davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1956-03-25
New Look

AS Is, l hope, proper In q
lecture, I have treated my
theme from an academic
rather than a topical point of
view. Nevertheless, I cannot
pass without comment, over
the new phase in the relations
between the Western demo-
cracies and the Communist
bloc which has of late become
clearly established.
There has been an unmis-
taxable change in Soviet pol
icy. a change of the kind
which. as I have tried to ex-
plain, they are able to make
so easily and so arbitrarily.
They have turned their atten-
tion much more ruthlessly
than before to the uncom-
mitted and underdeveloped
countries Of the world and en-
deavored to gain new foot
holds by offering military and
economic aid.
The old soyine thot times
ehonee ond we change with
them opplies in the Soviet
Union as elsewhere"
This Soviet approach, more
subtle and more deceptive
than the blunter methods of
the Stalinist era, may be more
difficult for us to deal with.
Nonetheless the old saying
that times change and we
change with them" applies in
the Soviet Union as else
where. This new development
in Soviet policy must surely be
related to changes now taking
place in economic and social
conditions inside the USSR
which, If continued. may them
selves impose a different series
of restraints and exercise new
influences on the formulation
as well as on the execution of
Soviet policy.
Though the transition may
be very slow it may we'll change
the meaning of "coexistence"
in the Soviet lexicon. perhaps
in a way to make possible a
genuine "coexistence" between
the two rival systems of or
ganizing society.
But the essential proviso to
this highly speculative hy-
pothesis is that the Western
democracies should be alert
enough, well-organized enough
and united enough to deal with
the greater (because less
obvious) dangers which this
transition already holds for us.
I am led, as you see, to q
conclusion which Is far from
pessimistic. I said at the be-
ginning that o country's for
eign policy Is largely dictated
by circumstances. by national
interests and conditions which
powerfully affect the policies
Of the Government Of the day.
Since the last war. both our
countries have displayed. gen.
orally speaking. Q marked de-
Evening star., 1956-03-25
VIRGINIA
VIRGINIA
Push-Button
Voting Held
Best Way
By ALEX r. PRESTON

Now pending before the
United States Senate Rules
Committee is Q bill by Senator
Neuberger. Democrat Of Ore
gon, to streamline the legisla-
tive processes Of that august
body by installing an electric
voting machine.
The oldest legislative body
In the Western Hemisphere
Virginia's General Assembly
has been using this device
since 1924. It was invented
and developed largely by two
virginians.
Where 1t takes the Senate
IS minutes or more to COM
plete q roll call Of its SO mem
bers, the Virginia House Of
Delegates polls It's 100 mem
bers on O bill in just Z seconds
and that includes an auto
matte computation Of all AYE"
and mo" votes.
Senator Neuberger says he is
interested both In the saving
of valuable time and In OBJ
tanning an accurate record Of
the votes. An incident Of con-
fusion recently brought the
situation to his attention.
That was when a vote was
taken on q wheat amendment
to the farm bill before Con-
gress. The Democrats counted
the vote as 46 to IS one way
and the clerk took down the
same numbers but with the
opposite result.
A subsequent re-check re-
Evening star., 1956-03-25
NATIONAL REVIEW

but this time he reminded the
South that the Supreme
Courts desegregation decision
was the law Of the lapd and
that "it is incumbent on all
the South to show some prog
ress." Mr.. Eisenhower said
that much of the RESPONSE
bility for starting the process
of desegregation belongs to
the clergy Of the South.
The President did not indi-
cate that he had any plans to
call a White House Civil
Rights conference, a course
urged upon him from many
quarters, including the camp
Of Adlai Stevenson.
Progress in Texos
In other developments on
the segregation front:
. The city council in San
Antonio. Tex, in FIVE minutes
ended a century of segregation
in municipality facili-
ties. The councilmen unani-
mously repealed an ordinance
requiring racial segregation in
city swimming pools and then
announced an open door" pol
icy for all city facilities to AL
persons on an equal basis"
o The University Of Tennessee
in Knoxville denied a group
of white students permission
to organize q chapter Of the
National Association for the
Advancement Of Colored Peo-
pie on the campus.
Q Arkansas joined the list of
Southern States on the inter-
position bandwagon when a
Governors committee an
nounced that 1t would present
an interposition resolution be-
fore the Legislature. Legisla-
tors will be asked to consider Q
version Of VEginia's pupil as
signment plan.
Evening star., 1956-03-25

change at all. OF course. cir
cumstances can alter policy In
the long run. The advance
maut Of science which had led
to the shortening Of commu-
nieataons and the development
Of aviation has contracted the
world, changed the scale Of
political action and caused a
revolution Of strategic con-
cepts.
Evening star., 1956-03-25
Hondicops

