davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19
Youth Assembly
Lauds NAA(P

ANN ARBOR. Mich The -
Elephants in the first United States
Assembly Of Youth which met on
the campus OF the University of
Michigan here this week enthuS-
iastically and unanimously. en-
dorscd a statement commencing
the NAACP for the outstanding
work which it has done in the
area of civil rights Tor minority
group leaders.
The statement called on Amer
lean youth and young adults TO
sid the work of the Association
as well as that Of various other
organizations which are active in
the field of civil liberties in this
country.
More than one thousand key
youth leaders from all parts of
the country were in attendance
and discussed such subjects as
civil rights; the American hcri-
taee and current problems in
American foreign policy.
NAACP Youth and college
leaders held many of the key POI
sltions in the Assembly
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19

gather such evidence that the
innocent will be protected and
the guilty offender will be prose-
cuted.
Seek To Protect
Our traffic regulations are
adopted primarily to give public
protection. and with the thought
of reducing traffic accidents.
They are also the results of the
Is years that the Accident Pre-
vention Bureau has concentrated
its efforts on reducing accidents
to a minimum.
Therefore. we must obey traf-
fic regulations at all times with
the thought in mind that il is our
very own life that these regula-
tions hope to save.
AT this point. we would like
TO point out that 81 per cent of
traffic accidents result from vio-
lations of the traffic laws.
The City of Detroit at present
time enjoys the enviable distin-
elton of being one Of the safest
big cities i'm the world.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19
MaIan Jim Crow
Gill Defeated

CAPETOWN. Africa. (SpeciaD
"A bill TO segregate the names
of non-whites from those of
whites in South Africa's election
lists as sponsored by Prime Min
lister Daniel F. Malan was de-
feated Wednesday by the oppo-
sition United party.
The third reading OF the bill
at a joint session of parlimeni
was rejected after falling 10 get
a fwo-fhirds msjoriiy as held
by party opposed 10 Malan's
Nafionalisfs.
A parliamentary caucus OF the
United party unanimously re-
iected Malan's constitutional and
franchise bill on Tuesday. giving
il little chance 10 survive since
the Nationalist Party holds a Dne-
third majority.
The rejection averted possible
constitutional test OF the measure
in court.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19

BIRMINGHAM, ALA Fede-
raj grand jury last week report
eddy indicted seven white men
in connection with the kidnapping
and forced servitude Of four Ne
groes and the fatal beating Of
one Of them who tried TO run
away.
-Four of those charged are
brothers. members of the fam
lily which operates the Dial
farm near BoYds. Ala.
In a joint announcement u 5.
Attorney Frank M. Johnson, Jr,
and Special Agent j. M. Lopez
in charge Of the Birmingham FBI
Office detailed long record Of
alleged civil right and peonage
violations Nv tho defendants
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19
Methodist Youth
AgainRa Jim(row

KANSAS CITY. Mo.-Some IL
regroes were among 1870 youth
tno adult leaders at the National
college for Christian Workers
flere last week which elected
Pllicers and reiterated its stand
PIANIST segregation in the Meth
Pdlsi Church.
Miss Barbara Kicks Of How
,fd University was elected 10
me groups governing body. and
me Misses Willetia Moore Of
snilander Smith University and
Mary Miller of Howard were
s,eleeied as national represent
aiives.
ne conference renewed its
solution opposing racial segre-
auon in the Methodist Church.
me Youth Commission. includ-
y church representatives. passed
resolution asking Z" incorpo-
auon Of the youth of the Central
t,rsdiction (colorcd) into the
t,'e'nodist Youth program Of the
"er live jurisdictions"
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19


The former vice president OF
The convention and pastor OF the
largest church OF the denomina-
ton was assured victory in the
all-night session al Dinner Key
auditorium after the Mississippi
delegation cast 435 of its 460 votes
for him.
Closest rival was the Rev. L. ".
Perry. president of the Oklahoma
Baptist convention. who had
strong backing of the South which
had the largest voting bloc
Final Vote
The final vote was Jackson.
2!,O35: Perry. l,577 al 2.45 AIN.
September 18th. =
The presidential election was
virtually something new 10 the
more than 10000 delegates since
retiring president, DR.. David v.
Jemison. held reins of the largest
Negro religious body in the world
for more than IA years
-Four candidates withdrew from
the presidential race.
They were the Revs. Ray
mond Henderson. Los Angeles,
Calf; Rev. II. B. Hawkins, Chi
cago; and Rev. Sandy Ray, Brook
lyn. NY, and DR.. Marshall Shep-
ard. Philadelphia. Pa.
Toss Ballots
Upon withdrawing from the
race. the Revs. Raymond Hender-
son and and Hawkins threw their
votes into the Perry camp.
Rev. Mr.. Perry looked like a
solid victor when Arkansas start
ed off the voting. and going for
Perry solidly all the way. with
six other states following suit
Illinois threatened to split wide
open until il gave Jackson slight
edge. but the tide changed for
Jackson when Georgia with the
top total of votes 637-went for
the Chicago minister, followed by
the Louisiana delegation.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19
First Teacher
Back at School

