davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-13
Republicans

Unlike the Democrats, the Repub-
licans name their district delegates
to Chicago at district conventions.
They do not have to be approved
by the State convention which will
meet at Roanoke on July 81.
The 10th District Republican
Convention, for example, will meet
in Alexandria on July % to elect
two delegates and two alternates
to go to San Francisco.
The Republican National Com
mittees rule sfor convention repre-
Sentation is this:
If a congressional district cast
at least 1000 votes either for Presi-
dent Eisenhower in 1852 or for a
congressional candidate in 1854, it
is allowed one vote.
If at least 10000 votes were cast
in either race, the district gets two
votes.
All of Virginias 10 districts cast
at least 10000 G. o. P. votes so the
State is allowed 20 district votes.
Every State is allowed four votes
at-large, increasing Virginia's total
to "a
Added to this is bonus of six
at-large votes for each of the 80
States carried by President Eisen-
hover. Virginia. of course, quail
fies for the bonus. The States
grand total, therefore. is 80 votes.
Inasmuch as Republicans do not
split their votes, Virginia will send
80 delegates and 80 alternates to
San Francisco. The total conven-
ton vote there is 1928.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-13
VIRGINIA
State Gets Louder Voice
In National Conventions

gates from each district or a maxi
mum of 40 delegates from all the
districts.
How about the other II votes?
These also can be split among "a
delegates at-large who will be Sc
lected at the State convention in
Richmond on July 81.
Thus, maximum of 81 delegates
with power to cast 80 votes for the
presidential nomination is author
lied. There are a total of 1872
votes at the national convention.)
The rule for alternates is diff
ferent. There can be only one alter
nate for each vote allowed the
congressional district. But for some
reason not explained by the Ma
tional Committee. two alternates
may be named for each vote for
the State at large.
Therefore, 20 district votes could
be cast by 20 alternates but the II
at-large votes could be cast by "a
alternates. The total is A alternates
compared with a possible 81 dele
gates.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-13
Senate Passes
Transit Bill

The Senate last week passed and
sent to the House its interim"
version of the four month-old bill
to set up a Washington Metropoli-
tan Transit Authority.
The action came less than 100
days before the charter and fran
chise of Capital Transit Co. are
scheduled to die at midnight Au-
gust IA. Under present law this
would leave the Nations Capital
without any public mass transpor-
tation.
Meanwhile, the House leader
ship postponed until next Wednes-
day House debate on bill
to restore the etc franchise
with tax and other concessions and
a requirement that the District
Public Utilities Commission act
within 80 days on fare increases.
During this period of delay in
the House. the transit unions cam
paign to block the franchise restor-
alton was yielding rich dividends.
Led by Representatives John Walter
Heselton. Republican of Massachu-
sets, other members Of the House
were joining in public opposition
TO the restoration and accepting
the charge that etc had been mis-
managed and looted under the con-
trolling ownership of Louis f..
Wolfson, Florida multimillionaire
In the Senate, the public owner
ship bill passed with a lO-vote
margin by Al to 81. The vote cut
across party line. but the bill was
supported by more Democrats than
Republicans, and opposed by more
Republicans than Democrats.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-13
NATIONAL REVIEW

Mikheev of his diplomatic status.
Yesterday, Air Force Secretary
Donald Quarles offered Nh Hat
kin a non-sensitive job with full
back pay. Mr.. Hatkin accepted.
The new Acc regulations propose
that when secret informers are
used, the accuser be subject at least
to questioning by the hearing board
and an impartial counsel if it is
absolutely imperative that he re-
main unknown to the accused. The
Acc also directed its hearing boards
to disregard any chance meetings"
or contacts with suspected persons
when such contacts are limited to
normal business relations. Further,
the agency reaffirmed its policy Of
permitting hearings for job appli-
cantS turned down for security
reasons.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-13
BUILDING SEA FENCES
BUILDING SEA FENCES
Territorial Waters Present
Thorny International Problem

