davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1953-04-16

divisions and an air force Of
1000 planes. This force did
not include the Greek and
Turkish troops, which are not
counted on to defend Western
Europe but are intended either
to meet an aggression in their
own countries or become en-
gagged in diversionary opera
tions in the Eastern Mediter-
ranean Basin.
All these plans remained to
a great extent wishful
thoughts. The goal for 70
Western European divisions
has never been reached and
we are still a long way from
having even half the promised
air force. Insofar as the
German army is concerned, it
still remains well-drawn
blueprint which appears to
have succumbed to Frances
centuries-old mistrust and fear
of her neighbor across the
Rhine. The treaties which
were signed by the interested
powers with the Bonn govern
ment and were ratified by the
United States, Great Britain
and Germany are gathering
dust in the French National
Assembly.
The difficult and costly war
in Indo- China. among other
things, has prevented the
French government from in
creasing its combat contin-
gents in Western Europe. In
ternal political conditions have
prevented the French Parlia-
ment from extending the draft
to "a months, the minimum
necessary to train men in a
modern army; and a grow
ing economic crisis is compel
ling all the allied governments
in Europe to cut defense ex-
penditures.
The hesitations of our allies
Evening star., 1953-04-16

tance Of the Korean war. The
testimony of Gen. Decker
further shows that Secretary
OF Defense George Marshall,
who issued the directive, did
so only two days after he took
over from his predecessor,
Louis johnson, in September.
1850. It could be that the
memoranda on which the di-
rectlve was based were worked
up by subordinate officers in
the military, though Gen.
Decker testified that he did
not believe the Joint Chiefs of
Staff were consulted in max
ing the decision, although it
was a national policy" Pre-
Sumably President Truman
made it or concurred in it.
This is an astounding reve-
Iation, but it should not be
surprising, because for many
months it has been apparent
to informed observers that
America has not had a mill
tary command setup partic-
ipating in making the broad
policies of the administration.
Although the National Secu--
rity Council was established by
Congress for the express pur-
pose of dealing with the CAL
culated risks that grow out of
national and international
policies of the administration,
the Joint Chiefs are not Statu-
tory members of that body.
Nor is there any evidence that
the Security Council haG con-
sidered the Korean wars du-
ration and gave Secretary
Marshall the decision, which
he made from a budget stand
point.
But, even if there is doubt
about whether the Communist
Chinese might or might not
have been planning in the
autumn of 1850 to enter the
war as they did later that year,
what explanation can there be
for the second directive re-
ferred to by Gen. Decker in
his testimony as having been
issued by the Department of
Defense. in April. 1851. which
again assumed the ending of
the Korea war as of Deem
ber 81. 1851?
AS various Senators COM
mented, this on-again-off-
again procedure had a direct
effect on the failure to provide
ammunition for Korea, which,
it is estimated, is shot up at the
rate of 5000 million a month.
Yet it is revealed now that a
request by the Army for 81
billion for ammunition for the
Evening star., 1953-04-16
Pope's Views on Spies
Called Voice Of Pity

VATICAN CITY. April 16.-
Pope Plus kits communica-
tions with the United States
Government regarding julius
and Ethel Rosenberg, condemned
atomic spies, were described
yesterday in Jesuit article as
Voice of Pity"
The description is included in
a long article to be published
by Civilta Cattolica, Jesuit fort
nightly, and printed in advance
by the Vatican newspaper, lOs-
servatore Romano.
The Jesuit article said that by
his communications, the Pope
did not intend to and did not
meddle in the domestic affairs
of another power, nor invade the
field of its jurisdiction.
Better than Others" said the
article, "the Pope knows the
limits within which he must
hold himself by the nature of
his ecclesiastical and interna-
tional prerogatives."
Evening star., 1953-04-16
Constontine Brown:

