davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-04
The Decision

II the President had. as he said
Wednesday night, made his mo-
mentous decision that very day, it
must finally have come to him
somewhere between and GAS am.
According to Presidential Press
Secretary James C. Hagerty, the
President arose at z, had a break
fast Of beefsteak (rare), toast,
orange Juice and decaffeinated
coffee at 1870, and reached his
Office at 8, where he dictated let
tiers until 8.
At 8, Mr.. Hagerty said, the Pres
ident started the outline Of his
TV talk to be given that night.
At 9:45 he began his customary
pre-news conference briefing, and
at 1925. Mr.. Eisenhower left to
meet the newsmen.
At some moment during these
hours. Mr.. Eisenhower had said
to himself finally: Eyes; I'll do it."
Was it during those minutes Of
contemplation every man enjoys as
he shaves? Did it come to him
over his breakfast steak? Or per-
haps while he walked to his office?
The Presidents memoirs may
someday reveal the exact moment;
it Is Of such stuff that memoirs
are made. 1t may well be as grip
ping a section Of his book as was
the pre-D-Day part Of Crusade
in Europe"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-04

National Association for the Ad-
vancement of Colored People -
might not yet be over, the
university officials seemed at first
glance to have stolen a march on
Miss Lucy. Even under the Supreme
Court Indignation ruling, it would
seem, a school board has the right
to expel a student, provided the
expulsion is done without regard
to race. creed or color. And it is
likely that even white collegian
would be kicked out for baselessly
charging official misconduct on the
part of school authorities.
Thus, Miss Lucy became the first
colored alumna (albeit back-door
alumna) in the 125-year history of
the University of Alabama. Her
life as a coed, while brief, was
stormy.
The Background
Federal District Judge H. Hobart
GroomS first ordered the university
to admit Miss Lucy last August. She
did not actually matriculate, how
ever, until February 2. When she
reported for class, a mob set of
four days of rioting which resulted.
on February 6. in Miss Lucy's "ex-
clusion" from the campus oStensibly
to protect her from bodily harm.
The oStracized coed and her
NAACP lawyers asked Judge Grooms
to send her back under court order.
1t was their contention that the
rioting. while not actually phony,
was not as uncomfortable as the
university officials had made out.
Yesterday, Judge Grooms agreed
to force her reinstatement, but de-
MED her plea for $4,000 damages
after it became clear that her ample
legal assistance was costing her
nothing. He issued his order eff
fective March S. Her expulsion fol-
lowed within few hours.
The next move was up to Miss
Lucy and her legal advisers. At the
week end, they were frankly baff1ed,
though Miss Lucy said she had not
finished fighting. For its part, the
now-officially integrated University
Of Alabama was standing pat. White
Alabama, as a whole, however, was
not about to quit while it was ahead.
A pro-segregation group called a
mass meeting for this week, and
four persons named by Miss Lucy
as members of mob filed suit
against her (and the NAACP) for
a total of 81 million.
Meanwhile, the question of
who's subversive?" was being
batted back and forth. The Ala
bama Legislature was planning an
investigation of communism in the
NAACP, and New York's Negro
Democratic Representative Adam
Clayton Powell called on the At
torney General to add the white
Citizens Councils of the South to
his lengthy subversive list.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-04
The Campaign

The Presidents announcement
automatically put the Democratic
campaign at q decided disadvan-
tage.
Since the Republican presidential
candidate. in effect. has already
been named, this means that the
G. o. P. has remaining until No
vember 6 about $50 days Of unified
campaigning. The Democrats, in
sharp contrast, are still fighting
among themselves over who will
carry their banner, and this is
contest that will continue right
through their convention, which
begins August 13. Once the issue
is settled and the nomination is
given to Mr. Stevenson, Senator
Estes Kefauver of Tennessee or,
perhaps. New York Gov. Avereil
Hartman, the Democrats will have
only about 20 days in which to try
to persuade . majority Of voters
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-04
Military

