davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The frontiersman., 1952-12-24

alight with torches of the moun- taineerS on their way to church. To him it was a Christmas mira cle.
 Later, as he tried to put down on paper his feeling and expert ence, the words kept turning into verse. When dawn came he found he had written a poem-a beau- tiful and moving poem.
 On Christmas Da-' his friend, Franz Xaver Gruber, music teach CT in the village school, composed music to fit the verses.
 Village children heard the priest and teacher singing the song and learned it. From there it spread throughout the world Today, it is regarded as the greatest Christ mas hymn and wherever there are men of good will they sing:
 "Silent night, boLy mgbt-
 AU is calm, au is bright,
 R0Nnd yoH Virgin, Motber end
 CbiId;
 Holy Infant, SO tender and mild,
 Sleep in beaVenLy peace 7 Sleep in beaUenLy peace"
The frontiersman., 1952-12-24
delivery,

Cave of the Nativity-is unASE the jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox church.
 The grotto-like Cave of the Ma tivity in no way conforms to tho modern conception of a "stable::" in biblical times, however, shelters for man and beast were hewn in- to rocky ledges-thus, the Stable of Bethlehem.
 On Christmas Eve, members of all denominations assemble to sing carols above the birthplace of the Holy Child before midnight mass is solemnized in the Church of the Nativity.
The frontiersman., 1952-12-24
Early YuIetide Thought Pagan BYChristidns

CHRISTMAS, like any other
 - blessed institution has had to
 fight its battles. The first great
 enemy of Christmas was the Ro-
 man empire whose pagan em- perors determined to blot out all kinds of Christian rites.
 Then when Roman Emperor Con-
 Stantine Christianized the empire other enemies of Christmas arose. One course of contention was: Is December 25 really Christmas?
 Some said Christ was born on Jan
 uary 6; others held for March 29. Some set April 21 as His birthday. Nobody knew with complete con- fidence just when to celebrate Christmas. At last, in the fourth century, Pope Julius I settled the matter in favor of our present date. His decision was accepted.
 From the first there had been among Christians a certain hos tility toward the Christmas festi- val. The celebration of birthdays in general was considered heathen- fish and something taken over from the pagans. Nor did the enemies of Christmas fail to observe that many pagan customs had crept into the feaStings of the day. Christmas and the days of Advent that go be- fore it occur at the time of the winter solstice, when the days cease to grow shorter, and begin to lengthen-when the sun, hav- ing declined it's furthest from zenith, begins to climb again. The period was one of festival in many parts of the world, and / was held scared by many religions. Then occurred the Roman Satur- nalia, with it's wild excesses, and the people of the north, too, had a great midWinter feast with days of hearty eating and deep drinking.
 From the Saturnalia came ban quetings and dancings and riotings in masks and the giving of gifts. Our Christmas dinner and Christ mas presents and Christmas cards and the wearing of Christmas masks in various parts of the world date back to the Saturnalia. The mid-winter feast of the northern peoples was called Yule, hence our Yuletide and Yule log. The burn ing of the Christmas log descends from northern tree worship. So does the Christmas tree.
 Santa Claus seems to date from later Christmas times. He is good St. Nicholas, of course. The hang ing of stockings comes from the legend that the saint, among his other charities, used to provide doweries for poor girls. The older form of the Christmas stocking custom was for poor girls to hang up stockings in the hope that bene- volent St. Nicholas would place marriage portions in them.
The frontiersman., 1952-12-24
Egyptians Made EIaborateDoIIs For Children

No one knows for sure who made the first doll, but it can be assumed the earliest figures were sacred gods and ancestor images. These don-like forms were not toys for the delight of children, but solemn religious figures that preserved the tribe from harm.
 Then, somehow, somewhere, change took place. Dolls became toy for girls and the most popu- lar Christmas toy of them all.
 Dolls have been discovered in Egyptian tombs and ruins, some even had real hair; some were ivory, carved by craftsmen for kings daughter; others were made of straw by an overworked mother in peasants hut.
 In ancient Greece dolls were played with and cherished by little girls until they were ready to be married. Then (their dolls were taken to the shrine of a favorite goddess) and, often with tears, presented to her. The Roman chil- dren played with dolls, too, but after the fall of the Empire there came long period in which there is no record of dolls.
 Not until the thirteenth century when dolls were made in Nurem- berg and dressed in the fashions of the times did little girls again play with dolls. They were here to stay.
 By and by in Europe, the French fashion dolls became all the rage, not for children to play with but as models from which fine ladies could pattern their own modish costumes.
 In America, the Indian children had dolls of their own made of rawhide and feathers and wood. Pioneer children had dolls much like these, and some were made of braided cornhusks, or nuts, or cerncobs, or rags, and were dearly AONSN III oP1IC O1
 Much later, lifelike dolls were imported from Germany, where the doll industry had reached enormous proportions. These dolls had fine china heads with care fully painted faces and kid bodies that were jointed at the arms and legs. Later there came the Japanese-made dolls, which were inexpensive enough for almost any child to own. Then the American made dolls began to appear-the special dolls, the kewpies, billi- kens, Buster Browns, teddy bears, Patsy dolls and Shirley Temples and photograph dolls, with all the host of others that have followed and which are still to come. For dolls always will be part of child hood and part of Christmases as long as there are little girls and boys to play with them, and par ents and fond kinfolk to buy.
The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1952-11-28
FOR SALE
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The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1952-11-28

