hands"
Stain, alone, initiated an in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-16
Why the Red Military Cutbuck?

Soviet declarations that unity
between East and West Ger
many can be accomplished only
If Germany adopts a neutral
attitude in the East-West con-
f1ict is likely to doom Ade-
nauer's hopes for an effective
German military force needed
to maintain a wall against
Soviet expansion.
When President Eisenhower
was supreme commander of
SHAPE he said repeatedly that
the NATO could never achieve
its military purpose without
Germany's military co-opera-
ton. The generals views were
fully Endorsed by his success
sors, Gems. Matthew Ridgway
and Gruenther. The Soviet
cut-down in military forces
will further encourage the OPP
ponents of West German re-
armament and further dimin-
ish the efficacy of the NATO.
The USSR, like the rest of
Europe, has expanded its econ
omy and its induStrialization
to a point where it has a seri-
GUS manpower shortage both
in industry and agriculture.
There is such a shortage of
manpower for construction
purposes that Germany, for
instance. is borrowing" every
year some 100000 workers
from Italy. And Italy in turn
is importing destitute Greeks.
who are hiring themselves out
at cheaper wages. to take their
places. Skilled and unskilled
labor is at a premium in Eu-
rope these days. Russia, de-
spite her large population, is
in the same predicament.
The expected official an
nouncement that the labor
camps in the sub-Arctic Sec
tions of the Red empire are
about to be liquidated is be-
lieved to be prompted by the
dearth of manpower in the
Soviet economic. industrial
and agricultural fields. So, to
a limited degree, is the deci-
sion to cut down some of the
superfluous ground personnel
of the armed forces.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-16
DORIS FLEEsON
New York Governor Sets Campaign
Under Way in Six Mountain States

Gov. Averell Hartman of
New York has a great name,
a happy tradition and many
friends in the Mountain States
where he is moving into active
presidential candidate status.
This Western background
with which the HarrimanS
have a strong and legitimate
tie has vastly more political
appeal than his Tammany
Hall connections in New York.
1t is by design that Hartman
is imparting a Western flavor
to his presidential bid and he
may be expected to strengthen
it all he can.
Delegate-wise, the Mountain
States can't do too much for
him. Even if he got all the
delegations from the six he is
viSiting-which he won't-he
would still have only "a votes
in the nominating convention,
four less than New York's SO.
Nor will the Governor get all
the New York vote.
Democratic headquarters and
m any Northern Democrats
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-16
CONSTANTINE BROWN
Gesture Seen Blow at Western Unity
And Detected by Mdnpower Needs

it was drastically reducing its
formidable air power and that
it would start with long range
bombers. President Eisenhower
would have seen in such a move
sufficient positive deeds" to
accept the Red peace doves
which have been fiuttering
around for some time.
And If the B & K team had
added that it was ready to
accept inspections of the Soviet
arms limitation program, there
is no doubt that at least in the
armament field the interna-
tional situation would have
greatly improved.
The gesture of the Kremlin
was prompted, according to a
preliminary survey of opinion
in Washington, by two con-
siderations: ny The deter
mination of the Red leaders to
break up the already-shaky
Western unity and hasten the
demise of the ailing NATO;
and (2) the need in the USSR
for more manpower for indus
trial and agricultural purposes.
Despite American efforts to
revitalize the NATO, that mill
tary coalition is coming apart
at the seams, particularly in
Western Europe. We expected
to save it not only by infusing
more money but principally by
creating a 500,000-man Ger
man military establishment.
The peace doves launched from
Moscow. particularly since the
summit" conference at
Geneva, have considerably af-
fected the German will to arm.
The argument set forth by
Chancellor Adenauer that the
Federal Republic can survive
only by adding its prospective
military forces to those of the
Western powers is certain to
suffer another setback now
that the Russians have an
nounced that most of their
forces in Eastern Germany are
to be withdrawn. This gesture,
accompanied by the repeated
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-16

welcome the Hartman cam
paigning for reasons uncon-
nected with his personal ambi-
tionS.
From the start, the New
York Governor has handled
President Eisenhower like the
opposition candidate for Presi-
dent rather than the man
above party. Most Democrats
were slow to do this; Harri-
man has now forced both Ad-
lai Stevenson and Senator Ke-
fauver. the only other avowed
contenderS, to follow his suit.
Hartman is now calling on
the Democrats to offer their
own new and affirmative pro-
gram together with their criti-
ciSms of the administration. He
has put the name new vision"
to his idea. 1t could catch on:
it is at least an idea in a realm
where ideas have been remark
ably scarce.
The professionals here have
noted also that he has all but
established a copyright on the
issue of helping the growing
numbers of older people in this
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-16

