davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1954-11-14
Henry Luce 10 Talk
AT 4()il Anniversary
OF New Republic

Henry n. Luce, publisher Of
Time and Life magazines, will
be principal speaker ct b dinner
at 7::3Ol pm. Wednesday at the
Willard Hotel. celebrating the
40th year OF publication Of New
Republic Magazine.
" Former Attorney General
Francis Biddle win be toastrnas-
ter. Michael Straight, present
editor of the New Republic. also
will speak.
Mr.. Luce will discuss 1.-THE
Liberal Tradition. which has
been set as the theme for the
evening.
The announcement Of the OBJ
servance noted that, the first is
sue of the New Republic ap-
peared in November. 1914, and
that the magazine also will be
celebrating at the dinner its sue
cessful campaign for financial
support earlier this year.
AS a result of the appeal when
1t faced "the most serious finan-
cial crisis in its history" the
magazine announced recently it
would continue publishing in
definitely,
The 40th anniversary viii be
observed also by publication Mo-
vember % of a l28-page issue Of
the magazine. the largest in the
history OF the weekly. It will In
clude collection of outstanding
writing of previous years.
Evening star., 1954-11-14
Andrews Writes Tax Agents
100 Morole-Boosting
Letter Reossures
$4,000 in Field OF,
'Misopprehensions'
By chorIes B. Seib

A serious morale problem
among the $4,000 field employees
of the Internal Revenue Service
has prompted Revenue Commas
sioner r. Coleman Andrews to
send them q long letter of re-
assurance on a number Of issues
he said were causing discomfort
and worry"
In his unusual 1,70O-word let
ter, Commissioner Andrews as
sured the Revenue workers that
a new quota system did not
mean a substitution of quantity
Of work for quality, that he
wasn't following a "the-custom-
-always-right" policy in tax
cases-and that experience was
not being sighted in giving pro-
motions
Il have been impressed and
seriously disturbed" he said, "by
the very evident signs of discon-
tent and worry among field per-
sonnel. The fact that SO much
Of the worry is unjustified, being
based either on false information
or on n1isapprehension. in
creases my concern"
Lack Of Data Blamed.
He blamed much of the diff
ficulty on inadequate explana-
tions to the field of Washington
decisions, but declared I'VE are
getting to know each. other
better"
Mr.. Andrews said the deepest
anxiety appeared to concern pro-
duction quotas and performance
standards. Regional and district
offices had been encouraged to
set up production standards, he
explained, so that both super
visors and employees know what
is considered normal"
Nov, to my disrnay," the
Commissioner continued, II have
learned that in some areas en-
ployes have the impression that
production comes first Nothing
could be farther from the truth
Certainly our volume of produc-
Evening star., 1954-11-14

contested cases.
This simply is not true" he
declared.
He attached to his letter a
copy of an earlier letter to all
regional commissioners and dis
trict directors asserting that. it
is the duty of the services to see
to 1t that all taxpayers promptly
pay the correct amount of their
taxes with the least possible
controversy
Evening star., 1954-11-14
Old Market Place

PARISHES Halles, the Paris
market place, was established In
the 18th century by King Philip
Augustus.
Milford chronicle., 1954-01-22

CHUCK" Peck celebrated his Ord
birthday on Monday evening, by
entertaining a group of relatives.
at the home of his parents, Mr.. and
Mrs. Charles Peck, Jr.
The Rachel Rebekah Lodge will
hold a covered dish supper fea-
turing chicken and dumplings in
their lodge hall on Friday evening,
January 22nd. Mrs. Charlotte Hut
son, Noble Grand, will preside.
Mr.. and Mrs. Howard Wagner
spent Thursday in Wilmington. On
Wednesday evening, Mrs. Wagner
entertained her 500 Club
A group of men attended a
SpOrtsmens Banquet held at the
ArmOry in Wilmington, on Monday
evening. Among those from here
who attended were: Mayor Ernest
Killen. Howard Killen, T. B. Hol-
lOway, Earl Sylvester, U. w. Shaw
William Smith, A. B. Parsons, Arm
old Gilstad and Hayward CULLEN.
Mr.. and Mrs. John B. Case visit
ed his mother, Mrs. Ethel Case, OF
Wilmington, on Sunday.
Mrs. Oscar Wix has returned to
her home after an extended visit
with her daughter, Mrs. Bernard
DuROss of ClaymOnt.
Mr.. and Mrs. George Nelson OF
Delmar spent Sunday with Mrs
Nelson's parents, Mr.. and Mrs
Nimrod Minner.
Mrs. Calvin Wells and son, Don
aid, visited Mrs. Wells parents, Mr.
and Mrs. Harry English of Laurel
on Thursday.
Milford chronicle., 1954-01-22

