davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1955-05-31

$50 trucks manned by 75O SOL
diers to help the government
postal service keep the mails
moving between the main popu-
lation centers.
The strike-the first rail walk
out since the general strike of
1926-was called Saturday mid
night by the 70,000-member As
sociated Society of Locomotive
Engineers and Firemen. The
union is demanding a raise of 8
shillings ($1.12) in the present
base weekly pay of 9 pounds Is
shillings ($27.30) to restore ira
ditional wage differentials be-
tween the locomotive crews and
less skilled workers.
The government, which oper-
ates the nationalized lines, has
refused to grant the increase for
fear Of touching off a new wage
cost spiral in the railroad
industry.
Evening star., 1955-05-31
RAJ
Continued From First Page

Continued From First Page
producing firms-the United
Steel Companies and Colvllle's-
announced they will be forced to
close by the week end unless the
strike is settled.
London faced the worst traffic
jam of its history. Hundreds of
thousands of suburbanites who
normally ride to work in trains
converged on the city afoot or
by automobile.
Long lines of trucks carrying
goods ordinarily moved by rail
added to the congestion.
The metropolitan police called
in special constables to help deal
with the expected 100000 COM
mercial vehicles and private cars
-four times the normal daily
flow.
All Central London was de-
clared no parking zone. Hyde
Park and Regents Park, on the
western outskirts of the business
district, were thrown open for
parking to handle the overflow.
Meanwhile, thousands of Whit
suntide holidaymakers were
stranded overnight at bus and
railroad stations awaiting trans
portation to complete their Jour-
neys home from seaside resorts.
Even in a national emergency,
the government is forbidden by
law to break a strike by con-
scripting Ehe workers into the
armed forces.
The emergency powers act
also forbids any regulations
against striking or against
peaceful, persuasion" to bring
aoout a strike. The government
could use troops to man the
railways but few men in the
armed forces are qualified as To-
connective crewmen.
The army did detail more than
Evening star., 1955-05-31

go-slow program requiring II
wears to reach full integration.
Several minority reports were
filed.
| Then the Montgomery County
Council of Parent Teacher AS
Sociations voted to call for inn
mediate integration this fall "or
as soon thereafter as practic-
able"
The opponents to integra-
ton are strongest in the Upper
County where two-tllirds of the
colored elementary pupils and
three-fourths of the colored high
school students live.
Vary the Timing
The Board of Education in
Montgomery has issued a for
NAL statement that schools
would be integlated when the
Attorney General rules no legal
barriers exist. Although the
same policy shall prevail
throughout the county, the
board said, the superintendent
will have authority to vary the
timing of integrations as condi-
tions warrant.
At present plans repeatedly
are being made for integration
in three steps.
This fall, the junior colleges
would be integrated. Negroes
from the suburban area now at
tending Carver High School
would be persuaded to attend
either Bethesda Chevy Chase,
Montgomery Blair or Wheaton
Highs.
On the elementary level this
September four colorod schools
Linden. Ken Gar, Takoma and
River Road-would be aban-
doned and their students as
signed to nearby white schools
All four are in the suburban
area. Some integration may also
take place on a small scale in
the up-county area.
BY September, 1856, all Mont
gomery schools would see the
end of segregation.
In nearby Prince Georges
County, a 22-member lay COM
mittee to study desegregation
was named by the school board
and ordered not to make any
statements about the integration
designs until the school board
itself issues its plans.
The Maryland Congress of
Parent Teacher Associations is
on record supporting the rulings
of the Supreme Court and the
attorney general. It's board of
managers this spring, repri-
manded local PTA units for TAX
ing stands either for or against
integration and suggested in
stead, study programs aimed at
promoting the welfare of all
children under whatever pro-
gram is to be applied locally"
On the Deep South-minded"
Z stern Shore, two county
boards; of education in Kent
and neighboring Queen Annes,
have announced plans to meet
together on intergration prob
lens. Somerset County, where 40
per cent of school enrollments is
colored, also is acting to prepare
for desegregation.
Other counties are sitting
tight and waiting" for the Su-
preme Courts ruling. Although
many have not appointed lay
advisory committees, profession
al stats have been studying the
problems involved.
Evening star., 1955-05-31
Text Of Supreme Court
Segregation Decision

