davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1953-10-18
YugosIoyio's View

It is difficult for Americans to
understand the dispute between
Yugoslavia and Italy over such a
small area as Trieste. But it is q
completely different matter for
YugoSlavia.
The fundamental Yugoslav argu-
ments are that the Trieste area is
historically, geographically, ethni-
cally and economically a part of
Yugoslav territory and that it never
was Italian until it was given to
Italy as bribe for changing sides
in World War I.
No one today disputes that Tri-
este, together with it's hinterland,
for centuries was inhabited by Slo-
venes. To this day. the entire area
surrounding the port city of Trieste
is Slav in spite of 30-year italian
denationalizatiop. AS long ago as
the last century. Italian statesmen
recognized that the border between
Italians and Slovenes was the Soca
Cor IsonZo) River. This stream is
about so miles inside present italian
national territory. In spite of this,
Italy has manifested her expansion
ist aspirations On the eastern shore
of the Adriatic.
Linked to BoIkons
Trieste is situated on the eastern
side, opposite the Italian shore.
Communications lines link the city
with the hinterland it serves as
a port. Without this hinterland
Trieste cannot be defended. It fol-
lows, then, that Trieste is indivisible
from the area behind it-this area
being not Italy but Yugoslavia and
the Danube basin.
Italy wanted Trieste as a spring.
board for expansionism in the
Balkans. In World War II, Italy
sent troops directly from Trieste
into Yugoslavia.
AS soon as Italy took over Trieste
after World War I, she began mass
standardization. Between wars,
she succeeded, with terror, in ex-
pelling tens OF thousands of Slovenes
and settling Italians in Trieste.
The allied military government in
Trieste, after World War II, did
not stop that process at all, but
favored Italy in allowing that coun-
try virtually to run the civil admin
iStration of Zone A.
Yugoslavia, consequently, rejects
a plebiscite today for two reasons:
First, by standardization over the
past 80 years the structure of the
Trieste areas population was essen
TALLY changed; second, Trieste City
itself, with about 100000 Italians,
would outvote the compact Slovene
population in the rest of the area.
Anti-Soviet Role
Another aspect is the common
interest in defense of that part of
Europe from Soviet attack. Aggres-
sion from the East toward Trieste
can be prevented only through Yugo-
slavial Close cooperation for de-
Tense in this area is vital, but is
impossible as long as Italy reaches
over the Adriatic into Yugoslav
territory. f" ff
1t would be short sighted to try
to solve Rome's domestic crises by
Evening star., 1953-10-18
Iocorno' Idea Is Challenge for Big 3

quence, Of course, would permit
Russia to stall forever on the pact,
thereby preventing the launching
of EDO or the rearming of Germany.
This brings out another difficulty:
The Big Three will have to agree on
their immediate objectives before a
proposition can be presented to
Russia.
Some persons have suggested a
'demilitarized buffer zone to be
created along the eastern boundary
of united Germany. This would
tend to freeze the boundary. how
ever, and seal off the satellite
countries forever.
There is also this reservation: A
mutual security guarantee or non
aggression agreement could never
be looked upon by the West as a
real safeguard against Communist
attack. The democracies obviously
would have to keep their powder
dry.
So in effect the West would be
offering the Communists our as
suranceS of peaceful intentions
without gaining any trustworthy
assurances in exchange. The Re-
publican right wing, which recoils
from any gesture toward getting
along with the Communists, would
not willingly hold still for any such
pact, even if a favorable German
settlement were included. Thus
American domestic politics forms
still another stumbling block.
The uncertainties of a security
guarantee prevent the Big Three
from putting all their hopes in that
one basket. They already are trying
other approaches and will be dis
cussing still other ideas at the Lon
don conference.
Big Three's Ideos
MIR. Churchill is pinning his hopes
on face-to-face meeting with
Malenkov and President Eisenhower.
But the United States has no faith
now in the outcome of any such
grand gesture. Politically it would
be difficult for President Eisenhower
to try what would be condemned in
advance as another "Yalta."
France had suggested, unoficially.
a Big Five conference Cncluding
Red China) to try to work out Solu-
tions to Far Eastern problems. The
United States, however, wants to
see what happens, if anything, at
the Korean political conference.
Mr.. Dulles has still another sug-
gestion: Assure Russia verbally that
we have no aggressive intentions.
He tried this approach in recent
U. N. speech, but no results were
visible.
And the Lugano parley invitation,
OF course, is yet another device for
breaking the cold war jam.
What the outcome of the London
talks will be no one can tell. But
the leaders are determined to try
one move after another until their
diplomatic offensive gets results or
shows that no results are possible
and shows who Is to blame.
Evening star., 1953-10-18

