davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Montana farmer-stockman. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1947-1993, 1954-12-15

SUBSTITUTION OF CAPITAL for the
use of human labor is the key to increased
efficiency in agriculture, in the opinion of
C. N. ShepardSon of the Texas College of
Agriculture.
''The increased production capacity of
agricultural labor has resulted in the need
for larger farm units, more equipment and
more operating capital Mr.. Shepardson
told the National Agricultural Credit Con-
ference recently "ShiftS in population,
changing world markets, new chronological
developments and better understanding
of land capabilities and land use are all
serving to bring about constant changes in
size and type of farm and ranch operations.
And each change involves new financial
problems"
In the speakers opinion, the following
eight points should receive careful consider
alton of both lender and borrower in start
ing new agricultural enterprise:
1. Does the prospective borrower have the
necessary 'know how? If not, will he get
it and use it? The old adage about greener
pastures on the other side of the fence is
still true. A man who sees great opportunity
in the turkey or chicken business without
realizing the Importance of sanitation and
disease prevention measures may find his
entire flock decimated overnight.
Montana farmer-stockman. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1947-1993, 1954-12-15
Allotting Sugar Quotas

MANY WESTERN SUGAR BEET grow
ers inquired, 'How Gomez" when they read
in the newspapers recently that the $4,000
ton increase in the 1854 sugar quota would
be allotted entirely to Cuba and other for
eign supplierS.
Those who are unfamiliar with the pro-
visions of the sugar act felt that the domestic
beet sugar producers had been sold down
the river by the Department of Agriculture.
However, under the provisions of the law,
the department had no choice in the matter.
Prior to the enactment of the 1913 sugar
act, quotas were allotted on a percentage
basis. When the 1948 law was being con-
sidered by the agriculture committees at
Washington, the domestic beet sugar in
dustry was in the doldrumS High wartime
and postwar prices for grain and livestock
had induced many western beet growers to
swing over to other lines of production.
Labor shortages at that time were also an
important factor.
In the course of the hearings, the west
ern beet sugar people were induced to ac-
cept fixed tonnage rather than a percent
age basis Under the previous law, the
percentage plan gave the domestic beet SUI
gar industry an allotment of approximately
10000 TONS Production in 1947 and for
several years previous, was substantially
under that figure.
When the beet sugar people were able
to secure fixed quota of 100000 tons in
place of the percentage basis, it appeared to
be satisfactory arrangement. The posSibil-
ity of the domestic beet sugar industry
producing more than that seemed quite re-
mote under conditions then prevailing. So
the 1948 sugar act provided that the domeS-
tic industry would receive maximum quota
Montana farmer-stockman. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1947-1993, 1954-12-15
@SSZ1dz5t6 NHel jMdN


wheat region for bushel allotments rather
than acreage allotments. Under this plan
growers could plant what they want but
could market only their quota. There would
be less red tape and growers could build I'D
reserves in farm storage for marketing dur
ing years of crop failure.
The twO-price system for wheat also ap.
pears to be gaining support. Under this pro-
gram wheat for domestic food consumption
would be supported at high levels while sur
plus grain would find its own price level on
export or other markets.
Some dryland farmers could probably
make profitable use of commercial ferti-
liZer. In other cases it wouldn't pay The
most practical way to find out whether your
fields would respond to phoSphateS, nitrates
or combination of both is to apply fertilizer
to some small but representative plots or
rows. Results for single year would not be
conclusive, so it would be best to test these
chemicals over a longer period. Where
mineral deficiencies exist, commercial fer
tilizer applications are sometimes remark
ably profitable.
wore IMAM 4JU farmers from Michigan,
Ohio, Indiana and Illinois met at Hillsdale,
Mich recently to protest the USDA wheat
allotment program. The meeting was organ
lied to give financial assistance to the Michi-
gan farmer who filed suit in the federal
court asking that the allotment program be
declared unconstitutional This farmer was
fined 1888 for exceeding his wheat quota.
Farmers attending the meeting contributed
to fund to cover the costs of the litigation.
Direct payment program for wool based
on a support level of 1860 of parity should
bring some increase in production during
the next few years. But it is doubtful that
it will push the present annual output of
230,000,000 pounds to the 300,000000-
pound goal set up under the national Sc
curity program. Sheep ranch operating costs
are still relatively high and experienced
herders are scarce. The high support may
increase interest in developing farm flocks.
Illinois Farm Bureau recommends that
price supports for any farm be made condi-
tional on the operator following soil con-
servation program.
Montana farmer-stockman. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1947-1993, 1954-12-15

