davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1953-10-23
DON'T EXPECT MAJOR CHANGES In TAFT-HARTLEY-

fury about the National Labor Rela-
tions Board itself? The NLRB de-
cisions have been criticized as pro-
labor and the Board members cen
sured as carryovers from the Wag-
ner Act. But now the five-man Board
has Republican majority. In recent
cases Chairman Guy Farmer has dis
scented from long established Board
policy.
In Clio Auto Workers v. Klinka's
Garage, Chairman Farmer wanted to
give jurisdiction to the state Labor
Board in a state where the labor
management law was much more
stringent toward labor than even the
Hartley law. Now Farmer has
been joined by two other members,
Philip Ray Rogers who replaced
Board Member John M. Houston.
Houston voted with the majority to
sustain established board policy that
the Taft-Hartley law was paramount
over state law in industries affect
| ing interstate commerce. The resig-
nation of Paul L. Styles, Truman
appointee, gives maj ority to the Eli
senhower administration. If the two
new appointees follow Chairman
Farmer the most controversial amend
ment sought by management lie. turn
ing over to the jurisdiction of states
acknowledgement relations in such
things as right to work laws and anti
picketing will be achieved by admins
trative ruling without congressional
action.
GUY FARMER V. GUY FARMER
Another tip-off as to the general
attitude of the new NLRB results
from the comparison of the two 9th
err recent dissents by Chairman Farm
Ell. In CLIO Rubber Workers V. South
eastern Rubber Mfg. Co., the manage
ment brought influence to bear on
the employees so that at the repre-
sentation election the union lost
Farmer contended that the illegal en-
pIoyer activity was not sufficient to
faint the election result.
In AFL Boiler Makers V. Higgins,
Inc, the union brought up sound
truck to attempt to influence the cleo
ton. The truck was promptly shut of,
bv the NLRB representative on the
scene who informed the union that
it was in violation of NLRB regula-
tions. A majority of the Board held
that the sound truck was operated for !
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1953-10-23
Must Make Our Views
Known In Washington

My friends, l could continue this
enumeration of the various vicious
acts of the present administration in
Washington in it's efforts to destroy
the public power. and rural electrifi-
cation programs, but | have not the
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1953-10-23

e(Continued from Page One)
of union welfare funds and provision
for check-off.
A provision that has not been
acted on by majority of the Re-
publicans is the present require
ment banning economic strikers
from voting at union representation
elections. This, you will recall was
provision that Candidate Eisen-
hover specifically criticized one
that might be used to break a un-
ion.
Seven of the proposals have never
been considered by either house of
Congress so that the Republican ma
Jority has not passed on them. These
relate pretty largely to specialized
matters such as apprentice training,
de-authoriZation elections and stabili-
ty of contracts. Everyone seems to
feel that the non-Communist oath
hasn't worked and either should be
able provision substituted. The ques-
ton of state-federal relations and
control over labor-management rela-
tions is highly charged and if includ-
ed in the proposed amendments may
be the most controversial issue of all.
PRESIDENT SHOULD ASK FOR
AT LEAST IL CHANGES
Therefore President Eisenhower
could recommend at least II changes
in the law that would meet with the
of a majority of his party
in Congress based on past voting
records, and with the Committee
Chairmen in each house. Most of
these changes would relax the law
in favor of unions In keep
ing with the promises made in the
last campaign and the recommended
tions in his State of the Union Speech
President Eisenhower should at least
go that far.
If President Eisenhower does
send recommendations in January
to amend the Taft-Hartley Law
and Hberalize it to the limited ex-
tent suggested above what will be
their fate in Congress?
My guess is that the Administra- |
ton leaders won't let such bill get |
on the floor. Big business, and this
is big business administration is
not unhappy with the present law.
There has been a lot of sound and
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1953-10-23

