davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-07

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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-07
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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-07

We have gone through stocks after taking inventory reduced
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Evening star., 1954-04-13

Of what was likely to fail and
what was likely to work.
Big Decision in 1851.
In the spring of 1851 work
had reached stage at which
far-reaching decisions were
called for with regard to the
commissions whole thermonu-
clear program. In consultation
with the commission, called a
meeting in Princeton in the late
spring of that year, which was
attended by all members of the
commission and several members
of its staff, by members of the
General Advisory Committee, by
DR.. Bradbury and staff of the
Los Alamos L boratory, by
Bethe, Teller, Bacher, Fermi, Won
Neumann, Wheeler and others
responsibly connected with the
program. The outcome of the
meeting. which lasted for two or
three days, was an agreed pro-
gram and a fixing of priorities
and effort both for Los Alamos
and for other aspects of the
commissions work. This pro-
gram has been an outstanding
success.
In addition to my continuing
work on the General Advisory
Committee, there were other as
signmentS that I was asked to
undertake.
Late in 1850 or early in 1851,
the President appointed me to
advise the Office of Defense Mo-
bilization and the President: in
1852 the Secretary of State ap-
pointed me to a panel to advise
on ornaments and their regula-
ton; and / served as consultant
Evening star., 1954-04-13

on continental defense. civil de.
tense. and the use of atomic
weapons in support of ground
combat.
Many Of these duties led to re-
ports in the drafting of which I
participated. or for which I took
responsibility. These supplement
the record of the General Advis-
ory Committee as an account of
the counsel that / have given our
Government during the last eight
years.
In this letter, I have written
only of those limited parts of my
history which appear relevant to
the issue now before the Atomic
Energy Commission. In order. to
preserve as much as possible the
perspective of the story, I have
dealt very briefly with many
matters. I have had to deal
briefly or not at all with instances
in which my actions or views
were adverse to Soviet or Com
munist interest, and of actions
that testify to my devotion to
freedom, or that have contributed
to the vitality, influence and
power of the United States.
In preparing this letter, have
reviewed two decades of my life.
I have recalled instances where
I acted unwisely. What have
hoped was, not that I could
wholly avoid error, but that I
might learn from it. What I
have learned has, I think, made
me more fit to serve my country.
Very truly yours,
j. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER.
Princeton, N. j.,
March 4, 1854.
Evening star., 1954-04-13

either for .fission bombs or mate
rials useful in themonuclear
program. In its performance
characteristics, the Savannah
r / v er project, subsequently
adopted by the commission, was
overshadowed by this recon-
mendation.
While the history of the GAG
opposition to a crash program
for the Super ended with the
announcement of the Presidents
decision, the need for evaluation
and advice continued. There
were immense technical compli-
cations both before and after the
Presidents decision. 1t was of
course a primary duty of the
committee. as well as other re-
view committees on. which
served. to report new develop
ments which we judged promis-
ing, and to report when a given
weapon or family of weapons ap-
peared impractical, unfeasible or
impossible.
Views Mostly Unanimous.
It would have been my duty so
to report had I been alone in
my views. AS a matter of fact,
our views on such matters were
almost always unanimous. It
was furthermore a proper func-
tlon for me to speak my best
Judgment in discussion with
those responsibly engaged in the
undertaking.
Throughout the whole develop
ment of thermonuclear weapons.
many occasions occurred where
it was necessary for us to form
! and to express judgments of fea-
slhility. This was true before the
Presidents decision. and it was
true after the Presidents deci-
sion.
In our report OF October, 1949,
we expressed the view, as your
letter states, that IAN imagina-
tive and concerted attack on the
problem has a better-than-even
chance of producing the weapon
within five years." Later calcu-
lationS and measurements made
at Los Alamos led us to a far
more peSsimistic view. Still later
brilliant inventions led to the
possibility of lines of develop
ment of very great promise.
AT each stage the General Ad-
viSory Committee, and I as it's
chairman and as a member of
other bodies, reported as faith
! fully as we could our evaluation
Evening star., 1954-04-13

