davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-03-09
W 0rkers To Report
Here Wednesday

Workers il the Prince Edward
County Farm Bureaus Current
membership drive Will rcp-rt re-
suits at a report back meetn7
Wednesday in the Court House at
8 p m, according to Georg e
Shorter, campaign chairman
He said the organization hopes
to have total membership Of
$50 when tae drive is concluded
II the near future
The drive got underway Ia j
week with a dinner meeting Of
workers w dne d a y night at
Cedar Brock Pick Butler, director
Of information for the Virginia
Farm Bureau Federation, spoke
pointing out Farm Bureaus value
TO farm families
Heading the drive in county
districts, un er Nh Shorter'S
leadership are! Edward Harvey.
Prospect Booker Cunningham.
Buffalo, c. G. Owen. Leigh. J. c.
Calhoun, H q N p n. Ron al d
Stockton Farmyille, and Calvin
Bass. Lockett
Continued on PAGE y
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-03-09

stressed the Importance OF COM
petent secretarial service and &C
curacy in English, and luncheon
and recreation.
Contest Winners
William H. Heiger. of Sunny
side McKenney High School. won
a S25 bond as first prize in the
public speaking contest. Joyce
Mac Adams. Craddock of Ports
mouth, was second and Barbara
Richardson. of PoWhatan. third
Judges were Mrs. j. P. Wynne
Norman o. Myers and Mrs. Fran
els Sinkins.
Barbara Ann Alfred. OF Grad
dock. won the spelling contest
followed by Cora Mae Jacobs, OF
E. c. Glass High. Lynchburg. and
Patricia Fuller. of Powhatan The
judges were Mrs Frances Sad
Ter. Powhatan teacher. and Mrs
e. F. Burmahln. Lynchbure
teacher.
Maize Harvey. Of Appomat,os
High. won the parliamentary law
contest, With Barbara Alfred. OF
Craddock, second
Student Officers
Regional student officers chos-
en- during the session are Bar
bara Richardson. F. c. Glass
president; Nancy Nichols PoWha-
tan. secretary. Archie Crittenden
of Sunnyside- McKenney. treaSur-
er; Ruth Stokes, Powha tan, re
porter. and Ella Mason, Lynch
burg. parliamentarian
Virginia Withrow, Of Lynchburg
retiring student president, presid-
ed during installation of new Of
ticerS
Willard Leeper, Of Lynchburg
retiring student department stad
assisted DR.. Landrum with the an
nual session
Sponsors attending included
Mrs. Sadler, Of Powhatan. MES. E.
+. Burmahln. T. c. Glass High:
Miss GLADYS Odgen. Of Sunnyside-
Mckinney, and John Eaves, OF
Craddock
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-03-09
WFLO Owner joins
European Tour

Mrs CarA 3 KEYS. owner Of
Radio Station WFLO in Farm
VILE is currently taking part in
a press and radio tour IL Europe
ana the Near East Mrs Keys LETT
Washington y G. a week ago
FIXING to ireland Fngiand and
Germany Her tour viii continue
through France ITALY AMID several
other countries
IN a letter to John Wilson sta
ZION manager Of WFLO MIS-
KEYS wrote of her visit TO refugee
ccntcrs III Berlin Very pitIfu.
she stated 1T would takc hours
20 describe The Slluationl some
rooms with four families, crowded
into double deck bunkj beds Is
close 9S obey can get None OF
them want TO 20 back thousands
have gone through THESE centcrS
where they arc Scrccfod They
make 60c pei person pay for food
lodging and all Berlin is doing ii
big load
Mis- KEYS expects t0l Ecturn &
tic United States about the end
uf March
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-03-09
Trial Justice
Court Has l41
Febr uary Cases

Prince Edward county's Trial
Justice court heard l4l cases. 81
Of them criminal. during Feb
ruary. and RENTED s2.648l9 to
the state in fines and fees.
Six driver licenses were revoked
during the month under provi-
Sions Of the law in cases heard
by Trial Justice John F. Lewis
Four Of these involved drunk
driving and two more speeding.
Two appeals were noted under
drunk driving charges and viii be
taken to the Circuit Court
Judge Lewis also sent two cases
on TO the Circuit Court Grand
Jury. both involving breaking and
entering. those Of Cleveland
Williams and a trio involved in
another case. Harold Hickman.
Walter Long and Otie Bates.
Last week, Judge Lewis sent
two additional cases to the Grand
Jury involving manSlaughter and
burning Of au insured car cases.
and IMPOSED sentence Of Il
months III jail and costs on David
c, MCDANIEL on two charges Of
writing bad checks.
Tho checks were caShcd III
February by LeggettS and Trear
and JamcrSon grocery. both in
the ampunt Of $l8. Mcdaniel was
sentenced to year on both
charges, but terms Will run cou-
currently.
Referred to the Grand Jury
were the cases Of Willie Melvin
Ingram. a serviccman who ope-
rated a vehicle which crashed
INTO another November T. 1858,
resulting III two deaths, andthat
Of Charles Elliott and Clyde
WmgoI charged with burning Of
81 insured car after an accident
last November
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-03-09
Girl Scouts Marx Founding
Win Tour. Other Erenfs

