davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-01-22
Former Red Officer
Gets IA Years for
Spying Against U. 5.
by the Associated Press

FRANKFURT. Germany, Jan.
ga former Russian army Of
ficer. described as the most dam
gerous spy ever brought before
United States courts in West
Germany. was convicted today
of espionage against the United
States and sentenced to IA years
in prison.
Georgi Vladimirovich Khorum-
zhii, 36. was found guilty with
his German-born wife Elizabeth.
She was sentenced to two years
Imprisonment.
Chief United States Attorney
Thomas c Lancian of Everett.
Mass, called Khorumzhii the
most dangerous spy ever brought
before our courts, and added:
The United States has given
the Soviet defendant fair and
open trial. dare say that if
he had been an American agent
apprehended behind the Iron
Curtain. he would have received
neither. and by now have been
shot" Mr.. Lancian said.
Grounds for Conviction.
Khorumzhli and his wife were
convicted by U. S. District Court
Judge Dewitt White of Morgan
town, w. Va, of having given
the Russians information about
two U. S. intelligence agents in
West Germany. They also were
convicted of having transmitted
information about Russian ref
ugees now living in the Frank
furt area.
Both pleaded not guilty but
during the trial, which ended
December l8, they admitted that
confessions made earlier and
presented by the prosecution
were true.
Denounces u. S. Agents.
khorumzl1ii. who fed to West
Berlin in 1913, asking asylum.
bitterly denounced the American
intelligence service in West Ger
many. He said its representa-
tives had asked him to act as
an American agent, and had
promised him living quarters, a
car, and $500 marks tS345) a
month if he co-operated. He
said he refused, and contended
that his prosecution stemmed
from that.
Il came to the West to find
freedom, but so far I haven't
found it," he said.
Asked why he had confessed,
Khorumzhii said he hoped it
would tighten his sentence. De-
Tense attorneys said they would
appeal.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-01-22

now. A now or never" atti-
tude permeates the American
delegation.
Mr.. Dulles will lean back
ward to make the conference
a success. But the French and
British governments have been
told clearly that we shall re-
main unyielding on the mat
ter OF German unity and her
return to complete sovereignty.
The British have been told
that under no circumstances
can we be blackjacked or ca
joled into recognizing COM
munist China.
There is, of course, the risk
that the British and French
foreign ministers. under the
impact of domestic problems,
may balk at what they may
describe as the rightly" Of
the American policies. 1t will
be the first time since the end
of the War-and even earlier
that they have come face to
face with such a problem.
However, it should be no sur
prise to them. Messrs. Church,
i'll and Laniel had a preview
of our political stand at
the Bermuda conference last
month. Since that time their
governments have heard more
of the same from Washington.
In the past Soviet Foreign
Minister Molotov was able to
adopt rigid position because
he was speaking for Premier
Stain, and there is no doubt
that the name of Stain in
spired terror not only in the
U. S. S. r. but also across her
boundaries. Premier Malenkov
lacks Stains personality and
prestige. His hold On his SUBJ
jectS is still uncertain as is
his prestige inside and out
side the Soviet Union.
Malenkov has achieved none
of the spectacular military and
political victories his predeces-
sor did. We expect this UNI
certainty to be reflected in
Molotoy's activities at Berlin,
provided the allies hold fast.
But while the resoluteness
of Messrs. Eden and Bidault
remains somewhat doubtful,
that of Mr.. Dulles is not.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-01-22
Dorothy Thompson
In Defense of the Farm Owner
Unlike in Industry, the Elements Of lncoIcuobiIity
Are to Be Found at Every Turn in Agriculture

1t is not so with industry. the
consumption of whose prod
ucts is largely regulated by in
come and the constant crea-
ticn of new desires.
When, however, the Gov
eminent guarantees a sure
market and high price for
certain farm products. regard
less Of consumption capacities,
it determines what the farmer
will grow. II it guarantees a
high price for grain but does
not do the same for meat. the
farmer sells his cattle even
at a loss and plouehs up graz
ing land for crops. If it guar
antees to take potatoes at a
high price. farmers who Lever
before planted potatoes do so.
Land usage is affected. and the
basic American estate is af-
fected.
Potatoes are soil vampires,
every crop so eXhausting the
soil where it grows that they
should never be planted twice
in succession in the same
place. Corn is another soil
eXhauster. Wherever crop cul-
ture supplants stock culture,
natural fertilizer declines, and
commercial fertilizers supplant
it, and this eventually deteri-
crates soil, which needs or
ganic matter.
Under the farm program.
grazing lands that chould
never be turned over have been
ploughed. Soil runners are re-
warded. and soil conservers
penalized.
Thus. the kind of price-su2-
port program we have not only
= leads to never-ending sur
pluses, but is not in harmony
with nature, which eNforceS
its own laws. and without the
slightest chance of failure.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-01-22
David Lawrence