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The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current, 1952-11-28

SIDING roofing. spoutis., combination
storm windows, screens and doors. Coun-
try and Town improvement Co
5zs Parsons Ave Nv lzs4
Evening star., 1952-05-21
House District Group
Approves Bill 10 Keen
Gas Tax at -Four Cents
Nickel-o-GoIIon Levy
Loses in Favor of Making
Present Rate Permanent
By Harold B. Roaers

The Districts present gasoline
tax Of 4 cents a gallon would be
continued permanently under a
bill approved today by the House
District Committee.
The committee sent its own bill
to the House floor for action after
rejecting a proposal to raise the
tax to 5 cents.
The House bill will be called UP
for action on the floor next Mon
day.
The committee had before it
for action both the Senate-ap-
proved bill for scent tax and
Ia House bill which also would
have fixed the tax at that figure.
Chairman Mcmillan announced
that the committee defeated, by a
vote of 8 to Z, the proposal for 5
cents. 1t then approved the Accent
level.
The present Accent tax is a
temporary one, which will revert
back to 3 cents on July ! unless
Congress takes action.
Asked why the committee had
not taken up the Senate bill for
the same purpose, committee
aide explained that a conStitu-
tional question was involved.
Parliamentary experts had
pointed out that under the Con-
stitution, legislation to raise reve-
nue. must originate in the House.
The District Committee also
approved two minor bills.
One would permit the District
Recorder of Deeds to destroy obso-
lete records.
The other would relieve auto
mobile owners from getting a new
title for their automobile when
they change to a new motor in the
car. Previously the serial num-
bers of the motors have been re-
quired.
Evening star., 1952-05-21
District Servicemen
Return From Far East
BY the Assoeioted Press

SEATTLE, May 21.-Men from
Washington aboard the Navy
transport Gen. H. B. Freeman due
here today from the Far East, in
cluded:
Sergt. Jerome I. Baylin, 232
Emerson street NV; Sic. Bern
ard j. Burns. jr.. GOT Oglethorpe
street NV; Sergt. Jack Chere-
skin, 6115 Fifth street NV; Sic
John F. Eldridge, Staff House s
st. Elizabeths Hospital; Sergt
Charles E. Garland. 47O5 Forty
eighth street. NV: Maj. Harry L
Carver, $500 Quebec street NV;
Sergt. Martin Greenberg. 631s
Thirteenth street NV; Sergt
Robert c. Macon, 701 East Capitol
street; Sergt. Robert L. Parsons
4721 Davenport street NV; Pvt
Tom A. Rogers, 6217 Walhonding
road, Mohican Hills, Md; Sic
Royce w. Taylor, 1860 Livingston
road Sc.
Evening star., 1952-05-21
Actor John Garfield Found Dead
OF Heart Attack in New York
Noted Tough Guy
Was Protege of Potri
After Junior Scropes
By the Assccioied Press

NEW YORK. May 21.-John
Garfield, 80, stage and screen
actor, was found dead of heart
ailment in his Gramercy Park
apartment today.
DR.. Thomas Gonzales, chief
medical examiner, reported the
death.
Mr.. Garfield was noted for his
tough guy" roles.
He gained fame on the stage
for his portrayal of a boxer in the
Clifford Odets play. Golden Boy" !"
i'm 1887.
He subsequently played gangster
roles in Hollywood films and was
starred in a number of Broadway
productions.
Mr.. Garfield. born julius Gar
finkle in Brooklyn, on March 4
1913, engaged in a number OF
juvenile scrapes and became a
Iprotege of Angelo Patri, child
psychologist and writer. Mr.. Patrt
was credited with starting him on
his Theatrical career.
The actor himself described his
birthplace as '.the Bowels of
Brooklyn" Later he lived in the
Bronx.
MIR. Garfield played in a revival
Iof Golden Boy" which ran for
nine weeks at the American Ma
itional Theater and Academy in
New York. The show closed April
~.
He had starred in recent years
in such motion pictures as Gen
tleman's Agreement" Body and
Soul" and Force of Evil"
Evening star., 1952-05-21
$5OO,OOO Fire Destroys
Drug Firm and 81 Cars
BY the Associated Press

