davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-08-23

Itions. Only about 1912 per cent
Iof the total cultivated land Is In
state farms. On the state farm
lall workers are hired or wage
workers. A base wage is estab-
llished for each worker. but some
effort is made to provide incen-
ltives by paying bonuses If certain
Inorrns are overfulfilled. These
bonuses may average about is
| to 20 per cent of the base wage.
Director Is Boss
There Is q Ministry of State
Farms which is responsible for
the operation Of most state
farms. The director Of the state
farms receives his orders from
this ministry. Within the frame
work Of these orders or plans,
the director is the boss Of the
stata farm. He is responsible for
lall details Of farming operations
over q huge land area in most
cases.
On o state farm which we
visited in the Kuban, probably
the best agricultural area In the
Soviet Union, the total land area
was $4,000 acres. This is about
200 times as large as an average
commercial farm in the Corn
Belt. There were l.700 workers
employed on the farm. The aver
age farm In the Corn Belt has
about two workers. including the
farm operator.
/ The collective farm is sup
posedly o cooperative in which
all members pool their labor and
operate the land jointly. In adj
dition to pooling their labor. the
collective farmers also have
Jointly owned livestock and live
stock buildings and some simple
items OF machinery. The major
items Of machinery such as
tractors, combines, plows and
cultivators, are owned by the
machine tractor station.
The members of the collective
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-08-23

formed by the machine tractor
station. These two requirement
take from 20 to 80 per cent oi
gross production. On farms
where grain production is the
major activity, the grain dis
tributed to the peasants is about
lis per cent Of the. total grair
produced.
Collective farms. while not al
large as state farms. are large
by United States standards. Tit
farms we visited in the Euro.
lpean part of the Soviet Unior
ranged from about 1000 to a..
900 acres. The average for thu
whole Of the country is about
5000 acres. but the farms W.
visited were about three time
this large. On the farms Wis.
lited the average number Of
workers was 1.400, or about ons
worker for IL acres on cror
land. In the United States w
have about so acres of much
more productive crop land pei
worker.
The machine tractor staffnr
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-08-23

Is the direct control unit fol
the collective farms. Not only
does 1t supply the tractors, COM
bines and all the implements
pulled by the tractors, but the
persons who run these machines
are employees Of the station.
There was an average of about
100 employees of the machine
tractor station working on the
farms we visited. Several of
these employees are trained per-
sonnet who are. in effect. in
charge not only Of field work
but Of livestock production as
well.
Thus the question, "Whc
tells the American farmer what
Ito do each day." was q reason
able one for the Rostov agricul-
tural official to ask. Some one
does tell the Russian peasant
what to do each day. and the
official couldn't imagine an agri-
culture in which the individual
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-08-23

any radical departure from CEN
trail control has occurred.
Have Own Gardens
It is, for example, difficult tc
imagine that farmers would
choose to devote up to Is pei
cent of their crop land to corr
in areas receiving IA inches Of
rain or less. They would embark
upon such a drastic departure
from their previous patterns OF
farming only because of explicit
orders from Moscow.
It should be noted that moi
all elements of private farming
have been abolished. The in.
dividual peasants have then
small garden plots, ranging In
size from about 6 to LIS acres
with the lower figure being the
most common. Many peasants
own a COW, a pig or two, some
sheep or goats and q little
poultry. A surprisingly large
share Of total meat, milk and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-08-23

vegetable production comes from
these plots.
ON several farms which we
visited the number of cows
owned by the peasants exceeded
those owned by the collective
farms. But the size Of the
individual plots and the number
lof livestock that can be owned
Iare strictly limited.
While at times In the past eff
forts have been made to restrict
even more the Importance of the
private plots, the pendulum
swung slightly in their favor
two years ago.
Divided Into Three Classes
There are three kinds Of or
foundations that are primarily
responsible for farm production
lin the USSR. These are the
collective farms. the machine
tractor stations and the STATE
farms. The last two are COM
Ipletely owned and operated by
1.-THE state.
The collective farm is sup
posed to be a cooperative Or
ganization, but hardly meets our
ideas of a cooperative. Though
1.-THE land farmed by the coop
Ieratives is owned by the state.
in their original charters each
farm was given the perpetual
luse Of the land. Yet in 1850, by
some mysterious process, the
collective farmers decided to
consolidate. The desire for con-
,lsolidation was so pervasive that
1.-THE number of such farms de-
creased from more than ESQ, 600
to less than 100000 in about q
year. This type Of democratic
action is a little hard for the
| American to understand.
1 The state farm, which was
j originally considered to be the
ultimate form OF organization
for all agriculture, is the least
important OF the three organiza-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-08-23
Moscow's Orders Extend
Down to Each Former

