davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-01
The Weather Here and Over the Nation

District and Vicinity - Mostly
cloudy with chance of brief light
rain. tonight. Highest in middle
40s. Low tonight around 81. To-
morrow cloudy and cool.
Maryland Mostly intermit-
tent light rain tonight and to-
morrow morning except mostly
light snow in the Alleghenies.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-01

added that We've got about 100
other pieces of machinery that
aren't running and said he
thought Lepman might want to
take them into Maryland on an
agreement similar to that made
with the st. Marys man.
Mrs. Lepman assured Shep-
herd she would have her husband
contact him later that week.
None Of the other records
contained any further reference
TO the Lepman proposal so 1t is
not clear whether a deal was
ever worked out.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-01

deal with Federal employee
unions officially on internal
personnel policy matters and
employee grievances.
M*M
MUTUAL ADMIRATION
James A. Farley. who was POST
master General in the early
Roosevelt administrations, Wis
tied Postmaster General SUM
merfeld recently. After the
visit. as the two stood in the
corridor where the portraits of
all past and present Postmasters
General are displayed. Mr.. Far
ley remarked:
There have only been three
great Postmasters General in
history"
Who was the other one?"
asked Mr.. Summerfield with .
grin.
Mr.. Farley played 1t poker
faced. BENJAMIN Franklin" he
replied.
~ A**
JARED WELLAlthough sew
eral friends of Government en-
ployes In Congress were defeated
for reelection. most of them did
very well.
OF the 218 House members
who signed the all-important
discharge petition, which forced
House action on Federal pay
raise legislation, 1913 were re-
elected last month and only
nine were defeated. The other
Is did not run for reelection.
COMMERCE Civil Service
Commission Chairman Young
says that, as far as he knews,
the Commerce Department has
not violated civil service laws in
filling so-called 1908" direct
recruitment jobs. There had
been reports that Commerce was
requiring political, clearence in
many of these positions in the
field.
Mr.. Young declares the csc
has not been presented with
any evidence that such wide
spread violations had occurred.
There may by some scattered
cases. but these do not repre-
sent the established policy of
the Commerce Department. Mr..
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-01
Trial Of Ex-hayoI
Called Slate Loses
First PhenixC.

PHENIX CITY, Ala, Dec. j -
/ State authorities today called
former Mayor Elmer Reese ur
for trial for neglect Of duty after
suffering their first setback since
Phenix City's vice trials began.
The 48-year-old Reese. still q
city commissioner although he
! gave up the Office Of mayor last
month, Is charged with Wilful
neglect because OF wide open
gambling that flourished during
his administration.
Besides the criminal charge, he
also faces impeachment proceed
ings next Wednesday
Minutes after prosecutors had
won their 3Oth case Iii d row
without q defeat. q jury re-
turned a verdict OF acquittal last
night for former Sheriff's Deputy
Aaron Smith.
Cleared on Vote Count.
The former deputy, who lost
his job when National Guards
men took over the sheriff's of
flee during the, vice cleanup, was
cleared on the first of eight cleo
ton fraud indictments which
grew out of the Statewide
Democratic primary May 4.
Another defendant, Attorney
Cecil Curtis. pleaded guilty to q
vote fraud charge against him
and agreed to pay d $3.50 fine.
Curtis, who was nominated for
a seat in the Legislature on May
4. and then lost out in an cleo
ton contest. was indicted for UNI
lawfully distributing campaign
literature on the eve Of the pri-
mary.
The indictment on which
Smith was acquitted charged
him with illegally marking a
ballot for a voter on election day.
No immediate disposition was
made of the remaining seven
charges against him.
The grand jury's investigation
Of the A. L. Patterson murder
continued today, with still no
clear indication of when indict-
ments might be returned.
State authorities repeatedly
are asking for murder indict-
men against two persons for the
killing Of the anti-vice crusader
whose death brought about the
housekeeping in Phenix City.
A father and son were SEN
fenced to prison on other vice
charges yesterday. Billy Clark,
already serving three years for
grand larceny and brought to
court from Atmore prison, got
another six months for illegal
possession of a pistol.
Fdtner READS Guilty.
A few minutes later, his father,
William Henry Clark, pleaded
guilty to- unlawful voting With
out proper registration and also
was sentenced to six months
with a fine of $3.50.
Also brought from prison to
face trial for the second time
since the vice cleanup began was
9. l.. tRed) Cook, former rae
referring bigshot, who got life
Tor murder last month.
Cook pleaded guilty to two
gambling charges and one count
of interfering with a voter on
election day. He was sentenced
TO an additional 18 months, but
Il lottery indictments were dis
missed by agreement. Prosecut-
ors wanted the extra time
against Cook in case his MUIR
der conviction IS reversed on APP
peal to the State Supreme Court.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-01
Citizens ldeus Sought
In Rogers Heights

