davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1955-05-23
CONSTANTINE BROWN
AH-Quiet Being Urged While Chou
Decides Fate of 1TU. S. Airmen

Naval Affairs Committees.
They knew from testimony in
executive sessions that impor-
tant segments of the Tokyo
general staff favored striking
at the United States.
Senator Styles Bridges, a
Republican on the Military
Affairs Committee, recon-
mended an embargo on the
sale of the strategic materials
to the japanese. Senator Guy
Gillette, a Democrat member
of the Naval Affairs Commit
tee, could not afford for rea-
sons of party loyalty to join
his Republican colleague. But
he was as disturbed as Bridges
over the vast shipments OF
scrap and gasoline to Japan.
Senator Gillette called on
his friend, Secretary of State
Hull, and told him that he
intended to introduce a reso-
luton forbidding further ship
ments of strategic materials
to any aggressor nation.
The Secretary was sympa-
thetic but begged his former
colleague to do nothing. "The
japanese" he said. ARE su-
pei sensitive. Any such reso-
luton approved by the Senate
and House might unleash them
against us and we are not
prepared for wal. Please do
not rock the ship of state"
This reporter does not know
whether similar pleas have
been made recently against
demands that the United
States take unilaterial action
to release the prisoners in
Communist hands. But it is
common knowledge that last
December President Eisen-
hover asked Republican and
Democratic congressional lead
ers to move no resolution de-
manding United States action
at least until the United Ma
tions secretary general had
tried his hand in direct ne
gotiationS with Chou.
The matter of the fate of
our men held by the Reds is
believed to have been raised
several times at the weekly
meetings of the President and
the Republican leaders in Con-
Evening star., 1955-05-23
DAVID LAWRENCE

LONDON, May 23.-Except
for the British accent and the
different names Of the candi-
dates and the parties, this
might well be a presidential
election campaign in the
United States. For they have
everything here. including the
photogenic Anthony Eden sit
ting like Eisenhower with
arms folded before the tele-
vision camera as he delivers
in the best Stevenson manner
an impromptu address telling
how his heart beats for the
people.
They even have a rhubarb
going on in the press here
about the accuracy or inacu-
racy OF Gallup polls. The So
cialist Laborites. being the
side that is expected to lose
the election, according to the
public opinion polls. don't, Of
course. think much Of the
technique, while the Conser-
vative Party leaders all think
it must be accurate and are
warning their supporters not
to become victims of so much
overconf1dence as to forget to
vote.
AN election isn't a game"
warns Herbert Morrison. who
was Foreign Secretary in the
Attlee Cabinet when the So
cialist Labor Party was last in
power. 1T isn't a kind of a
gigantic football match. 1t is
a very serious thing. 1t
would be a pity if what is
meant to be a grave consti-
utional duty and function
should be reduced in the
minds of the people to a kind
OF exercise in speculation"
Mr.. Morrison said he had
nothing, to be sure, against
polls or pollsters as such, for
he added that after all, every
body is bit of a pollster.
But he objected to the use to
which polls were put and the
way they were presented to
the public. He deplored the
display across several col
umns" in the newspapers of
what he felt were avowedly
estimates based on a limited
range of samples" Then he
reminded his audience about
Evening star., 1955-05-23
Rocking the Ship of State

gress. Besides the II military
men publicly sentenced by the
Peiping court martial. there
are at least another 480 men
in Chinese Communist iails or
concentration camps, accord
ing to State Department and
Pentagon figures. There is also
an undisclosed number of
Americans in Russian labor
camps. Their only crime ap-
pears to be that they are
United States citizens. State
Department inquiries to Mos
COW have gone unanswered.
The confinement of these
Americans follows a pattern of
the cold war. Hence, it is now
argued, WHY rock the ship of
State with peremptory de-
mands to Moscow and Peiping
when We may be on the thres-
hold of settling that cold war
by a meeting at the summit"
The feeling in the executive
branch is that it cannot apply
harsh methods such as an en-
barge on the China coast to
obtain our mems freedom.
This course was suggested pre-
viously in the Senate and
House but has found no takers
in the White House and State
Department where it is be-
lieved that we shall meet with
as much opposition from our
allies against a blockade as
from the Communists. Because
of the complexities of the in
ternational situation, it is said
in administration quarters, we
are no longer free agents to do
whatever we want. We are
members of a great interna-
tional coalition and cannot
take actions dissonant with the
views of our allies.
We may be approaching the
dawn of a new era," our bel
licose Senators are being ad-
monished. Consequently it is
worthwhile waiting for the
Chinese and Russians to make
up their minds instead of pre-
cipitating a crisis which would
affect the free nations patient
work for peace over the last
few years.
Furthermore, the State De-
partment believes that if things
continue to progress smoothly,
it will not be surprising if the
Communists liberate at least
the II men before long.
Evening star., 1955-05-23
DOROTHY THOMPSON
Politics Versus the Military

