davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1952-04-13
Do Vinci, 5 Centuries Ahead of His Time

is a legend that one morn
ing a strange bird suddenly
rose from a Tuscan mountain
and disappeared into the sky.
Peasants ran screaming to their
homes.
Some time after his aviation
phase Leonardo wrote the Duke
of Milan, offering his services
as a civil, military and naval
engineer. He said he could build
tunnels under ground or under
water makes guns and, in the
bargain, design buildings, make
statues and paint.
Armored Cors
Among other things, he Of
fered to build armored cars,
which he described as covered,
safe and invulnerable which
penetrating in the enemy's
ranks, disregarding artillery
shells, could break any mass of
armed men. These (armored
cars) could be followed by in
fantrymen without any hin
drance or offense."
The Duke did not believe the
armored car would replace the
war horse, but hired Leonardo
anyway. The Tuscan genius
was only 80 at the time.
AS the years passed. he ac-
cumulated more knowledge,
becoming an expert in anatomy,
geology, physiology, physics,
botany, mechanics and hydrau-
lies.
Leonardo, to some extent,
was a product of his times. He
was born in the Middle Ages
forty years before the discovery
of America BY the time he
died in 1919, at the age of 81.
the Renaissance was in full
flower. But he was more than
just the archetype of Renais-
sance manhood; he was a Goth
century genius trapped in but
unconquered by the supersti
tions and ignorance Of a 18th
century world.
Evening star., 1952-04-13

table smoothness, its iron grill
work is worthy of a pre-austerity
English ducal manSe, and, at the
moment of your reporters visit,
it's magnolia trees were in lavish
bloom. A huge black diplo-
matte Cadillac dozed regally in
the impeccable driveway.
A brass plaque, replacing the
one the Soviets reported stolen
last December, read. first in
Russian and then in English,
Embassy of the Union of So
Wet Socialistic Republics" 1t
might better have read villa
Splendide, or How Capitalistic
Can You Get?"
Rocky Grazinano III opened
the door, frowned typically at
the slip, and WINGED when I
tried a direct frontal assault:
rs MI. Yudin in? Mr.. v. D.
Evening star., 1952-04-13

Yudin, the Second Secretary?"
Rocky III consulted briefly
with Rocky w, returned, and
said, astoundingly:
eyes. Be seated. He will be
here Immediately"
No StoIin Portrait
The Embassy'S reception hall
was a red-plush dream-sofas.
floor carpet, grand-staircase
carpet-with contrasting cream
colored woodwork and floor-to-
ceiling mirrors. There was no.
where to be seen a portrait of
Joseph Stain, with or without
pipe.
Mr.. Yudin turned out to be a
slender, blond man in a light
blue suit, with thin lips. blue
eyes and powerful hands. He
Evening star., 1952-04-13
By Huqh Humphrey

going to school through video
might have died aborning. In
stead, the educators got a break.
Before the TV screens were
filled with sponsored variety and
quiz shows, cultural and educa-
tlcnal programs were sought by
broadcaSterS as means OF
stimulating interest in TV gen.
orally.
No Moss Grob
Then came the big freeze,
Educators had time to think it
over and to survey the field.
There was no danger of mass
giab of precious cha, mel space
by commercial broadcasterS
curing the 3l2 years the ban
was in effect.
BY 1850 schools and colleges
were sure that they wanted a
piece of televiSion. Educators
by the dozen attended FEC
hearings and gave their views.
AS a result, allocations of 242
community TV channels were
made for education under the
FCC'S master plan. Forty-siX Of
these go to primary educational
centers."
Last week the American Asso-
citation of School Administra-
tors announced plans for a
Nationwide educational TV
network. According to Dr. Ken
meth E. Oberholtzer, president
OF the association, the layout
will be sponsored by the Ford
Foundation.
If such a network is de-
veloped, it will find two Wash
ington educational institutions
ready and willing to join in
the District school system and
American University, both more
or less pioneers in this type of
TV.
Under the guidance of DR..
Evening star., 1952-04-13

