davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1952-02-17
|DonoIlue Sets Cost
|0f Teacher Surplus
IND. c. al 81 Million

Commissioner r. Joseph Dono-
hue last night declared the sur
plus teachers In the city's white
schools are going to cost the tax
payers an extra 81 million next
school year.
MIR. Donohue made this estimate
lon his weekly radio program.
Commissioners Report. on station
|WWDC.
Citing figures presented to the
city heads last week by Budget
Ohicer Walker L. Fowler, Mr..
Donohue said the white schools
now have q surplus of 217.1
teachers while the colored schools
have a shortage Of 55.3 teachers.
This gives the schools q net sur
plus Of 1918 teaching positions.
He said that, figured at a cost
of $4,442 per teacher, this surplus
lis costing the taxpayers $715, 1862
la year for teachers not needed.
In addition. Mr.. DonoI1ue con-
ltinued, If the teaching positions
lin the 1853 budget (now under
consideration by Congress) are
considered. the cost for surulus
teachers will pass 81 million a
year.
Ask More ColOred Teachers.
THAT 81 million is not for
needed teachers, but for surplus
teaching positions" he declared
These figures were the subject Of
discussion last week when school
officials met with the Commits
sioners to- ask that $116,820 be
sought Immediately from Con-
gress to get 66 more colored
teachers. School officials said
they were not satisfied with the
figures presented by Mr.. Fowler
and now are analyzing them.
That conference also brought
forth the suggestion from Mr.
Donohue that the surplus white
teachers might be transferred te
the colored schools.
Il On the broadcast last night, Mr.
EDonohue admitted that he had
doubts that such transfer coulo
lbe done legally. He pointed out
THAT the legal basis for the dual
school system here implied that
the segregation extended to the
teachers as well as the pupils.
Cites Three Solutions.
I He said there were three solu-
Itions to the problem. One woulo
be to do nothing and wait fol
death, retirement and resignation
Ito reduce the surplus teachers ir
the white schools. Another way
Evening star., 1952-02-17

would be to fire the surplus teach
lers. which probably could not be
done legally, Aand certainly would
be morally wrong, he continued.
The third way would be to trans
fer the white teachers to the
colored schools.
Mr.. Donohue said the Commis-
Isioners "had to assume the re-
lsponsibility" for the teacher
shortage insthe colored schools be-
cause in past years the city heads
had slashed school board requests
for more colored teachers.
He added that Congress, too,
must share some responsibility,
Evening star., 1952-02-17

since 1t has not been willing to
pay for the dual school system It
imposes on the city.
He was interviewed on the pro-
gram by Richard Lyon of The
Washington Post and Colt Hend-
ley. jr., of The Star.
Evening star., 1952-02-17

FAREST OF FAIR-Three Of George Washington Unver
stys pretties umbrella and smile
PLY they selected finass yesterday in
petition pick princess who will the school at
the Shenandoah Apple Festival this spring Left
right TO- of 4548 South Chelsea
Lane Bethesda Elizabeth FreburghOuse TO- Of Annapolis Md
Star staff Photo.
Evening star., 1952-02-17
Peabody School PTA

Associate supt. Of Schools Carl
N. Hansen will speak on "Educa-
|tional Methods Old and New" at
d meeting Of the Peabody School
|PTA at 8 pm. tomorrow in the
school.
Evening star., 1952-02-17
FILA Insuring Office Moves

The District instring ONCE Of
the Federal Housing Administra-
ton moved its offices yesterday
from the Cafritz Building to its
national headquarters. 1901 YER
mont avenue NV.
Evening star., 1952-02-17

/ FOAM RUBBER
|aay type o. quontity for Mettrsssss,
furniture Cushions Pillows BsneheS
Scots. Autos, etc.
|LATEx FOAM PRODUCTS co.
COZ H ST. NV. District oss7
Evening star., 1952-02-17

Center Style news for tiny-woisted you in the
rise Of an Empire woistline, accented by black vel
vet Swinging skirt has its own crnoline. Black and
white checks, sizes 10 to l6
Right. A touch Of the Gibson Girl in the coat
dress, with its full sleeves. and waist cnched with
velvet Velvet buttons. too. and huge pockets from
the hpline. Block or navy checks with white. 1913.
Lansou,gh's-MfSsES' DREsSES-Second Floor
Evening star., 1952-03-17
u. 5. RearInanleni Program
|SenseIess, Beyan Declares.
by Ne Associussd ! pes.

