davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1955-06-05
How Will High Court
Enforce lntegrotion?

whatever the appropriate
Judge thinks is adequate. And
since the opinion adds "once
such O start has been made,
the courts may find that ad-
ditional time is necessary to
carry out the ruling :" 1t
appears that considerable lee
way is granted in working out
q final solution.
. What does the decree
mean that the "courts will be
guided by equitable princi-
ples?"
Primarily, 1t means that in
working out a solution with
the school districts and State
boards of education the district
courts are expected to use COM
mon sense. They are to con-
slider private needs and prob
lens as we'll as public benefit;
they should steer away from
arbitrary decisions and be lex-
ible in their thinking. In short.
they are expected to adjust
conflicting interests as diplo-
matically as possible without
compromising the meaning Of
the decree.
. Does the segregation deci-
sion have any real precedent?
Nobody seems to be able to
think Of one. Some lawyers
cite the famous Civil War
"Dred Scott" decision which
held that Negro slaves man
aging to establish residence on
free soil were, nevertheless, not
citizens. Others mention the
World War II Japanese relo-
cation case which held that
Japanese aliens could be moved
by government fiat.
But these cases did not re-
quire widespread positive ac-
ton. It is automatic In equity
law that DEGREES requiring pos
tive action are extremely diff
ficult to enforce. The segre-
cation decision in its broad
sense requires positive action
and requires it on a big scale.
Thousands of individuals and
hundreds of official State and
county government units are
involved-not just a corpora
tion whose assets can be
reached or q wage-earner
whose salary can be garni-
Sheed.
Without doubt the Supreme
Court has put the judiciary
prestige Of the United States
on the line.
Evening star., 1955-06-05
NEARBY VOTES

The votes of nearby Mary
land and Virginia Senators on
major roll calls in Congress
last week. There were no
major votes in the House.
On an amendment to the
foreign aid bill by Senator
Long d.. Lao to reduce the
/, overall authorization by 1913
million. Rejected, 27-53.
Fer: Butler (R.. Md. Byrd
> o., va). Roberostn o., Val.
Against: Beall R., Md.l.
On an amendment by Sena-
: tor Ellender Cd, Lao to the
: foreign aid bill to eliminate
the Presidents 5000 million
fund for Asian economic de-
velopment. Rejected. 1853,
Fer: Byrd.
Against; Beall. Butler. Robertson.
On passage of the bill au-
thorizing nearly $3.5 billion in
foreign aid. Passed, 59-lS.
vss; Besii. Butter. Robertson.
Aeaiust; Byrd.
tcompiisd By Confessional Quarterly
Evening star., 1955-06-05

forces in Indo- China in case
all else failed. And this kicked
up a storm of controversy in
Congress where some mem
bers warned such action might
lead to another world war.
Secretary Dulles few to
Europe in an effort to line up
q united front of Western
allies. But Britain baked, the
united front idea collapsed,
and finally the Reds crushed
French resistance at Diem
Bien Phu and won control Of
Northern Indo- China. Rad
ford later said the United
States was correct in not 60
ing it alone because allied
support was q vital factor.
Airpower Enthusiast
But even today, Adm. Rad
ford is said to believe that
Northern Indo-C China could
have been saved had the
United States thrown in air
power to support the Diem
Bien Phu defenders before
they were overwhelmed by the
Reds.
Adm. Radford was asked
the other day If he, believed
that in q situation similar to
that in Indo- China, the United
States must act in concert with
its allies and not go it alone.
He said: Each situation
must be judged in the light Of
: the circumstances prevailing
at the time and. Of course, its
impact on national security.
It usually is quite difficult to
prescribe q categorical rule.
and then rigidly apply it to all
situations. Our security pro-
gram is generally based where
ever practicable on collective
security in conjunction with
our allies"
ASSOCIATED Press)
Evening star., 1955-06-05

angrily denounced as Fancy
Dams" the admirals who OPP
posed the program which Con-
gress finally approved. Later.
it is said, Bradley and Radford
patched up their quarrel.
But Admiral Radford and his
friends did succeed in block
ing those opposed to further
construction of Navy carriers.
and In this sense he won his
fight.
Korea Dispute
In 1851, Radford was re-
ported in favor - with Gen.
Douglas MacArthur-of an ALL
out effort to defeat the Chi
nese In Korea. This was at o
time when Bradley was saying
such q move would be the
wrong war, at the wrong time,
in the wrong place. and
against the wrong enemy.
Radford still thinks we could
have whipped the Chinese II
we had gone all-out.
At that time. Radford was
ready-if ordered-to block
ade the China coast. He in
formed Washington he could
do 1t with the forces he had
at the time. He was then
commander-in-ch Of the
Pacific.
An associate says Radford
didn't initiate the blockade
proposal, but that he gave
Washington his ready-to-go
reply when asked If he had the
capability Of O blockade.
In the fight for Diem Bien
Phu last spring. Radford was
among those ready to commit
United States air and naval
forces in an effort to save
Northern Indo- China from the
Reds. Some administration Of
flcials, including Vice Presi-
dent Nixon, spoke Of the pos
sibie use Of United States
Evening star., 1955-06-05
By DON WHITEHEAD