Will pay series Of visits to inter-
esting places in the community
The tour will begin at Jarman
Hall With an explanation of the
organ and its parts, and the rem
dltion of a few appropriate Sc
lectionS by Roy lesson. member
Of the LongWood College Music
Department Faculty
The next stop will be tn the
Farmvillc Herald. where Scouts
will tour tho newspaper plant with
j. Barryc Wall. owner. This will
be followed by an interview With
w c. Fitzpa trick. MAYOR, III the
Town Council Room. in which he
viii outline his duties and the op-
GRAFTON Of the town Fnal stop
ping point will be the Police De-
partment in The Court House, With
an explanation Of duties by Chief
Neal Smith.
On the Girl Scout Birthday.
Friday. March Il. from 9 10 $50,
party will be held ~ the troop
meeting plarc At Mrs Margaret
D Rrucc s rlanS for refseShmcnta
and cntrr1sinment have boon ar
ranged by committee composed
Of scouts. Who vii also .pper}loe
that evening ; activities
The events ri the week u1I
cloee by Joint attendance IF the
Girl Scouts and two Brownie
troops at the II o'clock service of
the parmvIle Methodist Church,
on Sunday. March a.
Girl Scouts will wear their uni
forms on the days containing sle-
.-t.1
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-03-09
Newberry's To Close
In Founders Memory

The Farmvil,e store of J. j.
Newberry Company will be closed
Tuesday afternoon in respect to
the memory Of John j Newberry.
founder of the national chain,
who died Saturday at his home in
Englewood, N. j.
The company bearing his name
operates ATS stores in As states.
The first was opened in 1911 at
Stroudsburg, Pa. The founder was
native OF Sunbury, Pa Funeral
services viii be held Tuesday.
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-03-09

The Crl Scouts in Farmville are
Joining with two million members
throughout the United States in
recognition Of Gin Scout Week
and Gina Scout Birthday this
week Forty-tWo years ago on
March II marks the founding Of
the organization in this country
by Juhcttc Gordon Low, III Say
annah Ga
Troop ] with its twenty five
intermediate Scout members and
two leaders, MIS- Margaret D.
Bruce and Mrs. J. b Wall. IT..
assistant. have planned a number
Of events to mark the cclcbraIo
In emphasizing tho weeks theme
Of Know Your Nation - Know
Your NcighborS. the local troop
Will concentrate on becoming fam
liar With its own community and
It's citizens.
On Tuesday morning the Scouts
will give three short dramatic
presentations to an audience Of
fellow classmates 81 the t'arm1llle
Eoemntarv school The plays were
chosen organized, staged and cn-
acted last month a. part OF the
,"cond class badge requirements
IL Lttora i'ire and Dramatic
The Beaver Patrol viii gfve ROBIN
Hood and His Merry Men the
Chipnlunk s vii present The I'm
pcror s Nov Clothes. and How
TurlupIu Won the Princess" viii
be drama ttzcd by the Squirrel pa
troll
Musical Treat
That afternoon, i'll place Of the
-- L.
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-03-09
Concert Tickets

Tickets TO the National SYM
phMly Orchestra concert Monday
night. March 8 at g r m. may
be purchased III the box office at
Jarmas Auditorium, where the
concert Will be performed Spon-
sorcd by Longwood College, this
is The first public event IN the
celebrat alton Of the FRINGE Edward
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-03-09
Mental Hygienist To Address Legion

Or Ahner Robertson. n Flch-
mond. Executive Director # the
Virginia Mental Hygiene iSccletV
end formerly the Executive IL
rector Of the Cooperative Educa
ton ASSOCIATION and Virginia
Congress If Parents and Teachers,
will speak before 4 Joint dinner
meeting Of the JACK Garland Post
and Auxiliary IN the Assembly
Room Of the Baptist Church,
Tuesday, March Is al + IS = NJ.
His subject Will be Mental Health
Il ~
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-03-09
Region 2 Future Business Leaders Meet
In Annual Session at College Saturday

