davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1953-08-16

in competitive network mar
kets. Pulse uses recall inter-
views the following day.
Whatever the manner Of
measuring. however, all Of
these audience surveys have
one thing in common. They
are based on the law Of proba-
bility, which tells us that q
small cross section. II it is q
truly representative one, will
indicate accurately the nature
of a very large whole. Mr..
Seller says this Is hard to ex-
plain to a skeptic who never
met a pollster., but he has q
tasty explanation.
If you have a bowl of soup
in which all the ingredients
are thoroughly mixed" he
says. you don't have to eat
the entire bowlful to know
how the bowl tastes. One
spoonful will give you accu-
rately the flavor of whole vat
of soup.
Must Be Complete
THE ingredients. Of course,
must be completely mixed
through all Of the SOUP" And
that Is the secret Of project
ing the actual viewing habits
Of 500 persons to know the
probable viewing habits Of
100000. The sample must be
an accurate and complete
cross section.
To achieve this. ARB, for
instance. employs a page, COL
umn and nth-name down pat
tern in a city directory. When
the service was started, Mr..
Seller learned from the Census
Bureau itself how to get true
cross section. Every test de-
vised has proved that this
method does give an accurate
representation of a city'S
population, with age groups,
economic groups, ETC., in
proper ratio.
Thus it does not mean that
your viewing habits have been
ignored simply because you
never have seen an ARB diary
or never have been called to
the phone by Trendex. You
may never have been allowed
to tell a rating service that
you were not watching Arthur
Godfrey on Wednesday night.
But at the same time neither
were one other person who
wasn't and seven who were. in
a sort of cross section Of q
cross section.
You Were There
All OF you were represented
In the cross section sampled
for rating purposes. AL Of you.
along with all other residents
of the area. had an equal
chance Of being chosen to keep
a TV diary. AS long AS this
condition exists the law Of
probability holds and the cross
section represents the whole.
The ratings themselves at
test to their own general ac-
curacy. There are variations.
due to the different systems Of
measuring used, but there Is
general consistency. All Of the
services, during the regular
season. showed Il Love Lucy"
on top with Arthur Godfrey
and Groucho Marx strong
contenders. All generally agree
on the top Is programs.
There is another indication
of the general accuracy, too.
The ARB diaries are placed in
a different set of 500 homes.
here each month, but the rat
ings remain consistent. The
cross section grows larger and
larger. with never a drastic
change from month to month.
It's a case of something de-
pending on the law Of prob
ability turning around and
proving the law.
(There will be further word on
TV program ratings in "On the AirR
in The Star tomorrow
Evening star., 1953-08-16
Soap Opera Sells
BY the Asseei1ied Press

NEW YORK.
The soap opera, despite the
barbs thrown in its direction,
remains one of the most popu-
lar types of programs on ra-
dio and has stood up we'll
against TV competition.
The A. C.. Nielsen research
firm reports the average soap
opera reached more than 2
million homes in May, and was
on a par with evening radio
dramatic shows in audience.
Evening star., 1953-08-16
On the Air
On the Air
It's Like Testing Soup
Skeptics Should Know Thot TV Program
Rotnqs Are on Sound Foundation
By Harry Macarthur

II the numbers men who
compile measurements of tele-
vision audiences felt more put
upon than usual last week.
they had good cause. They
have a valid case against their
detractors. In what ostrich's
hiding place, they may we'll
have wondered, were the heads
of those who snarl, mo TV
rating service ever called me
or any of my friends, so how
can those ratings mean any
thing?"
The population of the United
States reached the 100 million
milestone a few seconds after
11:02 am. last Monday, the
Census Bureau announced with
unchallenged assurance. No
body said, $50 how do they
know?" Nobody charged. THE
census people never called Mrs.
Jones next door to ask if the
twins had arrived vet, so how
could they possibly know how
many people there are in the
country?"
Everybody just calmly took
the Census Bureaus word for
1t. The rating services, on the
other hand, are not allowed
to operate unchallenged. Any
radio-TV columnist knows
that he has only to note that
II Love Lucy" got the top
ARB rating for the sixth
month in q row to get mail.
Some one who doesn't love
Lucy" is sure to demand a
retraction on the grounds that
no pollster ever contacted him,
so obviously his feelings
haven't been taken into ac-
count.
Sound and DemonstrobIe
Jim Seller, whose American
Research Bureau, started
here. has become one of the
major rating services, says he
gets letters of this type fire.
quently. The latest was from
a man out in the Middle West,
who said he had received one
Of those ARB diaries and
would cooperate. If, however,
Mr.. Seller thought he thought
Mr.. Seller could judge the
viewing habits of 100000 peo-
pie from 400 samples Mr..
Seller was daft and ought to
be investigated.
This man was only another
Of many who apparently never
have heard of the law of prob
ability. This is not something
dreamed up by the rating ex-
perts so they could have lu-
crative businesses. It is math-
ematically sound and prac-
tically demonstrable.
It is the law of probability
which permits the Census Bu-
reau> to say that the popula-
ton became 100 million on
Monday at HOP am. This is
a figure arrived at simply by
adding a previous known fig-
ure, the average birth and
immigration rate. and sub
tracing the death and emf
grafton rate. There were 100
million people at HOP am.
Monday. give or take a day,
but that is close enough.
Methods Differ
1t is the same, in a way,
with the rating services, of
which there are several. using
different methods. ARB uses
a diary, placed in viewers
homes so that an accurate
log can be kept of all tele-
vision seen during a week.
Hooper, which used to employ
telephone surveys, now uses a
quite similar diary study.
A. c. Nielsen makes use Of
a metering device attached to
sets, which keeps a record of
when they are on and to what
channel they are tuned.
Trendex employs the telephone
survey system, operating only
Evening star., 1953-08-16
The Passing Show
He Went the Long Way
Alan Schneider, Broadway Bound This Fall
Simply Detoured Into PIoy Direction
By Joy Cormody

