davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-07

employed destructveIy against ships, setting them
abIaze with streams Of liquid flame. From the walls OF
ConsantinOple Greek fire beat off naval attacks and
gave victory the ByzantneS in sea battles Byzan-
um with its cultural heritage for Western civilization.
could hardly have survived without II.
The development of Greek fire is attributed to
Greek architect, KallinikoS, who came to ConStan-
tnople from Syria about $50 Its essential ingre-
dents were petroleum and quickime. When the mix
ture was exposed to moisture burst into flame BY
spontaneous combustion. The quckme, in contact
with water generated enough heat to ignite the petro-
Ieum Sulphur increased its burning potency
The liquid mixture was propelled through tube oy
a powerful pump. Water from hose was applied as
the stream left the tube and the liquid took IRE as
shot through the air. When it struck wooden ship.
it would set it ablaze and the liquid fire would cling to
the wood and burn stubbOrnly. Today this old idea
has been revived in another form the flame throwerS
and napam bombs of modern warfare.
The appearance Of Greek fire came at touchy
moment for the ByzantneS. The great sweep OF Arab
conquest launched by Mohammed in the seventh
century was in full The Christians had lost
SYRIA, Palestine and Egypt: the MOSIenlS. making
ConStantinope their goal, attacked the city.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-07

In ST. a MoSlem armada sailed into the Sea OF
Marmora. near Constantnople. The Byzantine galeys
closed with hostile warshpS diScharglng streams OF
Greek fire. winning an overwhelming victory
The most remarkable Greek fire story tells OF naval
battle between the ByzantineS and the Russians who,
in the early Middle Ages established powerful state
north of the Black Sea- They made raids across the
water against Constannople and Of their princes,
Igor by name, launched huge expedition Robert
Forbes in treatise the use Of oil in ancient times,
relates the following:
When Igors Russian feet, consisting OF no
less than 900 small ships, threatened Byzantium,
many were burned, and the remainder driven back by
a Byzantine squadron Of mere fifteen vessels A frank
and ingenious admission of defeat made by the
Russian feet its return home, gal. The report
of the commander stated that The Greeks have
fire resembling the lightning Of heaven = and, when
they threw it at U.s. they burned u.s. For this reason
we could not overcome them.
The Greeks kept the formula secret for years. safe
guarding with strict precautions an early version
of military security. But in time, the knowledge got out
In 1889 the Second LateTan Council Of the Church
met in Rome. Among its decisions was decree pro-
hibiting the of Greek fire, the ground that was
inhuman The decision observed in feuda Europe,
thing TO shame this modern atomic civilization
This, then, is the story of the worlds first secret
weapon. Perhaps the most significant lesson to be
learned from il is that also the first weapon to
be banned from warfare. The End
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-07

it was not burned for heat or light. Yet petroleum
played decisive role in ancient history, for was the
main ingredient Of what believe TO be the worlds
first secret weapon - Greek fire.
For centuries Greek fire was thing Of mystery and
1t the prime weapon OF the Byzantine
Eastern Roman Empire, which ouaSted the western
segment by about one thousand years. Greek fire was
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-07
BY LOWELL THOMAS

Recently while was visiting the
Middle East with its vast oil fields
and seeing the great Out-pouring OF
black wealth that enricheS us today,
| wondered if the ancientS had
found any use for it.
Following up my question, !
learned that though petroleum was
need for minor medicinal DlIrDOSeS.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-07

LOWELL THOMAS, No. giObe-rOffeT OF our day,
weMi round the world gathering material for his inc
rama cameras In hhe Middle EGsf his sense OF history
vas attracted BY me story Of Greek fire.. The pas
sage here is from his book. THE Seven Wo"ders "
The WOTI 10 be published BY Doubleday IN November
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-10-07
Historv,s first Secret Weapon

commentator points lesson for troubled world
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-16
Acid Thrower
Asked $4,000,
|RieseI Trial Told

