davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1956-12-30

Der Of these are procedural SINH
larittes, but there are several others
important in substance:
. In each case the Federal court
issued its original order to ward of
damage Of an irreparable, though
Intangible, nature. In the Debs
case the nature of the damage was
mainly commercial one: in the
Miners case 1t was political: in the
Clinton case 1t is social. But in each
instance the effect OF the disobedi-
ence causing the contempt charges
would have resulted in the kind of
hurt which can be neither gauged
nor adequately compensated.
In both the Clinton and the Debs
cases the iniunctions issued were
broad enough 10 cover everyone.
The court order in the Debs case. TO
be exact, governed not only the
strikers but "alI persons combining
and conspiring with them. and all
other persons whomsoever /"
In the Clinton case, the Injunction
named six parties, including Kas-
per plus all persons acting in
concert" with them. which is more
or less standard terminology used
in the modern Injunction.
Differences between the cases also
exist. For example. the Injunction
issued in the Debs and Mine Work.
efs cases were designed 70 imple-
ment Federal statutes. The one is.
sued in the Clinton case is 70
implement a court order which. in
turn. Is based on higher court
order--the Supreme Courts decision
affecting segregation in the schools.
Congress- Role
II ought 70 be emphasized that
the use OF Federal contempt power
70 back up court orders can be-, and
In fact has been, subject 10 regu-
lation by Congress.
While the contempt power is In
herent IN our judicial system AZ
well an conferred by statute. and
while II cannot he abrogated nor
reduced 70 an inoperable state. II
can be controlled BY the legislature.
Congress has long since limited 10
application " misoehayior In the
courts or matters closely aAIed
thereto. and 70 "disoDedlence or
resistance 70 any lawful writ,
process Of order of the court
In addition. the conversational
limitation on use of the Injunction.
a. occurred IN the Clayton ard
NOrris-IAGuardia Acts. Is an ~
ample of how Congress ran lldi-
rectly curb the contempt power %
cufbing the Injunction itself
50 II the Federal contempt pro-
ceedipgs in the Clinton csse Greats
enough unrest In Congress hat
branch Of government coule de-
eide N 10 something about the
Federal injunction where school
segregation problems are concerned.
Evening star., 1956-12-30
The Middle East

BEIRUT, Lebanon-At the least,
the Middle East seems to face an
other year of ferment, tension and
confusion. But there is a glimmer
Of hope.
Among Arab leaders there is a
growing feeling that the course
Arab nations have taken under
Egypt's leadership, with the en-
thusiastic support Of Syria, has been
q path of danger.
The coming year probably will see
less, rather than more unity among
Arab states, plus a procession of
difficult economic problems in the
wake of this years violent crises.
The courtShip of the Russians by
the ruling group in Syria has fright
ened many, including those in Syria
who fear the spread of communism,
AS 1856 drew to close the Rus
slams appeared to be losing ground
The problem of Palestine and
Israel will continue to whip up fer
menu. Tom MaStersOn.
Evening star., 1956-12-30
The Soviet Union

MOSCOW.-The Kremlin is fac
ing the gigantic problem in 1857
of trying to make its own people
happy at home while playing big
brother to the Communist family
of nations plus a great segment Of
the Middle East and South Asia.
Will the Kremlin, after its iron
fist policy failed to return Hungary
to normalization promptly, switch
to more liberal treatment of other
satellites who may demand greater
independence?
Can the process of a de-Staliniza-
ton. bringing with it liberalization
OF control. be halted-as it was in
Hungary-without producing a new
crop of revolts?
The Soviet Union may make
minor concessions giving the people
Evening star., 1956-12-30
Egypt, Africa

CAIRO. - Historians may name
1857 as the year Egypt chose be-
tween two worlds. DEVELOPMENTS
will determine whether Canal Abdel
Nasser retains his independence
with a slightly Western leaning
or goes full-scale into Soviet satel-
lite status.
The y. NJ. perhaps, will stabilize
the Middle East sufficiently so that
Egypt can forsake it's expressed
fears of Israeli aggression.
The repercussions on the rest of
Africa will be tremendous if Egypt
goes left. Islam is creeping south
ward over Africa in 3-pronged
movement, and with it goes Egyp-
tian influence over uncommitted
millions south of the Sahara.
In South Africa, there are few
signs that the government is re-
laxing its campaign to separate
races. Cancellation seems out of the
question. Wilton Wynn.
Evening star., 1956-12-30