In all countries, foreign pol
icy is still primarily in the
hands of government leaders
aided by q small group Of pro-
fessional advisers. / draw a
distinction, Of course, between
policy making, where the ulti-
mate decisions are taken by
politicians, and diplomacy, the
carrying out Of those deci-
sions, which Is usually left to
the professionals. But the bor-
derlines between policy formu-
lation and execution are often
blurred, as the lines between
tactics and strategy are often
blurred in war. And I shall be
talking about the problems
that beset the diplomatist and
his political master almost
equally.
In a modern democracy,
both alike have to take into
account public opinion and
emotion to a much greater
extent than in the days when
the man in the street was
content on the whole to leave
the determination Of policy to
the professionals according to
their judgment of the national
interest.
The thirst for popular in
formation about the conduct
Of foreign policy. the constant
questioning Of an eager and
vigilant press, the critical su-
pervision of legislators, mean
that democratic governments
are constantly forced TO ex-
plain their policies more fully
than may be desirable from
the point Of view Of effective
negotiation.
Diplomacy has some resem-
blance to . game Of chess or
cards. and nobody thinks Of
playing these games By ex-
Evening star., 1956-03-25
BY GENE GOODWIN

Once again. Gov. McKeldin
has shown great political
courage in vetoing bad legisla-
ton passed under great pres
sure by the General Assembly.
In 1852, there was a series
Of hastily prepared teachers
pay raise bills. which the Gov
ernor vetoed In the face Of one
Of the States biggest pressure
groups - the teacher = PTA
lobby.
In 1854, there was the veter-
ans bonus, the veto Of which
was supposed to have cost him
1.-The veterans vote"-whatever
that is-in his successful battle
for reelection later that year.
This year, there was the in
famous beer bill.
Brewers Are Sore
BY vetoing that measure, the
Republican Governor has an
tagonized five Maryland brew
cries. who were able last month
to exert enough influence on
the Legislature to get their bill
through the Senate, 81 to 4,
and the House, SO to "a.
The bill, which would ban
any foreign-owned corporation
from brewing beer In the Free
State, is aimed at blocking
plans Of the Carling Brewing
Co. to build q $12 million plant
Just south of Baltimore.
Carling is an almost wholly
Evening star., 1956-03-25

Continued From Page Az!
on charges Of violating Ala
bama's anti-hoycott law. A
few hours later, Mr.. King
told a cheering audience in
q packed Negro church:
Freedom doesn't come on
a silver platter. Some Of the
things we have to 60 through
are a necessary part Of our
campaign. There can never be
growth without growing
pains"
But besides the growing
pains. there were also some
sore feet. Montgomery's $4,000
walking Negroes were still
staying off the buses. They
vowed the boycott would con-
tinue indefinitely. After the
four-day trial ended, the State
agreed to postpone the trials
of SO other Negroes facing
similar charges. pending Mr..
Kings appeal.
Move in Congress
Meanwhile, in Congress. q
bipartisan group Of House
members began efforts to send
to the floor q catch-all civil
rights bill. A discharge petit
ton requiring 218 signatures
was introduced in an attempt
to bypass consideration by the
Judiciary and Rules Commit
tees In recent years, civil
rights measures have had rela-
lively easy going in the House.
which has passed several, only
to see them die at the hands Of
Southern filibusterers In the
Senate.
On Wednesday, President
Eisenhower gently prodded the
South to get on with integra-
ton In public schools. He re-
peated the appeal for modera-
ton he had made the pervious
week at his news conference.
Evening star., 1956-03-25
DISTRICT
Lane Is Storm Center
OfMony Controversies