CASSVILLE. Wis.-Mrs. John
Wyatt. a graduate student in
summer session at the Univer-
sity of Wisconsin. returned this
fall to her teaching job here
She was hired last fall as the
first Negro teacher in The local
school system. AT the time she
was hired. the school board was
not aware of her racial identity.
However, both officials and
parents decided 10 retain her
This summer, she joined her
husband at the University of Wis
consin. John Wyatt. recently dis
charged from the Army after Is
months in Korea. also teacher.
He will teach in the Potosi,
Wis, school system this year. He
is the first colored teacher hired
by the Potosi school board.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19
Funeral Rites
Held for Two
River Victims

Funeral services for Ellison
Delano and Braigel Lee Foster.
brothers who accidentally
drowned in the Detroit River Off
Belle Isle last week we're held
from the Church of Our Faith.
Services were conducted at
ii o'clock am. last Saturday
with the pastor. Rev. Cornelius
Barnes. officiating. assisted by
Rev. James Z. RippY.
Pallbearers were Ronald Claw
ton. Melvin Gaymor. James Coll
lier George Clayton. Peter
Gaymor and Aleie Parham.
Flower girls Matte Brandon,
Sandra Wright Lucille Brandon
and Sattie Ann Gaymor
In addition to their parents,
Mr. and Mrs. Braieel Lee and
host Of other relatives mourn
their passing. Intermcnt IN West
lawn Cemetery. with McFall
Funeral Home an charge
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19

Also target OF the committee
here public hospitals. mainly
sanatoriums. which
Iegregate ward patients as TO
lace
List Alleged Offenders
Those listed as practicing racial
aggregation were: Pine Crest
at Ohtema, Herman
kleicr Hospital in Detroit, Sun
shne Sanatorium in Grand
Rapid. Jackson County Sana-
ioum. Paramount Hospital at
kalamazoo. Ingham County San
t'orium al Lansing. Muskegon
County Sanatorium. Oakland
founiv Tuberculosis Sanatorium
snd Saginaw County hospital.
Officials of two Michigan insii-
tuans. however. denied the
charge Of segregation Tuesday,
h rne that Negro and white
patients were in the same ward.
4 They were Robert Dalton. bust
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19
Ike For Strict Fed
FEPC Enforcement

WASHINGTON - (SpeciaD-
Rigid enforcement of the policy
against racial or other discrimi-
nation in employment of persons
10 work on government contracts
was demanded Tuesday by Pres
ident Eisenhower.
Strict adherence 20 enforce
ment was urged in letter to
Vice President Nixon. who made
il public at meeting OF the
Presidents committee on govern
ment contracts OF which Nixon
r. chairman
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19

No sooner had the founding
of an examination been made
TO Recorders Judge Frank c.
Schemanske. Garland was told
TO report for job secured by
the court with a contractor.
The judge ordered the check
up after the 43-year-old defend
ant appeared before him for sem
fencing on a non-support charge.
claiming that he was unable TO
work since l943 because Of poor
health.
He was convicted after failing
10 make Courf-ordered Sl0-a-
week payments TO support his
wife. Ellen. and children. His
wife and minor children live
at 1910 Cameron.
Records show that the family
had received sl9.978.3O from the
Aid 10 Dependent Children pro-
gram since l943. and is now re-
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19
|0nen' Two
Undergrad


