davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-05

split in the long dominant Colorado
Party and also to a deal with the
Nationalist (Blanco), group. In his
inaugural address on March /, 1851.
President Andres Martineze Trueba,
Batllista Colorado, revived the
old proposal.
Plurol Executive
BY offering minority representa-
ton in an executive council to re-
place the President, he won support
of Luis Alberto Herrera, Nationalist
leader. The necessary basic changes
were incorporated by Congress in
what amounted to a new constitu-
ton. This was the document adopted
by Uruguayan voters in December,
1851. The following March l, a nine
man National Council of Govern
ment, initially chosen by Congress.
became Uruguay's plural executive.
The constitution provides that
council members be elected directly
by the people every four years, six
seats going to the party receiving
the largest vote and three to the
next one. The presidency of the
National Council rotates annually
among members Of the majority
party, according to the number of
votes each received.
In spite of several factions. a two
party system is preserved by allot-
ing. with certain reservations. all
votes of the factions within a party
to the group having the largest
number. Thus the Colorados re-
tain control.
No ProcFostinotion
Since its inauguration this "col-
legiate" government has been in an
experimental stage. Skeptical Uru-
guayans had predicted that it would
breed serious dissension and pro-
crastination. However, such fore
bodings have not yet materialized.
On the contrary, the council has
generally functioned smoothly. It
has followed a realistic and far
sighted economic policy, and has
acted firmly when faced with seri-
Gus problems.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-05

familiar with the German scene will
question his present prominence in
Bonn, and his rising ascendancy in
international affairs as WELL In fact,
he is probably the second most out
standing political leader in West
Germany today, overshadowing the
rather pale Social-Democratic chief,
Erich Ollenhauer.
Herr Dehler Is generally regarded
as the most anti-clerical politician
not only in Germany. but in all
Western Europe.
While Herr Dehler himself would
not deny that he is anti-clerical, in
the sense that he seeks to curtail
the influence of the clergy on the
administration, he vigorously spurns
the anti-religious label which his
opponents just as insistently en-
deavor to pin on him.
It is one of the ironies of the pres
ent situation that the present "Kul-
turkampf" does not spring, as in
Bismarck's days, from the latent
rivalry between the Catholic and the
Protestant sections of the country,
but rather from a projection into
German life of a typical French
brand of anti-clericalism. Indeed,
Dehler, who is, nominally at any
rate, a Roman Catholic himself,
might we'll claim to be the Last
Jacobin in Europe.
r. ~ -
Hitler's seizure of power in 1888, the
devout and militant Catholics of
Germany were organized in a pow
erful political party called The Gen.
ter. (Konrad Adenauer was one of
its principal leaders from 1917 on.)
After the last war, however, it was
decided to forego the restoration of
this frankly UNCONVENTIONAL group.
Instead, the surviving leaders of the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-05

had proved successful in Switzer-
land.
Many years were required to sell
Uruguayans on the idea. In the
meantime, they tried a strange
compromise which divided execu-
tive power between the president
and a national council of admins
tration. This system, inaugurated
in 1919. served to promote friction,
and 1t collapsed in 1888 under the
strain of economic depression. An
attempt to revive it was defeated in
a plebiscite of 1916.
Vote Token in 1851
In 1851, however. the people were
asked to vote again-this time on
the question of replacing the presi-
dent with an executive council. It
was not the compromise arrange
nent that had been tried and failed,
but essentially the system Battle y
Ordonez had long advocated. His
plan was now adopted by a narrow
margin.
The change was due partly to a
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-05