d. D. Gale Johnson hos just returned
from q tour Of Soviet forms with q
group OF American formers. This is
the first Of three articles comparing
American and Russian farm methods.
Foo q decode Dr.. Johnson hos been
professor Of agricultural economics
at the University Of Chicago. Iowa
born, he holds degrees from both
Iowo State College and the University
Of Wisconsin. During 1912, he was
senior business onolyst OF the Office
Of Price Administration.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-08-23

lcould have freedom Of action.
Yet with his freedom, the aver
Iage American farm worker pro-
Iduces five to seven times as much
las the Russian farm worker.
Next: Lavish use Of labor on
Soviet farms.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-08-23

: z n - MIN EINB = I1N1NENIINA n
Worry q
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SIippinu or lrrifofing?

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teeth slipping dropping or wobbling
when you ct talk or laugh. Just
sprinkle q little FAETEETH on your
plates. This pleasant powder gives q
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and security BY holding plates more
lirgniy. No gsimily, goney. pasty taste
o. feeling, It's alkaline tnon-acidD
CT xAS1kKEF at AAy drug counter
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-08-23

The machine tractor station
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-08-23

It's a lucky day for you when you
can save over $24l Lucky day for you,
too, when you can get complete serv-
ice for IL including serving pieces
and extra cups F. real "life insur-
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Thin, translucent china in delicate,
pastel apple Blossom" for traditional
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SLIDER Spring and PARKington
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-12-11
Virginia Schools Head
Endorses Gray Program

funds for the education of chill
dren in private schools.
The Legislature at its special
session last week voted over
whelmingly to set UP referen-
dunn January 9 on the calling of
a constitutional conven ton
which would make the necessary
amendment.
DR.. Towards statement came
on the eve of a Sunday meeting
of the board of directors of the
Virginia Education Association.
The boards 81 members will
meet to discuss the gray program
and the referendum and possibly
to take a stand on the issue.
Teacher Support Sought
Gov. Stanley and pro-amend-
ment leaders are anxious to win
the support of the Association,
whose $4,000 white teachers and
other school personnel would
constitute a sizeable influence
in the referendum.
The statewide campaign in be-
half of the amendment will get
under way in Richmond Monday
with the opening of an informa-
ton center in a Richmond hotel.
The campaign will be directed
by DR.. Dabney S. Lancaster. the
man who preceded Howard as
State superintendent of public
instruction. DR.. Lancaster recent
ly retired as president of Long
wood College,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-12-11
Thief With Knife
Halted By BARRIERS
Monkey Wrench

A thief who threatened his
victim with a knife was stopped
in his tracks by a wrench WELD
ing barber yesterday.
Mrs. Icelia Fay. IS, colored,
who has a grocery store at 622
N street. NV. told police a man
came into her store at 2::30 pm,
whipped out a knife, took $2.61
in change from the cash register,
and left the store.
Mrs. Fay dashed across the
street to a barber shop. The
thief followed her. She ran to
the back of the shop, but he was
stopped by John A. Smith, so,
colored, barber, of $40 N street,
NV, who responded to threats
with the knife by picking up a
monkey wrench and chasing him
out of the shop.
Privates H. B. Bernhards and
M. M. Cannon of the second
precinct responded to a call from
Mrs. Fay. They arrested Henry
Smith, jr.. 80. of the 1900 block
of Seventh street, NV, a block
away from the store. They
charged him with robbery, in the
case OF Mrs. Fay. and assault
with dangerous weapon, in the
case of John Smith.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-12-11
Chunukuh Holiday
Observunces Set