changing young country. how
ever. had outgroWn the original
plan as early as 1876. The
trainers of the Constitution had
expected the electors to be out
standing men who would make
their choice on the basis of
merit from the foremost men in
the nation. They did not reckon
with the rise of political parties.
John Adams, a Federalist, re-
ceived II electoral votes and
became President in 1896. The
second highest number. 68. went
to Thomas Jefferson. a Repub-
lican. So the President and Vice
President represented different
parties.
Jefferson-Burr Mixup
In 1900. Jefferson and Aaron
Burr. Republican candidates,
received a tie vote in the elec-
toral college, and the election
was thrown into the House,
which was controlled by the
Federalists. It had been UNDER
stood that Jefferson was the Re-
publican choice for President,
with Burr as Vice President.
The Federalists. however, came
very close to putting Burr in the
White House.
After Jefferson finally was
chosen on the 36th ballot,
an amendment was proposed
promptly, providing that elec-
tors should vote separately for
President and Vice President.
This became the 18th Amend
ment to the Constitution, and
went into effect on September
25, 1904.
A popular vote of electors soon
took the place of appointment
by the legislature in most States.
All States elected directly by
1860. States of electors are pre-
Evening star., 1952-04-13
By Peter A. Boziek

in an inverted mirror" style
but the reason for this sort
of writing remains a mystery.
Contemporary descriptions of
Leonardo stress his interest in
black magic. But perhaps this
is a reflection of the earthbound
belief of that day that flying
was against nature.
Actually he loved nature and
learned from it lessons that en-
abled him to design the fore
runner.
BY studying the anatomy and
movements of birds, Leonardo
was able to capture in draw
ings the positions of the birds
head, tail and wings in diff
ferent stages of flight. From
theses sketches he made air.
plane models that-in theory,
at least-worked with bat-ike
wings attached to oars. In the
full-scale plane, Leonardo said.
the pilot would lie on his stom-
ach, pull on the oars, row
ing" the plane through the air
as its wings tapped.
Discovered Lows
In his primitive workshop.
Leonardo observed the physical
laws that govern modern aero
dynamics-laws whose diScov-
cry is generally ascribed to men
who lived centuries after him.
Also, Da Vinci stated the pri-
mary principle of modern avia-
ton: High flying is safe fly
ing"
AS his airplane designing
progressed, Leonardo soon real
lied that oars were not a very
good means of. locomotion.
One day. while absent-mind-
edly twirling a ruler, he noticed
how it tended to raise his arm.
From that little incident Leon
ardo designed a propeller.
But did this theoretician ac-
tually fly? No one knows. There
Evening star., 1952-04-13

sible for the candidate with the
most popular votes to receive the
feWest electoral ones. Three
Presidents have taken Office
when their popular vote was
smaller than that of their op-
ponents-John Quincy Adams
in 1924, Hayes in 1876, and
Harrison in 1888.
No Majority for Jrumon
President Truman was 311. las
votes shy of a majority of the
popular vote in the election of
1948, but he received 81 per cent
of the electoral vote. He is the
last of IA so-called minority
Presidents" since 1924.
Dissatisfaction with the elec-
toral college system finally is
leading to certain amount of
action. In February, 1850, the
Senate of the 81st Congress ap-
proved one plan, the bipartisan
Lodge-Gossett resolution for
amending the Constitution to
change the electoral system.
The resolution was defeated in
the House. Introduced again in
this Congress, the measure has
been approved by the judiciary
committee of both houses. but
action does not appear immi-
nent.
This amendment would abol-
ish the electoral college. 1t
would, however, retain the sys-
tenn of allotting to each State a
number of electoral votes equal
to the total of its Senators and
Representatives.
The major difference here Is
that a candidate would be cred
tied with proportion of elec-
toral votes corresponding to the
Evening star., 1952-04-13