dist Church, oficiated. She is sur
vived by her daughter-in-law, Mrs.
Harold Harrington; two grand
children, Mrs. DOrOthea BOwden
and Mrs. Betty Ann LOrenzen.
Mr.. and Mrs. Herbert Robbins
accompanied Mr.. and Mrs. James
COnley and son on a drive to Lam
caster, Pa, on Sunday. They re-
ported some lovely snow scenes on
the trip.
Mr.. and Mrs. Ben Belts and fam
lily we're Sunday guests of his bro
Their, Mr.. and Mrs. Gordon Belts
and children.
Mrs. William Pardee of Magno-
liza spent Monday with her son and
family, Mr.. and Mrs. John R. Rog-
ers and children.
Mrs. Eben Hughes spent last
week with Mrs. Pauline Harring-
ton in Wilmington.
Claire Jester of Wilmington
General Hospital, spent the week
end with her parents, Mr.. and Mrs.
Clarence Jester and family.
Miss Mary Jane Alexander spent
the weekend with her parents in
Henderson, Md.
Seaman Claude Peterman re-
turned to his base at the Philadel-
phia Navy Yard, on Wednesday af-
ter several days visit with his
wife and parents, Mr.. and Mrs.
William Peterman.
Mr.. and Mrs. Henry Morris of
Wilmington, Mr.. and Mrs. George
Rider of Milford spent Sunday
with their parents, Mr.. and Mrs.
William Briggs.
Mrs. Maggie Sapp spent Sunday
with her nephew and wife, Mr.. and
Mrs. Earl Sapp of Milford.
Edward Hudson has been a pa
tient in the Delaware Hospital in
Wilmington.
Mrs. Sallie Smith spent Sunday
with her children, Mr.. and Mrs.
Lois Mcqueen.
Mrs. Katie Boone was an over
night guest on Tuesday of Mr.. and
Mrs. William Pardee of Magno-
liza.
After being confined in the Kent
General Hospital for a week we
are glad to see Mrs. Mary Boone
home and able to be out again. On
Sunday, she and her son, Harry
Boone, visited with relatives and
friends in Dover.
Mrs. Joseph Sharp was quite ill
last week, We are glad to know
she is much improved. Sunday
guests Of the Sharps were their
children, Mr.. and Mrs. Cooper Bos-
tic, of Glendale, Mr.. and Mrs. Ed
ward Sharp of Dover, and their
aEandsOn and family, Mr.. and Mrs.
I Joseph BOstic of Greenwood. Their
Monday dinner guest was Mrs. Iris
Sharp of Dover.
Doris Tatman had the misfor-
tune of falling. off a sled last
Thursday and splintering a bone
in her right ankle. Lots of fun and
Milford chronicle., 1954-01-22
HARRINGTON
Mrs. Jack Pitlick
Phone Harrington $40