Several Jewish congregations
and organizations have sched-
uled observances this week of
Chanukah, the Jewish holiday
which commentaries one of the
earliest known successful upriS-
ings against suppression of re-
ligion.
The Bethesda-Chevy Chase
Jewish Community Group will
hold its annual Chanukah cele-
bration at 10 o'clock this morn
ing in the Lynbrook Elementary
School, West Virginia avenue.
Bethesda.
The Young Peoples Synagogue
will hold a Chanukah dance at
$50 o'clock tonight in the
Share Tef1la Congregation
building, 403 Riggs road NV.
At 8:15 o'clock tonight, the
B'nai Birth Hillel Foundation of
George Washington University,
2l29 F street NV, will have
Rabbi Aaron B. Seidman, direc-
tor of the Foundation, speaking
at Chanukah festivities.
Bernard Rosenberg. president
of the Louis D. Brandeis Zionist
District, will report on a recent
trip to Israel at a Chanukah
celebration sponsored by the
Brandeis District in Adas Israel
Synagogue. Connecticut avenue
and Porter street NV. at $50
pm. Thursday.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-12-11
Private Architects

All the suburban communities
around Washington now use pri-
vate architects to design schools,
Fairfax County and Alexandria
get their buildings designed for
5 per cent fees. while Prince
Georges. Montgomery and Ar
lington pay 6 per cent for most
of their buildings.
The communities that get the
work done cheaper managed to
drive harder bargain than the
others. Those jurisdictions pay
ing s per cent might save thou
sands of dollars by getting a few
pointers from their neighbors,
who use 5 per cent architects.
The private architects believe
they are doing an efficient job
planning new buildings. and do
ing it cheaper than a public
office could most area school
officials are inclined to agree.
Three Alexandria architects,
Joseph Saunders, Dwight Chase
and Gordon D. Rust, summed up
the private architects position
i'm a report they prepared last
year.
They defended the fees they
receive for school design. point
ing out that their work involves
more than drawing a pretty pic
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-12-11

10 feet of her. Mr.. Stanley heard
her moan and turned back.
Weakened by her ordeal, Mrs.
Chapura had lain down, huddled
in her overcoat and placed one
of her rubber boots under her
head. She said she had eaten
nothing since Wednesday.
One of her grandSons, William
FeaganS. who helped carry her
to an ambulance, described the
woman as sturdy and strong
and independent"
He revealed that a yearning
to visit her old farm home caused
her plight. setting off a hunt
which was spearheaded by Is
relatives. assisted by hundreds
of searchers, including Quanti-
co Marine base personnel. SOL
diers, sheriff's officers and State
police.
On Wednesday. Mrs. Chapura,
who liked to take long walks
left the home Of Mrs. Mamie
Reid. with whom she had beer
living, to visit the old home
place. quarter of mile away
Her former home, still owned
by the family. is vacant. She
moved out OF 1t five years ago
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-12-11
Plan

Thomas S. Gwynn, ST., assist
ant superintendent in charge OF
construction in Prince Georges,
believes in reproducing schools
from a standard plan when and
if the site and the program of
studies makes it feasible" He
believes Prince Georges has
moved as close as possible toward
Standardization. Any further
moves might result in Gripping
curriculum, he feels.
One experiment currently is
under way in Montgomery
County which may point the
way to lower school costs. A
large addition to the Twinbrook
Elementary School has been
planned as a "stripped-down"
structure. Classrooms will be
uniformly rectangular. with nc
built-in equipment. Wardrobes
and closets Will De STOCK units
added later.
The Twinbrook experiment is
the work of Ronald Senseman
president Of the Potomac Chap
ter Of the American Institute OF
Architects and the designer OF
many Montg cry County
schools.
He also was the author of a
1850 project for mass produc-
ton of schools. Five elementary
schools Rock Greek Forest
Rolling Terrace. Viers Mill, Oak
land Terrace and Lone Oak
were constructed from a basic
plan. Total cost Of the schools
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-12-11
Woman, IS, Survives
Three Days in Woods

