davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1956-03-11

among the smaller powers. Some
believe few nuclear weapons in
the hands Of strongly anti-Com-
muniSt countries like Spain, South
Korea or Turkey could add effec-
lively to the deterrent against Com
munist expansionism. Others do not
believe the Kremlin would be i'm
pressed in the slightest.
Bolonee Of Power
Would the world balance of
power be materially affected by
other nations achievement of nu-
clear weapons know-how?
Both the Defense Department and
the Acc have concluded that the
answer to this question is mo"
Take the Arab-Israeli dispute as
an example. Under the tripartite
pact of 1850, or under the treaties
now under discussion, the United
States and Great Britain would be
pledged to come to the aid of
whichever side is attacked. If the
Arabs were to develop a small nu-
clear stockpile. the United States
nuclear stockpile would stand be-
hind Israel. If Israel (whose tech
nological capabilities are now
greater than the Arabs') should ac-
quire nuclear weapons, the Anglo
American stockpile would become
a counterweight on the Arabs side.
Pentagon officials contend that
the United States and the Soviet
Union have such a tremendous head
start on all the rest Of the world
that the relatively small stockpiles
of other nations likely would be
shadowed--more than neutral
ized-by the big powers stockpiles.
The nuclear- weapons Big Three
may remain the policemen Of the
world, it is thought, for some time
to come-if they retain their pres
ent nuclear retaliatory capabilities.
This is the big "if" of our time,
Of course. 1t ties in directly with
the ability of the offense to keep
technologically ahead of the de-
Tense. For If the Soviet defense, for
instance, were ever capable Of
shielding Russia from the American
offense, the day Of the mutual de-
terrent would be ended.
Evening star., 1956-03-11
By PHIL YEAGER


Almost 20 years ago a prominent
legal scholar, the late George Des-
sion Of Yale University. predicted
that "the inflltration of psychiatry
and psychiatrists into the ad-
ministration of criminal law Twill
eventually overshadow all other
contemporary phenomena in its
influence on criminal justice.
Developments in the past several
years certainly point to trend in
this direction.
At the very least, the lid has
blown off a seething argument
between law and psychiatry which,
as one psychiatrist says, "has been
familiar to us for 400 years"
In essence, that battle exists be-
tween those who hold the theory
that society's needs demand punish
ment Of the criminal and those who
believe that such needs demand.
primarily, treatment Of the crin1i-
nal. This is overs -simplification,
but there is no accurate way to
state the argument in few words
or even a few thousand.
All across the Nation people have
suddenly become very much aware
of the use of the insanity plea as a
defense to crime, particularly since
the celebrated Monte Durham case
(See box, Gore of the Argument.D
Not long ago Washingtonians
we're made particularly conscious OF
the problem due to the case OF
Margaret Ann Haynes, Arlington
mother who was acquitted OF a
murder charge in the District on
the basis Of temporary insanity.
Low VS.. Medicine
But what to most people has
appeared to be suddenly irrupt-
ing controversy over the insanity
plea Is really the elimination Of a
long standing lawns. medicine dis
pute. There is nothing totally new
in what either the lawyers or psy-
chiatrists are saying today. What Is
new is a shift from the status quo
which finds medicine beginning to
dislodge the law in this timeleSs
tug-of-war.
For the shift is evident not alone
from the new standards of deter
mining insanity set up for Federal
courts of the United States. 1t has
long since been accomplished in
New Hampshire. Both Montana
and New Mexico were indicating
more liberal attitudes toward in
sanity produced crime when the
Durham case evolved.
Equally important. England's
Royal Commission on Capital Pun
ishment recommended in 1858 the
complete abrogation Of the tradi-
tional "right-and-wrong" test for
judicially determining insanity,
and suggested that "the jury decide
whether at the time of the act the
accused was suffering from disease
Of the mind or mental deficiency
to such degree that he ought not
to be held responsible. While
England has not yet adopted the
recommendations of its commits
sion, the episode is significant since
England originated the notion that
. persons alleged insanity should
Evening star., 1956-03-11
BY EARL HI. VOSS