The latest quip out of Washing
ton, DC: The only way you'll ever
beat the New York Yankees is to
put Ezra Taft Benson in charge of
their farm program.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1953-10-23

scrpton. It's editor must be dedicated to the in
terests of those who unable to get hearing
or VOICE in Montana's daily press.
The only possible way was cooperative pub
LEGATION financed by individual citizens
Based on these principles and needs 800 farm
ers laborers and small businessmen financed the
founding of the publication called THE PEOPLES
VOICE.
Evening star., 1953-04-26
By Richard FrykIund

Congressman debating the Hawaii
statehood and tidelands oil bills have
discovered no one really knows
where the boundaries of the United
States lie.
What is more, no one knows how
to find out.
The problem Is not an idle one.
Ownership of countless millions of
dollars worth Of oil and other min
erals depends on the precise loca-
ton Of the Nations coastal bounda-
rieS. Until the lines are. drawn
many other questions must remain
unanswered:
Who may supervise valuable off,
shore fisheries? How close to our
shores may a foreign warship sail?
How far out do our coastal defenseS
extend? Where can we stop smug-
glers of narcotics. aliens and liquor?
What are our own rights in foreign
waters?
Detailed answers do not exist.
Nor is it known who should find the
answer or how the proper party
whoever that may be-should go
about finding it.
Not VitoI-So Far
The Nation has been able to rock
along for lit years with only rough
estimates of the location of the sea-
ward borders simply because the
estimates have not been challenged.
But passage of the tidelands bill
will make it necessary to measure
the United States down to the last
square foot. Drillers will have to
know who has Jurisdiction over the
undersea gushers they bring in.
Approval of Hawaii Statehood will
bring up this question: How Is the
49th State to be defined geograph-
ically? Where will the boundaries
be drawn in the case of State
consisting of 81 islands and numer-
Gus rocks and shoals stretching 1910
miles across the Pacific?.
The Hawaiians themselves do not
particularly care. as long as the
eight inhabited islands are included.
The rest are of no use, and offShore
undersea lands are worthless VOL
canic ash.
According to law, the United
States border at the Atlantic, Pacific
and Gulf is the low-tide mark along
shore, except in the case of some
bays, estuaries and other pieces of
water which are considered inland
even though salty. Stretching three
miles out from the low-tide mark
or from the outer limit of the bays
is marginal belt called territorial
waters" over which the United
States has complete control and iu-
riSdiction. Title to this belt would
be given to the coastal States under
the tidelands bill. There is an ad-
ditional belt Of nine miles claimed
for customs purposes.
But Where's Low Tide?
But the catch to all this is that
the lines of low tide and the outer
limits Of the inland bays have never
Evening star., 1953-04-26

been located. Until that line has been
drawn, the three and 12-mile limits
cannot be defined.
The technique for drawing the
first line has been debated for many
years. For instance, should the low
tide mark be taken to mean the
lowest tide recorded or the average
of the annual lowest tides or just
the average low tide? The differ
ence between the three could be
measured in hundreds of square
miles. Where. exactly, is the mouth
of bay? Which bays should be con-
sidered inland? How deep must
dimple in the coast be before It can
be called a bay? What do you do
about islandS-and the bits of land
that build up and then wash away?
Four Methods
-Four methods of fixing our boun-
daries have been advanced:
l. Ignore bays, fix the line along
any low tide mark. and draw the
Smile and 12-mile limits to parallel
the shoreline. The outer limits would
have bays" and 'capes" the exact
size and shape as the real ones on
the coast.
2. Count any indentation less than
10 miles across as bay. Stipulate
that the shore and the lines drawn
across the mouths of bays shall be
the boundaries.
8. Count only deep" indentations
As bays, using an arbitrary formula
Evening star., 1953-04-26

