davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-16
BY GEORGE KENNEDY

Americans in general and some
congressman in particular are dis
turbed by the thought of American
servicemen and their families sta
toned abroad being tried on Grim
inal charges in foreign courts. Two
professors at Georgetown Univer-
sity Law School, back from a tour
of NATO countries, report that the
picture contains nothing to shock
and much to reassure.
The law professors, the Rev. Jo-
seph M. Snee. Sd. and A. Kenneth
Pye, found that foreign officials
have shown themselves anxious to
give generous cooperation with nur
military authorities"
They visited Great Britain.
France. Italy and Turkey in their
study. which was sponsored by the
American Law Institute. They re-
port:
We believe thof the triols OF
our American military personnel in
foreign courts, OF leost in the four
countries visited. ore conducted foirIy
and importiolb. There ore q few coses
where we disagreed with the result and
the procedure by which it wos reoched,
but even these we're, in our opinion,
marginal eoses In no case studied did
we feel thot the fundamental rights Of
any servicemon were violated, or thot
procedures were followed or results were
reached which were such os to shock
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-16

and Commerce Department officials
encourage the formation of respon-
sible trade groups which can speak
with authority for their members.
Jay Judkins, longtime chief of the
division. reports that the govern
ment regularly publishes Industry
statistics gathered by 100 national
associations.
In our economy" says Mr.. Jud-
kins. 'it's essential that there be
some sources for all the latest IN
formation on the paint or drug or
radio industry. That's the most
important job Of trade associa-
TONS"
Biggest Is AAR
Washington's associations range
in size from the worlds biggest to
highly specialized groups with but
two or three employees. Largest in
staff is the Association of American
Railroads here, which employs
nearly TOO persons. Retailers
organizations lead in membership
the National Automobile Dealers
Association, collects dues from 3d.
900 car merchants.
Other giants among associations,
like the Chamber of Commerce Of
the United States and the Ameri-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-16
Are the Communists Outdoinq Us
In Wooing Lotin Americas Trade?

those of East Germany and Czecho-
slovakia.
1T would have been bad enough
to have been outdone at this show
by the big fellow-Russia ITSELF" he
said. 1.-THE tragic thing is that a
couple Of third-string puppet coun-.
tries come in here and make us
look SICK. right in our back yard"
American officials take the posi-
ton that their hands are tied. With
out admitting that the East Ger
man-CzechoSlovak type of exhibit is
more desirable at a trade fair than
is the purely propaganda type, they
point out that United States law
forbids the Government from par
ticipating with private industry a
cooperative exhibit at a foreign
fair.
In any event, USIA and Com
merce Department spokesman say.
the Democratic Capitalism exhibit
is big hit, and it is now being
dismantled for shipment to Mexico
City. No significant changes are
planned.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-16
BY WILLIAM HINES

Is the United States facing loss
of its potentially richest market
South America-by trying to peddle
propaganda while other countries
are peddling goods?
This question is being asked in
Bogota in the wake of Colombia's
Third International Trade Fair,
which has just closed after a two
week run. The United States and
other leading industrial nations par
ticipated in the fair. And, in the
view of many Colombians sympa-
thetic to the United States. the
Colossus OF the North" Jared
poorly.
The exposition was held in a
well-equipped fair grounds about
two miles west of Bogota's center.
There, large pavilions were set up
and the trade exhibits of the vari-
GUS countries were installed.
While other exhibitor nations put
their best commercial feet forward,
the United States relied on the
Democratic Capitalism" exhibit
which was unveiled at the Union
Station in Washington earlier this
year
The exhibit consists of two parts
"a large display of photographs
with long captions, and full-scale,
furnished house around which Wis
itors circulate on a roof-high cat
walk and look down through the
top of the roofless home.
In the pavilion next to the one
containing the United States ex-
hibit East Germany and Czecho-
Slovakia had their shows. They
were devoted to the display Of
goods for export.
Happiness Is a Side Issue
AS one Colombian advertising
man, something of a propaganda
in his own right, said:
The United States was showing
how happy the workers are, but
didn't show us anything the work
ers made The Iron Curtain coun-
tries showed us things they had
for sale and didn't bother to tell
us whether or not the workers
were happy"
The active United States Informa-
ton Service in Bogota-which to-
gether with the Commerce Depart
ment was putting on the United
States exhibit-hailed the Demo-
cratic Capitalism" show as one Of
the high points of the fair. The
largely controlled Colombian press
had nice things to say about it. too.
But there the praise seemed TO
end. Most Colombians to whom this
reporter talked seemed to find the
Iron Curtain exhibits of things
more interesting than the United
States exhibit of ideas"
Their reasons depended largely
on the sophistication Of the indi-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-16
DISTRICT
Thot Troublesome New License Tax

