davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1954-07-03
unnecessary exploitation.

The rapid shift of men from
farms to factory is sure to result
in a more serious shortage Of food.
In only very few areas in Africa
are the demands of local popula-
tons met by their own production.
A further shift will increase hu-
man misery even more. With 70
per cent of the worlds population
already underfed. at no point can
drop in food production be per-
mitted.
There is great need to raise the
tppalingly low standard of living
not only in Africa, but also in most
of the world. On the basis of a
study, Enlargement of the Ex-
change Economy in Tropical AZ
rica," these conditions prevail in
the Belgian Congo, French Equa-
torial Africa, the West Coast, the
Gold Coast, Kenya, Nigeria, the
Rhodesias, Tangayika, and Uganda.
The study did not include the Union
of South Africa and North Africa.
Unfortunately, adequate funds
for the proper development of nat
ural resources are not available
within the areas themselves and
have to be sought from more
highly developed nations in the
west. This, of course, is likely to
influence the continued develop
ment of self-government in an ad-
verse way. Foreign capital will
be shy where political unrest is to
be found and one has to wonder
which set of goals, political or eco
nomic, are to be pursued first.
Another important problem area
related to this struggle relates to
the prevalence of disease, the alb
sence of sufficient knowledge of
soil conditions and the shortage of
technically skilled leadership to i'm
plement schemes designed to raise
the standard of living. Success
full methods of combating the
testso fly and controlling trypano-
somiasis will result in making
available many large tracts of land
now untouchable because of these
hazards.
Fortunately the increase in wage
earners has exceeded the birth
rate. The expansion of the former
group is not without some ILL.,
effect upon the number of farm
laborers. Government Officers re-
sponsible for procuring men for
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1954-07-03

harvesting farm crops find it very
difficult to maintain pool of farm
workers at low wages when mines
offer the lure of cash payments.
The change from an Anticipated
agrarian economy to a combined
cultural-industrial economy is
a desirable long range goal but the
intermediate steps are risky and
dangerous to the stability of an
evolving social and political order.
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1954-07-03
Political 49,.
Continued from Page One)

\Iontlnued from rage One)
New demands for a higher stand
ard Of living and related values
are finding expression through
labor unions and the sale of labor
for wages or produce.
Traditionally money and ex-
change played a negligible role in
the lives of indigenous Africans.
Today only very few communi-
ties escape the increasing desire
for consumer products and other
facilities of modern life. Adverse
effects are likely to develop, how
ever, unless during the transitory
stages these mounting desires can
be guided. Initiation will result in
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1954-07-03

gram highlighting Civil Rights,
and education with ]. A. Rogers,
technical advisor, in charge Of
historical backgrounds, supplying
the data and spots and recreational
events featuring an all-star East
West VS.. North South baseball
game
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1954-07-03
Abandon Wildcat
In Franklin Area

One and one-quarrer miles north
of North Freewoods Field, Frank
lin County, Miss, Sunnyland Con-
tracing Co., Inc. has drilled to
6957 feet and abandoned No. l
Marianne Wilmington ct al L.
A. Wilmington, SW NV Section
47-5N-1E.
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1954-07-03

dollar barrier for many of these
students. For this reason, he added,
the financial support of the Fund
which provides, among other things,
monies which are allocated by the
member colleges for scholarship
aid, will have to be continued, and
even stepped up in the immediate
future
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1954-07-03

Franklin has been a member of the
faculty at Howard since l947. He
holds degrees from Fisk and Har-
ward.
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-06-11

no: Cornclia \. Franklin Earl
Dee Dan Franklin, Anthony
and GLADYS Franklin Pick:

You are hereby notified that
tract Of land containing 20
lfreS in Propect Magisterial
District. Prince Edward County.
Virginia, bounded on the North
1y Berkley Cawthorne. on the
East by Frank Schultz. on the
South by Charlie Smith. and on
lie West by Cocks. and being the
same land which was conveyed TO
Richard Franklin by deed dated
February %. 1899. from Mamie
W. Garden, recorded in ID. b "A
page 586. was sold. on the l4th
day OF December 1912 by
the Treasurer of said County for
DELINQUENT taxes, leyies interest
and cost. to the Commonwealth
of Virginia and application for
tile purchase thereof has been
tiled in this office And it appear
Ing that you are interested in said
land you are further notified to
appear within four "a months
from date of this notice and DO
what may be necessary to protect
your interests.
Given under my hand this 21st
day Of May 1854.
HORACE ADAMS, Clerk
Circuit Court of Prince Edward
County VIRGINIA
ANNIE NJ. FALLWEIL.
.. q. 5-28-4t
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-06-11


FARM - Wanted general farm
help for farm located IN Virginia
Write full details. age, size Of
family and other qualifications
p. o. Box ITO. Asheville, N c.
6-8-2tp
MALE: Reliable and with car to
manage established Fuller Brush
business, Route located in Prince
Edward county. to right man .$85
week. Write Box FB. Care Herald
stating qualifications Cliff
MAN: White. married man for
dairy and farm work, must be
able TO furnish good references.
Good 4room cinder block house
with electric lights and water to
live in. Telephone 30248. w. B.
Gates Sons, Rice, Va. 6-ll-3p
SALESMAN Wanted for old es-
tablished insurance debit. ii in
terested in a good position with
future, phone 559M or GAL
6-11-tf
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-06-11

"a November 2, 1895, from Rich
ard Young, il. and Josephine
Young. his wife, TO Gordon E
West. Trustee, and recorded IL
the Clerks Office, Prince Edward
County, Virginia, in De- d Book
80 page 26l. in place and stead
Of the said Gordon E. West. Trus-
tee. who is now deceased, your
petitioner being the beneficiary
named in said trust.
An affidavit having been made
and filed according to law. stat
ing that the defendants, Calude
Young. Iheophilus Young. James
p. Young, Bessie Young, and Mar
jorie Young, are resident
of the State of Virginia, it is ord
cred that they do appear within
ten days after due publication of
this order and do what may be
necessary to protect their interest
in this proceeding.
HORACE ADAMS, Clerk
VIM. P HAY, JR,, p. q 6-11-4
VIRGINIA.:
In the Circuit Court of the Coun-
ty of Prince Edward, the 18th
day of May, 1854
Re: Annie Frances King, de-
ceased.
Show Cause Order
1t appearing that a report of
the accounts of Robert K. Brock,
administrator. C. t. a.. Of the
estate of Annie Frances King. de-
ceased, and Of the debts and de-
mands against her estate has been
filed before the Commissioner of
Accounts of this Court and that
six months have elapsed since the
qualification, on the motion Of
Robert K. Brock. administrator
c. t. a. of Annie Frances King;
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-06-11
why don che coll London G.
Atkins Insurance and Reel Es-
tote Co? They have the best
commercial property Iistines. !"