conference was held in The Hague
to reach an international agree
ment on the extent of territorial
waters and their contiguous zones.
No convention was adopted because
unanimity could not be reached as
to their breadth or to the determi-
nation Of the coastal points from
which such belts could be measured.
New Element Appears
Within the last decade a new
element has arisen to complicate
matters even further-the concept
of the continental shelf. This is
the rim of the continents which
is covered by shallow water, often
extending hundreds of miles out
to sea before the first substantial
fall occurs.
The continental shelf made its
first appearance as an international
factor during World War / when
Russia claimed certain Arctic
islands because they were a contin-
uation of Siberia's land mass. Re-
Gently, Argentina and Chile have
used the same argument to claim
territory in the Antarctic.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-13
Security Case
With Spy Angle

The need for a continuing exam
ination of the Governments secur-
ity system is pointed up ever so
often in the publicizing of indi-
vidual cases which seemed TO have
been handled clumsily.
The lateSt-and most dramatic
case in point is that of Sidney
Hatkin, the unwilling object of a
Soviet aides attentions who was
suspended IA months ago by the Air
Force on charges that he was a
security risk Only few days be-
fore the wide publication of the
facts in the Hatkin case The Star
revealed the existence Of a six
month-old Army directive calling
for the end Of the guilt-by -associa-
ton. philosophy in security cases
involving military personnel. This
was followed in a few days by an
announcement from the Army that
it may extend the directive to in
clude its civilian employees. Then
on last Thursday the Atomic Energy
Commission revised its security
procedures lin a manner consistent
with traditional American concepts
of Justice"
Mr.. Hatkin. desperate for en-
ployment after his suspension,
placed newspaper job-wanted ad-
vertisement. He was visited by
man with a foreign accent who
identified himself as a student and
offered to pay Mr.. Hatkin for as
sembling some material on the
American aircraft industry. Mr..
Hatkin, suspicious. notified officials
and his visitor later was identified
as translator with the Russian
Embassy here. 1t was subsequently
brought out that the Russian Off
cial, Vladimir P. Mikheev, had So
licited at least two other Govern
ment employees with the offer of
money in return for information.
On Thursday Chairman Francis
Walter Of the House Un-American
Activities Committee demanded
that the State Department strip
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-13
For q Visit

Against this array Of disadvan-
tages there would be these adj
vantages for the United States.
. We might learn more about how
the degloification of Stain is likely
to affect Soviet policy.
. On the basis that getting to
know your enemy better is helpful,
the cause OF peace might possibly
be promoted.
. Bulganin and Khrushchev could
see for themselves how unim-
pressed the American people. as
we'll as their leaders. are by COM
munism and the Soviet system
. The Soviet leaders could also see
for themselves the impressive sue
oesSeS OF the capitalist system
. They could see proof positive
that many Of the things they have
been saying and perhaps believing
about America are not true.
. They could see how an unin-
hibited democracy works in an cleo
ton year,
o President Eisenhower probably
would get return invitation to
visit the Soviet Union. This could
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-13
Democrats

According to the Democratic Ma
tional Committee. each State will
get the same number of votes it had
in 1852 regardless OF the fact that
Adlai Stevenson carried only nine
of the AZ States against Gen. Eisen-
hover. Otherwise, there would have
been a much smaller convention
this year.
In addition to its former vote,
each State gets a bonus of four
votes if it voted for Gov. Stevenson
(which Virginia didn't or if, in 1852
or thereafter. 1t elected a Demo-
cratic Governor or Senator (Vir-
glnia did BOTH.
Therefore, Virginia gets four adj
ditional votes this year to add to
the % it had before, making a
total of 80.
How are these votes divided?
Each congressional district is al
lowed two votes. There are 10 dis
trictS in Virginia. thus accounting
for 20 votes. The Democrats allow
vote to be divided among two dele
gates, thus permitting four dele
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-13
BY EARL II. XOSS

