davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Arizona sun., 1953-08-14

election as Governor in 1850. She
worked through out the State of
New York among women, in behalf
of the Eisenhower candidacy in
1852.
A native of Washington, Dc,
Mrs. Williams was educated in the
public schools of Washington and
was an Urban League Fellow. She
has been a school teacher, social
worker, and was at one time Pres
ident of the New York Club of the
Negro Business and Professional
Women'S Clubs.
Arizona sun., 1953-08-14

creation which has not been previ-
ously published. ...
The contest is open both to per-
sons living in and outside Arizona.
Entry blanks and complete
copy of the contest rules are avail
able by writing the Phoenix Ad-
vertising Club, P.O. Box 1886,
Phoenix, Arizona.
Arizona sun., 1953-08-14
Dance Glasses
AT City Parks

Free teenage dance classes spon-
sored by the Phoenix Gazette in
cooperation with Arthur Murray's S
School of Dancing are being Of
fered at Grant. Harmon, Eastlake,
and University parks starting next
week. Information in regard to the
time schedule of the classes may
be. obtained by calling the Parks
Department.
Arizona sun., 1953-08-14

SONG contest committee members Of the Phoenix Adver-
t;snq Club study the songs other which have OBJ
toned nationwide popularity $1,000 cash prize, offered
by the Phoenix Reo Trode Bureou, owoits the writer
writer's, Of Arizona song Here Wolt Anthony, COM
mttee choirmon seoted looks songs with Dew
Potch Meriyn Rosebery and Reed Bochmon Complete
test rules and entry blanks may be obtoned from the
Arizona sun., 1953-08-14

Do a quicker polishing job on
your furniture by warming the bot
tie of polish in hot water first. The
warm polish penetrates wood pores
faster than cold.
Arizona sun., 1953-08-14

If the phone or door bell inter-
rupss, your, youngsters bath, either
disregard the call or take him with
you: It~takes less than Gust mo-
ment" for small youngster to be
drowned or scalded.."
Arizona sun., 1953-08-14

The bars on both cribs and play
pens should be close enough to-
gether so that the child's head will
not get caught. ~
Arizona sun., 1953-08-14

Barring serious drought, USDA
economists predict an output of
around, three billion pounds more
milk this year than last.
Arizona sun., 1953-08-14

Avoid nuts, carrot sticks, pop
corn, and similar foods with young
children.
Arizona sun., 1953-08-14

Farm wages have increased more
proportionally in the south in re-
cent years than in other sections
of the country.
Arizona sun., 1953-08-14

The total yearly. property loss
due to fire. amounts to- more than
$70O, 100000, or twice the cost Of
building the Panama canal.
, 1953-01-12
To Whom II Muy
Concern

The public is hereby notified
that G. Luz James was on
January End appointed Assis-
tant to the President of the
st. Croix Labor Union, and is
thereby empowered to attend
to all matters and to settle all
disputes pertaining to labor
and the affairs of the Union
in my absence from the island
or my inability to give same
my personal attention.
RAYMOND A. PEDRO
President, st. Croix
Labor Union
, 1953-01-12
NOTICE

-H
Savings Account Book Nc.
.C-255O having been reported
lost or stolen, the holder
thereof is hereby requested to
present it to the Bank within
twelve (12) weeks from this
date, as otherwise the Book
will be cancelled and anew
one issued in it's place at the
expiration of this period.
Virgin Islands National Bank
Christiansted Branch
December 3, 1852
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-02-15

o) Less than two thousand doIlors.'
b. First hoif Of year, $22.6 million.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-02-15
The Legal Aspects

international law, in many Of
its aspects, is a dignif1ed form Of
anarchy. This is especially true in
respect to blockades. The Declare
ton of Paris (1856) says Of this
form Of action:
"Blockades, in order to be bind
ing, must be effective; that is to
say, maintained by q force sufh-
cient to prevent aecess to the coast
of the enemy"
In short, a blockade is what one
nation wants 1t to be and what
other nations consider it to be. It
is perfectly legal and not an act
Of war in itself to impose a block
ade. But other countries may elect
to ignore the blockade, If they can
get away with it. And the block
AIDED country is perfectly within
its rights to start shooting.
So the question Of whether
China -coast blockade would extend
the war would hinge, not on what
ne think, but on what the Chinese
Reds think. Communists fire.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-02-15

