davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-03-17
Doris FIeeson:

It recently occurred to SEN
ator Barrett of Wyoming, a
conscientious legislator, that,
as the new chairman of the
Privileges and Elections SUBJ
committee of the Rules Com
mittee, he perhaps should have
a copy Of the report on Senator
Mccarthy made by that same
subcommittee last year.
A call to the Rules Commit
tee, whose chairman is now
Senator Jenner, Senator Nc
Carthy's close friend, brought
the information that the COM
mittee now possesses only its
file copy Of the report. It was
learned independently that the
committee has had to disap-
point hundreds of others be-
sides the Senator from Wy
oming.
The Government Printing
Office reports that it. too, is
unable to help the curious Gus
toners, as it sent the entire
press run of the Mccarthy
document to the Rules Com
mittee. That run was $500
copies, which is described as
the average order on an i'm
portant investigation.
Senator HenningS of Mis-
souri,, who managed against
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-03-17
Road to Doonsduv
Paris Opposition to German Reorming
Could Lead to Moscow-Bonn Pact

Muscovites offered not only q
union between Western and
Eastern Germany. but also an
unlimited German rearma-
ment with no controls what
soever of German industrial
establishments.
Adenauer. like many other
German political men. fears
this ''liberality" of the Mus
covites. But they don't know
how the German people may
react when they even now are
confronted with a growing
hostility on the part Of the
French.
Adenauer'may suggest in his
private interviews with PreSi-
dent Eisenhower and Secretary
Of State Dulles that in the
event the French remain
adamant in their opposition to
the EDO in its present form,
the United States consider the
Paris pact effective and agree
to Germany building up her
ground forces within the
framework Of that treaty. The
separate Americana e m q n
treaty Of 1920 Is cited as a pos
sible precedent for such an
action. It is true that at that
time we had a completely free
hand since we had no POLITICAL
military commitments in West
ern Europe. Today we have
what amounts to actual de-
fenSive alliances with all the
NATO nations, but Germany is
not a party to that organiza-
ton
From the practical point Of
view, a separate treaty may ap-
peal to the administration and
to Congress. We are now
bearing the brunt Of the West
ern defense system and our
allies have so far dragged their
feet in the build-up of their
military forces.
The concept of bringing q
limited portion of Germany's
manpoWer into the NATO
coalition was officially offered
last year by the French gov
eminent of Antoine Pinay. But
in fact it was the result Of a
thorough study on the part Of
the top-ranking Allied officers
at SHAPE at the time when
Gen. Eisenhower was supreme
commander. From the military
point of view it is of the high
est Importance to have Ger
man trained units available to
defend their own country in
the event Of a Red attack.
From the political point of
view, American and British
foreign-policy makers consid-
cred it necessary to get Ger
many into the Western concert
Of powers. Unless this is done
in the near future, nobody can
say whether the German peo-
pie might not succumb to the
Russian offers and join the
MuScovites despite their hatred
OF communism. And a Ger
man Russian cooperation
would certainly spell the doom
of Europe.
Reports from Paris indicate
that the French believe they
can beat Bonn. The French
Foreign Office feels that it can
come to an agreement with
the Kremlin whereby instead of
reunifying Germany. the coun-
try would be further chopped
up. This would put an end
to the nightmare Of German
militarism and at the same
time serve as a link between
East and West.
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1953-01-03