teachers are given pupils who
are unprepared for the work
to come, and because discipline
10 lax, they can handle fewer
and fewer Of them. Thus the
pressure increases for more
teachers and for more school
rooms to house them.
The resulting tendency Is in
creasingly toward individual
tutoring In remedial classes. he
says.
Gen. Lane concludes that q
municipal government simply
cannot afford this, and has
met Its obligations in provid-
ing the opportunity for funda-
mental schooling to all young
sters who can and will learn
from it.
Moss Test Plan
He therefore proposes mass
testing to regrade the cfty's
pupils and strict adherence to
high standards Of attainment.
with expulsion Of pupils who
won't submit to classroom dis
cipline. He points out that
parochial schools follow this
course and cope with extreme
ly large classes.
And once he has taken a
position based on what he
conceives Of as the logic Of a
situation. the ramrod-straight
veteran Of more than rs years
in the Engineer Corps does
not retreat.
An almost classic example
of this came in the battle over
transit. Backing up MFR. Nc
Laughlin's contention that
plenty Of private capital would
step in to replace that Of Louis
E. Wolfson and Capital
Transit. Gen. Lane insisted
an all-bus operation here
could be quite profitable.
When 1t became obvious
that no satisfactory takers
would appear, he still clung to
his position, conceding with q
grin that "the bankers appar-
emily don't agree with me-"
And, he said, If he had known
there would be no such takers,
he would have campaigned for
public ownership of transit at
the same time he pushed to
revoke the CTC franchise.
That franchise, by the way.
dies in 143 days. Unless Con-
gress does something, there
will be no public mass trans
portation in Washington after
wards.
Evening star., 1956-03-25

mature criticism may be q
handicap. but an educated cit
izenry which weighs up the
issues, discusses alternatives
and freely supports the con-
clusions Is in the long run O
source Of strength.
Let us not forget that the
essential struggle in the world
today is for mems minds, and
Lincoln's dictum about not
fooling all the people all the
time is applicable to world.
as well as to domestic opinion,
however, much this truth may
be obscured, for shorter or
longer periods, by intensive
propaganda.
Nothing has more embar-
rassed Communist propaganda
than the cynical alliance
Stain suddenly made with
Hitler In August, 1899, after
six years Of declarations that
the Nazis were the real enemy
Of Russia.
I think that Communist
leaders are apt to be inhibited
in their opportunism by their
dogmas. Under pressure they
have no hesitation In chang
ing their line dramatically
but nonetheless the men who
are making policy In the
Kremlin today once believed
in and still pay lip service to
Marks theories about the in
evitable decadence of capital
list countries. Though they
have certainly realized the In
applicability of much that
Marx wrote, they can never
fully free themselves from
the involutions Of Marxist
thought.
"only the unbelievobIy naive
could take for granted the
good foith Of Communist
neeotiotors :. (whereos)
-. most countries do &C.
eept our good foith."
In the conduct of negotia-
tions. too. good faith and fair
dealing in the long run bring
their own reward. The op-
portunism and inconsistency
which the Communists have
shown in the past in the
United Nations and elsewhere
is one Of their greatest handi-
caps today in their efforts to
capture the sympathy of the
uncommitted peoples Of the
world. ~
After the events Of the last
II years. only the unbelievably
naive could take for granted
the good faith of Communist
negotiators. On the whole, we
find that most countries, not
only our closest allies, do &C
cept our good faith.
Evening star., 1956-03-25
A DIPLOMAT ON DIPLOMACY
Reds Way Is Effective
But Western Openness
Will Win Out in End
Does the totalitaridn gop-

Does the totdlitdridn goD-
srnment hare the edge oper
the democratic government
IN the conduct OF foreign
poHcy3 Str Roger Mdkins,
the British Ambassador to
the United States, gaze his
conclusions on this question
IN a recent speech at TotDn
Hall In Netp York City. Fol-
lo,ctng are portions of that
address:
First let me make one point
that Is fundamental to the
foreign policy Of all countries.
whether democratic or not.
Those who hold power any
where are theoretically free to
formulate their foreign policy
6 they choose. but In practice
there Is usually only limited
room for argument about
what the needs Of q country
are and about where It's In
terests lie.
Foreign policy is largely
dictated by quite unalterable
considerations of geography.
Of economics and Of history;
by the need for security from
attack; by the need for access
to raw materials; by the need
to safeguard foreign markets;
and by the need to adapt po-
Ntical actions to the abilities
and, to some extent, to the
aspirations Of the people.
It Is unnecessary to belabor
this familiar point. In many
countries 1t is q constant source
Of Illustration. particularly to
some Of the citizens, that a
country (and q political party)
has far less choice in interna-
tional than in domestic policies,
and far less control over events.
International politics. even
more than domestic politics.
is the art Of the possible, and
the possibilities are often very
limited.
Moreover. changes In inter-
national situations, when ef-
fected by negotiation and not
by war, normally take place
very slowly. These changes
can Of course be accelerated
by the action Of individual
governments, If their position
in Q particular negotiation is
suddenly strengthened or
weakened, or II they decide for
one reason or another to make
c concessions. But broadly
q governments free
dom Of maneuver In foreign
policy at any given moment Is
very much less than Is popu-
larly supposed.
"Fundomentol objeetives Of o
eountry's foreign policy -.
ehonss very slowly II they
change at oll."
Moreover, since the funda-
mental objectives of o coun-
try's foreign policy are con-
trolled by permanent. or
semipermanent, factors they
change very slowly II they
Evening star., 1956-03-25
DISTRICT
By HECTOR MCLEAN

