davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Montana farmer-stockman., 1954-09-01
Soils and Crops
Moisture Content Determines
Keeping Quality OF Grain
Soils and CROPS
By ARTHUR F. SHAW


increase in new and remodeled grain
storage facilities throughout the state.
Farmers have demonstrated their
ability to provide additional storage
and reduce the contamination hazards.
The best storage structures that
money can buy, however, will not pre-
vent grain from deteriorating or be-
coming contaminated unless it goes
into the bin in good condition. We
cannot Overemphasize the fact that a
large amount of our grain stored, and
especially wheat, is ultimately used
for human food.
Moisture in Grain
Perhaps the most important single
factor affecting the keeping quality of
grain in storage is its moisture content
at the time it is stored Moisture may
be a factor in stored grain this fall
since the past month has been one of
numerous heavy rainShowerS. This
surface moisture accompanied by cool
temperatures, has delayed drying and
slowed down harvesting operations.
Nevertheless in an attempt to beat
the all-too-frequent hailstormS and
rains, tough grain has gone into
storage. The Federal Grain Standards
define tough grain as that having a
~, sol,
quality may be in doubt Tough grain
invariably requires that special ham
ding and storage be provided in order
to keep it from going out of condition.
Commercial elevator men are wary of
tough grain and quite frequently turn
truck load away. They know the risk
they have to run in the storage or
transportation of high moisture grain.
Extensive studies relative to grain
| storage problems have produced evil
dence that various kinds of molds are
primarily responsible for respiration,
| heating and chemical deterioration of
grain stored at moisture contents nor
mally encountered in commercial prac-
tice These molds are found everyplace,
being either in or on the seed. The
process of respiration becomes more
rapid when the moisture content is
above ID per cent moisture.
Insects and Moisture
The insect problem is definitely tiec
up with the moisture situation in stored
grain. The bran bug is most important
followed by the grain weevil. Losse:
resulting from these two insects have
not been large, but with an increase il
On-the-farm storage we may run int
more trouble. When the respiration o
moldS and seeds is accelerated b,
moisture in excess of IA per cent, tn,
grain may heat up to 80 or 80 degree
F. which is about the optimum rang
for rapid insect propagation.
Due to the hot dry weather durin
mid-season, much of the grain mature
prematurely causing shriveling of tn
kernels. Shriveled wheat has been foun
to heat two to three times faster tina
plump kernels when the moisture COZ
tent is over IA per cent. This is attriE
uted to the higher ratio of germ to tn
total size of the kernel. However, whe
the moisture content is below IA pc
cent moisture, where respiration is ;
minimum, plumpness of the kern
will have little or no effect on tt
Montana farmer-stockman., 1954-09-01


an average per cent of moisture safe
for storage. This theory is now dis
counted. 1t is doubtful if moisture equi-
librium is ever accomplished by blend
ing of stored grain. AS last resort
blending may be tried but drying by
forced draft is your best assurance in
lowering the moisture content and inn
proving storage quality.
At any rate, watch your grain that
is now in storage. Deterioration by any
means is costly.
Fall Fertilization
Fall blowing, so common in the irri-
gated sections of the state, offers an
excellent opportunity to apply phos-
plate fertilizer materials prior to spring
seeding of alfalfa, clover or sugar beets.
Almost without exception, irrigated
soils that have been intensively cropped
to sugar beets, potatoes and legume
crops will respond to phosphate.
1t is advised that phosphate fertilizers
be broadcast and plowed under since
there is very little downward movement
of the nutrient by teaching once it
comes in contact with the finer soil
particles. A readily available supply of
phoSphoric acid gives the seeding
plants boost and it aids materially in
root development.
Application Rates
Two hundred to 800 pounds per acre
of triple superphosphate material, is
advised prior to seeding of alfalfa or
clover. For sugar beets 100 to $50
pounds is generally needed, with the
rate being dependent upon previous
treatment or cropping. That is, if alfalfa
or green manure was plowed down for
beetS, use the heavier rate. If manure
is plowed under prior to beets, use the
lighter rate.
Nitrogen fertilizer materials may be
applied in the fall on the heavier soils
with excessive loss. On sandy or lighter
textured soils, nitrogen applications are
not advised for fall application. The
nitrateS are very soluble in water and
considerable downward movement can
be expected with porous soils.
Fall application of fertilizers is adj
vised whenever practical, as it does
eliminate a lot of work the following
spring. The supply of fertilizers ma
terials is generally adequate to satisfy
the demand in the fall too
Soil Management
Bear in mind that fertilizers are not
substitute for good soil management
practices. Maximum benefits cannot
be obtained where yields have been
limited by an accumulation of alkali
salts, lack of water, poor management
or other factors. All too often fertilizers
have been tried on salty ground. II
just doesn't work.
Drainage must be provided, if pos
sible, followed by teaching with water
to remove the salts. On the other hand
if water is the limiting factor, results
can be disappointing. Water is tn,
medium through which plant nutrient
are dissolved and absorbed by activel,
growing plant tissue.
! Fertilizer materials are rapidly gain
ing favor on Montana farms. Substar
81 II
Montana farmer-stockman., 1954-09-01
Is" Dia. Loading
Throat hooks to
Loader

