davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-01
DAVID LAWRENCE
D.. c. School Indignation Analysed

That could mean complete
control Of education by the
Federal Government.
The Supreme Court entered
the realm Of ''psycholog
knowledge" in its decision and.
in a sense, took jurisdiction
over the scope Of educational
operations when 1t said:
ITO separate them (Negroesl
from others of similar age and
qualifications solely because Of
their race generates feeling
of inferiority as to their status
in the community that may
affect their hearts and minds
in a way unlikely ever to be
undone." LIS
But If there is an achieve
ment lag" as the educators
call it. and the net effect in
some school areas is to put
q predominant number of
white children in a class with
an occasional sprinkling of
Negroes, will this not create
the same feeling Of inferior
ity"? Will parents of the
Negro children concerned ever
be satisfied that the separa-
ton is really due to educa-
tional qualifications and not
solely because Of race?
Irrespective of the merits
of the dispute. concerning the
social effects Of mixed schools,
the legal questions appear to
be growing more instead of
less complicated. For, after
what the tests in the WASH
ington schools show, any form
of segregation as between
those at an advanced educa-
tional level and those tagging
behind will be open to SuSpl-
cion. The burden Of proof in
each case will be upon the
school authorities to prove
that it isn't racial discrimina-
tion.'
This could introduce timidity
among teachers and hesita-
ton to classify pupils accord
ing to grades Of achievement
where the racial question is
involved.
Likewise. the parents Of
white children may be petit
tioning the Federal courts
some day with the argument
that the psychological effects"
upon their children are adj
verse. It looks as II the Su-
preme Court will be plagued
with the segregation issue for
years to come.
Reproduction Rights Reserved)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-01
DOROTHY THOMPSON
Threat to Greek Democracy

representation system tends TO
produce governmental paraly-
sis and to give small factions
the opportunity to cast the
decisive vote on issues when
ever it is difficult to obtain an
easy majority. Such small
factions under such Q system
often decide the fate Of gov
ernments. instability and pa
ralysis thus open the way for
one or another form Of dc
tatorship as the only means Of
reaching essential decisions
and establishing authority.
Democracy. which strives to
strike q balance between lib
erty and authority. is deprived
Of the conditions for doing so.
We hope that the Greeks. .
highly intelligent and individ-
ualistic people. will learn a
lesson from France. whose peo-
pie share these characteristics.
but whose electoral structure
has turned individualism into
anarchy and made 1t all but
impossible for the national
political intelligence to func-
ton.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-01

House floor this year. The high
way program proposals still face
possible detours.
The acknowledgements bill
for SIS billion in Federal grants
to States and communities for
school construction had seemed
marked for fairly early clearance
by the Rules Committee. But it
was sidetracked in favor Of less
controversial matters at a hear
ling yesterday. It was not even
scheduled for consideration at
today's meeting on various bills.
With another eight or 10
House members waiting to tes-
Itify. and with practically all IL
Iof the Rules Committee mem
bers likely to indulge in pro-
llonged questioning or comment,
the bills chances of being sent
to the House floor faded far
into February. The committee
has managed to hear only two
witnesses since 1t re-opened
hearing on the school issue
January "a.
Meanwhile. general agree
ment between the White House
and Democratic congressional
leaders yesterday frightened the
prospect Of House consideration
OF a bill for Federal help to i'm
prove and expand a 40.000-mile
network Of interstate highways.
Willingness of the administra
ton to go along with a Demo-
cratic policy for financing the
program on a "pay-as-you-ride
basis was announced by House
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-01
Left Group With Communist Booking
Would Rewrite Electoral Lows

deal. and a position Of strength
out Of all proportion to its ac-
tual popular support.
The Soviet Government in
November began taking an ac-
tive hand in Greek internal
affairs. Under the pretext Of
arranging for Soviet partiei-
patton in the Salonih Fair
and surveying the tobacco
market, Soviet Ambassador
Sergeyev made quite an ex-
tended tour Of Northern
Greece which turned out to be
q not thinly yelled election
eering campaign for leftist
candidates Immediately fol-
lowed by a spate OF leaflets in
the areas he visited urging
the inhabitants to rise against
the government. This was re-
ported and protested In the
Athens press and led to an
official government protest.
But regardless of Commu-
mist dangers. the proportional
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-01
Pupil Achievement-Leyel Drop
Moy Pose New Questions for Court
DAVID LAWRENCE

