davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1955-06-19
The Contestants

Four forces, listed here in order
Of political power. were at work last
week in Argentina:
o PerOnistas. These are the fol-
lowers Of Dictator Peron, mainly
among the workers and the army.
Labor is organized behind Peron in
the General Labor Confederation.
Q The church. There were two
Catholic groups involved, the clergy
itself, which Peron was prosecuting
on selective basis, and Catholic
Action group Of political militants.
led by wealthy landowners who
don't like Peron's usurpation OF
power and get advice from like
thinking priests on how to limit
his control.
. Mayfair force coalition. This
dissident group came out Of no.
where. to the obvious surprise Of
the Vatican which expected no
such "repercussion" to its excom-
rnunication order.
o Communists. There are few
abroad in the land. They no doubt
are trying to take advantage Of
the unrest Peron's charge that
they are setting Catholic churches
afire could be true. But no observer
OF the Argentine scene would put
arson past the "shirtless ones" OF
Peron's own following.
Evening star., 1955-06-19

New developments in atomic en-
ergy last week boded some good
and much i'll for the human race.
On the cheerful side. the Joint
Congressional Atomic Energy Com
mittee approved funds for two new
atoms-for- peace projects, It voted
IS million to carry out the Presi-
dents proposal to pay half the
cost Of atomic reactors for friendly
countries which want to use them
for research.
And the group approved a $25
million expenditure for develop
ment of an efficient atomic power
plant for merchant vessels. This
was a substitute for the Presidents
plan for an atomic peace ship"
to be built quickly with current
power-plant designs and sent
around the world as show piece.
The committee said more research
was necessary to develop an EN-
cient atomic engine. Any quick
makeshift would defeat the pur-
pose, the committee decided.
At the White House, meanwhile.
agreements were signed between
this country and Canada, Britain
and Belgium to share peaceful
atomic know-how.
But articles In the Bulletin Of
Evening star., 1955-06-19
ATOMIC ENERGY
Both Good and Bod for Human Race
Are Presuqed by Nucleur Developments

Atomic Scientists indicated man
must tread softly or he will never
enjoy the benefits Of atoms for
peace. An article by DR.. Ralph E.
Lapp pointed out that the fall-out
was much more serious than the
Atomic Energy Commission had
previously indicated.
DR.. Lapp's conclusions squared
with those in speech two weeks
ago by Atomic Energy Commis-
sioner Willard F. Libby.
The two statements indicated
that, depending on the chemicals
put into an atomic bomb and on
the nature of dust particles sucked
I'D by the atomic cloud, fall-out
areas might remain unsafe for
months. The Acc previously had
talked about a two-day danger pc
riod.
The new estimates could compli-
cate tremendously the work OF civil
defense.
In another Bulletin Of Atomic
Scientists articles it was asserted
that genetic changes following an
atomic war would be widespread.
Even atomic tests, another article
said, have caused about 10000
harmful mutations. "a significant
evil which we have no right to dis
miss lightly"
Evening star., 1955-06-19
Federal Pay

Congressman, Judges, servicemen
and postal workers already have
been voted pay raises this year in
a squirt of generosity that will cost
Uncle Sam about SIS million a
year. Last week civil servants came
a step closer to swelling that outlay.
The House Civil Service Commit
tee voted to increase the pay OF
some / million civil servants by an
average of rs per cent. That would
cost about 1925 million a year.
There was strong sentiment in
the committee, however, to increase
it by per cent "a motion to do
so lost on tie vote), which would
cost about $346 million. As the
Senate has already approved a 10
per cent increase (about $432 mil
lion), Government workers were
hoping to get the 8 per cent as q
compromise.
Evening star., 1955-06-19

