davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Arkansas State press., 1955-10-14
IKE Village
Mrs. Laura CiAnton

Mrs. Laura Cianton
Mrs. Ella Edwards entertained
the junior All club at her home.
Oct, 3. with Mrs. Lula Baker. 10
cal leader In charge Of the cleo
ton of officers. After new rules
and regulations were explained.
officers were elected as follows:
Gloria Edwards. president: Gloria
Jean Anderson, vice president;
Jewellette Edwards. secretary: OIL
lie Mae Jones. assistant secretary;
Alma Dunbar, reporter. Eddie
Dunbar. song leader: Carolyn Ma
this. recreation leader; Laura Ann
Smith, chairman Of program COM
mittee and Bette Jean Lane. Will
lie S. Clanton. Jack Foster. Bill
johnson. James Porter and Lu-
cy Lee johnson, committee men,
bers, Local leaders are, Mrs. Luz
la Mae Baker. Mrs, Annie Austin.
Henrietta Sanders and Miss Ethel
Green Mrs, Rosie Bates left
October 3. for Detroit While
there. she was an attendant for
her niece. Miss Juanita Bates,
VINO was married to Leroy Har-
land. jr.. Detroit. October 8
Mrs. Louise johnson and Miss z
Green OF this city visited Mrs.
Edna Mae Rcdmon in Eudora. las,
Sunday The brother-in-law OF
Frank Moon. passed Wednesday
Funeral arrangements are incom-
plete at this writing The
18th extended session Of the Chi
cot district association will con-
vene November l0-ll al New Hope
NIB church Mrs l.. V. Moor
of Little Rock. was guest in the
home Of Mr.. and Mrs. Willie vii.
liams last weekend Clar-
ence Lake spent last Saturday in
Greenville. Miss. visiting friends
For your weekly State
Arkansas State press., 1955-10-14
Fl Dorado

Rev. Dunn. who is pastoring at
Camden is the guest speaker each
mite during the revival at Ever
green Baptist church An
mic Binson. daughter Of Mrs Mat
tie Lee Daniel. is a member Of
the WAF She is stationed AZ
Talladega. Ala The 58th an
nual association for the friend
ship district was held al the New
Bethel Bapt church 800 South
Smith street. was noted as one
Of the greatest meetings OF IFS
kird Mrs Ida Meeks. president
Of the Women's dept. presided.
using as the theme. Follow after
the things which make FOR peace.
Mrs. Ida Drew. state president 81
the association was the Thursday
afternoon guest She made q won
dcrful and interesting address
Many out-of-tow~ people offended
tho meeting. Rev Hi-r shaw. mod
orator The Fast side P--H--
church held a very successful re-
vival recently. conducted hv Roy
W NJ Jones There were Is can
didates FOR baptism. Tie proud
pastor Of the church. Rev. C. C..
Cook. was give ntwc suits OF
clothes by one Of his members
Mrs Margaret Meek IS sre~Fs--
her vacation or the west c---s
visiting her sister. Mrs N-vr-'-
Knighten. Oakland and friends
in Los Angeles She is also visit
ing her niece. Mrs Be7t-ics walk
or Of Phoenix Ariz. Mrs.
Vesia Bush IS Ut and doing fin.
after surgery in ws~r-~ Brown
hospital Miss Betty Jean
Lynn. a senior az WIS and
member Of the choir az New Be
thel B2rtist church. attended the
Union county fair and entered The
musical contest She was the win
ner Of SIS. when she s7nz a s1Io
"Twe-lle Dee She is faith
f-l r~e~b-- p Re- -Er--F,
Mrs wisenan. who has been
Arkansas State press., 1955-10-14

