davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Montana farmer-stockman. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1947-1993, 1955-03-01

merous halls in the county, we have not
had so much money in our funds and
had to look for other means of enter
tainment. Several of the parents do
mated money for square dance records
and we took our sons record player and
still continued our community parties.
1t was at one of these parties that our
Club and parents gave us the surprise
of our lives. Arley Butcher, assistant
leader, stopped the dancing and said,
'Dan will you and Ferne come to the
stage? We have a surprise for you"
We went forward and two of our All
boys brought in huge box Arley said,
"This is in appreciation for your eff
forts as All club leaders, When we
opened the box it contained a beautiful
knee-hole desk. You can well imagine
that this is one of our prize possessions.
Club Camp
Our County All club camp is another
highlight in the club program. The
camp is held each year at Mallo Canyon
camp in cooperation with some other
county. Some years it was with Crook
and some with Weston county. Our club
always has some members attend. In
recent years, Mr. and Mrs. Hoblit have
taken their children in their school bus
and have also acted as chaperons for
the group. My husband attended every
camp for seven years and spent most
of his time on the target range.
We always have a local Achievement
Day at the RecluSe hall and invite the
community to inspect our work The
boys bring their livestock and the Home
&c girls exhibit their foods and clothing
work. A few years we offered prizes
just as at the fair but found that this
caused some hurt feelings because it
was not possible to get judges that were
not local people and sometimes the
Judge at the fair did not see as the
Judge at local achievement, so in later
years the exhibits are just on display.
The county agent and home demonstra-
ion agent are present and give any
pointers that might make our exhibits
better for display at the fair.
Fair Winners
Last fall there were five members
# age for State Fair. Four of them won
rips. Duane Butcher placed first in
Montana farmer-stockman. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1947-1993, 1955-03-01
1t Is a Pleasure to KmO1U That
We Haze Made Friends With the
No~A qfOr Community
By MRS. Dan CARSON, Campbell County, Wyoming

MY HUSBAND has been a All club
leader for 10 years and for seven. We
have led the Sunshine All club which is
in the Recluse community. There is a
community hall at Recluse and this is
where most of the meetings are held,
although some of the project meetings
were at our home and some very good
party meetings were at various homes
of the members.
We have found that a program
planned at the beginning of the club
year works very well and eliminates
many of the conflicts of other activities,
as we know the date of All activities
and plan our other activities accord
ingly. Last year we followed our pro-
gram exactly as planned except we had
to cancel a club tour we planned for
June. 1t so happened that nearly the
entire club had other plans for that day.
We found that a dinner planned and
prepared by the members for the par
entS always met with enthusiasm. The
girls of the club and l would meet at
the hall in the afternoon and set up
tables. The girls made place cards and
decorated the tables in keeping with
the occasion. Last year the table was
conferred with a nicely decorated angel
food cake topped with four-leaf clover
decoration that member had brought
from Club Congress. Sometimes we
asked the parents to furnish the meat
and other times we took the funds from
the treasury for the dinner. Following
the dinner everyone danced to the
record player.
Community Parties
Our community parties have done
much to arouse interest in All. The
first few years that we were leaders
we were able to hire music quite reason
able and we gave public dances and
had money to finance All judging trips,
camp and community parties. Then we
would hire an orchestra and give
dance for the community and ask peo-
pie to bring cake and sandwiches. This
was always advertised as community
dancing party and we never had any
of the disorderly conduct etc. that so
often goes with a public dance.
In recent years, with music so high
and so much competition from the nu-
Montana farmer-stockman. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1947-1993, 1955-03-01
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Montana farmer-stockman. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1947-1993, 1955-03-01

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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-01
Congress Studies Agency
To Supplement World Bank

