davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1955-04-02
Umbrellas Originally
Used To Shield Sun
Essex institute.

BY Ameliam E. M8cEWiggafl,
The original purpose Of the
umbrella was to protect a per-
son against the rays Of the
rays Of the sun, Just as the
sun just as the sunShade Of
later years was used. It was
not used as protection against
rain until tine late 10th cen
tury
In France 1t was called pa
rapluie" meaning against the
rain. The ancient Chinese
used the umbrella as q sign
OF rank and a man was was
highly regarded by the people
If he had a large number OF
umbrellas carried in his train.
In Japan umbrellas were
used in outdoor ceremonies
and the Mikado never ap-
peared in public without an
umbrella bearer.
Frames of sturdy bamboo
were covered with oiled paper
which was decorated very
nicely, In India, the umbrella
was regarded as an emblem
OF rank, while In Burma, UNI
brellas made Of white mater
ials were used only by the
King and the sacred white
elephants.
The umbrella appeared in
France around 1850 and a bit
later in England. 1t has been
said that the first umbrella
appeared in the Colonies ar
ound the middle Of the 18TH
century In Baltimore, at.
which time a shop keeper had
purchased one from a ship
which had arrived from In
dta and its use was soon re-
garded with favor and won
the sentiment OF stylists.
All sorts Of innovations
were thought OF to embellish
the umbrella and one inter-
eSting point about the dang
ling ornaments fastened on
cords Of umbrellas is that in
England, the acorn was re-
garded as a protection against
lightning, for the oak tree
was sacred to the god of
thunder.
Those having an umbrella
from which dangled some
thing resembling an acorn.
were to be spared any harm
resulting from lightning. This
superstition has been carried
on for many years.
SA SAlaS OAidAiBSd very HI
tie IN shape, the difference
perhaps appearing in the num-
per OF ribs used and the var
led materials from which they
are made.
The early umbrella. ribs
were made Of wood and this
making them rather heavy to
carry, was unsatisfactory.
Whalebone was tried instead |
OF the weed with much more |
success.
In later years, steel and
other basic metal ribs ap-
peared and continued 10 Be
popular as they are TO-DAY.
The Essex Institute has a
Few umbrellas and sunshades |
on display which vary in Size |
and materials but they r..
main interesting objects o.
VH2HE 49,
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1955-04-02

Lou's Ends
by Lou Mroz
ONE FoR THE Road

Last week visited the various new car dealers
who were holding open house. to see if might be
able to pick up sample two One of the new
midget cars came equipped with short wave radio.
turned It on and the first program heard was be-
ing broadcast in pig latin The registrar of motor
vehicles was making speech to all the road hogs
ms automobile was the latest word in modern de-
sign. The picture window windshield was so big I
could things that didn't even happen It also gets
thirty billboards to gallon The that particularly
caught my eye was brand eighty forty two
and forty two payments
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1955-04-02

Help the Guardian celebrate
its 55th anniversary by paying
your subscription today.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1955-04-02
poLTcE rAKE NOTICE

A midwestern citizen was arrested for doing his
Christmas shopping early He did his shopping before
the stores opened. Another unfortunate soul was
given lite sentence for stealing an overcoat He got
was still in It'll
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1955-04-02

Help bhe Guardian celebrate
its 55th anniversary by. telling
your dealer you saw his ad-
vertiSement In the Guardian.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1955-04-02
WISE SAYINGS

WISE SAYINGS
mind"
opinions"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-15

CHICAGO, May IA (P.-The
long, bitter struggle for Mont
gomery Ward & Co. wound up
today with John Barr, At, as top
man.
Mr.. Barr-a relatively obscure
Ward executive when the fight
began last August-was named
chairman and president at the
first meeting of the new direc-
tors of the mail-order firm.
Directors met Immediately
after election inspectors brought
In the final tally on votes cast
at the April % annual meeting.
This showed, as expected, that
Wards management placed six
members and Louis E. Wolfson
three members on the nine-man
board.
In an interview Mr.. Wolfson
said he wouldn't stage a proxy
contest for control next year,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-15
Surgeons Hear
Vaccine Plea

