davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1955-06-04
Italy Tries Hard

Through all OF its modern history
Italy has been the poor man" of Western
Europe country of meager natural
resources, overpopulation and high un-
employment. During the postwar decade,
$5.5 billion of American aid has been
pumped into the country's economy, but
two million of its estimated 47-million
population still are jobless and as many
more are underemployed. Per capita
annual income is only $3.50. The eco
nomic problem has been inextricably tied
into the country's political situation,
before and since the war.
To the credit of Italy's postwar lead
ership, however, serious and constructive
efforts have been directed at improving
economic conditions and some progress
has been made. Industrial production
today stands at more than 100 per cent
of the prewar level. Food production has
gained, although By a smaller percentage.
Currently, the government of Premier
Scelba is launching a ten-year program
designed to increase industrial produc-
ton for export and to rehabilitate both
the industrial and agricultural produc-
tivity of Southern Italy.
Progress has been sufficiently good
to lead the World Bank now to advance
an additional $40 million, with the Bank
of America contributing private loan
capital in the sum Of IS million. Three
main projects are contemplated: One,
land improvement program on the Ca
tania Plain In Sicily which is expected
to quadruple food production there with
in ten years; two, establishment Of suit
able Industrial enterprises in Sicily and
on the mainland and, three, expansion Of
electric power facilities The credit is
being extended in various currencies, in
cluding dollars.
This overall program is not enough,
of course, to answer all of Italy's eco
nomic problems. The fact that the World
Bank would make such commitment,
however, implies that there is great
promise for improvement and that the
planning has been on realistically
sound basis. II results match the hopes
and expectations the investment will be
an excellent one.
Evening star., 1955-06-04
Borrowed Fame

The SyndtcS OF Amsterdam
Dho stipulated,
When Rembrandt their COL
lectiUe portraits painted.
That each face be distinct
and not obscured,
As certain sighted persons
had endured
Whose figures In The Night
Watch iDere in shade
While others brightly lighted
tDere portrayed
The Syndics stiu are gath
cred, and they gaze
Inquisitiuely through the
lengths OF days.
Each equal to the other, and
the places
They occupy are equal, but
their faces
Are nameless and forgotten,
and their pride
Which lay behind the picture
long since died,
Their glory gone, and gone
their borrowed fame:
For he iphose ntdtchless
brush brought forth this
gem,
Lifting his genius like q bur1t-
ing flame,
Immortdlized himself instead
Of them.
Helen Rowe Hepze
Evening star., 1955-06-04
THE POLITICAL MILL
Foreign Aid Bill Passes Senate
By GOULD LINCOLN

500 million people. 1t is essen
tial, Senator Smith argued that
we 60 to the aid Of the new.
free countries; that we do
everything in our power to keep
them from falling into the
hands of the Communists. both
for their own future and our
own advantage. u
These free nations in the
Far East, free of western CO.
lonialism, are menaced with
Communist colonialism. For
tunately, however, the wave of
nationalism, the demand for
freedom, which has swept over
these dominated. pee-
Piles, is playing a full part in
keeping them from falling
into the hands of the world
Communist conspiracy. Sena-
tor Smith pointed out that
these free Asian nations must
have economic and know-how
assistance and the support Of
the Western free nations" il
they are to remain independ-
ent and a part of the free
world. Included in the foreign
aid bill as it passed the Senate
is a new item-the Presidents
S2O0-million fund for Asian
economic development, which
is to be used by him to pro-
mote conditions in Asia that
will advance the economic
strength of that area. This.
the New Jersey Senator strong
ly supported.
Staggering Crisis
In the opinion of Senator
Smith, the American people
are facing a staggering crisis.
and involved in that crisis is
the freedom of those underde-
veloped countries of the Far
East. He said: 1--WE must assist
these young democracies in
their fervent aspirations for
greater freedom and for bet
ter life, and in their efforts to
become equal in every way with
the other countries of the world.
not to be looked down on, not
to be exploited by anyone.
Unless we do this. unless we
take up this challenge, we will
lose this struggle in the Far
East, and will be in great jeop-
ardy everywhere else in the
world"
The problem of economic
development in the Far East
is a long-range problem, and
miracles cannot be expected
overnight. But in the opinion
of Senator Smith, the program
now advanced will give these
peoples hope for the future,
for gradual improvements in
health, standards of living and
education. There is room for
improvement. In Asia. the. per
capita share of the gross ma
tional product averages only
$108. In the United States the
per capita share is $2,200-
more than 20 times as great.
Evening star., 1955-06-04
Judqe BuziIe's RuIino

