davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1955-06-05
VIRGINIA
BY JAMES J. KILPATRICE
Editor, The Richmond News-Leader

RICHMOND.-Vir experi-
enced o brief sense of relief, fol.
lowed by shock and q fast double.
take, in the wake of Tuesdays Su.
preme Court decision.
For most white school patrons
especially in Tidewater and South
side areas where the segregation
problem is most real-it was relief
to learn that a Statewide end to
segregation had not been ordered
for the coming fall. But on Tues
day night. only eight hours after
the court had ordered Prince Ed
ward County to submit prompt
and reasonable plan" for ending
segregation, Prince Edwards Board
Of Supervisors voted unanimously.
in effect, that there would be no
public-schools next fall. The board
refused to adopt q budget for school
operations, and instead voted only
a token sum to cover payments on
school debt and expenses of build.
ing maintenance.
On Friday, Nottoway County
followed suit, cutting it's school
budget to the legal minimum.
No one can say whether other
Virginians, pushed to decision be-
tween mixed schools or no schools,
will follow Prince Edwards ex-
ample. A number of "black belt"
counties have advised Gov. Stanley
that they will abandon public edu-
cation before they will accept inte-
grafton. Mr.. Stanley. for his part,
has promised to do everything In
my power" to preserve segregated
schools, and has legislative COM
mission working toward that end.
No locality in Virginia has made
any gesture toward integrating its
schools, though some counties In
Southwest Virginia and the Shenan-
doah Valley, where Negro population
is sparse, may elect not to resist the
courts decree.
The Supreme Court has voided
Section l40 of the State Constitu-
ton, which provides that white
and colored children shall not be
taught in the same school," and talk
of constitutional revision now is di-
rected chiefly at Section 129. which
declares that "the General Assembly
shall establish and maintain an eff
ficient system OF public free schools
throughout the State" This section
never has been construed judicially.
and opinions differ on the limita-
tions this section imposes upon the
Legislature.
Evening star., 1955-06-05
MISSOURI
Nv ROBERT LASCI

Editorial writer. The st. Louis Post Dispatch
ST. LOUIS. - Missouri took the
Supreme Court decision calmly.
With a Negro school population OF
$4,000, amounting to per cent OF
the 100000 total. Missouri school
districts have already ended segre-
CATION, or adopted plans ending 1t
next September. with respect to
about $4,000 Negro pupils. The
heaviest concentrations are in St.
Louis and Kansas City, which to-
gether account for $4,000 Negro
pupils. Both cities will complete
desegregation next September.
Until 1854. Missouri schools were
segregated under . provision OF
the Constitution which required
segregation unless otherwise pro-
vided by law. The Legislature had
never exercised its option to end the
practice. When the Supreme Court
handed down its May, 1854, de-
cision, Attorney General John Dali
ton ruled that the State laws re-
quiring segregation were invalid as
of then. School districts were free
to end segregation, he held. but
could not be compelled to do so
until the court issued final orders.
On that ruling. st. Louis, Kansas
City, Springfield. st. Joseph and
many smaller communities moved
ut once. Most Of them ended seq
regation in high schools first. voted
to end 1t In elementary schools next
year. Negro leaders are satisfied
with the progress being made. No
organized opposition to desegrega-
ton has appeared.
In two rural sections with South
ern background and ties-the SOUTH
east "Bootheel" and so-called Little
Dixie" along the Missouri River
midway across the State--the tram
sition is expected to be slower than
elsewhere. Even in those areas,
however, some districts have al
ready ended high school segre-
CATION without incident.
Except for Attorney General Dali
tons opinion the State Government
has taken no stand. No legislation
was even introduced In the legis-
laturs, Just adjourneds to discourage
compliance with the court decision.
Observers here believe the years
experience shows that Missouri
generally was ready for desegrega-
tion when the court first spoke.
Evening star., 1955-06-05
MARYLAND
BY HAMILTON OWENS