FOLLOWING is the tert of the
Supreme Court opinion in the
segregation cases, as read by
Chief Justice Warren:
These cases were decided on
May IT, 1854. The opinion of
that date, declaring the funda-
mental principle that racial dis
elimination in public education
is unconstitutional, are incor-
porated herein by reference. All
provisions of Federal, State or
local law requiring or permitting
such discrimination must yield
to this principle. There remains
for consideration the manner in
which relief is to be accorded.
Because these cases arose
under different local conditions
and their disposition will involve
variety of local problems, we
requested further argument on
the question of relief. In view
of the Nationwide Importance
OF the decision, we invite the
Attorney General of the United
States and the attorneys general
of all States requiring or per-
mitting racial discrimination in
public education to present their
views on that question. The
parties. the United States, and
the States of Florida, North
Carolina, Arkansas, Oklahoma,
Maryland and Texas filed briefs
and participated in the oral
argument.
Presentations Helpful
These presentations were in
formative and helpful to the
court, in its consideration OF the
complexities arising from the
TRANSITION! to a system of public
education freed of racial dis
elimination. The presentations
also demonstrated that sub
stantial steps to eliminate racial
discrimination In public schools
have already been taken, rot
only in some of the communities
in which these cases arose, but
In some of the States appearing
as amici curiae, and in other
States as well. Substantial prog
resS has been made in the Dis
trict of Columbia and in the
communities in Kansas and Del
aware involved in this litigation.
The defendants in the cases
coming to us from South Caro-
lima and Virginia arc awaiting
the decision of this court con-
corning relief.
Full implementation of these
constitutional principles may re-
quire solution of varied local
school problems. School author
tiles have the primary RESPONSE
bility for calculating, assessing
and solving these problems:
courts will have to consider
whether the action of school
authorities constitutes good faith
implementation of the governing
constitutional principles. Be
cause of their proximity to local
conditions and the possible need
for further hearings, the courts
which originally heard these
cases can best perform this iu-
dicial appraisal. Accordingly, we
believe it appropriate to remand
the cases to those courts.
Equitable Principles Enjoinrd
In fashioning and effectuating
the DEGREES, the courts will be
guided by equitable primo piles.
Traditionally. equity has been
characterized by practical flex-
ibility in shaping its remedies
Evening star., 1955-05-31

| be possible before the year 2O45
Attorneys from Maryland
North Carolina, Florida, Ar
kansas, Oklahoma and Texas
also urged a gradual adjustment
In general, they asked that the
specific cases be sent back to
lower courts where equitable and
and effective DEGREES could be
worked out at local community
levels.
A middle ground stand was
taken by Solicitor General ST.
mon E, Sobeloff, representing
the Justice Department and pre-
senting what was regarded as
the Eisenhower administra tion's S
! views.
He suggested that DEGREES
show moderation with a degree
of filmness." He said integra-
tion should not be forced too
hastily. At the same time the
Supreme Court should retain
jurisdiction of the five cases to
make sure there would be no
stalling or unfairness, he sug-
gested.
Is Other States Affected
The arguments and the event.
ual mandates were of particular
interest not only to parties in
the five cases but also to l3
other States which required pub
lie school segregation and three
which permitted it.
The five cases varied in many
ways, although the basic con-
stitutional issue on segregation
was the same in each. The Dis
trlHt case involved five Negro
children who were refused ad-
mission TO the Sousa Junior
High School in 1850. The Vir-
giria case dealt with school
segregation n Prince Edward
County. The South Carolina
case also was limited, at least
from a litigation standpoint, to
Clarendon County. The Kansas
case concerned a system in To-
peKa schools under permissive
State law. The Delaware case
differed somewhat in that the
state Supreme Court had Or
dered Negroes admitted to a
White school in Wilmington.
Evening star., 1955-05-31
Oklahoma 7 Tornado
Claims 10th Victim

BLACKWELL, Okla, May 81
P).-Another victim of last
Wednesday nights tornado died
yesterday as this city passed UP
traditional Memorial Day OBJ
servances to bury its storm dead,
Joseph Willis, 80. who died in
a hospital yesterday morning,
was the goth fatality of the
storm which hit the northeast
section of Blackwell.
Five victims were buried yes-
terday. Funeral services will be
held for three more today and
another tomorrow.
-Four persons are still in criti-
cal condition and 400 others are
recuperating from injuries.
Evening star., 1955-05-31
KnowIund Warns
Against Appeosers