JERSEY CITY, N. j., May Il
R1.-More than 1000 Of the
country's top surgeons today
heard pleas for tolerance with
the Salk vaccine program from
the personal physician to the
late President Franklin D. Roose-
welt.
Vice Admiral Ross T. Mcintyre
tret.). told the international
College of Surgeons all-day con-
ference at Jersey City Medical
Center, ''all people will have to
use some tolerance with the Salk
vaccine program until 100 per
center, on the problems In the
been effected"
1T is my firm conviction that
the discovery of the Salk vac
cine will also pave the way to
eliminate the massive killers.
influenza. liver disorders and the
possible every day common all
ments," DR.. McIntire said.
DR.. McIntire was one of the
opening speakers. Among others
scheduled to address the gath-
ering were DR.. Max Thorek, sur
geon-in-chief at the American
Hospital in Chicago, speaking on
the various diagnoses Of appen-
dicitis; DR.. Earl j. Halligan,
medical director Of the medical
centeh, on the problems in the
diagnosis and treatment of gas
trio diseases.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-15
Babies Get Shots,
Parents Get Polio

DENVER, May IA, R.-Two
adults, parents of children inoc-
ulated with polio vaccine manu-
featured by Cutter Laboratories,
we're in Colorado General Hos
pital today for treatment of what
officials said was polio.
One of the victims, Morton
Solomon, 81. was placed in an
iron lung. Hospital attaches de-
scribed his condition as critical.
The other is Mrs. Carolyn
Gustafson. Is, housewife who
became i'll May l and was hos
pitalized May 8. She suffered
partial paralysis, but was de-
scribed as mot so ILL.,"
Mrs. Gustafson's huSba nd
John, a railroad employee, was
suffered from high fever today
and was admitted to the hospital
for tests.
Mr.. Solomon. a structural en-
gineer, was admitted four days
ago. His 18-month-old daugh-
ter, Joan, was vaccinated April
Is. The father developed paral-
ysis of the right arm May 8.
Mrs. Gustafson's 18-month-
old daughter, Judy. also was
vaccinated April 10 with the
California laboratory's vaccine.
DR.. Lloyd Florio. city manager
of health and hospitals, said an
analysis of the local cases
"leaves us no choice but to say
it is definitely possible" the
Denver parents contracted polio
from their children.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-15

That eliminated him. Mr.. Krider
resigned as president and d.
rector. That eliminated him.
Mr.. Barr was elected chair
man by the old board last Mon
day. He was reelected to that
post. and also to the vacated
presidency, by the new board
today.
In the tabulation of votes for
directors. Mr.. Avery came out
on top. He had more votes than
any of the 10 nominees. Here
are the nine directors elected
with the votes they polled:
Sewell L. Avery. 6,087, 662.
John Barr, 6,083.733.
Percy Eckhart. 6.062 ,473.
Solomon Smith, 6,081 1888.
C. H, Shaver. 6.081 ,044.
Philip Clarke, 6,080,874.
Louis E. Wolfson, 5,416,275.
Alexander Rittmaster III, S.
1877, 465.
Bernice Fitz-Gibbon, $3.50, $3.50.
OF these, Mr.. Wolfson, Mr..
Rittmaster and Miss Fitz-Gib-
bon constitute Mr.. Wolfson's
minority group on the board.
Three men among the original
nominees on Wards manage
ment slate failed to make the
board. One was Mr.. Krider. The
other two were, George Eastwood,
IS. and David Crawford, rs.
Mr.. Wolfson revealed in his
interviews that he personally
owned 1880 shares of stock,
which is not as much as the
1886 shares owned by Mr..
Avery. But Mr.. Wolfson said he
and his immediate family owned
more than 100000 shares.
Montgomery Ward stock closed
at $78 yesterday. On this basis,
Mr.. Wolfson's personally owned
shares are worth $3.237,000 and
those he says he and his i'm
mediate family own are worth
STD million.
The value of Mr.. Avery's stock
is $4,958,l48.
Directors reelected James
Wehber as vice president. They
named three others as vice presi-
dents: Howard Kambestad.
treasurer: Drummond c. Bell,
personnel manager; and George
Kleisner of New York. general
merchandise manager for soft
lines.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-15
Youth, Is, Knitted
In Street FiQht