S Calhoun attended the 3rd an
nual convention of the Arkansas
Teachers association of admins
traitors at the National Baptist
hotel The first study course
Of the Newport hi school faculty
met Wednesday mite at the home
Of Mrs N. A. Martin. The sub
Jet discussed was The Function
Of Institutional Leadership. All
enjoyed a delicious repast The
next meeting will be in Novem-
Der at the residence OF Mrs.
Mays Mrs Willie Holmes is
i'll -. Mr.. and Mrs Frank Har-
ris motored to Hot Springs to Wis
1t their daughter and family, Mr..
and Mrs. Harris Mrs Agnes
Wilson has been released from the
hospital women's day was
observed Sunday afternoon at the
Morning Star Bapt. church. Mrs
Emma Steward Of Jonesboro was
guest speaker. She told US what
women should do and what stand
we should take The Eastern
Star met at Emmory chapel Oct
o They celebrated Star day .
The MIA OF Newport hi school
will give away a basket OF gro
eeries each month of school 10 a
need, Help the girls 10 be good
MAS. II you want 10 help some
one. Join the Grey ladies Lit
tie Alvin Aleorn is In Chicago
this week Mrs G.. ID. Mays
has received her commission as
notary public. and will be availa-
Bile for service at her home
Apprentice seaman Jesse w. An
thony, graduate Of the past
term, spoke in chapel Monday. He
told the student body how helpful
his hi school training was TO him.
We were all glad TO see him and
10 know he is doing so well So
learn all you can while you can.
and be good and kind TO every
one Learn 10 obey while at home
and you can always get along
Arkansas State press., 1955-10-14
Good Hone

The Women's Missionary con-
vention of the Camden district
was held at ST. Paul AME church
in Eagle Mills. Rev. G. c. Rich
ardson, host pastor, Rev. J. I.
Criswell, acting presiding elder.
The meeting was highly successful
with the following ministers, par
ticipating: Revs. G. c. Richard
son, I. A. Stith, ID. A. johnson.
G. c. Williams. J. T. Hill. IL. A.
Shelton. Rev. o. z. Walker de-
livered the morning message. Ho-
ly communion was observed. Tot
al amount Of money raised dur
ing the convention was s502s0
Appreciation service for the
pastor. Rev. A. Reddin was held
September 80 To October 2 at
Bethel AME church. Chidester.
Total amount presented was sS5.-
AZ Mesdames Bessie l.. Sock
well. Winnie Mae Blake and Miss
Johnnie Young all motored TO
Mrs. Rollen Ellis. who Is Ill to
attend her.
Arkansas State press., 1955-10-14
Atlanta Studies htegratioI-
3. 9. Taylor. Associate Editor

The Atlanta board plans study the educa
tionaf level white Negro children In the same grades
DR. Warren Finley director of Princeton University Edu
caona Testing begins the study this week with Sc
ries of tests The testing completed this fall but eva
uation of test results will take longer.
Such a study calls attention to inequalities and inefhei
snces In the educational system Negro schools were equal
10 white schools would be to study whether
not white Negro students be mixed at their present
grade levels education were efficient would
s,u he unnecessary In an efficient system there would be
records of and mental tests for each child when
would settle fair accuracy the ability Of the child to en-
a given class.
II the schools fact unequal and Negro students do
not have the undepnnng which they should have certainly
thinking Negro would want them advanced with the and
can II the study sincere il can only beneficial effects
II is better for lose grade and gain in fitness
than for lose his chance in life by training In
an inferior school under conditions which promote inferior
attainment.
While Princeton is noted for its proNegro leaning,
sufficiently distinguished for its sons to feel their re-
sponsbity in taking part in such a study
Arkansas State press., 1955-10-14
Benton
Mary Ann Gray, reporter