The Big Three-the United States,
Britain and France - are in the
process of launching major diplo-
matte offensive in the cold war, even
though they have not decided pre-
cisely in which direction they will
advance.
The decision to take the initiative
came after summer of waiting for
the Soviet Union to produce some
thing tangible in it's own peace
offensive" After the encouraging
signature of the Korean truce, how
ever, action Lcame to standstill.
So the allied attitude shifted.
In recent weeks Western diplo-
mats have conferred here and in
Europe, trying to work out new.
positive moves in the cold war. Last
week Secretary of State Dulles flew
to London to meet British Foreign
Secretary Eden and French Foreign
Minister Bidault. They will try on
a higher level to bring into focus
some of the suggested moves.
The New Strategy
What will the new cold-war STRAIT
egy be? No one, even the foreign
ministers, knows exactly. But this
much is sure: Anything with a
chance to work will be tried.
The diplomats have two objec-
tiveS:
. Push East-West negotiations,
off the dead center on which they
have been stuck since the Korean
truce.
Q Assure the "neutrals" and the
critics of allied diplomacy that the
Big Three governments are willing
to do anything reasonable that will
ease the cold war and avert World
War III.
Although the Big Three are con-
sidering several possible moves, one
proposal in particular has received
almost all the public attention. 1t
is the suggestion that the Big Three
offer the Soviet Union a nonaggres-
sion pact, or a combination of sew
eral such pacts, with the hope that
assurances of peaceful intentions
will encourage the Communists to
settle major East-WeSt differences.
The Classic Pact
Anon-aggression pact, in its classic
form, is this: Two mutually hostile
countries agree not to go to war
with each other. To guarantee the
peace, third party pledges itself
to fight on the side Of the innocent
nation If the other country breaks
its promise and starts fighting.
That was the essence of the Lo-
carno pact, which is being discussed
as more or less of model for today.
France and Germany agreed in 1925
not to attack each other. Britain was
the third party. The pact, OF course,
broke down when Hitler militarized
the Rhineland and denounced the
treaty, and England and France
failed to move.
A non-aggreSSion pact in the classic
style obviously is impossible today.
There ID no powerful third party
Evening star., 1953-10-18
By Richord FrykIund

which can stand ready to flatten
either the Communists or the allies
if one attacks the other
Without q guarantor, q non-ag-
gression pact would be worth little
more than the Hitler-S Stain treaty
of 1899, which, of course, had no
such middleman.
Not Just One Treoty
So there is no serious thought, at
least in the State Department. of
trying for one big non-aggression
" pact between East and West which
would settle the global war. (The
United Nations Charter, as Mr.. Dull
les pointed out, contains pledge Of
peaceful actions which is nothing
more nor less than 60-nation non
aggression pact. If it won't work,
no other scrap of paper will.)
But the State Department does
feel there is one specific trouble spot
where some sort of security guaran-
tee might prof1tably be offered Rus
sia. The spot is Germany-the key
to a general European settlement.
Russia has shown no signs of
wanting a reasonable settlement of
Germany's future. But would Sc
curity guarantee of some sort en-
courage the Kremlin to accept
fair decision?
Another Question
That question leads to another
question. Are the Communists
really afraid of aggression from the
West? If the Kremlin dictators be-
lieve the MarxiSm they preach. then
they must be convinced the capi-
taliStic countries will soon resort to
an imperialistic war to save Wall
Street from collapse. If they believe
this, then Moscow would see little
value In a security guarantee from
the Big Three.
But there is another possibility
that, if Moscow Is genuinely afraid
of anything, that fear is confined to
Germany, or. more specifically, to
the specter of a rearmed Germany
led by a new Hitler and backed with
the power of the United States.
Many Europeans are convinced it
is just such fear which keeps Rus
sia from accepting any German
settlement.
If such fear exists, then the Big
Three might create a break in the
cold war by offering proposition
such as this: Unity Germany, re-
arm her, confine her troops to the
European Defense Community, and,
as a part of this package, formally
guarantee that Germany would be
prevented by the Big Three from
attacking toward the East.
Some Pitfalls
There would be pitfalls to such
an offer. French officials already
have made the move more difficult
by suggesting that q non-aggreSsion
pact be signed before EDO is set up
or Germany rearmed. Such Sc
Evening star., 1953-10-18

