davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1953-09-11

RPI roommate, Pat Burke. of
Port Huron Mich. Graham Rob
ms, also of Port Huron, and Bruce
Martin, Of ST Petersburg, Fla.
The Sunday School picnic of
Thomas Chapel proved enjoyable.
Saturday afternoon An ahlnd-
ance OF homemade ice cream
proved to De j feature attraction
The showers Of rain. coming
during tho plcnlc, were also vel
coined. Among the picnic crowd
We're Mr. and Mrs j K Stdnnell
and Lynne and Pat. Mr., and Mrs
j. C. Sanderson. Misses WIland
and Ann Smith all of Richmond.
and Eric Robinson. of near Farm
vile.
Several from this community
attended and enjoyed the homie
coming service and festivities at
lakewood Methodist Church, Sun
day Rev Mr. Walker preached a
challenging sermon on PRAYER
during the morning service III the
afternoon he left an inspiring
thought Oh The Foundation Of a
Christian Life Special music
added to the events enjoyment
Thu wiener roast sponsored by
Oak Grove Baptist Church School.
was well attended by members
from this community. 1t was re
ported a most successful OCCASION.
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1953-09-11
Friends, Relatives Visit
In CurdsUille Labor Dau

The Misses Elizabeth and Pau
line Harris and Marvin Dunkum
called on Miss Anne Johnson.
Sunday afternoon
Ohio Guests
Mr. and Mrs. c. c. Harvey and
c. c.. Jr. and Mason. of Akron,
o.. called on the Emmett Dun
kums, Monday.
Mrs. Without. of Charlottesville,
visited her brother-in-law and
sister. Mrs. Proffitt, last week.
and Mrs Proffitt, who has not
been very WELL accompanied her
home for a medical check-up
Mr. and Mrs. Sweden Allen
had as holiday guests. Mr.. and
Mrs. Edward Alley and infant son
Of Richmond. 1t was the baby S
first visit to his grandparents.
Mrs. Aliens brother, Mr.. and
Mrs. Webb and her nephew and
his wife, all of Knoxville, Tenn.
recently visited in the Allen
home.
Joe Grigg, of Baltimore, visited
his mother over the holidays.
o. M. Boiling, Dick Wise G
w. Kessler. Herman Dowdy, Ber-
nard Harris. Joe Grigg and others
were out fox hunting. Labor Day
They did not succeed in getting
sly fox. but they saw a number
and will try for them again soon
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1953-09-11

NEW IDEA for = main dish
mold features an interesting
combination of foods such as
noodles. tuna fish, cantsloupe
balls and grapes. spanked with
pineapple and lime juices,
nodded with lemon-flavored
gelatin.
oil to grease mold. Break tuna into
large pieces with fork. Fold into
thickened gelatin mixture with
chilled noodles and remaining in
gradients. Pour into 2-quart mold
and chill until firm. Unmold and
serve with crisp salad greens. =
Spaghetti with Chicken Sauce I,
(Serves a. 4
i tablespoon salt ~
quarts boiling water =
ounces spaghetti
10h-ounce can tomato PURGE
u cup butter or substitute
" teaspoon sugar
cup chopped, cooked chicken
Add tablespoon of salt to rapidly
boiling water. Gradually add
spaghetti SO water continues to
boil. Cook, uncovered, stirring oc-
casionally, until tender. Drain in
colander. In saucepan. combine
PURGE. butter and sugar Bring to
a boil over medium heat Add
chicken and heat thoroughly. To
serve, pour this sauce over
spaghetti.
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1953-09-11
StreumIine Rooms
For Easy Living

