davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1954-04-23

populated, is now almost com
pletely independent. India, Pakis-
tan, Indonesia. The Philippines,
Burma and Ceylon have been
swept TO freedom on a wave of
nationalism.
The virtual independence of
Asia leaves Africa the last strong
hold OF colonialism. Africa can
boast OF only five independent
countries; Liberia, Ethiopia. Libya
South Africa and recently, Egypt.
They comprise only sixth of the
area of that huge continent, and
one OF these five. the Union Of
South Africa, is ruled by white
men.
The racial quotient In the
Union is in direct reverse to that
In the United States. There the
colored majority 800 per cent? Is
brutally suppressed by whites
who form the tryannical tenth,
There colonialism is at its worst,
There in Prime Minister Malan's
Dixie, is where Senator Ellender
thought white supremacy was be-
ing carried too far. Apartheid,
the Malan term for racial apart
ness, continues to build the color
bar higher, Non whites live in
site page). Non-whites live in
barbed wire compounds far be-
yond the white city limits.
Wholesale arrests and floggings
follow violations of the many seq
regation laws. In South Africa,
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1954-04-23

colonies and trust territories as
Guadeloupe, Martinique and New
Caledonia.
The other two members OF the
imperial Big -Four are Portugal
and Belgium, whose largest colon
lal possessions are also in Africa.
With all Of these powers the big
gest colonial problem Is race rela-
tons And even on the mainland
of Europe these great white faith
ers are beginning 10 frown upon
their colonial sons and daughters
who are drawn TO the bright lights
OF Piccadilly Circus and the
Champs Elysees,
British subjects from Africa
find discrimination In London ho-
tells and pubs There lis no ready
employment. The French. too. are
beginning TO show signs OF alarm
AZ the number Of visitors from the
Dark Continent increases There
are now 800, 900 Africans in Paris.
Only $4,000 OF them have found
homes, and only half OF that num-
Der have found jobs most of
which are mental.
Belgium does not permit the
free flow of her colonials between
the Congo and the mainland.
Hence, no complaint
OF the six million people who in
recent years have won their free
dom from foreign rule none were
Negroes Rich Asia. the largest
continent and the most densely
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1954-04-23

the colonies and in other non-self-
governing territories, affects
many more people and Is far more
lntolerable than the segregation
and discrimination practlced In
Mr.. BLENDERS Louisiana and
other areas Of our deep South
The colonial powers impose their
rule upon millions Of helpless sub
jccts They force them into slave
labor, They segregate them into
native quarters" They deny them
political rights and fair-if any
representation In government.
Much OF the best land. such as the
mineral and farm rich areas OF
Africa, has been taken away from
the black Africans by white set
tier groups from European coun-
tries.
Coloniaiism has not only de-
prived Negroes Of their right to
vote, 10 work. to decent life, but
also taken away their right 10 be
citizens OF their own country.
This has been accomplished by the
white powers OF the world through
sheer force and violence.
Pot Calling The Kettle
When European powers express
wide-eyed amazement at the un-
democratic treatment accorded
the Negro in the United states, It
is case OF the pot calling the
kettle black. They would do well
TO look TO their own backyards.
and the treatment OF their black
tenants by those sent out TO rule
them. The United states In stead
lily improving the conditions of It's
10 million Negroes, has reducted
Its few colonials TO less than .
million people.
Britain alone has 20 million
subjects In her colonial territories,
10 million Negroes has reduced
The remaining 10 million live In
such British territories as Jamaica
Guinia, Trinidad and the FIJI Is
lands.
France. which has long enjoyed
a reputation OF being racially lib
eral owns over 4 million square
miles OF colonial property in
Africa more than any other
power, including Britain Her flag
also waves over such important
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1954-04-23

