davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-17
EUROPE
Ruub Scores Success
In Getting Russian
independence Plan

When Austrian Chancellor julius
Raab settles down In his favorite
Ringstrasse coffee house for his Gus
tomary after-church relaxation this
morning, he probably won't get the
first cigar lit before his viennese
political cronies besiege him with
questions about his Easter week mis-
sion to Moscow. 1t was an astound-
ing success.
He few to Moscow on Easter
Monday to begin talks on the long
awaited Austrian independence
treaty. Surprisingly, agreement was
reached by Thursday. Britain,
France and the United States are
almost sure to approve.
The Soviet Union has suddenly
withdrawn all its ridiculous condi-
tons for agreeing to an independ-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-17

Some doubt was expressed last
week whether a vaccine designed to
combat American strains of the virus
would be effective against European
strains. If 1t is true there are only
three basic types Of virus--and the
Salk vaccine protects against all
three the preparations in use here
should be Of some value oyerseas.
French Seek Aid
The French seem to think so.
They claim to have developed vac
cine of their own, but do not have
it in production. The Paris govern
ment would like to get supply OF
American Salk vaccine as protection
against a possible outbreak this
summer.
The Commerce Department. how
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-17
Formoso

Last January Congress. by q COM
posite House-Senate vote Of 1916.
gave President Eisenhower carte
blanche to help Nationalist China
defend Formosa. the Pescadores Is
lands and related areas" as he saw
ut If they were to come under Chi
nese Communist attack.
Democrats and Republicans alike
indicated by their comments at the
time that they knew perfectly well
Quemoy and Matsu islands were
the most important related areas"
Mr.. Eisenhower had in mind. It
was equally clear that Quemoy and
Matsu. two physically insignificant
but psychologically important little
rocks juttins out Of the coastal
waters Of central China. might be-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-17
The Vaccine

Double, double toll and trouble;
Fire burn and cauldron bubble.
Fillet of fenny snake,
In the cauldron boil and bake;
Eye of newt, and toe of frog,
Wool of bat, and tongue Of dog -.
Macbeth, Act. Nv, Sc. l.
There was something medieval
about the climax to DR.. Salk's
search. The precious vaccine. it
turned out. was concocted from
witches brew whose principal in
gredient was the kidney of monkey.
This, in itself, was a victory for
the vivisectionists. Both in expert
ments leading to development of
the vaccine, and in preparation of
the vaccine itself, rhesus monkeys
were an absolute essential. There
could have been no Salk vaccine
without vivisection.
The reason monkeys were re-
CURED is that these oddly humanoid
little animals are susceptible to
many of humanity's ills. One of
these diseases is polio. Studies no
doctor could either legally or ethi-
caily carry out on the body of a
living human had to be conducted
on humanity's nearest relative.
For a long time 1t was believed
that polio serum could be made
only from virus grown on tissues of
the nervous system. This was too
risky: out Of such vaccines might
come immunity to polio, but worse
nervous diseases might result.
When it was discovered in 1949
at Harvard Medical School that
polio virus would grow in kidney
cultures. the way was open for DR..
Salk's victory.
How Il Is Mode
Vastly oversimpliied, this is how
the vaccine is made:
The kidney Of q monkey is finely
minced and culture is prepared.
Viruses of all three types are intro
duced into the mixture and the
kidney tissue is allowed to develop
"a case Of polio" At the proper
time the virus is killed by one
chemical and another chemical Is
introduced to counterfeit the first.
The mixture is then purified and
tested and o liquid vaccine 10 de-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-17
FAR EAST
Red Leaders Jockey
For Position at Afro
Asion Conference

. The Communists scored one sue
cess and suffered one setback last
week as they prepared to push their
anti-West campaign at the 20
nation Banding conference.
The success was propaganda
coup in New Delhi. where Red
dominated Congress Of Asian Ma
tons" agreed to tighten their liaison
and. presumably. laid plans for the
Banding operation.
The setback was loss Of IL mem
bers OF the Chinese Communist
delegation in an Air India plane
crash In the South China Sea.
Peipine Radio broadcast childish ac-
cusations that American sabotage
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-17

ever. last week clamped export re-
Strictions on Salk vaccine as long as
shortage exists here. 1t would be
a hot political potato i the admin
istration started an overseas give
away program" with a vaccine so
scarce that American parents can
not get all they want for their chill
dren.
In a televised post-mortem on the
Salk study last Tuesday night. three
of the leading figures in the test
were asked where the next great
attack should be launched. They
agreed on one field which is de-
stroyer, but not a killer. Of men.
The big objective, they said, should
be against the mental diseases, which
are on the rise in a world seemingly
gone mad.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-17
The Aftermath