Our arcnalc electoral cOllege
system is in the news again.
States Rights electors in Ala
bama were trying, last week, to
Wangle their way onto the
ballot, despite a ruling by the
United States Supreme Court
that they can be required to
vote for the nominee of their
party. The Alabama Supreme
Court had held the electors
could use their own judgment.
but the Federal Court thought
otherwise.
This is the latest chapter
in the story of a system that
was out of date a few years
after it was started in 1887.
Historically, the electoral col
lege was created to quel the
fears of the small States that
the large ones would gain an
advantage through direct pop
ular voting. It was also de-
signed to guarantee the wise
selection of Presidents and
Vice Presidents. Partly be-
cause of their unfamiliarity
with the candidates, it was
feared that the people could
not be trusted completely to
make a sound choice.
The Constitution puts it
this way: Each State shall
appoint, in such manner as the
Legislature thereof may direct,
number of electors. equal
to the whole number of Sena-
tors and Representatives to
which the State may be entitled
in the Congress-"
Legislature Chose Electors
In the beginning. the people
did not choose the electors
themselves. For the most part,
this was done by State legisla-
lures. The electors met in
their States and voted by ballot
for two persons. The one with
the highest number of votes
and a majority of the total
number of electors became
President, the next highest be-
came Vice President. In case
of failure of any candidate to
receive a majority of the elec-
toral vote, the House of Rep
resentatives, with each State
casting a single vote. was to
choose the President by ma
jority vote. The Senate, voting
as individuals, was to select
the Vice President.
A rapidly-developing, ever
Evening star., 1952-04-13
N Expansion in the Offing

Carl F. Hansen. associate super
intendent of District schools.
Washington teachers have
learned a lot about televiSion in
the last year. Although a re-
port last fall expressed a cer-
tain amount of caution in going
all-out for video, past expert
ence has given DR.. Hansen and
his aides something of a yard
stick with which to measure fu-
ture performance.
Starting with a music-appre-
citation hour last year, the Dis
trict'S school television proouc-
tions have expanded into SCI
ence.
Lessons .Leorned
Just what has the District
school system learned?
First" Dr.. Hansen says.
we've found that television
won't take the place of class
room instruction. You've still
got to teach a subject to pupils
by direct teacher-pupil relation
ship.
However. television accom-
pliSheS a real joo in stimulating
pupil interest. Our science pro-
grams SHOW them how an eX-
pertinent is set up and what can
be done in a laboratory. The
children Immediately want to
try the experiment"
DR.. Hansen believes that tele-
vision some day will help
educate parents as we'll as
children. vocational guidance
offers a tremendous field here"
he says. The proper presenta-
ton of almost any subject can
be invaluable in helping adults
prepare themselves for better
jobs or advancement in their
line of work"
University Course
American University - which
claims to be one of the first col
leges to teach televiSion tech
niques-is looking ahead, too.
This fall it will open course in
television teaching. 1t will try
to prepare future educators for
the problems ahead and to work
out the bugs" in program plan
ming before putting them on
the air.
There is another problem
money. Can school systems pay
the price of television?
1t costs, roughly, $3.50, 900 to
put up the simplest kind OF TV
station and experts figure on
another quarter million dollars
each year for operating ex-
penses.
Cooperative Plan
Many educators and engineers
see the solution in sort OF
community cooperative plan.
Washington, they say, IS an
ideal example of a concentrated
educational area. If, by some
budgetary and legal magic, a
central station could be built
here through contributions from
all schools and colleges in the
section, it might pave the way
for a national blueprint OF fu-
ture educational TV.
There's only one problem. In
such a complex Federal and
State setup in the Metropolitan
Area, how can private and Gov
ernment funds be blended into
a mixture satisfactory TO all?
Both the District school system
and American U. have filed dec
larations of intent to apply for
FEC licenses. With only 242
community assignments for the
Nation, the District area re-
ceiveS one-channel 26 in the
new ultra high frequency band.
That's the headache" DR..
Hansen says. We've got to
clear the money hurdle first
then we're ready to CO."
Evening star., 1952-04-13
Electoral Coeqe System Has Been Out Of Date From the First

