davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1955-02-06
Khrushchev, the New Soviet Dark Horse

Nikita Khrushchev, the man the
Russian experts forgot to notice,
turned out to be the real dark horse
in Stalin's stable.
When, 10 days after the old dicta-
tor died, Khrushchev took over the
duties Of first secretary of the Gen.
tral Committee of the Communist
Party, the event was little publicized
in the West.
Six months later, in September.
1858, Khrushchev got the formal
title to this post. Not until then
did outside observers begin to realize
that this stocky former Communist
chief Of the Ukraine had taken
control of the Springboard from
which Stain leaped to the absolute
power he held until the day of his
death.
Khrushchev's new job made him
immediate boss of the machinery of
the Soviet Communist Party, which
is the power machinery of the USSR.
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev
is many different things. He's a
garrulous extrovert who gesticulates
when he drives home a point in con-
versation. He's heavy man, about
feet 5-short like all the men
whom Stain had in his immediate
encourage. His most recent pictures
show that his snow-white hair has
thinned considerably in recent years
and that his face has become quite
round. He will be 81 on April 20.
Family Life Unknown
Although he is known to have been
married and his wife is quite possibly
still alive. nothing is known of her.
They had two sons. One was pilot
killed in the war and the other is
studying to be an engineer. There
are also several daughters.
In most of Khrushchev's photos he
appears genial man with pleasant
face. But he has ruthlessly purged
many a man for Stain and for his
own purposes, and has himself been
in danger more than once of being
purged.
At least three times in the post
war decade Khrushchev got himself
out of dangerous spots. His first
crisis came in 1947 when he was
still in the Ukraine as head of the
party and government there for
Stain, 1t was a hard year. The
republics industry was devastated
by the war. Drought had ravaged
its farms. Discomfort was rife and
partisan warfare had broken out in
some districts. Stain removed
Khrushchev from his party chief
tainship and sent his top trouble
shooter, Lazar Kaganovich, to take
Evening star., 1955-02-06

culture. This has made for a diffi-
cult situation-both economically
and politically. Due to chronic
scarcities in essential items, Bolivia
has had to import great quantities
of food. Nearby Argentina has been
the logical source of a large portion
of these commodities.
The land which is now Bolivia was
once part of the Viceroyalty of La
Plata created by Spain in the late
18th century. Buenos Aires was the
viceregal capital. Since independ-
ence, Argentines have looked upon
all of this former viceroyalty as
rightfully theirs, and have often
attempted to bring Bolivia into the
Argentine fold. Bolivia's economic
plight made her more susceptible to
external political coercion.
Even with improved transporta-
ton, development of the eastern
Andes slopes and lowland areas may
not prove as easy as many Bolivians
now envision; but within a few years
the country should at least be able
to feed itself This will serve to
raise the standard of living and also
Evening star., 1955-02-06
By Herbert Brotter

in Secretary Wilson's "birddog"
theory, which sees advantage in
always having a few hungry workers
around, so organized labor clearly
has a strong vested interest in seeing
the Employment Act of 1916 so
executed as to bring about maximum
i. e., full" and, If possible, "over-
full" employment. For when there
is no unemployment labors hands
are strengthened and industry's are
weakened In the bargaining for
higher wages, fringe benefits, guar
anteed annual wage, paid vacations
and the like.
If, from strengthened bargaining
position. labor unions carry their
incomes higher still, with ensuing
price increases for the products they
make, we shall face little more
imitation. At the same time, indus
try is forced to find new labor
saving machines to bring down its
COSTS "automation, as 1t is called.
This tends to make for temporary
unemployment and renewed indus
try-labor friction.
All this was very evidently in the
minds of witnesses and committee
members in last weeks hearings.
Democrats Complaints
Chairman Of the committee this
year is Senator Paul Douglas of
Illinois. former professional
economist. The Democratic men,.
bers found plenty to disagree with in
the economic report. The vice
chairman. Representative Wright
Patman Of Texas. hoped on the
statement in the report that in 1854
the incomes of farmers and small
businessmen were at postwar lows.
Mr. Patman comes from q rural dis
trict and long has been a spokesman
for small business in the House.
Some of the invited economists on
the panels gave the Democrats added
ammunition. The CLOS education
director, Stanley Ruttenberg,
charged the administration with
"fallacious reasoning" in its opti-
mism about this years economic
outlook. Gerhard Colin of the Ma
tional Planning Association criticized
the Economic Report for falling
short Of the duties imposed by the
1916 act and recommended tax re-
duction for consumers, more public
works and wage hikes coupled with
lower prices.
Sharp criticism was offered by
Leon Keyserling, former chairman
of President Truman's Council OF
Economic Advisers and consultant
to Democratic Congressmen. Mr..
Keyserlins aaesnt admire the Job
Evening star., 1955-02-06

