davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-09-05

So far as American colleges are
concerned, this is breathing spell.
The postwar crush of too many
students, too few buildings and
teachers is over. However, bigger
arrive in another four or five years.
The breather is the result of the
end of the big World War II veteran
enrolment. In sight, but not yet
In college. is the vanguard Of the
World War II baby crop.
AS one member of the United
States Office of Education put it:
Every college official in his right
mind is working feverishly to meet
the rise in enrolment due in 1858,
when students will be running out
of his ears"
3 Million by 1861
The Office of Education estimates
colleges in the continental United
States will enroll 2,313.000 students
this fall.
Enrolment IN 1949, at the peak
of the "GI period" was 2.455, 600.
The office estimates that the 1949
figure will be exceeded in 1956-and
that enrolment will top million in
1851. In 1865, it estimates, enroll
ment will be 3.659,000.
Obvious questions that each col
lege has to be thinking about while
resting in the valley between two
peaks are:
/. What will be needed in the
way of buildings, libraries, labora-
tories?
2. How many more instructors
will we need?
3. Where is the money coming
from to pay for the buildings, pay
the new faculty members-and pay
the old ones enough more to keep
them?
Less obvious, but just as worri-
some, is another question:
Say we get the new building and
more instructors, and raise faculty
salaries-will this boost the cost of
education so high that Wen be pric-
ing ourselves out Of business with
buildings and instructors on our
hands and not enough students to
pay for them?
High Cost of College
Back before the war you could
send a boy or girl to q pretty good
college for about $1,000 q year.
To-day" says @. Kerry Smith.
executive secretary Of the Associa-
ton for Higher Education. you can
figure on doubling that"
Federal scholarship bills have been
introduced in Congress from time to
time. and officials think one of these
may eventually get enough support
to pass.
BY and large. the feeling in the
world Of higher education is that
: somehow or other-everyone who
wants to 60 10 college should get the
opportunity.
One solutaea gaining popularity
SIS wider pstaAlishnasnt q pabl1s
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-09-05

tors 1t had supported Gillette Of
Iowa. Humphrey Of Minnesota, Ke-
fauver Of Tennessee, Murphy Of
Montana and Douglas and Nicely.
''We are personally grateful for
the splendid assistance, that was
provided for our campaign eff.
forts" the Senators wrote. 1.-THE in
terest Of the National Committee for
an Effective Congress in assisting
liberal candidates in key States was
q decisive factor in the election
victory. The practical, down-to-
earth character of your activity
was particularly impressive"
This practical. down-to-earth"
help was cold cash. given directly
to the campaign committees of each
Senator.
Committee officials said such cash
is raised by soliciting lists of con-
tributors which have been built up
through the years. These contribu-
tors come through rNnularly with
amounts from 81 to u 900, aver
aging about $35. Money also is OBJ
tanned through fund raising dinners.
Teamwork Asked
Each time this cash is doled out
to a chosen candidate. the commit
tee tells the candidate that it hopes
II he is elected he will Cd work for
a creative foreign policy that will
at once be permanent and anti
Communist; (2) work with other
liberal Senators as team on for
eign and domestic matters, and co
feel free to call on the committee
for any help he needs.
The committee roster bears such
noted names as Robert E. Sherwood,
the playwright who was a ghost
writer for the late President Roose-
welt; Sumner Welles, former Under
secretary of State: Stringfellow
Barr, University of Virginia pro-
lessor; Gerhard P. Van Arkel.
Washington lawyer; Telford Taylor,
prosecutor at the Nuremburg trials:
Oscar Hammerstein II, the libret-
tiSt; Arthur M. Schlesinger, noted
historian. and Paul H. Appleby.
former Government official now
dean Of the Maxwell School Of Cit
izenship at Syracuse University.
The main Office In New York Is
run on q modest $50. 0o0-a-year bud
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-09-05