The value Of public speaking
good English. and a working
knowledge of parliamentary pro-
cedure to future business leaders
was emphasized during the annual
meeting Of Region. Of Future
Business Leaders of America. at
LongWocd College Saturday.
Sixty six students and sponsors
in high school business education
chapters gathered under direc-
ton Of Dr.. Merle Landrum. head
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-03-09

Now members ot the unit all
~ initiated AZ thla tune
Guest Of the Unit will Re Mrs
+ ~ 1trln II Roanoke president
q the American Legion ApA1l1arv.
Department ot Virginia Mrs.
Luta X hkrrS, the Department
secretary and Treasurer Of Roa
nokC Mis-. Patrick Mills of
Churchlmd, vice president of the
Department Of Virginia. Mrs.
Charles T. Levin Of Suffolk
Fourth District Commltteepo oman
a. u--e..
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-03-09

Of the Business Education depart
ment of Longwood College and his
staff colleagues, for the annual
session Region is one of four
such areas into which Virginia
high schools are organized.
The morning and afternoon
visit to the college campus here
included a tour Of the college. led
by Prof Christie Snead. a well
come from DR.. Lancaster. Long
wood president. during which he
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-03-09
Teachers Sala1 "
Plans Halt County
l954-55 Budgeting
Supervisors Will
ait For Genera ii
Assembly Decisi on

The General Assemblys WIangle
over teachers salaries and state
apnorIation for public schools
have ground to a halt Prince
Edward countys efforts to COM
plete its l954-55 budget.
The b ar d of supervisors
Thursday adjourned subject to
call by Chairman Edward Garter
after learning that legislation in
Richmond may require as much
as S25 900 more than contempt
lated here if Governor Stanley's
proposed tipping Of teachersi sala-
RES is written into law
Prince Edward with other
Virginia counties, operates under
a prescribed teacher salary
scale Of from $4,000 to SO 2oO The
Assembly is studying means Of
meeting the Governor proposals
that the scale be raised to s. 400
$4,000.
Local Supplements
The difficulty arises under the
methods proposed for meeting the
cost OF higher salaries They call
for counties to bear a heavy
share Of the additional cost even
though the increase is state
proposed
since The new proposals had not
been ANTICIPATED here IN budget
plans up TO the point, Supervisors
called off further consideration OF
l954-55 OUTLAWS and Incomt until
Superintendent Of Schools T. } j:
McIlwane can determined wh2t
plan If any is to be used i'm the
teachers salary increase
Until The increase was proposed
Prince Edwards budget makers
were preparing plan to finance
the years county and school costs
with the present tax levy Ifurther
consideration now must await
final action in the ASSEMBLY
Water Truck Bids
IN matters other than tie bud
get. supervisors were able To make
more progress They authorized
Their fire fighting equipment
committee to receive bids on an
auxiliary water truck to be used
with the county fire truck
Supervisors r B. Wilson and
D. r Dillon. Of the committee.
endorsed such a purchase after
survey revealed that county fire
fighting would be more effective
with a greater water supply.
TWO county road requests we're
considered. one unfavor4bly III
the Miller Lake area on Route
Glib. presented BY a delegation led
by + f. Miller Highway Engineer
r. H Ingle rep rted the road
count insufficient to warrant inn
proVement
County Road Work
J Hugh Gillian and others
presented a request Of landowners
along Route 636 the old county
farm road for Improvements,
They presented With the request
the offer to donate land along
the route necessary for Widening
and improving it All but one
landowner IS cooperathg the
board was informed
A request for an appropriation
increase of $467 over Ind current
year for the Southside Health
Districts work was PRESENTED by
d.. II f. jenkins. district di-
rector The county is being asked
to provide 1880 Of the district S
total budget for 1919 i-55 Of
ca2 nag
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-03-09
Rotarians W eIcome
|. {. Glenn as Member

Farmvlle Rotarians welcomed
] c Glenn FaImvllle banker.
INTO membership last week. and
enjoycd visit from Keith
Sc1uler former Rotauan who has
returned to Falmvillc after a brief
period Of residence IN Texas.
The Rotary Club reports sue
cess With it's series Of rummage
sales to raise funds toward its
program of CIVIC projects The
final sale was held Saturday
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-03-09
All Radio Program

In celebration of National All
week. the Worsham Senior All
Club will present radio program
over Station WFLO on Thursday.
March II. at $50 a m Part OF
the program will be devoted to
hightlights in the history of All
work in Prince Edward County
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-03-09
{ hamhcr Meeting
Postponed a Week

ratuvtllc hammer 1,nn,etse
has postponed its meeting 10
n,sht MONDAY uhil Nondav.
March {, The action uas taken
TO permit members ~ attend
the BiccuteuniaI conc ert OF tho
National symphony Orchestra
tonight in ,farman Han.
The Chamber regularly meets
thc second Monday Of each
-~-LL-
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-03-09
GARDEN DIVISION