On the military side. Capitol Hill
went ahead with preparations for
a great debate" on the United
States relative position with re-
spect to the Soviet Union. Progress
on long-range missile development
will be one of the principle areas
for study. At the same time, Soviet
and American authorities were
making final arrangements for to-
morrow's resumption of the Lon
don talks on disarmament.
The United States will enter the
discussions at somewhat of dis
advantage from the outset because
Of the weather balloon affair"
American disarmament policy starts
with the bedrock proposition that
effective inspection and control of
disarmament must precede actual
arms cuts-otherwise neither side
could be sure that the other was
actually disarming. Last July Presi-
dent Eisenhower boldly proposed
reciprocal aerial inspection, to keep
an eye on airbases and other major
transportation centers for military
buildups. After a long period Of
hemming and having, the Soviet
Union declined this "open skies"
proposition.
American policymakers specialized
that the main reason for the Krem-
Inns rundown was the fear that
such aerial inspection would lead
to a basic opening-up of the
country to outside influences. and
that this could strike at the heart
of the Soviet dictatorship.
In January the United States Air
Force announced it was launching.
on worldwide basis, high-fying
weather balloons. Last month the
Soviet Union protested that these
balloons were not only weather In
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-04

At 1898 am. he had told 3l1 re-
porters locked In IN Old State
Building room that his decision was
"positive-that n, affirmative.
The morning announcement
abruptly ended months Of cont;n-
ually shifting speculation On the
Presidents 1866 candidacy. Some
top Republicans. high enough to
have access TO almost any other
party secret. had said confidently
that 1t was in the bag, that the man
would run. But Wednesday morn
ing, and then again that night,
the President made it clear that
no one else, regardless Of how high.
had known what his decision
would be.
At the press conference. he said
he had been struggling with the
decision a. late as Tuesday morn
ing. Then on Wednesday night
Mr.. Eisenhower opened his remarks
with o discussion OF the need Of
talking directly about q decision
I made today.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-04

yity. with 81 per cent disagreeing and
"a per cent expressing no opinion.
In the final analysis, the candi-
dacy Of Mr.. Nixon may depend to
large degree on whether the top
Republican brass at convention
time will feel confident that Presi-
dent Eisenhower can win with just
anyone on the ticket with him.
Who Else?
But if it should not be Mr.. Nixon.
then who?
Senator Knowland, whose ambi-
tons are continually challenged by
Mr.. Nixon back in their home State
of California, said definitely Thurs
day that he was not a candidate for
second place on the ticket. (He had
previously withdrawn as a possible
presidential nominee when Mr.. Eli
Senhower announced his inten-
tions). The name of Massachusetts
Gov. Christian A. Herter, who, like
Barkis, is willing, has been promi-
nently mentioned. But Gov. Herter
carries two possibly disqualifying
burdens: He suffers from arthritis
and he was born In Paris, though
Of American parents.
Among other possibilities who
have been mentioned are United
Nations Ambassador Henry Cabot
Lodge, who was one of the FIVE
acceptable running mates Mr.. Eli
senhower listed in 1852; John Sher-
man Cooper, Ambassador to India
and popular former Senator from
Kentucky. and Treasury Secretary
George Humphrey, who said on
Thursday that, having never held
an elective Office and lacking cam
paign experience. he did not wish
to be candidate.
Article Two, Section One
The Presidents illness and his
decision to run again focused new
interest on an old confusion over
presidential succession. Article II,
Section l Of the Constitution pro-
vides that, in case of the Presi-
dents inability" to discharge the
duties of his Office, "the same shall
devolve on the Vice President"
The last time the question arose.
during the illness and disability OF
President Woodrow Wilson, there
was widespread disagreement over
who would be authorized to de-
termine whether a President Is I'M
able to discharge the duties OF his
Office.
At his Wednesday news confer
ence, Mr.. Eisenhower was asked
whether he planned to ask Con-
gress to clarity this constitutional
confusion He said he'd like to see
legislation on the matter as soon
as possible, adding, however, that
this desire has nothing to do.
though, with me-"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-04
The Vice President

