davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Montana farmer-stockman., 1952-12-01
Irrigation
Controlled Irrigation
By STANLEY w. HOWARD

excess surface waters or which con-
ducts them to a lower area.
8. An impervious layer which
forces ground water to the surface.
Such a layer may be of clay, shale,
stone, tight conglomerate or a heavy
soil profile continuing to bed rock.
When water is applied to soil in
excess of the amount that the plants
will use it passes downward until
it is stopped by an impervious layer.
If excess water continues to be APP
piled, the soil below the root zone
of the plant becomes filled with
water and the water table begins
to rise. On meadow lands, as this
condition occurs, the productive
legumes and grasses are crowded
out by less palatable water-loving
grasses and plants until finally the
water level reaches the surface of
the ground, with not much growing
except cattails.
The over-application of irrigation
water may render land unproductive
within a few short years or it may
take many years for the conditions
to become so serious that drainage
must be provided in order to reclaim
the land. The time depends upon
the storage capacity of the soils.
How Much Wafer?
How much water should be ap-
piled per irrigation? Let's use pas
ture land as an example and assume
that the soil is medium textured. A
medium textured soil will hold
about IL inches of water per foot
depth of soil. Since pasture grasses
Montana farmer-stockman., 1952-12-01
irrigation

MAJOR EMPHASIS in the rec
1anation of land in Montana has
been to make irrigation water avail
able to the land. The importance
of controlling irrigation water once
it has been applied has generally
been overlooked. The Production
and Marketing administration, in
cooperation with other agricultural
agencies, has estimated that there
are approximately $4,000 acres of
crop land in Montana that are now
in need of drainage.
Water logging of good farm land
is largely a man-made condition
and prevention is often cheaper and
more practical than the cure in
overcoming this condition. 1t is I'M
likely that it would be profitable or
economically possible to drain many
of the thousands of acres that are
now in need of drainage.
There are, however, thousands of
acres OF crop land IN need Oh GRAIN
age that would again become pro-
ductive once this land has been re-
lieved of excess water. Much of this
land is part of existing and oper-
ating farm units and if drained, pro-
duction of these units would be
greatly increased.
Three Major Causes
The need of drainage of irrigated
areas may arise from three major
causes or combinations of them.
l. The over-appication of water
on the area or on adjoining areas.
2. Natural surface conditions
which prevent drainage away of
Montana farmer-stockman., 1952-12-01

cent of their moisture required from
the upper two feet of soil there is
little need of applying more mois-
ture than to meet the plant needs.
This would mean a 3-inch applica-
ton.
A 3-inch application of water ap-
piled uniformly over the land would
satisfy the water requirements of
the plant but because of irregular
land and run-off let's allow an ap-
plication of inches. A stream that
will deliver cubic feet per second
will irrigate an acre of ground APP
plying a 6-inch depth of water in
two hours. With this amount of
water an irrigator should be able
to cover six acres every IL hours.
If it takes longer than IL hours to
cover this acreage with the above
mentioned stream, water is probobly
being wasted.
Wasted Wafer a Hazard
Wasted water is a potential hazard
to land. If not hazardous to the land
where the water is being applied
there is good opportunity that adj
joining land at lower elevations will
eventually become damaged by such
practices.
Applying from to 6 inches of
water per application to meet plant
and soil requirements would prob
ably mean that more land leveling
would be desirable on those lands
where leveling may be economically
accomplished. Sprinkler irrigation
may be the only answer if water is
to be efficiently applied to rough,
shallow-depth lands.
On many of the irrigated meadow
lands of the state where the cost
of water is low the establishment
of more water control structures to
reduce time and labor in making
frequent "sets' of irrigation water
would certainly aid in reducing
excessive water application.
The provision of bitches to carry
surface run-off from the lower ends
of fields to drainage bitches or ma
tural drainageways is recommended
to keep excessive irrigation water
from accommodating at the lower ends
of fields.
Canal Innings
Water losses from canals, bitches
and laterals often allow excessive
water to flow into the underground
strata and may eventually cause
drainage problems. Water losses by
these canals often range from 20-50
per cent depending upon the texture
of the earthen material in which
they are constructed.
Seepage from such canals and
bitches may be reduced if lined with
thin layers of soil and bentonite
concrete, asphaltic or other types
of water-lmpervious membranes
Canal lining is expensive but i:
usually warranted when all factors
are considered. Canals known tt
have high seepage losses should be
completely shut off at the end o.
the irrigation season.
| Some of the causes of excess
| water that leads to the need of lane
| drainage have been discussed. Prac
| tees that will aid in preventing
Il | exoecc qualification of x4yo+a,, how
Evening star., 1952-04-28

