davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-04-12
Little Switch

Right now, Operation Little
Switch" is the big item. That is
the Army code-name for the sick
prisoner exchange.
The upshot of the weeks ne
gotiations was that about 600
United Nations prisoners would be
yielded by the Reds at the rate of
100 a day, and $500 Communist
captives would be turned over by
the U. N. Command in daily groups
of 500. Neither total is a large
portion of the entire number each
side admits it is holding. But the
difference is that Red statements
on. the number of prisoners they
hold vary from the total we have
good reason to believe they have
captured.
Lotest Doto
The latest Official" Red figures
were handed to U. N. negotiators
at Panmunjom on December 10,
1851. They showed a total of H.
$50 prisoners. The 900 or so to be
traded as sick and wounded pre-
sumably will come from this num-
Der. Here is a comparison between
the numbers of nationals admit
tedly in POW camps and the num-
bers to be returned as ailing:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-04-12

TT TOOK THE Senate three weeks
- to establish that an ammuni.
ton shortage had existed in Korea.
1t may take another three weeks
to find out who was to blame.
At least, the week of testimony
just completed failed to fix the
responsibility.
Leading witnesses last week be-
fore the Armed Services subcom.
mittee were former Secretary of
Defense Robert A. Lovett and
former Secretary Of the Army
Frank Pace. This was how they
related the development Of the
ammunition shortage:
Both agreed that in June, 1850.
when the war broke out, there was
no danger of a shortage. Plenty
of stocks left over from World War
II were available.
In October, 1850, according to
Mr.. Pace, the Wake Island report
by Gen. Macarthur that he had
final victory almost in hand con-
vinced the Army that no special
appropriations would be needed
Continued on Page A-2s.)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-04-12
Prospects

It is far too early to tell what
will happen either in Korea or in
the rest of the world. It has been
: an expensive war for both sides,
and both sides undoubtedly would
be happy to be out Of it.
Obviously, conclusion to the
fighting will not signal an end to
the trouble in Korea. Nor will a
settlement of the Korean question
spell an end to the troubles of the
world.
Last week.a tempest was brewed
in teapot by stories carried by
The Star and other large news
papers about supposed administra-
ton plans for Korea and the rest
of the world. The plans speculated
on a permanent settlement short
of the complete unification of
Korea which Syngman Rhee de-
mands, and on the possibility of
creating a truSteeship over Kuo-
naintang-held Formosa.
Although the neWSmen who
wrote the stories had been sworn
to secrecy as to the source of their
information, two radio common
tatorS promptly named Secretary
of State Dulles as the source.
Both the reports, and the re-
action to them, showed clearly
that the world has a long, rocky
road to travel before peace is
really achieved.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-04-12

Our undertaking, on the other
hand, is to return $500 out of 1872
600, or approximately "A per cent
OF the number we hold. We have
expressed dissatisfaction over the
number listed for exchange by the
Reds, but they have remained
adamant on the figure of 600.
There are a number of reasons
that might account for the small
percentage to be repatriated on
each side. Possible American rea-
sons:
. The quality of medicine and
hygiene in Observation-Disclosures
POW camps is generally good. 1t
is possible that many of the cap
tives in such compounds as those
at Koje-do literally "have never
had it so good" and that many
who once were sick now are cured.
. Nearly 70 per cent of the POWs
held by the U. N. already have
stated their unwillingness to 60
back to Communist territory. Since
the ailing-prisoner exchange is en-
tirely voluntary, If an estimated
S1,4O0 unwilling captives are left
out of the calculations, the per-
centage Of troops we are ready to
return is raised to ia.
Possible Communist reasons:
. The Asian definition of serious
illness frequently varies from the
Western. Malnutrition, for ex-
ample, is considered by Americans
to be q serious ailment. To many
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-04-12