DR.. Salk and his colleagues see
hope for the eradication of polio as
a dangerous childhood disease. But
this will take time.
The first step--which was started
last WEEKS mass immunization of
children. The Polio Foundation has
enough vaccine at its disposal to
immunize 1876 million children I'M
der DR.. Salk's new program Of two
shots now and booster next year.
This plan has been approved by
public health officials.
There will also be limited amount
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-17

In subsequent years the March
of Dimes raised millions for re-
search and treatment. Then last
year. the National Foundation for
Infantile Paralysis underworld the
testing Of DR.. Salk's vaccine. Before
last weeks announcement was made
$40 million had been spent on the
largest medical experiment in his
tory-a controlled research project
involving nearly million American
school children.
The joy with which the news was
greeted nationally was due in large
part, Of course, to the knowledge
that a scourge of childhood was on
the way to extinction. But there
seemed to be a feeling, too, that
jubilation was in order because
science had proved that its works
could be not only malignant, but
occasionally benign.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-17
REVIEW OF The WEEK
SaIk Polio Vaccine Hailed as Success
Last Tuesday was day for jubilation.

Last Tuesday was day for jubilation.
In Ann Arbor Mich that morning scientists sobey
nounced the findings of Nationwide study of triple
vaccine against poomyes The verdict Dr. Jonas Saks
vaccine is 80 to go per cent effective against
paralytc forms of polio.
The announcement came appropriate date. Last
TuedayAp H. 1955-was the tenth anniversary
of Franklin Roosevelt His indomtable spirit and crippled
body provided the inspiration the 193s for national drive
against the disease sometimes called nfante paralysis
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-17
WOLFSON GAINS
POINT IN FIGHT
FOR WARD CONTROL

The Illinois Supreme Court
last week ruled illegal the So
called staggered system" Of
electing corporation directors.
The decision came In o suit
filed by Louis z. Wolfson In his
effort to wrest control Of Mont
gomery Ward from the mall
order concerns 82-year-old
head, Sewell l.. Avery.
Under the courts ruling nine
directors--the whole board-in-
stead OF only three must come
up for election April %.
While Mr.. Avery still Is ia
vored to maintain control Of
Wards, IL is believed the ruling
will enable Mr.. Wolfson TO get
strong minority representation
on the nine-man board.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-17
The Disease

AS killers 60, polio is not 50 ter
rible. It never has ranked among
the top 10 fatal diseases generally,
although it ranks No. as killer
of children to IA. Polio attacks
only a fraction Of those persons ex-
posed to It; it cripples only frac-
ton of those 1t attacks; it kills only
fraction of those it cripples. Child
birth itself is a greater killer; so is
murder. More mothers perish each
year in giving birth than live to see
their children die of polio in any
given year. And for every two per-
sons who die of infantile paralysis,
nine are killed by their fellowmen.
But polio has always been hated
because of those whom it attacks
and the way it leaves them. The
majority of polio cases are among
children. And those who do not die
or get completely well are left.
crippled. little wrecks, as constant
reminders Of what polio can do.
That very horror had much to do
with the conquest Of polio. The
disease prevailed until a Nation rose
up and poured out its treasure in
nickels and dimes to find way 20
stop the damage.
An Old Disease
Polio is not new" disease. 1t
has been diagnosed" by Egyptolo-
gists in ancient carvings and by
religious scholars in Biblical pas
sages. 1t was described medically as
long ago as 1889, has been known
as a destroyer of nerve cells since
1910 and has been recognized as
infectious since 1890.
But the nature Of polio is such
that it was 1909 before polio's causa-
tive agent was known to be a sub
microscopic virus. And the fact
that there were three major strains
of polio virus-each capable of at
lacking any victim regardless of
immunity he might have against
the other two types-became known
only a few years ago.
The task, in getting an effective
preventive against the disease, was
to find something that would:
0 Help build up immunity within
the body, but without giving the
disease (even in mild" form to
the patient.
. Give immunity from all three
virus types.
o Cause no other disease, or have
no bad secondary effects.
A large backlog of medical re-
search helped DR.. Salk make his
historic discovery of an effective,
universal and safe vaccine.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-17