armament for Self-defenSe would be
legal. His repetition of his point
of view in Washington recently got
only moderate attention in Tokyo.
Clause Ignored
Mr.. Yoshida and Mr.. Shigemitsu
do not make a point of agreeing with
DR.. Ashida. What they have de-
cided in effect is to ignore the war
remuneration clause in the conStitu-
ton. This attitude toward legality
will set a postwar precedent but
was nothing new in preSurrender
Japan.
Whether the left and right wing
Socialists, who still do not favor re-
armament, will allow Japan to re-
arm without a constitutionality test
in the courts is highly doubtful.
That is just one of the big hurdles
which Japan must clear before it
can get going with it's rearmament
program.
Another obstacle is the problem
of finding the money. Even If
America helps, the japanese econ
omy is headed for hard times. Jap
anese prices are too high to meet
United States, British and German
competition. With American spend
ing in Japan expected to slack off
if the armistice holds in Korea,
japanese government officials ad-
NIT privately that they are seriously
worried about depression in the
next few years. A country in de-
preston will be in poor shape to
launch an effective rearmament
program. With the economy" men
tality now prevailing in the United
States administration, the Japanese
also realize that it is unlikely
America will pick up the whole
check.
Political Foctors, Too ~
There are some political factors
working against rearmament, too.
The present Communists are
using the Macarthur constitution
against rearmament to good effect,
Evening star., 1953-10-18

which confirmed that the authority
of the Allied Military Government
would be extended to the liberated
territories up to the 1899 frontier.
Notwithstanding, Marshal Tito
occupied Trieste, an action defined
by Field Marshal Lord Alexander as
"too reminiscent of Hitler, Mussolini
and Japan"
At the peace conference, an Amer
lean line more favorable to Italy
was proposed; an English one less
favorable and French one which
limited the territory still more. All
these lines acknowledged, however,
the existence of a majority of Ital-
ian population in the Trieste zone.
The French line was chosen, but, to
please Russia, the compromise of
the Free Territory of Trieste was
approved. We all know the circum-
stances that led to the impossibility
of creating a Free Territory, an i'm
possibility acknowledged by the tri-
partite declaration of March, 1948,
which proposed Italian sovereignty
for the Free Territory as "the best
solution to meet the democratic
aspiration of the people"
Many Offers
Italy many times presented pro-
posals for a settlement Of the
Trieste issue. In 1914 and 1945 the
Italian Ambassador in Moscow tried
to get in touch with the YugoSlav
Ambassador in order to reach a
friendly settlement in regard to the
boundaries of the two countries, but
with no success. In February and
in May, 1850, Foreign Minister
Sforza had talks with the YugoSlav
Minister in Rome, but with no re-
suits. In July of the same year,
= Italian and YugoSlav representatives
met three times in Rome to study
the possibility of reaching some kind
of an agreement on the question of
Trieste, but the meetings did not
bring any solution.
Lately Italy proposed a plebiScite
according to the tradition of the
Italian Risorgimento and In har-
mony with the democratic principles
of the right to Self-determination.
AS it was said at the beginning,
the question of Trieste for the Ital-
ians is not a sentimental one, nor
a horse trading one. 1t is Ques-
, ton Of justice, which the Italian
people expect the allies to recognize.
Evening star., 1953-10-18
ItoIy's View