Admiral Arthur Radford will
enter his second two-year
term as chairman Of the Joint
Chiefs Of Staff with q reputa-
ton as the tough guy" among
American military leaders.
His name even crops up in
the talk Of q rock-'em, SOCK
'em school reputedly convinced
we should smash Red China to
halt Communist expansion in
Asia, and that It could be done
without igniting World War
III.
The talk has grown to such
proportions that Radford, on
recent occasions, has taken the
trouble to deny he has any
warlike attitude. And his
friends say such talk is sheer
nonsense.
President Eisenhower and
Secretary Of Defense Wilson
have displayed complete con-
fidence in Admiral Radford as
an adviser. Mr.. Eisenhower
made his own position clear
when he announced the ad-
miral will keep his job for an
other two years. His present
term expires August Is.
But the talk about Admiral
Radford has persisted.
Why has the 59-year-old
admiral been singled out as the
cfip-on-the-sh shoulder influence
among all the top military
leaders? Just how much influ-
ence does he have in shaping
United States foreign policy?
Strong Influence
None deny the admiral Is in
q strong position to influence
policy. He sees the President
sometimes two and three times
q week. He sits in on impor-
tant policy-making meetings.
Hs has ample opportunity to
press his views not only
through the President but also
through Secretary Wilson and
Secretary Of State Dulles. This
becomes doubly important
where there may be differences
Of opinion among the Joint
Chiefs Of Staff.
The final policy decision by
the administration Is not Rad
ford's, Of course. But his
name looms large in those de-
cisions involving the military.
The Radford story. and the
controversy around him, are
composed Of several parts.
They are compounded of po-
itical differences over admin
istration policy in the Far
East. the Army's bitter dissent
IN manpower cutbacks. and the
position Of influence which
Admiral Radford holds as the
Presidents chief military ad-
wiser.
There is involved the reali-
Evening star., 1955-06-05

Continued From Page A-29
seems to be no precedent for
It and uncertainty as to
whether Q single justice could
give any binding orders.
Q How can the decision be
enforced?
This Is probably keeping q
lot Of people awake at night.
The only enforcement avail
able to q Federal judge in
civil cases is the United States
marshal, whose hands are
going to be pretty full If he
is defied by an entire State
or even one school district. It
seems clear that the Supreme
Court Is depending on the CO.
operation of a majority Of the
people and State officials to
make its decision effective.
o What recourse Is there II .
State turns its public schools
into . privately controlled
system?
II State property were
turned over to private persons,
sold to them for less than
value, or even leased. there is
. good chance that this sys-
tenn also would be held uncon-
stitutional as violating the re-
quirement for equal protection
Of the laws. That is, the
scheme might be held merely
an attempt to circumvent the
, law, as indeed some Southern
politicians have freely ad-
mitted 1t to be. But If private
parties could develop their
own school system and meet
normal scholastic standards
there Is nothing anyone could
do about 1t on . legal basis.
Obviously this would be a
near economic -impossibility.
o What did the Court mean
by requiring . prompt and
reasonable start toward de-
Segregation?
These terms are frequently
used In legal opinions, but the
test Of what is prompt" or
reasonable" in any given case
usually depends on rules set
out in precedent cases. There
Is no precedent here. It is a
good guess that. since the
: Court cagily timed its decision
with the close Of the school
year, prompt" is directed to
the fall term. Reasonable"
is probably going to mean
Evening star., 1955-06-05
Rodford Denies WorIikeStond
But Isn't Afraid of Red Chino

