davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1953-09-14
First u. n. Prisoners
Refusing 10 Return
Arrive in Kaesonu
20 Americans May
Be in Group; indians
Will Have CUSTODY
By the Assoeiafed Pres,

PANMUNJOM, Sept. IA
Some of the 800 Allied prisoners
who refuse to, return to their
homelandS from Red captivity
have arrived at nearby Kaesong,
Communist correspondent Will
fred Burchett said today.
They are expected to be hand
ed over to Indian custody in
D. c. POW Returns Home to Mother
and Chocolate cokes. Pose Az
577 Former coptives Lond Amid Scene.
Of Joy ond Pothos. Poee Az
the Korean neutral zone next
Sunday.
Burchett, the Paris Human
ite newsman who often speaks
unofficially for the Red COM
mand, did not say how many
men are at Kaesong nor did he
give their nationality.
May Include 20 Americans.
About 20 of the 800 are non
Koreans and probably most Of
the 20 are Americans.
Burchett said some other Al
lied prisoners had refused re-
patriation at one time but he
said they changed their minds
before the POW exchange end
ed September 6 and were re-
leased at Panmunjom.
Burchett's remarks were in
terpreted at first as applying to
reluctant Allied POWs at Kae-
song, but a later check revealed
he was speaking of two separate
groups.
Meanwhile, Indian troops
guarding anti-Red Chinese and
North Koreans squelched angry
but small outhurSts among the
1900 Chinese being handed over
today.
POWs Hurl Rocks.
The POWs hurled rocks and
insults at Communist observers
watching outside, but the crack
Indian soldiers moved into the
stockades and quieted the shout
ing, fist-swinging captives.
The shower of stones appar-
emily hit some nearby U. N. and
neutral observers as well as the
Communists. However, there
were no reports of injuries.
Meanwhile, the five-nation re-
patriation commission said nine
North Korean POWs who orig
inally refused repatriation but
changed their minds last week
will be turned over to the Reds
tomorrow.
Today's Shipment brought the
total of POWs already in the
demilitarized zone to almost
5000 Chinese and 1000 North
Koreans.
In all, about 14.700 Chinese
and 5000 North Koreans will be
held under Indian guardianship
(See POWs, Page A-6) 1
Evening star., 1953-09-14
Leaders Reject
54ConVention
OF Democrats
Hint of Stevenson
Race in 1856 Heard
At Chicago RuIIy
By Gould Lincoln
SfoF Staff Correspondent

CHICAGO, Sept. 14.-Demo-
cratic Party leaders today turned
thumbs down on a proposal for
a mid-term Democratic National
convention.
AS the party get-together pro-
ceeded with plans for the 1854
Stevenson Storts Schedule for Doy with
Breakfasts. Pose A-3
Miss Trumon Won't Soy Yes-or No
On Entering Politics. Poee A-3
congressional campaign amid
hints that Adlai Stevenson would
be available as its standard
bearer in 1856, it became clear
the idea of a convention next
year was. for all practical pur-
poses, dead.
Two committees appointed by
Democratic National Chairman
Stephen A. Mitchell to study the
convention proposal agreed it
would be unwise and impractic-
able to go forward with such a
plan, The sentiment was that
Evening star., 1953-09-14

Pictures and Story Related to Opening
Of Schools. Poee B-l
Evening star., 1953-09-14

(See DEMOCRATS, Page A-3.l
Evening star., 1953-09-14
How He Talked!

