davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-04-08
The First Year

Ouob q yCdI dBO CIlC PubAlS
was waiting to learn the big
secret whether the vaccine de-
veloped by DR.. Jonas E. Salk
of Pittsburgh worked. Only a
mass testing upon hundreds
of thousands of children
some taking vaccine, others
not-could provide an answer.
Then on April IL came the
heartening news. 1t did pro-
tect 80 to 80 per cent, COM
pletely safe. And the vac
cine had already been i'm
proved, made more potent by
removing a preservative that
had apparently reduced po-
tency against type / virus.
This news signalled the be-
ginning of an end to polio-but
only a beginning.
During April, 8 million doses
of vaccine were released, much
of it quickly used before vac
cinations suddenly came to a
shocked halt.
Polio was striking children
given some lots of Cutter vac
cine. Suspicion that this vac
cine contained live virus was
later confirmed. MasS-pro-
duction of a complex vaccine
had brought unexpected diff
culties.
Sofety Checks
All vaccine was rechecked,
more sensitive testing and pro-
duction requirements installed.
The Public Health Service said
it could not pin down the ex-
act cause of the Cutter Incl
dent, but blamed it upon
fundamental weaknesses" in
the safety testing methods re-
CURED at that time, and on in
adequate killing of the virus.
Among assurances of safety
now is this: If any lot of vac
cine should show evidence of
live virus, then the maker must
produce five straight lots of
vaccine free of any sign of live
virus before any more of his
product is released.
The reason for any suspi-
cion OF the one lot of vaccine
must be pinned down and
remedied. The reasons may
have nothing to do with polio
virus.
For example. in safety test
ing in which vaccine is added
to monkey kidney tissue cells,
some of the cells may die -
not because of presence of live
polio virus, but because of
other viruseS that do not
cause any nafm 10 man.
Or when monkeys are in
jected with vaccine, and their
nervous tissue later examined
microScopically. there may be
signs Of damage to nerve cells.
1t can be because that par
tlcular monkey had had some
kind of infection when he was
living in the jungle.
Badly shaken public and
medical confidence began to
mend rapidly in the fall when
a special surveillance unit of
the Public Health Service an
nounced that not a single case
Of polio had been caused by
vaccinations since May, when
safety standards had been
frightened.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-04-08
F FRANCE

France, a rich country large
ly Self=sufncient economically,
is likely to suffer balance of
payments trouble in 1856 fol-
lowing this bitter winter. The
greatest damage has been done
to the winter wheat crop. In
1855 France produced 10 mil
lion metric tons of wheat and
exported rs million metric
tons. Present estimates indi-
cate that perhaps 5 million
acres of winter wheat have
been destroyed and another 81
million seriously affected, out
of some II million acres that
had been planted by the begin
ming Of March. Unless there
are heavy rains soon, Frances
spring wheat crop will be ma
terially reduced and will be
unable to make up the loss in
winter wheat.
To make up for losses to
winter wheat, the French have
recently been buying seeds in
Europe in order to increase the
spring wheat crop. Unfortu-
nately most of the damage to
winter wheat occurred in re-
gions of the greatest and most
efficient production, where
wheat is marketed and not
used by the peasants them
selves.
In 1855 the value of
Frances wheat exports and
wheat leads all exports in
value-amounted to roughly
STA billion. Should France
export only a small amount of
wheat in 1856, her balance of
payments position would be
considerably worse of than
1855 when imports and ex-
ports balanced largely due to
the good harvest. However, it
seems extremely unlikely, on
the basis of present condi-
tions, that France would have
to import wheat or bread
grains this year. as she will
probably produce enough for
her own use.
So much damage has been
done to the vegetable crop
that recently France has been
importing these food products.
1t is too soon to tell how long
this condition may continue,
but last years fruit and vege-
table experts of $168 million
may be substantially reduced.
In addition, perhaps half the
olive and rape-seed crop have
been seriously damaged. Pos
sibly many of the olive trees
in Provence have been killed
by the unseasonably cold
weather.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-04-08