the junk put to sea and headed for
Shanghai just after the armiStice
had been announced. Another junk
opened fire on the Dragon Lady's
vessel soon after the voyage got UNI
der way. The Americans aboard re-
turned the fire with all arms, They
destroyed the opposing junk and
killed lib japanese packed aboard.
Only eight escaped to shore by
swimming.
The Dragon Lady was only one
of many pirates that has inhabited
the islands and shores along CEN
trail and south China for centuries.
Basically fishermen, these seafar-
ing folk are a fiercely independent
stock. They recognize no govern
ment except that Of their own
chieftains.
Their piratical bands are gov
erned by ancient protocol. Each
group has its own rigidly defined
sphere of influence. Their cardinal
principle is to play both sides
against the middle. They have found
1t to be the best hope for survival.
They make their living by that
age-old racket of extracting tribute
in return for protection" against
marauders. The marauders, of
course, are their own men. Large
bands of armed men are kept
around to handle challenges from
rival chieftains.
Protection" is usually paid in
kind-whatever the protected YES
sci may be carrying through these
private" waters.
Bios Boy
The pirates Of Bias Bay. Just
north Of Hong Kong, are known
throughout the world. They gained
their reputation by preying on for
eign vessels and interlopers who
dared sail their waters without pay
ment for protection.
Most of the coastal pirates CO.
operated with the Japanese in the
last war. They were paid in arms
and ammunition. They also got
the right to control the opium trade
which the Japanese tried to foster.
On the other hand, these same
pirates co-operated Fundamentally
with United States intelligence off,
GERS in World War II. They loaned
their spectacular vessels and un-
derworld know-how to accomplish
amazing results. One Of the most
spectacular was the rescue Of two
American flyers shot down over the
Shanghai business district, then
under japanese control. A pirate
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-09-05
Our Sailors Are a Hit With Wet Nomese

Davenport declined, saying that II
was honor enough to place second
to such venerable personagel
Navy ships assigned to what u
now called Operation Passage to
Freedom" have carried nearly 10000
refugees to date. Each ship fauls
about 1000. A typical main deck
scene might reveal mothers breast
feeding their young; group Of men.
squatting on their rice mats, engaged
in lively conversation; children lined
up at water cooler or along the
rail hoping to see fish or passing
ship.
There have been two or three
deaths among the passengers. The
Navy will take the body on to Saigon
or provide burial rites at sea, what
ever the next-of-kin desire. There
have been births, too. The Navy
was prepared for this eventuality.
although it is safe to assume that
no Navy man aboard had even seen
the stork visit ship of the fleet
before. In typical Navy thorough
ness the planners Of the evacuation
operation had made the necessary
acquisitions. The supply officer at
Yokosuka in Japan is said to have
done a perfect double take when he
was handed an order for cbstetrical
forcepS.
The Kid Foctor'
But although there is ample graft
tude for assistance in such matters.
it is the American sailors generous.
sympathetic and tender attitude
toward children in distress-demon-
strated so often in Korea and coun-
tries of the Mediterranean in recent
years-that is winning the hearts Of
the Wet Namese as no amount Of
broadcasting or free military equip
ment could do.
A chief boatswain's mate summed
it up this way. as he watched host
of sailors say goodbye to refugee
children:
1T just goes to show you that
nothing pleases a sailor like a kid,
and the dirtier. hungrier and lonelier
the kid is, the better"
A few minutes later. the chief.
after seeing the reactions of the de-
parting youngsters, added:
And I guess nothing pleases kids
better than sailors"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-09-05

The United States Information
Agency, which last week announced
that 1t had stepped up its efforts to
combat Communist propaganda In
Indo- China, is getting tremendous
assist from men Of the United States
Navy.
For three weeks now, big, grey
transports under the command of
Rear Admiral Lorenzo s. (Moses)
Sabtn, jr, have been evacuating
Wet Namese refugees from the Ton
kin delta to Saigon. Before this
operation-one of the largest peace
time excavations by sea in modern
history - is completed, anywhere
from 100000 to 100000 men, women
and children may be brought out of
the rice rich north, which was
turned over to the Communicated
Wet Mini at the Geneva conference.
The USIA generally has had more
success unmasking Red lies and de-
ceit than in making local popula-
tons pro-American. But this is
precisely where the American blue
jacket is scoring most effectively. He
is doing it on the four-day, 800-mile
voyage from Haiphong south to
Saigon.
No one had to tell these refugees
virtually all of whom are Roman
Catholicism the terror of goddess
communism. They are giving up
their ancestral homes rather than
live and die in Red slavery. But
anti-communism isn't necessarily
synonymous with pro-Americanism.
Fearful d.Dispirited
When these pitiful people streamed
aboard the Navy ships, their most
priced possessions strapped to their
backs, they were dispirited lot, un-
easy and fearful of the worst. They
had been subjected in recent days
to torrents of Communist propa-
ganda warning them to remain in
Tonkin because ''the Americans will
beat you, starve you and throw you
overheard"
Once the Wet Namese were
aboard, however, the bluejackets
took over. BY the time the first
of the rice, fish and tea meals had
been eaten one could see in these
Oriental faces that hope and spirit
were returning.
Each ship has its tales of how
trust and friendship was built up
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-09-05
Chionq Is Moknq Good Use of Islands Off China Coast