fornia in an attempt to settle the
status of five indentations claimed
by the State as inland bays.
One tentativ0 move has been
made toward settling the juriSdic-
tlonal dispute. A special Master. ap-
pointed by the Supreme Court to
listen to the case of the United
States Us. California apparently con-
cluded that the President-speaking
through the Attorney General -
should draw the line and that that
line should be confirmed without
change by the Supreme Court. Tho
high courts final word on the Cali
fornia dispute is expected later this
year.
But the California case was filed
by the Truman administration. At
torney General Brownell indicated
during a recent hearing on tidelands
that the Eisenhower administration
may take a different view. Mr..
Brownell asked Congress to draw
the line marking the three mile
limit. putting it on an actual map
and attaching it to the tidelands
bill. His suggestion was ignored.
however. Lawmakers said privately
that they were having enough trou-
BILE passing a tidelands bill without
adding the inconceivably difficult
job of surveying the Nations coast
line.
Congress has not expressed an
opinion on jurisdiction. A House
subcommittee set out to solve the
puzzle last year, but after spending
its money on numerous hearings.
the group decided the problem was
just too complex. The final sub
committee report raised a multitude
of questions but attempted to an
swer none.
Freedom of Seas
The ultimate size of the United
States will depend in part on who
wins the jurisdictional quarrel. I'm
der both Democratic and Republican
administrations, the executive has
been conservative in its claims The
recommended border usually has
been as close as practicable to the
actual coast line, Uncle Sam has
always stood for freedom Of the seas
both at home and abroad, and a
tightly drawn line would promote
that principle.
But many Congressman back the
theory: The bigger the better. The
United States should claim as much
of the ocean bed as possible as in
land waters, they believe.
The coastal States, of course, want
all they can get. The States now
control their inland waters, and
under the tidelands bill they would
own everything seaward to the three
mile limit. Revenue from oil leases =
obviously would vary with the loca.
ton of the States boundaries.
At any rate. a problem that has
been postponed for lit years will
have to be solved once and for all
the first time an oil we'll roughly
three miles from shore begins to
gush.
Evening star., 1953-04-26

to decide which is deep enough IN
proportion to the width of it's mouth.
Fix the three and 12-mile limits by
drawing arcs of circles with 8
and IL mile radii from every point
along the shore (That would smooth
the outer lines and make them easier
for ship navigator to calculatel. J.
Each island would have its own in
land border and its own three and
12-mile limits.
4. Draw straight lines between
projecting points along the coast,
and count all ocean, rocks, islands
and bays behind the lines as inland
limits also would be straight lines.
All Are Proper
Apparently any of these methods
would be proper under international
law. The straight line method (No.
A. is the most generous. 1t was
approved recently by the Interna-
tional Court of Justice at the Hague.
The Court did not even put limit
on the length of the straight lines.
If there actually is no limit. the
United States could claim almost
half of the Gulf of Mexico as inland
waters by drawing a line from Key
West to the tip Of Texas.
The other three methods would
give the United States less area and
create more technical difficulties.
The executive branch has usually
Evening star., 1953-04-26

favored method No. 3, the most con-
servative and most difficult Except
for No. /, which is impossible from
a practical standpoint). It has the
advantage. however, of covering all
possible contingencies.
But even before method can be
adopted, it must be decided whether
the power to fix the boundaries lies
with the President. Congress or the
courts.
Who Decides?
If fixing the boundary involves
acquisition or REIMBURSEMENT of
territory for the United States, then
Congress, under the Constitution,
would have the say Obviously ter
ritory would be added Or Subtracted
depending on where the final line
is drawn.
Or. If fixing the boundary in
wolves international relations, the
President, under the Constitution,
would make the decision. Clearly
the location of the boundary and the
shape of the three and 12-mile linn
its are part and parcel of foreign af-
fairs
Or. If fixing the boundary is
matter for dispute between the Fed
eral Government and the coastal
States. the Supreme Court. under
the Constitution, would be the ar
bitter. Already the Justice Depart
ment has fled suit against Cali
Evening star., 1953-04-26