Extensive snow and frost
have caused serious damage TO
SPANS chief eXports-her ag-
ricultural products. Although
official figures are not yet
available, fairly reliable esti-
mates indicate that the loss to
orange and olive crops may
amount to 500 million. APP
proximately l million metric
tons of oranges--first in value
in Spanish exports - are
shipped mostly to Britain,
France and Germany. Appar-
emily the wheat crop has not
suffered appreciably.
Should SPANS trade bal
ance be affected to the extent
now believed likely. her already
shaky economy will become
even more vulnerable as addi-
tional gold or dollars are re-
quired to purchase goods in
Britain, Germany and France
normally paid for by the sale
of citrus and olive crops.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-04-08

temporarily or permanently
crippled.
Adults account now for
about 25 per cent of all cases
of reported polio, just double
the percentage back in 1914.
When enough vaccine appears,
experts suggest that adults up
to age 40 or so take the shots,
to insure protection.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-04-08
REPORT ON POLIO
SoIk Vaccine Is Safe
But Remoins Scarce

In the SoIk ontipoIio voeelnG's first
yeor there hos been both tragedy
ond great progress. Here Is q
srophie report on those fotsful II
Notwithstanding improvements In
the voceine itself and in its dis
tribution along with the outlook
for the future.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-04-19
New Elementary Supervisor

Richard Douglass, principal of the Cald-
well grade school system, will have a new
title and new job when school opens this fall
in the Noble county system
He has been hired by the Noble county
board of education as the new elementary
supervisor of all grade schools in the county
system.
The Caldwell grade schools have been
extended an invitation to participate in this
plan and they will probably go along with
the idea.
Changes in the current school law, which
go into effect this year, call for new
elementary supervisor.
The new job means just this. He will
have all the grade schools under his super
vision and be in charge of administering to
their needs, curriculum, and many other
problems which heretofore have been met
by the principal of the high school in that
district
Supt Secrest announced this week that
Mr.. Douglass had been offered the job and
accepted the new position
This will mean a vacancy in the Cald-
we'll grade school system and one which will
be very hard to fill for Mr.. Douglass has
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-04-19
The American Wav y

of Federal revenues on high
ways is concerned, all Federal
taxes are received by the
Treasury. The Congress auth
orizes and appropriates ex-
penditures from this general
fund. There is no inkage or
earmarking of any tax dollars
to specific projects authorized
by the Congress-"
Thus the promise of great
highways appears to be but the
bait to justify tremendous in
creases in taxes on road users.
This does not mean that our
federal bureaucrats do nothing
about road building, but the
roads we get, for the taxes we
pay, are sometimes strange in
deed. RAMA ROAD illustrates
the point.
The U. S. Budget for 1856,
page 482, states:
"RAMA ROAD, NICARA-
QUA, BUREAU OF PUBLIC
ROADS. For necessary ex-
penses for the survey and con-
struction of the RAMA ROAD,
NICARAGUA" One million of
your dollars was appropriated
in 1854, and another million in
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-04-19
THIS WEEK
IN
WASHINGTON
REP. JOHN E. HENDERSON

Subversive Activities Legislation
Our States government and our
Federal government have worked
as partners in great number of
fields such as providing police
protection, promoting the public
welfare, building roads, and pre-
serving natural resources. When
the question of subversion and
subverSive activities became pro-
minent several years ago and
the dangers became evident, both
State government and Federal
government enacted laws to safe
guard both the government and
its citizens.
Congress passed the Smith Act
in 1910. The States acted more
slowly filling gaps left by loop
holes in the Federal legislation
and coping with purely local sit
uations. The Tooth General AS
sembly of Ohio, of which / was
member, worked diligently to
pass legislation for the control
of subversive activities of Ohio
based upon careful studies and
Investigations made during the
99th General Assembly.
Last week the Supreme Court
declared that the Federal govern
ment had treated seditious con-
duct as a matter of vital national
concern" In the 6 to 3 decision
the Supreme Court ruled that the
Ohio laws and the laws of other
States are ineffective, even
though they were merely sup
Continued on Page 2-B)
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-04-19

been outstanding as principal of the local
schools
1t is for this reason that we feel the
county board made wise selection for the
new elementary supervisor as Mr.. Douglass
will carry these same qualities into his new
job.
The new school law is very far reach
ing in it's scope and under the school founda-
ton program, the teachers are receiving
more money per year AS matter of fact,
some of the best paying jobs in the county
and Caldwell will be that held by school
teachers.
Under the new program, wage scale
is being prepared for the public to give them
some idea of what teachers are being paid
in the local system, which is on par with
that of any in the rest of the state
Never again is it expected that we will
ever hear that old saying that school teach
ers are the most underpaid in any profession.
The highest paid will probably be in
the $4,000 bracket and the lowest in the
neighborhood of $4,000 depending on their
degrees of education and how long they
have been teaching school
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-04-19