Edgar Sanders, British businessman
held in Red jail three years. still wore
prison pallor, "but how he talked" when
freed. First full interview with him.
Page A.
Evening star., 1953-09-14

Delivery Sunday. z GENTS
Evening only
Evening star., 1953-09-14

(See NELSON, Page A-3)
Evening star., 1953-09-14

An Associated Press Newspaper
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1953-02-18

makes them worry too much, work
too much, smoke too much, drink
too much, eat too much and take
too may sleeping tablets! Too bad
- when with only light shift in
emphasis, they can built up a true
security that viii never let them
down no matter how the world
may be twisted with uncertainty.
Psychologists tell us that every
person in the world is basically
sound, well-adjusted and happyl
That is only the oserlay of civil
lization - the daily rushing up
one street after another for chang
ing symbols of outside security -
that makes men and women ner-
vous and unhappy. Ideally, they
say - for true security - all any
one has to do is to sweep away
his overlay of filters (caused by
hundreds of pressures which he
is unable to soIve) - and put all
of his emphasis on building up his
inner resources.
I'VE believe there is an answer
this viewpoint Of psychologists.
Daily, at Reillys, through an in.
.asta.ed program Of exercise, or
exercise equivalents, baths and
massage for elimination and re-
taxation, we give city-dwellers the
chance for a complete change of
thought and environment. And
daily we find this formula works.
when an individual throws off
his Super-imposed overlay of fati-
que and nervousness, he loses
panic, confused thinking and all
fear. Then the great building dir
ection, and with perservering CO.
operation. the capacity for vital
and enthusiastic living is within
the range of every man and wo-
man.
Let US be practical you say.
Suppose YOU follow this program
- and neglect all outside securi-
ty? How can you exist?
"A surprising things happens
there, too! Then you begin to solve
your problems one at a time with a
healthy, uncluttered viewpoint.
And theirs something amazing!
Now = outside symbols Of securi-
ty become less important. As they
fall into proper place - they come
to us with less effort.
''You have your health and a
handful of prayers - nothing else
is needed.
Suddenly - everything is
there." Oh. ]. RI
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1953-02-18
Hospital Yard
Is Visited By
.Jr. HOSteSSeS

USO Noes Junior Hostesses, ac-
companied by Mrs. Alma Lafitte,
visited U. S. Naval Hospital
Ward last night and under the
direction of Red Cross Recreation
Director, Martha L. Peters, par
ticipated in games and other en-
tertainment. They served refresh
ments to hospitalized Naval per-
sonnet.
Transportation to the hospital
was provided for by Miss Chris
tina Sanchez and Mrs. Lafitte for
the following hospital visitors: Yo-
landa Garcia, Cosette Calleja,
Shirley Torres, Dolores Valdez,
Lee Hassett, Janice Hassett, An
cite Johnson, Frances Pons, Ey-
vira Perez, Mirta Del Vale,
Grace Gonzalez. Christine San
chez. Helen Gonzalez and Amelia
Acosta.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1953-02-18
Rockofts Entertain
At Outdoor Party, Sun.

Mr.. and Mrs. Louis Rockoff, and
SON Alan, entertained the parents
of Mrs. Rockoff, Mr.. and Mrs.
wis A. Carr of Pawtucket and
Bristol, Rhode Island at an out
door party at their home 1881
Lair Street. Sunday February Is.
Also present were Mrs. Eva
Warner Gibson; Mrs. Isabel Flem-
ing and her grandson, Ricky; Mr..
and Mrs. Joe Warner Torano and
son Jerry; Mr.. and Mrs. Harry
M. Baker; Mr.. James Collier and
daughter, Loretta; Mr.. william
Graham, of Pawtucket, Rhode Is
land; Mr.. Robert Greenhaulg, Of
East Providence, Rhode Island;
Mr.. and Mrs. Thomas Moore.
Mrs. Moore was also feted on the
occasion Of her birthday.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1953-02-18
Ste,cGrts Entertain
Northern Holtseguesfs

