davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Kodiak mirror., 1956-04-14
By Donald K. Moherg

(Head of the U. or As History and Political Science Department)
 Part E-General Considerations
 2Day is past; R-Day fast ap breaches; Alaska's first Constitu- tion Day was celebrated on Sun day, February 5 when 54 of the the 55 delegates to the Constitu- tional Convention signed the docu- ment of their creation in an inn preSsive ceremony at the Univer- Sity of Alaska.
 Ratification Day will be on Tues day, April 24, when Alaskans will go to the polls to accept or reject the delegates work, as well as to vote in their biennial primary cleo tiOn. C-Day will not become a tra- ditional Alaskan holiday, in fact, there will be no second Constitu- ton Day, unless R-Day is success full R-Day, then, represents the critical third step in Alaskan con stitution making.
 The first two steps, election of delegates, and the actual framing of the proposed constitution by the delegates, were essential, basic and highly significant. The fourth and final step will be the accep- tance of this constitution by the American government, followed by enactment of an enabling act for statehood.
 This will be the critical and cul. minating Step-the realization of AlaSka's true destiny as one of the states of the American Un- ion-the fulfillment of Americas moral obligation to this, her long suffering colony-and finally, real proof to a doubting world that the United States practices what she breaches.
 Some Alaskans desire to remain in the status quo, as territory. A few others prefer Common wealth status, others favor one of several partition plans. Large numbers desire statehood later, but only with the insistance that Alaska is given more control of her political and economic life i'm mediately to better prepare her self for eventual statehood, where as the majority of Alaskans de- mand statehood NOW. Whatever their preference for Alaska's fu- ture may be, all these groups must be impressed with the political fact that any bill in Congress to
Kodiak mirror., 1956-04-14

day. The powers, functions and duties will all be ours. The offici- als will be accountable to us and can be removed by us. There will be no executive and judicial furnish for them. However, this ernment, nor will there be an ab- sentee feudal landlord such as the federal Department of Interior.
 (Next Week: Specific Provisions of the Constitution will be eonsid- ered)
Kodiak mirror., 1956-04-14
FBI WILL CONDUCT SCHOOL

Two representatives of the An- chorage branch of the FBI will conduct an FBI school in Kodiak on April IT, IS and19.
 The first two days will be taken up with classroom work and the third will be spent on the pistol range. This is the fourth school of it's kind to be held in Kodiak. All members of the local police will attend.
Kodiak mirror., 1956-04-14
NOTICE

The Informal Group of Christian Scientists meet for Sunday ser vices in the Hillside Chapel, on the Base, every Sunday at 1 p. m. Sunday School is held at the same hour,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-09-06
BIS Report Omits
Living Cost Peak,
Kelley Charges
BY the Associated Press

Representative Kelley, Demo-
crat Of Pennsylvania, says the
Bureau of Labor Statistics omit
ted from its July cost-of living
report the biggest fact Of ALL
that the consumer price index
was at an all-tiI1le level.
Gould it possibly be because
the Eisenhower administration
is not anxious to point out the
facts when they show how badly
the administration has failed in
its promise to bring down the
cost of living?" Mr.. Kelley asked
in a statement.
News dispatches generally
pointed out that the bureaus
consumer index for July. at III
per cent of the 1947-49 average
was at a record peak.
Mr.. Kelley said that usually
the BIS points out record statis-
teal levels in its reports, ''bu!
this one fails to do So"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-09-06

day, subcommittee Chairman
Eastland, Democrat of Missis-
sippi, received a telegram from
Senator Jenner suggesting that
as a matter of fairness there
probably should be further hear
ings. Mr.. Javits told the subcom-
mittee that he casually met sew
eral prominent Commu-
nists or Communist sympathiz-
ers in 1856. He declared, how
ever, that he had, no political
association with Communists
and, in fact, repudiated sugges-
lions that he accept their sup
port.
Senator Eastland and SUBJ
committee counsel Robert Morris
said today that in view of Sena-
tor Jenner's message the SUBJ
committee would decide in a day
or two whether to question sew
eral persons Mr.. JavitS said he
had met about 10 years ago.
One of them, DR., Bella Dodd
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-09-06
Couple Seeks
-Chi|d's Return