The meeting Of the repre-
sentatives of the North At
lantic pact nations next week
in Paris will be the acid test
OF the survival of the NATO
defense system. and will de-
eide to what extent it can re-
sist the assault of Soviet peace
propaganda.
This is the first time since
the Lisbon Conference, more
than IA months ago, that the
political and military leaders
OF this coalition are getting
together to analyze the pres
ent strength of their military
forces.
The foreign ministers and
the heads of the armed forces
of the Is countries will discuss
whether it is possible, under
the current political and eco
nomic conditions in Europe,
to stimulate an increased mil
itary effort, or let NATO die
on the vine.
At Lisbon the representa-
tiveS of the allied powers
brought up the question of
Germany's rearmament. That
conference was preceded by a
meeting in London between
the American, British and
French foreign secretaries and
representatives of the West
German Republic. Chancellor
Adenauer accepted the request
for German military contin-
gents to be added to the allied
forces and obligated his coun-
try to provide $2.5 billion for
this purpose. The representa-
tives of the coalition agreed
later in the Portuguese capital
that the German quota should
be IL combat divisions.
Under the impact of the
optimistic atmosphere which
prevailed at Lisbon the allies
also proposed to have ready
by the end of 1853 some 70
Evening star., 1953-04-16

lican President who will really
be responsible for the antici-
pated end result get the extra
dividend of a Democratic fac
tional fight on this issue.
Democrats are doing most of
the talking pro and con and
the issue is associated with
them in the public mind.
The tenacity still shown by
foes of the offShore oil trans
fer is first of all a matter of
conviction. They are also cer-
tain. however, that this years
result is not the end of the
issue and the record they are
making is directed toward
fighting another day against
the further encroachments on
the public domain they foresee
in the near future.
Their slogan was coined for
them by former Secretary Of
the Interior Chapman: THE
Republicans are getting ready
for Bank Night in the public
domain" Toward that end,
Senator Kefauver for one is
drawing attention to all the
things the present bill does
not do. Mainly it does not
foreclose such future at
tempts by affirming the rights
of the Federal Government.
Either this Congress or
future Congresses will have be-
fore it these same forces and
interests bearing their bowls
and crying More! More!,"
Senator Kefauver forecast.
Evening star., 1953-04-16
Par|eys to Decide NATO Fate
Conference Next Week Will Be Held Under Difficulty
Of Diminished Feors Resulting From Peoce Tok

have increased considerably
since the outbreak" of the
Soviet peace offensive. Re-
gardless of what doubts the
governments in Office may have
about the purposes of the men
in the Kremlin, the Malenkov
smiles have captured the imag-
ination of the citizens in most
Western countries. They, in
any event, never were fully
convinced that military defense
was the best answer to the
Kremlin's aggressivenesS.
This frame of mind, which
made it difficult for the allied
governments to live up to their
past commitments to make the
NATO a real force ready to
meet any emergency, is likely
to embarrass them further.
Secretaries Dulles and Will
son and Gems. Bradley and
Ridgway are attending the
Paris Conference beginning on
April % with a mixture of hope
and misgiving. Their hopes
are based on the fact that
our allies have been given
sufficient warning: Unless they
are prepared to live up to
their commitments under the
NATO agreements. the new
Congress may cut the MSA
appropriations so substantially
they will be really hurt. Their
misgivings are based on the
increased resistance of most
Western European nations to
any kind of rearmament. Even
the possibility of the United
States eventually withdrawing
into its own shell does not
produce the same fear as in
the past. At the same time,
the willingness Of Washington
to extend our guaranty to the
European allies for a long term
say SO years-is being re-
ceived with marked lukewarm-
ness,
Evening star., 1953-04-16
OnIv Oi|nnen Care About Our Oi
President Goes Gofng During Offshore Lands Debate
And Even the Gallery Visitors Don't Care to Listen

Senators who have mastered
the subject of offShore oil with
it's long history of litigation,
its international implications
and its conservation aspects
recognize that they have failed
to capture the public magma
ton. They assess their prob
lem something like this:
They have not been able to
find a personal devil. It is
harder to fight a few States
than one greedy man, who
might be unimportant in him
self.
The oil companies which
will benefit through operating
with the more easily pressured
State legislatures have been
smart enough to keep their
heads down and let the States
fight. Think of all the mink
coats and deep freezes that
offshore oil will buy" mourned
Senator Anderson, Democrat,
of New Mexico. And we
haven't been able to nail one
to our mast"
Nor has any defender of the
Federal Governments para
mount interest in offshore oil
lands. as upheld by the Su-
preme Court, seemed able to
dramatize the issue effectively.
Some of them, as Senators
Paul Douglas and Hubert
Humphrey. have done well
with other subjects, but this
one dampens even them.
Republicans and the Repub-
Evening star., 1953-04-16

