davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-21

parently plans few more, if any,
multimegaton H-bomb tests.
Second, America has recently
been testing large nuclear weapons
mainly at high attitudes to develop
antiaircraft weapons. These high
altitude explosions produce a re-
duced amount of local fallout.
Third, the United States is re-
ported to be experimenting with a
mix Of flssion and fusion materials
in its nuclear bombs which may be
producing less Strontium-9 80 fallout.
The less fashionable material used,
the cheaper the bomb. and, impor-
family, the less strontium-90 is sent
into the air to return as cancer
producing fallout.
Z The big powers would be likely
" to get little credit If large
H-bOmb tests were suspended. In
dia, Japan and other atomic have
not powers undoubtedly would be
grateful. But would the credit
go to the United States, the Soviet
Union and Britain (Which have al
ready proposed an internationally
agreed BAN or to the leaders of
India, Japan and the Afro-Asian
powers who have been crusading
against the tests for years?
n F0urth-natiOn testing of nu-
IL clear weapons would be un-
affected for years. Assuming that
countries with the know-how would
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-21

In diplomatic bonehead play
of the first order, the British envoy
replied that Cleveland seemed the
better man from the British point
of view.
1t was only a matter of days
before the letters were published
in Republican papers. Publica-
ton first came exactly So years
ago today-on October 81, 1888.
The Juror was terrific. Demo-
Gratis tried to denounce the letters
as false, but in those non-electronic
days there was hardly time for a
saturation counter propaganda
campaign. The British Minister was
recalled by his Mortified govern
ment, but that didn't help Cleve-
lind any. The heavy irish vote in
the East piled up against him and
Harrison took over in March Of 1889.
Lincoln Was 'Roorbocked'
Abe Lincoln was special target
CT roorbackS in both his election
campaigns. proofs" were offered
both in 1860 and 1864 to the effect
that Lincoln was illegitimate and
that he was colored. History records
that neither charge was effective.
Political students are still argu-
ing whether the charges against
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-21
Supersmooth Poth
Beware: It's Time for the Roorbocks to Fly

the diary, which told of visit to
the plantation Of House Speaker
James K. Polk. The baron" ex-
pressed horror at having seen the
brand "JKP" on the shoulders of
no less than 40 slaves.
Other Wing journals took the
ball and ran with it. How much
harm the articles did Polk cannot
be assessed. He won handily.
But if the first roorback didn't
work, at least one later one seems
to have had the desired effect.
This was the "Murchison Letter"
a clever forgery that trapped Her
Britannia Majesty's Minister at
Washington and is widely credited
with having caused the defeat of
Grover Cleveland in 1888. The
Murchison Letter had all the ele-
ments of perfect roorback plus
one other: A part of it was genuine.
A Republican partisan of Benja-
min Harrison wrote letter to the
British Minister, falsely describing
himself as former British subject
with American citizenship and
sentimental ties to the old country.
The writer asked the diplomat what
he best could do to further the
interests Of the British Empire on
election day.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-21
BY FRED THEROUx

The peacemaker role pursued by
the United States in the Suez
Canal controversy has focused
attention on the present state Of
American policy in the entire Mid
die East. What has that policy
been. and how is it working out?
AS Of this week, it would seem
that our Middle East course has
succeeded in bringing our policy
makers king-sized headache.
Secretary Of State Dulles has sue
ceeded, thus far, in averting any
British and French military action
over muscle-flexing Canal Abdel
Nasser's naturalization of the Suez
Canal But in the doing, Mr.. Dulles
has managed to arouse feelings of
bitter Illustration in London and
Paris. Judging by reports in the
British and French press and by
public remarks of political leaders
in both nations, the Big Three
alliance has never been so strained
as 1t is today.
At the same time, the American
role has not treasured Arab ma
tionalism. nor cemented any bonds
between the United States and the
Arab states.
Col. Nasser took his precipitate
action on Suez Immediately after
Mr.. Dulles had withdrawn the
offer OF American aid for the Aswan
high dam, key project in Col.
Nasser's plan for Egyptian economic
expansion. The villain OF the piece.
in Egyptian eyes, was obviously Mr..
Dulles.
But the United States. in the
person Of the Secretary Of State.
had earlier been openly sympa-
thetic to the works Of Nasser, had
offered financial aid for the Aswan
dam, and had favored the Brit
ish evacuation Of the Suez Canal
zone.
Where II Beson
The series of events leading to
the present state Of affairs in the
Middle East began with the crea-
ton Of the State Of Israel in lo4e.
The United States, under the Tru-
man administration. supported the
y. N. decision TO approve an inde-
pendent Jewish nation. Arab hos
tility was thus guaranteed. Mos
lem feelings we're in no way APP
peased b. the o. N.-supervised
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-21
CAN WE FILL THE VACUUM?
Middle East Middle Strains Big Three Ties

