davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1951-01-04

April -.,
s-Barney Ewen sets world 22o-yd.
dash record-2o.8 sec.
9-Jimmy Demaret captures MASTERY
tourney in Augusta.
30-Fred Wilt runs Atlantic City Board.
walk Mile in 4 min, SIS secs, fast
est outdoor mile run by an Ameri
can.
Moy
-Middleground wins Kentucky derby.
30-Johnny Parsons wins indianapolis
speedway Memorial Day classic.
June
2-Jim Fuchs. Yale, sets worlds l2-lb.
shotput record, 81, l..
5-Ray Robinson defeats Robert Vile
main for Pennsylvania recognition
as middleweight champ.
T-U.S. team takes Wightman tennis
23-Joe Mccarthy resigns as manager
of Boston Red sox.
August
Gray Robinson retains welterwefght
title in fight with Charlie Fusari.
11-College All-stars football team beats
Philadelphia Eagles, 17-7.
27-Australian team wins international
Davis Cup finals.
September
SAL Maglie, Giants, pitches fourth
straight shutout to tie MI record.
27-Ezzard Charles retains heavyweight
title by beating Joe Louis.
October
yankees take fourth straight world
series game from Philadelphia.
7-Notre Dame loses to Purdue after SO
straight victories.
16-Eddie Dyer resigns at st. Louis Car
dinals manager.
18-Connie Mack retires as Philadelphia
Athletics manager.
November
6-Braneh Hickey takes over generalship
of Pittsburgh Pirates.
SAP, UP. polls rate first four grid
teams in this order: Army, Ohio State,
Oklahoma, Kentucky.
eddie Sawyer, Phillies, selected base
ball manager of the year; Walt Dropo,
Boston Red Sox, selected rookie of the
year.
27-Ray Sugar Robinson KOS frances
Jean Stock.
2e-Joe Louis outpoints Cesar Brion.
December
Navy eleven upsets Army, l4-2.
e-Noor wins 100000 Hollywood Gold
Cup.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1951-01-04
December
KOREA
i al; II

June
25-North Korean Reds invade South
Korea.
25-U.N, security council issues cease
fire order.
27-President Truman orders us. air:
naval forces under General Mac.
Arthur to help repel North Korean
invaders and orders navy to defend
Formosa
27-security council, minus Russia. in
vokes military sanctions against
North Korea.
2s-seoul abandoned to Red invaders
July +
First American troops land in Korea
as British navy goes into action.
5-U.S. troops enter Korean battle and
Reds advance Is miles.
-U.N: authorizes US. to establish
unified UN. command in Korea.
S-Chonan, Chechon fall and Truman
names Macarthur U.N. command
er. US; second infantry alerted for
10 US. tanks are destroyed in first
tank battle at Chonui and Chochi-
1e-soqth Koreans repel Reds above
Poang and the 25th infantry division
2o-U.S abandons Taejon.
24-Reds in western Korea reach south
coast and turn toward Pusan,
31-First marine division and second IN.
fantry reach Korea.
August
1-Americans counterattack IN ntlas
west of Pusan.
3-Americans fall back to Naktons
river line eight miles from Taegu
as Reds drive to within 40 miles Of
Pusan. Security council rebuffs Rus
STA and votes to continue Korean
discussion.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1951-01-04
PANORAMA
7sII emo ! s;Ii Z; 3Ia;l hon