Right here In the National
Capital, almost on the doorstep
Of the Supreme Court Of the
United States, some facts have
been uncovered which may
have q far-reaching influence
on how segregation or inte-
grafton works out In the schools
of America.
For the tests conducted in
the Washington schools show
that. since Negro and white
children were put In the same
classes, the educational level
has dropped below the national
average. Previous tests in all
white schools In Washington
showed that national averages
had been generally attained.
City-wide achievement tests
made after segregation was
ended in the local schools
were given in the third. sixth.
ninth and twelfth grades. In
almost all these grades, the
results Jagged behind the ma
tional averages.
Thus, out of Ass pupils in
the ninth grade--tested in
reading-only 1883, or SO per
cent, were at the ninth-grade
level or above.
Also, out Of 3,979 pupils in
the ninth grade-tested in
arithmetic-only 955 pupils,
or "a per cent, were at the
ninth-grade Level or above.
As for the sixth grade here.
Al per cent showed a reading
level Of fourth grade or lower.
In arithmetic, 81 per cent
qualified at the fourth-grade
level or below.
Both white and Negro teach
ers agree on these facts, but
they also agree that 1t doesn't
necessarily prove that the Ne
gro children have any less in
telligence. There is. for ex-
ample, the suggestion that Ne
gro children in the past have
not been given satisfactory
education in separate schools
and that remedial instruction
with special teachers" here
after win be necessary. More
than "a per cent of the pupils
in Washington schools now are
Negroes. The superintendent
Of schools is asking for money
to double the number of "spe-
cial teachers"
An additional reason for the
drop-otf is given by DR.. Irene
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-01
CONSTANTINE BROWN
Move Timed With BuIgonin Note Fails
To Upset Spirit of Bntish-U. S. Talks

lean sources point out that the
Washington conference. while
taking up separately the differ
ent sections where commu-
nism is a serious threat. aims
at an overall American-Brit-
ish understanding for the
whole globe.
The British have been wor-
ried that a ''local" war in For
mosa might commit American
forces and thus deprive Europe
and the Middle East of our
effective support. They are
said to be principally concerned
over the effect If ground troops
were drawn into a Formosa
conflict.
The American Government
does not share the British
fears. There has never been
any idea of involving Ameri-
can ground forces in an Asiatic
conflict If the Chinese Com
munists decide to unleash q
war. The ROK army is now
the second most powerful in
the free world. It consists Of
20 active combat divisions, 10
newly activated reserve divi-
sions and the necessary logistic
and training commands. This
force. supported by the re-
naming units Of the United
States 9th Army, is consid-
cred SUFFICIENT to Withstand q
Communist onslaught and even
take the offensive If Peiping
should launch a two-pronged
offensive In an effort to nqui-
date the Korean as well as
the Formosa situation. Morale
is q determining factor in war.
And there Is no doubt that the
morale Of the ROKs who
banker to unite their country
is far higher than that Of the
enslayed Communists.
A similar situation exists in
Formosa where there are some
20 combat-ready Nationalist
divisions. There are reserves
in training and a greater sup
ply Of American weapons could
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-01
Chou's Formosu Threat Falls Flat

substantially increase the ac-
tive forces In the Nationalist
stronghold.
The Communists have, Of
course. vast resources of man.
power which they are willing
to sacrifice literally for the
greater glory Of Mao Tse-tung
and Chou Eu-lai. But their
trained and fully equipped
forces are limited. They are
capable Of blitzes against the
offshore islands or across the
Korean armistice lines, but 1t
is questionable whether they
could sustain offensives against
determined ROKs and Nation
alists supported by American
air and naval power. The late
ter are considerable today in
the Pacific.
A survey of Pacific power
should he arten President
Eisenhower's British guests
who have come to Washington
to discuss ways to put an end
to continued concessions. FREE
quently under duress. to the
Communists.
America and Britain have
demonstrated to the world that
they are ardently seeking
peace. Mr.. Eisenhower went
to Geneva against his better
Judgment in the hope that the
impossible-an earnest under
standing with the Communists
might be brought about. But
1t has become obvious since
last summer that if the Reds
are given a finger they want
the whole hand,
The deep differences which
have existed heretofore be-
tween America and Britain
have been one of the main
political assets of Peiping and
Moscow. If these can now be
Strengthened out and a COM
mon front established, 1t il
likely that the Communists
viii be less noisy in the future.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-01