popular vote he actually re-
ceived in each State. The per-
son with the greatest number Of
electoral votes would be declared
President, providing he received
at least 40 per cent of the elec-
toraL vote.
In case of a stalemate, the
Senate and House in joint seS-
sion would select the President
by ballot from the two persons
having the highest number Of
electoral votes. The Vice Presi-
dent would be chosen in the
same way.
Opponents of this resolution
say it would tend to produce a
multi-party system, reduce the
political strength of minority
and special interest groups in
the North and give the South a
real strangle-hold on the Demo-
cratic Party. There were argu-
ments by some that it would
strengthen. by others that it
would weaken, the Republican
Party.
Why not eliminate the elec-
toral vote entirely. and select
the chief executive and neXt-in-
command by direct popular
vote? Then the issue becomes a
States Rights one. If the Presi-
dent and Vice President were
selected in that way, it is argued,
the Federal Government even
tually would have control over
voting rules and regulations.
At any rate. seven months
from now the Nation will go to
the polls. And it will vote once
more under an electoral system
that admittedly has been out of
date for almost all of its 165
wears.
Evening star., 1952-04-13

'"The Sixteen Republics of the
Soviet Union," etc.
The report recommended for
perusal by Mr.. Hedrick turned
out to be a reprint.from Pravda
entitled, ION the State Budget
of the U. S. S. r. for 1882" by
A. G. Zverov, Minister of FL
nance.
There wasn't a word about
the exchange rate any where in
its long, turgid length. but,
along with the usual odes to
Russia's love of peace and dia-
tribes against the war-monger-
ing West, there were a couple
of rather startling admissions:
1.-THE Ministry of the Fish In
dustry of the U. S. S. R. in the
past year permitted large losses
at enterprises of Glavkam-
chatrybprom, Glavsakhalinryb-
prom and Glavamurrybprom."
Worse than that:
"There were also considerable
losses in the Ministry of the
Timber Industry of the U. S. S. R.
in enterprises of the CLAW
severokomiles. GlavvostleS and
GlavzapsibleS."
Elusive Mr.. Yudin
Although somewhat shaken
by these revelations that all is
not entirely perfect in the Per-
feet State, I nevertheless pre-
sented myself at the Soviet In
formation Office promptly at 2.
Mr.. Yudin is not available"
said Mr.. Hedrick.
when will he be available?"
I'm not sure"
To-day? Tomorrow? Next
day?"
I'm not sure"
'Is he at the Embassy now?"
I'm not sure
"Good-by."
I'm not-good-by."
Through ChonneIs
Wishing to miss no bets I
went to the Embassy by way
of the Soviet Military and Naval
Attache Office, at 1852 Belmont
road. This turned out to be
a large, prosperous brick build
ing resembling a glorifled DKE
or Alpha Delt fraternity house
in a large. prosperous American
university.
A frozen-faced youth with a
build like Rocky Graziano's
opened the door. I gave him the
slip. He read it, frowned like
Mr.. Hedrick. said. will you
take a Seat?" and darted up=
stairs. The reception hall was
deeply carpeted and softly
lighted; about as proletarian as
the Waldorf-Astoria A second
Rocky Graziano padded over
and stood silently beside me.
Rocky returned with a young
Russian lady.
She. Rocky I, Rocky II and a
large man with the build of Max
Baer, who had meanwhile
materialized from somewhere,
stood in an alert semicircle.
The young lady suddenly smiled
and said:
The Military Attache is not
available, the Naval Attache is
not available, and we have here
no expert in economics.
They waited, pointedly, for me
to leave.
The Soviet Embassy is housed
in a sumptuous cream brick
building at 1125 Sixteenth street,
next door to the University Club.
Its lawn is manicured to billiard
Evening star., 1952-04-13
Clam Is the Soul of GuruIity Alongside Red Diplomat

