davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-03-16
Devlinstoal Heishts News
Training Union Clinic To Be Held
March 1923 at Spring Creek Church

A Training Union Clinic will be
held at Spring Creek Baptist
Church next week. March 1e
through % at 1880 p. m. four
classes will be taught in Training
Union Administration. Ed Sand
ridge. associate 3. T. U. director
of Virginia. viii direct the clinic
This is an association school and
Spring Creek extends a cordial
invitation.
Billy Shorter Of Capital Airlines,
Washington. D. c.. spent the week
end with his parents, Mr.. and Mrs.
Howard Shorter.
Mr.. and Mrs H. D. Shorter.
Mrs. j. T. Baker. Mrs. r. H. Ma
lonany. and Mrs. r. E. Booker
visited their children in Richmond
this week end.
Mrs. Margaret Watson, and
Hunter and Brett Watson. attend
ed the fifieth anniversary celebr-
ton Sunday of Mrs! Watson's
parents Mr.. and Mrs. w. D. Hunt
er.
Mr.. and Mrs. Vernon McKine-
rick and daughter. of Richmond,
were Saturday guests of Mr.. and
Mrs. S. P. Bailey.
Mr.. and Mrs. Carlaton Snead
and children. Judy and Carl. of
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-03-16

conjured up by an imaginativs
science-fiction writer, is this
miracle performer, capable of re-
vealing the most minute disorder
Of an individuals internal mech
anism or healing a skin disease
The eye of this medical cyclops
can probe far into the structures
OF the body to find such sharp
disorders as broken bones and
foreign objects. Or guided by the
physician who commands IL
special powers it can reveal dis
orders and diseases of the chest.
the heart and circulatory system,
the digestive area, the eenito-
urinary system, and most of tho
other major organs. This is the
X-ray machine.
The mysterious *" ray VIZ 5
first discovered in 1895 by vii
helm Konrad Roentgen, a Ger
man physicist. while he was ex-
perimentine with high vacuum
tubes. It was he who named the
ray * for unknown quantity
though medically it is called the
Roentgen Ray.
What we see in an x-rav pict-
ure corresponds to the photo
graphic negative made in an OF
binary camera However, it is
not properly a photograph but a
photograph, for where light rays
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-03-16

ether technics such as fluoros-
copy In essence. this is also ar
x-ray method: x-rays thrown on
1luorescent screen produce
temporary images.
In one method OF microscopy
patient swallows a chalky liq-
hid known as barium- which al
lows the physician to view its
progress through the digestive
tract
The physician. or rad.oloeist.
uses these technics to supple
ment one ANOTHER. But only x-ray
films provide a sharp and per-
manent mee;cal record. against
which physicians can periodically
check the ppgress of any given
condition.
In additio.a to its work as 4
medical detective. x-ray is also
used to heal. This technic is
noWn as X-ray therapy and is
common in treating cancer. flung
us and other conditions.
With its agility both to make
visible the i,egisible and to treat
The abnorms,y x-ray helps the
physician in three ways: CD to
maintain h, alth before illness
can get offTto start: 81 to
make early diagnosis when SYM
ptoms occur, and guide treatment.
whether therapy or surgery. and
80 to treat such grave diseases
as cancer.
The skill and experience of the
radiologist are portan
throughout she individuals life
from the lime before birth
through the diseases of old age.
Since 1914 when the cumber-
some fragile glass plate began to
give way to film, revolutionizing
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-03-16
Sandy River

