davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-09-16
BY NARANJAN SINGH UPPAL

NEW DELHI. Chief Justice Earl
Warren's visit to India and the new
Indo- United States agreement on
farm SURPRISES may well have put
relations between the two countries
on the road to improvement.
When Justice Warren left Indian
soil after his l8-day sojourn, he
had laid groundwork for friend
ship and cooperation. He carried
with him, to quote his farewell
message. the "fondest Of memories"
and he felt his trip has been "as II
on magic carpet"
A rather formal and routine
reception greeted him on his land
ing in Bombay. but his tour soon
assumed an air Of informality and
deep warmth. In New Delhi, It
ended In an open ovation.
Justice Warren visited II Indian
cities. made II major speeches,
attended eight main receptions
given by Indians, and covered
nearly 5000 miles by air.
He met President Rajendra
Prasad, Vice President DR.. Rad
hakrishnan and Prime Minister
Nehru. and discussed with them
world problems. Later, he ex-
pressed hope for an early meeting
between Prime Minister Nehru and
President Eisenhower.
In New Delhi, he also laid the
foundation stone of new build
ing for the United States Embassy,
which he described as a temple
of peace" He also received an
honorary degree Of Doctor Of Laws
from the Delhi University.
Although the ostensible aim of
his visit was to study the judicial
system in India, the tour was of
prime Importance to Indians for a
variety of reasons. In the absence
of high-level contacts between the
two countries in recent years, India
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-09-16
UNsoLVED PROBLEMS
Justice MuIIs SecurityRevision

A report by the Senate Post Of
flee and Civil Service Subcommit-
tee on the administration of the
Federal employees security program.
submitted at the end of the last
congressional session, proposed diff
ferent basis for coverage of posi-
tons under the security program.
1t recommended that all cases
involving loyalty be excluded from
thes security program. The Sc
s curity program would cover those
cases involving sensitive positions
where loyalty is not in issue. but
where other characteristics of a
person pose a threat to the ma
tional security, such as drunken
ness, perversion, or loose talking.
The loyalty cases excluded from
the security program would be
those involving both sensitive and
non-sensitive positions.
Clearly, then, there is no settled
and agreed category Of what is
sensitive position.
Whot the Court Found
Looking back at the Cole opinion.
it does not seem that it actually
calls for an agency head to de-
termine that position falls in
sensitive category before he can
fire the incumbent under the Sc
curity program.
What the Supreme Court found
wrong with the security action
against Cole and which invalidated
his termination in its eyes was
that there was no determination
by the agency head that the posi-
ton occupied is one affected with
the national security"
The court exhaustively examined
executive order 1O450 and found
that it allowed room for an agency
head to fire a person solely on an
assessment of his personal loyalty
characteristics without considering
the relationship of his position to
the national security. This appar-
emily was the flaw the Supreme
Court found in the order.
To comply with the Cole de-
cision, then, would appear to re-
quire that the agency head make
a determination before firing a
person under the security program,
that he was in a position related to
the national security.
Looking back to the Act Of 1850,
it says that the agency head may
terminate the employment Of per-
son whenever he shall determine
such termination necessary or adj
visable in the interest Of the ma
tional security of the United
States. and such determination by
the agency head concerned shall
be conclusive and final"
II this be 50, then a finding BY
an agency head that q person is
IN q position which makes his @ter-
mination necessary or advisable IN
the interest Of national security"
would comply with the courts re-
quirement for finding a relation
ship between position and national
security. Il would also be an exer-
else Of exactly the authority given
By the words Of the governing
statute.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-09-16
TIMELY QUESTION
Can the Family Farm Be Saved?