Mr.. and Mrs. Charles Peck, Jr.,
and Mr.. and Mrs. William A. Tay-
lor attended Ladies' Night of Mid
dletown Lions Club held at Schaef-
er's Restaurant in Chesapeake
City, Md, on Friday evening.
Mr.. and Mrs. Harold Mcdonald
and children attended the wedding
of Mrs. McDOnald's brother in Naz-
areth, Pa, on Saturday. The Nc
DOnalds were weekend guests of
her parents in Easton, Pa.
Mrs. F. Brown Smith entertained
the members of her bridge club at
her home on Thursday afternoon.
Mr.. and Mrs. Frank CULLEN and
daughter and Mr.. and Mrs. Harold
Workman were Sunday dinner
guests of Mr.. and Mrs. Earl Knots
of Vernon.
Mr.. and Mrs. Sidney NJ. Wilson
of Media, Pa, were guests on Sun
day of Mr.. and Mrs. Arnold Gill
stad and Mrs. Ernest Raughley.
Mr.. and Mrs. Robert X. Wyatt
and daughter, Sharon. of George
TOWN., were weekend guests OF Mr..
and Mrs. L. H. Rogers.
Mrs. J. c. Messner entertained
at Luncheon and bridge on Friday
afternoon.
The Rebekah Circle of Asbury
w. S. c. s., with Mrs. w. w. Sharp
as leader, will meet at the home
of Mrs. J. w. Mitchell, with Mrs.
John Layton assisting in entertain
ing, on Tuesday evening, January
Goth.
Christine and John Taylor spent
Friday night with their uncle and
aunt, Mr.. and Mrs. E. w. Dean.
Mrs. Ernest Raughley will enter
tain the members of her bridge
club at her home this evening.
Mrs. George w. Hanson spent a
few days in Wilmington this week.
Milford chronicle., 1954-01-22

Mr. and Mrs. George White of
New Castle, were weekend guests
of Mr.. and Mrs. Earl Mcf1olley.
Miss ImOgene WEIGH, a student
of the University of Delaware.
spent the weekend with her par
ents, Mr.. and Mrs. Milton Welch.
Mr.. and Mrs. Ernest Killen were
weekend guests of Mrs. Killen's
sister, Mrs. Harry Shew of Will
mington. Col Shew is a patient in
a Wilmington hospital.
Mr.. and Mrs. Howard Wagner en-
tertained the following at dinner
on Wednesday evening: DR.. Sloane,
who is guest speaker at the current
study group held at Asbury Church,
Reverend and Mrs. Van Cleaf and
sons, and Mr.. and Mrs. Mark Will
ley.
The Mothers Auxiliary of AS
bury Church will hold a rummage
sale in Gaines Alley ON Friday and
Saturday. January 18th and Both.
Mrs. Thomas Peck entertained
the members of her 500 Club at
her home on Friday evening.
Milford chronicle., 1954-01-22
Foster Home Needed
For 16 Year Old Boy

Miss E. Kathryn Pennypacker,
County Supervisor of the State De-
partment of Public Welfare in Do
yer, announced today that the Child
Welfare Division is in immediate
need of a home for a sixteen year
old white boy.
Harry is an attractive, we'll built
adolescent, particularly interested
in sports, but at the age when it is
necessary fer him to begin to take
more responsibility for himself than
he has been able to take in the past.
He is hoping that it will be posi-
bic for him to have a home in town,
and that he will be able to find
light employment after school hours
or on Saturdays. A farm home will
not do for Harry.
Harry is now at the Governor
Bacon Health Center, mere. be-
cause it has not been possible for
the agency to locate private home
in which he might receive the in.
dividual understanding and guild
Milford chronicle., 1954-01-22
FREDERICA
By Mrs. Emma ROVey
Phone Frederick Ss1l