Moscow's announcement
that it has decided to curtail
its military forces by about, ! 2
million men is minimized in
Washington because the re-
duction applies more than 90
per cent to ground forces.
In these days when inter-
continental planes will be the
decisive factor in a war. only
a scaling down of air power
can have any real meaning.
And this the Russians are not
doing except in a token man
ner.
The Soviet ground forces
consist of between 212 and 900
divisions. There are 80 addi-
tional satellite divisions inte-
grated with those of the USSR
through last years Warsaw
pact. The Chinese Communist
military strength is estimated
at 4 million men.
All these troops are battle
trained. fully equipped and on
active duty. They are not blue
prints. A curtailment of more
than l million is excellent for
Kremlin propaganda, but is no
real reduction Of Communist
power against the actual
battle-ready forces Of the free
world.
There are fewer than 20
divisions of NATO combat
forces in Western Europe, the
most sensitive spot in the
Western defense system, now
that the French have with
drawn their trained manpower
from Germany. The rest men
toned in Gen. Alfred Gruen-
theirs yearly report are units
available only between so and
1870 days after a Soviet attack.
1t is inconceivable to our mill
tary men that in such an
eventuality the Soviet planes
would permit the concentra-
ton and organization of the
Vests reserves.
The situation would have
been entirely different If the
Kremlin had announced that
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-16
Russian Changes Seen Keyed to Passing
OF State Capitalism Into New Stage

In analyzing developments
in the Soviet Union, the temp
tation to consider changes as
motivated by more or less
benevolent or malevolent per-
sonalities should, 1 think, be
avoided.
1t is rather comfortable to
have an opponent reduced to a
single m a n, who can be
counted upon to behave &C
cording to a familiar pattern.
Counting on his fixed position,
the United States was able to
esta blish a fixed counter
position. Now the person
atty" Of the Soviet Union is
a montage of several faces
imposed upon each other, and
people ask, who is the real
boss? What are these persons
UP to?"
These are not. I think, the
pertinent questions.
Reorientation in the Soviet
Union. domestically and in
foreign policy, is rather i'm
plicit in developments. Soviet
state capitalism has passed a
certain stage and is entering
upon another. The Importance
which Soviet analysts attached
to Molotov's remark, 1--WE have
begun to lay the foundations
of socialism" registers this. He
was compelled to correct him.
self. to say 1--WE have laid" etc.
The word socialism" in this
context is confusing. The So
Wet economic system is state
capitalism, and should always
be called so. 1t differs from
other forms OF capitalism only
in that the state rather than
private individuals puts up the
entire capital and takes the
entire profits of all enterprises.
1t is noncapitalist in rejecting
a market economy. But it is
also impossible to find a classi-
cal example Of a market econ
omy anywhere else.
The evolution of Soviet
capitalism has followed the
course Of all other capitalist
industrial revolutions. In their
early stages energy is con-
centrated on building great,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-16
DOROTHY THOMPSON
StoIinism Continues in Russia

duStrial revolution free of any
restraints whatsoever.
There was no Leo Tolstoy to
excoriate the exploitation that
Charles Dickens land others)
denounced in England. The
Russian peasantry, with their
lands collectivized, and no one
to stand between them and
the state capitalist monopoly
could be driven into factories.
The penal system could be used
to create an unending supply of
labor working for bare subsist-
ence. All independent organized
activity was banned.
The question now is to what
extent the destruction of the
personal cult of Stain symp-
tomizeS the end of Stalinism.
So far there is no evidence
of fundamental change.
But this condition must
change as the industrial revo-
luton evolves or it will even
tually go into decline.
An industrial revolution when
1T has passed a certain stage
is operationally uncomfortable
by a handful of political bosses.
1t creates a large new class
OF people who can operate
without the politicians, while
these cannot direct the indus
trial revolution without them.
Changes in Russia are there
fore impelled by inherent
socio-economic developments.
Stains state capitalism has
created a Frankenstein for the
political bosses. His passing
merely brought this fact land
dilemma) into focus.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-16