Congress OKs Bill
To Allow President
To Reduce Tariffs

The administrations campaign
slogan of TRADE, not aid" has
worked out in the first two and one
half years under President Eisen-
hover to be, "A little more trade
and q little less aid" Last week,
however, Congress made important
strides toward the White House
goal.
Congress sent to the White House
a reciprocal trade bill which moved
toward the Presidents goal Of free
international trade. It contained
some concessions to protection
minded American industries, but
gave the President new power to cut
most tariffs by Is per cent over a
period Of three years.
House and Senate Democrats
said the bill was poor one-lesS
than the President should be willing
to accept. They said administrative
changes laid out in the bill would
make it extremely difficult for the
Tariff Commission to resist pleas
by domestic industries for higher
import duties.
No Objection
But President Eisenhower sent
word to the Hill that he had mo
objection" to the bill in the form
worked out by q joint House-Senate
conference group.
So the drive to hold out for a
stronger bill collapsed. The House
approved the measure BAT to 54,
the Senate passed 1t on voice vote.
Meanwhile the House Foreign
Affairs Committee heard admins
tration spokesmen explain why the
mot aid" half of the slogan had
to be postponed. They were testi-
flying for the $3.48-billion foreign
aid bill.
There were two main arguments
for continued aid. First, Admiral
Arthur w. Radford. chairman Of
the Joint Chiefs Of Staff. said that
America was still dependent on
allies for ground forces in the
trouble areas and that many allies
could not provide their own equip
ment. Therefore, the aid program.
mostly military, is necessary.
And secondly. said Livingston T.
Merchant, assistant Secretary Of
State, foreign aid has paid of for
this country over a period Of years,
militarily and politically.
When foreign aid could be
dropped altogether no one was
willing to guess.
Evening star., 1955-06-19
POLIO
Government and SuIk
Blame Euch Other for
Trouble With Vaccine

The Great Polio Vaccine Contro-
versy had simmered down consider
ably last week. though few argu-
ments continued on side issues.
The principal issue seemed to be
settled. DR.. Leonard A. Scheele,
Surgeon General of the United
States, told the Senate Labor and
Public Welfare Committee that the
Salk vaccine was "as safe as man
can make it"-as safe, in fact, as
any other standard vaccine.
DR.. Jonas Salk, developer Of the
vaccine, disagreed with the Public
Health Service on the reason for
outbreak Of polio cases accompany
ing first shots. The Public Health
Service had implied that DR.. Salk's
formula was to blame, as it was not
adaptable to mass production. DR..
Salk last week said the manufac-
turing standards originally laid
down by the Government caused the
trouble.
Top polio experts decided yester-
day, that the injection program
should be continued through the
summer months. They said the
risk Of causing paralysis in a person
who already had the disease was
outweighed by the vaccine's total
preventive effect.
On Capitol Hill the Senate COM
mittee listened to testimony on bills
to distribute the vaccine. Com
mittee Democrats wanted the Gov
ernment to pay for all shots for
persons in the 1-to-19 age group.
The Department Of Health, Educa-
ton and Welfare wanted the Gov
ernment to pay only for persons
who couldn't afford it.
Secretary Oveta Culp Hobby
called the Democratic plan a ''back-
door approach to socialized medi-
cine"
Evening star., 1955-06-19

(yes), Braden no." (Spruille
Rraden was American ambassador
Peron lately has been getting
badly needed loans from the
United States; obviously, Uncle Sam
is no longer the bogieman. Last
week the signs in Buenos Aires
Peronista demonstrations said
"Peron 81, curas (priests) no."
Peron himself insisted until re-
Gently that he had no quarrel with
the church, only with individual
priests. The church, however, took
his action against the priests as
an affront to catholicism in gen.
eral. This was warranted, consider
ing the vicious attacks carried IN
the Peron- dominated press.
Other Actions
In addition, there were these
Peron governmental actions:
1. Religious instruction in public
schools was abolished. Church Of
ficials in education departments
W6TG ulSLll1SCSu.
2. Divorce, which Catholics OPP
pose, was legalized.
8. Prostitution was legalized.
4. Individual priests, and their
Catholic Action associates, were ar
rested for holding outdoor religious
ceremonies, preaching against the
Peron regime and other similar
reasons.
S. A constitutional convention
was scheduled for next fall to
separate church and state. In Ar
gentina today the President must
be a Catholic; the government
nominates the panel of cardinals
and archbishops from which the
church chooses its officials; church
subsidies are condoned.
6. Tax exemptions on church
properties were eliminated. That
Evening star., 1955-06-19
Dixon-Ydtes