WILLIAMSBURG, KY. May
81 (P.-Senator Knowland, Re-
publican, of California says
Americans must continue to
work for peace, but also must
keep our powder dry"
The Senate minority leader,
addressing Cumberland Junior
College graduates yesterday,
claimed the voices of appease-
ment are growing at home and
abroad History does not teach
us that this is the way to peace, +"
he declared.
"This Nation of ours" Senator
Knowland continued. "was not
built on a policy of fear, but on
a policy of faith and courage"
Evening star., 1955-05-31
First Steps Already Token
On Maryland Inteerotion

Maryland has taken the first
cautious steps toward an irte-
grated school system in the veal
since the Supreme Courts initial
ruling on school segregation.
Since that momentous decision
on May II. 1854, Baltimore city
has adopted an integrated sc!lool
system, the Maryland State
Teachers Association has voted
to accept Negro teachers as
members; TIE University o1
Maryland has adopted a policy
of admitting qualified Maryls nd
Negroes at all levels, and a num-
ber of counties have begun prep
aration FOR integratlon.
The Baltimore plan Was, in ef-
feet. voluntary integration with
no forced mixing of school pop
ulations Most neighboIhoods
we're either all-white or all-col-
ored.
Registrations showed that only
.376 Negro students, or about
2.5 per cent, chose to go to for
merly all-white schools in pref
ererce to all -colored schools.
so Integrated
Twelve of the formerly 20 all
white Junior and senior high
schools became integrated, which
meant that 1863 Negroes mixed
with 8,287 white students. At
the elementary level 38 of the
previously all-white schools were
integrated but again the ratio
was small. with only 1905 col
ored children out of a total en-
rollment OF more than $4,000.
The State School Board last
June issued a statement noting
that the laws of Maryland spe-
cif1cally provide for segregation
in the public schools and the
teachers colleges" The board
and former Attorney General
Edward D. F.. Rollins stood by
the policy that action should
await a final decision from the
Supreme Court impIementing
last Mays ruling.
The State board also pointedly
noted that the burden of imple-
menting the courts ruling will
fall on the shoulders of local
boards of education throughout
the State.
The problem varies from
county to county. Garrett
County. at the far western end
of the State has no Negro chill
dren enrolled in schools. Ad-
joining Allegany has only 284.
Split in Calvert
In Southern Maryland how
ever. Calvert County's enroll
ment is almost evenly split be-
tween colored and white pupils.
In Baltimore City about 81 per
cent of the enrolment is Negro.
On the Eastern Shore Negroes
enrollmentS range from % to
40 per cent.
Montgomery County has
tackled the integration problem
virtually in a goldfish bowl. At
tempts of a special Remember
advisory committee on integra-
ton to prepare its report in
secrecy proved futile.
The result was conflicting
newspaper reports with indica-
tions on one day that the board
was split 10 to 9 favoring full
integration in one step on final
Supreme Court action.
A few days later, however, a
report signed by 13 members of
the committee recommended o,
Evening star., 1955-05-31

grafton of the public school sys-
tenn without due regard to the
convictions of the majority OF
the people and without regard to
local conditions, would virtually
destroy or seriously impair the
public school system in many
sections of Virginia"
In a supplemental brief fled
with the Supreme Court in April.
Virginia officials declared that
this court must permit a now
indeterminable period to elapse
before requiring integration OF
the races in Virginia public
schools"
Some Schools Integrate
Meanwhile, although public
schools remained segregated,
Catholic schools and schools on
Federal reservations were con-
J tlnuing an integration policy
adopted before the Supreme
Court decision last yeal.
, Some reaction against the
courts first opinion was violent.
In Is of the States SO counties.
there are more Negroes than
whites. In 80 counties, includ-
ing some areas close to Washing
ton, Negroes account for less
than 10 per cent OF school en-
rollment. . For the State as a
whole, enrolment is about 450.-
600 white students and las. 900
colored.
In nearby areas school author
tiles have predicted that integra-
tion would mean little shuf1ing
of students because most Negro
pupils attend schools serving
predominantly Negro areas.
Fairfax County has about 1,700
Negro pupils out of a total Of
about $4,000. Alexandria has
about 1900 out of a total Of
about 10000, there are about
1900 Negro students.
Falls Church has only about
Is Negro pupils and no Negro
schools. Under integration, all
the colored pupils would attend
Falls Church city schools, rather
than outside schools where the
city pays tuition for them.
Groups Meet Problem
Although there was little off,
cial action, local groups were
busy with the integration prob
lem.
A number of parent-teacher
associations took stands for or
against. In Fairfax County in
April members of the Defenders
of State Sovereignty and Indi-
vidual Liberty and other segre-
cation advocates took over a
county PTA workshop session
called to discuss school integra-
ton problems.
The Executive Committee of
the Arlington County Council of
Parent-Teacher Associations
asked Gov. Stanley to carry out
the Supreme Courts integration
decision lin manner which
would preserve public school edu-
cation in Virginia and compul-
sorry attendance, while at the
same time providing the greatest
degree OF local school autonomy"
In the same county. the teach
ers' organization. the Arlington
Education Association, lifted It's
ban on Negro membership.
AS the time neared for the
Supreme Court to hand down
its supplemental decree, the
Governors commission studying
integration was silent. There
were hints that the commission
had reached some conclusions
but was waiting on the courts
announcement before releasing
its recommendations.
One clue to what might be
expected was in statement by
the Governor when the COM
mission was appointed. The
commission membership is con-
fined to legislators, he said,
primarily because any program
relating to the public school sys-
tenn must be considered and act
ed upon by the General Assem-.
bly,"
Evening star., 1955-05-31
.Integration
.MustAwait
State Action

