davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-19

Senator Hayden's most cherished
piece Of advice came from Repre-
sentative Frederick c. Talbot Of
MARYLAND:
There are two kinds Of Congress
men-show horses and work horses.
II you want to get your name In
the papers be show horse. II you
want to gain the respect Of your
colleagues. keep quiet and be
work horse"
The Arizona newcomer decided On
the work-horse role. As Q result his
name Is not too often In print. but
he Is one Of the most influential
members OF the Senate.
One Of the country,s great au-
thorities on Government spending,
Senator Hayden has served on the
Senate Appropriations Committee
since entering the Senate and has
been chairman Of that committee
since January. 1855. He also serves
as chairman Of the Joint Committee
on Printing and as member Of the
Committee on Rules and Admin
istration.
From the day he came to Con-
gress. concerned with the respon-
sibility for helping Arizona shoulder
the full burdens of Statehood, Mr..
Hayden has devoted his primary
efforts to developing the great
Southwest. His worries today are
much the same as they were In
1912: The largest Indian popula-
ton Of any State In the Union,
mining, irrigation and reclamation,
agriculture and highways.
He made one Of his most vital
contributions to Arizona and the
West as co-author Of the Hayden
Cartwright bill that set the formula
for distribution of Federal aid to
highways on the basis Of area rather
than population. This was followed
in 1850 by Senate approval Of the
Central Arizona project which Hay
den had set in motion IL years
before. It's final passage was hailed
as one Of the greatest individual
victories in Senate history. "a per-
sonal triumph for Carl Hayden"
IT guess I've seen a great piece Of
history" the Senator says. "Id
been here only a few years when
we entered World War I.
when that was over we found
we had passed from debtor nation
to a creditor nation. Then followed
the great depression and q revamp-
ing of our economy. Next came
World War II and we emerged from
that as a world leader.
1.-THE comparison between the
1912 budget and today's budget is
interesting. Today's budget re-
fleets those two great wars and our
present state of Atomic Age pre-
paredness. Give us the impossible
"a guaranteed world peace-and
we could slice our spending almost
In half"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-19
BY DAVID KOONCE

The Senate, already looking into
the campaign contribution Of $4,000
In natural gas money offered to Q
Senator. In Q few weeks viii start
considering Q bill aimed ct purify
ing the stream Of political Life in
America.
8. $50. introduced by Senator
Thomas C. Hennings. IT,. Democrat
Of Missouri. viii be called up "at an
early date" Majority Leader Lyn-
don johnson Of Texas promised re-
Gently. If s. $50 wouldn't COM
pletely disinfect political cam
paigns, Senator Hennings hopes
that 1t would at least remove some
Of the pollution.
For one thing, ths Hennings bill
would raise the ceiling ON the
amount . candidate u allowed TO
spend in getting elected to the
House or Senate. The present limit
u $4,000 for Senators and 5000
for Representatives. q limitation
honored more In the breach than
the observance. The proposed law
emissions o flexible ceiling, the top
amount being reached by multiply
ing 10 cents by the total number
Of votes In the previous election.
Heretofore, q limit on spending
has been IS easy to evade as French
taxes. Senator Hennings' bill, how
ever. would provide that the cell
ing include not only the amount
spent by a candidate himself, but
all the money spent In his behalf.
II it becomes law. the election scene
could expect to see far fewer such
ad hoe front organizations as "The
Committee to Save the United
States Of America" and "Redheads
for Jones for Senator" More teeth
would be added by forbidding
committee to contribute to cam
paign unless the candidate or his
designated agent gives written per-
mission, copies of which would be
fled with the clerk Of the House or
secretary of the Senate. All COM
mittees spending more than 500
year would be covered by the law.
inevitable Loopholes
Even II the bill passes. there still
will be loopholes that will be almost
impossible to close. For instance.
there is the problem Of institutional
advertising, in which q company
will buy full pages In several dozen
large newspapers. The caption. In
two-inch letters, may be Let's Pre-
serve Our Way of Life" and the
copy following 1t will present the
view that one party is dangerous to
America and the other has mo-
nopoly on good and pure red Ameri-
can blood. The cost of such adver-
Using Is tax-deductible.
Then there Is the company read
ing rack" Near factory exits. many
large companies establish racks
filled with easily accessible litera-
ture. In campaign season. much Of
this reading takes on q political
tone compatible with management
views.
Labor's spokesman are vociferous
In opposition to the reading racks.
but union publications themselves
are often little more than political
sheets around election Tina. Free
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-19