How'S your home when it comes
to cleaning time? A job you dread.
or one that's so easy 1t hardly
taxes your energy?
With all the aids available for
easier housekeeping. no woman
need to be a slave to the chores
of cleaning Then. add to this ac-
tual room planning, and you can
cut down homework by a great
deal.
Streamline Rooms
Rooms cluttered with a lot Of
knickknacks give a busy appear
ance and take away from the leis-
urely, relaxed atmosphere which
is so comfortable and soothing.
When it comes to cleaning time,
they serve to make you dread
tackling the room: there's so much
to do!
Streamline the room by remov-
ing ali sorts of odds and ends
which do not add to the comfort
able feeling in the room. Get rid
OF papers, magazines and books
which aren't read. Then you won t
have to shift them around each
cleaning day.
The same applies to furniture
If it doesn't serve really good
purpose; either convert it to a
useful piece, or a decoratively at
tractive one, or get rid Of it.
With rooms cleared of much of
the clutter, it will be much easier
to tackle the things you do have
to have!
Making Cleaning Easier
WAX housekeeping" is one of
she ways you can reduce cleaning
chores. There are wakes Tor every
purpose and several of the prod
ucts serve several different uses.
Many wakes clean as they pol
ish so this eliminates an extra
step. You'll find that waxed sur
faces leave hard, protective film
which deters dust and dirt, and
this is especially welcome for
floors, table tops, Venetian blinds
and other surfaces.
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1953-09-11
Arvoniia

Mrs. Monroe Johns. Of Farm
vile, was the week end guest of
her son and daughter law. Mr.
and Mrs. Melville >Johps.
Mr.. and Mrs. w. M Barbee and
Thomas Foulkes. of Richmond,
were holiday guests of Mrs. w. w.
Foulkes Miss Martha Foulkes. OF
Charlottesville, returned to Char
lotteSville Tuesday after spending
her vacation with her mother.
Mrs w. w. Foulkes.
Mr. and Mrs. Pierce Chambers
and children. of Alexandria, were
guests during the holidays of Mrs.
W. A. Chambers Chuck" Jones.
Of Carysbrook, has been visiting
in the same home.
Mrs 0. j Williams. Mr.. and
Mrs. o. F. Williams. Anne and
Bobby were Sunday afternoon
visitors of Mr. and Mrs. N. T. VIII
Hams and Mrs. G. P. Williams. of
Of Richmond
Mrs T. A, Yancey entertained
recently in honor of her daugh-
ter. Evelyn, the occasion being
Evelyn's second birthday. Her
little friends reported a wonderful
time.
Mr.. and Mrs. Alexander Will
liamS and children, of Richmond.
were week end guests of Mr.. and
Mrs. John Williams.
MI and Mrs. Holman Saunders
and family, of Richmond We're
recent guests of Mr.. and Mrs.
Woodrow Boggs.
Mrs Evie Blankenship Of
Washington. was the recent guest
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1953-09-11
WOMAN'S WORLD
WOMAN'S WORLD
Hot or Cold Meals
Should Feature Food
Which Is Fi|Iinq

MANY people think Of summer
AVA meals strictly in terms OF
salads. cold cuts and chilled des-
serts. while others insist on hay
ing one hot meal a day.
No matter which way you like
it. you'll enjoy at least one of
these recipes. and perhaps, even
both for they're economical, nu-
tritiouS and full of rfb-sticking
quality which is important, even
though the main dish may be a
cool one:
Tuna, Noodle and Lemon Mold
(Serves $50
tablespoon salt
quarts boiling water
ounces medium egg noodles
l 3-ounce package lem0n-flav-
Ored gelatin
q cup hot water -
" cup cold water H<
l cup pineapple juice !
3 tablespoons lime juice
2 7-ounce cans solid-pack tuna
cup cantaloupe balls
Y cup halved green grapes
Add salt to rapidly boiling
water. Gradually add noodles so
that water continues to boil. Cook,
uncovered. stirring occasionally.
until tender. Drain in colander
Rinse with cold water. drain and
chill. Dissolve gelatin in hot water
Add "A cup cold water, pineapple
and lime juice. mix well. Chill I'M
til mixture begins to thicken
Drain tuna and reserve some of
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1953-09-11
a--s-a4a--
NUCKOLS

Visitors this week, at Cherry
Hill Farm. have included: Mr..
and Mrs. c. E Moseley and
daughter, Jane Dudley; Mr. and
Mrs. Red Mcmillan and Lynda;
Miss Margaret Ann Mcmillan;
Mr.. and Mrs. Ovid Davidson, and
Mrs. William B. Davidson. "a
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1953-09-11

visiting her grandmother. at
Cherry Hill
Mrs. w. F. Davidson. who has
been with her daughter and SON.
in-law for some time. has return
ed to her home Mr.. Davidson's
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1953-09-11

of Mr.. and Mrs. r. Fl. Ford. She
has also been visiting Mr.. and
Mrs. Harold Harvey.
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1953-09-11
Nuckols