Two ancient but not always hon
ored customs of Congress were used
last week to ease the Dixon Yates
deal through the House.
The immediate issue was amend
ment of a bill approprfating money
for welter of miscellaneous prof.
ects. mostly river and harbor i'm
provements and flood control meas
ures. Originally tucked into the
bill was money to build transmits
sion lines to feed Dixon-Yates pri-
vate powe. into the Tennessee
Valley Authority.
That money was dropped from the
Evening star., 1955-06-19
REVIEW or THE WEEK
Military Revolt Rocks Argentina
Dictator Suffers
Excommunicution
By Rome's Edict

There are 1874 million people in
Argentina, according to the 1853
estimate; IT'S million Of them are
Roman Catholics. Last week Ar
gentine Dictator Juan Peron pushed
his campaign against the spiritual
leaders of this 95 per cent majority
to the point that Rome excom-
municated him.
simultaneously, air force and
navy dissidents launched revolt.
Ex-Army Col. Peron's headquar-
ters and home were bombed.
There was street fighting from noon
to dark on Thursday.
In the classic manner Of die
tators, Peron hastily sealed himself
of from the outside world and set
methodically about suppressing his
enemies. Since Thursday evening
there have been only frasnentary
reports on the uprising. Only
Peron's propaganda gets through.
Peron, Of course, claims the re-
volt is over, and he has won. He
says 800 died and 1000 were hurt
in the fighting. Rebel radios still
claim to be holding out In the
hinterlands.
Army Is Loyol
Men who know beef-producing
Argentina and Peron think FL LideT
can survive this crisis. His army
numbering perhaps 100000 mems
controlled by officers loyal to him.
It was from their midst in 1946
that he rose to supreme power.
The air force and navy-number-
ing about 10000 each-are dis
gruntled because they have been
sighted budgetwise and prestige
wise.
But the army controls the
ground. Moreover, Peron has con-
centrated the army's most loyal
elements where they will do him
most good-in the Buenos Aires
area. Who controls Buenos Aires
controls all Argentina, because OF
the peculiar communications prob
lens Of this elongated (2,070 miles
long by $50 miles wide) state.
So in the short range it seemed
probable that Peron would survive.
In the long run. however, he ap-
peared headed for serious trouble
a. the accommodated head Of q
Catholic stats.
Evening star., 1955-06-19
BIG FOUR
Red OK for Summit
Quickens Tempo Of
Planning for Meetings

The tempo of preparations for
the 1855 series Of Big -Four confer
ences quickened last week after the
Soviet Union agreed to heads
of government meeting to begin
July 18 in Geneva. 1t will be the
first time in 10 years that the big
power leaders will get together.
In Washington President Eisen-
hover conferred % with West
Germany's Chancellor Konrad Ade-
nauer on strategy to keep the Com
munists out Of Western Europe and
(2) with Indian troubleshooter Cor
troublemaker as some persons con-
tend) v. K Krishna Menon on un.
disclosed aspects Of Far East prob
lens and American relations with
Red China
In New York the French, British
and United States Foreign Minis
ters mapped plans for meeting with
the Soviet Union, first in San Fran.
cisco this week at the United Ma
tons 10th anniversary celebration.
later in Geneva when government
heads will attend.
Evening star., 1955-06-19
June Developments

Rioting broke out last week end
when Peronistas tried to break up
celebrations of Corpus Christi.
Catholic holiday that used to be
national one until Peron abolished
it last year.
ostensibly. the Catholics tried
to conform to Peron's order that
church celebrations be held indoors.
But the big cathedral in downtown
Buenos Aires, on the Plaza de Mayo
where violence broke out later.
holds only some 5000 people. The
overflow gathered outside. Peron-
istas throwing stones, booing and
charging the cathedral melted
riot. Police dispersed both sides
with tear gas. Catholics were ar
rested.
Last Tuesday, Peron's General
Confederation Of Labor held a mass
meeting, they said, to honor the
Argentine flag which they claimed
the Catholics had desecrated. 1t
developed into an anti-Catholic
demonstration.
Wednesday Peron deported two
Catholic monsignori whom he ac-
cused of leading the Catholics
weekend activities, described as
demonstrations against the state.
The Vatican, which had promised
it would act if Peron interfered
with the monsignori's church func-
tions lit was acknowledged Peron
could remove them from their state
jobs), Immediately issued a sweep
ing accommodation order.
Not only Peron. but all others
who "trampled the rights of the
church and fused violence"
against church dignitaries, were
cited by Pope Plus XII.
Evening star., 1955-06-19
Government

