davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1954-04-22
OUR HISTORY
I'M review
BY
ELLIS MURREY
(The Aegean WOrld)
Continued
The Mycenaean Civilization
I6O0-II0O Il. c.


The Mycenaean civilization
was similar to that of the Minoan
culture. Almost all of the artistic
and intellectual background was
Cretan. The Mycenaean Greeks
lived in perpetual danger of
attack and the cities were en-
circled with strong Notifications
which were thick stone walls
several feet high. The walls
around the city of Mycenaean
were sixteen feet thick and
thirty-five feet high and there
was a block Of limestone over
the entrance gate which was
sixteen feet long, eight feet wide
and three feet thick.
The dress and armor of the
Mycenaean Greeks had charac-
teristics of that of central Europe
and the Minoan south. The men
didn't dress like the Cretans,
but instead wore dresses with a
belt around the waist. In war
fare the men wore a suit of
bronze armor consisting of he'll
met. A shield was carried on the
left arm leaving the right arm
free to use the spear,
The legends of the Mycenaean
Greeks have preserved an eXten-
sive and we'll organized body of
stories of their rulers. 1t is be-
lieved that these legends con-
tain a great deal of truth and
they portray the hard, brutal and
violent society which was torn
by wars, piracy and murder. The
royal and noble families had
such a horrible record IN Mycen-
aean legends that the Classical
Greeks believed that these noble
families were under hereditary
curses imposed by the gods. 1t
is believed that the legends relate
events of the thirteenth and
twelfth centuries B. c. and pro-
badly didn't represent the best
part of the Mycenaean Age.
Almost everyone today has
heard something or read some
thing about the Trojan War. Two
episodes of the later Mycenaean
Age which strongly impressed
the classical Greeks was the
Trojan war which was a war of
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1954-04-22
Road Fork Sew & Sew

The Road Fork Sew & Sew
met April II at the high school
for organization. Ten members
were present,
The officers were elected as
follows: president, Jean Crum;
vice president, Norma Williams;
secretary treasurer, Shirley
Hardesty; news reporter, Fay
VanFossen; recreation leader,
Nora Williams; health officers,
Betty Crum and Velma VanFos-
sen. The advisor is Edith Stevens.
The next meeting will be held
in the township house on April
"a. news reporter: Fay VanFos-
sen.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1954-04-22
81 { e 81
WIS : ~ - $::::@|::'| S.
Sharon Stitch and Stir Club


The Sharon Stitch and Stir
Club was reorganized Saturday,
March 81, at the home of Jessie
Pickenpaugh. Jessie was elected
president; Polly Hill, vice presi-
dent; Kay Wiley, secretary =
treasurer; Faye Wiley, news re-
porter; Joy Cain, recreation
leader and Janet Ramsey, health
officer. There were l6 members
and 5 visitors present. Projects
were selected and include;
Susie's Little Stitches, Mothers
Little Cooks, Let's Sew, Articles
To Use and Wear, Easy to Make
Cotton Dresses, Freezing Fruits
and Vegetables, Yeast Breads
and Salads, Sandwiches and
Summer Drinks. Several girls
plan to join at the next meeting.
Advisors of this group are Mrs.
Mrs. Joseph Wiley and Mrs. VIM.
Walters.
News Reporter, Faye Wiley
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1954-04-22
Crooked Tree Jolly Workers

The first meeting of the Crook
ed Tree Jolly Workers was held
in the Crooked Tree Grange hall
There were seven members per-
sent. The following were elected
as officers: president, Jean John
son; vice president; Margie John
son; secretary treasurer, Doris
Way; recreation leader, Connie
Smith; news reporter, Darlene
Carrel; health and Safety, Emo
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1954-04-22
Three Forks Bows


