davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1953-12-27
Viewing TV
They're Getting BIose
A-Bomb Impressed Video Audience
Much Less Than Ricky, Jr, Did
By HoI Humphrey

that it had the answer to
three-dimensional movies and
with much fanfare, demon
strated Sd video here. It
turned out to be pretty much
of a farce. Even those pres
ent who did claim to see a
third dimension felt there
wasn't much point to watching
TV through Polaroid specs.
Of much more significance
was the revelation by city
water departments in Toledo,
Ohio, and Long Beach, Calf,
that water consumption was
at its peak in those cities dur
ing T'V commercials. This
piece of intelligence had a very
upsetting effect on advertising
agency men, but no effect on
the quality of TV commercials,
unfortunately.
In April of this year some 40
million (more than viewed
the Presidents inauguraD sat
glued to their screens and
watched the first appearance
of Ricky, jr., on Il Love Lucy"
Somehow. though, l don't feel
this event should qualify as a
memorable peak of accom-
plishEnent for a billion dollar
industry. (,
Coronation Commercials
Queen Elizabeth's corona
ton on TV had it's moments,
but the British BroadcaSting
Corp. deserves the credit for
it's success. All that we on this
side of the Atlantic added to
it was a frantic airplane race
with the films and several
sponsored commercials distin-
guished by their bad taste.
The Ford Motor Co. put on
a $500,000 anniversary show in
June, and received thousands
of letters from viewers who
wanted to know why they
couldn't see this kind of enter
tainrnent every week. So far,
no one else has volunteered to
spend this kind of dough for
one show, especially without
commercials, as Ford did.
Small Stellar Splash
TVS greatest achievement in
1853 has not yet been seen by
the public, and that is the new
compatible color system. At
it's first multihued flush,
color TV is going to make even
the mediocre programs look
good. but in the long run color
will not relieve the medium of
the responsibility for con-
stantly improving its shows to
hold an audience.
Telemeter, a method Of
dropping cash into a TV set
for certain programs. started
operating in Palm Springs.
Calf, last month. Some of
the movie leaders see this, or
some other. form of subscrip-
ton TV. as their and the
public's salvation. Others re-
gard it as a passing fancy.
Meanwhile. more movie stars
plunged into TV this year than
ever before, but the splash
they've created has been small.
TV has grown up now, and
with millions of families
watching every day. it takes
an awful lot to impress them.
Copyright. 1858. Mirror Enterprises
Syndicate.)
Evening star., 1953-12-27
Viewing TV
HOLLYWOOD.


Television'S single greatest
accomplishment during the
past II months was probably
its ability to come up with
thousands of hours of pro-
gramming every week.
The industry didn't seem to
reach as many peaks in 1858
as in the previous years of it's
young career. Nothing on my
TV screen this year had the
impact of the 1852 political
conventions in Chicago, for
example.
President Eisenhower's in
auguration was capably covered
by the video networks, but it
lacked the suspense of the
Chicago show, or, for that mat
ter, the famous fund" tele-
cast put on by Vice Presi-
dental Candidate Richard
NIXON from Hollywood IN Sep
tember, 1852.
TV got its first crack at
Hollywood's Motion Picture
Academy awards ceremony
last March, but on a small
home screen it proved to be
much less glamourous than all
of the oscar" hoopla to be
read in the newspapers and
fan magazines.
The explosion of another
A-bomb was telecast from
Yucca Flat, Nev., and although
technically better than the
one a year previous, it had
been done before and TV
audiences didn't seem too i'm
pressed.
The Sd Farce
Last spring the American
Pr0o dpa sting 10 announced
Evening star., 1953-12-27
Other AM Stations