The Garden Division OF the
Womans Club Will meet Thurs
day, March II, at p m, with
Mrs. T A McCorklc, 303 First
Ave.
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1954-03-09
Musical Treat

That afternoon, in place Of the
- ---y -. 80 1... <
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1954-09-30

of Library Trustees Of the East
Cleveland Public Library, 141O1 Eu-
cid Avenue, East Cleveland, Ohio
as per plans and specifications pre-
pared by said Architects. Combined
proposals for the Entire Work
posals may be submitted for Cen
eral Trades Only, plumbing" /,
Heating" and Electrical.
B. The bidding documents are on file
and can be seen at the office of
Garfield, Harris, Robinson and
Schafer, Registered Architects, l74O
East 18th Street, Cleveland IA, Ohio,
Library Trustees Of the East Cleve-
land Public Library. 14l01 Euclid
Avenue, East Cleveland, Ohio.
c. Drawing and Specifications will be
issued by the Architects to BONA
FIDE BIDDERS only and not more
than two sets may be obtained
by any one bidder; q asEt,Cs deEposit OF
will be forwarded, shipping charges
collect, upon receipt of written re-
quests accompanied by a deposit
of $4,000 per set for each set re-
quested. Upon the return OF plans
and specifications in good condition,
within ten days after. opening Of
bids, the full amount Of the deposit
will be refunded.
D. All bids shall be made and sub
mitted on special blank forms to
be obtained from said Garfield,
Harris, Robinson and Schafer. Each
bid shall be accompanied by GER
titled check, made payable to The
Board of Trustees of East Cleve-
land Public Library. equal to five
(5) percent of the bid rendered, as
a guarantee that the bidder will,
if the award is made to him, enter
into a bona fide contract under the
specifications. II for any reason
whatsoever, the successful bidder
fails to enter into a proper con-
tract and to execute a proper per-
forman bond as required by the
Specifications, the amount of such
guarantee shall be retained by The
Board OF Trustees as and for iqui-
dated damages sustained by reason
of his failure so to do. The certi-
fled checks received from the un-
successful bidders will be returned
as soon as the contracts are award
ed. signed and Performance Bond
furnished.
2. Every bid or proposal shall contain
the full name of each person or
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1954-09-30

DINING room set. apiece; Norge
washer. Nv. l-0587.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1954-09-30
7

PARAKEET, blue and white, vicinity
ayden-WoodWorth. Call after
p. m, reward, 1927 Hayden ave-, MU.
1-4303
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1954-09-30

company interested in the same;
labor and material prices must be
separately stated, price and amounts
being written in ink.
F. Each and every bidder shall state
in the proposal the date he will
agree to have the work comprised
in his bid completed, If awarded
the contract
G.. Sealed bids will be opened publicly,
in the office of the Architects.
read and tabulated by the Clerk of
The Board of Library Trustees at
1900 o'clock Noon, East Standard
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1954-09-30

REDWOOD inside storm windows TO fit
homes on East 260th, 258th and Ben
ton ave-, Euclid; reasonable. 804
East 258th st.
ELECTRIC roaster and cabinet; cedar
chest. Hoover vacuum, all Al. Gil.
1888
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1954-09-30

Time on said 14th day of October,
1854. The awarding of the contract
to successful bidder or bidders will
be made thereafter pursuant to
law and in accordance with the
General Code of Ohio, Section 1884
l8 or latest revision thereof.
H. The Board of Trustees reserves the
right to reject any or all bids.
BY order of The Board of Trustees
of The East Cleveland Library.
E. J. EDWARDS,
President of the Board
Published: September 80,
October 7, 1854
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1954-09-30

TOIDY seat, stroller sterilizer, etc. TAI
East 232nd off Babbitt, RE. 1-9727
after S, week days.
BABY chest of drawers, large size crib
complete all for $50. UL. l-4741 after
$3.50 p. m.
BABY crib, high chair. pottie chair all
for $50 PO. 1-7l44.
BLOND maple youth bed, with mat
tress, removable side rails, excellent
condition, $50. WI 3-2744.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1954-09-30
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT
FOR THE CONSTRUCTION AND
COMPLETION OF THE
CALEDONIA BRANCH IIRRARY

|. Sealed proposals will be received
at the office of Garfield. Harris.
Robinson and Schafer, Registered
Architects, Room 4l2. 1740 East 18th
Street, Cleveland Ia. Ohio, until
1900 O'Clock Noon, Eastern Stand
u i4 1851 for on the ConstryS,ctior c'oHe5 sne
Completion of the Caledonia Branch
Library. $50 Caledonia Road, Cleve-
land Heights, Ohio. for the Board
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1954-09-30


