davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1953-11-08

legedly committed by the accused.
. Promises of substantial reward
or benefit, or threats of substantial
disadvantages, likely to induce a
confession or admission from the
particular accused"
Appeal to Sentiment
The courts-martial undoubtedly
would rule such pleas irrelevant
as indeed they would be. But Ameri-
can public opinion could be expected
to react Sympathetically to a de-
fendant's contention that he was
being tried in an American court
for making a confession which an
American court would never accept
as evidence. 1t seems reasonably
certain that no American soldier
ever would be put to death for "giv-
ing aid and comfort to the enemy"
by means of a confession" ex-
tracted by the Reds through such
means. This certainly might cause
POWs under pressure to decide,
Better a live convict in an Ameri-
Korean ditch"
So the "get-tough" policy by itself
may not be enough. The Defense
Department, realizing this, probably
will try the old trick of "the carrot
and the stick - rewarding those
who acquit themselves with distinc-
ton, Furnishing those who do not.
1t seems likely that the prisoners
of war who did not confess to germ
warfare operations before the Ko-
rean truce will be given medals.
Whether or not all those who did
confess will be court-martialed is
an unsettled question at the mo-
ment. But Pentagon authorities have
made it clear that the promotion
hopes Of the latter are very dim
indeed.
One highly placed Pentagon Of
f1cial. who is directly involved in
pollcy-making on this subject, criti-
cized Maj. Gen. William F. Dean last
week for urging the public not to
prejudge the men who confessed.
This official said that while Gen.
Dean himself did not crack, the
general Ibid the Army no service"
by admitting that he, himself, might
have been forced to talk The same
official also criticized the award, in
1850, of the Medal of Honor to
Gen. Dean. THE Medal of Honor"
he said, should be given out more
sparingly. In any case. it should
never be awarded to q man who
gets captured"
Evening star., 1953-11-08

ing unit that the American atrocity
victims would approximate 5000"
And during the germ warfare de-
bates the United States has repeat
edly contended that the confessions
submitted by the Reds as evidence
were obtained by torturing United
States fliers. But these have been
Sketchy references.
Now the detailed reports are out,
the first lengthy and documented
accusations leveled by the United
States. The USIA has seized upon
them as the basis for a major prof.
ect in the war for mems minds.
They will be broadcast to the cap
tive and free countries, and PAM
phletS containing pictures and eX-
cerpts from the text will be sent to
United States legations for distri-
button.
Difference in Aims
The Communist efforts at propa-
ganda and those of the United
States differ materially in these
atrocity reports. The atrocity
CIldi SGS dSdlIlSI UllC OllIbCu AOIdbCo
are drafted as a part of Soviet pol
icy. They are one part of the over
all Soviet plan to discredit the
United States.
The Army's report, however. is an
after-the-fact production, in the
making for three years. The fact
of tedious Recommendation of the
charges should lend credence to the
report when it is distributed abroad
if that fact is carefully brought
out.
But the Communists also have
leaned heavily on Recommendation"
Their germ warfare exhibits in
cluded, in addition to tho &C nj =
sions," pictures of the victims" and
of germ bombs" These exhibits
also were used widely at meetings
sponsored by the Soviets outside the
United Nations.
How can we expect the Army re-
port to be received in other coun-
tries? Most Americans, because Of
their faith in their Government,
accepted the charges at face value.
just as they would have rejected
Communist atrocitiy charges because
of their distrust of the Communist
governments. Will the Armys re-
port meet with similar rejection IN
the captive countries? And what
Of the so-called neutral nations?
A lot will depend on the outcome
of the United Nations debate on
the United States charges. In the
case Of the germ warfare charge
the Soviets refusal to cooperate
with U. N. commission Investigate
ing the charge alienated many dele
gates.
1t is expected a commission will
be appointed to look into the United
States charges and there should be
no reluctance by the United States
to cooperate with such a commits
sion. This may help the USIA's
efforts. But there can be no pre-
diction of the reaction of the mass
mind, jaded by charges and counter
charges. The information agency's
job is admittedly difficult.
Evening star., 1953-11-08
Pentogon Ready Tough With POWs Who Bow Red Torture