Center joined hands with number
of prominent Protestants Of the
middle road to form the inter-
UNCONVENTIONAL Christian Demo-
cratic Union.
Religious Truce
This move had a tremendous i'm
pact on subsequent political devel-.
opments, especially in Western Ger
many. It ensured religious truce,
for by and large the Catholic and
Protestant elements in the CDU
have worked tremendously together.
On the other hand, it UNNECESSARILY
strengthened the position of the
Catholic Church.
For, in what is now the Federal
Republic, the Catholics have slight
edge over the Protestants, while in
the old Germany the latter were in
a comfortable majority (the Eastern
provinces, surrendered to Poland,
and Central Germany, now under
Communist control, were predomi-
nantly Protestant). AS a result, the
leadership of the CDU has been,
from the start, in Catholic hands.
The most vigorous reaction against
this state of affairs has come not
from Protestant circles but from
old-style Liberals and Socialists,
many of whom. like Herr Dehler,
have "a Catholic background.
When Dehler, in the heat of the
recent election campaign in Bavaria,
acclaimed, why do we not just
create religious state? Why does
not Joseph Cardinal Wendell (of
Munich) take over the government?
We would then at least know what
we have" he was echoing a fairly
widespread sentiment.
Break on 'ClericoIism
It is not generally known that
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-05

We ban exports to Communist
China and prevail upon our allies to
go as far in this direction as they
can. We try not to finch when the
Red Chinese threaten military ex-
pansion, but have been less than
spectacular in containing them.
War-limited, preventive, provok-
ed, or whatever variety-has been
kept as an improbable last resort.
President Eisenhower fears that
fighting with Red China might lead
to a bigger war involving the Soviet
Union and atomic devastation.
Blockade is rejected not only be-
cause it might provoke the same
kind of war, but also because it
would certainly rally the average
mainland Chinese behind the Com
munist banner. That would ruin
chances of disintegration of the Red
regime from within.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-05

From the very start, the councils
deliberations were Influenced by
the approaching 1854 elections.
or particular Importance have been
differences between the two promi-
nent Batllista factions within the
Colorado Party, one led by Cesar
Battle Pacheco, son of Battle Or
donez, and the other by ex-President
Luis Battle Berries, a nephew of
the great reformer.
Battle Berries was cool toward the
council idea in 1851, feeling that
the influence of his party would be
lessened by giving representation to
the minority. During the recent
campaign, he was charged by on
ponents with wanting to change the
system.
There has loomed the possibility
OF the nations three most powerful
political leaders. Battle Berries, Battle
Pacheco and Herrera, having seats
on the new council. With this there
appeared the likelihood of a wider
split between Batllista factions.
However, current election returns
indicate otherwise.
Provincial Changes
The 1854 elections are also signif-
tcant in inaugurating government
by executive council on the pro-
vincial level. The 1851 reform pro-
vided for substitution in 1855 Of q
council for the single executive in
each department. Initial members
OF these bodies have just been
elected.
One result Of Uruguay's new form
OF government has been to increase
the strength of party organization.
At the same time, executive infiu-
ence over the legislature has been
weakened - something Battle y
Ordonez greatly desired. In
country In which political expert
mentation has been the order of the
day, the executive council system
stands as monument of democ-
racy.
The next few months may prove
significant in determining its per-
manence.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-05
Conodion Slump
Ottowo Prepares Drastic Measures to Cope
With Worst Business Decline in IS Years
By GeroId Worinq

OTTAWA.-The Canadian gov
eminent is preparing to cope with
unemployment conditions this win
ter that may be the worst this
country has experienced since 1889.
It's preparations include plans to
increase unemployment insurance
payments and the duration of such
aid; to increase public works prof.
ects; to curtail immigration, and
perhaps to cut taxes as both an
encouragement to business and a
means of putting more money into
circulation.
Cabinet Meets EorIy
Prime Minister Louis st. Laurent
has called Parliament to meet on
January z, two to three weeks
earlier than is usual for a post
Christmas session. Informed sources
say he wants immediate parliament
tary action to boost the rate of in
surance payments to people out OF
work.
Unemployment insurance, one of
the main supports of the Canadian
social security program. is financed
by fund built up by contributions
from workers, employers. and the
federal government. With the ex-
ception of certain minor classes of
workers not yet covered, all wage
earners below the $4,800-a-year
bracelet contribute tn the f,1Y1d
through compulsory payroll deduc-
lions, and are eligible for insurance
benefits If they are laid OF or fired.
The fund is now 1892 millions.
compared with its peak Of 1921 mil
lions q year ago because of heavy
disbursements last winter. This fund
represents unemployment protec-
ton for more than 80 million peo-
pie. or nearly three-quarters Of all
wage earners In Canada.
Modest Benefits
However, the insurance benefits
are not large. They range up to a
maximum Of $17.10 a week for
single person, and $24 for a jobless
worker with one dependent. The
amount is determined by the work.
er's contributions to the fund during
the previous six months. Benefits
are paid for periods ranging from
six weeks to year, depending on
how long the worker has contributed
to the fund.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-05

