davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-07
VIRGINIA
BY ALEX r. PRESTON

Many VirginianS seem to be un-
aware of the fact that when they
go to the polls one month from
now. they will be expected TO an
swer three questions involving
amendments to their State Con-
stitution.
The referendum questions are
included on the ballots along with
the names Of candidates for Presi-
dent. Vice President, Congress and
lin few locahties--local Offices.
Very little has been said or writ
ten within the last three years
about the constitutional referendum
questions. But on November 3 they
will have to be decided
The questions concern % chang
ing the inauguration date for
newly-elected Governors so as to
reduce "lame-duck" terms. ~ pro-
hibiting the State Corporation
Commission from receiving special
favors from the public utility COM
panieS 1t is supposed to regulate.
and 80 making it possible for
localities to exempt personal
property from taxation.
There are two methods OF amend
Ing the Constitution. The quicker
but more seldom used-one was
employed last January in what
is generally referred to as the Gray
Commission referendum. The ques-
ton then was TO authorize con-
stitutional convention. The con-
vention met two months later and
amended Section l4l to permit
State tuition grants TO educate
children in private non-seetarian
schools.
Longer Method Used
The second and longer method
IS the one normally used and was
employed IN the three changes in.
yolved on next months ballots.
Under that system two sessions OF
thf General Assembly which mats
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-07

since liberation has spread
through the whole school system
some Of the 6hortages previously
limited to Negro schools.
New Approach
A major switch In the PTA az.
proach, which the Commissioners
will md hard TO ignore. was The
demand for Federal loans TO finance
school construction which the city
cannot afford nov on pay-as-you-
90 basis.
There is adequate precedent for
this, stemming from the Capper-
Cramton Act (which authorized sis
million in loans 10 the General
Fund for the development Of parks
and recreation areas and refined
by the Public Works Act Of 1854 10
let the District borrow Federal
money for construction Of sanitary
sewers.
Even II they like the idea, though.
the Commissioners have yet 10 fnd
out how II might be received at the
Federal Budget Bureau or on the
Hill.
About the only other method Of
raising another "a million for
schools next year--ShoTt OF boost
ing taxes. which nobody is willing
70 consider now--would lie In an
attempt 70 collect all or part Of the
extra IS million for which the Dis
trict Is entitled 70 ask Congress.
This results from a aimmiek IA
the Public Works Act which au-
thorized the District 10 ask for ap-
preparation Of any authorized
funds which Congress has refused
70 appropriate since 1855.
Either method viii take a major
Job Of selling--both 70 the Federal
Budget Bureau and 70 coneress.
Anybody who is interested tad bet.
~ get started. .
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-07
DISTRICT
BY HECTOR MCLEAN

More than half a ton Of the
wreckage Of an er-optimistic
dream Of democracy in action lies
stacked in Offices on the fifth floor
Of the District Building.
The stacks are made up Of 202
copies of the city's proposed budget
for the fiscal year 1868, each 31a
inches thick.
They are mute testimony that
not many persons nor organizations
in the District really care much
about how their money is spent by
the District government.
1t is true that 80 OF a total OF
300 Of the 6i4-pound books we're
put into use before the Commits
sioners' public hearing on city
spending plans last Wednesday
but most of these went TO officials
and citizens connected directly with
the government.
Only 81 are listed as having been
distributed TO civic organizations
out Of 260 groups 10 which the
copies we're offered.
Preparation Of the big mimeo-
graphed documents was part Of the
city's new system OF deciding how
It's money ought TO be spent in the
coming year.
Earlier Procedure
Heretofore the District has sim
ply published the lists Of what the
various city departments wanted 70
spend--without any relation 10 how
much money the city had available
10 spend
Then the Commissioners would
hold a hearing 70 let the public
testify on the requests, listen 70
pleas Of the department heads and
80 behind closed doors 70 prune the
requests down to o. the District
purse.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-07
BY REINHOLD G. ENsZ