Few members Of the public were
asked to participate in the opera
ton. But Government workers,
particularly In Washington. were
very much in the game. The idea
was to determine whether key off,
cials could be evacuated rapidly
and whether skeleton forces In
distant evacuation points could
keep the ship Of state afloat In
the storm.
Some $4,000 public servants, in
cluding President Eisenhower and
all cabinet members who were in
town-with the exception Of Secre-
tary Of State John Foster Dulles
sped out of town. Some Pentagon
officials did it up fancy by taking
q helicopter
Through secret routes to secret
hideaways went the $4,000. carrying
out their duties on the way. The
President, for instance, signed q
mock proclamation Of a civil de-
tense emergency while in his auto
mobile. Word Of the signature
was flashed by radio to civil de-
fense headquarters. permitting Val
Peterson, civil defense admins
traitor, to assume his full powers.
The President ended up in a
comfortable communications center
on a wooded mountain close
enough to his Gettysburg Pao farm
for him to drop over for dinner.
Other officials went to work in
underground shelters or in tent
cities at points scattered all around
WASHINGTON
Meanwhile 100000 other Govern
ment workers here trooped to park
ing lots or curbsides to get into
cars theoretically available to take
them out Of town. Most buildings
were evacuated In flve minutes. 1t
was estimated that the Pentagon's
$4,000 workers would have been
almost an hour, however, clearing
the vast building and untangling
parking-area Jams.
Despite confusion and commune
cations delays, the executive branch
Of Government functioned in good
order.
Congress, however. was wiped out
almost to a man. The legislative
branch doesn't much believe in
civil defense and has made no plans
to evacuate or hide. Both houses
were in session when the bomb hit.
The Supreme Court was out OF
town. enjoying its summer recess.
This much the executive branch
learned: The Government can func-
tion In the face Of atomic attack.
Better plans and more practice are
needed. Martial law probably wiz
Evening star., 1955-06-19

bill. however, by the Appropriations
Committee.
The dispute is one Of private
versus public power. iva en-
thusiasts want that agency ex-
panded to serve growing number
of potential customers. Private
power people want private COM
panies, specifically those headed
by Edgar H. Dixon and Eugene A.
Yates, to supply the new power.
AS the Democrats control the
House and as most Democrats op-
pose Dixon-Yates, the Republicans
were hard pressed to get transmits
sion line money back into the bill.
But log-rolling and non-record
voting did the trick. Support for
increased spending on various
rivers and harbor projects was
traded for votes for Dixon Yates.
The bill now goes to the Senate.
Evening star., 1955-06-19
Operation Alert Demonstrates
Shortcomings Of Civil Defense

Government officials got o rough
idea last week what would happen
II the Russians loosed an all-out
atomic attack ON the United States.
They decided that the country prob
ably would survive in condition to
fight back, but that the devastation
would be horrible.
Here is what officials wanted to
know when they ran through
Operation Alert:
o The amount Of destruction and
number Of casualties that would
result from a mass raid.
. The scope Of the Job that would
face Civil Defense.
. The ability Of Federal, State
and local governments to function.
The test was only a skeleton, and
much confusion resulted. But OFF,
cials learned plenty.
Evening star., 1955-06-19
The Background

Peron first detected Catholic
threat tc his regime last fall. Some
think he was genuinely worried by
murmurs that a Christian Demo-
cratic Party might be organized
to oppose him. So. like all dicta-
tors, he set out to nip the opposi-
ton in the bud. His late wife
Evas devotion to catholicism was
quickly forgotten.
Some observers, however, think
Peron was looking for a scapegoat
to distract attention from his eco
nomic troubles.
Back in 1916 it was the United
states that served as whipping boy.
Then the slogan was "Peron ST
Evening star., 1955-06-19
Europe

