davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-01

Many Government workers 60
ing to their offices today found
no gimlet-eyed guard stationed
at the building entrance.
The General Services Admin
istration announced it has COM
pleted its economy-dictated re-
duction in force. A total of 100
guards have been "riffed." This
is II per cent of the staff below
the grade of lieutenant.
GSA figures this is saving
$500, 900 a year. In addition, the
agency has accomplished a fur
ther saving in its own expendi-
lures by transferring Is guards
to the large detail for which the
agency is reimbursed by the
agency being guarded.
This detail now numbers I41.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-01
Maj. Armstrong, FIN Inventor,
PIunqes to Death in New York
Developer Of Many
Busic Radio Patents
Left Note for Wife

NEW YORK, Feb. Maj Ed
win H. Armstrong. SO, inventor
of many of the worlds basic
radio patents. today plunged to
his death from his 13th-floor
apartment in the fashionable
River House. His body was found
on a third floor balcony.
Mai. Armstrong developed the
frequency meditation CFM) sys-
tenn of broadcaSting. He also in
vented the superheterodyne and
super-regenerative circuits which
are the basis of practically all
radio receivers.
Maj. Armstrong was frequent
witness before Congressional
committees in support of more
aid to research.
Police said Maj. Armstrong
left a two-page note addressed
to his wife Esther. She was re-
ported staying with friends at
CRANKY. Conn.
It was learned the note ex-
pressed Maj. Armstrong; regret
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-01
Pressure
On Employers
Hit by Court

The Supreme Court ruled to-
day that labor unions committed
unfair labor practices by causing
employers to discriminate against
employees who broke union rules.
In another case, also decided
by 7-to-2 vote, the court held
that an employer unlawfully en-
couraged union membership by
making a retroactive award of
wage increases and vacation
benefits only to its employees who
belonged to a union. The union
was bargaining agent for all the
company's employees. non-mem-
bers, as well as members of the
union.
An opinion written by Justice
Reed upheld a National Labor
Relations Board ruling affecting
the AFL Radio Officers Union.
This ruling held the union COM
mitted an unfair practice by
refusing to grant clearance to
a radio operator who thereby
was unable to take a job with
the Bull Steamship Co. The
union had sought to discipline
the member because he made
arrangements to take a job with
the company without getting
preliminary clearance from the
union.
Another case included in the
Reed opinion reversed a decision
by the United States Court of
Appeals in St Louis which had
upheld an action by the AFL
Transfers Union. In that in
stance, a union employee failed
to pay some of his dues. The
union compiled new seniority
list, putting him at the bottom.
When this was submitted to the
employer, the worker was unable
to get job.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-01
Coffee Price |nquir,
Ordered in Senate
As FTC Probe Starts
Contracts Practice
On Exchange to Be
Put Under Scrutiny

A Senate Banking Subcom-
mittee today ordered public
hearings on coffee prices.
Subcommittee Chairman Beall
Of Maryland said the hearings
will begin here next Monday
but will shift later to New York
and anywhere else necessary to
learn the reason for the swift
rise in coffee to more than a
dollar a pound"
The Federal Trade Commits
sion today formally started its
own investigation to learn
whether coffee prices have been
rugged. Tomorrow, the Senate
Agriculture Committee considers
a bill to put coffee trading under
Government supervision.
Trading Practices Are Crux.
Common to all of these in
vestigations is the problem of
whether trading practices in the
coffee business contribute to
artificial increases.
The coffee-growing countries
of South America contend that
recent price rises result from
crop failures in the face of in
creasing consumption. Senator
Beall. however. expressed doubt
that frost and insect damage to
this years Brazilian coffee crop
could have caused the radical
price increases"
ETC Chairman Howrey, in an
nouncing the start of his inves-
tigation today, said:
1T has been suggested that
the contracts may be unduly
restrictive because trading in the
futures market is held to certain
grades and types of coffee. and
that the prices of other grades
of coffee-about 70 per cent of
the total supply-may be tied in
some way to the exchange price"
Pyramided Results Seen.
A short supply of the types
of coffee traded on the exchange
could lead to a legitimate price
increase for these grades on the
exchange. But if other types of
coffee are priced according to
quotations from the exchange,
there might be a big price in
crease for coffees that are not
in short supply.
Mr.. Howrey said the Govern
ment would prosecute any illegal
price fixing. But even if no
criminal acts are found, MI.
Howrey said. ETC will publicize
a full report.
The ETC investigation got
under way when a picked in
vestigative crew started calling
today on officials of the New
York Coffee and Sugar Ex-
change. the National Coffee
Association and various coffee
roasters-all in New York. Rep
resenting ETC were its three
leading economists, two of its
ablest trial lawyers and the top
ETC investigator and a group OF
assistants.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-01
BY Crosby S. Moves
foreign Correspondent Of The Stor