President Eisenhower has
balanced the cash budget. The
Government will take in more
cash than it will spend for
the year beginning July
next.
This is an achievement of
major Importance, not merely
to the taxpayers of America.
but to the world in which the
integrity of the dollar plays q
principal role today.
The details of budget Sre
complex and the methods by
which the Federal Government
keeps its books are wholly
unlike those of private bust
ness. Capital OUTLAWS and loans
are regarded as expenses.
along with current operating
expenditures. So the important
thing to look at is whether the
Government is collecting more
money than it is spending and
whether it is being forced to
keep on borrowing to get funds
to pay deficits.
The Eisenhower admins
tration came into power just
a year ago and was confronted
with the operation of only the
second half of the 1853 budget.
This terminated on June 80,
1853. The budget for the fiscal
year July /, 1853. to June 80.
1854, was already so far grooved
into the operating system of
the Government - with con-
tracts let far in advance and
obligations already incurred
that there was no chance to
do any major cutting. Where
there was still discretion left
and cuts could be made, the
new administration was able
to economic substantially.
But every one who has fol-
lowed budget matters knew
that the real test would come
in the so-called 1855 budget.
This is the one on which work
started in the summer of 1858
and has continued until this
week. when the document was
issued showing what esti-
mated receipts and expendi-
lures would be for the fiscal
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-01-22
President Ends Cash Deficits
Government VIII Take IN More Than 1t Will Spend
In Fiscal 1855, and Will Have S 100 Million Left

year beginning July l. 1854,
and continuing until June 80,
1855. This is what's called the
1885 budget
Examining this-the first
Eisenhower budget-it will be
discovered that there will be a
$l00-million surplus on a cash
basis. This isn't large. but at
least the cash deficits have
been ended.
From a bookkeeping stand
point, too, using the same
classifications that have been
employed in previous presiden-
tial budgets, the Eisenhower
message reveals that. although
the Truman administrators
fiscal experts predicted a def
cit Of approximately SIS bill
lion, the Eisenhower predic-
ton is for a deficit Of only
500 billion.
All this has been accom-
plished despite a tax cut that
means about Sc billion less in
revenue previously received
from certain sources.
So what has happened is
that the Eisenhower admins
tration has borne the brunt of
a tax cut. which reduced re-
ceipts from corporation and
individual income taxes. and
yet has come up with an actual
cash surplus and a bookkeep-
ing deficit of only one-fifth of
what had been estimated for
fiscal year 1855 by the preced-
ing administration.
These reductions Tin ex-
penses)," says the President,
justified lower taxes. With
out tax reductions budget
surplus was in sight for the
fiscal year 1855"
This is big news for the
American people. But a budget
message is only what the Pres
ident recommends. 1t is not
law until Congress acts. The
House and Senate can upset
the applicant by increasing
the expenditures or they can
cut still further and bring
the bookkeeping budget down
closer to a balance.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-01-22
Fletcher KnebeI-
Potomac Fever

Ike proposes sos billion in Federal spending next year
This is middle -the-road fnancng-halfway between
deficit and bigger
IkeS budget costs $675 against SIS so the
Truman budget One thing about Harry Truman paid
less for your bad newS-and you got of it.
Democrats lambast Republicans for failing produce
balanced budget Democrats admit they always
than they took nbu at least they enjoyed wasting it,
Mamie Eisenhower christens first atomic submarine
The A-sub is proud symbol of the u taxpayer-t can
exist indefinitely without being allowed up for air.
The House approves air academy Air Secretary Talbot
perplexed He wants to locate it Republican
CHEESEMAN'S district warm dry and sunny-but that
kind of happy place elects Republicans.
House Republicans defeat Democratic effort to increase
income exemption $7O0 Republicans say it was
cheap irresponsible appeal voes-and it's their turn to
do that this
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-01-22
Bullet Doesn't Stop Fish