An Alexandria couple accused
Of mistreatment and neglect Of
a 7-year-old girl said today they
will try to regain custody Of the
youngster.
Since being released by two
policemen Tuesday from closet
in her home where she had been
bound with a heavy belt. Nancy
Cronk has been under care of the
Alexandria Welfare Department.
II don't think I was cruel to
her." Mrs. Hazel Cronk. her STEP
mother, said.
Mrs. Cronk and her husband,
Gilbert, "a. a laborer, Of 514
Prince street. are both accused
of neglect Of the child. Mr..
Cronk is also accused Of felonious
assault on the child.
The couple told a reporter
who visited their four-room
apartment in a three-story row
house they were fearful that
because of all this, trouble
authorities would prevent them
from regaining custody Of the
girl.
Police were called to the Cronk
home by a neighbor who had
heard Nancy whimpering and
discovered the child was con-
fined in a closet with her hands
tied above her head by heavy
military-type belt. The neighbor
said the child, alone in the
apartment, was whimpering for
water.
Two policemen rescued the
girl and arrested her father
when he returned from work.
Mrs. Cronk surrendered at the
police station yesterday on the
neglect charge. Both are free
under bond pending a Juvenile
Court hearing at 10 am. next
Wednesday.
He said Nancy had not had a
permanent home. having lived
with his former wife for a time,
then with his sister who has
three children of her own, and
finally coming to live with him
on Labor Day a year ago.
The couple said the girl was
very bright and did well in school
in the first grade last year and
was to have started in the second
grade at the Robert E. Lee Elc-
mentary School next Monday
Nancy had attended Sunday
school at st. Paul's Episcopal
Church regularly until two
months ago, the couple said, but
had not been attending Sunday
school recently
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-09-06

a former New York Communist
leader who subsequently re-
pudiated the Communist Party,
testified several months ago that
c o m m unist leaders in 1916
showed interest in the political
future of Mr.. Javits. Later Mr.
Javits was elected to the House
and served several terms before
being elected New York State
attorney general.
Mr.. Morris indicated today
that it was doubtful whether the
subcommittee would arrange any
further hearings before Monday
That is the day the New York
State Republican Committee
meets in Albany to select NOM
inee for the Senate. Mr.. Javits
has been one of the most prom
linantly mentioned candidates for
the Republican nomination.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-09-06
Hot ENOUGH for You?

SHELLEY. Iowa, Sept. 6 (P.-
The temperature dropped to 81
degrees in this Northwestern
Iowa community early today and
white frost covered the ground,
1t was Iowa's first below-freez-
ing temperature of the current
fall.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-09-06
Ruling in Jovits Case
Awaits Jenner's Arrival

The Senate Internal Security Subcommittee awaited the
arrival of Senator Republican Indiana late today
before deciding whether continue investigation of
plants that New York Attorney General Jacob K Jas received
Communist support when he first ran for Congress
After ending without comment brief public hearing yeser
The Bluffton news. [volume] (Bluffton, Ohio) 1875-current, 1956-11-29
Pleasant View