January
17-Nine men in Halloween masks holo
up Drinks, Inc Boston, and escape
with 81 million in cash.
February
2-Ingrid Bergman gives birth to son
in Rome.
7-Carol Paight acquitted in Bridge
port, Conn, of mercy killing OF
her father
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1951-01-04

l0-Twenty-seven state railroad strike
begins.
Ie-six-day railroad strike ends.
23-General Motors signs fiVe-yeai con
tract with JAW.
June
15-second US. chemist, Alfred Dean
Slack, arrested as Soviet spy.
25-AFL switchmen strike five western
and mid-western railroads.
July
e-strike against four of five railroads
Truman asks for money for the
Army calls for 10000 draftees.
9-W. Stuart symington becomes civil
ian mobilization chief
12-Government reports say profiteers
send food and other prices climb
ing.
17-one atom spy confesses. fourth ar
rested.
crease armed force by 500 600.
28-Truman calls for 81 billion increase
in foreign arms aid
August
15-New York Mayor o'Dwyer named
ambassador to Mexico
17-congress votes extension of social
18-Eighth atomic spy suspect seized
by FBI
2S-Natonwide railroad strike called
for Aug. 49,
25-Truman seizes railroads to forestal
strike.
2s-Truman rebukes Macarthur on
Formosa statement
September
1-senate votes s41a billion in emergency
taxes for Korean war.
12-General George Marshall replaces De-
Tense Secretary Johnson.
2o-Congress passes Communist control
bill.
25-Supreme Court Justice Jackson decides
10 Red leaders may stay free on bail.
October
1-26o us. critical A-bomb target areas
2-Defense orders given priority
7-Dr. Alan Valentine becomes stabiliza-
ton chief
15-Dewey indorses Eisenhower for presi-
dent and denies he bought gubernato-
rial nomination.
1s-Second Communist atom spy confesses.
23-G-men round up 86 top alien Reds for
deportation.
25-Truman says high rate of draft reiec-
tons calls for UNIT
November
president Truman escanes assassra-
ton attempt by Puerto Rican national
lists
3-Peter Collazo, Puerto Rican national
list, who was wounded in attempt on
Truman's life, indicted for murder of
Truman's guard as New York police
round up New York nationalists.
democrats retain slim margin in
house and senate.
30-Ways and Means committee approves
excess profits tax of S3,4 billion.
December
Truman asks SIT billion for military
program.
General Motors, Ford refuse to sus-
pend price raises.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1951-01-04
CHRONOLOGY
oFl95O
DTC x GTEDS
lS:E: I'M 81
January

January
E-Forty-nine die in week of rains,
sleets, billiards. flood and cold
across US.
S-Forty-one die in fire at Catholic
Mercy hospital Davenport, Ia.
12-Thirteen die in army paratroop
glider crash at Lawson Field, Ga
e0-Crash of Bolivian transport plane
near Yacopartijo kills 80.
a0-Iran earthquake kills 20.
February
12-Tornadoes take 43 lives in Shreve-
port area of louisiana
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1951-01-04

1s-Belgium's Communist leader assas-
snated.
2O-"Burma Surgeon" Seagrave held as
aide to Karen rebels.
22-Canadian railroads tied up in strike.
24-Red China asks UN to Gust US for
ces from Formosa.
27-Red China says US. planes have
attacked Manchurian targets.
31-Russia's Malik ends month as Sc
curity council chairman.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1951-01-04

ll-Jonn L. Lewis miners reuse his
advice they obey two court in.
functions and return to work
22-Senate votes to investigate Senator
McCarthy's charges there are Reds
in state department.
March
UNIV acquitted of contempt OF
court
Soft coal industry signs new con-
tract with miners
15-senate passes So billion housing
26-McCarthy names Prof owen j.
baltimore as top Soviet agent In
April
4-Thomas Finletter becomes air force
secretary.
1o-Harry Bridges gets five years in
prison for perjury.
decentralization asks for defense.
budget increase.
Moy
president begins whistle ston.
to defend Fair Deal.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1951-01-04
DNTE - - FTT~
N !. I:
Junnor,

JunGoFy
3-Congress reconvenes, Truman asks
passage of Fair Deal program,
slight raise in taxes.
e-UMW begins series of wildcat
strikes, heightening coal shortage
e-Truman submits third deficit budg-
et-incone s37.3 billion. outgo s424
billion
21-Alger Hiss, convicted of perjury,
gets five years.
31-U.S.S. Missouri is pulled out of the
mud
February
6-Truman invokes Taft-Hartlev art
AGAINST coal miners.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1951-01-04
EOPETGNT
J0nuQrS