tutions are needed in many com.
munities. Existing state and mu
nicipal services must be expanded
Expanding defense facilities have
increased the demand for local and
state services in many areas.
Some Of the few wealthy states
and communities may be in posi-
ton to take care of these needs.
The great majority, however, do
not have resources adequate to do
the job. A number Of states which
could do a better job Of raising rev.
enue to provide needed services are
stymied because of antiquated tax
systems and outdated constitutional
restrictions.
During the early Thirties, when
many unemployed were faced with
cold, hunger and eviction, real es-
tate spectators who had reaped
rich harvests during the Twenties
found it comparatively easily to sell
voters on the idea that property
taxes were too high. They talked
quite persuasively of millions Of
dollars of income that were going
untaxed. A number of states passed
laws or constitutional amendments
limiting the tax rate that could be
levied on real estate.
Unfortunately, passage of limit
alton amendments did not stop the
need for taS revenue. More unfor-
tunately, when time arrived to dis
cuss the need for new taxes a
strange forgetfulness of the need
for taxes on untaxed income de-
veloped.
The consequence was that in state
after state the influential groups
which controlled the legislatures OF
the period pushed through sales
taxes and a variety of other taxes
on consumers. BY 1851 approx
mately 60 per cent of the SO bill
lion in state tax revenue collected
was derived from taxes on consum-
ers. The individual states the pro-
portion of revenue. derived from
consumption taxes runs as high as
IS per cent.
In addition, the situation is de-
teriorating in a number of states
in which local communities, de-
spairing of securing sufficient aid
from the state, are enacting local
sales taxes, payroll taxes, head
taxes and multiplicity of NUS
ance taxes to supplement local real
estate taxes.
These taxes combine to throw a
disproportionate share Of the tax
burden on those in the low-income
groups. Further, they do not now
produce enough revenue and carry
little promise of providing ade-
quate revenue in the future.
The income tax has demonstrated
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1953-01-03
TAX POLICYF FOR
THELONGPU

Shortly after the turn of the
century, total state and local tax
revenues were $500 million; federal
tax revenues were $500 millions.
For the current fiscal year, state
and local tax revenues will total
approximately $1S billion, but fed
eral tax revenues are epected to
be in excess Of $64 billion.
Prior to 1913, state and local
governments depended for their
revenue principally on the property
tax; the federal government relied
almost entirely on receipts from
e, else taxes and customs duties.
There were virtually no direct taxes
based on ability to pay.
The story of how our tax system
has developed into an effective in
strument of national policy based
much more largely on ability to
pay is most exciting. Covering
the period of the past sixty years,
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1953-01-03

the thirty sixth state, the income
tax amendment became part of
the Constitution.
Within four years World War !
brought about tremendous changes.
Expenditures rocketed to 419 billion
in 1917. Taxes formerly reckoned
in millions were estimated to yield
an increase of $21 billion under
the War Revenue Act of the same
year. The act raised the maximum
rate of 6 per cent on individual in
comes established under the 1913
law to a minimum rate of Ct per
cent.
Liberals end conservatives are in
substantial agreement that too
much income went during the 2O's
to groups in the form of savings
which were not productivity en-
ployed; far too little income went
to the millions whose entire earn
ings were required for food, cloth
ing and shelter. A tax policy I'M
der which successive decreases
were made in income tax rates per-
mitted the accumulation of savings
which led to speculation and inflat-
ed prices that were not based on
widespread purchasing power in
the hands of the American people.
Administrators in Washington dur
ing the 20's, supported by a ma
jority in Congress, were respons-
ible for the passage of a series of
tax bills which undoubtedly con-
tributed substantially to bringing
about the crash of 1929 and the
depression of the 30's.
Franklin d. Roosevelt had stress
ed the need for national economy
during his campaign in 1882. When
he assumed office on March 4, 1888,
he learned that prospective receipts
for the fiscal year ending on June
30 of that year were two billion
dollars while expenditures were es-
timated at more than four and a
half billion dollars. Farmers and
manufacturers were unable to dis
pose of SURPRISES. Millions were
in danger of losing their homes
under mortgage foreclosures. More
millions were unemployed and
without funds or credit to buy the
surplus food or clothing piled high
on farms and in factories.
In the face of THE nationwide
emergency of catastrophe pro-
tons, President Roosevelt did what
the situation demanded. He en-
ployed the credit and all other re-
sources Of the national government
to reassure home, owners, to re-
store confidence in the banking
system and simultaneously to Gre
ate new purchasing power for
workers that would move SURPRISES
from farms, factories and stores
and start the wheels of production
into motion once again.
Such a program of necessity
placed emphasis on government
spending; virtually every group of
our citizens required government
help. Talk of balancing the bud
get was heard principally from
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1953-01-03