THE Lower Depths" set in a
Negro ghetto in the American
South.
Not the paying kind of at
tention, however So,-. to be.
busy with theater, Alan came
home again, to teach and di-
rect. With summers off to di-
rect in England. This year, he
dropped teaching to direct at
Arena Stage, with an arrange
ment for time off to direct else
where.
New PIoy Won Job
He did one new play, Robert
Anderson's "All Summer Long"
at Arena. Broadway producers
came, looked, bought; and de-
cided to take Alan along with
the play.
But this is not the play he
will direct, at least not first.
That is a work which Robert
Whitehead will produce, STARS
in a Persons Back Yard"
Whitehead is a producer who
believes the theater needs new
blood, and one who, inciden-
tally, believes his forthcoming
production needs a new title.
His new director, one of the
most congenial, articulate, and
intelligent humans in the
theater anywhere, Is satisfied
to have travelled the long way
from the University of Wis
consin to Broadway.
I've done what 1 liked" he
says. although perhaps not as
rapidly as I would have liked.
I think people go intimately
into the theater-as workers
because it is their best way of
finding out something about
life. The best plays have al
ways seemed to have the most
to say, and the best way of
saying it, on this subject. Even
some bad ones have had some
thing interesting and Alum
mating to say"
He Respects Writers
Alan is not the kind Of
director with whom play
wrights will have trouble. His
respect for them has increased
from play to play, although
they have not always been good
plays.
He does not believe play
Wrights should direct their
own works. however. He thinks
that requires as much spe-
cialization, possibly more, than
any other department of play
making. He has proved it quite
thoroughly in handling the
widest possible variety of ma
terial, plays, playwrights, and
performers.
Has he a method?
Yes, but it can't be put
into words" he says. II don't
tell actors how to act, any
more than I want to, tell a
playwright how to write, Di-
recting q play Is not aGnaat-
ter Of working out entrances,
exits, moves, and gestures, ex-
pressfons and infections. It Is,
rather, a matter of working
out relationships, the human
heart of a play. It is a3nnat-
ter of a lot of people working
together to achieve this pur-
pose"
The BroadWay-bound eX-
political science apprentice, has
no favorite kind of play. He
does, however, have a favorite
play.
This is Thornton Wilder's
"The Skin of Our Teeth"
which may be just the clue
that Rhodes scholarship board
needs to prove how right it
was.
Evening star., 1953-08-16
The Passing Show


