davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1955-06-24

friend arriving at the airport.
AS he emerged from the door,
a black sedan swooped down on
him. There was a sudden burst
of machinegun fire and Mr.. Le-
maigre-Dubreuil fell with 200
bullets in his body.
1t was no isolated case. Other
men on counter -terroriSts lists
have met the same fate. For the
rest, life has taken on a night
marish tinge. Antoine Mazella.
editor of Marco Presse, has sur
vived three separate attempts
at assassination. Jacques Clos
Itermann, deputy of the Marne
district, holds the record with
five.
For these men and many
more like them, carrying a gun
! is as elementary as wearing a
shirt. Each movement in the
city is planned with exquisite
caution-never twice by the
same route or if possible in the
same car.
1t is no easy task that Gilbert
Grandval, the newly named gov
Iernor general. has cut out for
him when he takes over from
Mr.. Lacoste. Being Jewish, he
is already under violent attack
from ultra-reactionary French
Colonial newspapers. For the
same reason, he can look for
ward with no great confidence
Ito cooperation of a large ma
jority of the Arabs with whom
he will be dealing.
His real problem, however,
will be the job of putting his
own house in order. Until the
French administration in Mo-
rocco can be purged of its wide
spread counter-te terrorist sympa-
thies and police reformed on the
side of law and order. there will
be no peace in the protectorate.
Evening star., 1955-06-24

strong radioactive indications Of
it."
In response to a question
based on DR.. Lapp's assertion
the Acc said:
"The commission has consist
entity followed a policy of in
forming the American people oi
its tests Of nuclear weapons and
Of tests in Soviet territory.
There has been no change ir
this policy"
The last announcements or
Soviet tests were made on Octo.
Der 26, 1854. Before that, ir
August, 1858, the acc con.
flrmed the claim Of Russia tt
have conducted a thermo-nu.
clear explosion. The Acc sale
on August 20 that on August /:
Ia test had been made Of ma.
|terial involving both fission anc
fusion hydrogen or thermo.
|nuclear) reaction. Two week:
later the Acc said there haC
been a fission-type explosion ir
Russia which appeared to be part
|of a series of tests. It said II
would not make separate an.
Inouncements on each blast ir
the series.
Before that. Russia had con.
Quoted at least three flssion ex.
IploSionS. Announcements ol
these were made by the United
States Government on Septem.
ber %. 1949, october 3, 1851 anc
October %. 1851.
Some experts, In speculating
about what seemed to be an alb.
sence of Soviet tests, consider il
possible that Russia has stand.
|ardized on weapons developed ir
the tests two years ago, gone inte
full production and felt there
Evening star., 1955-06-24
Continued From First Pag

Continued From First Pagt
ETY. based on the principle Of
peaceful coexistence.-
1t is rumored in Paris thai
plans for positive action go alonl
with these lofty generalities
Among them is the early re.
placement Of Sultan Ben Arafa
Since has was replaced on the
throne by the French two year;
ago, following a coup d'etai
against the previous sultan. Ber
Arafa's unpopularity with the
Arab population has been con-
slant source of irritation.
Today, most French leaders
privately admit the coup d'etat
was a bad mistake and that the
sultan tagged as a French puppet
is more of a liability than ar
asset. Restoration of the Ole
sultan, Mohammed Ben Youssef
seems almost out Of the question
since the deposed ruler has
grown. if anything. more bitterly
anti-French during his exile. The
alternative appears to be to
name a regent until things calm
down or name an entirely new
sultan less odious to the native
population.
At best, however, such meas
ures only scratch the surface
of trouble in Morocco. Tinker
ing with machinery, even if it is
adroitly done, seems a doubtful
solution to the problem that has
developed within the last few
months. -
Drifting to Anarchy
The plain fact is that Morocco
is drifting rapidly in the direc-
ton of total anarchy. There is
strong evidence that the central
government in Paris has lost
control of the situation and that
a most strenuous effort will be
required to reassert its authority
Today the trend toward unin-
hibited violence by extremists
on both sides makes a mockery
of Premier Faure's high minded
platitudeS. And the fact that a
majority of Arabs and French
d men favor a moderate course
provides small comfort as long
as the majority is helpless to
stop the trend.
Violence, Of course, is not new
in Morocco. Shootings and
bombing carried out by extremist
Arabs against the French have
been an almost daily occurrence
for many months. Bloody un-
official reprisals by hotheaded
French colonists have been al
most as common. What is new
is the fact that today any man
who stands up for a moderate
course between these two ex-
tremist groups is a man marked
for murder.
The murder on June II ir
Casablanca of Jacques Lemaigre.
Dubreuil provided an example OF
this new form of terrorism
Evening star., 1955-06-24

