davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-10-14

Opposition to the Supreme
Courts decision on school segre-
CATION is great and in some areas
it is growing, the National Con-
ference Of Editorial Writers was
told today.
The organization, meeting at
the Hotel Statler, was addressed
by Don Shoemaker. executive
director of the Southern Educa-
ton Reporting Service. That
organization, with headquarters
at Nashville. is covering the re-
action to the school migration
order in the South for American
newspapers. Mr.. Shoemaker said
it is doing the job with blank
faced objectivity."
He said his organization has
counted about is active pro-.
segregation groups in the South
ern and border States.
He said the school picture In
the South has "three major di-I
menSions: the relative slownessl
of actual indignation: the rising
tide, of opposition, and the new
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-10-14

ton Of indignation is now Begin
ming to enter the arena OF basic
litigation. He said this is a
factor in slowing down integra-
ton attempts. He predicted that
various plans. programs and de-
vices for delaying or resisting
compliance with the court deci-
sion will occupy the headlines
as well as. the courts for q long
time.
He listed the border States Of
Delaware, Maryland. Kentucky.
Oklahoma. Missouri and West
Virginia as those which have
made desegregation a matter
of State policy in greater Oh
lesser degree"
In Between States
He classified five States as
being in between what have
been called the do it now
States and those in determined
opposition, These are Virginia
North Carolina. Florida, Arkan-
sas. Tennessee and Texas. Fol
the most part, he explained
these States hung back between
the two Supreme Court decisions
waiting to see the effect Of the
second. or experimentation ruling
In another session. Prof. Pau
"A. Freund Of the Harvard Law
School suggested TO the editorial
writer's that newspapers might
well employ specialists on legal
reporting who have been trained
as lawyers. He said they might
do this just as they have spe-
cialists for finnce, drama, science
and other subjects.
In commenting on Supreme
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-10-14
Author JostIes Editors
On intellectual Decay

A well-known author came
before an assembly Of editorial
writer's last night with the COM
plant that there is "a decay OF
intellectual powers" on editorial
pages OF the Nations newspa-
|pers.
The editorial writer's, some OF
them intellectuals In their own
right. didn't take kindly to the
criticism. A few, in fact. said
that the speaker, author Russell
Kirk, didn't know what he was
talking about.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-10-14

Court decisions he recommended
that the editorial writers not
reply on the summaries in news
reports.
TRY to digest the case even
though 1t means waiting until
the full text Of the opinion comes
before you," he advised.
He said also that it would be
good to avoid statistical analv-
sis, of judges positions in terms
of conservatism and Liberalism.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-10-14

They are attending the Ma
tional Conference of Editorial
Writers at the Hotel Statler.
Mr.. Kirk, author Of THE Con-
sentative Mind" deplored the
passing Of the typical editor Of
a century ago. who, he said. had
gottep wisdom and virtue.
Jonathan Daniels. also an au-
thor. and also widely known,
asked Mr.. Kirk to name his IA
vorite editor of a century ago.
Mr.. Kirk pondered it q moment
and came UP with William Cullen
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-05
Doris FLeeson-
The TickIish Problem in Japan
Shigemsus Request to Visit Dulles Was Poorly Timed;
But the Situation viii Have to Be Faced Eventually

necessary. These localities have
simmered down to Quemoy and
Matsu.
The latter part of that
pledge is under fire from
United States allies and at
home. The projected visit of
Minister Shigemitsu would
focus world attention on the
weakness of the Japanese link
in the Asian defense chain. 1t
would be mama for the Dulles
critics and not all of them
could be expected to pretend
not to notice it.
It is mama now for Red
China which has begun over
lures to Tokyo for new trade
agreements. Premier Hatoyama
is already talking about recog-
nizing the two Chinas.
Where Japan shall trade in
order to provide her competent.
educated people with a good
standard of living has been
and remains the long-term
problem in United States-Jap-
anese relations. In this respect
Japan is a facet of our ma
tional interest in the reciprocal
trade agreement program
which is in such trouble right
now in Congress.
The short-term argument is
simpler. Japan wants to de-
crease its contribution to
United States military ex-
penses there. The United
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-05
Fletcher Knebel-
Potomac Fever