close the German submarines came
to winning the war. At one time IN
1917 the British forces in France
had only four days supplies left.
Had the German authorities real
lied the significance Of the subma-
rine. begun construction sooner.
and authorized its unrestricted use
in 1915 instead Of 1917. they would
have won the war.
In this use Of poison gas or sub
marines I am not touching on the
moral or legal aspects Of their use:
I am simply discussing their mill
tary use.
Use of Tanks In the First World
War-The idea Of the tank was
conceived In 1914. 1t was backed
by Winston Churchill, then First
Lord Of the Admiralty. over ofdcial
opposition. In September, 1915, the
British made Q surprise attack with
tanks against the Germans ON the
Somme. This premature employ
ment. before large numbers Of tanks
were ready. was o great mistake
and was contrary to the advice Of
the tank people. The chance Of o
great strategic surprise was missed.
The British military authorities
then lost faith In tanks. Some urged
their abandonment. and 1000
which had just been ordered were
Cancelled by the War Once.
But the ofi1cer In charge Of con-
tracing for the tanks was Q re-
serve officer who was not concerned
about his career in the army. He
went to Lloyd George. the War
Minister. and the order for the
tanks was reinstated.
In 1918 the German Military
Headquarters, In reporting TO the
German government that there was
no longer any prospect Of winning,
listed the tank as the primary rea-
son.
Use Of the Va Long Range
Rocket In the Second World War
The nrst flying bombs crossed the
English Channel in June, 1914. They
carried one ton Of explosives. but
because Of their straight-line flight
and relatively low speed. the British
were able to cope with them.
Then, In September. 1914. the
Germans fred the W.. the long
range rocket. But by that time the
va could 20 longer. Of itself, win
the war. The story could have been
different II, starting 10 months
earlier. long-yange rockets with In
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-19
Cleanup Bill Would Put Probity
Into the Art of Getting Elected

paign listed only $4,000 in contr1-
buttons. registered contributors
from 10 States besides his own.
Among the contributors was one
Douglas B. Marshal Of Houston,
Tex, who sent $4,000 to North
Dakota. Democrats charge that. In
1854, nearly 100000 was dumped
into the Colorado senatorial con-
test in the last two weeks Of the
campaign.
Still o Way Out
There will remain ways. Of course.
to evade the proposed $4,000 limit
on individual contributions. A mil
lionaire with a wife and eight chill
dren will be able to contribute
500 900 with little fear Of winding
I'D In Jail. In 1854, 10 members Of
the Rockefeller family gave q total
Of $4,000 TO several Republican
committees. Fourteen Delaware
du Points gave $5l.500. and the
Melons Of Pittsburgh contributed
$4,000.
The practice Of making contribu-
tons out In checks payable to
cash" also will be continued.
Senator Hennings' proposal also
would alter the amount national
party committees may receive and
spend from 50 million fiat to 20
cents for each vote for President IN
any one Of the last three presiden-
tial elections. On the basis Of the
61,54l,5 62 votes cast in 1862 for the
candidates of nine parties, this
would amount to an expenditure OF
$12,308,312.40.
Rising Costs
With the overwhelming use Of
television and such expensive gim-
micks as helicopters, the cost OF
serving the Nation In Congress Ii
going UP, up and up. In 1852, there
were 30 million TV sets in the
United States. Network people ex-
pect that by November of this year
there will be so million sets. The
rate guide for one TV network with
q minimum Of SO stations shows
cost Of $62,675 for one "class A"
hour. which is any hour Monday
through Friday from 6 to II pm.
and Saturday and Sunday, 5 to II
pm.
And there still remain the tradi-
tional costs Of office rental, field
men, stenographers. transportation,
telephone and telegraph. postage,
radio time, billboards. newspaper
advertising, recordings and Tv
films, buttons, leaflets. comic books.
brochures, matrices, posters and
mimeographing.
No law can correct all Of the
abuses, though Senator Hennings
believes his proposal would 60 a
long way toward electing public
servants on the basis Of their quail
ties rather than their wealthy con-
nections. It is extremely doubtful
that his measure can pass either
house in Its present form. Because
1t would cover primaries. 1t Is rea-
sonable to expect that the South
ern delegations, to o man, will OPP
pose 1t. And other opponents will
include those many members who
have received substantial help
either from labor OF big business.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-19