Mr.. and Mrs. Waldo Hanna of MT.
Cory announced the marriage OF
their daughter Mildred Jeanette to
E. Elwood James, son of Mr.. and
Mrs. G.. Elwood JJames of Rawson,
Saturday, December %, at 7:3O in
the Pleasant View E. u. B. church.
Open church win be observed with
prenuptial music starting at 700.
Alva Rickly and Mrs. Arletta Rick
ly visited David Rothen Thursday.
The Howell family enjoyed Thanks
giving in the home of MIR. and Mrs.
Howard Howell and son. Those pres
ent were Mr.. and Mrs. Harry Howell,
Mr.. and Mrs. Herbert Howell and
family and Mr.. and Mrs. Charles
Babey and daughter.
Mrs. Ola Williamson was hostess
at Thanksgiving dinner for the fol-
lowing: Mr.. and Mrs. Leland Frantz
and sons Bobby, Jerry and Roger,
Miss Kay Dever, Mr.. and Mrs.
Dwight Frantz and daughter Shirley
and Richard Bucher.
Mr.. and Mrs. Nial Newton and Mr..
and Mrs. Stanley Newton and daugh-
ter Linda spent Thanksgiving in the
Eugene Wehrly home.
Mr.. and Mrs. Lowell Habegger
and family were hosts Thanksgiving
to the following: Mr.. and Mrs. Joe
Habegger, Mr. and Mrs. William
Rickly, Dale and Paula Zimmerman,
Mr.. and Mrs. Albert Gibbs and fam
lily, Mr.. and Mrs. Oren Doty and
family, Mr.. and Mrs. Robert Poe
and family and Mr.. and Mrs. Wayne
Habegger and family.
Mr.. and Mrs. Lester Habegger and
daughter Annetta and son Eddie
spent Thanksgiving with Mr.. and
Mrs. Ralph Driesbach and sons Dav-
id and Donny. Others present were
Mrs. Emma Driesbach, Mr.. and Mrs.
Frank Driesbach and daughter Mary
Jane and son Dick and Miss Vivian
|Riggle.
Mr. and Mrs. j. W.. Harris and
FAMILY had the following guests for
Thanksgiving: Mr.. and Mrs. ]. A.
Saul, Mr.. and Mrs. Gwen r. Saul
The Bluffton news. [volume] (Bluffton, Ohio) 1875-current, 1956-11-29
EdlUin Luginbihls And Francis Amstutzs
To Observe Double Wedding Anniversary

Mr.. and Mrs. Edwin Luginbihl of
this community, and their son-in-law
and daughter, Mr.. and Mrs. Francis
Amstutz of Mountain Lake, Mimi,
will observe double wedding anni-
versary Sunday. Open house for the
couples will be held at the home of
Mr.. and Mrs. Milo Lora, four miles
southwest of Pandora, from until S
p. m.
The Luginbihls will be observing
their 50th anniversary and Mr. and
Mrs. Amstutz will be observing their
25th anniversary.
Lifelong residents of the Bluffton-
Pandora area, Mr.. and Mrs. Luginbihl
were married December 2, 1906, at
the home of their pastor. the Rev.
j. B. Baer then of Bluffton. They are
the parents of two daughter, Edith
(Mrs. Amstutz) and Mabel, now Mrs.
Milo Lora, of near Pandora. One
daughter, Geneva, died in infancy.
Mr.. and Mrs. AmstuH were
married December 2, 1881 at the
home of his brother, the Rev. Allen
The Bluffton news. [volume] (Bluffton, Ohio) 1875-current, 1956-11-29
Margaret StrattOn's
Engagement Told

The engagement of Miss Margaret
L. Stratton, daughter of Mrs. Helen
Stratton, 116 Thurman street, Bluff
ton, and the late Donald c. Stratton.
to marry Marvin A. Mueller, son of
Mr.. and Mrs. William Mueller of
Liberty Center, Ohio, has been an
nounced by the bride-elect's mother.
Miss Stratton was graduated from
Bluffton high school and the School
of Home Economics at Ohio State
university. She is member of the
Liberty Center school faculty.
Mr.. Mueller, graduate of Liberty
Center schools, is brick mason.
The wedding date has not been set.
The Bluffton news. [volume] (Bluffton, Ohio) 1875-current, 1956-11-29
Beaverdam