an theological matter, Gen. Templer
set about to cut the Communists
ground from beneath them. Like
Communists everywhere, they fat
tened on the dissatisfaction and un.
rest of the underprivileged. They
famed this discomfort into the
flames of riot and crime.
Merciful Justice
BY combination Of effective po-
lice work-rounding up lawbreakerS
and justice tempered with mercy,
Gen. Templer apparently has pretty
well broken the back of Red resist
ance. Col. Young says the end will
not come until the last of the Red
ringleaderS are rounded up. But in
the meantime, attrition is taking its
toll. The Communist force num-
bered 5000 year ago; now it Is
about 5000 strong. Surrenders are
increasing in number all the time.
The British in Malaga empha-
size that theirs is a police action"
The crimes for which the members
of the Malayan Liberation Army are
being sought are not political crimes,
but crimes of violence-rape, mur-
der, arson, pillage and the like.
There is one crime. however, that
borders on the political. Bearing
arms is a capital offenSe.
Except for the most hardened
Communists, leniency is offered in
RI =.
men away from him. Prosecutions
frequently are waived for men who
surrender. After rehabilitation"
phase, the former Red is given .
constructive place in society. This
seems to work out quite well, ac-
cording to Col. Young. He cited q
survey conducted at one rehabilita-
tion center. 1t showed that only
8 Of 1900 proceSSed returned to the
Communist fold after release.
About 96 per cent Of the Com
muniSt forces are Chinese, the sec.
ond largest ethnic bloc In Malaga.
Out of the total population of 6
million the Malayans number about
2.5 million and the Chinese mil
AAOAA' AAC hOL-\AA1CoC, PGI CCIIt
OF Chang's men. are largely Indians.
Despite unrest and war elsewhere
in Southeast Asia, the British are
not overly worried about Red as
sault on Malaga from outside. They
control the sea approaches to Ma
laya, and feel that they are able to
defend the narrow neck that forms
the country's northern border.
I'VE let the Japs in over that land
route in the last war;" Col Young
says, but we don't think anything
like that is likely to happen again."
British Confident
Although Malaga. in common with
the rest Of Asia, is a hotbed of ma
tionalist sentiment, the British are
reasonably confident that the Feder-
alton is in the British Common.
wealth to stay. Self-government las
soon as possible" is the announced
aim Of the British, who hope the
Malayans then will elect some such
status as that Of Pakistan, rather
than breaking cleanly from the EN-
plre. as Burma did few years ago.
To that end, Gen. Templer's ad-
ministration is dedicated to making
the last days of British rule as pleas
ant for the Malayans as possible.
The dollars that Malaga has been
earning in recent years from her tin
and rubber are more responsible
than anything else for keeping The
sterling bloc afloat.
Evening star., 1953-04-26
MoIoyo
Communism Seems to Be Losing Ground
In Richest Strife Torn Asian Nation
By William Hines

There is one place in the Far East,
at least, where communism seems
to be on the wane.
That is the rich, tropical Fedora
tion Of Malaga. a group of two Brit
ish colonies and nine native states
at the extreme tip of the peninsula
that juts down from teeming, war;
weary Asia. There, for the last
five years. East and West have been
locked in struggle for mems minds
and the West appears to be win
ming.
It has, actually, been more than
merely mems minds the two sides
were after. Malaya's tin and rub
ber also were big factors. Between
the two of them, these resources
earn more American dollars than
the combined products of the rest
OF the whole British Commonwealth.
The chief characters in the NAL
ayan drama are two hard-bitten
soldiers, full of the honorS the Brit
ish Empire can bestow. One-Gen.
Sir Gerald Templer-is High Com
missioner of the Federation of
Malaga. The other-a Chinese
named Chang Peng-iS leader of
the Malayan Liberation Army.
Poroded in London
Chang Peng headed the Malayan
underground against the Japanese
in World War II, and marched in
the victory parade in London in
1945. Three years later, together
with about 100 other hard-core
Communists, he began the guerrilla
war that almost wrecked the richest
jewel in the British crown.
In the late '40s and early sos, a
white mans life was not worth q
plugged farthing in Malaga. Many
rich rubber plantations went un-
tended because planters and their
native help did not dare venture
many yards from the safety of COM
pounds and villages. Some tin mines
were unworked for the same reason.
And man alone on road was q
risk that even Lloyd'S Of London
would not cover.
Now Malayan rubber and tin op-
erations are back in full production.
Village life in most sections has gone
back to normal. The chance of
being injured in highway accident
is four times as great as the chance
of attack by terroristS. And the
people who are running the free
worlds war in Malaga do not re-
gard 1t as a war at all.
Two factors are accountable for
the change-both due largely to the
administration Of Gen. Templer.
/. The police have gained greatly
In effectiveness and now have the
upper hand over terrorists.
2. Government policy has result
ed in the resettlement of homeless,
disaffected "squatters" - most of
them Chinese-who are learning
peaceful trades for the first time in
their lives.
To shape up his woefully un-
trained native police force. Gen.
Templer imported from London a
former Scotland Yard man. Col.
Arthur Young. Here this week end
on brief visit. Col. Young recalled
the native constabulary as being
hardly more than the shell of an
effective security force. It now num-
bers $4,000 highly trained men, and
is backed up by native soldiery of
5000, a British garrison of $4,000
and a home guard of 250,000
villagers.
Sizing up the Malayan conflict as
Evening star., 1953-04-26