He cited two lost opportunities in
his flrSt six months in Korea. The
first came when y, N. forces broke
the Communists spring offensive.
Gen. Van Fleet wanted to follow
through, but higher headquarters
held him back. A month later
the Reds suggested truce talks and
fighting was tapered of. That fall,
presumably while the two opposing
armies were pressing for an adj
vantageous battle line on which
to cease firing, Gen. Van Fleet
says he cracked the Reds defenses
again. He does not think he
should have been refined in that
time, either.
AS for the future, Gen. Van
Fleet is certain we could launch
a successful" offensive now. But
he refused to elaborate, on security
grounds. Somebody asked If he
meant he had a plan to end the
war. He wouldn't say.
Meanwhile, Gen. Bradley, chair
man of the Joint Chiefs of STAFF,
the man who has been jerking
the reins on Gen. Van Fleet from
Washington, YEARLY reminded the
Senate Armed Services Committee
that -the-war offensive would
cost more than we can afford: A
much bigger draft; tidal wave
OF casualties: big step-up in the
flow of military supplies to the
battered peninsula. He added there
was no telling how long we would
have to keep paying this price
to make the Communists give up.
For even a ground drive all the
way to the Yalu would not end the
war. Would the Chinese Commu-
niStS give up or fight harder if the
United Nations pushed to the
Manchurian border? With their
large manpower reserves close at
hand in Manchuria, the Chinese
Reds would have the United Ma
tions at big disadvantage.
AS the commander of the British
Commonwealth Division in Korea,
Maj. Gen. West, put it the other
day: Our enemy is the Chinese
Communist army. If we liberate
Korea this will not defeat that
army"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-02-15

quently look on mere existence as
a warlike act on the part of nom
Communists. Gen. Macarthur, iii
fact, found out how toucly the
Chinese Reds can be; it was war
like" of him to get within artillery
range of the Manchurian border.
Elastic Rules
So elastic are the rules concern
ing blockades that action on our
part might easily provide a legal
pretext for Russia to enter the
war.
When a blockade is put into
effect, the blockading nation has
the right to stop, search and seize
all vessels carrying contraband.
This procedure has been recognized
as standard since Napoleon's time.
It also has caused a lot of fighting.
Our own entry Into World War I
is attributed largely to German eff
forts to stop American trade with
Britain.
A particularly ticklish question
that must be answered in thinking
about blockade concerns its ex-
tent. If the Yellow Sea were to be
closed, would Russian ships bound
for Port Arthur be affected? II so,
we would have the truculent
Soviets to deal with. If not, the
merest change in paper work and
Ship-routing could continue to pro-
vide the Chinese with what they
need.
Or, assuming that the Russians
would knuckle under in the Yellow
Sea and allow us to close Port
Arthur, they and their Chinese
friends would not be licked. It
would be only slightly more
trouble, considering the stakes, to
reroute Chinese cargo through
Vladivostok and westward over the.
TranS-Siberian to Manehuria. And
it must be remembered that Vladi-
yostok is not only Russian port,
1t is the Pacific port of the U. s. S. r.
How would the Russians take to a
complete blockade of VladivoStok?
It is in attempting to answer
questions like these that psychol-
ogy enters the picture. What is the
mental attitude of the enemy?
The answer to this big question
undoubtedly has given rise to the
administrations present attitude
toward blockade talk: Carry a big
stick If you want to, but for good
ness sake speak softly.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-02-15
Domestic

DEPUBLICAN legislators having
II already charged on in all di-
rections with Gen. Eisenhower's
foreign policy over last week end,
the President tried to save his
domestic program from the same
fate with a two-hour Monday con-
ference on domestic affairs. The
idea is to deliver on those g. o. P.
platform promises which have the
best chance Of passage. Republican
leaders on Capitol Hill agreed with
Mr.. Eisenhower on il areas staked
out for action before Congress
adjourns Git hopes on July 4.
Eight Of the actions Republicans
hope to take are directly related
to last July's campaign platform:
Immediate" statehood for Hawaii;
Taft Hartley Labor Act amend
ments: turning over offshofe oil
lands to the states; dropping most
Of the controls program; continue
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-02-15
Koreo

A doing TO THE confusion
n about our Far Eastern policy
last week were the bitter remarks
Of the retiring, but Suddenly far
from reticent, Gen. James A. Van
Fleet, top field commander in
Korea since April. 1851. Capitol
Hill couldn't decide at long dis
lance whether this was Just sour
grapes from another former COM
mander, or If there was more be-
hind it, So they called ON him
to explain when he gets back
Gen. Van Fleet looked to both
the past and the future, and
breathed IRE In both directions.
+ Z
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-02-15
Blockade