Asians it is q normal condition
for the average man. It may be
that a prisoner of the Reds would
have to be much sicker than a
prisoner of the U. N. to qualify for
repatriation.
. It is assumed that the level Of
medical attention in Red camps is
low. Many seriously afflicted POWs
may have died.
. Or the Reds may even main
tain that some prisoners held in
the North do not want repatria-
ton.
Two big questions remain:
Where are more than $4,000 prison.
ers whom the Reds boosted of
capturing in 1851 and do not now
acknowledge holding? And where
are more than 5000 Americans
whom we list as missing in &C
ton" but whom the Reds do not
list as prisonersH
Like many other questions, the
answers to these lie in the future.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-04-12

have had a Kremlin OK. before
accepting Gen. Clark'S invitation
to talk over exchange Of sick pris-
onerS.
But last Thursday, before the
United Nations Political and Sc
curity Committee, Russia's chief
delegate, Andrei Vishinsky, mud
died the placid waters for the
first time. Contrary to what Chou
had said, contrary to what Soviet
Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molo-
tov had said 48 hours after Chou,
Vishinsky stood uncompromisingly
for repatriation of all POWs as a
condition of an armiStice.
Whether ViShinSky's stand
marked a new turn in the tortuous
party line remained to, be seen.
For the present, consideration of
an armistice in Korea was some
thing like putting the cart before
the horse.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-04-12
Korean Question

The Korean problem is some
thing like Topsy: It wasn't born,
it just growed. The So-called
Hermit Kingdom" has never had
a single, truly autonomous gov
eminent in the memory of the
oldest inhabitant. Successfully,
for more than a century, it has
been a satrapy of the Chinese
empire, a colony of Japan, an area
of military occupation and a
country divided between two anti
pathetic forms of local govern
ment.
The present troubles of Korea
began literally before its prior
woes ended. On August 8, 1945,
Russia declared war on Japan.
Four days later the Red Army
crossed into Korea and drove
south. It was 81 days later before
the first American troops landed
in South Korea.
Meanwhile, the Japanese sur
rendered. The supreme COM
mander in the Far East, Gen.
Douglas Macarthur, issued Gen.
eral Order No. /, which required
the surrender of all Japanese
forces south of the 38th Parallel
to American troops. The rest of
Korea was left to the Russians,
who were in control at the time.
That was the genesis of the 38th
Parallel. It never was conten-
plated as political boundary; in
deed, the idea of more or less
permanently divided Korea was
never considered by the West.
Joint Commission Trouble
But Korea remained divided
along that line until war broke
out in 1850, due to the inability
of the West and East to get to-
gether on trusteeShip for Korea.
An agreement concluded at Mos
COW in 1945, calling for Soviet
American Joint Commission,
turned out to be unavoidable.
In 1947 the United Nations
moved to hold elections for the
whole of Korea under the super
vision of q U. N. commission. But
the commission was not allowed to
operate north of Parallel 80, so
elections were held in the part the
U. N. group could supervise, name
ly South Korea.
In South Korea, in July, 1913,
elections were held leading to the
proclamation of the Republic of
Korea with Syngman Rhee as it's
first president. This government
was recognized by the U N. as the
only true government Of Korea.
Meanwhile, north of the parallel,
a puppet Soviet government, pat
termed after that Of Red Bulgaria,
was established under the name
of Peoples Democratic Republic
of Korea"
Then both major powers re-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-04-12

THE INITIAL SHOCK over the
outbreak of what might be
called the "cold peace" began to
wear of last week. The world was
still waiting, torn between hope
and doubt, to see what the Soviet
bloc really was up to.
Solely on the basis of perform
ance, things looked good. Negoti-
ations on the exchange OF sick
prisoners proved conclusively that
the Communists can cooperate
like mad when they are Of mind
to.
Still, few observers were rash
enough to predict that peace was
here to stay. The first sick Amer
lean had yet to return to American
control-though the way was clear
for the prisoner exchange starting
in a few days. The Korean
talks, as of this week end, were
right where they had been on Oc-
tober 8, 1952-stalemated on the
question Of repatriation Of all
prisoners.
There was promise, yes. But, in
dealing with Communists as in
dealing with street-corner pitch
men, the difference between prom
Use and performance can some
times be exceedingly great.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-04-12