The big question of the year
having been answered, attention
was turned to a smaller question
that very easily could become q
tremendous one: Will it be Nixon
again, too?
There have been objections to
Vice President Richard M. Nixon
within his own party. and specula-
ton has increased that there. is
under way an effort to give him the
heave-ho.
OF course, 1t is a foregone con-
cluSion that, If Mr.. Eisenhower
wants Mr., Nixon badly enough to
ask for him, he can have him. The
speculation about Mr.. Nixon's fu-
ture was given added impetus when
Mr.. Eisenhower, at his press con-
ference, praised his Vice President,
but refused to indorse him. Asked
if he again would want Mr.. Nixon
as . running mate. the President
replied:
"As q mottsr Of faet, wouldn't men
tioa the vice presidency in spite Of my
tremendous sdmiFotioa for M. Nixon,
fes this rsesoa: believe II b traditional
thee tho Wee President 10 not nomi-
safsd wntil sfssr President 10,
prssidsntisI ssndidots b. nominotsd; %
think thst We will hove TO wait to
see who the Republican convention nomi-
Mates, end then il will BE- proper 70 give
on expression on thot point"
A few minutes later, Mr.. Eisen-
hover told a reporter that he
couldn't 60 along with Mr.. Nixon's
characterization of Chief Justice
Earl Warren as Republican"
Chief Justice. A Chief Justice, said
the President, SIS an American citi-
zen and nothing else in my book
until he comes out of that
court.
To many reporters. these remarks
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-04

Yes Launches Campaign

struments. but espionage agents as
well. They claimed that the
cameras in the weather balloon
gondolas were of aerial-recon-
Nuisance caliber,s Just as capable
of taking pictures of Soviet ground
installations as Of low-fiying
clouds.
An Intelligence Coup?
The confused American response
to these Soviet protests has led sew
eral commentators to wonder if the
United States had not scored an
important military intelligence
coup.
Last week, the United States
issued. q counterclaim-that the
Soviet Union had also launched
weather balloons, some of which
drifted over Alaska and other free
world territory. 1T is illogical"
the State Department commented,
that the Soviet government should
desire one rule for itself and an
other for the rest of the world"
The Washington note politely de-
clined the Soviet offer to exhibit
some of the seized American ball
looms and their equipment in Lon
don, Paris and here. According to
the United States Air Force, the
Soviet balloons over American ter
ritory have not been found to con-
tain cameras. The obvious intent
of the United States countercharge
was to offset the Kremlin protest
about ''unilateral aerial inspection"
before the London talks begin.
Disarmament Tolks
1t is in this somewhat inauspi-
cious atmosphere that the Presi-
dents Special Assistant for Dis
armament, Harold E. Stassen. and
his staff start their disarmament
negotiations with the Soviet Union.
Britain, France and Canada.
There was a serious danger that
the meetings would quickly degen-
crate into another name-calling
propaganda battle. The Soviet
Unions attitude toward the wealth.
er balloon affair raised grave doubts
i that there was any intention in the
Kremlin to negotiate seriously at
this time on disarmament, especial
ly on accepting any meaningful
plan for arms inspection.
The other side of the coin-arms
buildups-was also in the news last
week. Atomic Energy Commits
sioner Lewis l.. Strauss explained
that new atomic tests. scheduled
for Eniwetok in April. would be
primarily concerned with defense.
Explosions are not expected to
reach the proportions of the 1854
series. although $4,000 nautical
square miles were being ''roped of"
in the Eniwetok area.
Both Japan and India publicly
deplored the United States decision
to go ahead with the tests.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-04
SEGREGATION
Alabama Outguesses
NAACP, ExpeIs Girl
After Court Action

There ore more woys Of killing Q cot
thon choking her with sreom.
-chorIes Kingsley 1872 1871.
Miss Autherine Lucy Of Birming-
ham, last week saw her postgradu-
ate career at the lily-white Uni
versity of Alabama end before 1t
ever had a proper beginning. \
The 26-year-old Negro, bolsteFed
by two court orders in her attempt
to attend the university. was to
report tomorrow for school. But on
Thursday, the Board of Trustees
permanently" expelled her. The
reason: She had made improved
charges-which she later withdrew
that school authorities had con-
spired with a mob demonstrating
against her last month.
Though her fight-abetted by the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-04
The Reaction