| Mrs. j. j. Gillian spent the
week end in Lynchburg visiting
her sister. Miss jamie Gillian.
Mr.. and Mrs. Edwin Woodward,
of Richmond. visited J. T. Bruce
during the ,ueek end.
Mr.. and Mrs. Edwin Woodward,
OF Richmond, visited j. r. Bruce
turing the week end.
Mr.. and Mrs E. J. Smith visited
Mr.. Smiths sister. Miss Bessie
Smith. in Burlington. N. c., re-
Gently
Mr. and Mrs. j. w. Hughes were
dinner guests of Mr.. and Mrs. c..
w. Palmer at Green Bay Tuesday
evening.
Mr.. and Mrs. Lewis Armistead
and family spent Sunday visiting
Mr.. and Mrs. Marvin. Savage and
family in Norfolk.
Mi. and Mrs. c. L. Jones, Jr..
and son spent Sunday visiting Mr..
and Mrs. j. w. Morris. of Burke
vile
Mr.. and Mrs Charlie Parrino.
of Arlington. were week end guests
of Mr.. and Mrs. Temple Jenkins.
Mr.. and Mrs. E. c. Garrett. Jr.,
and family of Blackstone. were
Sunday guests of Mr.. and Mrs.
Clark Garnett
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-03-16

| Blair, Virginia spent Sunday with
the T. c. Bailcys.
Mrs. Emory Dillon. il. was
hostess last Friday evening Of tie
Darlington Heights Bridge Club.
Mrs. Tom Dillon won high score,
and Mrs. Dorothy Canada. second
high.
The Appomattox Sunday School
Association held its annual meet.
ing at Spring Greek Church Mon
day night. Speaker for the oc4
casion was Rev. Gardiner of Glas.
gov, Virginia, whose subject was
Mans place in Gods World"
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-03-16
WANTED MEN

Men undecided on their flu
ture but definitely leaning to-
ward a selling career.
You can find security ana
pernanency with an exclusive
franchised distributor carrying
a line Of building products in
the Farmville area.
Age is no barrier but ambi-
ton, eagelness to learn, and
Willingness to follow a proven
program must be inherent in
your disposition.
You Will be provided with
thorough schooling and field
training CAR NECESSARY.
For appointments telephone:
J. D. MARTIN, JR.
Hotel Weyanoke. Farmville, Va.
March 10Th or goth
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-03-16

bounce off solids. x-ray waves
penetrate them.
Though X-rays are much lika
light rays, they are SO short il
wave length as to be out of the
range of sight.
IN modern medicine making
x-ray films-radiographs-of a pat
lent Is often accompanied by
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-03-16

the ease of Photograph, the lite
sran of the individual has been
heightened by some Is years.
partly, at least because OF its
work.
There are an estimated $4,000
medical x-ray units in thi., coun-
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-03-16
A-Ray, Though A Mystery, 1t Has
Heightened Mans Span OF Living

Behind lead-lined doors in a
quiet corner of Farmville's South
side Community Hospital there
dWells a mysterious ray emit
ting machine: powerful enough
to peer through a mans body. yet
gentle enough to treat his skin.
Far more facinating and GER
tainly more useful-than any dis
lntegra.>or ray OF paralizo gun
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-03-16

try $4,000 of them used by the
radiolog!st and his staff working
in hospitals and own private Of
fees. Another 81 900 owned by
other specialists and by general
physicians. are used largely for
preliminary examination.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1956-03-29
Hi-Graduates
In B-CC Area
Offered Aid

The Bethesda-Chevy Chase
Branch of the American Associa-
ton of University Women an
nounces its annual scholarship
award of 5000 to girl being grad
uated from a public high school
in the Bethesda Chevy Chase area,
who is interested in studying for
an education degree and planning
to attend the University of Mary
land, Towson or any school in
the District of Columbia accredit-
ed by the Maryland State Board
of Education.
Any such girl graduating this
June is invited to apply for the
scholarship. With her application
letter should be included her re-
gular high school transcript and
two letters of recommendation.
These should be sent to Mrs.
Roy Hertz, member of the
branch's education committee, at
1912 South Chelsea Lane, Bethes.
da. The deadline on applications
is April 25.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1956-03-29
Interiors With Ideas
Interiors With IDEAS
Handy Husband Turns
Barn into Livable Home