Trinity Methodist Church
Rev. Roy L. Jones, Pastor
Services for Sunday, January
"a:
Morning Worship at IL a. m. -
Ruth Farley, organist.
Sunday School at 10 a. m. -
John Woodrow, superintendent.
Sunday Evening Worship atl7:3O
o'clock.
Thursday Prayer Service at 1880
p. m.
Mr.. and Mrs. Grover Donovan,
Of Milford, their son and wife, Mr..
and Mrs. 0rville Pearson. Of town
and friends of Dover, attended the
Ice FOllies of 1854 on January TO-
They enjoyed the beauty of the fol-
lies, but due to the storm, it was
hazardous coming down the high
way and much longer time get
ting home.
Speaking of snows-this reminds
US Of the stories we hear of the
blizzard of 1888. l suppose the
younger people can hardly real
lie what that must have been and
/ guess it was bad. So now after
the mild times we have had dur
ing these later winters, this freez-
ing time seems bad" to us, but
the clouds always clear away after
any storm and we can be very
thankful for the suns warm rays
OF last week. I still love winter
weather.
Mr.. and Mrs. George Davidson
and children were among those
who enjoyed the Ice Follies in
Philadelphia on Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Orville Pearson
were guests at his sisters, Mr.. and
Mrs. Rix Carey of Milford, last
week, in celebration Of Mr.. Pear
sons birthday. His parents were
also present, Mr.. and Mrs. Grover
Donovan of Milford. Evening re-
freshments of ice cream and cake
were served.
Mr.. and Mrs. Raymond Emory
and Mrs. Alvin Emory of Collins
Park, were Sunday dinner guests
of Mr.. and Mrs. William Harper.
Mr.. and Mrs. James Coverdale
and son of Milford, were Sunday
visitors of his parents, Mr.. and
Mrs. Clifford COverdale.
Mrs. William Seacord has been
confined to her home with a very
bad cold.
Mrs. Jane Brown is on the sick
list. We are sending best wishes
TO these in town who are ill.
Friday guests of Mr.. and Mrs.
Clifford COverdale were Mr.. and
Mrs. Russell Burchard of Smyrna.
Saturday evening guests of Mr..
and Mrs. William Thomas, were
Mr.. and Mrs. Leroy Boss and Mr..
and Mrs. Leonard Smith of Dover.
Robert Haley, Ben Matlack and
Jesse COllum mOtOred to Denton
to visit Mr.. Haley's brother, who
is in the hospital there.
Girls Efinger is a patient in the
Jefferson Hospital in Philadelphia.
Mrs. Effinger is staying with rela-
tives, to be near her husband.
Mrs. Annie Harrington, widow of
Harry Harrington, a long resident
OF Fredenca, passed away at her
home here on Friday night, after
a lone illness. Funeral services
were keld on Tuesday from the
Rogers Funeral Home. Interment
in Barratt's Cemetery. Rev. Roy
L. Jones, pastor of Trinity Metho-
Milford chronicle., 1954-01-22
EMPLOYMENT IS PROBLEM

RICHMOND, Ind. -(P)- The
Richmond office of the state En-
ployment Security Division wants
a stenOgrapher.
Zale Edwards, manager, says he
has been able to find a higher pay
ing job for every potential stenO-
grapher that applies for the job
in his office.
Milford chronicle., 1954-01-22

ance which can be given only
through family life.
If you are in good health and
would like to share your home with
this boy, the Department of Pub
lie Welfare in Dover would be glad
to arrange an appointment to talk
further with you.
The agency has a program in
which they place neglected and de-
pendent children in private homes
for foster care. At present there
are l52 children in such homes in
Milford chronicle., 1954-01-22

Kent County.
Tine agency provides board pay
nents, a clothing allowance, medf-
cal and dental care, and also
shares in the responsibility of
supervision.
Milford chronicle., 1954-01-22

lots of falls during these winter
days. So, do all try and be care
full while this weather lasts.
Sergeant and Mrs. John Lyons
and family have moved in the Mat
lack Apartment.
Milford chronicle., 1954-01-22

In Chicago, after Edward Stein
berg received a $2S5 check from an
insurance company to cover the
loss Of goods stolen from his shop,
someone robbed him Of the check.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1954-05-13
So This Is London

England is the subject of the
movie program at the East Cleve-
land Library on Wednesday eve
ming, May 10th, at 8 p. m.
$50 This is London" depicts
the teeming life of the biggest
city in the world together with
it's many historical landmarks.
Gardens of England" is camera
tour through many different types
of English gardens, from formal
estate gardens to cottage and SUBJ
urban ones, each a proof of its
owners skill and patience.
"Dogs, Sheep and Mr.. Bo-Peep"
presents the Welsh sheep grazing
country and unfolds an exciting
story of shepherd, his pony and
three dogs.
"Spring Blossoms" includes
spring flowers from Florida to
the Pacific Northwest, with many
time-lapse pictures of wild flowers.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1954-05-13

George Diamond, 81, of 1909
Spokane ave., were constructing a
new gas line under the sidewalk.
Ference is in Huron Road Hospital
with chest and abdominal injuries.
Diamond was treated and released.
The wall follows the sidewalk
line at the 3-story, 22-family
brick apartment building on the
corner. No damage was done to
the structure, it is reported.
The gas line is being laid by
the Hattendorf & Bliss Construc-
tion Co. of Euclid.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1954-05-13

