davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-03-07

Africa. Neither were they required
to give up their Muslin religion or
practices.
Elsewhere. an African who wanted
to become citizen had to reach a
certain level of cultural assimilation
and accept French private law. The
citizens of these three cities could
also help elect delegate to the
French Parliament in Paris. This
policy of assimilation" with GER
tam modification, has since been
extended to the rest of French West
Africa.
A modern French city in every
respect, with air conditioned hotels.
modern Office and apartment build
ingS, wide streets lined with flower
ing trees, Dakar French and Africans
VIII be proud to show the visitors
their famous research Institutes and
medical and veterinary centerS.
Probably best known among these
in the United States is the famous
Pasteur Institute, known for its work
on yellow fever, malaria and other
indigenous diseases.
Defenses throughout Africa have
been strengthened in the 2l2 years
between the Nairobi conference and
that at Dakar. One OF the most
recently reported constructions was
that Of the Kamina -Kabala rail-
way in the Belgian Congo. When this
line is completed there will be an
all-rallway service between LobiJo
on the Atlantic coast and Dar-es
Salam on the Indian ocean.
Belgium is also building a large
military base, an aeroGrome and
government Offices near kam.na. If
the Suez canal route were lost,
Kamina would probably become even
more important as an air freight
station. Construction has also been
started on naval base at the mouth
of the Congo into the Atlantic ocean.
The alrtieldS at Dakar, Monrovia.
Accra, Lagos. Luanua, KhartOunl,
Leopoldville and Johannesburg have
taken on new Importance not only
in peace but in time of war. especial
~ for American contact with the
Near and Far East Having tie
ports of West Africa with their
control of the shortest route across
the Atlantic, in friendly hands is
essential to our security.
Likewise access to the strategic
raw materials of Africa is essential
so that the United States may main
tain its lead in atomic and other
modern weapons.
1t is for such reasons that United
States has observers at the Dakar
conference. Their findings on the
defense needs of the area-and on
our allies ability to pay for them
undoubtedly will help form the basis
for future United States planning Of
military aid.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-03-07
Abizus Nationalist Party Fanatics Have Horossed U:

after the war he was described as
twisted. tortured soul"
In the mid-2Os, the Puerto Rican
Nationalist Party was formed and
in May. 1880. Albizu was elected its
president. In 1882, he was a candl-
date in the islands senatorial cleo
tons, but was overwhelmingly de-
feated. AS a result, he directed the
party to ignore future colonial
elections" and, since that time, it
has not nominated candidates for
elective offices. Instead, it turned
to terrorism with sporadic eruptions
of violence that have taken the lives
of party members and innocent
alike. destroyed property and sent
many Nationalist to Jail.
After his defeat at the polls, AL
bizu founded the "Liberating Army
of the Republic" a strong-armed
band also known as the Army of
Liberation" Albizu was COM
mander in chief.
In the name of the party council,
he ordered compulsory military
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-03-07
West Africa
Defense Facilities There Will Be the Topic
At Dokor Conference Opening Thursday
BY Ruth c. SIoon

West Africa's defense problems
will be the subject for discussion at
the Dakar conference. sponsored by
France and Great Britain, beginning
next Thursday. Belgium, Portugal,
Liberia, the Union of South Africa
and the new Federation of the
RhodeSias and Nyasaland have been
invited to participate. The United
States will send observers.
A counterpart of the Nairobi con-
ference on East African defenses
held in August 1851, the overall pur-
pose of this conference will be to
discuss the problems of facilities"
to be granted by the various govern
mentS for transport of troops and
supplies in the event of war
1t is particularly appropriate that
this conference should be held at
Dakar. An outpost of France since
the 18th Century. when the colorful
island of Goree became French, it
was not until World War II that the
true strategic Importance of this
African bulge" was made Strikingly
clear to both the Allied and Axis ma
tionS. Only 1850 miles from Brazil\
and about the same distance from
Gibraltar. Dakar provided a base for
maritime shipping. submarines and
airplaneS Sometimes called the
service station of the Atlantic"
Dakar sits astride the maritime
routes between the European and
the American continents and the air
routes east to west and north to
south
In the event of third world war
there remains no doubt that the
African continent would be of i'm
mence strategic Importance, both
because of its facilities and its
wealth OF strategic materials.
With population of 100000. the
modern French city of Dakar is the
capital of French West Africa, a
country more than half the size of
the United States. It's 20 airfields,
which handled 215,987 passengers
and 6,9l1 tons of freight in 1852
and its ports, whose sea traffic for
the same year totaled 15.873,66O
tons. would be most important to
any transport of troops and supplies.
Pride of Frances African empire,
the Senegalese Africans of Dakar
are a handsome. intelligent race,
and the SenegaleSe soldiers are
world famous for their courage and
loyalty. The French policy of as
Sanitation" was early put into prac-
tice in the three major Senegalese
communes or cities, Dakar, st. Louis
and Rufisque.
Each city had its own elected
council and mayor. Any person born
in these cities was entitled to French
citizenship. but was not required
to accept French private law. as
were Africans in the rest of French
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-03-07
By Elton c. Foy