political disadvantage at every
point.
General Gruenther also de-
scr1bed as "a false hope" the
possibility of an internal rev.
olution in the Soviet Union.
This is correct, if the gen.
eral means armed revolts. In
the goth century these can
only occur in any strong state
within the framework of war.
which alone provides the citi-
zens with arms. The intimate
relation between war and rev.
olution is an outstanding fact
of the epoch.
That another general war
would be favorable to demo-
cratic forces and civilized So
cieties is quite unimaginable.
War is not a democratic or
civilized enterprise. 1t is in it..
self a revolutionary act. in
volvipg the total reorganiza-
ton of the participating So
cieties. No one can predict
what internal explosions, mu-
TIMES. and seizures of power
might occur in any of the par
ticipating countries within the
framework of another war.
War is favorable to new
revolutions, not to old ones,
whose initial feeling of action
has passed-as it certainly has
in the Soviet Union. War is
not, therefore, favorable either
to the West or the Soviet
Union, as established states.
Evening star., 1955-05-23
Eisenhower Republicans Appear
Couoht in the Political Cross-Fire

have so much trouble max
ing a case against him.
In actual performance the
record is mixed. He has made
no new starts in public power
and sponsored the gift of the
marginal oil deposits to the
States but he keeps promising
not to wreck IVA. He has
weakened the independent
agencies with the frequent
appointment of administra-
traitors not in sympathy with
their original aims but he got
the COP. Congress in 1853
to expand social security.
In no case has he proposed
fundamental reversalS like
those now bearing the i'm
primatur of the Hoover Com
mission. In fact when 1t be-
came apparent that the first
chairman of his committee on
intergovernmental relations,
Clarence Manion. was commit
ted to the Hoover philosophy.
Manion was asked to leave.
What may confuse the pub
lie as the new fight shapes
up is that the first Hoover
Commission was a bipartisan
affair to which, for example.
Dean Acheson made a major
contribution 1t was designed
to make government more ef-
ficient and less costly. Presi-
dent Truman recommended
most of its reforms and helped
put them through Congress.
The new group has moved
into the controversial area Of
the proper function of gov
Evening star., 1955-05-23

Ambassador Henry Cabot
Lodge has informally told the
State Department that the
United Nations Secretary Gen
eral intends to present before
the end of this month an opti-
mistic but inconclusiye report
on his efforts to liberate the
II American military men
sentenced to jail last Novem-
Der by the Chinese Commu-
nists.
Dag Hammarskjold is ex-
pected to set forth all the ef-
forts he and the British and
Indian diplomatic representa-
tives at Peiping have made to
obtain the freedom of the pris-
oners who fought in Korea
under the flag of the U. N.
The optimistic note in Mr..
Hammarskjold's findings is
that the Red leaders have in
dicated that they would give
further thought" to the prob
lem.
There is a growing feeling
in official quarters in Wash
ton that our men are being
kept as pawns by the Commu-
nists. They will be freed only
when Premier Chou En-lai be-
lieves he can get something
politically worthwhile in ex-
change.
In the meantime members
of Congress are being urged to
keep quiet about this matter
so as not to rock the ship Of
state" This is a time, they are
being told, when highly del
icate diplomatic negotiations
are taking place dealing with
the ephemeral peace in our
time. They are told that under
these circumstances. sad as
the plight of the Americans
may be. it would be unwise to
raise a new major controversy
with the Communists.
This theme song of not an
noying the enemy is not new.
Early in 1941 when Japan was
on a rampage in Asia. the ad-
ministration continued to al
low sending of scrap iron and
high octane gasoline to Japan.
A number of Senators we're
disturbed-especially those be-
longing to the Military and
Evening star., 1955-05-23
Democrats Hail Hoover Report