If anyone says to Joan, Barry Margaret Trek
Ter, Whats the matter with you-were you raised in
barn. The answer will have to be yes.
These three children of Mr. and Mrs Carroll Trexler live
barn which their father has made
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1956-03-29
Lady Baden-P Powell
Pays Visit to Area

Lady Olave Baden-Powell,
world leader of 3,500.000 Girl
Guides and Girl Scouts, arrived
in Washington Sunday for a
three day visit with Girl Scouts
in the Washington area.
While in Washington. Lady
Baden-Powell stayed at Rock.
wood, the National Girl Scout
camping center in Bethesda and
at the Sulgrave Club.
A luncheon in her honor was
given on Tuesday by Mrs.
Adolphus Station at the Chevy
Chase Country Club. Following
the luncheon, Lady Baden-Pow.
ell addressed the international di.
vision of the Chevy Chase WON.
ans Club.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1956-03-29
Cancer Group
Recruiting
For April

An appeal for volunteers to
take part in the American Cancer
Society's 1856 educational and
Embarrassing campaign which will
run through April was made here
this week by Mrs. Philip F.
Berne, chairman of women's vol
unteer activities in Montgomery
County.
Both women and men who
will have leisure time next month
can perform a rewarding social
service by aiding our campaign, y
Mrs. Berne said.
"A substantial number of those
who served last year already
have agreed to work in this
years drive and others have
pledged their participation, but
we still must recruit at least DO
more area chairmen," she added.
Those who wish to volunteer
are requested to register for serv.
ice promptly at the Cancer So.
ciety's local headquarters, in the
Professional Building in Bethes.
da or by telephoning 10. SLABS.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1956-03-29
B-CC Y Members
Go to Annapolis

Fifteen Hi.Y and Tri.Hi-Y mem.
bers have been selected from nine
BetheSdalChe Chase High
School YMCA Clubs to represent
Montgomery County in the an.
nual "Y" Maryland youth and
government program. f C h
senator and delegate is preparing
himself for the model legislature
which will be conducted at Anna.
polls on April 5 through Z.
Youth participants are: Dan
Reber, Peter Johnson. Robert
Stagner. Linda Gilbert. Carol
Ann Trimble, Lefty Reisinger,
Bertha Kardos. Juniors are Kent
Spriggs. Jack Fredine. Robert
Hampton, Thomas Goodridge,
George Kundahl, Ann Prichard,
Gail Guthrie, Garland Herzog.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1956-03-29
'Olney Women
Organize New
Project Club

The Women's Club of Olney
Acres has been recently organized
to promote understanding and
friendship between neighbors, to
work together for the betterment
of the community and for the
welfare of its children.
Meetings are held on the third
Wednesday evening of every
month. Officers are: president,
Mrs. Evelyn Hirrlinger; vice pres
ident, Mrs. Betty Schwarz; secre-
tary, Mrs. Esther Schoonover;
treasurer, Mrs. Bobbie Grimes.
a beginning project of the club
has been to furnish tray favors
for the residents of the Sharon
Nursing Home in Sandy Spring.
At the regular March meeting
husbands of members and inter-
ested parties were invited to the
home of Mr.. and Mrs. Henry Hir-
Ringer to hear w. A. Butcher, di.
rector of public works for Mont
gomery County, speak and an.
swer questions on the roads in
the Olney-Olney Acres area.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1956-03-29
Home Leadeyg
Learn Maxine
8
OF Lamprbaak5