HARRISBURG. Pa. tP,.-The
Pennsylvania Fish Commission
reports a Is inch. 2-pound large
mouth bass was pulled from a
Lancaster County creek with a
.22-caliber bullet imbedded an
inch in its flesh just above the
backbone. The bullet apparently
had not prevented its living
normally.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-01-22

Certainly, as the Republic
cans go into the 1854 congress
sional campaign, their record
on appropriations will be scru-
tinized. Will the majority have
aided in bringing the budget
closer to a balance, or will
they have widened the gap?
The pressure on Congress to
spend money for local projects
or to benefit special interests
is always strong. Hence, the
drive to keep the debt limit
from rising is one that may
have a psychological effect in
forcing a balance on the book
keeping side. Senator Byrd.
Democrat. Of Virginia says he
is convinced that the facts dis
closed by the budget message
confirm his attitude in refus-
ing to see the debt limit in
creased.
There are occasions when a
higher debt limit is necessary
for brief intervals. If the law
could be amended so that the
debt limit could be increased
temporarily during fiscal
year, provided a certain limit
was achieved at the end of the
fiscal year, it might give the
Treasury the f1exibility it
needs in refunding or ref
nancing its debt.
But the facts of the budget,
as revealed, are on the whole
encouraging and it may be said
that in a practical sense Pres
ident Eisenhower has fulfilled
his campaign pledge when he
presents a budget in which the
money to be spent is less by
500 million than the money
that is to be collected from
the taxpayers. Receipts may
grow larger than have been
anticipated, because the in
centives to business expansion
through revision of the tax
laws may give America the
same kind of lift that Britain
got when the same principle
incentive taxation-was adopt
ed last year at the suggestion
Of Chancellor Of the Exchequer
r. A. Butler.
Reproduction Rights Reserved)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-01-22

overlooked either in this cleo
ton year. Very frankly he pro-
poses to promote debate and
discussion as much as he can
through public hearings before
his committee which already
are going on. He expects they
will run well into March.
An interesting part of the
agricultural story is the sort
of accidental way by which.
at this particular time, a New
Highlander, S n at tor Aiken.
happens to sit at the head of
the table in the Agriculture
Committee in a battle whose
front lines are so far away
from New England and in
which the heavy battalions are
not New England-type farm
erS.
Senator Aiken's chairman
ship is, in a way, a legacy
from the late Senator Taft of
Ohio. We must go back to the
Both Republican Congress and
the interlude between it's cleo
ton in November, 1916. and it's
getting down to work in jan
uary, l947. Senator Taft, the
party leader. hurried to Wash
ington Immediately after the
election and busted himself,
after his manner. in organiz-
ing things.
It was generally supposed
that. for himself. he would
choose craftsmanship of the
Finance Committee, a pre-
ferred spot, for which he was in
line. But instead. and to the
surprise of everybody. he
picked the Labor Committee
chair, as he wanted to super
wise revision of the Wagner
Labor Relations Act. Previ-
ouSly it had been almost taken
for granted that Senator
Aiken would become chairman
OF Labor on which he ranked
next in seniority to Senator
Taft.
Had Senator Aiken become
Chairman Of Labor, a major
committee. he would have
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-01-22
Dorothy Thompson

There is a phase of the
agricultural program that has
not been given adequate pub
lie consideration.
Every highly industrialized
Western country is substituting
agriculture. Nowhere can agri-
culture as a whole compete
with industry on the same eco
nomic cost basis. Farms owned,
managed and partially worked
by the farmer himself-and
these are the majority-return
income to the farmer only in
the form of profits. These &C
crue from activities that in
industry are separated.
The farmer is an investor.
He is also a manager. But he
does not pay himself a man
agerial salary. Except on large,
highly capitalized farms, he
dlSO ldOO4 .. out llC OOCS LiOt
charge himself wages. Despite
all the talk about rich farmers,
the Incomes of farmers,
whether operators or laborers,
are below the industrial aver
age. The uninterrupted drift
of labor from farms to urban
areas indicates the workers
estimate of relative opportuni-
ties.
The hired man of a genera
ton ago, who took part Of his
wages in room and board and
lived as a member of the far
Eler's family. has vanished
The tenant will no longer set
tie for a house, stove wood,
milk, eggs. chickens, potatoes,
the right to raise a hog and or
other payments in kind. plus a
cut of the profits. but wants
such payments plus a fixed
vaccine share in the risks
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-01-22
Taft 10 Be Candidate
For Ohio Legislature
BY the Associated Press

