davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1952-12-07

or material in the classified cate
gories of top secret secret con-
fidential and restricted ought
to be confined solely to Federal
agencies having to do with national
military security.
"All acts placing documents or
material in classified categories ought
to be subject to continuous. con-
current review by authority other
than the classifying authority. to
prevent the abuse of the military
classifications for the purpose Of
cloaking in secrecy matters having
nothing to do with military security.
There ought to be agreement on
uniform definitions of the various
secret categories, uniformly adhered
to be the classifying agencies"
Thorough Follow Through
The editors intend to carry out
this resolution down to the lowest
local level. Already plans are being
laid for formation Of freedom of in
formation committees in each Of the
48 AP State organizations. Such
committees would be charged with
carefully considering the evidence in
such cases as the arbitrary with
holding of legitimate information by
local. county or State officials. If the
committees are convinced that the
action violates the principles of free
information, they are to make i'm
mediate representation to the Gov
ernment authorities involved for cor
rection.
This is not fight merely for free
dom of the press. It is a battle, spear
headed by the press, against any
of the elements which attempt to
erect barriers between the people and
their Observation-Disclosures the bar
riers are erected for purely arbitrary
purposes or for the purpose Of yelling
the actions of officials from public
scrutiny.
Evening star., 1952-12-07
Outlook for Executive Offces New Faces Few Cuts in Jobs

Nelson Rockefeller will find an
often ploughed but still fertile field
when he tackles the problem Of Or
ganization in the executive branch
that segment Of Government which
comes. or should come, under direct
control of the President.
The ground has lain mostly fall
low since the Hoover Commission
turned it over three years ago. urging
broad reforms. Others have urged re-
forms, too, with little attention being
given to their pleas.
Now a new study is being made,
independent of Government direc-
ton. The latest survey Of big Govern
ment is that undertaken by DR.. Rob-
ert L. johnson, president Of Temple
University. It's object is to study all
past reports and recommendation
and to bring them up to date.
President elect Eisenhower has
welcomed the chance to get fresh
look at the benemoth which confronts
him. To help, he has named three
experts. each a recognized student Of
government.
20-Yeor Growth
The huge growth in executive gov
ernment-in the Presidents house
alone it has zoomed from AZ to 1,178
personS-has come about in only 20
years. To the average citizen, the
complexities are frightening.
The need for periodic examinations
Of the functions Of government was
expressed in q principle voiced by
the Hoover Commission: 1.-THE enor-
nous operations of the executive
agencies require constant re-exami-
nation"
The latest examination will be
made for President-elect Eisenhower
by the committee he named last
week.
It is headed by Mr.. Rockefeller,
formerly assistant Secretary Of
State and co-ordinator of inter-
American affairs. He viii be aided
by DR.. Arthur s. Flemming, presi-
dent Of Ohio Wesleyan University,
and DR.. Milton 8. Eisenhower
generals brother - president Of
y
Evening star., 1952-12-07
-AP Photo.
because you don't know it's there"

because you don't know it's there"
he said.
The 9Th Army is motorized Army
and the Army drivers problems are
essentially the same as the winter
driving problems of the American
motorist much magnified. Korean
roads. even the roads that have been
improved by 9th Army Engineers. are
relatively primitive. Driving over
narrow, icy mountain roads is not
only dangerous, but slow and ex-
hausting.
Cold Affects Efficiency
AS temperatures drop mems ef-
ficiency drops and in subzero tenn
peratures the very effort it takes
simply to exist leaves very little
energy left to work or fight.
For that reason an all-out attack
by either the Chinese or the 9th Army
during the November-March period
seems remote. The Chinese did inter-
vene in 1850 at the outset of heavy
winter but this seems to have been
dictated by the rapid approach of
the U. N. forces to the Yalu rather
than the deliberate choice of Chinese
Russian operational planners.
There are differences of opinion
Evening star., 1952-12-07
By Herbert F. Corn

