davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-08-26
BY CASPAR NAMES
Religious News Editor Of The Star

Evangelist Billy Graham's wide
spread public appeal is an undis-
puted phenomenon of our time.
Tremendous crowds have greeted
him in France, England. India, ia
pan and other lands as well as in
the United States. From the stand
point of mass audience. his revivals
have been outstanding successes.
But many still ask: "How lasting
are the results?"
That is impossible to answer cate
gorically, because no one can assert
the depth personal faith assumes.
But a recent overseas visit by the
writer provided view in two dis
tinctly different countries-Scot-
land and France--of the impact Of
a Graham crusade.
To understand the success Mr..
Graham has had, one must recog-
nize the distinctly new contribution
to evangelism the youthful Baptist
preacher has made.
Evangelists Of the past-Ira
Sankey. Dwight Moody, Billy Sum-
day, among others-went their way
and organized religion went its way.
The sawdust trail orators and the
established churches had little to
do with each other. Frequently
antagonism flashed into the open.
Billy Graham has sought to
bridge the gap. He has gone out
Of his way to work with the estab-
lished churches. and has often said
that his crusades would be in CO.
operation with local churches and
church councils or not at all.
He Filled 100000 Scots
When Mr.. Graham went to Glas-
gov. the Church Of Scotland was
among the sponsors Of the meetings.
He filled the l00,000-seat Hampden
Park football stadium.
II never saw anything like It,"
Wilson Paterson Of Edinburgh, one
Of the general trustees of the
Church Of Scotland, asserted.
Queues were tremendous"
Mr.. Patterson said one result Of
the Graham campaign was TO send
delegations from practically all the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-08-26
Debate Over Proposals for Suez
Puts Spotlight on Panama Canal

States government A government
agency, the Isthmian Canal Com
mission, was created by Congress in
1904 to construct and operate the
canal.
Follows Revolution
A treaty with the Republic of
Panama signed in November, 1908,
Is days after a revolution had
achieved the independence of
Panama from Colombia, gave the
United States a strip of land 10
miles wide, with full sovereignty
to govern and to fortify the zone.
Thus there has been no question
of Panamanian law or Panamanian
sovereignty in so far as the legal
right of the United States to exer-
else sole power over the canal is
concerned.
The Isthmian Canal Commits
sion was later succeeded by an
other independent governmen
agency the Panama Canal -
headed by the Secretary of War,
who was directly responsible to the
President for the agency's opera
tons. This agency in turn was
succeeded in 1850 by the Panama
Canal Co., a government corpora
ton, which now operates the water
way. The chief engineer of this
corporation is by law an officer of
the Army Corps of Engineers, and
holds the title of Governor of the
Canal Zone.
American officials, in commenting
on proposals for some sort of
international control over the
Panama Canal, point to these
basic differences in contending
that there are no parallels between
Panama and the Suez situation.
In effect, they say proposals
for internationalizing the Panama
canal and zone are comparable to
proposals for nternationalizing any
other United States defense install
lation, such as, perhaps, the harbor
defenses of Pearl Harbor, or a
major American air base.
The strategic nature of the Pa
mama Canal has, they stress, been
clearly recognized in. both the
treaty with Panama and in the
second Hay-Pauncefote Treaty with
Britain. In the latter treaty, the
British agreed to abandon the
earlier Clayton-Bulwer Treaty Of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-08-26