be called The Alan Sch
neider Story"
Not here. There is a lot
more to the Alan Schneider
story than there is room for
in a Sunday drama column.
Alan is going to New York
this fall to direct a play, more
than likely two plays, and this
is merely to say it is high time
that this came to pass. He
has been Washington's best
playmaker for several years,
at Catholic University and
Arena Stage; one might say
from Saroyan's Jim Dandy"
in 1912 to .Saroyan's my
Hearts in the Highlands" in
August, 1898.
This may sound as if he were
a Saroyan director. That's not
true. He has done Shake
speare, Sophocles, Moliere,
Synge, Wilder, Williams, Ib-
sen, etc. He may very well
have directed more plays at
his age, mid-30s. than any one
anywhere-all the way from
Texas to England, including
off Broadway productions in
New York. @
He Breothes Dromo
No one OF his years has
breathed more drama although
the chest expansion OF some
has increased more with far
less Justification.
His immersion, so deep and
so long, in the drama some
times surprises the Broadway
bound director. This is not
the way he started. At the
University of Wisconsin in the
mid-3Os, he was a political
science major, thinking to
teach and write. One day, he
heard they were short of di-
rectors in the drama school.
Full of intellectual curiosity
about everything, he went over
to look into this, Before he
finished his course. he had
played or directed something
like 80 university plays.
This" he recalls, may
have cost me a Rhodes schol-
arship. When I went before
the board, I was asked to ex-
plain my-to them-eXcessive
interest in the drama. They
couldn't reconcile it with
proper dedication to history.
l tried to point out that there
was a play, Julius Caesar in
New York at the time, which
had to do with the seeds OF
fascism. My idAa-Was-.t4~s sort
of establish the drama as q
logical adjunct to, say, histor-
ical perspective.
1T didn't work" &
Philosophically, having had
several courses in that, too, he
decided to become an actor.
Then, realistically he decided
not to become an actor.
He Liked Security
Somehow" he says, Il liked
security. I could not see it in
the competitive tensions of the
professional theater. These,
based on insecurity. I believe
are the explanation of all the
unhappy, widely publicized
emotionalism of people in the
theater. Nearly every one is
insecure, nearly every one is
neurotic as a result"
So, Alan became a radio
writer, which also lacked Sc
curity, so he became a teacher
and director at Catholic Uni
versity in the early '40s. He
was an extremely popular
teacher and director, success
full. too. He attracted the at
tention of theater profess
sionals, as a number of Gu
drama staff members have.
This sort of thing can be un-
settling. It took the congeni-
ality, some, of it, out of teach
ing. New York finally looked
inviting enough, that he took a
job, a sort Of fringe job in the
setup of Producer Richard
Aldrich. He directed an Exper-.
imental Theater play. "A Long
Way From Home" 1t attracted
attention, this adaptation Of
Evening star., 1953-09-02
vas large compared to the size of

was large compared to the size of
its body.
The four-legged dinosaur
known as Three Horns had a
head of massive size. If brain
cells had filled much of that
head, there doubtless would have
been one brilliant" kind of di-
nosaur!
AS it was, Three Horns lum-
bered around with his bulky
body and bony head. He may
have had only enough sense to
turn his long horns toward an
onrushing enemy.
When we gaze at the skeletons
of certain dinosaurs, we may be
tempted to speak of them as the
largest of all animals. That
would be a mistake. There are
animals in the ocean-namely
whales-which are bigger than
Evening star., 1953-09-02
Uncle Rays Corner

The. other day I spoke about
three kinds of dinosaurs which
ran around on their hind legs.
Those animals ranged in height
from four feet to 20 feet.
Another two-legged dinosaur
was the Trachodont, or Rough
Tooth. This fellow had a height
of 10 or IL feet. and his mouth
was of strange shape. The mouth
contained teeth, but looked very
much like a fiat bill. If we could
enlarge the bill of a mallard IL
or Is. times, it would have about
the same size and shape as old
Rough Tooth's mouth.
Dinosaurs were the first ami
mails on record to walk, or run,
on two legs. They were balanced
by their long, heavy tails.
Most dinosaurs we're four
legged animals, but thousands
Evening star., 1953-09-02
Contract Bridge
BY EosIey BIockwood

Mr.. Meek stopped quite short
of his maximum contract when
he decided to double Miss Brash
at four spades. He could have
made a grand slam at hearts if
he had played the heat suit
right. OF course, the grand slam
could not have been reached logi-
cally.
West dealer.
North-South vulnerable.
East-West so part-score.
NORTH
(Mrs. Keen)
K106
y None
o KQJ843
%6542
WEST EAST
(Mr. Meek) (Mr. AbeD
AA7 AZ
0AJ8532 VK1074
GAS 752
%KQJ @A1oe73
SOUTH
(Miss Brash)
AQJ98543
8Q96
H109
80
The bidding:
West North East South
heart 2d'nds. 2 h'rts 2 spades
3 h'rts 3 spades 4h'rts. 4 spades
Dble. All pass
But my heart contract would
have been better than the actual
result on the hand, because Mr..
Meek did not beat four spades.
His opening lead was the king
of clubs. which held. He contin-
ued with the queen of clubs and
Miss BraSh ruffed. In hand
like this, where both closed hand
and dummy are out of a suit, it
Is very tempting to start cross
ruff at once.
That is not always the best
procedure. If, starting at trick
three, Miss Brash had ruffed a
heart on the board. ruffed an
other club in her hand, ruffed
another heart, then ruffed the
last club with the eight of spades,
Mr.. Meek could have over-ruffed
and led a spade. This would
have taken the last trump off
the board and Miss Brash could
have lost one trick in each suit.
But Miss Brash realized the
danger of the hand developing
in this manner and at trick three
she led the ten of diamonds. Mr..
Meek studied awhile and finally
elected to win with the ace.
Now, as you see, he had a
tough return to make. In fact,
my return was hopeless. With
the idea of shortening dummy's
trumps so the diamond suit could
not be utilized, he selected the
ace of hearts.
Miss Brash ruffed in dummy.
came to her hand with the nine
of diamonds and ruffed another
heart. She entered her hand
again by ruffing a club. led her
last heart and trumped it with
dummy's king of spades. All she
had to concede now was a trick
to the ace of trumps.
(Copyright. 1858. General Features Corp)
Evening star., 1953-09-02
BY Ramon Coffmon