territory by force and Western
pressure.
But on other things there is little
unity. Neither Saudi Arabia nor
Iraq, for example, are viewed as
accepting the inevitability Of Egyp-
tan leadership in any Arab bloc.
There are dynastic rivalries, great
and small. Of which the most
notable is that of the Saud reign
ing family with the Hashemites,
whose kings rule Jordan and Iraq.
The Arab League, strong as it is in
giving voice TO Arab hostility to-
ward Israel, seems to have no other
unifying function whatever.
There exists today, in effect, q
power vacuum in the Middle East.
After World War I, Britain and
France exercised to some extent
the old hegemony Of the Turkish
Empire in the area. Today, both
these European powers have seen
their influence dwindle nearly TO
zero.
Neither Egypt nor any other
single Arab nation today has the
strength and resources TO replace
them, or to exert an effective lead
ership over the region. The United
States would not, If it could. step
into this cockpit Of the world as
either ruler or umpire. unless in
the existence Of an overt Soviet
threat.
But to the north is the Soviet
Union. Up to now, the Kremlin has
busily and happily encouraged Arab
nationalism in all its forms. Arab
emnity toward Israel has been
accepted in Moscow with equanim-
ity, If not applause. Col. Nasser
has been cheered for his backing
Of nationalist revolution In French
North Africa as well as for
his abrupt seizure Of the Suez
Canal Co.
Yet the Russians. although glad
to FISH in troubled waters, have 80
far appeared anxious TO avert any
real shooting war in the Middle
East. Soviet penetration continues.
but there are apparently no provo
cations offered which might lead
70 serious violence involving pos
sible Russian participation. The
Kremlln appears 10 favor patience.
Within this challenging frame
work. then. must the United States
work out new directions In policy
in TIE Middle East. The goal Ia the
same-preservation Of this most
vital area for the free world.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-21
HE LOVES THE CROWDS
BY CROSBY S. MOVES

EN- ROUTE WITH EISEN-
HOVER For q man who didn't
want to get involved in Q political
campaign, President Eisenhower
has managed to put on quite q show
over the last few days.
The original reluctance. one sus-
poets, was more or less forced upon
him. In his statements on the
subject, the President stressed the
dignity Of his office. and the indig-
nifty of using it for partisan politics.
Beyond this, he emphasized, his
work required his presence In
Washington. A campaign. said the
President, is not like vacation. 1t
takes a man further away from his
Job than q President ought to be.
Behind the original decision to
conflne him to q handful Of major
television appearances, another
consideration unquestionably played
q weighty part: Campaigning is
rugged sport for the healthiest of
men. There seemed little point In
taking what were then considered
unnecessary risks with what was
then considered the Presidents
limited physical stamina.
To say exactly what led to
throwing this plan into the waste
basket would require an intimacy
with the Presidents thinking that
this reporter cannot claim. IN
6ntIhfodlNy VnnA1tNn hn
White House were not all as rosy
as might have been hoped. I'm
doubtedly many hard-pressed Re-
publican candidates suggested that
1t would be very helpful If Mr..
Eisenhower could come and say a
few kind words about them. And
finally, a. the contest became more
critical, the Presidents impotence
with his passive role became
stronger; he wanted to 90 out and
see for himself what was going on.
The CoottoiIs Are Available
In any event the original plans
were strapped. Today President
Eisenhower-like most of his prede-
cessors in ofice-is apparently not
averse to extending q helping coat
tail to friends in need. He has dis
covered that 1t is possible to set
up different white House" every
night for the better part of a week
and still maintain vital communica-
lions with his, lieutenants in Wash
ington.
There were, to be sure, certain
reservations within the Eisenhower
camp about the wisdom Of this
latest trip. 1t may be, as the Presi-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-21