of the wars first anniversary,
when Soviet U. N. Delegate Jakob
Malik suggested truce talks-and
the present, the Communist and
allied armistice negotiators have
met 1923 times. In those meetings
they managed to get agreement
on three Of the four meaningful
items on the peace agenda:'
/. A military demarcation line
would be fixed, based on the actual
front as of the day of signing the
armiStice. Both sides would with
draw 2 kilometers (2,218 yards)
from that line, leaving a demili-
tarized space about 21a miles wide
between the silent guns.
2. A neutral commission (actu-.
ally an international body made
up, as has been said, of people
neutral toward them and people
neutral toward us") would super
wise the armistice.
8. The question of a permanent
peace In Korea would be turned
over to the mercieS of the politi-
clans.
But on the exchange of prison.
ers, agreement has been stymied
since the subject first came up in
December, 1851. The U. N. nego-
tiatorS used every weapon from
persuasion to ridicule to change
the Reds attitude. BY August of
1852 the situation had deteriorated
to the point that this exchange
took place on the 10th of that
month:
GEN. NAM IL North Koreon)-The
repatriation Of wor prisoners con only be
settled on our principle Of July 10.
GEN. WILLIAM HARRISON UNITED
Notions)-The prisoners Of wor whom you
demond, and whom we sholl not return to
you, ore those who will violently resist
repatriation.
There could be little room for
compromise in a situation such as
that. Indeed, there was no COM
promise; when Chou Er1-lai finally
made his offer, on March 81, it was
simply the same thing we had been
demanding all along, rephrased
in way to keep some consistency
in the Chinese position.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-04-12
Armistice?

Until Mr.. ViShinSky roared out
In the U. N. last week, it seemed
that armiStice talks might resume
after a six-month break and be
brought to a speedy and success
full conclusion. Perhaps they still
may resume; if nothing more is
heard of the Communist demand
for forcible repatriation of prison.
>ers, there might be good reason to
talk armiStice some more.
The question of prisoners is the
only thing now holding up a truce.
The adamant Red stand on forcible
repatriation of all POWs caused
the armistice talks to be broken
off by the U. N. Command on Oc-
tober 8.
A Danger Signal
But late last week there was a
danger signal. The Reds, approving
the sick-prisoner agreement, sug-
gested renewed armistice talks
but said that ''the principle of
repatriation Of all prisoners of
war after an armistice" is unshak-
able. The Communists refused to
recognize that any American held
troops did not want to return.
At the same time, however, the
Reds restated Chou En-lai's pro-
poSal to let all prisoners go home
who choose to return; turn all ret
icent prisoners over to a neutral
custodian; allow the Communists
to explain" the facts of life to
unwilling captiveS.
There still was hope for favor
able developments, but jokers in
the Communist plan were obvious.
First, who would be considered a
neutral? The Reds nominated
Poland and Czechoslovakia-and
for time, even Russia itself-as
neutralS on the truce supervision
team. And second, what form
would the Communist "explana-
tionS" take?
Between June "a, 1951-the eve
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-04-12

dawn of a new day of universal
amity.
Where fundamental issues of the
cold war were under discussion
the Communist line took only one
obvious turn: Courtesy was sub
stituted for vilif1cation. But the
substance of Red offers remained
the same.
In Berlin, representatives Of the
Big -Four were meeting for the first
time in two years. The Com
munists had indicated they wanted
to settle many Of the differences
over allied rights in Berlin. But
the talks apparently were covering
little but air -corridor safety. The
group discussed plan to combine
the three 20-mile-wide corridors
into one 60-mile-wide corridor. q
z U. N. Issues
The United Nations took up two
important East-West issues: Pro-
poSalS for disarmament and Red
charges of American use of germ
warfare. Again the Russians had
changed only little.
The Red bloc stood alone in vot-
ing against the American resolu-
ton for an impartial investigation
of the germ warfare charges. The
Russian delegation offered only
the polite suggestion that America,
in effect, concede she had used
germ warfare and promise never
to do it again.
On disarmament Soviet Delegate
Vishinsky said Russia would meet
the West more than half way. He
indicated willingness to discuss
disarmament on a Step-by-Step
basis, the American proposal, but
he did not indicate he would give
. in on the basic Western demand
for a guaranteed disarmament
continuous inspection of arms and
of atomic energy plants.
At the end of the week the
"Show me" American attitude to-
ward the Russian peace offensive
still seemed like the wisest one.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-04-12
Mills Grind Slow