The Student council OF Ralph
Bunehe school was recognized
with the following persons hold
ing an office: Troy Williams, pres
ident. Deiois NJ Williams. seere-
tary: Jessye Lee Nixon. treasur-
er Prof c. Z. Knox. ihstrue-
tor Of room 2. was called To the
bedside Of his sister Mrs Altoria
Wright. who is in the st Mary's
hospital in Madison. III Teachers
and students wish for her
speedy recovery While in Madi-
son. Prof Knox worshipped with
the pastor and members OF Bethel
AME church, This pastor praised
the officers and members Of Be
thel for being completely out OF
debt Mary Gene Wilson and
Bobbye Ware made an average of
100 per cent in spelling this
week. They are 3rd grade stu
dents. Wiley c. Cox and your
reporter. made the highest per
cent in the 4th grade. which was
100, willye Mitchell. clemy c.
Deadmon. Glenn Banks, are maxi
ing improvements in the 4th
grade class. One of our students
c. ], Fuller. has gone 10 Pine
Bluff to the hospital for the re-
moval OF his tonsils. We are hop
ing he will soon be able to re-
turn to school again, The follow
ing persons are taking music from
our teacher. Mrs Cleveland: Cir
tina NJ Reed. Pearlie Nixon. Will
lie A. Moore, Mary Joyce John
son and the reporter. We are hop
ing 10 be able 10 play for our
school some day Our school is
praying for the recovery OF Earl
Phillips and Uncle Jack Rhine
heart, who are in the hospital in
Little Rock. We are sorry our
news didn't get in the paper last
week, but somehow IL didn't
reach the office in time 20 make
the deadline We forgot 10 men
ton Jimmy D. White and Lee
Albert Crosby as being on the
list for improvement in classes.
Our paper boy. John Moten is
doing a fine Job with his papers
Don't forget TO buy the PRESS
each week Just 10 cents. Ill sec
you next week friends.
Arkansas State press., 1955-10-14
Fordyee

Hfs- mac VI hkoa
The ST. John ANE church has
closed an appreciation meeting In
honor of the pastor. Rev. X. L.
Lilly Mr.. and Mrs. c. T.
Holly of Malvern, were visitors
at ST. John, Oct 2. Fred Burden,
accompanied them Mrs. Jose
phine Jones and her daughter,
Mrs. Olivel Carter were visitors
here recently, Both are former
residents of this city Mrs.
Pebble Baker left for Los An
geles to make her home with her
daughter. Mrs. Fred Jones ,
Mrs. Mary Patton Parr passed last
Saturday in a Little Rock hospit-
al Mrs. Mary Govan, an old
citizen of Fordyee, passed re-
Gently The Melody Five OF
Magnolia rendered a musical pro-
gram at Tabernacle Baptist church
and VIM. Marks was the sponsor.
Rev J. N. Young is pastor :
Z E. Scott has improved and
seemingly will be at his post Of
duty soon Mrs Z Z. Scott
and Mrs. J. MeDuffey, spent the
weekend here with their fami-
lies. hey report having a splendid
school at Hermitage Attorney
W Harold Flowers and Attorney
l.. Clifford Davis were visitors
here Saturday. They visited with
+. Z. Scott and family Rev.
T. d MeCree and Mr.. Scott mo-
tored TO Stephens to the ouaehita
district association Read the
State Press
Arkansas State press., 1955-10-14
MA



~ Of hogs showed marked i'm
provement over previous years.
Winners were: Aged sows. CPo-
land China). Lloyd Porchie, list
Cullendale: Lemuel Bruce. End
and 4th. North Little Rock; Thor
ders Hall. 3rd. wrightsville.
Senior Sow pigs poland ChinA,
Lemuel Bruce. LIST and 2nd. MIR
and Prenethus Crudup. 3rd, MIR.
Senior Sow pigs poland chinO f,
Kenney Scot, list. Roger L. Woods,
2nd. Sherron McMurry. 3rd. Y c.
Cook. Lenard Underwood. 4th. N.
l.. r., Donald r. Elliott, 5th, Lloyd
Porchic. 9th. Cullcndale,
Senior Spring Gilt, Earl Jacobs.
ir. LIST. Robert L. Randell. 2nd.
Cullendale; John Armstrong Bird,
Prenethus Crudup, 4th, MIR,
Johnnie McSwain. 6'h 7rd 7'h.
MIR and Frank Brown. ir.. 9Th.
Junior Spring pig tHampshirel
Arkansas State press., 1955-10-14
Council


tContintea .rom page onsI
Wesley. Grand Prior
The meeting opens officially at
0 a. m Monday. Comforting Of de-
grees will take place at p. m.
At this time Bishop w. W. Mat
thews will receive the degree.
Thomas Harris, Deputy for the
Orient of Arkansas. will represent
Arkansas He will visit Philadel-
phia, New York City and Chicago,
Others to attend are. w. NJ. Will
lisms. Grand Standard Bearer and
Grand Master. z. ]. Jackson. Sol
Richardson. w. II. Ferguson. Z. nj.
Harris and Lafayette Medley.
Sightseeing tours and other
events are planned for the dele
gates attending the Council.
Arkansas State press., 1955-10-14