by Nelson Rockefeller, whose family
has been operating private IFC of
its own called International Basic
Economy Corp. This concern invests
risk money in mixed enterprises in
some South American countries
where Standard OIL Of New Jersey
Is doing business.
Humphrey Plan
Objections to the 1851 IFC pro-
posal put the idea in the deep freeze.
No one was more surprised than the
World Bank when, at the 1884 inter-
American economic and financial
conference at Rio de Janeiro, a
modified IF'C was promised by Sec
rotary of the Treasury George M.
Humphrey.
Mr.. Humphrey had no trouble per-
suading the World Bank to go along.
The Humphrey version Of IFC won't
buy common or preferred stocks, but
will receive for its money 'partici-
pating income debentures." In this
way it may finance, for instance, a
cement mill, mine or a factory.
IFC's partners in such financing will
be private investors, who may be
nationals of the country where the
project is to be located; nationals
of an industrial country such as
the United States, Britain, Germany
or misunderstanding they become
IFC members: or a combination of
both. Also. IFC may finance mixed
enterprise" in which both private
investors and governments may be
partners.
The World Bank holds that IFC
will stimulate the flow of private
capital into underdeveloped coun-
tries; that private money will be
willing to take chances if IFC leads
the way. Only in this way can en-
terprises in the dream stage ma
terialize, say IFC's advocates.
Secretary Humphreys IFC modi-
fication still has been meeting quiet
opposition in American business
circles. Foreign traders called the
plan dangerous" In November.
the National Foreign Trade Council
formally took the stand that "the
injection of an inter-govern-
mental agency into the field Of
equity financing" was wrong in
principle and dangerous in prac-
tice." MTG added that it would
conflict with the fundamental con-
cepts Of our private enterprise sys-
TEN and lead to grave abuse
and vicious consequences" with
substitution of political decisions
for business judgments" Latterly.
the MTG has been reviewing its
decision in anticipation Of hearings.
Representative Wright Patman,
Democrat, of Texas opposes United
States participation In IFC because
I'VE should never do more for for
seign people than we do for our own"
He objects to $50 million Of Export
Import Bank money financing a steel
mill in Argentina. for example, when
an American business can't get more
than $4,000 from the Small Bust
ness Administration.
Patman says IFC 'is bound to get
Q cold reception by members Of the
Congress" Should that prove true,
TC may 20 back 10 the deep freeze
again.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-01

but Russias and Red China's is far
worse.
All these arguments the Asian
African nations brush aside as irrele-
want and, they add politely, hypo-
critical. They want a clear-cut
course of action by the United
States.
But how can one be quite that
clear-cut in New Guinea. for in
stance, the State Department asks?
The natives-the Papuans-are not
ready for self-government, and no
one claims they are. The Dutch
certainly are foreign colonizers. But
the Indonesians-a different ethnic
group from the natives-would be in
precisely the same position if they
were given control of Dutch Guinea.
So the question of who should con-
troll the territory is one for a prac-
tical and legal, not moral, answer.
And take Cyprus. Inhabitants Of
the island are 50 per cent Greek.
But Britain has legal title to the is
land. Should the inhabitants be. al
lowed to exercise their right OF self
determination, as the United Nations
Charter provides? Or should Brit
ain be allowed to handle the prob
lem as an internal affair, as the
u. N. Charter also provides? Can
Britain count on promises that her
NATO bases on Cyprus-vital to the
free world-will be allowed to re-
main, and will be augmented by
Cypriots?
In North Africa the United States
wants to avoid trouble. 1t doesn't
want any civil war bullets flying
past NATO air bases there, and it
doesn't want to undermine French
government that is shaky enough
as 1t is. Gradual self-government
for Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria
seems best-and Tunisia is in the
process Of getting 1t right now.
Somewhere in Middle
Certainly the American policy Of
avoiding offense to both sides OF the
colonial question is reasonable
one. The wishes Of our anti-Com-
munist NATO allies cannot be ig-
nored, nor can the pleas Of freedom
from their colonies.
But there 10 room for argument
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-01
Who's Right?

Which course Is best depends
mostly on the two fundamentals
with which the critics start their
arguments. If we decide to fight
only nuclear wars, and to stop short
of unconditional surrender or de-
tailed control of enemy territory,
the prewar buildups of manpower
reserves and production facilities are
not likely to be Of much use.
But If we shrink from dropping
the first atom bomb-and thus spot
the Kremlin or Red China their big
advantages in non-nuclear warfare
we probably will need the whole
reserve and more.
All this, of course, presupposes
that it is possible to keep a 3-mil-
non-man reserve genuinely ready"
capable of handling the vast COM
pick of new weapons that is now
streaming into our armed forces.
Up to this moment we have failed
in producing anything remotely re-
sembling an effective reserve. There
are many who believe that in our
system of government it is impos-
sible to muster enough discipline to
keep civilians ready.
Army advocates Of the. reserve
system are the first to admit that
building a reserve will be difficult.
They would prefer larger active
forces. But. they point out. they
are reduced to accepting this plan
because they can get nothing better.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-01
u. S. Position on CoIonio|ism
Held Likely to Cause Troub|e