The Three Forks Boys All club
met at the home of Larry Wood
ford, April at 500 p. IN. with
eight members present. 1t was
voted to change the name of the
club to the Energetic Eight.
Jimmie Sealock was elected the
Health & Safety officer. Dues
were set at 5 cents per meeting.
Propects for the year were nam
ed and talked about.
Refreshments were served by
the host. Games were played and
Mr.. Woodford shot his muzzle
loader for us. - news reporter
Phil Yontz.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1954-04-22
CARD OF THANKS

wish to thank each and every
one who sent me cards, flowers
and gifts and every one who Wis
tied me while | was a patient
in Guernsey Memorial hospital,
also the O.E.S., Sunday School
Class and Grange for their cards
and gifts. Each and every one
was appreciated very much,
Florence Smith
LewiSville, RID
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1954-04-22
Energetic EIGHT

April l6, at 500 p. m. the
Energetic Eight Boys All club
met at Roger Iams'. Six men,
bers were present. Project books
were handed out. 1t was voted
to give $l.00 to the Red Cross.
Next meeting is April 20 at Tom
and Phil Yontz's. Refreshments
were served and we watched #.
V. for recreation. news reporter:
Phil Yontz.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1954-04-22
BrO0kfield Buckeye S.assies

The Brookfield Buckeye Las
sizes met April Is, 1854 at the
regular meeting place. Meeting
was called to order by repeating
the All pledge. The minutes of
the last meeting were read. The
roll call was answered by nam
ing your favorite car. The pro-
jects were talked about and
books on each article were given
out. The next meeting will be
April 20, 1854 at the regular
place. news reporter; Peggy
Baker.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1954-04-22
HOSkinSville LGafers

The Hoskinsville loafers All
club met at the Gordon Secrest
home and organized with the fol-
lowing boys as officers; presi-
dent, Larry Beckett; vice presi-
dent, Jack McFerren; secretary
treasurer, Ray Geary; news re-
porter, James Secrest; recreation
leader, Carl Geary; advisor,
David Beckett. The next meeting
will be April 81 news reporter:
James Secrest.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1954-04-22
The HoskinsvilIe Buttonaires

The Hoskinsville Buttonaires
held their first meeting at the
home Of Esther Secrest on April
l3. The meeting was called to
order by the president and the
roll call was answered by nine
members. We decided on 10 cents
for the dues. Refreshments were
served by Esther Secrest and
Nellie Mae Beckett. news re-
porter: Patsy HIVES.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1954-04-22
gene Thesis

gene Thesis.
Projects were discussed. The
next meeting will be held the
9th Of April at 1880 at the
Grange hall. news reporter;
Darlene Carrel.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1954-04-22

You save hours on ihe road.
Thanks TO new high-compression
power, you can maintain faster
schedules without driving at higher
maximum speeds. Increased accel-
eraton and hill-climbing ability LET
YOU save time where il counts,
You save fine on deliveries.
WIh new truck Hydra-Matic trans
MISSION, you save time at every
delivery stop. And you can forget
about clutching and shifting for
good It's optional at extra cost on
14., "a and l-ton Chevrolet trucks.
You save exfro trips. That's be-
cause OF the extra load space you
ANcT TpIIcTlJNp
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1954-04-22

get in the new Advance-Design
bodies. New pickup bodies are
deeper, new stake and platform
bodies are wider and longer. Also,
they're set lower for easier loading.
You save with lower upkeep,
too. Extra chassis strength saves
you money on maintenance, There
are heavier axle shafts in two-ton
models &. bigger clutches in light
and heavy-duty models :. stronger
frames in all models.
You save on operating costs.
New power saves you money every
mile! The "Thriftmaster 235" en-
CINE, the ''LoadmaSter 235" and
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1954-04-22

the 'Jobmaster 26l" Optional on
2-ton models at extra cost deliver
increased operating economy.
And your savings start the day
you buy. In fact, they start with
the low price you pay and con-
tinue over the miles. Chevrolet is
Americas lowest-priced line of
trucks. It's also the truck that has
a traditionally higher trade-in value.
Come in and see all the S,rzs,.,ss1,G,g5l2 !
wonderful new things you N 49, \ A5
get in Americas number sc
one truck. Well be glad z Mssu
TO give you all the money -
saving facts. (AH
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1954-01-01