In what has become an annual
affair Senators and Congressman
comprising the Joint Committee on
the Economic Report alphabetically
known here as the JEC) have been
holding hearings on the state of
and outlook for the Nations busi-
ness. The annual study comes about
through the Employment Act of
1916, which requires the President
to send up to Capitol Hill each
year an economic report. drafted for
the White House by the Council of
Economic Advisers.
The theory of the 1946 law is that
the Congress, equipped with all the
pertinent facts and forecasts, can
so legislate as to assist II not
actually insure that there will be
maximum employment and income
for all the people.
Since the Government is the
largest factor in our economic lives
today-taking in more money and
spending more money by far than
any other single element-the argu-
ment Of the planners is very per-
suasive. Let the Government, they
say, so regulate its spending and its
taxing to take up the slack when
ever the economy otherwise threat
ems to slow down. In this way
unemployment will be held to
minimum, depression will be FORE
stalled.
Clash OF interests
The pump priming" philosophy
of Government dates from the New
Deal 1t followed the horrible expe-
rience of the great depression with
its mass unemployment and misery.
But, as in many things in the
Congress. the 1946 Unemployment
Act epitomized great controversy:
A struggle between clashing eco
nomic interests.
This was the clash between those
who believed In the greatest possible
freedom for enterprise under our
capitalist system with a minimum
of Government economic interven-
ton and those. on the other hand
who regard cyclical depressionS as
inevitable under q system in which
the Government does not intervene
more or less regularly so as to in
sure ample economic activity and
jobs for all at all times.
Passage of the 1916 law did not
end the controversy, as becomes ap-
parent whenever the JEC holds its
hearings.
The 1916 law, Of course, was a
compromise. It was much -watered-
down version of the full-employ-
ment bill drafted by organized la
boris spokesmen in the Congress.
Watered down. it gfses as its aim
Evening star., 1955-02-06

not "full employment" but maxi
mum employment. production and
purchasing power" But, states the
law, the Government is to pur-
sue it only by practical means con-
Sistent with its needs and obliga-
tions and other essential considera-
tions of national policy.
Some Favor lnfIotion
The more liberal economists who
testified earlier this month revealed
by their sharp criticism of the Eli
senhower administrations economic
policies that there is much senti-
ment for pursuing the employment
goals of the 1916 act at all costs,
even at the cost of steady imitation.
A few of the witnesses indeed Spe-
officially ask for a little more inf1a-
tion.
Others share the administration
view that we should not be carried
away by depression phobia, which
calls for Government spending with
budgetary deficit. Only in Janu-
ary Treasury press release de-
clared, Imitation Not Dead; It's
Only Sleeping"
Government spending is not the
only cause of price imitation and
the dollars shrunken buying power.
Another cause of the rise in the
price level ir recent years has been
the successive rounds of wage in
creases. During the recession re-
Gently ended there was a respite
from that process; but it now looms
close ahead once more for the auto
mobile industry and others.
Just as employers have an interest
Evening star., 1955-02-06

his successors are doing. They have,
he holds, overlooked their explicitly
stated responsibility. Hence they
provide mo basis on which to evalu-
ate whether recommended policies
and programs are too big. or too
small. well-directed or misdirected."
Concerning the economic reports
80 recommended measures, Mr..
Keyserling says they are random
and do not stem from analysis.
Peering ahead he sees not nearly
enough growth to reduce unem-
ployment sufficiently.
Other Issues
Other economic issues on which
witnesses and committee members
have clashed in the current hearings
include agricultural policy, the regu-
lation of business through anti
monopoly controls, tariffs and trade
agreements, public works and hous-
ing.
Senator Douglas charged the Re-
publicans with surrounding the
public housing law with so many
restrictions so as to strangle it. Con-
gresham Jesse Wolcott, Republican,
of Michigan. author of the restric-
tions, countered that strangulation
was not their aim, but If that was
their effect. 1t was all right with
him.
Representative Patman and other
Democrats used the hearings forum
to criticize what they called the
Administrations hard money
policy" Mr.. Patman even demanded
that the 40-year bond issue Just an
nounced by the Treasury be recalled
Evening star., 1955-02-06
Presidents School Message Awoited Eagerly