use Of atomic weapons-not
the military.
One officer in . position to
follow Adm. Radford's actions
as chairman Of the jos had
this to say:
Bradford Is no saber rattler.
He doesn't want war. But he
does think that firmness now
win avoid war later. Too many
people have misinterpreted his
attitude OF firmness as being
warlike.
II know Radford thinks we
should be ready to do what we
say we will do. He thinks un-
less We back up our words with
actions. then the Reds win
keep pushing US back further
each time until there Is no
choice left but war.
"He believes that from o
military standpoint we don't
have to retreat because we
have the military capability to
do whatever we want to do In
backing up our foreign diplo-
macy"
Admiral Radford has made
it clear In the past that he
regards Red China as being
vastly operrated as a military
power. He told an interviewer
recently: II continue to be
amazed at the credulity Of so
many people in accepting the
theme of Chinese Communist
strength. It is indeed an amaz-
ing paradox that an offensive
posture can be- maintained
and initiative achieved with no
real substance to back it up"
In this connection. Admiral
Radford was asked: would
you say you have favored a
tougher policy in the Far East
than other members Of the
Joint Chiefs Of Staff2"
He replied: mo, ! wouldn't.
1t is possible that Q greater
interest in Far East matters
has been attributed to me per-
sonally, due to my past asso-
citation and assignments in the
Far East area. I can assure
you that my interests and my
responsibilities. just as In the
case of the other members Of
the jos. are global. It Just
SO happens that the aggressive
actions Of the Chicoms (Chi-
nese Communists1 In Korea.
the Formosa Straits and Indo-
China have focused q good
deal Of everyone's attention on
those local hot-spots."
Admiral Radford's tough
guy reputation has grown from
a series Of events reaching
back to post-World. War II
days when he stepped forward
as q critic Of unification of the
armed forces and then became
a central figure In the stormy
"admiralS' revolt" against the
Air Force program to build up
the B-36 as the Nations stra-
tegic bomber.
His friends say he fought
the B-36 program because he
thought the Nays air strength
was In danger Of being nibbled
away, and that he felt too
much reliance was being placed
on one weapon.
Gen. Omar N. Bradley, when
he was chairman Of the JCS,
Evening star., 1955-06-05

zation by military men Of the
terrible power they will hold
in their hands in the form of
nuclear weapons II war comes
and their uncertainty over
where and how these weapons
should be used.
Critics Worries
Admiral Radford's critics
contend he has encouraged the
administration In Q policy
which they claim ties the mill
tary to the use Of nuclear
weapons. They say the United
States now has no choice but
to use nuclear weapons because
the policy In effect rules out q
localized war;"
Further, they say, Admiral
Radford is willing. and has
been willing, to commit mill
tary force in situations which
they claim inevitably would
mean commitment of ground
forces on a scale which the
Army is not prepared to
furnish and still carry out its
missions in other parts Of the
world.
Admiral Radford is well
aware Of the critical talk. He
insists that neither he nor any
other member Of the jos has
taken a warlike attitude or
favored preventive war against
the CommuniStSEthat is, at
tacking now while the atomic
balance is presumed to be on
our side.
In this connection, he said
in answer to q list Of ques-
tions: 1.-THE Joint Chiefs Of
staff have had considerable
experience in past wars and
probably know better than
anyone the real meaning OF
the impact of war. I really do
not believe you could have a
group Of men who are more
dedicated to the cause Of
peace and the prevention Of
war than the Joint Chiefs Of
Staff.
Sometimes the fact that we
have to deal constantly with
critical situations and work on
military matters seems to give
some people the notion that
we would probably like moth
ing better than o good war
someplace. I can tell you that
such Is not the case"
The admiral's supporters
argue that much Of the criti-
cism comes from sources whose
views on modern warfare are
limited. and from those who
do not have his understanding
Of the capability Of our armed
forces as they are now consti-
tuted under the new look"
They point out that only the
President can authorize the
Evening star., 1955-06-05
BY JAMES Z. ROPER
star star corrsspeAdsat