big Washington surprise these days the hasse
making public MacArthurs wartime papers Up to
had assumed that all MacArthurs words handed
down tablets of stone.
will attend his 4Oh reunion at West Point this
spring Some of the boys doing pretty we'll The others
found wanting in battehey Taft before Chi
The Supreme Court uphods the conviction OF former Rep
resentatve Bambet for payroll padding The only state
where boss allowed to take subodnates salary is the
state of matrimony.
Democratic Gov Hartman of New York charges the Ike
team with intolerance Hartman who bares his toll
the world In fact they he barely oeraes Adla
Stevenson.
Lou Guyay New York publicity man. is named Republican
public relations chief It's his job the country that
the difference between Republicans and people has been greatly
exaggerated.
Prime Minister Churchill prepares retire world
loves him He is of those Engshmen who make
you forgive the rest of them.
Army Secretary Stevens coners with Chang Kai-shek
Formosa Chang "Condentay Secretary just between
us-who did promote Peress?"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-05
Dovid LoMrenee-
Meaning Of International Law
AS Long as We Recognize Republic Of Chino, u S Has
Every Right to Help Defend Quemoy and Motsu

could aid the Chinese to re-
turn during the lighting" In
Korea but argues that after
the fighting ceased. there was
no moral or legal justification
for retaining them"
Since when does an armi-
stice which stops the fighting
also end the legal rights of
two belligerents? The United
States has every right 70 re-
tain any foreign nationals dur
ing a state of war and, when
an armistice comes. to return
only those specified il the
agreement. 1t is for a peace
treaty. when duly signed and
ratified. to say what disposi-
ton should be made of the
foreign nationals and their
property. seized during a war.
For, after all, it was a war in
Korea-more than 100000
Americans were killed or
wounded in it.
The American Government,
therefore, cannot be rightly
accused of having a sense of
guilt but rather must be COM
mended for doing a generous
thing-not required by inter-
national law or the terms of
the armistice-in giving up
custody of the Red Chinese
students. For they possess in
formation about atomic phys
les and technical skills ac-
quired during their stay in
this country which could be
used against American troops
if the existing armistice breaks
down and the Korean war is
resumed. Also, since when
does a government formally
declared an "aggressor" by the
United Nations, and still
unpublished, acquire rights
under international law?
Reproduction Rights Reserved)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-05

States is willing provided ia
pan increases her own defense
budget. But Hatoyama has
promised the electorate tax
reduction and social benefits
and his military budget is
modest.
In such troubled waters the
Communists, of course, fish
happily and usually effectively.
Still Americans must remem-
Der that the occupation under
Gen. Macarthur supported the
outlawing of war in the Japa-
nese postwar constitution. The
present United States switch
to pressure for more and bet
ter Japanese rearmament is a
striking contrast.
Secretary Dulles and the
present Ambassador to Japan,
John Allison, wrote the Japa-
nese peace treaty. They un-
derstand the problem and
know the leaders. They can
no doubt stave of a crisis now
in United States-Japanese re-
lations. But precisely what
they do realize about the stu
alton there may help account
for a White House attitude on
Asia noticeably less bellicose
than that held in some other
quarters.
Eventually, of course, the
Japanese problem, like every
other, will have to be faced
squarely.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-05
Constonine Brown
Chang Is Finished Backing Up
With or Without American Help Chinese Nationalist
Viii Defend Small Islands Until They Fall to Reds

American plane or PIT boat;
others will say that they must
be defended because we can
not afford to allow the Reds
to nibble away what is left
of Nationalist China. If we
look at the conquest of he
islands with our arms crossed
they add. Formosa will fall
into Red hands as sure as
night follows day.
To the Taipei government
and our military observers
there. the Matsus have a rea,
importance directly affecting
Formosa itself. The islands
dominate the harbor of Foo
chow and the nearby navy
yard which once was the most
important shipbuilding CEN
ter of the Chinese Republic.
Chinese warships were built
and repaired there before the
Japanese invasion. Later. dur.
ing World War II, the jap
anese dismantled most of the
yards installations because
they needed the steel and
other materials. But it is still
one of the greatest for con-
struction of junks.
The Nationalist on Matsu
are capable of interdicting the
access to Foochow and the
navy yard Of ships transporting
materials needed for building
of thousands of motorized
junks essential for a large
scale attempt to invade For
mosa. Some ships slip through
but not in sufficient numbers
to allow the yard to build ade-
quate junks for an amphibious
operation against Formosa.
The Matsus, because of their
closeness to the mainland, can
not be successfully defended
against the air capabilities of
the Communists. The garrison
could hold for some time, but
the islands can be saved
only by important American
Nationalist air strikes against
Communist airfields on the
mainland. Such action would
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-05
Doris Fleeson-

