davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1955-01-02
South Asia
By Harold K. Minis

's NEW WDELFfLs Asia IS giants. India
and Communist China. went honey
nlponingS In 1854. The new year ts
likely to lead India to re-examine
whether 1t is possible to live happily
ever after with It's powerful north
5ern neighbor. &
India viii continue to face to-
ward Asia rather than the West.
hut many here believe the plati-
tudes Chou En-lai and Jawaharlal
Nehru exchanged In visits last year
win be replaced ii New Delhi by 9
careful study Of Chinese intentions
In the vast area where Neliru hiril-
SELF aspires to political leadership.
Nehru will seek to broaden into
Africa and Europe the neutralist,,
bloc dedicated to his theory of
eo-existence Of rival power groups.
Visits to Belgrade and Moscow are
on his tentative schedule for 1855
and there are whispers he might be
Evening star., 1955-01-02
BY james {. Roper

John Foster Dulles comes close to
running the State Department as
3 one-nan show.
seldom II ever has any other
Secretary Of State dealt with 90
much personal influence on so
many complexities Of foreign policy.
Mr.. Dulles does it with brains and
background not with pep Or per
sonality. He has little Of the per-
sonaI dynamies you usually find
among roiigh-and tumble bosses.
Mr.. Dulles. however, seemed born
to be Secretary Of State. He Is the
grandson of President BENJAMIN
Harrison's Secretary of State John
w. Foster. and always has had his
eye on the Job. Now that he holds
II, he ID running his department
with assurance.
Here Is how he works. Suppose
problem arises. At come time In.
his 66 years, Mr. Dulles probably
has struggled with this or q sir1i-
lar poser tn d similar part Of the
world. He knows the BACKGROUND.
He often knows the diplomats with
whom he will have to deal
II the problem IS big. he takes
personal charge. accepting advice
from 3 few topmost ofIiciais. Then
he acts. II the problem is q con-
tinning one. he often takes his
advisers To the scene 70 thresh out
the problem III conferences.
Policy d ths Spot
III theie cases. United States policy
b made un Tia spct. This. Of course.
IL III tlaa context cf what has gone
before, but M, Dulles and his neii-
tenants often act % fast that other
state Department oficials III Wash
ington are unaware of what =
happening.
Even when Mr.. Dulles Is ID
washington. he and his advisers
often make decisions and leave tenn
porarily In the dark the Iow-leyel
cfiicials who are supposed 10 be-
dealing with the problem.
The State Department Is organ
iEed In tiers. For almost every
foreign country. the State Depart
menk has q .'deSk offlceFr special
izing "a the nlfairr cf that country.
a series of adesk cfHcers operates
within ) fsgionnl ',cfnce.s several
Evening star., 1955-01-02

ysns,,,. g. ,,.,,,,. .,,.,,,,s s. ~. es,,,;.t
s.s..ss ssasa. s. .'ss 80 s-'A. 8 s..s $500
al.v.l s. 100
4ne SOIL has never seemed g
Nady-liot since the end q world
War y.
"A new Turkey win do Ill it can
to build up closer ties III IN area
once ruled from ancient Constants
NOBLE IS the center 81 4 sprawiine
Ottoman empire.
.y,,r,sy,e ,,y.,,,;sr A,,,an ue,,.
d.,.as s. 80 r,,ii hnnst ~ asas.s ssssa ~ !.
Z ss,si. ret " s s1I,a,,cs go Il, ,,.,so,,aI
,,;;ts $. r,,,s s,sS a. - a;rc 'i,r.'-, Il,
~, ~. s,,s,, sssa st,.s AZ. *. -lr ,aii
,s,,,,,g sM ~. s,,ri,s ssos ~ s,.,,,,,g ,,; ~,
- ,;t,. Sxasis,, elr,sta,,
Evening star., 1955-01-02
rico
By Robert B. Hewest

