davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1952-04-27

Japan must buy coal and iron at
what 1t considers exorbitant prices
in Canada, the United States, and
wherever else supplies may be avail
able.
Coking coal out of Baltimore, for in
stance, costs Japan around $50 a ton
by the time it gets there. It doesn't
take an abacus to figure out that So
Wet offers Cat $12 toni are alluring
in spite of all the Communist wiles
that may be lurking behind them.
Middle Ground Stond
From the American Cor Soviet
standpoint it is all too easy to pre-
dict Japan will eventually go one
way or the other, into the American
camp or into the Soviet camp. The
Japanese outlook is not so extreme.
Like India, Japan aspires to be a
mediator, to help find some middle
ground where East and West can
meet. This is a selfish aspiration, for
the best of reasons: Japan's future
depends on its realization.
From the middle position it feels
it must occupy, Japan sees no need
to oust the Soviet mission in Tokyo,
which is staying on as a trade group
with the dissolution of the Allied
Council for Japan.
Along the same line, the japanese
find recent statement by Mr.. Dulles
Evening star., 1952-04-27
By J. A. o'Leory

eager to get their campaign promises
on the airways also.
The radio and television networks,
recognizing that election campaigns
involve a public service factor, per-
init political parties to buy and pre-
empt time previously contracted for
by a commercial program. But this
entails added cost, plus the risk of
losing the good will of the devotees
of the sidetracked program.
Senator Monroney, Democrat, of
Oklahoma came up with a possible
solution that seemed to impress radio
and television officials as worthy of
consideration. The Senator suggested
that the networks might be able to
plan in advance to set aside a regular
time period on specified night each
week in October for political
speeches. If this time were not sold
in advance to a popular commercial
show, the political parties could buy
it without incurring the i'll will
caused by pumping" a good pro-
gram.
Another suggestion Senator Mon
roney made was that the networks
consider allowing political candidates
to buy the few minutes usually
allotted to commercials. This time
would not displace popular half
hour show, and if arranged during
the evening hours. the listening
audience would be at its peak.
The Little Guy
Senator Monroney indicated he
was not worrying so much about the
presidential candidates, because he
believes the people win listen to them
on network programs. "But how we
poor little guys in the Congress will
fair, in competition with the talent.
worries me-" the Senator said. He
was thinking Of the candidate for
Evening star., 1952-04-27

to their liking. He said last week
that Great Britain and America
should settle on a common policy to-
ward Red China instead of cancel
ing each other out" the one recog-
nizing and the other disregarding the
Mao regime.
The younger Asiatic nations also
pose foreign relations problem for
Japan. Most of them recently recov-
cred from the Japanese scourge. They
continue to raise embarrassing ques-
tions about reparations. The Japa-
neSe take this as an indication that
these countries are immature" in
diplomatic techniques. Their position
is that they will never be able to pay
all of the impossible reparations re-
quests. however just. 1t is a historical
truism by now that nations aggrieved
in war have little choice but to
let bygones be bygones. To a ma
ton which was the aggressor, of
course, this forgive -and-forget busi-
ness comes naturally. Right or wrong,
1t irks the japanese that some of
their late victims have such long
memories.
Of one thing all japanese say they
are certain today: Their country will
never go off half-cocked again, as it
did in 1941. 1t has been genuinely
persuaded, they insist, that the sword
is not an instrument it can rely on
Evening star., 1952-04-27

mittee the one paid political speech
made on the N. B. C. televiSion net
work during the 1948 campaign was
carried by seven stations.
A year ago experts figure that
televiSion was within the range of
81 per cent of the population and 81
per cent of the families.
An industry spokesman testified
that the listening is estimated at an
average of 3.5 persons per television
set. If there are 17.4 million sets in
use this summer, that would be a
potential audience of more than go
million persons.
inflicted Cost, Too
OF course, this expanded coverage,
reaching So cities and millions of
listeners, will make televiSion a more
expensive campaign device this year
for those programs which the parties
buy. That is one reason why the
Senators were anxious to find some
way of holding down that cost, at
least to the extent of avoiding pre-
empting sponsored periods, which
involves additional higher prices.
But aside from whatever time the
political parties buy, both radio and
television will devote considerable
amount of time to the campaign is
sues of 1852 through panel-discussion
programs. These are either sustain
ing programs arranged by the sta
tions, or shows regularly sponsored
by advertisers.
This year the political parties have
permitted the radio and television
networks to have sponsors for the
coverage of the national conventions.
The sponsors will be manufacturers
Of televiSion sets.
The fact that this will be the first
time in many years that an open
scramble for the presidential nomi-
nation is under way in both parties is
expected to produce big listening
audience.
Evening star., 1952-04-27
Nations to Open Ninth Round Of Fight Against Drug Traffic

