davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1952-02-24

The election Of 0 Republican,
Robert T, Roa, to 0 House seat
formerly held by Democrat In last
Tuesdays special election In the New
York Borough Of Queens was the top
political development Of the week,
Republicans no doubt will magnify
the Importance OF this election.
playing II up 40 On indication Of
how the wind viii blow across the
Nation In November. Democrats may
be expected TO play II down by
pointing out that this section Of New
York usually goes Republican In na-
tional elections despite o heavy
majority OF Democrats among the
registered voters Of the district.
A true estimate Of its significance
lies somewhere In between the rival
party claims. II ID unquestionahly
an encouraging sign for the Repub-
leans, but II should not be given too
much weight 90 0 presidential elec.
ton barometer ct 0 time when
neither party knows who It's national
candidate will be.
Other highlights Of the week In.
cluded: sg
]. Gen, Eisenhower's supporters
took steps to enter his name In two
more primaries-Pennsylvania and
Oregon. sa
Oregon Trouble
2, Friends OF Senator Taft, one Of
the leading contenders for the Re-
publican nomination, had to combat
efforts In Oregon 10 push him into
that States primary. The Senator's
present intention 10 not to 60 int
Evening star., 1952-02-24
What Is Espionoge?

The Federal espionage law Is far
broader than that against treason.
Spying ID an ordinary felony, and
can be proved Just 60 any other
felony IL. &r aes
Although the espionage law IL
long and involved, Ito principal
points can be summarized briefly.
In time Of war, II prohibits the un-
authorized disclosure or attempted
disclosure Of military information
10 foreign country I'm time OF
peace or war, II forbids the trans.
initial or attempted transmittal Of
national defense secrets to an alien
power.
There need not be O war under
way for espionage to be committed,
nor need the spying be done In the
eneny's interests even II there 10 0
war. The attempt TO spy 10 itself O
crime, 90 no completed oct need
occur. And there need not be any
Set number OF witnesseS--in fact,
On entirely oircunstantial case may
be made.
In wartime, spying 10 punishable
by death, 90 treason ID. And, being
o capital crime, II too can be prose-
euted OF any time, regardless OF how
many years elapse between the of
tense and Ito discovery.
Different In PeGeetime
peaeetifne espionage, on the other
hand, ID dealt with much more
lightly under present law than its
wartime counterpart. There Ia now
no death penalty for peaeetime spy
Ing, and the maximum prison term
ID 40 years. Like other fenseapital
offehses, peaeetlIne espionage has O
statute OF llhaltatl0ns"=in its case,
10 years, recently increased from
three years, This means that II on
eifense gees undiscovered for 10
years, the eulpFit con never be tried
The statute OF limitations might
have been OF great value to AlgeF
Hiss, II prevented his being brought
TO trial on espionage charges In
connection with accusations made
by Whitaker Chambers, Hiss was
locked up eventually, 1t ID true, But
Evening star., 1952-02-24
Are Stffer SPY Laws the Answer to The Red Menace?

VVHH House Committee on Uns
l. American Activities, tho other
day, urged Congress 10 pass O law
10 provide the death sentence As
0 penalty for peacstims espionage,
Thus was sounded the warning
huEEeF for another round In the
Nations battle against Communist
subverslen and spying,
Other legislators have had the
same Idea before, Senator o'ceneF,
Democrat, OF Maryland 10 one OF
those who have made similar req
concentrations, Ills bill 10 provide
the death sentence In peaeetime II
the faFthest advanced OF several
bills which would do what the
House committee wants 10 do. ~
passed the Senate last session, and
presently IA awaiting aetleR by the
House judiciary Committee.
The Idea that these legislators
have Ia quite simple, but complex
reasons undeFlie their proposal
for carrying II out, The Idea n
that American Communist spies
are traitors and should be dealt
with accordingly. But, as we shall
see, prosecution OF Communist
agents on treason charges 10 i'm
possible today, 90 the proposed
solution 10 to make peacettme Spy.
Ing, which technically 10 quite an
other offense, 90 severely punish
able % treason 10.
As ID 80 oftG the case, the key
to an understanding Of this pro-
posal Is basically o matter Of def
milton.
Evening star., 1952-02-24