And Premier FaureS bright
promise Of a new era of UNDER
standing will mean less than
nothing.
Evening star., 1955-06-12
By GERALD WARING

OTTAWA--The proposition that
Canada's air defenses be put under
American command to insure max
imum effectiveness in repelling
possible Russian atom bomber at
tacks on this continent is suddenly
a very live issue in Canada.
The Canadian government re-
jected the plan early in the cold
war, on both political and military
grounds. and still hasn't changed
its position. But Canada's No. /
airman, Air Marshal Roy Slemon,
has indicated he favors a unified
command.
Slemon, who as chief of air stan
heads the Royal Canadian Air
Force, stated publicly that integra-
ton of the air defense commands
of the United States Air Force and
Royal Canadian Air Force is "in-
evitable"
Slemon's comment brought quick
denials in Parliament that the gov
ernment contemplates any change
In the present system of close CO.
operation between the separate air
defense commands of the RCAF
and the USAF. Defense Minister
Ralph Campney said cooperation is
complete and effective, and that the
United States is not pressing Can
ada to approve the unified COM
mand plan.
Nevertheless, the fact that the
chief of air staff disagrees with the
government on this issue has
caused Canadians generally to take
another look at the proposal which
some Americans, particularly Rep
resentative Sterling Cole, Republi-
can, of New York. have long been
advocating.
The main advantage Of the one
command scheme is obvious. 1t
would minimize the possibility that
a conflict of military Judgment be-
tween two separate commanders
might foul UP a joint effort to
achieve the common objective, the
destruction Of attacking enemy
bombers before the bombers could
reach their targets.
z Main Objections
The Ottawa administration has
never explained why it won't buy
the unified command idea, but in
formed sources say it has two main
objections. One is belief that
Canada would be surrendering part
of its sovereignty if it put Canadian
forces VRder United States COM
mand III peacetime. The other is
apprehension that United States
Evening star., 1955-06-12
Basic Research

The problem of basic research
emphasized in the Hoover Com
mission recommendations is a
peculiarly difficult one to solve,
because of Secretary Wilson's mis-
conception of the nature of basic
research. Mr.. Wilson ridicules
suggestions that the Pentagon could
profit from more pure research.
For instance, when asked at his
press conference last week If he
agreed with the Hoover recon-
mendation for more basic research,
he answered in this way:
In my own mind think of it
like drilling for oil. The basic
fundamental research thing would
be-if you Just drilled a hole any
where over the world hoping maybe
you would find oil. The smart
people in the oil business try to
drill their holes for oil in a likely
place. So with the money that is
given to the Defense Department
for research and development-I
like to see it spent in an area
where, If you are successful with
your research and what you hope
to prove =. then it will be some
use to U.S." p,
Basic research, however, does not
consist of hit-or miss drilling for
Evening star., 1955-06-12
Can the Pentogon Accelerate
Its Research and Development?