fMr. Corn, Managing Editor of
The Star, Is immediate past presi-
dent of the Associated Press
Managing Editors Association.)
the editors in the next breath when
1t states:
"The apparent danger is that under
the guise Of security, agencies or in
dividuals might abuse the Presidents
. directive and cloak certain informa-
tion with security classifications to
hide errors. mistakes or misconduct"
Early Abuse
1t is interesting to note at this
point that the first disclosed abuse
OF the order was revealed in the
Office Of price stabilization a few
days after it was issued. Director
Disable Immediately cracked down
on the offender. But how many un-
disclosed abuses have occurred can
not be determined.
About this the Moody report con-
tinues:
IL is imperative that adequate ma
chinery be set up to maintain a con-
tlnulng surveillance of the actions
taken under this executive order.
Neither the Interdepartmental Com
mittee on Internal Security nor any
other group in the executive branch
have definite plans to police the
various executive agencies to deter
mine whether they are classifying
security information in. accordance
with the executive order. It is believed
that this committee or some other
branch of the National Security
Council should make periodic spot
checks to see whether the agencies
follow the spirit of the executive
order and to prevent abuses in the
field Of classified information"
The Associated Press editors, in the
Boston resolution which will be sent
Evening star., 1952-12-07

A demand for revocation Of Presi-
dent Truman'S executive order of
Sept. Is, 1851, extending broad au-
thority to the executive departments
of the Government to withhold in
formation for reasons of national Sc
curity, will be tossed into the lap
of the new administration soon after
Gen. Eisenhower enters the White
House next January 20.
The Associated Press Managing
Editors Association, meeting in
Boston a week after the, election.
directed its officers to lay the demand
before the heads of the new adj
ministration. This same group Of
editors in San Francisco last year
vigorously attacked and called for
revocation of the order three days
after 1t was published.
Widespread Protests r.
Disclosure of the order brought
widespread protests from the press
and public throughout the United
States and introduction of a repeal
A4ASeoAAS Ia WAC ASCAAebICs 4AAC A1C0OU1Ct
by Senator Bricker of Ohio with the
Endorsement of Capehart of Indiana
and Ferguson of Michigan, never
came to vote. But subcommittee,
headed by Senator Moody of Michi-
gan, himself a newspaperman, was
appointed last April to investigate
the whole subject of suppression of
Government information.
An APME committee, which called
on the President to present the San
Francisco resolution, came away with
an invitation to help define such
classifications as "top secret" "se-
cret," confidential" and restricted"
But it found the President adamant
about the order itself. He stuck by
his claim that it was necessary for
the protection Of security.
The protesting editors had no
fault to find with necessary with
Evening star., 1952-12-07
It was another Decembe,

It was another December Sunday,
very much like this one.
It had started out routinely
enough. It was somewhat cloudy
with the temperature down around
freezing as most WaShingtonians
reached gingerly out onto the front
porch for their papers. AS the morn
ing wore on the chill moderated, and
a good many people made plans for
the afternoon-the Redskins game
with Philadelphia Eagles at Griffith
Stadium, a drive in the country, q
session with the paper in front Of
the fireplace, maybe just a nap.
There was really nothing about the
day that augured more than one
would expect Of any late-autumn
Sunday. But by nightfall the date
would be etched in the brains Of all
Americans. It was Sunday, Decem-
ber z. 1941.
An era ended for America that day,
and a war began. The death war
rants Of more than $4,000 Ameri-
cans were signed that quiet after
noon. No one knew on that day which
Americans; the names would be filled
in at later dates in the next A
months.
Doy Of lnfomy
December Z, 1941-so well charac-
terized by President Roosevelt as "a
date which will live in infany"-was
transformed from a quiet Sunday to
a day Of decision shortly before 2
o'clock. Awed radio announcers
broke into programs to announce
that japanese airplanes had bombed
Pearl Harbor.
It was war. Every one realized
that. But most people had never
heard Of Pearl Harbor-just as they
had never heard of Guadalcanal or
Saint-Lo or Okinawa or Bastogne.
And those who recognized the name
and what it stood for were frankly
baff1ed. Pearl Harbor was the i'm
pregnable keystone Of our Pacific
defenses. It couldn't be attacked;
the report must be false-or garbled.
Maybe it was Dutch Harbor, in
Alaska. Certainly it wasn't Pearl.
At Griffith Stadium, $1,000 foot
ball fans were watching the Red
skins and the Philadelphia Eagles.
Sammy Baugh had just scored a
touchdown to give the home team a
lead Of 20-14. The public address
announcer kept up his descriptive
commentary. Then he paused-but
only to page Admiral Blandy. Then
went on with the ball game. Later.
as the announcer broke in with in
creasing frequency to page other
notables, the crowd sensed that
something was up.
In the press box they knew, Of
course; the Western Union ticker
that had been sending scores Of
other games chartered out the
paralyZing news. After horror
stricken moment. several newsmen
left the game.
Evening star., 1952-12-07
Another Sundoy-
A Shocking Announcement Shattered
Peace Of December 7 Eleven Years Auo
By WiIIiom Hines

