davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-07-15

Japan today spends roughly 2
per cent of its gross national pro-
duct, and 1929 per cent. of its annual
budget on defense. This is well
below other free countries expendi-
lures for defense.
But no Japanese political party,
neither the Conservatives, who seem
destined to control the nations
destiny for many years to come, nor
the badly split Socialists nor the
insignificant Communists, have any
inclination to spend much more on
rearmament.
Foreign Minister Mamoru Shige-
mitsu became quite involved, in fact,
for agreeing during his october
visit to the United States to in
crease japanese ground forces from
the present 10000 level to 10000
by 1858. This is far below the level
which American military men con-
slider adequate to defend Japan.
Secretary of State John Foster
Dulles, in one of his philosophical
moods, put the problem in perspec-
tive neatly during his press con-
ference last week. A reporter asked
him to comment on the japanese
Socialists victory in the upper
house on the issue OF rearmament.
There is less fear in the world
of war than was the case hereto
fore" Mr.. Dulles observed. Il
think We can all of us be very glad
that that is the case. But we have
to recognize that people who are
not afraid of war as they were, are
not going to be willing to assume
quite as heavy burden for arma-
ment as they did before"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-07-15

nonsenSitive positions could be
subjected to security dismissals I'M
der the so-called normal civil serv-
ice procedures. These are based on
the Lloyd-LaFollette Act applicable
to non-veterans, and the Veterans
Preference Act applicable to veter-
ans. In both cases the standard
of dismissal spelled out in the law
is for such cause as will promote
the efficiency of the service" In
its regulations the Civil Service
Commission has detailed various
criteria which constitute such
cause. Among these is: Reason
able doubt as to the loyalty of the
person involved to the Government
Of the United States"
Two Different Systems
A number of differences would be
involved in processing a dismissal
for loyalty or security under the
normal civil service procedures as
distinct from the security program:
. First, the standard would neces-
sarily have to be different. Under
the normal civil service procedures
the standard of employment clear
ly consistent with the interests Of
the national security" could not be
used. The courts would probably
hold that this does not spell out
a definite enough cause" in terms
of bad conduct, inefficiency or such
suitability characteristic as would
adversely affect a persons conduct
or efficiency, as required under the
laws. Thus a person in nom
sensitive position, but where he
could adversely affect the national
security, could not be fired under
the test of employment not clear
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-07-15
Jopon's Reluctant Arms Bui|dup
Suffers Little From Socialist Gains

defenseless. The defense force
buildup began soon after, under
American tutelage and with the
assistance of some intricate Japa-
nese reasoning which circumvented
the apparent intent of the consti-
tuition trainers.
Today the Japanese have
security force" Of 10000 men in
the ground forces, an embryo air
force and small navy.
theoretically, the Japanese could
go on closing their eyes to the
constitution and revive the old
imperial army, millions strong, if
they wished and If they could
afford it. But they don't so wish.
The Notionol Trend
One of the grim jokes on the
United States, which led the oc-
cupying nations in converting Japan
after the war ended. was the COM
pleteness with which the japanese
accepted the war-guilt propaganda
campaign Whlch the occupation
pursued in the early postwar years.
Japan took its humiliation seri-
ously. 1t condemned not only Pre-
mier Hideki TOTO. the symbol of
the nations folly, but all militaristic
thoughts. Revival of a military
or defensive-spirit among the
japanese proved extremely difficult
after World War II.
The politicians so1ution-par-
ticularly that of the ruling Conser-
vative coalition. as it varied from
cabinet to cablnet-has been to
pay lip service to the idea Of rear
mament while combining the actual
deeds to token gestures.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-07-15
NEW YORK REPORT EssahFsp D AT
Some New Ideas on Security