OIL" On the contrary, in the Will
son example it would be a system
attic study OF the formation Of oil
deposits which would yield infor-
nation indispensable for Mr.. Will
sons smart people" In other
words, the men who strike oil
and gain the admiration of Mr..
Wilson would be lost without basic
research.
When asked by Congress or the
public about pure research, Mr..
Wilson likes to quote his friend
Charles F. Kettering, the late en-
gineering genius Of General Mo-
tors.
"Mr. Kettering had a definition
Of pure research" Mr.. Wilson says
with a smile. "It was a research
in an area where. If 1t was success
full, it could never possibly be Of
any use to the people that put up
the money for it,"
Mr.. Wilson doesn't seem to real
ize, however, that BOSS" Kettering
in serious mood was sold on pure
research and used it to make mil
lions for the auto industry that
idolized him.
Mr.. Wilson has even denied fatty
that basic research went into the
atomic bomb. The bomb, Of course,
was based on some of the most i'm
portant pure research since New
tons day, performed in the past
so years by Einstein and others.
Simple Foet-Findins
Basic research is nothing more
than basic fact-finding. When the
facts are known, then they can be
applied to practical projects-de-
sign and development of better
weapons, for instance. But every
important break through" in
weapons technology - the World
War II development of radar, for
example-has to be preceded by a
long period of basic research into
the laws of nature, the properties of
materials, etc.
The Pentagon, despite Mr.. Will
son, realizes this and does pay for
pure research projects. The ploj-
ects are not hit-or-miss, of course.
but are concentrated in fields where
information probably can pay of
later in new weapons.
Some $40 million is being spent
this year on easily identif1able
basic research projects done on
Pentagon contracts. And many
Evening star., 1955-06-12
BY FRANK BRUTTO

MILAN, Italy - The Catholic
Church and the Communist Party
are locked in a mortal struggle for
the soul of Northern Italy's trou-
bled working man.
In this battle between Christ and
Antichrist, two men stand in the
forefront. One, a leading NOM
inee" for the papacy when Plus
XII dies, is the Archbishop Of Milan.
The other, styled by his fellow Reds
in Moscow "the perfect Bolshevik,"
is the new leader Of Communist
tactics and strategy in rich, popu-
lous Lombardy.
The two rivals for the collective
soul of Northern Italy are:
. Archbishop Giovanni Battista
Montini of Milan, a longtime papal
diplomat who two years ago refused
the red hat of a cardinal but who
now is mentioned as one of the
most likely successors to the present
Pope.
o Pietro Secchia, nicknamed ''The
Barrel" a burly, ambitious man
who scorns Italian Communist Boss
Palmiro Togliatti's relative gentle
ness and breaches no-quarter
class struggle in Italy.
Though the fight between Ca
tholicism and communism has been
going on for years. it was inten-
sif1ed by the arrival Of Milan's new
archbishop.
Reds Lose Ground
The Communists recently, for the
first time since the war, lost ground
in shop steward elections in North
ern Italy. Secchia. noted trouble
shooter. was dispatched to Milan.
Clan Carlo Pajetta, another Com
munist leader, commented:
THE Pope sent Montini to Mi
Ian; we send Secchia."
Archbishop Montini took over his
post at Milan early this year after
having been associated with the
Vatican's Secretariat of State for
80 years. He came into the ring
punching. At Sesto Can Giovanni,
a steel center so red 1t is known as
Little Stalingrad." the cleric an
nounced his intention to be "the
archbishop of the workers"
This was a challenge to Secchia,
who earlier he'd called for direct
action in the Milan region. Here
in Milan, socialism was born"
Secchia said. Here in Milan, there
fore. must originate a great new
example of unity and force :.
This is not the hour of resigna-
ton or laziness."
A Greet Prize
The prize for which the arch
bishop and The BSrel' contest Is
an immense one.
Lombardy, Milan's region, has
Evening star., 1955-06-12
Church and Reds Struggle
For Northern ItoIy's Soul