urged to attend this demonstra
ton of faith, honor and praise to
the Holy Name of Jesus. AT this
time of necessity for greater
strength in Catholic Action activi
ties, it is hoped that all Catholic
men, whether members of Holy
Name Societies or moi, will unite
in making this function successful
by filling the Cathedral to capa-
city.
Speaker for the rally will be
Monsignor Harold J. o'DonneIl,
assistant chancellor Of the Co
lumbus diocese. The program
will be opened with the hymn,
"oh, Holy Name" and will
be followed by the reeifa-
tion of the Rosary led by Mon
signor Harry S. Connolly. pastor
of St. Joseph Cathedral. Father
Albert c. cUIlifon, diocesan di-
rector OF the Holy Name Union
and pastor of St. Christopher
Church, will lead the assembly
in the renewal of the Holy Name
Pledge.
The hymn, "Veni Sancte Spiri-
tus," will be sung by St. Charles
Seminary Choir, under the direc-
tion of Father F. Thomas Gallen,
Diocesan Director of Church Mu-
sic. Following Pontifical Benedic-
ton the religious demonstration
will close with the hymn, Holy
God, We Praise Thy Name by the
entire congregation.
Joseph E. Tritschler, diocesan
president of the Holy Name Union
has appointed Ralph ]. Kramer,
Sr.. as chairman of the annual
rally, and Edward o. Ryan, as CO.
chairman. John A. McAndreWs will
be program chairman and Charles
E. Leach, co-chairman. Aiding with
arrangements will be Henry A.
Reinhart. Charles P. Gilbert. and
Leo c. Walter. August c. Grodrian
will be treasurer for the rally, as
sisted by Edward P. Wolfe James
]. Rabbit will be chairman of ush-
ers.
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1954-01-01

Joseph E. Manton, c. Ss.R., of Bos-
ton, preaching.
JANUARY 23-"The return to
the Sacraments of lapsed Catho-
lies" Bishop Bryan McEntegart,
Rector OF the Catholic University
OF America, presiding: Father
Ignatius Smith, o. P, dean of the
Catholic University School OF
Philosophy, preaching.
JANUARY 24-"The conversion
of the Jews" Auxiliary Bishop
John NJ. Mcnamara OF Washing
ton, presiding; Father Victor D0no.
van, c. P. of the Passionist Mon.
astery, West Springfield, Mass,
preaching.
JANUARY 25-"rhe Missionary
conquest of the world for Christ, =
Archbishop Richard ]. Cushing OF
Boston, presiding and preaching.
On Sunday, January "a, The
Liturgy according to the Syriac.
Maronite Rite will be celebrated
by ChorBishop Mansour Stephen,
pastor of Our Lady of Lebanon
Church, Brooklyn, NY.
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1954-01-01
Retreat Dinner
Set For Jan. II

The annual retreat dinner for
the Catholic Laymen's Retreat
League, to be held Jan. II, will be
addressed by a distinguished lay
man from Cleveland, Mr.. Karl
Martesteek. This affair is the only
assembly of the men who make re-
treats at the Shrine of the Little
Flower, the Diocesan Retreat
House. Benediction of the Blessed
Sacrament will be given at St. Jo-
seph Cathedral at 400 pm. and
the dinner will follow at the Vir-
ginia Hotel at 500 pm.
Mr. Martesteck, an executive of
the Great Lakes Bridge and Dock
Company of Cleveland, is an en-
gineering graduate of Notre Dame.
He is Managing Director of the
Catholic Information Center of the
Cleveland Diocese. lay adviser and
faculty member of st. Johns Col
lege and an ardent retreatant.
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1954-01-01