Under the terms of these conven-
tions, governments are required to
see that the output of narcotics
within their countries does not ex-
ceed legitimate requirements, and to
assure the controlled distribution of
raw materials and manufactured
drugs.
They are also supposed to keep
the Permanent Central Opium Board
of Geneva supplied with exact sta
tistics about the production, imports,
exports and consumption of narco-
tics, as we'll as about measures taken
for the suppression of illicit traffic.
ScondoIous Foct
Now, the scandalous fact of the
matter is that even today, q years
after the adoption of the first opium
convention, the Permanent Board
does not have the faintest idea of
how large the world production of
raw opium, coca leaves and Indian
hemp-the three primary raw ma
Enthusiastically is.
All the board knows for sure is
that even the admitted production of
narcotic substances is vastly in ex-
cess of legitimate medical and sci
entific requirements. And it is a
notorious fact that this controlled"
production represents but fraction
of the actual output.
80 Per Cent Illegal
Indeed, at the 1850 session of the
Economic and Social Council, the di-
rector of the United Nations division
for the control of narcotics was
forced to admit that the present sys-
tenn of control was defective to such
an extent that four -f1fths of the
opium now produced found its way
into illicit trade
To meet all legitimate needs, an
Evening star., 1952-04-27
Candidates Fear They May Be Welcome as Commercials on TV

Candidates are counting on tele-
vision to take them into more homes
in this election year than they ever
have been able to visit in previous
campaigns.
From $4,000 TV sets centered in
a small part of the Nation in 1948,
it is estimated that the number of
sets this summer will have risen to
TIA million, scattered from New York
to San Francisco. BY convention
time next July they will extend into
the Southwest, through Oklahoma
and Texas. ..-
Politicians are keenly aware of the
value Of this new medium for taking
them right into the living rooms of
millions Of voters-Some Of whom
might never be interested enough to
journey out to a political rally.
Help or Hindronce?
But hearing on Capitol Hill q
few days ago demonstrated that
members Of Congress also are be-
ginning to realize that they must use
VAAAo AAOW NAAQAAACA VI POAAtASdA C00Cde
tion cautiously if they are to make
more votes for themselves than they
lose.
Members of the Senate Elections
Subcommittee, who called in radio
and television officials to discuss
campaign problems, revealed by their
questions that they see pitfalls for
the political campaigner who uses
television carelessly. The biggest
pitfall they foresee Is poor timing.
Take for example. the candidate who
suddenly shows up on the end Of
your 17-inch tube just as you are
settling back to watch your favorite
private eye solve q blood-curdling
murder mystery. The politician
may find that he has become the
villain. And. in big cities with two
or more television stations, the po-
litical speaker may be left sending
Evening star., 1952-04-27