CAIRO Restless Africa goes into
1855 with the churning tide Of
nationalisrn black and white
undermining the once powerful
European colonial rule.
Sharpening racial conflicts in
many areas threaten fresh trouble
for the vast continent where slave
traders roamed less than 10 years
ago.
The French Id North Africa are
trying to curb violent outbreaks
aisnei at independence. They have
made some concessions. but are de-
ternined To hold on to Tlinisia. Al
geria ana Morocco.
Britain, whosef adventurous colo
mixers once dreamed Of 3 Capesto-
Cairo empire. saw her old influence
wane IN 1854.
IA the north, Britain signed an
agreement with Egypt To take her
troops out of the Euez Canal Zone.
IN the south . new prime minister.
johannes striidofll. pledged To take
the Union Of South Africa out of the
British Commonwealth and make It
republic based on white supremacy.
And in between the two ends Of
the continent three times bigger
than the United States British
political administrations packed up
and left the Sudan. now facing the
choice Of independence or union
with Egypt.
In Kenya. British troops and loyal
tribesnaefi fought the anti-WIlite
Mau Mau. But crushing Of that iip-
rising would not end the underlying
distrust by the blacks who see the
choice lands held BY white settlers,
In West Africa, the British coll
oilies Of the Gold Coast and Nigeria
moved on toward self government
with the blessing Of British rulers.
Evening star., 1955-01-02
Western Europe
bY Tom QchiIlree

3 LONDON The new year finds
western EUROPE wrapped % III out
ward appearances ii an atmosphere
81 pre- 1914 serenity.
fil6 cold var tensions Are sin
fters h,,t t,,ev faii rs nrod,,ce the
1890 sT, y = snysatv sn,nnc f,rrIJnaIv I,eoy,le
fbev Al few veaTx 80. T,fese III.
sasy t,T,ss have come II, IS taken
IN ss ,,orn,ai ~ ~ tl,e MAJ, ii the street
4, & paris london Arnsterfam and
Rolne I s.
n the clnsinr months 81 1854. the
doinos 81 Fiiplounsts cot les news
paner sr,ace 4han accounts 81 inter-
national soccer matches.
west Europeans themselves have
changed They are better fed and
better clothed Employment il most
co,,ntries n plenttfui. New buildings
hiot o,It many ~ the scars 81 world
war I THE tourist trafic i brisk.
Evening star., 1955-01-02

Marshall used check mark to ii1di-
cate HIS final wishes, which then
became United states policy.
Byrnes, The Lone Wolf
James +. Byrnes played almost
everything out Of his hip pocket.
Perhaps he had even fewer advisers
than Mr.. Dulles, but his policy pfob-
lens were not as complex as those
Mr. Dulles faces. For one thing.
Mr.. Byrnes did not have problems
with allies.
The late Edward n. Stettinius, jr.
perhaps took too much advice. As
i result, some observers feel that
American policy under Mr.. Stet-
tinius tended TO wobble. depending
on the latest advice that III. Stet-
tinius was taking.
Cordell HUI. Is President Roose-
velt's Secretary Of State, took most.
Of his advice from q handful Of
iflen-jist ss Mr.. Dulles dces. Mr..
HulIs ONCE door, however, always
was open to any department under
ling who wanted to walk III and
discuss policy.
All of this suggests that each Sec-
retary Of State has nodded his op-
erations to fit his own personality
and the problems Of the times. Dur
ing Mr. Dulles two years as State
Department ehieftain. many of his
problems have concerned relations
with our aliies.
TrovsIinc Sclesmon
On such mAttsrs, he Il especially
eager % cnsr1 the ban himself. He
knows allied diplomats. and he can
talk 10 them personally. Thus II -
that he has become the most
travelled Secretary 0f state In
American history.
In two years he has made Is
trips overseas. He also has jourficyed
III the United States 10 bring his
total travel miles TO is0. 900 equiv
aIent 10 seven times around the
world at tie equator.
He went to Manila to write q
Far Eastern Security pact: to Ca
racas % sU0fhe Latin diplomats at
an 1nter- American meeting and re-
peatedly 70 Europe 70 orga1,s1e AZ.
He'd reslstnncs 70 the eoriet menace.
n ~ f<ld q Russian rsiations
"
Evening star., 1955-01-02