West Irian western New Guinea)
over that of the Dutch. ..
0 Help Cyprus gain It's freedom
from Britain.
. Support a timetable" Of freedom
for all colonies.
The Defense
The United States, of course, had
no voice at the Asian-A African con-
ference. but here is the defense it
would have made If given the OPP
portunity:
o First, and basic. this country is
trying to walk tight-rope. On the
one hand. it is afraid to lean too
far to antagonize our European
allies. On the other. it is afraid to
lean to the other side and ALLEVIATE
the Asians and Africans. 1t will be
a happy day when everyone is in
dependent. but If we are to keep
friends abroad, we must play it down
the middle.
. While walking the tight-rope IN
public. the United States works be-
hind the scenes to promote in
dependence of colonial Countries
urging and helping the colonizers to
grant more self-government to their
colonies.
o We sometimes are trading our
stand against colonialism for help
by European nations in more vital
matters-a log-rolling process that
is necessary in any negotiations.
For instance, the United States re-
Trained from opposing France in
North Africa and thereby encour-
aged France to accept Germany into
NATO. And we were kind to Eng
land in Cyprus, so that England
would be more inclined to support
our stand on such things as barring
Red China from the U. N, or get
ting British support for freeing the
ii flyers held by Peiping.
. A go-slow attitude frequently is
necessary, as colonial problems are
complex, and 1t takes time to pre-
pare colonies for self government.
Timetables are not practicable until
a colony IL almost ready for
freedom
Q And furthermore, Western CO.
lonial policy may not be perfect,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-01
By RICHARD FRYKLUND

It Is true that the United States
came out Unexpectedly well in the
Asian-African conference at Ban
dung, but sharp criticism on one
subject colonialism - presaged
more and more trouble for this
country in years to come.
For colonialism is one of the
greatest international problems after
communism; and the countries most
anxious for drastic solution to the
problem, the Asian-African nations,
are becoming increasingly i'm
portant in world affairs. The pres
sure they put on Uncle Sam seems
sure to mount in the future.
The delegates at Banding did
not criticize America for its own
colonial policies. In fact the United
States was complimented for what
it had done in granting independ-
ence to the Philippines and self
determination to it's other possess
sions. We were praised for our en-
dorsement of self determination for
all peoples.
ne Accusation
But even Americas best friends
joined in this accusation: The
United States talks about freedom
for all but supports the European
nations which are holding colonial
people in bondage.
America was urged repeatedly to
vote against colonialism in the
United Nations instead of abstain
ing or voting for the colonizers, and
to put heavy pressure on American
allies to grant independence to their
colonies.
The final communique of the Ban
dung conference was mild in criti-
cism Of colonialism. But that was
mostly because several delegations
would have insisted that specific
attacks on western colonialism be
matched by attacks on the Commu-
mist new colonialism."
Here are some of the stands
America was urged to take during
y. N. debate, however:
Q support the claim Of native
North Africans for independence
from France.
Q Favor the Indonesian claim TO
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-01
Can U. S. Build Ready Reserve
That Will Be Worth Its Cost?

will simply defend, not try to take
any piece of Red China). Once we
have destroyed the enemys power
to commit aggression, we can let
him stew in his own juice.
o If we fight only nuclear wars and
keep our detectives limited. all wars
will be terrible but short. Their de-
cisive phases will last only few
months.
In that time, the reserves and the
mobilization base would have little
effect on the outcome. If broken
back" war follows, it will be time
enough to organize additional forces
and production facilities. Then we
will have the advantages of knowing
what forces we need and what hard
ware we want.
o Meantime, we should concentrate
all our present efforts on increasing
our strength in being, which is
perilously low. We should place our
defense contracts with the most eff
ficient producers to get as much
hardware as possible into world-dis-
persed stockpiles. handy to our &C
tive forces. We are especially short
of air transport to rush active
ground forces to trouble spots.
Q We should increase our active
forces rather than bog down in the
impossible task of trying to main
tain a big ready" reserve.
Q The reserve need not be wiped
out altogether. There will be need
for home militia-to prevent loot
ing and other lawlessness in dew
astated areas-for hopping UP and
for small-scale military government
duties. Presently reserves are not
being trained for such tasks.
This is the critics' case
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-01

forces and peoples likely to be in
volved are too numerous to justify
the single assumption Of q war of
short duration. Experience has
shown that in a global war there Is
more likely to be long, protracted,
and bitter struggle fought on land
and sea and in the air, with both
sides striving desperately to secure
mastery in every medium"
President Eisenhower, in his letter
to Secretary Wilson last January S,
placed some reliance on the reserves
to win wars. But he also made
sidelong reference to the critics
theory about the proper role for
the reserves.
ITO maintain order and organiza-
ton under the conditions that
would prevail in attacked areas Of
our country would of itself consti-
tute a major challenge" the Presi-
dent wrote. Improved reserve pro-
grams would help greatly-in fact
might prove the decisive margin
in these as in other major tasks"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-01
BY EARL III. VOSS