CINCINNATI, Jan. 22.-Robert
A. Taft, jr.. backed into an
announcement yesterday that he
will be an candidate for the
Republican nomination for State
Representative.
He told a reporter that in view
of the fact that he had signed an
acceptance to be a candidate. he
could not deny it. But. he added,
he is not in a position to officially
make a statement to that effect
while the Republican Nominating
Committee has the matter under
consideration.
Mr.. Taft is the son of the late
United States Senator.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-01-22

given up membership on the
Agriculture Committee, also a
major committee, where he
likewise was second ranking
Republican. He became chair
man Of the Committee on Ex-
penditures in the Executive
Departments, but retained his
membership on Agriculture
and became ranking Republic
can member with retirement
OF the late Senator Arthur
Capper, Republican, of Kan
Sas. Thus he stepped into the
craftsmanship when his party
returned to power in January
this year.
Ironically. had Senator Aiken
removed himself from the
succession on Agriculture in
the Both Congress, the chair
man of Agriculture today
would be Senator Milton
Young, Republican, Of North
Dakota. who is one of the
leaders in the fight against
the Presidents farm program.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-01-22
Thomas L. Stokes
Ihonos Z. Stokes
Eisenhower Depends on Aiken
Vermont Senator Reflects Rugged IndviduoIsm Of His
Constituents in Pushing Presidents Farm Program

In the struggle in Congress
over the Eisenhower farm pro-
gram the President will rely
heavily upon Senator George
D. Aiken, chairman of the
Senate Agriculture Committee.
who is champion of it.
The President is peculiarly
fortunate in Senator Aiken.
It is a matter partly of geog-
raphy. Usually chairmen of
congressional Agriculture
Committees are from the rec
ognized big-farm regions, West
and South, from which just
now is coming the chief oppo-
Sition to the Presidents pro-
gram. But George Aiken, who
has been in the Senate since
1910, is New Highlander,
from Vermont. He is a farmer,
himself, but in the New Eng
land tradition where farms are
small. farming often difficult,
and farmers inclined to be
rugged and independent in
character, self-reliant. All of
that is true of George Aiken.
Our farmers know how to
take care of themselves" he
says.
New England farming is, in
deed. different from the big
scale. wholesale wheat, corn
and cattle farming of the Mid
die and Far West and cotton
farming of the South and
Southwest. In those areas
farming is dominant and
powerful in politics and or
ganized for political action.
Because of ups and downs
which are due to a combina-
ton of factors, economic as
well as weather. the Govern
ment has il recent years be-
come heavily involved in big
scale agriculture. This is for
the very practical reason that
an unhealthy agriculture can
infect and tear down the rest
Of the economy, as we have
learned from sad experience.
Senator Aiken appreciates
all Of that, knows about the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-01-22
Doris Fleeson-

Democratic National Chair
man Stephen Mitchell will
leave Chicago Monday. Febru-
airy !. for the Mountain States,
the Northwest and California
to talk to what he describes as
"a lot of Democrats who think
they can win next fall"
Perhaps the most provoca-
tive part of his errand will be
his attempt to assess feelers
coming out of Idaho to the
effect that Averell Hartman
might serve as that States
candidate for the q Senate
against incumbent Henry
Dworshak, Republican. MIR.
Hartman ran for the presi-
dency from New York, which
has considerably more electoral
votes than Idaho. but his fam
ing has both Idaho roots and
the Union Pacific Railroad for
which he built the famed Ski
resort, Sun Valley, in Idaho.
After so many years at the
dead center of national and
world events. Mr.. Hartman is
known to be pining for his
public career. Local residential
laws prevented his running for
Mayor of New York: he could
not run for the Senate from
New York next year against
his old friend, Democrat Her
bert Lehman.
A check here of Idaho elec-
ton laws indicates that only
six months residence would be
required to qualify as a candi-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-01-22