it shows how citizens and their rep
resentatives in Congress worked
against tremendous odds to secure
the enactment of laws based or
sound policy. knowledge of these
past events may lead to better
understanding that will provide the
basis for further positive action in
the future.
On August %, 1894. Congress
approved an income tax measure
that was assailed by the moneyed
interests of the day and "com-
munistic," "confiscatory," Social
istic" and "totalitarian" approach
to revenue needs. Bitterly criti-
cized by a conservative legal pro-
fession and press, the law was chal-
lenged in the courts and declared
unconstitutional by a to q deci-
sion of the Supreme Court in May,
1895.
That early forerunner of present
day income tax legislation proposed
per cent tax upon income. OPP
ponents argued not only that the
law was unconstitutional but de-
clared it was discriminatory. They
pointed out that while weather.
states, such as New York, Penn
sylvania, Massachusetts, and New
Jersey, would pay the bulk Of such
tax, a disproportionately large
It IF the proceeds would be spent
poorer states. Proponents of the
wv, on the other hand, declared
hat revision Of the tax system, in
The main supported by the poor
vthout regard for ability to pay,
as overdue.
These adv ocates of the income
y principle stuck to their guns
nd, during the years following the
3ssage of the 1894 income tax
measure, gained support inside and
tside of Congress. In 1911, by
unanimous vote, the Supreme Court
declared that the tax on corporate
acomes enacted by Congress in
90 was constitutional.
What, you may ask, was the diff
erence between the provision of
ne 1894 act which had been de-
Jared unconstitutional and the pro-
sion of the 1909 act? The 1894
ct was declared invalid because it
vas direct tax on income from
ZEAL and personal property. The
1909 act was a tax upon the priv
lege of doing business as corpor-
alton, the amount of the tax to be
measured by the net income derived
from business as we'll as from
property or investments not used
in the business.
The same Congress that passed
The Corporation Income Tax of
1909 by joint resolution adopted
President Taft's further recon-
mendation that Congress propose
an amendment to the Constitution
giving the federal government the
power to levy a tax on income, from
whatever source derived, without
apportionment among the several
states. On February 8, 1913, fol-
lowing ratification by Wyoming,
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1953-01-03

those few who saw the Importance
of government aid for themselves
but styled aid for others as waste
full and socialistic, insisting that it
would lead inevitably to depend
ence on the state and destructio,
of our basic American virtue-our
capacity for self help and independ-
ence in the face of adversely.
Nevertheless, as economic condi-
tions improved during the Thirties,
specific as well as general revenue
measures designed to strengthen
the economy were enacted by Con-
gress on recommendation of the
President. Tax rates on both cor
porate profits and personal income
were increased; estate and gift tax
rates were raised; loopholes in the
tax laws that permitted certain
groups of taxpayers to avoid pay
ment of millions Of dollars to the
government were closed.
However, up until World War II
the federal tax system did not be-
come as progressive as it had been
during World War l. It's continu-
ing regressive character may be
realized from the fact that total
federal revenues from excise taxes
and customs duties in 1912 were
1884 million, or $83 million more
than the $3,250 million collected
from the Individual income tax in
that year. Moreover, when sales
and gross receipts taxes Of S2,353
million and personal income taxo
of $548 million collected during the
same year at the state and local
levels are included, the record
shows $5,G87 million as the total
collections from taxes on consum-
ers as against $3,799 million in
revenue on individual incomes at
all levels of government.
During the war the overall tax
system became steadily more pro-
gressive, until in 1915 approximate
ly IS per cent of total tax reve-
nue. at all levels of government
was raised through taxes on indi-
vidual and corporate income. Even
during the war the efforts of GER
tain groups to secure enactment of
higher excise taxes and a general
sales tax at the federal level con-
tinued; with the close of the war
these same groups were influential
in securing the enactment of sew
eral tax reduction measures which
unduly favored taxpayers in the
upper income brackets.
Revenue from both the Individual
and corporate income tax will in
crease considerably as a result of
several tax measures enacted since
the outbreak Of the Korean war,
although the income tax burden
will be less equitably distributed
than it was under the 1914 act.
Moreover, the emergency excise
taxes imposed during World War
II have remained in effect and un-
der the 1851 act they were in
creased by an estimated $1.2 bill
lion yearly. Federal excise and
customs tax revenue, therefore, will
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1953-01-03