Mr.. and Mrs. Harold Vance made a
business trip to Youngstown, Ohio
over the week end.
Mrs. Roy Arnold celebrated her
birthday anniversary Saturday with a
6 o'clock dinner. Those present were
her mother, Mrs. Ella Yant, Mr.. and
Mrs. Harry Yant, Mr.. and Mrs.
Merrill Arnold. Mr.. and Mrs. Grant
Barber, Birmingham, Mich, and Mr..
and Mrs. Harry Bowers, Lima.
Mr.. and Mrs. Russell Everett and
son were Thanksgiving dinner guests
of Mr.. and Mrs. Willard Watkins and
family at Conner.
Mr.. and Mrs. E. A. Morris and son,
Mr.. and Mrs. Richard Morris and
family, Mr.. and Mrs. A. F. Braden,
Jr., and daughter all of Bellefontaine
were dinner guests in the home of
Mr.. and Mrs. Robert Morris. The
occasion being the birthday anniver-
saries of Mr.. and Mrs. Robert Morris.
Mrs. Ella Yant was dinner guest
of MIR and Mrs. Harry Yant on
Thanksgiving.
Mr.. and Mrs. Elmer Long, Beaver
dam, Mr.. and Mrs. Oscar Zimmer-
man, and family, Mr.. and Mrs. Will
lam Rich and family, Dale Zimmer-
man all of Bluffton were Thanks
giving dinner guests of Mr.. and Mrs.
Wayne Zimmerman near Bluffton.
Guests in, the >Lacock home for
Thanksgiving wereN Miss Sandy
Chisholm, Boston Mass, Jane Lacock,
Bethany, West ViEginia, and Miss
Bernice Huber, BeaVerdam~------.
Mr.. and Mrs. s.. M. vertner made
business trip to Springfield, Ohio
on Wednesday.
Mr.. and Mrs. E. c. Lambert ano
family were Thanksgiving dinner
guests of relatives in Ann Arbor
Mich.
The Vesperian class of the Metho
/ dist church enjoyed social get to
Ngether in the church parlors last
Tuesday evening.
Mr. and Mrs. William Lambert
have taken up residence in Beaver
dam, Ohio.
Mr.. and Mrs. Charles Fisher were
Thanksgiving dinner guests oi
Mr.. and Mrs. Richard Mikesell and
family.
Mr.. and Mrs, Earl Hoch, Rawson
were Sunday evening guests of MIR.
and Mrs. Clarence Boop.
Mr.. and Mrs. Frank Lewis enter
tanned the following with a family
dinner on Sunday. Mr.. and Mrs.
Harold Cross and daughter, Mr.. and
Mrs. Morris r. Lewis and family,
MIR. and Mrs. Charles Lewis and Mr..
and Mrs. Earl Bendele and daughter.
Mr.. and Mrs. Richard johnson and
family visited with friends here on
Saturday evening.
Mr.. and Mrs. c. L. Rupright were
Thanksgiving day guests of Mr.. and
Mrs. Ed Schoenberger near Upper
Sandusky, Ohio.
Mr.. and Mrs. Clarence BOOp and
family spent Thanksgiving with Mr..
and Mrs. Earl Hoch, Rawson.
Mr.. and Mrs. Frank Lewis were
Thanksgiving dinner guests of Mr..
and Mrs. Charles Lewis and family.
The Bluffton news. [volume] (Bluffton, Ohio) 1875-current, 1956-11-29

and sons, allof Findlay; and Mr.. and
Mrs. Bruce r. Kille of Bowling
Green.
The Friendly Couples class held
pot-luck supper meeting Monday eve
ming in the church basement. The
committee in charge included Mr..
and Mrs. Stanley Newton, Mr.. and
Mrs. Oren Doty and Mr.. and Mrs.
Lester Habegger.
The Bluffton news. [volume] (Bluffton, Ohio) 1875-current, 1956-11-29

HERBERT KNAPP will present
his Camera Cruise of Denmark
and Sweden Wednesday evening,
December s, at the Lima Senior
High Auditorium as one of a num-
Der of illustrated lectures being
presented i'm the Lima YMCA
Travel and Adventure series.
The picture tour includes a visit
to Sweden's Baltic island of
GOtIand, an extremely interest
ing but little known part of the
country.
The Bluffton news. [volume] (Bluffton, Ohio) 1875-current, 1956-11-29

Amstutz, Wauseon, Ohio. They are
the parents of two daughters, Anita
Louise, a freshman at Bluffton col
lege, and Nancy Lou, junior. al
Mountain Lake high school. <
The Luginbihls have four other
grandchildren, Ronald, Gary, Coletta
and Gloria Lora.
The Bluffton news. [volume] (Bluffton, Ohio) 1875-current, 1956-11-29