with the six named persons.
Likewise. the injunction is not a
statute which everyone is held
responsible for being aware Of,
under the legal principle that:
Everyone is presumed to know the
law" The is Clinton defendants
were not specifically named in the
injunction as parties to it. Before
1t can be shown that they brought
themselves within the general class
that the injunction refers to, and
are guilty of interfering with the
carrying out of the January de-
segregation order. it would have to
be demonstrated that they had the
particular order in mind and in
tended to interfere with it.
The trial Of the Clinton l6 is now
scheduled to begin in the Federal
District Court at Knoxville. Tenn.
on January %. The prosecutions
are not likely TO end there but to
go up on appeal. Whichever way
they are decided. the results will
have a crucial effect on the accom-
plishments Of desegregation.
II they succeed. a new and power
ful weapon will have been forged
TO help bring about school integra-
ton: Criminal prosecutions 10 en-
force court desegregation decision
carried out by the full array Of
Federal investigatiye. legal and
police forces.
II they fail. this will make clear
that racial violence and disturb
ances must be handled by State
and local court action. for better
or for worse. To bring the Federal
courts into this phase OF enforce
ment then would require action by
Congress based on its authority
under the Fourteenth Amendment
10 pass legislation for enforcing
this Amendment Such legislation
would be required 10 provide the
Justice Department with . Federal
statute that It could enforce By
criminal prosecutions.
Evening star., 1956-12-30
INTEGRATION BYPRODUCT

under statutory authority, spelled
out in United States Code Title 10.
Section 401. paragraph (3). giving
any court of the United States
power to punish by fine or inn
prisonment, at its discretion, such
contempt of its authority as
disobedience or resistance to
its order"
Another Question
But more difficult question
raised is whether the Justice De-
partment is legally entitled to bring
contempt of court actions in the
Clinton situation.
The Justice Department is
prosecuting the Clinton Is for
violating a Federal District Court
order, handed down in August. pro-
hibiting anyone from interfering
with the carrying out of its earlier
January decree ordering desegrega-
ton at the high school. Both Of
these court orders resulted from
private civil suits. brought in
Federal court only because the
Fourteenth Amendment Of the Fed
eral Constitution was involved.
They we're not criminal actions for
violation Of any Federal statutes.
Since no Federal Government in
terests were involved in these suits.
the Justice Department was not
party TO them How then can the
department take action to enforce
the order resulting from them. when
normally it is the VICTORIOUS litigant
in suit who can enforce the iudg-
ment OF the court?
The Justice Departments role in
the case is based on the fact that 1t
is bringing criminal contempt" ac-
tons to punish people for violating
a Federal court order. A criminal
contempt" involves a direct as
sault on the operations OF a court,
such as obstructing it in the ad-
mrnistration OF justice. Since this
strikes at the authority and power
OF a governmental organ. It is a
criminal type Of act for the Justice
Department 10 prosecute.
On the other hand. merely fail
ing to carry out the order Of
court is a civil contempt" The
only parties who may bring action
to punish someone for q civil con-
tempt" are those who obtained the
court order which Is being violated
In responding to the appeal for
help from the Clinton High School
Board. Attorney General Brownell
stated The Department OF Jus
tice has a duty 20 assist the Federal
courts By apprehending and prose-
cutting those responsible for wilful
violation Of court orders and the
department will continue to dts
charge this duty But legally. will
ful violations OF court orders" are
only civil eontsmpts. And II the ae-
tions Of the Clinton defendants do
Evening star., 1956-12-30

not only improved submarine detec-
ton equipment, but such things as
atomic depth charges and atomic
warheads for torpedoes.
So far as is known, Russia still
does not have nuclear powered
submarine. The United States has
one in the operating fleet, more
than dozen others on the way
or provided for in the military
budget.
Russia is believed to have no
aircraft carriers in her Navy. The
operating fleets of the United States
Navy are designed around aircraft
carriers. Newest of the American
carriers are the 60,000-ton Forrestal
class ships. From their decks jet
planes can reach out almost a
thousand miles and carry nuclear
weapons.
In the field of ground forces, the
United States trails far behind Rus
Sia IN man-for-man count.
Russia is believed to have a total
OF l15 army divisions, not including
masses of trained reservists. The
United States has 10 divisions of
regular Army troops, plus National
Guard divisions and some reserve
organizations.
Russia outnumbered the United
States in soldiers in 1858; it does,
low; it probably will in 1868.
Although the Army has been
heefed up with the mighty nuclear
punch. some of its leaders are not
happy with the size Of the Army
Total Army strength at mid-1953
was about 1,533.000. Today it is
about half million less. The en-
phasis has been on more firepower,
less nanpower.
(The Associated Press)
Evening star., 1956-12-30
.Precedents From HISTORY