1850. which provided that neither
the United States nor Britain would
ever fortify Or exercise exclusive
control over any isthmian canal.
The question of change in the
status of the Panama Canal and the
Canal Zone has come up from
time to time since the canal was
completed. Latin American ma
tionalistS, long critical of Yankee
imperialism" have resented and
protested the full sovereignty ex-
ercised by the United States in
the zone. And Panamanian leaders
of several political hues have found
it advantageous to press for Pana-
manian control of the waterway
and its installations. Their pres
sure has made the issue a con-
tinous one in Panamanian politics,
often reaching highly emotional
aspects in campaign oratory.
Concessions Gronted
The original treaty with Panama
has been modified on two occasions
to grant large concessions to Pa
mama. The annual United States
payment to Panama for the zone
rights has been increased from the
original $250,000 a year to $780,
600, and major land concessions
have been made in the terminal
cities of Panama City and Colon.
But despite concessions to Pana-
manian national feeling, agitation
goes on for Panamanian sovereignty
over the Canal Zone. The Egyptian
action Matchmaking the Suez COM
pany has, of course, spurred Pana-
manian nationalist to new efforts.
In theTvent that the Soviet Union,
with the aid of the world neutral
list" bloc led by India and Indonesia,
is able to push for formal considera-
ton of Observation-Disclosures in Pana-
ma, Latin American sentiment can
not be discounted.
There is little likelihood, however,
that the United States would agree
to any Observation-Disclosures steps in
Panama while the strategic value of
the canal remains so vital. On the
other hand, American authorities
have been and can be expected to
be scrupulously careful that ships
of all nations, including those of
United States registry, pay the same
tolls and have equal access to the
waterway at all times.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-08-26
BY FRED THEROUx

The international crisis precipi-
tated by Egypt's naturalization of
the Suez Canal has focused consid-
cradle attention on other interna-
tional waterways in general and on
the Panama Canal in particular.
The question has been asked: If
a solution to the Suez muddle is to
internationalize the canal because
of its vital contribution to world
commerce, why shouldn't the Pan
anna Canal be internationalized,
too?
The Soviet Union raised that
question in it's note of August 8 on
the Suez situation. The Russians
did not mention Panama by name.
but did say "other straits and wa
terways" should be of international
concern. The Soviet Foreign Min
lister, Dmitri Shepilov, has not
pressed the point at the London
conference just concluded, but it is
not likely to be dropped.
The Panama and the Suez canals
are both of supreme importance to
world shipping. Both have tradi-
tionally been open to ships of all
nations without discrimination as
to tolls or priorities. But they differ
completely in terms of their his
tory. construction. and organiza-
ton.
Fundamental Differences
When Col. Nasser abruptly ma
tionalized the Suez Canal Co., he
seized a privately owned company
organized and chartered under the
laws of Egypt. The bulk of the out
standing stock in the company
officially called the Campagnie
Universelle du Canal Maritime de
Suez-is owned by French investors
and by the British government IA
per cent in the latter case). The
company was organized to build the
canal and to operate it at profit
for the investors.
Except for the provisions of the
Constantinople Convention of 1888.
by which the canal was guaranteed
to be open to all nations in war
and in peace, there is no interna-
tional body regulating or otherwise
controlling the Suez company.
The Panama Canal. on the other
hand, was a project of the United
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-08-26
THE CAMPAIGN BEGINS THE SUNDAY sEAz Westminster
President Himself Seems to Be No. Issue

radio and television. 1t is likely that
he will come under considerable
pressure from his fellow Republicans
to hit the personal appearance trail
much as Mr.. Stevenson intends TO
do. And there is some indication
that as the campaign warns he will
do Just that.
Every G. o. P. candidate for the
House and Senate can be expected
to make jltdicious use of the Eisen-
hover Goa ttails, and eulogies of his
wisdom, bis piety, his honest and
his liberalism or conservatism. de-
pending On where the eulogy is
being del vered. will saturate the
air as thoi oughly as the Democratic
attack on the alleged shortcomings
of Mr. Nixon.
The Trumon Issue Again
Republicans at the convention
last week indicated they believe
they have a secondary vote-getting
issue in Harry Truman. The attacks
on the former President brought
back echoes of the 1852 campaign.
when Republicans tied Mr.. Truman
around the neck Of Mr.. Stevenson.
This year. however. it will not be
easy to pin the Truman label on
either MrA Stevenson or Senator
Kefauver. and the Republicans may
ind no more votes in running
against Harry Truman than thA
Democrats found in running in
1852 against Herbert Hoover.
There do not appear to be any
issues this year that will stir big
segments of the electorate to the
kind of anger that in the past has
beer used to turn out the incum-
bents. Nothing like 1925 COM
munism, corruption and cronyism,
for example. Because there has been
little clear-cut inter-party division
except on details over broad
policies of the Government, the out
lines of most of the issues take on
a fuzziness not conducive to rough
and tumble campaigning. In many
fields, the formerly distinct identi-
ties of the two parties have, under
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-08-26