The new Japanese Premier
wanted his Foreign Minister
to come here in the hope of
making some political medicine
to apply to severe domestic
headaches at home. The State
Department felt obliged to
spIrn the visit lest it create
new headaches here, both for
eign and domestic.
The department could not
have avoided this public en-
barrassment to both govern
ments. 1t tried to. But the
Hatoyama government which
took Office December 8 is in a
hole and apparently thought it
could force the hand Of the
United States.
Tokyo announced that For
eign Minister Shigemitsu had
made plane reservations Tor
Washington early this week.
Secretary Dulles had to an
nounce that he could not on
such short notice arrange to
see him.
Nothing could be more I'M
handy for the Secretary than
the timing of the Japanese re-
quest.
The Eisenhower administra-
ton is seeking to play a strong
hand in Asia. It is absolutely
committed to defend Formosa
from aggression together with
closely related localities" II
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-05
Thonos [. Stokes
Thomas L. Stokes
More Grist for Lawyers Mill?
y Men Who Helped Write Report on Antitrust Laws
Often Appear Before ETC in Behalf Of Big Business

Antitrust is a term that
often scares away the general
reader. Not so the specialists.
lawyers and economists. That's
understandable, tor going to
law about the antitrust laws
and exporting on their inter-
probation have been bread and
butter for lawyers and econo-
mists for many years, and
good bread and butter.
In a different way. the anti
trust laws are bread and but
ter for the public, which, how
ever. gets confused in the
technicalities on which lawyers
lay so much stress. The public
finally gets lost as the cases
meander through the courts,
sometimes taking years.
The antitrust laws. dating
back to the Sherman Act of
1890, do have a special mean
ing for the public, and thus
the general reader. They were
enacted to protect such. From
what? From the tendency that
sometimes develops in big
units of business to control as
much of the business as pos.
sible, a human tendency con-
sistent with our digger and
better" philosophy.
What comes out of this
,reedy instinct?
Well, by hogging-or mo-
nopolizing, to be more polite
a big part of any business or
industry, the managers, if so
minded. can control produc-
ton and markets and. in the
end, that means they are in a
position to charge what prices
the traffic will bear. That
gets right to the pocketbook of
the public. Moreover, political
power is a natural outgrowth
Of economic power and, as
businesses get bigger they pull
a bigger weight politically and
can use their influence to pro-
tect themselves from too much
neddling by government.
In the last few years, as
business got bigger and bigger
through mergers, first from
the depression and then from
World War II, this provoked
numerous investigations of
monopoly tendencies. both in
Congress and elsewhere.
Among its many studies"
by commissions and commit
tees, the Eisenhower admins
tration also included one into
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-05
Constontine Brown

President Chang Kai-shek
has informed Washington in
formally that regardless of
what President Eisenhower's
final decision regarding the
Chinese offshore islands may
be, .Quemoy and Matsu viii
be defended to the last man.
Without American sea and
air Intervention, there is no
question that the islands will
eventually be overrun, partic-
ularly If the Communists
bring into play their airborne
division stationed near Foo
chow and their air power.
which is superior to that Of
the Nationalist.
AS things stand now, Mr..
Eisenhower in consultation
with the National Security
Council. is expected to hold
up our forces in the Far. East
until he decides whether any
Communist onslaught which
occurs is intended as a major
offensive to capture Formosa
itself,
The trend toward confer
ences to diminish internal
tional tensions" is stronger
than at any time since Mr..
Eisenhower took Office. And
with this trend the pressure
from our allies to do nothing
for the defense of the offshore
islands has increased immeas-
urably.
It may have become a cliche
these days to say that an
other Big -Four conference
will become another Munich"
But this is nonetheleSs an &C
curate estimate of the situ-
alton. Parleys with dictator
ships that use the blackjack
of aggression to obtain their
detectives have led in the past
and are likely to lead again
to costly appeasement.
How important are the "un-
important" Matsu isles which
the Nationalist have pledged
to make into a immature
Verdun or Stalingrad?
The now muzzled military
in Washington until very re-
Gently compared the islands
Importance to Formosa with
that of Hawaii to the United
States. To politicians and
diplomats their value depends
on whom you consult. Some
will say that they are not
worth the loss Of a single
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-05
Crime Rate CLIMBING
AS Police Ranks Lag,
]. Edgar Hoover Says
BY the Associated Press