NEW YORK, Nov. 16 tP).--Abe
Telvi, slain in gangland style
after binding Victor Riesel, as
Isertedly began demanding big
pay from "the higher-ups" when
he learned who his victim was.
Ex-convict Joseph Peter (Joe
Peelol Carlino, 43, a confessed
conspirator in the acid assault
on the labor columnist. was on
the witness stand yesterday in
the Federal court trial Of three
other alleged conspirators. They
are Gondolfo (Shiekie) Miranti,
SO: Domenico (Nicky) Bando,
AZ, and Leo Telvi. rs. brother Of
Abe.
Carlino testified that Abe Telvi
received total of Sits for
attacking Mr.. Riesel last April
5 outside a Broadway restaurant.
But, Carlino said, neither he,
Abe nor the three defendants
knew the identity Of the victim.
Demanded More Money
After learning of Mr.. Riesel's
importance. the witness said,
Telvi wanted more money. and
Bando felt the job should "be
worth $4,000"
Abe Telvi's bullet-riddled body
was found on a lower East Side
street about four months after
the attack on Mr.. Riesel. Au-
thorities believe he was slain be-
cause of his demands for more
money, because he bore acid
scars accidentally inflicted on
himself during the attack, and
because he might talk. His MUIR
der has not been solved.
Carlino said Abe Telvi, after
returning from Youngstown,
Ohio, where he hid out for about
two weeks, told him:
Il did a big job and it is no
more than right that I get paid
in proportion to the work I
DONE"
Carlino said Telvi was hired
for $500 to beat up a nobody"
Refers to Higher Ups
The witness. during his two
days on the stand, frequently
referred to unidentified higher
ups" behind the attack.
Leo Telyi, Bando and Miranti
are charged with conspiracy to
obstruct justice by >concealing
the existence of the alleged con-
spiracy and harboring and con-
cealing Abe Telvi.
Four other asserted conspira-
tors, including labor racketeer
John (Johnny Dio) Dioguardi,
will stand trial next in the case.
IDioguardi has been accused Of
|masterminding the attack on Mr..
|Riesel, who was scheduled to APP
pear before a Federal grand jury
probing rackets in the trucking
and garment manufacturing in
|duStrieS.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-16
School to InstuII

The installation of officers of
the Beth Jacob School of Wash
ington will be held at 8 pm. to-
morrow at the Talmud Torak
Congregation, Fourteenth and
Emerson streets NV. Rabbi Meir
Belski. educational director Of
the National Association Of He
brew Day Schools, will speak.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1956-11-16
JR. DEB FASHION SHOW

Tomorrow, Saturday, at I:so am. in the Jr Deb
Shop, End Floor. Wellington Store Members Of our
Teen Board will model the latest do,e and eosuoI
foshons-eve you deos for Christmas Gifts.
WIN yoIuobe doc, prrss Two dresses bu. sns Oo o. eJ
slim Pants viii Bs ebsn Frssi
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-11-06
John L. Vassar, 70,
Dies Near Charlotte

Funeral services were held on
Monday afternoon for John L. Vas
sar, 10. a retired farmer and
lumber dealer who died Saturday
at his home near Charlotte Court
House.
Survivors incmde the widow.
Mrs. Lucy Baker Vassar. SIX
DAUGHTERS Mrs. Harold Trent and
Mrs Richard Walker. of Char
lotte c FL. MIS- c L. Shaffer of
brakes Branch. Mrs. w B VIII
liams, Of Wilmington Del, and
Mrs. Writ Harper and MIS-. w. G..
Boettcher Of Norfolk: SIX sons.
Leland and Clarence VaSsar Of
Charlotte c. H, Lawrence Vassar
Of Norfolk Carl and Hugh Vas
Sar Of Richmond, and Barry Vas
saI who is in the navy. two
sisters. Mrs E r. Smith Of Char
lotte G. H., and Mrs. G. W Snead
Of Scottsburg three brothers.
Harry Isaac and Nathan Vassar
of Charlotte c H. and Is grand
children and four great Grand
children
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-11-06
Trents Mill