Anderson. u. and Eivin Jenkins.
who were killed IN The car-tus
collision near Eudorl . Free
man Wright Of Canton Ohio. is
here visiting Mr.. and Mrs. f c.
Stevens Rev. C. n Eiiand.
pastor Of First Baptist church
and wife sni many rf his mem
bers atten6e5 the anniversary a.
Arkansas State press., 1955-10-14

Ulysses Shepherd

On the sick list at The wi
ing are Mrs. Carrie Calhoun =
Daniel Stewart Samuel b..
den. Bobby Prewett, Danlel Bee.
den and Mrs. Alleas,ef Wiley a
Sunday for their home IL =
troit John Dixon and D.
niece Dixon are also on The "a
list Mr.. and Mrs ArAs
White Of Detroit are here vists
their parents. Mr. and Nh 4
thur White, sr.. and Mr.. l |
Shepherd White and othef sk
tives Arthur White, q =
Mrs. Maggie Shepherd are nc
the care OF the doctor.
Thought for the week: Sc
people don't like anything n
Just dislike some things M
than others. Sorrows make
bitter or better"
Arkansas State press., 1955-10-14

r. 7. Ross, LIST. Cullendale; Roger
L. Woods, LIST poland Chinal,
MIR; Grant Kelly, LIST (Diroe
Jersey, MIR.
Junior UFA Barrow show: One
barrow was shown by the follow
ing boys. Thomas c. Wilson, The
arders Hall. Wrightsville; Lemuel
Bruce, MIR; John A. Hlldreth VI.
George Hildreth ~. culendale.
Arkansas State press., 1955-10-14
With The Church,,
St Paul AMI Zion. ife7 spnS
Rev. A. w. Kicks pastor

The Eleventh anniversary Z
Rev. A. W. Kicks, pastor Of v
ST. Paul AME Zion win sA@
Sunday with the program Is ~
lows:
$40 Church school, "Jdhn By
ties Jesus" Glasses for all as
IL a. m. Morning worship "
mems Sunday. Men and Wcns
TO Match The Day"
2 Organization hour, nurneei !
the organizations Of the city WI
appear on program, Prof ptA
johnson, president OF The ht@
sas Baptist college viii oen's
an address.
8 p. m. Music and lhspfsas-
hour. The Dunbar HI school ~
rus will furnish the muse ~
J. r. Henderson. will give
marks and Rev c c. walse Va
deliver a sermon.
Arkansas State press., 1955-10-14
5. 5. Taylor Says:
MORE AND BETTER SCHOOLS IN S. C.

With laws Tightening segregation South Carolina which
did not participate as state Supreme Court hearings
on segregation moving forward i'm effort 10 make all lis
schools in the nation is claimed that % per cent
81 its overall total Of S14667TOOOO has gone for Negro
schools and there 100 per transportation for both
races Well at the Of Indignation TO be NOV
ing toward equality there When equality is achieved there
will be less reason fear Indignation.
Arkansas State press., 1955-10-14

Mt Calvary Baptist church. Gil
lette. Rev. Jones, pastor. Rev. v.
Nelson. delivered the sermon f..
Isiah Pitts, jr. Of Camp chaffee.
was home last week. visiting his
parents. Mr.. and Mrs. Isish Pitts,
ST.
Arkansas State press., 1955-10-14
Newport


Mrs. Berniee Croal has just re-
turned from Mississippi. where
she visited her aunt who is i'll.
and her mother Mrs. N. a.
Martin, Mrs. G. D. Mays and N.
Arkansas State press., 1955-10-14
NCNW-


10 chair this committee because
of her past experience and en-
thusiasm.
Mrs winifred Whitfield. Mrs. N,
c. N. w. OF 1914 1855 Is CO.
chairman Of the committee.
Arkansas State press., 1955-10-14
PASTORS SHOULD STUDY PsYcAIATRY

Dr. Frank Curran University Of Virginia pSychiatrist
SAYS that most oergymen need pSychiatTc training More
mental health problems taken ministers than pSyC
artists" he says The doctor is correct And there lot
Of other things the average minister needs TO study.
Arkansas State press., 1955-10-14