tartan prayers, and so on; CD for
bid certain teachings, such as COM
munism, religion, vivisection and
evolution.
Permissive Up to Now
Up to now sex education has
largely been a permissive matter.
States in which ii is given leave
the decisions up to local school
boards which approach it accord
ing to the desires of the commu-
nifty. Apparently, this has worked
smoothly enough to avoid any
significant litigation. And so long
as the instruction is optional, ex-
pert and sensible, none seems likely.
On the other hand, if it becomes
compulsory-and already there are
indications in various parts of the
country that this may happen
or if it is handled in way to Of
fend some parents. real effort
might develop to kill such pro-
grams through the courts.
What would happen then, no one
can say. There do not seem to De
any exact precedent situations.
The famous McCollum case which
arose in Champaign, ILL.,, a few
years ago is not comparable. 1t
involved religious instruction, in
regard to which constitutional
bar exists in the First Amendment.
There is no such obstacle in regard
to sex education.
Moreover, the Supreme Court of
the United States has pointed out
on a number of occasions that "a
State may go very far indeed
to improve the quality of its
citizens"
And the Supreme Court Of Il
linois, while recognizing the prin-
ciple that pupils should not be
compelled to study subjects against
their parents desires. has also held
that mo parent has the right to
demand that the interests of the
children of others shall be sacri-
feed for the interests of his child"
This seems to mean that If public
opinion is solidly enough behind
any given educational program. a
minority will not legally be allowed
to blackball tat least not to the
extent of killing it entirely.
The other side OF the coin is
that parents do have some legal
standing, individually, and aside
from their voting power. to control
what their children are taught.
One of the most important dis
cussions of this question was made
a few years ago by the Supreme
Court of Colorado in a case con-
corning the rights Of parents to
send their children to private
schools.
1t follows" said the court, that
If parents can have their children
taught what they please. they can
refuse to have them taught what
they think harmful. barring what
must be taught-that is. the es-
sentials Of good citizenship. What
these are. the board Of education
Of each district, primarily. and the
courts ultimately. must decide"
This is probably . pHtty good
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-08-26
BY SIMON TUCKER

At the political conventions just
concluded, the civil rights question
of educational segregation caused
more difficulty and dissension than
any other part of the party plat
forms.
Southerners fought against in
dorSement of the courts decision
while northern liberals insisted
such Endorsement was necessary.
What emerged in each platform was
a compromise that showed the
struggle it had been through. Sig
nificantly, neither compromise civil
rights plank called for implementa-
ton of the Supreme Courts 1854
segregation decision by Federal leg
islation to force the South to actu-
ally desegregate its schools.
Now, between the conventions
and the November elections. the
struggle over the Court decision and
what to do about it shifts to the
arena of State action. Tomorrow.
the Virginia General Assembly
meets specially to face the problem.
Two Virginia counties, Arlington
and Prince Edward. have been Or
dered by Federal District Court
judges to comply with the Supreme
Court decision during the next
school year. Both judges, however.
suggested that complying with the
segregation decision did not neces-
sarily mean a complete overturn of
Virginia'S traditional practice of
educational segregation. Thus, like
the controversy at the conventions,
this indicates that there might be
a distinction between Enforcement
of the Court decision and imple-
mentation of it by actual deSegre-
cation.
The Supreme Court decision re-
puired that the States eliminate
legal segregation provisions, such
as the requirement in State con-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-08-26