band, in the pay of the japanese
at the time, brought them safely
through to the South China coast.
Quemoy, the island off Annoy
where a Red Chinese bombardment
killed two American officers Friday,
is the largest still in Nationalist
hands. It has an airstrip and a
relatively large Nationalist garrison.
It is extremely vulnerable to artillery
fire and air attack from Red-held
Annoy; only two miles away. 1t has
long been matter for conjecture
why the Reds have not taken it
before. Perhaps they are building
it up with propaganda before hand
so they can claim bigger prize
than it actually is.
Other islands along the coast
are still occupied by the National
list Chinese. Some have been Won
dering if the game of hanging on
to these islands is worth the candle.
Two Values
Both American and Chinese
strategists claim that it is, for two
reasons:
/. The islands can be used to
control or keep tabs on vital trade
up and down the Chinese coast
overland transportation in China is
completely inadequate to the needs
of the country.
2. The islands are links with the
Chinese people on the mainland.
Up to this point, the Nationalist
have not tried to choke of the trade
up and down the China coast be-
cause it is too important to the
ordinary Chinese peasant, whom
Chang Kai-shek is trying to WOO.
Instead, the traders and pirates are
cultivated, and used as vehicles for
Nationalist Chinese propaganda.
Here is how the process works.
Trode Winds
In February. the southeast trade
winds begin to blow over the Pa
cific. From harbors and inlets in
Java. Sunatra, Thailand, Malaga,
Singapore and Indo-China come
thousands of depending Chinese
junks. They. are often SO heavily
laden that they gain only few feet
an hour, before the wind. In Gains,
long sweeps inch them forward.
From time immemorial these fleets
have labored their way forward.
hugging the Asian coast line. At
night they anchor In protected
places, paying whatever the going
rate Of tribute may be.
On the northward voyage. the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-09-05
What's This Committee for an Effective Congress?

Senator Mccarthy rushed and rose
to fame. In these efforts it has sup
ported such Democrats as Senators
Douglas of Illinois, Nicely of West
Virginia. Lehman Of New York and
jackson Of Washington. and such
Republicans as Senators Ives Of New
York. Cooper Of Kentucky. Payne Of
Maine and the late Senator Girls
void Of Nebraska.
The committee Is not widely
known and spends little time and
money in attempts to change that
situation.
Eve are not press release out
it," Mr.. Rosenblatt said.
Grew From Koiser Group
The group is an offshoot Of Henry
]. Kaiser's League for Franchise
Education. and was formed on an
orgunizational agreement drawn up
by the leagues attorney. Marshall
K. Skadden.
Since its formation it has con-
tributed an estimated 100000 in
amounts varying from $500 to S., 900
to spark the campaigns Of candi-
dates who meet its approval-both
in primaries where party nomina-
tions are tantamount to election and
in general elections. Before any
money is spent, however. the Com
mittee assures itself that 1t won't
be poured down rat-hole.
It does not make a habit, for ex-
ample. Of throwing its money away
on hopeless causes, nor does it see
any sense in spending $4,000 to
back candidate who is sure bet
anyway, according to Mr.. Rosen-
blatt.
The type of campaign on which
the committee likes to spend its
money Is one in which a candidate
which meets its approval might
have chance of winning only
through further financial support.
Money, Not Endorsement
"Our Endorsement. as such,
doesn't mean much to q candidate,
but our money sometimes does"
Mr.. Rosenblatt said.
After the 1913 election, for ex-
ample, the committee got warm
letter from six Democratic Sena-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-09-05