( returned III billion 10F the $4.As bil-l
I lion 1915 loan. s3s 3
Al 81 billion debt is an unpleasant
thing to have under any circun-
stances. but many Britons recall
this one with particular iinhappi-
ness. They believe the loan was
largely wasted. ss
Most Of the criticism over the
loan comes from Conservative
Party members, because 1t was
T under the Labor government that
the money was dissipated.
The greater part of the loss. how
ever. might be blamed on this coun-.
try. For the loan was made on the
stipulation that Britain would per-
init free cOnvertibility Of her money
within q year Of the loan. With
considerable nlisgivings she COM
piled. But she found that other
countries needed the dollars 50 badly
Britain's new hoard rapidly slipped
out Of the country. The fast trade
Of dollars for other currencies had
to be stopped, SO coilvertibility was
suspended and remains suspended.
What was not lost tn the convert-
Utility dasco was. to some extent,
frittered away IN unnecessary pur-
chasesor 50 say the Tories. Labor
ties claim the small purchases cel
chewing gum were exaggerated
At any rate, there Is little feeling
In Britain that she got her moneys
worth out Of the loan.
Accent on CcutioB
The waste Of money did have one
good effect, however. It showed the
world that recovery loans had to be
made with more care by the lender
and used with better planning BY
the borrower. rs
N The Marshall plan was q direct
outgroWtIl Of the disasterous I946
British loan. Under the new pro-
gram money was loaned or given
only for specific projects worked out
In advance, and use was supervised
carefully by both governments IN
volved. CCnvertibility, Of course. wasF
no longer demanded.
Marshall plan loans account FOR
the second repayment Of last week.
Britain Is paying on $SS65 million
iii half yearly iistaliments Of some
thing over 81 million. The recent
installment was s4.6 million. AL for
interest. Payments on the principal
viii begin In June, 1856. and viii
continue twice year for 70 years.
Those are not Britainss only for
eign debts. She owes Canada Sill
billion for D 1916 loan and makes
annual payments Of $50 million, And
she owes the European Payments
Union around $500 million.
Britain Is also creditor nation.
She has loaned around $500 million
10 France, for instance. and has
taken part nj Commonwealth aid
programs.
Prospects: Coed
The oatlook for Britain Is the nsw
year dawns n rood. Tla6 dollar enp~
u narrowing. Her efforts % seli more
70 dollar countries and buy les ere
bearing fruit. m fart. Il she had
not been Obliged 10 pay off her loans
she would have expected TO 10 m
the black ii. dollars during 1854.
10 repay the loans, however, she
ii effect had to give away four
months exports TO the United States
IN other words. ste sold To the
United states for eight months for
her own profit. but al the income
Evening star., 1955-01-02

proposed by French Premier Pierre
Mendes France would Be pOintless
Il the Paris accords are ratified.
"a general, the Soviet government
seems determined-l-a st the start
Of 1854 to hold its position abroad
and to try to extend its world infiu-
ence without war while pressing
efforts on the home front to make
good on Malenkovss promises of
more food and more consumer goods
for the Soviet common man.
Evening star., 1955-01-02
British Debts
New Years Eve Payment 81 Sl42 Million
Keeps United Kingdom Square With Amefico
By Richard fykIund