Virginia's Judge Leon Bazile has had
some harsh things to say about the
justices Of the Supreme Court and their
opinion banning segregation in the public
schools.
He thinks it was purely political
opinion" based on the views Of certain
psychologists who have no training in the
legal field or knowledge OF constitutional
law" He also makes no secret of his
belief that the judges now sitting on the
Supreme Court are inferior in legal abil-
ity to their predecessors who announced
and sustained the "separate-but-equal"
doctrine.
These are extreme views; somewhat
intemperately expressed. They will be
shared or rejected in accordance with
ones personal feelings on this subject.
In other sections of his opinion invalidat-
ing Hanover County school bond issue,
however, Judge Bazile sets forth some
conclusions which probably are sound.
Unfortunately" he declared, "the
present court has the power-not the
right-to reconstrue the Fourteenth
Amendment, and having done so, how
ever erroneous and worthless its opinion
may be. the several States are bound
by it," There can be no dispute as to
this last point. Then he went on to
say that the inferior courts are bound
to enforce" the courts decree, which is
correct, and to contend that the talk
about delaying actions is mere
"quibble." Judge Bazile concluded on
this note: "If the State continues the
public school system, it is inevitable that
its public schools must be operated on
nonsegregated basis"
There is every probability, time fac
tor aside, that this is an accurate fore
cast. It is more realistic, certainly, than
some Of the comments from those who
seem to think that the Supreme Court,
because it did not Ak any time limit, will
refrain from insisting on eventual COM
pliance with its decree.
Evening star., 1955-06-04
Free Shots for All

It would be hard to think Of any
thing more starkly political than Senator
Hill's proposal that the Federal Govern
ment put up the money for free polio
shots to ST million children-regardles
Of ability to pay.
President Eisenhower wants Congress
to provide $28 million for free shots for
children whose parents cannot afford to
pay for the inoculations. But this is
not good enough for the Alabama Senator
and his Democratic colleagues on the
Senate Labor and Public Welfare Com
mittee. Senator Hill wants to go all the
way, to avoid what he calls "the humilia-
ton Of multitudes Of children" Rich and
poor alike, the youngsters would get the
inoculations for nothing with Uncle
Sam, not the States, picking up the check
to the tune of some $135 million.
Why stop there? Why does not the
Senator offer legislation to give all chill
dren, regardless of ability to pay, free
smallpox vaccinations, free typhoid shots,
ETC.? AS matter Of fact, why not have
the Federal Government provide, for free,
everything that all of the school children
in the country might need? The answer,
of course, is that the polio program Is in
the public mind, and the Democrats are
quite willing to harvest votes from any
thing in that connection which might
embarrass the administration. Why
worry If few false hopes are raised in
the process?
Evening star., 1955-06-04

Greediest of all birds that
frequent the Washington area
are the starlings.
Large, meaty and vigorous,
their appetites equal those Of
common pigeons, which will
eat all day long.
The starlings excel, how
ever, because of the way they
go after food.
They hustle and jostle each
other in a find. and put up a
great squa viking, one to
another.
The babies. fine soft fellows.
continually make a grating
noise, their demand to be fed.
Any mother bird, from car
dinal to English sparrow, is
open to this solicitation.
The young starlings ask to
be fed continually, although
they are very well able to take
care of themselves.
Weaning by their proper
mothers means nothing to
them. as long as there are
nlentv of other mother birds
around.
Just why the sparrow
mothers, in particular, respond
to the importantly of large
feathery babies that are
nothing to them is a mystery,
in small way.
Often q young starting,
given the cold shoulder by It's
own mother, will walk to a
sparrow and set UP great
cry for food, within a few feet
of the rightful and disdainful
mother.
The sparrow will unhesitat-
ingly take over the duties OF
the real mother, and feed the
starting.
All this time, if no one re-
spends, finally, the young star
ling will rustic up its own
food, and take care of itself in
every way.
y y
Human watchers are taken
in by the greedy youngsters.
too. That is, these watchers
who have found the fun OF
feeding raisins.
Raisin- eaters. including rob-
ms, catbirds, Knockers and
others, are among the most
interesting species.
These better birds, as they
may be called. like to eat three
or four raisins. then fly away,
but not the greedy starlings.
They eat them all, then set
up a great grating noise.
This is a rather nasty sound
Even ardent bird friends may
be forgiven for not liking to
hear 1t. but 1t is a part Of the
general picture. One of the
good features Of feeding the
birds at home Is that there
is a general picture, and that
it is a good picture, because
it is inclusive. It takes in
the species one likes, and also
the species one does not like.
That is it's small glory. In this,
our daily life, whether local,
national or international, we
tend to be exclusive. We di-
vide the city into parts we pre-
fer and parts we hurry
through; we put nations into
good" nations and bad" ma
tions, or. at least. regular"
nations and "odd" nations, as
we see them: we divide the
world by curtains" and for
Evening star., 1955-06-04
THIS AND THAT
By CHARLES E. TRACEWELL