Public acceptance 18 countries round the world made
and KEPT Carrier the outstanding leader In Washington too
with many installations in stores churches schools public
buildings and many many hornes-more people enjoy
the maches benefits of Carrier Air Conditioning than any
other kind.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-16
Some Justices Called Too Theological
In Technicolity-ReversnI of Cases

~ S9u W 0SSS
in the future as well as in open
ing up past cases.
Another critical decision was
rendered by the Supreme Court
in the matter of the credibility
of witnesses. The new rule set
forth in a recent case says a
case must be heard over again
if a conviction in a lower court
occurs as a result of testimony
by a witness whose credihility
has been challenged in some
other case happening after
ward. Where does justice be-
gin and end, the lawyers are
asking. If a witness in some
other case wholly disconnected
from the one at issue SUBJ
sequently commits an Immoral
act or if he decides to perjure
himself on some other matter?
Yet this is what six justices
OF the Supreme Court decided
as they sent back to the Sub
versive Activities Control Board
case to be tried again. The
Communist Party claimed that
three witnesses had gotten
into difficulties in another case
and hence this invalidated
their testimony. The Circuit
Court Of Appeals, which disre-
garded this plea, pointed out
that there was enough evidence
without it before the trial
court and hence both tribunals
actually passed on this very
point. But the reversal was
ordered by the Supreme Court
just the same. and a decision
as to the constitutionality of
the law itself was indefinitely
postponed.
1.-THE only purpose Of this
procedural maneuver," says
the dissenting opinion of
Justices Harlan, Reed and
Minton, "is to gain additional
time before the order to reg
lister can become effective.
This proceeding has dragged
out for many years now, and
the function of the board re-
mains suspended and the con-
gressional purpose frustrated
at a most critical time in
world history"
This is not the only type of
case where the Supreme Court
has brought down on itself an
avalanche of criticism. Vir-
tually all the State govern
ments and the attorneys gen.
eral, in charge of law enforce
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-16
DAVID LAWRENCE

The Supreme Court OF the
United States as an institution
is revered, but. unfortunately.
the members who happen to
be Justices for the time being
are not always accorded the
same reverence.
In fact. today among many
lawyers the present Supreme
Court is coming in for the
most severe criticism. The JUS
tices are being spoken Of as
arbitrary" and "capricious."
and sometimes even the term
reckless" is heard.
The layman isn't aware i'm
mediately of the consequences
that flow from dangerous deci-
sions. Yet. as one lawyer put
it, the jails could be emptied
tomorrow Of many criminals
If their counsel should sud-
denly take advantage of some
of the technical grounds by
which criminal convictions are
nowadays being reversed.
Such criticism of the Su-
preme Court stems from cases
that have nothing to do with
the segregation issue. Thus.
the other day the Supreme
Court remanded a case of a
convict who was charged with
armed robbery. The decision
was reversed because the rob-
Der was held to be too poor for
his lawyer to buy a steno-
graphic record of the case so
he could file it with his appeal.
Never before has the Supreme
Court said this problem was a
basis for Federal interference
in a normal procedure by State
courts. Lawyers are asking
now what happens to cases
passed upon by the u. S. Cir
cult Court of Appeals in the
past? This court has had a
self-imposed rule to detect
errors in the record in capital
cases but not in noncapital
offenSes. Here is an instance
where, irrespective of what the
lawyers for either side may
claim is an error in the record,
the Circuit Court of Appeals
itself seeks out the error and
rules on it. Is it discriminatory
because this is done in. certain
cases and not in others? If the
Supreme Courts new ruling is
followed, there is confusion
ahead and many pleas for pos
sible reversals in criminal cases
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-16

comfort THIS you'll ask for survey NOW
Carrier YearROnnd Weatherm0kerS-for old Houses or
New-HEAT as veH as COOL Every Room in Your
House!
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-16
POTOMAC FEVER
FLETCHER KNEBEL