they may find before them a golden
age OF freedom and of peace"
Truman (June II, l952)-"If the
attitude Of the Kremlin should
change. if the Soviet Union would
cooperate in building a better world
instead OF standing in the way of
all progress. think what vistas would
open up. Think what could be done
Tor the betterment of mankind with
only fraction of the money now
going into military strength
With the tools of modern science
OF which the most marvellous can
DE this new thing, atomic energy
and with the ancient moral truths
OF religion and philosophy, mankind
can build world in which poverty,
munger, and war are banished once
and for all. This is the vision we
should keep before us as we strive
toward peace, justice, and freedom
for all men,"
Captive Peoples
Dulles-"It was of the utmost inn
portance that we should make clear
TO the captive peoples that we do not
accept their captivity as a perma-
nent fact Of history. If they thought
otherwise and became hopeless, we
would unwittingly have become
partners to the forging of hostile
power so vast that it could encom-
pass our destruction.
AcheSon March 16, 1950)-"With
regard to the whole group of coun-
tries which we are accustomed to
think OF as the satellite area, the
Soviet leaders could withdraw their
military and police force and re-
frain from using the shadow of that
force to keep in power persons or
regimes which do not command the
confidence of the respective peoples,
freely expressed through orderly rep
resentative processes. In other
words. they could elect to observe,
in practice, the declaration to which
they set their signatures at Yalta
concerning liberated Europe. :.
What concerns us Is that they (the
satellites) should be truly independ-
ent national regimes, with a will of
their own and with q decent founda-
ton in popular feeling"
Public Policies
Duues-"We are determined that
the public shall be as fully informed
as possible and in the clearest and
simplest language possible, about
what we are doing in the State De-
TfYoaanf opaN r1,oof n1Y,. faroi0ra
icy is"
Acheson October 20, 1949)-"The
(State) Department is not and can
not be an aloof organization. It
must be close to the American
people, constantly reporting the
facts without which informed judg-
ment or criticism cannot be made"
Soviet Sincerity
Dulles-"1t is prudent, for the
present, to assume that we are wit
Messing a, tactical move of the kind
which Soviet communism has often
practiced."
(March 16, 1950)-"No
one who has lived through these
postwar years can be sanguine about
reaching agreements in which re-
. lance can be placed and which will
be observed by the Soviet leaders in
good faith"
Some phases of the Eisenhower
foreign policy still await exposition.
International trade Is one of these.
It is expected that other cabinet
officers will speak of these soon, as
Secretary Humphrey spoke Of the
country's economic prospects in
New York the other day.
The trend is already set, however.
Close continuity in the foreign policy
of the United States, in spite of last
November's political upheaval. is
assured,