davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1953-11-01

country's much-needed oil and pre-
venting United States-Brazilian
defense alliance. A revolutionary
army of $4,000 Communists is re-
ported forming in inaccessible
jungle.
. Panama. Although small, the
party is termed the best trained
and disciplined south of Mexico.
It maintains important links with
fellow travellers in politics, educa-
ton, business and professions. This
party could be counted on for
sabotage in event of war.
. Cuba. Communists had control
of unions and seated nine Deputies
and four Senators before Batista
drove the party underground. 1t re-
mains a threat, especially in the
tense political situation there.
o BoliUiG. Despite some reports,
communism is no immediate threat
in this one-commodity (tin) econ
omy. Marxist theology is popular
and the government has reSorted to
extreme measures to shore up
weak economy, but United States
aid is tempering these moves. Many
of about 10000 Communists are
miners and university students.
TrotSkyites are strong. @"'
. Chile. Now underground, the
party still controls the big unions
and holds the balance Of power In
others. ~
Vibrotion Movement F..
In the Caribbean area the Com
munists exploit the colonial liberia
ton movement, in addition to other
tensions common to underdeveloped
areas. Cheddi Jagan's Short-lived
victory in British Guiana stirred
the enthusiasm of small but active
Communist groups in Trinidad and
Jamaica. "a
Ferdinand Smith, assistant secre.
tary general Of the Communist-run
World Federation Of Trade Unions
and former CIO National Maritime
Union official, is the sparkplug.
working out of Jamaica. His lieu.
tenants control important oil work.
erS In Trinidad. In Jamaica, his
aides, squeezed out of two political
parties, now operate under the dis
guise Of an educational" commit
tee.
Ironically, the United States is
supplying little to this cold war"
front except Communist promoters
like Janet Jagan and Ferdinand
Smith. This area gets practically
no economic aid or propaganda To
resist communism.
Evening star., 1953-11-01

The recent Communist threat in
British Guiana has raised several
questions for United States foreign
policy. Was Russia seeking a stra-
tegic foothold in Latin America?
Or was Moscow trying to divert at
tention from Europe and Asia?
The evidence indicates that COM
munism, perhaps spurred by United
States apathy. seeks a base in the
hemisphere from which she can ex-
pand. Only one phase of well-or-
ganized drive, British Guiana pos
SeSSeS conditions that are wide
spread in Latin America and the
Caribbean. These conditions breed
tensions that make these countries
vulnerable to Communist propa-
ganda.
Any threat of serious Communist
expansion, however. Is more latent
than active. Communists play on
forces now emerging from wide
spread political, social and eco
nomic ferment. They exploit the
ascending power Of organized labor
and agrarian reform groups. They
join with ultra -nationaliSts in some
countries to incite anti-Ameri-
canism.
No Single Base
The organizational apparatus Of
international communism has no
base of operations in Latin America,
as often reported. Russia is too
smart to rely on base in one coun-
try that may be detected and wiped
out at. any time. Instead, each
country is designed as a particular
operation maintaining channelized
communication with the Kremlin
Three levels Of command exist.
On the international level is the
Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Radio Moscow, Moscow publishing
houses. the World Peace Council in
East Berlin. and the Cominform in
Bucharest. On the national level
these agencies operate respectively
through an embassy. q TaSs news
agency, a Communist bookstore, a
peace" committee, and a Com
munist party in each country.
Front Groups Used
These national activities of inter-
national communism are disguised
through the use of labor. peace and
woman groups as fronts oStensibly
devoted to patriotic and humans
tartan endeavors. Actually. these
fronts serve as instruments to sub
Evening star., 1953-11-01

vert pliable subjects to the aims
of Russian foreign policy.
Moscow directs it's activities in
each country through unique and
elusive system Of communications,
making it difficult to plug infiltra-
ton even by outlawing the party
or breaking diplomatic relations.
If a country breaks diplomatic
relations 90 Latin countries have) :,
instructions and propaganda con-
tinue through the Moscow World
Peace Council-local peace commit
tee link. The same switch occurs if
country outlaws the party.
Power in BroziI, Chile
This explains how communism re-
mains powerful force in Brazil
and Chile, although both countries
have broken off relations with Rus
sia and outlawed the party. Front
delegations visit behind the Iron
Curtain and return with the latest
in Communist tactics and propa-
sanda.
Two prolific channels Of propa-
ganda are maintained in some coun-
tries. A bookstore sells Communist
volumes at bargain rates and in tie
in sales. A well-edited Spanish
language newspaper is published by
the Cominform and widely circu-
lated in Latin America.
Much of this propaganda is di-
rected at distorting United States
diplomacy. The United States is
Evening star., 1953-11-01
By Henry B. Lee