CAMEO pin between East 143rd st. and
st. Joseph's Church in pasSageway
near Nelson's Auto Parts, reward.
MU. 1-5l23.
WILL appreciate return of child's blue
Murray tricycle. to ITO East 148th ST.,
or phone Ii. 1890.
COLLIE, lost, black and white, with
Illinois license tag, East l40th-Lake
Shore area. reward. w. 1-4818.
BILLFOLD. blue, woman's. TO. 1866.
BOYS reversible jacket. dark blue
with blue and white checked trim;
vicinity Euclid Senior High. Please
call RE. 1929.
ALL white wirehair terrier, male, with
hard Jumps on back, age ava years.
missing since September 7th from
21251 Chardon rd., answers to
"Bingo". child is sick over loss of
dog. dog needs special attention from
us; liberal reward. KE. 1892
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1954-09-30

MOVING out of state, rooms of fur
niture, coal stove and tarpaulin,
l2xl5; miscellaneous. PO. 1880.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-08-22

restaurant. For orders under dollar, the tip
is not less than quarter.
Taxis: A taxi driver. today. expects 10 or Is
cents for any trip under 50 cents. is cents to a
quarter for ride Of dollar or little more, and
proportionate amounts for rides that 60 over
that
Beauey Shops: At beauty shops the tip
varies with the location Of the shop and the cost
of the service. In luxury shop the maid who
takes your coat 10 tipped 10 Or is cents. The
manicurist receives IS to so cents or more.
depending on what the shop charges for
Coatfsssed 90 sexf page
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-08-22
TIPPING UP-TO-DATE
By Amy Vanderbilt
asIHea OF ANY vAMDGasmTs eospiErf EIiasETIE

y * = x aF ! 3
he gets Is to 20 per cent of the bill. depending
on the kind Of hotel. Check-Foom attendants
get 10 or Is cents if no extra service IS rendered
Restaurants: Diners tip is to 20 to Is per
cent Of the check. depending on the class of
restaurant. The headwaiter of restaurant IN
the Colony or Pump Room class receives an
occasional 6ve-dollar tip from regular patrons.
Travel: Most terminal Red Caps get stand
ard rs cents bag in metropolitan areas A tip
in addition is not expected but is often given for
prompt, efficient and courteous service In areas
where there is no set fee. the minimum of 10
cents per bag is expected plus tip of a quarter
or more depending on the amount and weight
of the bags.
The Pullman porter receives small tip "a
quarter usually - il he has been available to
you for few hours even If you haven't used his
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-08-22

In luxury hotels the bellhop expects SO cents
for his escort to your room with one bag. more
in proportion to the amount of luggage. brands
bring 25-cent tips in such hotels. In ordinary
commercial hotels 10 or Is cents is enough. A
page in one-lobby hotel gets 10 or Is cents for
paging. but IN hotel with numerous public
rooms he gets a quarter.
A maid gets dollar for an overnight stay IN
aluxury hotel and anything from Is to SO cents
in small. transient hotel The tip is left under
the pillow or given to the maid if you zee her.
A room waiter is tippednot less than quar-
ter in a big hotel for coming up with any order
totaling less than dollar For meals in rooms
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-08-22

services. lie should get tins as
you detrain even if there is no
luggage for him to put on the
platform. For overnight. or long
er. the porter receives a dollar
per night.
The train conductor is an exec
utive and Is never tipped unless
he performs some unique service.
For example, for getting you a
bedroom in place of your upper
berth he might receive a dollar.
The chief steward Of the dining
car 10 not tipped but the table
waiter Is tipped as in an ordinary
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-08-22

WHICH I'D up anO now "uCm Ii
still problem. Here are the
latest standards from an expert
TIVE found that women tend to undertip. men
Il to overtip. Women, it seems, hate the
arithmetic involved in figuring tip. or else
they resent having to pay part of an employees
wages for his employer. Men overtip perhaps
to feel masterful and because they don't want
to be thought stingy. But either way. tipping
is here to stay.
The amount you tip depends on where you
are. At the Waldorf the scale is different from
that at transient hotel in small town. On
the Queen Mary. first class. you tip higher than
you do on a one-class liner.
Hotels: The doorman gets nothing for open