SID SLIMANE, French Morocco,
The United States, could launch
atomic bombers on moments no
tice from three of the four huge air
fields it has constructed In North
Africa since 1851.
They aren't all complete. In fact
one presently has only runways and
parking areas and start on housing
and other buildings. But il war
came tomorrow they could be used
as launching points for medium
range jet bomberS and ocean-Span-
ming heavy bomberS.
Work on the first Of the bases
started in the spring Of 1851. It was
a time of urgency, lent by the Ko-
rean war and worry that it would
spark world conflict in which per-
imeter bases to strike back against
Russian air attack would be i'm
perative.
Congressional committees which
investigated the projects sharply
criticized the construction time table.
quality of the work, and the cost
A Senate subcommittee heard teStl-
mony that the five bases and head
quarters then planned might run
to $240 million.
Cost Estimote Up
Army engineers, supervising con-
struction of the bases for the Air
Force, now estimate four bases and
a headquarters will total about 1851
million. something more if addition
al runwayS and other installations
are added. One of the originally con-
templated fields. at Ell Djema Sahim,
was dropped after $10,143,0 900 had
been spent on it.
Almost completed is Sidi Slimane,
now fully operational. A wing Of
Strategic Air Command BAT jet
bomberS, which arrived recently for
a two or three months assignment,
is based here. In practice strikes,
dozens Of jet bombers already have
screamed of Sidi Slimane's runways
and roamed far up over Western
Europe, their fuel replenished en-
route by tanker planes.
The engineers estimate $66, 746, 900
has been spent or Is outstanding in
contracts at Sidi Slimane.
A hundred miles or more to the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-03-07
Three Of Four American Air Bases North Africa Now Operotono

special entrance, with guards to
check natives in and out, had to be
built at the perimeter fence of
Monsieur, with a passage leading
to the cemetery.
No combat aircraft are perman-
emily based there. They come in
for repair or on rotational training
visits. At present, tanker aircraft
Of the 301st Medium Jet Bombard-
ment Wing operate from Nouasseur.
They refuel bombers flying training
missions out of Sidi Slimane.
Most of the petroleum, oil and
lubricant reserves for the Moroccan
bases are abovee ground, although
some are buried to minimize danger
from air attack.
Putting more than few tanks
underground and dispensing ware
houses widely would be excessively
expensive. Air Force officers say.
One officer says the dispersal theory
in Morocco has been pretty we'll
written off. explaining that "cal-
culated risk" must be taken.
Nouasseur, like Sidi Slimane. is
located in green farmland country
But Ben Guirir. still further to the
south. is in desert. It's fiat and arid
land with jagged snow-capped
ranges beyond. looks like Nevada's
atomic proving ground.
Ben Guirir is costing $62, 1852, 900
to build and is expected to be ready
for full use next October.
Runways. parking areas and taxi
ways already are finished, along
with some housing. A control tower,
headquarters building and commu-
nications center are taking shape.
Planes on training missions already
land and take off from the field.
Two Wing Copoeity
The base Is designed for single
wing of IS jet bombers and tankers
but, by utilizing the taxiway. it will
be able to handle two wings in an
emergency.
About Is families of service per-
sonnet stationed at Ben Guirir are
living at Marrakech. an hours drive
away in the cool climatepf the Atlas
foothills.
The fourth of the operating bases,
Boulhaut. between Sidi Slimane and
Rabat. is only about Is per cent
complete. Its cost estimate is S25,-
321 ,000.
The United States is counting on
this giant complex of air bases in
North Africa to help it deliver a
quick Sunday punch in the event
Russia decides to trip the lever that
will start third world war.
ASSOCIATED PresS)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-03-07