Chancellor Adenauer's visit to
Washington and New York last
week emphasized the Importance
of Germany in world diplomacy
today. The West German leader
took important stands on three OF
the most critical issues confronting
East and West: Identification OF
his country, its political orienta-
ton and world disarmament.
Few expect the Germans to rest
until partition Of their country Is
ended. Tensions in Europe focus
on this sore spot. Both East and
West advocate reuniflcation, but by
vastly different methods.
Perhaps Herr Adenauer's prin-
cipal aim in his talks here last week
was to bury, once and for all. the
idea that q united Germany
which would be the economic giant
and a geographical pivot Of Europe
could somehow be neutralized an
the Soviet Union wishes. Both he
Continued on Page A.31
Evening star., 1955-06-19
Damage

It was noon in Washington last
Wednesday when the Air Force re-
ported q simulated three-pronged
attack on the United States. Enemy
planes were heading for the West
and East Coasts and the Midwest.
Major cities from coast to coast
were ordered evacuated. Sirens
began to wall in the District at
1905 pm.
Presumably all persons in the key
cities were evacuated. Actually.
only a small select number Of per-
sons left town, while a few more
left their Offices as a simulated first
step in evacuation.
The bombs began to fall in about
three hours. A small" bomb-10
times Hiroshima size - exploded
high in the air over Eleventh and
r streets NV. at 3:25 pm.
Twenty-four cities had been at
least partially evacuated" by the
time the raids started, so the hail
Of atomic and hydrogen bombs on
81 cities did minimum Of damage.
Minimum" in the atomic age,
however, is an appalling amount of
destruction.
In Washington $4,000 persons
were killed, 10000 were injured.
Over the Nation, 80 million persons
died, 6.5 million were injured and
"a million survivors were left
homeless.
Evacuation. however, had saved
as million lives.
About 6 per cent Of the Nations
manufacturing capacity was de-
stroyed, but damage and death or
injury to key personnel cut imme-
diate production by far greater
amount.
The lessons learned were: Evac-
uation would save many lives; but
destruction and casualties would
present survivors with q tremendous
job Of reorganization.
Evening star., 1955-06-19

that therefore this door is never
closed.
In earlier times, when the
church's power was temporal as
well as spiritual, accommodation
was a fearsome economic weapon
which effectively cut off the erring
person from contact with society.
This is no longer the case. Many
American Catholics are under ex-
communication for such offenses
as remarriage after divorce, and
experience no material (as opposed
to spirituaD hardship.
In the case of a dictator OF
Catholic country, the immediate
effects of accommodation might
be negligible. It remains to be seen.
however, what the political effects
would be in a country, like Argen-
tina, which is 95 per cent Roman
Catholic.
Evening star., 1955-06-19

threatened Catholic schools as well
as churches.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-01-02
InfIotionless Year Forecast
By Government Experts for SIS

they may not get back up to
1885 level Of $685. billion before
taxes. SCI billion after taxes.
Agriculture The farmer will
get slightly less cash to bank
than in 1854. the Agriculture De-
.partnent predicts. but his costs
will be lower. too, result: q net
income only slightly below that
of the past year.
Building Construction is the
brightest spot Of all. New build
ing activity Is expected to reach
an all-time high Of $39.5 billion
in 1855. some z per cent above
the $37 billion record set in the
year just closed.
President Eisenhower is ex-
pected to submit to Congress
shortly his 10-year. $50 billion
highway proposals. II enacted.
It will approximately double the
scheduled rate Of road building
in the decade ahead.
These rising trends, 1t is be-
lieved, win offset to q consider
able extent the rather slight
decline about 5 per cent--which
Is forecast for private invest
ment In new plants and
equipment.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-01-02
German steeIm0kers
Post Record. Plan
Further Expansion

BONN. Germany. Jan. L.
oermany's booming steel IN
dnstrS has pushed produc-
ton to . postwar record high
and expects total output
this year TO reach It's mill
lion tons.
This win be two million
tons above last years pro-
/ duction and the biggest steel
output by far Of any con-
tinental European nation ex-
cept Soviet Russia
German steelmakers plan
q further big increase In
production during 1855. Ca
pacity win be expanded by
about is per cent.
Britain's 1854 steel OUT
put is estimated here ct 1875
million tons. and produc-
ton next year Is expected
to total 19.2 million tons