John Bnll handed Uncle Sam q
check for $137. .045. .431 and another
for $4,250. 900 on new Years eyes
thereby bringing himself within 40,
years Of sQuaring his monetary
debts with this country. The checks
were regular installments on post
war loans.
They were payments the Brit
,sh people made with . feeling both
bitter and sweet bitter because
many Britons think the larger
loan was pretty much wasted, and
sweet because the act Of repayment
Indicated Britain Is moving STRONGLY
toward complete financial iride-
pendence.
Earlier in 1854 Great Britain was
not too sure 1t would be able to pay
the year-end irlstallments In full.
The United States seemed headed
for b sharp reeession, and 1t was
feared 3 dip here would cause Q
crash In Europe's sliaky economy.
But the fears proved grollndless.s
America survived It's trolling re-
adjustment III good order, and
Britain actually grew economically
stronger.
So the waiver clause in the
larger loan, which would have per-,
mitted Britain to skip payment Of
the interest In hard times. was not
needed. The installments were paid
ii fun and on time.
Britain has received about $6.S biz
siiOfi In one form of aid or another
from this country since the end Of
world War II. Most was IN the form
OF special loans. Marshall Plan aid
and MUTUAL Security payments.
only $4.730. 100000 Of the aid was
III the form Of loans. The rest went
as 8 gift. written on as mutual help
necessary In the cold war.
Last weeks payments were the
regular instaIlmerts on two debts.
The larger check goes for the lend
lease settlement and for special
postwar loan: the smaller payment
Is for 1 Marshail Plan debt.
The Big Loan
Here Is the story Of the big pay
rnent--the one which makes Britain
d little bitter:
In 1876 Britain was in rough shape
financially. The war had destroyed
much property and had almost
ruined her economy. To rebuild and
to eat she had TO buy from the dollar
nations 1.-The only places the goods
were available. But she had almost
no dollars with which to pay the New
World merchants.
At the safne time ! reckoning Of
wartime lend-lease transactions
showed Britain owed this country
$3.50 million.
There were two ways out Of The
predicament: Ignore the debts and
postpone rebuilding and eating
indefinitely. cr seek aid abroad. This
country thought It had . stake n
British solvenCy, 20 3 loan here wAa
not hard to arrange. First payment
was put on until 1881. 8 s
The United states sent Britain
es.7S billion with which % buy raa-
terials in dollar areas and another
$3.50 million with which to pay the
iend-lease debt.
Both were TO be repaid In so an
nual installments, ct per cent
interest, lust as on Harry Home
rEner's inortgaged castle. the M
terest was to get first attention. So
last weeks BIG check covered about
ssl million III interest and about
ssl million Ia principal On the t4.l
billion loan.
when the last nickel h paid III
tha ysar ae0a Britain will have
Evening star., 1955-01-02
! Middle East
By FFed 2 usY

ISTANBUL. The buds of friend
ship for. the West that gained .
hold here and there III the Arab
world last year may sprout into q
Evening star., 1955-01-02

munism and the ills that caused u
without sacrincine freedom and
self-goyernment.
Evening star., 1955-01-02
Eastern Europe
By Alex II. Singleton

BELGRADE. Communist -domi-
mated Eastern Europe looks on 1855.
with expressions of coincidence that
Evening star., 1955-11-20
Relief Promised

City Manager Markland and
Mayor Hoysepian have been
promised what they hope win
be some relief by the roads COM
mission.
The commission has agreed to
erect signs at Shady Grove road
suggesting to motorists that they
leave the pike there-about rs
miles north of Rockville.
That would send the traffic
onto a i6-foot-wide. mile-long
stretch to the present route 240
and then via the bypass through
Rockville.
But pleas that the road be
opened no farther south than
Shady Grove road are likely to
go unheeded.
The dual lane pike is of ma
cadam construction. which If not
used tends to break up, roads
officials say.
State Roads Traffic Director
George N. Lewis and Chief En-
gineer Norman Pritchett believe
that Rockville is unduly alarmed.
Mr.. Pritchett, for example.
said the new pike will add less
than 5000 cars a day to the
Montgomery avenue load. He
bases this on surveys which in
Evening star., 1955-11-20

dicate the pike is carrying only
about this amount while route
$40 just north Of Gaithersburg
carries nearly 10000 a day.
The roads commission has
planned the "breather" to build
up funds to carry the new pike
another fiye miles to its con-
nection with Wisconsin avenue.
AS the National pike APP
proaches Washington its cost in
creases and probably will be
closer to 50 million q mile than
81 million.
Other possible stopping places
such as Montrose road-just
south of Rockville-or Old
Georgetown road. cannot handle
the traffic from the pike, Mr..
Pritchett said.
Evening star., 1955-11-20