A miscellaneous shower was given
III the home Of Mr.. and Mrs. Earl
OWnby for Mr. and Mrs Tommy
Trent. After the gifts were opened
and showed to the 30 guests, re-
freshments were served by the hos
tess. Mrs Wade Bryan
Mr., and Mrs. John Murphy took
Mrs. James to Richmond last Sun
day to see Mr. James. who is a
patient in Mcclure Hospital.
John Bryan of State Farm. was
a; home for few days last week
Recent callers in the J0ne S
home We're Mrs A B. Jones. and
soEs Jimmy and Joe, Mrs. James
Carter. Irving Jones and Robert
Jones.
Judy Robinson spent last week
end with Betty Carol Keller
The trees are beautiful now with
their many colored leaves. bu
they will soon fall leaving only the
evergreens and other bare trees.
John Barker has moved fr 0 II
Richmond to his country home il
this section
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-11-06
Mrs. L. r. Richardson
Rites Held Sunday
FarmvilIc Resident SO

Funeral services for Mrs. Mary
Leila Richardson. 83. who died
at her Falmville home Friday,
Nov. 2 were held Sunday after
noon at Doyne- Burger Funeral
Home here Interment was in
Westview cemetery.
Mrs Richardson was a native
OF Buckingham county where
she Has born on July 4. 1873. She
was the daughter of the late
Samuel E. and Frances Apperson
Williams She attended Bucking-
ham Institute, and at Farmville
was a member of the Methodist
Church and active in Womens
Society Of Christian Service for
many years She was also
member of the American Legion
Auxiliary.
Surviving are her husband.
Lewis Randolph Richardson. of
this place. three sons. Gates r
Richardson. of Bedford. Will IN
A Richardson, of Lewisbure. w.
Va. and Emmett F. Richardson,
OF San Francisco. Calf: two
grandchildren and three great
grandchildren
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-11-06

club members to the Alice Kyle
district meeting in South Hill.
Also attending the Woman's club
meeting were Mrs Wallace Rainey,
Mrs T. j. Bailey. Mrs. Paul Jones
and Mrs w. H. Chappell.
Mr.. and Mrs. Paul Jones. Miss
Florence Jones and Mrs Cleveland
Jones attended Longwood Circus.
Mr. and Mrs Billy Pope and
family, of Crewe, spent last Sunday
with Mr.. and Mrs. Ed Senger.
Mr. and Mrs. Allen Stokes and
son. of South Hill, visited Mr.. and
Mrs. Ernest Bowling last Thursday
Mr.. and Mrs Ernest Bowling.
Jr.. attended the Longwood Circus.
Mr. and Mrs George Carter. who
have been visiting Mr. and Mrs
Jim Carter have moved into an
apartment i'll Farmville.
Earl Carter Jr., of Farmville.
spent last week end with his grand
parents. MIR. and Mrs. jim Carter
Bobby Carter Hampden-Sydney
student, had dinner last Sunday
with his parents. Mr. and Mrs.
Carter
Mr.. and Mrs Frank Johns had
as recent week end guests Mr.. and
Mrs, Hampton Baler and daughter.
Andy. Of Staunton They attended
Homecoming at Hampden-S Sydney
Mrs Fred Middleton. of Memphis,
Tenn, spent Tuesday with her
daughter Mrs. Paul Jones.
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-11-06
Racial Issues
Main Topics OF
VITA Convention