Are the United States reserve
program and industrial mobiliza-
ton base white elephants?
All military men admit 1t is
possible that the next war will not
last long enough for either of these
expensive features Of our defense
ablishment to be brought into
play. Some think it is probable.
Others-mostly in the Air Force
are so certain that they warn we
are squandering our money trying to
build them.
Up to now, administration policy
makers have insisted that both re-
serves and a widely dispersed.
standby mobilization base must be
maintained because we cannot be
sure the next war will be short.
Capitol Hill is now struggling with
a Defense Department proposal to
raise it's ready reserve" from about
100000 to 3 million. In addition.
the Pentagon wants million man
standby reserve" in lesser state
of readiness.
A million-man ready reserve,
planned for 1856. will cost 81 billion,
SO a 3-million-man outfit will prob
ably come close to So billion a year.
AS for the mobilization base, De-
tense Secretary Charles E. Wilson
has now renounced his notion of
a year ago to concentrate produce
ton in the most efficient plants.
He has ordered the Pentagon to
avoid undue concentration of con-
tracts, even If that would cost more.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-01
What Advocates Soy

In spite of what President Eisen-
hover, Secretary Of State John Fos-
ter Dulles. Gen. Alfred M. Gruenther
in SHAPE and others have said
about nuclear weapons becoming
conventional" in our armed forces,
the Administration does not admit
that all future wars will be nuclear.
Nor is 1t official thinking that all
nuclear wars will be short.
o Maj. Gen. James M. Gavin,
Army operations officer, says: ut is
as likely that it (the next war; will
be non-atomic war as it is an atomic
war, and we are definitely develop
ing our forces along those lines"
Q Gen. Charles L. Bolte. Army's re-
tired vice chief of staff, says: 1.-THE
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-01
What Critics Say

Those who would put less stress on
our reserve and post-M-day mobil-
ization plans start with the idea
that the United States should aban-
don all thought of fighting non-nu-
clear wars.
They say:
. We can't match superior Soviet
manpower and ''non-nuclear" forces.
Moreover, nuclear wars are cheaper.
It takes fewer costly planes, guns
and ships to deliver thousands Of
: times the damage.
3 The second requisite is to forget
about fighting wars to "uncondition-
al surrender" There may be no sub
stitute for victory. but we don't need
the enemy's signature on a surren-
der document to know he is beaten.
. In the next war. we should
clearly limit our detectives in adj
vance Gas we have done in the For
mosa Strait. where we have said we
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-01
A Shiny Veneer overIoys Francois Realm,
But Writer Says It's the Same Old Place

like q halo above what Is still the
poorest and most backward country
in Western Europe.
All this is good 70 see. 1t Is quite
an achievement. Indeed, as one
young American tourist couple put
it, the grandeur of Madrid Is utterly
amazing if you come upon it by
auto from France, filled as you are
then with the visual knowledge Of
how poverty stricken country 1t
crowns. You wonder how the coun-
try could have created it all. much
less support it.
It would be too dampening, at
such a moment, to look too long
at the slums. which are still there.
Or at the threadbare masses in and
outside the cheaper stores. the ones
whose wages of a few cents day
go far toward supporting the gaiety
of the rich but who can equal it
themselves with ready joke or
happily cheap red wine. A wry joke,
say, like that of the bartender who
said that short of four glasses Of
willie oOa0C 0PnAAo4Ao SONAO 4ACNCA
be as gay as the world expected
them to be.
It is better to stroll into the Hotel
Florida, where Ernest Hemingway
and other luck blessed correspond
entS had found safe quarter during
the siege, and join the well-to-do
for lunch And well-to-do they must
be. for fine and charmingly served
lunch with the inevitable wine can
come to So, and the talk you hear.
they say, could come only from the
well-to-do.
Critical Tolk
The talk, in brief, is critical Of
Franco, even If mildly so; he Is
taking too long to restore the mon
archy, he is wrapping the business
men with too much red tape and
making it all but impossible to fire
a worker even after you've bought
machinery that makes his old job
surplus.
Even so, in a country still self
consciously Fascist and wholly au-
thoritarian. you find such talk sur
prising. But Spanish friends explain
that all Spaniards must have at
least an oral escape-valye; they like
to grippe as well as the GIL. and as
long as they do it only in twos and
threes, and 40 not write or make
speeches to groups they may all
grieve over their wine. Even the
workingman, as discovered, albeit
with a discreet look around, will
confide that a family nowadays
must needs hold two full-time jobs
and maybe part-time one in addi-
ton if he hopes to make ends meet.
Dissatisfaction is everywhere, it
seems. But not enough for any one
to do anything about it. You can
hear that right-wing Catholics don't
like Franco, Monarchists think his
exit is long overdue, many Falan-
gists in the one-party state look
forward to his demise, the business
man is irritated by his costly well
fare schemes, and that 10 per cent
of the peasants and laborers long
for a change-but that no group
except the Monarchists could pos
sibly agree on what the change
should be. and even the Monarchists
are split on what kind Of a mon
archy they want. After nearly is
years in the saddle. Franco, at 81.
rides Spain as skillfully as ever.