Brig. Gen. Thomas A. Lane
was introduced to the District
az its 28th Engineer Commits
sioner o little over Q year ago
a. one Of the Engineer Corps
finest intellects-analyst. plan
ner, and thinker.
Since then the silver-haired
49-year-old career soldier has
managed to think--and talk
himself into an uncontested
role as the most controversial
member the Board. of Com
missioners has had In years. :
He got . big boost in that
direction when he was caught
up, early in his tour Of duty,
in the running feud between
the Capital Transit Co. and
the District Public Utilities
Commission, of which the
general also is a member.
At that point, however.
Gen. Lane still had to share
honors for controversy with
District Commissioner Robert
E. Mclaughlin, former chair
man Of the utilities commits
sion.
He finally clinched the title
two weeks ago when he spoke
his mind on public education
and began q campaign to force
q general rethinking about the
whole District school system.
Recently. when he and his
fellow Commissioners were
faced by budget-busting de-
mands for more and more
teachers and schools to cor
rect public educational lacks
exposed by integration, Gen.
Lane applied his talent for
analysis to the problem.
Mdn With q ShiIIelosh
After several weeks Of cogi-
tation. with civic pressure
growing constantly. the Mas
sachusetts Irishman laid about
him with a verbal shillelagh to
get public thinking centered
on what he regarded as the
fundamentals Of the issue.
He explained it simply by
saying. II thought something
ought to be done. and nobody
else was doing It,"
Basically, he seems to accept
the argument that public
schools have tended to aban-
don standards of attainment
for scholars in an attempt to
keep less gifted pupils in class
rooms.
He suggests that because
Evening star., 1956-03-25

are grave uncertainties. This
Is necessarily q slow process.
And, II public money is In
volved. 1t is compelled by
tradition and by loyalty to
land fear Of the taxpayers to
lay down conditions and to
enforce an accounting which
may substantially diminish the
appeal and the political effec-
tiveness of the assistance that
Is being offered.
Perhaps totolitorion regimes
eonnot have allies in the
Western sense, only sdt-
eIIites."
There is perhaps one other
important factor implicit In
the democratic conduct Of
foreign policy. To-day more
than ever before q nation can
only achieve its objectives by
working In alliance or In as
sociation with other states.
But Q democratic government
cannot easily align itself with
who 1t will or break its obliga-
tions when 1t will.
The reputation Of an oblt-
cation between western DEM
ocratic associates Is unthink-
able except for some neces-
stty, which Is recognized to be
overriding by the other par
ties, or for some action by
one state Of such a grave or
unfriendly nature as to force
reputation. In our concept an
alliance is not merely a treaty.
1t is. II 1t is to mean anything.
an efficient day-to-day rela-
tionShip.
Totalitarian governments on
the other hand regard such
alliances as matters of con-
venience and have no hesita-
ton In denouncing or repudi-
ating them and in changing
sides If there seems to be clear
advantage in doing SO.
Perhaps totalitarian regimes
cannot have allies in the
Western sense, only satellites.
This hypothesis may be borne
out by the breach between the
Soviet Union and Yugoslavia
In l948 and some further light
may be thrown upon it by the
future course of relations be-.
tween the Soviet Union and
China. Z
Evening star., 1956-03-25
MARYLAND
McKeIdin Acclaimed
For Beer Bill Veto