The Rogers Heights tMd.)
Citizens Association last night
voted to form a steering COM
mittee aimed at getting citizen
ideas for public discussion.
Louis A. Day, president of the
association, said the committee
will be composed Of block cap
tains for each Of the 80 blocks
In the area.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-01
Farmer Clutches
Bulls Tails, Saved
From Drowning
81 Il. A.seeia.sd Pres.

CALSTOCK. England, Dec. 1.
Two bulls saved Farmer John
Cole from drowning yesterday.
The flooding lamar River sud.
denly swept over It's banks. send
ing an 8-foot wall of water over
a meadow where MIR. Cole was
working.
He grasped the tails Of two
swimming bulls and was towed
to the safety of high ground.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-01
Amazon Owes Nome
TO Native Women

NEW YORK. = According te
legend, as related by Herodotus
and other ancient Greek writer's
Amazons were a nation of female
warriors who lived in Asia Minor
on the shore Of. the Black Sea
Their name was applied to the
Amazon River after a 10th GEN.
tury Spanish explorer named
Orellana told about 4 battle he
fought with natives In that area
In which a large number Of the
native women took part.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-01

| vldual agency
| W a g e board
| system would
| be replaced by
a cen trail
wage % ard
in the COM
mission.
The ALL re-
! quested a COM
ference with
csc CHI air
m a n Philip
Young to give
its reasons for
obj,acting to
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-01
The Federal Spotlight
Central Wage Board Proposal
Draws Opposition Of AL
BY Joseph YOUNG

The ALL has voted It's opposition the Administrators
plan Tor placing the Governments per diem coar
workers under central wage board setnp
President George Meany and leaders Of the various AF
Federal eploye unions yesterday PLAN
pubic several months ago BY thee ~--------------
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-01
Tha snn and Moan.

&. - TUG sun amH Moon.
discs. Sets
sun, today 1:Oa 4:46
sun, tomorrow 700 4:4tj
Moon, today 11.g5 am 1852 an,
Automobile lights must be turned on
one-half hour after sunset.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-01

The MdWestern precipitation win reach most Of the
Eastern States during the night with predicted In the
Great Lakes region and rain the Middle Atlantic States and
the Ohio and Tennessee Valleys Some rain forecast for
Texas and California Colder air will now into the Missouri
Valley and onshoe winds will bring higher Temperatures
slight
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-01

Low tonight 30-35 west and 35-
SO east portion.
Virginia - Cloudy with occa-
sional rain likely tonight and to-
morrow. Low tonight 1896 In
west and $500 In east portion.
Wind - Southwesterly, l0-15
miles per hour.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-01

Record Temperatures This Year.
Highest. l03. ON July III
Lowest, l3 on January %,
High and Low Of Last RI Hours.
Hien. Al, at a:21 pm.
Low. 33. at 1915 am.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-01

tFrom u, s. Engineers L.
Potomac River cloudy at Harpers Ferry
and slightly muddy at Great ia Isl; Shen-
andoah cloudy ut Harners Ferry.
Evening star., 1954-09-29

burned as a navigational aid
for 20 years at the mouth of
the Sakonnet River, may be
extinguished permanently,
The light was turned off
temporarily on September 8
because of damage caused by
Hurricane Carol. The 48-foot.
tower of steel and masonry
was declared to be unsafe
structurally.
Coast Guard Capt. Ned A.
Sprow said yesterday he
doubted the lighthouse would
be rebuilt.
Evening star., 1954-09-29