ship in the fight over a natural gas
control bill, vetoed by the Repub.
lican President.
While civil rights is a heat.
generating issue in many areas,
neither party would appear to have
the advantage in appeal to the
voters on this matter. Negroes feel
that the platforms of neither party
goes far enough on civil rights, and
Southerners feel both go too far.
In the fiasco over Federal aid
to school construction. which also
carries some civil rights overtones,
both parties came out looking badly
and neither could blame the other
for failure of the measure. Nor can
either party claim credit for the
mammoth highway construction
bill. While President Eisenhower
gave the impetus for a higher
minimum wage, it was the Demo-
Gratis who successfully insisted that
it be raised even higher. Democrats
already have made pitch, in their
platform, for the labor vote, but
it has been Southern Democrats
who have bottled up labor legisla-
ton in committee.
Down the Middle
This is the year of political
moderation, with both parties walk
ing down the middle of the road.
The approach clearly reflects the
mood of the voter, who obviously
doesn't want to be disturbed from
his generally prosperous COM
placency by talk about such things
as disarmament, complicated atomic
policy. tight or easy money, tariffs.
veterans benefits, or the admins
tration attitude toward neutralism.
Republicans will try to feed this
complacency. Democrats will try to
Shatter it.
But in the end. the Presidents
health-its actual state and the
voters feelings about its most
likely to determine the political
complexion of the Government for
the next four years.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-08-26

vary widely. In most places the
teaching is optional. In some, how
ever, it is required.
The concern here is not whether
sex education in. elementary and
secondary schools is good or bad.
Neither does it assume a situation
where the majority of people in a
community don't want it, for in
that case there is not likely to be
any such program.
The problem is going to arise
when vocal minority objects, for
whatever reason, to the sex educa-
ton program offered.
For those who cannot conceive of
such objection m any reasonably
well-ordered community, Arling-
toms experience of a year or so ago
may be in point. At that time the
State Board of Education banned
the showing of several sex educa-
ton films because of strenuous OBJ
lection from what appeared to be
a minority of Arlington citizens.
While there were charges that this
was only political move aimed at
the county school board, the evil
dence indicated that many OBJ
jectors had other reasons.
Delicate Area of Low
There is no area of law in which
the rights of the individual are
more delicately balanced with and
against those of society, than edu-
cation.
Basically, our educational laws
must align:
. The right and privilege of the
family to educate its children as
it wishes, and
. The requirements of society for
maintaining an educated and de-
cent citizenry.
This is not always easy.
Under our system of education
and government, the Legislature
has basic powers for determining
the curriculum Of primary and sec
ondary schools. To a considerable
degree this power is usually dele
gated to State boards Of education
or similar departments, and the
latter function within the frame
work of pertinent law.
In the past. school curricula have
been challenged in court-often.
For instance. the public kinder
garten has been challenged; so has
the teaching Of music, physical
education. thrift, both modern and
dead" languages. art. cooking. and
so on. All have been upheld by
the courts as proper.
Nine times out OF ten the courts
back up the school boards in their
choice Of instruction. And it Is
mainly when something is taught
that appears to be against public
policy or "inimical to the public in
terest" that the program is tossed
out Of the curriculum.
In deciding on school curricula,
a State may % require the teach
ing of certain subjects, such as
American history and civics, 90
permit certain teaching practices.
such as periods Of swimming. auto
driving instruction. use Of nonsac-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-08-26
BY DAVID KOONCE

The national conventions have
selected the candidates. The four
year records of the Eisenhower adj
ministration and of Congress have
been written. And now begins the
quadrennial period set aside for de-
batting the issues. real and fancied,
upon which the politicians are pin
ming their November 6 hopes.
Preliminary skirmishing points up
the fact that there is only one
Nation wide issue guaranteed to
draw rapt listeners around any
stump in any precinct-President
Dwight D. Eisenhower.
In the last analysis. Republicans
will be running on his tremendous
personal popularity and the near
veneration in which he is held by
many Americans. They will tie
many Of the subsidiary issues.
peace, prosperity and progress, for
example-directly to his leadership.
Democrats on the other hand will
be running mainly. however deli
cately they word it, on the Presi-
dents health and his ability to-
serve the next four years as sfull4
time President" as they put 1t. A
part of this approach, of course,
will be concentration of fire on Vice
President Nixon. the Presidents
running mate, upon whom the
mantle would fall should some-
thing happen to Mr.. Eisenhower
after the election.
There are other issues. but most
of them are narrowed by geograph-
ic, ethnic or economic interests.
A few that might be considered
acknowledgements charges of big
business government and the Re-
publican attempts to tie Adlai
Stevenson to "TrumaniSm," for ex-
ample-show every sign of being
minor when compared to the Ell
senhower ISSUE"
Republicans, including Mr.. Nixon,
already have apparently recognized
the Importance of his role in the
health issue. This may help ex-
plain the Vice Presidents behavior
toward the Democrats in recent
months. In the 1852 and 1854 CAM
paigns the most intense campaign
er in the Republican camp, he lately
has been model of moderation.
Words Of Appreciation
At the close of the 84th Congress
Mr.. Nixon put into the record a gen.
erous statement of appreciation for
the cooperation Senate Democratic
leadership had given him. Later, in
answer to attacks on him from the
Democratic convention. he had only
to say that the following week his
party would have it's turn to speak.
And last week, he said he thought
Adlai Stevenson had set a good
precedent" in leaving the selection
of a Democratic vice presidential
candidate to an open convention.
If Mr.. Nixon continues his circum-
spect behavior, he may well rob
his opponents of some of the eff.
fectiveness Of the health issue as
it applies to him. In such case,
the latter part Of the campaign may
find the Democrats putting more
stress directly on the question of
whether Mr. Eisenhower can give
the Nation a ''full-time presidency"
Last weeks activities in San
Francisco left no doubt that for
their part the Republicans will base
their whole campaign on the Eisen-
hover popularity. Although present
plans call for him to wage his fight
for reelection almost entirely on
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-08-26
BY PHIL YEAGER and
JOHN STARK