What are the prospects of other
nations beside Britain, Russia and
America becoming producers Of
nuclear weapons?
The Atomic Energy Commission
believes there Is little prospect in
the foreseeable future. The State
Department isn't so sure. 1t stresses
capabilities Of nations for nuclear
weapons manufacture rather than
their Intentions because 1t believes
intentions may change.
The Defense Department thinks
prospects are fairly good that other
nations will eventually obtain nu-
clear weapons, but does not expect
this to affect the present military
balance of power in the world.
II President Eisenhower's pro-
posal TO freeze world stockpiles
were quickly accepted, the ques-
ton Of other powers capacities
would become academic, Of course.
But prospects for early acceptance
Of the Presidents plan are not
good. since they depend on effec-
tive inspection procedures, at which
the Soviet Union has always baked.
U. S. Agencies Agree
At the outset it should be made
clear that the three most inter-
ested departments of the executive
branch agree that the recent Amer
ican plan for setting aside large
quantities of U-235 for other coun-
tries peaceful use need not be ex-
pected to increase greatly the mill
tary risk.
knowledge of how to handle
nuclear materials to produce weap-
ons may be spread a little farther.
But 1t has already spread to most
college physics laboratories around
the world. It is agreed that the
increase in such knowledge would
be too small to warrant withhold
ing the great peaceful benefits Of
U-235.
Satisfactory treaties for prevent
ing the diversion of American
SSoO w WCePO1Ao ~ 1OOuSGlOll IldtC
now been worked out. The United
States will retain the right to in
spect foreign installations using the
U-235. And periodically the U-235
will probably be returned to Ameri-
can suppliers for reprocessing.
Diversion would still be possible,
Of course, if some new unfriendly
government were to come to power
and refuse to honor its agreement.
The U-235 could then be raised to
weapons quality. But the military
risk from the amounts of U-235
being distributed would even then
be manageable, officials believe.
Deterrents
There are two principal deter
rents" to other nations entering
the nuclear weapons field.
Q Expense. Separating weapons
grade U-235 out Of uranium ore is
tremendously costly. Perhaps the
most impressive thing about Presi-
dent Eisenhower's U-235 lay-away
plan IL that the United States can
Evening star., 1956-03-11
LONG LEGAL BATTLE
Are Lawyers Yielding
To Psychiotrists in
Bottle Against Crime?

be gauged on the basis Of whether
he could distinguish right from
wrong. That was more than a
century ago In the historic M'Ndgh-
ten case.
New Trend Hailed
AS rule, the new trend in
America is being hailed by PSYCHE
trists as big step forward In
social progress. A good part of the
legal profession feels the same way.
But there are strong dissenters In
both camps and considerable worry
among many.
The worry stems from the fact
that psychiatry, more and more,
seems to be leaning toward de
terministic" or "causative" view Of
crime. This view suggests that
every human act is the result of
prior influences, experiences and
pressures brought to bear on the
individuals personality; hence no
one has true "free will" and should
not be punished if his acts do not
conform with what a majority of
his fellows define as legal" acts.
Here is one example of this line
of thinking. DR.. Philip Roche, pro-
fessor of psychiatry at the Univer-
sity Of Pennsylvania, criticizes the
new judicial test Of insanity as
set forth in the Durham case as
follows:
Mental illness does not cause
one to commit a crime nor does
mental illness produce q crime. Be-
havior and mental illness are In.
separable-one and the same
thing"
If psychiatry continues to drive
in this direction and If the law en-
deavors to follow, 1t seems clear
that the logical result will be the
complete erasure Of what society
now considers to be criminal re-
sponsibility." In other words,
there can be no crime because no
body is truly responsible for his
acts.
The Apparent End
This is what bothers a lot Of
lawyers about the recent insanity
decisions. These decisions seem to
have pushed the law into a twilight
zone, tentatively following where
science is leading. And if the law
goes all the way, it is argued, then
criminal law as we have known it
based on human intent and motive
must be abandoned and an en-
tirely new system worked out.
Whether such fears are justified
remains to be seen. The factors
involved are very deep and ex-
tremely complex. Psychiatry does
not know, and does not pretend to
know, all the answers. What psy-
chiatristS hare learned is that the
difference between the criminal"
and the normal" is a matter Of
degree rather than kind, and 1t is
up to society to decide how to treat
criminals" in the light Of new
scientific findings.
Some Of AmericaI finest legal
talent has felt, however, that psy-
chiatry should not become q tail to
wag the dog. Oliver Wendell
Holmes once observed:
IT were having q philosophical
Evening star., 1956-03-11