shook hands, sat down on the
sofa beside me. and said:
"Well?"
handed him the slip and he
eyed it frostily.
Official rate?" he said. "Is
well known. Is four rubles
equals one dollar"
How was it arrived ate"
''Is not easy to say how why
was arrived"
"Pardon?"
Complicated matter"
Naturally. But the economic
basis, perhaps"
Am not economist"
rs it true, for instance, that
the ruble's purchasing power. in
Russia, is high for military
equipment but low for consumer
goods?"
"Tzond zassif horry shwor
tsay dit"
Pardon? don't speak,"
Sounds as if Harry Schwartz
said it,"
You mean the New York
Times economics expert?"
"So-called expert" said Mr..
Yudin.
BreothIess Moment
One corner of the Second Sec
retary's grim mouth lifted in
smile, and for a breathless mo-
ment the worlds unhappy dis
cord seemed about to resolve
into harmony; East and West
seemed to hover on the brink of
rdpprochement. But the ghost
of a Soviet smile died a-borning,
and Mr.. Yudin abruptly stood
up. So did I.
Exchange rate was estab-
lished by law in 1851" said Mr..
Yudin, in tone indicating that
he now found the subject fati-
guing.
"The basis-?"
Basis is-that it is-in the
Soviet Union-the law" said
Mr. Yudin, ushering me to the
door of the Soviet Embassy and
closing it firmly behind me.
Evening star., 1952-08-11
HECHINGER co.
18th and Il STS. NE.
PHONE Ii. 7-940O

PRACTICAL NURSE with some nurs-
ing, training to care for invalid
child: nice; pvt. rm. and good sal
PkGssEko PskfGS Hsso wooI; sSof excellent work. working
work. Apply ARISTO CLEANERS,
1929 South Capitol
REAL ESTATE SALESWOMAN. Silver
spfns s4a osad eHPsr Pref car but neces s
saEy;, 10. $4,000. DRURY & JOHN
RESERVATION and Admitting Clerk
m lions DSe and operating scSedule: % ssSsaea vaca-
ton. sick leave and other dement's;
Resident MGR. for lge,. NV. apt.
bldg; Must be exper.. have LOCAL
immed. employment. Salary and
sHTE5 All sVc SLERR Err star MILITARY YiS BIS
TE1ST TEEHoE q srRyIes WesH1fsToN Is 9sy. s5 sS-
other employe benefits. CH. 1000.
sEEfEfEEssSSiRSL. EffEE sSSS exper. only in dresses, dress
coats and suits nv e4csl Tsl1 salspy and
INC. 73s 18th st. NV. -12
sALEsLADiEs. experienced tn in
fants' and children's wear; excellent
Esther SHOP. 1925 + st. NV. ii
SALESLADIES, exper. in infants and
children's wear. Excel. salary plus
Commission. Apply THE ESTHER
SHOP, 1928 r st. NV. Ill
R1IESLADiES, fully experienced in
ladies' apparel; full or part time:
$40 TO start, plus commission.
WISCONSIN, ave-, WI. 1900. +12
kHLESIADIES, bridal dept, exper
not essen, will train young alert
person: good salary; 5-day week
;. Ma 449S, 1908 + q. NV EMILY
Evening star., 1952-08-11
Smack BAR Attendant

Snack Bar Attendant
Permanent openings for dependable
young women. for work in Govern
ment bldg. No exper. necessary.
Eaf5y aoyERNMENAF asSFs; Age sEs1fcEs. as148; INC.
1135 21st ST. NV. Iii
ssE7ss State sSaos1 sss ISG
sTENoGRApHER iHEisi iRA and Ssdf' general ofice
worker by national trade associa-
tion: age preferably in ,20s; good
hl5us tirins system: sa h hoars a'm. to 80 s!
pm. Call RE. O519 Saturdays and
Sundays or weekdays between q
sTENoGRApHER fhS ) i; ;hi - Public relations tS
sSf sensees Of d a1ss ydSns rsSas
under 80. Typing and shorthand
adaptability to get along with others.
5-day week with occasional over
time. time, Salary; $3.50 mo. Call ST
sTENoGRAPRER. TTS tSF AsPRRi;R 2o-s5, perm. s posi-
ton in air -cond. office; paid vaca-
ton and sick leave, group ins. and
disqualification at low cost: 5la-day
wk,; .S64.40. Call MR.. FREEMAN.
sTTHENooG1RSAPHER. TH o1SAPE woman; perma-
ton: s DAY. 40-hr. week: must be
expert tipping financial statistics.
Salary $500 per mo. State age. ex-
perience, address and phone num-
Der in reply. Box load, Star. IA
Apply End floor, 1872 Eye st. NV.
-l2
STENOGRAPHER, no experience nee
essary; 5-day, 40-hour week. pleas
ant working conditions; in new
TURY FOX FILM CORP. 4i5 3rd
st. NV. -13
STENOGRAPHER. temporary. full or
part time; no eve. or week end.
RE O5f;4 Ia
Evening star., 1952-08-11
TYPIST
(DictaphOne Work.