If the history of the Trieste prob
lem was more fully known, it would
be seen that it is not sentimental
issue for Italians, as some persons
have suggested, nor one in which
Italy wants to do little horse
trading, as some others have limited.
The struggle for the independence
of Italy began with the wars OF
1848-49 and continued with the war
of 1859 against Austria, which dom
mated large parts of Italy. The war
was not considered ended by the
Italians when Veneto was liberated
in 1866. Trento and Trieste, during
the years became, therefore, the
goal to be realized at the first op-
portunity. The two cities have been
Italian for centuries, both hiStori-
cally and ethnically: Trieste (Ter-
geste) was under the Romans, then
under Venice, and later a free Ital-
ian "Comune" in the frame of Aus
trian feudalism. (Trieste proclaimed
- herself in 1860 "CivitGS Imperi
ItGlici'') and then part of the Aus
trian Empire, but always maintain
ing her Italian character. Ethni-
cally, the figures of the Austrian
census taken in the worst period for
Trieste, when the Austrian govern
ment was pushing the de-Italianiza-
tion of Trieste and was favoring the
Slav immigration, are the following:
According to the 1900 census the
Comune of Trieste had 116,825
Italian inhabitants and 25,130 Slo-
venes and Croatians out of total
population Of 178,599. The 1910
census counted, for the Comune of
Trieste, a total population of 229,-
$40, of whom 1889 were Italians
and 59,319 Slovenes and CroatS.
Role in War
The union of Trieste to Italy for
both clinical and historical reasons
above mentioned was the reason for
italian intervention in the war of
1915, which cost Italy more than
100000 dead and, while destroying
the Austrian Hungarian Empire,
served to create Yugoslavia.
Italys request for Trieste was ac-
cepted by the allies with the London
treaty; by the Yugoslav representa-
tives, headed by Trumbich, with the
Rome pact april 10, 1879 and
acknowledged by Wilson in tracing
the so-called Wilson line.
The predominantly Italian char
acter of Trieste was further con-
f1rmed by the census of 1921 (before
Fascism),. The figures of the census
of 1921, confirmed by the Allied In
vestigating Committee which was
appointed by the Peace Conference,
were these: Of total population of
238.655 inhabitants for the Comune
of Trieste, 202,382 were Italians and
1880 Slovenes. In addition 1907
Yugoslav subjects were registered as
residing in Trieste. Toward the end
of the second World War, after 1943,
the new Italian government brought
many times to the attention of the
allied governments it's anxiety over
the fate Of Trieste and Venezia
Giulia and received assurances from
them (the last being given by the
State Department on April 19. 1945)
Evening star., 1953-10-18
Condor
Many See a Need
For Explanation
By Allen DruH

Some time in the near future the
President of the United States may
go before the radio microphones
and the television cameras and give
his countrymen full and frank re-
port on the menace to their safety
posed by Russia's possession Of an
atomic and hydrogen bomb stock
pile.
Then again, he may not.
At the moment no one in official
life, perhaps including Gen. Eisen-
hover himself, seems to have much
idea whether he will or won't.
The administrations well-publicized
Operation Candor" has begged
down in a sea of conflicting state
ments and behind-the scenes pulling
and hauling. Some presidential adj
visers apparently want an Opera
ton Frighten." Some want an
Operation Small-Talk. Some just
don't want an operation at all. And
the President himself hasn't given
any indication what he wants.
To date, the record shows the fol-
lowing announcements, which cu-
mulatively have created what WASH
ington critics call Operation Con-
fusion:
Q BY War Mobilization Director
Arthur S. Flemming to the effect
that Russia is now capable of de-
livering the atomic bomb on
America. l
Q BY Secretary of Defense Charles
E. Wilson that Russia can't do this
for three years or more" so every
body can relax.
. BY Civil Defense Director Val
Peterson that atomic war is "inevit-
table," SO everybody better not re-
lax. t~
. BY Chairman w. Sterling Cole Of
the Joint Congressional Atomic
Energy Committee that Americas
present atomic and hydrogen effort
is not sufficient to meet the all-out
Soviet drive to achieve mastery in
this field. r.
Q. BY the President that Russia has
the capability to deliver an atomic
this capability will increase.
. Also by the President that no
member of the administration is to
comment further on atomic matters
without clearing his remarks with
Chairman Lewis Strauss Of the
Atomic Energy Commission.
. Finally, five days after the Presi-
dents order, another statement by
Mr.. Wilson repeating his earlier
optimism, accompanied by the flip
pant comment that he wished Mr..
Strauss were on hand because Then
I could get myself censored real
promptly"
Except for the SOLDERING fact that
lack of a clear-cut administration
policy on this vital issue is scarcely
funny, such crosS-purpose official
bloopers might be amusing. But be-
cause there is no humor in the sit
uation, earnest and responsible men.
some in Congress, some in science.
some@ in, the executive branch of
the Government, continue to hope
that Operation Candor" will come
off, and that it will be both genue
inely candid and as dignified and
effective as the subject demands.
What the operation" should do.
Evening star., 1953-10-18
How Do the Two Sides Justify Their Attitudes in Trieste Dispute?