Res. near Elementary and High
School new bedrooms, oil heat.
stairway to attic, modern kitchen
and bath. Priced for quick sale at
$4,000 Terms To-" down to CTS.
Res. 8 rms, ? baths electric water
heater with ~ acre in Prospect
A beautiful home for only $3.50
Service Station corner lot in
Farmville, modern. $1O.50o.
Res 5 rooms and bath, full base
nlcnt, central heating system.
hardwood floors. ideal location
Reduced to $l2.500
Serve yourself grocery business,
crossing $1,000 per wk.. in progress
slVe town. Modern equipment in
Guiding Is IT. meat case. walk in
box, meat slicer, grinder, etc. and
approx, $500 stock. Brick bldg,
30x80. low rent, Complete $4,000.
Dwelling. rooms, bath. Corner
lot on Va ST - Special at $3.50.
Dwelling in Farmville, will ex-
change for farm Dwelling is
modern with bath and heat.
Residence. new, large rooms,
bath. electric hot water heater.
hardwood floors, oil heat. corner
lot. Only blocks from Main
Street. $6750.0O. Terms.
Lot, 81 it. X 300 #. in jackson
Heights Nice wooded lot, water
available. $500.
81 acres on state I'd. Cumberland
Co. Old dwelling, good lake site.
All in young pine and oak. s25
per acre.
Tobacco farm. 90 acres so open,
2 acres bright tobacco, Z dark.
Good 6 room dwelling. Necessary
outbuildings. In Charlotte Coun-
ty. $4,000. Terms $1,000, down.
bal. by VI.
Residence. apartments, fun
basement, central heating system.
near Main ST. ideal for home or
investment or both Special $4,000.
FARMS. % good farms, large and
small Located in Prince Edward
Co. Cumberland, Appomattox,
Amelia. Charlotte and Bucking-
ham Cos.
Dwelling, 5 rms. and bath. | mi.
from Farmyille. Only S yrs. old,
IN good condition. $500. $700
down, bal. like rent.
Lots in the Davidson ub-division.
water and sewage
Farm. 238 A., mi. from Farm
vile, on school bus. mail, milk TT.
IS A. high state OF cultivation.
5H2 A. tobacco base. Beautiful T
I'm. res. Necessary outbuildings.
Reduced to Sl2.5oO. Terms: $4,000
down. bal by VI.
FOR RENT
Res. lis So. Va. ST, 6 rooms, bath.
electric water heater. Large gar
den.
Apartment near Main ST., 3
rooms and bath. $25 per mo.
| \
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-06-11
Use TIE CLASSIFIED 70 FOR e0icx: ,.@EsYZzS:
FOR RENT