facilities.
But probably the best solution and one
which would find merit with every tax
payer in the Caldwell school district is the
erection OF new high school building and
converting the present building for the
exclusive use of the grade school and its
increased enrolment.
1t is firmly believed in this corner that
the taxpayers would favor a bond issue in
the amount of at least $500000 for new high
school building but they would never sup
port one for the improvement of the present
grade school building.
There are any number of taxpayers who
still feel that they were "taken for ride
on the addition to the grade school and they
these facilities
But if the enrolment is going to be so
heavy this year in the first grade, eventually
these same pupils will be entering high
school and again they will tax the present
facilities if no Improvements have been
made.
Looking into the distant future, the
Caldwell board of education could make
immediate plans for the construction of a
new high school and submit the bond issue
to the taxpayers at the general election this
fall
1t would require lot of paper work
between now and November but it could
be DONE
The greatest problem, we feel, which
this would present, is the location of a suit
able site for such building.
The Noble county Playground is the
logical site but it is doubtful if the fair board
would ever consent to such a construction
The building does not have to be con-
structed within the corporation limits of
Caldwell but just outside would be better
in many ways.
1t would also be more centrally located
should consolidation ever rear it's ugly head
again and become a reality
OF course it is we'll known that the Cald-
well school system is definitely against con-
solidation and this need never enter the
picture, as far as the bond issue is concerned.
But it is very important that site be
selected first for unless this is definite, the
bond issue might have a tough fight in it's
passage.
Of course, all of the above hinges on the
heavy registration of first grade students
next Wednesday and Thursday but it is a
problem that eventually we must all face
here in the Caldwell school district
new high school building would be
the logical solution to the current needs and
- 1t would receive full support from the entire
community and this publication as we'll.
1t is far reaching solution to current
needs but one which the school board should
tackle now for it would be permanent in it's
nature and not temporary measure such
as those previously mentioned.
Should the school board not see fit to
tackle the bond ISSUE then we suggest the
alternative course of sending the entire
sixth grade to the high school building but
never under any consideration split up the
first grade and send them hither and yon
for a half-baked course in education.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-04-19
RAMA ROAD

The current bureaucratic
drive for new tax billions from
road users, is being justified
by the pretense that they will
be devoted exclusively to high
way construction during the
next 13 years.
The taxes are real enough,
but the promised roads appear
to be mostly fiction as the re-
cords, and the law governing
taxes and appropriations, il
luStrate.
According to the u. S. Statis-
tical Abstract for 1855 (page
357) $2,317 million was collect
ed from road users through
special taxes during 1858.
These special taxes, as in the
present case, were originally
levied for the asserted pur-
pose of good roads," yet the
Abstract (page 404) shows that
in 1853 only 221a percent of the
road user tax collected, or $511
million, was given back to the
States as Grants-in-Aid for
highways.
The assumption that Con-
gress is earmarking these taxes
for highway construction for
the next 13 years is not valid
because appropriations may
not be made for a period eX-
ceeding two years.
The law and custom also die
tate that tax collections shall
not be earmarked for special
purposes. Senator Lyndon
Johnson (D) of Texas clarified
this fact in a recent letter in
which he stated:
'In so far as the expenditure
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-04-19

Our high school correspondent
says that Economics and GeOg-
raphy students are going in for
grass roots studying.
They're going to charter buses
and take off on Operation See
For Yourself have a ten-day
look at some of the things
they've been studying about.
AS l remember, it was hard to
keep your mind on schoolbooks
at this time of year. Today's kids
can give in to that old urge to
bust out of the classroom-with
a clear conscience. Wish they'd
take me along.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-04-19
Why Not A New High School?