Editor r-in-chisf. The Baltimore sunpapers
BALTIMoRE-Even in SO law
abiding q State as Maryland. the
task of getting rid of segregation
In public schools will be one OF
difficulty and complexity. There is
q great variation In the colored
school population-from no Negro
pupils In Garrett County to more
Negroes than whites In Calvert.
There is relationship between the
Negro-w white ratio and the amount
OF resistance TO integration to be ex-
pected.
But this is only one part Of the
problem. Maryland's school system
itself has built-in difacultiss. There
is, first of all, Q State Board Of Edu-
cation, which sets standards and
distributes funds. Then each county
has its own school board with
powers Of It's own. And each county
Is divided into school districts. each
run by q local board.
The powers Of these various
boards not only complement one
another, they overlap to some ex-
tent. This overlapping does scant
harm as long as the aims to which
all boards are addressing them
selves are not controversial. But
on so touchy an issue as integra-
tion, the boards may-undoubtedly
will-find themselves working at
cross purposes.
Baltimore City, Of course. has had
. form Of integration since the start
of the last school year. Montgom-
cry County now plans certain
amount Of integration in the metro
politan bedroom" area. Balti-
more's experience and Montgomery's
plans appear to have been accepted
with equanimity. But what will
work In q city will not necessarily
work In a rural district, and what
is q moot question in Garrett is q
vital issue in Calvert.
Thoughtful Marylanders seem to
think the Supreme Courts decree
last week was wise. The State Cow
ernment, led by Gov. T. r. Nickel
din, is foursquare for compliance
with the decree, but as mentioned
above, the States practical author
ity over local schools is limited.
In Calvert, where much difficulty
has been anticipated. the County
Board Of Education has appointed
. commission to recommend the best
way to implement the Courts de-
cree.
Bryant Bowles and his National
Association for the Advancement OF
White People" kicked up o consid-
cradle stir In Baltimore last fall.
But. for the present ut least MFR.
Bowles is not in evidence, nor are
other vigilante leaders.
Baltimore's branch Of the Nat
ional Association for the Advance
ment of Colored People is quite &C
tive, and will certainly press for
quick integration throughout the
state, and appeal to the courts II
sufficient speed is lacking.
Evening star., 1955-06-05
GEORGIA
Nv LIKE GREEN
Editorial Writer, The Atlanta journal

Editorial Writer, The Atlanta journal
ATLANTA-Georgia is probably
as determined Is any State In the
Union to maintain segregation in
its schools. There has been no
progress toward integration and
there are no prospects for 1t.
Yet, reaction to last weeks su-
preme Court decree was mild COM
pared to a year ago when the Court
handed down It's first decision.
Public officials talked then Of de-
fiance; they speak quietly now Of
having plenty Of time. They believe
that Federal Court judges will
apply sympathy, understanding and
patience to Georgia's segregation
problem.
Strongest comment came from
Gov. Marvin Griffin, inaugurated
last January on q promise to con-
tinue segregation. He said Geor-
gians will not accept the ruling mo
matter how much the court seeks
to sugar-coat its bitter pill Of
tyranny" Most school officials
seemed pleasantly surprised-al-
most shocked-that the ruling was
not more harsh.
Georgians are relying on an ar
senal Of legal ammunition to keep
their schools from being mixed. A
provision in the 1945 State Consti-
tuition provides that separate
schools shall be provided for the
white and colored races"
In 1858, voters approved q con-
stitutional amendment that would
allow the, State to establish sys-
EN- Of private schools-but this is
held as a last resort. There are
also two legislative acts designed
to prevent mixed classes.
While there are no Yigilante
groups active in Georgia, many In
dividuals feel strongly on the ques-
ton.
Two segregation cases are pend
ing In Georgia. One seeks to end
segregation in Atlanta public
schools. In the other, q Negro,
now In the Army but slated for
early discharge. seeks admission to
the University Of Georgia Law
School.
Evening star., 1955-06-05
TEXAS
BY HARRY c. WITHERs
Editor. Ths Dallas Nevs