Charles S. Doyle, retired post
master Of Penndel, Pa, and his
granddaughter. Miss Patricia Doy-
lie of New York City, spent a
pleasant week at the home of his
sister and nephew, Mrs. E. Ste
wart and her son Jack, of Harris
Avenue.
Miss Doyle is a student at Hun
ter's College and was on two
weeks vacation. It was her first
visit to Florida and she was so
thrilled with her visit that she ex-
poets to spend her Eastertide va
cation in the city.
After side trip to st. Peters
berg, where her gradfather makes
his winter home. Miss Doyle
planned back to New York.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1953-02-18

formed tiny train. She also wore
camellias.
Following the wedding a recep-
ton attended by at least 200 guests
was held at Fl. Taylor Officers
Club. Punch and wedding cake
were served, the bride and groom
cut the cake, exchanged nibbles of
the cake in traditional gesture and
toasted each other.
Mrs. Robert Byron Russell was
in charge of the brides book, Mrs.
Daniel Garcia, Mrs. A. A. Elwood
and Miss Gladys Merritt presided
at the punch bowl. Mrs. Ruth
Grant was in charge of the brides
table.
At the close of the reception,
the couple slipped away to the
brides home to dress for the
honeymoon trip. Her goingaway
suit was a navy linen with light
blue collar and accessories and
white orchid corsage. After we'd
ding trip of three weeks, 1t. and
Mrs. Gillian will make their home
at the Royal Palms apartment in
this city.
After 1t. Gilliam's discharge
from the navy in June, he will
resume his professorship in Ply
sicas at the University of Connecti-
cut. He holds a Phi. D degree from
Duke University and is a member
Of the American Physical Society,
A. A. Of University Professors and
Of Sigma XXI, scientific research
fraternity.
The new Mrs. Gillian was grad
uated from the George Peabody
College and Vanderbilt U. She took
postgraduate work at the U. of
Florida and the logical schools.
She is a member of Sigma Alpha
Iota honorary music national fra.
tenrity for women and Sigma Kap-
pa Rho, literary association.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1953-02-18

WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 1S-
Navy Wives Bowling League
Naval Station Alleys, / pm.
Meeting, Junior Oh. Commerce
at clubhouse, 8 pm.
Island City Navy Wives Club No.
So, meeting at White Hat Club
Lounge, 10 am.
Ceramic classes, / to { pm,
West Martello Art School.
County Beach.
Fleet Training Group owe cot
fee, 10 am. at Echoasis. Bring
Thrift Shop donations.
Gym classes for Owe, Sea
Plane Base, 10 am.
Dade Lodge No. IA Masonic
Group, Scottish Rite Temple, 9
pm.
XII monthly bridge, at Fort
Taylor.
B.P.W. Club meeting at Wom-
ans Club, 8 pm.
Monroe County PTA Council,
lis pm.
Naval Air Station owe. lunch
con meeting, 1880 pm. place
to be announced.
Last night to see "The Bat" at
the Barn Theatre. Curtain at
$3.50 pm.
Lions minstrel rehearsal at Den,
1880 pm.
THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 49,
CAP Cadets, Key West High
Auditorium. 1880 pm.
Navy Wives Bowling League,
pm, N. S. Also open bowling
Key West Lions. meeting. $50
pm. at Lions Den. Seminary
st.
Monroe County Hospital WON.
ans Auxiliary Sewing group.
at hospital, 2 pm.
Handicraft group, every Thurs
day, second floor library,
Naval Station.
Opening night gigantic, man.
moth, colossal Navy Charity
Carnival. Seaplans Base Han
gar, 5 pm. to II pm.
Vx-l Owe. luncheon and card
games, Aeropalms, 1850 pm.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1953-02-18
COMING EVENTS