President Eisenhower has re-
ceived final approval on only two
o. the 10 legislative proposals he
has sent to Congress so far in his
administration. Last week he
sought to improve his score by
making an end run around OBJ
stacles thrown in front of his re-
ciprocal trade program.
The President had asked Con-
gresS In his state of the Union
message to give the existing Re-
c1procal Trade Agreements Act 4
good going-over and then pass
some sort Of extension. AS he had
expressed interest in the trade.
not aid" principle, it was expected
on Capitol Hill he would soon urge
passage OF trade act giving him
further power to adjust tariffs
downward.
But a ranking Republican on the
House Ways and Means Commit
tee-the group which first must
act on a trade bill-introduced a
measure which would take awav
much OF the Presidents present
power to lower tariffs. The bill.
by Richard M. Simpson of Penn.
Sylvania, was backed by Chairman
Daniel A. Reed Of New York and
by most other Republicans on tho
committee.
1t looked for a time as If the
President and congressional Re-
puollcans would clash again.
Last week, however, President
Eisenhower took a different tack.
He asked Congress to extend thu
present trade act for one year with.
out change. During that year.
ne said, a thorough study Of
foreign economic policy would be
made.
Republican and Democratic lead.
ers in both houses indicated they
would go along with the Presidents
request. But the committee still
plans to open hearings on the
Simpson bill April %. The Eisen-
hover proposal doubtless will be
brought to the Committee when
administration spokesman testify
on the Simpson measure.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-04-12

moved their troops from the d.
vided country, the Russians an
nouncing their departure in De-
cember, 1913, and the Americans
leaving six months later. The
United States left behind the
Korean Military Advisory Group,
about 500 strong, to train the
nucleus of a South Korean de-
tense arm. The Russians at the
same time apparently left a cadre
to organize a puppet army that
turned out to have far greater
power to strike than the South
Korean security force" had to
resist.
Attack at Dawn
Thiswas the situation, then, on
June Is, 1850. North Korean
forces struck at dawn. Con-
demnation in the United Nations
-Spearheaded by the United
StateS-WaS prompt. On June 26
the U. N. Security Council cited the
North Koreans for a breach of
world peace, and on July Z es-
tablished the United Nations
Command, under United States
leadership, to handle resistance to
the Red drive.
Had it not been for some ap-
parently crossed wires in the
Kremlin, it is questionable
whether the U. N. could have
acted. The Soviet bloc was in the
process of boycotting the Security
Council at the time, and thus
Russia was in no position to veto
the collective security" action.
Later, the Soviets attempted to
have the whole thing called off
on the ground that Russia was
not present and voting, but the
General Assembly decided that
mere absence is not tantamount
to veto. In short, Russia had
had its chance, and had muffed it.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-04-12

governments except as Congress
may prescribe.
The second proposal, by the
American Bar Association, would
provide that executive agreements
be approved by each State Legis-
lature before the agreement could
be made binding within the State.
The two constitutional amend.
ments were necessary, Senator
Bricker said, to end the danger
OF a Presidents undermining Con-
stitutional rights through treaties
and executive agreements with
foreign countries. Ratification Of
some weak United Nations declar-
atoms on human rights, Senator
Br1cker said, could override guar.
antees in the Bill of Rights.
'HormfuP Plan
But Secretary Dulles and At
torney General Brownell told the
subcommittee that the proposals
were unnecessary and potentially
harmful. The administration view
was this:
The proposed amendments would
make executive agreements virtu-
ally impossible to complete, as
thousands of petty matters-con-
corning foreign troop movements
or military construction for in
Stance-would have to be brought
TO Congress each year. And the
cumbersome proposal for approval
OF treaties would handicap the
president at a time when events
might move swiftly in the cold
war. Furthermore, treaty could
not outrank the Constitution or a
subsequent act of Congress.
So Mr.. Dulles proposed that a
commission of Congressman and
judges study the treaty-making
power OF the President and then
recommend needed changes. If
any. He assured the subcommittee
that the new Republican admins
tration could be trusted to act in
the best interests of the Nation
and to consult frequently with
Congress in making treaties or
executive agreements. Specifically.
he said, approval of the U. N. pacts
on human rights, women's politi-
cal rights, genocide and freedom
OF the press would not be sought.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-04-12
Legislation