A rugged constitution appar-
emily saved the life yesterday of
a 75-year-old Prince William
County woman who survived
three days Of wandering in the
woods near Occoquan, Va.
Mrs. Susie Chapura was found
lying in underbrush. a mile from
Route GAL near Ravenswood. by
a son-in-law, Alton Stanley.
At Alexandria Hospital last
night. she was reported to be in
fair condition. Doctors reported
that her body temperature had
dropped to "a degrees as the
result Of her long exposure in
cold weather.
They attributed her ability to
resist hunger to the fact that
she is light eater. Relatives
said she hardly eats anything. -
When found. Mrs. Chapura
told rescuers:
I'm thirsty and my throat
hurts. I was going to die, but
the Lord saved me. 1 prayed tc
God all the while"
Mrs. Chapura helped save her.
self when she cried out after
rescuers had passed by within
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-12-11

RICHMOND, Dec. 10 (P.-
DR.. Dowell ]. Howard. the States
public education chief, today in
dorsed the constitutional amend
ment plan as in 1.-The best interest
of the education of all Of the
children of Virginia"
He said he was supporting the
proposed change whereby the
State would help finance the
private education of children be-
cause of my profound interest
in the education of both races"
1t marked the first time DR..
Howard has spoken publicly on
the Gray Commissions legisla-
tive program aimed at prevent
ing compulsory indignation of
Negro and white pupils in the
public schools.
DR.. Howard took his stand in a
prepared statement that anal
yzed the Gray program and
noted both positive and negative
virtues in it.
Negative Aspects Noted
Negatively, he declared, the
commission did not propose to
repeal or alter the section of
the State constitution requiring
the legislature to maintain a
public school system.
Nor did it call for repeal of
the compulsory attendance law,
but rather for an amendment
specifying that no child may be
required to attend an integrated
school.
DR.. Howard also noted the pro-
gram made no recommendation
for the withholding Of funds for
the support of integrated schools.
On the positive side, he said
the Gray proposals would pro-
vide "a great deal of local au-
tonomy" and give cities and
counties much leeway in meet
ing the problem as it is pc
culiar to them"
The Gray program includes
two basic recommendations for
helping localities maintain segre-
cation in schools. One calls for
the assignment of pupils to
schools for reasons other than
race-such as health and apti-
tude. In this way, white students
would continue to attend schools
reserved solely, or at least pre-
dominately. for whites The same
would apply to Negro pupils.
Needs Constitutional Change
The second recommendation
would permit the State to pro-
vide tuition grants for attend
ance at private non-secretarian
schools. The grants would be
available in cases where parents
objected to sending their chill
dren to integrated schools or in
localities where authorities aban-
don public schools rather than
permit mixed classes.
The tuition grant proposal is
the one that involves a consti-
tutional change. The Virginia
constitution does not now permit
the State to appropriate public
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-12-11
'Groy Report Foes See
School System PeriIed

Lincolnia was elected secretary
and William S. Harris was named
treasurer.
SOS membership. according
to Mr.. Quenstedt will be drawn
from civic, religious. educational,
political and benevolent groups
and will not necessarily be re-
stricted to Fairfax County.
I'VE want anybody who is in
terested in preserving our free
public schools to pitch in" he
added.
Northern Virginia politicians
attending the meeting included
State Senator John Donovan,
Fairfax Supervisor Anne Will
kins, Fairfax Supervisor elect
Joseph Freehill and Mr.. Webb.
Another group opposed to the
amendment has been organized
in Springfield. Fairfax County
Frank B. Wagner, temporary
chairman. said a meeting is
scheduled at 8 pm. Wednesday
at the Garfield School.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-12-11
Georgetown Receives
Funds for Heart Study

The National Heart Institute
of the United States Public
Health Service has presented two
research grants, totaling $16,237,
to the Georgetown University
Medical Center.
DR.. John c. Rose, instructor in
medicine, has received $8,518
from the grant for studies of
circulation in the left ventricle,
DR.. Edward D. Freis. clinical pro-
fessor of medicine, was given
$7,7l9 to explore the filtering of
foods and waste products through
the capillary walls.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-12-11