Heavy 12.41 Canvas Duck
Treated With Moisture
and Mildew InhibitOrs
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-04-04
AzoIeos Thot Are Hordy

There are a considerable num-
Der Of different kinds of azaleas
that are dependably hardy in the
washington area. The dwarf
bushy Kurumes are among those
that are able to take our climate
and put on a good display each
season. The same may be said of
the Kaempferi, the Glenn Dale's,
the Pericat hybrids, and the
Cables. In each of these ever
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-04-04
Plant Roots Need Air,Too
Right Depth and Surface Condition
Are Important in New Paintings
By w. H. Younemon
Tia SxnY Gurdan Editor

the more satisfactory, is to in
stall tile drains under the beds.
However, such a program is
strenuous exercise and not
many gardeners crave to be
ditch diggers. The second
method is to raise the beds q
few inches above the surround
ing level. The Madonna lily will
thrive in slightly raised beds,
but lilies requiring deeper plant
ing are not helped by this
method Of drainage.
The common practice of hill
ing the soil up about plants may
work very well with potatoes but
1t often results in an unhappy
condition for the shrubbery and
trees. Generally speaking, it
causes the rainfall to drain
away from them. but more es-
pecially it increases the depth
OF soil through which the air
must filter to the plants.
A good example of this may
be seen where laurel is used for
a hedge along the driveway.
When the soil is mounded up
to the canes the laurel seldom
blooms and lacks vigor and a
healthy appearance. It would
be much better to level the soil
and then cover with partially
rotted leaves.
Keep Surfoee Open
After the soil has been loos-
ened. cover with a layer of
leaves. peatmoss, compost, pine
needles, sawdust, or some SINH
lar mulch material to keep the
surface open so that rainfall
readily enters as we'll as i'm
prove the aeration. Such q
practice Is very important for
the shallow-rooted azaleas and
camellias. It is also quite bene-
f1cial to the dogwood tree.
In preparing a loose, open
type Of soil for the planting
hole it is important to first deter
mine that there is good subsoil
drainage, otherwise the prepared
soil will permit more moisture to
enter than can drain away into
the subsoil. Last spring the con-
tinuous rains flooded and kept
the soil waterlogged in such
planting holes and many plants
Suffocated for lack of air. Also
many bulbs rotted in the soil
Had they been planted in an I'M
| prepared soil the chances are
that they might have survived, at
least they would not have been
so apt to drown. It is equally
true that they would not make
the desired growth in that type
OF clay. But the moral to this
story is that before planting it
is important to determine the
kind of subsurface drainage.
Where there is none it should be
provided as indicated above.
A further effect of planting too
deep might be appropriate to
mention. When a plant is set too
deep into the soil. the plant will
grow a new set of roots at the
proper depth. This is natures
way of trying to offset faulty cul-
tural practices, but it usually re-
suits in the plant making little
progress for year or two after
planting. However. it is a recon-
mended procedure for lilacs that
have been grated onto privet
understockS. The privet prevents
Suckering which is desirable. but
in some cases the lilacs do not
continue to grow vigorously on
privet and so the usual proceed
ure is to plant deeply enough
to smother the privet and to
encourage the lilacs to develop
their own root system.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-04-04
Spring FertiIizine