fiscal year which ended June
80, 1851, was cut down to $50
million by the reviewing
authority" in the Office of the
Secretary of Defense.
What is most depressing
from the standpoint of future
operations in the event of a
national emergency is the
curious psychology revealed
in the directive of September
81, 1850, which stated a
number of assumptions" con-
corning the early end of the
Korean war and formally
notified the Army, Navy and
Air Force Secretaries, the Joint
Chiefs of Staff annd the con-
troller of the Defense Depart
ment that procurement should
be arranged in such a way as
to reduce inf1ationary pres
sures and avoid strains on the
national economy. This means
either that national policy"
was not based on military re-
quirements and was handed
the military men as an order
from which they could not
dissent, or else that the mill
tary men were so afraid to
speak out in the interest of
American safety that they &C
cepted without protest the
directive to cut down on am
munition supplies.
The whole situation calls
for an overhauling of the De-
fense Department. Originally
there were two departments,
and the Secretary of War and
the Secretary of the Navy re-
ported directly to the Presi-
dent. Originally also the Joint
Chiefs reported directly to the
President. Now all this is
changed. Instead of two de-
partments, there are three for
the armed services-and on
top of these another big de-
partment called the Depart
ment of Defense. So "unifica-
ton" has meant "quadruplica-
tion." It has put a whole layer
of officials between the Presi-
dent and the armed services.
Yet the President, as Com
mander in Chief. is responsible
to the American people, and
the responsible officials who
should have direct access to
him do not have. it.
The American people have
been lucky thus far to be
spared a large-scale war, for
the existing machinery is
inadequate and cumbersome
and would break down in an
emergency.
Reproduction Rights Reserved.)
Evening star., 1953-04-16
Doris FIeeson:

A small group of conserva-
tion conscious Senators is
doggedly fighting congression-
al transfer Of offshore oil lands
to the coastal States, with no
apparent indication that any
substantial segment Of the
public is listening to their
warnings.
The Senate is scarcely ac-
knowledging that a debate is
taking place, though the level
of the discussion is far above
the mine-run arguments on
lesser matters. Few Senators
of the 96 who are expected to
give a big majority to the pro-
posal to enrich a few States
at the expense of all bother
to be on the floor.
They noticed that the dis
cussion could not even hold
the big Easter crowds which
have jammed the Capitol, a
lack of public interest which
has been reflected very nat
urally n the press and radio
coverage. They therefore figure
they can tend to their home
work or visit the constituents
with impunity until the bells
sound for the final vote.
President Eisenhower in
dicated his diSinterest by
choosing this week for a golf
holiday. Anyway, there is no
reason to suppose that the
Congressional Record is his
required reading either in
Georgia or at the White House.
Evening star., 1953-04-16
Senate Gets 3-Year Plan
On Mexican Farm Labor
BY the Associated Press

1t is now up to the Senate to
decide whether to extend for
three years provisions for bring
ing Mexican laborers into the
United States to work on farms.
The House passed a bill to
that effect yesterday, 259-87,
after defeating a move to limit
the extension to one year. The
Senate seemed likely to approve
an extension, but might prefer
the one-year period.
If the legislation is enacted
an estimated $4,000 Mexicans
may be brought into the United
States this year. The House
Agriculture Committee said the
need for farm laborers' in addi-
ton to those available in this
country did not appear likely to
Evening star., 1953-04-16
Some History for Mr.. Mckay
Senator Anderson Recalls Circumstance Under Which
Became Interior Secretary and Tragic Consequences