EAST BERLIN. Feb. Ito
day the ministers of the Western
powers climbed into. their cars for
quick trip through this city's
own Iron Curtain. They sped
down the Berlinerstrasse. around
the victory column of the
Franco-Prussian war and past
the rubble heap which once was
Hitler's headquarters. Border
guards at the Brandenburg Gate
waved them through onto Under
den Linden to the fantastic
palace among the ruins which
is officially referred to as the
residence of the Soviet high COM
missioner and which is actually
the Russian Embassy.
It's a short drive and very few
East Berliners were on hand to
witness the procession. Earlier
there was some concern that the
shift of the Big Four conference
to the Russian sector might touch
off new demonstrations. But in
view of the security measures
taken and the number of police
and Red Army guards on hand,
none developed.
At the Embassy the Western
leaders got a revealing glimpse
of the latest thing in Soviet
taste IN architecture and in
terror decoration. The entrance
hall. where they checked their
coats, is done in red, black and
yellow marble stripped, according
to rumor, from the destroyed
chancellory. Supporting pillars
are sheathed with stainless steel.
Busts of Stain and Lenin.
AS they mounted the stairs to
the second floor. they passed be-
tween two Red Army soldiers in
black boots and breeches, brown
tunics and caps. SentrieS faced
each other at fixed attention,
their faces blank.
At the top of the double stair
case, monumental marble busts
of Stain and Lenin flank the
entrance to the reception room.
This features Corinthian COL
umns. rich inlayed wood floor
and vast stained glass window
The window is quite a showpiece
1t is a picture of the Kremlin
done in puppies and topped by a
Red star. A magnificent orangy
rainbow arches over the scene.
The general style might be des-
cribed as early Grandma Moses.
To the right is a refreshment
room equipped with crystal
chandeliers. marble walls and
f1uted pilasters crowned with
gilt symbols of the Is Soviet Re-
publics. Work rooms for the
various delegations adjoin. Brit
ish Foreign Secretary Eden's is
decorated like a Louis XVI bou-
doir with powder blue love seats
recessed into the wall. Three
oval mirrors are topped by what
appear to be plaster models of
Picasso's famous peace dove. but
attendants protest they are real
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-01
Terry Brennan, Is,
Notre Dame Coach
Succeeding Leohy
BY the Asseeiuted Press

SOUTH BEND. Ind, Feb. l.
Terry Brennan was named head
football coach at Notre Dame
today, succeeding Frank Leahy.
who resigned yesterday because
Of i'll health.
The 25-year-old former Irish
halfback thus becomes one of
the youngest coaches to step
into a major football job in
many years. He signed a three
year contract. Salary terms were
not disclosed.
Brennan was freshman coach
under Leahy last season. After
his graduation in 1919 he had
coached Mount Carmel High
School in Chicago for four years
and won three city champion
ships with three straight unde-
feated teams. He repeatedly
turned down the head coaching
job at Marquette several weeks
ago.
"Details in Sport SectiOn.)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-01
100 Federal Building Guards
Dropped in Economy Drive