submarines and naval propulsion
not only for their direct military
value but also because this
seemed a favorable and forward
looking step in the important
program Of reactor development.
Skeptical Of Air Use.
We were, for the most part,
skeptical about the initially very
ambitious plans for the propul-
sion of aircraft, though we advo-
Gated the studies which in time
brought this program to a more
feasible course. We frequently
pointed out to the commission
the technical benefits which
would accrue to the United States
by closer Elaboration with the
atomic energy enterprise in Can
ada and the United Kingdom.
During all the years that ]
served on the General Advisory
Committee, however, its major
preoccupation was with the pro-
duction and perfection of atomic
weapons. On the various recon-
mendations which ! have de-
scribed, there were never. so far
as I can remember, any signifi-
cant divergences of opinion
among the members of the COM
mittee. These recommendations.
of course, constitute very small
sample of the committees work,
but a typical one.
In view of the controversies
that have developed I have left
the subject of the Super" and
thermonuclear weapons for sep
arate Observation-Disclosures our
committee regarded this as a
phase of the entire problem OF
! weapons.
The Super itself had a long
history of consideration, begin
ming, as l have said, with our
initial studies in 1912 before Los
Alamos was established. It con-
tinued to be the subject Of study
and research at Los AlamoS
throughout the war.
Handicaps After War.
After the war, Los Alamos it
self was inevitably handicapped
pending the enactment of neces-
sary legislation for the atomic
energy enterprise. With the Nc
Mahon Act. the appointment of
the Atomic Energy Commission
and the General Advisory Com
mittee, we in the committee had
occasion at our early meetings in
1947 as we'll as in 1948 to discuss
the subject.
In that period the General Ad-
visory Committee pointed out the
still extremely unclear status OF
the problem from a technical
standpoint, and urged encour-
agement of Los Alamos' efforts
which were then directed to-
ward modest exploration of the
Super and of thermonuclear
systems. No serious controversy
arose about the Super until the
Soviet explosion of an atomic
bomb in the autumn of 1949:
Shortly after that event, In
October, 1949. the Atomic En-
ergy Commission called special
session of the General Advisory
Committee and asked US to con-
slider and advise on two related
| questions:
First. whether in view of the
Evening star., 1954-04-13

did regard it as our function to
indicate that neither the magni-
tude Of existing plant nor the
mode of operation of existing
plant which the Commission in.
herited, nor the limitation of r>w
materials to relatively we'll
known and high-grade sources or
ore. need limit the atomic weap-
onS program.
The four major expansion pro-
grams which were authorized
during the six years 1946 to 1852
reflected the decision of the Com
mission, the Military Establish
ment, the Joint Congressional
Committee and other agencies of
the Government to go far beyond
the production program that was
inherited in 1916. And the power
full arsenal of atomic weapons
and the variety of their forms
adaptable to diversity of mill
tary uses which is today a major
source OF our military strength
IN turn reflect the results of
these decisions.
The record of minutes. re-
ports and other activities of the
General Advisory Committee will
show that that body within the
limits OF its role as an advisory
group played a significant, con-
sistent and unanimous part in
encouraging and supporting and
sometimes initiating the meas
ureS which are responsible. for
these results.
Advised on Other Matters.
AS committee and individu-
ally. our advice was sought on
other matters as we'll. AS early
as october. 1945, 1 had testified
before a Senate committee on
the Kilgore-MagpuSon Bill-the
initial measure for a national
science foundation; like moA
scientists I was concerned that
steps be taken for recreating in
the United States a healthy
scientific community after the
disruption of the war years.
In the General Advisory Com
mittee We encouraged the COM
mission to do everything that it
properly could to support atomic
science, both in its own labora-
tories and in the university CEN
ters to which we felt we must
look for the training of scien-
lists for advances of a basic
character.
Throughout the postwar period
my colleagues and I stressed the
Importance of continuing sup
port and promotion of basic
science so that there might be a
healthy balance between the
effort invested in military re-
search and applied science, and
that invested in pure scientific
training and research which is
indispensable to all else. We sup
ported the commissions decision
to make available for distribu-
ton in appropriate form and
with appropriate safeguards the
tracer materials, isotopes and
radioactive substances which
have played so constructive a
part in medicine, in biological
research, in technology. in pure
science and in agriculture.
I We took an affirmative view of
the DEVELOPMENT of reactors for
Evening star., 1954-04-13