Trieste at the head Of the Adriatic Sea, the current
powder keq of Europe As 1ls0GyS in disputes of this kind
each side considers that its point of vieaO is right To inform
Americans OF the Oies Of Italy and YugoaOia on the Trieste
NATTER the fooWing articles haze been prepared for The
Stnr bu citizens of the contendinq countries
Evening star., 1953-10-18
By EorI H. Voss

TOKYO-Even after two months
of concentrated coaxing by the
United States, Japan still is only
talking about rearmament. And
despite American impatience, the
prospect is for a lot more talk before
any decisive action is taken.
Whether America could possibly
Mr.. Voss Of The Sunday Stars editorial stoff
is in the Far Eost on on extended survey
tour His dispatches will appear reguIorIy
in this section.
The Bluffton news. [volume] (Bluffton, Ohio) 1875-current, 1953-04-30
LOOK AGAIN
Continued from Page II

mated just that much radio and tele-
vision interference is done away
with, it was pointed out by the
light-up committee.
In the meantime, Bluffton's an
nual cleanup drive was moving into
its final phase. Regular rounds of
town trucks to pick up rubbish from
the homes of regular patrons were
started Tuesday of this week.
Householders, community organiza-
tions, businessmen and industries are
cooperating in the city-wide cam
paign scheduled to continue through
Saturday of this week in a drive to
make Bluffton a cleaner, healthier,
safer and more attractive commun-
ity.
In the schools, the Business Mems
association has offered an award of
one of Ohio's official state flags to
the high school class and the grade
school class returning the greatest
number of official Cleanup Drive re-
port sheets from Bluffton homes.
The sheets provide a check list of
progress made in cooperating with
the cleanup.
The Bluffton news. [volume] (Bluffton, Ohio) 1875-current, 1953-04-30
Century Club

Century Club
The Century Club will have a
luncheon at the home of Miss Ocie
Anderson Thursday, April 3Oth, at
100 o'clock. Program-Literatur
and the Press in Ohio by Mrs. Clair
Fett; Film-Magazine Magic.
Eastern Star
Bluffton Chapter, No. $50, o. E. S.
will meet in regular session on Tues
day, May 5, at 500 P. M. in Masonic
Hall.
Birthday Party
Mrs. Ralph N. Marshall entertained
with birthday party in her home,
Thursday afternoon, in honor of her
The Bluffton news. [volume] (Bluffton, Ohio) 1875-current, 1953-04-30
HERE AND THERE
By Ruth Huber

Lehman Bros, local hay dealers,
left Monday with two truck-loads of
hay for the blue grass area of Ken
lucky where the local product will be
fed to the thorobreds of the stables
of that area. They also truck into
Virginia where the mixed clover, TIM
othy and alfalfa finds a ready mar
ket.
Joe Suter of Kansas, is visiting at
the home of Ruehl Suter in Pandora.
Aldine Shellenberg, who is now en-
ployed in Piqua, was home over last
Sunday.
John Betz of Ada, is recovering
from double case of flu and pneumo-
mia and expects to be able to return
to work soon.
Customers of Koch's store in Raw
son were served orange ade and cake
at the store last Saturday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Harry Hauenstein of
Rawson, viscited relatives in Sandus-
ky over the weekend.
Mr.. and Mrs. Lem Carahan of Ben
ton Ridge, were visitors in Rawson
last Saturday.
Wilbur Potee, Bluffton mail carrier,
is able to be up and about again af-
ter a session at the Bluffton Commu-
nifty hospital.
Gilbert Althaus, Bluffton stump re-
mover and land clearing man, has
large acreage of stumps TO remove
on the farm of Carl McCafferty south
of town.
Early garden plants seem to be
making progress during the warm
days and wheat and grass are grow
The Bluffton news. [volume] (Bluffton, Ohio) 1875-current, 1953-04-30
TOIedOdn To Speak At
Garden Club Meetinq

Color slides depicting spring, sum-
mer and fall in the Smoky noun
tains will be shown at the next meet
ing of the Bluffton Mems Garden
club at the Lester Niswander home
Thursday evening, May 7.
The slides will be projected by
DR.. C. F. Gebhardt who made them
on recent trips into the mountains of
the south. DR.. Gebhardt is resi-
dent of Toledo, and a member of the
Mems Garden club of that city. He
will be accompanied on his Bluffton
visit by several other members of
the oTledo club.