Wehrmacht was in charge Of inter-
rogating f1iers who fell into German
hands. In the course of World War
II, Scharf and his staff quizzed
10000 airmen. Only two failed to
reveal something more than name,
rank and number-and one of these
was out of his mind from head in
juries suffered in the crash of his
airplane.
"The other man-the one out of
20,0O0-had the stuff, the CUTS to
withstand questioning" Pentagon
official explained.
Some of the information Col.
Scharf unearthed was trivial-home
addresses, name of girl friend, and
such. But some was vital to military
operations.
If only one out of 10000 managed
to withstand the relatively mild Ger
man questioning, how many could
be expected to hold out against the
brutal tortures imposed by Com
munistS? The armed services frankly
do not know, but they believe the
best way to assure some measure of
silence on the part of captured
Americans is to punish those who
crack and reward those who don't.
SchwobIe Trial Likely
Though official policy has not yet
been enunciated, this decision seems
to portend hard times for those who
Succumbed to Red persuasion be-
fore last summers prisoner ex-
change in Korea. 1t appears likely
that Marine Col. Frank H. Schwable
of Arlington. Va, and some others
will be court-martialed for making
false confessions of participation in
germ warfare. This, Pentagon Of
f1cialS believe, will serve as an ex-
ample for men who may be captured
in the future.
One question that has never been
anSwered-even among themselves
by ranking armed services officials is
how far soldiers duty extends. OBJ
viouSly. it is a soldiers duty to fight
without cowardice and to obey Or
derS. But is it also his duty to with
stand inhuman torture, perhaps al
lowing himself to be put to death
by inches, rather than give either
information or laid and comfort" to
the enemy?
Councils inside the Pentagon have
kicked this question around for
three years without reaching an
answer. The tough view, as voiced
mainly by Marines, is that man
shouldn't allow himself to be cap
Evening star., 1953-11-08
Everybody Says Magsaysay Will Wm-f the Tally Is Honest

peacefully persuasive" he declared.
In spite of the precautions. not
even Magsaysay himself will express
enough confidence in his surveil-
lance plan to claim that he will win
enough of majority to offset what
ever fraud may be in prospect.
President Quirino, for his part,
denies there will be any fraud on the
Liberal Party and, in turn, warns
that Magsaysay is the man to watch
for monkey business. These civic
groups" are thugs, he says, bent on
mischief. But with MI. MagSaysay
now out of the government, the op.
portunities for exerting open pres
sure are mostly on Quirinos side.
Magsaysay has no access to the
ballot boxes.
Because the Philippine Islands are
scattered over SO wide an area and
communications are not highly de-
veloped, complete results of the
election will not be known until the
end of the week, November 13 or IA
at the earliest.
The new Senate and House will
meet December Is to confirm the
election results, and the President
for the next four years is slated to
be inaugurated on December 80 in
Manila.
Anything Con Happen
If Magsaysay or Quirino wins in
a quiet election, the investiture pro-
cedureS are expected to be carried
out smoothly If, however, there is
violence and evidence of widespread
fraud, almost anything can happen.
The constitution provides that
the Senate must proclaim" the new
president. But 13 of the 16 Sem
atorS not up for re-election-a ma
jority of one among the 24-man
Senate-are either NacionaliStaS or
Magsaysay hackers. If Quirino wins
the ballot-count by what they think
is fraud, the Nacionalista- dominated
Senate might refuse to proclaim"
Quirino president.
What to do next is not prescribed
in the constitution. President
Quirino would not be expected to
step down voluntarily in such a
case. He probably would defy the
Senate and try very hard to hang
on.
Candidate MagSaySay is not say
ing what he will do if things turn
out that way. Many of his sup
porters openly fear revolution.
Probably it would be closer to their
true expectations if they were to
mention an attempted coup. For
Mon-ching is still very strong in
the army, even on some levels close
to the top
How the country could avoid
bloodshed. however, is something
that worries every one, including
American officialdom in Manila.
At the moment, most people hope
fervently that the elections will be
held with only sporadic violence,
which, after all, is traditional ac-
coutrement of Filipino elections.
Those who have watched Magsaysay
campaign for the past seven months
and a half, and who have seen
President Quirino react, see only the
slimmest chance that enough TAM
pering will be possible to overcome
MagsaySay'S enormous personal
popularity. If MagsaySay wins, it
will then be up to him to deliver on
some of his fancy campaign prom
iSeS
Evening star., 1953-11-08