DALLAS. - II there is not toe
much agitation from outsiders. CONF
pulsory racial segregation will dis.
appear from the public school, sys.
tenn of Texas within o reasonable
time, In some districts there viii
be complete integration; In .others
there viii be voluntary separation
by common preference.
Oficial reaction to the latest
decree Of the Supreme Court has
not telled yet. The attitude seems
to be to let local school boards
handle the details. Both sides lean
toward tolerance. There has been
no evidence Of organized opposition
and no notice Of intention to force
action In the courts.
Responsible white and Negro edu-
Gators object to quick integration
for two reasons: Undue speed would
result in violence. and most Of the
$500 Negro teachers would lose
their jobs.
The scholastic population Of
Texas includes l,556.372 whites and
230,548 Negroes. q ratio Of nearly
Z to /.
A provision in the Texas consti-
tuition requires that separate schools
shall be provided for white and COLI
ored children. Nevertheless coun-
ties with only Q few Negroes likely
viii effect integration without much
delay. One West Texas district
(Friona) has only three Negro scho-
lastics. They all attended the white
school throughout the school year
Just closed.
In districts with o heavy Negro
population, however. procedure will
be slow and cautious. Some OF
these districts hope to meet the
formula Of the Supreme Court by
speedy provision Of really equal
facilities and by gerrymandering
the district as to make such facili-
ties separate in fact.
This tentative procedure is based
on the belief that q majority OF
Negroes think they have q better
chance to progress happily In their
own schools where they win not
be made to feel social inferiority
every day.
Evening star., 1955-06-05
FLORIDA
BY JOHN d. PENNEKAMP
A..ocl.s. Editor. III. Miami Herald

Associate Editor. The Miami Herald
MIAMI - F1orida's Legislature,
ending its regular session this week,
has accepted the Supreme Court
ruling which 1t interprets az afford
ing ample time for desegregation.
This opinion Is shared by Gov.
Leroy Collins, who says there is
time to avoid "furor and hysteria. Z"
and Attorney General Richard Err
win, who sees mo explosive conse-
quences."
''The decision win apply as q
binding precedent to Florida re-
gardless Of anything you have
heard to the contrary" Mr.. Erwin
says.
Florida's constitution says, white
and colored children shall not be
taught in the same school, but i'm
partial provisions shall be made
for both"
Last years public school enroll
ment was 507,276 white, 14S,209
Negro. Mass integration at an
early date is unlikely, however. be-
cause Negro schools in general are
in Negro residential sections. white
In white.
Public reaction is unchanged
from a year ago when an extensive
survey by the Universities of Mi
ami and Florida showed 25 per
cent agreement wit hthe decision.
Most others polled were amenable
but the consensus favored gradual
transition. A minority foresaw vio-
lence and active opposition.
There has been no effort yet ut
inteeration. It will come first In
urban areas, and there will be OBJ
stinate resistance In some rural sec
tions. Sporadic talk Of q Ku Klux
Khan, revival has been heard in
scattered places but there has been
no action along this line.
The major problem in Florida
trouble spots will be the educa-
tion of law enforcement officers to
a firm policy as desegregation
evolves.
Evening star., 1955-06-05
MISSISSIPPI
BY HOLDING CARTER
wd,tor 7-hs y,e,.. r,ernocrst .Ttres


GREENvnLE, Miss. Mississippi
will be one Of the last, II not the
very last, State to make even q
token adjustment to the school seq
regation decision. Every major
elected of1icial and every guberna-
torial candidate in this summers
campaign have promised to resist
the courts order by every legal de-
vice-and they have a lot on hand.
including an already authorized
constitutional amendment which
would allow abolition Of the public
schools as last-ditch alternative to
integration.
Integration violates the State
Constitution which makes separate
schools for Caucasians and other
races mandatory. There is no less
determination today to maintain
segregation than there was year
ago. but the courts implementation
edict has lsft most opponents cf In
Evening star., 1955-06-05
KENTUCKY
BY WELDON JAMES
Associate Editor, The Louisvills Courier
journal