today. Already West German scien-
lists at the University Of Marburg
are reported to have developed
new separation process which may
cut costs significantly, perhaps to as
much as one-third.
[According to the Atomic In
dustrial Forum in New York,
"The new technique is based on
forcing uranium hexaflouride gas
at ultrasonic speeds through a
fiat nozzle, the lighter fractions
tending to accumulate near the
fringe of the stream."]
Other processes even more eco
nomical may later be developed.
some scientists believe. 1t might
then be economically possible for
second or even third-rank powers
to indulge in nuclear weapons pro-
grams as well as peaceful atomic
energy projects.
Likely Condidotes
If it is possible-even though
unlikely-that other nations will
enter the nuclear weapons field,
which are the most likely countries?
Most American government OFF,
cials speculate the next three might
be France, Germany and Japan,
possibly but not necessarily in that
order.
All three have-or will soon have
the capability. Whether they will
develop the intention is, of course,
not known. Only France has the
avowed intention today.
Other countries-like Sweden,
Belgium, Norway, Holland and
Denmark-au are coming along
with their atomic power science,
but few observers see any present
intention among them to turn to
military development.
There is a growing body Of opin-
ion in the Government that nu-
clear weapons know-how should be
deliberately spread around to 10 or
IS other powers. But policymakers
have SHE'D away from the idea.
They are uncertain whether q
closer knowledge of nuclear destruc-
ton would induce more RESPONSE
bility or more responsibility
Evening star., 1956-03-11

its present form does more good
than harm?"
New York's highly respected
Judge Learned Hand is one who
similarly has grave doubts about
the laws following Of psychiatry.
He has commented on the Durham
decision as follows:
"It did not seem to give us guild
ance that perceptibly would help.
The truth appears to be that the
question goes to the heart of what
ever we choose to make our purpose
in criminal punishment. It is only
indirectly, or at second hand, a
psychiatric question"
Judge Hand points out two con-
trolling factors to consider.
"One is how far Imprisonment Is
Evening star., 1956-03-11
Opinion Split on Danger
Of Universal Atomic Race

offer such huge amounts (44,000
pounds) for foreign use. Sources
close to the Atomic Energy Com
mission believe the cost of obtaining
U-235 will be so tremendous that
not even middle sized countries,
like Germany and Italy, would
think Of diverting atomic materials
to weapons applications as long as
their needs for nuclear power are
so great.
. Big Three's stOckpile lead. The
nuclear-weapons big Three"-the
United States, the Soviet Union and
Great Britain-have such a head
start in accumulating stockpiles that
no other nation could catch up.
Even If another expansion-minded
Hitler were to appear on the scene
in one Of the more highly developed
countries of Western Europe, it is
the Atomic Energy Commissions
opinion that he could not profit
from a nuclear weapons stockpile.
Suppose, for instance, that some
future dictator bent on conquest
were to postpone his country's nu-
clear power development and ac-
quire q stockpile of 10, Is or 20
nuclear bombs. This would be a
formidable undertaking, Of course.
But what could he do with the
stockpile? Could he threaten or
blackmail his neighbors? Hardly.
If, as is likely, his neighbors were
allied with one of the nuclear Big
Three his threat would have no
force. The dictator would be vul-
nerable to big-power nuclear retail
alton. He would be foolish, then,
to make any threat at all.
Stimulonts .
There are three principal reasons
why more countries might want to
develop nuclear weapons stockpiles:
. Pride. National pride is still a
potent force in world affairs. For
instance, France, not notably rich,
is spending $3.50 million a year to
build nuclear weapons of its own.
. Protection. Countries possessing
a small nuclear weapons stockpile
would have certain retaliatory ca
pacity which would give "nuclear
bully" pause before he dropped
atomic bombs promiscuously. Swe-
den, for instance, might be able to
protect her neutrality with a small
stockpile.
. Influence. A nuclear stockpile
would perhaps enhance the in
fluence of smaller nations in world
affairs, just as large armies, strong
navies and air forces do today.
Britain, for instance, is going ahead
with H-bomb development to re-
tain its influence on American
policy. It fears the United States
will not pay enough attention to
enemy targets threatening the Brit
ish Isles If another war starts.
Future Discoveries
Some observers feel, however,
that 1t is unrealistic to assume that
the economic problems In separat-
ing U-235 out Of uranium will
always be ~ forbidding as they are
Evening star., 1956-03-11

talk with q man / was going to
have hanged, should say: I don't
doubt that your act was inevitable
for you, but to make it more avoid
able by others we propose to sacri-
fee you to the common good. You
may regard yourself as soldier
dying for your country If you like.
But the law must keep its prom
ises.' >"
A Shocking Comment
This comment shocks many psy-
chiatrists and lawyers, too. Yet
Holmes was not unaware Of the
underlying psychological conflict,
for he also used to inquire: what
have we better than a blind guess
to show that the criminal law in
Evening star., 1956-03-11