While both Prime Minister st.
Laurent and Labor Minister Milton
Gregg have announced the govern
ments intention to have Parliament
amend the unemployment insurance
act, they have not disclosed details
of the proposed changes. The cabi-
net is awaiting report Of an actu-
arial study of various suggested
changes, to determine what can be
done without jeopardizing the funds
solvency.
Probable Changes
Informed sources list the probable
changes as sharply increased bene-
fits, an increase in the minimum
period OF entitlement to benefits
from six weeks to perhaps double or
triple that, and a reduction in the
maximum period of entitlement from
So weeks to perhaps 40. This re-
duction at the high end of the scale
is contemplated to permit increases
at the low end without undue drain
on the fund.
Despite its preparations, the adj
ministration processes optimism that
there will be less unemployment
this winter than last. On the other
hand, the unions say the country
is in for q rougher time than a
year ago. The Canadian Congress
of Labor predicts so per cent more
jobless. Politicians of the Con-,
sentative and Socialist minority
parties agree with labor's fore
bodings.
10000 Jobless
The unions assert that at peak
unemployment last winter $4,000
were out Of work. The administra-
ton admitted only $4,000, or 81
per cent Of the labor force. Latest
government figures, for October,
show $4,000 out Of work. repre-
senting 33 per cent Of the labor
force.
Employment in this country nor
mally declines with the onset Of
winter, as construction. farming and
other outdoor activities taper of.
But there was 3 per cent unemploy-
ment in September, usually a month
OF intense outdoor activity. This
lends support to unofficial forecasts.
both within the administration and
without, that unemployment will
reach 8 or . per cent before spring.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-05
By Joachim Joesten

A new-or, rather, a very old
issue is cropping up in the German
political struggle, which hitherto
has hinged primarily on unifcation,
rearmament, East-West relations
and the Saar. Indeed, all signs point
to a new "Kulturkampf" in the
making-a development that is
bound to complicate further all vex-
ing problems at hand.
('Kulturkampf" is a term now
generally used in Germany to de-:
scribe a major conflict between
clerical and anti-clerical forces;
originally, 1t meant the 1871-87
struggle between the Imperial Gov
eminent and the Catholic Church
for the control of schools and &C.
clesiastical appointments).
Since the days of the Reforma-
ton. the clerical issue has never
been wholly absent from German
politics. At best it has been dor
mant, as in recent years. But now
it is poisoning forth again into
strident slogans and banner head
lines.
Behind the resurgent agitation in
this matter, there lies the deep
rooted personal as well as political
antagonism between the titular
leaders Of the two principal coali-
ton parties supporting the Bonn
Government: Chancellor Konrad
Adenauer, who heads the Christian
Democratic Union (CDU) and
Thomas Dehler, boss of the Free
Democratic Party Ito which Federal
President Theodor Heuss also be-
longs.
OIIenhouer RivoI
Whatever else one may think or
say of Thomas Dehler, few people
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-05
By William Columbus Davis

Sunday, November 20, was an i'm
portant milestone In the political
life Of one of the worlds most demo-
cratic countries. For the first time
since Inauguration of their council
form Of government nearly three
years ago, the voters of Uruguay
went to the polls in nationwide
election.
The Colorado group led by Luis
Battle Berries repeatedly has won a
clear-cut victory. Battle Berries
himself, having piled up the largest
vote Of any single candidate, is
slated to be the first president Of
the new council. Apparently riffs
within the dominant party may be
minimized instead Of widened.
There, Of course, remains the ques-
ton Of what changes, II any. the
Battle Berries members may pro-
mote.
OF interest Is the small Commu-
mist vote. In this country, whose
respect for civil liberties Is unsur-
passed anywhere in the world, the
Communist Party has been given q
free hand to state its case. How
ever, after reaching o maximum of
$4,000 In the 1916 elections, its
strength dropped to approximately
$4,000 In 1854. This Is some 1000
votes less than it was expected to
poll, and an unimpressive fraction
Of the more than $4,000 cast.
Repeatedly the party will have two
members In the Chamber Of Depu-
ties.
Uruguay's remarkable political adj
vancement started only so years ago.
During the colonial era this terri
tory. known as the Banda Oriental,
was battle-ground Of Spanish and
Portuguese rivalry. After the dis
Indignation Of these two empires in
the early 10th century, the struggle
was continued between Argen-
tines and Brazilians until COM
promise In 1928 set up Uruguay as
an independent republic. However,
for several decades thereafter big
Brazil on the north and Argentina
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-05
The Negative Course