ernment. 1t was stacked
against the New Deal from the
start, only one liberal Demo-
crat, Representative. c h t
Holifield of California, being
appointed to it. Holifield has
consistently dissented from its
findings.
The situation now shaping
up raises anew the question of
former President Hoover's
stature and standing with the
American people.
1t was a political imperative
for the Republicans to rehabil-
itate him. So long as the last
Republican President was a
symbol only for bitter depres-
sion, and governmental in
activity in the face of it, it
was improbable that Repub-
lican could be elected Presi-
dent.
They got a break they could
not have expected when for
mer President Harry Truman.
himself we'll acquainted with
the vicissitudes of politics.
helped by appointing Hoover
head of the first governmental
reorganization commission. 1t
was a generally popular prof.
ect and the former President S
comeback began.
Democrats at the time ar
gued it was political mistake.
But Truman knew what it was
to be down and to be kicked
when you are down. He over
ruled the protests.
Harry Truman incidentally
has still to be even invited to
the White House by the Cen
eral he appointed to be Su-
preme Commander of the
NATO forces.
Evening star., 1955-05-23
BY CECIL HOLLAND

The Federation of American
Scientists has asked President
Eisenhower to speed considera-
tion of population and industrial
dispersal as an aid to defense
of the United States against an
atomic attack
In a letter to Mr.. Eisenhower,
the organization warned that
dispersal is not proceeding fast
enough and for this reason the
country's defense program is out
of balance.
I'VE are now spending many
billions of dollars each year just
to maintain our weapons in a
state of readiness, while hardly
a cent is being applied to the
one measure that has a reason
Evening star., 1955-05-23
POTOMAC FEVER
FLETCHER KNEBEL

Foreign Aid Stasen the United States has
peoples capitalism" Republicans like kid with
toy these days. They've finally discovered people
Chairman Butler es veto of the postal
pay Cheap politics" the Democrats
got cheap politics-or cheap anything else
Democratic Senator Symngton says need crash"
program to nter-continenta missile Speaking of
crashes Symington throwing his helmet
the ring.
stroke of political genius when the White House
quit publishing guest lists of Ikes stag dinners Now all
night wife who'll believe he's going to
the White House-and salary of 100000 year.
thing that the air shows proved Armed Forces Day
may have planes Russia but it's
got almost many the Army, Navy and Marines.
has bridge game at his Gettysburg farm One thing
about Republicans You catch them hanging around
White playing poker when they ought to be
balancing the budget.
Radio Moscow claims atomic submarine is myth.
The sign we'll have that the Russians believe really
A-sub is when they that named Popolov
1870
Evening star., 1955-05-23
British Election May Be Preview
OF What's in Store for u. S. in '56

the 1948 election in the United
States, when Mr.. Truman was
elected despite polls that in
dicated he would be de-
feated.
All this has a familiar ring.
So also have the main argu-
ments in the speeches. The
big issues, to be sure, are
peace and prosperity" as we
know them in America, but
over here they don't rely so
much on slogans. They ham,
mer home their points in con-
siderable detail.
Sir Anthony Eden, whose
continuance as Prime Minis
ter depends on the outcome
of the election next Thurs
day, told nation wide au-
dience on television over the
week end that all the issues
that he had explained in his
speech. important as they
were in different spheres,
were dominated by one which
was the greatest of them all:
Can we maintain peace?" He
then repeated with emphasis
the word peace" AS he
moved along easily and in
formally in his talk, he said:
"I know there are some peo-
pie who are saying this is
dull election. I have not found
it dull. Anyway, I don't think
slanging matches help us very
much. l think there is per-
hapS another explanation
which I found rather well ex-
pressed in the Socialist weekly
yesterday, which read, Labor
votes are not easily aroused
when the country, generally
speaking, is prosperous Well,
of course, that is true. the
country is prosperous and we
all know it and rejoice at it."
Nor is this campaign de-
void of the same class preju-
dices which stump speakers
use in the United States. Eden
hit back at that sort of thing
when he said:
I'VE must make up our
minds that our object is to
create new wealth and share
out that new wealth as widely
as we can among the people.
instead of squabbling about
Evening star., 1955-05-23
Each Side Arms to Repei an Attack
Thot Neither Dores to Launch