Now is the time to fertilize
azaleas. rhododendrons, camel
las. lockwood and other broad
leaved evergreens. Early spring
feeding Of these plants is impor-
tant, SO that they may make
their new growth and still have
plenty of time for it to mature
before freezing cold next winter.
Most of the broad-leaved ever
green's prefer the organic types
Of fertilizers because there is less
danger Of injury to their shallow
roots. However. with care the
common 5-10-5 mixture may be
used.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-04-04
This Week in the Garden
Most Plants Can Take Light Frost Now
Potassium Cynnoe Con Control Ckcweed Early Spring Ferzng
Helpful Azoeo Boood Dead crobgo Need Not Be Roked Awoy

April is here and the trees,
shrubs and plants are far adj
vanced over their normal de-
velopment. However. most plants
in flower at this season can take
a light frost without injury. A
freeze though. will ruin the
bloom so gardeners who can do
so should be prepared to protect
plants in case a freeze is fore
cast Undoubtedly there is good
chance of their escaping injury
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-04-04
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Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-04-04

green types there are numerous
varieties. OF the Indicas, the
well-known southern aZalea,
there are only a few that are
dependable and they often lose
their bloom to late frosts. Indica
Alba sometimes listed as Ledi-
folia alba). Lilacina. and George
Il. Taber, are apparently most
able to Withstand our winters
and to flower when there are no
froSts.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-04-04
Two MoonoIios in Bloom

It is not often that we have
the "Star" and Cup and Saucer"
magnolias in flower at the same
time. This year, the white Star
had hardly opened when the
Cup and Saucer began to show
color. Most gardeners pass up
the Star magnolia because often
its blossoms are ruined by frost.
Occasionally this happens to the
rosy -hued blossoms of the Cup
and Saucer, but not so often.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-04-04
Chickweed Killer

The chickweed that is taking
over the lawn and garden at this
season is too mature for 2.4-D.
but can be controlled in the gar
den by cultivation and in the
lawn with the chemical weed
killer, potassium cyanate. Try to
clean 1t out of the garden and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-04-04
Pruning Eyerqreens

Now is the time to prune the
evergreens. the needed kinds.
Clipping just ahead of the be-
ginning of new growth will mean
that the pruning cuts will not
be unsightly for long. Try not
to clip so closely as to destroy
the natural habit of growth.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-04-04
Protecting Dogwoods

In transplanting dogwoods
from the wild try to get those
that are growing in full sun so
as to avoid any danger of the
bark sunscalding. If it is neces-
sary to take them from a shady
situation a safe practice is to
wrap the trunks with thin pieces
of burlap, cheeSecloth or other
thin cloth material. The wrap
pings should be left on until
late next fall. w. H. Y.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-04-04
GlodioIus corms

StuutVtuS SOtWS
Now is the time to make the
first planting Of gladiolus corms
for early season bloom. Plant a
few corms every week or two for
a succession Of flowers for cut
ting. Plant the corms about 4
inches deep but do not I'LL in the
trench more than 2 inches. AS
the spikes grow the trench may
be filled.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-04-04
Soil on Dry Side

Soil on Dry Side
This season is starting off with
the soil on the dry side which
is an advantage to the gardener
who has lots of planting to do.
However, after the planting it
would be well to get out the
hose and thoroughly soak the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-04-04
Leave Decd Gross

Some gardeners are indus
triously raking up the dead crab
grass and carting it away: This
is hardly desirable since the
plants have long since deposited
their seed on the soil. And, if
left on the ground. the dead
plants will soon decay, adding
to the humus supply and really
giving the bluegrass some benefit.
Our recommendation is to leave
the dead grass where it is.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-04-04

because there have been a num-
Der Of years without killing
frost in April. but in 1853 there
was a hard freeze on April o.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-04-04

That old rule Of planting the
new shrubs and trees an inch
deeper than they grew in the
nursery needs to be taken with
grain of salt.
Most plants are quite sensi-
tive to the amount of air avail
able to their roots and when we
neglect this they are in trouble.
In light. sandy soils they can
be safely planted an inch deeper
than in heavy soils. And, II the
soil is likely to be saturated
with water after a rain, the beds
or planting site should be raised.
especially if the plants are shall
low-rooted and cannot tolerate
insufficient air.
Some plants are notorious for
their need for air in the root
zone. They are commonly re-
ferred to as shallow-rooted
plants.
Boxwood and camellias are
two good examples of this type.
Plant them an inch too deep and
they will sulk, plant them two
inches too deep and they will
die.
Mixture to Go in Hole
One of the best ways to take
care of such sensitive plants is to
prepare the planting hole some
time in advance of planting SO
that it will have time to become
thoroughly settled before plac-
ing the new plant.
Another common device is to
prepare a special soil mixture for
the planting hole-equal parts
of sand. compost and garden
loan. Such a mixture permits
water to penetrate and excess
moisture to drain away rapidly;
also being light and porous, ali
reaches the roots at all times
This sort of a soil mixture is
not necessary for a peony, al
though it should be beneficial
Peonies will not bloom il
buried"
Droin Tile Is Helpful
If the soil is poorly drained
and likely to be water-logged
SO that the plants cannot re-
ceive the necessary amount OF
air. the gardener can follow one
of two courses.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-04-04