tives were legitimate labor goals.
The effect Of this clause, however,
was considerably narrowed by the
Supreme Court in 1921 when it de-
cided the Duplex Printing case, and
Congress did not clarity the matter
until 1t passed the Norris-La
Guardia Act in 1892.
In that law Congress stopped any
Federal Court from enjoining a
labor strike unless unlawful acts
we're involved or irreparable damage
likely to result. 1t also stipulated
that where injunctions we're prop
erly issued In labor cases and con-
tempt charges resulted from their
disregard, those charged should be
tried by Jury and before Judge
other than the one originating the
contempt citation.
The Mine Workers Cose
In l946 United Mine Workers
chieftain John l.. Lewis called out
100000 miners in soft coal strike.
At the time, the mines we're owned
by the Government. Mr. Lewis ig-
nored strike cancellation order ls-
sued in Washington by Federal
Judge T. Alan GoldsborouRh. He
was found guilty Of contempt and
fined $4,000 while the union was
fined s3.5 million. The Supreme
Court upheld this conviction. as 1t
had upheld the Debs one, although
it reduced the unions fine TO
100000.
A year and a half later, after
enactment OF the Taft Hartley law,
Mr.. Lewis found himself in a sim
liar situation. This time. for ignor-
ing a strike Injunction. he was
fined $4,000 and the mine work.
ers Si4 million.
The SimiIorities
In all three Of these situations
the Federal contempt power was
used IN furtherance OF an over
riding national policy.
The Debs case contempt charges
grew out Of authority based on
Federal statute, the Sherman Act.
which had been enacted pursuant
TO the power OF Congress 70 regu-
late commerce.
The miners case also grew out
Of Federal statutes. emergency and
labor legislation. which we're en-
acted a. part OF the congressional
function 70 provide for the Ma
tons defense and welfare.
The Clinton case has grown ou'
OF the Federal Constitution The
18th Amendment. as interpreted py
the Supreme Court. ana the re-
Sponsibility OF the United States 70
provide equal protection Of the laws
A. least. such Is the rationale
There are other parallels be-
tween the cases which seem 70 re-
fute the contention that the Clinton
AFFAIR "a without precedent. A num-
Evening star., 1956-12-30
Eastern Europe

VIENNA.-The clanking of Rus
sian chains in the Soviet satellite
empire will be the dominant sound
in this region throughout 1857.
The Soviet concessions to Poland
and the disastrous repercussions Of
the Russian assault on rebellious
Hungary point to a prompt and far.
reaching revision of the Kremlin's
medieval approach to the satellites.
Apart from the political reper-
cussions. the Red Army has received
q serious setback. Russian military
Evening star., 1956-12-30
ABOUT THESE
ARTICLES

An important new development
in school desegregatiOn will occur
early next year in Clinton, Tenn,
In the trial Of 16 anti-integratiOn-
lists charged with contempt Of
court. The outcome may deter
mine how far the Federal Govern
ment, under existing law, can 90
In enforcing integratiOn. These
articles, both written by lawyers,
present two aspects of the Clinton
case. Mr.. Yeager and Mr.. Stark
point out some significant prece-
dents, and Mr.. Tucker raises
questions which he thinks will
give the Justice Department some
trouble in attempting to carry
through the prosecution Of the
"ClintOn 16."
Evening star., 1956-12-30
WHO'S AHEAD?
A Progress Report
On the Arms Race