c. Hypps. q Negro who is
assistant superintendent Of
schools. She says:
But, since the heart OF the
problem is the low economic
level of many Negro families.
the educational problem won't
be solved until the economic
problem is solved. ! think that
viii take a great many years."
Meanwhile, VIII at becomes
of the doctrine unanimously
enunciated by the Supreme
Court of the United States
on May II, 1854. declaring
that "even though the ply
steal IA cilities and other
tangible factors may be
equal" the children "of the
minority group" are deprived
Of equal educational opportu-
mites when there is segrega-
ton solely on the basis Of
race" The question now will
be asked whether the children
Of the majority group are not
being deprived of educational
opportunities because Of the
achievement lag Of children in
the minority group who are
put in the same schools with
them.
Already the problem is being
tackled by attempting to put
in subdivisions in the same
classroon1s. children of differ
ing achievement levels. Where
there is q sincere effort, as in
Washington, to handle the
matter SO that bright children
aren't held back by reason of
the lag of the less-bright
pupils, there probably viii be
no Juror of complaint. But
what about States. especially
in the South, where there Is no
wholehearted interest in avoid
ing racial discrimination and
where the school authorities
may finally conclude that sep
arate schools will have to be
maintained solely on the ba-
sis Of achievement or mental
ability?
Under such circumstances,
will the Supreme Court set up
a system Of measurement Of
the sincerity or efficiency Of
local school authorities? VIII
the Federal Government be
compelled to create q depart
ment to police the States and
see that they are applying the
proper educational standards?
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-01

A situation is heading up
in Greece that can have seri-
GUS results for Greek democ-
racy in the critical Mediter-
ranean area.
The present government Of
Greece is an interim one pend
ing elections to be held Feb
ruary 10. 1t was appointed
by King Paul following the
death of Premier Papagos In
October. and is headed by
Constantine Karamalis who
has formed a new party called
the National Radical Union,
composed of younger deputies
and ministers from the Pa
pages Rally government, and
others. Its composition is
predominantIy right and right
of-center.
Against it the leader Of
the Liberal Party. George Pa
pandreou, has been forming
the Democratic Union, CO.
alition of left and center par
ties. There is nothing to be
said against this. The people
of Greece are by no means
satisfied with things as they
are, and all democratic gov
eminent needs an opposition.
But Papandreou proposes to
include in his coalition the
National D m o cratic Left
(EDA) which is the cuckoo's
nest In which the illegal Com
munist Party that still has
a considerable illegal under
ground lays its political eggs.
Furthermore, If this coalition
is elected it has pledged itself
to reinstate proportional rep
resentation and call new cleo
lions. The February 10 elec-
lions will be conducted under
the system Of majority rep
resentation formulated by the
existing government as its
constitutional prerogative. If
the Democratic Union succeeds
it, 1t will change the electoral
law and call another vote.
Now, all past experience has
shown that in Greece as in
France proportional represen-
tation has never produced sta
BILE governments. 1t fraction
allies the nation, encourages
the formation Of numerous par
ties and splinters Of parties,
and produces many party coa-
lition governments unable ever
to take decisive action because
of their internal strains and
contradictions. Hailed as more
democratic" than q simple
majority system, because it
gives a chance for all sorts of
little opinion blocs to gather
and CONCEAL, it can be, and
has been. an instrument for
effecting the decline and fall
of democratic government.
The EDA, whose cooperation
Papandreou has joyfully OBJ
tanned, has the full support Of
the illegal Communist mech
anism. This mechanism has a
clandestine radio station out
side the Greek borders giving
day-by-day instructions to the
Communist underground in
Greece, so it's listeners know
that the Communist aim is to
form a front with other center
and leftist parties for the even
tual purpose Of legalizing the
Communist Party itself.
Under the prevailing electo-
raj system which would compel
the voters to vote directly for
the EDA II they so wished, 1t
would probably be unable to
secure a single seat in Parlia-
ment. But If proportional reps
resentation is reinstated this
Communist front will un-
doubtedly get q nice bloc Of
seats a. . result Of o coalition
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-01
Make sure your family is protected against
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Most people who 60 to hospital will
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Here are the plans that more than 1900
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Hospital bill protection
GROUP HosPITALIzATIoN is Washington's
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Briefly, for nonmaternity care, Group Hos
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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-01
Will this happen to you this year?

income is S., 800 or less (single income, $1,000
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OF the more than $780, 900 people in the
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-. five out of six also have Blue Shield.
Two ways 70 enroll
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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-01

You can't vote in the Dis.
trict If you don't register. Now
Is the time to qualify. Regis
tration headquarters on ground
floor Of the District Building.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-01
Rood Bill Picks Up Speed
AS School Aid Hits Snoq
BY ROBERT *. WALSH