0Vu4AAA
LOUISVILLE, Ky.-Until the
Supreme Court spoke, Kentucky's
5l-year-old Day law. buttressing
the State constitutions provision
that separate schools shall be
maintained" specifically prohibited
racially mixed classes In either pub
lie or private schools.
The result has been segregated
education for q school-age popula-
ton currently numbering about
10000 whites and $4,000 Negroes.
Public reaction to the latest
court decision apparently is as mild
as 1t was to the first integration
ruling a year ago, when Gov. Law
renee w. Wetherby promptly said
that Kentucky would comply with
whatever final ruling the court
might hand down. Last week Gov.
Wetherby said he had nothing to
add. The general reaction can be
gauged by the fact that, with the
1855 gubernatorial primary cam
paign well under way, no candidate
in either party has vet made deseg-
regation q political issue.
The year between decisions wss
. wait-and-see period, with no for
NAL progress toward integration.
But many communities initiated
tentative planning" and public
discussion of the problems involved.
Statewide prospects for smooth
ness in the change seem good but
not imminent. The "Old South"
counties of Western Kentucky and
the south-central area may not be
as quick to achieve it as the noun
famous eastern areas, where Me-
groes are comparatively rare. But
there are no white organizations
that could be called "vigilante."
Several school officials last week
announced that they would not
begin integration until September.
1855. This patiently disappointed
Negro leaders, who advocate q
faster schedule, but James A. Crum-
lin, State NAACP chief, said that
II assurance Of integration In 1855
Ia given he doubts that his group
will take legal action to force 1t
sooner.
Evening star., 1955-06-05
ARKANSAS
BY HARRY s. ASHMORE

By HARRY 8. ASHMORE
Executive Editor. The Arkansas dazette
LITTLE ROCK, Ark.-Arkansas
officials have generally accepted the
Supreme Court decision of segrega-
tion as moderate and have stressed
the point that remapding the cases
to the lower courts under equity
procedures generally follows the
Recommendation made by Arkansas
attorney general In his smicus
curide brief. No one questions the
fact that the decision Immediately
invalidates State laws requiring
segregation.
However. all ofiicial comment has
stressed the fact that o great va
rtety of conditions exists.
The plantation country Of East
ern Arkansas, where the Negro
population is heaviest, will attempt
to maintain segregation on q volun-
tary basis and indications are that
there will be stepped up effort
to improve the Negro schools as q
deterrent to integration.
The western portion of the State,
where Negroes have always been
proportionately few, will probably
follow the precedent established in
the mountain towns of Fayetteville
and Charleston, which admitted
Negro pupils to their white schools
last September.
In general, public reaction has
been calm and most people seem
to agree with the official view that
Arkansas can live with the decision.
No definite plans for integration
have been announced in any school
districts, although there have been
indications that some may move In
that direction in the fall.
Attempts to pass delaying legis-
lation failed in the 1855 session of
the General Assembly, and appar-
entity 1t will be the policy of the
state government to leave the de-
cision entirely to the local districts,
neither restraining those that con-
template integration, nor pressing
those that are attempting to main
tain segregation.
No court tests are currently pend
ing. and local spokesmen for the
NAACP have indicated that they
hope to avoid litigation wherever
communities appear to be moving
In good faith. The only organized
opposition to desegregation centers
in Pine Bluff In an organization
called White America, Inc, which
is modelled after Mississippi's Citi-
zens' Councils.
Evening star., 1955-06-05
ALABAMA
BY GROVER C. HALL, Jr.
Editor, The Montromers Advertiser

Eultof' Ine Montgomefy Adveftlser
MONTGOMERY, Ala. - School
segregation in Alabama is embedded
In the Constitution and statutes as
a mandatory provision. The Con-
stitution (Section 1850 says, "Sep-
arate schools shall be provided for
white and colored children, and no
child Of either race shall be per-
mitted to attend a school of the
other race" And segregation is
embedded In the minds of whites as
the order Of nature.
There are no pending entry suits
by Negroes reported, but the Ma
tional Association for the Advance
n1ent Of Colored People has prom
ised them, perhaps beginning with
the University of Alabama. Doubt
less Tuskegee Institute will now
admit, rs 1t has refused in the
past. white students.
Alabama received the anti-cli-
mactic word without stir. relieved
that no deadline was fixed. The
attitude was q shrugged, "John
Marshall has made his ruling, now
let him enforce It,"
The thoughtful element discerns
and often acknowledges that segre-
cation faces eventual doom-but
not In this generation.
There Is presently no widespread
vigilante activity to match the neo-
abolitionist holy-rolling Of the
Northeast. The white "Citizens
Councils" OF Mississippi spilled over
into a limited black belt Of Ala
bama, but the rest Of the State
applauded when the Montgomery
Advertiser taxed the organizers for
economic thuggery" and "mani-
cured kluxism."
Mixing in the colleges is feasible
now, but I foresee no general blend
ing below college level for q long
time to come.
Alabama viii obey the Supreme
Courts ruling like WashingtonianS
obeyed prohibition.
Evening star., 1955-06-05