of nuclear weapons, including pro-
duction of thermonuclear bombs.
The 'Suffieiency Theory
Finally, you come to a theory
that only recently has begun to be
expressed publicly. Air Secretary
Donald Quarles has put 1t this way:
There comes time in the course
of increasing our air power when
we must make a determination of
suflciency Now, suffciency of air
power is not expressed accurately
by such q phrase as 137 wings. The
137-wing program as conceived IN
1853 was a considerably less power
full force than we have today. For
example. many Of our fighter planes
can now deliver nuclear bombs that
formerly could be carried only by
bombers. We are introducing the
more powerful B-52 bombers and
at the same time we are increasing
by so per cent the airplane strength
Of our heavy bomber wings"
Behind what Mr. Quarles says
there also seems to be this theory:
There are just so many targets for
big bomb attack in Russia. A point
is being or has been reached where
the United States nuclear weapon
stockpile contains enough explo-
sive for those targets. Similarly,
a point will be reached where there
are enough long range and medium
bombers to deliver the required
tonnage, with enough extra air.
craft to allow for the attrition of
combat and operation. This, then.
is the point of sufficiency.
The Defense Department already
is beginning to shape up the plans
for fewer Air Force wings. There
are now 131 wings. CA wing ranges
from As planes in bomber outfit
to rs jets in a fighter wing) In
midsummer of 1858, as the
Korean war ended, there was LOG
wings.
Interceptors Needed
Russia's swift progress in bomber
development has imposed problems
Tor American interceptor plane de-
signers. The new century series"
Of flghters-the F-100s through
F-104s--now are either in the
hands of fighter units or in produc-
ton. To deal with a Bison, an
American interceptor must be able
to work at attitudes of more than
$4,000 feet and to fly at super
sonic speeds. The F-104, the first
of which will be delivered to opera
tional units after the first of the
year, can fly about 1900 miles per
hour, climb to more than 60,000-
and make that climb at the same
speed as in level fight.
But for the present, the backbone
of fighter defense is the F-100,
supersonic but still far slower than
the F-104.
Coming into use are air-launched
anti-aircraft guided missiles. These
include the Hughes Carl Falcon,
carried in quantity aboard an in
terceptor plane and launched au-
tomatically. In addition, the Air
Force is pushing development of
the Bomarc missile-a long range.
pilotless interceptor that will carry
along its own smaller guided mis-
siles. perhaps of the Falcon type.
For defenses closer in, there are
the anti-aircraft missiles launched
from the surface, like the Army's
Nike and the Navy's Terrier
Any interceptor or anti-craft
missile system is useless without a
radar warning system. Three radar
warning bands are built or are
Evening star., 1956-12-30
Correspondents Expect Trouble
But No Big-ScoIe War in 1857
A FORWARD LOOK

What lies ahead, around this
troubled Dorld. in the new year
OF 1857?
The Associated Press directed
that question to correspond
e7,ts in strategic areas. In gen.
erdl the correspondents see plenty
OF problems. but probably no big
scale wdr. Here are their reports.
Evening star., 1956-12-30

underway in the North. Farthest
north is the Distant Early Warning
system, nearing completion Amer
ican-owned and operated although
on Canadian territory. Below it is
the Mid-Canada line. Canadian
built and operated, also moving
toward completion. Down in the
Canadian United States border
region is the Pine Tree line, jointly
operated.
Supplementing these are extern
sions of the radar warning system
seaward both in the Atlantic and
Pacific, designed chiefly around
search radar carried by aircraft
and ships. On the Atlantic Coast
are the Texas towers" radar
warning stations built on steel
piling along the edge of the con-
tinental shelf.
All of the warning systems later
will be tied into central detection
and control centers, called the
Sage" system.
U. S. Navy Is Greatest
The United States has its greatest
superiority over Russia in sea-based
air power. American naval power
today is greater than that of all
the rest of the world combined.
Russia's major challenge to this
supremacy has been in submarines.
Numerically, the Soviet Navy prob
ably has more submarines than the
United States. Many of them are
Of modern. snorkel design and some
probably are equipped for guided
missile launching.
On the other hand, the United
States Navy claims to have made
recent, dramatic strides in anti
submarine warfare. This includes
Evening star., 1956-12-30

strategists now know that their
supply lines through these states in
the event of war would be precsri-
GUS at best.
President Tito's Yugoslavia mean
while finds its position as an inde-
pendent Communist state strength
ened. Marshal Tito may gain new
stature in 1857.
Lynn HeinzerIinx.
Evening star., 1956-12-30
BY PHIL YEAGER and
JOHN STARK