NOTICE; All school news must be
In this office by Friday evening
for the following weeks publica-
tIon. Thanks.
Arkansas State press., 1955-10-14
nn cAll EoR ALAeAMA ANp MlssIsslPPl

There seem to be no Alabama Mississippi newspapers
the Little Rock public library One the assistants says
that is because there call for them Wonder why
Arkansas State press., 1955-10-14
NeGKf
Berfha TiiEp1trick

A supper was given at the home
Of Mrs. Fannie Clark, sponsored
BY Mrs. Ethel Montgomery d. -
Mr.. and Mrs. Anderson jenkins
were called u wilmot. Oct. 2nd.
due 70 The death Of his two boys.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-09-14
baby check fIannelette
gown BY Puritan :.
4.-

Snug slunnber gown, the kind Of niehtie
you love best. Granny style in tiny pink
or blue check with. ruffIe neck and
sleeves. Sizes 81 to AZ.
Also matching pojomos, sizes 81 to 40.
Down Stoirs Store Underwear
o. aiso New Rstlsssda Budost Ssess
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-03-09
Uncle Ruy's Corner
soAPY WATERS
THE fLIBBERTYs
THE BERRYS

Gold Is more valuable than sill
yer, but there was a time when
the story was the other way
around. Old records indicate
that silver was worth more. than
gold in Egypt 5000 years ago.
New silver mines were opened,
and the balance changed, with
gold taking on the greater value.
Records Of the Fourteenth Dy-
nasty in Egypt indicate that
gold, in that period, was worth
several times as much as silver.
A good deal Of silver was mined
in ancient Babylonia. At an
early date the Babylonians val
ued one nina of gold the same
as four minas Of silver. "a nina
was almost the same as a mod
ern pound) Later in the his
tory Of Babylonia. IL minas Of
silver were needed to equal one
nina Of gold.
Both gold and silver were en-
ployed in making ancient coins.
King Croesus minted coins with
the heads Of a lion and a bull
on one side. The animals were
shown facing each other. as
though making ready for a fight.
On the other side Of the coins
were only the square marks left
: when the coins were stamped.
In Greece and Rome, silver
coins were used to q larger ex-
tent than gold. Some Roman
emperors. however, minted q
large number Of gold coins. The
less valuable coins Of those days
were copper or bronze; we may
compare those cheap coins to
modern pennies, but they were.
In general, the size Of quarters
or half dollars.
After the fall Of the Roman
Empire. silver kept . high place
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-03-09
By Romon Coffmon
Tons of silver are used each
week for Photographic chemicals.

Tons of silver are used each
week for Photographic chemicals.
in Europe. 1t was used in the
coinage of most countries and,
as the centuries went by, found
a growing Importance in making
cups and other utensils. Silver
smiths, as well as goldsmiths.
were important persons 500 years
ago.
At the present time silver
mines exist in the New World.
as well as in Europe. Asia and
elsewhere. North America, in
fact, produces more silver than
any other continent.
Magic tricks and games appear in
the new Uncle Ray leahet entitled
PUZZLES. TRICKS AND FUN. This Is
mailed without charge to any reader
who sends a stamped. Belf-addressed
envelope to Uncle Ray in care OF The
Star.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-03-09
LITTLE RED RIDING HOODS
Gao lvnnnkhau and tha Walt

Grandmother and the VOL
While Little Riding Hood stroling happily through
the woods wolf running along another path he knew
would take him to the grandmothers house before the little
girl could get there
Hurryng up pretty cottage he raped at the door,
tap tap tap.
who's there?" called the grandmother.
Little Riding Hood said the wolf in his softest voice
Lift the latch and walk dearie Grandmother said
The wolf bounded into the Grandmother SO
frightened she jumped Of bed closet and locked
the door the wicked wolf could not catch her.
The wolf because he couldn't catch the grandmother
put night and jumped into Grandmohers bed to wait
for Red Riding Hood.
Color the cottage and the two smaller pictures wish
Paste the stiff and cut it out along the heavy
lines including the lines window
Fold the door and window lines forward Paste the drawing
marked behind the door opening drawing behind
the window Fold the sides house along
dotted lines and it will stand up.
Volet Moore P.
Tomorrow: The VOLTS trick.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-03-09
Answers to Our Presidents