past six months. The local plant
win get into commercial produc-
ton on a limited scale this week.
Payroll Of 500 Foreseen
Initially, between IS and 40 Ne
gro women viii be on the payroll,
but, Mr.. sopkins says the division
eventually viii hire more than 300.
The plant Is being opened in a re-
modelled warehouse, and work Is
still in progress to convert $4,000
square feet of floor space to the
garment-making operation.
New Labor Source
The local move has been cited
by businessmen interested in the
states industrial development as
the first large-scale effort TO
crack the employment color line"
here in the Deep South. If the
move works out successfully, it
could open up a large new labor
source in South Carolina, whose
total population is more than $3.50
Negro.
The Wentworth plant will have
1907 Negro production line, be-
cause a state law prohibits the
employment of white and Negro
women side by side in the same
mill or factory. Largely for this
reason, only the white portion of
the states total labor force up to
now has been considered as an
employment pool for established
or incoming industries.
The South Carolina law on
segregation in textile enterprises
applies TO both men and women.
II makes it Illegal for anyone en-
gagged in textile manufacturing
who employs persons Of different
races to let them use the same en-
frances and exits at the same
time, to let them use the same pay
windows at the same time and to
let them use the same stairways
at the same time. IT also forbids
them to work together in the
same room at the same time and
forbids them to use the same fac
ilities. although equal toilet fac
ilities must be provided.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1954-04-23

Last fall Senator Allen J. Ell
lender OF Louisiana also took a
junket across the ocean. But UNI
like other servants Of the govern
ment. the Senator left the tourist
circuit and wandered down into
South Africa A personal glimpse
OF European colonialism shocked
even his white Southern sensiyi-
ties.
Said the Senator. tho Beers and
British who run the Union OF
South Africa are OVERRIDING
white supremacy. The colored peo-
pie are kept down too much. They
have no chance to go into busl-
ness, 20 get an education. or even
ordinary health training"
The staunch opponent TO the
enactment OF any anti-dlscrimina-
ton proposals here In the United
States thinks the whites are maxi
ing a mistake In dealing with
colored natives In South Africa.
He should know.
Coloniaiism Means Race
Discrimination
Segregation and discrimination
in the United States are still the
biggest skeletons In democracy's
family closet, but the worlds No
race problem Is colonialism.
within the past decade at least
9 million little peoples Of the world
have attained full independence
from their big. strong rulers
Some 200 million are stili under
the thumb OF foreign powers. Ac.
cording to Tuskegee's Negro
Year Book. approximately i2c
million Negroes live under some
form OF subjugation, or these
over 100 million live in colonies
and the rest In trust territories
formerly called mandates. There.
fore, 1875 million of the worlds
200 million dependent peopes are
Negroes. And most OF the remain.
ing 70 million are In such coun,
tries as Zanzibar. Morocco. Tun-
isia. Hong Kong, Malaga and our
own Puerto Rico countries
whose people are members of IN,
coiored races. The problem OF
coioniaiism, then. Is primarily one
OF race.
The color bar. as operated IN
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1954-04-23

little
Her 4
new 4
been
and ]
Dr. an
St Pa
Crit
Mrs.
rIltInd |
terion|
April
Tfr|
Cornell
thony|
Tllree|
SaturC
Prizes
Rodge|
man, |
enber1
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1954-04-23
A Larger Plant

Two smaller garment firms ~--
the Louis Samet plant at Charles
ton and Hampton Underwear at
Greenwood - use Negro produc-
ton workers, but on a smaller
scale than that contemplated at
the new Wentworth mill. The chief
jobs heretofore open to Negro
workers in this states Industrial
plants have been as yard workers,
janitors, or maids inside the plant.
Some big industrial concerns in
other states south of the Mason
Dixon line have successfully mix
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1954-04-23
S. C.'s First All
Negro" Factory Is
In Production
BY Lloyd Huntington
Special Correspondent of The
Wall Street Journal

Florence, S. C.--April ~ The
first major industry In this Deep
South state to employ an all-Ne-
gro labor force is scheduled to
start operations today.
The new firm, n manufacturer
of women's dresses, is the Flor
ence Division of the Wentworth
Manufacturing Co, whose head
quarters are in Fall River, Mass
The company also operates an
other South Carolina plant at
nearby Lake City, where white
workers only are employed.
David Sopkins, manager of
wentworth's Florence plant, says
the company has been conducting
a training school here for Negro
women operators of garment cut
ting and sewing machines for the
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1954-04-23
Pot Ceiling Kssfis,
Pot Calling Ksnis;
Africa Last Stand of
CoIoniaIism;; Signs Point
End of White Rule
Prom May EBONY Magazine