A lot of concern is being ex-
pressed over the use of the Federal
contempt power in the Clinton
(Tenn) school segregation crisis.
1t has been branded in various
quarters as unwarranted, improper
or unprecedented.
Whether the action was unwar-
ranted or improper is matter for
debate, But 1t is not exactly I'M
precedented. In fact, there Is more
than a suggestion Of similarity be-
tween the contempt situation in
Clinton and the famous Eugene
Debs case which arose in 1896
as we'll as the United Mine Work.
ers' case Of 1916.
The Clinton Cose
AS a result Of suit filed in Fed
eral District Court in Knoxville,
Judge Robert l.. Taylor issued an
order a year ago stipulating that
the Anderson County (ClintonJ
School Board must begin to de-
segregate its public schools in the
fall of 1856. In line with this rul-
ing. Judge Taylor in August, 1856.
issued permanent Injunction re-
straining anyone from interfering
or attempting TO interfere with the
carrying out Of his order by the
school board.
The tumult which has occurred
in Clinton since then is we'll re-
membered. Suffice 1t to say that
some Of the agitators against the
order we're arrested and that one
Of them. John Kasper. was charged
with contempt for violating Judge
Taylor's injunction. He was tried
and convicted but Is now free on
bond pending an appeal.
Meanwhile. is other persons have
also been charged with contempt
for disregarding the Federal Courts
injunction.
The Debs Cose
Eugene v. Dens was head OF the
American Railway Union and a
leader in the Pullman strike OF 1895.
His union. which was engaging in a
secondary boycott in sympathy with
the Pullman employees. was enjoined
by the Federal Circuit Court in
Illinois from interfering with the
free fow Of interstate commerce
and the carrying Of the mails. The
court based Its action on the Sher-
man Antitrust Act. holding the boy
colt 70 be illegal restraint Of trade
Mr.. Debs declined 70 cali OF the
boycott as required by the injunc-
ton. 20 he was cited for contempt
and convicted.
The labor ferment initiated BY
this case resulted in a special provi-
sion being written into the Clayton
Act IN 1918. amending the Sherman
Act, 70 the effect that strikes could
not be snjoined where ths objec-
Evening star., 1956-12-30
Asia

HONG KONG.-Weak nations Of
Southeast Asia who put their trust
In Red China face a year Of
troubled decision.
Red China will stretch its muscles
q bit more and drive for deeper
economic penetration Of Asia. with
Japan as its primary objective.
Taiwan will continue to get
United States aid. which is its chief
support. but there will be no Chang
Kai-shek invasion Of the mainland.
The Philippines will hold a cru
cial election with every indication
dynamic Ramon Magsaysay will be
reelected
1ndonesia's situation is one of un-
certainty and confusion. President
Sukarno will stay at the helm for
two years more.
Malaga can look forward to in
dependence from Britain by next
August. Singapore will probably
engage in new independence talks
with Britain in February.
Hong Kong, another crown col
ony. enters the new year booming
but with confidence based on
little more than anxious hope.
Despite strong undercurlent of
officially famed anti-Americanism
Thailand will remain in the South
east Asia Treaty Organization
(SEATO).
President Ngo Dinh Diem OF
South Wet Nam is expected to
solidify the extraordinary gains he
has achieved but he will have to
tilt against imitation. In North Wet
Nam. serious trouble may lie ahead
as l3 million Wet Namese awake
to the fact that communism is un-
able to produce the rewards 1t
promised. John ROderick.
TOkYO.--Japan in 1857 emerges
again as one of the worlds leading
nations. It's voice under a new
premier is heard for the first time
in the United Nations. Impact of
Its industries will be felt every
where.
A drive for markets is certain to
pound doors of nations restricting
japanese imports. Renewed pres
sure to ease trade curbs, particular
ly with Red China, can be expected.
Japan hopes to restore diplomatic
relations with East Europe Com
munist nations in 1857, as it did
with Soviet Russia this month.
A strong defense posture will con-
tlnue in the Republic of Korea.
No reduction in the 81 ROK and
Two United States divisions is ex-
pected. James Gary
NEW DELHI.-The countries of
South Asia dream of bright eco
nomic future and hope the world
situation won't spoil it.
Economic planning in India.
Pakistan, Nepal, Burma, Afghani-
stan and Ceylon covers such things
as steel mills and railroads. SANTA
ton and plentiful food. comfort
able homes and a new measure of
leisure.
All these are poverty ridden
countries, most of them emerging
from varying degrees of foreign
domination. Eugene Levin.
Evening star., 1956-12-30

long awaited increase In consum-
ers goods, better housing, and more
incentive to work harder.
Harold X, MiIks.