high enough to permit him to
have his own auto, an auto
matte washer. a modern cook
ing range and al freezer the
maintenance of which cost
considerably more in the COM
try than in the city. electric
and telephone rates being
higher, and bottled gas much
more expensive than that piped
from city mains.
Farming has hazards that
do not afflict industry, subject
as farming is to weather, pests.
diseases of stock. and other
elements at times uncontrol-
able and always unpredictable.
The farmer must repeatedly
change a planned schedule.
Except on the great corpora
ton farms. he cannot work by
The division of labor which has
N1SutCo 1IlONtCJ II lltO A9IA ld1 III IL
duction. He must repeatedly
call off man from his planned
work to meet an unforeseen
emergency. The element of
incalcula bility is everywhere,
Also, there is limit to the
consumption of farm products,
set by the capacity CT the hui
man stomach. Food tastes ad-
Just themselves to consumer
income, whose level determines
whether the family eats high
protein foods such as meat, or
the lower-cost carbohydrate
foods; whether they eat and
cook with butter or the less
expensive vegetable fats. But
the average stomach can still
only take in and digest two
quarts a day. so that consump-
ton of all farm products in
creases only by population
growth
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-01-22

date for Senator. This means
that Mr.. Hartman could get
in under the wire If he can
be persuaded promptly to
make the race.
It is being urged upon him
that Senator DworShak'S pres
ent course in opposition to
President Eisenhower leaves
the field wide open for a lib
eral Democrat. Mr.. Hartman
also can claim long associa-
ton with the President in a
common cause.
Senator DworShak rebuffed
the White House early this
week by voting to tie Alaskan
to Hawaiian statehood. In a
conference of Western Sena-
tors on wool, held 48 hours
later. he joined with his COL
league. Senator Welker, in a
vehement attack on the Presi-
dents wool program. The
President was defended by
Senator Barrett of Wyoming,
who had blown up before over
Senator Dworshak's apostasy
on statehood. Democrats who
were present sat quietly by,
enjoying the Republican fam
lily fight and confident it
presages a climate helpful to
them in that area this fall.
The Mitchell journey may.
however. put him in a Demo-
cratic family fight which Re-
publicans in turn can enjoy as
the chairman expects to stop
at the Nevada State ccnven-
ton. Some kind of battle is
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-01-22
Leaders May Put OFF
Showdown in Fight
To Raise Debt Limit

Administration leaders may
wait until late in the session
before seeking another showdown
in the Senate on President
Eisenhower's request for an in
crease in the s275 billion debt
ceiling.
Although the President again
asked for the increase in his
budget message, the Senate
Finance Committee has made it
clear 1t will await the wishes of
the Treasury as to when the
question should be taken up. At
the same time there were reliable
reports the administration may
not press for an early decision.
If this course is adopted it
probably will be on the theory
that the Treasury can make a
stronger case for its request for
a $3.50 billion debt ceiling later
in the year than it could make
now. Such delay would be
recognition of the argument adj
vanced by Senator Byrd. Demo-
crat. of Virginia, that the Treas
ury can get along within the
present ceiling from now until
the fiscal year ends June 80
with the heavy tax collections
that come in during March.
Borne Out In Message.
This was borne out to some
extent in the Presidents message
yesterday. He said as the Gov
eminent moves forward in the
current year it wills be "close to
the debt limit" Gen. Eisenhower
added, however, that in the Sec
ond half of the calendar year,
when tax receipts are low, there
will be no way of operating with
In the present debt limit.
The House passed the bill
raising the limit to $3.50 billion
last summer soon after the Presi-
dent requested it. But it ran into
a stonewall of opposition in
the Senate Finance Committee,
which voted II to 4 to side
track the question-until this year.
Byrd to Fight Increase.
Senator Byrd. who led that
fight, is still strongly opposed to
the bill and has indicated he
would fight it again.
The Virginian contends that if
Congress raises the debt limit
now it will remove all incentive
tor economy in the appropriation
bills soon to be voted on for the
year starting July /.
If the question comes up near
the end of the session, observers
believe the Treasury will be in
a better position after the ap-
preparation bills have passed to
show that it cannot get by with
out some increase in the ceiling
IN the next fiscal year.