PHILADELPHIA, May 21.-A
half -million-dollar fire destroyed
IA pharmaceutical laboratory today
and wrecked 80 brand-new auto
mobiles in an adjoining ware
house.
Raging out of control for more
than an hour, the blaze gutted q
two-story brick building owned by
the Lustgarten Laboratories, Inc,
and threatened an apartment
house adjacent to the automobile
warehouse. Ten families fled the
apartment building. No one was
injured.
j. Kerbeck Co., which owned 80
Nash automobiles stored in the
warehouse, said the machines were
ruined by heat, smoke and water.
Flames were confined to the va
cant third floor of that building.
Evening star., 1952-05-21
Speaking Of Germ Warfare

surprised at the outcome and de-
clared all Republicans here would
work together for party victory
this year.
Elsewhere in the city, the Or
ganization sailed to victory under
favorable winds.
Candidates Win Easily.
The committee candidates reg
Iistered 2-to-l victories in several
precincts, won In the 17th with
out opposition and ran up com-
manding leads In the LIST, 7th and
18th. But the Eisenhower forces
gave them scares in the 10th and
26th precincts. losing by only a
few votes.
The voting last night gave the
State Central Committee a total
|of 80 "uninstructed" delegates and
the Eisenhower camp. four, who
are pledged to the general. Six
precinct meetings remain to be
held. ..s
When the 43 delegates are Sc
lected, they will choose 43 more
at large. This group then will
select Washington's six delegates
and six altelnates to the Repub-
lican National Convention in Chi
cago.
Although uninstructed, the ma
jority of the committee leans
toward the nomination of Senator
Taft. It is free, however, to shift
Washington's six convention votes
as the delegation desires.
Evening star., 1952-05-21

potent rebellious faction behins
the nomination of Gen. Eisen,
hover for President.
BY a score Of 10 to I, the State
Central Committee for the Dis.
trict rolled up another important
victory in primary elections las
night. Candidates indorsed by OLE
Guard members of the organiza.
ton defeated the Eisenhower con.
tenders by that margin.
Taft Loses Home Precinct.
The one city district which wa.
lost, however, hurt the organiza.
ton more than the score would in.
dicate. 1t was the 39th, or George.
town precinct, in which Senator
Taft makes his Washington home
The voters there, meeting in
Western High School, picked an
Eisenhower follower for their
member on the State Central Com
mittee. Mrs. Higginson Rogers de-
feated w. Royce Powell. the Taft
candidate, 238 to 1913.
Joseph c. McGarraghy, the
party chairman, said he was not
Evening star., 1952-05-21
@. 0. P. Senators Say Bronnon
Played Dirty Trick on Farmers
KEN and Aiken Accuse Secretary
Of Being Contemptuous of Congress

THAT statement is completely er-
ronouS."
"The Congress did not do that,
Senator Aiken said in his most
impatient statement of the two
month period.
He said the department for po-
litical purposes pretended in 194e
that storage space was short. He
said this was "a dirty trick played
on farmers for political purposes. u
Senator Aiken said Mr.. Brannar
was just trying to put the blame
on a Republican Congress.
Brannan Defends Department.
Mr.. Brannan, in excusing some
Irregularities that have arisen
said:
"A fair appraisal of the prob
lem must take into account the
abnormal and emergency condi-
tion under which a tremendous
and vital storage program was
carried out.
Total conversions (misapprop-
riatlons Of commodities) amount
to about one-tenth of one pei
cent and reasonably anticipated
losses from conversions amount to
less than one-eightieth of one pei
cent of the value of the commodi-
ties which passed through Com
the past four years.
THE losses from grain going
out OF condition over the past
Is months amount to less than
one-half per cent of the value of
the grain handled"
Evening star., 1952-05-21