A political development of such
worldwide Importance could not
possibly avoid strong and quick
reaction. The comments came from
the friends and the enemies of
Dwight D. Eisenhower. at home
and overseas.
Republican
Republican reaction to the an
nouncement Of his decision was,
UNDERSTANDABLE, jubilant. Senator
Arthur v. Watkins of Utah
summed It succinctly: "Hallelujah!"
Leonard w. Hall. Republican ma
tional chairman, was "overjoyed."
The party's floor leader in the
House, Representative Joseph w.
Martin, jr., Of Massachusetts, was
delighted" A group of Repub-
lican legislators, led by Senator
Alexander Wiley of Wisconsin,
probably came closest to the ulti-
mate in questionable taste when
they got together with photog-
raphers present. to sing, "Old Sol
diers Never Die" They seemed
happy their old soldier wasn't
fading away, either.
Democratic
Twenty-three minutes after
newsmen had relayed the Presi-
dents decision to the world, the
Democratic Party gave It's reaction
to the announcement. In hastily
prepared press release. National
Chairman Paul NJ Butler said,
THE American people will never
elect q President who, at IS. has
had serious heart attack and who
is unable to be q full time Chief
Executive" .z.se
Senator Allen II Ellenderi Of
Louisiana was more blunt. THE
President" he said, wants to stay
home, keep on golfing and let
other people do the chores for him.
In my opinion. the American
people will not swallow that kind
Of q proposition.
Adlai Stevenson, who wants the
Democratic nomination again this
year, said the following day:
President Eisenhower spent 20
minutes last night telling the
American people not what he is
going to do, but rather what he
is not going to do"
In their reaction, the Democrats
did not eschew their propensity for
gagging it up. Within "a hours
they had coined for MFR. Eisenhower
slogan" and "quotable quote"
The slogan:
"Vote for me for a second
term,
A pote for Ike Is a vote TOR
Shernt."
The quotable quote. paraphrased
from Gen. william Tecumseh
Sherman's famous refusal.
IF nominated I will not cam
paign, and II elected I will not
serve-full time"
Foreign
Generally. the non-Communist
press in the rest of the world re-
acted warmly to the Presidents de-
cision. Editorial comment in
Western Europe ranged from calm
expressions of confidence to en-
thusiasm. The British and French
were reported as especially pleased.
In Moscow. Soviet Deputy Foreign
Minister Andrea Gromyko was not
in the least surprised. This is
news we have expected for some
time" he said.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-04
Presidents Terms

When Mr. Eisenhower made his
detailed public announcement that
he would be available If the Re-
publican convention wants him, he
said that, If chosen, he would run
on his own terms. The terms were
these:
. He would do no transforming
or whistle-stopping.
. He would follow his doctors
orders and stick with his daily
regimen no matter how heated the
campaign becomes.
Take Him or Leove Him
Under these terms, the Repub-
lican Party could take him or leave
him, the generally accepted con-
clusion being that 1t would. take
him-by reclamation. Under these
terms. also. it was automatically
implied that the President could
run the convention single-handed,
even to the point of debating its
platform. and, of course, picking
his running mate.
Mr.. Eisenhower's presently firm
intention to conduct a parlor TV
campaign means that the burden
of the campaign will have to be
carried by others. But even the
campaign line was laid out for the
party.
The President made it clear that
the record Of his administration
must furnish the principal argu-
ment Of the Republicans. II have
established q record before the
American people," he said, and
added. My campaign will be the
record" In its most simplifled
terms, Republicans describe this
record as one Of peace and pros
perity." Democrats describe 1t as
one of "blunder and buster"
Civil Rights Issue
One campaign issue sleeper that
Is likely to bring to the Republicans
much slee and visit upon the
Democrats . plague Of conSterna-
ton is that Of civil rights. Despite
the ominous rumbhnss from Dixie.
the fact exists that the enlarge
ment OF civil rights since 1852 has
been considerable. To this, the
Southern reaction attests more
wildly than anything else. The
Republicans do not need to point
to a Republican" Chief Justice
to take credit-in fact. the Presi-
dent showed his political savvy in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-04