he went 10 prison not 90 O SPY, but
% q perjurer. II he had told the
truth about his prewar activities
instead Of lying about them, he
might have been discredited. But
he could net have been Jailed. .
Another case In which the prison
gates changed shut only by happen.
stance was that Of the Rosenbergs,
Ethel and Julius. This man ana
wife, members Of the Harry Gold
spy ring, were brought TO the bar In
1850 for helping transmit atomic
secrets TO Russia In the Fnid-'40s,
when we were at war.-but not with
Russia. They could be punished
only because their offense was com.
initted while the United States was
at war. II the Nation had been OF
peace OF that time, the chances ore
the Rosenbergs would now be free.
Their effefse was not discovered for
Ave years, and the statute OF limita.
tions then was only three years.
In the Rosenberg case, O Federal
Judge thought their espionage was
damaging enough TO warrant death.
He deplered the fact that O similar
offense, committed In peaeetifne,
could have been punished by no
more than 30 years,
Only Z Condemned
The fact IA, Though, that since
modern espionage statutes came
Into being % years age-A period
covering both World WaFs=iie
people have been convicted OF ess
pienage In Federal Courts, and only
two, the ResenbeFgs, have been con-
demned TO death, The Resenbergs
are still In Sing Sing Prison, await
Ing execution, AZ In the case OF
treason, therefore, the death pen.
atty for wartime spying never has
been carried out by sentence OF 0
Evening star., 1952-02-24

ward, and 60 up into the mountain:
And see the land, what 1t IL; and
the people that dwelleth therein,
whether they be strong or weak,
few or many; and what the land 10
that they dwell In, whether IL be
good or bad; and what cities they
be that they dwell In, whether In
tents or In StrongholdS; and what
the land 10, whether II be fat or
lean, whether there be wood therein,
or not"
A Modern Dheilno
This biblical Spy-briehng 10 mar.
velously modern In its simplicity and
directness. Moses asked for reports
on the terrain, number and disposi.
ton OF forces, state Of fortifeations
ana the state OF natural resources.
These items, essentially, ore what
Russia wants TO know about us TO.
day-and what we want to know
about Russia.
Az there have been spies since
the days OF the Old Testament,
there have been spies throughout
American history==and traitors,
too. Undoubtedly the best-knewn
American spy was Nathan Hale,
and the best.knewn enemy spy
the British major, John Andre,
Both were hanged In the Revelu.
tlohafy War,
Many OF our tFaiteFs=iike the
hapless Hans Man Haupt, who naFs
rewly escaped death, and got life
imprisonment, for haFbering his
sabeteur son In the last waF-were
shabby and SeFdid characters, This
description covers the whole gaHut
OF radio traitors ~ Tokyo Rose,
Axis sally, Robert Best, Douglas
Chandler, Even the best-kaewR
American traitor, Benedict Arnold,
Evening star., 1952-02-24
ByJ. A. o'Lssy

thrown down the gauntlet 10 presi.
dent Truman,
Senator Kefauver stole q march
on the others last week BY journeying
across New Hampshire IN On old
fashioned hand-shaking campaign
trip, He lot the Yankees hear o real
Southern accent and sec o real Dixie
smile As he asked them In plain,
direct fashion 10 support him. He
paused long enough In one town to
throw sn0wbails OF O Republican
elephant, carved out OF ice In O public
square.
Q. Gov. Earl Warren Of California,
another Republican aspirant, decided
to enter the Wisconsin primary on
April 10 test his strength against
both Taft and Harold u. etassen.
Y. An intiEnation that w. Avefell
Hartman, director of mutual 90.
cuflty. may become Democratic
vice presidential possibility, or Q can.
dictate for the Senate from New York,
entered the news last week. After
q visit TO the White House. Paul
Fitzpatrick. New York State Demo-
cratic chairman, told reporters Mr..
Hartman would make 0 good candi.,
date for Senator, "or even nation
ally"
8. Another White House caller this
week was Senator Brewster. Republi-
can. Of Maine. who said he urged Mr..
Truman to. run again as the logical
candidate TO defend his own adminis-
tration.
Political observers recalled that
President Truman has been quoted
Evening star., 1952-02-24