II means the temporary terminus
win be Rockville and that
travellers will leave and enter
the pike via route 20.
Route 28 is Montgomery ave-
nue. In Rockville.
Montgomery avenue Is the
main street running east-west.
Until about i've years ago
through traffic on route 240--
which, generally speaking, will
be swallowed by the new Ma
tional pike-entered the town
via Washington street. which
intersects Montgomery avenue
at the western end Of the busi-
ness section. Then it proceeded
east ON Montgomery toward
Washington.
But in 1850 q special bypass
was built that carried the
through traffic away from the
heart Of the town because of
trafic congestion there.
Since then. Rockyille's popu-
Evening star., 1955-11-20

lation has nearly tripled. rising
to more than 1900, and the
surrounding area is experiencing
IA rapid growth that is making
Rockville q major business CEN
ter.
Along West Montgomery ave-
nue. are some Of the towns finest
old homes. which date back more
than a half century.
Huge oak. maple and elm trees
tower over the houses and street.
Circuit Court Chief Judge Sted-
man Prescott describes the ave-
nue. as:
''One Of the loveliest small
town residential streets in the
State Of Maryland"
Judge Prescott has lived on
the street. only a few blocks
from the Court House, since
childhood.
Already. he says. trafic is so
heavy on the street that resi-
Evening star., 1955-11-20
Coils for Speed

Rockville's officials retort that
Montgomery avenue also is in no
position to handle the traffic.
Mayor Hovsepian wants the
next $40 section built to Mon
Itrose road. This would link the
new highway with the Rockville
pike south Of the city's business
section.
Until this link Is built. the
Mayor feels the road should be
lopened only as far south as
Shady Grove road.
The mayor also feels the roads
commission should speed up its
plans for the widening and re-
construction Of Rockville pike
the present Route 240.
Rockville pike, with three
lanes at present, is slated to
become a dual-lane highway.
The roads commission plans to
let a contract for this project
next summer.
The roads commission says it
probably will let all the contracts
for the National pike extension
to Wisconsin avenue during the
coming year.
I'VE feel the next section to
Wisconsin avenue will be open
by late 1857" Mr.. Pritchett said.
But Rockville's leaders be-
Ilieve that a two-year delay in
carrying the traffic past the
town would have a Gripping eff
feet that might set back the
Icity's rapid development.
They want none Of that.
Evening star., 1955-11-20

residential section and our busi-
ness center" City Manager John
H. Markland said.
Traffic would more than dou-
ble," he added.
The National pike, q million
dollar-a-mile dual lane road
that is the pride Of the Free
State, will link Washington with
Frederick and the West.
The highway has been inching
its way from Frederick across
Montgomery County and now is
open as far as Germantown.
about S miles north Of Gathers
burg.
Construction Is underway
south Of route 2S at Rockville
and some contractors say they
will finish their work this year.
Roads Commission officials,
however. expect that the Ger
mantown-R Rockville section viii
not be open until spring.
When the section does open
Evening star., 1955-11-20

ing up to meet the areas mush-
rooming residential development.
simply is not in the mood for
any breather that hints Of a
showdown in growth.
I'VE cannot stand the 1000
ears d day we believe the pike
win channel through our finest
Evening star., 1955-11-20

dents have difficulty getting out
1of their driveways.
at would be extremely re-
lgrettable II an additional burden
were put on the street" Judge
Prescott said.
Evening star., 1955-11-20