The negative policy is to make it
just as difficult as possible for the
Communist Chinese to attain their
detectives. But there is a differ
ence of opinion on how difficult We
can prof1tably make it..
Extremists advocate outright war.
Others Qike Admiral Arthur w
Radford and Senator William F..
Knowland) favor military block
ade to accentuate China's economic
difficulties Others prefer a firm but
not infexible policy in both military
and economic Spheres It is this
latter course which President Eli
senhoWer follows.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-05
Germans Renew Political Strife Over CericoIism

Dehler, who was minister Of JUS
tice in the first Adenauer cabinet
(Which resigned after last years
general election), broke with the
Chancellor precisely over this issue
of clericalism in government.
At, the approach of the 1858 cleo
toral campaign, the Bishop of
Wuerzburg, in a sermon from the
pulpit. admonished the faithful not
to vote for either the Communists,
Social Democrats or the Free Demo-
Gratis Stung by this coupling of his
own. rather conservative, party with
the Left, Dehler in a speech at
Frankfurt. on May 26, 1858, de-
clared: IF Jesus Christ had listened
in on this sermon, He would have
wrathfully ordered the bishop off
his pulpit and would have chased
him out of the church, as he did
with the money changers"
What followed next has been told
by Dehler himself to a German re-
porter in these words: after my
Frankfurt speech. in which I at
tackled the Bishop of Wuerzburg,
Adenauer made a big scene in
the Cabinet. Thereupon sent him
tape-recorded version of my adj
dress. After reading it, DR.. Ade-
nauer said: This is even worse than
what had been reported in the
press From that moment on, the
break between us has been COM
plete."
Consequently, after DR.. Adenauer's
overwhelming triumph at the polls
in September 1858, Dehler was left
out of the government. This re-
buff, however, did not hurt Herr
Dehler politically. He soon rose to
the top leadership in the Free DEM
ocratic Party, which continued to
play second fiddle in the Bonn
Government.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-05

SOMEBODY Will nave 10 serve as
guinea pig before Congress, the
courts and the public find out just
how the new Federal immunity"
statute is going to work.
AS a matter of fact a number of
human guinea pigs are already in
the making. The Justice Depart
ment says, for example. that it plans
to try out the new law by giving
immunity to certain witnesses now
scheduled to appear before the Fed
eral grand jury probing subversion
In the New York area.
Beyond this, Representative Fran
els Walter, Democrat, of Pennsyl-
vania, who will head the House IN
American Activities Committee next
year. has suggested that his COM
mittee invoke the immunity statute
in the case Of James A. Coleman,
Flint, Mich, automobile worker
who recently used the Fifth Amend
ment shield when questioned about
communism in the automobile in
dustry.
y No doubt these and other cases
will have to flow over the legal dam
before past confusion and present
uncertainty about immunity is
cleared up.
The new law, primarily designed
to permit Congress to obtain badly
needed information about subver-
sion, dope traffic, nationwide
gambling networks and so forth
from witnesses who would normally
be expected to duck behind the Fifth
Amendment, did not become effec-
tive until August 20.
So the new 84th Congress con-
vening in January will be the first
to work with the present law.
A number Of major question:
marks, however, are waiting to pa
rade themselves before the new
Congress.
Question No. |: Are witnesses 60
ing to get owoy with murder
beeouse' of the new laws
leniency?
Prior to enactment of the
statute, Attorney General Herbert
Brownell argued for voice in any
decisions to grant immunity. He
was worried about witnesses whom
the Government might feel it vital
to prosecute being handed a
virtual immunity bath" by i'm
patient congressman anxious for
information. Over his shoulder, no
doubt. loomed the spectre of the
suave character who blithely bilked
the Interior Department out of So
billion in shady land deals and got
away with it by telling all to a Con-
gressional committee. While that
happened nearly 100 years ago and
the responsible 1857 statute has long
since been repealed. it still stands
as potent object lesson.
In any case. Mr.. Brownell was
disappointed. The 1854 law works
this way:
A witness who pleads the Fifth
Amendment and declines to testify
on grounds of Standardization
can be forced to do so, but he can
not then be punished in regard to
any matter he talks about. A two
thirds majority of the full commit
tee must be in favor of invoking
immunity, and approval must be
obtained from a Federal court and
an appropriate order issued. The
Attorney General must be notified
so that he can interpose objections if
he wishes, but he has no voice in
the decision.
Whether this procedure is going
to work an undue risk for the
Justice Department. only experience
can tell.
Question No. z: Whot effect will
the new low have on previous
Fifth Amendment cases?
Will some or many of the names
on the long list of those who de-
clined to talk before Congress in
recent years again become front
page news? How about the alleged
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-05