Broad hints from Soviet Premier
Bulganin and Communist Party boss
Khrushchev that they would like
to visit the United States have been
getting the brushoff in official
Washington Some people have
been wondering why.
A Gallup poll found that a little
more than half the country would
like to see the two Soviet leaders
come over. But President Essen
hover put the idea aside quickly
at recent press conference with
one sentence: :. AS of this
moment l see no useful purpose to
be served" A check at the State
Department discloses that the pros
pect of Bulganin- Khrushchev
visit has not even been seriously
considered.
Perhaps the principal reason is
that there are no issues outstanding
that both the United States and
the Soviet Union want to settle now.
1t would be unwise to bring the So
Wet leaders here unless we could
receive them with some poise and
had positive program to press
upon them. At this juncture-and
In this election year-American for
eign policy is in transition.
Once the Nation decides what its
new purposes are, the prospect of
visit from the Soviet leaders might
get better reception here. At
present, however. the disadvantages
to the United States of a Bulganin-
Khrushchev visit this year are be-
lieved to outweigh the advantages
heavily.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-13
BY GENE GOODWIN

Your move Mr.. Mahoney.
That's what lot of Maryland
Democrats were saying to them
selves last week in the wake of
Mondays primary in which George
P. Mahoney was defeated.
In the opinion of most political
observers, Mr.. Mahoney can make
or break Democratic victory in
November by the degree of support
he gives to Willard E. Tydings, the
man who edged him out for the
senatorial nomination.
AS had been expected, Mr.. Ma
honey conceded last night and
pledged his backing to Mr.. Tydings
in his November battle with the
Republican incumbent, Senator
John Marshall Butler.
But it will take more than a
statement to newspapers to bring
the hard core of Mahoney support
in line behind the Democratic NOM
lnee.
You will remember that two years
ago Mr.. Mahoney issued a state
ment of support for Dr.. H. c. Byrd
after the former University of
Maryland president had narrowly
defeated him for the gubernatorial
nomination That was about a. far
as he went. however, and many
Mahoney people-particular in
Baltimore City-openly deserted the
Democratic party to work for Re-
publican Gov. McKeldin.
The result was that Gov. Nc
Keldin was reelected, mostly on
the margin of votes given to him in
Baltimore City and suburban Bal
timore County, where Mr.. Mahoney
has always piled up his biggest ma
jorities. 1t should be said in this
regard. of course. that Gov. Nc
Keldin also is native Baltimorean
and is popular enough there to have
been elected mayor of that heavily
Democratic city in 1943.
Something More Is Needed
The point is, though, that Mr..
Mahoney probably will have to
offer something more concrete
than newspaper statement if he
really means to throw his support
to Mr.. Tydings Tydings managers
probably will try to get Mr.. Ma
honey to stump for the senatorial
nominee as he did in 1850 after
losing the gubernatorial nomination
to former Gov. w. Preston Lane,
jr.
There is a good chance that the
Democrats will be able to close
ranks this time If they don't,
they will have tough shedding in
November with President Eisen-
hover at the top of the Republican
ticket.
The Tydings- Mahoney primary
was not nearly as bitter as were
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-13
Against q Visit

Here is list of probable disad-
vantages in such visit:
. 1t would help Bulganin and
Khrushchev erase the Stain stigma
and acquire responsibility.
. 1t would provide them with
new propaganda forum.
. To the extent that they could
project their peaceful coexistence
propaganda, it would tend to lower
the guard of the free world. If
Bulganin and Khrushchev could
convince only few thousand
Americans. that they have no in
tention of starting war soon, for
instance, this might weaken the
Nations support for defense ex-
penditures.
. 1t would strengthen Bulganin
and Khrushchev in their own coun-
try.
. Protocol would force us to honor
the Soviet leaders. They could come
only on invitation of the White
House and honorlng the Soviet
leadership would dishearten anti
Communists in the satellite coun-
tries.
. To some extent. multilateral ne
gotiations on world problems would
be undermined, to the disappoint-
ment OF our allies and the United
Nations.
. Soviet leaders would have a
new opportunity to play of the
United States against Britain and
its other allies.
. Election-year goings-on in this
country would be vulnerable to So
viet-type criticism. particularly in
underdeveloped areas.
. Expectations of the American
people--and the world might be
raised too high The fall in morale
later could be unfortunate.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-13
MARYLAND
Will Mohoney Transfer
His Strength to Tydings?