WGMS-S1o ke.-o a.m.-4:4S pm.
WPlK-13o ke.-7:15 a.m.-4:45 pm.
WARL-1so Kc.-1:i5 a.m.-4:45 pm.
WeAY--1,0S0 ke.-7:30 s.m.-4;aS pm.
WUSI-1,17o Ke.-7:1s a.m.-4:As pm.
WFAx-i,22o Ke.-7:3o a.m.-4:S pm.
W00k-1,34 ke.-S a.m.-2 s.m.
wEAM-1,3so ke.-s:30 s.m.-t1 pm.
W0L-1.l5o Ke.--s a.m.-17:1S an.
WD0N-1,54o ke.--S:ls a.m.-4:4s pm.
WlNx--1,e00 ke.-7 s.m.-A:45 Pm.
Evening star., 1953-12-27
FM Stations

WRe-FM-s3.s Me-, Chsnael 40
J an. to ! pm.
WBUz zFM-s5.s Me-, Channel 1ss
3 pm. to 9 pm.
WT0P.FM-ss.3 Me-, Channel 7A7
J am. to an.
WAsH-FM-s1.i Me-, Channel 24s
6:45 am, to l0:l5 pm.
oL-FM-ss.1 Me-, Channel 2sl
8 pm to .dnieht
WcFM-ss.s Me-, Channel 2ss
S pm. to II pm.
WFAh-Ioe.3 Me-, Channel 1s1
S an. to Midnight
WWDc-FM-1o1.i Me-, Channel go
II an. to Midnight
WeMS-FM-1a3.5 Me-, Channel 40
8 an. to Midnight
WARt-FM-ie5.1 Me-, chaaael 2oo
7 am. to 9 pm.
WUSI-FM--1Ds.3 Me-. Channel 2s2
] am. to 9 pm.
WMAL-FM-1o1.3 Me-, Channel 2s1
8 an. to Ills pm.
Evening star., 1953-06-26

Rhee. a one-time Princeton stu
dent, as desperate q man who
had dreamed and suffered all his
life for q united Korea.
CANDLES on Results.
HE is gambling everything on
the opposition to the present
armistice policy" DR.. Mackay
said. "He is gambling on the
fact that the United Nations
cannot afford, at any price. to
allow South Korea to be con-
quered by the Communists. He
is willing to allow q third world
war to break out"
DR.. Mackay's statement was
made in the course of q talk on
foreign missions. Other points
he made were:
/. The mont Christian religions,
such as Hinduism and Buddhism,
are showing q remarkable re-
surgence.
2. The rising tide Of NATIONAL
ism In the Orient, especially in
India, makes imperative more
missionary effort there.
8. The restrictions Of Islam
against Protestant missionaries
are the most thorough-going. !"
Evening star., 1953-06-26
Rhee Boldly CANDLES
On U.N. War Fears,
Presbyterians Told
BY Mark Gnerro
Stor Ssaff c Correspondent

FREDERICK, Md, June u.s.
South Korean President Syng-
man Rhee is banking on United
Nations fear Of q third world
war and Communist conquest Of
the Korean peninsula to enforce
his demands for United Korea,
a prominent Presbyterian official
declared yesterday.
DR.. John A. Mackay, president
of Princeton Theological Sem
inary and newly elected modera-
tor of the Presbyterian Church
in the U. s. A., made the asser-
ton. at the closing sessions Of
the 2Sth annual conference of
the Baltimore Synod here at
Hood College.
DR.. Mackay described Mr..
Evening star., 1953-06-26
although some gains have been
noted in Pakistan and Indonesia.
Gains In Rrazil.

AALI1OuSu some gains nave 0eSu
noted in Pakistan and Indonesia.
Gains In Brazil.
4. Outstanding gains have been
made in Brazil, where there are
now more native-born Protestant
pastors than Roman Catholic
priests.
DR.. Mackay described the
Christian missionary effort Of
the last $50 years as the great
est spiritual movement in his
tory" which is much more sig
nificant and will have a much
greater future than communism. :"
In its business session, the
synod elected the Rev. Lloyd G..
Ice, pastor of Govans Church,
Baltimore, as moderator for the
next year. He succeeds the Rev.
c. Stewart Mckenzie, pastor Of
Western Presbyterian Church.
Washington.
Others Elected.
Other synod officers elected
were the Rev. John Oldham, jr.,
Of Wilmington, DEL, stated clerk;
the Rev. Albert w. Lenz. pastor
Of Neelsville (Md) Church. re-
cording clerk: the Rev. Harry v.
Porter, pastor, of Westminster
Evening star., 1953-06-26