Republicans at their San Francisco convention will try
write platform strong enough Ike on-and for the
second Eisenhower team to on.
Gov. Hartman of New York wins delegates Wyoming
Hartman is true New Dealer. That's fellow
keep the ship of state keeso hold emergency
lifeboat drills.
Ike delays naming Secretary of the Interior That's
the post in charge the public ands-and nothing
given away at the moment.
Definition of statesman: fellow given testimonial
banquet by fellow politicians.
The stock market falls that Russia is cutting her
armed forces Nothing ightens Wall Street
munist in civilian clothes
Polls indicate that the Midweste enough
of everything connected with the Eisenhower administration
except Eisenhower
Stevenson and Kefauver campaign in Oregon This is
thrilling The winner may be invited the
room-and offered the vice presidency.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-24
Time of Trial

When Adlai Stevenson began his
campaign for the Democratic nomination
this year he said that he was resolved
neither to fool the people nor to fool
himself. The defeat in Minnesota, shock
ing though it must have been, has not
changed his mind. In this time of trial
and certainly of temptation, Mr. Steven
son still says:
I have tried to tell the people the
truth. always will. have not promised
them the moon. And I never will
This may not be the way to win cleo
lions but it is, in my opinion, the way to
conduct political campaign in a democ-
racy.
This opinion is disputed by some
people who are saying that Mr.. Stevenson
cannot win by staying down the middle,
that he must change his tactics, that he
will have to embrace that brand of
political demagoguery which counts votes
and ignores consequences. 1t may be, as
Mr.. Stevenson suggests, that these people
will be shown to be correct in their esti-
mate. But If so, if it really is true that
Mr.. Stevenson cannot hope to tell the
truth as he sees it and still win the nomi-
nation, then that is the sorriest kind of
commentary on our political scene in
general and the nominating processes of
the Democratic Party in particular.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-24
Give the Fish q Break

The Potomac Rivers herring, shad
and other migratory fish seem to have a
lot OF friends. Latest defender of the
perennial piscatorial visitors is Mary
lands Governor McKeldin He has Joined
with wildlife conServationistS and other
nature lovers in campaign to provide
fish ladders for the new water supply
dam at Little Falls. But the Armys
Corps of Engineers, constructing the dam,
has rejected the ladders as not essential
and too costly.
Maryland has right to speak out on
the subject, because she claims ownership
OF the river to the Virginia shore. And
the States Board of Natural Resources
insists that some way should be provided
for migrating fish to surmount the dam
and reach their spawning grounds.
Congress felt the same way when it
authorized the building of the dam. The
legislation included provision for fish
ways. We are on the side of the fish in
this controversy. Man has made their
annual spawning pilgrimage hazardous
enough as it is, what with snagging
hooks, pollution and other dangers. The
poor fish deserve better break.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-24
Boycott Conviction

1t could have been predicted with
almost mathematical certainty that the
Rev. Martin Luther King, jr, would be
convicted in the Montgomery, Alabama,
bus-boycott case. And it can be predicted
with almost as much confidence that this
conviction will not survive the test of
appeal
For there are really only two ways
of looking at this case. 1t is an attempt,
under a 1921 antiunion law, to punish
Mr.. King as a leader of Montgomery
Negroes who refused to patronize a bus
line because they objected to its segrega-
ton and other policies. Or it is an at
tempt, by indirection to compel the Ne
groes to give up their boycott and go back
to patronizing the buses under conditions
that are Objectionable to them.
In either situation, we do not believe
that the appellate courts will affirm the
conviction. For the time has long since
passed when citizens can be treated as
criminals for refusing to patronize pri-
vate business concern. This boycott would
have been justified had it been aimed at
poor service or unclean Buses Is it less
so because it was aimed at segregation on
the buses and discourteous drivers? If
the Alabama authorities think the an
SWer is in the affirmative, one can only
suggest that their thinking is far behind
the times in which they are living.