Some Of the arguments mar
Shaled against either a total
blockade or a total embargo sug-
gest that all nations should simply
agree to cooperate in refusing to
sell the Chinese any goods useful
in a war economy. Old China
hands feel this reasoning is spuri-
Gus. They explain that the Red
Chinese nowadays do not buy any
thing abroad which they do not
consider necessary to their war
geared economy, So If one adopts
the Chinese definition Of what is
necessary for war, one immedi-
ately refuses to sell them anything
they want to buy.
A blockade OF the Chinese main
land-as was suggested last week
would be worth instituting only
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-02-15
'First Il month"; Of year.

First II months Of year.
Nor were our exports to Hong
Kong exactly sinews of war.
Everything that goes to Hong Kong
is under the same stern export
restrictions as apply to the Soviet
bloc. More than one-third of our
1852 shipments were textiles, to-
bacco and food. Hong Kong, it
is worth noting, has more than
2 million population. It's recent
imports are not out of line with
its internal requirements.
Finally, in connection with en-
bargoes generally, the British have
a partial one in effect at Hong
Kong and enforce it strictly. They
refuse to trade with the Red Chi
nese (whom the British recognize
automatically in hundreds of
strategic items roughly paralleling
our positive list" of commodities
forbidden the Soviet bloc
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-02-15

III it could be either ~ successful
Tor (2) Of high nuisance value.
It Is extremely doubtful whether
a sea blockade of China's coast
alone could starve to death an
economy as austere as Red China's.
However, a blockade as part of
a larger strategy certainly would
pinch the Reds and would be
exceedingly troublesome to them
Geography and Trade
To evaluate the pros and cons
Of a blockade, it is necessary to
know little about Chinese geog-
raphy and a little about foreign
trade. The map at the top Of this
page tells some of the story
graphically.
There are, at the present time,
four big Chinese ports operating.
These are Whampoa, the port of
Canton in the extreme. south;
Shanghai, at the center of the
coastline; TGku Bar, the port for
Tientsin and Peiping, and Dairen-
Port Arthur, the port for Mukden
and the Manchurian industrial
complex. The last named is almost
completely under Russian domi-
nation.
Probably something like half
China's foreign trade comes by
sea. The rest comes from Russia
over the double-tracked Trans
Siberian railroad. Most industrial
raw material requirements are in
the north, where the industry is,
and where a good rail net exists.
Whampoa is a good port to use
when there is a desire to avoid
the Chinese Nationalist blockade
in the Strait Of Formosa. Also,
insurance costs more north of
Hong Kong. From Whampoa,
there is a rail line Of some inn
portance to Shanghai. This line,
apparently, lis the one Senator
Wiley Of wisconsin referred to a
week ago as being target for
United States-made, Nationalist
manned bombers.
Goods about 500 million worth
a year-come to Hong Kong for
transshipment to China. Most
goes on coastal vessels to Shang-
hal and the yellow Sea ports Of
Taku Bar and Dairen. Some goes
overland via rail and road to Cam
ton and from there on the line to
Shanghai and the north. Finally,
some is struggled out by devious
means.
Some Run chiong's Conflict
Other vessels take their chances
with Chiang's blockade-so far
their chances have been pretty
good and steam directly to the
Yellow Sea. Last year, Polish-flag
vessels carried $50 million worth
of Celonese sheet rubber to Taku
Bar and Dairen. About $40 mill
lion worth is supposed to go by
the same route this year.
According to Red Chinese fig-
ures, which are unreliable even
when not calculated to deceive,
imports are currently in the neigh
borhood Of SIS billion q year, some
Is per cent Of which Is from nom
Communist countries. AL these
free-world goods come by sea. and
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-02-15
TRADE
ROUTES