Different classes of chemicals
then will be removed, one at a
time. from this smoggy air.
Then the air will be re-tested
to see if it still produces srnog
affects -
Evening star., 1954-09-29
True Chumpions

NEW YORK (R.-Perform-
ance is the test or a true
champion, as sc White Leg
horn hens proved at Idlewild
Airport yesterday.
All champion egg-layers,
they were flown East from
Evening star., 1954-09-29
Night Fight ers

LOS ANGE LES (P - Now
tneyre sleuu hing at night for
the cnemlcal culprits that cause
smog.
The Sout hern California Air
Pollution Fl ,undation announced
yesterday I he signing of a one
year, 1928 900 contract with the
Stanford, Research Foundation
70 trap night air in the Los
Angeles \ basin.
mig ht air, which does not
exnloi1 smog manifestations.
Will be subjected to artificial
sunlle !at," a foundation spokes-
man fsaid. I'm the past, such
treat anent made the air smoggy.
Evening star., 1954-09-29


Hanson's Leghorn Farm. Cor
wallis, Greg. Aloft not an egg
was laid.
But in front Of an audience
during a two-hour stopover
at Idlewild, the champs got
down to business and began
laying eggs like mad. Cargo
handlers who were allowed to
appropriate the eggs counted
nearly SO.
Curoi Puts Out Torch
PROVIDENCE, r. I. R.-
Sakonnet Light, which has
Evening star., 1954-09-29
Seven in Fomi Iy Stricken

DETROIT P1 Seven chill
qren OF one ,etroit family,
ranging IN age from 2 to 13
years, are hos pitalized with
diphtheria.
The Board vi Health said
none or the Chi ldren had been
1noculated agar nst the disease,
contrary to on neral practice.
The family we not identified
publicly.
Evening star., 1954-09-29
Life in the U. S.
Life il the Y. S. T
Bank Theft
Try Costs; 7
Gents Interest
BY the Assoeiass d Pres.

HELPER, Kans, Sept. %
Hard-working burr liars failed to
break into the vault .of the Helper
State Bank-appa rently losing
Z cents in the effo It.
The thieves br oke into the
bank Monday enight, finally
knocked the comb nation off the
vault, but didn't get In. Bank
officials who had to call a safe
expert to open tn vault yester-
day said nothing was missing.
Sheriff Ernie Stevens found
z pennies in fron t of the vault
door and figured :, hey fell out of
the burglars pocl kets.
Evening star., 1954-09-29

THE EVENING STAR B-9
Washington, D. C. A
WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 90, 1854
Geauga record. [volume] (Chardon, Geauga County, Ohio) 1952-1962, 1954-07-08

recreation.
The Kellogg family held a
family picnic Monday, July 5.
Mr.. and Mrs. Howard Ensign
entertained Mr.. and Mrs. A. L.
Calhoun for 600 dinner. Later
they attended the Mardi GraS
at Fairport.
All news on June 27 there
was a rabbit show at t h c
Fairgrounds. John Williams got
4-5-6th in open class. Joh n
Schmidt took second. Rest of
All got first. There was a bake
sale in front of the Sheriff S
office. Next meeting will be
with Becky NiSley, July 8, at
$3.50 pm. Mr. Hardy Dingmar
will talk about rabbits. Dick
ShanoWer reporter.
Janet Babcock attended the
wedding of a college friend,
Miss Barbara Smith, to Mr.
James Dunn at the Fores
Hills Presbyterian church Fri
day evening.
Geauga record. [volume] (Chardon, Geauga County, Ohio) 1952-1962, 1954-07-08
CLARIDON NEWS ITEMS