During the year since the Su-
preme Courts initial opinion on
school integration, Virginia pub
! lie schools have remained segre-
gated, in accordance with the
State Constitution.
When the question has arisen
before local school boards, they
have declined to consider spe-
ciflc action on integration with
out approval from the State
Board of Education.
The new announcement by the
court is expected to have the
same effect-a wait-and-see at
titude, pending State action.
Gov. Stanley said last June
he would "use every means
at my command to continue seq
regated schools in Virginia" In
the meantime, a 32-member
General Assembly commission
named by the Governor, has
peeu Studying the prODlem.
Backs Segregation
After a marathon public hear
ing in Richmond last November,
and number of closed sessions,
the commission came out with
a preliminary report.
The commission said it would
explore avenues toward formu-
lation of a program, within the
framework of the law, designed
to prevent enforced integration
OF the races in the public schools
Of Virginia"
The report added that the
study had convinced the COM
mission that the overwhelming
majority of the people of Viz
ginia are not only opposed to
integration Of the white and
Negro children of this State, but
are firmly convinced that inte-
Evening star., 1955-05-31
SEGREGATION
Continued From First Page

Continued From First Page
Court came less than two
months after the Justices lis
tened for four April afternoons
to argument and advice on the
fairest and fastest way of at
tanning racial integration ir
public schools.
The judicial story of the
specific suits, however. goes
back as long as five years ir
some instances. 1t developed
under different circumstances
and on different legal points
during many hours of great
debate" before the high court
in December. 1852, and again. IN
December, 1853.
Basic Issue Settled in "a
The tribunal settled the basic
constitutional issue by declar-
/ ing unanimously in 1854, that
public school racial segregation
violates the guarantee of equal
protection of law and that "in
the eld of public education the
1896 doctrine of separate but
equal facilities has no place."
Then the court invited at
torneys for 1itigants in the FIVE
cases, the Justice Department,
and any other closely interested
States. to take part in further
discussion last Decembo-. Those
hearings were postponed because
OF the death of Justice jackson
IN october and until after tha
Senate finally confirned .Turtice
Harlan last March.
The Justices sought furtiey
views cn whether DEGREES to
carlv out the 1854 decision
should provide for forthwith"
admission OF NegrC children 10
schools Of thei' choice within
normal geographic scnool dis
trlctirg, or whether the court
should permit an effective
gradual adjustment .-om ex;st-
ing segregated systems to q
system not based or colcr
distinctions"
September Deadline Urged
Further points for discussion
were whether the court should
frame detailed DEGREES, appoint a
special master to hear evidence
with a view to recommending
specific terms for such DEGREES
or remand the cases to the lower
courts, with instructions TO for
mulate DEGREES according 70
specified procedures and possible
tlme-limits for compliance.
Lawyers for the Negro chill
dren involved in the five cases
urged prompt integration orders
With a deadline by next Septem-
ber where possible. but not later
than September, 1856.
District Government legal Off
Gals informed the court that
the integra ton program already
is in operation here. Kansas
attorneys felt that their case
had become moot because school
segregation. even on a permis-
sive basis, has ended in that
States cities. Delaware authori-
ties reported progress toward in
tegration but counseled against
an immediate integration order.
Virginia and South Caroline
spokesmen opposed forthwith
integration degrees and the Sep
tembel, 1855 or 1856, time limits
advocated by attorneys for the
National Association for the Ad-
vancement of Colored People.
They protested that no time
limit should he set. One att0r-
ney estimated that complete in
tegration in his State might not
Evening star., 1955-05-31
Helen Keller Gets Kew