committed by treaty not to inter-
fere unilaterally in purely domestic
affairs of other American republics.
Even when it wants to act against
external threats to this hemisphere,
it acts multilaterally through the
Organization of American States.
Communist propaganda distorts this
practice as support for dictators
like Trujillo and Batista.
liberols Stirred Up
This propaganda is effective with
many liberals who ask why we in
Sist on free elections in Poland but
not in many Latin American coun-
tries. The United States is thus
placed in poor theological posi-
tion.
Russia has also barred its Latin
American objectiveS by the type Of
ambassadors it has sent to Latin
countries Before World War II
many Soviet ambassadors were
reputable, sociable and acted like
any other diplomat. Recent am
bassa6orS were relatively unknown,
unsociable and apparently better
schooled in revolutionary tactics.
What is the current status of the
Red network in Latin America? Here
are details on current hot spots:
. Guatemala. Exploiting a social
revolution and ultra-nationalism,
Communists have gained control of
labor and confidence Of government.
Evening star., 1953-11-01

at Hong Kong and Kowloon.
Refugees from Communist China
who have settled there now num-
ber over 2 million.
Favor NotionoIists
And since those days of general
Chinese paSsiveness, the people have
had a chance to see the Reds in
action. They don't like what they
see. Most of them are actively
hostile to the Communists. One
incident illustrates the depth of the
feeling. Some months ago the
Chinese NationaliStS conducted a
guerrilla raid on the mainland. 1t
was the first time they had hit the
continent in force since they left.
About a company of Red troops
were captured. When the news got
to Shanghai, the people thought
the moment Of liberation was at
hand. There were demonstrations
Evening star., 1953-11-01

a concerted effort by fair-trade OPP
ponentS has been deemed respon.
sible for the success Of fair-trade
laws in the States.
Pro and Con Groups q.
Lineup of the pro and con groups
so intrigued a House committee
looking into the fair trade principle
in 1851 that it discussed the two
sides in section of it's report.
The opposition included such
strong organizations as the National
Grange, Federation of Citizens AS
sociations. American Farm Bureau
Federation, Congress of Industrial
OrganizAt tions, American Federation
of Labor. American Association Of
University Women and General
Federation of Women's Clubs. Pro-
ponentS nationally have included
principally manufacturing, whole
sale and supply associations. Among
the main proponents here have been
the independent druggists.
Another area of fair trade pressure
will be Georgia, where State courts
declared the fair trade law un-
constitutional Bills designed to
circumvent the courts objections
already are being prepared for the
new term of the Georgia Legislature.
A week before the Louisiana case
was turned down for review, the
United States Supreme Court turned
down plea to review the Georgia
case. %''
The fair traders also are at work
In Michigan, seeking to strengthen
the law there. The Michigan law
is unique in that it does not bind
non-signers to observe fair trade.
California Wos First .7
The fair-trade movement got
under way officially in 1881, when
California passed the first such law.
Today, in addition to Georgia, the
only places without such law are
Vermont. Texas, Missouri and the
District. aAH
Despite the Supreme Courts
Evening star., 1953-11-01

American troops can't. But native
forces in Asia are eager to have
a try at it. Free China, which
never will accept the Communist
victory on the mainland as final,
is training a large army now to
wrest control of the vast country
from the Reds.
There is enough Asian manpower
here on Formosa and in Korea to
do the job. But these forces have
limitation-that of equipment and
transportation. If these are sup
piled by the United States, and if
the limited war is resumed in Korea,
think that Chang Kai-shek could
pull of a successful invasion Of the
mainland.
That second "if"-about Korea
is key one. it is true. But the way
things are going In Korea now, what
alternative Is there to Q resump-
ton Of fighting.
Lack Of Transport
Mao Tse-tung breads q two-front
war much more than Hitler ever
did. The key reason is transporta-
ton. The China mainland Just
doesn't have it.
The Reds were using / million
troops in Korea. That may be the
limit they can arm and deploy there.
For outside Of almost negligible
home production. Communist equip.
ment comes from Soviet Russia via
Siberia and Manchuria over one key
rail line. South Of TientSin there
are only two railroads. The Red
capacity for supplying troops to the
faraway south is definitely limited.
What I would like to see is q re-
sumption Of the war in Korea as an
"active defensive" This would be
not push to the Yalu but just
enough activity to keep the Reds
transporting and expending arms
Evening star., 1953-11-01