Soviet success the commission s
program was adequate, and, if
not. in what way it should be
altered or increased; second,
whether a "crash" program for
the development Of the Super
should be q part Of any new
program.
Report Made in November.
The committee considered
both questions. consulted various
officials from the civil and mill
tary branches of the Executive
Departments who would have
been concerned, and reached
conclusions which were commu-
nicated in a report to the Atomic
Energy Commission in October,
1949
This report, in response to the
first question that had been put
to- us, recommended a great
number Of measures that the
commission should take to in
crease in many ways our over
all potential in weapons.
AS to the super itself, the Gen.
eral Advisory Committee stated
it's unanimous opposition to the
initiation by the United States Of
a crash program Of the kind we
had been asked to advise on. The
report Of that meeting, and the
secretary's notes, reflect the
reasons which moved us to this
conclusion.
The annexeS. in particular,
which dealt more with political
and policy considerations - the
report proper was essentially
technical in character-ipdicated
differences in the views of mem
bers of the committee. There
were two annexes, one signed by
Rabi and Fermi, the other by
Conant. Du Bridge, Smith, Rowe,
Buckley and myself. (The- ninth
member of the committee, Sea-
borg, was abroad at the time.)
All Against Crash Program.
It would have been surprising
if eight men considering a prob
lem of extreme difficulty had
precisely the same reasons for
conclusion in which we joined.
But I think I am correct in
asserting that the unanimous
opposition we expressed to the
crash program was based on the
conviction. to which technical
considerations as we'll as others
contributed. that because of our
overall situation at that time
Evening star., 1954-04-13
0ppenheimer Cites
Academic Isolation,
Says He Is Loyal
l-8 THE EVENING STAR
~ Washington, D. C..
TItESnAV APRIL I3, 1854
(Continued From Page A-7)

Continued From Page AID
measures to make work at Los
Alamos attractive, to assist the
laboratory in recruiting. to help
build up a strong theoretical
division for guidance in atomic
weapons design. and to take
advantage of the availability
of the talented and brilliant
consultants who had been men,
bers of the laboratory during
the war.
Aided StOckpiIe Value.
In close consultation with the
director of the Los Alamos lab
oratory. we encouraged and sup
ported courses. of development
which would markedly increase
the value of our stockpile in
terms of the destructive power
of our weapons. which would
make the best use of existing
StockpileS and those anticipated,
Which would provide weapons
suitable for modern combat con-
ditions and for varied forms of
delivery and which in their
cumulative effect would provide
us with the great arsenal we
now have.
We encouraged and supported
the building up of the laboratory
at Sandia, whose principal pur-
post is the integration of the
atomic warhead with the weap-
ons system in which it is to
be used.
In agreement with the Los
Alamos staff, we took from the
very first the view that no radi-
cal improvement in weapons de-
velopment would be feasible
without a program of weapons
testing. We strongly supported
such program. helped Los
Alamos to obtain authorization
for conducting the tests it
wished, and encouraged the es-
tablishment of permanent
weapons testing station and the
adoption of a continental test
station to facilitate this work.
AS time went on and the de-
velopment of atomic weapons
progressed, we stressed the i'm
portance of integrating our
atomic warheadS and the devel-
opment of the carriers, aircraft,
missiles. ETC.. which could make
them of maximum effectiveness.
Saw Opportunities.
We observed that there were
opportunities which needed to
be explored for significantly in
creasing our arsenal of weapons
both in numbers and in capabili-
ties by means of production
plant expansion and by ambi-
tious programs to enlarge the
sources of raw material.
1t was not our function to for
mulate military requirements. We
Evening star., 1954-04-13