JARRoW. England. Mar. IT..
The leader Of Britain's left-wine
labor faction, Aneurin Beyan. says
the United States rearmament
program Is senseless and her eco
|nomic, policy IS doing more dam
age to Western Europe than
Stain can ever do.''
Mr.. Bevan told political meet
ing here that Americans ''are en-
gagged IN the most tremendous re-
armament program the world has
ever seen and I cannot see any
sense IN it.
II say to my American friends
that their economic and fiscal pol
licies are doing more damage to
Western Europe than Stain can
ever do.
Western Europe Is making a
great mistake. Mr.. Bevan said, in
allowing leadership Of the world
Ito fall into the hands Of the
United States.
Il am not anti-American." he
added, '.but ! don't believe the
American Nation has the expert
|ence, sagacity or self-restraint
necessary for world leadership at
this time"
Mr.. Bevan resigned as minister
|of health IN the last Socialist gov
|ernment as q protest against arms
expenditures which were planned
in a co-ordinated United States
British program.
Evening star., 1952-03-17
Many Greek Papers Side
With U. 5. in Election Row
sy the Assoeiufed Press

/ ATHENS. Greece. Mar. tt
Many Greek newspapers sided
with the United States yesterday
in the government rift over Amer
ican Intervention In a dispute
over the Greek electoral system.
1 Only the organ of Deputy Pre-
mier Sophocles VenizeloS' Liberal
Party, Elliniki Imera. carried an
anti-American editorial. threaten
ing that the United States might
lose Greece and, along, with her,
Southeastern Europe and the
Mediterranean"
/ Venizelos has headed the coali-
1tion government since Premier
nicholas Plastiras suffered q para
lytic stroke. The deputy has been
trying to push through a simple
proportional system of voting for
parliament members.
The liberal ire was aroused by a
letter three days ago IN which
United States Ambassador John e.
Peurifoy argued against Venizelos'
plans and wrote in favor Of q di-
rect majority system wanted by
Plastiras and some Of his party.
Mr.. Peurifoy said the proper
tional system would only continue
the instability Of the Greek gov
Iernment and would have drastic
effects on the use Of American
aid to Greece. u
Evening star., 1952-03-17
Man Who Admitted
Killing Sclluslel Says
His Tale Is Hoax
~ ihs Asscsis,sd Press

NEW YORK. Mar. ii Ai,othei
hot trail turned cold today III
the police hunt for the killer 81
Arnold Schuster, whose tip led tc
the arrest Of bank robber Willie
Sutton.
In the pre-dawn hours. police
got q telephone call from 8 bar al
Flatbush avenue and State street
In Brooklyn. The caller said:
I'm the man that killed Arnold
Schuster."
It was the third man Lii two
days on whom the manhunt spot
light had turned. Two definite
leads collapsed yesterday. So did
the one today.
After police picked up the mar
lat the bar, he became silent. re-
fused to give his name, couldn't
lexplain how he had KILLED Schus.
ter" The quizzing continued four
hours.
Finally the man identified him
self as William Barcoski, 20, q
machine adjuster for an envelope
company, and conceded he had
made up the story about Mr..
Schuster.
Police said he told them he had
Ia quarrel with his girl. had q few
drinks decided he would try to
frighten her with the hoax.
Twice yesterday. investigators
were disappointed.
Police noted an unidentified
man in a newspaper picture taken
at Mr.. Schuster's funeral q week
ago. They circulated the photo
graph among friends and relatives
of Mr.. Schuster. None knew the
man. Then police learned he was
an electrician for q newsreel Grew
assigned to cover the funeral.
In the other lead yesterday.
'20-year-old william v. Santor Of
Brooklyn was picked up on o
weapons law violation charge
when q .38 caliber revolver was
found in his car. A SO bullet was
removed from Mr.. Schuster's body.
But . ballistics test did not con-
meet the weapon with the Staying.
Mr.. Schuster was shot on a
sidewalk near his Brooklyn home
Saturday night, March 3.
Evening star., 1952-03-17
sales.--future Politician,
But Stories Differ on
Philadelphia Incident
By The AssoeIo,.d Pres.