Following is the text of MIR.
Jones letter:
Dear Mr.. President:
II just listened to your talk
and think you did a very fine Job
of presentation.
Il tried to wire you but could
not-because the Western Union
is on strike-but I'd like the an
Swer to couple questions.
Il. You speak of $19 profit to
steel companies this before or
after taxes-and if before, which
I think it is, what is the profit
after taxes and would it be fair
to mention it?
20. What about the closed shop
I did not hear you men,
ton?
"3. Why was not the Taft
Hartley Act used before-appar-
emily now it is too late.
q. Is it true that the so-called
public" members of the board
were appointed on the recon-
mendation of labor?
IS. Is it true that the final
recommendations of the board ex-
ceed the demands of labor?
Il note this is more than a cou-
pie questions-but we'd be inter-
ested in the answers.
Sincerely.
&C. S. JONES'"
Evening star., 1952-04-28

Steel price increases averaging
So a ton were authorized last week
and Mr.. Arnall said that was all
they could be given.
When the President called his
Cabinet together March 27, Mr.
Wilson said, the steel dispute was
not brought up. Mr.. Truman, he
added, "had evidently made up
his mind, or somebody had made
it up for him" and he didn't want
anybody else's" opinion.
Later that day, Mr.. Wilson said
he met with Mr.. Truman, Mr.. Ar
nall and Mr.. Putnam and asked
the President point blank whether
or not he had instructed Mr.. Will
son to settle the dispute even if il
became necessary to raise steel
prices beyond the Capehart
amendment.
The President refused "to make
a yes or no answer" Mr.. Will
son said, "whereupon I went back
to my Office and resigned"
Mr.. Wilson said that when the
Sterilization Board had agreed or
its recommendations for the steeI
industry, Nathan Feinsinger, Fed
|eral mediator in the dispute
made no effort to give me even
an inkling of what was coming
He said he did not find out about
it until the day it was published
March 81.
Mr.. Wilson said he had reason
to believe Mr.. Feinsinger was
keeping in touch with Key West
direct "at the same time that ]
was supposed to be getting the in
Evening star., 1952-04-28
formation to take down to the
President"
"Terrihle Roar" From Tahnr

formation to take down to the
President"
Terrible Roar" From Labor.
The former mobilization direc-
tor said his Office started out to
compromise the wage and price
Stabilization efforts, but the job
had been pretty much taken over
by the President and the Presi-
dents Office"
This taking over. Mr.. Wilson
declared, was prompted by ter
rible roar" put up by organized
labor because theoretically was
the boss of both wage stabiliza-
ton and price stabilization."
They did that" he went on.
because they had great foresight
and knew darned well that any
formula that was put up would
be made to apply to everybody
with equity and justice and that
didn't mean they would be able
to get special treatment.
They put up roar, the Pres
ident Succumber to their roar, and
the whole structure of the Wage
lStabilization Board was changed
at the time"
Evening star., 1952-04-28
Pastor AssaiIs Truman
For Stand in Seizure Issu e
BY the Assoeiuied Pre,,

PROVIDENCE. r. l., April o.
The Rev. Francis B. Downs, rector
of the Church of the Epiphany
(EpiscopaD, attacked President
Truman for his steel strike posi-
tion in a sermon yesterday.
Statements by the President and
Government attorneys in the in
junction proceedings, Mr.. Downs
said. imply that Mr.. Truman "is
saying, I can do exactly as
please"
Either he doesn't know what
he is saying-which I doubt-or
this is the statement of a would
be dictator forced by anger to say
what he really means" Mr.. Downs
said.
To-day the pulpits are free, but
If they are to remain free, we must
speak out against tyranny, wheth-
er it be petty bullying by local
police or the megalomania of the
President of the United States.
we are being regimented bit b
bit we are being treated
and spoken of as sheep vic
Tins of steady, planned advance
of secular government to control
our lives"
Evening star., 1952-04-28
Wilson Says Truman Bypossed
Him Nine Ways From Sunday
Quit When Some One
Changed Presidents
Mind on Steel
BY the Associoted Press