get. with George E. Agee. former
film script writer, in charge as exec
utive secretary.
Dirksen's Blost
After the committees part in the
Flanders move. Senator Dirksen,
Republican Of Illinois, landed on the
committee with both feet. His dis
cussion OF the committees back
ground took up two pages In the
Congressional Record. Among his
remarks was this:
THE National Committee for an
Effective Congress is interested in
qualified liberals. They write the
qualifications. That is one crowd
which is part of the multitude that
Is marching tonight out of the Office
next to the Senate Office Building,
heeled with money, to liquidate a
member of the United States SEN
ate. 1t is interesting is it not? They
are a part of the multitude which
got in bed with the Senator from
Vermont"
Senator Dirksen listed the names
Of the committees members, and
limited darkly that he did not see
eye to eye with them politically.
The office next to the Senate Office
Building" to which he referred is In
the Carroll Arms Hotel, where the
Washington group works, and where
OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES McCarthy's
friend Roy Cohn used to live.
Senator Mccarthy, too, indicated
his unhappiness with the commit
tees role when he said that it is
I spending tens of thousands of dol
lars digging up material to feed
Flanders -
Committee spokesmeA said 1t
would be happy if it had the kind of
money to spend that its critics think
1t is spending.
For this year, the committee is
drafting list Of candidates it will
support in the congressional cam
paign. Present plans are to limit
it to 10 or II Senators and a
handful Of representatives.
That. after all, is our major pur-
pose-to support qualified candi-
dates" Mr.. Rosenblatt said. TITS
just happenstance that we find our
selves in the middle Of an intra-
party feud."
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-09-05

junks carry mainly two precious
commodities to the ordinary Chi
nese, rice and salt. At each of the
island check points they politely an
Choir and give to the chieftain o
small portion Of their cargo for pro-
lection on their journey to the next
check point. They are searched for
contraband arms and ammunition,
opium, rubber and metals by the
Nationalist. They are also searched
for United States dollars.
In November, when the junks
have reached the north and un-
loaded, the trade winds abruptly
shift to the northeast. The junks
then start their southwark journey.
laden with tung and cassia oils.
bean cake for fertilizer, silk, tea,
eggs. and Jade.
Again on the southwark journey
the searching and tithing is re-
newed. This is a system which is
known to pirates and ship captains
alike. 1t Is expected. 1t proceeds &C
cording to rigid rate schedule, de-
cided centuries ago but only finally
agreed upon after much decorous
and polite bargaining.
Vitol Commodities
Thousands and thousands of tons
of rice and salt make their way
into China this way. The country
does not come close to producing
enough of these commodities to fill
its own needs. although they are
on the daily bill of fare Of even the
very poorest peasant.
Much of this salt and rice now has
to be struggled into the country.
Communist taxes are heavy and are
becoming heavier all the time. The
cargo. therefore, Is brought in quiz
city and sold to the small mer-
chant.
In the course Of the long session
OF bargaining. over countless cups
Of tea, it becomes known to the
small merchant inside China that
the Nationalist soldiers took little
of the cargo when they could have
taken 1t all. In the numberless gos-
sip sessions (the real Chinese news
paper occurring over every small
transaction in the Chinese market.
this story becomes enlarged to un-
told proportions. Eventually it has
its effect.
The islands Of the South China
coast are not anything so spectacu-
lar as the key to Chiang's hopes for
getting back to the mainland, but
they do give him the means Of keep
ing o powerful oar in Chinese do
mestic life.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-09-05
By jack Jonos

