davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1955-02-20

been shown for employing white
teachers, even when a considerable
proportion of the pupil population
in the classrooms has been Negro.
1t has been only on rare occasions
that Negro has served as the prin-
cipal of any school in which con-
siderable portion of the teachers and
pupils has heen white. This condi-
ton exists in the North. in spite of
the fact that the employment of
Negro teachers and principals has
been possible for many years-in
theory.
The number Of Negro teachers
employed in all six of the New Eng
land States. plus New York, New
Jersey and Pennsylvania. was fewer
in 1952-1953 than was the number
Of Negro teachers employed in the
one Southern State Of Virginia in
that same academic year.
Such q situation must give cause
for concern to those Negro teachers
who currently hold positions in some
districts where desegregation is Just
beginning to take effect.
District Scene
Integration of teachers in the Dis
trict of Columbia has followed along
with the integration Of pupils. So
far. however. there has been no in
dication that colored teachers here
will lose their Jobs because Of race.
But in Washington as well as in
other areas where integration is
achieved there will be many per-
sonal and professional problems to
be solved. Teachers, like their pupils,
will occupy the same classrooms,
read the same books. go to the same
meetings and take part In activities
Of the same professional societies.
In almost any school system, for
instance, there is a local teachers
club or perhaps q local education
association. AS result, practically
every teacher in America Is q mem
ber Of one Of these local, county or
regional clubs or associations.
Basically. they are professional or
ganizationA formed for the purpose
Evening star., 1955-02-20
District Teachers Study Their Own Problems Of Iegoton

be prepared, new books to be re-
viewed or reports to be summarized
or copied during their "free" periods.
Under the provisions of an inte-
grated system Of schools, both Negro
and white teachers will be using
these rooms. at the same times, in
common with one another.
Professional Attitude
The school cafeteria has become
a familiar part of the American
scene. It is patronized by both
pupils and teachers In many cases.
the teachers go through the same
serving lines as do the pupils. but
they usually have separate dining
room or a cafeteria alcove. where
they can be separated from the stu
dent body while eating their lunches.
Integration will provide the basis
for teachers Of the two races to use
these dining rooms or alcoves to-
gether. without regard for any dis
tinctions.
Teachers Of both races will de-
NCiOP GOtlCCIA dllu lHJElCSb III tLlo
progress Of various groups Of school
pupils and Of individuals in their
classes. This commendable profess
sional attitude will be reflected in
consultations and conferences be-
tween and among the teachers in
any given school. without regard for
race.
All Of these developments, involv-
ing the racial integration of teach
ers, already have occurred and AL
ready have been accepted in some
school systems which had functioned
on the separate but equal prin-
ciple before the Supreme Court de-
cision was announced last May.
Similar developments will become
effective and will be accepted in
many more school systems after the
high tribunal makes known its deci-
sion on the legal procedures which
will be approved for further de-
segregation.
Some day, In theory. at least. there
will come q time when a teacher
will be q teacher-not white teach
er nor o Negro teacher-just q
teacher.
Evening star., 1955-02-20
By 6. n, irvino


underground resistance, Of 10000.
and 'Doso" or voluntary Organ
ization for Cooperation and De-
fense" of 25O,000. Total ground
troops, without DOSO, 100000. In
addition, all sports clubs and youth
organizations undergo semimilitary
training.
Airfields have been modernized
for use by jets and heavy bombers.
HUNGARY: Article IL of the
peace treaty with Hungary author
ICES a total strength Of $1,000 and
80 aircraft.
Hungarian land forces now con-
sist of 250,000 troops, including re-
serves and some trained but as yet
unassigned armored regiments. In
addition the Hungarians have spe-
cial border guard of A battalions,
a river f1otilla and an air force that
consists of a fighter division of
more than 500 planes, including
long-range bombers.
Every able bodied male, from 6
to so. is enrolled in some type Of
para military organization.
ROMANIA: Peace treaty restric-
tions limited Romanian forces to
$4,000 men.
At the end Of 1853 the Romanian
forces included 100000 in the regular
army, navy and air force. Reserve
army forces totaled about $4,000
So-called interior" or special forces,
such as boundary guards and Sc
cuuty troops, include another $685.
000 men, with at least another is
million boys and girls under mill
tary age enlisted in para-military
youth forces.
CZECHOSL SLOvAKIA: Total
strength of regular forces. including
motorized divisions, is 10000. An
estimated / million men could be
called up as trained reserves. Air
force strength includes seven divi-
sions, with equipment ranging from
MIG-15s, propeller-driven Labs
and To, to n-10 bombers. Special
units, including militia. have q
strength of over 10000 men.
Czechosdovakia is q special source
Of strength for the Soviets, and .
more dependable strength than
manpower-equipment.
The Communists have turned
Czechoslovakia into . secondary
arsenal with fantastic requirements
on the Industrial economy to pro-
duce armaments for other satellite
nations and for the Soviet Union
itself.
Indeed, the Assembly says 1t In
perfectly confident that the Com
munist Minister Of National De-
fense was quite correct when, In
June, 1854, he Dragged that "in con-,
sequence of special measures q
new, modern armament industry has
virtually come into being in the last
three years"
POLAND: According TO latest
data. there are about 500. 900 draftees
Evening star., 1955-02-20