An 18-year-old youth was
taken to Casualty Hospital last
night with knife wounds in the
neck and abdomen after a street
fight, 18th Precinct police re-
ported.
The victim identified as Francis
M. Cahill, of the 1900 block of
Newton street NE, was listed
in fair condition.
His assailant fled with three
or four companions in a car, de-
tectives said the youth told them.
The fight was at Twelfth and
Kearny streets NE. Officers said
it started in a nearby liquor
store. The Cahill youth said he
was buying a sandwich there
when some other young men
entered. One of the others. aged
Is to 80, made an insulting re-
mark to- young Cahill, the youth
said, and q fight developed.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-15
New Ward Board Names
Barr to Wo Positions

unless Wards management tried
to throw him off the board. In
that case, he said, he'd fight.
Mr.. Bars aScendency to the
two top posts came through a
series of unpredictable incidents.
Nine months ago, when Mr..
Wolfson announced he would
try to take over the chairman
ship from Sewell L. Avery, 81,
Mr.. Barr was the $43.700 a year
secretary and vice president of
Wards. Mr.. Avery, Mr.. Wolfson
or Edmund Krider, 40, Wards
president. all seemed more likely
to head the company than Mr..
Barr.
Mr.. Wolfson acknowledged on
April % he had failed to gain
control. That eliminated him as
a potential chairman. Mr.. Avery
resigned as chairman Monday,
| although remaining a director.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-15
Mrs. Hobby
Silent on Story
She Will Quit

Secretary OVeta Culp Hobby
refused late yesterday to COM
ment on a report she will resign
within a few months as head of
the Department of Health, Edu-
cation and Welfare.
The report, carried earlier in
a New York World Telegram and
Sun story. led to a series of
statements by department aides
that created considerable mys-
terry. White House Press Secre-
tary James c. Hagerty said
meanwhile he had not heard
Mrs. Hobby planned to resign
The news story reported she
would quit because of the illness
of her husband. 77-year-old
former Texas Gov. William P,
Hobby. He has been in poor
health and is at Presbyterian
Hospital in New York City.
A query to the Health, Educa-
ton and Welfare Department
first brought this statement from
a department spokesman: 1.-THE
Secretary has not discussed this
matter with me. I have not
heard it discussed within the
department"
Then a call to another depart
ment aide brought reply that
the first Spokesman's statement
had been authorized by the Sec
rotary. The first spokesman sub
sequently repeated to a reporter.
however, that Mrs. Hobby had
not discussed the resignation re-
port with him and that he had
not heard anyone else in the
department discuss it.
Finally late in the day a re-
porter urged that the published
story be called to the Secretary's
attention and that she be asked
for direct comment. The Secre-
tary, who devoted most of yes
terday to conferences on the
polio vaccine program and the
report to be issued Monday, i'm
mediately sent word from her
Office that she had mo COM
ment."
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-15
b the Associated PresI

The White House announced
yesterday it will release a volu-
minous report tomorrow on the
Salk polio vaccine program.
The mass incubation of first
and second grade school chill
dren began picking up momen-
tum again, after a week-long
suspension for new safety
checks, as Government scien-
tif1c inspectors moved into the
second of five laboratories max
ing the serum.
Enough vaccine for more than
a million shots was released by
the Public Health Service late
Friday as a result of their in
spection of the first plant on the
list. Parke, Davis & Co. of De-
troit.
The check and doublecheck
team is now at the Eli Lilly &
Co. Laboratories in Indianapolis.
Other plants to be visited,
though not necessarily by the
same team. are Pitman-M Moore
Co, Indianapolis. and Sharp &
Dohme. Inc. and Wyeth, Inc,
both of Philadelphia.
Cutter Vaccine Withdrawn
The product of a sixth manu-
facturer, Cutter Laboratories of
Berkeley, Calf, has been with
drawn for a special check.
Health officers in several States
which have received the newly
cleared Parke, Davis g. Co. vac
cine announced plans for re-
Stunning the voluntary inocula-
tons at once, or at least within
a few days.
The program is expected to
pick up speed throughout the
country again as more vaccine
is turned loose from the five
laboratories.
White House Press Secretary
James c. Hagerty said tomor-
rows report will be delivered to
President Eisenhower at $50
am. by Welfare Secretary Hobby
and will be released to the public
a few hours later.
The document will include rec
concentrations by Mrs. Hobby,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-15
Southern Boptists
To Meet in Miumi