~ consistent with the national Sc
curity," or employment not in the
interest of the United States"
. Second. the power given in the
present security law to suspend per-
sons summarily before providing
them with full notice Of charges
could not be used for persons fired
under normal civil service pro-
cedures.
Third, a non-veteran would not
have the right to any hearing under
the Lloyd-LaFollette Act, whereas
under the present security law he
must be given a hearing. In this
respect, non-veteran would have
less procedural protection under the
normal civil service procedures than
under security procedures.
. Fourth, veteran under the Vet
Grams Preference Act would not
only have the right to a hearing
but would have a right to appeal
to the Civil Service Commission a.
to the merits of the firing by an
agency head. Thus the veteran
would not only have greater pro-
lection than a non-veteran fred
from a position dubbed as sensitive,
but the final determination on his
loyalty-security suitability for en-
ployment in an agency would b
taken out Of the hands Of the
agency head.
Hence an employee in q nom
sensitive position would not actually
be relieved Of the need to be judged
on loyalty and security grounds.
Rather. instead Of single system
for testing security. there would b
a dual system, with differences in
standard and procedures.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-07-15


Mrs. Whitehouss Is chief Of the govern
mentol units bronch, governments division,
Of the Census Bureau.
of this growth has been in nearby
Maryland and Virginia.
At the latest count. there were
10 local governments in the Wash
lngton metropolitan area = four
counties. as municipalities, and 20
nonschool special districts Schools
in the District and ~. Maryland
and Virginia are operated as part
of the respective city or county
governments.
Six Approaches
Six methods OF approach to the
metropolitan problem have received
the most use or are most strongly
advocated
0 Annexation. the absorption OF
adjacent territory by a city, has
been the most common method used
although in recent years it has not
played a significant part in expand
ing boundaries. Until the beginning
Of the goth century growth in
areas of many cities by annexation
was Observation-Disclosures grew from
1912 square miles to 1870, Boston
from Az to 1872, Pittsburgh and st.
Louis from to SO and 81 square
miles, respectively. Since that time
annexation laws have become more
stringent due partly to the pressure
of residents of suburban areas, who
often resist annexation. The fact
that growing urban centerS fire.
uuently cross county and State bor-
ders has been another deterrent in
annexation. Since l945 there has
been a revival OF annexation more
than half of the central cities in
metropolitan areas have annexed
territory in the last decade, but
these differ from earlier annexa-
tons in that they have seldom In
volved any large amounts OF terri
tory.
AS the hub of Washington's Met
ropolitan Area, Washington cannot
extend its constitutionally fixed
boundaries, and cannot practice
annexation.
Q City-cOunty consolidation, the
complete or substantial merger OF
the county and its municipalities,
has been adopted in five places
New orleans. Baton Rouge. Boston.
Philadelphia and New York. Only
one of these Baton Rouge has
occurred in this century although
some other attempts have reached
various stages Of consideration. A
deterrent to this type OF merger in
MANY States has been the unwieldy
legal requirements. The greatest
benefit OF city-county consolidation
is in providing a unified govern
ment over larger area than that
previously served by one govern
ment and in eliminating duplica-
ton Of some services formerly pro-
yided BY both city and county. The
area limitation in most proposed
city-county consultations makes 1t
Inadequate for intercounty metro
politan areas and there is no legal
basis for consolidation in interstate
areas.
. City-cOunty separation differs
from city-county consolidation in
that it involves detachment OF the
city from the rest of the county,
which continues to operate as a
county government The separated
government performs both city and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-07-15
WASHINGTON is CASE IN POINT
Solution Sought to metropolitan Problem