IS popular practice nowadays Tor our good Congress
HE themselves around the world how the other
half spending this halfs money Most Of these seap
pointed ambassadors of goodwill beset Europe and Asia
with embarrassing questions about Americas treatment Of
II Negro minority
Evening star., 1954-04-04
WILL YOU BE RICHER OR POORER In 1854?
Continued from page

as there will be bargains in the
retail stores.
Do you 0srn your 0srn home?
If you do, it's probably increasing
in value.
It's true enough that this will be
a big year for the building trades
- about as good as last year. But
new homes are not likely to meet
the growing demand. The phe-
nomenal growth of our population
more than 10 million since 1950)
means an ever-increasing need for
new dwellings.
If you don't own your home,
this is pretty good time to build
or buy. You will get a good break
from the new credit facilities,
which will mean easier mortgage
terms.
Does your home need some
'Jace-lftine''? If it does, start
your planning now. If heavy struc-
tural renovation is needed. the
easier credits mentioned above will
help you along. If the job requires
only new fixtures. furniture and
decoration, you're still in a good
spot. Because most of the items
you'll need can be bought at a good
price. And what's more, they're
better than ever.
Are you in a profession? If so,
you have probably been in it for
some time - long enough to inter-
Continued on page 81
Evening star., 1954-04-04

all goods will mean that your
salary will 60 further. For you,
there are bargain days ahead.
Do you OsUn your OsOn bIsi-
ness? If you do. you had better
lead a life of early to bed and early
to rise. If you're in the automobile.
noncompliance, furniture. or most
any other consumers hard-goods
business, you'll find plenty of COM
petition. Besides putting in harder
work you had better look around
for ways to attract customers =
with emphasis on wise advertising,
good service, and new and inn
proved products.
If you're in a business such as
clothing, drugs. gasoline, oil and
the like, there1l also be plenty of
competition. However, there's no
big surplus in this category of
products and, in addition, many
of the soft-goods items are con-
sidered necessities by the average
American family. But keep on
your toes.
Are you q private investor?
Do you own stocks, real estate, an
interest in one or more business
firms? If 50, you should take good
look at your investments. Watch
the trends in each field. More par
ticularly - if you own shares or a
partnership in a company. watch
its management. Is it alert to new
markets, practical research, inn
proved selling and service, the
Evening star., 1954-04-04

rich hair. Color Tone Shampoos
come in four shades to intensity
your hair color or add new tones.
Cheese your special eolox
Blonde Tone" puts golden glints
in blonde, red or light brown hair.
Brunette Tone" gives dark hair
twinkling jet highlights. Red
Head" shampoo is a brilliant fame
for red and brown hair. Silver
Tone" casts a silver simmer on
gray, white or ash blonde hair, and
helps remove yellowish tinge.
Polish with coloe!
Between shampoos, every woman
needs a hairgroom like Color Sheen
to polish and condition her tresses.
Color Sheen comes in 8 colors::
Gold Tone" for blonde or light
brown hair; Silver Tone" for dark
or silver-blonde locks; Natural"
for all hair. Color Sheen CLEANS
but never greases hair. LIS. Helena
Rubinstein Inc, 655 Fifth Avenue,
New York %, NY. Prices plus tax.
Evening star., 1954-04-04

demand for new and better prod
ucts?
Bear in mind, for example. that
although the hard-goods field has
had a tapering off, many items -
such as air-conditioning units,
deep freezers and clothes dryers =
had their biggest year in 1853. In
spite of the readjustment and the
problem in some industries, most
American families are able and
willing to buy most of the things
they see and like.
Times like these offer plenty of
opportunity for the person with
money to invest. There will be
investment bargains for you, just
Evening star., 1954-04-04