1t will be interesting to keep close
check on the registration of first grade
students on Wednesday and Thursday, April
70 and 26 for on it depends the entire future
of the Caldwell school system
1t will bring up the old problem of not
enough facilities to meet the increasing
enrolment, which in itself poses the ques-
ton OF whether we should enlarge the pre-
sent grade school building or look a little
farther into the future and make plans for
the construction of new high school
building.
Last week Supt. Webb announced that
heavy enrolment is expected from first
grade students who will be entering the
Caldwell schools for the first time this fall
All youngsters who will be six years old
up to and including Jan. l., 1857 are eligible
for registration.
At the time the registration dates were
announced, Supt. Webb said the school board
was anxious to find out the final figure to
determine if three teachers would be neces-
sary for the first grade and if they had
adequate facilities.
This, then, brings up the point of what
the board of education should do. Should
they adopt only temporary measure to care
for increased enrolment by the year or
should they look ahead to the future and
plan an adequate school system that will
If the expected enrolment is very high,
there has been some talk that youngsters
who are not six years old when school starts
will not be permitted to enroll until the
following year.
But this.would only mean that the Cald-
well schools would be faced with a terrific
enrolment during the fall of 1857, which
couldn't possibly solve the situation
Then it was said that if the enrolment
pfofi o11
another smaller building and hold first grade
classes in a separate room from the present
grade school building
But this would not prove satisfactory
for it would be depriving these youngsters
of all the things that go with belonging to
the grade school system - mingling with
other students, playing with the other
youngsters learning to stand on their own
two feet after six years of mother care and
SO many other things that go to make up
the first years of child's formal education
Also it would not be fair to the first
grade youngsters to set them apart and hold
classes in a smaller building, such as that
now owned by the First Methodist church,
provided it could be rented for this purpose
There have been two solutions advanced
!, to the board and both of them bear more
merit than any of the above. ~~~.~@
The sixth grade class, under the super
vision of Paul Mckee, could be moved to
the present high school building.
There is a vacant room in the high
school and the class could be conducted in
such way under Mr.. Mckee that it would
not interfere with the operation of the high
school students.
If need be, they could even be dis
missed few minutes earlier than the high
school students, if the schedule would call
for the dismissal Of grade school due to bus
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-04-19

Copyright 1850, United States Brewers Foundation
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-04-19

1856, for this project.
For some unexplained rea-
son, this project was transfer
red from the Commerce De-
partment to the State Depart
ment at the end of 1855. In the
1857 Budget, page 899, we dis
cover that survey and con-
struction of the RAMA ROAD"
still goes on, but the price has
doubled TWO MILLION of
your tax dollars was appropri-
ated to this project in 1856,
and another two million is re-
quested for 1857.
(Continueo on Page 2-Bl
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1956-04-19
From where | sit .. By Joe Marsh
AdcertHemest
They Trave' I'm C!ass"

From where / sit, it doesn't
hurt us adults, either, to get out
and see how the rest of the coun-
try lives. We find the typical
American" doing everything from
herdirg cattle to flying planes :.
with everything from steak to
chowder for his favorite dish :.
everything from beer to butter
milk for his favorite beverage.
And the more we study our di-
ferences the more we learn how
alike everyone is underneath.
&e M~'4<
The Nome nugget., 1956-06-29
Russians Wait in Vain
For British Plane to
Take Off-Battery Dead

MOSCOW, R-Red-faeed Brit
ish air officials rescheduled
courtesy flight of their Comet jet
airliner for Soviet air officials to-
day after the pride Of the British
airways failed to get off the
ground.
Some 80 Soviet air force off
GERS. technicians and officials OF
Aeroflot, the state operated Soviet
airline, turned out at Vnukova
Airport for a ride in the cleaning
silVery airliner They piled into
the plane, the doors slammed shut
and the minutes started ticking
by.
Forty-five minutes later the
embarrassed British air crew adj
vised the guests the flight had
been postponed until the next day.
The battery was dead.
The Nome nugget., 1956-06-29
10 Alaska Girls Among
5000 Girl Scouts
At National Roundup

MILFORD, Mich. R-Sunburned
Alaskans and Montanans in white
cowboy hats pitched tents and
slowed away mounds of camping
gear at the first national Girl
Scout roundup today.
Some 5000 Girl Scouts and
their leaders are deployed in a
1.5OO-acre tent city 40 miles
northwest of Detroit.
First arrivals included contin-
gents from Chicago, st. Louis,
Washington and the western
states. The 10-girl Alaska delega-
ton was sunburned from a four
day stop at a Montana ranch.
The Nome nugget., 1956-06-29
American Flies
Private Plane
Into Russia
Gets Cold Greeting
From Gen. Twining