DSAx van Gokfs9DOA4o4b
TAIPEI.-Nationalist China.
which keeps 90 many govern
ments upset 20 much Of the
time. has political peace at
home.
OF Al the nations In free
Asia, the China Of President
Chang Kai-shek seems TO bs
at or near the top IN freedom
from internal Communist sub
version, and freedom from
economic. social and political
unrest which the Reds could
exploit.
Chiang's margin over these
dangers u not great-but he
seems TO be keeping ahead In
al departments.
Decisive Treaty
He gained q decisive weapon
when the United States guar
anteed the defense Of Formosa
against Communist aggres-
sion. These American guar
antees date back to 1850, but
finally went into the Sino-
American Mutual Defense
Treaty which became effective
March 8.
Officials responsible for
watching political trends on
Formosa believe this treaty
stifled most Of the remaining
sentiment for independence or
for some other kind of gov
ernment.
This leaves Chang to rule
for the forseeable future with
out serious challenge - and
with the most effective con-
troll over his subjects that he
ever has had.
Formosa was not always 80
calm. When the Nationalists
came here soon after World
War II their troops and
bad government administra-
tion caused such resentment
among the natives Of this
island that they eventually
demonstrated in protest
peaceably but en- n1asse.
l947 Slaughter
At the direction Of the Ma
tionalist provincial governor,
Nationalist machinegunners
and execution squads slaugh-
tered thousands upon thou
sands Of Formosans during
disturbances which began Feb
ruary 20, 1947.
This crushed organized re-
sistance. Chang has worked
for years to ease the bitter
ness. Now the bitterness is
lower than ever before.
The natives Of Formosa are
descendants Of Chinese who
came here from the mainland,
starting about 1000 years ago.
In religion, customs and habits,
they are still similar to the
mainlanderS.
These 10 million Formosan-
born ChineSe--as well As 100.-
600 aborigines resented the
arrival Of Chang and some two
million Of his followers who
fed the mainland around
1850. Chang imposed his Ma
tionalist regime on top Of the
government Of Formosa. which
had been administered as Q
province Of China since World
Evening star., 1955-06-05
Formosons Less Eager /.
To Gust Chiong of Late

War u ended and the Japa-
nese gave UP sovereignty over
the island.
Chang and his two million
adherents from the mainland
still are In the position Of
dominating the 10 million
natives. Chang also tries to
be the leader Of 10 million
Chinese living In other coun-
tries In the Far East outside
the China mainland.
Although Chang nominally
II encouraging local self-gov-
ernment on Forrnosa, all the
people haven't had . chance to
express their viii In o formal
vote. That 10. essentially. Q
government run by one politi-
cal party-Chiang's Kuomin-
tang.
formosan Notionalism
Until recently. foreigners
trying to take the political
pulse Of this island have felt
q throb Of Formosan nationals
ism-a desire to be independ-
ent from Chang as well as the
Communists on the mainland.
This feeling for Formosa-
for the-Formosans drew nour-
ishment from antagonism
toward Chang and from .
lack Of local enthusiasm for
Chiang's grandiose proposals
to fight his way back to the
mainland.
FormosanS were living here
because they wanted to-not
simply because they had been
chased on the mainland like
Chang. So the Formosans
were anxious about where the
embattled Chang might try
to lead them.
This produced some discus
sion Of possible independence.
There also was talk-here and
in foreign capitals--of some
kind Of United Nations trustee
ship. More and more. individ-
uals speak nostalgically about
the ef1icient way the japanese
ran this island during so years
Of occupation before the end
Of World War II.
Some authorities, even Q few
months ago. felt that the
majority Of Formosans. II they
got q chance, would vote for
independence. Now these
same authorities doubt 1t.
They feel that the strong
American defense. pledges to
Formosa have eased some Of
the anxieties over immediate
combat-and, anyway, many
natives Of Formosa can feel
that the trend during the years
ahead may be toward political
separation of this island from
the mainland.
Economic Aid
United States economic aid
is keeping the population SUI
flciently well fed and Is en-
!. couraging social progress.
Chang also has contributed
to the political stability here
by incessant pro-Kuomintang
propaganda, and q gradual
cleanup Of his own govern
ment.
Starkly real governmental
abuses existed here before the
1947 riots. Chiang's reputa-
Evening star., 1955-06-05

ton for heading a corrupt and
venal government and army on
the mainland is well known.
Even now, Of course. the
voice Of the people is very
weak. But this is q condition
that prevails in most Of Asia,
not to be attributed to one or
another form Of government.
Petty graft among govern
ment underlings continues.
Government jobs and facilities
for profitable business enter.
prises still are handed out to
political or family favorites.
This could be roundly criticized
If the trend away from this
were not so pronounced.
Foreign observers here agree
that the cleanup trend is ex-
cellent. One Chinese, asked
how the same political crowd
could be so bad on the main
land but comparatively clean
on Formosa, replied:
"The government leaders
knew why they lost the main
land. They knew Formosa
was their last place to fee.
Now they are doing what they
think is necessary to hang on"
The government here is
prodded daily by American
officials. American aid to
Formosa is 30 great that the
United States has an interest
in every activity Of the Ma
tionalist government. Amer
lean officials therefore try to
make the Nationalists work
eficiently and honestly at all
levels.
Chinese FBl
All Of this basic improve
ment. coupled with Chiang's
propaganda. hardly gives Com
munisn D chance to grow. But
there's q final safeguard: the
Peace Preservation Corps.
This is . secret police or
ganization headed by Genera
lissimo Chiang's son. Chang
Ching-kuo. Like the FBI, it
occasionally puts the finger
on q Red agent. Like the
FBI, it does its most vital
work through clandestine OPP
erations. Like the FBI, 1t es-
capes criticism from people
who fear to complain.
Nationalist China and the
island Of Formosa do not have
what the West would call
democracy. They do have
stability and cohesion that 10
rare in Free Asia.
Evening star., 1955-06-05