buying up Southern delegates.
Hamon didn't take Office. He
was shot and killed by woman
friend, who was denied the
privilege of accompanying him
to Washington. as she had
expected to do. President
Harding was credited with We
toing this arrangement for the
reason that Mr.. Hamon had a
wife. AS narrated by the Sen
ator, Among his (Hamon's)
problems he had a domestic
situation that was bothering
him and he found it necessary
to advise friends that those
friends might not accompany
him to Washington"
THE rest of the story" said
the Senator, sis quite we'll
known. A young lady shot him
soon thereafter, and when his
death was announced, Senator
Fall was approached and was
told that, Notwithstanding the
former desire and intention of
the President of the United
States to appoint him Secre-
tary of State, the President
now had to have some one who
could handle the negotiations
which were under way in Oil
matterS-which led to Teapot
Dome-and that Senator Fall
would have to be Secretary of
the Interior"
"Oil," the Senator concluded,
made it necessary that Fall
should become Secretary of the
Interior. Oil made it neces-
sary that he should suffer dis
grace and humiliation and
from that day on I have been
greatly interested when oil
comes up as a subject of ma
tional discussion"
Evening star., 1953-04-16
Lowell WeHett:

The Secretary of the Interior,
Douglas Mckay, is proceeding
with caution in the develop
ment of his own policies con-
corning the vast natural re-
sources committed to his care.
Powerful private interests all
set to move in on the public
domain, whether for power.
oil, grazing rights or what not.
as result of the change of
administration, are discover
ing this. The reason could be
that the new Secretary has
been delving into the history
of his department and has
learned some of the personal
hazards it contains. More
than one reputation has been
ruined in that Office.
Senator Clinton Anderson of
New Mexico related to the
Senate on Tuesday the story
of one such personal catas-
trophe. 1t was in the course
of the debate on the sub
merged oil lands and the Sem
ator told the tale to remind
his colleagues of the ugly part
that oil has sometimes played
in American politics. He re-
ferred to a new book by Bas-
com Timmons on the life of
Charles G. Dawes, former Vice
President, in which Dawes is
quoted as saying that Presi-
dent Harding had intended
to make Albert B. Fall his
Secretary of State but changed
his mind and named Charles
Evans Hughes. Fall was ap-
pointed Secretary of the In
terror instead-with disastrous
results, the Teapot Dome scam
dal and Falls imprisonment.
Evening star., 1953-04-16

Harry M. Daugherty, who
later retired from the attor-
ney generalship under cloud,
has always been credited with
making Harding President, but
Senator Anderson indicated
that the distinction could
rather be given Frank Hitch
cock, national chairman and
later Postmaster General. Early
in the spring of 1920. he said,
Hitchcock told him he planned
to pit Gen. Leonard Wood
against Gov. Frank Lowden.
in effect managing both their
campaigns, until it was clear
neither could win, and then
to put forward his real choice,
which proved to be Harding.
During the election campaign,
he said. Hitchcock told him
that Fall, then a Senator.
would be named Secretary Of
State. Later, he said, Fall
confirmed this.
AT that time it was well
understood" said the Senator,
that an individual in Okla
homa had been extremely ac-
tive in negotiations for the
support of certain delegations.
That individual was a we'll
known Gilman who had made
a substantial fortune and a
great reputation. That man
had been tentatively selected
to be Secretary of the Inte-
rior." This information, he
said, he had directly from Fall.
The Senator's delicate refer
ence was to Jake Hamon, Ok
lahoma national committee
man, and the manner in which
Hamon was alleged to have
used . pool Of oil money in
Evening star., 1953-04-16

lessen "in the foreseeable fu-
ture."
Representative. Gross, Repub-
lican, of Iowa told the House he
did not see the sense of sending
boys from American farms to
fight in Korea and importing
MeXicans to take their places.
Evening star., 1953-04-16

Chairman of the Presidium of
the Supreme Soviet. The Krem-
lin ceremony will give the envoy
full official status.
Arrangements for the presen-
tation were made following Mr..
Bohlen'S brief call Tuesday on
Soviet Foreign Minister V. M.
Molotov. United States Embassy
spokesmen said that visit was a
protocol interview in connection
with the credentials ceremony.
Evening star., 1953-04-16
Ceremony Set Monday
For BohIen in Moscow
BY the Assoeioted Pres,

MOSCOW. April 16.-Charles
E. Bohlen. new United States
Ambassador to Russia, will pre-
sent his credentials Monday to
Marshal Klementy Voroshilov,
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1953-03-27
african Heritage
Reviewed In Class
OF I enlenary WSCS