Mahoney polled 406,370 against
the tide of Mr.. Eisenhower's pop
ularity landslide. No Democrat
ever got more votes before or
since in Maryland elections.
Assured Victory
John Marshall Butler already
is assured of a Republican pri-
mary If he seeks reelection to
the Senate next year. D. John
Marley. who had a similar ex-
perience to Mr.. Mahoney in 1850,
already has field for the Repub-
lican nomination. Mr.. Marley
received more votes that Mr..
Butler in the G. o. P. Senate
primary only to lose in the unit
vote also.
Mr.. Mahoney in his formal
candidacy announcement said he
had sounded out sentiment in
the State generally and had re-
ceived so many offers OF whole
hearted support that l have been
encouraged to undertake a cam
paign which I confidently hope
will bring the Democratic party
a much-needed victory in 1856"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-12-11
Moss Production

Use Of q basic school plan to
save architectural fees has been
used to some extent by a number
of suburban communities.
Montgomery, Prince Georges
and Fairfax Counties all have
tried building several schools
from one set Of plans. An arch
itect receives 3 per cent the sec
ond time the plans are used.
Most Of the fee is for supervision
when plans are reused.
But all Jurisdictions make
extra allowances for additional
work architects have to do to
adapt old plans to new sites.
This sometimes brings the total
fee for reuse Of a plan almost
as high as the fee for a COM
pletely new design.
Arlington County has never
tried to reuse plans because
school officials consider the
county's topography too hillY
and sites too cratic. Alexandria
has not had occasion to reuse
plans either, 1t has not had the
need for a large number Of SINH
lar buildings at one time.
Since Prince Georges County
embarked on its big school ex-
pansion program after World
War II. it has reproduced IL ele..
mentary schools from two basic
plans-one prepared for schools
on hilly sites, the other for level
sites.
These original designs have
been abandoned and a new round
Of reproductions started. Oxon
Run Hills Elementary School
q l4-classroom structure now
under construction-will be the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-12-11

Amendment Of the Virginia
Constitution to allow State aid
for private education would. in
effect, repeal the constitutional
provision providing for a public
school system. Fairfax Delegate
John c. Webb said yesterday.
Mr.. Webb told an Alexandria
group Of approximately 200 per-
sons that the amendment on
which a referendum will be held
January 8 would set Virginia
back 100 years"
Meanwhile more than $50
Fairfax County and Falls Church
residents yesterday organized a
committee to oppose the pro-
posed amendment and to work
for its defeat.
Sees Some Schools Closed
The Alexandria meeting was
sponsored by a group organized
Thursday to seek defeat Of the
amendment proposed by the
Gray Commission to prevent en-
forced integation in public
schools.
The delegate also said that If
the amendment Is passed, 1t will
lead to the closing Of public
schools In some counties and the
lessening of educational oppor-
tunities for many Virginia chill
dren.
The Rev. Ernest F. Campbell,
pastor Of the First Baptist
Church in Alexandria. asked the
Alexandria audience to consider
what the effect Of the amend
ment would be on the commu-
nifty.
1T would cause utter confu-
sion with private schools, public
schools. parochial schools and
probably separate colored schools
all together" Mr.. Campbell said.
Wouldn't we have a mess to
hold up before the country-God
forbid" he said.
Fund Drive Launched
Nearly all of the 200 present
appeared to be opposed to the
amendment. The sponsoring
group, which began an immedi-
ate fund drive to carry their OPP
position to the voters, elected
Albert A. Smoot, a former city
councilman, as chairman. Pat
rick Hayes was named vice
chairman, Mrs. Arthur Viner,
treasurer, and William H. Dor
sey. jr.. secretary.
The Fairfax County group
meeting at Annandale Baptist
Church elected Warren Quen-
stedt OF Mount Vernon District,
an attorney, as its chairman,
The organization will be called
Save Our Schools Committee.
Chosen as vice chairmen were
the Rev. Dabney Wexford
Episcopal clergyman, Mrs. Nevs
Mckay, Annandale civic worker
and Charles Plat Of Falls
Church.
Mrs. Thomas r. Wilson Of