MIAMI. Fla, May II tR. -
The Southern Baptist Conven-
ton, made up of 29.s99 churches
with more than 8 million men,
bers, begins its 98th annual
meeting here Wednesday.
With about $4,000 persons ex-
pected to attend, the convention
will continue through Saturday
One Of the first items Of bust
ness is the election of officers.
The convention president. j. w
Storer of Tulsa, Okla. has served
two years and is not eligible for
a new term.
The delegates - called mes
sengers-also will be asked to
consider a cooperative budget
Of $40 million for 1856. That
amount would be 5000 more
than the 1855 budget.
They also will consider the
question of a huge advertising
campaign in daily and weekly
newspapers, setting out the be-
liefs of the Southern Baptists.
Such a program would reach
more than half the daily news
paper buyers in the United
States.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-15
White House to Release
Vaccine Data Tomorrow

whose Health, Education and
Welfare Department directed the
study.
Surgeon General Leonard A.
Scheele suddenly recommended
a halt in the polio vaccination
program last Saturday pending
q plant-hy-plant recheck of
manufacturing and testin g
methods. DR.. Scheele has stead
tasty maintained his confidence
In the vaccine itself.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-15
n, 900 in Son Diego
Get Second SuIk Shot

SAN DIEGO. Calf, May Il
R.-Authorities gave second
inoculations of Salk polio vaccine
to $4,000 first and second grade
public school children today.
The total was only 1000 less
than received the first shots last
month. DR.. j. B. Askew. CITY,
county health director. said this
indicated general acceptance Of
the vaccine.
The vaccine used today was
manufactured by Parke. Davis &
Co. and cleared by the United
States Public Health Service.
The first NEGOTIATIONS April Is
were with Cutter Laboratory vac
cine. Four children here devel-
oped polio afte receiving them.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1955-05-15
Junior League Group
To Give PIoy Tuesduy

The Junior League of Wash
ington Marionettes will present
THE Magic Mirror" Tuesday at
7:45 pm. at Friendship House,
GIG D street Sc.
Mrs. James Rogers is chair
man; Miss Caroline McCleskey,
director and Miss Susie Gray, in
charge of sound effects and
lighting. The cast includes Miss
Jean Harmon, Mrs. Charles M.
Boteler, jr., Mrs. James H. Stall
ings, jr., Miss Katherine Knox,
Mrs. Donald Gordon and Mrs.
William H, Maroney,
Evening star., 1955-07-25
In the Shovel's Shadow

In many cases, the roads COM
mission is buying land virtually
under the shadow of the shovel"
Just in front of construction.
That is the case not only on
the National Pike but also on
the Baltimore Tunnel project. A
firm handling right of way ac-
Evening star., 1955-07-25
Alexandra Pilot
Dies in Crash of
Jets in Alabama

The son of an Alexandra
couple was reported killed yester-
day when his T-33 jet trainer
collided with another jet trainer
over Maxwell Air Force Base,
Alabama.
Capt. j. C. Friend, only son of
Mr.. and Mrs. James E. Friend,
1888 Mount Eagle place. Alex
andria, had started his landing
pattern, together with the other
plane, when the crash occurred
the Air Force announced.
The Air Force said both planes
were of the 3641st Pilot Training
Squadron, of Laredo Air Force
Base, Texas.
Capt. Friend attended Yale
University and graduated from
the Naval Academy.
Besides his parents, he is sur
vived by his wife, Mary, and a
young daughter, living near the
Laredo base
Funeral services will be held ir
San Antonio, Texas.
The other pilot was identified
as LIST. 1t. J. N. Bradley, whose
home town and next to kin were
mot Immediately available.
Evening star., 1955-07-25
Barber IsFined
In Gaming Case