tanks: more than four years for
the 57-mm. recoilless rife or for o
medium tank; i've years for o de-
stroyer: seven years for o Jet fighter
plane; six years for q bomber.
It even takes us nearly three
years lead time to effect Q change
In o uniform.
And every United States plane
used In World War II was on the
drawing boards before December Z,
194l. No plane whose design was
started after that date saw action
in that war.
Lessons Of History
Let me illustrate the importance
of lead time for military power by
citing some examples from recent
history where the side which was
inferior In industrial capacity might
nevertheless have won o war by
recognising the potential Of o new
weapon or BY reducing the lead
time 10 bring 1t into use.
Poison Gas-The Germans used
gas shells In o local attack In Po-
land In January. 1915. The expert
ment failed because Of the intsnse
cold. They next used gas three
months later In France in April.
1915. But this time the gas had
to be discharged from cylinders be-
cause the military authorities re-
fused to provide the necessary
shells which the inventor had asked
for. Even 80. o wide breach was
made In the French line. However.
since the German high command
had been disappointed with the
results Of the initial attempt In
Poland there was neither enough
gas nor were there reserves to pour
through the 4-mile gap where no
living defender remained. Two
French divisions had completely
disappeared. For eight days after
this discharge Of gas there were
large openings in the Allied line.
but the Germans did not take ad-
vantage Of this favorable situation.
This was the most complete sur
prise Of the entire war. BY failing
to have q suitable supply Of gas on
hand and by not exploiting the OPP
portunity offered. the Germans per-
haps missed the chance to win the
war In France In 1915. Once for
feitsd the opportunity was lost.
Submarine warfare In the First
world Wax-It h wen known how
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-19

And this Ia why this problem should
be of great concern to all Of US.
There are doubtless many rea-
sons for Russian success In this field
even though these may be diddcult
for Americans to understand. One
Of these reasons is that the totali-
tartan rulers are not answerable to
their people. The Soviets consti-
tute q state that. for nearly 40
years, has been organized for per-
manent and total conflict. In light
Of this, their accomplishments be-
come more understandable.
Let me make myself clear: I know
the evils and the weaknesses Of the
Russian system but. In spite Of
these evils and weaknesses. we have
reason to fear their results. Rus
sian engineering and scientific de-
velopment challenges our military
power.
We cannot allow this challenge
to stand and !. for one, do not be-
lieve that q democracy must OF
necessity be less efficient than q
total state. We can meet this chal-
lenge but we may have to revise
some assumptions which have COM
forted us UP to now, and take action
to analyze and improve. as neces-
sary. our present methods Of pro-
.ducing important items.
Our scientific discoveries will no
longer be Of particular advantage
to us II the enemy develops them
faster than we do. We have known
for several years that our scientific
training has been deteriorating and
have done little about it.
Needed: Action
The first step we must take is to
improve the technical and scientific
training of our young people. We
are faced with q national problem
Of the first order and nothing less
than an overriding effort by all Of
us will meet 1t. There Ii no lack OF
knowledge of what must be done.
Profound studies have been made
on the subject and much has been
said about II. But 20 far little has
been done.
In o talk on November "a, 1855. !
suggested that industry. ut its own
expense. lend it, engineers for .
years teaching service in our
schools-as an emergency measure
to Offset the present critical short
age Of teachers. especially In math-
ematics and science.
also suggested that:
Q A clearing house be set UP to
receive and channel all contribu-
tions by industry to colleges and
universities.
. Industry recognize the need
to increase such contributions sub
stantfally and consider this % part
Of the expense Of running the
business.
. The length Of the school year
be extended from $50 to 40 days
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-19