At The Star. reporters began to
NIL the news room. There was really
no point in their coming; no one
had called them. and there was little
chance Of getting together the hun
dreds OF people needed to produce an
extra on Sunday afternoon. But
they came just the same, and milled
around, wondering-like most other
Americans-what to do and what this
would mean.
Many Americans turned to God.
Few mothers with maturing sons
could resist breathing q prayer. Not
all these prayers were answered.
At the Japanese Embassy, where
the game Of duplicity had been played
to perfection. attaches built bon
fire in the back yard. That was their
last task-to burn state papers.
In Tokyo. their colleagues crowed-
as well they might. 1t was q COM
plete surprise and complete victory.
The battle had been won. with ter
rife damage to the American fleet
and virtually without loss to the
japanese attacking force.
On the Air Waves
The fragmentary radio reports Of
the early afternoon were amplified as
the day and night wore on. But
even late that night the enormity Of
the thing was not known. The morn
ing papers carried a figure of lO4
dead at Pearl Harbor; by afternoon
1t was known that at least Is times
this many men had persisted.
And 1t was not only~Pearl Harbor
that had been blasted. The Japanese
attack was two-pronged one, and
Manila had been the target Of the
second raid. 1t. Gen. Douglas Mac
Arthur'S undermanned, under-equip.
ped air force was virtually powerleSS
to halt the japanese attack.
Late that evening, as lights burned
in Government Offices, amateur STRAIT
egists at home bent over maps to take
stock Of the situation. Only one thing
was clear: The situation was not
good.
In Peoples Heorts
But the situation was challenging.
and Americans always were great
ones to face up to a challenge. There
was concern in the average Ameri-
can mind. but little doubt. Most
Americans took the attitude that was
summed up nearly a century earlier
in British jingle:
1--WE don't iDant to fight,
But, by lingo. IT we do.
We've got the ships,
We've got the men,
We'ce got the money. too"
1t was clear that a lot Of hard work
would have to be done. And Ameri-
cans were prepared for the task.
In most homes, the lights went out
early that night. The feeling was that
every one would need a good nights
sleep before tackling the Job that
faced him in the morning.
Evening star., 1952-12-07
This Winter in Korea Should Be Little Less Painful for All

among Korean veterans as,to whether
the 9th Army or the Communists
would fare best If an attack were
launched by either side during the
Korean winter. One general officer
who served with both q front-line
fighting division and with a rear-area
supply outfit in Korea, said he thought
the Chinese would have the better
of it. "They don't have the motor
lied equipment we have and their
supply units wouldn't pile up on icy
mountain roads, the way ours do"
he observed. "Our mobility-our
ability to move units rapidly from
one part Of the line to another by
truck might be disastrously impeded
If the Chinese attacked during
blizzard" he said.
But other officer veterans from
Korea had different views. "Our
trucks pile up, summer and winter,
in the bottlenecks of Korea's primi-
tive roads," one said. "We get lot
of help from tanks when the rice
paddles are frozen over. In the sum-
mer they have to stay on the roads
and q road-bound tank isn't much
good. But in winter they can maneu-
yer OF the roads and get into posi-
tions where they get in some good
shooting If the Commies try to come
through"
Problem Of Air Cover
Recalling that at least part Of the
early German successes in the Battle
Of the Bulge was due to the heavy
weather that kept our planes from
reporting their presence in the ap-
proaches to the Ardennes or from
attacking him, it was suggested that
the Chinese would also have an ad-
vantage If they attacked in foul.
non-flying weather. But this thought
also suggested that any U. N. plan
to make an amphibious end-run in
Korea would probably be scheduled
for spring or summer for the same
reason. Heavy air cover Is essential
to the success Of any amphibious
operation and the possibility that bad
weather might ground planes on
D-day wouldn't set well with COM
mander and his operational staff.
Predictions are dangerous in war
but it can be ventured that it isn't
very likely that the U. N. forces will
launch an all-out drive before spring
especially with Gen. Eisenhower
speaking out against any spreading
of the war.
What the Chinese Communists may
do is even less practicable except that
for many months now they have
seemed well satisfied with the war
as it is.
Evening star., 1952-12-07
By John B. Spore