Determined to create beautiful
lampshades for effective seeing
results, 36 furnishing leaders par.
ticipated in the lampshade max
ing meetings in the home demon
stration office last week.
Miss Vivian Curnutt, home fur.
nishing specialist with the Uni
versity of Maryland, conducted
the meeting the first day. Mrs. L.
F. Daniel, a professional in this
field and president of the Poto-
mac Valley Homemakers Club
last year, along with home
demonstration agents Mrs. Cathe-
rine M. Rhoads and Miss Irma
L. Bell, guided the group the
second day.
The following are the leaders
attending from the respective
clubs: Mrs. Leland Clark,
Monocacy; Mrs. Donald Adams,
Hermitage; Mrs. Jean o. Fauver,
Four Corners; Mrs. Jewell
Cheek, Viers Mill; Mrs. Edgar
Heflin, Ednor; Mrs. Estelle Null
lican, Gaithersbrug; Mrs. ]. w.
Erwin, Damascus; Mrs. Helen
Leader, Woodmoor; Mrs. j.
Thomas Howes, Laytonsville.
Also Mrs. Henry Kunold, Bur
louisville; Mrs. John l.. Bonifant,
Falkland; Mrs. o. M. Willoughby,
Potomac Valley; Mrs. Albert
Lucas, Colesville; Mrs. G.. Mallet
Provost, ClarkSburg; Mrs. F. N.
Johnston. Sugar Loaf; Mrs. ]. B.
Morris, Oakland Terrace; Mrs.
George Bryant. Sugar Loaf.
Mrs. J. M. Holton, Homewood
I; Mrs. David Grogan, Derwood
Shady Grove; Mrs. Delmar Sage
Homewood II; Mrs. Mildred K
Bolton, Broadwood Manor; Mrs
Norma Day, Kensington; Mrs
Wilma Hurley, Glenmont Hills;
Mrs. Laurence Miller, Wheaton
Hills; Mrs. Maxine H. Beall
Cedar Grove; Mrs. Auguste
Schilling, Twinbrook I.
Also Mrs. Wilton O'Callaghan
Wheaton; Mrs. Homer Banghan
and Mrs. James Marks, Hermi
tage; Mrs. w. B. Overstreet
Homewood III; Mrs. Wilbur
Luhn, Browningsville; Mrs. Floyt
P. Weineck, North Kensington
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1956-03-29
Instructors
School Starts

A first aid instructors course
will be conducted at the Montgom-
cry County Red Cross chapter,
2020 East-West Highway, Silver
Spring, consisting of five three.
hour sessions, starting Monday
and continuing through Friday,
from Z to 10 p. m. Ralph F, Bart
ley, chairman of safety services
for the Montgomery County Red
Cross, will be the instructor.
This free course is offered to
anyone who holds a valid advanc-
ed Red Cross first aid certificate
or authorization to teach Red
Cross first aid courses, and is at
least 20 years old.
Registrations are now being
taken at the chapter, JU. S-2515.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1956-03-29
Dr. Davis Gives
Latin Ame1can
Talk to Club

Latin Americans are carrying
on a veritable crusade TO provide
schools for rapidly growing
child population and TO reduce
adult illiteracy," said DR.. Harold
E. Davis who spoke on the cam
paign against illiteracy in Latin
America at the March luncheon
meeting of the Woman's Club of
Bethesda, Old Georgetown and
Sonoma Roads.
Dean of the Undergraduate
School of American University,
historian, author, and Latin Amer
lean authority, DR.. Davis notes
that "since the population increas-
es about two percent year and
natural resources are limited, the
difficulties are great" However,
he believes that with the help
of Unesco and Organization of
American States, surprisingly
rapid progress may be seen"
Honored at the speakers table
as part of teacher recognition
month was Mrs. Helen Cooper,
teacher at North Bethesda Junior
High School, recipient of an
award given by the Washington
Academy of Sciences "in recogni-
ton of her distinguished services
in the teaching of high school
mathematics"
This was followed by a short
ceremony in which Mrs. John Nc
Meel, education chairman, pre-
Sented check to Mrs. IneZ Nc
Council, librarian at North Beth
esda Junior High, for the pur
chase of Audubons Birds Of
America" and THE Columbia En-
cyclopedia" to be donated to the
library of the new school.
Other guests at the speakers
table included Mrs. Robert Patter
son, youth conservation chairman
and Mrs. William Pfleger, Jr., ed
ucation chairman of the Mont
gomery County Federation of Wo
mems Clubs.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1956-03-29
Mrs HoStetley
Challenges old
Line P0ht,cg