FBI Director j. Edgar Hoover
said today the Nations large
cities have not increased their
police strength to keep pace with
a higher crime rate.
Noting that statistics show
heavily populated areas to be
the favorite hunting ground Of
criminals, Mr.. Hoover said:
"The average is police en-
ployes per 1000 inhabitants in
the 10000 to $4,000 fpopulation)
category increases to only IT
in cities with a maximum Of
250,000, and to 2.3 in those over
that population figure.
Sufficient Forces
"Assuredly, police agencies
must have sufficient forces to
guarantee the welfare of the citi-
zens under their jurisdiction.
Certainly it is sound strategy to
take up the challenge presented
by the growing problem in the
major cities of the country"
Mr.. Hoover expressed his views
in a signed editorial in the FBI
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-05
Dovid Lowrence-

Time was when the mention
Of the phrase international
law" meant certain, well-de-
fined principles of interna-
tional conduct which history
and custom had placed In a
recognized code.
But today the words Inter
national law" can be banded
about in public and few peo-
pie question their real mean
ing in given situations. This
may be due to unfamiliarity
with the precedents or to for
getfulness.
Thus, in the new resolution
backed by several Democratic
Senators who now want to re-
verse the decision taken by an
overwhelming majority of both
Houses recently, which gave
the President authority to
defend Formosa and related
areas, there occurs this Ian
guage:
Whereas the United States
under international law has no
territorial rights or claims to
the Matsu and Quemoy Is
lands; and whereas a military
defense of said islands by the
United States subjects the
United States to the charge of
acts of aggression and involve
ment in a Chinese civil war;
-.
But, under international
law, the Republic of China is
today the recognized govern
ment, and there Is no involve
ment in a civil war from a
legal standpoint If the United
States continues to recognize
the same government. To hon.
or the request of constituted
government for military aid in
resisting rebellion is a we'll
established principle Of inter-
national law and, so far as the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-05

inevitably place us in an UNI
pleasant position internation-
ally. say those who urge Mr..
Eisenhower not to permit our
forces to become entangled in
a war with Red China. All our
major friends and allies. such
as Britain, France and India.
will, oppose such an adven-
turous policy.
Neither Mr.. Eisenhower nor
Secretary Of State Dulles nor
the Joint Chiefs of Staff ex-
pect any physical help from
our Western European allies
in case of military operations
against the Chinese Reds. And
actually, we don't need 1t. In
Korea in 1850 and 1851, their
meager contributions proved
an eventual +. handicap, since
London's and New Delhi's po-
litical interference with the
military strategy Of our SUI
preme commanders prevented
a sure victory. But the Chief
Executive must bear in mind
that many Of our political
leaders have made a fetish out
Of alliances with the Western
nations and do not want us
to make any move which
might ALLEVIATE them.
Although the Pacific is far
more important to our security
than Western Europe. a sub
stantial number Of politicians
are still so European minded"
that they prefer the applause
of London and Paris to de-
Tending the Western Pacific
outposts still in non-Commu-
mist hands.
Mr.. Eisenhower has kept his
own counsel recently about the
decision he will make If the
offshore islands are attacked.
He showed his hand neither
to the public nor the Repub-
lican and Democratic leaders
with whom he held long con-
ferences last week.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-05