The educational time bomb that
President Eisenhower set in his
state-of- the Union message may be
pretty well wetted down by Congress
before it goes of, some day this
week.
The President started the clock
work ticking when he said he would
send Congress a special message
recommending program of Fed
eral aid for public school construc-
tion.
Money-short school people from
here to California, faced with
Government-estimated need of 720.-
900 new classrooms by 1860, began
biting their fingernailS waiting for
the explosion: what would the Presi-
dent propose?
1t is believed the Eisenhower plan
will revolve around Federal
school building authority" This
agency would stand behind bonds is
sued by State school building au-
thorities to help local school dis
tricts which have run out Of con-
struction money.
Whatever the Eisenhower plan
may be, school-minded Congressman
OF both parties already have intro-
duced nearly 20 emergency and
long-range bills providing for direct
Federal aid In the form Of grants
to be matched on $3.50 or other
basis with State funds.
Leaders in the fight for an edu-
cation bill believe chances for con-
gressional action are better this
year than in any past session-al-
though introduction of the racial
integration issue last week made
1t clear that to survive, any aid
bill will have to weather heavy
cross-fire.
EorIy Hearings
Senate hearings on five bills.
aimed at making at least a start
toward solving the immediate prob
lem, wound up last week. 1t is pos
sible that the Labor Committee,
which held the hearings. will rec
ommend emergency legislation to
the Senate before the President
sends his school message.
Meanwhile some House members
are making efforts to get hearings
started in the House Education and
Labor Committee.
The idea of a system of State
school authorities would be to get
around debt limitations imposed by
State constitutions or statutes.
Some 20 States may not go into
debt at all and so are hamStrung
when it comes to raising eXtraordi-
nary amounts of money to build
schools. Other States limit the
amount of borrowing.
The authorities. chartered by
State governments, would be crea-
lures of but not parts of these State
governments. How they might work
was explored last fall in a report
Evening star., 1955-02-06
By Tom Whitney

Cnafge. 1nlS was serious blow
at Khrushchev'S prestige. But he
lived through it, and in December,
1947, got his party Job back again. i.
His second crisis came in 1851
when he was in Moscow as secretary
Of the Central Committee. He had
launched a program to tighten CEN
trail control over the nations COL
lective farms, and he overreached
himself. He advocated nothing less
than a complete resettlement of
Soviet farmers. This proved a pre-
mature and exceedingly unpopular
move. Khrushchev was forced to
admit his errors. But again he
bounced back with no serious in
juries. Presumably he had Stalin's
trust and confidence.
Most Serious Test
1t was in June: 1858. that his most
serious moment came. Powerful
Lavrenti Beria had raided far into
Khrushchev's territory and secured
nothing less than the dismissal in
disgrace of Khrushchev's own prote-
ge, Leonid Melnikov. whom Khrush-
chev had made the party boss in the
Ukraine.
This was major challenge. Had
KhruShchev failed to answer effec-
lively it would have been his end.
But Premier Georgi Malenkov threw
in with Khrushchev. Beria was
arrested and charged with treason,
and Khrushchev's Importance was
enhanced many times.
Since then, KhruShchevs star has
risen steadily.
In magazine article last Decem-
ber, Khrushchev was listed as one
Of Lenin's closest helpers in organi-
zation and political education of
the Red Army. Malenkov's name
was omitted. All these seemed to be
straws in the wind.
Was Nikita Khrushchev aiming
to be the new Stain? Could he
succeed?
KhruShchev. who ran the Ukraine
for Stain, apparently was not %
genuine Ukrainian, though he seems
to have had Ukrainian background.
He grew up in the Kursk region
north of the Ukraine.
The dictator of Soviet agriculture
was never a farmer though he once
worked as a herd boy. He was once
a pipe filter in Donyets basin mine.
KhruShchev joined the Communist
Party in 1918 after the revolution.
During the civil war he served in
the Red Army. Afterward he at
tended a workers school," In the
1920s he filled executive party posts
Evening star., 1955-02-06
Middle East
Defense Agreement Between Turkey and Iroq
Will Go Through Despite Arobs' Opposition
By l. Edgar Primo