perhaps a third Of the Red-bloc
imports are Ship-borne.
But this trade information is. in
terms of money, not of tonnage.
There are no accurate tonnage
figures available. However, there
is a hint in what is commonly
known of the China trade. China
exports cheap, bulky stuff like
grain, and imports costly, compact
finished goods. So $3.50 million
worth of imports would not mean
as many tons as the same amount
of exports. A good, educated guess
about oceanic commerce into Chi
nese ports would be in the neigh
borhood of million tons a year.
VitoI Questions
Some questions arise:
. Could a blockade of the China
coast cut of all this traffic? The
answer is no; some coasters could
elude blockade vessels in the
devious passages behind coastal
islands
o Could the Trans Siberian rail-
road accommodate an extra mil
lion tons of goodS-or an extra
half million, If that was all that
was desired-to take the place Of
the lost water traffic? Opinion here
is that the rail line certainly could
handle the smaller amount and
probably the larger-if the Rus
slams wanted to.
. Could a blockade by itself, with
out concerted air efforts against
China's rail net, cripple the Chit
nese potential for war? Most Far
Eastern observers think not.
. Gould we stage a fairly effective
blockade? Yes; the West un-
doubtedly has the naval strength
to put quite crimp in seagoing
commerce.
. Could we get away with it? This
is the biggest and most ticklish
question of ala question that
gets into the fields of international
law, power politics and psychology.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-02-15
Chino

president EISENHOWER, in
il his state-of- the Union mes
sage, said little about Red China
except that the Navy no longer
had to act as Mao TSe-tung's de-
fensive arm. He did not say the
United States was going to attack
Red China. He did not even say
we were going to sponsor Chang
Kai-shek in an invasion of the
mainland. He most emphatically
did not say we were going to
blockade the China coast.
But the things he did not say
were the very things that his Re-
publican following last week per-
sisted in putting into his mouth.
Administration leaders attempted
with varying degrees of success
to shuSh the braSher of these WELL
mentioned supporters.
BY the end of the week, most
talk about blockade of Red China
had died down. Military asltlori-,
ties had pretty well convinced
Congress that linilateral Ameri-s
can blockade alone would not
work. Twice this week, Secre-
tary Of state Dulles emphasized
that such action-as far as he
knew-was not being planned. In.
stead of a blockade, talk now
veered to an embargo on free
world shipments to the Reds.
Both ideas had drawbacks. The.
first would be risky, costly and
probably Ineffective; the second
would be exceedingly hard, if not
impossible, to impose.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-02-15

0NE OF THE GREAT difficulties
" that beset the medieval cru
sadeS In that hectic period be-
tween HOO and 1900 AID. was the
indecision that characterized the
crusaders leadership.
Last week, it looked as if history
might be repeating itself in Presi-
dent Eisenhower's modern crusade.
Indecision and confusion, which
were to be expected in the opening
days of the administration, con-
tinued to be the order Of the day
on virtually all topics save two:
The reorganization powers Of the
President and the fate Of julius
and Ethel Rosenberg.
On matters of wider significance
to the Nation and the world, the
Washington scene was one Of a
great many people running of in
a great many directions stimuli
taneously.
The result was, in one sense,
good. The President had served
notice that he was going on the
psychological offensive against the
Russians; that they had been baf-
fling us long enough and it was
time for us to start battling them.
Undoubtedly we were doing a good
job. The only trouble was, Amer
ica'S allies-and much of America
itself-were being baffied right
along with Joseph Stain and his
friends in the Kremlin.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-02-15
Embargo

An embargo would be difficult
because without unanimity it would
be meaningless. While an embargo
would cost the United States
nothing, several big traders with
China undoubtedly would find the
price altogether too high.
Portugal owns the China-coast
colony of Macao, whose reputation
as haven for Smugglers is prob
ably only slightly exaggerated.
Britain owns the Crown colony Of
Hong Kong, which exists solely as
an entrepot for the China trade.
A complete embargo on goods to
Red China would mean that both
Macao and Hong Kong would be-
come charity cases. There also Is
the probability that Red China
has allowed the two colonial ports
to exist unmolested because OF
their value as sources of Western
goods. If they lost this value, they
would risk losing their identity as
well.
Countemeosures by Reds
: Perhaps the Red Chinese would
not attack Macao and Hong Kong
frontally. Mao Tse-tung might de-
eide instead to blockade them and
starve them to death-and there
Is the feeling that he could do 1t.
Another factor is that both colo
MES are heavily laden with Chi
nese of questionable loyalty. II
word got to these Chinese that
the time had come to toppie the
European edif1ce, their activities
probably would make it easy for.
Mao to take over.
But the question of an embargo
goes further than that. One OF
the biggest free-world shippers OF
war material to Red China is Cey-
lon, which sends virtually its whole
output of rubber. Ceylon is nei-
ther q member of the United
Nations nor a prosecutor of the
war in Korea.
Similarly, Pakistan does a thriv-
ing business in cotton. Although
the Pakistani are members Of the
U. NJ, there is no more certainty
that they would let go Of q good
business deal than that Ceylon
would.
Exempting Ceylonese and Paki-
stani cargo from an embargo
would be like barricading three
lanes Of a four-lane highway.
As far as tightening our own
embargo on goods to the Reds is
concerned, we could not, for the
simple reason that United States
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-02-15

shipments to continental China
have long since ceased. We still
buy from China, but on terms
advantageous to our own economy.
Here is what has happened with
respect to our trade with the
Chinese mainland from the
friendly, happy days Of 1947 to
the present Figures in millions of
United States dollars:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-02-15