Miss Noel Davidson has return
ID to her home, at Norfolk. after
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1953-09-11

eye sight is much better after his
operation. Mrs. H. S. Springer re-
turned home with her father.
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1953-09-11
AsIlby

R G. Bobby" Sanderson enter
tanned overnight guests during
the week end They included his
The Farmville herald and farmer-leader. (Farmville, Va.) 1934-1957, 1953-09-11

KEEP VIRGINIA GREEN!
The coastland times. [volume] (Mnateo [i.e. Manteo], N.C.) 1947-1959, 1953-10-16
BIDS SKED ON
BOAT CONCESSION
AT OREGON INLET
Park Service aOffers Ten
Years Proposition Cater
ing to Sportsmen

The National Park Service has
announced that the business for
merly optrated by w. A. Worth
on the north side of Oregon Inlet,
and which is situated on property
now owned by the Federal Gov
eminent and included in the
Cape Hatteras National Seashore
Recreatfonal Area, is to be con-
tinued after December 81, 1858,
under concession contract.
1t is the desire of the Depart
ment-of the Interior, through the
National Park Service, to give
responsible persons and firms the
opportunity to study the opera
ton and, if interested, to submit
proposals for the conduct of the
business for 10 years from about
January l, 1854. Such factors as
the background and personal ex-
perience of the bidders in the
operation of businesses of this
type, the franchise fee payments
proposed by them and their fin
ancial resources, personal attri-
butes and business records in
general, will be carefully con-
sidered in making the award.
The bidder receiving the award
will be granted the preferential
right to lease pier space to
charterboat operators, serve
breakfasts, cold drinks and other
refreshments, sell bait, tackle,
sport fishing apparel, ice, gaso-
line and oil, rent tackle and, dur
ing the off-season, to service fish
ing craft. The bidder receiving
the award will be required to
operate an equitable system Of
charterboat bookings as an added
service to the public. The Nation
al Park Service, in accordance
See BIDS, Page Four
The coastland times. [volume] (Mnateo [i.e. Manteo], N.C.) 1947-1959, 1953-10-16
MACS HEAD OF C
ELECTS OFFICERS
TUESDAY NIGHT
Will Ask Aid in Trash Pro-
bIem and Mosquito
Control

Mays Head. = Mays head
Chamber of Commerce, meeting
Tuesday night at the Carolinian,
elected officers, considered pro
gram of work for the winter and
planned a dinner meeting at the
Carolinian for Nov. 10.
Officers unanimously elected
were: President, Julian Oneto,
succeeding Dewey Hayman; vice
president, w. H. Smith, succeed
ing B. M. Hedrick; treasurer, Mrs.
William Jackson, reelected; sec
cretary, Miss Sarah Halliburton.
The dinner meeting set for
Nov. 10 will serve as the annual
membership session, with cock
tails at 6 by courtesy of Pat
Bayne and the dinner by courtesy
of the Carolinian.
A representative of the Virgin
ia Electric and Power Co. will be
invited to this meeting. Members
commented that Vepco had
carried out its promise to provide
improved service on the beach,
but that following the August
hurricane service was slow to be
restored to some parts of the
beach, presumably due to lack of
large enough crew. The work of
the repair crew serving the beach,
however, was praised.
Members decided to offer the
services of the Mays Head Cham
Der of Commerce. to the Wright
Memorial celebration committee
to help in any way needed.
Two beach problems will be
submitted to the board of county
commissioners. The board will be
asked to put a stop to the litter
ing of the beach due to trash and
garbage blowing out of the gar
bage truck. The board also will
be asked to make provision in
the county budget for mosquito
See CHAMBER, Page Four
The coastland times. [volume] (Mnateo [i.e. Manteo], N.C.) 1947-1959, 1953-10-16
TlDEWATER TEAMS
ENTERING TOURNEY