PHILADELPHIA, Mar. IT.
Two old political foes had a new
argument today-this time over 9
mystery shooting that involved
bullets. broken glass and a blond
Former Republican City Chair
man William F. Meade. Al, was
wounded in the shooting yester-
day. He said he suffered cuts Of
the ear lobe, neck and q finger
from flying glass when an un-
identified assailant fred three
shots through a window Of a mid
town hotel.
Democratic District Attorney
Richardson Dilworth said. ION
the basis Of information / have
received, Meade was shot by Miss
Virginia Carroll in the lobby of
the Minerva Hotel. It seems per-
fectly clear to me that the shots
were fired from inside the lobby. .
Police Inspector John T. MUIR
ply told a reporter that Mr.
Meade had been shot. He said the
lobe OF MIR. Meade's ear was shot
away.
Interviewed at Mothers Home.
Inspector Murphy said Miss
Carroll was interviewed with Mr..
Meade at the residence of Meade's
mother, early today.
!, Mr.. Dilworth's original state
ment on the incident said that Mr..
Meade was shot by Miss Carroll,
80, identified as a former docket
clerk in the district attorneys
ONCE. He said she now works in
the jury commissioners Office.
After receiving a report from
John Gary. assistant district at
torney, on an interview with Mr..
Meade, MIR. Dilworth said:
+Meade's story just doesn't stack
up"
He added. however, there will
be no arrests "at the present time.
Miss Carroll is a city employee and
wiz be available"
Version Is Disputed.
Mr.. Meade, who is divorced, de-
scribed Dilworth's version Of the
shooting a damn fool lie."
Mr.. Meade gave this version:
II was seated by the window In
the lobby Of the hotel. Three shots
were fred by somebody outside.
They all missed me. ! was cut on
the face. ear. neck and finger by
lying glass. It was not serious"
Morton Witkin, another top g.
o p. leader, said he was with Mr..
Meade at the time Of the shooting.
Mr.. Witkin said he was uninjured.
Mr.. Dilworth and the police de-
partment didn't learn of the shoot
ing until some IL hours after it
took place.
Evening star., 1952-03-17
Jops Throw Fire Bombs
At Their Tex Offices
Byihs Asseeicted Press

TOKYO. Mar. Tits tax
paying time in Japan, too. and
some disgruntled citizens showed
their displeasure today.
They threw fire bombs at two
Japanese tax offices,
One hit and three missed the
XpkOhama ONCE Annther bomb
hit The Kawasaki once. south of
YokoharAa. Both nfes were
quickly controlled.
Police said the bombs apparent
ly were beer bottles filled with
gasoline.
Evening star., 1952-03-17
Telephone Monoeer to TuIk

Charles Graham. general man
ager Of the Silver Spring Office OF
the Chesapeake q Potomac Tele-
phone Co.. win address a meeting
Of the Glenmont and Vicinity
Citizens Association at 8 pm. to-
morrow in the Glenmont School.
The Northwest times. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1947-1955, 1952-02-13
Compromise Claims IncreaSing-ADC

cures, he Washington office said.
At the same time, the Washing
ton office reminded claimants who
have lost duplicates of their original
claims forms that it is prepared as
a public service to provide photo
static copies OF all claims at cost 1t
reported that last week almost fifty
requests we're received for pnCto-
static copies of submitted claims
forms now in the departmental files.
Because the number CT pages in
the various claims vary, it is impos-
sible to quote the costs of securing
photostatic copies in advance" the
Washington office announced. THE
price per claim runs about five COL
lars or little less, however for the
average claim"
I'm order to avoid confusion, we
are compelled to have the entire
claim photostated," the JACL Ado
said. I'VE cannot have only GER
tain pages of information photo
stated, but must have the complete
claim reproduced"
The Northwest times. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1947-1955, 1952-02-13
Dance Class