Yesterdays accusation by Harry
j. Anslinger, United States narcotics
commissioner, that Communist China
is waging drug warfare against
United Nations forces in the Far
East spotlights the renewed attempt
to bring order out of the chaos
euphemistically known as "interna-
tional control of narcotic drugs"
A new convention, designed as a
worldwide comprehensive code reg
ulating the production, distribution
and use of narcotics. now is being
discussed between United Nations
experts and the representatives of
the principal producing countries.
It will be the ninth instrument of
this kind. Eight previous conven-
tions, protocols and interim agree
mentS already have gone to the
bottom of the diplomatic waste-paper
basket.
There is hardly "a field in the
whole complex setup of international
relations in which so many govern
ments have been found guilty of such
VI dLC11 O1oA OSd1O AOA t4ACA 0O4CAAA1 NSAA-
tractual obligations.
Two Bosic Conventions
The two basic instruments of inter-
national control-that's what they are
supposed to be, anyway-are the
Geneva Opium Convention of Feb
ruary 10. 1925, and the Convention
for Limiting the Manufacture and
Regulating the Distribution of Mar
cotic Drugs" also signed at Geneva,
on July 13. 1881.
Both these, and a number of other
conventions originally drawn up un-
der the auspices of the League of Ma
tions, were amended after the end
of World War II, so as to fit into the
framework of the United Nations.
Evening star., 1952-04-27
By Joachim Joesten

annual world output of / million
pounds of raw opium would be ample.
Actually, experts estimate, current
world production is in excess of As
million pounds.
Iran has about the worst record
of all narcotics violators on the gov
ernmental level. Year after year
this country has filed with the Gen
eva Board reports that were found
grossly inaccurate and misleading.
Last year, the Board, commenting on
the fanciful statistics supplied by
Teheran. stated that REPLIES of such
a nature are not likely to inspire
confidence in the adequacy of the
Iranian control"
333-Ton Disappearance Act
This year, the board noted that
the huge amount of 333 tons of raw
opium disappeared" in 1850 from
stocks controlled by the Iranian gov
ernment.
. Thailand also has been rebuked
several times for filing manifeStly in
correct information. India and Rus
sia have not yet sent in their reports
for 1850, in spite of reminders. Every
year the board sends out some 200
letters reminding the various gov
ernments of their obligations or ask
ing for additional information.
Italy produces no raw opium to
speak of. But it is the worlds lead
ing manufacturer of heroin, the ter
ror drug. and has been grossly remiss
in controlling distribution. Time and
again vast quantities of the drug
have been diverted from the produc-
ing laboratories (Which for the most
part are located at Milan and Tri-
este) and from hospitals or sanatori-
ums into the illicit trade channels
Evening star., 1952-04-27

ship in export of cotton finished
goods. that day may not be far off.
Textile exports are in big slump
in Britain.
If a high tariff pattern were to be
revived, there would be little left
for Japan to do but commit national
hara-kiri all over again. Every ra-
tional Japanese knows his country
must avoid this above all.
That is why some of the signs in
America seem so ominous to them.
Our receptivity to Japan's tuna fish
exports. for instance, is looked upon
as a symbol and possible forecast of
future trade relations. Tuna Gamers
in this country are making all the
old familiar sounds about unfair COM
petition from Japanese tuna pro-
ducers. If Congress gives in to the
American tuna trades demands for
protective tariffs, Japan will have to
look around for other markets.
The Soviet Bloc
Other markets bring to mind Com
munist China and Soviet Russia. The
Allied occupation and subsequent
falling out with Red China have de-
prived Japan of an important source
of coal and iron in North China.
Japan used to control that source
completely before the war and still
considers it a natural market" Now
Evening star., 1952-04-27

passed control law, Turkish opium
growers continue to divert the bulk
of their yield into black market
channels. ..
If the opium situation-including
the two principal derivatives, NOR
phine and heroin-is chaotic, one
can only say that complete anarchy
reigns in the fields of coca leaves
and Indian hemp production. The
former is the raw material for CO.
caine, the latter for marijuana and
hashish.
Not Even Approximations
Bolivia and Peru, the two leading
producers of coca leaves, have per-
sistently failed, over the years. to
declare their output to the perma-
nent board. AS a result the board
has never been able to determine
even approximately the total world
production of this substance" AS
for Indian hemp products, the board
states that the information received
by it depicts only a negligible part
Of the movement of these substances"
All authorities in the field are
convinced that the only way to stop
the nefarious dope racket in the
United States is to cut off the sources
of supply. No matter how many laws
are passed by Congress and the State
Legislatures, no matter how severe
punishment is meted out to arrested
dope peddlers, the traffic will con-
tinue to flourish as long as the for
eign avenues of supply remain wide
open. For the lure of the dollar in
variably channels available illicit
supplies toward the United States
and Canada.
The only foolproof way to end the
dope menace is to plug the glaring
gaps in international control.
Evening star., 1952-04-27
BY EorI H. Voss