A ATLANTA, Ga.-Two Negroes
Ihs week are expected TO become
lhe first members of their race
+ enroll as undergraduates in
Fia'e-supported southern white
colleges.
A federal court ruling appar-
emily opened the doors of Lou
isiana State University TO one
OF the Negroes. and a state
attorney generals opinion won
admission of the other TO Vir-
sinia Polytechnic Institute.
Each Of the decisions an
nounced last Friday were based
o. The principle that the respec-
i've states did not offer az their
Negro colleges equal 'ac' nr
teaching courses the Negro APP
plconis sought.
Y. S. District jude ei Z
wright granted A. = Tureaud.
Jr- II. son of a New Orleans
attorney. an injunction permit
png him to enroll as a freshman
az LSU
EPl approved the application
q irving Peddrew, 10, Of Hamp-
lon va, on the basis OF an opin-
ION handed down by State Atty.
zen J. Lindsay Almond. Jr
While these would be the FIRST
'uch undergraduate cnrollments
" NE south. there have been
numerous recent admissions OF
Negroes in the graduate schools
y white southern state colleges.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19

ness manager Of the Herman
keifer hospital. and Medical ID.
rector George Phillips Of tile
Jackson County Sanatorium.
The committee report did not
state whether or no these were
the only institutions practiclng
the Jim Crow policy.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19
Indict Seven For Forcing
a to Work i'm Bondage

The defendants were charged
with putting the Negroes in bon
dage by paying their fines and
forcing them 10 work out IN the
fields.
The four Negroes We're kid
mapped from places IN Alabama
and MissiSsippi. the indictment
alleged.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19

Other race candidates included.
.Carev Richmond accountant;
William Patrick. ST., attorney,
and George Calhcart, school
teacher.
1t was the first time any Of the
quartet had ever put in a bid
for q council seat. while in Rich
mond's case il was his first bid
for any public office
Cathcafi has sought some type
OF public office in al least the
last three elections
Digs. sophomore member OF
the upper chamber, was the only
one OF the four who did any
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19
Dr.. Joe n. Jackson
New Baptist Heed

treasurer
Election Of an eNecu' sec
etary originally slated for the
convention was postponed until
an "adiourned session will be
completed in January in Hon
Springs. Ark. The post was es-
tablished at It's 1852 convention
in Chicago
Detroit Candidate
The Rev. James 5 Williams
j.. of Detroit. is conceded an eN.
ccllent chance for the post
sought by two leading candidates.
Rev Mr. Williams is pastor of
Detroit's Greater Abysslnia Bap-
tist Church
Delegates chose ST Louis as
site for their 74,h annual convcn-
ton next year
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19
Progressive Slate

= - S'ea'N 5000
Forty years Of age, DR.
Jackson stated that new day
was dawninc in Baptist annals
for the progressive element of
the church and the death Of the
CID guard.
Born in Mississippi he began
his career as boy preacher and
pdstoret churches in Omaha and
Philadelphia before going TO
Olivet in Chicago. the largest in
the denomination with 10000
members
New Officers
The delegates elected: the Rev
s II. Ovens. vice-preSident-at
large; L. A. Pinkston Atlanta;
{. II. Hampton. Calf, j. G..
Nance. ST. Louis; 7. S. Harton,
Brooklyn; and f. V. Billups.
BATON Rouge. as vice president
Others were Dr.. T. Jemison.
son of retiring president OF
Baton Rouge. recording secretary;
and l.. c. Carr. Philadelphia,
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19
Insurance Manager on Yule Seal Unit

MIR Blount is a member OF the
board Of directors OF the Society,
and Dr. Robin c. Buerki, execu-
tive director Of Henry Ford Hos
pital. is chairman Of the cam
naign.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19

serious measure OF campaigning.
He is the son of former Senator
Charles c. Diggs. ST
NOT FIRST NOMINEE
Digs nomination however.
was not the first for a race menu
Der Three others have been NOM
mated with al least two Just
missing out in gaining one Of
the nine seats in the Council.
They were: the Rev Charles
Hill. pastor Of Hartford Avenue
Baptist Church: Arthur Simmons,
attorney and Louis c. Blount,
insurance company executive
Mayor Cobo. City Clerk Thomas
d Leadbetter. and City Treas
urer Charles N. Williams as ex-
pected won easily with COM
handing margins.
NIP AND TUCK BATTLE
Councilman Louis c. Miriam
and Councilwoman Mary +. Beck
fought toe-to-toe for Council
presidency with the lead chang
ing numerous times until the
latest tallies gave Miriani tho
nod.
Other successful councilmanic
candidates among the 113 seeking
"a be nominated were;
Eugene l. Van Antwerp. Edward
Conner. Chas N Youngblood,
blanche Parent Wise, Del A..
Smith. STANLEY Novsk. John A..
Klonk, George F. Boos, James
Garlick. Orville Linck. James S.
Mariana Edward II. Jefferies.
Patrick J Brennan. and Charles
S. Blondy.
Election Director Louis A. Ur-
ban stated that the election Tues
day was one Of the most disap-
pointing since just about 22l .038
voters came out to the polls This
represents less than fourth
ol registered Detroit voters.
Officials blame the lack Of in.
tcrcsi in the Tuesday Primary
mainly TO absence OF strong oppo-
sition TO the incumbenfs. all Of
. whom sought reelection.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19