horses and mules and the number
of acres under cultivation multi
piled. The wheat market stayed
high throughout the war and into
the early 20s, and by 1922 the use
of combines had again greatly in
creased the acreage put to the pillow.
So prosperous was the economy Of
the region then, that new breed
of grower appeared-the suitcase
farmer" who leased land and put in
a crop. living the while in whatever
passed for a hotel at the nearest
crossroads. If the year was favor
able he harvested his cotton or
wheat for a quick profit and moved
on, leaving the fields barren of
cover. If it was bad year. he had
lost little except his labor.
Residents Careless, Too
But the suitcase farmers disdain
for the land he had used and flung
aside was, in too many cases,
matched by the carelessness Of the
resident farmers whose land was
their capital. Fields were put to the
plow right up to the roadsides; range
and pasture land was converted to
wheat and the stubble burned of
after the harvest to prepare for an
other crop. Flowing was deep and
done with no consideration for the
conformation Of the land.
When the depression years struck
and the price of wheat tumbled to
disastrous levels in the late 20s and
early 30s, crop acreage stayed rela-
lively high. But many marginal
farmers gave up the struggle, leaving
their dwellings and inevitable wind
mills to fall apart in the soaring
winds. And the land lay barren. the
grass gone long since and no crops
Evening star., 1955-02-20

Stretched from the Baltic to the
Balkans are 80 satellite army di-
visions available for any task which
the new Observation-Disclosures West
leadership Of the Kremlin may de-
vise-or, at least, 80 the Soviet
Union hopes.
AS a matter of fact, the very
existence of these satellite armies is
considered by authoritative observ-
ers as the most significant reason
why the Communists can afford to
act 80 belligerently toward the
West.
But 1t Is also because they are
satellite forces that may explain why
the Soviet cannot now. and may
never. be able to launch with as
suredness successful. aggressive
offense against the West.
Since the outbreak of the Korean
war. the Russians have directed a
massive re-equipping and expansion
Of their satellite armies.
There seems to be little doubt
today that these armies are equip
ped with new arms, good uniforms.
and from good to excellent support
ing air and sea forces.
Yet they still pose an imponder-
able question to their Kremlin
masters. How trustworthy are these
forces?
10 Years Of Doubt
The recently organized Assembly
of Captive European Nations.
coalition committee Of practically
every type of movement in exile,
insists that the satellite forces are
40 undependable that for at least
another generation Of soldiers-10
years-the Communists will never
dare turn them loose.
In building up satellite forces the
Soviets have engaged in consistent
violation Of every peace treaty limi-
tation on the armaments Of the
captive nations.
These fragrant violations have
taken place over exactly that period
in recent world history when the
SOVlet OIllOu AaS C1lkh8cQ AL lbo
most virulent. frenetio charges
against the United States and her
defensive pacts with friendly ma
tions.
How They Line Up
The following estimates Of the
military situation In each Of the
captive nations are based upon the
most reliable figures available
through o number Of both public
and secret sources to the Assembly
Of Captive European Nations.
BULGARIA: The Bulgarian treaty
authorizes q land army, including
frontier troops, Of $4,000 men, and
additional air and navy forces Of
l0.500.
But the Bulgarians have: Five
armies totaling some 10000 men,
including three armored divisions
using Soviet tanks; militia and
frontier guard Of $4,000, Q special
'Taifun," for the suppression OF
Evening star., 1955-02-20