rived. Three cubic centimeters-
roughly one-tenth Of an ounce-of
vaccine immunizes one human for
an indeterminate possibly perma-
nent) period. .
A monkey costs about $35 and its
kidneys make enough vaccine for
about 1000 immunizations. India
the source of most rhesus monkeys
last week authorized export of the
animals for Salk vaccine.
Pharmaceutical concerns (six of
them are licensed to make the vac
cine) have announced commercial
price of So for three shots, and a
special rate to the medical profess
sion Of $4.20 for the series. Doctors
in this area are unsure what the
charge to patients will be, but it
seems definite that regular Office
call charges will be added to the
cost Of the vaccine.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-17
The Test

One difficulty in standardizing
new medicine for humans Is that it
must at some point be tested on
humans.
BY 1854, the Salk vaccine was
labeled o. K. in the laboratory, but
1t needed to be tested in the clinic.
The National Foundation for Infan-
tile Paralysis gave DR.. Salk the big
gest clinic there is-the public
schoolrooms of the United States.
To be effective, the test had to be
both widespread and impartial. And
to complicate matters+the test
had to allow Americans their con-
Stitutional right to free choice. In
other words, the guinea pigs had to
be volunteers.
The study group chose the second
elementary grade (7-year- olds) as
the group to be subjected to inocula-
tons, and the first and third grades
as the controls" to be observed as
the test ran its course.
Within the group to be inoculated.
a difference had to be introduced
but in such way, that the subjects
would not be aware of the differ
? ence. This was done by the use Of
al placebo "a Latin word meaning
Il will please"), the equivalent of
the harmless pills often given to
hypochondriacs. The placebo looked
like the vaccine, but contained
neither virus nor kidney tissue pro-
tein.
1895 Guinea Pigs
In all. 1,829,sl6 school children
underwent observation in the test.
They fell into two categories-the
"placebo" group and the observed"
group.
The former group was evenly di-
vided between those given vaccine
and those given placebo. The latter
group contained about 20 per cent
vaccinated and 80 per cent non-im-
munized children.
In Fairfax County, Va, where
some of the earliest tests were car
ried out, 2,275 children received in
jections, all of them the real thing.
Out of this group, one child was at
tackled by paralytic polio, but is re-
covering satisfactorily.
Randy Kerr. son of Mr.. and Mrs.
Victor Kerr of Falls Church, was
the first child in the Nation to be
immunized in the 1854 mass inocu-
lation. His mother told The Star
last week that he had suffered no
i'll effects from his series of injec-
; tons.
In reporting on the tests last week,
DR.. Salk said some of the vaccine
used was weak, and that children
subjected to it probably should be
vaccinated again. The Fairfax
County shots were in this group.
Dr.. Harold Kennedy, Fairfax health
officer. said Thursday he had not yet
received information from Rich
mond whether second series would
be ordered.
Nationally, the test was huge
success, but its exact nature was
clouded by complex mathematics.
Eighty to 80 per cent effective
against paralytic polio" is simply the
best summary possible.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-09-08
Autumn Goodness
Arrives, Brings
Greater Sneezinq

Autumn weather hit town to-
day, accompanied by sneezes ag-
gravated by the years highest
ragweed pollen count.
The District Medical Society
reported the pollen count at 215
grains per cubic yard of air for
the "a hours ending at 8 am,
Yesterdays count was 90. The
previous high this season was
1874. last Friday.
The Weather Bureau forecast
Ia high Of "a degrees today, with
sunny skies. Tonight is expected
Ito be fair. with a low of So. To-
morrow will be continued cool
with increasing cloudineSs.
At 7 o'clock this morning II
was So degrees in the city.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-09-08