president Lincoln handed
the commission Of lieutenant
general to U. s. Grant. at q
ceremony in the White House,
March 8. 1854.
2-President r. D. Roosevelt
described his plan to reorgan-
lie the judiciary. which was
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-03-09
ooh e.. it's you"

criticized as packing" the
Supreme Court, March 8, 1887.
3-During World War I
President wilson's daughter,
Margaret. gave concerts for the
benefit Of the Red Cross.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-03-09
Cost Of Dye Small

NEW YORK--The cost Of dyes
used in G mans suit represents
less than one per cent Of Its
total retail sale price.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1955-11-24
Deaf H s
William Croiq

William Craig, 79, a retired
farmer, died Sunday morning at
his nome at Berne, following a
short illness.
He was a member Of the Sum-
merfield Lodge No. 425, F. &
A. NJ, the Methodist church and
Carlisle grange.
Surviving are two sisters, Mrs.
E. w. Archer, of Mercedes,
Texas, and Mrs. Edward Merry,
of Caldwell, and brother,
Frank Craig of Summerfield. His
wife, Laura, died in March 1854.
Masonic rites were conducted
at the Mallett funeral home on
Monday at 800 .. m. and funeral
services were held Tuesday at
ZOO p. m. in the Berne Meth
odist church, with Rev. Lowell
Kiger officiating. Interment was
made in the Eastern cemetery at
Summerfield.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1955-11-24
William L. Steen

William L. Steen, So, Of Nash
vile, Ind, formerly of the
Macksburg community, died
Thursday night at his home fol-
lowing a heart attack.
Mr.. Steen was born April l,
1892 in Macksburg, the son OF
Joseph and Phoebe Steen. He
was a veteran of World War
Surviving are his widow
Louella, GAINESVILLE; two daugh.
ters, Mrs. Joseph Tati Of the
Adamsville road and Mrs. Will.
lam Kaiser of GAINESVILLE; a son
Robert Steen of GAINESVILLE; 6
number of grandchildren; {
brother, Charles Steen of Canton
two sisters, Mrs. Effie Stanley
and Mrs. Lizzie Kingsbury, both
Of Canton.
Funeral services were held al
the funeral home at 2:30 o'clock
Monday afternoon, with Rev
Curtice Powell officiating. Buria.
was in Soldiers Circle at Wood.
lawn cemetery.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1955-11-24
Mrs. Josephine AddIemon

Mrs. Josephine Addleman, 80,
mother of Mrs. Clayton Mckee,
Caldwell route 6, died at her
home in Riverside, Calf, accord
ing to word received by relatives.
She was the last of a family
of eight children born to Harvey
and Margaret Adams, deceased,
who for a number of years
resided in the Macksburg COM
munity.
A son, Paul Addleman, was
killed three years ago III d traffic
accident at Riverside, Calf.
Funeral services were held on
Saturday morning from the
Simons funeral home and inter-
ment made in Arlington, Calf.
Mrs. Addleman had resided in
the west for the past 27 years.
In addition to her daughter, she
is survived by the daughter-in-
law, nine grandchildren; four
greatgrandchildren and several
nieces and nepheWS in Ohio.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1955-11-24
Otto John Hupp

Otto John Hupp, 40, life
long resident of Fulda COM
munity, died Sunday evening in
Rocky Glen Sanatorium, McCon-
nelsville, where he had been a
patient for five years.
He was a son of the late
Frank and Elizabeth Estadt Hupp
and was born April 10, 1907 in
Enoch township. He was a
farmer and a member Of st.
Mary's Catholic church at Fulda.
Surviving are three brothers,
Beda and John of Caldwell
route; Alex of Woodsfield route;
two sisters, Mrs. Mildred Craft
and Mrs. Ida Michael, both of
the Fulda community.
Funeral services were held
Wednesday at $50 a. m. at ST.
Mary'S Catholic church with Rev.
FIR. B. j. Mates officiating. In
terment was made in the church
cemetery with the Estadt funeral
home in charge Of arrangements.