Louis Ash. whose last known place of ad.
dress was 1921 Butler. Muncie. Indiana. Il
hereby notified that-Aary E. Ash has fIed
her petition against him for divorce and
lect Of duty iF CASE N<z9ber 4ss3lm the
Court of Comhon--2feks ot>~4llen$ County.
Ohio. and that said Gauss tsaF FLOR hear
ing on or after six w6eksIEsasFfTthe date of
the first publication of this no1ce.
DURBIN, NAVARRO AkJD RIzoR.
Attorneys for Plaintiff
30I Dominion Buildingl Lima. Ohio
rs. Nov. 4. 5. Is. 22. 20
The Bluffton news. [volume] (Bluffton, Ohio) 1875-current, 1956-11-29

NUIICE OF DRAWING OF JURIES
In compliance with Section 2sls.2o of the
Revised Code of Ohio. notice is hs43by given
that on the 18th day Of December 1855. At
4 IL 700 a; M; Petit~s grand 6aJks viii be
Court Of COMPTON, IPlas ~ b1en caunas, L.
Ohio. "
Said drawidg sbxtks~teM fn Court Room
No. l, Court h0l& .~kffna Ohio.
HAROLIJ<SCHAUBLIN
CLAREfCE L. McCRAY.
Allen 0unty Jury Commissioners
BY: DorhL. Duran,
Clerk to JoSx-- Commission
fsvv.-eS-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-01

NEXT QUESTION: Whysre 90 many
consressmen missing during irnpor-
tant debates3 A famous senator's aide
writes an eye-openino article: ''Why
Consressmen Can't % Their Jobs"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-01
: The Unbeatable" Candidate

Of brilliant studies has pointed out some
of the psychological elements involved.
Her studies indicate that if a crisis situ-
alton is too prolonged or too complex
some people will flee responsibility by
letting dominant leader make all the
decisions. There is a desire for BLACK
and-white" decisions: a yearning for a
simple, MISUNDERSTOOD leader who can
solve all the bewildering problems.
However, in a democracy the ultimate
responsibility must be taken by the
people.
There is danger that President who
is selected entirely on the basis Of
pleasing personality would be a threat
to democracy. We might. literally. ask
him 10 solve problems which can only
be solved by the whole citizenry. We
would force him TO be dictatorial.
Heroes Not Wanted
On the other hand. there is very little
evidence that Americans are looking for
a hero" rather than a good leader"
when they choose their President. Politi-
cal scientists nave a name for this type
of leader. He is called the ''charismatic
leader: the leader who seems to possess
miraculous powers, who commands per-
sonal devotion, is heroic" Hitler and
Mussolini were such leaders.
A very careful study by Professor
James Davies Of the California Institute
Of Technology indicates that in the
Eisenhower-StevenSon race only two
per cent Of the American people made
their choice on a heroic" basis. The
great bulk Of the American voters made
their choice quite coolly, without high
emotion and in an objective manner.
Americans do prefer warm and out
going personality as President and they
do give him high degree Of loyalty
when he is elected. But there is little
evidence that Americans today are seek
ing an authoritarian leader.
A number Of psychologists have indi-
Gated that perfect President" would
be unbeatable for reelection, unless he
made one or more of a very few mis-
takes:
I. If he refused to act decisively in
crisis situation. II is not necessary that
the Presidents acts always be successful,
but that he act decisively is imperative.
2. 1.-The became involved in personal
scandal that reflected on his personal
morals, faithfulncss to his family or
indicated that he was greedy or corrupt.
;. If he became too closely identified
with narrow political partisanship.
Any of these mistakes could shatter
the whole image held by the public.
The perfect President" has only to
avoid them and he will remain the man
you want in the White House.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-01
Continued from page 9