Negro teachers in Virginia held
their educational convention last
week concnrently with the con-
vention of the white school
teachers.
Racial problems were the main
issues and occupied the majority
OF the convention time of the
Virginia Teachers Association l.
denounced the anti integration
legislation of the General Assem-
bly,. and praised the National As
ISOLATION for the Advancement of
Colored People.
The main business Of the con-
vention was undertaken Thursday
" hen a 37-reSolutlon brochure was
unanimously approved by the
Negro teachers.
Toe 1900 teacher delegates also
endorsed program of action
asking salary increases, free
textbooks for pupils, intructional
equipment for teachers. and adj
ded retirement benefits. The pc
tltion will be presented to the
| 1858 General Assembly
I Included il the resolutions were
calls for increased activity in hui
man relation workshops and gem
eral facilitation Of integratlon IN
the South
/ Also advocated were,
/. Adequate federal aid for
school construction and teacher
salaries, and additions to state
aid for school construction
,. An average of not more than
IS pupils per teacher.
3. Education geared TO needs of
individual students, with greater
emf lasis on solution of problems
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-11-06
CAP Film Showing
Tuesday Night

The Farmville CAP Squadron will
have special film showing Tues
day night. Nov. at 8 pm. al the
FarmYille airport.
The films will include. The Civil
Air Patrol. Air Force Customs and
Cowtestes: and The NJ m . h i S
Bella combat story about t h e
BIT bombers during World War II
W L. Cash CAP Squadron dom
mander. said that the film and pro-
jectior equipment is being obtained
through the cooperation OF the
Farmville National Guard Unit.
All CAP members are expected
to attend and the showing is open
10 the public
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-11-06
Green Bay

Mr.. and Mrs. Milton Healy, and
baby. of Richmond. were last Sun
day guests OF Mr.. and Mrs. R H.
Morgan
Leon Looney, of Norfolk spent
last Sunday with his parents, Mr.
and Mrs G, c. Looney and preach
ed at Liberty church
Mrs. Charley Dowdy. and Char
lene. of Farmville, were rece
guests of Mr. and Mrs E. NJ
ShinaulI
Dr.. H F.. Kaufman, of Pitts
bArgh, Pa. was recent guest OF
Mr.. and Mrs L. 7. Nunnally.
Mrs H. A. Ravens and Mrs
Charles Weaver drove to Richmond
last Friday to bring Miss Nancy
HaveEs home from Richmond Pro
iesSional Institute to spend the
week end Miss Ravens was ac-
companied by Miss Janice Janctte
of MiddleseX N j., a fellow stu
dent
Mr.. and Mrs. 0, c. Kaufman
visited Mr. and Mrs c. P Kauff
man It Amelia recently
Weather or not, several of the
young folks had a charcoal supper
last Friday at the home of Mr.. anG
Mrs. A. Bruce Hayden. Those pres
ent were Mr. and Mrs. John A
Love Mr. and Mrs. Bobby Wilson
Mr. and Mrs F. u West, Mrs
Charles Weaver, Graham Raiford
. BOBBY Nunnally. Nancy Ravens and
| Janice jeanette.
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-11-06
Warniinster

Members and guests of the Tay-
lorSpencer Hunt Club held an oys-
ter dinner last Saturday Closed
membership of 30 h a hunting
rights on approximately 1000 acres
in Buckingham county.
Nh and Mrs Gill Riggs, and
daughter. Pattle Riggs of Washing
ton. D. c.. and Douglass Horsley
OF Richmond, spent last week end
with Mr. and Mrs W G. Horsley
Miss Cynthia Lawrence. of Phila
delphia, has left after spending sew
eral days with Mrs. Hartwell Caball
and MI and Mrs. Selden Somer-
vile.
Claiming H Moon. chairman of
the Nelson County Sesquecentennial
celebration which will be celebrated
in 1857, spoke at Nelson County
High School last week and at the
Nelson County Garden club meet
ing at Lovingston
Mrs. w. G. West. of Richmond
Mr.. and Mrs. Allen Mayhugh. of
Manassas. Mr. and Mrs. Marion
Payne, of Gladstone, and Frances
and Waverley Payne. of Gladstone
visited j R Desper during the
week end.
Miss joyce Adcock has returned
from Crewe, where she spent sew
eral weeks with Mr.. and Mrs. w. S.
Walker.
Mr. and Mrs Elwood Ragland.
and son Waverley. visited Mrs,
Ragland's father, Moses Branch. in
Charlottesville.
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-11-06
Longwood Students
Show Ike Preference