Many teachers who are con-
cerned about providing a smooth
transition for their pupils from
racially segregated to integrated
schools find they have adjustment
problems of their own. For teachers
must be integrated, too.
District of Columbia teachers,
who are going through the inte-
Smyrna times., 1955-05-12
1855 Junior Broiled Program


Entries are now being accepted
for the 1855 Delaware Junior
Broiler Program. The deadline for
turning in entry cards is June 1.
The program gets underway Of
ficially July 6, when contestants
will receive their so wing banded
chicks.
Any boy or girl between 20 and
19 years of age is eligible to par
ticipate in the contest, which is
sponsored by the Delaware Poul-
try Improvement Association and
Agricultural Extension Service.
Entry cards must be signed by a
parent and either a Vo-ag teacher
or All Club agent.
Contestants are encouraged to
get their own chicks from near
by source, keeping in mind that
they want meat-type birds from
a pullorum-typhoid clean source.
Delaware hatcherymen are dom
ating some chicks for contestants
who are unable to purchase their
own. Those obtaining free chicks
must give them good care, and
feed a commercial mash.
Boys and girls participating in
the project will receive help and
supervision from their advisors
through series of mimeographed
information letters and by train
ing meetings.
Each contestant will select six
cockerels for dressing, judging and
displaying at the close of the pro-
ject, and will be responsible for
delivering them to place to be
designated at a later date These.
six birds will become the property
of the committee to be used to
help cover expenses.
These prizes will be awarded to
contestants raising the best birds:
first, $25 plus a trophy; second,
500; third, SIS; fourth, $40; fifth
through tenth place, $3.50 each;
and 11th through Goth, SIS each.
Certificates of merit also will be
presented to winners of the first
four places
Smyrna times., 1955-05-12
Confinement Versus Range
Rearing of Turkeys


Shall I raise my turkeys on
range or in confinement this
year? This controversial question
is asked by many Delaware grow
ers today.
There are advantages and dis
advantages of both, according to
Asst. County Agent Ralph Bar
wick. Advantages of confinement
rearing are as follows: first, less
labor to care for birds; second, no
losses from foxes or dogs; third,
better disease control and lower
mortality, especially from black
head; fourth, less land required
for raising turkeys; fifth, birds
can be watched closer and don't
have to be chased; sixth, some
growers report quicker growth
and better quality meat.
Advantages of range rearing
are: first, less investment required
for buildings; second, less trouble
with swollen hooks, breast blisters
and feather eating; third, lower
feed cost due to birds eating grass
and harvesting grain.
Deciding which is best depends
Smyrna times., 1955-05-12
New Agricultural Awards
Program For Al Bows

Awards for All boys with out
standing agricultural project rec
ords are available for the first
time this year in the National 47H
Boys Agricultural Awards pro-
gram.
In the program, club members
are encouraged to carry COM
bination of agricultural projects
which provide a balanced program
in keeping with the potential and
needs of the family farm.
Honors for more than 5000 in
dividual members are being made
available by the International Har-
vester Company, active supporter
of All Club work for more than
35 years. Over 925,0OO boys are
eligible to participate.
Purpose of the program is to
have All boys develop a pride in
and respect for agriculture; adapt
and apply the latest agricultural
practices and research to farming
operations and to participate in
helping the family achieve its
goals for progress in farming,
happy family living and commun-
ity improvement.
The new program will recognize
the achievements of boys in all
All agricultural programs, includ-
ing dairy, electric, field crops, for
estry, gardening, meat animal,
poultry, soil and water conserva-
tion and tractor.
Two medals are available for
winners in each county. The state
winner will receive an all-expense
trip to the National All Club
Congress in Chicago, Nov. 27-
Dec. 1. At the Congress, six ma
tional winners will be presented
$500 College scholarships.
The Boys Agricultural program
is conducted by the Cooperative
Extension Service, and full in
formation is available at county
Extension offices.
Smyrna times., 1955-05-12

upon personal preference and the
growers set-up. Range rearing
may give better results if condi-
tions are ideal, but confinement
rearing enables many poultrymen
to grow turkeys successfully that
otherwise couldn't stay in busi-
ness. For successful range rearing
a turkey grower should have plen-
ty of well-drained land with a
good sod, no chickens on the farm
and no close neighbors with chick
ems or turkeys. Allow one acre
per 200 birds and rotate ranges
if possible. Move roosts or shell
ters, feeders and waterers to clean
ground every week.
Smyrna times., 1955-05-12