He appeared in a number of
Broadway plays in the early part
OF his career = including Lost
Boy" "Counsellor-at-Law," "Hav-
ing Wonderful Time" and Awake
and Sing"
His first Hollywood role was in
-Four Daughters" in 1898. "The
Sea Wolf" "They Made Me q
Criminal" "Juarez," 'Tortilla
Flat" and "Air Force" followed.
Mr.. Garfield's name often was
used by organizations later cited
as subversive. But when he was
called before the House Commit
tee on Un-American Activities a
little more than a year ago he
denied he ever had been a Com
lmunist.
He described himself as a DEM
iocratic Party member and polit-
ical liberal.
Evening star., 1952-05-21
QuodrupIe Amputee
Sets High Standards

lNsPlRATloN-corpI Robert Smith,
quodruple omputee, sets high stend-
ord Of eourose for his fellow petients at
Wolter Reed HospitoI. The Stor pictures
his progress toword woIkins on poss
AIS.
TEST TUBE coUNTY-PoIo Alto
County. Iowo. is politically on the fence
50 for. But in "A elections since 1896,
the presidential eondidote who got the
mojority Of its votes wos elected. The
record is described on poee Az.
STAR GAZERS-Miss Irene Worhen
ond her fellow members Of the NotiosoI
CopitoI Astronomers ore proctieoI stor
sozers. Many hove made their own
telescopes through Miss Worthen's mir
r-srindins eIass, Betty Miles reports
on pose 81.
Evening star., 1952-05-21

prison camps of surrendered en-.
|emies. Our country cannot per-
NIT Communist leaders to assume
control Of stockades where they
are held as prisoners of war. Our
country cannot permit false con-
fessions' which hold us up to
world ridicule."
The Senator was referring to
some of the admissions made in
what he called the deal for the
release of Brig. Gen. Francis r.
Dodd. the American commander
who was seized and held as hostage
by the Red prisoners.
The Senator said he was shocked
by the incident. His shock deep.
ened into shame, he said. when
he learned that the general had
been ransomed through a deal
which seems to compromise the
prestige and honor of the United
States. That deal would seem to
me to be a humiliation which
could and should have been
avoided"
Gen. Ridgway Praised.
Senator Russell hastened to ex.
plain that the prison camps were
mot the direct responsibility Of
Gen. Ridgway. He praised the
general for a magnificent job"
but asked him to tell what he
could about the Koje Island af-
fair.
All members of the Senate were
invited to sit in on the commit.
tees closed session.
Before the session, Senator
Bridges said Gen. Ridgway should
be promoted temporarily to five
star rank. He pointed out that
the returning Far East Commander
has replaced two flve-star gen.
erals-MacArthur and now Eisen.
hover. Senator Bridges said that
in Europe the new NATO COM
mander will be outranked by two
OF his deputies, British Field Mar
shal Montgomery and French
Marshal JUN.
Senator Cain, Republican, of
Washington recalled that he
served under Gen. Ridgway in
World War II. and praised him as
a great soldier" He suggested
Senators listen instead of asking
questions in today's brief session.
Gen. Ridgway will make another
appearance Thursday before the
Senate Foreign Relations Com
mittee.
Evening star., 1952-05-21
France S Highest Honor
Presented 10 Eisenhower
BY the Assoeiossd p,e..

PARIS. May 21.-France con.
ferred it's highest honor-the
Medaille Militaire-on Gen
Dwight D. Eisenhower today in
q farewell tribute within the
shadow Of Napoleon's tomb.
The Supreme Commander OF
Allied powers in Europe received
the award from Premier Antoine
Pinay in the Court Of Honor o1
Les Invalides.
The last foreigner to receive
this mark of Frances highest
esteem was Prime Minister Win.
ston Churchill in 1916.
Evening star., 1952-05-21
Senate Crime Probers McGranery Asserts :.
Quiz Bullock and Wife He Can Accomplish
On Personal Finances HousecIeanino Iob
Will Quit Bench in
Two or Three Days and
Take Cabinet Post