TOKYO, May 81 (P.-Blind
and deaf Helen Keller today re-
ceived a golden key to Tokyo
from Seiichiro Yasui, Governor
Of Tokyo.
The Bluffton news. [volume] (Bluffton, Ohio) 1875-current, 1955-11-24
Beaverdam

Mrs. Kathryn Norris Is spending
week in Texas with friends.
Mr.. and Mrs. Martin Miller, Find
lay, spent Sunday afternoon with Mr..
and Mrs. c. L. Rupright.
The Vesperian S. S. Class of the
Methodist church held meeting in
the church parlors last Tuesday eve-
ming.
Deby Arnold, Lima, spent the week
end with her grandparents, Mr.. and
Mrs. Merrill Arnold.
G. r. Watt is confined to his home
here due to a serious illness. Cards
would be appreciated.
Mrs. Lila Condor is a patient at
the Floyd Hospital in Rome, Georgia,
and would like to hear from her
many friends here. She may be
reached as follows: C-3, Floyd Hos
pital, Rome, Georgia.
Mr.. and Mrs. Peter Amstutz were
Monday dinner guests of Mrs. Alma
Amstutz.
The Lions Club will meet at the
City Recreation Hall on Wednesday
night this week 1t will be ladies'
night and good crowd would be
appreciated. For further particulars
call 10-951.
Harry Yant who has been confined
to his home here for the past month
is showing some improvement.
Mrs. Eva Arnold and Mrs. Ella
Yant were Sunday dinner guests of
Mr.. and Mrs. Roy Arnold, Cairo, Ohio.
Miss Doris Hall, Cincinnati, spent
the week end as a guest of Mr.. and
Mrs. /. j. Amstutz.
Lawrence Yant, Sr., is confined to
his home here with illness.
The CWF of the Church of Christ
held meeting in the home of Mrs.
Merrill Arnold, Tuesday evening of
last week.
The Bluffton news. [volume] (Bluffton, Ohio) 1875-current, 1955-11-24
Winners Named At
NislUGnder Open House

Wilbur Neill, Route 2, Bluffton, and
Mrs. Marva Stainbrook, B e n o n
Ridge, were the winners of door priz-
es given away last Saturday night at
the, Open House celebration of C. F.
Niswander & Son.
The winners each received Scotch
Grill. They were among more than
5000 persons who attended the two
day special showing of the new Frig-
idaire electric refrigerators, kitchen
ranges and laundry equipment.
The Bluffton news. [volume] (Bluffton, Ohio) 1875-current, 1955-11-24
Hold Services For
Miss Dina Kempf

Services were held Friday afternoon
in the Basinger funeral home for Miss
Dina Kenpf, Sc, who died Tuesday
morning in Toledo hospital of can
Ger. The Rev. V. c. Oppermann off
ciated at the service with burial in
Maple Grove cemetery.
Miss Kenpf died following an i'll
ness of six weeks. She was a native
of Orange township, and is survived
by brother, Gideon, Colorado
Springs, Colo.
The Bluffton news. [volume] (Bluffton, Ohio) 1875-current, 1955-11-24
BlufftOnites Elected
By Motorcycle Club

Three Bluffton persons were elected
in the Findlay Millstream Ramblers
Motorcycle Club at meeting of the
group last Thursday night.
Elected were Anna Mary Stratton,
corresponding secretary; Ortho STRAIT
ton, referee; B. j. Stratton, sergeant
at arms.
They will take office January /.
The Bluffton news. [volume] (Bluffton, Ohio) 1875-current, 1955-11-24

A native of Beaver Falls, Pa,
Mrs. Loomis had lived for years in
Fargo, n. D., before coming to
Lima five months ago to make her
home with a daughter, Mrs. Lucy
Allen.
She was member of the Fargo
First Baptist church, and while in
Lima had attended Rockport Pres
byterian church.
The body was returned to Fargo
for burial there Wednesday after
noon.
The Bluffton news. [volume] (Bluffton, Ohio) 1875-current, 1955-11-24
Hold Service For
Mrs. Lucy LOOmis

A prayer service was conducted
Sunday evening in Rockport Presby-
terian church by the Rev. William
J. Hannum for Mrs. Lucy Loomis,
81, who died Saturday evening in
Lima Memorial hospital where she
had been a patient 10 days follow
ing a cerebral hemorrhage.