News by Mrs. Howard Ensign
Telephone East ClaridOn 66217
At the Federated Women's
clubs annual meeting held at
WelShfield on June "a, the Clari-
don Mothers club received a
beautiful plaque for being the
outstanding club Of the year.
The club is judged on COM
munity service, programs and
attendance. The plaque was
presented to the president of
the group. Mrs. Elbert Wells,
by Mr.. Maurice Fox, represent
ing the Geaug County Bankers
Association, donors.
On July 2, Janet Elaine
Miracle was united in marri-
age to Ralph Collins Grosvenor
Jr. at the First Methodist
church in Mechanicsburg. The
reception was held at h
church following the ceremony.
The following people attended
the wedding: Mr.. and Mrs.
Ralph Grosvenor Sr., jeanette
and Janice, Mr.. and Mr S.
Charles Kellogg, Mrs. Lillian
Dimmick and Dorrie Dimmick
Mr.. and Mrs. Alger Dimmick,
Mr.. and Mrs. E. A. Parks,
Mary Jane and Danny, Merton
BeckWith, Bob SinarSki of Char
don.
Mr.. and Mrs. Samuel Wilson,
Susan Morgret, and Pat Kellogg
spent last week at Beulah
Beech for youth conference
Jim Morgret is there this week
for children'S camp.
Mr.. and Mrs. Clarence Hope
of Florida celebrated th ell
golden wedding at the home O.
their daughter in Warren, Ohio
recently. Mr.. and Mrs. Car
Hope and Mr.. and Mrs. Alvin
Hope attended.
Mr.. and Mrs. Carl Hubbard
and Mr.. and Mrs. Donald TraSl
entertained a family gathering
at home of Mr.. and Mrs. Car
Hubbard Monday, July, 5.
The annual Hiram all-churcl
conference opens next Sunday
July IL, and continues through
the entire week. Courses will
be offered in church schoo
observation and practice fo
local church teachers, planning
of women'S activities and pro
grams in addition to chapel
services, special lectures NJ
Geauga record. [volume] (Chardon, Geauga County, Ohio) 1952-1962, 1954-07-08
New Store
Sells All Types
OF Furniture

Both modern and antique
furniture are being sold at
the new furniture store open
ed in Chardon on Thursday,
July /, by Mr.. Frank Small.
A new furniture store has
been opened in ChardOn by
Mr.. Frank Willis (BilD Small
which deals in both modern
and antique furniture. T h
establishment is located a.
bout 100 it. from the corner
of Water st. and Wilson Nils
rd. and is identified by a
large roadside sign.
Most of the antique pieces
on display come from Cleve-
land estates which h a We
been liquidated, thereby en-
abling Mr.. Small to keep on
hand a variety of articles
at all times.
In addition to furniture,
the store features household
appliances, paintings, china,
silver, and glassware.
Formerly from New Eng
land, Mr.. Small and his wife
Mary, have been living in
Chardon about two y ears.
He had been connected with
the C & r Motor sales be-
fore opening the type of
business which he has want
ted since his youth.
The building which is own
ed by Mr.. w. r. Paterson,
is to be repainted outside
while the interior is finish
ed in chestnut paneling.
The store is open ever
day and on Monday and
Friday evenings until 900
pm.
Geauga record. [volume] (Chardon, Geauga County, Ohio) 1952-1962, 1954-07-08
Chardon Artist
Sets May Show
Sales Record

Dane Burr, Chardon artist,
set a new record for sales at
the recent May Show at h e
Cleveland Museum of Art. A
pair of ceramic racoons, sculp-
tured by Mr.. Burr, more than
doubled the amount sold by
any artist in any previous May
Show. The number sold W S
462.
Mr.. Burr, winner of second
award for pastel painting and
an honorable mention for pot
terry has had a water color &C.
cepted by the Cleveland Mu-
scum for its annual travelling
show which will tour museums
OF the United States until
the spring of 1855.
Geauga record. [volume] (Chardon, Geauga County, Ohio) 1952-1962, 1954-07-08
NEWS from HAMBDEN