Church Memorial Church, Wash
ington, enrolment clerk. David
s. Bendera. Of Vienna (Va0
Presbyterian Church. was ap-
pointed vice moderator and
elected treasurer.
Special tribute was paid to
the Rev. A. Brown Caldwell,
pastor of Walbrook Church, Bal
timore, for service, to the synod
including the last 10 years as
stated clerk, 20 years as perma-
nent recording clerk and 1ive
years as temporary clerk.
The synod adopted a budget
Of $5.587 for the calendar year
1854.
Evening star., 1953-06-26
A-Weupon Bon Urqed

Abandonment of atomic weap-
onS was urged at India's Parlia-
ment of Religions held recently
in RiShikeSh.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1953-09-18

TUNE IN TO THE
OTTAWA COUNTY NEWSCAST
AT 4:30, MCH. THRU FRI.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1953-09-18

season predictions of the Ohio
game management section based on
countrywide surveys and mast crop
evaluation, hunters should find
good crops of both gray and fox
squirrels.
The survey showed the fox squir-
rel populations fairly high in the
farming sections of Ohio, although
the mast survey indicated fairly
light crop of hickory, beech and
oak mast. Fox squirrels are less
dependent on fluctuations in the
acorn and hickory nut mast crops
than grays, finding a great deal Of
their food in the cornfield. Gray
squirrels are expected to be
as plentiful as last year How
ever, due to the light hick-
ory and oak crop, the hunters
been consumed by the opening
day, particularly in the southern
and southeastern sections of the
state.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1953-09-18

share, compared with the $2.13
earned in net profits" Reid point
ed out.
"The excess profits tax h a 81
placed heavy burden on ourV
Company. Excess profits taxes inj
the past year amounted to $780, Il
GOO. The expected ending of this
unfortunate tax next January III
will have a highly beneficial effect
upon our earnings if we can con-
tinue to operate at present lev
els" he said.
"The present year has begun
well. We have a backlog of $12,-
100000, including about $4,000 in
civilian and $4,500,000 in military
orders, and all of our six manu-
featuring divisions are continuing
to produce at high levels" Reid
pointed out.
"Civilian sales in the year just
ended totaled nearly $22, 1000, 900,
exceeding combined civilian and
military sales in the preceding
year." he said.
"Automotive h o d locks, deck
locks, front and back windshield
rubber, rainshields for side win
dows, and window seals made by
a n W e1ectrostatic flocking pro-
cess are a few typical products
first sold in volume during the
past year," Reid pointed out.
Standard Products is the worlds
largest producer of automotive
window channel, and major pro-
ducer of automotive locks, door
C h ks, stampings, mechanical
rubber parts, and tank tracks.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1953-09-18
Standard Sales
Hit All Time High
But Net Is Lower

Sales of The Standard Products
Company climbed to an all-time
record of $37, ,781, 900 in the year
ended on June 80, 1858, it was re-
ported today by j. S. Reid, presi-
dent, in the annual statement to
shareholders.
Sales in the 1853 fiscal year
were 81 percent over the $20,817,.
600 level of the preceding year.
Profits before taxes totaled So
440,610, compared with $793,761 a
year ago, and net. income f e +
taxes was $771 ,610, compared with
$365,76l inn the preceding year.
Although our net profits doub-
led, taxes were four times as much
Our income taxes in the year just
ended were $1,669,000, compared
with $428,000 a year ago. This
amounted to a levy of $4.61 d
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1953-09-18
Auto Daredevils
Due At Norwalk