Maryland needs a new Demo
cratic State Central Committee
which will meet regularly, and
transact Democratic party bust
ness in the open," Mrs. Alice Hos
teller told a group of women in
Garrett Park last Thursday.
Mrs. Hostetler, who is president
Of the Woman's National Demo
cratic Club and a present mem
Der of the State Central Commit
tee, is running for reelection as
member of this slate Associat-
ed with her are Richard Abel,
James H. Mann, Frank Morris,
Margaret Schweinhaut, Felix M.
Putterman, and Mrs. George Bar
shay.
Mrs. Barshay also spoke to the
group, urging that they vote to
replace static backward look.
ing delegation" with one which
is. dynamic and looking to the
future"
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1956-03-29

Plan Future

Members of the Montgomery
County Council of Homemakers'
Clubs who attended a Statewide
workshop at st. Paul House, Bal
timore, last week were Mrs. d.
C. Adams, chairman of civil de-
tense and citizenship; Mrs.
Samuel NJ. Darr, health and
safety chairman; Mrs. ]. E. Bea-
wins, international relations; and
Mrs. j. Rex Pimlott, publicity.
The workshop was planned by
Mrs. Florence w. Low, State
home demonstration agent leader,
University of Maryland, to dis.
cuss problems and to plan activi
ties for these committees.
Other staff members from
the university who participated
were Miss jeanne Rietz, Miss
Evelyn Scott, Miss Margaret
Loar and Mrs. Margene Fallen
The council of the Baltimore City
clubs was hostess to the group.
Mrs. Thomas Tuccinardi, Glen
mont; Mrs. Atlee Burroughs
Rockville.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1956-03-29
WV Members
Learn Flower
Arrangement

Mrs. Anita Eng will teach a
six-week course in flower arrang.
ing at the Bethesda Chevy Chase
YWCA Cottage, 400 Norwood
Drive, Wednesday afternoons
from l until 3 pm. beginning
April IL.
Mrs. Eng is a graduate of the
Ichiwo School in Tokyo, where
she studied Japanese modern ar.
rangement. She has studied for
an additional year the classic
school of flower arranging.
Registration for the course in
flower arranging under Mrs. Eng
will be at the Bethesda Chevy
Chase YWCA Cottage. 400 Nor.
wood Drive, April 9 10 am, to
pm. For further information call
the cottage. OIL. 4-6432, or the
county YWCA office, OIL 1881.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1956-03-29
County Girls
Win Honor

Two Rockville girls have been
elected to Mortar Board at Hood
College, Frederick. They are Mar
garet Reeves, daughter of Mr..
and Mrs. John r. Reeves, 7415
Arlington Road and Patricia
Pickett, daughter of Mr.. and Mrs.
Daniel B. Pickett, 10 Norbeck
Road.
Mortar Board is a national in
tercollegiate women's honorary
organization.
Chosen by this years group,
the new members of Mortar
Board are required to have main
tanned a superior scholastic rec
ord, and to have made notable
contributions to the college in
terms of service and leadership.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1956-03-29
Red Cross Begins
Home Nursing Class

Do you know how to give a
bath in bed? Do you know how
to take a temperature? do you
know how to care for communi-
cable diseases in the home? How
to look for symptoms, carry out
a doctors orders? Learn to make
your sick-room equipment?
All this is free - learn by do
ing - Glasses will be held each
month beginning Tuesday. Call
JU. 8-2515, Montgomery County
chapter, American Red Cross.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1956-03-29
Rosgg Headline
Marb MagtIng
Of GaraSm Club