any dinosaur which ever trod the
earth.
Even the bulky Thunder Lizard
fell far short of the weight Of a
large whale. Thunder Lizard was
as long as most whales, but the
greater part of his length was
made up of neck and tail.
A 50-foot Greenland whale
weighs far more than did any
75-foot Thunder Lizard.
Some rorqual whales of the
South Atlantic grow to length
of 100 feet. If five Thunder Liz
ards could be brought back to
life, they would weigh less than
a single 100-foot rorqual whale.
Evening star., 1953-09-02
Word Game
Find % or more words in
DEPRAVED,
'oooooo!)

meaning, perverted, evil"
Average is "a; time limit. 20
minutes.
Rules of the game-1. Words must be
of four or more letters. 2. Words which
acquire four letters by the addition Of
IS" such as bats. cats" are not
used. 4. Proper names are not used.
Answer to KINDLIER.
kinder, kiln, kindle. kline, tdler. tnkle.
linked. irked, diner, dire, dirk dixie, drink,
Iynd. liner lien, linked, lied. lire, liked.
rein. rend, ride, rind, rink.
Evening star., 1953-09-02

Animals like these were among
the twO-legged dinosaurs.
ran on two legs. Certain of those
with two legs-especially King
Tryant Lizard-were fierce and
terrible monsters. Never did a
big dinosaur have a brain which
Evening star., 1953-09-02

True adventures of aviators, explor-
erS and big-game hunters are told in
the Ieaflet called TRUE ADVENTURE
STORIES This win be mailed without
charge TO any reader who asks. for IT
and incioses = stamped, self-addressed
envelope. Address your letter to Uncle
Ray in care Of The Star.
Evening star., 1953-05-02
House Unit 10 Hold
Three Night Hearings
On Budget for D. {.

The chairman of the House
subcommittee on District appro-
priations announced late yester-
day that public hearings on the
Districts $l47.8 million budget
will be held at 8 pm. Tuesday,
Wednesday and Thursday in the
big caucus room of the old House
Office Building.
Representative Wilson, Re-
publican, of Indiana, said the
Tuesday night session will be
confined to testimony from
spokesmen for organizations un-
der invitation to appear on the
stand. This hearing, like other
night meetings, will be open to
the public.
Subjects for discussion by
those who want to speak will be
confined on Wednesday night to
public schools. the public library
and recreation.
The Thursday night session Is
expected to finish the series of
public meetings for testimony by
the public on the rest of the Dis
trict agencies. These include
police and fire departments. pub
lie works, regulatory agencies.
hospitals, veterans affairs and
others.
The executive sessions for
testimony by District officials
and department heads will be
held every morning next week
beginning Tuesday and probably
will run into the week after.
Mr.. Wilson hopes to complete
the hearings within two weeks.
Evening star., 1953-05-02
DIbert to Dunk
Middies in Drink
In Ditching Drill
By the Assoeioted Pres.

ANNAPOLIS. Md, May O.
The entire third class of Naval
Academy midshipmen, more
than 800 strong, will be dunked
in the drink this month during
a series of aircraft ditching
drills.
The Middies will be sent
splashing into the academy's
outdoor pool riding the "Dilbert
Dunker," a simulated cockpit
section of an SNJ training plane.
Mounted on a steep elevated
track. the bunker" rolls down
the incline when released. It
capsizes and sinks, taking a
Middle with it, in much the same
manner as a plane would in a
crash at sea.
The crashed" Middle must
free himself from parachute
harness and safety belt. escape
from the cockpit under water,
initiate his Mae West" life jacket
and swim to rubber life raft.
LifeguardS will stand by.
Evening star., 1953-05-02
Taxi Rates Continued
By Prince Georges Board