NORWALK = Joie Chitwood's
Auto Daredevils will compete
against three of the worlds great
est thrill shows at the Huron
County Fair 7 and 9 Saturday
night.
Billed as the Tournament of
Thrills, the four teams are com
peting against each other in a
world championship stunt contest.
The contest has received official
sanction of the international
Stuntmen's Association as for the
worlds championship and will be
decided upon by a seasons point
total
Lined up against the Chitwood
motor maniacs Wi be the out
standing stuntmen of the Cana
dian Aces, indianapolis Daredev-
lis and the Hollywood Stuntmen.
Competitive events which the
various teams will send their best
performers into action include the
crash Follower event, obstacle
course racing, precision driving
events, the slide for life and mo-
torcycle events.
The feature event of the pro
gram will be the worlds longest
car leap on record, an amazing
distance of 100 feet with a second
car broadsliding directly beneath
it and between the two giant ele
vations.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1953-09-18

SPO K $
E|MORE BULLDOGS IMPRESSIVE
IN SBC PREvIEW FRIDAY NIGHT

Even with injured Norm Sem
rock on the sidelines, Coach Jim
Smiths Elmore Bulldogs displayed
well rounded offense and de-
fense attack Friday night as they
played host for the SanduSky Bay
Conference preview.
Not at all hospitable, the Bull
dogs showed no mercy to the
Clyde Fliers, whitewashing the
visitors as the Smith-coached elev-
en- won with ease. 20 to 0.
In other encounters, SanduSky
st. Mary's defeated Genoa, 13 to
O; Oak Harbor's Rockets won over
the Gibsonburg Golden Bears, 6 to
O, and Fremont st. Joseph defeat
ed Lakeside, 13 to O.
Elmore failed to win game III
1851 and took only three victories
last year, but if the preview is any
indication, the other Sandusky
Bay Conference teams will have a
rough time stopping the Bulldogs
this year.
Speedy veteran Norm Semrock,
who was benched by an injured
knee, should be ready to play this
weekend in the opener with Otta-
Wa Hills.
Track man Kenny Smith scored
Elmore's first touchdown on a 72-
yard gallop off left tackle. Bill
Shaffer kicked the extra point.
Following Clyde tumble few
moments later, Dick Dolph and
Ron Smith carried to the II from
where Dolph circled right end to
pay dirt.
Bill Oil intercepted a Filler pass
to set up the final score. Ken
Smith grabbed a fourth-down lat.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1953-09-18

eral from sophomore Lauren Kar-
datdke and crossed the line. Shat
fer added the extra point with his
place kick.
Jerry Lohr led the Elmore de-
fense which has been bolStered
with the addition of 195-pound
Dick Cobb, who moved to Elmorc
recently from Bexley.
Despite their loss to st. Joe, the
Lakeside StonecrusherS served no.
tice they will be no pushover and
will be constant aerial threat.
Lightest team on the field, Coach
Don Poling's players chalked up
all five of its first downs via pass
eS.
Quarterback Ed Oglesbee COM
pleted five of his six aerials and
the fast-charging st. Joe line pre-
vented him from getting Off at
least five other throws.
Sandusky St. Mary'S showed
promise in defeating Genoa. Char
les Brady, speedy little quarter
back, hurled a 15-yard touchdown
pass after Jim Manner had scored
the first Sandusky I'D on all eight
yard run, after Genoa had fun
bled on its own 25.
Oak Harbor's small but hard
blocking Rockets scored their Win
ming touchdown on a 14-yard pass
from quarterback Bill Williams to
end Don Pfaff on another fourth
down play.
Ron Depner, veteran Oak Har-
Dor ground gamer, was injured
and helped from the field after a
pileup on Gibsonburg's 19.
Results thru our Classified Ads.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1953-09-18
REDSKINS OPEN SEASON T0NlTE AT BEE Gee

Having been whitewashed in
their preview showing at Norwalk
Friday night, Coach Joe Lukac's
Port Clinton Redskins open their
regular season at eight o'clock
this Friday evening against Bowl
ing Green in that city's spacious
stadium.
Port Clinton's lack of depth and
weight showed up in the preview
at Norwalk when the locals lost II
to 0. Norwalk's Reserves also were
victorious over Port Clinton, II to
z.
First home game for the Red
skins will be next Friday, Septem.
Der 25, when Tiffin Columbian
furnishes the opposition at the
Athletic Field.
Already hampered by injuries,
Coach Lukac is keeping his fin
gers crossed that the injury jinX
doesn't hit again. Guard Bernard
Tibbs is out with a broken leg,
Clyde Enderle has a broken thumb
and several others are nursing
minor hurts.
Lukac will not decide his open
ing lineup until late Friday. There
is no "beef" on this years squad
with halfbacks Dave Babcock and
Bob Twarek tipping the scales at
125 pounds and fullback Dick
Branum at $50. Guards weigh in
at 130 and $50 and the rest of the
line isn't much heavier.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1953-09-18