Louis c. Blcun,. general man
ager of Great Lakes Mutual In
surance Company, has been
named a member of the 47th
annual Christmas Seal Sale Com
mittee, for Wavnc COUNTY
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19
Sees Indignation Of
Workers in Dixie

WASHlNGTON--A study spon-
Sored by the National Planning
Association said Sunday the sue
cess OF two big southern manu-
featuring plants in employing
white and Negro workers side by
side may point the way for other
Dixie employers.
The study concerned Inter
national Harvester Co. plants
at Memphis and Louisville and
also in Evansville. Ind.
All have been put INTO opera
ton since World War II with a
non-segregated employment poll
icy.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19

ceiving Sll8.50 a month
Garland's job at Sl67 an hour
with cement contractor was
obtained by probation officers,
He was placed on probation
for one year
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19
L-aw.Connmittee
Urges Support
OF State FEPC

Another recommendation was
condemning the policy OF arrest
ing and OBTAINING persons for in
vestlgation without warrants,
particularly as practiced in Wayne
County
Three Other Targets
The committee urged its parent
o. ganlzatlon TO also seek stricter
court enforcement of citizens
rights to freedom from illegal
arrest and detention. quicker ac-
ton on writs of habeas corpus,
and discrimination Of the Detroit
Police Departments policy Of
fingerprintlng all persons de-
tanned.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19

This carnage brought an ap-
peal from the Mayor. Common
Council and the Police Commits
sioner for an immediate survey
OF Defroit's rapidly incre ssing
traffic problem.
AS the case is with almost
every grave situation, flaws in
the present program were sought
out by an extensive survey
Recommendations were made
for the organization of an ACCT
dent Prevention Bureau along
with a unit to be known as the
Records and Analysis Section"
TO carry on statistical activities.
Put Program In Effect
The proposed recommendations
were well in effect by the month
of MAY and an entirely new out
look on the traffic problem had
been established.
During the following year of
1888. the full impact Of the newly
created program was eli mas
much IS fatalities dropped to 1875.
During the Is years that fol-
lowed. the inception OF the new
long range control program ia
talities have never again reached
the 300 mark
Three Els Top
Credit for almost everything
accomplished by the Bureau can
be attributed 10 the three E's
OF Traffic Safety, as rendered by
our Detroit Police Department
Education Engineering. Enforce
ment
A detailed report is made on
the scene Of every traffic acci-
dent 10 enable the Department
10 orient lis traffic program IN
such a manner that the hazards
OF driving will be removed.
The report also reveals whether
or not a violation of the city
ordinances or the state laws have
been committed in connection
with the accident: and II sol IA
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19
+D|GGS NOMINATED
FOR COUNCIL SEAT
Places Sixth i'm
Field of 113

State Senator Charles c. Dggs. Jr the only race
member win in the dull Tuesday Primary for Com
Council when he mpressvey held TO sixth slot among
the 1S nominees.
and than his nearest opponent incumbent Will
liam c. Rogel
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19
Detroit One of Safest
CtIes IN the World
BY JEROME BALL
Third In Series)

The year Of 1886 may well be remembered by the ct
zens of Detroit well az the Police Department, for it
in this year that 357 lost their lives in traffic
ira gedeS of every sort.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19

MIAMI, Fla-Dr. Joseph II. Jackson of Chicago was
elected president of the National Baptist Convention USA
Inc early last Friday mofuigS - surprisingly landslide
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19
LOST OF EYE, PARTIAL HEARING:
Father Held Able to
Support Family Trio

Ernest Garland estranged father of two children. is
able support his family despite lost of his right and
dnnf in thn rnhf
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1953-09-19

LANSING - End >dsa' 49, r employment prac-
Ices legislation Will be ~ b 'chigan State Bar
Association when it conve.% ooy I Thursday
ne associations civil Eia>. iittee
mended MONDAY tnat II endo. 4, iation, specifi-
cally the Cramton Bill to create comm;ss;on IN
discourage racial discrimination in ing practice.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1953-03-26
REAL ESTATE