lawn before 1t goes to seed. It's
in flower now.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-04-04

An Inexpensive rose trellis may
be made from %-inch iron pipe
and No. IL ganvalized wire.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-04-04
Droin Tile Is Helpful

If the soil is poorly drained
and likely to be water-logged
SO that the plants cannot re-
ceive the necessary amount Of
air. the gardener can follow one
of two courses.
The first, which is probably
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-04-04

soil. so as to settle it about the
roots.
Montana farmer-stockman., 1954-07-15
Fair Time
CONTINUED from page u

program begins Saturday afternoon,
July 81, a day earlier than usual, and
runs for seven afternoons.
In announcing the new and extended
fair schedule, Manager-Secretary Leo
Daley pointed out that rodeo fans and
racing enthusiasts will now enjoy each
sport without interruption.
''The big thrill of genuine wild
west show Daley said, depends upon
building up the excitement with one
fast-moving contest after another. With
the rodeo held under the new arena
lights at night and the races IN the
afternoon, the full climax of thrills for
both sports can be realized.
Again outstanding livestock and agrl-
cultural shows and exhibits are assured,
as prizes offered in the agricultural dI-
visions total to more than $4,000 and
prizes for beef cattle, dairy, wool and
poultry events are well over SOS, 1000.
Awards in the All classes total $4,000.
The following week, Aug. through
IA will be Montana's other big fair, the
| Midland Empire Fair at Billings. Here,
too. will be six days of the Cremer
rodeo and six nights of the Estate Far
| Review of 1884, Secretary-M Manager
Harry L. F'itton announces added tea
lures and new facilities, including re-
built and enlarged grandstand accom-
modations.
So we're all ready for fair time. And
that time begins July % with the open
ing of the Marias Fair at Shelby and
continues through Sept. IL with the clos
ing of the Chouteau County Fair at
Fort Benton-25 fairs in all.
The schedule of dates follows:
ga" circuit-North Montana State
Fair, Great Falls, July 9O-Aug. z; Mid
land Empire Fair, Billings. Aug. GA;
Central Wyoming Fair, Casper. Aug.
1928.
s'B'' and "D' circuits combined this
year)-Marias Fair and Rodeo, Shelby,
July 22-25; Central Montana Fair,
Lewistown, July 1881; Phillips County
Fair & Rodeo, Dodson, Aug. 7-8; Hill
County Fair, Havre, Aug. 1874; Basin
Wyo., fair, Aug. 1921; Powell, Wyo.
fair, Aug. 24-25; Eastern Montana Fair
Miles City, Aug. 27-29.
"C'' circuit-Sanders County Fair
Plains, Aug. 1915; Rosebud Count,
Fair, Forsyth, Aug. 1920; Prairi
County Fair, Terry, Aug. 20-22; Fallol
County Fair, Baker, Aug. 27-29; Rich
land County Fair, Sidney, Aug. 3O-Sept
1; Valley County Fair, Glasgow, Sept
"a; Dawson County Fair, Glendive
Sept. ST; Chouteau County Fair, For
Benton, Sept. 1912.
''E'' Circuit = Powell County Fair
Deer Lodge, Aug. 2O-22, (tentative)
Madison County Fair, Twin Bridge:
Aug. 2O-22; Lincoln County Fair, Libb!
Aug. 27-29; Ravalli County Fair, Hami
ton, Sept. 4-6; Northwest Montana Fai
Kalispell, Sept. GIL; Tobacco Vale
Community Fair, Fortine, Sept. 3-5.
The Key West citizen., 1954-10-16
Jay Paley Seeks
To Have ALI OF
Wife's Fortune