only 7.6 per cent Of Italy's terri
tory but contains Is per cent of its
inhabitants-6.6 million people. The
Milan archdiocese has 5.35 per cent
of the nations population, but 1875
per cent Of its income.
The sprawling archdiocese con-
tains 3,237,432 people and 1,158
churches-more than twice as many
parishioners and parishes as in the
archdiocese Of New York. And Milan
is short of churches. Some 100000
people on Milan's outskirts have
no local church. They receive the
sacraments from mobile chapels.
Archbishop Montini urgently
wants to build so new churches.
Secchia has building program of
his own. Alongside every church,
a Communist CELL" the Red boss
says.
Catholic leaders believe the classes
can be brought together in Milan
and that If anyone can do this, it
is the archbishop.
Archbishop Montini is fully aware
Of his responsibility. Even before he
went to Milan. the then papal pro-
secretary of state wrote:
"It is the priest who must make
the move. not the people. 1t is USE
less for him to ring his bell; no.
body will listen to it. Instead, it is
for him to hear the siren sounding
from the factories. those temples of
technical achievement where the
modern world lives and breathes.
1t is for the priest to remake Of
himself a missionary if he would
have Christianity abide and become
anew a living leaven of civiliza-
ton"
(By the Associated Press)
Evening star., 1955-06-12
By RICHARD FRYKLUND

The surprising recommendation
by the Hoover Commission that the
Defense Department should spend
more rather than less on scientific
research and development has
stimulated another wave Of soul
searching in the Pentagon.
Officials are again asking them
selves these questions:
. Can the Defense Department
profitably step up its already large
research and development pro-
gram?
. What should be the Pentagon
role in basic" or "pure" research?
The Hoover Commission recon-
mendations still are being studied.
but recent statements by Secretary
of Defense Wilson provide two
straws in the wind. First, he will
try to expand general research and
development if Congress will let
him juggle some funds; and, second,
he seems not to understand what
basic" research is, so there won't
be any more if he can help it.
Evening star., 1955-06-12
Canadians Oppose Plan
To Merge Air Forces

supreme commander might con-
slider Canadian cities expendable
under certain conditions of heavy
enemy attack, and might concen-
trate his forces. including the
RCAF component, to give maxi
mum protection to United States
targets.
Slemon's assertion that complets
integration of the air defense COM
mandS is evolving and will arrive
in due course" does nothing to
rebut the governments arguments
against integration. 1t is an opinion
arrived at on purely military
grounds. ignoring political consid-
erations.
Military tradition in Canada, as
in Britain. has been for military
men to refrain from airing their
dissatisfaction and disagreement in
public. That tradition seems to be
in process OF disintegration, for
Slemon also criticized the govern
ment's postwar decision to main
tain the RCAF purely as defensive
air force. The government liqui-
dated the RCAF bomber command
after World War II. leaving strate-
gic bombing in any future war to
the USAF and the Royal Air Force.
Out Of Top Job
The Canadian government ac-
cepted Slemon's explanation that he
was simply stating trend in mill
tary thinking, and that he recog-
nized that it is not government poll
icy to seek the appointment of q
supreme commander. However, his
outspokenness may have cost him
the deputy ministership of the De-
fense Department. On Tuesday
Prime Minister Louis st. Laurent
announced the appointment of Air
Vice Marshal Frank r. Miller to the
$20,000-a-year post for which Sle-
mon had been rumored to be the
leading candidate.
The appointment also emphasized
the paramount role the air force
has assumed in the strategy for the
defense of Canada. Previous dep
uty ministers while serving in that
Office in a civilian capacity, as Air
Vice Marshal Miller will do, have
been men with army backgrounds.
Miller will relinquish the post of
vice air deputy at Gen. Alfred M.
Gruenther's supreme allied COM
mand headquarters in Paris, and
take up his new appointment
August IS. He succeeds Brig. C. M.
Drury, who is resigning as deputy
miniter to become president Of
Provincial Transport Co. OF Mont
real, a family firm.
Evening star., 1955-06-12