. Atti-Gircrdtt artillery. The accent
has been on development Of punchier
AA material. The celebrated 75-mm.
"Skysweeper" is reported to shoot
higher. faster and with greater ac-
curacy than any other gun in the
world. It's accuracy comes from i'm
proved electronic devices, develop
ment Of which has created virtually
an entire new military industry since
1949.
. Guided missiles. Much informa-
ton about guided missiles has been
kept Unnecessarily, many observers
believe) under wraps. However,
Army ordnance development of
ground-to-air guided missiles such
as the nike" is known to have
passed from the experimental to the
production phase. Washington and
other major cities shortly will be
ringed by guided-missile emplace-
mentS.
Other Advances
In addition to these advances.
there also have been developments
in ground artillery and small arms.
These, however, are not so Spectac-
ular, primarily because the United
States was pre-eminent in these
fields already. No artillery weapon
in the world today can compare in
general purpose utility to the los
and 155 millimeter howitzers, the
standard artillery Of infantry di-
visions.
RecoilleSS rifles, which were COM
ing into production in 81 and IS mil
limeter sizes at the end of World
War II, have been developed in the
los millimeter ca liber. This
weapon. with all the punch-if not
the range and accuracy-of the los
howitzer, has proved itself in Korea
where, in many situations, it would
have been physically impossible to
emplace a standard field piece.
Much of the new artillery develop
ment has been toward more lethal
armor-piercing ammunition to COM
bat the heavy tanks SO dear to the
Red army. Though Korea was not
much of tank war, tests indicate
that the United States Army now
can penetrate the skin of any ar
mored vehicle an enemy is likely to
produce.
For the Douohboy
For the foot soldier-who remains
the heart of any army-develop-
ments have been directed toward
making him superior not to just
one enemy soldier. but to a large
number. He was in good shape to
start with when he was issued his
MI (Garand) rifle. This was be-
fore Korea, and remains today one
of the best-if not the best-infan-
try arm in the world.
Just at the start of Korea, the in
fantryman got an unexpected as
sist when the 3.5-inch >bazooka was
rushed into production. This wea-
pom far outclaSseS the old 2.36-inch
rocket, and Is now standard for the
infantry.
Though the four-year period Of
development has brought some fan
taStic military dreams into reality,
one thing remains unchanged as
basic American military doctrine.
This is that the infantryman is the
key to the successful conclusion of
any war. The new atomic weapons,
the guided missiles, the tanks and
the SkySweeper have been produced
for one reason only: To make the
doughboy's back-breaking job lit
tie easier. to make him a little
stronger. and to avoid ever calling
on him to be mere cannon fodder
in human wave" charge against
. numerically superior enemy.
Evening star., 1953-11-01
Ordnance
Developments Of Last Four Years Give America
Potentially Strongest Arsenal in World
By WiIIium Hines

The retirement yesterday Of Mai,
Gen. Ebert L. Ford as chief of
Army ordnance marks the end Of
four-year transition period that has
, given the United States potentially
the most redoubtable arsenal the
world has ever known. The job
now cut out for Gen. Ford'S sue
cessor, Maj. Gen. Emerson L. Cum
mingS, is to translate this poten-
tiality into actuality.
This should not be an overly diffi-
cult job, given enough money and
a reasonable guarantee Of continuity
for plan already in effect. AS a
result of unpreparedness before
World Wars I and II and the widely
criticized delay in ammunition pro-
duction after the outbreak of war
In Korea, the Army today is deter
mined to keep its production ma
chinery in repair, no matter what
kind Of peace may break out.
Whether politicians will allow the
military to maintain vital but ex-
penSive standby plans in q time of
other story. But as far as ranking
military officers like the retired
ordnance chief are concerned, there
is only one watchword today that
makes any sense. That Is the old
Latin adage, Isl DiS pGcenr, para
bellunr" you want peace, prepare
for war.
Nucleor ArsenoI
When Gen. Ford retired, he turned
over to his ucceSsor-metaphorically
Speaking-a whole set Of new arrows
for his quiver. For the first time
since the 18th century, when the
arequebuS made the croSsbow obso-
lete, something has come along to
Supplant gunpowder and its deriva-
tives as the No. l weapon in the
ground soldiers arsenal. This is the
energy locked inside the atom
ready now at a moments notice to
be released through the tube Of a
huge artillery piece with an effective
range of 20 miles.
This modern-day Big Bertha is
only one of a group Of weapons
based on the power Of the atom.
The precise status of atomic-guided
missiles remains locked in secrecy,
but it is reasonable to assume that
if something as small as a 280-milli-
meter artillery shell can be en-
gineered to contain "the atom"
similar warhead can be placed on
ground-to-ground superrocketA.
Mojor Developments
The atomic arsenal aside, Army
ordnance in the last four years has
taken giant strides in development
of conventional" arms, ammuni-
tion and equipment. Reviewing his
four years in Office, Gen. Ford last
week listed these as significant de-
velopmentS in the conventional field:
. Trucks. While the standard field
transport vehicle of the Army still
is the ''siX-by-six," its power, , dur
ability and capacity have been i'm
proved greatly since World War II
days. The rugged terrain of Korea
has been both challenge and a
proving ground to the 6x6 truck,
which is rated as the finest vehicle
of its kind in the world.
Q Tanks A whole new series of
light and medium tanks have been
brought from the drawing board to
the combat line in the last four
years. Some of these, such as the
Gen. Walker, had a number of
"bugS" when first released to the
troops. This. Gen. Ford said. was a
calculated risk that was taken, and
. one which has paid of. The bugs,
never serious. now have been cor
.rected.
Evening star., 1953-11-01
By Gen. Claire chennouIt
As Told to EorI n. Voss