repeatedly % saying that Senator
Taft ID his favorite choice for the
Republican nomination. Senator
Brewster Ia. O supporter Of Senator
Taft and his action In urging the
President 10 run was taken 10 mean
that Mr.. Taft's friends would vel
come 0 Truman-Taft battle at the
polls this year.
Youngsters Like Ike
0. Gen. Eisenhower was selected by
first-time voters as the man they
would like to see as next President,
according 10 O poll published In the
current McCalps Magazine. presi.
dent Truman was second and sena.
tor Taft third. In response 10 fur.
ther questions. majority Of those
poiled thought the Republicans ore
most likely 10 nominate Taft and the
Democrats President Truman.
During March and April the win.
ners In the early primaries In New
Hampshire. Minnesota, Wisconsin,
Nebraska and Pennsylvania will put
much stress on those scattered con.
tests % indicating victory at the
July national conventions.
But the history Of the recent past
contains q reminder that q candidate
can win these first few rounds and
stil lose the fight, In 1913. Mr..
stassen showed greater strength than
Gov. Dewey Of New York IN early
preferential primaries In Wisconsin,
Nebraska and Pennsylvania. Then
the two men staged o showdown
battle In Oregon, which Dewey won
end went On 10 take the nomination
Evening star., 1952-02-24

was 0 relative nincompoop, though
he did occupy . high station In
his day.. ''g : - a|
But there have been giants In
the annals Of American treason.
The finger Of evidence points OF
ArnoldS wife, Peggy shippen, %
one Of the most adept traitors.
While Arnold was making his feeble
effort to deliver West Point TO the
redcoats, Peggy was busy OF her
own spy work. The notion has
persisted that she was on innocent
bystander In Arnold'S perfdy-even
George Washington thought 10.
But the evidence does not bear this
OUT Like her husband, she ended
her days In Britain on the Kings
bounty. But her pension was twice
% big 90 Arnold's, and her serv.
Ices were characterized by George
III % "very fneritorious,"
Gen. Cherries Lee
Maj. Gen, Charles Lee-Washing.
toms second In command In the
Rev0lutieh=Was another notable
traitor He seems TO have done
his work more out Of hatred for
everything end everybody than for
any other reason A former British
eff1eer, Lee furnished Lord Howe q
plan calculated 10 split the Afaei.
con forces In the Annapells=AleN=
andrla area, Later, he virtually
threw the fight while commanding
5000 Americans near Monmouth.
Lee eventually was eeurtsnlaFtlalea
but GOT of with suspension from
command,
Then there was Mai, Gen, James
wilkinson, the pest-Revelutienary
commander of the Army, who also
was employed on the side as Agent
No, 10 Of the Spanish government,
Evening star., 1952-02-24
What to Do?

Protecting itself against these
eid-tiHe spies and traitors was no
life-and.deat problem for the
United States, Some Of them were
In business for the glory, some for
power, some for money and some
for adventure, But, to Q man, they
were ihdividualists-even II they
sometimes used concerted efforts
to put their ideas over.
Then, too, they operated In On.
uElcomplicated day when the ques-
ton OF war or peace was Q simple
one to answer.
Today, the Nation ID confronted
with another type OF agent--a
fanatic who has submerged his In.
dividualism In worldwide effort
TO overthrow free governments
who has become O cog In 0 machine.
Such Q foe never was envisioned
by the Nations founders.
Nor could the situation In which
these people are operating today
have been foreseen. II Is 0 unique
situation Of war that ID not war
Of two civilizations pitted against
each other In Q struggle which eni-
braces every kind Of human conflict
except unlimited shooting hostil-
tiles. The most hopeful view OF this
situation is that II viii continue
indefinitely. It poses q delicate
new problem: How the state can
protect itself against would-be
traducers without tyrannizing sin
cere dissentAVs y ''.- --~a OF
national security.
This Is the problem which the
House Un-AmeEican Activities Com.
mittee has forcibly called 10 Com
gress' attention.
Evening star., 1952-02-24