FFICE-Grolnd floor, 2 rooms
l3xl5 It,, and IONA it., heat ant
water furnished. located in Wey
anoke Hotel, Immediately avail
able. Apply r. c. Fleenor. man
aRer. Falmville, Va. Oils
ATTRACTIVE house IN Prospect
eight rooms. Convenient t
Churches and School Rent rea.
/ sonable f NJ Booker, Box 10
1 Prospect Va. 6-8-2T
PRIVATE LAKE and furnished
cottage with modern bath anc
kitchen in Cumberland County
Rent by week. For details call
40 Newman Tire Co. 6-4-tt
~~~~~~
APARTMENT: furnished or I'M
furnished. rooms, stove. refrig-
orator. utilities 400 Buffalo ST,
Farmville 6-8-2t
APARTMENT - furnished, living
room, bedroom. kitchen, bath and
storage room. steam heat, hot and
cold water, 301 South Virginia
St. OF call 367J 6-8-7p
APARTMENT: = furnished or I'M
furnished. large rooms. steam
heat, hot and cold water furnish
ed Phone 2004- WX or see Lewis
Trear. 6-8-2p
:
APARTMENT 5 room apart
ment, unfurnish, for rent. w. NJ.
Burger. Phone T. Farmville, Va.
6-8-tf
~~~~~~-~~~~
BEDROOM: Call 589X after $50
p. m. Farmville. Va 6-ll-tf
~~-- ~- - -~
APARTMENT FOR RENT. Mrs
A 3 Armstrong, 202 First Ave.
5-ll-5p
House 6 rooms. unfinished A
T. Berry. FarmVille 6-ll-lp
OFFICES: for rent. Jack Pear
love Phone 1856. '6-1l-30p tFD
HOUSE. rooms with bath. large
ward and garden. Phone Hamp-
den-S Sydney 2405 6-ll-3p
ROOM AND BOARD for two
business people or married couple
Mrs J r. Dunvant. phone 475J
6-11-2tp
~~~~-~~--------- --.----
HOUSE: 5 room house with bath
on Ri. As 7i2 mi from Farmville
Edward Ingle, Falmville 6-1l-4p
-~~--
APARTMENT: 5 rooms and bath.
heat water and hot water fnn-
ished Newly decorated 405 Sec
0nd ST.. Call 472M 6-11-4t
ROOM: with two beds. all con
yeniences, l07 High ST. 6-l1-2p
-~~~~~-~ -~-~~~~~~~ ~~~~~
CABIN: Log cabin. 3 rooms.
mile west Farmville Phone Gil.
6-ll-2tp
APARTMENT 3 rooms com
pletely furnished $40 per month.
408 South Main St. Farmville
6-11-tf
APARTMENTS unfinished
rooms, heat and water furnished
r w Noel, 491 South Main St
Farmville. Phone 89IJ. 6-11-tf
APARTMENT: 3 rooms furnished
private bath heat and hot water
furnished Private entrance 400
Beech street Farmyille Phone IA
6-1l-tf
APARTMENT: rooms. unfurn-
ished Water and heat furnished
Call Farmville 2040W or 2045R
6-ll-tf
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-06-11
SERVICES


NURSING HOME - Fitzgerald
Convalescent Home. aged, conval-
escents, invalids, "a hour nursing
service, 3 hot meals daily. Rea
sonable rates. Telephine 2-5280,
l30l-llth St. Lynchburg, Va.
6-8-4p (FJ
LAWN MOWERS - power and
hand mowers sharpened, repaired,
oyerhauled by trained mechanic.
Motley Hardware Co. 231 N.
Main ST.. F'armyille, Phone 302
4-l6-11p CD
WE REMOVE face and lip hair
The Vanity Beauty Shop, phone
$50, Farmville, Va. 6-1l-1
-~~-~-~ -~--
WE SPECIALIZE in permanent
waving difficult hair. Styled hair
cut free with all permanents. The
Vanity Beauty Shop, phone 800,
Farmville. Va GILL
FOR HOMEMADE pies. cakes,
potato salad, rolls, party sand
Wiches call Mrs Marie Blanton,
1929. 6-11-1p
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-06-11

- -
t IS ORDERED that the credit.
IS of. and all others interested il
! he estate do show caueS. if any
hey can. on the 2lst day Of Jun,
/ 954 before this Court at tn,
Courtroom against the paymen
| md delivery OF the estate Of An
nie Frances King. deceased, Il
the distributes, legatees without
requiring refunding bonds. And
the court does further direct that
copy of this order be published
in the Farmville Herald. a news
paper published III the county Of
Prince Edward. Virginia. for a
period~of four successive weeks.
JOEL w. FLOOD. judge
A copy -Teste:
HORACE ADAMS, Clerk
ROBT, K BROCK
Attorney 5-2l-4t
VIRGINIA:
In the Clerks Office Of the Cir
cult Court of buckingham
County:
To George Richardson, Garfield
Richardson Howard Rich
ardson. Wiley Bland and Per
cy Bland:
Each Of you are hereby notified
that a tract OF land Of thirty
eight acres in Curdsville District,
Buckingham County. Virginia.
listed upon the land books for
said district in the names of Will
liam Pryor and Edward Richards.
and described as being on Camp
Branch" two miles east of Willis
Mountain, was sold on March 10.
1886 for delinquent taxes. levies.