Los ANGELES R-Suit to have
an eight million dollar fortune de-
clared wholly his has been filed
by Jacob (Jay) Paley, cofounder
of the Columbia Broadcasting Sys-
tenn.
The suit was filed yesterday
against the Bank of America as
executor of the estate left by Pa
ley's wife, Mrs. Lillian Paley, 81,
who died last Jan. 2.
Paley told the court the bank is
claiming half interest in personal
property standing in his name on
the ground that one half of proper
ty acquired outside California but
brought into the state by a mar
ried couple becomes subject to
testamentary disposition by either
husband or wife.
Mrs. Paley's win disposing Of a
$1,757, ,626 estate made no provi-
sion for her husband on the ground
he was enjoying adequate financial
protection. The couple was married
in 1906. Paley is the uncle of vii.
liam S. Paley. present chairman
of the board of CHS.
The Key West citizen., 1954-10-16
Case Plans TV
Talk On Charge
About Sister

NEWARK, NJ. R-Cifford p.
Case, Republican candidate for
US. senator, has set tomorrow aft
ernoon for television talk he
promises will get "to the bottom
of newspaper reports about his
sister.
Cases headquarters here said
yesterday the 15-minute talk would
be broadcast locally over television
station WNBT (NBC) between 2
and 2:15 pm. tomorrow and re-
broadcast over station WOR (Mu-
tuaD at g pm.
The Republican former congress
man, who has had a rocky road to
travel in his campaign against
Democratic Rep. Charles R. How
ell because of conservative oppo-
Sition in his own party, said he
would discuss reports about his
sister, Adelaide.
In its Thursday editions, the
Newark Star-Ledger quoted Bella
v. Dodd, admitted former Com
munist, that she once knew an
Adelaide Case in several groups
which purportedly were Comml-
mist fronts, but that the woman
was not a Communist.
Case closeted himself with top
Republican leaders and cancelled
three scheduled campaign speeches
in Essex County Thursday night.
Then, in his first stop yesterday
morning, he received a standing
ovation from $50 persons at the
Essex County Women,s Republican
Club when he said:
"Al of you have heard stories
about my sister. I don't intend to
deal with it piecemeal. We are
getting to the bottom of this. As
soon as we get television time, I
will make the staement all, of You
are entitled to and all the people
of New Jersey are entitled to-"
There were published reports
yesterday that Cases sister was a
victim of mistaken identity.
The Key West citizen., 1954-10-16
Six High School
Students Die AS
Train Hits Auto

ST. CLOUD, MINI. R-Six high
school sophomoreS returning from
a homecoming football game were
killed last night when a passenger
train smashed into their car, crum-
ping it ''like an accordion"
Bodies were strewn for a block
along the tracks.
The victims were identified as:
Sharon Roder, Shirley Hinken-
meyer, Janice johnson and Nancy
Minars, all students at st. Cloud
Cathedral High School; william
Ehli, Duluth, Mimi, and Larry
Stoltman, Ardoch, N. D. The two
boys were students at st. Johns
High School in nearby Collegeville.
Hospitalized here were James
Johnson, brother of Janice, and
Ralph Mahowald, Grand Forks,
N. d.
The youths, all between Is and
16, had been spectators at the foot
ball game between De La Sale
Of Minneapolis and Cathedral.
, Gay Homecoming decorations
still fluttered from the Uttered
wreckage of the car. Persons who
viewed the wreckage turned away
"cryins and screaming" q witness
said.
Police identified Janice johnson
as the driver Of the car.
The Key West citizen., 1954-10-16
Three Die In
Crash OF B25,.
WWII Bomber

NEBRASKA CITY, Neb. R-The
three-man crew OF a World War
II vintage bomber was killed late
yesterday when the plane crashed
on a farm 6 miles northwest of
here.
The BIS was on a training flight
from nearby Offutt Air Force Base.
Wilbur Fey and his son, startled
by the sound of low flying plane,
rushed out to see it pass about
200 feet above a barn and crash
near the foot OF a hill. 1t did not
burn.
Pilot Of the ship was Maj. Jo-
seph H Tichenor, 81, father of
five. Co-pilot was Capt. Truman
G. Kol.s, 36, and the crew chief
was Az C. John E. Hindman.
Tichenor's home was Louisville,
KY, and Kolls, Rock Island, H.,
and Hindman was from near But.
ler. Pa.