Charles E. Wilson says he re-
signed as national defense mobili-
cation director last month because
he was bypassed mine ways from
Sunday" in wage-price negotia-
tions. He said he was embarrassed
by sudden switch of presidential
decisions in the steel dispute.
Mr.. Wilson told of his break
with President Truman in a copy
righted article in U. S. News and
Report.
He said he flew to Key West,
Fla, March "a. as instructed by
the President and found Mr.. Tru-
man determined there must be no
strike at any price,"
The price the President was
willing to see paid to keep the
steel mills operating, Mr.. Wilson
added. was the 26-cent PACKAGE
deal recommended for the CIO
Steel Workers by the Wage Sta
bilization Board plus a compensat-
ing hike in steel prices.
Regarded Price Too High.
The former defense mobilizer
said he considered such a price
too steep and Mr.. Truman "thor-
oughly agreed" to let him try to
effect compromise.
Then, Mr.. Wilson said, he flew
to Washington and told Economic
Stablllzer Roger Putnam anc
Price Stabilizer Ellis Arnall of the
Presidents orders.
In the meantime, Mr.. Wilson
said, C1O President Philip Muir.
ray, head of the steelworkers
union. "or one of his cohorts,
called Key West to protest a state.
Evening star., 1952-04-28

Your Government is doing all in
its power to get the facts to the
people. The officials of the Gov
ernment are laying out the es-
sential facts on wages and on
prices before a number of congress
sional committees. I can only
hope that the newspapers of the
country will give as much at
Itention to these facts as they do
to the paid political ads of the
steel companies.
II realized that the action
was taking in this case was very
drastic. and I did it only as a
matter Of necessity to meet an
extreme emergency. In so doing,
I believe that I was acting within
the powers of the President under
the Constitution-and, indeed,
that it was the duty of the Presi-
dent under the Constitution to
act to preserve the safety of the
Nation. The powers of the Presi-
dent are derived from the Consti-
tuition. and they are limited, of
course. by the provisions of the
Constitution. particularly those
that protect the rights of individ-
uals. The legal problems that
arise from these facts are now
being examined in the courts, as
is proper. but feel sure that the
Constitution does not require me
to endanger our national safety
by letting all. the steel mills shut
down in this critical time.
II have repeatedly stated that
the idea of Government opera
ton Of the steel mills is distaste-
ful to me. I have twice sent
messages to the Congress asking
it to prescribe course to be fol-
lowed to achieve q solution of
this case, if the Congress disagreed
with the action I was taking. The
Congress has not done so.
II want to end Government
operation at the earliest possible
moment, and I will do everything
I can to end it as soon as that
Evening star., 1952-04-28
Humphrey Obtains
Truman Assurance
On Constitution

President Truman today again
defended the constitutionality of
his seizure of the steel industry.
Senator Humphrey, Democrat,
of Minnesota told White House
reporters Mr.. Truman said, II
am a constitutional President,
and my whole record as President
has been in support of defense
of the Constitution.
Senator Humphrey told the
President he was disturbed by
Assistant Attorney General Bal
bridges statement that the Con-
stitution could not curb the Chief
Executive.
The Senator would not say the
President also expressed concern,
but he added Mr.. Truman told
him that his position was stated
in the Jones letter yesterday.
Evening star., 1952-04-28