The armed services, frankly on the
horns of a dilemma in the matter of
what to do about captured Ameri-
cans who break under Communist
pressure, have about decided to get
tough with the troops until a better
solution comes along.
The problem shapes up about like
this: Shall the armed services allow
military security and national pres
tige to be compromised by authoriz-
ing captured personnel to answer all
questions in order to avoid torture?
Or should the men be ordered to
say nothing to their captors no mat
ter what tortureS must be endured
on penalty of court martial, prison
sentence or, possibly, execution by
hanging when they are repatriated
If they disobey?
Or is there some happier way out
which will not compromise security
but will also not condemn the aver
age man who cannot hold out for
ever against torture?
One thing is sure, the issue cam
not be avoided. The American Gov
ernment cannot officially disown any
soldier who is captured. as did the
japanese during World War II. Nor
can this Government tell its soldiers
to kill themselves before they give
in-suicide is morally and religiouSly
unacceptable.
At present, American soldiers go
into battle under instructions, If
captured, to give only name. rank
and service serial number. Though
military authorities generally con-
cede that few prisoners follow this
rule to the letter, Defense Depart
ment officials see no reason to
change these basic instructions, at
least until the Geneva Convention
on Treatment of Prisoners Of War
is changed.
Few Won't Crock
These authorities admit there is
no way Of enforcing strict compli-
ance with this rule. In fact, they
say privately they would be sur
prised if any POW managed to live
through confinement without giving
his captors more than these three
authorized bits of information.
The Germans, it was pointed out
last week, were not much given to
torture of military prisoners. Yet
their interrogationS of airmen in
World War II were 9999 per cent
successful-as far as getting POWs
to tell more than name, rank and
serial number was concerned.
A Col. Scharf Of the German
Evening star., 1953-11-08

both I and Mr.. Quirino would be
dead"
For his part, President Quirino
has few issues. Mr.. Magsaysay has
monopolized all the good ones. Mr..
Quirino emphasizes, and rightly,
that he, too, has been pro-American.
But the interventioniSt crack makes
his protestations pretty empty He
makes the legitimate point that the
country has been brought back a
considerable distance from the days
when Manila was black mass of
ruin. He admits there has been
some corruption, but he claims that
he is personally honest, which is
pretty true. He does not challenge
Magsaysay's personal honesty. but
advises a look around at his asSo-
ciates. Jose Laurel, one of the old
Nacionalista leaders, is painted as
Japanese collaboration, charge that
has haunted this man since the sur
render in spite of LaurelS and
Gen. MacArthur's protestations that
he was trying to make the best of
bad situation.
Mr.. Quirino also mentions some of
the provincial governors who have
abandoned him to back MagSaySay.
Among these are strong men who
have powerful local machines and
are said to be able to deliver the vote
without doubt. MagsaySay is &C
cepting their support silently, but
making no promises about how he
will treat them after election. Mr..
Quirino's case is weakened, of
course, by the recollection that he
formerly accepted these same mems
support.
So much for the issues, which
seem to favor Mr.. MagsaySay. Then,
how about the actual election? Will
that, too, favor Mr.. Magsaysay?
Election Procedures
First, it is important to under
stand how the election will be con-
Quoted. There are some So million
registered voters in the Philippines.
which has a population of 20-odd
million. The list of voters is re-
stricted because names of candi-
dates must be written, and literacy
is a problem.
Up for election Tuesday will be
8 Senators and 102 Congressmen's
seats and the presidency and vice
presidency. The entire House is be-
ing elected for four years. Senate
rial terms are for six years. Eight of
the "a are elected every two years.
President and Vice President are
Evening star., 1953-11-08
Atrocity Reports
Communists Own Fontostic Propaganda Makes
'Neutrus' Wonder About Vests Charges
By Jack Jonas