Whether we will it so or not,
each of us communicates to other
people a great deal of what we think
and feel and hold to be of value
through the way we move.
much of the meaning which we
give to our words results from the
movement that accomplishes
speech" states DIR. Barbara Mack,
widely-known dance instructor at
the University of California.
UNDERSTANDING self through dance,
to express ideas through creative
dancing, improve figure control, a.
gility in movement and to build up
self confidence, is the aim of Mar
tina Nishitani, YWCA instructor in
modern dance for students in the
spring class.
To accommodate greater number
of students, the class has been NOV
ed up to Tuesdays at pm. In the
Central YWCA. Fee for the course,
which is still open for registration,
is four dollars. For further infor-
nation, call Ell. 1900, Extension 6.
The Northwest times. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1947-1955, 1952-02-13

WASHINGTON, ID. c.. Feb. 10
(JACL ADC)-As the Department
of Justica announced that corapro-
mise offers were being received in
increasing numbers as the admins
trative deadline OF March Is n ars,
the Washington office of the JACL
ti-Discrimination Committee this
week revealed that few OF the eva
entertainments were rejecting the
counter offers made by the govern
ment to their original compromise
offer.
According to the Washington
JACL ADO office, only about seven
in more than 5000 cases nave Turn
&c down th2 governments counter
offer to the amouat they listed a.
their compromise sattleGNent figure.
This seems to indicate that the
Department of Justice is not being
unreasonable or undu,y restrictive
in accepting compromise offers or
in offering alternate sums in cases
where it feels that the facts do not
justify the submitted settlement fl
The Northwest times. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1947-1955, 1952-02-13
Ado Joins Leadership COnfab

WASHINGTON, D. c., FEB 10
(JACL ADC)-The JACL Ado has
joined with more than fifty nation
al religious, civic, labor and vsteraDs
organizations in sponsoring a Lea
dership Conference to be held in
the nations capital on Feb. II and
10, the Washington office Of the
JACL DISCRIMINATION Commit
tee announced today.
The purpose of the conference is
to demand the adoption of MAORI
ty cloture rule and the ena etment of
the civil rights program, and to
make known to the members Of
Congress and to the political leaders
the intention of holding them ac-
countable in the 1852 elections, both
as individuals and as parties, for
their performance or lack Of per-
Torrance on these issues.
AS the name implies, this is II De
a conference of organization leao-
ers from all parts of the country and
not a mass convention of delegates.
Walter White of the National As
The Northwest times. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1947-1955, 1952-02-13

ISOLATION for the Advancement of
Colored People is chairman of the
conference, with Arnold Aronson of
the National Community Relations
Advisory Council as secretary.
Among some of the sponsoring Or
CARNATIONS, in addition to the JA-
CT ADO, are the American Civil Lii
berries Union, the American Coun-
Gil on Human Rights, American Fe-
deration of Labor, American Jewish
Committee, American Jewish Con-
gress, American Veterans Commit
tee, Americans for Democratic Ac-
ton, Catholic Inter-Racial Council,
Catholic Labor Alliance, Congress
of Industrial Organizations, Jewish
Labor Committee, National Alliance
of Postal Employees, National As
ISOLATION of Colored Women, Ma
tional Supreme Council Scottish
Rites Masons, Transport Workers
Union of America, United Autoroo-
bile Workers, Unitarian Fellowship
for Social Justice, and the United
Steelworkers of America.
The Northwest times. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1947-1955, 1952-02-13
Yoke and Sact,l
PaceCaplaa'S

PORTLAND, Greg, Feb. i3-AA
Rice may be miles ahead in the O.
RECON Nisei Women's Bowling lea
CUE pennant fight bul Captains
Sport Shop is the .eam which is
posting the high series these past
few weeks.
Last Friday, Captain wome l took
all hcnors and the game3-all four
when they beat New Cathay 40, in
their regular drives a. Holly wtt.d
Alleys.
Sachi Nakata of Capiaa's had q
465 high series, and Yoke Hishika~
wa, her team mate. struck for the
nights high game, 18l.
Captains made it all-that IS,
the team had the high game.77T,
and the high series, 2281.
The Northwest times. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1947-1955, 1952-02-13
SUNRISE Planned
pv poNarlis