These men are assigned to areas
regarded as particularly sensi-
tive from a security point of
view. The Atomic Energy Com
mission and the Joint Chiefs of
Staff quarters at the Pentagon
are examples.
The total guard force with
which GSA is concerned is now
1,761. This includes 1920 U81
captains and lieutenantS and 839
lower ranks who are paid out of
GSA appropriations. The detail
for which GSA collects from the
agencies guarded is TAI.
GSA said while guards have
been removed from minor en-
frances to buildings and other
ess-important places such as
small parking lots, the protec-
ton will be adequate.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-01

suited medical authorities in
New York and they told him
that if these were the facts, the
treatment bordered on criminal
ity. He quoted them as saying
the Marine should have been
confined to bed and he ventured
the opinion that had he not
got up, his son might be alive
today. But young Malone's con-
dition took a turn for the worse
and he died the following day.
RigOrs of Hike Stressed.
Mr.. Conwell said he found no
fault with the treatment for
his son, adding that in fact he
believed doctors and medical
corpsmen did everything posi-
BILE to save the youth.
Both fathers expressed amaze
ment at the rigorous training
hike SO soon after the course
started. with the East swelter-
ing in the hoULeS. weather in
years. Mr.. Conwell said he had
been told that his son collapsed
on the hazard course and was
carried back to headquarters on
a stretcher for a distance of
2l2 miles. This was at variance
with a statement made in a
letter written by 1t. Gen. Clifton
B. Gates, commanding officer of
the Quantico Marine Bas". The
general said that young Conwell
returned on foot.
Pvt. Malone was an athlete
in prep school but did not par
ticipate in athletics at Fordham
University. where he graduated
last June. Pvt. Conwell was a
graduate of Notre Dame and was
described by his father as an
excellent swimmer. He had been
a life guard at the university
mol for four wears
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-01
B.&0. Recalls 1900 Men
OF $1,000 on 'FurIouqh'
By the Associated Press

BALTIMORE. Feb. 1.-The
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad an
nounced today that about 1900
furloughed workers were being
recalled this week in the rail-
roads 13-State area.
About 1000 employes-most
of them in maintenance work
were laid off in December and
January.
The railroad presented figures
to show its carloadings were
off about 1913 per cent for last
month as compared with jan
uary of 1853 and said the recalls
were the result of an adjust
ment of railroad forces"
The railroad said it's January
car loadings were AGO less than
for January, 1858.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-01
Two Legal Points Bar Accord
On BTcker Bill, KnowIond Says
Moy Need High Court Ruling, 6. oP.
Chief Asserts After White House ToIk

self hurried back to Capitol Hill
to discuss them with the atten-
ton of Senator Bricker, author
of the controversial amendment
to curb the Presidents treaty.
making powers.
Will Call Democrats.
Senator Knowland said Demo-
Gratis also would be called into
a legislative huddle. including
Senator johnson of Texas. the
minority leader, and Senators
George and Russell of Georgia.
After returning to the Capitol.
Senator Knowland told reporters
he will not know until he meets
later this afternoon with Senator
Bricker and the Democratic
leaders whether the Qualification
sought by the President would
mean changing language in the
proposed compromise or agree
ing as to what the present Ian
guage means.
Asked If Senator Bricker has
got to be satisfied" Senator
Knowland responded: NO. I
wouldn't say that but we're so
close to an agreement. we want
these points cleared up"
Senator Bricker had said last
night that he will accept a COM
promise if the President agrees
to support it.
Senator Knowland. again ex-
pressing optimism over the out
look. said he thought it was adj
visable for those preparing the
draft of legislation to be in gen.
tSee BRICKER. Page A-3)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-01
Restaurants Give
NickeIs to Guests
Passing Up Coffee


PHILADELPHIA, Feb. L.
Restaurant patrons at the Syl-
vania and John Bartram Hotels
get a nickel from the manage
ment when they don't drink
coffee.
Guest were advised of the
bonus" by this poem attached
to the menu:
With the price OF coffee ouer a
dollar,
1t looks like every one should
holler:
So for staying aWGy from this
high priced breU,
We're passing the savings along
to you.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-01
BULLETIN