interest and costs, to the Com
monwealth Of Virginia and an
application for the purchase
thereof has been filed in this Of
fee
And It appearing from the rec
ordS in this Office that YOU are
III said land each of
you are further notified to ap-
pear in four months from the
date OF this notice and do what
may be necessary to protect your
interests.
Given under my hand this nth
day of MAY. 1854
JOHN @. SPENCER
Clerk of Said Circuit Court
g. M ROGERS, p. q.
Buckingham. Va 5-21-4t
= ~~~~-~~~~ -
In the Circuit Court of Prince
Edward County, May 81. 1854
Glen SpragRS ...-. Complainant
Y In Chancery
Evelyn Dunbar Spraegs. ......
Defendant
Order of Publication
The object of this suit is to OBJ
tain for the Complainant from
the defendant a divorce from the
bond Of matrimony on the ground
of WilfuI desertion for a period Of
more than one year.
An affidavit having been made
and filed that the defendant. Eve
Ign Dunbar Sprays. il not d resi-
dent of the Sta &c Of Virginia. it
IS ordered that she do appear
within ten days after due publica-
ton Of this order and do what
may be necessary to protect her
interest in this suit.
HORACE ADAMS. Clerk
ANNIE MORING FALLWELL.
p q. 6-4-4t .
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-06-11

DISTRIBUTORS
Wholesale Retail
SERVICE
Observation-Disclosures
Power Chain Saws
Tillitson Carburetors
Auto-Lite Ign. Systems 6-l2 V.
Delco Remy Ign. System
6-12 v.
Briggs Stratton- Clinton
Cox & Atkins Clipper Chains
Parts and Service For All
Standard Make Chain Saws
SHANABERGER & SONS
Phone 1913
FarmvilIe, Va. Ri. AGO East
Virginia's Largest Power
Chain Saw Dealer
Trades Terms
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-06-11
Use per inch
FOR SALE

GRADE A sand, gravel and wood.
r. II. KidWell BurkeYille. Va.
Phone 1902. 5-l8-l0t
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-06-11

Res lis So, Va. ST, 6 rooms, bath.
electric water heater. Large gar
den.
Apartment near Main ST., 3
rooms and bath. $25 per mo.
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-06-11
SPECIALITY
statesmen

To work with sales manager to
learn lucrative business for
new product that has never
been introduced in this State
before and is needed by go
Of homeoWners. Our men earn
from $4,000 to $4,000 per
year Drawing account up to
$3.50 per week if qualified. Do
not miss this exceptional OPP
portunity to be local represent
alive in your area. Franchise
deal. Apply:
Royal Construction Company
l405 East Main Street
Richmond, Va.
Phone 1869
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-06-11
AUCTION SALE

AUCTIONEER - Will auction
anything. anywhere. any time. I
furnish loudspeaker Call or see
w. w Dickers0n. Farmville.
Phone 3035J. 1-22-tf (F)
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-06-11
Classified Rates

All copy must be in The
HeroId office by Wednes-
doy noon. for Friday pub
lection.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-08-18
.Morriogelicense
Applications

Under D. c. tnD couples must
apply for a marriage license on
one day. ,oait three fun days
and receire the license on the
nth day. Sundays and holt
days are counted the same as
other days.
Charles Lawrence. 21. and Audrey Bait,
10, both Of Herndon, Va.
Leon jackson, 80, Durham, NJ c., and
Jane Kelly. 81, Archibald, pa. :" M
Thomas Bond, "a. 2113 p st. NV, and
Margaret Milhoiland, FL. 1913 Hobart
Donald Brimmer, rs. 2214 ssth st. NV,
and Kathaleen Wright. 10, 5000 VI
Paysoan Wood Wood, &: rrsderiekssurg, Va,
|. ana aIa opneia Denmark, 40, Monticello.
Joseph Gerber. %, 1437 Primrose st.
nv, and Sonya Chaser, 20. 40S
RoSe aaek Jefffiss st. A. Nv ill nh
-, and Mable Hodges. 40. 22I 4th st. s.w.
Walter Foreman. 20, Alexandria, Va,
and Mildred Thompson. 20, Amisvilie.
Dwight Mi9s.s e ans e. sArllInsscn. Va. and
GalnSSt HaSS, 20, 1894 l4th st. NV.
Par Ma Nd. P0index'er. 20. TakOma
Gene Bechtel. 81, YMcA, and Shirley
-, Deardorf. Fl, Alexandria. Va.
Vincent McMahon. 81. Arlington, Va,
Lincoln and v narni Rpks 81 csrhichaels Pa
D.. Pearl Fowler. IS, s29 9th st. s.w. ~''N
a aat. Margaret Hansberry, SO. 1924
Henry Grimm. ~. Kensington. Nd, and
Robert Snyder. IS. 1928 New Hampshire
aye. NV, and Hildegarde Sonenburg,