have risen from Sc billion in 1914.
to we'll in excess Of SO billion II
1852,
This rise in taxes on consumers
at the federal level has been ac-
companied by similar increases in
state and local revenue from sales
and gross receipts taxes, which in
1915 stood at $2,434 million and
by 1851 were approximately $5,753
An increase Of approximately 1876
per cent.
As long as defense emergency
expenditures continue, it is obvious
that federal taxes will continue at
high levels. The acceptance Of a
high level Of expenditures, how
ever, does not lessen the need for
scrutiny of both defense and nom
defense items. Effective utiliza-
ton of our manpower and natural
resources requires the elimination
of all unnecessary expenditures.
At the federal level it is essntial
that if and when defense needs
taper off, revisions in tax laws
should be thought through care
fully. Hasty and ill-considered tax
reduction measures, which were so
characteristic of the Twenties and
the four years following World
War II, should be avoided. The
Importance of developing a ma
ional tax policy with increasing
recognition Of state and local rev.
enue needs cannot be overempha-
sized.
State and local governments
raised close to SIT billion in taxes
in 1850. In 1882 the same units
Of government spent STA billion.
Taking into account the fact that
population has increased by 22.7
per cent, that the 1850 dollar was
worth 56.7 cents in terms Of the
1882 dollar and that states and To-
cal governments in 1850 are giving
many services that were non-exist-
ent in 1882, taxpayers of today are
probably receiving more for their
state and local tax dollar than they
DO in other sectors Of the economy.
While it is true that the fed
eral government returns in excess
CT 50 billion in aid that finds it's
way into expenditures of state and
local governments, those govern
ments are required to put up funds
Of their own to qualify for receipt
of much Of that federal aid.
Moreover, the need for still more
revenue at the local and state level
is urgent. During the next five
years an average of 100000 chill
dren per year will enter the public
schools Of our nation; new build
ings, equipment and supplies and
additional teachers must be pro-
vided. Hospitals and mental insti-
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1953-01-03

and continues to demonstrate its
effectiveness as revenue producer
and as necessary check on infla-
ton. Taxes on consumers, on the
other hand, actually are contribut-
ing to feed the inflationary forces
at the present time.
A larger portion of federal, state
and local taxes should be secured
from taxes on income for the long
pull as we'll as during times of
emergency. Planning to this end
should be under way now. 1t
should not be deferred until the
time when defense expenditures
taper off.
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1953-01-03
Local Woman
Continued from Page One)

dean Satcher.
According to reports Thomas
Miles Tate, 32-year-old white
man, a resident of Memphis, Tenn,
has been arrested in connection
with the incident and charged with
drunken driving pending a man.
slaughter investigation.
Evening star., 1953-03-06

(See MATS, Page C-3.)
Evening star., 1953-03-06
Munger Backs Claim
Of Players That Penn
Schedule Is Too Stiff
BY the Asseeiosed Press

PHILADELPHIA, Mar. 6.-The
University of Pennsylvania's Ivy
League football team protested
today that the Quakers' 1853
football schedule is too tough
without the benefit of spring
training. and their coach, George
Munger, agrees that the program
is too stiff. "
Penn's players penned a bris-
ting letter to school officials
which appeared in today's edi-
ton of the Daily Pennsylvania,
campus newspaper. It criticized
authors of the schedule and con-
tended that if Munger had been
consulted the list of opponents
would have been different.
Although Penn Is operating
under the Ivy Leagues deem
phasis program which includes a
ban on spring training, the
Quakers have only one Ivy
League opponent on the sched-
ule-traditional rival Cornell.
The other opponents are VAN
derbilt, Penn State, California,
(See PENN, Page C.2.)
Evening star., 1953-03-06
Mats Meet As Tomorrow
With Jensen in No. 4Spot

hitter. I think that's the spot
where he'll do us the.most good"
Bucky will lead off with Eddie
Yost. who has walked 126 times
or more in each of the last three
seasons. Fleet Jim Busby. who
finished strong in the final weeks
after getting off slowly, will bat
second, with Mickey Vernon
third.
Pete Runnels. single-slapping
specialist who batted cleanup
in many games last year, will hit
behind Jensen in the fifth slot.
while Gil Coan and Ken Wood
will alternate in No. 6. Roy Diet
eel, rookie second baseman, will
bat seventh.
Coan will start in leftfleld to-
morrow, si.lce the AS manager,
Jimmy Dykes. plans to emn'oy
right exclusively. Dykes
will use Marion F'ricano, a IT.
game winrer with Ottawa who
had the hest eGrned-run averare
(226l in the International
League: Charley Bishop. who
had a 1910 record with Ottawa
before he was called up by the
AS to split four decisions. and
Joe Coleman. a once highly re-
garded pitcher who is trying a
comeback after a sad 3-19 season
with Ottawa and Savannah last
year. l..
Harris will use Spec Shea,
(See MATS, Page C-3.)
Evening star., 1953-03-06
By Burton Howkins
Stcr Sto} coyvesponder.