Mays Head. - Among the score
or more surf fishing teams enter
ing the second annual Mays Head
Tournament here on October 16-
18, will be three from the Tide
water, Va, area, it was stated
today by Hal H. Williams, Presi-
dent of the local and sponsoring
club. The five men teams from
the Norfolk area include one each
from Lynhaven Surf Fishing
Club, Virginia Beach Surf Fish
ing Club and the Tidewater An
glers Club of Norfolk it was
statedC'T will also be entered
from other Virginia and North
G olina clubs in addition to
from New York, New
Jersey and Pennsylvania clubs, it
was stated.
The coastland times. [volume] (Mnateo [i.e. Manteo], N.C.) 1947-1959, 1953-10-16

MACS HEAD and adjoining beaches have married couples
atng successful businesses due good work plus ability and
exceptional personality Of this number Walter Marion
Olson Gray who their big this
Lauderdae Florida they have opened
Ga Gifts and Beach has had several of
Mays Head similar be expected the Florida
winter Business ability naturally in this for Mr.
Grays mother Mrs Julia Cubreth Gray of Washington Maneo
Florida the of the highly successful Virginia
other dolls Mrs Gray will establish doll department the
his education Wake College,
Forest N Co. and at George Washington University Washington
He the Raj for during World War
the u Air Force making the transfer England
Gray who native of Nebraska worked with the Official
Development Washington during
and Mrs Gray have three Walter France Larry Milton
Tony York Gray; and daughter, Julie Gray.
The coastland times. [volume] (Mnateo [i.e. Manteo], N.C.) 1947-1959, 1953-10-16
FIRST
CASE SUCCEEDS
BEYOND HOPES
Wallace Gray Gets Client
Free and Prosecuting Wit
ness Convicted and Fined

Not every lawyer has the luck
that attended young Wallace r.
Gray of Buxton when he tried
his first case Tuesday before
Judge w. F. Baum. He not only
got his client free when he turn
ed daughter against mother, but
the Judge fined the mother, who
was the prosecuting witness.
Mrs. Thelma Thrash, colored,
daughter of Lloyd Meekins, who
is now charged with having as
saulted Jerry Bell McClease with
a shotgun last year and which
case resulted in mistrial in
Dare Superior court in May,
sWore out a Warrent charging
young McClease~ with having as
saulted and injured her daughter,
Ella Mae Meekins, the girl whose
interest in McClease was the
cause of the old trouble with the
grandfather.
Success came for lawyer Gray
representing McClease,- when
the girl went back on her mother
Love came to the surface, ano
she testified that she and Nc
Clease had had a little tiff, anc
she had struck at him, losing hel
balance and causing her to fall
Judge Baum fined the mother
SIS for bringing the prosecution
Three other cases were tried
Arthur Johnson, colored, plead
ed guilty to giving a bad CHECK
to Meekins Texaco Service Sta
ton. He was sentenced to 80 days
in Jail, suspended on payment o:
a SIS fine and costs of court and
See CASE, Page Four
The coastland times. [volume] (Mnateo [i.e. Manteo], N.C.) 1947-1959, 1953-10-16
!" light RELICS
DISCOVERED ON
ROANOKE ISLAND
Mrs. Amanda Daniels to Lend
OrViIle Wright's Bicycle
to Museum

Thirty years of patient searching
by the National Air Museum of the
Smithsonian Institution for an au-
thentic Wright bicycle ended here
this week when Mrs. John T. Dan
iels, widow of the late Capt. John
7. Daniels, made available the BIZ
cycle m nuf acture d by the
Wrights, brought to Dare County
when they came down in 1903 and
given to Captain Daniels, who was
one of the U. S. Coast Guardsmen
who helped them bring the air age
into reality.
Mrs. Daniels, in agreeing to let
the priced relic go to the Smith
sonian stipulated that it would be
returned to Dare County when an
aeronautics museum is established
at Kill Devil Hill and that it be
permanently displayed here at
home as a memorial to her hus-
band. Paul N. CARRIER, curator of
the National Air Museum, has ac-
quiesced in the reservation.
Other effects of the Wrights,
which include the oil lamp by
which they studied by night, the
oil stove upon which they cooked
and the shaving mug which they
shared jointly, will be included in
the exhibit, under the same stipu-
lation that they will be returned to
the county when place had been
provided for their preservation.
In determining upon the Smith
sonian as the proper custodian of
the mementos of the beginning of
the air age Mrs. Daniels rejected
substantial offers to purchase ur-
gently made by the Ford Founda-
ton Museum at Dearborn, Michi-
gan, and by a number of private
See RELICS, Page Four
The coastland times. [volume] (Mnateo [i.e. Manteo], N.C.) 1947-1959, 1953-10-16
FIRST CANADA GEESE
AT PEA ISLAND REFUGE
Wild Ducks Also Showing Up in
Many Places Along Coast
of Dare County
" AYcocK BROWN