(b) First hoif Of year. $22.6 million.
Although these figures do not
take into account the quantity of
United States exports China might
have obtained through unlawful
transshipment, diversion or, SNUG
Cling, there is clear indication that
such Leakage" through Macao
and Hong Kong is not great.
United States trade. with Macao
is negligible, and here are. the
trade figures for Hong Kong, also
in millions of United States dol
lars:
Evening star., 1953-08-20
33%I3E5kIz23l3 k nd
For HEADACHES

Brom0 SeIfzer Tablets, 25's---------5Ac
Aka SsItzer Tablets, 26's-----------54c
AspeFgum, large bottle OF SO 36---------58c
100 MIdOI Tablets, package Of 12-----34e
26e Stanbaek Tablets, 12s s----------19c
BHffeFIn Tablets, 36's------------53c
Squlbb Aspirin Tablets, zoos
Peoples Aspirin Tablets, 1,000's- 's----s1.9S
The Robbins eagle. (Robbins, Ill.) 1951-1963, 1953-05-09

Boots & Saddle Rodeo Assn
announces the staging of its an
nual redeo and horse contest on
May 30th and 31st, 1858.
The !Ssfow sta4ts- at 2:3O pm.
each day a14d promises to be a.
gala occasion. There will be
ribbons for all event. and a first
and second prize. g..
According to the cipromoters
the events and entries will be
Brahma Bulls, Saddle -Broncs,
Bareback :Broncs,. Speed. & Ac-
ton, Keg Refining Balloon Race,
Musical Chairs 33;Herse Relay,
Ladies Pop Race, Stock Horse
Class and Rescue Race.
Eutry blanks are now being
The Robbins eagle. (Robbins, Ill.) 1951-1963, 1953-05-09
LOTTIE HEMON PASSES

-l..-- - : JGI . Ia.
. Lottie Hemon, 134th & Saw
yer avenue, passed away Friday
at 5 al. Funeral WAS held last
Tuesday at Progressive Baptist
Church. Rev. A. Lewis. was in
charge. She leaves to mourn her
loss, mother, one brother and
two sisters,1 husband ahd1twelve
children; two grandchildren and
a host of relatives. and friends.
Interment was at Lincoln.
The Robbins eagle. (Robbins, Ill.) 1951-1963, 1953-05-09
BOOTS & SADDLE TO STAGE IT'S
ANNUAL RODEO MAY 3Oth & 3lst1

IN ~. , Z =
mailed y out land lIconsiderable
interest is being manifested in
this roundup by lovers of horse
shows and entertainment of this
kind.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1953-10-08
Allies Are Accused OF Sailing On Explanation Interviews With POW

Neither Of the Indian statements
referred to . growing nervousness
over South Korean demonstration
and actions aimed a. the Indian
custodial force.
About 1000 Chinese civilians
demonstrated Thursday in Seoul,
demanding the withdrawal Of In.
dian troops from Korea and brand.
ing as ''barbarous" Indian treat.
ment Of the captives.
Earlier, Thimayya said the
South Korean actions were de.
signed to ''incite" the prisoners.
He reminded the uNC Of its re.
sponsibility to protect the Indian
camp in the buffer zone. i
Indian Prime Minister Jawahar
lal Nehru in similar messages L
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1953-10-08

the United States and Britain
Thursday warned the two major
Allies to curb the inflamatory
statements Of South Korean offici-
ais or face the threat Of having the
Korean War set aflame again.
British officials In London said
Nehru expressed fear that state
ments by leaders In President
Syngman Rhee's government
would incite an attack on the In
dian troops In the buffer zone.
Allied officers said L would be
near impossible for R0K troops to
intrude In any force into the de-
militarized rome near the Indian
camp. That portion IL the front is
manned by American and British
troops.
However, what die Indian lead.