million school children are Negroes
but the percentage In each county
ranges from zero TO more than 10.
The heavily Negro counties win
furnish the greatest problem.
Most North Carolinians favor seq
regation. at least for the present.
But they also favor keeping the
public school system. The public
attitude since last year has been
one Of cautious waiting for further
Developments. People seem pleased
that the court has permitted them
TO wait . while longer.
Evening star., 1955-06-05

would be integrated In eeptembeR.
There have been few planning
conferences on the local level ~
various places. but little has been
accomplished.
Vigilante groups, erroneously h.
beled dangerous" In Tennessee BY
Look Magazines public relations
men In an advance blurp Of Hod.
ding Carter's article, are not In
evidence although 1t Is conceivable
they might be active in some areas.
later,
Evening star., 1955-06-05
KANSAS
BY o. S. STAUFFER
Editor and Publisher,
The Topeka State Journal

TOPEKA, Kans.-The roots Of
segregation have never been deep
in Kansas. and they win soon be
nonexistent.
1t is true we have had permissive
legislation in Kansas for some time,
allowing cities Of the first class to
seeregate Negro pupils In elemen-
tary schools. Only one (Kansas
City, has been permitted under the
Evening star., 1955-06-05
Desegregotion Rule
Greeted CoImIy by
Most Southerners

How the South toks the Supreme Courts latest
segregation in the public schools?
Hove Souhernes changed osno
decision Moy II, 1854?
Are offos dragging their feet mokng effort 90
along with the courts ruling?
. Is visIontm factor in Dxes approach to the pobem
Here reports from Leading editors l8 segregation
hos been praetieed either matter Of law or CUSTOM
Evening star., 1955-09-01
FASHION NOTEBOOK
Alphabet Still the
Subject in Paris
Bx ELEM

To-day the official release date by the Chanbre Synd'-
fashion pictures the leading French couture mem
A briet Of the collections is also gUenJ
DIOR did it again. He copped the bulk OF the headlines
with his that he'd not only returned bsnes
to his fashions but had gone further the alphabet from
to to create a silhouette that put the emphasis on
natural shoulders high rounded bosoms snug
waistnes and slim hips There many variations of this
returning manufacturers in the
fashion business America the hearest ap-
plauders of this silhouette
Strongest single influence in the entire Paris collections
Oriental featured Caftan coats These long
deep either side They shown with
sheath dresses
Coors like Chadean browns light gray color syrian
yellows Persian blues greens vivid reds
through collections Precious fabrics and urs used
with q lavish hand to trim. line. and accessorize.
BALMAIS quote which ranks along with designer
Evening star., 1955-09-01

an entire creative industry"
Madam Legroux, French mil
linery designer. suggests "It
could we'll be the great atten-
ton paid to hair. new hair
cuts, new hair-dos. new tint
ing, new shampoos. which has
succeeded in detracting from
millinery"
Evening star., 1955-09-01
pealins, more fiattering than

pealing, more iattering than
ever.
"The many women who 60
without hats are having catas-
trophic effects on the entire
French millinery industry"
French designers claim.
Whether started by women
who think going without a hat
makes them look younger, or
by women who drive their own
cars wearing dark glasses. 1t
has endangered the future Of
Evening star., 1955-09-01
4 Gloyed Hand

In Paris at the Aris glove
collection they featured suede
hand embroidered in pearls.
sequins. or gold and leather
studded with metal. Purses,
belts, eye-glass cases. cigar
ette cases. match holders and
belts in fabric and design.
Evening star., 1955-09-01
Hatlessness
Is Deplored

Whatever the cause Of cur
rent hatlessness, in Paris hair
stylists are trying to cooper
ate, and Paris milliners are
outdoing one another in max
ing hats more varied, more ap-
Evening star., 1955-09-01

See ELEM. Page BIS
Evening star., 1955-09-01

SOCIETY - FASHIONS - FOOD
RADIO-TV - COMICS - CLASSIFIED
Evening star., 1955-09-01

THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER l, 1855 3
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-06
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