remained males but
also produced eggs like females.
when the eggs OF a sex-re-
versed male are fertilized by the
sperm of q non-reversed brother
or any other normal male. the
progeny are all of male consti-
tuition" DR.. Witschi said. But, he
continued, "any desired percent
age can be induced to become
behavioristic females by the ad-
dition of q trifiing amount OF
estrodiol to the aquarium water,
zone weeks treatment of the
tiny larva, about a half inch
long. suffices to change the ap-
parent sex for life. The true,
genetic females now can be dis
Ipensed with"
This would seem to imply a
future womanless world. if the
same techniques could be used
with human embroys. but DR.
Witschi quickly dispelled any
such idea.
In the human. as in most
mammals, the male is the het-
erozygous sex and the female the
homozygous. This means that
the sex Of offspring is deter
mined by the father. There is
only one kind of human egg
produced by the female, before II
is fertilized. The situation il
just the reverse in amphibians
and birds.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-09-08
Can Humon Race Exist Without Man?
Tests With 7oods Hint Possibility

At present, DR.. Witschi said,
1t is not easy to see now human
embryos could be given the sex
hormone treatment. It is by no
means impossible, however. that
science sooner or later will de-
velop some technique by which
this can be done. It might even
have some practical implications
in stock breeding.
It would be necessary, he said,
to start the treatment very early
probably in the first month of
embryonic life.
The result with man, he said,
would be that only girls would
be produced. They would re-
main girls. but as many could
be endowed with essential male
functions as was considered de-
Isirable. This does not mean,
DR.. Witschi stressed. that they
would be changed into men.
Still theoretically, he said, the
process might be carried one
step further with a woman pro-
ducing both eggs and male
sperm and fertilizing herself
Thus she would be both father
and mother of her own babies
which would necessarily be girls.
This result already has been
achieved in one species of
American frog in which the fe-
male, as in man, is homozygous
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-09-08
Two Killed
In Air Crash

BURBANK, Calf. Sept. 8 up.
AT least two persons were killed
and 80 injured today when q
two-engine DC3 airliner crashed
at Lockheed air terminal.
The big plane, which had pust
taken of, was attempting to re-
turn for an emergency landing
and crashed into the air termi-
nal. ramming a parked plane
and slamming into huge
hangar. There was no fire.
The nonscheduled aircraft, be-
longing to Currey Air Transport.
was badly mangled and its nose
was broken of.
An airline official said the DC3
had taken of for a return land
ing. Nature Of the trouble was
not Immediately learned.
A witness on the field said the
transport appeared to stall about
100 feet in the air and came
down fast.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-09-08
Sherman Gets
15-M!onth Term

Joseph T. Sherman, former
Washington tax consultant and
Democratic National Committee
aide, today was sentenced to Is
months in a Federal penitentiary
for failure to file income tax
returns for the years 1851 and
1852.
Sherman, begging for mercy
from the court, was sentenced
by Judge Albert v. Bryan in
Federal Court, Alexandria.
Judge Bryan told him, "Your
plea Of guilty is tantamount-
Ior nearly tantamount-to wilfull
failure to file"
Sherman then asked that he
be allowed d few days to put
his affairs in order and Ito check
out of my hotel"
Judge Bryan ordered him tx
report to the United States
marshal in the postoffice build.
ing at Alexandria at noon mex
Thursday to begin his sentence.
Sherman was one of severa
Washingtonians retained two
years ago by Garry d. Iozia, New
Jersey businessman, to help hin
prevent the Justice Department
from prosecuting him for in.
come tax evasion. Iozia. who tole
10 House Ways and Means Com.
mittee here in March. 1853, thai
he had paid q total of $1l5.00t
to Sherman and others in a VAR
attempt to halt the prosecution
later was sentenced to two years
in prison.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-09-08
Baltimore Docks Idle
As WaIkout Spreads
Torture Troining Setup
Defended by Air Force