TAIPEH. Formosa.-It has taken
too long, but most people in the
United States apparently realize
now that Red China will never be
friendly to the West. She needs
Russian help or she can't live. And
she can never be friends with both
the Soviet and America. AS long
as the Communists rule China there
will be unrest or actual fighting in
ASIA. Real peace is impossible with
the Reds in Peking.
That brings up the question of
who throws them out? Certainly
Evening star., 1953-11-01

FrIce war IN 81 was big New York newA
action in the two recent cases, the
whole question of fair trade could
conceivably come before the high
court for review. This would happen
If another Federal court made q
ruling in opposition to the one made
in the Louisiana case, and then the
case were carried to the Supreme
Court. Confronted with the con-
fllcting rulings. the Supreme Court
would have to consider both of them
and make a decision. That Is q
possibility. but a remote one.
Meantime. pressures are building
up for strengthening existing laws
and passing laws where none exist;
including one for the District. ~.
Evening star., 1953-11-01

Gen. chennouIt, Fomed IsodeE Of the Flying
Tigers" in World War u and now h0Od
Of Chinese OirIine, is close to
GeneruIissimo chiung Koi-shek, heed Of
the Chinese Nationalist government in
Formoso. His views on China strotegy
ore widely believed to parallel those Of
the eeneroIisSimo.
The Miami times. [volume] (Miami, Fla.) 1923-current, 1953-10-03

GATOR BOWL, Jacksonville -
Especially "A pair of senior ter
rors - Johnny Arnold of Clair
ton, Pa, and Sammy Marshall, of
Tampa, scored first half touch
downs as the mighty Rattlers of
the Florida A and M University
tuned up for their battle with the
Benedict College Tigers in Tai
lahassee, by Submerging the Tex
as College Steers $50 here be-
fore some 400 fans on a mud
soaked turf.
Arnold. a hard running speed
Ster, crashed over from the one
foot line after the game was but
three minutes old. He converted
to put the Jake Gaither-coached
outfit, defending national cham
pionS, ahead TO. The Rattlers
moved IA yards to register the
tally which came after fullback
Sal Gator of Miami recovered
Louis Hicks tumble.
Marshall, a 240 pound tackle,
scored the first touchdown of his
college career after William Bar
Der, freshman end from Miami
blocked Randy Wilberly'S at
tempted punt deep in the Texas
end zone. Al Miller of Copaque,
NY, booted the extra point to
give the Rattlers a 14-0 lead late
in the second stanza.
Al Frazier, Jacksonville
freshman, scampered 26 yards for
a third period tally but missed
the extra point on a conversion
attempt as the Rattlers continued
their mastery over the Texans by
rolling to a 300 lead.
Sophomore Ruben Fielder, an
other Jaxon product. rumbled six
yards for the fourth A and M
score. Miller converted.
Charlie Walker, Phoenix City,
Ala. Sohomore crashed eight yards
late in the final Stanza for the last
Rather score.
The RattlerS led by left half
Willie Baltimore of st. Augustine
completely dominated play as
they rolled for a net yardage of
238 yards all but five coming on
the ground. At the same time, a
big bursting A and M forward
wall led by Marshall and Willie
Lee, senior tackle and guards Paul
Culver and Arnold Sullivan, a
pair of Tampa linemen, held the
Texans to a net gain of three
yards on the ground. Texas picked
up forty in the air on two COM
pleted passes.
A and M rolled for IA first
downs and Texas, one, not get
ting the lone first down until
late in the third period on a heave
from Hicks to Nelson Cummings.
The Miami times. [volume] (Miami, Fla.) 1923-current, 1953-10-03