60 many women complain that
~ their hair looks washed-out and
drab. At last this problem is solved
with a remarkable new discovery
superb shampoos plus color, which
are called Color Tone Shampoos.
Colox is in the suas
These amazing new Color Tone
Shampoos make drab hair shine
with vivid beauty. For there is
glorious color mixed in with their
suds! Yet Color Tone Shampoos are
quick and easy to use. You simply
shampoo as usual. The difference is,
that while dirt and dandruff flow
ont, glorious color is flowing tn!
Nothing washes hair more,
thoroughly than these new Color
Tone ShamPbOs. Rich, creamy
suds remove loose dandruff,
leave your hair silky, cleaner
than ever! Yet new COlOr-TOne
ShampOOs are economical. A big
bottle costs only l.2S.
One of the greatest glories any
woman can have is beautiful, color
Evening star., 1954-04-04
New, Easy Way to Wash
: Your Hair With Color
by Helena Rubinstein

by Helena Rublneteln
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE: Millions of wOmen today Owe
their greater beauty to the pioneering discoveries Of
Madame Helena Rabinsein This world leading beauty
authority knOVs that Opely hair is as important to
w0m0ns 0tr0ctioeness as smooth skin an exquisite
face In laboratories the Ord OreT she has SbeM her
Evening star., 1954-04-04

life deng scientific preparations sols conceivable hair problem
brilliant addition
list modern hair coaicsa yash hair with color
Evening star., 1954-04-04

TW--4-4-S4
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-20

MOTOR COURTS-MOTELS
We have several very attrac-
tive, well-located plants, all
on U. S. l between Alexan-
dria and Fredericksburg
Each moderately pric e d
with favorable terms. Let
us show you.
l. 8-Unit and Snack Shop
l. 9-Unit and Living QtrS.
1-11-Unit and Living Qtrs.
1-17-Unit and Grim. Home
1-30-Unit and Home, Rest.
v. WARD BOSWELL. INC.
220 s.. Washington ST.. Alex, Va.
TIE. -0-7721 until pm.
-21
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-20
REAL EST. SALE OR EXCHANGE

0-RM. BRICK, modern, 4 acres: 9
rms, bath. 1st. a.; 3 rms, bath,
End A.: GE kit. with dishwasher;
exchange for 3 or bedrm. house
.G resswood area: DA. 5-9O6s. --2l
15 acres: near school Sfb. C0O
cash. End trusts, or real estate in
trade: Also Aunt bldg. and 6-rm
rambler for sale OF trade. Boz
146-E. Star. al
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-20
Gentleman'S Small Estate

Gentleman'S Small Estate
Do you want to enjoy owning your
own estate within Is min. o.
Wash? 2 acres Of ground. many
trees. some fruit. babbling brook
through rear Of land, beautiful
Split-level rambler with foyer
Step-down liv. rm. with picture
window and firepl.. lge. din. rm
with picture window, twin-siEe
bedrms. and library. Pa baths
built-in bar. lge. rec. rm.. screened
porch and patio. servants Qrtrs
c nn Nan NJ p afS 1m mooe 4a5 ~
CARL M. FREEMAN REALTY. INC
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-20

GAITHERSBURG-B owner. 6-rm.
ranch house: huge bsmt.. oil heat,
gar; low down pymt. RA. 3-16O9.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-20

Institutes and Bradley school; brick
Colonial. four bedrooms. one on first
floor. two baths. aluminium screens
and storm windows. wall-to-wall
carpeting in dining room and liv-
ing room; fine neighborhood; $2S,-
$50. OIL. 4-lS3l, -21
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-20


and equip, best customers. rea-
scnable rent; must retire. RA.
3-966l. or RA. 3-4S0S. 29'
DRY CLEANING and alteration bust
ness; good location; fully equipped
4l21 Bladensburg rd,, Colmar
Manor. Nd. 22'
BOB TAILOR doing 5000 wk. or bet
ter. Modern synthetic plant. Good
percentage. We mark, assemble
and bag. MAYFAIR VALET. 1920
Hayes St ne, IT. Bits. IL
SHOE REPAIR SHOP, fully equipped
Good ne. location; reasonable.
Call 10 S-44l6 21~
Evening star., 1954-04-19
Compressed Air Used
To Help Save Fish
By the Assoeioted Press