A CCORDING to the Constitu-
a ton three things make up
the supreme law Of the land:
The Constitution itself, Federal
laws, and treaties.
All three override State laws or
State constitutions. But the Fed
eral Constitution does not say
specifically which of the three is
supreme if one contravenes an
other.
Supreme Court decisions have
provided part of the anSwer.the
Constitution stands higher than a
Federal law. But the lawyers are
still arguing whether a treaty can
supersede the Constitution.
Interpreting a variety of court
decisions, some persons, including
Senator Bricker, Republican, of
Ohio, say a treaty comes first.
Other persons, including Secretary
Of State Dulles, believe a treaty
cannot be used to circumvent the
Constitution.
Two Amendments
Their difference of opinion was
threshed out before a Senate Ju-
dietary subcommittee last week.
Under consideration were two pro-
posed constitutional amendments
to prevent possible abuse of the
treaty-making power.
The first proposal, in a bill
sponsored by Senator Bricker and
So other Senator'S, would require
not only two-thirdS majority rati-
f1cation by the Senate of any treaty
but also separate Endorsement by
a majority of both houses. The
bill also would specify that no
treaty could be demonstrations"
and that executive agreements
could not be made with foreign
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1953-04-12
Cold Peace

DESPITE THE encouragement
IL in Korea, the Communists
were demonstrating elsewhere that
It would be premature to hail the
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1953-07-08
WALLY BUR- KENO WINS
PEA CHAMPIo NSHlP BY
2To1 GoLFVICToRY
Raymond Maloney
Wins Free For
All Boat Race

The 9Th Of July weekend races
at Marathon, Fla were 4 huge sue.
cess. The American Legion Auxi-
liary proved to be wonderful hosts
offering free lunch to all partici.
pants and families; free mix and
ice cream for the children: games
and prizes and = score Of things
to make the weekend enjoyable
to all.
Results Of the races are as fol.
lows:
B-Fishing class with d field Of
5 boats.
Cecil Gates, LIST.
Gene Skaggs Ind.
Tony johnson 3rd.
D-Fishing class with d field Of
8 boats,
Chef Tingler LIST.
Cliff Bailey Ind.
Walter Crosland End.
Joe FELTON, 3rd.
B-Hydro with q field Of 8 boats:
Frank Bowler LIST.
Davi Mason End.
James Hanson srd.
Free for all with . field Of ii
boats:
Raymond Maloney Ist.
Joe FELTON, Ind.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1953-07-08
Former Key Wester
Lands 100 ID.
Torpon Off Docks

Jehn W. Bowers. : Melville
Terraces. WstsFtoWn, Mass,
landed : s. s.. l0O.lh. sarpen
OF Craig Decks aboard Frank
Wieksrs' Sandy Bill Friday.
h took Sewers IS minutes
70 bost fine huge game fish. In
The party with Bowers ives
John Richardson.
Bowers was formerly en-.
ploYed with the P and Q Steam.
ship Company In ihis city, and
u Is his first "trip 10 Ire island
City In a years. Ne Is married
10 the former Ruby Richard.
son.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1953-07-08
Havana Cubans
Beaten 23-2 By
Fl. Lauderdale
By The Associasod Press

Pepper Martins RI. Lauderdale
Lions, beaten Two out of three
times in Havana. turned on tie Gu
bans Tuesday night ana thrashed
them, ~. by The biggest score
posted in the Florida international
League this season.
St. Petersburg made Il four
straight over the Tampa Smokers,
SIS. and Miami edged West Palm
Beach. 81. in II innings, also for
the fourth time in a row.
Both Havana runs came on
homers, BY Luis Morales and Tony
Pacheco. The Lions struck back
with four circuit wallops. includ-
sng a grand Skinner BY Billy
currie in the sixth. Others came
off the bats OF Chuck Helman,
Frank Smith and Jesse Levan.
The Lions raked Sixto Hechavar.
ria. Rolando Muniz and Julio Bee
qaer for 20 hits.
Tampa's Smokers made their
first home appearance since the
club was taken over BY a group
of local business men but the visit.
ing Saints raked four fingers for
II hits. including triples By Don
Richards ard Harry Anderson.
Miami made il "a out OF 20 over
the West Palm Beach Indians il
II innings at Miami Stadium. The
sun Sox had come from way back
to win after the Indians scored
three in the second. Oscar Ser.
ra'S homer started Miami's scor-
Ing in the second. John Paris
sol al infleld single and Manager
Doc AlexSoa raced home with the