pairing aircraft when torrential VIM
ter rains or summer showers sweep
down.
Fourteen warehouses, each of ex-
tra-siZe dimension, are finished.
They are already crammed with mil
lions of dollars worth of equipment,
ranging from engines to wrenches.
Roll Link
A double-track railroad connects
Monsieur with the big Moroccan
port of Casablanca through which
pass the supplies and fuel for planes.
Later a network of pipeline which
connects all the bases will be in OPP
Grafton. Fuel will then be pumped
from Casablanca' S tanker ship termi-
nal direct to the airfieldS.
Like Sidi Slimane, Monsieur has
an ll,000-foot runway. Paralleling
taxiways for both fields make it
possible to double the take-off and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-03-07
By WiIIiom Hines

work are engaged in agriculture.
There is vast and ugly unem-
ployment situation there even in
good times. Detroit became alarmed
recently when unemployment rose
TO Z per cent. Ten per cent is the
chronic minimum in Puerto Rico.
The island has a perennially I'M
favorable balance of trade. 1t ex-
ports to the United States about
$3.50 million worth of raw materials
year. Sugar represents about $3.50
million of this, and tobacco. coffee,
pineapples and rum make up the
bulk of the other $3.50 million.
To live. however. Puerto Rico i'm
ports $40O million worth of goods,
including 80 per cent of everything
Puerto Ricans eat. Even rice and
beans, the staples of the lower
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-03-07

organized executions" Of hated
officials. informers or traitors to
the nationalist cause. OF late, how
ever, there has been a distinct
tendency toward indiscriminate mass
murder for the sole purpose of
spreading fear and confusion. Things
are quickly approaching a point
where no one can feel safe any,
where.
You saunter about the wide and
well-kept avenues, bathed in brilliant
spring sunshine. wondering q un-
easily when and where the next
bomb will go off. Meandering
through the warren-like medinah,
you feel. almost bodily. the impact
of hostile stares and furtive whis-
peringS.
Travelling in the modern, we'll
appointed trains. you must be for
ever prepared for a derailment.
Seven people were killed last No
vember Z. when the CaSablanca-
Algiers express was sabotaged.
Enchanting, picturesque Morocco
has become a land of carnage and
destruction.
Legitimate or Dangerous?
One meets in these parts quite a
few -Moroccans, including some
Americans. who are inclined to take
a lenient view of these goings-on.
They see in such terrorism a sort OF
legitimate defense, the last resort of
an admittedly downtrodden people.
Others. Of course. see no advantage
the nationalist can possibly hope to
win by this indiscriminate campaign.
It will earn them no fresh sympa-
thies in the world. most observers
agree.
Terror. for its own sake, is usually
identified as Fascist and Commu-
mist weapon. BY resorting to it
the Moroccan nationalist lay them
selves open to the charge frequently
made by their opponents that they
are, at heart, fellow travellers of one
or the other form of extremism
That is why many friends of the
Moroccans are advising them to lay
of this campaign before they back
themselves into just some such ex-
tremists' camp.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-03-07
By William J. Mover