The Prince Georges County
commissioners voted yesterday
to continue the county's present
maximum taxicab rates but re-
fused to establish a minimum
schedule.
Prevailing fares are 40 cents
for the first mile. 10 cents for
each additional one-third mile
and 10 cents a mile extra for
each passenger over two.
A delegation of cab drivers
asked for minimums in order to
compete with what they called
cut-rate competition from Mont
gomery County operators, espe-
cially those in Takoma Park.
The Commissioners refused
the request on the grounds that
such regulations would be unen-
forceable.
Evening star., 1953-05-02
Fenwick and Stanley
Urge Pay Boost for
Virginia Teachers
BY the Associated Press

HAMPTON, va, May O.
State Senator Charles r. Fen
wick said last night the State
must move vigorously to over
come critical teacher shortage.
He predicted the State minimum
$4,000 teacher salary could be
increased to $2,400 without
boosting taxes.
Definite rules, regulations
and rights" should be drawn up
to give teachers more job secur-
ity, he added in a speech to the
Education Associations of New
port News, Hampton, Warwick
and York.
The Arlington Senator, cam
paigning for the Democratic
nomination for Governor, said
he wouldn't recommend the
$4,000 minimum salary if he
weren't sure the money for it
was available.
Urges $3.50 Annual Raise.
He urged that the present
500 raise to teachers not getting
the top salary in their localities
be lifted to $3.50 and that the
12-year increase scale be
changed to eight years.
Meanwhile in the absence of
former Representative Thomas
B. Stanley, the other candidate
in the gubernatorial Democratic
primary, his, Newport News cam
paign manager, Robert B. Saund-
ers, read a statement by Mr..
Stanley.
In it Mr.. Stanley indorsed the
YEA program of action" and
promised to "go as far in carry
ing out these recommendations
as sound government will per-
nit"
Stanley Proposes Boost.
Mr.. Stanley advocated higher
minimum and maximum teacher
salaries through additional
State and local funds"
a.. It will be my goal to see
that the present maximum is
reached in a shorter period
through higher annual incre-
ments," he said.
The Henry County aspirant
called for reduction of classroom
pupil loads through additional
construction of classrooms and
the reappropriation Of $33 mil
lion in unused Battle school con-
struction funds.
Evening star., 1953-05-02
CIV Student Council
Officers Named at
May Day Ceremony

George Washington University
Student Council officers were
announced last night at May
Day ceremonies held at Lisner
Auditorium.
Glenn Archer, "a, of 1922
Twenty first street NV, was
elected president. Mr.. Archer.
a junior in the law school. is
the first graduate student ever
to hold the Office.
Other officers chosen included
Warren Lytle, vice president;
Shirley Floyd, secretary; Joan
M. Gallagher, comptroller; Pat
Reed, freshman director; Lynn
Henderson. program director,
and Frank Haynes, advocate.
The May Day program in
cluded the annual interfraternity
sing. Winners Of that event were
Sigma Alpha Epsilon, first place;
Pi Kappa Alpha, second, and
Acacia, third. Russell Sergeant,
who led Sigma Alpha Epsilon.
received the DR.. Harmon Award
for best directing.
Other awards were: Jennings
Smith, the Andy Davis Plaque
to the student outstanding in
university activities; Tom Beale,
Pi Delta Epsilon medal of merit
to the outstanding college jour-
nalist; John Lytle, Alpha Epsilon
Pi award to the outstanding in
terfraternity council delegate,
and Carol Fuller. the Mortar
Board award to the outstanding
sophomore woman.
Also Amy Schaum, the Pi Beta
Phi award to the senior woman
with the most outstanding record
during her four years of college;
Nell Weaver, the Alpha Delta Pi
award to the outstanding junior
woman, and George F. Seng-
stack, retiring student council
president, the Omicron Delta
Kappa award to the senior man
with the most outstanding rec
ord for four years.
Evening star., 1953-05-02
Youthful Scientists Display
87OExhibits at Science Fair

box and an old stove pipe. The
result is a Photographic tele-
scope.
Jeff's scope can penetrate the
atmosphere to the 18th magni-
tude. The human eye can see
only to the sixth magnitude.
An electric motor, geared to
his scope. rotates the camera to
follow the stars. JEFF can reg
ulate the scope so delicately that
its day-long movement must be
measured in thousandths of an
inch
JEFF spent about two years
making his telescope and as he
puts it, 1T hasn't all been easy.
Sometimes my father gets a little
irked at my work. He'd rather
I concentrate on emptying the
trash and other chores around
the house"