Efforts at compromise on the
Bricker treaty-power amend
ment struck a new snag today
when Senator George, Demo-
cfat. of Georgia, baked at a
reported White House SUCCESS
ton for dealing with a contro-
versial clause concerning presi-
Dental agreements.
Republican leaders sought to-
day to clarity two legal points
involved in the latest Bricker
amendment compromise" after
a White House conference in
Dictated these were the only
stumbling blocks to an agree
ment.
Senate Majority Leader
Knowland told reporters after a
two-and-a- half-hoM talk with
President Eisenhower that sub
Stantially all of the compromise
would have the Presidents sup
port. But he added there we're
two legal questions requiring
more study and investigation. "
= While Senator Knowland
would not say just what points
are involved. he expressed the
opinion that one would pose mo
difficulties. The other. he said,
involved both legal and conStitu-
tional issues and called for
Qualification.
Senator Knowland said that
these two points are being
studied by the State and Justice
Departments as we'll as by the
Senators who attended this
mornings conference. He him
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-01
D. {. TO Fight
Higher Realty
Or Sales Taxes
Finance Officer
To Take WARNING
To Capitol Hearing
BY George Beveridqe

District Finance Officer James
L. Martin prepared to take to
Capitol Hill this afternoon strong
warnings against increases in
real estate or sales taxes.
While no decisions have been
made, both these levies are GER
tain to come under sharp scrut-
my by the House-Senate SUBJ
committee studying financing fer
the city's $305 million public
works program.
Mr.. Martin faces questioning
specifically on tax raises pro-
posed by the District Building
to bring $4.5 million more a year
into the general fund to help pay
for the works improvements.
Most of these affect specialized
business groups, and thus far
have drawn little sympathy from
the subcommittee.
Sharpest criticism has been
leveled against proposed tax
boosts on net premiums paid in
surance companies and on bus
lines operating between the sub
urbs and Washington. Some
subcommittee members predict
the insurance proposal either
will be modified or written off
entirely.
Martin Supports Both.
Mr.. Martin supported both in a
statement filed with the subcom-
mittee last week. around which
his testimony will revolve today.
In obvious anticipation that
real estate taxes also would come
under study. Mr.. Martin devoted
a special part of his report to
warning that material in
creases" in either real estate as
seSSmentS or tax rates would
be injurious to the economy of
the District"
MI. Martin said the city does
hope to speed up it's normal re-
assessment of city property. and
has asked for more personnel to
cover areas which have not been
checked for years. AS this pro-
gram slowly picks up momentum,
revenues. of course, will increase.
But officials are anxious that
S1Ich ipcreococ MT he .,,olo -
specific part of the works financ-
ing plan They already are
counting on the added revenues
to help Offset future operating
cost increases which, while ey-
pected, can't be predicted in ad-
vance.
SEQ of Land Area Exempt.
Mr.. Martins statement stressed
that only 476 per cent of the
Districts land area. exclusive of
streets and alleys, is subject to
taxes, with 42.8 per cent ex-
empted by Federal property, 3.5
per cent by the District govern
ment and 81 per cent by foreign
and other holdings.
Against this 52.4 per cent of
tax-exempt land in the District.
he compared an average tax
exempt area of only 1874 per
cent for 213 other cities
throughout the nation.
Despite its high exemption,
however. the Districts per capt.
ia real estate assessment ranks
second among 18 cities of more
than a million population, the
assessor said. He also cited a
study showing that the Districts
actual assessment on taxable
real estate is higher than many
cities with more population,
more industrial and commercial
properties on which to base
taxes and far less tax-eXempt
land.
The Districts actual 1858 as.
(See WORKS, Page AID
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-01