Men in the us. army will get an addi-
tional half-pint of milk day in the future.
This won't result in any big increase in the
national consumption. But it will help.
Montana farmer-stockman. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1947-1993, 1954-12-15

December Is. 1854
Evening star., 1954-11-21
Vital Economic Talk to Open at Rio

leans, with but few exceptions,
are anxious to pin the United
States down to a program of
inter governmental develop
ment aid which would permit
them to industrialize more
rapidly, improve their agricul-
tural methods and attain a
greater measure of self-suffi-
cheney in coping with a star
tling growth in population.
U. S. Tolking Points
In this respect the United
States will be able to point to
more liberal and flexible con-
ditions governing Export-Im-
port Bank loans for develop
ment, and to it's Endorsement
of the International Finance
Corp.
But. in the long run, the
United States feels, Latin
America will benefit most from
the part played by private in
vestment In developing its
economy. The Export Import
Bank and other forms of aid
will still be available for es-
sential public works and tech
nical assistance. but private
investment must play an in
creaSing role in Latin Amer
ica's economy if that economy
is to grow.
Latin American Concessions
And here is where the Latin
American countries can make
important concessions at Rio.
IF private capital has been
heSitant to plunge in Latin
America-even though foreign
investments now run into BILL
lions of dollars--it has been
because of the fear of expro-
priation which hangs over
most such investments in all
put a few countries, discrirni-
natory practices against for
eign enterprises. and currency
controls which make 1t i'm
possible for foreign enterprises
to utilize their capital gains to
best effect.
Undoubtedly, Latin America
could do much to improve its
economic situation by elin1i-
mating these deterrents to In
vestment where they exist.
Evening star., 1954-11-21
Should Cadets and Middies Discuss
u. S. Recognition Of Chinese Reds?

A great debate on the mer-
its of debating seemed to be
boiling up last week as a re-
suit Of a Pentagon decision to
restrict service academy dis
cussion Of possible recognition
of Communist China.
The decision became known
last Monday when a West
Point debating team Cancelled
a scheduled meeting with the
Newark IN. j. Colleges of
Rutgers University. At the
same time, it was revealed
that the Naval Academy at
Annapolis had banned the in
tercollegiate debating ''topic
of the year" several months
ago.
The topic in question was:
Resolved. That the United
States should extend diplo-
matte recognition to the COM
1nunist government of China. "
There probably would have
been Scant attention paid to
the decision had not President
Eisenhower, at his news con-
ference November 10, made
quite a point of the Importance
Of freedom of discussion.
AT the conference. the Pres
ident was asked to comment
on the anti-intellectual trend
which expresses itself in
hostility to ideas" Mr..
Eisenhower said he believed
that when 9 people got SO
frightened of new ideas that
they couldn't tolerate them.
they we're getting frightened
Of themselves.
The Arn1y-Navy decision,
Evening star., 1954-11-21
By MiehoeI Lever

States than the United States
is on it's southern neighbors.
This, Latin Americans con-.
tend, makes them the victims
of violent price fluctuations,
caused by the caprices of
North American demand for
their products. These ups and
downs make it impossible for
the Latin republics to stabilize
economies or build dollar re-
serves.
An outstanding target at Rio
will be some sort of agreement
which would hold price fluctu-
ations to a minimum. Although
the United States Is dubious
about the ability of artificial
pegs to stabilize prices on an
international scale, it has ex-
pressed a willingness to con-
slider any Latin American pro-
posals along these lines.
Toriffs Are Sore Spot
Tariffs are another sore
point with the Latin Ameri-
cans. High United States
tariffs on such items as copper,
tin or wool tops could prove
disastrous to Chile, Bolivia or
Uruguay. The Latin American
countries, some Of which are
tariff crazy themselves, may
recognize the need to protect
domestic industries. but feel
that the United States has an
obligation to keep their econ-
omies healthy because Of inter-
American commitments on
both sides.
Here again, there are grounds
for greater optimism than the
Latin Americans have dis
played. The United States Is
prepared to make general con-
cessions toward a more liberal
tariff policy which has the
support of the administration
and an important segment of
Congress. The policy would
not apply uniformly to all
Latin American products, but
by and large would give Latin
America a more dependable
market In the United States
than ever before.
Finally. the Latin Amer
Evening star., 1954-11-21
!, BULBS FOR HOME CULTURE