have achieved independence from
France. with only nominal ties to
the former colonial power. In
Algeria there Is bloody revolution,
requiring the services of almost the
entire French army.
Britain has evacuated the Suez
Canal garrisons and has fewer ties
with Jordan; her hold on Alden, at
the tip of the Arabian peninsula,
has been seriously weakened; her
influence in Yemen and Saudi
Arabia has almost disappeared.
But, while Arab nationalism was
busily exploding the last vestiges of
Western influence throughout the
Middle East, the United States, by
virtue Of existing alliances, was
willy-nilly cast in the role Of sup
porter and friend Of nationalism's
chief foes. Britain and France. AS
a consequence, Nasser's Egypt has
succeeded in large measure in as
Stunning the leadership Of the Arab
world despite the best efforts Of Mr..
Dulles to effect regional unity as
ISOLATED with the West.
The Eeyptian-Soviet arms deal
seems to have been the final con-
vincing proof to our State Depart
ment that the pro-Arab policy was
not working out.
Nasser had turned first TO the
United States for arms aid: he was
offered SGT million worth, to be
paid for in cash. He then negoti-
ated a deal with the Russians for
over four times as much arms aid.
to be paid for in long-term cotton
commitments.
This mortgaging Of Egypt's fu-
ture cotton crops, in turn. led
ostensibly to the Dulles reversal
on the American offer Of aid for
the Aswan dam. Then came the
Suez seizure, described by the i'm
passioned Nasser as means Of
guaranteeing funds for the Aswan
project without dependence on
foreign assistance.
They Lock Unity
In considering the gains scored
by Arab nationalism throughout
the Middle East, however. IL is
well to remember that there Is little
working unity among the various
Arab nations themselves. They are
feryently united. Of course. on one
issue: Implacable enmity toward
Israel. which they consider 70 be
an alien state carved out Of Arab
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-21
HE LOVES THE CROWDS
President Gets Campaign Glow

For reporters. accustomed to the
rough.and-tumble, catch-as-catch-
can confusion Of ordinary cam
paign trips, there is something al
most eery about these presidential
excursions. The pace of only six
speeches in five days, with none of
the usual snafus to enliven the
show. is restful enough to produce
a good deal of nervous fidgeting.
Moments of Gusto
There are moments, however,
when the show comes suddenly to
life-moments when all the careful
precautions are swept aside by the
natural enthusiasm of crowd for
a man. and of a man for crowd.
1t comes when Mr.. Eisenhower,
pink and smiling, strides purposely
to his waiting limousine and moves
OF down the street with the cheers
Of the spectators ringing in his
ears.
Certainly, for Mr.. Eisenhower
himself, this is the high point Of
campaigning. For him, speeches
still seem to be something to be
gotten over with as rapidly and
painlesSly as possible. 1t is rare
that one gets the feeling that the
President actually enjoys perform
ing before a microphone, or has
any particular relish for the effect
that his words have on his audi
ence.
With a crowd it is different. AS
he moves along between screaming
walls of humanity, standing with
both arms raised, gesticulating,
bowling, smiling and yelling like q
cheer leader, no one can doubt that
the President is enjoying himself
tremendously. II just can't help
it," he explains. when people
wave and shout at me / have to
wave and shout back" On his first
day out the President put in q
solid two hours Of this strenuous
activity covering q course of more
than 80 miles around Minneapolis
and st. Paul.
For a man of Mr.. Eisenhower's
temperament, however, this kind Of
exercise has strong tonic effect.
Most observers agreed that the
President looked fresher and in
better spirits as the trip went along.
And since to eliminate it would
mean giving up an asset on which
the Republican Party is banking
heavily. it is likely that Mr.. Eisen-
hower's crowd-charming talents will
be given free rein in the days to
come.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-21
LOOKING AHEAD
Nixon Leads 6. O.P. Bid
For the Young People