John wilton Taliaferro.
Hyattsville barber, was fined a
total of $3.50 and sentenced to 80
days in Jail today on three gam
bling charges. The sentence was
pronounced by Hyattsville Trial
Magistrate Grover Lee Small.
Taliaferro, who pleaded guilty
to all three counts, was fined $3.50
for promoting a lottery, $3.50 for
having lottery tickets in his
possession and $3.50 for setting up
a gambling table. The third
court also bruoght a 30-day jail
sentence. 20 days of which were
suspended by Judge Small.
The case, which had been con-
tinued four times. followed q
police raid last April 19 on the
Arcade Barbershop in the 430C
block Of Gallatin street, Hyatts-
vile.
Detective Sergts. Robert N
Cabral and George Clements saio
after the raid that they hao
found Mr.. Taliaferro in the shor
with lottery tickets piled high or
a table near a telephone.
Taliaferro posted $500 bono
pending an appeal Of the SEN
tence.
Evening star., 1955-07-25
Methodist Group Joins
Fight on Sunday Sales

not "to make unnecessary pur-
chases on Sunday" He pre-
dicted refusal to buy on Sum
day would soon change the
business practices of those who
have been remaining OPEN"
People of all faiths are becom-
ing increasingly disturbed over
the fragrant way in which some
business houses ignore the tradi-
tional respect for the day Of
worship" the Rev. Henry C.
Koch declared at Concordia
Evangelical Lutheran Church
yesterday.
II believe that any business
house that does business on a
day of worship where it is not
absolutely necessary is directly
contributing to the moral and
spiritual breakdown of our
country and weakening our posi-
ton among the nations OF the
free world"
The Washington Federation OF
Churches and several nearby
ministerial associations have
recently expressed alarm at the
tendency of some District area
business firms to stay open on
| Sunday,
Evening star., 1955-07-25

The Methodist Unions eXecu-
tive committee today joined pas
tors and other church bodies in
protesting the opening of stores
and businesses on Sunday.
The unions executive commit
tee released today a resolution
adopted at a recent meeting
"condemning the practice of
many Washington merchants in
keeping their stores open on
Sunday and making sales there
in.
I'VE feel that this practice is
not conducive to good morals,
and is a desecration of a sacred
Christian day.
1--WE therefore call upon such
merchants and the District Com
missioners to take appropriate
action with the view of ending
such sale practices as soon as
possible.
I'VE believe it will be to the
mutual benefit of both the
Christian people of Washington
who deplore this situation and
also of the merchants them
selves and their sales forces"
Pastors Issue Call
Several pastors yesterday
called on members of their con-
gregation to refuse to make pur-
chases on Sunday.
These ministers pointed out
they were not objecting to such
places as drugstores and res
taurants being open, but to bust
nesses that in the past were not
open on Sunday.
The Rev. Lawrence D. Fol-
kemer told his Reformation
Lutheran Church congregation
yesterday: "One of the most re-
grettable and useless tendencies
in the present day is the in
creased commercialization o1
Sunday.
1T is regrettable because il
cheapens and seriously weakens
a religious institution so basic
to the spiritual life of America
1t is useless, because it is not
necessary.
Furthermore, many bushes!
leaders who feel, rightly Of
wrongly, that they must keeI
their businesses open because O.
competition, do not like it. The,
have repeatedly said so, privatel,
and in small gatherings of inter
ested persons"
Urges Refusal to Buy
The Rev. John F. McClelland
pastor of Christ Congregations
Church, Silver Spring. Md.
called on his church member
Evening star., 1955-07-25
Alexandra Seeks
Release of BuiIdino

City Manager Ira F. Willard
today was scheduled to meet
with officials of the Potomac
River Naval Command to seek
release of an Alexandria water
front terminal for private use.
The building, the old Ford
assembly plant at the foot Of
Wilkes street, is one of two
river terminals which the city
wants the Government to vacate.
The other is the former Naval
torpedo plant which occupies a
three-block area at the foot OF
King and Cameron streets.
Today's conference followed q
recent request by City Council
that the Government give up
the buildings. The city is study
ing plans for developing river
trade in Alexandria.
Evening star., 1955-07-25
Arlington Asks Speed
In School Transfers

New students who expect to
to Washington-Lee
High School in Arlington should
register well before the Septem- .
ber term begins, Jerry Gerich,
principal, has announced.
Parents are invited to discuss
the students in terests an d
scheduling with the guidance
Officer.
The Office, at the school. 1900
North Quincy street, is open
from 8 am. to 4 pm. weekdays.
Registration of new students
at Wakefield High School will
begin August 16.