Poperwhite Noressus, grows in pebbles and voter,
s for 79e
Giant Hybrid AmaYIIis, red pink--------1.1s ca.
SoeiI dor Yellow Noressus grows in pebbles and voter
for ST
imported Lily Of the vaey Pips, for ST. II for l.5s
Imported GIoxinios, named varieties, start for next
spring Observation-Disclosures z9e co., 4 for 81
Evening star., 1954-11-21
By WiIliom Hines

coming into the open as 1t did
on the heels Of the Presidents
remark, set off a furry Of
criticism in many colleges.
After a moderate amount of
confusion in Washington, this
fact seemed to emerge:
The Army and Navy Depart
ments apparently had arrived
at the same decision inde-
pendently of each other, bas-
ing it on the opinion that
Communists could derive some
propaganda value from de-
bates in which cadets and
midshipmen might take the
affirmative position.
Submerged throughout the
furore were several questions
about the Topic of the Year"
such as where it came from.
how it was arrived at, and how
other schools felt about de-
batting the Red China ques-
tion.
According to DR.. Carl Wal
lace Of the University Of Illi-
nois, president of the Speech
Association of America, the
topic was selected early last
summer on the basis Of d Ma
tion- wide canvass Of college
debate moderators.
DR.. Wallace said subjects
ranked as follows: Red China
recognition, $50 votes: agri-
cultural price supports, 848
votes; United States anti
Communist leadership In
Southeast Asia. 781 votes; OUT
lawing Of the United States
Evening star., 1954-11-21

Prince Faisal, who became
Foreign Minister, and Prince
Sultan, who was made Minister
Of Agriculture.
In the following months, a
number of remarkable events
happened in quick succession.
A steady stream Of German
engineers and technicians be-
gan pouring into Saudi Arabia.
BY midsummer of this year
the brand-new German colony
ranked second in numbers only
to the long-established Ameri-
can group, centered on the
Aramco- operated Oil fields.
Two Of the most important
German concerns who were
called in by the new regime
were Siemens & Halske of Ber-
lin, who got a So million order
for telephone installations and
"Govenco," a firm of consult
ing engineers specially formed
for this purpose by two big
West German an contractors
(Hansa -Stahl OF, Dusseldorf
and julius Berger. Wiesbaden1 J.
Early this year, /" "Govenco"
moved into Saudi Arabia with
100 engineers and technicians,
who set up a big planning Office
at Jiddah, under a contract
signed January /, 1854, with
the new government.
Enter Onossis
Less than three weeks later,
the Oil transport monopoly
pact between King Saud (rep-
resented by Sheik Sulainnan)
and A. S. OnasSis was signed.
Onassis, it should be remem-
bered in this respect, has close
economic ties with Germany
through his shipbuilding and
whaling activities.
Between these two deals
King Saud gave a strong hint
of his future policies with a
virulent speech ct Riyad. in
which he assailed Israel as
cancer" that must be "up-
rooted" And a few months
later Saud sent the American
Economic Mission home. There
were strong indications that
his displeaSure at American
assistance to Israel was the
dominant motive.
Evening star., 1954-11-21

Tile ducClOillIlS OH OF seized GUS
toms property. What is more,
the difference in price of the
two varieties of stones is
startling. Last year, indus
trials averaged 1857 a carat,
while gems ran $113.79, witt
one-carat sizes and UP bring
ing three times that much.
At retail perfect gem will
bring $1,000 a carat.
Plot Thickens
But before any gems were
used. industrials started COM
ing back. BY 1948 the stock
pile was replenished.
Now the plot thickens.
Somebody forgot to turn off
the supply at Customs. Every
time a smuggler was caught
his jewels were sequestered.
Today the gem "stockpile" is
officially valued at more than
81 million. Finally, six months
ago signals got Strengthened
out, and Customs stopped turn
ing gems over to GSA.
Meanwhile, New York dia-
mond merchants began exert
ing pressure to get the white
elephant turned loose for
auction.
One importing firm had an
alternative idea: Let it sell
industrial diamonds to the
Commodity Credit Corp. in
exchange for surplus crops.
This would have the effect of
saving the Government 56
cents a month in storage
charges for every ton of wheat
CCC turned loose. But the
Government ruled that this
would not work because the
stockpile quantity Of indus
trial diamonds already had
been reached.
So the importer suggested
another swap: Industrial
stones for the sequestered gems
on a dollar-for- dollar basis.
Then Attorney General Her
bert Brownell, jr., strobe onto
the stage. He informed ODM
Director Arthur S. Flemming
that the President lacked legal
authority to "unfreeze" the
gem stones. That opinion.
coming last July 26, caused
howls of anguish from both
Government officials and the
diamond trade.
Congress took a look and
found that an amendment to
the Stockpiling Act would be
needed "in order to enable the
United States to secure ma
terials for stockpiling better
suited to the war and national
defense effort than the mate
rials already in the stockpile."
A bill was introduced on the
Hill to free Uncle Sans gems
for sale. It passed the Senate
August IL, but died in the
House.
This leaves the situation
where it is today-with the
Government all dressed up like
Diamond Lii, with no place
to go.
Evening star., 1954-11-21