celebration. Bishop Ready was the
speaker.
MARCH 13 - Sixty priests at
tended the Regional Priests Social
Action Conference in Columbus.
Principal speaker was Msgr. Will
liam ], Flanagan, pastor of ST,
Mary Cathedral, Lansing, Mich.
MARCH 13 - Plans for a fund
drive to raise 81 100000 for the
expansion of Good Samaritan Hos
pital, GAINESVILLE, were announced
today
MARCH Is - The new $780, 900
Notre Dame High School in Ports
mouth was dedicated today by
Bishop Ready. The new school will
accommodate approximately $50
pupils. Nearly 1000 people attend
ed the dedication and blessing.
MARCH 20-Observance OF the
Easter Vigil ceremonies the eve
ming before Easter Sunday was au-
thorized in all parishes in the CO.
lLmbus Diocese by Bishop Ready.
MARCH 27 - The Ohio LegiSla-
ture's recognition of the need for
increased aid to the aged and
blind was commended today by the
Ohio Catholic Welfare Conference,
at the organizations semi-annual
meeting in the DeShler-W Wallick Ho-
tel.
MARCH 81 - The men of st.
Elizabeth Parish, Roswell, are do
mating their time and labor to the
construction of a new cement
block church to replace the 50
year-old frame structure.
MARCH 28-Named to the Cath
Ollie Times all-diocesan basketball
team were Gene Nangle, GAINESVILLE
Rosecrans; Ralph Mcintyre, Dover
st. Joseph; Dick Dreese, New Lex
ington St Aloysius; Mike Ander-
son, Marion ST. Mary; Ralph Rel
Continued on Page p
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1954-01-01
Official
Episcopal
Engagements

Friday, January 1st: 10 am
Mass, Cathedral.
Monday, January 4th: II noon
Catholic Mems Luncheon. 500
pm. - Closing Forty Hours
0evofions, Saint Rsphsers
Home.
Sunday. January 10th: 3 pm
Holy Name Rally, Saint Jo-
seph Cathedral.
Sunday. January 18th: 1000 a.
m.-Mass and Confirmation,
saint Matthew Church, Mount
Gilead. 400 pm. - Catholic
Laymen's Retreat League, Ca.
thedrsI.
Wednesday, January 10th: $50
pm. - Catholic w o m n
League, Fort Hayes Hotel.
Tuesday, January 10th: Ohio
Catholic Welfare Conference
Meeting, the Neil House, two
day meeting.
Wednesday, January 27th: $50
p.m.-Ssint Francis Hospital
Circles, Neil House.
Sunday, January 3lst: 1900 am.
Celebration of the PafronaI
Feast of the Diocese, Saint
Francis de Sales, PontifiesI
Mass, Saint Joseph Cathedral.
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1954-01-01

Mary Church in Delaware since
1923, as Honor Citizen of 1858"
JAN. 20 - Pontifical Requiem
Mass was sung in St. Joseph Ca
thedral by Auxiliary Bishop Ed
ward G. Hettinger for Monsignor
Thomas A. Nolan, pastor emeritus
of Our Lady of Victory Church.
FEB. 8 49, The Missionary Co
operative Plan, which will bring
missionaries to "A parishes in the
diocese this year to appeal for
prayers and aims, was announced
this week by Father James Kulp,
diocesan director cf the Society for
the Propagation of the Faith.
FEB. 13 A mimeographed
handbook, aimed to standardize
policies and regulations of the 80
elementary and high schools in the
diocese, was issued by Father c.
Bennett Applegate, diocesan super
lnJenQenL OF ScnOOlS.
FEB. ga Pontlfical Requiem
Mass was offered by Bishop Ready
for Msgr. Tiburtius A. Goebel,
pastor of st. Mary Church, Ports
mouth. AT 83, he was the oldest
priest in the diocese.
MARCH / - The opening of
Ohio's Sesquicentennial celebra-
tion was marked in the diocese by
two Pontifieal Masses - one Of
fered in ChiIlicothe by Bishop Rea-
dy and the other in Columbus by
Bishop Edward G. Hettinger. Rep
resentatives of city and state gov
ernments were on hand at st. Pc
ter's Church in Chillicothe for the
first ceremony of the year-long
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1954-01-01