This is a view of the cave-in
at the southwest corner of Euclid
ave. and Superior I'd. Monday
morning in which one man was
seriously injured and another
worker escaped with leg injuries.
Thirty-five feet of the eight-foot
sandstone retaining wall gave way
as Frank Ference, SO, of 14313
Ridge rd., North Royalton, and
Evening star., 1954-04-20

party. Cutting 1t today should
chop up whaever bits of hen
fruit are left.
The black-top driveways of the
Executive Mansion became yel-
low yesterday. as hard boiled
yolk was tramped into them. A
water truck borrowed from the
District Sanitation Department
flushed off the egg last night.
The four service bands-Army,
Navy. Marine and Air Force
gave concerts of musical comedy
and operetta music as the chill
dren frolicked.
At the Zoo. 80 egg rollers were
treated there for wounds from
thrown stones. One boy was
knitted. Others were slugged or
cut their feet on sharp stones
while wading in Rock Creek.
Two women from the Zoo
Evening star., 1954-04-20

friendly with squirrel. It bit
her.
Other popular spots with egg
rollers and picnickers were the
Washington Monument grounds,
East Potomac Park. Hams Point,
Rock Greek Park, Arlington Rec
reation Center. Magruder Park
in Hyattsville and the neighbor-
hood Fairgrounds.
Evening star., 1954-04-20

park were hospitalized briefly
after falls.
Many Get First Aid.
At the White House. District
Red Cross Chapter first aid ex-
perts treated 46 patients. includ-
ing the entire complement of
an all-girl bagpipe band.
The Girls Pipe Band of the
Gaelic College of Celtic Folk Arts
and Highland Home Arts from
Cape Breton Island. Nova Sco-
tia. took time out from entertain
ing to swallow salt tablets and
water against possible heat ex-
haustion.
The girls, wearing velvet jack
cts and heavy wool kits, had re-
Gently come from home-where
ice was still on the ponds.
Another casualty was a s.
year-old miss who became too
Evening star., 1954-04-20
Stevenson Leaving
Hospital Today

CHICAGO. April 20.-Adlai E.
Stevenson will leave Passavant
Hospital this afternoon.
The 1852 Democratic candi-
date for President has been re-
covering from a kidney stone
operation a week ago. He will
return to his home in suburban
Libertyville to convalesce, an
aide said.
Evening star., 1954-04-20

White House gardeners today
were taking down the snow fenc-
ing that protected their flowers
and shrubs from the 1880 egg
.ollers who encamped there yes
terday.
The fencing and the water
fountains were all that were left
on the grounds except ground-up
egg. A special crew of White
House and Park Service workers
spent yesterday evening picking
up paper and raking up egg shells
after the annual Easter Monday
party.
Last year. with Presiden Eisen-
hover and his grandchildren
leading the melee, 29,972 persons
attended.
A Hard Day for Eggs.
Of yesterdays 11.50C. an un-
official statistician figured lit
tie over half were children. Each
carried several eggs. In the early
part of the day. most of those
eggs were broken by hungry
youngsters. Later they were just
broken and left to fertiliZe the
soil
Head Gardener Robert M.
Redmond surveyed the yolk-
filled scene with equanimity.
Its the lightest I've seen in
my 30 years here" he said.
He had craftily let the grass
of the south lawn grow long to
make it better able to stand the
Evening star., 1954-04-20

composed of leading Catholic
educators of the United States
and Canada. was formed in 1910
to stimulate a Catholic revival
of arts and letters
DR.. Hatfield succeeds the Rev.
Norman Weyand, S. j.. of Loyola
University of Chicago.
Evening star., 1954-04-20
Educator Unit Elects
Dr.. Hatfield of c. U.
BY the AsseeIoted Press

PHILADELPHIA. April 90
DR.. Helmut Hatfield professor
Of romance languages at Catholic
University, Washington, was
elected president of the Catholic
Renascence Society last night.
The society is holding a two
day symposium here. The group,
Evening star., 1954-04-20
Beacon Wax Gives Floors
Hardest and Brightest Gloss
New Brilliant Clean Lasts So Long
1t Is Now Biggest Floor Wax Bargain