the 1852 campaign. One Of the
favorable developments Of the Re-
publicans this year, he went on,
was the interest Of youth in the
party. And, he said with a laugh, if
the students can't vote their par
entS can.
The Vice President urges students
to become active in politics.
THE Republican Party needs
new blood" he tells them. with the
aside, "and I am sure the other one
does, too"
Besides the San Jose talk, Mr..
Nixon has appeared at the Uni
versity of Louisville, Calvin College
in Michigan, oregon University,
Marquette, University of Colorado,
Defiance College and Youngstown
University, both in Ohio; Evans
vile (Ind) College and Cornell.
At Cornell Wednesday night he
submitted to questions from 81 edi-
tors of college papers in the East.
Midwest and South. The press
conference" was televised nationally
by the Republican National COM
mittee.
At the Western schools Mr.. Nixon
got warm receptions, complete with
squeals from the goods, but at Cor
nell he didn't go over so we'll. Dur
ing the rough questioning at the
hands of the college editors at Cor,
nell, and in subsequent talks to
students. there was generally cool
response. At Wesleyan University
in Middleton. Conn.,, on the same
day, however, he got an enthusi-
astic reception and some students
said the school was 80 per cent
pro-Nixon.
Peace Is the Topic
The serious theme Of every Nixon
college talk has been peace. a SUBJ
ject of special appeal to youth, who
figure to lose most in event of war.
He tells them Mr.. Eisenhower
knows the horrors of war, that he
ended the Korean war and is the
best bet to prevent any future con-
flict. 1t goes over big with the
young people.
He also familiarizes himself with
the football schedules of the coll
leges he visits,and never misses q
chance in mentioning the names Of
the big games he knows they wish
to win most.
Mr.. Nixon seems to have par
ticular appeal for girl students.
This was noticed at Colorado and
elsewhere. At the University in
Boulder reporter approached a
pretty blond whom he had watched
raptly listening to the Vice Presi-
dent. He asked why she liked him.
He's wonderful" she replied.
But further questioning developed
she could recall little Mr.. Nixon
said in his half-hour speech TO the
students.
Another coed had a comment
that indicated Mr.. Nixon's new.
temperate campaign technique is
we'll suited to his wooing Of the
campus vote. Asked why she liked
the Vice President. she replied in
q voice charged with admiration:
HE never says anything nasty
about his opponents"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-21
BY WILLIAM HINES

With the election only is days
away, you can look for a roorback
to fly around the corner almost any
time now.
Like the lem mings in their
periodic migrations, the roorbacks
circulate on a national level, at
Internationally, and then in
years evenly Invisible by four.
The roorback may be defined as
a special sort Of political lie: The
kind circulated so late in an cleo
ton campaign that refutation, is
difficult, expensive or impossible.
A likely field for roorbacks, 1856
model, is on the matter of health
and not only that of the President
himself. Vice President Nixon
scored a leaner, If not a ringer, on
the roorback court a few weeks ago
when the question Of Mr.. Eisen-
hower's health came up. The Vice
President wondered aloud how
Adlai Stevenson's "other kidney"
was holding up.
This was not exactly a roorback,
because 1t came early in the cam
paign and because Mr.. Nixon didn't
fatty assert that there was some
thing wrong with the kidney he
wasn't talking about. But in the
minds Of many listeners, the Vice
President planted seed Of doubt
a seed that could flower as the
question: Do we want a one-kidney
President?
The real roorback reaches its
full ripeness only when it is created
out Of nothing but a fertile-and
morally INSTRUMENTATION. The
Tydings- Browder photograph, which
figured so prominently in the 1880
Maryland senatorial campaign, was
such q roorback.
Quoting the Boron
The progenitor Of al roorbacks.
political historians tell us. appeared
in the 1874 campaign. in which
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-21

Wing Henry Clay was battling
Democrat James X. Polk. This
was a period when abolitionist
sentiment was running heavy In
the North. and Folks opponents
saw an opportunity to smear Polk,
q Tennessean. with the stigma Of
slaveholdins.
This part Of the 18th century
was. too, q great time for tourists
from abroad. most Of whom re-
turned to their homelands to write
articles about the brave and bolster
Gus new world. Frequently such
articles were pirated from the
foreign press and reproduced here.
Some astute Wings put together
these two facts and came UP with
the original roorbaek. It was in
the form Of @ diary by q Baron
Roorbaek. entitled "A Tour Through
the Western and Southern States"
The fact that there was no Baron
Roorback and that he hadn't made
such = trip troubled the literary
forgers not ct all.
A New York Wing paper printed
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-21