Martha Linda Franks Circle Of
WMU, First BsptiSt Church, 10
am.
Elks Lodge, clubhouse, 8 pm.
WV. Post No. 3Sl1, VFW
Home, 8 pm.
FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 90
Fern Chapter, No. II, Order Of
Eastern Star, 8 pm, Scottish
Rite Temple. !.
Old fashioned hymn sing and
Landscape (any medium) and
fellowship program, Poinciana
Baptist Church, $50 pm.
Ceramic Classes, z to 10 PM,
West Martello Art. School,
County Beach.
T2S Fleming Street, 8 pm.
beginners classes, 10 am. to ]
pm. Hand weaving, / to !
pm, West Mdrtello Art School,
County Beach.
knights Of Pythits, Pythian Hall,
Key West Amateur Radio Club,
National Guard Armory, 1850
pm.
Cayo Hueso Grotto. al Amelia
Street, 8 pm.
Key West Shrine, Club, 7:S0 pm.
Triangle Club 81 Rythian Sisters,
Pythian Temple, 1880 pm.
Navy Charity Carnival, Seaplane
Base Hangar, second night.
SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 21-
Youth for Christ Rally. Fleming
Street Methodist Church, IA
Fleming Street, 1850 pm.
Children's Classes, 10 AN. to noon
West Martello Art School, Coun.
ty Beach.
MONDAY, FEBRUARY 49,
Alcoholics Anonymous, Key West
group. meeting at Q pm.
Water color landscape painting
class, q to 4 pm. West Mar.
tello Gallery Art Classes,
County Beach.
Gym classes for Owe, Sea
Plane Base, 10 am.
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY a.
Bow for Officers Wives, ! TO
$50 pm. at Naval Station
bowling alleys.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1953-02-18
ASTRONOMY CLUB
CANCELS MEETING

The regular monthly meeting
Of the Key West Astronomy Club
scheduled for HE third Thurs.
day Of each month. has been
called of because Of the Com
mvnify Concert and Navy chari-
~ Carnival coming on HE same
night. The Asfronomy Club will
meet next week. February 7s in-
stead.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1953-02-18

her much applause. She was
crowned by P. j. Ross, Past ex-
allied Ruler of the Elks who also
acted as mater Of ceremonies.
Miss Dona williams was runner
up in the contest.
Charles FELTON,, Key Wester, also
sang. A visiting songstress from
a local nightspot added to the en-
tertainment.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1953-02-18

The judges from out-of-town and
who arrived here the day Of the
contest. They were Mr.. and Mrs.
Henry Crun of Akron, o., and DON
RoWlett of Chicago.
This is Miss Aliens second title.
She was chosen bathing queen in
the March of Dimes event. She
not only sings well but specializes
in baton twirling act which won
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1953-02-18
GIRL FOR SANDS

Mr.. and Mrs. Elijah Sands, 2s16
Staples Avenue, announce the ar
rival Of a daughter born February
Is at Sis p. m. at the Monroe
General Hospital. The new arrival
weighed 10 lbs., 2oz., and has been
named Elizabeth Rose. Mrs. Sands
was the former Miss Frances Cole
man of Doddsville, Miss.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1953-02-18
apply To We'd

John Thomas, 20, Boca Chica
and Josephine Busch, %, Manis-
tique. Mich, have applied for a
marriage license at the office Of
County Judge Raymond r. Lord.
--------------
When a recipe calls for shredded
cabbage you can use either a sharp
knife or crater.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1953-02-18

SON Dor ALRuRYs

Mr.. and Mrs. George Albury,
1217 Washington Street are the
parents Of a baby son born at
Monroe County Hospital on Feb
ruary IL. The child weighed s lbs,
2 o., and has been named Stephen
Atwood Albury. Mrs. Albury was
the former Miss Rose Marie Sands.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1953-02-18
O'Connor Sued

LOS ANGELES IN Donald
O'Connor. dancing comedian, has
been sued for divorce by Mrs.
Gwendolyn j. 0'Connor.
She alleged cruelty yesterday in
her complaint, asked reasonable
allowances for herself and their
daughter Donna. 4. and an equi-
table division of community prop
erty.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1953-02-18
Wednesday, FebrUarY II, y5s TIE KEY WEST clTIzEN p
Blonde, Talented Iona allen Wins
As Queen Of Hearts At EIks' Dance

Blonde talented 18-year-old Iona Allen was
crowned Hearts St Valentines Night
Valentine is native of Massa-
chusetts making her home
ent MIR and Mrs Harry Allen L of lit
gown with red velvet trimming the formal
appearance N contest
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1953-02-18
Linls-CilIiam NuptidIs On Saturday
Performed In Exquisite Setting