Big traffic jam in front Of the
Office last week. Thought every
body in the county was coming
in to buy The Clarion, but they
weren't.
Seems a 5-gallon can fell off
Whitley Fishers truck, spilling
cream all over the street. Our cop
on duty, Tiny Fields, halted traf-
fic so Whitley could pick up the
can. Tiny was about to wave the
cars on when a kitten ran out
and started tapping up the cream.
Well, traffic piled up, but Tiny
paid no heed. Light changed
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1953-09-18
SQUIRREL Season
Opened Tuesday

The 1858 Ohio squirrel season
opened Tuesday, September Is at
dawn and will continue through
October Is. 1t is the second con-
secutive year that Ohio has had a
30-day squirrel season.
The bag and possession limits are
the same as in previous years =
four per day and four in posses
sion. There are no bag limits on the
red or piney squirrel.
According to the 1858 hunting
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1953-09-18

FAMOUS "POWER KING" COLD.
MAKER is thrifty and depend.
able and never needs lubrica.
ton. Includes 5-Year Protec.
ton Plan.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1953-09-18
Bellevue Beats
Calvert Friday

Bellevue'S Redmen successfully
started their 1853 season Friday
night, defeating Tiffin Calvert, l3
to 6, in the preview at Tiffin.
Tiffin Columbian whitewashed
Willard, 13 to 0, in the second halt
Of the program.
John Lepley and Bob Hart had
scored for Bellevue, with Hart tax
ing pass from Lepley and racing
with only two minutes remaining
72 yards for the winning score
to play,
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1953-09-18

BIG 8.5 Gu. Fl. CAPACITY means
you can store plenty of food for
the entire family. Satin-hnished,
rustproof shelves are properly
spaced TO hold items as big as
a whole ham or a half water.
melon.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1953-09-18
Bowling
Ellithorpe PAGES
Commercial Loop

Howard Ellithorpe paced the
American Legion team to a three
game victory over the Port Gin
ton Fish Five as the Commercial
League got underway in Clinton
Recreation Alleys Monday eve
ming.
Ellithorpe had games of PA and
204 Other top scorers for the
night included Les Sherry, 212;
Forrest Lentz, 200; Mike Millinger,
200; Steve Molnar, 204; Paul Mol
mar, 200, and John Cerbus, 215.
Best team score was Johnnie's
Markets 1116, as it took two
games from Sans. Port Clinton
Manufacturing won two from Clin-
ton Mems Wear and Phil's Inn
lost two to the Sohio quintet.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1953-09-18
Hunters Urged To Observe
Safety Rules and Save Lives