Like pupil Flooding class Federal schoolaid
bin moved slowly in the House Rules COMMITTEES today that
it be overtaken Federal highway building measure
Strictly speaking neither schoolad the highway
program racing the first major issue to reach the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-02-01

of your family for most conditions) at par
ticipating hospitals for semiprivate room and
board plus a wide range of hospital extras
including operating room, drugs, medicines
and additional hospital services that may run
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Doctor bill protection
MEDICAL SERVICE OF DC. is Washington's
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1t helps you pay for surgical or maternity
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Patd-sm-tun coverage is assured you for
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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-07-19


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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-22

agriculture and general economy
Of other nations"
The statement added:
I'VE certainly favor the con-
tinued strengthening Of the
economy Of friendly nations. but
not at such unwarranted expense
to the American farmer.
I'VE are convinced that our
Nations strength is highly de-
pendent upon a virile and pros
porous American agriculture"
Policies Specified
The statement did not specify
what governmental policies 1t
was aimed at.
The Grange also urged that
Representatives Of the Federal
Extension Service refrain from
passing information on Govern
ment policy to farmers.
This job, delegates said in 9
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-22

States Thanksgiving after that.
The Legislature took it out of
the Governors hands in 1851 by
naming the last Thursday"
SO until someone rewrites the
calendar or Congress or the Leg
iSlature backs down, Texas will
have two THANKSGIVING on years
when November has five Thurs
days.
Generally speaking. Federal
agencies. the armed services and
many retail stores will observe
the first holiday.
Most State agencies will OBJ
serve November 20.
Yes, many stores picked the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-22

resolution, rightly belongs to
private media such as news
papers. magazines. radio and
television and not to a repre-
sentative Of q Federal angency
in the Government, formulating
the policy.
The United States Agriculture
Department recently has in
structed Extension Service en-
ployes to carry such informa-
ton to farmers whenever
possible.
Soil Bank Okayed
Also during the closing ses-
sion, the delegates gave mild ap-
proval to the soil bank program
but said it had to be properly
administered"
The Grange urged q two-price
system Of supporting farm COM
modities. instead Of the present
system Of supporting domestic
ally consumed produce and that
going into other channels at the
same levels.
They voted for q commodity
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-22

Der had five Thursdays that
year. He announced that the
third Thursday would be Thanks
giving.
He hoped to make merchants
especially thankful. His plan
was to allow a greater spread be-
tween Christmas and Thanks
giving so shoppers would have
more time for Christmas buying
People who wanted their ira
ditions to stay put cried out.
Texans called 1t Federal inter-
vention.
Congress got around to making
the fourth Thursday" official in
194l.
Texas Governors picked The
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-22
Atom-Powered Planes

BERLIN. Nov. % (R.-The
Soviet magazine ogonyok has
published a prediction by a Prof.
Pokrovski that Russia soon"
will build atom powered air.
planes. The statement was
quoted by the East German
news agency Adm. 1t said the
atom aircraft probably would be
large passenger liners with a
speed Of 1900 to 1900 miles an
hour.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-22
U. S. Policies Weaken
Farmer, Grange Says

ROCHESTER. N. Y. Nov. az
(R).-The National Grange has
concluded the week-long deliber-
atoms Of its Goth meeting with
a statement that "in recent years
too many national policies have
weakened the position Of our
agriculture.
In a report. approved by 70
delegates from 81 States. the
Grange said last night. that these
policies weakened the position
of our agriculture in favor Of
strengthening and expanding the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-22

Iearlier holiday. They obviously
found merit in Mr.. Roosevelt's
program for more shopping days.
One Federal agency turned
States rights. The Federal Re-
serve Bank for the Dallas district
will observe November 20.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-22
New Bell

BODENBURG. Germany, Nov.
10 (P.--A big new bronze bell.
the gift of Baron Gottfried Won
Cramm and his wife, the former
Barbara Hutton, has been in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-22

by-commodity approach to price
support programs instead Of
applying the same yardsticks to
most commodities.
They asked the Government
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-22

to give surplus foods to drought
stricken farmers and suggested
consideration Of q possible food
stamp plan to donate surplus
food to needy persons.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-22
Two 1866 Thanksgiving
Being Observed in Texas

DALLAS Nov. % 49Texas blessed with two Thanks
gvngs this year No other State can make that claim
take their pck-November % November 90.
this they thank Franklin D. Roosevelt Congress.
the Legislature and rugged States rights outlook
President Roosevelt started the ball bouncing in 1889 Novem
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-22

stalled in st. Johns Church
here. Bodenburg. a village near
Hanover, is the ancestral home
Of the Won cramm family.
Montana farmer-stockman., 1956-07-15

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