they escape the District tax col
lector entirely.
He made the suggestion again
last year when the District Com
missioners we're putting together
the tax program originally, but
they wouldn't buy it, The idea
came UP once more, however, when
the tax-writing Joint subcommittee
OF the House and Senate District
Committees began revamping the
Commissioners program.
The Nevada Precedent
1t was then. according to Mr.
Martin. that Senator Bible pointed
out that his State had a Sl25 Ii
cense tax on lawyers-and why
wouldn't that be a good way to
raise money for the District?
Thus the SIS license tax was de-
veloped here. Its possibilities were
not realized for some time, because
1t was the last Of several tax law
changes to go into effect. Deadline
for obtaining the license was De-
cember /. and the permit covers
the year 1857.
Only as the deadline approached
did the full implications Of the new
law appear Mr. Martin, a veteran
tax assessor with a practiced eye
for the pitfalls Of tax law enforce
ment. was out Of town on a Florida
vacation.
His staff mailed out 1900 invita-
tons TO potential licensees and. on
the eve Of the deadline. suddenly
had to start answering newspaper
questions about the scope OF the
new Law.
There we're no clear-cut regula-
tons. and a lot OF questions came
up There was one simple aspect
Employees would not have 10 take
out the licenses. But what was an
employe"? How about people paid
b. commission
Insurance men al over town
we're. IN effect. on strike against the
licenses They insisted that most
Of them. although paid on q COM
mission basis. we're actually en-
ployes.
And what about salaned workers.
not normally affected BY the license
law. who picked up . little extra
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-16
MARYLAND
Young Turks Eye Democratic Party

recalling how the late Gov. Albert
C. Richie and his Young Turks"
revitalized the Democratic Party in
the 1920s.
Disguised With Defect
The new movement, still very
much in the talking stage, seems
to have developed from a general
disgust among the younger mem
berS of the party with the series
of Democratic defeats in every State
election since 1913. Not only have
these younger Democrats despaired
of the "Old Guard" leadership.
but with George P. Mahoney's So
called New Guard" that went down
to defeat in the 1856 election.
With the Young Turk" legisla-
tors providing the nucleus, several
informal discussions are expected to
be held in Annapolis this winter.
The immediate goal will be to de-
velop. winning Democratic ticket
OF new faces for 1858. The long
range aim is to start the ball rolling
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-16
INVESTIGATORS REPORT
els Are Welt reoted in Foreign Courts

Robert Murphy pointed out to a
committee of Congress we gave I'D
nothing under the treaty, we gained
sympathetic consideration" in the
matter of waivers of Jurisdiction:
no government has given UP its
sovereignty over our bases abroad
or our personnel.
But a women's patriotic organ
ization in Texas sent every member
OF Congress photograph of an
arm from which the hand had been
recently cut. This was the pun
ishment in Saudi Arabia for steal
ing f1rewood, it said. and this was
the justice to which our boys are
liable.
1t is true that mayhem is a part
OF the jurisprudence of Saudi
Arabia. But our boys would have
to be AWOL from our big air base
and cross vast expanses of desert to
get to the populated and holy
places. The punishment has never
been inflicted on an Occidental.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-16