BERLIN.-On a quiet, tree-lined
street in free West Berlin lives a
man who strikes fear into the
hearts of East Germany's Commu-
mist rulers through subtle, COM
plicated weapons.
He is DR.. Chico Friedman, a soft
spoken lawyer. and his weapons
consist of law and legal justice.
Friedman operates through the
League Of Free Jurists, which he
founded and heads. 1t is one of
the worlds most original and re-
spected Communist under
ground movements. 1t has the back
1ng-both moral and financial-of
influential iurists throughout the
Free World.
Headquartered in West Berlin,
the organization works this way:
Volunteer informants in East Ger
many keep the league advised on
the doings of Communist officials.
Whenever one of the officials does
something that could be considered
a crime against humanity or JUS
tlce, 1t is recorded in the files of the
Free Jurists.
Two Kidnop Attempts
The organization has become so
effective that the Communists have
twice attempted to kidnap Fried
enau. They failed. but in 1852 they
did succeed in kidnapping DR.. Wal
ter Linse, head of the Free Jurists'
economic division.
DR.. Linse was slugged in front
of his home, dragged into waiting
automobile and driven into East
Germany. Although both the Rus
slams and the East Germans have
denied knowing anything about DR..
Linse. returning prisoners have re-
ported seeing him in Soviet slave
labor camps.
Ever since the Linse kidnapping,
DR.. Friedman has lived a careful
life. His home telephone number
Is unlisted. He sleeps within reach
of pistol and a police alarm but
ton. An armed guard keeps a con-
slant vigil in front of his home,
less than mile from East Germany.
DIR. Friedman drives to his Office
in car equipped with a two-way
radio and an armed chauffeur.
Once in the Office, which is in a
West Berlin suburb near his home,
he sits at a desk that contains not
only pistol, but another police
alarm button.
Interviewed in his Office, the "A
year-old DR.. Friedman shrugged
and smiled when asked if living
under tension made him nervous.
Not necessarily" he replied.
You get used to it. What makes
me nervous is the responsibility
for the people who are working
with me-"
But he diSlikes talking about the
dangerous aspects Of his job. He
would rather explain how and why
the Free JuristS was organized in
l949.
i think I got the first ideas for
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-07
The Needed Policies

A Western Council would create
the fundamentally through which
common Western policy might be
developed, but this alone would not
assure the formation Of such a
policy. More is needed than the
creation OF forum for intra-
Western discussion and debate.
There must come into being a COM
mon determination that full dis
cuSsion shall lead to whatever
compromises are necessary in order
10 reach agreement, at the very
least in four major areas.
. The West must, first of all
establish a common policy with
regard to its own heartland: that
is to say, with regard to the kind
OF peace settlement it seeks in
Europe. Until this is done, 1t will
be difficult to reach agreement on
a common policy concerning other
areas, If only because European in
terests extend into so many parts
OF the Western world.
. Second. the West must forrnu-
late a common policy with respect
to the hostile Communist dictator
ships.
Third, there must be agreement
upon a policy toward the nations
which remain uncommitted in the
struggle between the West and the
Communist relationships.
. Fourth-and, in the long run.
perhaps most important of all-the
Western nations must agree upon a
common policy with respect to the
dependent or semidependent peoples
seeking independence.
The greatest single obstacle to
the development of comm on
Western policy in any of these areas
is an outworn concept Of national
sovereignty. In spite of the growing
interdependence of nation-states
and the indivisibility Of survival.
the idea persists that it is the
exclusive prerogative of national
governments each to pursue by its
chosen means whatever it conceives
to be its particular national inter-
est. The greater and more power
full a nation-state. the more its
government seems to cling to its
sovereign prerogatives, resenting
external interference with its
policies and actions. Yet the truth
is that the national interest of every
Western nation demands the cur
tailment of sovereign rights in the
interest Of solidarity and survival.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-07
Free Jurists Have Plans
For East German Rulers