creased range, accuracy and effect
had been developed ct top priority.
When Hitler finally realized the
effect Of this delay on the outcome
Of the war, he said to Walter Dorm
berger. who headed the German
rocket work: II have had to apollo
gize to only two men In my life.
The first is Field Marshal Won
Brauchitsch. I did not listen to him
when he told me again and again
how important your research was.
The second man is yourself"
The Significance
These few examples show the i'm
portance Of exploiting new ideas
rapidly. It Is not necessarily the
most productive nation or the most
powerful which will win. but the
one which can develop new ideas
fastest-which gets new items into
hardware first.
II should be carefully noted. how
ever. that although the timely use
Of poison gas. the submarine. the
tank, or the va rocket might have
caused the loss Of Europe to the
Germans or Asia TO the Japanese.
the United States would still have
remained unconquered. Not only
unconquered. but protected by
friendly oceans. And with this pro-
lection, time would have been avail
able to develop conference.-the for
the new weapons and to bring our
industrial strength to bear against
the enemy.
No Time to Counter
The situation today is quite Diff
ferent. There are only two major
military powers. II o. world war
breaks out these two win be en-
gagged, and there will probably not
be time to develop countermeasures
against new potent weapon.
This is the reason why lead time
il Of such great importance today
why the nation with the lowest lead
time has the advantage.
It seems that the Russians have
been able to cut their lead time
considerably on important items:
this Is borne out from public dis
plays In the annual air shows over
Moscow.
This reduced lead time under the
conditions Of present day invention
and technology constitutes one Of
the gravest long-range threats TO
the security Of the Western World.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-19
BY HYNrAN G. RICKOvER

It Is my contention that lead time
the time which elapses between
conception of q new idea, Its de-
velopment, and finally the fruition
in the completed new article rolling
from the production lines-is the
factor which more than any other
IL likely to win the next war for the
nation which succeeds in reducing
1t significantly below that Of its
competitor.
Great inventions and revolution
airy discoveries In the industrial field
today are no longer the work Of one
man working In one laboratory In
one country.
Inventions today are the product
Of groups Of men working as Q team.
backed by great resources. using
the ideas Of many other men, per-
haps In other countries. The day Of
the single creative genius Ii over.
Thomas Edison closed an era.
To prove this ask: How many
Of you can name the men chiefly
responsible for the development Of
nylon? OF radar2 OF the auto
matte gear shift? OF the electronic
computer?
Secrets Don't Keep
The language of invention today
Is universal. An idea does not come
singly to one nation. The same
discoveries are being made stimuli
taneously by the scientists Of many
nations, and they cannot be boarded
to give any state or group Of states
an advantage. From now on no
significant inventions are likely 10
be available to one country alone
for more than . vsry brief period
cf time.
A discussion I had Q few days
aso with m offlcial Of q research
and development organisation en-
omplties this. He told me that
they had been working for several
years on Q new metallurgical
process which they believed was
unknown to anyone else. Recently
they learned that three other lab
oratories had simultaneously been
working on the same development
but no one Of them was familiar
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-19

dom Of the press being what 1t Is,
neither the reading rack nor the
union newspaper could be regu-
lated.
One Porty Stotes
Existing election laws. in effect.
cover only about two-thirds Of the
States. These are the States with
two-party systems where the can
didate ordinarily hasn't won until
he has felled his opponent in .
general election. Since the present
law does not cover primaries. States
Of the almost Solid South which
elect their of1iceholders in Demo-
cratic primaries and those States
Of the normally Republican Md
west do not. In actually. come un-
der the law.
Senator Hennings' proposal would
extend the law to cover primaries.
Opponents Of this provision. main
" among Republicans and South
ern Democrats. maintain that any
law that tries to cover primaries rs
they are now conducted would be an
unconstitutional violation of States
rights. Though this argument will
be difncult to overcome when the
time comes for debating 1t on the
floor, the pleading of unconstitu-
tionality will be easily batted down.
In 1941. the Supreme Court. in
United States v. Classic. q Negro
voting case, held that Congress did
have authority to regulate pri-
maries. As q matter Of fact. Con-
gress itself has done Just that: the
Taft-Hartley law provides that no
union. corporation or national bank
can send money "in connection
with any primary election or po-
litical convention or CAUCUS"
BeIIing the Fot Cot
At present. the most you may
contribute, directly or indirectly, to
one political campaign in one year
II 5000. Under Senator Hennings'
bill, and an almost identical meas
ure introduced In the House by
Representative Stewart Udall, DEM
ocrat Of Arizona. this figure would
be increased to q total Of $4,000
for all political contributions. I'm
der existing legislation, q creature
known In campaign circles as q
"fat cat" may give $1,000 each to
all Of the committees that are
formed by q campaign organiza-
ton for the express purpose Of
building war chests.
The proposed law might put an
end to the practice Of pouring
Northern money into Southern pri-
maries with the fairly common re-
suit Of injecting the race issue into
campaigns where the Negro ques-
ton might otherwise not have been
the irritant Of infiamed passions.
It might also keep the bulk of Texas
oil money within the boundaries Of
Texas. 1--WE find Texas money all
over the country in most campaigns
these days." Senator Hennings said.
He added that. In the 1850 Mary
land senatorial election. half
dozen millionaires from the Lone
Star State sent huge sums into
Maryland.
Senator Mundt. Republican Of
North Dakota, who In his 1864 cam
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-19
Last Frontiersmon Marks
His 44th Year in Congress
By JOSEPH +. McCAFFREY