PHOENIX (P.-When a lake
is bound by ice too long. and the
snow cover blocks the light from
aquatic plants, fish die from
oxygen starvation.
Jack Hemphill, Arizona fish
chief. says an experiment his
crews tried on Big Lake might
save some fish. A plastic pipe
was laid in the lake last fall,
and when the oxygen level
reached a dangerous low, COM
pressed air was pumped into the
perforated pipe.
The air not only aerated the
water for hundreds of feet on
either side. but it formed convec-
tion currents. sending the warm
er bottom water upward. It
thawed a wide channel in the
ice.
Evening star., 1954-04-19
Louise Suggs Takes
Winter Tour Honors
With zaharias Victor\
BY the Assoeio,ed Pres.

BEAUMONT, Tex, April l9.--
Louise Suggs of Atlanta held her
fifth championship today as the
women's PEA winter tour came
to a close and the gals of the
fairways scattered for their
homeS-all except Babe Zaha-
rias. who has a date with her
doctors for a physical check.
Miss Suggs wrapped up the
$500 Babe Zaharias Open yes
terday with a par 73 over the
6,219-yard Beaumont Country
Club course. That gave her 224
for the 54 holes and brought her
$700 more for her bulging bank
account.
She won the Titleholders. Sea
Island Open, Betsy Rawls Open,
Carrollton Open and Zaharias
Open as the top feminine golfer
Of the year.
Mrs. zahariaS, who made GAL
liant bid for the championship of
the tournament named for her
here in her home town, said the
checkup with her doctors was
routine" and indicated she ex-
pected no adverse report on her
progress from an operation for
cancer here a year ago.
The Babe, who had been COM
planning Of tiredness in the final
rounds of tournaments along the
tour, has said she won't be back
on the golf swing for six weeks
at least. Reports around the
tournament here were that she
might have to have another op-
Grafton. but Mrs. Zaharias said
yesterday. as she shot a "a to
finish second in the tournament
with 226, worth $500, that she
was feeling grand"
The next tournament will be
the National Capital Women's
Open May IA at Prince Georges
Country Club to open the sum-
mer tour:
Evening star., 1954-04-19
Senior Members Setting Pace
In Eorly-Seoson Golf Scoring

The senior golf champions OF
the District area are getting the
kinks out ahead of the weather
schedule, according to some OF
the scores in the club team quail
flying rounds.
At Washington Golf and Coun-
try Club DR.. w. r. McLister, the
District senior champion, turned
in a s75-72. lat for SO holes to
finish second in the club ladder
qualifying. He was second only
to Lew Swartwout, who won top
place with 1869. 143.
At Columbia Martin F. Nc
Carthy, the Middle Atlantic
senior champion. won the num-
Der one position in the trials fol
the clubs Maryland State team
by adding a "a to a previous 6e
for 143.
Jack Branch is a few years
away from a senior. but he's one
Of the veterans at Congressional
and leads the team qualifying
with 74-71, las.
Other low scores at Washing
ton were Claude Wild, 77-72, l49;
Jack Williams, 75-74, l49; Sid
Carroll. 1918. 149, and Jimmy
Murphy, 77-73, $50. Ladder
places will not determine team
positions, but all of the low lad
der qualiflers already have been
named to the team.
Clare Emery, Washington's
new pro, is becoming better ac-
quainted with the course. He
had a three-under-par 81 yes
terday. 13 pars, four brides and
a bogey. DR.. McLister, Bill Hoyle
and Ed Mason were in the four
some.
With Congressional to meet
Prince Georges in one of the
feature Maryland team cham
pionShip matches next Sunday
the qualifying pace stepped up
Col. Rennie Kelley finished next
to Branch with 1872, $50, while
other low scores were Bob Chand.
Ter. 1918, 1852; Hal Roddy, 49,
IA. 1853; DR.. W. j. Evans, 77-77
154; George Cornell, the clut
champion, 74-80, 154, and Gene
Pittman, a senior golfer, 1915
154. Billy Shea, considered Con-
gressional's top player, is way
back with 1888. 1874.
At Bethesda. Jay Randolph
matched par with rounds of II
and. 73 to win medal honors ir
the team qualifying. Another
Junior, Del Beman, was next
with 71-78, 149 while Herb Rude
had $50.
Other weekend golf winners.
KENWOOD Blind Bogey)
Crispin Zamborain, 81-13, So; E
H. F. Dutton, 1914. So; j. r
Kreger, 86-18. 68: Chester Hen
nigar. 91-12. 70; B. r. Hayden,
1910, 70; Paul King, 98-18, 70
MANOR (Blind Bogey) Dick
Coombs, 92-18, "a: D. N. Pratt
84-10, "a: George Thornton, "a
0. "a. Inside nine event fol-
Evening star., 1954-04-19