other contracts call for some pure
research.
Total defense money spent on
basic research is impossible 70 de-
termine. But there can be little
question that the Defense Depart
ment has an important role to play
in basic research.
Expansion?
Can the role be expanded?
One runs into two difficulties.
The first is the same old shortage
of qualified personnel and proper
facilities. The second stems from
the fact most basic research must
be done in universities. Can the
universities do more basic research
without impairing their primary
function Of education? Some uni
versities think not.
Some of Mr.. Wilson's aides do
believe that modest increase in
basic research is feasible-say about
25 per cent. More graduate stu
dents could be brought into this
research to the benefit both of the
students and the Government.
But before there is any expansion
in basic research. Mr.. Wilson
and some equally practical" Con-
gresSmen will have to be convinced.
Congress has a hard time under
standing basic research and always
slashes drastically the budget of
the National Science Foundation,
an agency set up for the specific
purpose of promoting basic re-
search in all fields.
Actually. the long range solution
of the research and development
problem seems to lie in training of
more scientists and engineers and
in better utilization of those avail
able.
The Pentagon is working both
angles. It supports actively the
program of the several Government
agencies which provide scholar
ships for budding scientists and
subsidies for training programs.
And the Defense Department is try
ing to streamline administration Of
the research and development pro-
gram. The Hoover Commission
praised the Pentagon on this score.
Unfortunately, however, training
is slow process and efficiency can
go only so far. A radically expanded
research and development program
seems to lie several years in the
future.
Evening star., 1955-06-12
By PETER ZENKL

When the Big Four chiefs Of state
meet "at the summit" in Geneva
this summer, there undoubtedly
will be substantial pressure for
some positive Soviet sign that
Russia's East European satellites
have reasonable hcpe for eventual
freedom.
There is no way of telling before
the event what form such pressure
will take. But one technique i'm
mediately suggests itself. That is
the old stratagem of making ones
opponent eat his words.
And words aplenty there have
been from the Kremlin in past
years. All these words have been
directed to making the world be-
heve that Soviet Russia wants peace
and freedom for all. Perhaps the
Communist leaders at Geneva
might be persuaded to prove at last
that they mean what they have
been saying.
Soviet Pronouncements
Here is a catalogue-by no means
complete-of remarks made or sub
scribed to by Soviet leaders on the
subject of peace and independence:
. Foreign Minister v. M. Molotov
in 1945 signed the United Nations
Charter, which says in its preamble
that "the peoples of the United Ma
tions are determined to reaff1rm
faith in fundamental human rights.
in the dignity and worth of the
human person, in the equal rights
of men and women and of nations
large and small" The Charter it
self adds that the U. Ms organiza-
ton "is based on the principle Of
the sovereign equality of all it's
members"
. Josef Stain, on November 6,
1941, spoke directly to the point
in revolution anniversary proc
lamation: 1--WE have not and can
not have such war aims as the i'm
position Of our regime on the Slavs
and other enslaved peoples Of Eur
ope who are awaiting our aid, Our
aim consists in assisting these peo-
Piles in their struggle for liberation
from Hitler's tyranny and then set
ting them free to rule in their own
lands as they desire.
"In all countries liberated from
Fascist tyranny the Red Army, in
accordance with the statements of
the Soviet government, is setting
an example of respect for the honor
and dignity of liberated peoples, for
their state system. culture, national
traditions, and the great monu-
ments of their past. The Red Army
in no case prevents the liberated
peoples from living their lives on
their lands as they see fit."
This statement, of course,
was made at a time when the
Red Army. far from ''liberating"
any one anywhere. was on the
run before the advancing Nazi
armies inside Russia itself.l
ObnAAAA ebS0AAAp q JC6A A0OCAs otslA
in speech "On the Great Patriotic
War of the Soviet Union: 1.-The
program of action of the Anglo
Soviet-American coalition is aboli-
tion of racial exclusiveness, equality
of nations and integrity of their
territories. liberation of enslaved
nations and restoration of their
sovereign rights, the right of every
nation to arrange its affairs as it
wishes"
. Also from Stain, in November,
1943. came these words: Together
with our allies we shall have to
"(D Liberate the peoples Of Eu-
rope from the Fascist invaders and
help them reconstitute their ma
tional states. The peoples of
France, Belgium. Yugoslavia, Czech
oslovakia, Poland, Greece and other