en- hundred Canada wild
geese, the first of many thou
sands scheduled to spend the
winter at Pea Island on the
northern tip of Hatteras Outer
Banks, arrived at the national
wildlife refuge last week, it was
announced today by L. P. Turner,
superintendent of the area.
Approximately 1000 wild
ducks have also arrived at the
refuge as winter feeding grounds
during the next few months, it
was stated. In addition to the
Canada geese, a migratory flight
of several thousand snow geese
will also use the refuge this year.
The ducks that have arrived to
date include pintails, widgeons
and black ducks. Already at the
refuge were a number of gadwalS
which did not migrate northward.
"By actual count, 719 young
gadwals were Matched out by
ducks which did not migrate
northward during the past
Spring and Summer" said Tur-
ner. 'We also courted 288 black
duck that were Matched in the
area.
With modern paved highway
extending from Oregon Inlet
southwark to Hatteras, the Pea
Island National Wildlife Refuge
is likely to become one of the top
tourist attractions along the Dare
Coast. Already in recent years
the area, especially during the
short period the greater snow
geese take up residence in the
Pea Island region, has attracted
tourists from, all parts of the
country.
In order to keep the public
from molesting the wildfowl at
the Pea Island refuge now that
a paved highway leads through
the area, the government has re-
Gently built a 3-Wire fence along
the property.
The coastland times. [volume] (Mnateo [i.e. Manteo], N.C.) 1947-1959, 1953-10-16
REBEKAHS WILL
HAVE DISTRICT
MEET TUESDAY
Manteo to Be Host to Lodges
from Elizabeth City and
Swan Quarter; State
Officers Will BE
Present

The district meeting of the
Rebekahs will be held in Manteo
next Tuesday, October 20, in the
lodge over the fire station. A
special meeting of the Manteo
lodge was called Monday night
by Mrs. w. w. Ballowe, Noble
Grand, and plans were completed
for the district meeting, at which
the Manteo RebekahS will be
host to Elizabeth City and Swan
Quarter, the other two lodges in
the First District.
The honor guests will be Mrs.
Marguerite Funk of Winston
Salem, state president; Mrs.
Laura johnson of Raleigh, state
vice-president; Mrs. Helen Eason
of Goldsboro, state secretary; and
Mrs. Inez Ramsey of Greensboro,
warden.
The meeting will open at IL
o'clock Tuesday morning and re-
cess for luncheon at Fearing's
Cafe, reconvening at two o'clock.
All members are urged to attend
all, or as much as possible, of the
meeting.
The Manteo lodge will hold its
regular meeting Monday night,
at which time the state president
will make her annual official
visit. She will be accompanied by
her staff of officials.
The coastland times. [volume] (Mnateo [i.e. Manteo], N.C.) 1947-1959, 1953-10-16
BIG GAME HUNTING
GUIDES ARE READY
ON DARE MAINLAND

ms Harbor. = Big game
a. : guides are ready for
lHE nd deer hunters who will
ming to this area with the
opening of the season on October
is. Among the guides who cater
to big game hunters are Horace
Hooper and Clarence Hassell OF
Manns Harbor; George, Teco and
Elwood Ambrose of East Lake;
Ken Ward of Manteo (who has
hunting facilities on mainland)
and Alton Best of Stumpy Point.
Information about big game
hunting in Dare, the permits nee
essary from West Virginia Pulp
and Paper Company and other
data is available from Game Pro-
tector w. S. White of MAINS Har-
Dor, and others as recently an
nounced in this paper.
The coastland times. [volume] (Mnateo [i.e. Manteo], N.C.) 1947-1959, 1953-10-16
SENIOR JENKINS AND
HOLLOMAN FIND FISH