were all prominent politicians whose
behavior seemed so perfect that they
were unable to command widespread
enthusiasm.
'.NoN-PARTlSAN." Americans are
strongly insistent that President drop
his partisan label when he assumes
Office. Both FDR and Eisenhower were
thought to be above politics I'm the
usual sense" or to engage in politics of
so lofty a nature that they were nom
partisan. However. Stevenson was never
able to throw off the implication that he
was indebted to the Democratic Party
and to Truman. Indeed, this was the larg-
est single criticism of Stevenson reported
by the Michigan Survey. Although re-
spect for Stevenson rose nightly during
the campaign he could never shake the
label of partisan" The widespread
feeling that Eisenhower was not real
Republican was a positive advantage.
"a HAPPY FAMILY LIFE" One
study made it clear that the Presidents
family is incorporated in his general
public image. For example. the con-
tinued enormous popularity Of Mrs.
Roosevelt is partly due to a simple
transfer of public affection from we'll
liked President to his widow. There is a
widespread expectation that President
will be a model father and husband.
Stevenson's divorce was unsettling to
some voters. But because the divorce
took place between two dignified and
mutually respectful people and without
scandal it aroused no wide public reac-
ton. Also, the presence of Stevenson's
three sons is reassuring. Almost surely
the divorce will be Of less disadvantage
to Stevenson this year, many people
having got used to the idea.
THE Final Portrait
This composite portrait Of 1.-THE per-
feet President is almost complete. He
is man who has great warmth, inspires
confidence rather than admiration and
is not so proper that he is unbelievable.
He must have done things" in another
field than politics and he must have
genuine sense Of humor. His stand on
individual political issues is relatively
unimportant, and only fraction Of the
people can correctly identify the stand
Of the Presidential candidates on even
the more important issues. Obviously
person might lack some of these quail
ties and still be President. Truman, for
example, was almost completely the
pure politician and had not done
things" outside Of politics. Also he was
a conspicuous partisan.
Clearly there are some aspects of this
portrait that are disturbing. "a Is it, for
example, ominous that issues are less
important than personality? ~ Is it
healthy in a democracy that citizens
desire leader who win protect them,
even if he is not the person they most
admire? ~ Are Americans in their dis
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-01-01

were all prominent politicians whose
behavior seemed so perfect that they
were unable to command widespread
enthusiasm.
Madison County Democrat. (London, Ohio) 19??-1958, 1956-06-01
LEGAL NOTICE

Sealed bids will be received by the
Director of Public Service of the
City of London, State of Ohio, at
the office of said director until
twelve o'clock noon. Friday, June
Is, 1856, for the resurfacing of
streets as set out in Ordinance No.
1l22 Each bid must contain the full
name of every person or company
interested in the same, and be ac-
companied by bond in the sum of
s500.00 to the satisfaction of the
director, or a certified check on
some solvent bank, as a guaranty
that if the bid is accepted. con-
tract will be entered into and its
performance properly 8 e u r d.
Should any bid be rejected such
check will be forthwith returned to
the bidder. and should any bid be
accepted such check will be return
ed upon the proper execution and
securing of the contract.
Bidders are required to use the
forms. which will be furnished on
application.
The right is reserved to reject
any and all bids.
Harold harrington
Director of Public Service
May 81 June z IA
Madison County Democrat. (London, Ohio) 19??-1958, 1956-06-01
Seeds Plants Flowers

DEKALB has the varieties which
are Just right for your farm. Buy
your Eeed from DeKalb. the COM
pany who stands behind their pro-
duct If for any reason lflood, in
sects, etc. you fail to get stand,
DeKalb will furnish seed to re-
plant free OF charge. j. e. Dem
ison, DeKalb Dealer, 15 N. Oak
St, London, Ohio. Telephone 751.
ed
Madison County Democrat. (London, Ohio) 19??-1958, 1956-06-01
Help Wanted

IELP WANTED-We need young
man who wants to learn to be a
mechanic. Some experience is
helpful: such as filling station or
fabrication work. Some tools also
necessary. We will start your
training program in our shop and
then you will be sent to General
Motors Training Center for spe-
cialiZed work. Jack johnson
Chevrolet Phone 235 foH appoint
ment. 25--44
Madison County Democrat. (London, Ohio) 19??-1958, 1956-06-01

COMBINATION BODY WORK and
mechanic for our used car recon
ditioning shop. Apply in person.
Jack Johnson Chevrolet. 25--44
Madison County Democrat. (London, Ohio) 19??-1958, 1956-06-01
Legal Notices al


NOTICE OF APPOINTMENT
Estate of Melvin Osborn Deceased.
Notice is hereby given that Fred IL.
Schott of Groveport, Ohio, has been
duly appointed and qualified as EX-
ecutor Of the Estate of Melvin Os-
born, deceased, late Of West Jeffer-
son, Madison County, Ohio. Case No.
1850.
Dated this 22nd day of May 1856.
Joseph S. King
May 81 June z Ia