Communist Party, 761 votes;
Government subsidy of higher
education Of superior stu
DENTS" TOO votes.
Reaction to the military de-
ciSion varied. Senator Allen j.
Ellender, Louisiana Democrat,
and Senator Henry C. Dwor-
shak. Idaho Republican. fa-
vored allowing the cadets and
midshipmen to debate the Red
China subject.
But an educator. DR.. Harlan
H. Hatcher, president of the
University of Michigan, dis
agreed. The order, applied to
a civilian school. would be sin-
credible" he said. .'but you
must consider that the subject
is extremely sensitive and the
students involved are military
personnel"
A sidelight on the contro-
versy came from the debate
moderator Of one Of the Ma
tion's largest Catholic schools.
This educator said he con-
sidered the topic acceptable
for Catholics as q matter for
debate because moral princi-
Piles were not involved. How
ever. he regarded the question
as not a particularly good one
because "there are few sound
affirmative points: It Is loaded
in favor Of the negative.
'But it isn't immoral TO de-
bate this subject : he said "As
q matter Of fact. If q resolution
were introduced in Congress
and got to the floor Of the
House, 1t would have to be
debated, wouldn't it,"
Evening star., 1954-11-21

Latin Americans are going
into the 2l-nation Meeting
of Ministers of Finance or
Economy" which opens at Rio
de Janerio tomorrow with such
pesSimism that almost any re-
suit will come as a pleasant
surprise.
Their pessimism stems from
a feeling that the conference
will see no great liberalization
of United States foreign eco
nomic policy, such as they
feel is necessary to their eco
nomic development and sta
bility. Yet, in many respects.
their pessimism is unfounded.
Even though the meeting
may not produce a panacea
for Latin Americas economic
ills, it will be productive OF
some agreements which will
constitute a forward step in
inter-American economic re-
lations. And all but the most
confirmed Yankee-b -baiters con-
cede, on the basis of past per-
formance, that the United
States is going into the con-
ference with a genuine inter-
est in strengthening the econ
omies of the Latin countries
and raising their standards Of
living.
Too, they have found new
grounds for encouragement in
Secretary Humphreys elev-
enth-hour Endorsement of the
proposed international finance
corporation, which would make
an initial fund of $75 million
available for developing eco
nomically backward areas.
Conflicting Interests
At issue at tomorrow's meet
ing, broadly speaking, are the
conflicting interests OF two
areas which are - or should
be--economically complement
tary. Latin American countries
are primarily raw : materials
producers and consumers Of
manufactured goods. TIL E
United States is on the other
side of the fence.
What makes this q less
than-ideal relationship Is the
fact that Latin America is
more dependent on the United
.
Evening star., 1954-11-21
WHAT TO DO with all those diamonds is U. S. problem.
US. Caught Red-H Handed
With Million in Jewels
BY Sidney Epstein