time the Attorney General may
get an injunction. The Taft-Hart-
ley Act simply would not have
prevented a shutdown of essentia.
steel production in this case.
Your fourth question is wheth.
er the public members of thu
Wage Sterilization Board were
appointed on the recommendation
of labor. They were not. The
public members of the board were
appointed to their positions be.
cause they were experienced anc
qualified men to represent the
public interest. Most of them
have a f1rst-hand familiarity with
Ilabor-management relations. As
a matter of fact, their accepta-
bility to both industry and labor
is evidenced by the fact that sew
Ieral of them have frequently
served as arbitrators of induStria.
disputes. In such situations the
arbitrator is the choice of both
the union and the management
and his compensation is paid fol
jointly by the parties.
"Those who seek to discredit
the board by charges that the
public members are "pro-labor'
don't know what they are talking
about. You may be interested to
know that the National Advisory
Board on Mobilization Policy
composed of outstanding leaders
from industry. labor and agricul-
|ture, and the public-reported to
me only this week that they had
considered this matter and unani-
'mously found "the attacks on the
integrity of the public members
of the Wage Sterilization Board
to be unfair and unsubstantiated
by fact"
Finally, you ask whether the
recommendations of the board ex-
ceeded the demands of the union.
They were in fact substantially
less than what the union wanted.
There were over a hundred issues
in this dispute. On many of the
union demands. the board de-
clined to take action or recon-
Imended that they be withdrawn.
On others, the board recommend
led that the parties settle for
much less than the union asked
for. This is only natural. The
parties to a labor dispute rarely
Iget all they want or feel they
should have. Neither the union
nor the steel companies could ex-
lpect to be satisfied with the recon-
lmendations which would, all
things considered. be fair to both
IpartieS.
Il hope this letter will give you
Ia better understanding of the
steel controversy. I know the
American people will make the
proper Judgment if only they get
all the facts and see the issues.
Evening star., 1952-04-28

can be done without irreparable
harm to the national interest.
Il am taking the liberty of
making my letter to you public
in the hope that the information
will be helpful to others who are
equally anxious to know the real
facts in this controversy.
Very sincerely yours,
HARRY S. TRUMAN.
Evening star., 1952-04-28
FOUND.

0OG-Police and collie mixed-male., light
brown, bob tail. young, triendly1 IA
Evening star., 1952-04-28
81 on Leuve Is Killed
As Family Watches
By the Assoeiofed Press

FORT SCOTT, Kans.. April %.
An Air Force sergeant home on
a brief visit with his family was
killed yesterday in a plane crash
with a friend as his wife and
three children watched.
S/Sergt. William R. Clayton, %,
and Dale Warren. 80. died in the
fiery smashup of Mr.. Warren's s
plane four miles north of here.
Mr.. Warren was flying the plane
lew over the house where Sergt.
Clayton's wife Martha, %, and
their children were watching. AS
the plane started to circle a wing
touched the ground. The craft
turned over several times and
started burning.
Evening star., 1952-04-28
Rubber Foctory Burns

SANDUSKY, Mich, April % (P.
Fire swept Yale Rubber Co.
factory here yesterday causing
damage estimated at 5000, 900. Vol
unteer fire fighters from five San
lilac County communities brought
the blaze under control after q
four-hour battle. No one was in
iIlred
Evening star., 1952-04-28
Non-Kosher Beef Poses
Problem for Israel
BY the Associated Press

JERUSALEM, April 28.-A s.
000-ton serving of tasty beef may
be scratched from the meat
skimpy Israel menu because it
isn't kosher.
The chief rabbinate said the
beef, from Argentina, wasn't
handled under rabbinical super
vision, which would insure its
conformity to religious standards.
Evening star., 1952-04-28

ment by Mr.. Wilson that the 26-
cent pay boost recommended by
the WSB would seriously upset
the stabiliZation program.
AS a result, he declared, some
body" changed the President S
mind "very substantially-I dom
know who it was and don't care. -
Mr.. Truman had decided in favor
of giving the union the WSB rec
concentrations and holding steel
price increases to the Capehart
amendment.
Evening star., 1952-06-11
Chapman Hints Move
To Lease TideIands
BY the Associated Press

Secretary of the Interior Chap
man has indicated he may ask
President Truman for permission
to lease oil and gas deposits in off,
shore lands.
Mr.. Chapman said yesterday he
apparently has such power under
the Federal Surplus Property Act.
provided the President amends a
1949 executive order. This order
placed submerged lands under
administration of the Interior
Department pending enactment Of
Legislation dealing with them.
Mr.. Truman recently vetoed
bill passed by Congress to give the
States control over oil-rich off,
shore lands. Backers of the meas
ure apparently have enough
strength in the House to over
ride the veto but the outcome is
uncertain in the Senate. The
Senate is expected to vote next
week, with a two-thirds majority
needed to override.
Secretary Chapman made his
comments in letters to Senators
O'Mahoney, Democrat. of Wyo-
ming. and Holland. Democrat. OF
Florida. The secretary said he is
exploring every possibility of
bringing the submerged lands
into Oil production in support of
the defense effort.
Mr.. Chapman said the contro-
versy over whether the Federal
or State governments control the
lands has delayed development Of
areas in the Gull. of Mexico. On
the other hand, California off,
shore lands had considerable de-
I lvelopment before the Federal suit
seeking title to the areas, Mr..
Chapman added.
Senator Holland had criticized
Mr.. Chapman in a Senate speech
for going ahead with oil and gas
leases in the offshore lands.
Congress alone has the power
to dispose of and regulate these
lands, Senator Holland said.
Evening star., 1952-06-11
|Presbytery Approves
New Church for
Washington Area