truce which followed the bloody
Palestine war.
With the advent Of the Eisen-
hover administration in 1858, the
new leadership in the State Depart
ment embarked on a course of
Arab Cancellation. Behind 1t was
realization that the protection of
the Middle East from Soviet Rus
sian expansion to the south was
all-important. Strategically because
Of its geographical location and
economically because of its i'm
mense resources of oil, the Middle
East was considered probably the
most important area in the world
to the West in the developing re-
sistance to Communist expansion.
But the efforts of the State De-
partment to bring about a firm
alliance of the Arab world with the
nations of the West have failed. An
amalgam Of fierce nationalism, dy-
nastic rivalries, and plain politics
has worked to prevent the forma-
ton of an Arab or Middle East bloc
allied with the West in the cold
war.
Mr.. Dulles attempts to persuade
the Arab states TO join in the Bagh-
dad pact not only failed in key
countries, but excited the Arab ma
tionalists to new frenzies Of anti
Western feeling. In Cairo. where
Col. Nasser was consolidating his
military rule after the overthrow Of
King Farouk. there was open rage
at the American proposal.
AS 1t worked out, only Turkey,
Iran, Iraq and Pakistan identified
themselves with the Baghdad pact.
Turkey. although a Moslem nation.
is not Arab. and for centuries the
Ottoman Empire was the colonial
oppressor" Of the Arab tribes and
their desert dynasties: Pakistan.
strictly speaking. is not in the
Middle East. Iran, long independ-
ent, is not part Of the Arab world
in the same sense as are Syria, Iraq.
Egypt. or Jordan.
Thus. although the Baghdad pact
is an actually (the United States.
the prime sponsor, is not
member. 1t has failed to become
the basis for a Middle East defense
system able 10 resist Soviet pene-
tration.
Notionolism Moves Aheod
Meanwhile. nationalism through
out the Middle East has nearly
obliterated the influence Of Britain
and France. Morocco and Tlnisia
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-21
BY JAMES Y. NEWTON

The Eisenhower Republican
Party, unlike the G. o. P. of old,
is going about to make friends
and partisans among the youth Of
America.
Ever since President Eisenhower
first agreed in 1852 to become q
candidate. the opinion polls have
shown him to be exceedingly popu-
lar with college students and young
people generally.
In this campaign, party chief
tains are making a real effort to
capitalize on that appeal by making
a play for youthful support. Their
program probably will not bring
many votes on November 6, be-
cause most of those being bonn
barded in the colleges and else
where by G. o. P. oratory are still
too young to vote.
But, the Republicans behind this
move are interested in building
for the future and their efforts
could pay handsome dividends in
1860 and beyond if it works as
they hope it will. The evidence
is that the drive is proving sue
cessful.
Nixon Leeds the Woy
Aside from Mr.. Eisenhower's own
work in this direction the I'M
doubted leader of the drive to win
the young is Vice President Nixon.
This has been more than obvi-
Gus during Mr.. Nixon'S two cross
country campaign swings. He has
made talks and addresses at 10
colleges and universities from
coast to coast, stressing this phase
of political activity more. I'M
doubte6ly, than any other candidate
for high Office. In addition he
made numerous street and road
side talks to mobs of squealing
grade and high school students.
All Of this activity has caused
speculation among newsmen cover
ing the youthful Vice Presidents
campaign. The consensus is that
Mr.. Nixon, politically ambitious, is
looking TO his personal future, as
well as that of the party, and
building his following for 1860
when, assuming all goes well this
time, he should be in a very fav-
orable position to get the presiden-
tial nomination.
Terms such as "the Nixon youth
movement" and 'Nixon's vote bank"
are heard frequently among cor
respondents aboard the Vice Pres
ident's campaign plane.
Why Does He Do 1t?
After Mr.. Nixon had addressed
5000 students on the campus Of
San Jose State College In Cali
fornia on his last tour. he was
asked why he bothered to waste
time on the students, 90 per cent
of whom appeared too young to
vote. A reporter asked If he was
looking to 1860.
Mr.. Nixon denied any personal
motivation. He said "one Of the
greatest weaknesses Of the Re-
publican Party in the past was its
lack Of appeal to youth" This, he
added. was partially corrected in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-21

care. Airport greeting committees
are held to q minimum, crowds are
strictly controlled.
Every minute Of the schedule is
worked out with clocklike precision
from the time the President steps
through the door Of the Columbine
until he waves his last good-by.
One Of three specially equipped
White House limousines, including
the new "bubble-top" Lincoln, is
always on hand to whisk the Pres
ident expertly along the crowd
lined streets. At the hotels the
White House" floor has been in
readiness for days. complete with
its own switchboard, receptionists
and security detail. The emphasis
is on maximum privacy. Appoint
ments to visit the President are
hard to come by.