Last Mondays gun blasts in the
House of Representatives that sent
five congressman to the hospital
were the latest eruption of a fester-
ing sore that has been an almost
constant irritant to the United
States for more than 20 years.
The sore-minor but nonetheless
dangerous-ls the Nationalist Party
of Puerto Rico, small but violent
band of terrorists.
The party's objective is independ-
ence for Puerto Rico. 1t ignores
the fact that the little, overcroWded
island could in no way be self
sufficient or that it could not defend
itself from the political, economic
and, perhaps. military onslaughts
of the world at large.
Advances Ignored
Neither does the party recognize
that Puerto Rico has progressed
further in half-century of United
States ownership than in 500 years
of Spanish autocracy. It ignores
the advances in business and indus
try. education, health. society and
culture.
Lacking numerical support, the
party's strategy is independence
through the principle that might
makes right. Led by little. de-
mented insurrectionist, Pedro Albizu
Campos. the party has only about
500 to 1000 members among the is
lands population of % million.
The party's No. l fetish is hatred
for the United States. 1t contends
that the United States invaded the
island during the war with Spain
and that, since then, we have been
arrogant. dictatorial oppressors.
The party'S adherents are Wild
eyed, excitable radicals, ready to do
and die for the cause. The woman
and three men who sent the bullets
ricocheting through the House last
week came here on one-way tickets
from New York. There was no need
for round-trip tickets. They expect
ed to be killed - martyrs in the
battle for freedom.
While the Communists SYM
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-03-07

south is Nouasseur. more costly than
any of the other North African bases
because it is the depot headquarters
for the North African airfleld COM
pick. Monsieur has cost $1O8, $685.
900 to date. The Air Force rates it
as 80 per cent complete.
It is huge, even when measured
against airfields in the States.
Twenty-Five miles of fence surround
its Sprawling acres.
A hangar capable Of housing four
B-36 heavy bombers or six medium
bombers is ready to be used for re-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-03-07

landing strips in an emergency.
Using that method, the fields could
launch two wings of bombers or
fighters simultaneously. Both fields
base wings of F-86 jet fighters.
The number Of military personnel
the United States may have on
permanent assignment in Morocco
is limited under an agreement with
the French. Americans at Nouas-
seur. for example, are held to $500.
But the ceiling does not apply to air
crews coming in from the States
or unit rotational training for 60
or 80 days.
Cemetery Problem
Customs and religion of the Is
lamic native population bring COM
plications. Near Monsieur was a
Moslem cemetery. where a holy man
was buried. Moslems could not be
denied access to the cemetery. so a
Tabor City tribune. (Tabor City, N.C.) 1946-1991, 1954-05-26

given him when he worked for sal
Harry Lewis in feels back
Tabor City tribune. (Tabor City, N.C.) 1946-1991, 1954-05-26

c. p. Brewer may be q man
who spends q lot Of time in Ken
lucky, but Loris Is his first love
and he lives here most of the year
when he's not in Kentucky at the
tobacco market there.
Bloomfield, Kentucky, in Mel
son County. Is only Brewers
second home. but he has many
friends in Bloomfield as well as
in Loris as he has been active on
the Bloomfield hurley market for
some 16 years.
Strange as it may seem, the At
lantic Coast Line railroad was a
major factor causing Brewer to get
into the tobacco business. After
graduation from high school in
1920, he started with the ACL as
a station helper and by 1892 had
worked his way up to clerk and
agent. The year 1892 was one of
hard times for the country and
the railroad was forced to lay
some Of its help off, Brewer being
one of them.
For awhile, he collected seed
loan money and cotton money here
and in Spartanburg and Gaffney.
1t was in 1884 that he entered
the tobacco business as a book
keeper for Harry Lewis at the
| warehouse here in Loris. Brewer
stayed with Lewis until 1896. He
made clean break from the rail-
road, having been working now
and then with the ACL since he
had been layed off and started
into the tobacco business with a
vengence.
Starting in 1897 and continuing
through l943, Brewer worked in
tobacco at Conway, Pamplico,
Boxboro, N. c., South Hill, Va,
and in Bloomfield. Ken. In 1943,
he bought the Farmers Warehouse
and was a co-partner for three
years through 1916.
He also worked for the railroad
again during the war years when
they needed help, being stationed
at Camp Davis, N. c.
In 1913, Brewer bought into a
company in Statesboro, Ga, sold
out there in 1949, bought into an
other company at Washington, N.
c., in 1850, selling out there in
1852.
Meanwhile, in 1949, he and some
other partners built a big hurley
tobacco warehouse in Bloomfield
Ken, and in 1850 build another
warehouse there.
So now, Brewer is in the posi-
ton of living in LoriS, because he
likes the town and people land
doing business in Bloomfield, Ken.
because he also likes the people
there. He expects he may some
day get back into the tobacco
business in Loris, but would be
reluctant to give up his business
in Bloomfield, because of his
many friends there.
Brewers hobbies are baseball
and football. He sees as many
BASEBALL and football games as
possible and has seen severa
world series battles, including the
one in l949, Of which he saw eve
~ game. In fact, he was presen
to see the New York Yankee.
: overtake the Boston Red Sox an
Tabor City tribune. (Tabor City, N.C.) 1946-1991, 1954-05-26