Communist goals, or possibly a split
in leadership which would turn
China away from It's aggressive for
eign policy and ruthless internal
program.
What can the United States do
to Illustrate Red China's policies?
There are two courses open, one
negative, the other positive.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-05
The Positive Course

The positive policy toward Red
China is to strengthen the rest Of
free Asia, militarily and economi-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-12-05
Communist Clinics Gouls

Pelp1ng'S G0meSI5c OO1ecLtDG Tor
the next decade Is to match or ex-
coed Stains record Of industrializa-
ton and collectivization In Russia
during the 1930s. But in China there
will be greater emphasis on ex-
panding the industrial base In order
to support the Chinese armed forces
which are much larger than the
Kremlin's were in the 1930s.
Red China's foreign policy objec-
tiue Is to increase Its influence IN
Asia as much as possible while still
maintaining its alliance with the
Soviet Union.
Where domestic and foreign OBJ
jectives conflict, Peiping's present
tendency is to favor the domestic
side. The country is still too weak
and her leaders know ito do
otherwise.
Mao Tse-tung sees himself in
1853 where Stain was in 1929, and
hopes that the first Chinese flve-
year plan will do as well as Russia's
did. But the Rostow panel finds
Macs hopeful comparison to be
serious error. ....
Actually, the 1929 Russian and
1853 Chinese economies are not
comparable. China today Is much
more backward even than Russia a
quarter century ago. Industrially
she stands where. Russia stood in
the 1905.
China's 1853 status is inferior to
Russia's in 1929, the RostoW book
reports, in these respects:
Q Public health. Modern welfare
methods had already reduced the
Soviet Unions death rate in the
late 192os. but China's public health
program is just now having this
effect. So China will be faced with
a huge population increase in its
first five-year plan.
Q Agricultural. population. The
Soviet Union had many fewer
mouths to feed on its farms than
the Chinese have. For every person
per Soviet acre of cultivated land
in 1929 there were 85 Chinese in
1858.
0 Economic fat. Russia at least
had a little backlog to live on when
the austerity program hit. China
has none. The 1928 real income per
capita in the Soviet Union was
about four times as high as Red
China'S in 1852. -. ....
o Investment capital. In 1899 the
Soviet Union could mobilize much
higher proportion of its national
income, not because it was weather.
or collected taxes more efficiently,
but because it had no huge armed
forces to support. -. s.
o Military expenses. Red China in
1852 was spending four times as
much on her armed forces as Soviet
Russia in 1928.
o Industrial base. Red China in
1852 produced roughly the same
amount of pig iron and steel as Rus
STA in the 1905. If the first Chinese
f1ve-year plan Is successful the in
dustria1 base will reach approx
mately the Russian level of 1919
1928.
Q Foreign trade. Because Commu-
mist China's industrial base is so
inadequate. she must rely on in
creasing her imports to achieve
her industrialization goals. The
Soviet Union attained it's detectives
despite a sharp decline in foreign
trade.