Iat'l News Magazine has an interest
ing position. in its executive ONCE,
for an accurate typist. Someone
with dictaphone exper. preferred.
However, we will consider on-the-
Job training for the applicant with
satisfactory qualifications. 6-day, 40
hr. wk. Air-cond. bldg. Many COM
pany benefits. DI. 1900. Ext. 261.
Evening star., 1952-08-11
HELP WokAEN

SECRETARY to chief engineer. ma
tional trade assn, preferably with
college training; white. under 35;
exper. tech. dictation: perm. 5-day,
4G1hour Mc;hs wk; a1 Dleassnt: PVT; ,, ofaces.
perience and salary desired. Ill
SECRETARY. in 2-girl ofl1ce. with
consulting engineers. in Ring BLDG,
Requirements: age 20-40, alert,
shorthand, .typing, adaptability to
the many duties Of a small once;
not necessary. Starting salary, $65
per week, advancements. RE. $3.50.
SECRETARY. responsible position;
varied duties, small .ofice: REQUIRE
good tipping. shorthand, high scholas-
tic record. An opportunity. to work
for a liberal cause; 35-hour, D.
day week; $4,000 per year. RE. s7s7'
SECRETARY. age 21 to 80. we have
an immediate. opening for an Ell
cient young stenographer to act as
secretary to an executive OF our
company. Starting. salary $3.50 per
mqnth o9 wtn e5seeas BoDp Wo
week, pension and insurance plans.
building Can W. H. PROCTOR,
to lawyer in downtown
office: exper. desirable but not nee
essary. Call ME. OIL for inter-
view. -12
Acknowledgements ONCE near
and typins necessary; bookkeeping
knowledeg not essential, personal
and business refs. absolutely re-
quired; salary open. Apply In own
handwriting to Box l96-D. Star.
SECRETARY, legal experience: white,
Phone DI. 5121. Ill
SECRETARY, perm. position in small
Arlington professional ONCE; excel
advancement opportunities. Call CH,
sS6pr Ell II for n Sefalis RfanliESpr,oN,sr IL
stane Sss to g. 5day snd week ss.ry Write
sECRETARY-sTENOsIife insurance
CO. excel. working cond., good hrs
Write 9ual; Box l70.D. Star; Ia,
promotion and advertising dept, o.
$3.50 to 4:30; excel. working condi-
tions; starting salary. $55 per wk
SECRETARY-STENOGRAPHER. per.
manent: immediate opening: es-
BBs BBs'a m resden 5dsy sS n Sour op nesE
Large national corp. Customers ac-
counts ea and billing. Start $500. Box
sESR2raRT-srnNo.. SSiR' sfsz; expsr.: -1s nat
association; salary, $4,000. For
apt. call HU. 1900. lie
SHIRT OPERATORS - Experienced
prosperifS unit: good pay pn9 ioiIs5S Appls
GREYSTONE LAUNDRY. 2216 8th
st. NV. AID. 9062. Ill
SLIP COVER SEAMSTRESS, expert.
enced: white only OW 1922
Evening star., 1952-08-11
HELP-WoMEN

rYPIST. experience helpful but not
Necessary; permanent position. 3
ing conditions. liberal discount, on
purchases. Insurance and hos
Apply PEOPLES DRUG STORES
employment ONCE. ~ p st. ne. liz
TYPIST-Experience accurate. go
words or better. unusual opportunity
for responsible young woman seek
ing permanent position. Excellent
beginning salary with regular in
creases. Liberal vacation and sick
leave. BOX 466-D. Star. Ill
TYPIsT-Advertising agency looking
for fast, accurate copy typist, some
shorthand knowledge preferred. For
the right girl-a good opportunity
to learn different phases OF adver-
tising business. Downtown location;
5-day wk. Call DI. 7400. -12
rYPIST, part time, preferably after
Moons: excellent working conditions;
modern insurance office. Call ME.
2670. lie