ventive war at any moment
when the Soviets show symp-
toms of internal weakness and
thus eliminate the possibility
that the Soviet armies would
overrun all Europe.
Why then does military logic
not prevail?
1t does not prevail because
political considerations rule 1t
out. None of the countries in
which our air bases are situ-
ated would permit their use for
such a purpose. The Western
military alliances forged with
such difficulties would dissolve
overnight, and the United
States would be completely
isolated.
The same thing would
happen if the Soviet armies,
supplied with inferior but
adequate atomic power, aided
by the element of surprise,
launched an attack. The care
fully built-up peace campaign,
which has won more sympathy
for the Soviets than commu-
niSm has ever been able to do,
would evaporate instantly. ex-
posed as the most cynical fraud
in human history.
A defensive position for both
sides is, therefore, compelled
by political-not military -
realities. Each side is arming to
repel an attack that neither
dareS to launch, because it
could achieve thereby no con-
ceivable favorable political re-
suits.
Wars are either fought for
advantageous political results
or they are fought for no rea-
son but war itself-for the
triumph, that is to say, of
total nihilism.
Military advantage must,
therefore. be checked against
Evening star., 1955-05-23

fresh. hard, imaginative, bipar-
tiSan look"
Mr.. BowleS said only one-f1fth
of the pending aid budget will
go directly to raise living stand
ards.
Chairman George said the
committee would 60 into closed
session this afternoon or to-
morrew morning to begin voting
on details of the bill, amid iudi-
cations some strings may be tied
to the Presidents request for a
5000 million lump sum tC be
spent as the administration
deems best in various parts of
Asia.
Partnership Proposed
Earlier, a SO = billion year
Free World partnership for
freedom" was proposed by the
Union For Democratic Action
Education Fund, Inc. which has
close ties to Americans for
Democratic Action, in a report
distributed by ADA.
The SO billion is the amount
a UDA study group thinks should
be devoted by Free World in
dusti ialized countries to the de-
velopment of und er developed
countries.
1t would be provided, in
roughly equal amounts, in Gov
ernment loans. grants and pri-
vate investments and would
mean a doubling of the amount
of capital now flowing into
"have-not" areas.
Under UDA's plan, the United
States would shoulder major
part of the program, starting
with appropriation of a billion
dollars year for grants, or
loans repayable in local cur
rency. This is we'll above the
present program.
Other United States action
Evening star., 1955-05-23

urged was a doubling in the rate
of lending to underdeveloped
areas by the Export Import
Bank and the World Bank, ap-
proval of a proposed Interna-
tional Finance Corporation to
help finance private enterprises
abroad, and tax incentives for
American investors in foreign in
duStries.
The report was prepared under
a Whitney Foundation grant and
was written by Haldore Hanson,
former assistant administrator
of the Truman Point Four pro-
gram. on the basis of work done
by an eight-man team.
1t asserted that there is a
"false notion" that the worlds
troubles are caused entirely by
the Soviet expansionist drive and
can be adequately met by mill
tary means. Actually, UDA said,
there is another basic force
neither Communist nor anti
Communist which must be
taken into consideration. This is
the surge of half the peoples
of the world toward freedom
and material progress"
Great Opportunity
The Russians have recognized
this force, the report said. and
look upon it as "a great oppor-
tunity for scoring successes
against the free world through
non military techniques.
Warning that Soviet moves
have appeal for underdeveloped
areas, the UDA group said "one
of the greatest challenges of our
time is to demonstrate that the
free world offers more than COM
munism." 1t added:
'If we fail to demonstrate
this, we must resign ourselves
to the detection. one by one, of
the countries of Asia. Africa and
Latin America. and the gradual
contraction of the Free World,
possibly over several decades"
Evening star., 1955-05-23

General Alfred M. Gruen-
ther, Supreme Commander OF
the allied powers in Europe,
speaking at the United States
Conference of Mayors in the
Waldorf Astoria last week,
warned that the military po-
situation of the free world
might be seriously threatened
by a political compromise.
The military position, as he
explained it. is this: Until
West Germany makes its con-
tribution to NATO'S military
strength, the Soviet armies
could not be prevented from
overrunning Europe, but the
Vests air and atomic superb
periority is the one power
in the long run. Atomic su-
periority is the one power
that balances the equation in
our favor.
This is undoubtedly true.
From a military viewpoint the
situation is stalemated, and
peace-that is to say the sus-
pension of armed hostilities-
rests on the continuation Of
that equilibrium OF force.
which makes aggression by
either side a far too dangerous
calculated risk.
Nevertheless, political factors
can affect even the military
balance. The effectiveness OF
weapons is in direct ratio to
the willingness of governments
to employ them, and the popu-
lar consent that would attend
their employment.
Purely military logic would
argue that if no modus vivendi
d.e. compromise e. can be
reached with the Soviet Union,
the West, presently possessed
of air and atomic superiority
in position to attack Soviet
centers from many peripheral
points, should launch a pre-
Evening star., 1955-05-23