Longwood students followed the
college trend to Eisenhower Thurs
day with a prediction poll of stu
Gent opinion.
OF the students who registered
to vote. 400 cast their ballots for
dent Dwight D Eisenhower. l45 for
Adlai Stevenson. and 66 for T Cole
man Andrews
Earlier III the week. Hampden-
Sydney College students voting i'll
an election sponsored by the Union
Philanthropic Literary society also
cast their lot with the President
At Farmyille High School. the
mock election results showed
21l votes for Andrews, 68 for
Eisenhower and 48 for Stevenson.
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-11-06
Teachers Meeting
Continued from page l

continued from page l
cation and local school boards to
guarantee the full salaries Of
teachers for the current contract
year in the event public schools
are closed for any reason
A motion TO stop YEA endorse
ment OF continuing teachers con
tracts was defeated A few dele
gates argued that by endorsing
continuing contracts the YEA is
encouraging incompetent teach
ers, Continuing contracts are re-
neWed automatically each year.
unless teacher specifically le-
signs of the school board dis
charges him with cause
Other legislation to be sought
by tie YEA president and board
Of directors viii include leglSla-
ton that would do the following:
Foster favorable climate
IN which teachers may safely
teach the full truth without fear.
Protect classroom teachers
or other members of teaching pro-
fesSion against the loss of posi-
ton that would do the following
reasons.
3-Set up honest. orderly and
definite procedures by which IN
competent people may BE- remOV-
ed from the teaching profession.
The delegates defeated a motion
that the YEA seek to amend the
Virginia Supplemental Retirement
Act so that q teacher may retire
under an early retirement provi-
sion at the age Of 60 if She has
80 or more years of service
At present teachers. if they re-
tire at 90, must have 35 years Of
service.
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-11-06
Continued from pagc l


majority to Andrews Tuesday.
The balloting this time also
presents interesting IFS. which
VIII be closely watched. The viz
@lnla to Eisenhower swing last
time-what strength does the
president retain2 The traditional
Democratic favor in this region.
Now that the Democrats have en-
dorsed strong civil rights plat
folm-hoW much viii this offset
the party's hold?
Party Endorsed
The Prince Edward Democratic
county committee has endorsed
the party'S Stevenson Kefauver
ticket
In any event the voting comes
when new movement is afoot.
r. B Crawford. co-chairman of
the Virginia States Rights Party.
said recently:
Our drive is toward formation
Of am effective second party in
American politics. rather than 4
lhlrd party Or splinter Crganiza-
ton
He outlined what may be in the
minds Of many serious voters as
they ponder then vote today.
both the Republican and Demo-
cratlc parties Crawford contend
ed, have become 50 nearly one IN
adherence TO socialist principles
that the independent movement
offers the only effective alterna-
tive to their ccntrahst philosophy.
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-11-06
Businessmen Invited
FILA Policy Session

New policies and loan authorities
of the Farmers Home Administra-
tlon Will be explained by George W.
Hey area supervisor, at meeting
here Thursday afternoon
Hoy invites farmers. bankers.
seed equipment and fertilize /
dealers profes s on al agricul-
trnal workers an d businessmen
dealing with farmers to hear the
policy discussion The meeting Will
be held at ? pm, in the Circuit
Court Room.
Hoy viii also have meetings in
the Amelia Court House at 10 a m.
November 8 and at the Agricultural
Building. Nottoway c. H the same
day at pm
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-11-06
Hospital Patient List
Hospital Patient List
6O,OOOth Patient Enters Hospital