went into several pages Of ci-
tation of specific cases where
mergers were held lawful de-
spite the Kefauver barrier.
This prompted the Tennessee
Senator to, say that the COM
mittee had written a guide
book" for lawyers attempting
to justify mergers. In the case
of mergers and in several other
respects, Senator Kefauverand
others in Congress have
charged in statements. since
it's publication that the re-
port weakens present antitrust
laws. which is disputed by
signers of the majority report.
Critics of the report argue
that, because of its official
sponsorship. it will have an ef-
feet on the courts that will be
detrimental : to antitrust law
enforcement. as well as provid-
ing a valuable manual for law
yers seeking a way around
antitrust laws.
A comprehensive dissenting
report came from Prof. Louis
B. Schwartz of the University
of Pennsylvania, but the CO.
chairmen would not permit its
publication in its entirety with
the report. Instead, brief ex-
cerpts were scattered here and
there in the body of the report.
Because of this chopped-up,
piecemeal treatment and the
manner in which other dissents
we're noted here and there but
without naming the dissenters,
Prof. Schwartz said the report
docs not fairly present the
views Of those who differ with
its basic philosophy"
Is the public better off? Or
is this just more grist for the
lawyers mill? The dissenters
raised enough questions to sug-
gest that the public would do
well to give its backing to pro-
posals for a thorough congress
sional. inquiry into the report
and its meaning.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-05

the antitrust laws. Recently
the Attorney Generals Com
mittee to Study the Antitrust
Laws completed its work and,
as a result, we have a 1884,
page report couched in legal
language which Is dull reading
to most laymen. The commit
tee included Assistant Attor-
ney General Stanley N.
Barnes. chief of the Justice
Departments Antitrust Divi-
sion, as a cochairman with
S. Chesterfield Oppenheim,
and. as a member, Chairman
Edward F. Howrey Of the Fed
eral Trade Commission, which
is charged with administration
of the Clayton Antitrust Act.
Who else sat on the commit
tee Of 60 members?
Why the same lawyers and
economists referred to earlier
who make their living out of
the antitrust laws. Among
the post-mortems now follow
ing along in the wake of this
report is an analysis by Rep
resentative Henry Reuss. DEM
ocrat, Of Wisconsin, freshman
Congressman, showing that %
of the lawyers are those who
usually appear before the Fed
eral Trade Commission, mostly
in behalf of big corporations.
Among them, these lawyers
have appeared los times be-
fore the ETC.
What is the biggest devel-
opment on the economic
front?
Mergers, of course. They
nave been occurring rapidly.
Did the committee investi-
gate this wave of mergers?
Not so, as is pointed out by
Senator Estes Kefauver. Dem
ocrat, Of Tennessee. But it
did go into the subject of
mergers and laws affecting
them. including an amend
ment by Senator Kefauver.
This amendment plugged a
loophole in the Clayton Anti
trust Act by forbidding merg-
ers through purchase of as
sets. in whole or in part, Of
one corporation by another.
If "the effect Of such acquisi-
ton may be substantially to
lessen competition, or to tend
to create a monopoly"
While the majority report
Of the Attorney Generals COM
mittee subscribed TO the Ke-
fauver amendment. it then
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-04-05

United States Government is
concerned. the Nationalist gov
eminent is the constituted
government.
In Greece. for example, the
United States rendered mill
tary assistance to the consti-
tuted government few years
ago.
Entirely apart from the
principle of extending military
aid to a recognized govern
ment, there are other facts
which would legalize the action
of the United States In defend
ing the Quemoy and Matsu
Islands. Thus, the government
of Red China took part in a
major war in Korea against
the United States and allied
forces. An armistice now has
been signed, but an armistice
is not a treaty of peace. 1t
continues from the viewpoint
of international law the legal
conditions of a state of war
which existed as against Red
China before the armistice was
signed.
This arnistice. moreover,
has. been repeatedly violated
by the Red Chinese. Americans
captured during the war have
not been returned as required
by that agreement.
Yet so far afield have some
American writer's gone In their
anxiety to appease the Red
Chinese that the United States
Government now is blatantly
accused of having a guilty
conscience" in ordering the re-
lease of the rs Chinese stu
dents held in America during
the Korean war.
One editorial in an Eastern
newspaper comedies that "it
would have been foolhardy to
have permitted persons who