county functions within its area.
City-county separations include
Denver, Baltimore, st. Louis. San
Francisco and all cities in Virginia
Major advantages OF city-county
separation are the reduction OF
duplicating functions and financial
benefits derived by the city since
taxes collected in the city cannot
be diverted for use in rural areas
of the county. In solving the met
ropolitan problem, however. it is a
step backward since it usually in
creases the number Of governmental
units and removes the city from
a position Of influence in the county.
which is a larger governmental
area.
. Federation is designed to es-
tablish general metropolitan juris-
diction without completely merging
local governments involved. Func-
tions are divided between a newly
created metropolitan government
which provides areawide services
and the existing municipalities
within the territory which continue
to perform functions which concern
only the local area. None of the
attempts in the United States to
adopt a federation plan have pro-
crossed far However. in 1858.
federation plan became operative
in the metropolitan area of Toronto,
second most populous urban area
in Canada The Municipality of
Metropolitan Toronto. which over
lies Toronto and the other II mu-
inequalities in the area. was created.
The metropolitan government has
been given Jurisdiction over certain
areawide services and other activ-
tiles are performed by the munich
palitieS within their local jurisdic-
tions. The Toronto federation has
been in operation too short a time
TO evaluate 1t but substantial prog
reSs has been recorded in solving
the water. sewer and highway prob
lens In addition substantial saw
ings have been realized from lower
interest rates on bond issues result
ing from more favorable financial
standing after pooling the financial
sources Of the metropolitan area.
. Transfers Of functions Creallocat-
ing service from enc or more local
governments to another) and joint
efforts combined or cooperative
handling of public activity by two
or more local governments are de-
Scribed as the mildest approach to
the metropolitan problem. Although
these methods usually represent
progress in metropolitan areas, the
overall benefits are limited. A varia-
ton with greater scope is the "ur-
ban county" Since a county area
more nearly approximates the linz
its of metropolitan area, COM
prehenSive transfer of urban func-
tons to the county can supply a
metropolitan-type government more
easily than creating a new govern
ment. The development of such
urban counties, however. must be
preceded by major reorganization
of county governmental structure
and procedures.
. The metropolitan special district
IN the last few decades has become
a popular approach to the metropol-
itan problem These districts legal
~ perform one or a few functions.
but territorially usually include the
central city plus an important part
OF the remainder Of the metropol-
itan area The increasing popular
ity OF metropolitan special districts
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-07-15
BY GEORGE FLYNN

Connecticut has just rounded out
the first six months of to-
tai warfare" campaign against
speeders.
Results of the drive are being
studied by traffic safety officials
across the Nation searching for
practical methods to cut down
highway slaughter. Maryland's
Gov. Theodore McKeldin and the
Districts traffic director, George
Keneipp, have expressed special in
terest in the Connecticut crack
down.
In January, Connecticut's mo-
florists were informed by Gov.
Abraham Ribicoff that automatic
license suspensions would be in
voked against drivers convicted Of
speeding, including first offenders.
Never before had so severe
deterrent been put in the hands
of police and safety officials TO
check speeding. the principal cause
of traffic deaths.
How is the program working out?
It's prime objective apparently is
being achieved Traffic fatalities
in the six months ending June 80
dropped 147 per cent from the
similar 1855 period, from $50
to 1913.
This record can be regarded as
spectacular when viewed against
10 per cent increase nationally in
traffic deaths and the fact that
Connecticut has $500 more vehi-
cles and 93,700 more drivers than
it had year ago.
Effective Showdown
Motorists obviously arc slowing
down and driving more carefully
since the system went into effect.
Total arrests for all driving offenses
numbered 1898 since January /,
drop from 9l98 during the first
SIX months of 1855. Gov. Ribicoff
has commented
I'VE made on ronle discovery in this
drive. The greet moss OF motorists won't
heed on appeal to slow down to sove their
own lives or the lives OF their fomiIles,
but they will slow down TO soVe their
Licenses"
Under the Ribicoff system, driv-
ers convicted Of speeding automa-
tically lose their driving privileges
for 80 days on the first offense and
so days for the second offense.
Up to June 30, total of 1898
speeders suffered 30-day license
suspensions on first convictions.
OF these, 2,19l were out-of-State
drivers who generally lost only their
privilege to drive IN Connecticut
for a 30-day period because their
home States do not impose such
harsh penalties.
Only one State, New Jersey, has
responded to Gov. Ribicoff S appeal
for a reciprocal punishment system
for drivers convicted of speeding
in Connecticut.
Public Acceptance Good
Observers report broad public
acceptance of the get tough"
policy against speeders. News
papers. automobile clubs. womens
groups and safety experts have
rallied behind the governor.
Principal opposition to the pro-
gram has been political Governor
Riblcoff, Democrat, said mem
bers of his own party have warned
him the program will cost him
votes.
Republican leaders have charged
him with intimidation of the courts
because he warned judges of mu-
nlcipal courts they would not be
reappointed if they did not crack
down on speeders
The governor pointed to news
paper surveys which showed "a dis
portionate percentage Of motor We
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-07-15
BY GERTRUDE A. WHITEHOUSE