paved streets and sidewalks, more
public services and more recrea-
tional facilities.
To the JobIess Rolls
In many "dually depressed" areas
sections where hard times have
come to local industry and agricul-
ture alike--the problem is economic
and 1t is immediate. When farm
family is forced to give up its
land-sell out and leave--it moves
to q nearby city. No matter how
straight furrow a man can pillow,
it's q talent that brings him Moth
ing In the city. After leaving the
farm. he generally heads for the
factory employment ONCE, for he's
q man who has always used his
hands. But when there are no
factory Jobs the erstwhile farmer
and all Of his family only add to
the list Of jobless. Too often, the
man who has epitomized individual
independence in America becomes
a ward Of society.
The subcommittee concluded that
the agricultural order in the family
unit pattern" must be considered to
have q far-resching. molding effect
throughout our country. The dis
ruption Of this pattern, it said, has
resulted in lessened spiritual.
social and political vitality (which
already is manifest in the shapes
OF an alarming growth in juvenile
delinquency in urban areas, Of
crime. of the disappearance Of
many rural churches, Of decaying
little towns, or neglect Of COM
munity loyalties and pride. !"
The report urges legislation to
assure each family farm its share
in agricultural production, possibly
through larger allotmentS; special
branch in the Agriculture Depart
ment to deal solely with the prob
lem, and positive action in the
areas of credit, markets, develop
ment of rural industry, vocational
education, conservation and more
small farmer participation in the
administration Of farm programs.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-09-16
TIMELY QUESTION
By DAVID KOONCE

The question Of how're you going
to keep them down on the farm?"
is drawing the increasing attention
OF economists, sociologists and farm
groups these days as more and more
farmers are being forced to sell
out and move to the city.
More specifically. the question is:
what can be done to preserve the
family farm in American"
There Is no doubt that the family
farm"-the small farm managed BY
the father Of . brood Of huskies who
live on the land with him and do
most OF the works disappearing.
A House Agriculture Subcommit-
tee recently reported that 600.0
farms failed between 1850 and 1854.
These failures. the subcommittee
reported, have been among farms
of less than 260 acres, and the de-
cline In only the four years was al
most twice the total in the 20 years
from 1870 to 1910.
The trend has been away from
the type Of operation BY Farmer
Brown and his family toward the
factory In the field'' run by pro-
fessional managers and worked by
hired hands--in many cases timer
ant workers. The figures clearly
tell the story: The number of farms
Of 1000 acres and over increased
from $1,000 in 1920 to $1,000 in
1880, 101 900 in 1910, 121. 900 in 1850
and in the next four years to
10000. In the same period, the size
Of the average farm increased from
148 acres in 1920 to 155 acres in
1880. 174 acres in 1910. ais acres
in 1850, and 242 acres in 1854. In
1910. the percentage Of farm popu-.
lation to the total United States
population was 23.2 per cent. In
1855. 1t was 1876 per cent.
Capitol Is Needed
The needs Of q mushrooming pop
ulation and its ever increasing de-
mands for more and better food
and clothing have placed agricul-
ture In q position Of having to
compete with industry for capital.
In the old days, the fruits Of the
farmers labor stayed in large
measure on his land. He produced
primarily for his own family's use.
But the growth Of the country
and the corresponding growth of
the general economy, creating
new needs-machines, appliances,
hardware-for the farmer as well
as the non-farm dweller, forced
farmers long ago to produce mainly
for cash markets. "In the process"
observed the subcommittee, "the ca
pacity for self-sufhciency on the
farm has waned. The fast mechani-
1ation of agriculture has made cap
ital as important to the farmer as
to the industrialist and cash income
as essential to the family on the
land as to the worker In the fac
tory"
The development Of costly farm
machinery has placed the small
operator at q disadvantage. True,
q tractor could do the work Of sew
eral men in less time. but the family
farm man often found himself un-
able to make the investment. Mean
while, his more fortunate neighbor,
farming many hundreds Of acres,
was able to invest heavily, produce
in abundance and increase his ca
pacity for withstanding the whims
of weather and market. When
drought or hard times came, the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-09-16