Mr.. Mahoney's three previous pri-
mary fights. 1t was a cleaner and
less personal campaign than the
other three.
Another thing that bodies we'll for
more unanimity this fall than the
Democrats of Maryland have
enjoyed in the past six or eight
years is the fact that most of Mr.
Mahoney's support in many of the
counties came this time from long
established political organizations
whose leaders would sooner vote
for Satan than Republican.
Looking beyond November there
arises the further question of
whether the resilient Mr.. Mahoney
won't decide now to quit politics,
or at least quit being candidate,
in view of the fact that Mondays
loss was his fourth setback at the
polls since 1850.
MI. Mahoney emphasized time
and time again during his recent
campaign that none of his losses
have been decisive. Or, as he put
it in one of his speeches:
THE people have never told me
that they didn't want me, and until
they do intend to keep on run
ming"
In view of the closenesS of his
loss to Mr.. Tydings, that statement
might be interpreted to mean that
he will run again two years from
now.
In another speech, after pointing
out that a lot of politicians have
run unsuccessfully many times, he
told his audience:
You either make me Senator or
you break me. but I'm not promis-
ing anything absolutely about my
future"
Lower forget?
A lot Of people have wondered
why Mr.. Mahoney hasn't tried for
lesser Office than Governor or
Senator. One of his critics once
said that ''if George really believes
in what he breaches about helping
the little man, he ought to be will
ing to serve him at a lower level
instead of insisting on the highest
Offices in the State"
If Mr.. Mahoney were to run for
the House of Representatives for
example, he might be able to win
in romp since he lives in the Sec
ond congressional district, which
has always supported him we'll in
his Statewide campaigns. He also
could have a seat in the State Leg
islature from Baltimore County al
most for the asking.
But those who know Mr.. Ma
honey best seem to believe that if
he does run again-a decision he
hasn't yet made-he probably will
try for the Senate again in 1858.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-13
Continued From Page A-o7

Continued From Page A-27
Irving Ives, the Republican candi-
date.
The question last week was, will
Gov. Hartman decide again that
victory comes easier to late start
er? Some political hsndicappers
felt he would emerge as a candi-
date. without a definite announce
ment, around the middle of June
again only two months away from
the convention.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-13

This submerged margin of con-
tinents has vast natural resources
coal and oil and radioactive min
erals and sea vegetation which
may one day become of the worlds
staple foods. Until 10 years ago,
these riches were not within human
reach. But technology will doubt
less make it possible to tap this
new reservoir.
On September 20, 1945. President
Truman proclaimed the natural re-
sources of the continental shelf as
subject to United States jurisdic-
ton and control" "since the
continental shelf may be regarded
as an extension of the landmass
of the coastal nation and thus nat
urally appurtenant to it," He thus
laid claim to an area three times
the size. Of France.
Choin Reaction Follows
This proclamation set of an in
ternational chain reaction of claims
by other nations, some reasonable,
some fantastic. but all OF them
using the United States action as
precedent.
There was a second chain reac-
ton here when different coastal
States within the Union claimed
their portion of the continental
shelf for their own exploitation. In
view of the vast oil and mineral
wealth of the shelf, this became an
important issue.
This question was roughly set
tied by the Submerged Lands Acts
which Congress approved on May
%, 1858. 1t limited the sea bound
aries Of the coastal States to 3
geographical miles into the Atlantic
and Pacific Oceans, but left the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-13
BY MARGARITA DOBERT