BY GERIRUDk A. Will EhOJSE
Americans are likely to hear a
great deal during the next few
years about the metropolitan prob
lem"-that is, the problem raised
when population in and around our
larger cities increases to the point
where local governmental systems
fall short of what is required for
orderly, efficient community life.
Residents of the Washington
metropolitan area have been en-
countering the metropolitan prob
lem" for many years and unQues-
tionably will continue to do so.
There may be some consolation.
however, in the fact that residents
of many of the other III metro
politan areas in the country are
having similar troubles.
Population growth in these
areas. which house more than half
Of the Nations people. has been
more rapid than in other parts Of
the country. More important.
growth outside the central city of
each metropolitan area is much
more rapid than within the city
This fringe growth is the fruit OF
the flight to the suburbs" and is
attributable in large measure to
improved transportation. which
permits people to live farther from
their Jobs.
Recognizing the problems faced
by residents of these burgeoning
metropolitan areas and their gov
ernmentS. the Council of State Gov
ernments has published new study
of the metropolitan problem and
its relationship to the States, pre-
pared under the direction OF John
c Bollens of the University OF
California, Los Angeles.
Bewilderine Complex
Within the metropolitan areas,
the study shows, there is a bewil-
dering complex of local govern
ments-an average of Sc for each
area. These governmental frag-
ments are Of many varieties, diff
fering in functions. powers, meth
DDS of financing, and so on. The
confusion increases when a metro
politan area spreads across a State
line--as "a of them do and as
90 are on the verge of doing.
Generally the most populous met
ropolitan areas are governmentally
the most complex. The New York
area has l,07l governmental units,
the Chicago area 900, the Philadel-
phia area 702. To further compli-
cate the problem OF numerous local
governments, these governments
frequently overlap each others ter
ritory Thus, in some States, q
city, county and township may
occupy part OF the same territory
and in addition special districts
and school districts may overlie
some or all OF the same area.
Our own Washington metropolis
tan area is one of the largest in
the Nation with population OF
1874 900 in 1856. It's area OF 48S
square miles includes. in addition
to the District of Columbia, Mont
gomery and Prince Georges Coun-
ties in Maryland and Arlington and
Fairfax Counties and Alexandria
and Falls Church cities in Virginia
The population OF the Washington
metropolitan area rose 81 per cent
between 1910 and 1850 and in
creased another 90 per cent between
1850 and 1856. The major portion
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-07-15
CAN 1T HAPPEN HERE?
Breakdown on SPeeders
Paws Off in Connecticut