get that all human beings owe
allegiance to the same God.
In so little a world as the
small garden, or back yard. we
can right this situation. at
least to some degree, if we are
willing to give up our desire
to be exclusive. It is easiest,
for some persons, to exclude
starlings, and pigeons, and
concentrate on redbirds and
wrens. 1t is better, we believe,
to accept them as they come,
realizing that all are hungry.
In this way, the raisin-eat-
ing birds are all good, although
they range from the magnifi-
cent mockingbird and catbird
to the greedy startling.
This is the only way for some
of us to grow in stature.
We are not able to look at
life calmly, with broad per-
spective; we must take our
selves as we are, and see life
as through a mist. darkly,
trying our best to catch the
CLEANS as they shine through.
1t will help all such to put
raisins in the grass. and to
resist the temptation to shoe
the starlings away. when they
come to eat 10 raisins to the
three or four of the mocker.
In this way, one not only
gets a lesson all by oneself.
in proper living. but surely
adds to the sum of good in
a world that seems at times
sadly awry. If it is, may we
not think, with shame, that It
is us. as human beings, who
make it SO? 1t is the same
world for the animals they
have inhabited since historical
times. The tiger cat on the
lawn is no different, down to
the tip of his whiskers, than
the tiger cat that went into
Noah's ark. eaa
Hold up q raisin, and throw
it into the grass. 80
It is more than a gesture.
1t may be an education.
Evening star., 1955-06-04

One Of the most important
links in the administrations
foreign policy program. the
mutual security - or foreign
aid-bill, has weathered all at
tacks in the Senate. Presum-
ably it will now pass the House.
though efforts will be made in
that body to cut the authorized
funds and to place restrictions
upon their use.
The final vote in the Senate
found II Republicans and Z
Democrats opposing the bill
and % Republicans and 81
Democrats supporting 1t. OBJ
viously, the bill passed the SEN
ate because of bipartisan sup
port-an American foreign pol
icy measure. This should be
encouraging to the rest of the
free world - particularly to
those free nations in Asia. To
those nations will go q large
portion of the economic-type
aid authorized under the bill.
There is reason for this. First.
these underdeveloped areas
need aid, and second, through
the aid given by the United
States under the Marshall Plan
and other programs. the free
nations of the West have been
able to build back to stability;
to achieve positions of strength
against possible Communist ag-
gression-both militarily and
economically.
Reds in East
The tide of Communist ag-
gression, halted in the West.
turned to the East. China and
other territories have come un-
der Communist sway - aided
and supported by Communist
Russia. And it is in Asia today
that the struggle between the
free world and the Communist
world is centering. Senator H.
Alexander Smith, New Jersey
Republican and widely re-
spected member of the Foreign
Relations Committee. during
the debate on the foreign aid
bill called attention to the fact
that no less than ten nations
in the Far East have become
free-and none of them OBJ
tanned its freedom from Rus
sia. They have. some Of them.
ceased to be colonial possess
sions of Western nations. One,
the Philippine Republic. was
given it's independence by the
United States. The others in
the list are South Korea, In
donesia, Laos, Cambodia, Wet
nam, Burma, India. Pakistan
and Ceylon. Senator Smith
pointed out, however, that
while these countries were re-
ceiving their independence from
the democratic nations of the
West, having a total popula-
ton of 500 million, Commu-
mist Russia, the center of Com
munist dictatorship, was bring
ing about the enslavement Of
Evening star., 1955-06-04
Defends Civil Defense