Sylvia Nomura and Marianne u
rakawa. social co-chairmen of the
Bellamis, have planned a surprise"
to be unveiled during the intermis-
sion of the groups stag-stagette
dance, "Intermission Riff, this
Saturday, Feb. Is, in st. Peters
gym.
Dancing hours are from $3.50 pm.
to II midnight. Stays will be
charged seventy-five cents, and
stagettes, twenty-five cents. Tickets
are being sold by all Bellami mem
bers.
Bellami club members will have
group picture taken at 7:30 pm.
On the day of their "Intermission
Riff" dance in st. Peters gym.
Everyone is requested to wear a
dark sweater, light skirt, string
of pearls and a Bellami pin.
The Northwest times. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1947-1955, 1952-02-13
PREPARED by rHr STAFF OF

Roethke teaches at the University
of Washington.
The Department of Interior has
prepared a 155-page booklet called
Mid Century Alaska" for sale by
the U. S. Government Printing Of
flee, which answers most of the
questions people ask about Alaska.
It is chock full of photos and use
full ormation-history topogra-
ply, government, people, natural
resources, opportunities for the
would-be settler, information for
veterans. Murray Morgan's
skid Road" (Viking), an informal
portrait of Seattle, is now in its Sc
cond printing. Want to know
what a quarter horse is? Or an APP
paloosa? See Pers Crowell's Ca
valcade of American Horses" INC
Graw-HilD. Crowell, born in Pas
co and now living in Portland, tells
about all types of horses except the
clothes horse. Ruby Ell Hult's
Steamboats, in the Timber" (Cax-
tom is an authentic account of the
era of steamboating on Lake Occur
d'Alene and the st. Joe River of
northern Idaho. Florence Page
Jaques' "As Far as the Yukon
(Harper) describes and pictures the
story of a trip that the Jaqueses
took to California, the Northwest
coast, British Columbia, and the
Yukon country.
Ten years of the authors child
hood spent at the Patos Island
lighthouse in the Georgia Straits
is packed into Helene's Glidden's
1.-THE Light on the Island" Cow
d-McCann). Claude Adams
has written 1.-THE History of Paper
Making in the Northwest" CBinfords
& MORT. And the same COM
pany plans to publish Companion
of Adventure, the life of Isaac IN
gals Stevens, by Joseph T. Hazard
wv. Professor War Spec
tors little book, Soviet Strength
and Strategy in Asia" Superior,
has been translated into Chinese by
the State department, distributed
in Taiwan and other Asian areas,
and will be dumped from the air on
the unsuspecting Chinese as coun-
ter-propaganda material Speak
ing of China, MACS China: Par
ty Reform Documents, 1924"
CU of w. Press, translation by
Boyd Compton of the official hand
book of the Chinese Communist
Party, is being hailed as the 'Mein
Kamph" of Red China.
The Northwest times. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1947-1955, 1952-02-13
Is Private Bills Approved

tsumi, fiancee of Sgt. 1-c Alfred A.
Wetmore of Lynn, Mass, are the
Japanese fiancees being admitted
for the purpose of marrying their
American citizen fiances.
The re-admission of Isamu Furu-
ia, Japan-born husband of a Seal
tie, Wash, family was also author
lied in a private bill.
The Senate-sponsored bills Wink h
now 60 to the White House inc1ud-
ed those for Youichi Nobori, Motoi
Kano, Isamu Furuta, Ritsuko Cho-
jim, Misao Konishi, Takako K:te-
mura Dalluge, Misako Kinoshita,
Masaki Sugiyama, Joe Kosaka, and
Michiyo Chiba.
The Northwest times. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1947-1955, 1952-02-13
SavOyS Enter Colo.
Cage Tourney

I.FNVER, Colo, Feo. 13-,Seatt i
Savovs became the first out-of-state
team to accept an in yitasion to the
Salt Lake JACL Basketball Assocla-
sons 18th annual Invitational
Basketball Tournament booked ior
March 81, % and 80 Ill the local
Etl,eric War Memorial gym.
Last year, the Savoys, playing as
TJl;Lda Drug with young but spi-
rr.ed team, gained the finals of the
10Th annual meet only to lose out
t. the more experienced San Jose
Hehras of California by score Of
~ 70 40.
Leading the Savoy will be Ray
O,ani, last years win tsr of the CO.
veted Fred T. Tovcte Memorial
Trophy for Most Insp!rnt t,nal Play
er. All-Star Stanley Yanlashita, ana
ex-Carfield ace Jim Hino.
The Northwest times. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1947-1955, 1952-02-13
MYF to See Slides
This Sunday