hicle charges were being changed
or thrown out Of court. as they had
been for many years. We put the
judges on notice that when their
terms expire next year, those who
don't adopt no fix policy won't
be reappointed.
The judges, the governor said,
were simply asked to enforce the
law. 1t was made plain that every
case should be given fair hearing
and decisions should be based on
judicial principles. But there was
no excuse for widespread dismissal
and quashing of warrants.
Part of the resentment stems
from the fact that the overwhelm-
ing majority Of Connecticuts 1863
towns are controlled by Republic
cans. while the governor distributes
the political-plum iudgeships.
Asked by The Star whether he
planned to modify the program in
the light of the six-months' test,
Governor Rlbicoff said he has mo
intention of relaxing or discon-
tinuing" the system
Last month, he won unanimous
acceptance at the annual Cover
nors' Conference of resolution
which set up a committee of gov
errors to study adoption Of uni
form set of motor vehicle laws for
the 48 States. uniform enforcement
procedures and Nation wide recip-
rocity in upholding convictions and
penalties.
One enthusiast for the resolution
was Governor McKeldin, who said
of the Connecticut program:
u ON NOT soyne we ore about to hove
such O thing in Maryland. but we ore
gong 70 hove to come close to il"
Unlike most States = and the
District of Columbia ~ Maryland
could adopt the Connecticut plan
tomorrow, according to a spokesman
for the States Department OF
Motor Vehicles.
Under existing law. automatic
suspensions could be ordered in all
speeding cases. he said. However.
suspensions are mandatory under
present policy only when driver
is convicted of exceeding 70 miles
an hour. Even then. he is given
show-cause hearing before the
suspension becomes effective.
VirQinio Would Need Low
In Virginia, new legislation would
be required TO install automatic
suspensions for first offender speed
ers. Present laws prescribe mini
mum 60-day suspension for two
speeding convictions within r.
month period. A conviction involv-
ing speed in excess of Is miles
An houl. including a first offense.
is considered reckless driving, for
which a 60-day suspension is man.
datory.
In the District of Columbia,
a revamping of the traffic point
system would be necessary before
automatic suspensions could be
invoked against first-offender
speeders.
Speeding violations put 3 points
on a District drivers record 1t
takes points for an automatic
suspension
Traffic Director George Kenelpp
said the point system is working
pretty we'll" He pointed out the
Department Of Vehicles and Traffic
has a reserve weapon in the form
of its authority to suspend the
licenses of drivers who show
fragrant disregard for persons or
property even though they are
first offenders.
He added that he is watching
closely the operation of the Con-
necticut experiment If sentiment
for such a system develops here.
he said. the Commissioners special
committee on the point system
could recommend its adoption 70
the Commissioners.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-07-15
NEARBY VOTES

Votes of the nearby Maryland
and Virginia legislators on major
roll calls in Congress last week:
SENATE
On resolution providing for par
ticlpation of the United States in
the International Wheat Agree
ment, 1854. Ratified $50 July IL.
For Beall tR Md Butler r Md. Byrd
- Va Robertson D. Va
On passage of a bill to provide for
a civilian atomic power acceleration
program. Passed 1910, July IL.
For: Bvrd Robertson
Against. Beall Butler
HOUSE
on passage of bill to authorize
a commission to consider plans and
designs for the construction OF All
athletic field and stadium in the
District of Columbia. Passed 28S-
80, July g.
For. BroyhIl n va HYDE r Md. Lank-
ford IN Nd Smith ID. VsJ.
ARainSt Harrison
on passage of the bill making ap-
preparations for mutual security
program for the fiscal year ending
June 80, 1857. Passed 284-120,
July IL.
FOR Rroyhfl Hyde Landlord.
AEsiust: Smith. Harrison
Congressional Quarterly
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-07-15
CSC Recommendations

The CSC study recommends that
The metropolitan problem can be
handled best through the multipur-
pose metropolitan district. the fed
Grafton Arrangement. or the COM
prehensive urban county govern
ment.
Basically, all three methods fea-
ture the establishment OF a metro
politan level of government to as
sumo area wide functions and those
that transcend a single local gov
eminent and the retention of some
local governments to perform strict
ly local activities. AS supplement
to these three, annexation and in
ter-local government agreements
are suggested.
Recommended to the State gov
ernments as a means of obtaining
appropriate organization and devel-
opment in metropolitan areas are
the following responsibilities ID
adoption of legal provisions author
izing the establishment of general
metropolitan units: 90 appraisal OF
the adequacy of local governments
and making the necessary changes
in accordance with the results of
the appraisal; and 49, creation OF
continuing agencies to analyze and
recommend on the needs and devel-
opments OF metropolitan and non
metropolitan areas.
Special territorial difficulties arise
in cooperative methods of approach
to the metropolitan problem in the
Washington area in that two States
and the National Government are
involved. Such methods as annex
alton or city-county consolidation
are impracticable since they would
involve loss of territory by the two
States. The most practical approach
legiSlatively TO solving some of the
metropolitan problems in the Dis
trict area probably would be the
metropolitan special district. 1t is
notable that during our recent tram
sit difficulties, metropolitan tram
sit authority was proposed as
means Of approach to the areas
mass transportation problem and 1t
may we'll be that in the future this
type OF nterState-national govern
mental Arrangement Will become es-
sential for solving Washington area
metropolitan problems.