money in personal service" side
line which would be subject to the
act? Newsmen, for example. who
do some writing on the side, or APP
pear on television or radio shows
outside their regular Jobs? Or
Government lawyers who earn lee
ture fees on the side?
One estimate. from a lawyer who
helped draft the law, was that it
might affect 100000 persons. Mr..
Martin. in estimating the yield
originally at $l75.000. had calcu-
lated it might affect 1000 persons.
Press reports of the possible scope
OF the new law brought panied OUT
cries clear from Capitol Hill, and
top city officials wheeled up to the
firing line in hurry. Almost as
soon as Mr.. Martin got back from
vacation, General Administration
Director Schuyler Lowe had him
set up a press conference. and per-
sonally escorted reporters to 1t.
'Employe' Defined
The first point cleared up was
the definition of an "employe."
Regardless Of how he was paid, the
word meant somebody subject to
another's direction.
The only other major question,
although there we're lots Of smaller
ones. concerned the persons who
were truly in business for them
selves. whether on o sideline basis
or not.
Mr. Martin. insisting his original
Sl75.000 estimate was still good"
figure. solved that on the old tax
collection principle that II is a waste
OF time, money and manpower TO
try TO collect in all cases. including
the most trivial.
Thus, 1t was decided 70 ignore
anybody who wasn't making more
than $500 year in an affected oc-
cupation, effectively blanketing IN
everyone operating on Q full time
basis under current economic con-
ditions.
Now, the only real question con-
Germs the Sideline operators who
make more than $500 a year--n
and when the Tar collector can
catch Up with them.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-16
VIRGINIA
BY MARY LOU WERNER

On at least two occasions, Coll
gate w. Darden. president of the
University OF Virginia. made it
quite clear that he expected North
ern Virginia to decide about where
the schools proposed new branch
for that area should be located.
That was the gist of what he
said at a banquet meeting of the
Fairfax County Chamber of Com
merce last winter, and he said 1t
all over again when questioned at
the Winchester Apple Blossom Fes-
tival last spring.
And that's why there is grum-
bling now over the University's APP
parent readiness TO reject the
Ravensworth site near Annandale
in favor Of the Bowman property
at Herndon.
Acting on the assumption that
President Darden meant what he
said about picking a site, the adj
visory council 10 the existing Uni
versity extension school at WASH
ington-Lee High School in Arling-
ton worked long and hard to find
q suitable location for a permanent
two-year branch.
Decision Is Unanimous
The l7-member council finally
agreed--unanimously-on Ravens
worth Farm, located near AMMAN
dale In Fairfax County. Ravens
worth once was the Fitzhugh estate,
and Gen. Robert z. Lee spent his
honeymoon there. Owners offered
to donate rs acres. including exist
ing farm buildings. Landowners.
businessmen and residents in the
area agreed 10 put up a total Of
S77, 500 TO get the branch started.
The advisory council was told an
additional IT'S acres we're available
for $500 an acre.
To the council. Rayensworth
sounded ideal for the type Of branch
school envisioned by the General
Assembly, two-year. nonresident
institution close 70 the populous
urban area Of Northern Virginia.
The Bowman offer Of $50 acres
plus SIS 900 cash was considered
and rejected because the council
thought Il was too far away from
the populous suburban fringe
around Washington. Prom the reg
istrstion lists at the existing night
time renter N WAS eagw IN nee
that most students came from the
close-in Arlington AlexandTia-Far
far area.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-16
DISTRICT
BY HECTOR MCLEAN

District officials found they had
q Pandoras box when they opened
the last compartment Of the tax
package given them early this year
by Congress.
They have been trying nightly
to slam the Id down ever since.
The new tax. on the face Of 1t,
was fairly simple little gimmick,
designed to round out a $40 mil
lion-a-year set of tax increases by
producing a mere $l75.000 annually.
Unhappily. 1t wasn't really what
1t purported TO be-a license. In the
District, licenses generally are reg
ulatory devices to let the govern
ment make sure. for example.
that doctors. steam engineers and
electricians really know their BUSH
nesseS. The fee they carry is
intended only to cover costs OF adj
ministration.
The new license. however, was
purely a trick for raising money,
at SIS throw In short. it was
tax.
Storted os Loophole Plug
Originally. 1t was suggested by
Senator Alan Bible, Democrat Of
Nevada. as a switch on an idea
which District Finance Oficer
James L Martin has been lobbying
hard to put across for years.
Mr. Martin has made no bones
about his unhappineSs with two
loopholes IN the Districts unincor-
porated business franchise tax.
one of these lets out persons
conducting trades or professions
which by Law custom OF ethics
mey not be incorporated.
The other exeulpts persons op-
er9tinf businesses which derive 30
per cent OF their income from the
personal services Of the proprietor
and IN which capital Is not a
siguifiean; factor
hese exemptions. Mr. Martin
IA argued repeatedly. should be
removed from the law He con-
tends TOO many lawyers. doctors
and accountants. for example. are
conductine profitable businesses in
the District nu, are living IN Mary.
land or VirsiriA thus. he sayS
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-16