Another good suggestion is to
protect your dogs with DOT. You
can use two tablespoons of 10
percent DDT dust rubbed into the
hair, or a dip using one-half pound
of so percent wettable powder in
three gallons of water.
A third control method is to
dust tick-infested areas at four
week intervals with one of the
following: percent chlordane or
toxaphene Zone pound per 1000
square feet or 40 pounds per acre.
or 10 percent DDT 1.-TWO pounds
per 1000 square feet or 80 pounds
per acre.. The same rates are eff
fective for chigger-infested areas.
Do 1 Have Termites?
AS for termites, it's a $3.50
chance you do have them, accord
ing to DR.. L. A. Stearns, head of
the entomology department at the
University of Delaware. He says
termites can be confused with
winged ants. However, termites
have a thick waistline and long,
write opaque wings of equal size,
while winged ants have a pinched-
in waist and transparent wings
of unequal size
"Termite control is never an
emergency" he adds. "Reliable ex-
terminator companies operating in
Delaware will not attempt to
stampede the homeowner into i'm
mediate action"
If you have termites, request a
copy of bulletin No. 1911 from the
Mailing Room, Agricultural Hall,
University of Delaware, Newark.
You can often handle the termite
situation yourself, DR.. Stea1ns
points out.
Boxwood Leaf Minor
This pest of tree box or Ameri-
can box is quite common. The
larvae are small yellowish mag
gots which work within the leaves
and produce oval blisters. Heavy
infestations cause shedding of fol-
iage and weaken plants seriously.
orange-colored, gnat-like flies
(adult stage of the lockwood leaf
miner) emerge between May and
May 15. Spray the lockwood with
DDT and repeat the application
in 10 days. Use three tablespoons
of so percent wettable powder in
three gallons of water. To con-
troll mites add Aramite at the
rate stated on the package.
Smyrna times., 1955-05-12
Use insecticides With Caution
Advises USDA Scientist

tuNkcSS Oo0ft DttChitob
Insecticides are essential to
modern farming. Yet a word OF
caution concerning their use on
vegetable crops is offered by v,
r. Boswell, of the u. S. Depart
ment of Agriculture's Agricultur-
al Research Service. He bases his
advice upon research done at
number of State experiment sta
tions aimed at learning the effects
of overdosages of insecticidal ma
terial on flavor, aroma, and tex
ture of food products.
According to Boswell, research
has disclosed no particular prob
lem when insecticides are used
strictly in accordance with the
manufacturers recommendations.
Undesirable effects may develop,
however, if growers yield to the
temptation to put on an extra
amount "for good measure" or if
they use an insecticide on a crop
for which it is not recommended.
At the New Jersey State Ex-
pertinent Station, it was found
that soil treatments with 2 to 16
pounds of chlordane per acre and
25 to so pounds of toxaphene
cause definite off-favor in pota-
toes. These higher rates are con-
siderably above normal. Chlordane
also affected potato quality in
studies by the Maine Experiment
Station.
Louisiana-grown sweet potatoes
from plots treated with chlordane
at 26 pounds per acre were poor
textured and stringy. When the
plant foliage was repeatedly dust
ed with heavy applications of 20
percent toxaphene, the sweet pota-
toes lacked sweetness and flavor.
At the Irrigation Experiment
Station, Prosser, Wash, there was
variable impairment of quality by
high rates of DDT or chlordane.
Aldrin at 60 pounds per acre (the
normal dose is 8 pounds) caused
poor flavor in sweet corn and po-
tatoes.
Since wide use of organic in
secticides is new and experiment
al results vary with weather and
soil conditions, it may take many
years to get reliable information
on all the materials now in use.
Meanwhile, Boswell advises grow
ers to use insecticides only when
they are needed and then only at
the recommended rates.
Smyrna times., 1955-05-12

are used for poultry litter, live
stock bedding, garden mulch, and
for filling lowland areas prevent
ing erosion. Many farmers return
crushed or ground cobs to fields
to loosen heavy soils and main
tain humus.
With the door now open to
practical uses for this important
farm residue, further expansion of
cob collection and utilization can
be expected.
In Delaware corncobs are used
primarily in poultry litter. The
huge mushroom producing area
around Kennett Square, Pa, uses
ground corncobs as a compost in
growing the mushrooms.
Smyrna times., 1955-05-12
Ticks and ITermites
Can Be Controlled