Lovely Dorothy Rose Link daughter of the Rev and Harold
H. Link exchanged nuptal Saturday afternoon
tines Day. in double which united her marriage
to 1t Otis Randolph Gillian USN CORTLAND va one of the
most impressive and beautifully arranged weddings year
The wedding took place Baptist this city
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1953-05-28
Patience Exhausted

]. w. McNeal, 72, testified in Do
mestic Relations Court, Knoxville,
Tenn, that he had tried for % years
to get his wife, Mary, 81, to live with
him. He now thinks its time to get
a divorce, he said.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1953-05-28
INDEPENDENT LEAGUE
Standings of the Clubs

When a man has a reputation for
telling the truth he doesn't have to
prove everything he says.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1953-05-28

Three out of four traffic accidents
happen in clear weather on dry
roads.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1953-05-28
RUBBER STAMPS

We make 'em IN a Jiffy!
StOuffer Printing CO., Phone 1900
AdVt.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1953-05-28
Standings of the Clubs
Games Memorial Day, May 30

Games Memorial Day, May 30
Funkstown at Sharpsburg
Keedysville at Gapland
Boonsboro at Myersville
Games Sunday, May 81
Keedysville at Funkstown
Myersville at Sharpsburg
Gapland at Boonsboro
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1953-05-28
Wrong Leg

Gus Tews, 65-year-old janitor who
sued Chicago hospital for $780,
600 for amputating the wrong leg,
collected $4,000 in an out-of-court
settlement.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1953-05-28
County Leagues
WASHINGTON
COUNTY LEAGUE

Sundays Results
Williamsport IL, Middleburg l
Smithsburg 9, Greencastle 1
Hagerstown 4, Fayetteville 3
Standings of the Clubs
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1953-05-28

Check planter plates and I'D Keep ahead
jusment for accurate seeding program.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1953-05-28
Ings of the Clubs

Games Sunday, May 81
Smithsburg at Middleburg
Williamsport at Fayetteville
Greencastle at Hagerstown
INDEPENDENT LEAGUE
Sundays Results
Sandy Hook 5, Security 4
st. James 4, Chewsville 3
Halfway 8, Keedysville 8
Antietam 9, Clear Spring q
Standings of the Climbs
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1953-05-28

Games Memorial Day, May 30
Antietam at Halfway
Security at st. James
Sandy Hook at Keedysville
Chewsville at Clear Spring
Games Sunday, May 81
st. James at Clear Spring
Security at Keedysville
Antietam at Chewsville
Halfway at Sandy Hook
SOUTH MT. LEAGUE
Sundays Results
Myersville 10, Keedysville 4
Boonsboro 10, Sharpsburg 7
Funkstown 3, Gapland 2
Evening star., 1953-09-26
Chimney Needs Periodic Check

between the kitchen and the
septic tank. Can you tell me
how to build a grease trap?
Answer: You could buy a
grease trap for the purpose
from your local dealer in plumb
ing goods. However, if you wish
to build one, get a copy of Farm
ers Bulletin, 1850, entitled Sew
age and Garbage Disposal. To
obtain this, send 10 cents to the
Superintendent of Documents,
Washington. Because of the
limited space of the column, it
is not possible for me to give you
complete construction data.
Rough Concrete Floor.
Question: We have a 2O-by-2O
garage workroom on which we
want to lay asphalt tile. The
concrete floor, when it was laid,
was made level by using a
straight edge. There was no
further troweling. The surface
of this floor, while fairly level,
is quite rough. Is there any
preparation that would adhere
to the cement to make it smooth
and suitable for use under
asphalt tile?
Answer: Dealers handling
asphalt tile and other types of
floor covering usually carry in
stock a leveling compound that
Evening star., 1953-09-26
BY Roger c. Whitmon