The modern woman is quick
to take advantage of scientific
discoveries that save her time
and money. 'Beacon's' success
in this field is extremely out
standing
Evening star., 1954-04-20
Puper Use Coins

The Federal Republic of Ger
many reports a It's per cent in
crease in paper and paperboard
production last year.
Evening star., 1954-04-20

Beacon Wax gives floors the
hardest gloss and greatest scuff-
resistance. It's new brilliant
gleam lasts so long, it makes
Beacon the biggest floor wax
bargain.
Evening star., 1954-04-20

ADVERTISEMENT.
Evening star., 1954-04-20

park were hospitalized briefly
after falls.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-07-01
A Word to the Wise By Mrs. f,o"t Colby

''He said that Texas was the
largest State" Wrong, for Texas
still is the largest State. For
statements that are permanently
true, use the present tense. Cor
rect: He said that Texas Is the
largest State.
Zone must watch his speech. !"
No. The sentiment is good. but
the wording is wrong. Better
say: One must watch one's
speech.
Wrong: "n one acquaints him
self with the facts :. ;" Right:
If one acquaints oneself with the
facts
Warming: Do not mix in the
same sentence the impersonal
lone" with any of the personal
pronouns, I-me. he-him, she-her,
they-thenl, we-us.
"She sure is pretty" No. This
is slang. Better say: She surely
Certainly is pretty.
How to use SURE correctly:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-07-01
Natures Children


account for the swift demise Of
countless leaf destroyers. Later
they help themselves to fruit and
berries pay for the great
service rendered earlier.
During winter many Of them
police tree trunks for insect eggs.
the anyways are cleared by many
birds during the summer. Late
in autumn warblers inspect tall
trees in the woods. In the vege-
table garden, fuzzy, smooth and
spiky caterpillars satisfy the
hunger of many birds.
Mice destroy property worth
billions of dollars annually.
Grain needed for cattle and stock
and personal property is quickly
reduced to unfitness. The nat
ural control designated to check
these pests is snakes. One mouse
can destroy IS valuable fruit
trees in one year. by girdling
trees In order 10 obtain the ten
der bark.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-07-01
July Inventory.

On July /, Uncle Sam takes
stock of his assets and liabilities.
Upon these facts and figures he
will build his new budget. You
have q vested right In our for
ests, streams. ponds and rivers
as citizen of the grandest coun-
try in the world. AS q student Of
nature you should be expert In
summing up signs spread before
you. Study natures thrifty ways.
See how quickly she tries to
overcome handicaps.
An abundance of birds indi-
cate control measures are in eff
feet for the millions of insects
gorging on plant and tree. Insect
hunters save much valuable
property. Large growing families
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-07-01
By LiIlion Cox Athey

Healthy streams support fish.
plant and marine life. Your
concern is the state of health Of
the stream. A sluggish stream
threatens the Life dependent
upon 1t.
Bufo Americans. our Amer
lean toad, has relatives in every
State. ALI are eager consumers
Of gnat and mosquito. During
their infancy they must evade
fish, turtle, snake and salamar1-
der eager to feast on tender tad
poles. Later they are victims Of
attacks from hawk, crow and
owl. He loves to be nejghborly,
coming regularly at shutdown TO
sit upon your porch step, while
narpooAing insects cruising
through the air.
II you are a July child, you
are generous. friendly, cooper
alive and given to hospitality.
You are q home lover and very
domestic. The ruby In the gem Of
the month--the symbol Of love.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-07-01

1--WE had an awfully dull trip"
No. Awful means, filled with,
or capable of exciting awe;
dreadful; terrible" Do not use
the word in the meaning Of
livery: exceedingly" Better say:
We had a very dull trip.
Wrong: Thanks. awfully.'
This expression, originally Brit
ish, when taken literally, is the
height of absurdity. Right:
Thank you very much.
He is liable to succeed"
No, liable expresses q liability.
or the idea of answering the I'M
pleasant consequences of an act.
as: Speeding renders one liable
to arrest.
In the meaning of Sin all prob
ability" use likely" as: He is
likely to succeed: 1t is likely that
it will rain.
Incidentally, the word liable
should have three syllables. thus:
LY-uh-b1.