small farmer often was forced to
sell to his expanding neighbor, who
was fast becoming an Industrial
list.
Some who have studied the prob
lem maintain that the new look in
farming is inevitable, that it's too
bad. but our economy is too far adj
vanced for anything to be done
about the marginal" farmer. He
must. they say, come to realize the
futility Of his effort to hold on, for
the family farm" today is only
drag on the economy.
But it is not purely D. problem
Of economy. The trend has created
a very serious human problem that
affects not just the farmer. Farm
ing in this country has never been
just a way to make living. It also
is way of life. A farmers roots
in his land are deep. 1t has been
the way of his fathers for genera
tions. OF all our population groups,
he is perhaps the least fitted for
learning new skills. The human
problem, then, as the Government
sees 1t, is: Shall circumstance be
allowed to force these people to
give up q way of life?
Source Of Strength
The social impact is far-reaching.
OF this aspect, the Committee for
Economic Development, says:
America came to greatness from
her 'grassroots' and it is from life
in small communities that strength
must continue to flow and nourish
our country toward greater accom-
plishment which can be shared by
all. The hope Of America is not
that our cities shall become more
vast-it is rather that the small
communities shall consolidate their
opportunities to grow and become
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-09-16

better. more interesting places for
our people to live in and prosper.
In the final analysis, our Nation
is just one community added to
another until the splendid total
makes us what we are"
A special committee created in
the 10th Congress to study small
business problems made study of
the family farm in its relationship
to free enterprise and its influ-
ences upon community life and
the democratic institutions" 1t
studied two farm communities not
widely separated. One was a typi-
cal small-farm community serving
mostly small farm families. The
other. about the same size, served
primarily as a trading center for
large farm operations.
The study revealed some inter-
esting social. and economic COM
parsons:
. The small farm town supported
81 separate business places to 35
for the large farm community,
. The small farms supported in
the nearby town about 20 per
cent more persons per dollar vol
ume of crops than the large-scale
operations supported in their near
by town.
. Those in the Small-farm town
have a higher living standard than
do their neighbors in the large
farm town.
Over one-half of the family
heads in the small-farm town are
Self-employed businessmen, white
collar workers, or farmers: in the
other town. the proportion is less
than one-fifth.
. The small farm town has twice
as many churches and civic groups,
more and better schools. more
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-09-16

tive categories. Neither the Cole
decision nor the two major studies
Of the security program that fol-
lowed it gave any sure guides.
Access Is Guide
At one point in its Cole Us. Young
opinion, the Supreme Court gives
as the primary guide to sensi-
tive position whether it involves
access to classified materials" and
hence poses the risk "of intentional
or inadvertent disclosure Of conf
Dental information" This is the
espionage" concept of a sensitive
position. the commonly accepted
view, that position is sensitive if
it involves the possible compromise
of Government secrets.
At another point in the Cole de-
cision, the Supreme Court thinks
of sensitive positions as those "di-
rectly concerned with the Nations
safety" that is directly concerned
with the protection of the Nation
from internal subversion or foreign
aggression" Such positions. it
would seem, need not involve access
to classified materials. They are
sensitive because an employe may
adversely effect particular gov
ernmental program and thereby
affect the national security.
The courts decision, at still
another point, seems to go even
beyond the concepts Of access to
Government secrets and activities
directly related to national defense
and safety. In a footnote it sug-
gests that a position may be sensi-
tive if 1t would allow q person ito
influence policy against the in
terestS of the Government
The report made by the New York
City Bar Association on the Fed
eral Loyalty Security Program was
more affirmative in classifying pol
icy-making positions as sensitive
and properly subject to the security
program. 1t recommended that the
category Of sensitive positions in
(AANC NAAOoC tAidt nave .
making function which bears sub
stantial relation to national secur-
ity," on the ground that in such
positions there would be opportunity
for distorting Government policy I"
On the other hand. it would adopt
different guides than the Supreme
Court for determining when posi-
tons are sensitive because Of access
to classified Government materials.
1t recommended that only those
positions should be subject to the
security program which gave access
to material classified as secret or
top-secret, not those which give ac-
cess to material classified only as
confidential.
In the opposite direction, how
ever. 1t recommended that: The
access to information which would
make q position sensitive might be
either authorized access or Oppor-
tunity for unauthorized access" BY
this test. any employe who worked
for an agency having secret files.
and who had q building pass per-
hitting entry outside Of normal
working hours. would seem 70 be
IN . sensitive position
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-09-16
By SIMON TUCKER