indicated that the President might
just possibly be putting the skids
under his Vice President. however
unobtftisively. Republican National
Chairman Hall, however. said In
effect that nothing could be further
from the truth. Mr.. Hall said he
was certain that Mr.. Nixon would be
second man on the ticket again.
And Senate Minority Leader Will
liam F. Knowland said he had "al-
ways assumed" that the vice presi-
dental nomination would go to
Mr.. Nixon.
Focts About Nixon
But despite efforts Of party
spokesman to head off any party
cleavages in the matter of Mr..
Nixon. Republican managers who
will call-or attempt to call--the
convention shots will have to face
up to two salient facts:
. There is an influential body of
opinion within the Republican Party
which has serious doubts about the
desirability of keeping Mr.. Nixon
so close to the top Of the party
ladder.
. While the Vice President has q
stable fan club among Republicans,
it is generally conceded that he is
far from being widely admired
among independents and Democrats
who like Ike.
The growing disaffection for the
Vice President in his own party is
based on several grounds. Some of
those who are inclined to like him
personally regard him as too young
Che is 43)-yet John C. Calhoun
and Theodore Roosevelt both we're
younger. Some regard him as too
inexperienced in administrative
affairs to be only heartbeat away
from the presidency. He has held
no important administrative posi-
tons and he has occupied an cleo
tive Office for less than 10 years.
But he was one-half the presiden-
tial second team" with Sherman
Adams) during the post-Denver
days last fall.
Democrats forget
The Democrats have given all in
dication that they will zero in their
biggest guns on Mr.. Nixon If he
runs again. In short, they are out
to get him, for the Vice President
has been an irritating burr on the
donkey's hide for four years now.
On Nixon as a campaign issue the
Democrats feel they have decided
advantage. And to this many Re-
publicans would agree.
The Democrats will be in a posi-
ton, if Mr.. Nixon is not renoni-
mated, to capitalize on charge that
the Republicans repudiated their
second biggest man. And If he is
renominated the Democrats then
will have what they regard as q
I1huc-tU~OIucI NdIklpdLSh IdI ECb anu
can launch the job-not overly diff
ficult, they think-of disenchanting
many independent voters with the
Eisenhower ticket. In doing this,
they will broadly imply or overly
state-after a detailed prosecution
of Mr.. Nixon-that he is the man
who may wind UP In the White
House.
Elated Republicans could ponder
this one, too: The first poSt-an-
nouncement poll showed that, while
70 per cent of those polled who had
a yes Or no opinion thought that
Mr.. Eisenhower's decision was a
wise one, only 40 per cent thought
that Mr.. Nixon was the Repub-
licans' strongest possible vice presi-
dental candidate. The poll. taken
by Trendex in 40 cities, found only
80 per cent with the opinion that
Mr.. Nixon Is the strongest POSSIBLE
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-04
COLD WAR
Military, Political
Developments Share
World Spotlight

While most Americans attention
was riveted on the drama of PreSi-
dent Eisenhower's second-term de-
cision and its aftermath. the cold
war continued without letup last
week.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-03-04
Political

On the political side, President
Eisenhower was reported ready to
reply to Soviet Premier Bulganin's
second note proposing a 20-year
bilateral treaty of friendship. 1t
was still expected to contain
polite refusal, with provision to
keep the correspondence alive.
The answer was carefully timed
to avoid feeding Kremlin propa-
ganda organs during the Twentieth
Communist Party Congress which
closed in Moscow last Monday.
Chief interest in the closing days
of the Red Party Congress conferred
on the present status of the strug-
gle for power among the top lead
ers Despite the constant protesta-
tons for collective leadership"
and against the cult of the indi-
vidual." outsiders detected an &C
cretion of strength for the faction
whose front man is Nikita S.
Khrushchev, the hard drinking,
Woodworking, hard-to-p please First
Secretary of the party.
The 11-man presidium. which Is
the top ruling group in the Soviet
Union, was reelected without in
cident. Ex-Premier Georgi Malen-
kov and Foreign Minister Vyache-
slav Molotov both survived their
second public spankings 49, for the
time being, at least. But the num-
Der Of second-rank leaders. called
candidate members" of the pre-
sidium, was increased from two to
six. This infusion of new blood.
most Of 1t singularly compatible
with Mr.. Khrushchev, was COM
plemented by 40 per cent turnover
in the Central Committee, whose
influence has apparently risen since
Josef Stain died. s-f
Two especially notable new faces
among the presidium candidate
members were Marshal Georgi Zhu-
kov, Red Army leader and now
Minister of Defense, and Mrs. Eka-
terina A. Furtseva, the first woman
to hold so high q position. D T,
Shepilov, editor of Pravda, also APP
PCdlCd III LllC ScttllC SCCUtlu rank.
and was widely believed to be NOV
ing in on Mr.. Molotov. Mr.. Shepi-
Low also retained his position in the
party secretariat. which Mr..
Khrushchev heads. and out of
which both he and Mr.. Malenkov
rose to power.
The party confirmed the new
fiexibility in the Kremlin, particu-
larry its willingness to take
economic risks for political effect.
Secretary of State John Foster
Dulles spent the early part Of this
week trying to walk the usual
foreign-aid tightrope. On the one
hand we are adequately reacting to
the new Soviet economic offensive,
he said, but on the other hand We
need more long money for
foreign aid (see article by W. w.
Rostow on Page Add.
M;danef