I've read a number OF
articles on civil defense which
seemed somewhat critical Of
the suggestion. recently rec
commended, that citizens "evac-
uate" our city, when given
sufficient warning of imminent
atomic attack, rather than
seek nearby shelter.
Wit hout going into the
merits or demerits of the plan,
may I point out that. at pres
ent, the decision to either
evacuate or seek nearby shelter
rests entirely with the District
of Columbia director of civil
defense.
I find it is easy to be critical
of our civil defense organiza-
ton, but little seems to be
done in the matter of volun-
teering ones services in the
gigantic task which would face
the District residents in the
event of a catastrophe atomic
attack.
I am struck with the apathy
disclosed by members of the
House District Committee in
the matter of appropriating
necessary funds for commu-
nications equipment to encour-
age the sort of organization
needed to meet this contin-
gency.
1t may interest your readers
that in Sweden the per capita
annual contribution toward
civil defense is $4.20, but that
here in the States it is only
20 cents.
Since ready, well-equipped
civil defense organization is
vitally needed, why not have
home volunteers to help make
the most with what is avail
able. instead of being critical?
Does it occur to these spokes-
men that criticism will have
only the effect of curtailing or
denying further requests for
necessary assistance?
Paul Chiera.
Evening star., 1955-06-04
For a Stronger u. N.

Front-page accounts ap-
peared recently of the testi-
mony before the Senate For
eign Relations Committee of
several people who favored
presentation at the U. N. Char
ter Review Conference this
fall of plans for strengthen
ing" the u. N.
In statements lauded as
realistic but not defeatist,"
"intrinsically good" and very
popular with our allies"
Messrs. Hoover. Lodge and
Truman prescribed few
meager changes in the rules
for admission of new members
and for organization of the
General Assembly.
Nowhere in the land has our
only course of action been de-
scribed so clearly as by Curtis
c. Page of Des Moines:
II say let us propose dis
armament now, dramatically.
wholeheartedly. affirmatively.
-. A billion people are NOV
ing to grasp what is due
them. We have offered them
only support of their colonial
masters, expedient political
bargains and violence. We are
a generous, optimistic. Chris
tian people. Let our Govern
ment act thus also. Let it offer
that billion people an ideal, a
hope. Let's fight World War III
on itstrue present grounds. the
hearts ofAmen. I'm sick of
being outmaneuvered, out
guessed, outflanked by her
(Russia). I'd like to put her
directly, inescapably, glaringly
on the spot. ! look forward to
the day when two-thirds of the
members of the United Nations
and four of the five permanent
members of the Security Coun-
Gil have ratified a disarmament
amendment. I want to see
Russia wriggle off that hook.
She has flouted world opinion
often, but never alone on an
issue centrally crucial to all
mems gut-deep> desire to stay
alive.
1--WE propose it, we use the
two years it takes for passage
and ratification to flood the
round globe with propaganda
concerning this great new
hope, we tell the world to
watch what Russia does. If she
is anything, she is sensitive to
that world opinion. No party
line mouthings could sidestep
or blur or excuse this one. The
spotlight would stay steady
and the world would wait and
watch. Secretary John Foster
Dulles has predicted about the
review conference: We can
reasonably make our plans on
the working hypothesis that no
one nation will, in fact, be able
arbitrarily to impose changes
or to veto changes :"
It is a short time, indeed,
until the U. N. meeting in
September. We hope that in
1855 our leaders will show the
same wisdom. courage and in
tegrity with which our Con-
stitution was formed from May
to September lat years ago.
Mr.. and Mrs. John E.
AinSwOrth, Jr.
Evening star., 1955-06-04
@. How many countries have
abolished the death penalty