MOSCOW, RLThe first Ameri-
can to fly a personal plane into
Russia took Soviet officials for
flight over Moscow yesterday.
William P. Lear, American
plane equipment maker here on a
private trip, gave several Soviet
foreign trade officials short flights
in his Cessna 80 five passenger
plane.
Lear said his electronie equip
ment was extremely new to the
Russians. They were avidly inter
ested in what was in the plane"
On his arrival here Tuesday
Lear predicted that NATO en-
bargos on trade with the Commu-
nists would end soon. But officials
of his company in Santa Monica,
Calf, said they had no intention
of selling equipment to the Reds.
Lear got a cold greeting from
visiting Gen. Nathan Twining,
US. Air Force chief, when they
encountered each other Wednes-
day.
Twining was briefing reporters
in a hotel room when Lear en-
tered Twining had just been
asked about military implications
of Lear's flight here with gear
that has been banned by NATO
for export to Soviet bloc coun-
tries. Twining said it was strictly
a civilian matter.
| When reporter told Twining,
General, here's an old friend of
yours, he barely said hello and
made no move to shake hands
with Lear.
The Nome nugget., 1956-06-29
Canadian Says Road,
Not Corridors, Needed
To Tap B.C.'s Wealth

VANCOUVER, B. C., R-The
idea of corridor from northern
BIC. through the Alaska panhan-
die to the Pacific sis a dream of
some journalist" says Vancouver
Alderman Ahlford Wilson.
Wilson said that what is really
needed is a highway from Hazel
ton to the Yukon that would con-
meet with the Alaska Highway.
The highway would connect
with the British Columbia coast
and the panhandle through SER
les of access roads.
1.-The untapped riches of the
north, plus a great influx of Cana
dian and American tourists, would
flow along all these roads" said
Wilson.
At present the only road con-
Meeting BIC. with the Alaska
Highway is from Prince George tc
Fort St. John.
The Nome nugget., 1956-06-29
WEATHER FORECAST

Compiled by the
US. Dept. Of Commerce Weather Bureau
Continued fair tonight and Sat
urday with afternoon tempera-
lures rising to the sos. Tempera-
lures tonight in the low 40's.
In the last "a hours as of am.
today: highest temperature 81,
lowest AZ. Max. wind II mph
from the west. Sunrise at LIS
am, sunset at 10:43 pm.
A year ago today: highest tenn
perature 48, lowest ~. Extremes
this date since 1907: highest rs
in 1911, lowest 81 in 1929.
Other stations as of am. today:
The Nome nugget., 1956-06-29
Seattle Rainiers to Play
Two Games in Alaska
At Night Using Sunlight

SEATTLE, R,-The Seattle Raj
niers of the Pacific Coast League
will head for the Land of the Mid
night Sun Monday, the first pro-
fessional baseball team to play III
Alaska.
The league leading Rainiers
have booked two games with Al
askan all-star competition, one at
Anchorage Monday and the other
Tuesday in Fairbanks.
Air schedules make 1t possible
for the team to fill the tWo-day
engagement and return in time
for its July night double header
against Vancouver's Mounties IN
Seattle.
Both games in Alaska will be
played at night-but without artl-
fetal lighting The tits will start
at $50 pm. and are expected &c
finish before shutdown no matter
how long they last.
The Nome nugget., 1956-06-29
MIMI HOSPITAL

Admitted: Mary Lowe, Paul
Warner. and Glenn Bellfield, d
seaman from one of the vessels
in the roadstead.
Discharged: William Komak-
huk and Ernest Saccheus.
The Nome nugget., 1956-06-29
$234,OOO Bid to Build
9 Ouonsets at Gambell

ANCHORAGE; R-The Dough
ty Construction Co. of Spenard,
offered the apparent low basic bid
of S234,156 for construction of
nine new standard steel Quonset
huts at Gamben on the northwest
tip of st. Lawrence Island, the
Alaska District Corps of Engi-
neers announced.
Il is rush job, to be finished
by September lst.
The Nome nugget., 1956-06-29

An anonymous writer in an
English newspaper was the first
to use the word Socialism, in
1888.