that the ordinary people in these
countries expect it and consider it
necessary and possible. "
why continue to hesitate?" the
Pope asked The end is clear. the
needs of nations are obvious to
all" Turning to those who, in adj
vance, ask for an absolute guar
antee of success, the Pontiff said:
"The supreme incitement to ac-
tion is the gravity Of the moment
through which Europe is strug-
Cling There is no security for her
without risk. To demand absolute
certainty is to fail in good viii to-
ward Europe"
In the course of his address the
Pope pointed out how the tech
Continued on Page p
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1954-01-01

of the National Shrine of the I'm
maculate Conception-whose great
upper church will be started IN
1854 to honor the Patroness of
the United States.
Taking part at the services IN
the National Shrine will be nine
members of the Hierarchy, includ-
ing Bishop of the Greek Rite.
Schedule for Chair of the Unity
Octave observances in the nations
capital is as follows:
JANUARY 18-"The return OF
all the other sheep to the ono
Fold of st. Peter, the One Shep.
herd" Archbishop Patrick a
0'Boyle of Washington presiding;
Father Edmond ID. Bernard of the
Catholic University of America,
preaching.
JANUARY 19-"The return OF
all Oriental Separatists to com
munion with the Apostolic, See
Auxiliary Bishop j Carroll Nc
Cormick of Philadelphia, presid-
ing; Bishop Daniel Ivancho, Amos
tolic Exarch of Pittsburgh, preach
ing.
JANUARY 20 - The submis-
sion of Anglicans to the authority
of the Vicar of Christ" Bishop
James A. McNulty of Paterson,
presiding; Father David Cannon,
S. A, of Graymoor, Garrison, n.
y, preaching.
JANUARY 81 - That the Luth-
Grams and all other Protestants of
Continental Europe may find their
way back to the Holy Church, .
Bishop Blaize Kurz, O. F. NJ, Pre-
feet Apostolic of Yum Chow, PIE.
siding, Father Alexander WAse,
O.FM., director of the Academy
OF American Franciscan History
preaching.
JANUARY 22-That Christians il
America may become one in cons-
munion with the Chair of st. Pei.
er;" Auxiliary Bishop Joseph Hod.
ges of Richmond presiding. Father
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1954-01-01
Holy Hour Set
For Youth OF
Diocese, Jan. 3

The first monthly Holy Hour
of the Catholic Youth Adora-
ton Society of the Diocese of
Columbus will be h e / d this
Sunday afternoon at 2:30 PM.
in st. Josephs Cathedral. The Holy
Hour will be conducted by Father
Richard Dodd Of the Catholic
Youth Bureau.
The local council Of young peo-
pie has been busy this past week
publicizing the Holy Hour among
the youth of the city of Columbus
and vicinity. Pastors are encourag-
ing their young people to attend
this Holy Hour. the first of its kind
for young people of high school
age in the Diocese.
The CYA is branch of a soci-
ETY. that was begun in New York
in 1948 and which has spread
throughout many dioceses in the
country. The Holy Hour is in dis-
logue form, the prayers having
been compiled by high school stu
dents. There is meditation used
at the Holy Hour which is written
by one of the young people them
selves. A sermon and congrega-
tional singing are also part of the
service
The intentions included in the
Holy Hour are many and varied.
The local branch of the CYA will
make especially a petition for
world peace and for an increase in
vocations to the Religious Life.
The Holy Hour. a special project
of the Catholic Youth Council for
the Marian Year. will be held in
Marian churches till summer. Feb
ruary Z. St. Mary Parish will be
host to the CYA In March the Ho-
ly Hour will be held at the Immsc-
ulate Conception Church while Ho-
ly Rosary Parish Church will be
the scene of the Holy Hour on
April 4 The monthly Holy Hour in
May will be combined with the Di-
ocesan Youth Rally planned for the
first Sunday of that month.
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1954-01-01
Clothing Drive
Results Pass
1852 Totals