~, Silver Spring. Md.
EDDIE Smith. Fl. Newport News. Va, and
Vernon Wright, IS. 400 Chesapeake st.
ss;w;, and Yvonne Maegley, ~. 1881
Theodore Mccall. 81, 111s st. ne,
ana i Irene !, Burroushs, 10. 1854 Ken
Kenneth Foeie. e5, waynesboro, Pa, and
Martina Hakalyak. %, 5000 18th st.
Henry Coleman, 25, 3se 10th st. ne,
ana Maeiene Wellman, Is. 1903 Kane
Charles wise, 81. and Ida Riley, III, both
OF 1900 Michigan ave. ne.
francis Dcllymors. 90, 37l5 18th st.
n ne, ana Mary Leonard. ~, 126 Web
both Of 500 aSnd st. NV. A'nS' o.
william scanlon: 20. 2030 Hsmlin st.
T IS. ana st hattie Crooks, 70. 1907
Matthias Webster. 40. s54s 18th St NV
Ernest saunder. 81. 1856 b st. Sc, and
Edward King. 25, $500 Can 81. Sc, and
Dorothy oilium.. 22. sI9. isth 81. Sc.
oeraid Cooper, 81, ouantico. Va, and
Shirley Earnest 20. Landover. Md.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-08-18

This is factual report Of changes in the Image picture
in Washington, D. c. since the merger March L.
1854, of The Washington Post with the Times Herald
Generally speaking everything turning out exactly
as expected.
April was the first full month Of operations following
the merger The Star finished the month with 46.7qo
Of total advertising and the merged newspaper with
4O.79o. That was bargain month, Advertisers were
being given the combined circulatons Of both merged
newspapers for the price Of one.
Then came May The Stars share Of total advertising
went up to 1870 and the merged newspaper went
down to $500.
June was ditto. The Stars Image again went up to
1880 and the merged newspapers share again went
down to 1920 Quite spread
AS you can see, during three months Of testing the
combined circuations of the merged newspapers for
pulling power, advertisers steadily increased their
Image in The Star and steadily reduced their Image
in the merged newspaper.
washington ISdUluS uSpdIIIiic StOcc-WHO Cci-
tanly know their city and their newspapers
as follows during May and June they gave The Star
whoppng $3.50 Of their total Image against 1880
for the merged newspaper That is quite show Of re-
spect for the established and recognized pulling power
of The Star.
Here is another remarkable thing Real Estate adver
tisers preferred the circulation Of The Saturday Star
lowest Of the week. to the Sunday circulation Of the
merged newspaper (nighest of the week. The Stars
Saturday Real Estate Section carried $3.50 of this
advertising while the Sunday edition Of the merged /,
newspaper carried only 45.4eo Washington builders
and real estate brokers know which newspaper sells
more houses and buildings for them.
During May and June The Star also finished first in
retail and general grocery Image in classified by the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-08-18

huge margin of 600 900 lines and in total general dis
play excluding hard liquors which The Star does not
accept
Media Records figures for July have not yet been
released as this is being written But Media Records
figures for May and June-and publishers figures for
July-show that advertisers used total Of O34O 33
lines in The Star during this three month period This
figure came within 800 1853 lines Of equaing the
bned Image Of The Washington Post-Times Herald
and the Washington News.
You will find many more interesting and revealing
figures in the box below.
The tipof on the newspaper situation in Washington
is strkingy evident in these figures They indicate
beyond the shadow of doubt that The Stars reader
ship is especially valued and desired because pro-
duces the steady and consistent results demanded today
by leading advertisers
AS we've pointed out many times before It is a
family habit in Washington to look in an EVENING
newspaper The Washington Star to see what
is being advertised.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-08-18
German Firm Sued
For Holmes Movie

Executors Of Sir Arthur Conan
Doyle recently sued UFA, q Ger
man f1lm-producing company, for
damages, Berlin reports.
They alleged that a UFA fea-
ture picture Of 1897, 1.-THE Man
Who Was Sherlock Holmes" had
hbelled the character of Sir
Arthur and had used the name
OF Sherlock Holmes without au-
thoriZation.