With the advent of the 1858
squirrel season, a new fall hunting
season will be ushered in - which,
following the usual pattern, will
undoubtedly take the lives of some
Ohioans through shooting and hunt
ing accidents.
The Ohio Division of Wildlife
has issued a plea to all hunters to
exercise extreme care in the hand
ling of their guns this season =
to prevent such tragedies.
Last year in the United States,
the number of fatal accidents dur
ing the hunting season increased
per 100000 licenses sold. This was
true in Ohio also. In the 1852 sea-
son 16 Ohio hunters lost their lives
and 81 more suffered injuries as
a result of shooting accidents. The
previous year only were killed,
while 112 were wounded.
Let's decrease that total in 1851
Use good, cmmon horse sense while
hunting-and follow the Ten Com
mandments of Saftey.
l. Treat every gun with the re-
spect due loaded gun. This is the
cardinal rule of gun safety.
2. Carry only empty guns, taken
down or with the action open, into
your automobile, camp, and home.
3. Always be sure that the bar
rel and action are clear of OBJ
StructionS.
4. Always carry your gun G
that you can control the direction
of the muzzle, even if you stumble
Keep the safety on until you are
ready to shoot.
5. Be sure of your target before
you pull the trigger.
6. Never point a gun at any
thing you do not want to shoot.
7. Never leave yur gun unat
tended unless you unload it first.
8. Never climb a tree or fence
with loaded gun.
9. Never shoot at a flat, hare
surface or the surface of the water
10. Do not mix gunpowder ant
alcohol.
Game management men are pre-
dieting that the weather will play
vital part in the success of the
| squirrel season. Some rain before
and during the season will be very
helpful they point out.
Hunters are reminded to con
tact the farmer or landowner or
whose property he desires to hum
NOW. Don't wait until openins
day. Hunting without the consen
of the landowner is in violation O.
the law and violatorS may be pros
ecuted.
To preserve sport as old as the
country itself, hunters are eau
toned to observe the rules of gooC
! Sportsmanship. Don't shoot neal
buildings or inhabited dwellings
Don't tear down fences, block
driveWays or gates, and at al
times respect the wishes of the
landowner.
Get permission now =. :. :. anC
have a good hunting season.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1953-09-18
Coaches To Honor
Redskin Gridders

Members of the Port Clinton
Downtown Coaches will hinor
members of the Redskin grid
squad, their fathers and coaches
at a Kickoff dinner TO be held
in Trinity Methodist Church
basement starting at $50 next
Thursday evening, Sept. "a.
DeForest Maxwell will serve
as POSTMASTER and entertain
ment will include sports movies.
Officers Of the Downturn Coach
es. including president Bill Bel
shaw and secretary Jim Chap
man, will be in charge of the af-
fair.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1953-09-18
From where I sit =. by Joe Marsh
Cream Whips Main Street
Traffic

green three times. After the kit
ten had enough, Tiny waved the
traffic through.
FSom where l sit, this was just
a ''Tiny" demonstration of the
way people in our town are.l
They're usually pretty consider.
ate and tolerant. If ene of our
neighbors prefers good glass Of !
beer to his friends coffee at dim
nertime, it's just each to his own
taste and everything's Smooth as
~
cream" between them.
&e M~4e
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1953-09-18
State Group Meets
At ut-ir1-Bay

Members of the Ohio Natural
Resources Commission are holding
their regular fall meeting this
Thursday and Friday at Putin
Bay, Director A. w. Marion, ma.
tural resources chief, has an
nounced
George Wenger, Port Clinton, is
chairman of the commission.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-05-28
Chicago Grain

CHICAGO, May % R-ora,n. had
a better tone on the Board Of on: Tr ade
LOCI. .oaHy rs yesterdays optimism about an
dasns,,s Truce IN Korea seemed to have
to renewal of heavy Selling. il Hi
W wasn't able to attract much demand.
deliveries of corn, occasionally slipped
below the previous close,
Wheat near the end of the first hour
corn vas oW Unclaimed if fo July ny.I 2os,f
1,; !,t's eats were Y lower to q higher,
higher SlE o Gaiy sos ssn ,r geT T:rd to
10 hundred pounds higher. july 8 90
Local traders were less inclined to
think . Korean truce was Imminent
than they were Yesterday. In addition,
d cnsy f b.d menu felt he lSnG price
righting there had not Stimulated much
worldwide demand for grains anyway
news item which attracted much at
Farm Bureau Federation to funnel about
i.-r, billion 6Ia worth Of surplus American
counres TS. b unto ns5.
Congress to take such action.
Bart Of the plan is that the sur
r plIses w9ul td be paid for in the cur:
tsncies OF foreign countries because Of
trsdeTs thcITht %oae aStaton
this line was likely to develop as stocks
q farm products continue to pile up In
this country.
New crop wheat from Texas is now
arriving at Fort Worth and Oklahoma
City. Practically all of 1t is going into
storage for producer account, according
to local houses, where it probably will
be placed under the Government loan
Pressure on the free market is expected
to be light as long as q storage room
can be obtained.