Joint study class. sponsored by
the WSCS of Centenary Church,
was held in the hospitable home of
Mr. and MIS- Louis N AgPe, Of
Stoddert last week.
The text used was African
Heritage by Dr. Emory Ross. The
entire book was completed. With a
morning and afternoon session
The class was led by Mrs. J. p.
Stratton, who was greatly helped
by many members OF the group. II
was a privilege and pleasure to
have many Of the Presbyterian
ladies present.
At the close of the class the
ladies enjoyed 4 movie African
Panorama kindly presented by
the Rev. j S KIM This was .
pleasant addition 70 the day.
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1953-03-27
Directors OF Cumberland Nap Plans
For Farm Bureau Efforts In 1853

Board of directors Of Gambler
land County Bureau met Wednes-
day evening. March IL. at the
home of the president. Charles
Goodman. to schedule plans for
1858. AS 1858 Will pc vital year
for the farmer. Importance Of
resolutions being handed in to
the Resolutions Committee at the
earliest possible date. was stress
ed. The same plan as that follow
ed in 1852 will be carried out. a
meeting will be held III each dis
trict to discuss the resolutions.
after which a countrywide meet
ing will be held to vote on the
submitted resolutions.
Importance of fire truck for
the county was discussed and a
committee named TO obtain all
available information Those
named by Mr.. Goodman to work
with him were William Sander
son. j. T. Fleming and John Put
ney.
Garland Clements. secretary.
reported that application had
been made for papers Of incor
poration and that the corporation
was being formed for the puU-
pose OF creating countrywide
organization to advance and i'm
prove the agriculture of Cumber-
land county: to cooperate with
Virginia Farm Bureau Federation.
American Farm Bureau Fedora
ton. Virginia Extension Service
and United States and Virginia
Departments of Agriculture in the
development of an abundant,
Just and efficient economy and a
free and democratic society, TO
develop a definite program of
work IN the SAID county and CO.
operate with established rural
institutions that VIII bring to
said county better economic
social. educational and spiritual
conditions.
County wide meetings will be
held on the second Friday Of
April. June. September and No
vember. with the annual picnic to
be held on the third Saturday in
Angus
March Is was set for the all
out drive for membership which
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1953-03-27
+. Guinea

Mrs Pearle B Elan, Of the
Southside Community Hospital,
Farmville, spent the week end at
White Hall
Mrs. IIottie Brown and the Con-
duff Mathews family were Satur-
day evening guests of Mr.. and
Mrs. Robert Lee Davis. OF Jack
son Heights.
The Rev. j. S. King brought an
Impressive Easter message to the
congregation at Center + y
Church, Sunday.
Sunday Guests
Mr.. and Mrs. w. 3. Walker were
; mdag lunche n gue - of -lu
Aa.sA ~. WoAlacA FANNY.
The Conduit Mathews family
were Sunday afternoon guests of
Mrs. P. G Mathews and family
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1953-03-27

Mr.. and Mrs c. G. Smith and
daughter. Dawn were recent
guests OF his mother. Mrs. B NJ.
Smith. of Louisa. They were ad-
companied by their house guests.
Mrs. Gladys ToWSey. Of Rich
mond. and Henry Cook, OF WASH
ington. D. c.
Miss Martha Elizabeth Blanton
OF Guinea Mills, was a recent
overnight guest at "Hors du
Monde. Other recent guests We're
Mr.. and Mrs. Joe Companion. Of
Raines. and MIR. and Mrs. F. w
Blanton. of Guinea Mills.
The Rev and Mrs william G
Walker and daughter. Gayle. OF
Nashville. Tenn. recently spent
some time with his parents. Mr.
and Mrs. B. B. Walker.
J E. Meador was recent guest
in the hcme OF Mrs. w. J. Allen
Richmond Visitors
Mr. and Mrs. Reuben Addlemat
and daughter, Barbara. We're re-
cent guests of Mr. and Mrs. J w
Newton. of Richmond. in honor q
Mrs. Newton's. birthday celebIa.
ton.
MYF Of Centenary Churcl
sponsored a party at the log cabif
Friday evening. March 10. Game
were enjoyed Many attended =
some from a distance. Punch ant
cookies were served.
Mrs. Martha Jenkins and Nj
and Mrs. j. p. Stratton attended