the conscience or offend against o con-
cept Of ordered liberty"
The United States has more than
a million servicemen abroad and
many have their families with them.
In a recent two-year period, more
than 10000 servicemen were charged
with offences in the countries where
they we're stationed or visiting.
Matter Of Sovereignty
Nations have been reluctant to
yield their sovereignty over persons
in their territory. During wars they
sometimes have waived jurisdiction
over the troops of friendly powers.
But in times Of peace it is another
matter.
In 1858 the NATO status of
forces agreement was ratified by
the Senate by a vote of 70 to Is,
we'll over the necessary two-thirds.
Under it, country in which troops
of other NATO countries are sta
toned promises to give "sympa-
thetic consideration" to requests
for a waiver of jurisdiction when
servicemen of the sending power
are arrested. About two-thirds of
such requests have been honored.
The agreement will be four years
old in July and can be denounced"
the term used in diplomacy for re-
firing from the pact. The NATO
high command, the Pentagon and
the State Department are concerned
about the pressure to have the
treaty denounced from patriotic
groups.
Because in two world wars our
troops abroad were generally sub
ject to American court martial even
for offenses committed while on
leave behind the lines, the patriotic
groups think that we gave up some
thing in the NATO treaty. But
NATO is unprecedented. 1t is an
alliance under which troops are
stationed in foreign countries in
time of peace.
Trial by Former Enemies?
A similar agreement with Japan
and one to be made with Germany
have aroused misgivings about our
boys being tried by former enemies.
What concerns the authorities Is
that denunciation Of the treaty
would not only further deteriorate
NATO relations but would lose
sympathetic consideration" in
moves to get American servicemen
out of foreign lockups.
Father Snee and Mr.. Pye found
that in general GIs tried in foreign
courts were given easier sentences
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-16

than an American court-martial
would have meted out for the same
offence. Also. they found that some
servicemen preferred to run the
risk of foreign courts because the
offence then did not go on their
military record.
The big problem is the automo-
bile. More than 70 per cent of cases
involving American personnel tried
in foreign courts were automobile
cases and the percentage has been
increasing.
The one thing about British law
that American opponents Of the
treaty protest is that the appeal
Judge can increase the sentence If
the appeal fails to impress him
favorably. Increase of sentence is
so unusual that it always makes
quite a newspaper story. but the
hazard does keep down appeals.
Better Screening Urged
The Georgetown legal team rec
ommends better screening of per-
sonnet sent abroad. Two men
awaiting trial in England had felony
convictions in State courts here.
The big protest is over the diff
ferences between the English
American common law procedures
and those of the civil or Roman
law which prevail in France. Italy
and Turkey. One Congressman pro-
tested that our boys were not get
ting jury trials in these jurisdictions
although they certainly do not get
trial by jury if they are turned over
to the American authorities for
court-martial.
Conformation Of witnesses. pro-
vided in the treaty, is not the cross
examination considered so impor-
tant by American defense attorneys.
The judge asks the questions.
A French judge explained to the
Georgetown professors that he usu-
ally fined Americans convicted in
his court. more than he would
Frenchmen, but seldom sentenced
Americans to confinement because
Americans have more money and
less time"
The NATO agreement was pat
termed on a Brussels pact agree
ment to which the United States
was not q signatory Great Britain.
France and the Benelux countries).
Due to United States influence. the
NATO agreement gives more adj
vantage to the sending country.
Violations committed in the line Of
duty are subject to the military
courts Of the sending power.
Deputy Undersecretary Of State
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-16
MARYLAND
By GENE GOODWIN