gass are spending two weeks
at the Lake county Girl Scout
Camp.
Mr.. and Mrs. R. >Molzen and
Carol Ann spent Sunday after
noon, July 4, visiting Mr.. and
Mrs. Chester Doublebee IN
Unionville.
Mr.. and Mrs. A. A. Garn OF
Toledo spent the weekend at
the home of Leo Kemp. There
also was a family reunion at
the home of Mr.. and M r S.
Leo Kemp on Sunday, July 4.
Thirty-three guests were pr e.
sent.
Mr.. and Mrs. Ed Dremann
spent Sunday visiting Mr.. Ed
Dremann Sr., who is in Huron
Road hospital in Cleveland.
Mr.. and Mrs. H. Steingass
spent Monday, July 5, visiting
friends in Valley City, Ohio.
Mr.. and Mrs. Herbert CarV-
er and son, Dick, are spend
ing two weeks in Canada.
Carol Break of Hambden was
the first prize winner of t h e
banana bread baking contest,
which was held at the Grange
Hall.
The Hambden Grange will
have their picnic July Is at
Thompson Ledges.
Geauga record. [volume] (Chardon, Geauga County, Ohio) 1952-1962, 1954-07-08
List BuiIdinq
Permits Issued
in ChardOn

Four building permits were
granted by Chardon village to
Henry Nemec for the conStruc-
ton of four frame houses
with five rooms and bath each
on S. Hambden st.
Other building permits grant
ed by the village during the
month of June are: r on a / d
Blewett, Garfield rd., cement
block garage; Ralph F. Bertke,
North st. frame enclosed breeze
way: Lloyd Carlson, Main ST.,
change letter on sign; two
permits to Andrew M. Miller,
Fifth ave-, for two frame houS-
es with five rooms and bath.
Hugo Hallstrom for Uptown
Restaurant, Main ST., new
colonial front; Joe Pokorny for
Claude Shreiner, Allyn Blvd,
frame house with seven rooms,
two baths and garage Adolph
G. Evin, 1877 Ferris ave, addi-
ton to present house; Russell
G. Vese, 1874 South ST., cement
block garage; Lee L. Parpart,
219 E. King ST, a five room
frame house with bath; Louis
Miggantz, Munson Center rd.,
frame tool shed.
Geauga record. [volume] (Chardon, Geauga County, Ohio) 1952-1962, 1954-07-08
Milk Is Solid

Although milk is only Is per cent
solids, it contains all the constitu-
ents Of a solid food, including
generous amounts Of calcium, ribo
favin, phosphorus. and protein.
Geauga record. [volume] (Chardon, Geauga County, Ohio) 1952-1962, 1954-07-08
News by Mary Hlebak
Blessed Events

Blessed Events
Mr.. and Mrs. A. Fidler are
proud parents of baby girl.
Mr.. and Mrs. Harold Huda
chek are proud parents of a
six pound 10 ounce baby girl,
born June 20, at Corey hospital.
Celebrate 25th Anniversary
Mr.. and Mrs. Rudolph Began
celebrated their 25th annivers-
ary on July l. A special mass
was said for them by Father
Mahr at st. Mary's church. Mrs
Eardley sang a solo. Follow
ing mass breakfast was serv-
ed at the home of Mr.. a n d
Mrs. Rudolph Began. Breakfast
guests were Mr.. and Mrs.
Joe Human of Cleveland a n d
Mr.. and Mrs. Joe Began of
Chardon.
Geauga record. [volume] (Chardon, Geauga County, Ohio) 1952-1962, 1954-07-08

Personals
Kit Campbell and John
Campbell are visiting h r
grandparents in Toledo.
Mr.. and Mrs. George Carver
spent Sunday visiting Mr.. and
Mrs. Floyd Maltbie in Claridon.
Mr.. and Mrs. William Lee
land of Chicago, H., spent a
week visiting Mr.. and Mr. S .
Harold Hudachek.
Mr.. and Mrs. Joseph Juhasz
spent Monday in Cleveland visit
ing Mrs. Juf1aSz's father, Mr.
Joseph 10th, who is in st.
LukeS hospital.
Norma Carver and Shirley
Baumgardner, Cleveland, spent
the holiday weekend with Mr..
and Mrs. Fred Carver.
The All met at the home OF
Freddie Carver Tuesday, July
6. Cake and jello was served
for refreShment.
Mr.. and Mrs. Ed Dremann
celebrated the 4th of July with
a picnic. Their guests we + e
Mr.. and Mrs. Harley Simmons
Of Cleveland and Mr.. and Mrs.
George Dremann of Indiana.
Mr.. and Mrs. Wilbur Eardley
and Mr.. and Mrs. David John
EardIey and sons were dinner
guests Sunday, July 4, at the
home of Mr. and Mrs. S. Grover
of Middlefield.
Sara Landon and Nancy Stein
Geauga record. [volume] (Chardon, Geauga County, Ohio) 1952-1962, 1954-07-08