The United States has addressed
itself to monumental task in going
before world public opinion with the
story of atrocities committed by the
Reds against soldiers and civilians
in Korea.
The Arny's documented report
went first to the American people,
and those who read it or saw eX-
cerpts and photographs in the news
papers were shocked and angered.
1t is the hope of the United States
Information Agency that similar in
dignation can be aroused among the
peoples of other countries. If the
effort is successful, it could win
friends for the West and make new
enemies for the Kremlin.
But this may be more difficult
than it appears on the surface. 1t
is not that peoples of other coun-
tries are calloused and heartleSS, or
devoid of a sense of decency. 1t is
Just that in this era of propaganda
and the Big Lie, they have been sur
feited with charges and counter
charges, which may have built up
certain skepticism. They have been
deluged with masterpieces of fiction
penned by the Reds, not the least
of which concerns alleged American
atrocities in Korea.
Reds Atrocity Stories
One of these is the germ war;
fare" accusation hurled by the Reds
against United Nations troops in
Korea and backed up by "confes-
sions" from American fliers. DR..
Charles w. Mayo, United States al
ternate delegate in the U. NJ, dis
closed 10 days ago how those con
fessions" were obtained-by vicious
torture and starvation.
The Communists have hammered
again and again at the atrocity
theme. They have hewed to the
party line in directing their princi-
pal efforts against the United States
and South Korean President Syng-
man Rhee. The charges have been
lurid and nauseating in their minute
detail. Neutral commission" -
made up of members from Com
munist groups-have drafted lengthy
reports.
These reports have been seen by
few Americans aside from Commu-
mist party members, and no strenu-
Gus effort has been made to put
them into the hands of the Ameri-
can people generally. Even the
Kremlin appears to realize that they
are too outlandish for the average
American to swallow.
'Borborism' Charged
But wide use of them is made in
other countries as the Reds seek to
portray the United States as
nation of barbarianS. They are used
in the Soviet Union. also, to whip
up sentiment of the citizenry against
the United States.
Accusations against the Commu-
nists also are not new. The Glib
figure of American victims of atroc-
tiles closely parallels the statement
in November, 1851, by Col. James M.
Hanley of q war crimes investigat-
Evening star., 1953-11-08
BY WiIIiom Hines

tured in the first place, and should
take his punishment stoically if he
is taken. The soft view, held pri-
marily by the Air Force, is that it
is no fault of the man that he is
captured and that he should be al
lowed to make his imprisonment
just as easy as he can.
The Army, whose troops are most
directly affected from a numerical
standpoint) by any decision on
POWs, wants to adopt get-tough
policy supplemented by improved
indoctrination" In other words,
the Army takes the attitude that
the more a man knows about his
enemy, the more likely he will be to
face up to that enemy without
cracking.
Probable Decision
When, finally, decision is
reached, it probably will be some
thing like this:
Training officers and Troop In
formation and Education officers
will stress know your enemy"
training for newly inducted men.
Detailed instruction on the nature
and methods of the Reds will be
given again just before arrival at
the front. Then, when men go into
battle, they will be informed that
punishment will await those who
break under Communist question
ing.
The charges under which such
men might be court-martialed, and
the maximum punishments for
those offenses. include:
Misbehavior before the enemy
through shameful surrender
Death.
. Aiding the enemy-Death.
. Desertion-Death.
. Misconduct as prisoner-Lite
imprisonment.
This would, admittedly, be a
sharp departure from previous
American practice. But, Defense
Department officials are quick to
point out, the war against world
communism is sharp departure
from previous wars, and the enemy
is a different (and, if possible. a
more ruthless) foe than we ever
have known.
Pentagon officials believe that the
get-tough policy will deter many
men from making statements of
either intelligence or propaganda
value. 1t will not, they are sure.
stop men from answering trivial
Evening star., 1953-11-08