punishment by reason OF insanity. Changes since
then all have been on the side Of leniency.
Much discussion recently has centered around
a Court of Appeals decision in the Monte Durham
case, which held that an offender should not be
held accountable for an act found to be "the
product Of mental disease or mental defect"
Monte Durham a Washington man, was
charged in 1851 with the crime Of housebreaking.
He was convicted in 1858, and the next year his
conviction was overturned by the Court of Appeals
which made new law" with the Durham ruling
He was retired in 1855 under the new sanity rule
and again was found guilty. Durhams attorney,
Sidney Sachs said last week the case now on
Evening star., 1956-03-11

appeal again. is expected to be decided shortly.
Durham both questioned defended
lawyers psycha the adjoining columns the standard
thinking by Mr. and novel approach to
the problem insanity advanced by Board
Evening star., 1956-03-11
CORE OF THE ARGUMENT

attitude of the law toward the offender has changed RADICAL
English held that would have to
the level Of brute beast before he could
Evening star., 1956-03-11
A NEW APPROACH
Does the Law Handle
Crime and Criminals
On the Wrong Basis?

The outhor, q psyehiotrist on the foeul-
ties Of the George Washington Medieol
School and the Washington School Of
Psyehioty, wos asked by The Sunday
stor to comment on the problem OF
criminal responsibility, using Mr. Yeasefs
article os O stortins point.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-06-20
IJ.H. Torney, IS,
Sun Factory Retiree

John H. Torney, So. a retired
Naval Gun Factory employe
died Monday at Casualty Hos
pital after a short illness. He
had been in retirement since
1892.
Mr.. Torney began working in
the Gun Factory in 1889. Dur
ing his 43 years of service there
he served in many capacities,
ranging from machinist to gen.
eral supervisor.
He is survived by his wife,
Mrs. Annie L. Torney of 3ll2
Massachusetts, avenue Sc, and
two sons, William Leroy, also of
the Massachusetts, avenue adj
dress. and John L. Torney of
1884 T place Sc; a daughter,
Mrs. Ethel Chrisman of 4412
Yuma street NV. and 10
grandchildren and eight great
grandc hildren.
Funeral services will be held
at 1880 am. tomorrow at the
Lee Funeral Home. Fourth street
and Massachusetts avenue NE.
Burial win be at the Cedar Hill
Cemetery.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-06-20

benefit Of widows and orphans
of his employees who lost Their
Lives in the war"
DisIiked Titles
Mr.. Watson disliked titles like
manager" and supervisor.
Persons holding such positions,
he said. should regard themselves
as assistants" to those working
under their direction. Though
duties differed, he said all were
working for one common good.
Cornerstone of all values" in
his opinion, sis the man himself
whatever his job"
Under Mr.. Watson's direction,
IIBM put into effect many bene-
fits for employees. such as rec
Ireation facilities, life insurance
retirement pay, disqualification
and health insurance. The COM
lpany paid the entire cost.
He travelled many thousands Of
miles annually to keep in touch
with his employees. During a two
year period starting in 194S, he
and Mrs. Watson covered $4,000
miles. They visited 90 countries
outside the United States and
personally met with $4,000 en-
Iployes and members of their
families from 81 countries.
Often at employees gatherings
Mr.. Watson would be greeted
with such songs as Pack UP your
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-06-20

| finding new markets for thu
products of his company con-
tributed to IBM's growth. HI
was ever seeking to discover the
need for new machines and tc
expand the company's research
and engineering facilities tc
meet the need. He gathered
around him the ablest inventors
he could find.
IBM went on a war footing
during World War II, producing
munitions as well as record
keeping systems, computing ma
chimes, many highly secret cod
ing devices and other equipment
for the armed services. It's vast
engineering laboratories were
engaged continuously in con-
fidential work.
After the war, President Harry
IS. Truman awarded Mr.. Watson
the Medal for Merit, which wa;
presented by Secretary of Wal
Robert p. Patterson.
The accompanying citation
said ''he made available to the
Government the exclusive services
of his hly-trained technical
personnel at great sacrifice to his
own interests" It added that ''in
all of his Government contracts
he voluntarily limited the profits
to less than 11a per cent and
placed this sum in fund for the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-06-20
Lester Lee, Wrote
PENNSYLVANIA PoIku'

Los ANGELES, June 20 (P).-
Songwriter Lester Lee. 81. best
known for his Pennsylvania
Polka" died yesterday after a
heart attack.
Mr.. Lee, who wrote songs fol
many Broadway musicals be-
fore coming to Hollywood, was
nominated for an Academy
Award in 1854 for the song
blue Pacific" in the movie,
Sadie Thompson"
He is survived by his widow,
Mrs. Elpha Lee, and two sons
William, 20, and Jan, 10.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-06-20