1920. and the other, Claxton Brew
er, was an automobile dealer in
Roseboro until his death in 1910.
The former Fanny Graham is
now Mrs. Brewer, the two being
married on June "a, 1886. Brewer
came to Loris for the first time
in October, 1929.
Brewer got his start in the to-
bacco business here in Loris. In
fact, he feels that any success he
might have had in the business is
due largely to the opportunity
Tabor City tribune. (Tabor City, N.C.) 1946-1991, 1954-05-26

win ths title On Tie last two days
of the season.
In football, Brewer is a Duke
man and can be counted on to be
in attendance at all the Duke
home games being played before
the middle of November, when
he has to leave for Kentucky.
He is the son of the late Street
Brewer and Repsie White Brewer
and has two brothers. One, DR..
j. S. Brewer. has been practicing
medicine in Roseboro, N. c., since
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-08-12
Mexico Embassy in Guatemala
Has 3O7 Refugees, Two Baths

the new anti Communist gov
eminent.
None Of the embassies giving
refuge to the Guatemalan "outs''
is happy over the situation. Most
of them would not want their
guests in their home countries
even If the Guatemalan govern
ment gave them safe conduct.
And the guests on the new
regimes wanted list do not dare
stray of the foreign embassy
property lest they be arrested.
The Guatemalan government
granted safe conduct exit permits
Tuesday to 88 Of the refugees
then in foreign embassies, many
Of them being women and chill
dren.
But what to do about the hard
core of Communist leaders is an
unsolved problem. Some United
States officials think they should
be sent behind the Iron Curtain
but do not know how that could
be done. =
It will be difficult for Guate-
mala to obtain custody of the
refugees it wants to try because
! Of the principle Of political
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-08-12
Senator Mccarthy Defended
Dozen in Senote Who Opposed Setting Up Committee
To Hear Flanders Censure Charges Are Criticized
David Lowrence

Lynch law" and rule by the
mob have been justly con-
demned in America as hardly q.
substitute for the right Of
every man to q full hearing on
any charges made against him.
But IL United States Senators
recently were ready to lynch"
a fellow Senator, figuratively
speaking, by voting to declare
him guilty without giving him
his day in court. Seventy Ave
other Senator's decided to
grant q hearing before passing
judgment.
The record Of this debate in
the Senate shows how easily
passion and emotion can re-
suit In lynch law" It is sig
nificant because the idea Of
voting on the charges against
Senator Mccarthy without q
hearing came almost entirely
from Senator'S who have called
themselves liberals.
One Of the principal charges
made by the so-called liberals
against the Wisconsin Senator
is that he publicly asked Fed
eral employees to give him In
formation and urged them ito
violate their oaths." This has
been proved now to be a vague
charge. because 1t isn't clear
Just what law could be violated
If the purpose in giving the
data to members Of Congress
is to expose crime. Perhaps
the best evidence available on
the subject comes from those
Senators who have actually
dealt with precisely the same
situation-the habit among
executive departments Of or
dering certain information
withheld from Congress by
calling it secret"
Here is what Hugo Black,
once chairman Of a Senate in
vestigating committee. wrote
in Harper's Magazine In 1888:
I'm the munitions investiga-
ton something new was tried.
: A munitions manufacturer said
its correspondence in many
cases referred to Government
munitions business and that
, this was confidential to the
Government. It produced its
papers under compulsion, but
all over every document was
confidential by order Of the
War Department.. Needless, to
say, the committee paid no
attention to this stamp"
Mr.. Black Is today an AS