How would you like to be in
this position-a million dollars
worth of fine diamonds in the
safe (given to you as a gift)
and you can't touch the first
one?
Uncle Sans In it.
You can laugh, but it's true.
Through a series of wierd de-
cisions' and complications that
rightly could have happened
only in mythical Graustark.
the Government is involved in
a gemidiamond deal it will
take an Act of Congress to un-
ravel.
Considering the reaction of a
half dozen members Of top
Washington officialdom the
diamond story is one they
would prefer to be left untold.
Up to now, it has eluded notice.
Basically there are two kinds
Of diamonds, (1) gems. the
girl's-beSt-friend variety, and
90 industrials, vital to heavy
industry for high speed pre-
cision tools and a hundred
other uses. For many years,
the Government has been en-
gagged in a gigantic stockpiling
operation. building up huge
mounds of materials (includ-
ing industrial diamonds) that
might become scarce in time
Of war. S2#fa
When World War II broke
out, the stockpile went way
down and stayed that way un-
til 1945. The following year.
Congress ordered the admins
tration to start rebuilding it.
There are two versions of
what happened then, as far as
the million dollars worth of
gems are concerned.
Two Versions
One story is that the Mu-
nitions Board discovered that
the industrial diamond re-
: serve was low.
The other version is that
some one on the board heard
about, a chance to get some
thing valuable for nothing,
and grabbed at 1t.
At any rate, it was then
that the idea was conceived:
Why not stockpile gem dia-
monds seized from smugglers?
Presto. the General Services
Administration started getting
contraband diamonds from
the United States Custom
service.
What was going to be done
with these jewels was de-
scribed last week by a spokes-
man for the Office of Defense
Mobilization as economically
ridiculous. Briefly, the plan
was that in an emergency. the
gems would be cut up and used
in lieu of industrial stones.
Sort of like using an expen-
sive sports car to pull a plow.
Although the gems didn't
cost this country a cent. in the
past the Treasury had become
considerably richer through
Evening star., 1954-11-21

0NG4AAW4t44ES ~ 4OUhG0 do
though the Germans were GO
ing to take over Saudi Arabia
lock. stock and barrel. But
then 3 curious incident oc-
Cured that upset carefully
laid plans.
Two Of .Govenco's' chief
executives, Heinrich Starke,
managing director, and his as
siStant. Kurt Banse, quarreled.
The latter, fired from a 81. .0O0-
a-month job, took vengeance
by whispering a long story of
bribes and kickbacks into ForL
eign Minister Prince Faisaps
ears.
According to Banse, the Ger
man firm had secured its juicy
contract with the royal gov
ernment by paying plenty Of
graft money to q young man
named Moharned Ali Musly,
who happened to be the son Of
the top official under the Min
lister Of Economics and FL
nance.
The government controller
appointed by Sheik Suleiman
to supervise "Govenco's' OPP
erations was also getting a fat
commission on all contracts
approved by him. Banse
charged.
Probe Launched
Outraged, King Saud named
a committee Of investigation
headed by Prince Sultan, the
Minister Of Agriculture. Early
last August, the Saudi police
cracked down on ''Govenco."
The doors of its central Office
were nailed up with boards,
and all mail, incoming as well
as outgoing, was seized.
For seven weeks, the entire
staff of the German firm were
held in custody, their pass
ports having been withdrawn
by the police. Herr Starke and
other members of the firm were
grilled in what one German
newspaper described as highly
Oriental fashion"
Shiek Sulaiman suddenly re-
signed for reasons of health
and has not been heard of
since.
The men were finally per-
mitted to leave the country,
) early in October, after United
States Ambassador George
Wadsworth also had interceded
for them.
Last week the picture was
further complicated by an al
legation by a Greek claiming
to have been an agent of Mr..
OnassiS' that Commerce Min
lister Ali Reza had been in the
Onassis camp because of pay
rnent of a million-dollar bribe,
to be divided among several
palace officials.
The Saudi Arabia contract
with Mr.. Onassis still stands,
OF course, and therein lies an
other tale. There are several
discriminatory clauses, such as
the one barring Jews from
Onassis-controlled companies,
and a pledge not to trade with
Israel.
But the real story behind
the contract is more shocking:
Young King Saud obviously is
clearing the decks for eventual
appropriation of the American
oil companies $7O0' million in
vestment in Saudi Arabia.
Aramco's contract still has
80 years to go, but the pace at
which Saudi Arabia is moving
indicates little hope that the
company will last that long.
The Saudi Arabian Maritime
Tankers Co., which Mr.. Onas-
sis is setting up, will be more
than a shipping firm. It will
train a Saudi Arabian mer-
chant marine.
AS soon as King Saud thinks
his own crews and tankers are
ready, the world can look for
a new appropriation move a la
Mossadegh in Iran. The new
Saudi Arabian monarch has
profited from Mr.. Mossadegh's
mistakes.
When King Saud is ready
for his big move, he'll have
the tankers, the crews and all
the technical help he needs to
keep the Saudi oilfields going.