Methodist Youth Fellowship will
try learning with slides" from 7:3o
pm. this Sunday, Feb. IT, in the
church parlor.
Bob Hiraki is in charge of the
slides and Marianne Urakawa, the
refreshments.
Methodist WSCS will hold its
next meeting at 7:30 pm, Thursday,
Feb. IA, in the home of Mrs. Hide
Shimomura at 756 30th Ave. A mo-
ton picture, "Over Dependency"
will be shown.
Mrs Sunni Kuriyama will lead the
discussion following the film.
The Northwest times. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1947-1955, 1952-02-13
SwincinG Down

Thursday night dance classes for
men and women are still open for
registration at the Central YWCA,
Mrs. Evelyn Ryer, instructor, an
nounced.
A chance to learn those nimble-
footed ballroom steps is given both
beginners and advanced students at
the WV. Beginners classes, in
which tha waltz and fox trot, with
all variations is taught, are sche-
duled from 7:30 to $3.50 pm. Ad-
vanced classes give students chance
to brush up on the waltz and fox
trot, and to learn the rhumba, SAM
ba, and tango
Fee for single persons for the Sc
ries of spring classes is four dollars,
and a rate of five dollars being CIV
EN- married couples. For further
details, call Ell. 1900, Extension 6.
The Northwest times. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1947-1955, 1952-02-13

WASHINGTON, D. c., Feb. ID
(JACL ADC)-The House approved
witht ut objection 10 private Hills for
the relief of individual alien Japa-
nese W1en it considered its first pri-
vate calendar of the new SESSION, the
Washington office Of the JACL An
ti-Diso"' mination Committee re-
ported Today.
S'n"e ten of the measures were
approved by the Senate last year,
they will be sent 10 the President
for his signature. When he sigrs
them, they will oecome the first
laws approved by the End Session of
the e2nd Congress for persons of
Japanese ancestry, the Washington
JACL Ado office said.
The three remaining bills will be
sent to the Senate Cor It's concur
renee.
Five of the bills provide TO. the
admission of the racially Ineligible
minor Japanese children adopted
by American servicemsn OF civilian
occupation personnel serving in ia
pan. -Four authorize the entry of
the japanese wives of American CT
items. Three permit the Japanese
fiancees of American citizens to
come into this coui try for purposes
of marriage. Onc bill allows a
husband to rejoin his family in Sc
attic, Wash.
The adopted-ch:ld measures are
for Michiyo Chiba, I'd NGted child Of
Cpl. and Mrs. Walter v, Subacz of
Waukesha. Wis; Joe Kosaka, a
dopted by M-Sgt. and Mrs. Herman
w. Hearn of Montgomery, Ala; Mi
sac Konishi, adopted BY Sgt. and
Mrs. Harvey L. Houser of Wauke-
sha, Wis; Motoi Kano, adopted by
Mr.. and Mrs. Dixon Y. Miyauchi of
Seattle, Wash; and Youichi Nobo-
ri, adopted by 1t. Col and Mr.. Ri
chard c. Winters of Los Angeles.
OF the bills for the admission of
Japanese brides o. American citi-
2ens, the most dramatic is for Flu
sake Terao Scogin and her son,
James Wesley Scogin. Mrs Scogin's
husband, 1t David Weldon Scogin
of Nacogdoches, Texas, was killed
in action in Korea. Other bills for
this purpose are for Takako Kita-
mura Dalluge, wife of Gilbert Glen
Dalluge of Blue Mound, H.. Ritsu-
ko Chojin, wife of Masakatsu (Ben-
n.y. Chojin of Boston, Mass; and
Masako Sugiyama Duane, wife OF
Patrick L. Duane of San Antonio,
Texas.
Misako KinoShita. fiancee Of Will
bert L. Rice, on occupation cuty in
Japan as a civilian employee Of the
Army; Setsuko Yamashita, fiancee
of Ronald William Edrine'0n, an
honorably discharged veteran of
Richfield. Utah, and her son. Ia
kashi Yamashita and Yuriko Tsu-