owned subsidiary OF CANADIAN
Breweries. Inc.
Spokesman for the five
Maryland breweries. who got
Senate President Louis L.
Goldstein to introduce the bill
for them, argued that Carling
would be a predatory COM
petitor which could easily
drive all 6f them out of busi-
ness.
Gloss Legislation
Gov. McKeldin, in a lengthy
veto message. referred to the
bill as "class legislation" and
said it would improperly seek
"prejudgment against a COM
pany whose practices of busi-
ness have not had the privilege
of trial in Maryland"
He added that "such un-
precedented and illogical legis-
lation would have a deleterious
effect on the highly successful
efforts Of Maryland, its politi-
cal subdivisions and its vari-
GUS business and civic associa-
tions to bring new business
and industry. into the State in
these years of growth and ex-
pansion."
IF there is a danger Of un-
fair practices, illicit in their
nature. from any source" the
chief executive said at another
point, "the remedy should lie
in the strengthening Of exist
ing laws to deal with such
practices If and when they
make their appearances-not
in the barring of an enterprise
because of its record Of sue
cess In competition"
The Governors veto does
not, of course. mean that Car
ling can now start breaking
ground for a new plant here.
Under the State constitution.
the next session of the Legis-
lature, scheduled to begin in
January, 1857, gets a chance
to override the veto.
1t takes a three-fifths vote
to override a gubernatorial
veto. II all the Senators and
Delegates vote the same way
on the veto as they did last
month on the bill itself-a
highly unlikely prospect-the
veto would be overridden by
three votes to spare in the
Senate and with nine votes to
spare in the House.
The Beer Lobby
The Maryland brewing in
dustry long has been one Of
the most effective pressure
groups in the State. 1t has
kept State beer taxes at the
low level Of 3 cents per gallon
or SO cents per barrel, even
lower than the Districts $1.25
per barrel and considerably
below last years national
average Of $3.35.
Some legislators sought to
justify their support Of the
beer bill by stating that church
groups in their counties didn't
want any more breweries in
Maryland. There may have
been temperance people who
felt that way but none Of them
ever showed up at the hearings
on the measure before the
Legislature and the Governor.
Ironically. one effect Of the
bill-regardless Of what hap
pens to the veto in the Legisla-
ture next winter-has been to
give the CARING firm 80 much
free publicity in Maryland.
that its sales are bound to in
crease to the detriment Of the
i've local breweries who started
the controversy.
Evening star., 1956-03-25

gree Of bipartisanship In the
conduct Of foreign policy.
But you cannot get some
thing for nothing. There is
quite q heavy price to be paid
automatically for the advan-
tages Of our democratic sys-
tenn. We would II necessary
pay a far. heavier price. But
there is no need to be extrava-
CANT. and we should see
whether we cannot, through
understanding our handicaps,
reduce the price as far as
possible.
"Notionol policies have to deoI
with things as they ore ond
not as the democratic mo-
jority would like them to b" /"
There are various ways In
which this can be done. The
first ID by more education and
information about the ques-
tionB which I have touched
upon. All Of US who are con-
cerned with or are interested
in world affairs, should &C
cept responsibility for spread
ing knowledge and under
standing Of them among q
wider public. 50 that opinion
in our countries may be as
little emotional, as little sub
jective, and as realistic as
possible.
In this way, what is per-
haps already implicit can be-
come explicit. Diplomatic ac-
ton is not an end in itself,
but a means Of giving effect
to national policies. and ma
tional policies have to deal
with things as they are and
not as the democratic major
ity would like them to be.
Then there is q question Of
responsibility. Under our sys-
tenn numbers of people in
politics. in journalism, in husi-
ness obtain information about
government policies and in
tentions, In many cases scarce
ly less complete than that
possessed by the officials who
are actually dealing with the
problems.
1t should be recognized that
1t is the possession Of the in
formation rather than the
position or function Of the
individual which imposes re-
sponSibility in regard to its
use. II this sense Of RESPONSE
bility were generally spread,
as 1t is already partially
spread. through our countries,
the impediments to the
smooth conduct of our diplo-
macy would be pro tanto re-
duced.
TN the long run, the odvon-
toges Of public discussion
outweigh the advantages Of
surprise"
The seeming diplomatic ad-
vantages Of totalitarian state
are largely illusory-or at best
short run. In the long run the
advantages Of public discus
sion outweigh the advantages
Of surprise. In the long run
the advantages Of straight
dealing outweigh the advan-
tages Of sharp dealing. In the
long run an example of con-
sistency and decency pays of.
And in the long run, let us
hope, the people and the pub
licists In our democracies will
become so educated to the ma
ture Of foreign affairs that. by
wise criticism and still more
by wise forbearance from
criticism, they will deprive our
totalitarian rivals Of even
those short-term diplomatic
advantages which now from
A1ani. ..aAs,Aliklain nr,cfnasAe