Federal Judge James p. Nc
Granery, who is slated to become
Attorney General, expressed con.
fidence today in his ability tc
push through the Government
cleanup.
He added that he would moi
have given up a life time Job or
the bench unless I thought
could do it."
Judge McGranery, who haC
called on President Truman, sale
he expected to relinquish his posj
in the eastern district of Penn.
sylvania in the next two or three
days. He will then be ready tc
take his cabinet oath.
Confirmed So to 18.
The successor to j. Howard
McGrath as Attorney General
was confirmed by the Senate late
yesterday by a vote of So to 18
after his qualifications had beer
challenged strongly by Repub.
licans.
Asked if he would consult with
President Truman before embark
ing on his new job, Judge Nc.
Granery responded, 'It won't be
necessary for me to confer with
anybody"
Fourteen Republicans Joined
with 38 Democrats in voting fol
confirmation after a six-hour SEN
ate debate yesterday.
All 18 of those voting against
Mr.. McGranery were Republicans
Receives Word from Wife.
Judge McGranery. in a down
town hotel. received word of the
Senate's favorable action from his
wife. She sat in the gallery to
listen to the long debate on the
nomination and the final vote.
Senators Watkins of Utah and
Ferguson Of Michigan, both Re-
publicans, were the only members
to take the floor in opposition to
Judge McGranery.
Chairman McCarran of the Sen
ate Judiciary Committee, replying
to their criticisms, predicted the
nominee would have a great ad-
ministration as Attorney General
Evening star., 1952-05-21
Danes to Burn Million
Apple Trees in Summer
BY the Assoeioted Press

~ me ASsoeioted PFeSS
COPENHAGEN. Denmark, May
I21.-A million Danish apple trees
will be burned this summer.
Hans Christian Madsen, presi-
dent of the Danish Fruit Growers
Association. said falling demand
had forced growers to sell apples
below production cost.
Bumper harvests and free i'm
Iportation Of foreign fruit were
contributing factors.
Evening star., 1952-05-21
Ridgwoy to Speak
At Joint Meeting of
Congress Tomorrow

Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway
will address a joint meeting Of
Congress tomorrow. A =
Speaker Rayburpaal lInounc-
ing the session. said the sue
cessor to Gen. Eisenhower as
supreme commander in Eu-
rope will speak at 1890 pm.
The session will be tele-
vised by WNBW on channel 4.
Evening star., 1952-05-21
New ConoI Opened

AMSTERDAM. the Neither
lands, May 81 (P.-Queen Juliana
today opened the 45-mile-long
Amsterdam Rhine Canal. which
gives the Rhine a new mouth and
speeds Western European shipping
Ito the North Sea. The canal cost
$23, ,800, 900.
Evening star., 1952-05-21

recess following Mrs. Bullock's
testimony that he believed "some
progress" was being made.
Later, he indicated that the in
spector himself was more cooper
ative and responsive than his wife
Indications that most of the testi.
mony behind closed doors dealt
with Inspector Bullock's answers
to his financial questionnaire were
heightened by the appearance OF
a committee accountant during
the questioning of both witnesses
Questioned 40 Minutes.
After Mrs. Bullock appeared
the inspector was questioned fol
40 minutes before the committee
recessed to resume the session
later this afternoon. Senator
Nicely said the questioning of In
spector Bullock might require
still another session tomorrow.
Mrs. Bullock entered the com.
mittee room at 10 am. with the
attorney for both, Charles E
Ford, veteran criminal lawyer
When she emerged at 11:15 am
she appeared upset and told re-
porters:
Please leave me alone"
Mr., Ford and InSpector and
Mrs. Bullock conferred for about
three minutes before the inspector
entered the hearing room.
Won't Refuse to Answer.
While he was waiting for his
wife's testimony to end, Inspector
Bullock said he would not refuse
to answer any questions put tc
him by the Committee:
"Why should I refuse" he
asked.
The portly 55-year-old inspector
sat on folding chair outside the
committee room door, rising from,
time to time to pace the corridor
When he and Mrs. Bullock left
the Capitol with Mr.. Ford during
the noon recess, none would make
any comment.
Inspector Bullock's financial
QUESTIONABLE has been a subject
of much dispute. The lengthy
Observation-Disclosures to more
than 800 policemen here-delves
into financial records from jan
uary l, 1916, to last October /.
The inspector was accused by
the committee staff of delay in
answering the QUESTIONABLE. The
registered envelope which brought
it to him laid in his mail box un-
claimed for several weeks.
When the questionnaire was re-
turned, Inspector Bullock stipu-
lated that it was not for use
except by the committee staff
Committee Counsel Arnold Bau-
man refused to agree to the con-
|ditionS.
Returned to Duty.
Inspector Bullock returned tt
his job last week after a lengthy
|absence. He was indicted las,
fall on gambling conspiracy
charges. but was acquitted in JAN
uary on a directed verdict by Dis
trict Court Judge James r. Kirk.
land.
The indictment brought his sus-
pension. He was reinStated fol-
lowing the acquitttal, but had beer
on annual leave until last week.
The inspector has asked for re-
tirement from the Police Depart
ment. but Police Chief Robert v
Murray said he will make nc
recommendation on the request
until the crime committee finishes
its investigation.