The impressive to a ! Of
1884 pounds of usable cloth
ing was collected in the Column
bus Diocese during the Thanks
giving week drive for poverty
stricken people abroad.
Father William Kappes, diocesan
director of Catholic Charities, said
this week that. the drive already
has eclipsed last years collection
by more than 1000 pounds, and the
total is expected TO reach approx
mately $4,000 pounds when the re-
mainder Of the parishes send in
their reports.
Father Kappes said the clothing
was Of very good quality and
that Catholics in the diocese, by
their contributions. furnished q
magnificent example of concern
and charity for their fellow men.
ST. Mary Parish, Marion was
the leader among parishes in the
diocese. contributing 51o0 pounds
10 the drive. II was the second
consecutive year that the parish
hes set the pace in giving cloth
ing, shoes, bedding and blankets
TO fhe poor. Other too contrib
ufors were Newark ST. Francis,
1900; Dover ST. Joseph 2622;
ZanesvilIe St. Nicholas, $500; Co
lunhus Holy Rosary. 1850; and
Columbus ST. csfharine, 224o
pounds.
The clothing was shipped to New
York, and then sent to Korea, Eu.
rope and the Near East
lle Dioeeses In Drive
The drive was conducted By the
War Relief Services OF the Nation
al Catholic Welfare Conference
under the auspices Of the Bishop.
of the United States in 1l9 dio
/. ceses. Bishop Ready termed the
drive a necessity" and pointed
out that conditions in Korea have
changed little since the truce,
that thousands are cold and hun
CRY in Germany, and that uncount'
ed thousands of refugees from
Soviet Satellite nations must de-
pend on our charity.
Msgr. Edward E. SwanstTom, ex-
ecutive director of War Relief
Services declared that the drive
would probably top all records.
He added.
The instant response to the
Bishops appeal has been most
gratifying inasmuch as it will
alleviate the terrible suffering of
people actually living in the streets
in those war-torn countries "
Msgr. SWanstrom, who recently
returned from a tour of devastated
areas overseas, asserted that it
was no exaggeration to say that
thousands would die unless aided
by their fellow men.
Last fall more than 100000
pounds of clothing and bedding
were gathered in the national
drive.
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1954-01-01

tecnnOl0glcai progress.
The Pontiff applied his counsel
particularly TO the peoples of Eu-
rope. He urged them to get away
from "a material approach to the
problem of peace /" and to resist
certain busy peace agents" who
think that the whole peace prob
lem can be solved by increased
production and higher living stand
ards.
In . moving appeal 70 Chris
tisn statesmen, fhe Holy Father
asked them 10 take reasonable
risks" in striving for the conf.
mental union of Eyrope's peo-
Piles. He exhorted them not 10
sggrsvste social tensions" in
their own countries "bY dra.
msfieaIIy emphasizing them" To
those who cell for "a so-cslied
revolution in christisn con.
Sciences" he pointed out that
il is not Christianity that has
failed in the social field but that
the failure is "in the minds Of
her sczUsers."
The greater part Of the Holy Fa-
ther's address was devoted to set
ting forth the grave spiritual dan
gers arising from the false dream
of expecting d solution of all Of
mankind's problems from what he
termed the chronological spirit
and the chronological concept of
life"
The Pope made clear that his
criticism should not be understood
@as d condemnation of technology
cal progress in itself which
comes lgem G5a aIid 30 II can
and ought to lead to God"
Technology Has Proper Place
However, unless technology is
given no more than its proper
place in the hierarchy of values,
the Pope warned, this era of tech
nological progress will achieve its
monstrous masterpiece, making
man into a giant of the physical
world. at the expense of his soul,
reduced to pygmy in the realm
of the supernatural and eternal"
In leading up to his appeal for a
union of the countries of Europe,
the Holy Father warned against "a
peace based on fear" arising from
a more or less equal distribution
of technical and economical forces
between two parties.
Urging the discard of that false
autonomy of material forces which
today are hardly different from
war materials" the Pope said:
Secure and lasting peace is
above all a question of spiritual
unity and of moral dispositions
=. The present state of affairs
will not improve, unless ell ns.
fions recognize common spiritual
and moral ends c, humanity 80.
and mutually agree TO oppose
the cause of division reigning
among them in the discrepancy
of the standard of living and Of
productivity"
The work for a union of Europe
is strongly encouraged, the Pope
said, by the manifest failure of
the contrary policy and by the fact