such q program might weaken
rather than strengthen the posi-
tion Of the United States.
After the report was submitted
to the commission. it fell to me
as chairman of the committee to
explain our position on several
occasions. once at a meeting of
the Joint Congressional Commit
tee on Atomic Energy. All this,
however, took place prior to the
decision by the President to
proceed with the thermonuclear
This is the full story OF my
Opposition to the hydrogen
bomb" q.
It can be read in the records Of
the General Advisory Committee
and the transcript of my testi-
mony before the Joint Congress
sional Committee. It is a story
which ended once and for all
when in January, 1850. the Pres
ident announced his decision zto
proceed with the program.
I never urged any one not to
work on the hydrogen bomb Ir0j-
ect. I never made. or caused any
distribution of the GAO reports
except to the commission itself
AS always, it was the commits
sion's responsibility to determine
further distributions -
Gave Best judgment.
In summary, in October, 1949,
and the other members, of the
General Advisory Committee
were asked questions by the COM
mission to which we had a duty
to respond, and to which We did
respond with our best Judgment
in the light of evidence then
available to us. II,
When the Presidents decision
was announced in January, 1850,
our committee was again in Ses-
sion and we Immediately turned
to the technical problems facing
the commission in carrying out
the Presidents directive,
We Sought to give our advice
then and in ensuing meetings as
to the most promising means of
solving these problems. We never
again raised the question of the
wisdom of the policy which had
now been settled, but concerned
ourselves rather with trying to
help implement it.
During this period our recon-
mendations for increasing pro-
duction facilities included one for
a dual purpose plant which could
be adapted to make materials
Evening star., 1954-04-13
and your old washer

Boron 8 Meltz
40 So. Washington Blvd,
Folls Church. Va.
Boron 8 Meltx
4o7 llth 81. NV. Wosh., D. c.
U. S. Merchandise Mart.
1901 Wilson Blvd. Arlington. Va.
Fulford's--CoIony Rodio
6loo Georgia Ave. NV. woSh.. D. c.
GIebe Rodio & Appliances
Lee Hwy. and Glebe Rd., Arlington. Va.
T. J. Fonnon 8 Son
Duke and Henry Sts.. AIsxandsio. We.
lueketts
I642 King ST., AIexendrio. We.
Evening star., 1954-04-13

The Goidenbere Co.
9TH and K SIS. NV. Wash.. D. c.
The GoIdenbere Co.
Shirlington Business Center;
Shirlington. Va.
Sun Rodio Co.
llth and Sss. NV. Wosh., D. c.
Sun Rodio Co.
s3s 2 ST. NV, Wosh., D. c.
Todds, Inc.
llo2 r 81. NV. wosh.. D. c.
Electrical Center
<l] 10Th 81. NV. Wosh., D. c.
Aiperstein's Dept. Store
1910 9TH St. NV, Wosh.. D. e.
B. E. Goodrich Store
1916 4. I. Ave. NE. wosh.. D. {.
Evening star., 1954-04-13

AIperstein's Electric VilIoee
s5l3 Pinsy Branch Rd.. Silver Spring, Nd.
Thompson Bros.
1870 Good Hope Rd. Sc. Wash.. D. c.
Comeo Appliance Co.
5ll Ath 81. S.W.. wosh.. D. c.
Fober Benson Soles Co.
17ll l4fh 81. NV, Wosh., D. c.
Noylor Tv 6 Appliances
2sAo AIoboma Ave. Sc, Wosh., D. c.
HyottsviIIe Home Appliances
5o34 Rhode lslopd Ave., HYotts., Nd.
SIottery Rodio
1907 Wisconsin Ave. NV. Wosh.. D. 6.
Siottery Rodio
500 Wisconsin Ave-. esthssdo, Nd.
Evening star., 1954-04-13

Home Appliance Co.
1927 n St. NE. Wosh.. D. c.
McCoy's-PhiIlips
sl7 n St. NE, Wosh., &C.
Georges Rodio 8 TeIevision Co.
800 No. Washington Blvd, ArI., Va.
Wolker Thomos Furn.
1851 7th 81. NV, Wcsh., D. c.
The Hecht Co.
9TH ond 2 Sts. NV, wosh.. D. 6.
The Hecht Co.
Fsnioa end Ellsworth Drive,
Silver Spring, Nd.
= =. The Hechs Co.
GIehe Rd. end Wilson elsd., 4.
Pennington. ArI.. We.
Evening star., 1954-04-13