Arab League prime ministers may
fuss and fume, threaten and cajole,
but they will fail to swerve Nuri
Said, their crafty colleague from
Iraq, from his determination to sign
a mutual defense treaty with Turkey.
This is the consensus of diplo-
matte observers here and in the
Near East, where the Ankara -Bagh-
dad pact announcement has touched
off a desperate effort by Egypt to
maintain its leadership in the Arab
world.
The fussing and fuming is we'll
underway. The threats are starting.
At Egypt's invitation, the premiers
of Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Saudi
Arabia and Yemen have been meet
ing in Cairo to- discuss Iraq's rap
prochement with the old common
enemy, Turkey.
Egypt is seeking two things at the
conference: % To persuade or
pressure Iraq, through a demonstra-
ton of Arab solidarity, not to con-
clude the treaty, and 90 failing
this, to make certain other Arab
states do not accept the invitation
to become signatories.
Diplomatic Illness
Premier Said chose not to attend
the Cairo meeting. He reported that
he was "ill," but other Arab leaders
believe it's a diplomatic illness. So,
"the mountain went to Mohammed :"
The premiers sent a delegation to
Baghdad to talk to their sick
colleague.
Out of these talks came Leba
nese proposal that Egyptian Premier
Canal Abdel Nasser meet with Nuri
Said to try to smooth out the diff
culties. Said apparently is willing.
Nasser repeatedly will meet with
Nuri Said only if Iraq agrees to
abide by the wishes of majority
of the Arab League members on the
question of the pact with Turkey
He already has turned down an in
vitation to talk over his objections
to the pact with Turkeys Prime
Minister Adnan Menderes.
Meanwhile, strong -man Nasser has
threatened If the Iraq-Turkish
pact Is not junked-that Egypt may
Cd pull out of the Arab League COL
lective security pact and try to set
up a new defense arrangement
among the Arabs and (2) sever dip
lomatic relations with Ankara.
If these threats were designed to
sway either Turkey or Iraq, they
apparently are falling fiat. Premier
Menderes said he was going right
ahead with plans to conclude the
treaty and Nuri Said has given no
indication whatsoever that he isn't
like-minded.
The Egyptians say that any weak
ening of Arab League solidarity ul-
timately will be harmful to the
West. They apparently are using
three main arguments against par
ticipation In q defense treaty with
the Turks.
l. The Arab League Is pledged to
q middle course in the East-West
cold war. Should 1raq 60 to war
in support Of Turkey, other Arab
states would be dragged in under
the Arab collective security pact.
2. The treaty is inspired by the
West, which failed in two previous
attempts to form q Middle East
defense bloc.
8. Zionism is more to be feared
of the league should be to keep
Israel in line.
Whether Iraqs declaration pre-
sageS an end to the Arab League
remains to be seen. The league is
loosely held together with q record
Of negativism. It has been referred
to as q debating society" and a
"We-Hate-Israel" club.
"A few observers-definitely o miA
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-12-04
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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-12-04

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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-12-04

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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-10-22

urer. and ). B. Childress. ser.
geant at arms.
49,
Realty Investment Corp, 81
Arlington. has announced ap.
pointment Of ]. Elwood Glenn.
ents as sales manager. Mr.. Glenn.
ents has been active In rea
estate sales work in the count,
for eight years and Is a former
sheriff of the county.
80
Lewyt Air Conditioner Corp
has named the Miller Building
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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-10-22
r E A L T Y
REVUE

! The Building Owners and
Managers Association Of Metro.
lpolitan Washington this week
elected Edwin E. Whitcomb presi-
dent during the groups annual
dinner dance at the Kenwood
Golf and Country Club.
Mr.. Whitcomb succeeds Walter
lB. Jarvis. Other officers elected
were: William N. Grimes, vice
Ipresident. and Thomas D. Larey,
treasurer.
Serving with the new officers
land Mr.. Jarvis as directors will
be A. Julian Brylawski. r. Lee
lHaber. Frank L. Hagerman, Ben
tjamin G. MILAN. Walter w. Krel-
mann. Frank Doubleday, Melvin
Love and George c. Vented.
A&&
Samuel w. Barrows has been
named chairman Of the member
ship committee Of the Washing
ton Real Estate Board. the board
announced this week.
William Calomiris and Fred
erick A. Marsteller have been
named to head two competing re-
|cruiting teams during q member
ship drive that win continue
through February, 1866. At that
time the losing team win treat
the winning team to q dinner.
aAA4
st. George r. Raby. settlement
attorney for j. Wesley Bu-
chanan, Inc, for the last 10
years, has joined theSlaw firm of
Orsinger and Dooley, 1904 K
street NV, as a real estate con.
sultant. He has spent 81 years
in the field of real estate law.
49,
John r. Searles, jr., executive
director Of the District Redeyel-I
opment Land Agency, this week
was elected chairman of the
National Association Of Housing
and Redevelopment Ofhcials'I
Redevelopment Section during
annual conference hi
Cleveland.
4 - ( az az. {
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-10-22

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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-10-22

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John d. o,Rieliy has been APP
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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-10-22

Robert Campbell. administra-
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department Of Frederick w. Ber-
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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-10-22

Fairfax Counties. Irving Bother,
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sflrm.
Evening star., 1955-06-26
By ROBERT X. WALSH

In an unusually agreeable
term, the Supreme Court this
year showed an increasing de-
gree of unanimity and at the
same time produced a new chief
dissenter. Justice Reed took the
role long held by Justice Douglas
Tallies for the recently ended
term showed yesterday that the
number of written opinions
while larger than last year
brought a much smaller per-
centage of dissents. There also
were fewer cases decided by
margins of only one vote.
Despite delays and several
long recesses caused mainly by
slowness of the Senate in con-
flrming Justice Harlan as ninth
member of the bench. the court
turned out 10 written opinions,
eight more than in the previous
term. This was far below the
peak Of 162 in the 1914 term.
but it was the largest number in
several years.
Unanimous opinions were
handed down in 81 cases. Writ
ten dissents in the 48 others
represented so per cent as COM
pared with almost 80 per cent
last year, II per cent in 1858,
and IS per cent in 1852. Dis