was executed for the Harpers Ferry
raid In 1859, Is no exception. The
judgment against him was handed
down by Virginia court-for trea-
son against the State Of Virginia.
It would be illogical, today, to
prosecute a wartime spy as a
traitor. 1t is easier, and Just as
effective, to prosecute him as q
spy. In order to understand the
peacetime situation, however, we
must first take q closer look at the
law regarding spies.
Evening star., 1952-10-27
By staff Correspondent sf The stor

NEW YORK. Oct. 27.-Gov.
Sherman Adams of New Hamp-
shire. one of Gen. Eisenhower
closest advisers. yesterday pre-
dicted an overwhelming victory
for the Eisenhower Nixon ticket.
Victory can come, he said, if
Republicans keep working until
the polls close on November 4.
Gov. Adams declared:
Gen. Eisenhower will sweep
the Atlantic Seaboard States, the
Midwest. the Pacific Coast. the
Rocky Mountain States and-as
the administration now realizes
will carry at least three or four
States in the South"
Gov. Adams, in effect, was fore
casting a landslide somewhat akin
to the Roosevelt sweep of 1886.
Democrats may be expected to
dismiss it as the customary eX-
preston of confidence expected
from campaign managers and
their aides on the eve of an elec-
ton. Gov. Adams is chairman
of the Eisenhower Advisory Com
Imittee.
Gov. Adams also predicted in
yesterdays statement that:
"The opposition-in a desperate
attempt to halt an Eisenhower
sweep and to perpetuate them
selves in power-will stop at moth
ing this week. Led by the Presi-
dent of the United States, who has
Evening star., 1952-10-27

RIST WATCH, lsdy's. gold name on
'ack. AP. 1926 after @ pm.
Evening star., 1952-10-27
Mccarthy Technique
AssaiIed by Lehman
By the Associated Press

CHICAGO, Oct. Ex-senator
Lehman, Democrat, of New York
told Chicago audience yesterday
the forces gathered under the
banner of the Mccarthy brand of
nti-communism . most closely
resemble the Communists in tao
tics, strategy, aim and purpose"
"Totalitarianism, as such. holds
no horrors for these pseudo anti
Communists" the Senator said at
the annual meeting of the Anti
Defamation League of B'nai
Birth.
Indeed, they are quite ready to
utilize the very means and meth
ods of the Communists. And, like
the Communists, the only prin-
ciple, to which the McCarthyites
adhere is the principle of power" "
After his speech Senator Leh-
man said he referred to Senator
Mccarthy. Republican. of Wiscon-
sin and the men who assist and
indorse him. Senator Lehman
spoke after receiving the leagues
Evening star., 1952-10-27

annual silver medallion award for
distinguished contributions to
the enrichment of Americans S
democratic legacy"
Senator Mccarthy is scheduled
tonight to tell his much-publicized
stevenson story" in a Nation
wide radio and television speech.
He says it will show connections
between Gov. Stevenson and Com
munist causes.
Evening star., 1952-10-27
Sparkman Doubts
Eisenhower Could Do
Anything in Korea
BY the Associoted Press