Japan, the little country with the
big problems, shakes off the few re-
naming shackles Of foreign domina-
ton tomorrow, 10 years and 142
days after it set out on the road to
ruin with its Inflated attack on Pearl
Harbor. The country spent only six
years and eight months under foreign
occupation. But the time has seemed
much longer to the sensitive japanese.
Only a small observance is being
planned in Washington for tomorrow.
For one thing. the new japanese
Ambassador has not arrived. He has
not yet been named, but Prime Min
lister Yoshida is expected to choose
Sadao Iguchi, who was John Foster
Dulles opposite number in the
Japanese foreign office while the
treaty was being negotiated. For an
other thing, refurbiShing Of the
Japanese embassy probably will not
be completed in time. The "Japa-
nese Government Overseas Agency"
still is operating here from cramped
quarters at 2205 Massachusetts, ave-
nue.. Transforming this organization
into an embassy in the prewar quar-
ters will take few more days.
Wine for the japanese
The coming -out party probably will
be very gay in Japan. The return of
complete independence is heady wine.
And the japanese can be counted on
to make the most Of it.
If they make too much of it, the
celebration may involve considerable
expression of the peoples natural
reaction against the occupying
powers, the United States in par
ticular. Japanese leaders know, how
ever, that this reaction must not be
prolonged. Their own elation with
sovereignty is tempered by the sober
ing prospects for the future. They
know that Japan's struggle for sur
vival will be so grim that their people
cannot afford to be hostile to any big
power for generations to come.
- At the root Of Japan's woes is the
population problem. Eighty-f1ve mil
lion people-there will be 100 mil
lion at least by 1970-struggle to
make living OH GIle MOUNTAIN
slopes, shores. and scattered plains
of a rugged string of islands whose
total area is less than that of CAL
ifornia. The ground is not rich
enough in food and raw materials
to support the people. Japan must
export its only excess commodity
labor-so that it can earn foreign
exchange to buy what it needs.
Cheop Labor Issue
Here lies the rub. The Japanese
labor force has been getting a bad
press since World War I. It is
usually called cheap labor" Mention
of it makes most of Japan's foreign
trade competitors bristle. Before the
war many countries threw up tariff
barriers to protect their industries
against Japanese underselling. Great
Britain warned recently it will do
this again if the need arises. Since
Japan has again taken world leader
Evening star., 1952-04-27
independence for Japan Calls for Cool Heads All Around

If it must WELD it alone. The Japa-
neSe say they will fight only If at
tackled. They are extremely anxious
to be admitted into the United Ma
tions. There they hope to make good
use of more popular instrument of
diplomacy-negotiation
Japan hopes that it's handling of
its domestic affairs will not offend
America and the other nations which
revised its government. The country
intends to keep many of the reforms
effected under our occupation. But
japanese are eager to put the house
in order" where they think they have
been wronged.
For instance, 1t is felt some of
the labor laws the occupation left
are luxuries her people can ill afford.
The short work week is no shortcut
to recovery. and overtime has been
known to dampen producers en-
thuSiaSm. In this connection, many
japanese are struck by what appears
to them to be an inconsistency in
Great Britain's heroic austerity pro-
gram. They think Britons would be
better off working longer hours rather
than foregoing so much meat. AS it
turns out, japanese workers are any,
thing but efficient by Western stand
ards, and longer hours probably are
not as painful as they may sound.
There are other occupation bruises.
Japan claims American anti-monop-
oily laws themselves are not as strict
as those we have imposed on them.
Export associations, banned during
the occupation because they looked
so much like cartels. are defended
by the Japanese. After all, they
say, you Americans have them. And
they mention the tuna fish exporters
associations.
The occupations purge already
has been turned inside out. Only
a few of the top war criminals are
still in jail.
Letting OFF Steom
And beneath the level of govern
ment, the Japanese people are start
ing to let off lots of steam. This
manifests itself in many little ways.
Policemen are not showing Americans
the Difference they used to show
them. A japanese woman leader
suddenly is worried about American
troops corrupting the morals of
japanese girls After tomorrow there
will be much more of this sort of
thing.
American officials in the State and
Defense departments look on the
changing mood as inevitable. They
only hope it will be temporary. How
should America react? With all the
tolerance we can muster, they say.
This goes especially for Americans
still in Japan, military security forces
and diplomatic personnel. 4
With proper care and understand
ing, even as neutral, Japan stands
to become the keystone of our Far
Eastern campaign against commu-
nism. Japan is important to us; we
are no less important to Japan. There
should be no differences between our
two countries big enough to drive
Japan into Stains arms.
Evening star., 1952-04-27