The coming session of the Gen.
eral Assembly may produce a new
look for the battle-scarred Mary
land Democratic Party.
The Legislature is one of the few
places left in the State where
Democrat can walk not only with
pride but with a bit of a swagger.
Democrats outnumber Republicans
81 to in the Senate and SO to Is
in the House.
But this substantial Democratic
majority has been of little sig
nificance outside the Legislature
itself And at times it has failed.
through lack of unified leadership.
to pull much weight even on its
own reservation.
This year, however, there is an
interesting movement under way to
use this legislative majority as the
foundation for new party leader
ship.
One political writer has labeled
it a new Young Turk" movement,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-16

vidual Colombian. of course. The
advertising man mentioned earlier
took the attitude that the United
States type of worker well-being is
so far removed from the experience
or aspirations of the average Co.
lombian that he thinks little about
it and cares less.
Likes Goods Display
TOO much reading" was the
comment of taxi driver who added
that he greatly preferred the at
tractiVe displays of goods in the
East German and Czechoslovak
exhibits. This comment about too
much reading was echoed by many
other ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Colon
bans. Others complained that
though they would have liked to
have read all the captions, the
crowd was moving at a pace that
made it impossible for everything
to be read. Many Colombians. Of
course. cannot read at all.
A Colombian educator took the
position that it was "fatuous" to
PUNK a propaganda exhibit down
in the middle of a trade fair. is
that what you are trying to sell?"
he asked. This Democratic
Capitalism may be good for the
United States, but it means less
than nothing down here"
The same educator complained
that the exhibit was the second
fiasco in two years" for the United
States Last year. he said, the
United States had promised well
in advance that an atoms-for-peace
exhibit including a nuclear reactor
would be a feature of the 1855 fair
When the fair finally opened, mo
reactor," according to the educator
Everyone was most disappointed.
A Colombian businessman ques-
toned the timeliness of the United
States exhibit.
you are up against growing
competition for this market" he
said. 1T isn't enough to have
Colombian agents display your
trucks and farm machinery in side
pavilions: you should concentrate
your goods the way the other coun-
tries do"
Another Colombian businessman
was more pointed There is lot
of your things we would like to buy,
but Democratic Capitalism isn't
necessarily one of them"
Sees Prestige Loss
One American. resident in Bogota
said his concern was based on a
question Of prestige. In his opinion
the United States looked like a
patsy" with its exhibit alongside
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-12-16
ON THE RAMPAR7S
BY HUBERT KELLEY, Jr.

When the 85th Congress convenes
in three weeks, several hundred
trade association executives win be
standing guard over the interests of
American businessmen.
Along with farm and labor spokes-
men, these citizens will be re-
sponsible for the bulk of the testi-
mony delivered before congressional
committees next year. Some, as
registered lobbyists, will argue pri-
vately to further or halt action on
key measures. Occasionally. they
will actually write a bill and try to
interest lawmaker in introducing
it.
When interviewed, the typical
trade association executive plays
down this latter function. insisting
that Legislative research" is but a
small part of his job.
This is true, but it is also true
that Washington, while not an in
dustrial center. is surpassed only by
New York and ties Chicago as a
headquarters city for trade groups.
OF the LOO national trade asso-
Citations in the country. $50 are
based here and another $50 main
tain washington branches, employ
ing, in all, about 10000 people. In
addition, practically all United
States associations retain local
attorney to look after their rela-
tons with the Government.
They Are Welcome
On the whole, Congress is just as
anxious to receive the advice of
trade associations as trade associa-
tions are anxious to give it.
1t would be impossible for a
House committee ever to complete
hearings on a corporation tax bill.
for example, if members were
forced to hear testimony from
every corporation president in the
country. BY inviting a handful OF
association witnesses. the consensus
of industry opinion can be obtained
in a matter Of hours.
Professional association execu-
tives explain that their statements
to Congress reflect simply the
majority opinion of their members.
In a typical manufacturers asso-
citation, all members vote to elect
a board of directors and the di-
rectors determine the associations
legislative policy The man who
finally testifies on their behalf does
little more than relay that policy
to Congress.
Associations are useful to other
branches of the government, too,