my present Job in prison" he says.
THE Nazis put me there after the
July 20 (1944) attempt on Hitler's
life. had nothing to do with this
plot, but l did know some of the
people involved.
While in prison, 1 learned that
the guards and higher officials could
be influenced if you forgot about
politics and talked to them about
legal justice and legal rights
DR.. Friedman believes East Ger
man Communist officials can be in
f1uenced the same way. Therefore
his organization concentrates on
gathering every available bit of
criminal evidence that could be used
against the officials.
Indictment Is Written
When enough evidence has &C.
cumulated, formal legal indict-
ment is drawn up by DR.. Friedman
and his aides. The indictment goes
into the files of the Free Jurists and
to West German law enforcement
agencies. and is also distributed IN
East Germany, with at least one
copy going directly to the person
indicted.
This makes them very nervous,
DR.. Friendenau reports. In fact,
some of them become so worried
that they send relatives or friends
to us to plead that they really
aren't such terrible persons. Some
times the indictments help bring
about a change in Communist pol
ICY"
So far. the Free Jurists have
drawn up indictments against 300
East Germans. But there are vol
luminous files on thousands more,
and some day, when enough evil
dence is in, there will be indict-
ments against these, too.
I'VE list not only their bad acts"
DR.. Friedman says, but also their
good ones. And they know this"
DR.. Friedman began his anti
communist activities soon after
World War II, when he set UP pri-
vate Law offices in Potsdam in East
Germany.
One day in July, 1850, one of his
principal informants was arrested
by the Communist secret police.
Il knew it wouldn't be long be-
fore he would break under their
questioning and reveal my name,
so l gathered up my family and fed
to West Berlin on the S-bahn (ele-
waited railway
DR.. Friedenaus informant was
released only a few weeks ago, and
Immediately came to see him in
West Berlin. The ex-priSoner
acknowledged he had given DR..
Frledenau'S name to the Commu-
nists after his arrest and then came
up with this bit of jolting informa-
ton: Er. Friedenau's escape from
Potsdam was only one hour ahead
OF the secret police.
That is known as fate" DR..
Friedman smiled.
tThe Associated Pres)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-07

ern Europe in q military alliance
(NATO). Most, but not all Of the
West European nations are loosely
associated in the Organization for
European Economic Cooperation
(OEEC) and even more loosely
Joined in the Council Of Europe.
France, West Germany, italy and
the Benelux countries are rather
more closely united in the Euro
pean Coal and Steel Community.
Western Europe's efforts to unite
politically and economically have
been frustrated by a number Of
obstacles, among which historic
jealousies, prejudices and antipa-
thies are the most obvious but
probably not. the most important.
The real obstacles have been: ~
British unwillingness to join in any
sort Of political or economic int.
grafton: ~ French fear of being
overpowered by Germany in an
organization in which Britain does
not provide counterbalance; 81
the continuing partition of Ger.
many, and ~ the partition of what
was once a natural all-European
trading community.
The key to this dilemma is the
British position. The British say
that they cannot accept any close
political or economic ties to Vest
ern Europe without jeopardizing
both their Commonwealth relation
ships and their alliance with the
United States. This contention is,
/ believe, only partly valid.
The West is doomed unless IL
adopts a common policy to insure
its survival. There is no way to
form a common policy except by
consultation. compromise and even.
tual agreement among the SOW.
ereign nation-states.
Let me make quite clear that
am not talking about an organic
federation Of the Western nations.
nor about any form of closely knit
political union. The component
parts of 1.-THE West" are too differ
ent and too widely separate to make
union feasible.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-07
MARYLAND
Tydings Democrats GrimIy Line Up
Behind George Mohoney's STANDARD

Goldstein, Ben Blackmon. in
Charles County and James Nc
Sherry in Frederick County.
Some of the Tydings people
such as his primary manager, r..
Bruce LIVE, and former Governor
w. Preston Lane, jr.--are lodging
the issue by losing themselves in
the Volunteers for Stevenson
Kefauver organization.
But most of the Democrats who
could be called leaders in the
Tydings campaign last spring when
he narrowly defeated Mr.. Mahoney
for Senatorial nomination, are now
actively supporting Mr.. Mahoney.
He Mode 1t Eosy
Mr.. Mahoney has made it a little
easier for his old enemies to come
into his camp by conducting the
comparatively clean campaign that
he did last spring against Mr..
Tydings. It was an out-of-
character bit for Mr.. Mahoney,
who had established something of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-07
VIRGINIA
Three Constitutional Issues Will Face
Voters on November Election Ballot