Question: Our neighbor in
formed us that the roof around
our chimney was all black, as if
it had been burning. I went out
to see it and the shingles ap-
peared to be Scorched. There is
flashing between the chimney
and the scorched shingles. Is
there need to worry?
Answer: A chimney in good
condition would not cause shin
giles to become scorched or dark
ened by heat. Any material sur
rounding it would not be dis
colored. Either the flashing has
corroded or the mortar joints
between the brick are cracked or
broken. I would advise making
very careful examination of
the chimney. Also make a test
by placing tar paper, or some
other material that gives off
considerable smoke, in the fur
mace. When the material is
burning, cover the top of the
chimney and watch for smoke
leaking through cracks and
breaks in the brickwork.
Grease Trap.
Question: In one of your past
articles you suggested that a
grease trap be used in the line
Evening star., 1953-09-26

is troweled on the concrete to
give smooth. level surface. An
other method is to have a ter
razzo contractor smooth the
surface with a terrazzo grinding
machine.
Mr.. Whitman offers readers
leaflets on variety of subjects
concerning home repair work. If
you would like to have his leaflet,
W-6, Cesspools and Septic Tanks,
send 10 cents in coin to Roger c..
Whitman, P. o. Box SO, Station
G, New York 19, N. Y.
(Released by
Consolidated News Features. Inc.)
Evening star., 1953-09-26
Turks. Average $170

ISTANBUL. - The average
yearly income per person in Tur-
key rose from SIS in 1888 to $40
in 1852.
Evening star., 1953-09-26
TO REACH:

Out Wisconsin Avenue continue Route 240 TO
oveposs just before entering Rockville. turn right and
follow signs TO "Rockcrest Furnished Model Home" at
Broodwood and Crawford Drive. OR out Georgia Ave-
nue., left on Ners Mill Rood to SIGN LEFT Of Ven
Mill Rood.
Montana farmer-stockman. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1947-1993, 1953-02-01

and keep them there? Instead Of
expecting the farmers to build and
maintain expensive fences, have the
department fence these animals into
the reserves. Because, after all, we
are paying taxes to protect our lives
and property from damage. Then
why don't we get protection from
these animals?
Some will say, "Oh, the reserves
would soon be overstocked." In that
case, the department will have to do
the same as the rancher who over
stocks his range. The surplus will
have to be disposed of through open
season, etc.
Come hunting season under such
system and those hunters who have
permits can get their game on the
reserves. That will also take care
of the complaints about careless
hunters who break down fences,
leave gates open, make roads all over
your fields and pastures and often
shoot domestic animals by mistake.
I am sure that the city sportsmen
who benefit most from wild game
would not relish having the ranchers
turn their sheep or cattle loose in
towns to eat off their lawns. Why,
then, should wild game be allowed to
roam at will over the farmers prop
erty?
We country jewellers are just as
entitled to protection of our property
under the laws as are the city dwell
ers. Unless and until we make our
selves heard in way that will bring
results we shall not get that pro-
tection.-Mrs. Nels Amundson. Gar
field county.
Montana farmer-stockman. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1947-1993, 1953-02-01
Feeding Every Year

ed on feeder quality. But that was
one problem experience took care of.
George explains:
''We weigh all our feeders an aver
age of once a month, and that has
taught us most about feeder quality
and type to buy. When you have
steer that gains three pounds day
and another that gains only pound
and half, you know there's diff
ference. And sooner or later even
a dairyman can see what the differ
ence is.
''We've found all beef-type feeders
are acceptable in our operation" he
adds. ''This year a group of Here
ford, Angus, Shorthorn and cross
bred yearlings averaged 2.12 pounds
gain over the first so days on feed"
And last year, another lot of IS
steers gained an average 2.75 pounds
daily while finishing on irrigated
pasture plus grain. This pasture, a
sloping 80 acres for which the broth
ers bought a sprinkler system, later
yielded Is tons of hay and had
enough fall growth to pasture 40
calves for a month. Equal parts of
alta fescue, bronze and orchard grass
were planted two years ago, with
legumes eliminated to reduce bloat
danger.