A non-partisan political group
which has spent six quiet years
backing congressional candidates
stepped into furry of public at
tention when 1t tangled recently
with Senator Mccarthy. Republican
Of Wisconsin.
The National Committee for an
Effective Congress protests, however.
that the most important word In
its name is for, and that 1t Is not
anti-McCarthy or anti-anybody.
Its help to an ardent Mccarthy
foe, Senator Flanders. Republican
of Vermont. came about the group
says because Senator Flanders asked
for it. This is in line with what
the committee told Senator Flanders
when it contributed to his cam
paign in 1952-that If he ever need
ed committee help, he should feel
free to ask for it.
The fact that the committee did
support the Flanders attack made
it obvious last week that it was
high on Senator McCarthy's list of
what he termed pressure groups in
the country who are best charac-
terized as opponents Of q vigorous
fight against communism. This as
sertion was made in the Senator's
opening remarks to the Watkins
committee.
For its part, the committee asserts
that the fight against communism
is one Of its chief aims, and that
it seeks to make the fight both
vigorous and effective.
Groups officioI Aim
Maurice Rosenblatt, Washington
management consultant and public
relations man who is listed as the
committees campaign director and
who keeps an eye on Washington
matters for the main Office in New
York, declared:
1.-THE real problem Is not Joe
Mccarthy. The real problem is lack
Of q hard-hitting. well-organized.
coherent liberal group In Congress.
Such . group-capable Of dealing
with the psychological political war
fare Of our day-has not emerged"
The committee has been trying
since 1948 to- help I'LL what II terms
the congressional vacuum into which
Montana farmer-stockman., 1954-06-01
Power of The Glacier
By JESSE GREEN

THE STORY of the ice seems in
credible, but there is no reason to be
Skeptical. Much evidence is accumu-
lating. Louis Agassiz, a biologist,
was one of the first to visualize the
occurrence of glaciers covering
whole continents, and reoccurring
over long periods of time. 1t is gen.
orally known that ice moved over
Canada and the northern part of the
United States at least four times in
the Pleistocene epoch.
If men were here at that time,
they left no known records. Those
who know the most about glaciation
today are the most cautious about
positive statements regarding the
time and extent Of the ice move
ments. The period is generally be-
ieved to have occurred between 10
and go thousand years ago. 1t took
a long time for each wave of ice
to form and retreat. Animals and
plants from the south moved north
ward with the retreat. How do we
know this? Their remains tell the
story.
One of the most difficult facts to
realize is how the ice came from the
north at sea level to higher eleva-
tions at its southern boundary in the
states. We are told to visualize ice,
not as very hard substance, but as
a plastic substance which will flow
under the great pressures that exist
when ice piled up to heights of 1900
to 1900 feet thick.
The exact depth of ice is not
known; the experts are cautious.
They only cite marks on mountain
ranges where the ice rubbed by. This
is an indication of the height at some
places. At these great depths, the
pressure developed causes ice to flow
somewhat like water under a hydro
static head. In the lateral movement
caused by the pressure, everything
gives way. Hills are plowed as if by
a great dozer. Rivers are turned
from their course. The Missouri, the
Yellowstone and the Little Missouri
were diverted from their northerly
route into Hudson Bay to the south
and into the Gulf of Mexico.
Aside from the energy exerted In
the movement Of the ice itself, the
next greatest effort was in grinding
Montana farmer-stockman., 1954-06-01

rocks into soil at the contact of the
ice with the earth. The friction at
this contact was tremendous. Rock
was ground to make soil, some of
which was very fine to make the
gumbo as found along the Milk
River.
Whole mountains Of earth and rock
were Scooped up by this great dozer
to form moranes which we see scat
tered along the Northern States from
the Atlantic to the Pacific. AS the
ice melted, these piles of earth and
rock constituting the moranes made
the boundaries of lakes; some per-
manent, others holding water part of
the year.
In the leveling off process the ex-
ternal or surface indications of oil
have been obliterated. The oil man is
left without much guidance in
glaciated country.
The most apparent evidence of
glaciation is the occurrence of boul-
ders not belonging to the local strata.
These are sometimes called erratics,
meaning that they are out of place
or have come from some distant
source. They are usually of granite
or quartzite. The less resistant sand
stones and limestones cannot travel
as well.
There are, however, a great va-
riety of rocks in glacial drift. In
Wisconsin and some other states,
diamonds have been found. Because
of their hardness, these stones could
have Travelled great distances. No
doubt a search has been made for
their source.
Glacial boulders are sometimes
very large. The weights of the two
shown in the photograph have been
estimated. The smaller one weighs
approximately 662 tons; the larger
one, 1,945 tons. They were carried
a great distance, perhaps even hun
dreds of miles. 1t will be noted that
the larger one has fallen apart. When
It was left unsupported on the prai-
rie, it fell apart by its own weight.
It would be an interesting project to
trace their origin in Canada. Perhaps
some geologist has already solved
this question.
The whole story Of glaciation Is a
fascinating one for those who will
fit together the evidence we see
II