Justice Department lawyers are
still mulling over what should be
done about the Federal employe
security program to bring 1t into
line with the Supreme Courts Cole
Us. Young decision, which Is gener-
ally interpreted as ruling that the
program can apply only to "sensi-
tive" positions.
Although three months have
passed since the Cole decision, three
questions remain unanswered in the
minds Of the men who have been
attempting to chart the govern
nent's course:
. II there any real need TO modify
Executive Order 1045O. under which
the security program operates?
. If the program is limited strictly
to sensitive positions, as Assistant
Attorney General George c. Doub
indicated was planned In q recent
speech. what should be done about
security risks In non-sensitive posi-
tions?
. How do you define a sensitive
position?
In Executive Order 10450. Presi-
dent Eisenhower extended the Sc
curity program from the II agencies
named IN the government employees
security act of 1850 to all agencies
Of the Federal Government. He
also set uniform procedures for
handling security cases. But he
said nothing about the positions,
sensitive or nonsensitive, to which
the program should apply.
Since the Cole decision, the
heads Of Government agencies pre-
sumably have not taken security
action against any employees in
nonsensitive positions. 1t has been
suggested that this situation be
allowed to. continue, bypassing an
actual revision of the security pro-
gram. until Congress gets chance
to legislate in this field early next
year.
Under such an arrangement
and. indeed, under any revision
which would limit the program to
sensitive caseS--the only apparent
way to handle the problem raised
BY the second question would be
to process security risks in non
sensitive positions under normal
civil service removal procedures.
under the Lloyd LaFollette Act and
the, Veterans Preference Act.
This means that persons In nom
sensitive positions would be tested
against the civil service loyalty
standard. namely: Whether there
u . reasonable doubt a. TO their
loyalty 70 the United States. They
could not Be tested against the
broader standard Of security under
Executive Order 10450: Whether
their employment is clearly con-
sistent with the interests Of the
national security.
While the third question puzElins
the lawyers-the definition Of q
sensitive positions crucial in any
confederation Of the security pro-
gTam. little seems 70 have been
4 dona 81 the problem q separating
'0ons nte sensitive ard nonssnd-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-09-16
Worrens Visit to Indio Builds
Big Store Of Good Will for U. S.

Judicial Minister Mira said the de-
cision had earned Justice Warren
the love, affection, and esteem Of
the common man, not only in the
United States but the world over"
Delhi University Vice Chancellor
Mahajani credited Justice War
ren's warm personality and per-
suasive power" for the concurrence
Of all his colleagues OF the Supreme
Court in the schools decision.
Justice Warren's speeches varied
In content and tenor. Before legal
gatherings, he stressed the impor-
lance Of an independent judiciary
. and the need for q bold and imag-
NATIVE bar. To others, he carried
the message Of freedom and its In
herent rights and obligations,
The main issue before the world.
he said repeatedly. was whether the
force Of law or the law Of force"
was to be supreme. Lawyers were
engaged in building q temple Of
justice. and If they could give It
Sufficient strength and beauty and
usefulness for people without con-
sideration Of race. color. creed or
any other artificial consideration,
we will have served mankind we'll"
On several occasions, Justice
Warren stressed marked SINH
larity" in the administration Of
justice in India and the United
States. If Indians quoted rulings
Of the United States Supreme
Court. American lawyers also cited
Indian Supreme Court decisions.
When Justice Warren reports
back to his Nation on his tour,
Americans will have, it is felt here,
better appreciation of midas stand
in domestic and foreign spheres.
There is general agreement that
the visit has done a great deal to
remove any misunderstanding that
might be traced to some individual
acts or policies.
A Fitting cIimOx
The agreement for the sale OF
$3.50 million worth of United States
farm SURPRISES to India was a
fitting climax to Justice Warren's
goodwill mission.
For Indians. the agreement
amounts to reassertion of Ameri-
can faith in midas economic
stability and honesty of purpose.
People and press in India have
called the agreement a fine and
friendly gesture. Much stress is
laid on the fact that it is the
biggest single transaction entered
into by the United States with any
country"
The agreement provides for the
sale of 35 million tons Of wheat, 2
million tons of rice. 100000 bales Of
cotton and million pounds Of to-
bacco, and large quantities of dairy
products.
Both countries stand to benefit
from it. The United States has
been able to dispose of surplus
which it does not need and India
has an insurance against famine
and shortages. 1t is neither dump
ing nor a hard bargain.
For Indians. the agreement has
many beneficial aspects. The food
will be paid for in Indian currency,
thereby enabling India to save for
eign exchange. It will also be q
factor in replacing supplies which
are now being released from re-
serve stocks to meet situations cree
ated by two bad harvestS, floods,
drought and some boarding. It
will help check infiationary pres
Sures by keeping the prices Of food
and cloth under control.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-09-16