Korea's Communist hordes and
Korea's icy winters have common
origin. Both come out of the Far
North. The Chinese hordes are or
ganized and sent to Korea by orders
from Peiping and Moscow while
General Winter" from his command
post on the top Of the world sends
shrieking winds carrying freezing and
below zero temperatures across ST.
IBERIA, Manchuria and China and into
Korea'S tortured mountains and deep
valleys.
General Winter is a neutral and
hits both enemy and q. N. forces
with impartial and bitter vigor. And
fortunately, two years Of fighting in
Korea has taught the 9Th Army not
only how to take the measure Of
Chinese Communists but also how to
endure korea's winter.
The shortages and shortcomings Of
winter clothing so notable during the
first winter Of the Korean conflict
have been largely corrected. Not only
are socks plentiful now but improve
ments have been made in items that
soldiers found inferior. There Is
improved footwear, for instance, to
replace the much criticized shoe-pac.
The stabilized lines make it easier
but only relatively easier-to endure
the winter. The recent hard fighting
has been forward Of the fortified main
lines on hills where we have combat
outpoSts that are not only forward
listening and watching posts but also
bases from which patrols work for
ward to find out how strong the
enemy is and what he is up to.
Mountointop Vontoee Points
These forward outposts are roughly
circular areas on the tops of noun
tains or on the slope that faces the
enemy. The circle is inclosed by wire
entanglements. Land mines are
planted in places where the enemy
Is likely to approach. Behind these
and on the perimeter of the circle
are the lonely foxholes for one or two
men and the machine-gun positions.
At likely points inside the circle
mortarS and recoilless rifles are set
up to cover the routes the enemy is
likely to take in approaching the
outpost.
The riflemen in the forward fox
holes know that their own safety
and that Of their fellows depends
upon their staying awake and alert
for enemy attacks. And yet they fall
asleep from sheer exhaustion COM
pounded of physical weariness, the
cold that chills the body and numbs
the conscious mind, and the natural
fear that is always present on the
Evening star., 1952-12-07
Democrats 7 o,
Their Bold Front of Qualification Hides
Bleak Prospects for Quick Comeback
BY Mary McGrory