BAKERSFIELD, Calf, Oct. q.
Sparkman, the Demo-
cratic vice presidential nominee,
returned to political stumping to-
day with a blast against Gen.
Eisenhower's proposed trip to
Korea.
The Republican presidential
candidate three days ago pledged
that If he is elected he will visit
Korea in an effort to seek an early
and honorable end to the war.
What could Eisenhower do?"
asked Senator Sparkman during a
press conference in Los Angeles
last night prior to a swing through
California's agricultural San Jo-
aquin Valley.
Gen. Bradley has been there,
and Gen. Collins and all the chiefs
of staff have been there and they
haven't been able to do anything
ABOUT enQlnS II.
Cites Prisoner Exchange.
"As I see it. the thing that's
holding up the armistice today is
our failure to turn over prisoners
who don't want to go back to the
Communists. 1 don't think we
ought to send those prisoners
back. 1t would mean certain
death for many of them"
In resuming the campaign after
three days disqualification with an
attack of laryngitis, Senator
Sparkman said Gen. Eisenhower
should answer two questions:
Il. Is he willing to send those
prisoners back to the Reds?
90. If not, is he willing to ex-
pand the war into World War III?"
Series of Talks Today.
Senator Sparkman's itinerary
today calls for a series of talks
here. in Fresno and in Stockton.
Evening star., 1952-10-27
Adams Sees Eisenhower Sweep
Carrying ANSections of Nation

already disgraced his high office
by injecting religious intolerance
into this campaign. the opposition
forces will step up their smear
campaign and will issue their typi-
cal week-before-election inuen-
does and below-the-belt charges.
Il know that the voters of the
country will recognize these last
minute desperation tactics for
what they are and will reject
them"
Evening star., 1952-10-27

Democrat and Gov. Stevenson
supporter:
Marion County has proved an
accurate political barometer
through the years, because its
diversified population is a cross
section of the whole country.
used to be able to forecast how
the country was going by walking
up and down main street Just be-
fore election day, talking to the
people.
There is no reason to believe
that the county will not 60 Demo-
cratic this year"
Fayette County, Pa. in the
heart of the soft coal region,
seems likely to back Gov. Steven
son, too.
But Joseph L. Dickson, editor of
the UniontoWn Herald, expects
the Democratic margin to be
smaller than in past elections.
1oWa's two bellWether counties
are considered Republican this
year. Jasper County is an indus
trial and agricultural area. Palo
and Monona, have been with the
presidential winner since 1900.
Decatur appears headed Repub-
lican and Monona is a question
mark.
The West Coasts entry, Crook
County, Greg, has been switching
around. In early September it
seemed pointed toward Gov. Ste
venson. Now it is believed reason
ably sure to go for Gen. Eisen-
hover.
Show Weariness of Polls.
Farmers and laborers make up
the bulk of the voters in a county
that shows signs of Weariness at
being polled over and over.
Farmers and businessmen in
the county seat, Prineville, are
rated strong for Gen. Eisenhower,
CIO workers in the lumber in
dustry generally for Gov. Steven
son and AFL lumber hands as
split.
Some States also have been
pretty fair political indicators in
the past, and here again some
records are likely to come to an
end.
Missouri, Idaho and Montana
have backed the winning presi-
dental ticket since 1904. This
time Missouri is considered by
neWsmen to be leaning Democratic,
Idaho and Montana Republican.
Nevada, New Mexico and
Arizona have been on the winning
side since 1912-the year the last
two became States. Arizona now
is rated with an edge to Gov.
Stevenson, Nevada and New
Mexico are counted as edging to-
ward Gen. Eisenhower.
Evening star., 1952-10-27
where he'll spend the night. He

where he'll spend the night. He
made no address in Los Angeles.
In addition to criticizing the
generals Korean trip promise,
Senator Sparkman accused him
of clearly misleading the public
into believing the Republicans can
cut Federal expenditures"
I'm committed to real economy
and not false economy" the Ala
bama Senator said. He (Eisen-
hower) will have to cut the mill
tary or foreign aid or cut to the
bone our activities here at home. -
Evening star., 1952-10-27
Man Unloading Truck
Crushed 10 Death by Car
By the Associated Press

FREDERICK, Md, Oct. 81
Grayson Edward Lighter, AZ, OF
Middletown. was killed Saturday
in Creagerstown when a passing
car crushed him against a truck
he was unloading, State police
said.
Police said Warren Elwood Bow
ers, 81. of near Thurmont, was
charged with manslaughter by
auto, operating under the inf1u-
ence Of liquor and reckless driving
Evening star., 1952-10-27
Eisenhower Appears
Winner in I Of Il
BelIwether Counties
BY DoueIos B. Cornell
ASsoelotsd Press Stoff Writer