The Washington City presby-
terry Yesterday voted to organize
a new church in the District area.
AT its meeting at the Berwyn
Presbyterian Church, the group
approved a petition to organize
the Wheaton Presbyterian Church.
An organization service for the
new church will take place early
next month. The Rev. Ralph K.
Merker, stated clerk of the pres
oytery. said the presbytery's trus-
tees already have selected a ten
tative site for a structure. The
new church now has about 70
members and an enrolment of
nearly 200 in it's Sunday school.
In other action, the preSbytery
approved two new ministers for
Presbyterian churches here. The
Rev. Robert N. Oerter, jr.. will be
minister of the Sixth Presbyterian
Church. He came to Washington
from the Syracuse IN. " pres
bytery.
The other new minister is the
Rev. Keith Postlethwaite, who will
be pastor of the Eastminster Pres
byterian Church in Bladensburg.
The Rev. DR.. Postlethwaite has
been minister of the Ocean City
(Md0 Presbyterian Church.
In a service conducted by the
Rev. Wendell S. Tredick. modera-
tor of the preSbytery, Miss Muriel
McKune became a commissioned
church worker.
The presbytery voted to request
its ministers to refrain from
marrying any divorced person un-
til one year after that persons
final decree has taken effect.
Evening star., 1952-06-11
Truman 10 Use Train
For Trip 10 Grofon, Conn.

President Truman will go by
train for his speech at Groton.
Conn, Saturday when the keel
is laid for the Navy's first atomic
powered vessel, the submarine
Nautilus, the White House an
nounced today.
He will return Saturday evening
by air. weather permitting. Orig
inally it had been planned to
make the entire trip by plane.
The President speaks at noon at
the yards of the General Dynamic
Corp, on the Thames River. His
speech will be broadcast.
Evening star., 1952-06-11
Catholics 10 Observe
Feast Of Corpus Christi

The Feast of Corpus Christ
will be observed tomorrow by
Catholics in the Archdiocese OF
Washington.
Special prayers for world peace
will be said in all Catholic
churches here. Holy communion
will be celebrated in some of the
churches.
A solemn novena to Christ for
world peace and the welfare OF
Evening star., 1952-06-11
Advertisers Hif Criticism Of Indusfry's MESSAGES

"have questioned the right of
American businesses and indus
tries to defend themselves against
hostile acts or assertions of those
in positions of power, through
advertising. :"
The federation urged all those
engaged in advertising to petition
their congressman to assist in de-
feating any effort to restrain the
legitimate use of advertising by
any American citizen, business or
industry.
The resolution did not specify
any instance of criticism by Mr..
Truman or other officials.
Evening star., 1952-06-11
BY the Associated Press

NEW YORK, June 1.-THE Ad-
-vertising Federation of America
protested yesterday against al
legged criticism by President Tru-
man and other United States Off
'cials "of the right of American
business and industry to present
facts and opinions, to the public
through advertising"
The federation'S 48th annual
convention adopted a resolution
of protest.
The resolution said Mr.. Truman
and other Federal Spokesmen
Evening star., 1952-06-11
Revenue Collections Rise

RICHMOND. Va. June II Pl
revenue collections ir
Virginia during May totaled $88.-
940,725, a gain of $12,432 ,808 over
the May, 1851. collections, Stuart
L. CrenShaW, collector of internal
revenue, reported yesterday.
Evening star., 1952-06-11

the Nation will be held tomorrow
through June 20 at the Shrine of
the Sacred Heart, Sixteenth
street and Park road NV.
Novena prayers will be recited
after the $50, Z and 8 am
masses and at special services
Iat $50 and 7:45 pm. each day