ORLANDO, Fla, Mar. g.
Robust Jackie Jensen's booming
drives in practice sessions have
made a deep impression on
Bucky Harris, so the former
University of California ALI
American fullback will take over
the vital No. 4 spot in the Mats
batting order tomorrow when
they open a 3S-game exhibition
schedule with the Philadelphia
Athletics at West Palm Beach.
While Harris is convinced Jen-
sen. is his teams most powerful
hitter, the Mats manager is
hopeful the cleanup role won't
give the blond outflelder ideas of
becoming a fence-buster. "Jen-
sen is a better hitter when he
isn't swinging for the fences -
Bucky said
Jensen. who batted third last
year and led the club in runs
batted in with 50. Stacked of
badly in the waning weeks Of
the season. but Harris isn't dis
turbed by the thought that
American League pitchers will
continue to bother Jackie.
Pressure No Problem.
II think Jackie is going to
develop as one of the leagues S
top players, Bucky said. Hes
a great competitor. so he isn't
going to be troubled by any
pressure that falls on the fourth
Evening star., 1953-03-06
GWHigh Faces 7 onies for Title
In Battle of Spoilers Toniqht
By Brian Bell, Jr.

Two teams which entered the
metropolitan high school tour
nament with a combined record
of one victory in their last six
starts meet for the title at 8
o'clock tonight in Washington
Lees Campbell gymnasium.
George Washington, large
Alexandria high, and ST. An
thongs. tiny Catholic school, are
the flnaliSts in this upset-jam-
med tournament. Last night,
before a capacity crowd of $500,
CIV knocked out st. Johns, g.
go, and the TONES eliminated
Washington-Lee. 53-46. in two
more of those surprises which
are proving more the rule than
the exception.
In their last tests before the
tournament began, CIV had been
routed. 73-47. in Petersburg, Va,
and lost STAT, to Thomas Jeffer-
son in Richmond. ST. Anthony's
had dropped games to st. Johns,
WI and Gonzaga while rolling
over Georgetown Prep in the
TONES four games right before
the event.
UnderdOgs Ignore Seedlings.
With these records, it is no
wonder the tournament seeding
committee placed CIV sixth and
St. Anthony's eighth. However,
Evening star., 1953-03-06

F1tzSlmmon monS--actually native Of Corn
wall, who did his first fighting in New
Zealand-and the classic line was "The big
ger they come, the harder they fall" Fitz,
165-pounder himself, didn't make the remark
stick, however, for the 22O-pound Jeffries
knocked him out short time afterward and
took away his heavyweight championship.
But the line has survived down through
the years-the optimistic retort of many
small men in many arguments. That it
has achieved Immortality of sort for Fitz
seems assured now that Bartlett's Familiar
Quotations takes cognizance of it. The
Evening star., 1953-03-06
)psended Teps Take on Deacons in Conference Semna|s
Win, Lose or Draw
By Charles M. Egon
SnnrA. EAiAnr nE Tha SAe,r

FEW SHAKESPEAREAN LINES ever got wider circulation
IN America than the classic quote attributed
to another Enghman the occasion of his first glimpse
OF big Jim Jeries The Engishman of old Bob
Evening star., 1953-03-06
Policemen Doubled
And RedoubIed Afte,
Tourney MeIees

Police at the Metropoli-
tan tournament are in
creasing by progression.
Two were on hand at
Tuesdays game when a
melee broke out. Last night
there were four to start the
evening. but after the st.
John's-GW opener. which
included another post-game
free-for-all, eight policemen
kept order.
The Arlington County po-.
lice told Pete Rockwell,
tournament director. they
would file charges against
any future rioters. Rock
we'll has promised more po-
lice. who are paid by the
tournament for their over
time work, for tonight.
There should be at least 16
on hand, ...
Evening star., 1953-03-06

the Presidents and TONES have
paid scant attention to these
ratings CIV beat Roosevelt
Tuesday night and last night
CONTINUED on Page C-3. Col. ~