women-Kathryn Railley. 69-18.
81.
WOODMONT Blind Bogey)
Bernard Gurwin. 1925, IS:
Arthur Lyon. 1920. -7s; Lewis
Baskin. 108-3o, 78; Henry Cert
Ter, 1921, rs; Ed Workman. SO.
10. rs; Sam Schwartz, 84-6, 78;
Lester Rosenberg. 87-9, 78; Alex
Forman. 93-15. 78; Jack Freel.
ander. 97-19, 78; Nat Lurie, 95.
II, 78.
BELLE HAVEN (Sweepstakes)
IL and under handicap-Perce
Erisman. 87-11, rs: Frank Cos
grove. 85-9, 76. Over 12-Bill
Schumm. 92-15. II: Stewart Nc
Alister. 91-13. 78.
ARGYLE blind bogey) Don
Sullivan, 73-2-7l; John Nc
Night, 91-l6-75; Court Turner,
77-2-75; Late Franklin, jr.. 30
SIS; Charles Matern, 80-8
70; Luke Beale. 1870.
COURT HOUSE (Sweep-
stakes) George Mehler. 82-12-
10; w. A. Jeffries, 78-7-7l; Bob
Benton, 79-8-71.
FORT DUPONT (Women's g.
hole sweeps) Margaret Ridgers.
49-l2-37; Sophia Peschel, 55-
1873. Low gross-Mrs. Kitty
Nealis, 53.
INDIAN SPRING cPro'-Ama-
teur low handicapped amateurs
playing as the pro from scratch,
others receiving 800 handicap)
Lenny Sake as the pro with
Sam Blase, Severn Beck and
John Owen, best ball of 1880
SO. Dick Mason as the pro with
Sam Daar. Harold Schwartz
and Irv Levine, 32-29-61.
CONGRESSIONAL blind
bogey) Carlisle Bargeron. 100
23-77; Frank McArdle. 85-8-
II; j. w. Flatley, 82-5-77.
PRINCE GEORGES (Sweep-
stakes) Net-Edgie johnson,
75-7-68; John Koontz, 83-14-
SO; G. P. Ford, 80-10-70; Guy
Mcintosh, 82-11-71; Ralph
Shinn, 83-12-71. Low gross
Gil Willett, rs.
Evening star., 1954-04-19
Future Book Odds Cut
On SATURDAYS Winners

Aqua CALIENTE, Mexico,
April 10 R.-C. v. Whitney's
Fisherman and Andrew j. Grew
olin's Determine have been rated
closer second choices to the IA
vored Correlation in the Caliente
future-book odds on the Ken
lucky Derby.
Their prices in the next to-last
weekly quotations were cut from
4 to / to 212 to / as result of
victories Saturday.
Robert S. Lytle's Correlation
remained the favorite, unchanged
at 2 to /.
Other future book leaders also
took cuts, with Errard King go
ing from Is to 8 to /, Goyamo
from 10 to 6-.to /, Hasseyampa
from so to IS to l., James Ses-
sion from 20 to 10 to l, Mahara-
jah from IL to 8 to /, and Timely
Tip from Is to 10 to /.
Odds were raised on Aces
Wired from 40 to so to /; Black
Metal, IS to 40 to /: elevation,
80 to 40 to /; DUO de Fer. 80 to
40 to l; High Gun, 10 to Is to l;
Next Page, 20 to Is to l, and
st. Vincent, so to so to 1.