secret information, which will
be given only to those who show
a specific need for it, and then
only for a limited time.
A more rigid security clear
ance also will be required for
secret information, and anyone
who gets it must give IAN ir-
revocable, royalty-free nonex-
elusive license for Government
use of any discovery or inven-
ton resulting from the informa-
ton given.
The Acc said it would waive
it's rights to any developments
resulting from use of confiden-
tial information.
The Acc said it will not give
out any information that is
primarily" of military sig
nificance.
Evening star., 1955-05-23
President Asked to Push
Defense Dispersal Study

able chance of lasting effective-
ness" wrote Donald J. Hughes,
chairman of the federation.
The scientists proposed that a
commission be established to
recommend how much dispersal
is needed and how best it can
be obtained. 1t said these mat
ters should be considered:
/. Effective dispersal of the
Federal Government.
q. Federal aid in construction
of highways and other trans
portation and communication
facilities around target cities.
3. Substantial tax differentals
to encourage industrial building
in nontarget areas.
4. Federal aid for hardship
cases resulting from the disper-
sal program.
Evening star., 1955-05-23
DORIS FLEESON

The new Hoover Commits
sion reports are the counter
revolution to the New Deal.
They go so far indeed that
Democrats are happily look
ing forward to running against
Hoover again next year.
The same thought has oc-
Cured to Eisenhower Repub-
licans and their private COM
ments are impolite. The i'm
mediate prospect therefore is
warm praise for Hoover but
a cold administration shoul-
der for his legislative pro-
poSalS.
Democrats do not expect to
leave it at that, however.
Since they control Congress
they are in a position to fur
nish a forum for advertising
the philosophy of the former
Republican President. They
now plan to hold hearings
next year. on the drastic
Hoover recommendations for
curtailing governmental func-
tions.
In making these recon-
medations the former Pres
ident has rushed in where the
vast majority of working poll
ticians fear to tread.
President Eisenhower him
self has repeatedly accepted
the New Deal. Right wing Re
publicans grumbled openly
that his last state Of the
Union message was a New
Deal speech and Democrats
agreed. 1t is the reason they
Evening star., 1955-05-23
BowIes Says U. S. Aid
Is Needed in Idea War

Chester Bowles, former AM
bassador to India, urged the
Senate Foreign Relations Com
mittee today to take bipartisan
fresh look at this country'S for
eign aid program because the
cold war in the r"Xt IN r-"''-,
may deal more with ideas and
resources than with bomps.
Testifying as the last witness
on the administrations s3.5 bill
lion foreign aid budget, Mr..
Bowles emphasized the in1",.'-
tance of Point -Four and other
programs which improve the
living standards of underdevel-
oped areas.
Equally Dangerous
"It would be utter folly to as
sumo from recent 'feelers' that
the Soviet Union has modified
its long range detectives" said
Mr.. BowleS. But it could be al
most equally dangerous for us to
assume that Moscow is not ready
to change its tactics. If this is
the case, economic development
may we'll become one of the
crucial areas of the struggle for
mems minds and hearts which
President Eisenhower has called
competitive co-eXistence.' For
this reason. if for no other. I
believe that our economic assist
ance program badly needs a
Evening star., 1955-05-23
Acc Asks Aid
On Dutu Plan
BY the Associated Press

The Atomic Energy Commits
sion today invited public suggeS-
tions and comments on a plan
to make some secret and conf
dental information available to
civilian developers.
Announcing major outlines of
the program last night, the COM
mission said an individual will
be given access to confidential
information "if he has evidenced
a potential use or application of
such data in his business, pro-
fession or trade"
Stricter rules will deal with
Evening star., 1955-05-23

All established states are con-
servative within their own
tents. War is anti-conserVa-
tive, releasing unpredictable
and often ungovernable social,
psychical, and emotional forces
savage in proportion to the
savagery of the war which
breeds them.
These are political consider
ationS.