his message into thin air, while the
listener flips the dial to another
who-dun-it.
There is no fear that this will
happen during the Republican and
Democratic national conventions.
The excitement and tension of the
battle between opposing candidates
for the presidential nominations will
hold the radio and television audi
ences, just as any big event does.
Compoien's Home Stretch
- The Senators on the elections
subcommittee were worrying more
about the closing weeks of the CAM
paign in October, when good tele.
vision shows will be back on the air,
and the opposing candidates for
President and for Congress will be
Evening star., 1952-04-27

the House or Senate, who wants to
buy evening time for a few stations
in his own State without displacing
popular show.
Senator Hennings, Democrat, Of
Missouri, took a lighter view of the
problem. He said that going on the
air comes under the heading of
IAN occupational hazard" for candi-
dates.
Fast Growing
It is not surprising that men in
public life are studying the best
way to use television for campaign
purposes. The growth of the in
dustry since the last presidential
campaign has been phenomenal.
Joseph v. Heffernan, a vice presi-
dent of N. B. c., told the subcom-
Evening star., 1952-04-27

controlled by Lucky Luciano and his
gang.
The latest report of the permanent
Opium Board notes that the control
situation in Italy has given rise to
widespread criticism and anxiety
owing to the escape from this coun-
try Of diacetylmorphine (heroin). into
the illicit traffic" It points out that,
in. the course of 1850, no less than
$50 pounds of heroin disappeared"
from controlled stocks. BY COMPARE
son, it should be stated that, during
the same year, only about 46 pounds
of the drug were seized by Federal
agents in the whole United States.
Since it is notorious that most of
the Italian heroin diverted from le-
gitimate channels ultimately finds it's
& way into this country, a comparison
OF the above two figures presents
fair indication of how bad the situa-
ton really is. Needless to say, some
of the illicit Italian heroin is con-
Sumed IN Europe, but then the
United States also gets additional
amounts of the outlaw drug from
Mexico, France and other countries.
Chino Dark Spot
China, which for many years has
furnished no information whatsoever
on it's opium cultures and traffic, is
perhaps the darkest spot in the world
narcotics picture today. Since 1850,
the Peiping government has been
peddling some 700 tons of raw opium
on the world market, without con-
tacting or informing the Geneva
board.
Turkey, which along with China,
Iran and India belongs to the Big
-Four of the international opium
trade, also has been guilty of gross
negligence. In spite of a recently
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1952-02-08
CONFESSION, BUT NO REPENTANCE
By JEROME G. LOCKE


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The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1952-02-08
Conservation OF
Farm Equipment Is
Urged By Brannan

To meet this years higher-than-
ever farm production goals despite
the tightening supply of. new farm
machinery and equipment, Secretary
Of Agriculture Charles F. Brannan
has announced plans to intensity
the Department of Agriculture's eff
forts to encourage farmers to main
tain in good repair and running ord
er the equipment they now have.
In letter to the farm equipment
industry he points out that this years
crop goals are about per cent
higher than 1851 production. Mean
while production of new farm ma
chinery has been declining since mid
1851 and materials ALLEGATIONS for
first quarter 1852 will restrict pro-
duction to less than the desired rate.
The Secretary then urged equip
ment manufacturers to produce re-
pair parts at a rate at least 20 per
cent above the 1949 production level.
This rate, he said, is based on COM
prehensive survey of the require