ate Germany so closely with
other peace-loving states that
she will neither seek nor be able
to use her regained strength for
aggressive purposes"
Mr.. Eden's speech ran parallel
to a declaration at the confer
---------~
Rodormen Play Moke Believe in Guiding
Plones Into Berlin. Pose A-6
ence by French Foreign Minister
Georges Bidault demanding free
elections as the No. funda-
mental for uniting Germany.
Statements of the two Western
foreign ministers were made at
the III st session held in the East
sector of Berlin under the chair
manship Of Vyacheslav Molotov
the Soviet Foreign Minister.
In his declaration, Mr.. Eden
said 1t was his governments be-
lief that Germany can best be
united with peace-loving coun-
tries through membership in the
European Defense Community
West Sticks to Plans.
The West thus stuck to plans
for unifying Germany in such
a manner that she will be able
to be member of the European
Defense Community. The Rus
slams insist that any unification
plan be so written that Germany
would be barred from making
any alliances that have a mill
tary connotation.
The British Foreign Secretary
tried once more to allay Moscow
fears about EDO.
1.-THE treaty which sets UP the
European Defense Community
lays down that the community
is designed to contribute to the
maintenance of peace. and that
its purposes are exclusively de-
fensive." Mr.. Eden said.
THE Soviet government may
say that mere verbal assurances
are not enough, and that more
concrete guarantees are needed.
If the EDO treaty contained
nothing more than verbal as
surances. / should have some
sympathy with such an objec-
ton to it. But Of course it does
contain much more"
Mr.. Eden then emphasized
that the six member countries
of EDO would hand over con-
troll of their forces in Europe to
a supra national authority"
Couldn't Violate Treaty.
There will be no national
armies" he said, land the in
dividual countries will not have
the power or the means to en-
gage in war on their own. This
is a revolutionary conception. It
is the heart of the whole mat
ter"
He argued that even if Ger
many or any other member
wanted to violate this EDO
treaty pledge it would not "be
in a position to do so" because
it would not have the required
national forces.
Furthermore, he said that the
arms, equipment and supply of
the international army would be
the responsibility of a board of
commissioners having supra ma =
tional authority and the board
itself would be subject to an
assembly composed of members
of the six parliaments, and to
a council of ministers.
These are indeed far-reachilig
(See BIG FOUR, Page A-6D
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-01
Junior Fashions
Must Be Perfect

FOR THE LITTLE WOMEN"-
The Stor's fashion editor, Eleni, hos
some suggestions on pleasing the
girls in the junior size foshion world.
Poee B-4.
EVERYTHING WAS HOT-A wove
Of hot weather, hot QUITO engines and
hot tempers tied up troffic for three
hours in California Yesterday. See
Lite in the U. S." Poqe All.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-01

MAI. EDWIN HI. ARMSTRONG.
At Senate hearing in 1948.
over his way of death. and stated
his love for his wife.
Police said Maj. Armstrong
was fully clothed and was wear
ing a hat and an overcoat when
he took his final plunge. A
(See ARMSTRONG, Page ABB
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-01
Guide for Readers

Amusements A-l6 Lost, Found AS
Classified B-9-l4 Music All
Comics B-l6-l7 Obituary ..-- AN
Cross Word --B-l6 Rodio-TV BIS
Editorial -.A-l0 Sports A-l3-l5
Edit Articles All Womon's
Financial A.l8-l9l Section B-3-6
Hove The Stor Delivered to Your
Home Daily and Sunday.
DioI Sterling $1,000
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-01

tSee BRICKER. Page A-3.)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-02-01
West Tells Reds
Of Safeguards
Over GERMANY
Would Be Linked So
Closely, She Couldn't
Fight AggressiveIy

BERLIN, Feb. british For
eign Secretary Anthony Eden
told the Big Four conference to-
day 1t is "our purpose to associ-
ate Germany so closely with
other peace-loving states that
she will neither seek nor be able
to use her regained strength for
aggressive purposes.
Mr.. Eden's speech ran parallel
to a declaration at the confer
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1954-08-01

rNlE biggest argument Of our time debated for two
nor lis this spring IN 10 million American living rooms
Two months and two million words Of testimony points q
order and ripe rhetoric but the questions raised IN the Army
Mccarthy hearings still being argued and VIII be even
more a. the elections approach Perhaps never before has
been shown % dramatically that the great American INDOOR
snort Of arguing Is frustrating business The trouble accord
mn to two professors Of public speaking and debating VINO
have eayesopped thousands Of personal
ments il that few Of us know how to persuade
Professors Alvin G. Busse and Richard Borden, formerly
Of New York Unverstys Speech Department discovered by
listening to YOU and me that there Is only one way to WIN an
argument And it took them seven years to ind 4 out
Their researches started day when Professor Borden
was coaching an student debate on one Of those pere
NAL collegiate topics Should Capital Punishment Re Abol
sed? AS he listened he realized that although his students
had learned 10 argue eloquenty they weren't convincing
anybody
mot one Of the debates he says even tried 70 WIN over
The fellow Who disagreed with him. They were each working
for the applause Of the people out there in the audience VINO
already held the opinions Actually they were losing
every argument 3
This problem had also bothered Professor Basse The two
university associates joined forces and searched Tor textbook
that would teach what lacking: the art OF persuasion