OPEN until sold, Ivan ave-, east OF
222nd St near everything, large Inv,
room, big kitchen, 2 bedrooms and
carpeting, gas furnace, automatic hot
water heater, completely decorated,
S13. 700. By owner, RE. l-6379.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1953-03-26
Schools Face
In
State Funds

Editors Note-The following
is clipped from "Action for Ohio
Schools bulletin of the Ohio
Education Association March
issue.
"For S5 communities - which
educate one-third of the total state
enrollment-the last General As
sembly proved to be a costly "ln-
dian-giver."
"These IS districts will receive
a new cut lof about $3,000,O00 in
state funds for the year and next.
"The net loss in state funds by
these districts already has reached
$1,559,662 in the first year of the
biennial appropriation.
Here is how the Legislators
short-changed these important dis
tricts:
"These districts receive from
the state only the 'flat distribu-
ton, or uniform grant of State
school funds which supposedly re-
lieves local real estate of the full
tax burden for school operation.
"The legislators in 1851 sliced
the OEA proposal for flat pay
ments SO that the increase was
only 1915 per elementary and
$500 per high school pupil.
However, legislative action also
resulted in raising the amount of
teacher retirement system pay
ments which the state requires
school boards to share (the rest
being deducted from teacher
salaries).
"The increased retirement costs
were then subtracted from state
funds going to these districts.
"By providing these districts
with an increase in operating
funds SO small that it was more
than offset by the new retirement
fund outlays boards were com
PEELED to make, the legislature
effected net reduction in state
funds for operating schools in
these 85 districts"
East Cleveland School Districts
loss under this procedure is listed
at $21 ,562. Among the neighbor-
ing districts losing out are: Cleve-
land $571 ,909; Cleveland Heights,
$34,983; Lakewood, $42,402.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1953-03-26
EueIid - Brick

BUNGALOW with vssubule snhunce.
rereotion Yoom In bosementI large
lot; storms; finished End; gas heat:
p1ned 70 sell 6t
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1953-03-26
S2SO0 Down

six.room tome single on loke. west
Of Lost Notion I'd; 2-cdI attached
gorogs. automatic oil he0t: only
MVA nm
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1953-03-26

BY owner, 6 room Colonial. 2647C
ShoreVieW.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1953-03-26

4la Room frame, large living room.
kitchen, dinette, 2 twin size bed
rooms, tile bath. gas furnace, at
tached garage, 60 IT, lot. J. E. Clark,
Broker. KE. 1-8472
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1953-03-26
Runch Type
SIo,50o

4 4.RoOM HOME WITH LTv-
ING ROOM, NICE KITCHEN.
2 BEDROOMS. BATH. LARGE
UTILITY, ATTACHED GA
RAGE. OFF LAKELAND BLVD.
ABOUT S2.Ioo DOWN AND
S65 PER MONTH.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1953-03-26
III %@, AASOe
$4,000
Immaculate

stx.room English type on Eoss zeeth,
neor Blvd, spocious rooms. sxru
Io1ce nusteY bedroom with twin
closets, lst-ilooE lovotorY; recreation
room with open fireplace; 2-coT go
-r-o. nIcaIv IrYndsccYned
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1953-03-26
SI4.Soo
East ielss 81. North

Beautiful Tapestry brick, <-YeU-old
bungalow. full divided basement.
recreation room, storms 0nd screens.
Nupeting. metol ownings. g0s heat.
beautifully shrubbed lott perfect
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1953-03-26

LOT, 40xl40 # on Lucknow $3.50.
Owner, 3O6 East 329th st. l-6 p. m.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1953-03-26

NEW ranch type home East gath and
Lake Shore blvd. Tiled U-shaped
Youngstown kitchen, large tile bath
with powder table and extra double
cabinet, wood burning fireplace,
patio. lla car garage, 3 large bed
room with big closets and completely
insulated. Beach privileges and over
looks the lake. Private owner. Call
after 2. m. RE. l-60l3.
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1953-03-26

BRICK bungalow in Euclid, living
room. 2 bedrooms, large kitchen
with eating space, and bath on first;
insulated second with one bedroom;
divided basement, gas heat. ll2-car
garage, solid cement drive, S13 300.
]. E. Clark. Broker. KE. l-4472
East Cleveland leader. [volume] (East Cleveland, Ohio) 1942-1970, 1953-03-26
81. Yoseph's Perish

Very eleon 6-room single. Eust l43rd
north OF St CloiI. full basement
finished 3rd. storms and screens,
COS heat, 2-cor gmoge; real buy.