two school-age children who must
cross Montgomery avenue going
to and from school. says every
body is upset" by the roads COM
mission plan to throw the pike
traffic along Montgomery avenue.
"The State built the bypass
five years ago to relieve our prob
lem at that time" City Manager
Markland said.
Now they throw the traffic
into town when our problem al
ready is more than it was five
years ago." he added.
There are some who feel the
proposal would make a ghost
road" Of the bypass, built at q
cost Of $581 ,343.
Mr.. MARYLAND fears many of
the 1900 cars q day that now
luse the bypass would be chan
Ineled onto narrow Montgomery
avenue in their way to and from
the National pike.
Others. however, feel the by
lpass traffic win continue to be
heavy because Of local traffic
from the area developing be-
tween Rockville and Gathers
burg 10 the northwest.
Evening star., 1955-11-20
Rockville Aroused
By Route 24O Delay
Construction Halt Seen Shifting
1000 Autos d Day Into Town
nv CHARLES q. HOFFMAN

Rusing Rockville about to blow gasket the Mary
land ate Roads Commissions plans for the Route 240
National jke
Cause of the uproar that caused Mayor Dcan Hovsepian
to make appointment for Wednesday with Gov Nc
Keldn oand disclosure that the commission
Evening star., 1955-11-20

was going to take q "breather'
on construction Of the pike at
Rockville.
Such q breather as the roads
commission plans would throw
trafiic OF the superhighway
right into the heart Of the COM
munity and onto its main street.
Rockville. where big new stores
and shopping centers are spring.
Evening star., 1955-11-20

PIKE AND THE PROBLEM-A proposed temporary terminus
the National pike Rockville would pour traffic into the
middle of the AT least boenecks predicted at
Montgomery Washington street the other at Route 240
bypass alternate plan suggested the State Roads
would the National pike Montrose before
bringing present construction to halt
Evening star., 1955-11-20
Bumper to Bumper

Montgomery avenue is wide
enough for only two lanes Of
moving trafic and then only
when parking is prohibited on
one side of the street In the
residential area.
Opposite the post Office 9 new
shopping center has opened, add
ling to the traffic bottleneck at
washington street.
The towns old business sec
tion extends from this point
eastward to another bottleneck
lat the intersection of the Route
$40 bypass. the Rockville pike
and Viers Mil road.
Through the business section
there is room for only two lanes
Of trafic and parking on both
sides of the street.
on Sundays motorists fre-
ouently find themselves tied up
bumper to-bunaper for more
than q mile along the bypass
trying TO get through the COM
plex intersection on their return
to Washington.
On weekdays even longer tie
ups have been reported for home
bound workers from Washington
Offices.
And on Montgomery avenue
itself, rush hour traffic even now
inches along between the two
bottlenecks.
Some county officials fear
parking may have to be banned
on Montgomery avenue in the
older business section, which
already is suffering from the lack
Of parking spaces for customers.
Adding National pike traffic
would have q tragic" impact,
Evening star., 1955-11-20
Schools Nearby

The mayor. In preparation for
his trip to seek aid from Gov.
McKeldin, issued a letter to his
constituents urging them to
plead to the Governor for relief.
Near the Route 28-National
pike interchange is the West
Rockville Elementary School.
Mrs. Jayne Greene, mother of
Daily Sitka sentinel and the arrowhead press., 1955-10-03
Wilbur c. Murphy services held here by Moose Lodge

Wilbur c. Murphy, butcher in the Cold Storage Store meat department, died Saturday morning at his home follow ing heart attack. He had not been ill and had just completed a tWo-weeks vacation from his work.
 Born April 22, 1908, MT. Mur- phy had been a resident of this area for several years. He formerly worked as a cook at the island, fished year ago in the small troller Barnacle and had been employed off and on since May of 1854 by the Sitka Cold Storage store. He had worked in the meat depart ment of that store since May 1 of this year.
 His marriage to Lillian Zit- tel took place March 29, 1852. at Mt. Edgecunbe. He is sur vived by his wife and a son. Cecil, of Sitka.
 MT. Murphy was a member of the Sitka Moose Lodge. Fun eral services under the auspices of the Moose Lodge were held at pm. this afternoon, with interment following.
 At the request of the widow, no flowers were to Ibe sent but contributions may be made, ii desired. to the Sitha Conmun- ity Hospital in his memory.