present annual revenue of around
485 million pesos considerably, pos
sibly to something around 600 mil
lion pesos cone peso is worth so
centS).
Which brings us to the other i'm
portant issue in the present cam
paign: The candidates standing in
the United States. FilipinoS love
America openly and unashamedly.
In 1949, MagSaySay believes, a Qui-
rino picture with President Truman
which the Liberal Party circulated
throughout the islands-was vital
factor in his victory. In 1858, Mag
saySay thinks, it is highly significant
that President Eisenhower did not
see Mr.. Quirino when the latter came
to Washington for an operation.
Recent acid remarks by President
Quirino about intervention" in the
Filipino election, obviously aimed at
the United States, are widely judged
here to be his most serious cam
paign mistake. The MagSaySay
crowd has seized upon it. Mon-ching
drums on it necessarily. His advance
men use every shred of evidence of
American support.
At Santa Maria, in PangaSinan
province, I arrived before Candi-
date Magsaysay. 1t was $50 in the
afternoon and Mr.. Magsaysay had
waited patiently, while senatorial
and congressional candidates spoke.
The mayor of the town came over
to me, the only Westerner there at
the time, and invited me to sit on
the platform. First he wanted me
to speak. Then he backed off. Even
if you would just sit on the plat
FORM" he said, land we could an
nounce that an American corre-
spondent was here, it would help.
Thinking of President Quirino's in
tervention charges, I respectfully
declined.
Later, a speaker at Santa Maria
took up the intervention issue. He
said Quirino was foolish to bring it
up. How ungrateful could he be?
Obviously the President was out of
touch with the people, who love
: America and prize its friendship
above almost anything else.
And as for what America thinks
of Magsaysay the orator went on,
as he reached for a magazine on the
desk before him, Take a look at
this" He held up copy of Time
Magazine with Magsaysay's hand
some face on the cover. ". And
what about this?" He showed a
Evening star., 1953-11-08

elected for four years and limited
to six consecutive years in Office. If
Mr.. Quirino is reelected he will
have to step down in 1855.
For the first time in history, news
papermen will be allowed to observe
freely all election processes at all
levels. After the voting Tuesday,
counts will be made by local cleo
ton boards at local levels. Then the
ballots will be turned over to bar
rio, municipal, and finally provin-
cial treasurers, who have been ap-
pointed to collect the ballots, check
them, record them, and forward the
results and ballots to the Commis-
sion on Elections in Manila.
The local treasurers are appointed,
and President Quirino has been en-
gagged in widespread Shuffling of
provincial treasurers for the last
several weeks. If there is to be any
fraud, Mr.. Magsaysay thinks it will
be largely concentrated among these
treaSurers. He does not discount
the possibility that provincial army
troops may resort to a little terror
ism around the voting places. but
he has hopes that his friends in the
lower echelons of the army will, in
the end, refuse to scare Nacional-
istas away from the polls.
He does not relent for moment.
however, in screaming to the press
about Quirino's recent removal of
80 out of So provincial army COM
manderS, to attend a new command
and general staff school set up in
Fort Mckinley near Manila. Mag
saysay claims this is clever cover"
that the requirements for these pro-
vincial commanders are all Quirino
men with sinister plans. Actually,
at least few of the new command
ers have past records more closely
associated with the Nacionalistas
and Magsaysay.
Surveillance
The Magsaysay crowd has its eX-
perience on policing the 1851 cleo
tions-Which were comparatively
clean-to help them. They are plan
ming wisely to keep shady opera
tions to a minimum on election day.
They hope to avoid violence them
selves. Civic groups, students, and
women's organizations will keep sew
eral pairs of eyes glued to every
ballot box at every moment from
the time the polls open until the re-
suits are reported in Manila. The
Commission on Elections is widely
reputed to be beyond reproach, but
until the results get to this COM
mission, Mr. Magsaysay's support
eTs intend to keep an eye on the
ballots.
Students will stand ION duty" at
the polls equipped with cameras
and candles. If the lights go out
they'll be ready to observe anyway.
If some election official gets out a
bottle of ink eradicator-large guam
titles of which are being circulated
throughout the Philippines, it is
charged-some student will focus his
camera on the operation.
Candidate Magsaysay told me
that he is carefully briefing his un-
armed observers on how to stick
with the local treasurers every min
ute they have the ballots in their
possession. even if they go home or
to bed. I brought up the possibility
that the treasurers may bring along
their own "unarmed observers"
I'm that case, we will be only
Evening star., 1953-06-21
81 TRIED SUICIDE"
COsstiNssed jsO1s page seven

Of orthopedic- looking saddle shoes
with proper heels.
It may sound funny. But can
you picture the acute misery a
thing like that can bring a l5-year-
Old3
j will never forget my first
formal dance. / was is and had
plotted with my lone girl friend to
have her brother ask me. He did
and / was allowed to 60. was in
heaven.
Mother" / gasped. '.it's for
NAL. May ! please have an evening
dress?"
She weighed the request care
fully. I'm 60 downtown tomor-
row." she said finally. land pick
one out for YOU"
/ was wild with fear. It was go
ing to be like all the other times !
got new clothes.
My fears were justified. What a
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