every two years. must pass Identical
resolutions specifying the changes
to be made. Then the issue is sub
mitted TO the voters in a referen-
dun.
The three pending questions were
approved first by the 1854 Assembly
and then again at the regular ses-
sion early this year.
So much time elapses after the
amendments are originally pro-
posed. under the longer method,
the public sometimes forgets or
becomes confused over what really
is involved. That occurred in 1854
and resulted in rejection of an
amendment to permit loans from
the State Employees Retirement
Fund for school construction.
The Three Questions
Here. in brief. is what is in
yolved in the three pending refer
endum questions on next months
ballots:
The General Assembly normal
- ~ meets on the second Wednes-
day in January every other (even
numbered year But a Governor
who cannot succeed himself, takes
Office on the third Wednesday The
serves a four-year term. Conse-
quently, In an inaugural year the
General Assembly wastes" the first
week Of its session. waiting for the
incoming Governor to take ONCE
and submit that most important
document. the State budget. Under
the proposed change, the Legis-
lature would meet as before. The
retiring Governor would still have
time 70 submit his message on the
state Of the Commonwealth" be-
fore the new Governor is insug-
urated Just three dsys--instead Of
a week--later.
> The State Corporation Com
%s mission regulates such public
utilities as railroads. bus lines. tele-
phone systems. etc Il sets the rates
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-07
Over Half a Ton Of Paper Testifies
To Lack Of Interest in the Budoet

The results would be shipped over
to the Federal Budget Bureau for
inclusion in the Presidents annual
budget message to Congress. Only
when that was disclosed in January,
would the residents Of Washington
find out what the Commissioners
had actually decided about the city
budget.
For years. the Board Of Trade. for
example, has attacked the system
as meaningless, contending II could
not give intelligent testimony unless
departmental requests were tied 10
some idea Of how much the city
could afford to spend.
This year the system was revised.
Department requests we're cham
neled into the Budget once which.
under a complex formula. estimated
how much money each department
would be allowed to spend and let
the department heads themselves
decide how they wanted to spend II
at least insofar as operating costs
were concerned.
The result Of this process was
published in the 6l4-pound docu-
ment. put out nearly month be-
fore Wednesdays hearing TO let
civic organizations study It.
That some Of them did so vas
evident from the testimony. Wit
nesses we're far more specific than
they had been In the past. generally
concentrating on building projects
against which the Budget once had
recommended without departmental
agreement.
The one major area Of disagree
ment was the public schools budget.
which produced a major drive By
the Congress Of Parents and Teach
ers 70 get all the money sought BY
the Board Of Education.
This. Of course. Is part Of the
campaign which has developed
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-07
DANGER AND OPPORTUNITY
Lack Of Solidarity Seen as Major Western Weakness

transportation facilities, by flood
control and river developments, and
perhaps even by stimulating the
growth of new, decentralized in
dustrial centers.
In the face Of the Soviet chal-
lenge. it is not enough to increase
our rate of growth in order to keep
ahead of the Soviet Union. 1t is
also necessary to RECLAIMED some
of our increased production so that
the United States, rather than the
Soviet Union, will continue to be
the chief source of aid to world
economic development.
Our great, long-range advantage
over Russia is that we possess the
skills and the resources to meet the
economic requirements of world
in revolution without taking for
eign aid out of the hide of the do
nestle consumer. We can, how
ever, do this only if we apply a
certain amount of common sense
and moral sense to our definition
OF a desirable living standard and
If we place certain restraints upon
our free enterprise capitalism.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-07
Areas of Confusion

1t became apparent during the
early months of 1856 that, in spite
of the rapidly changing interna-
tional scene, the Eisenhower ad-
ministration had no intention of
undertaking any basic re-examina-
ton. much less revision of its
foreign policy. at least until after
the November elections.
Democratic aspirants to the
presidency and some of the Demo-
Gratis in Congress were vocal in
their criticism of the SNUG self
satisfaction of the Republican Sec
rotary of State, of his sometimes
tactless or boastful pronounce
mentS and of what they called
Republican bluff, blunder and
buster" But whereas there was
considerable criticism of execution,
there was scarcely any indication
that the Democrats desired any
more than the Republicans to ques-
ton the basic premises of a policy
the bankruptcy of which was daily
becoming more apparent.
Confronted with the picture of
crumbling military alliances
abroad, the mood of Congress has
been to turn away from such al
lianceS rather than to search for
means of Strengthening them.
Confronted with revelations of
hitherto unsupported Soviet prog
ress in approaching air-atomic
parity. Congress acted with haste
and determination to spur on a
greater American effort.
If bewilderment reigned on Cap
itol Hill. there was even greater
confusion in the Pentagon. One
school of thought insisted upon
the vital Importance of prepared
ness to meet "brushfire wars" with
conventional forces. Another school
placed its emphasis almost solely
upon air-atomic retaliatory power.
InSiStence upon the value of con-
ventional forces implied the belief
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-07