looked upon him as a worthy
spokesman Of the American people
by virtue of his position being next
only to President Eisenhower's in
prestige. And he has certainly left
behind huge store Of goodwill
and friendliness.
Now q Household Word
Justice Warren's name has be-
come q household word in India
since he announced the Supreme
Courts momentous decision out
having racial segregation in Ameri-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-09-16

paved streets and sidewalks, more
public services and more recrea-
tional facilities.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-08-13
EXCLUSIVELY YOURS
Delegates dnd Dignitd1ies
JQm Convention Parties

caucused and it was unani-
nous for Stevenson.
A group of beautiful young
Stevenson girls" in light blue
dresses, broad brimmed hats
and dark blue Stevenson ban
ners grouped around him for
a picture. Adlai kissed one of
them, offered to do it a sec
ond time for the cameras. She
was the lovely young brunei,
Helen Stevenson, his cousin,
whose name is being linked
Economically with Gov. Bob
Meyner of New Jersey.
Asked if she and Gov.
Meyner were serious. her reply
sounded somewhat so, We're
very good friends and I am
just going to have to wait
and see."
A young helper brought
Adlai a cup of punch and he
took a drink. Il think l will
just keep this cup for ever
and ever" said the dazed girl
who carried the cup away.
Eighty-six year old Daisy"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-08-13

Hartman walked IL blocks
from the Hilton Hotel to at
tend the Stevenson reception,
which drew a furry of
vice presidential possibilities
Senator and Mrs. Hubert Hum
phrey, Senator and Mrs. Albert
Gore, Senator Jack Kennedy
and Senator Mike Monroney.
The James Roosevelts came
and so did his ex-siSter-in-law,
Faye Emerson. Faye said she
got so mad when she heard
Mr.. Humans announcement
Saturday she dug her nails
into her hands until they bled.
Frank Sinatra and MGM
Boss Dore Schary came
through. Frank said he didn't
know on which ballot Mr..
Stevenson would make it but
he thought there was no doubt
but that he would. Fruit punch
for the nondrinkerS and
Scotch. bourbon and gin we're
served to the reception guests.
Both Mr.. Stevenson and
Mrs. Roosevelt went from their
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-08-13

Two engagements of great
interest to Washington's dip
tomato and official circles
have just been announced.
The United States Ambas-
sador to Bolivia, Mr.. Gerald
Augustin Drew and Mrs. Drew
announce the engagement of
their daughter, Judith Mary,
to Mr.. James Richard Will
kinson III.
He is the son of Mrs. James
Richard Wilkinson of Atlanta
and the late Mr.. Wilkinson.
who was consul-general in
the United States Foreign
Service.
The couple plan to be mar
ried in Washington in the fall.
Miss Drew studies in schools
in France, Switzerland and
Italy An alumna of Miss
Katherine Branson's School,
Ross, Calf. she attended
Stanford University and was
graduated from George WASH
ington University in 1858.
Mr.. Wilkinson attended Cor
don Military College, Barnes
vile, Ga, and was graduated
from the Wharton School of
Finance and Commerce of the
University of Pennsylvania.
He served with the Army Air
Forces in Italy during World
War II. The prospective BRIDE
groom is with the Applied
Physics Laboratory of the
Johns Hopkins University in
Silver Spring. Md.
Also announcing an engage
ment are Mr.. andlMrs. Charles
l. Webster, of Summit, N. j.,
whose daughter Joan Dickson
Webster will become the bride
of Mr.. Wharton Drexel Hub