Ticks, termites, and tree trouble
lockwood leaf miner), if you have
these problems right now, here are
some suggestions from the Uni
versity of Delaware.
May, June and July are the so
called "tick season" in Delaware.
The common American dog tick
attaches itself to both man and
animals and may transmit Rocky
Mountain spotted fever. The brown
dog tick is scarce and occurs only
on dogs-it's a kennel and house
hold problem.
Keep your dogs away from in
fected areas as much as possible
Examine your dogs and yourself
daily for ticks. Remove the ticks
with tweezers, not with the fing.
ers. Put iodine on the point of at
tachment.
Smyrna times., 1955-05-12
Market for Corncobs
Reported Growing

More than a million tons of
corncobs were used last year in
factory operations and industrial
products. They returned $40 mill
lion to farmers and rural cob
grinders, according to the u. S.
Department of Agriculture.
Owing largely to research car
ried out by the USDA and private
industry, use of corncobs in indus
try has been increasing sharply
go percent in the past 5 years.
The Department estimates that
total production of corncobs runs
to about Is million tons a year,
with more than half of this in
Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, Indiana,
and Minnesota. Most of this tre-
mendous supply is still burned or
otherwise disposed of as waste.
Here are some of the many
things for which corncobs are now
used: About half the total COL
lected and sold goes into produc-
ton of the chemical furfural which
is required for making nylon, syn
thetic rubber; pharmaceuticals,
and resins, for petroleum refining,
and as an industrial solvent. The
remaining half million tons is used
in a great variety of ways-for
incorporation into livestock feeds;
in cleaners and polishes for metal,
glass, plastic, and nodded rubber
items; for airblast cleaning of en-
gine parts and large electric
motor and generator installations;
as a carrier for insecticides; and
as "a constituent of plastics and
tread stock for automobile snow
tires.
Thousands of tons of cobs-
either whole or coarsely ground
Smyrna times., 1955-05-12

disc furrowers, fertilizer attach
ments and a choice of seed
plates are available at moder-
ate extra cost.
Allis-C Chalmers short drop
drill planters are available in
two-row and four-row models.
Come in today for further
details.
Smyrna times., 1955-05-12
Cows Respond To Extra
Care Before FreShening

Results of proper fitting of dry
cows can be surprising, says
County Agent George Vapaa.
One of the tests proving this
was made at the Indiana Agricul-
tural Experiment Station. Cows
properly fitted before freshening
averaged 25 percent or more in
milk production in their following
lactation than cows that were
poorly fitted, Vapaa says.
The rest period for a cow
should be six to eight weeks, he
continues, reminding dairymen
that two-thirds of the growth Of
the unborn calf is made during
the last two months of pregnancy.
Well-fitted cows usually have
their calves easier and produce
healthier offsprings.
No COW should be permitted to
dry off in poor flesh. Any COW
with such tendency should be
fed at greater than the normal
rate in the last two or three
months of lactation. Stored-up fat
is available for use right after
freshening and makes possible a
normal increase in milk yield be-
fore it is advisable to feed grain
heavily.
The county agent says that
more dairymen are finding it pays
to give first calf heifers a little
longer dry period than older cows
Smyrna times., 1955-05-12

or to make sure that ample
roughage and good quality grain
are fed for at least two months.
For a heavy milking two-year-old,
there is little chance for growth.
The udder of such heifer needs
rest for further development.
Smyrna times., 1955-05-12

An awards banquet will be held
at the close of the project. AT
this time the dressed birds will be
on display and prizes will be
awarded.
Smyrna times., 1955-05-12

The key to increased plant population, vital for high
yields, is short-drop planting with the Alls Chalmers
tractormounted drill planter
Seed supplies close to the SOIL Short straight boots
place kernels fast and accurately with less bouncing
or spiraling ;. and skips and punches.
The planter lifts automatically swings free from single
htchpoint follows contours naturally, and is flexible
enough for planting terraces Hldrop attachments,