The sixty thousandth patient TO
enter Southside Community Hospital
is Mrs l. c. Glenn, of Farmville.
She entered the hospital this week
and received the number 10000
The hospital was founded il No
Eenber exactly % years ago. Three
years ago in the same month of
November the 5o000th patient was
admitted to the hospital
This gives an average Of more
than 1000 patients per year. and in
the last three years the average has
been more than 5000 per year.
To give an idea Of the size COM
nunlty that is served by the South
Tide Community Hospital consider
Just a moment the figure so. 900 in
relation TO the population Of Farm
vile which is roughly 900 For
the town Of F7armvilla to support
tho hospital every man. woman and
child in Fatmviile would have had
TO entel the hospital IS times apiece
to reach the total of 80 900.
It IS also appropriate that patient
hummer $4,000 entered the hospital
ihls November at the height of the
Community Chest campaign which
contributes heavily to the support
Of the hospital
Patients Admitted
Other patients admitted were.
Mrs J H Skies. Crewe: Mrs.
{. c Clarke Farnville; Mrs.
Emma Anthony Farmville Mrs.
6 W Wallace Ontario. Mrs. B B.
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-11-06
Ransolls

Mr. and Mrs L. w Paterson. Jr..
announce the birth OF daughter.
Silerri Rene. al University Hos
pital. October 26
Mrs. Leonard +. PatteSon and
Jonathan and Bonnie visited in Ran
sons last Sunday
Mrs. F. O. Webster is improving
al University Hospital from her fail
last week
Miss Cynthia Patteson. a West
hampton Woman's College student
visited her parents last week end
Dr. and Mrs. S. c. Patteson and
children. of Farmville. were guests
Of his parents. DR. and Mrs T E
Patteson. last Sunday
Mrs L. W. Patteson visited her
new granddaughter in Charlottes-
vile last Sunday
Ans. Carrie Banton. of Gladstone
Is spending some time with Mr..
and Mrs Oscar Maxey and Miss
Lois Maxey, Miss Lois. who had
pneumonia, is now better
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1956-11-06
Scottsvlle

ST. Johns Episcopal church Wom-
-an's Guild and Auxiliary will meet
in the parish house Tuesday. Nov
6. at 8 pm
Women of the Scottsville Presby-
terrain church will meet Tuesday.
Nov 6, at pm. in the home of
Mrs. Walter Oslin.
Mr.. and Mrs Stein Wilson and son
were dinner guests last Sunday Of
Mrs. Russell Snead
Maynard Rice. stud dent at
Greenbrier Military school in West
Virginia, will visit his home from
November to II.
Miss Ann Dawson. of Madison
College. and Miss Beverley Miller.
of Falls Church, spent last week
end with Mr.. and Mrs. W A. Daw-
son
Roland Leap spent last week end
with his parents. Mr. and Mr.
Benny Leap. at Seaford.
Mrs. R. S. Ellinwood, of Hunting
ton, W Va. is guest of Mr.. and
Mrs. c. NJ Tucker
Mr. and Mrs. Gordon R. White
aid children. of Waynesboro. Mrs
.Adolphus Green Slate and children.
OF Emporia. Mrs. Buck Aylor and
children, of Culpeper, Mrs. Guy
Bird, of North Carolina. and Dr.
William c. White, of Denver. Colo.
spent last week end with their
mother, Mrs Gordon White
Edward White. of Arlington, spent
a recent week end with his parents,
Mr.. and Mrs. E O. White
James River Chapter Order of the
Eastern Star entertained Mas0ns at
q Halloween costume party.
Mr.. and Mrs. H H. Parr were
i'll Washington to attend the cleo
trical show
Mr.. and Mrs. R. l. Collins left
last Saturday for Pillsonburg, On
tario to visit her brOther-lnl and
sister Mr.. and Mrs. Jack Eacott.
Miss Marian Black has returned
70 her home in Albion Ind. after
visiting relatives near Scottsville.
The Misses Mary and Katherine
Davis. OF Arlington, spent last Sun
Gay with their parents, Mr. and
Mrs John M Davis.
Major and Mrs. Louis Hundley. of
Lexington, where he is on the VMI
staff. brought her mother, Mrs j
& I.ndall. to Hatton.