Cut corn cobs as a topping
for rose gardens to keep down
weeds was one of the many
suggestions made by Charles l..
Bartholomew to the Rockville
Garden Club at its March meet
ing in the home Of Mrs. Francis
Van der Veer on West Montgom'
cry Avenue.
Mr.. Bartholomew, who is
treasurer of the Potomac Rose
Society, Illustrated his talk on
the property methods for plant
ing and caring for rose bushes
with colored slides.
In the absence of the president
Mrs. Worden Reed presided
Mrs. Watson D. Phillips outlined
the program for the annual
flower show to be held in May
at the Christian Church.
Two extra meetings this year
were approved. the first in July
to be a workshop on flower
arrangement at the home of Mrs
Jennings Bailey, and the second
in August, will be a lesson on
budding and propagation OF
roses.
The club will participate in a
daffodil and spring flower show
to be held at the Calvary Meth
odist Church in Frederick on
April a.
Assisting Mrs. Van de Veer as
hoStesSes were Mrs. Harold
Packard, Mrs. William P. Shear
man and Miss Pauline Holdridge.
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1956-03-29

they've decided that they'd like
a picture window.
All we can say is-Carroll
Trexler gets the Sentinels vote
as the most ambitious do-it-your-
seller in these parts!
Montgomery County sentinel. [volume] (Rockville, Md.) 1855-1974, 1956-03-29

over into a home.
The Trexler homestead is off
Haviland Mill Road in Brinklow
Mrs. Trexler's parents owned the
land the barn sits on, and about
10 years ago the Trexlers decided
to remodel it into a home.
So for three years they lived
in her parents house and worked
nights and weekends on the barn,
newly vacanted by the farm ami
mails. At the time Mr.. Trexler,
owner of the Meadowood Hard.
ware Store in Silver Spring, com.
muted to a job in Baltimore.
Seven years ago the barn was
far enough along SO that they
could move in, but they've been
working on it ever since. At the
time they had only one child,
Joan, now nine. Barry is six and
Margaret, two.
NO neat OF fIuinDlnB
The barn had no heat, plumb.
ing or electricity. Mr.. Trexler
put all that in. Its only partition
separated the harness room from
the rest of the barn. Windows
and doors had to be cut in. The
floors were rotting.
The harness room became kit
chen and dining room Mr.. Trek
Ter tiled the kitchen and put in all
the appliances, after lowering the
ceiling.
The dining room is pine-panel-
ed halfway up, with patterned
wallpaper above. The ceiling is
painted pale green with wooden
beams. A round pine table and
chairs finish it.
The living room is huge, and
pine-paneled completely. Mr.
Trexler had a brick fireplace put
in. Under one large window he
built wide-window seat and
bookshelves, with storage space
under the seat
Casual Furniture
A rag rug is on the floor and
casual furniture, including seve-
raj pine tables Mr.. Trexler made
fills the room. A television set
sits in a corner, within view of
each seat.
The living room leads to the
outside through a Dutch door.
Sometimes in the summer, Mrs.
Trexler says, Joan rides the fam
lily horse right up to the door and
looks in to see who's visiting.
The living room is separated
from the dining room by a pine.
paneled hall. into which Mr.. Trek
Ter has built large closets. In the
! rear wall of the living room he
made a built-in bar complete
with sink and beer-tap.
) One bedroom and bathroom
open off the. hallway.
Upstairs are two bedrooms and
bath for the children. The stair
way leads up from the living
room and the bedrooms open off
balcony. so that the full l4-foot
ceiling is retained in the living
room.
Light In Bucket
Mr.. TreXler designed a unique
and simple ceiling light for this
om-he hung a wooden bucket
on the ceiling. then put bulbs in.
side il, so that the light shines
over the top of the bucket.
The barn has large dav.
light.level basement which Mr..
Trexler also designed. Now il is
used as a playroom by the chill
dren and the family's boxer, but
plans for this summer include til
ing the floor and making a sort
of second living room out OF II.
Part Of the basement will be-
come a dressing room. TO 20 with
the swimming pool that Mr.. and
Mrs. TreXler built last year
After the basement is finished,
Mr. Trexler is going to landscape
the grounds and make a parking
lot. Then he's thinking about
changing the arrangement Of the
living room windows, because