We cont reveal the name, but you'll recognize
these famous 'tux' eoots on sight!
We cont remember tuxedo sole Of such scope and
sovnes Hundreds of luxurious double breasted dinner
ockets for business pleasure incredibly low priced So
famous is this maker, dare not show the label
the coats The fobre: it's world famous tropical blend OF
royon .nnohoir ocetote and nyIon. The syne2 Hand
some shawl lopeIs and correct in every deto Sizes?
Everything from regulars shorts and long stou and short
stouts Don't woit minute don't risk missing out on
this once-in-o blue-m wndfo
Evening star., 1955-06-05

Clothing Ind Floor Washington Floor Sue Spring
sad PARKinotoH
Evening star., 1955-06-05

From fhs fameus meksrl
1885 White Dinner Jockets every 10 90
S45 Mdnte Blue Tropical Tuxedos, double breasted
Evening star., 1955-06-05
San1sOnite.

Get two pieces smart Sasone luggage for the price you'd
expect to pay for Of comparable quality The money you
will enable you to travel further stay longer your
vacation Samsonite makes ideal travelling companion It's
Kodiak mirror., 1955-11-19

Roy Lombard, Public Works Garage employee on the Naval Sta tion, is on leave outside.
 F. M. Jack" Bourne is confined to the Veterans Hospital in Miles City, Montana. Jack was employed on the Naval Station for ten years before retiring early this summer. Since leaving Kodiak, he and Mrs. Bourne have been residing in Billings, Montana.
 You may think the weather here is too chilly, wet or otherwise dis comforting but the Pacific North west from all accounts has been suffering a little more than we have in this banana belt" A cold front, attributed as sweeping in from the north Pacific, has envel- oped Washington, Oregon and Bri- tish, Columbia, and was particular ly bad over the weekend. The cold weather, accompanied by snow and winds up to gale proportions, has stirred up the Puget Sound and the waters of British Columbia, setting boats adrift and disrupting ferry service.
Kodiak mirror., 1955-11-19
Here There and Everywhere

& @<& %% &&& &
 The first item comes under Here and There. Mir. and Mrs. R. James Erickson are the proud parents of an 8 h., II OF. boy. Little Mark Roosevelt was born November 12. at Everett, Washington.
 James Erickson was stationed here number of years with ACS. His marriage to his present wife, Joan, took place earlier this year here at Kodiak The Ericksons now live in the Washington city, having left here this fall.
 Dr. Paul Jaeger left here last Monday via PIMA for Phoenix, Ari- zona. He expects to return in about two weeks.
 Glen Robinson of Kenai spent few days in town this past week.
 Mrs. Betty Dykes is now employ cd as salesgirl at Knudsens. Mrs. Marie Young is also working at Knudsens, as fountain girl.
 Mrs. Larry Benson left on the MSTS ship Funston Monday for vacation. She plans to spend the next two months in Washington. Mrs. A..F. Pearson was also on the same ship. She plans to be on hand for the arrival of two new grandchildren.
 MT. and Mrs. Jeff Norman cele- brated their twenty-ninth wedding anniversary last Monday. The day passed as just another without any special commemoration of the event. The Normans are proprie- tors of Norman's Photo Shop, which they have operated since the war years.
 Walt Kraft is in the hospital. He recently returned from the two weeks encampment at Anchorage of the Alaska Home Guard.
 Mrs. George Sonntag suffered bruises and sprain in a fail earli- CT this week, caused when she slip ped on some wet blanks. There were no broken bones, and she is gradually recuperating.
 A group of friends surprised Father Gersasim Schmaltz at party on the occasion of his sixty seventh birthday.
 Father Schmaltz is well-known here. He is serving as priest at Ouzinkie and is living at Monks Lagoon.He expects to be in Kodiak for this week, but will return when the weather is favorable. About twenty people attended the party, which was held at the home of Nina Anderson on the 9th of Mo- vember.
 The Alaska Cancer Crusade held recently netted the sum of $38, ,302.- "A for all of the territory. This was slightly less than the amount rais- ed last year, according to the Can GAM NIGHT