this group Of Western nations is
that it lacks inner cohesiveness, or
ganization, sense Of common in
terest and clearly defined common
purpose.
Insofar as there is any Western
policy, it is not shaped by consul
tation among the component parts
Of the Western community. It is
dominated by three nations--the
United States. Great Britain and
France. with Canada occasionally
in the useful role of mediator and
the Federal Republic of Germany
exerting an increasingly unpredict-
able influence.
The dominant Big Three have
what might euphemistically be
called common policy as to Eu-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-07
West Lacks Solidarity

No matter how greatly we may
wish that we could "go it alone
and this desire is strong in many
Americans-our destiny is inextri-
cably intertwined with that of
those nations which share with us
the heritage of Western civiliza-
ton.
The most glaring weakness of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-07
MARYLAND :
BY GENE GOODWIN

One Maryland Democratic leader
who is finding it difficult to support
George P. Mahoney for Senator
tells this story to illustrate why
he nevertheless is supporting him:
Once upon a time in one of the
Southern Maryland counties. a life
long Democrat was so upset with
young upstart his party was run
ming for sheriff that he vowed he'd
vote for the Republican.
When it came time to cast his
ballot he just couldn't do it. He
voted his usual straight ticket.
Il decided" he explained later,
"that no young upstart could chase
me out of the Democratic Party
This unwillingneSs to be chased
out" of the party by Mr.. Mahoney
seems to be the attitude of virtually
all of the Democratic leaders who
fought him so hard in the primary
last spring and at the State Con-
vention and Central Committee
session that followed.
Some of them may have to hold
their noses when they go into their
voting booths on November 6, but
indications are strong that they
will not bolt.
This has led to a genuine feeling
Of optimism in the Mahoney camp.
And observers who have been CIV
ing Republican Senator Butler the
edge until now began last week to
call it horse race"-that's Mary
landese for a neck-and-neck polit-
ical contest.
Tydinos Deserves Credit
A great deal of the credit for this
seeming solidarity among Demo-
cratic leaders will have to 60 to
Millard E. Tydings, the man who
wanted so badly to take on Sena-
tor Butler himself this fall.
Mr.. TydingS, who was bumped
from the Senate by Mr.. Butler in
that controversial 1850 campaign,
is still tied down by the summer
long illness that forced him to
withdraw as the Democratic nomi-
nee, but his wife and son have been
doing all they can to line up sup
port for Mr.. Mahoney.
Although the motive OF the Ty-
dings family may be more anti
Butler than pro-Mahoney, the end
result is the same. They have made
1t easier, and even necessary in
some cases. for Tydings hackers TO
vote now for Mr.. Mahoney.
In Baltimore City, Mayor Dale
sandro and Jack Pollack-the two
most influential of the city leaders
who opposed Mr.. Mahoney last
spring-are said now TO be working
for him.
In Prince Georges County, the
formerly anti-Mahoney Democratic
organization led by Lansdale q.
SaSscer and L. Harold Sothoron
is now working as hard for the
election Of Mr.. Mahoney as 1t is
for the other Democratic candi-
dates.
A similar transfer Of allegiance
has taken place in Montgomery
County, where E. Brooke Lee, Ward
Caddington. J. Newton Brewer and
Mrs. Stella 3. Werner are all sup
porting the Democratic nominee.
A list OF the other Tydinas
partiSans nov working for Mr.
Mahoneys election also would have
70 include Philip B. Pearlman.
State Senate President Louis L.