WASHINGTON - Paul r.
Williams, prominent architect of
Los Angeles, California, named by
President Eisenhower to the Ad-
visory Committee on Government
Housing Policies and Programs,
will attend the first meeting Of
this committee of 20 housing ex-
pertS representing all elements Of
the housing industry from every
section of the country on Sept. 80
in Washington, D. c.
The Advisory Committee on
Government Housing Policies and
Programs will advise the Presi-
dent what role the Federal Gov
eminent should take in meeting
the nations housing needs
The Miami times. [volume] (Miami, Fla.) 1923-current, 1953-10-03
PROUD FAMILY

It's the Walter Robinson fam
lily of Carver Ranches VINO re-
Gently achieved the unusual dis
tinction of having three of their
sons graduate from high school
simultaneously. Walter Jr.. Leroy
and Johnny completed their high
school studies in June, 1853. The
boys are a year apart in ages,
ranging from 20 years down.
The Robinson family are pio-
neers in Carver Ranches for IL
years. being the second family to
live here. Both Mr.. and Mrs. Rob-
inson are engaged in civic acti-
vities of this community.
The Miami times. [volume] (Miami, Fla.) 1923-current, 1953-10-03
Liberty Professional
Beauticians

The Liberty Professional Beau
ticians unit No. SIS are inviting
all beauticians to attend a one
day clinic Oct. 19 from 900 am.
until 400 pm. at Jones Beauty
Shoppe, 67O7 NV 18th ave. for
get-together and to share our
ideas about all phases of beauty
culture.
Let's get started toward making
our profession outstanding by CO.
operating.
Louise Boyer, president
The Miami times. [volume] (Miami, Fla.) 1923-current, 1953-10-03

FAMU ALUMNI TO TEACH
ABROAD - Two graduates of
the Florida A and M University
are scheduled to teach in foreign
institutions during the current
academic year. They are Miss
Ruth Matthews, left and Samuel
Russell, right, who is receiving
congratulations from President
George w. Gore, Jr. Miss Mat
thewS, of Tallahassee, will spend
the year in Kariachi, Pakistan,
under a Fullbright grant. Russell,
of Fernandina Beach, will serve
as assistant director of the Amer
lean Technical Institute in Bag
dad, Iraq. The appointment was
made by Bradley University -
Staff photo by H. Jones of FAMU.
The Miami times. [volume] (Miami, Fla.) 1923-current, 1953-10-03

On Sunday, Sept. q. Father
Elijah Clark preached his fare
we'll sermon to a sad congrega-
ton. Many Of his friends of the
community were present to hear
him and were pleased. His text
was taken from St. PauPs words
to Timothy: 81 have fought good
fight; I have run the race; I have
finished my course and now is
laid up for me a crown of right
eousneSs." Many tears were shed.
He left on Monday morning for
St. James Church, Tampa. He and
his family will be missed. We are
all praying that the Lord will
keep him as He kept him during
The Miami times. [volume] (Miami, Fla.) 1923-current, 1953-10-03

his stay in Defray.
The Rev. James Hall has al
ready taken his place. st. Mat
thews' members are blessed to
have a minister to fill the vacant
post so early. We will endavor to
do the very best toward Rev. Hall.
The Miami times. [volume] (Miami, Fla.) 1923-current, 1953-10-03
Invitation

The Twilight Sewing Circle No.
i invites you to their 9th ami
versary program, Sunday, Oct. 4
at the home of Mrs. Robinson, 81
NV 10th ST., apt. 3 at 4 pm.
Mrs. Gladys Thompson, Pres.
Mrs. ElouiSe Glass, reporter
The Miami times. [volume] (Miami, Fla.) 1923-current, 1953-10-03
Stop! Look! Read

There are three operators in
Noes Beauty Chest to serve you
at all times. For appointments
call 7-O929 or 78-9124. Thank you.
The Miami times. [volume] (Miami, Fla.) 1923-current, 1953-10-03

Sunday is first Sunday and that
means Holy Communion at almost
every church. So be sure to at
tend some service during the day.
You'll be glad you did. Here are
some of the schedules at various
churches:
Sunday School at $50 am,
morning service at IL, evening
service at 7:30. Wen see you at
church Sunday.