BY JOSEPH r. MCCARTNEY
The only real-life frontiersnan
still in public life enters his forty
nth year as Q Federal legislator
today.
He u Carl Hayden. senior Sen
ator from Arizona and second rank
ing member Of the Senate In point
Of service. Only his fellow Demo-
crat, Walter George Of Georgia.
has been in the upper house longer
than Mr.. Hayden, who graduated"
from the House to the Senate In
1927.
But Senator Hayden has q dis
tinction that Is unique. Not only
does his tenure on Capitol Hill ex-
coed even that of the timeless Sam
Rayburn Of Texas, the Arizona
Democrat Is the only man now liv-
ing to have served his State in Con-
gress continuously since 1t achieved
Statehood.
Arizona was only i've days old a.
Q State when Representatives.
large Carl Hayden took his seat in
the House. There still were wild
Indians back home, and only 200.-
600 persons In his Statewide con-
stituency. The United States itself
was only on the threshold Of great
ness.
No Dow Crockett
To say that Carl Hayden is the
Northumberland Is not to say that
he is q Davy Crockett. No blusterer,
he Is rather the product Of the
American West, A. D. 1877.
Senator Hayden was born in the
settlement Of Hayden's Ferry, now
known as Tempe. The adobe house
where he was born u local land
mark, though its former resident
has now moved to Phoenix and
spends most Of his time in Wash
ington.
His youth was that Of the West.
a-ridin' and a-ropin', with time set
aside for as much reading as he
could get in. Young Hayden man
aged to wade through all nine vol
umes Of Ridpath's History Of the
World by the time he was IL.
The future Senator entered STAN
ford University just three months
after Herbert Hoover graduated. He
became big man on campus in two
flelds--football and debating.
After college Hayden made his
first stab at public office. He won
this race, for spot on the Tempe
Town Council, after which he be-
came county treasurer and later
sheriff. During his term as sheriff,
48 years ago, he married his col
lege sweetheart, Nan Downing. Mrs.
Hayden and the Senator live today
in large apartment near the Sen
ate Once Building.
From the sheriff's office Hayden
went directly to Congress.
'Eveyone's Nice
Looking back the other day Sen
ator Hayden pulled on a cigar that
wouldn't stay lit, and observed:
Everyone has been very nice to
me all my life.
II remember when I first got
here. I asked around some Of the
oldtimers how they kept getting re-
elected. I got lot of advice and
most Of 1t followed"
The key piece of advice, Senator
Hayden said, was not to forget the
home folks. He got into more work
than he bargained for the first time
he decided to apply this advice.
II got hold Of about $4,000 farm
bulletins and sent them out with q
letter. told the folks I'd welcome
any ideas they had OIL legislation"
The ideas rolled In. Unfortunately.
most Of them were from Socialists.
Il decided had to face up to It,"
the Senator recalls. 80 ! studied
UP on every proposal they offered
and then I'd sit down and tell them,
one-two- three. why I opposed the
plan"