@. How many countries have
abolished the death penalty
B. z.
A. More than 80. In Europe.
Great Britain and France are
the only democracies that still
have it. Six States in the
United States have abolished
capital punishment - Maine,
Michigan, Minnesota, North
Dakota. Rhode Island and
Wisconsin--and Connecticut ts
celebrating this question.
@. Is travel in the tropics
risky in so far as health Is
concerned?-F. w.
A. According to an authority
on tropical diseases, condi-
tions have changed radically
in the last Is years. Travellers
now can be assured Of protec-
tion from or a rapid cure for
such diseases as dysentery.
malaria, typhoid fever, ETC..
which formerly were a mem
ace.
Evening star., 1955-06-04

benefit us all in terms Of in
creased efficiency and lower
cost.
For this alone, American
University should be congratu-
lated for its pioneering. When
we add the Importance of the
school to our rapidly grow
ing business community and
its potential for bringing from
all over the country and the
world students to the Nations
Capital, we can more readily
visualize the Importance of the
first school of business ad-
ministration in Washington,
D. c. With the cooperation
of all, the school should con-
tribute much to the further
growth of our Capital City.
Rufus w. Peckham, Jr.
Evening star., 1955-06-04
Tito UnbequiIed

If its words may be taken at face
value, the Joint Yugoslav-S Soviet declara-
ton contains nothing to suggest that
the Kremlin's extraordinary mission of
apology and courtShip has succeeded in
beguiling President Tito into any signif-
icant change of policy. And this seems
definitely to be the case not only as
regards his past position on key inter-
national issues, but also as regards the
Independent course he has followed as
"heretical" or "hationalistic' Communist
ever since his 1948 break with Stain and
the Cominform.
Certainly, as far as the latter point
is concerned, the declaration offers no
evidence whatever of real reconcilia-
tion between Belgrade and Moscow. On
the contrary, Nikita KhruShchev and
Premier Bulganin-despite their best eff
forts, and even though they probably
have improved the situation existing be-
tween the two vernments-apparently
have found it impossible to charm Mar
shal Tito into returning to the Soviet
shepherded Communist fold, much less
into forgetting the virulent campaign
waged against him by the Kremlin up
until the time of Stains death. In fact,
asserting that theological differences
must be respected, the declaration
plainly implies that the reconciling
process is far from finished. At any
rate, that would seem to be the import
of the language proclaiming that both
parties have agreed "to take further
steps totDGrd normalization" of relations
and to launch special cultural and social
projects "in order to make it possible
for the peoples of their countries to
become better acquainted and achieve
better mutual understanding.
AS for issues beyond the question
Of patching up Yugoslav-Russian differ
ences, the joint declaration does not seem
to depart appreciably from the views that
Marshal Tito-like the leaders of India
and certain other non-Soviet countries
has repeatedly expressed in the past.
There is nothing new, for example, about
his recognition that the policy of mill
tary blocs increases International ten
sion";; nor Is their anything in that
statement indicating readiness on his
part to abandon his defense pacts with
Greece and Turkey-pacts indirectly
linking his country with the Atlantic
alliance. Similarly, he has said before
just as the declaration itself says-that
the United Nations would be strength
ened by giving Red China "the repre-
sentation to which it is entitled" Ac-
tually, the only thing he has not quite
said before is that peace e-promoting
atmosphere should be created that would
make possible :. S. the satisfaction Of
the legitimate rights" of Peiping with
regard to Formosa." But this is an OBJ
servation couched In notably generalized
and temperate language-the kind Of
language that characterizes the joint
declaration throughout.
Everything considered, therefore,
Marshal Tito, in signing this document,
can hardly be said to have shifted to a
sensational new policy. Secret agree
ments are possible, of course, but he
himself has been at pains to emphasize
that he would not be party to them, and
his assurances on that score-judging
from his record since 1948-seem worthy
of credence and respect
Evening star., 1955-06-04

interested In a forthcoming article by
Jhan and June Robbins in the This Week
Magazine supplement of The Sunday
Star. The authors, who have discussed
the sight-versus- -phonics issue with many
parents and educators, will write on "Are
Our Children Learning to Read?" In the
June 10 issue Of This Week.
Evening star., 1955-06-04
Toxpoyer's Burden

Well, the three-ring circus
at Annapolis is now over and
Maryland residents are to be
allowed the doubtful pleasure
of paying an increased State
income tax due to the lowering
of the exemptions from 81, 900
Evening star., 1955-06-04
LETTERS TO THE STAR

Pen names may be used II
letters carry i1riters' correct
names and addresses. All
letters are subject to conden-
SGtion.
Evening star., 1955-06-04
Questions and Answers

A reader can get an answer ~ mail
70 any factual question by writing
The Evening Star Information Bu-
reau, 1900 Eye st. NV. washington.
B. D, c. Please fnclose 3 cents for
return postage, .N.
BY THE HASKTN SERVICE