Georges Radio 6 Television Co.
629 Pennsylvania Ave. Sc. Wosh.. D. c.
GEORGES Rodio 6 Television Co.
sl6 2 Street NV, Wash., D. c.
Georges Rodio & Television Co.
Sass Georgia Ave-, Silver Spring. Nd.
Georges Rodio 6 Television Co.
4l6 So. Washington ST.. Folls Church, Va.
Georges Radio 8 TeIevision Co.
sol King ST.. Alexondrio, Va.
Georges Rodio 8 TeIevision Co.
llll n s.. NE, Wosh.. o. {.
~
Georges Radio 8 1eleyision Co.
9Th end 8 SIS. NV, Wash.. o. {.
Evening star., 1954-09-25
Two Bainbridge Aces
Wreck Terp Frosh

Bobby Williams passing and
the running of Fullback Fred
Cason proved too much for the
Maryland freshmen yesterday as
the cambridge Naval Training
Station won a game at College
Park, 1856
Williams. an ex-Notre Dame
star who played with the Bal
timore Colts before entering the
Navy, started the TarS on their
victory march when he tossed
12-yard touchdown pass to Jim
Rice, ex-Eastern Kentucky play
er, in the second period.
After helping to move the
ball in a series of ground thrusts
in the third period, Cason
scored the second touchdown for
Bainbridge in the third period,
going over from the 4-yard fine.
Maryland sprang a surprise
single-wing attack. but except
for several instances. its offense
was bottled up. Phil Perlo,
tailback from Roosevelt High.
gained "a yards in four running
plays to score Maryland's touch
down in the third quarter,
Evening star., 1954-09-25
Paul Richards Sees
Baltimore Rookie
Be0t His Old Club
By the Associated Press

BALTIMORE, Sept. 25.-Paul
Richards is here to take over
his new baseball job and is
spreading the word that he be-
lieves he can make the Orioles
into a first-division contender
next season.
Undoubtedly adding to his
optimism was the fine pitching
he witnessed last night as one
of his prize prospects. Rookie
Billy ODell, pitched a five-hit,
2-1 win over the White Sox.
Sitting in the pressbox at the
game, the ex-Chicago manager
said he had some ideas on how
the Orioles can be started toward
a winning season next spring.
The team plays it's last game
tomorrow, finishing in seventh
place, and is only one game
away from 100 losses.
O'Dell, signed for a reported
$4,000 after his junior year at
Clemson College, turned in his
first victory against one loss by
allowing three singles and two
doubles while tanning four and
walking one.
Evening star., 1954-09-25
Fabulous Scoring Career Ends
As Mikon Gives Up Basketball

had won six championships in
seven years with the aid of
Mikan's record scoring, were
startled by the decision.
II Mikan is in earnest, it
means the end of a career which
more than any other left an
extraordinary personal imprint
on the game.
From the years when he car
ried DePaul University to ma
tional championships in the early
'40s. Mikan has raised the So
called "big, COON" to respecta-
bility in basketball.
No mere human ever stopped
his scoring sprees, and it was left
to such innovations as the IL
foot lane in pro ball to avoid
continued one-man rule of the
game. In seven years with the
LakerS in three leagues, the last
the National Basketball Asso-
citation, Mikan averaged more
than % points per game. At his
peak three and four years ago,
he was hitting at 25-plus aver
age.
His lifetime scoring output as
a pro. 1876 points. is more than
5000 beyond any other player.
Evening star., 1954-09-25
Bisons Return 10 T.
In Opener Today

:. Howard University's football
team is featuring a return to the
split-T formation in today's
opener at Howard against Naval
Receiving Station, starting at 2
o'clock. Last year the Bisons en-
ployed the single wing while
compiling a 3-5-1 record and
finishing in the second division
of the Central intercollegiate
Athletic Association for the first
time in 10 years.
Coach Tom Johnson of How
ard has many of his first-string
players on the injured list, in
Guiding Wilmer Smith, previously
regarded as a backfield starter
Smith will be out for at least
another week. The other No.
backs, Phil Strother, Johnny
Walker and Bob Brown, also
damaged and probably will not
start, although available for
limited action.
The revamped starting back
field for today has Fleming
Gregory at quarterback, Jimmy
Jones and Ken Mccall at half
backs and Cliff Morton at full
back.
Among the newcomers in the
line are two ex-Servicemen
tackles. George Hampton, 26O
pounds, and Tom Loman. 275
pounds.