The Air Force today vigorously
defended It sschool for harden
ing combat airmen for possible
Communist type brainwashing
and denied it had ever degraded
any of the $4,000 men who have
taken the course since 1t was
first offered in 1850.
A special rountable news con-
ference was called at the Penta-
gon in the week Of a magazine
article on the rnool at Stead
Air Force Base outside Reno
INev. Col. Burton E. Mckenzie
commanding officer Of Stead;
Maj. John H. Oliphant. his di-
rector of training, and Col.
Maurice Casey, deputy director
of Air Force information, partic-
ipated.
They made the following
points:
/. Less than S per cent of the
students-anu only volunteers
undergo such pressures as being
placed in a deep l1olG with water
up to their shoulders Or in a
"~weatbox." where 1t Is impos-
sih,e to sit, stand or lie down.
2. Most of the techniques, in
lcluding various physical and
mental "tortures" are demon
|strated by the instructors. virtu-
ALLY all Of whom were prisoners
of war In Korea or during World
War II.
8. There have been no cases
of students needing hopsitaliza-
Ition for psychological readjust-
ment during of after the course.
4. The training course is pri-
marily directed at survival, es-
cape and evasion rather than on
how to behave as a POW.
School Is Upheld
Col. Mckenzie who was called
Ito Washington today after pub
location of an exciting version In
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-09-08
Other Ports
Along Coast
Threatened

NEW YORK, Sept. 8 GA
Ilongshoremen's walkout. costing
the port of New York an esti-
mated million dollars a day,
spread today to Baltimore and
Threatened other East Coast
ports.
! In Baltimore, some 7,400
lockers stayed of the job to at.
tend union meetings. The load
ling and unloading of 26 ships in
Baltimore harbor halted.
Longshoremen in Philadelphia
were reported working, but had a
meeting scheduled for later to-
day. Boston workers announced
they would go on holiday" to-
morrow.
Injunction Sought
Meanwhile, the New York
New Jersey Waterfront Commits
sion moved for an injunction
to halt the walkout.
This is the agency set up by
the Legislatures Of the two
States two years ago to clean
house on New York harbor piers,
long the scene of strife and
racketeering.
The walkout is aimed at the
commission and commission
policies, and not at employers.
The commissions action was
the second court move intended
to get the men back to work.
They walked out yesterday.
The New York Shipping As
ISOLATION, employer group, OBJ
tanned q restraining order in
State Supreme Court yesterday.
Hasn't Received Order
Capt. William v. Bradley,
president of the independent In
ternational Longshoremen's AS
ISOLATION, said today he had not
yet received copy of the re-
Straining order-and the walk
lout went on.
Capt. Bradley told q cheering
group of dcckworkers he would
mot recommend a resumption of
work until Cows. Ayereil Harri-
imam Of New York and Robert
IMeyner Of New Jersey met with
the union. Capt. Bradley also
IIsaid:
4 IF something isn't done soon,
the whole organization will 60
out from Canada to Texas"
i In Trenton, Gov. Meyner said:
Il "The Chief Executive Of New
Jersey doesn't knuckle under to
; any group, especially when it is
in contravention Of a statute
: which was passed almost unani-
mously by both houses Of the
Legislature"
| Gov. Meyner was referring to
the statute creating the Water.
front Commission.
! He told a news conference the
proper person for the dockers to
i See DOCKS. Page AT
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-09-08
Indignation Plea Signers
Losing Jobs in Alabama

ing segregation in Alabama
schools.
A source here who declined to
be identified said pressure" is
also being brought against the
self employed signers. He said
two Negro BARRIERS whose names
were on the petition have been
told to find new locations fol-
their shops.
Three Negroes said they turned
down offers by their employers
to let them retain their jobs II
they would remove their names
from the petition.
w. E. Snuggs, superintendent
of Selma city schools. said -four
other Negroes who signed the
petition have withdrawn their
names and a fifth has announced
the intention of doing so.
The Rev. J. D. Hunter. presi-
dent Of the Selma NAACP chap
ter, said there were five clear
cut" cases of Negroes being fired
for signing the petition and
three others in which reasons
for dismissal were not given.
Educational Work Credited
Mr.. Keith said the WCC would
not take credit or censure" fol
the firings, but added:
II don't believe there would
have been the unity of action
that there was without the edu-
cational work of the Citizens
Council. They (the employers
did just what we have been ad.
vocating right along"
MIR. Keith said the VICE has
about 1900 members in Dallas
County who Joined for "educa-
tional purposes. The county
has a population Of about 10000
white persons and $4,000 Negroes