When Russian fishermen strayed
into Norwegian waters early this
year, there was worried speculation
about sinister political motives.
Norway remained calm, however.
She simply impounded the Is Soviet
vessels, collected a 100000 fine and
confiscated the catch - mostly
spoiled.
And the Norwegians probably
were annoyed but not surprised
when. a few weeks ago. it was dis
closed that five of their fishing
trawlers had been seized and es-
corted to a Russian port.
This sort of -and-take has
been going on for years and while
potentially dangerous, it has caused
no great international stir. Each
case. however, demonstrates that
international law still has not pro-
vided satisfactory answer to one
of its thorniest problems: How far
out to sea does the sovereignty of
coastal nations extend?
Since the 18th century, the sea
boundary has been. most commonly
three miles from the coaSJ-the
range of a cannon shot from
shore battery. The United States
has adhered to it since Jefferson.
Even today this three-mlle belt
called maritime or marginal belt,
or, collectively, territorial watels---
is claimed by most countries. Ex-
ceptions include the Scandinavian
countries that use the old marine
league of four nautical miles.
few Mediterranean countries claim
ing six miles, Mexico, which claims
nine miles, and Russia and her sat
elites, claiming II miles.
Low Voter Line Used
Usually the base line from which
territorial waters are measured is
the low water line along the coast.
But when there are deep and fire.
quent indentationS, as in Norway,
special points are elected and a
straight line drawn along them.
Inside the territorial waters,
foreign vessels are allowed limo
cent" passage. The Seabelt is like
a public highway, over which the
coastal state has absolute control,
but where everyone can pass as long
as ne has peaceful intentions and
abides by the traffic rules. Under
this concept. the scuttling of the
German cruiser Graf Spec" in
Uruguays waters in 1899 was a
clear violation of that country's
sovereignty.
Outside the territorial waters
begin the High Seas which belong
to the merchantmen of all nations.
Only in a very few instances has
age-old custom established terri
torial rights beyond the territorial
waters: the pearl fisheries Of Cey-
Ion and Bahreln, the oysterbeds OF
Ireland, France and Southern
Britain.
But in time, a second belt be-
came established alongside the ter
ritorial waters. the so-called con-
tiguous zone. Although this zone
is part OF the High Seas, the coastal
state exercises a limited jurisdiction
over it. In the twenties, for in
stance, the United States found
herself faced with rum fleet"
anchored outside the three mile
belt. Ever since, she has taken the
right to stop and search ships out
side her territorial waters which
are suspect OF smuggling or break
ing the health regulations. Other
states do the same varying dis
tances from their seaborder
Twenty-six years ago the FIRST
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-13
NEARBY VOTES

Votes Of the nearby Maryland
and Virginia legislators on the
major roll calls in Congress last
week.
SENATE
On adopting an amendment to
the D. c. transit bill which would
prohibit transit employees from
striking. Rejected, 32-42. May 9.
Fori Butler ,R. Md. Byrd tD.-vsJ, Rob
Against; Beall tR. Md.
On passing the d. c. transit bill
to create a public corporation to
provide transportation system for
the District for three years. Passed.
4l-3l. May 8.
FOr Beall
AGAINST: Butler Byrd
Not NotinS; Robertson
On passing the bill authorizing a
So billion Federal flood disaster in
surance program. Passed, 61-7.
May 10.
AEaind: Robertson
Not VotinEi Beall - announced for Butter.
BYRD
HOUSE
On passing the $685. billion de-
Tense appropriation bill. Passed.
377-0, May 10.
For: Hsds tR Md Broyhill n VA,
Landlord ID Md, Smith tD.VaJ, Haf.
rison ID -VaD.
tconEressional Quarterly
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-05-13
We Are Not at Home
To Red Chiefs Right Now

provide an unusual opportunity for
him to project inside the Iron Cur
tain the sincerity of Americas de-
sire for peace, disarmament. reuni-
fication of Germany, and other key
American foreign policy goals
If anyone were to ask Mr.. Khru-
shchev himself about the probable
results of such an exchange of
visits, he might respond with one
of his live-and-let-live proverbs.
Each animal has his own food" he
says. "A tiger eats meat and a
bull eats grass. You can't make
bull eat meat nor a tiger eat grass"
The question, of course, is which
side would be the tiger, which the
bull.