Ieral sales manager. In the spring
Iof 1914 he was chosen to head
the Computing Tabulating-Re-
cording Co., which evolved into
the International Business Ma
chine Corp.
When he became president OF
the company, it had fewer than
400 employees. BY 1851 there were
more than 10000 on the payroll,
and the company was doing bust
ness in 70 countries.
Favorite Slogan: think"
Much in evidence throughout
the IBM organization is Mr..
Watson's slogan Think"
In capital letters the slogan
appears on wall and desk signs,
Iletterheads and printed forms,
on the IBMs monthly maya
zine, in gold print on salesmen's
notebooks.
"The expression I didn't think
has cost the world, millions of
dollars" Mr.. Watson once said.
In the United States, IBM has
six plants, one of them in WASH
Iington. Factories at Endicott,
Poughkeepsie and Kingston, N.
Y; Greencastle, Ind, and San
Jose, Calf, manufacture $3.50
different models of business ma
chimes which it sells or rents
through 1873 United States Offices.
The Washington plant, at 1918
New York avenue NE, manu-
features tabulating cards for use
in many kinds of IBM machines.
Instead of dismissing employees
during the economic depression
Iof the early 1930s IBM made
parts that it could not use i'm
mediately. This proved to be
good business, too. for the COM
pany was able to fill orders
promptly when business i'm
proved. One big order IBM re-
'ceived and filled from its storage
bins was from the Government
for machines to handle the
voluminous Social Security rec
ords.
Mr.. Watson's ingenuity in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-06-20

troubles. Mr.. Watson's here, and
smile, boys, SMILE"
All IBM Offices. plants and
Laboratories will be closed to-
morrow, the day of the funeral.
Services will be held at the
Brick Presbyterian Church, Park
avenue and Ninety-first street, at
IL am. tomorrow, and burial will
be in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery,
Tarrytown, N. Y.
The family requested that in
lieu of flowers, contributions be
made to Roosevelt Hospital or
any charity of the individuals
choice.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-06-20

firm Of Patterson, Belknap 4
Webb, which once included the
late Robert P. Patterson, former
Secretary Of War.
A native of New York, Mr..
Webb was a director Of the VIII
liamsburg. Va, Restoration. Inc,
and a trustee Of Colonial Will
liamsburg, Inc.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-06-20
Vanderbilt Webb,
Foundation Counsel

NEW YORK, June 20 (R.-
Vanderbilt Webb. 65. special
counsel to the Rockefeller Foun-
dation, died last Sunday.
He was a member of the law
Filipino forum. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1928-196?, 1956-05-07
information Please!

The Philippine Consulate Gener-
al in San Francisco will appreciate
information on the whereabouts of
the following:
II. LOZADA, Marcial
Last known address: None.
Interested party: Mrs. Aurora
o. Lozada (wife).
u. LLANES, Max
Last known address: None.
Interested party: Mrs Simpli-
cha Aberca Lanes (wife).
Filipino forum. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1928-196?, 1956-05-07

13. NEMESIS, Maria
Last known address: None.
Interested party: Mrs. Fran
cisca r. Leones (sister-in-law). .
II NICOLAS, Primo
Last known address: None.
Interested party Pedro Nico-
las (brother).
Is. PRINCIPE. Valentin
Last known address: None.
Interested party: zoilo P. Pa
1acios (relative).
16- QUITASOL. Arsenic
Last known address: None.
Interested party: Mrs. Eleu-
terra F. Quitasol (wife)
IT. RAMILO. Patricio
Last known address: None.
Interested party: Roman r.
Gonzales (nepheW).
Is. SANCHEZ, Castor
Last known address: None.
Interested party: Mrs. Sine
ona Sanchez-Roxas (daughterl
10. TABAS, Dionicio
Last known address: None:
Interested party: Mrs. Candle
laria Bondame (relative).
20. vERDEFLOR. Rizalino
Last known address: None.
Interested party: Mrs. Silveria
A. de Verdef1or (wife).
21. BRUCE ALDEN DAVIS and
MRS. JANET BROWN DAVIS
husband and wife,.
Last known address: None.
Interested party: Mrs. Dionisia
c. vidallon (FIllpinO friend).
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-20
CLOTHING
THE FRENCH POODLE

COMPRESsOR-sPRAYER, including
motor; new cond.: $50. JU. 5-6023.