Is the drive for expanded sex
education in Washington schools,
and others around the Nation,
, headed for eventual trouble? Are
some parents going to object? If
they do, how effective can their
objections be?
No one knows for sure. Much
depends on how far, how rapidly
and in what manner these programs
are pushed. But. in view Of the
speed and force which seems to be
developing behind sex education
planning. it is fair guess that
one of these days a showdown will
arise.
And out Of it could come a de-
termination of just how far the
State can go in educating children
in matters of sex.
Within the past several weeks
special study committee has rec
commended sex education for the
District public schools and backing
for the idea has been given by
officials of the District Medical So
ciety.
Meanwhile. just before Congress
adjourned, the Kefauver subcom-
mittee on juvenile delinquency
issued an interim report which may
also spur the sex education move.
The committees report, which dealt
primarily with pornographic litera-
ture. was more or less lost in the
congressional windup. But it had
this to say by way Of Recommended
ti9n:
The foct thut todoy's teen -oee popu-
lotion does not receive adequate sex
education increases the deleterious ef-
feet OF pornoerophie literature. Even
otherwise nondelinquent children might
ond do gain the wrong impressions Of
sexual behavior ond marriage because
pornoerophy is the only source OF infor-
nation they hove.
The subcommittee hos found thot the
provision OF sex knowledge is almost
totally lacking in our existing soeiol
institutions; thot is, the home, the school
and the church. The subcommittee con-
ours with those authorities in the field
who feel thot sex education should be
given. This could be one Of the prime
defleetop in the poth Of q child whose
sttitvde toward seSuo conduct hos been
eoIOrsd BY pornOsrophy."
Is Stotes Hove II
A study on Family Life Educa-
ton" just published By the National
Education Association, indicates
that sex education. in one form or
another, is being offered in some
public schools in at least 10 States.
These are California. Colorado. ILL
noiS. Main. Maryland. Michigan,
Minnesota. Mississippi, Montana.
New Jersey. New Mexico, New York.
North Carolina. Ohio. Oklahoma.
Oregon. South Carolina and Utah.
In seven Of these States. pro-
grams have been developed at
the State level. in the others they
are developed locally. Methods Of
teaching and the subject matter
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-08-26

Scotland, had a more detailed ex-
PLANTATION.
II think the waters Of religious
interest were stirring but Graham
brought the movement into focus"
Mr.. McCosh explained. His meet
ings precipitated the whole interest
in spiritual things people had been
looking for. And what is Of great
Importance, his meetings made re-
ligion news and a talking point"
The Scotch divine then pointed
out the Graham meetings fitted in
with the TELL Scotland" long-term
drive. Its aim is to tell the people
OF Scotland about religion and TO
get them interested in it.
This is q movement in our
churches TO get all the churches
together" he added. 1T has been
going on for sometime. An interest