Former State Senator Charles
H. Jenkins and Red Holloman of
Ahoskie, concluded week end fish
ing trip Tuesday, with favorable
results, the largest fish being a
drum taken by Mr.. Hol-
loman from Jennette's pier. They
stopped at Ell Gay tourist court.
Senator Jenkins, who is a member
of the State Board of Conserva-
ton and Development is also
widely known as a distributor of
automobiles, owning agencies in
various towns, is part owner of a
radio station in Ahoskie, and is
among many other activities, a
trustee of Chowan College.
The coastland times. [volume] (Mnateo [i.e. Manteo], N.C.) 1947-1959, 1953-10-16
TWO SWEET POTATOES
WEIGH 91I2 POUNDS

Largest sweet potatoes seen in
Manteo in many a day were
brought to the office of the Coast
land Times by Marshall Smith,
who reports many more like
them in the patch of his mothers
home, Mrs. H. C. Smith. The two
potatoes weighed nine and one
half pounds. The larger of the
two weighed five and three
fourthS pounds, was IL inches
long and Is inches around it. The
potatoes are well-formed and
sold. They are displayed in the
window of the newspaper.
Evening star., 1953-09-20
Terps Beut Missouri, 200;
LittIer Amateur Golf Champ

Moot won the Manly Steeple-
chase Handicap at Fair Hill, Md,
Atalanta the Beldame Handicap
at Aqueduct, and Alva H. the
Marlboro Purse at Marlboro.
The power boat races in the
Presidents Cup Regatta opened
on the Potomac, with favored
o-Mo-Shun v winning the first
heat in record time. Two more
heats are scheduled today.
Washington's baseball team
bowed to Philadelphia. 6-5. but
Mickey Vernon had one hit, a
homer, in four times at bat to
keep his league-leading average
at 1886.
Among the football upsets were
Baylor over California, $50:
William g. Mary over Wake
Forest, 1914; Oregon over Ne
braska, 20-12; College of Pacific
over Stanford. $500, and Colo
RADIO over Washington, 21-20.
"Details in Sports Section0
Evening star., 1953-09-20
Communists Delay
Turning Over 300
Prisoners 10 India
Some Americans Are
Described as Unwilling
To Return Home
By the ASsocioted Press

PANMUNJOM. Sunday, Sept.
20.-Without explanation, the
Communists today put off until
Thursday the delivery into In
dian custody of more than 300
allied prisoners including some
Americans labelled by the Reds
as unwilling" to return home.
This delay followed release
yesterday of 13 such prisoners
some of whom promptly said
they wanted to go home all the
time but were held back because
they had been "unco-operative"
with their captors.
One said he was detained be-
cause he refused to listen atten-
lively to Communist lectures.
The Communists said the 13-
II South Koreans and l Turk
chose at first not to go home but
changed their minds under per
Suasion" by the Reds.
Kim San Bong, 25. one of the
South Koreans freed yesterday,
said the number still in Red Gus
tody at a camp near Kaesong
(See POWs, Page A-5.l
Evening star., 1953-09-20

Maryland's 20-6 victory over
Missouri yesterday helped open
the college football season on a
day marked by an unusual num-
ber of surprises.
One-platoon football returned
to the colleges. and Quarterback
Bernie Faloney Oh Maryland
showed what it would mean by
playing So minutes. He scored
one of his teams touchdowns.
Art Littler. Navy airman from
LaJolla, Calf, scored a 1-up
victory over Dale Morey of In
dianapolis to win the National
Amateur golf championship at
Oklahoma City on the final hole.
1t was announced that Native
Dancer, the champion 3-year-old
race horse, has been retired for
the year. A foot infection, the
result of bruises. was the reason.
That knocked out the hoped-for
meeting with Tom Fool in the
Pimlico Special October "a.