NEW YUM, OCC. I'LL signs
mean anything in those IL coun-
ties which brag bit about pick
Ing all the presidential winners
since William Mckinley and 1896,
Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower
looks like the victor this time.
But some of the counties seem
sure to have their regulations
ruined a week from tomorrow.
Newspaper editors and CORE
spondents who took part in mid
October political survey for the
Associated Press estimate that
seven of the IL might go Repub-
hcan, four Democratic.
These are the "bellwether" or
weather vane" counties, scattered
through eight States from coast to
coast:
Crook County, Greg: Albany
and Laramie Counties, Wyo.; Jas
per and Palo Alto Counties, Iowa;
Vanderburgh County, Ind; Bel
mont County, Ohio; Marion
County. w. Va; Fayette County,
Pa: Strafford and Coos (pro-
I1ounced coe-oss) Counties, N. H.
Newsmen sized them up this
way in the A. P. survey:
Somebody's going to be wrong
in Wyoming this year. Albany
County has been on the winning
side since 1892 and editors expect
1t to back Gen. Eisenhower. Lara
mie County has been with the
winner since 1896 and editors give
Democrat Adlai E. Stevenson a
narrow edge there.
The counties are almost twins.
Both are in the southeastern COR
ner Of the State. Both have ag-
ricultural backgrounds dominated
by livestock raising and dryland
farming. Railroad shops are the
major industry in each.
Eisenhower Given Edge.
Up in New England, New
Hampshire's two barometer coun-
ties are considered likely to give
Gen. Eisenhower "a very slight
edge" Editors see several factors
favoring the G. o. P.
The Democratic plurality has
been dropping in recent national
elections. The vote may set a
record this year. Wounds aren't
entirely healed from the primary
scrap between President Truman
and Senator Kefauver of Tennes- /
see. Layoffs in mill regions are
resented. Some Democrats are
cool toward Truman campaign
utterances.
Vanderburgh County, Ohio. in
which Evansville is located. has
been visited by both Gen. Eisen-
hover and Gov. Stevenson.
On the basis of a postcard poll, |
the Evansville Press estimates the
county will toss So per cent of its
vote to Gen. Eisenhower, 48 per
cent to Gov. Stevenson. The
papers political writer says:
Il believe the need for a
change sales talk has taken hold, .
but a lot of independent voters
are leaving Ike. However, many
other independents haven't made
up their minds"
Next door in Ohio, Belmont
County looks like Stevenson ter
ritory. Coal and steel are the big
Industries.
A. v. Dix. publisher of the Mar
tins Ferry Times-Leader, only
daily newspaper in the county, /
lowered an earlier estimate of so
per cent for Gov. Stevenson to 81
per cent in October because:
Many known Democrats think
1t Is time for a change"
Diversified Population Cited.
A bit farther east, in Marion
County. w. Va, this is the word
from c. E. Smith, veteran editor
Of the Fairmont Times, a staunch
Evening star., 1952-10-27
FONND.

kOsTON TERRIER, female. along Potomac
near Fort Washington Sunday afternoon.
Call IL 5-67OO Ext. 65396. from to 5.
BOXER, male fawn. vic. Mt. Vernon
Seminary OR. b137.
BOXER. brindle; about 10 mos old; male
FA. 553S.
COCKER. black, female: vic. Alexandria.
Owner or good home. XII. 9-3959.
DOG, brown. goth and R. l. ave ne,
sun, Oct. 26. 3 o'clock. Owner contact
DU. 5539
FUR PIECE on 32nd St. NV. Friday
NIGHT. Call NO. 055l after g.
RELIGIOUS MEDAL; vicinity Of eth and
Callatin st. NV. Owner can have 1t ON
identif1catton. Call GE. b153, after
pm.
WRIST WATCH, Isdy's. gold, name on
back. AP. 4236 after pm.