Gov. Stevenson came to Wash
ington last week, not to occupy the
White House, as he had hoped, but to
"luxuriate" in it. He seemed, as ever.
in flowing spirits. He enjoyed an in
formal reception given him by some
200 admirers at the airport and ex-
pressed his pleasure in sign carried
by one of them. It read Retrieve
with Steve" After a conference with
the outgoing President, he reported.
unexpectedly, "Some jollification."
Right on cue, party chieftains have
laid down a policy Of constructive
opposition"
Such mellow mood among disap-
pointed office-seekerS is not the usual
thing, of course, and the reason can
be found in the reason which the
Democrats give for defeat. They are
telling themselves. with stiff upper
lip, that they lost to a hero and
not specifically to the G. o. P.
The Governors clean-cut loss has
kept any one faction within the party
from pointing a finger at any other.
Besides, while Senator Taft lost no
time in proclaiming that he would
have won as well as Gen. Eisen-
hover, no would-be Democratic NOM
inee has to date said, for publication
at least, he would have come any
closer than the Governor.
Discordont Note
The only jarring note publicly
sounded was Senator Maybank's rebel
yell. The gentleman from South Caro-
lima has declined to accept any lead
ership, even ''titular," from Gov.
Stevenson. Senator Russell of Geor-
gia, cheerfully acknowledged Steven
son as titular leader, for what the
term Is worth.
Nobody knows If the Governor in
tends to try again four years hence.
He himself has thus far made no
statement to infiame his partisans.
The local chapter Of the Volunteers
for Stevenson was requested to
merge with the Democratic organ
ization on the grounds that the Gov
ernor did not want to build up
personal following.
II Gov. Stevenson were to re-
tain his leadership of the party, his
position would be unusual. If not un-
precedented. He is public figure
without public Office, and no pros
poets Of one. He cannot set policy,
he cannot make q record, or dis
pense patronage. II he goes on the
air at regular intervals, as some Of
his ardent followers advocate. he
runs the risk Of, becoming merely q
commentator.
Yet he has obvious assets as q
presidential candidate. Through his
bold and often brilliant campaign,
he climbed out Of relative anonymity
to establish himself as q well-defined
personality. He won ~ million votes.
He is q speaker Of soaring eloquence
and a politician with lofty ideal
of public service. As the Democratic
standard bearer he bore down heav-
lily during the race. on his party's
achievements Of the last 20 years.
Yet In his administration OF Illinois,
he constantly stressed the importance
Of local responsibility" as the an
swer to big government"
He Is, in short, no all-out Fair
Dealer. q consideration II the con-
servative tide is still running four
years hence.
Some measure Of his prestige is
indicated by the flood Of mail that
is still pouring In on the executive
mansion In Springfield. What other
Evening star., 1952-12-07

defeated candidate, his followers ask,
has been showed under by 10000
fan letters.
They are further counting on the
good fellowship that exists between
him and many Democratic Senators.
He will continue to be available to
them for advice. He will speak out.
when they and he think 1t advisable,
holding his fire for the great issues
on which the party wishes to make
united stand. It is a precarious
position, every one agrees. It can be
held only so long as Stevenson en-
joys popular confidence.
A notably unambitious politician.
Stevenson has committed himself
only to the reorganization Of the
party and the national committee.
Stephen Mitchell is staying on as
chairman at his request. Intima-
tions of Mr.. Truman's continuing
interest were seen in the appointment
of his former aide. Clayton Fritchey.
as deputy chairman.
These appointments have pleased
the liberal wing Of the Democratic
Senators, who have already conceded
the election of middle of the -roader
Lyndon johnson of Texas as minority
leader. They hope the second post
Of whip will 60 to one of them. Sena-
tor Humphrey, vigorous Fair Dealer.
has been mentioned as a possibility.
In their strategy meetings, the DEM
to resist G. o. P. tinkering with pro-
gressive legislation, which, they an
ticipate. will come through admin
iStrative changes.
They are willing for Stevenson to
be their spokesman on major, care
fully selected questions. Senator'S are.
however, notorious individualists. All
Of them know they are potential
presidential candidates. How far
they will be willing to go in strength
ening the hand of a would-be rival,
to whom they are in no way beholden,
remains to be seen. Yet none Of
them seems better bet for 1855.
nor is there any likely prospect
among the few Democratic Governors
who survived the landslide.
Wonted: BIunders
Democrats are admittedly counting
on Republican blunders to help them
out of the woods. They say 1t Is
impossible for the G. o. p. to improve
their record Of full employment.
Once the Eisenhower administration
embarkS on its campaign promise to
cut the budget. recession Is inevitable.
And at the first touch Of defiation
the workingman who voted for Ike
will rush back to the Democratic
reservation. So do the hopeful DEM
ocratS argue. Mr.. Truman feels that
even the next off-year election may
find Democrats well on the road
back.
Ike has inherited hatful Of head
aches In the realm Of foreign policy.
Democrats do not believe he can do
any better than they did.
Moreover. they feel that the day
to-day attrition Of political life will
rub away much Of the Eisenhower
hero appeal.
It should be pointed out that this
official cheerful estimate of the DEM
ocratic tomorrows Is not exactly uni
versal. One diligent worker in the
vineyards expressed the limit Of his
hopes when he said, "The only thing
I'm glad about Is that we put that
eight-year limit on the White House
before Ike got in"