SUBSCRIBE TO THE GEAUGA
RECORD
Evening star., 1954-10-28
State Dismisses Woman Juror
WhoWept Over SheppordCo use

take that boy away from his
mother"
Testimony from a medical
doctor now living in Phoenix,
Ariz.. may play a big role in
DR.. Sheppard's defense.
This was reported yesterday
by William j. Corrigan, chief
defense attorney.
porters after the court session,
said he planned to call on Or.
Charles w. Elkins, formerly chief
neurosurgeon at Lutheran Hos
pital here, to prove the extent
Of the injuries Sam Sheppard
suffered at the hands of the man
who killed his wife"
Examined Suspect.
The defense lawyer said DR..
Elkins examined Dr.. Sheppard
"a couple of days" after the
osteopath's wife Marilyn, 81, was
found dead in her bed last July
4. DR.. Sheppard has insisted
his wife was killed by a bushy-
haired man who invaded their
lakeshore home and knocked
him unconscious when he tried
to go to her aid.
On the afternoon of July 4.
Evening star., 1954-10-28

another doctor examined Or.
Sheppard at the direction of
County Coroner Samuel r.
Gerber. That doctor. DR.. Rich
ard Hexter, later testified at a
coroner's inquest that a black
eye just about summed up the
injuries he found on DR.. Shep-
pard.
Mr.. Corrigan said yesterday
that DR.. Hexter "just didn't give
Sam a very thorough examina-
tion." He said he would prove
that by cross-examination of DR..
Hexter latter the State presents
him as a witness" and by testi-
mony from other doctors. It is
expected that DR.. Hexter will
be State witness.
Another, Cleveland physician,
DR.. George Greene. who took part
in an examination given DR..
Sheppard expressed doubt. how
ever. that DR.. Elkins would be
willing to return from Arizona
to appear at the trial.
Supervised Examination.
DR.. Greene, surgeon for the
Cleveland police department. did
not disclose the reason for his
belief. DR.. Greene supervised an
examination given Dr. Sheppard
on behalf Of the State shortly
after he was arrested. He said
the examination report agreed
with DR.. Hexter that the defend
Evening star., 1954-10-28

that confiicted with statements
of several earlier witnesses who
claimed they were former Com
munists in Ohio. His testimony
varied also in some respects
from stories of some of those
witnesses concerning Mr.. Lambs
activities at the time Of the al
legged association with Commu-
nists.
The high point of Mr.. Stoll's
testimony was his statement that
he was absolutely convinced"
that Mr.. Lamb "had not accept
ed communism Intellectually or
in any other way"
Mr.. Stoll related that while
he was a Communist and active
in trade union affairs in the
1930s he saw Mr.. Lamb on sew
eral occasions. He explained that
Mr., Lamb then was a labor law
yer who worked with unions
that had Communists as lead
'ers and Communists as members
and to do this union work he
had to do business with the
Communists"
Contradicts Witness.
He said he never heard Mr..
Lamb advocate world revolution,
as Mrs. Marie Natvig, an earlier
commission witness, swore she
did during the 1930s.
Mr.. Stoll also gave testimony
about an article commission at
ttorneys contend Mr.. Lamb did
for a Communist newspaper in
1886 and about a book Mr.. Lamb
wrote on the Soviet economy.
Mr.. Stoll said it was common
practice for Communist editors
to revise articles to make them
conform to the party line and
added he detected elements" of
such propaganda in the newspa-
per story. He said he thought
the article showed a knowledge
of communism he did not think
Mr.. Lamb possessed.
OF Mr.. Lambs book, "The
Planned Economy of Soviet Rus
sia," Mr.. Stoll said the work re-
fected an "asinine" lack of
knowledge of Communist theo-
ries.