January
S-Truman rules out American defense
of Formosa.
S-Britain recognizes Communist gov
eminent of China.
1U.s. says it viii help Yugoslavia re-
l2-Secy. Acheson accuses Russia of
grabbing Chinese territory.
1e-Bulgaria demands recall of US.
minister as spy.
ties to British crown.
M-Truman orders US. production of
hydrogen super-bomb as warning
to foreign aggressors.
Februory
arrested as Soviet atomic spy
western powers recognize pro-
French Wet Nam
l4-Russia and Red China sign 3o-year
pact.
M-Two Americans sentenced in Hun
gary as spies.
M-U.S. breaks diplomatic relations with
Bulgaria.
March
1-Chiang Kai-shek reclaims Chinese
presidency.
a--Maus Fuchs receives 14-year SEN
tence as atom spy.
lS-Belgian King Leopold wins narrow
plebiscite victory
23-West Germany offers plan for mi
fication of Germany and a union be-
tween Germany and France
M-u.S. house passes foreign aid bill.
April
1-Unified Atlantic defense plan or
dered into effect.
s-India and Pakistan end strife.
xS-Israel rejects Arab peace terms.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1951-01-04

22-U.S. promises to defend west Berlin
against Reds.
2s-Chinese Red invaders Overrun
Hainan island.
Moy
s-chinese Reds announce fun surrend-
s-U.s. approves arms aid for Indo-
China.
1o-Acheson wants west Germany as
15-Trygve Lie talks with Stain in Mos
COW.
2s-BerIin survives east German youth
rally.
June
APro-Leopoldists win narrow election
victory in Belgium.
14-Trusteeship council gives up U.N.
rule of Jerusalem.
25-North Koreans march on South Ko-
reans, bringing biggest war crisis
since World War II.
27-President Truman orders us. for
ces to help repel North Korean COM
munists and says they will act as
part of UN police force. Navy or
dered to repel any Formosan in
vason.
July
bus South Korean retreat continues
during third week.
24-Reds siren gthe dictatorship in
East Germany.
25-U.S. forces lose Yongdong.
26-Five more nations offer troops to
UN as US. plans to de-mothbaIl 48
warships.
August
belgian King Leopold agrees to
abandon throne after uprisings. Rus
STA returns to security council as
Malik presides, but fails in move
to eXpel Nationalist China.
3-Security council rebuffs Russia,
votes to continue Korean discussion.
10-U.S forces Soviet to admit in U.N.
that Korean Reds have Russian
weapons. Russian chairman dead
locks security council over pro-
cedural question.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1951-01-04
September

e-Russia vetoes anti-North Korean meas
ure in U.N.
19-Atlantic foreign ministers announce
their nations will fight If Reds attack
west Germany agree to increase west
German police and steel production,
ease occupation curbs disagree over
use of German troops.
20-U.N. assembly convenes as us. pro-
poses world peace plan.
26-North Atlantic foreign ministers agree
on creating Joint army
23-Indonesia becomes U.N.'s 60th men,
Der.
BUN security council invites Chinese
Reds to November hearings on For
mosa,
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1951-01-04
SPORTS
24ilil.i,i q 2.i5S lIYsa Z 1iIfSsY

January
Bowl Games: Rose Bowl Ohio
State IT, California IA; Sugar
Bowl - Oklahoma IS, Louisiana
State o; Cotton Bowl - Rice 81
North Carolina 10; Orange Bowl
Santa Clara 81, Kentucky 10.
14-Seven NCAA schools defy SANITY
CODE
March
18-CCNY defeats Bradley in nationa
invitational basketball tourney.
28-CCNY becomes first team to wir
both national invitational and NCAA
net Journeys by defeating Bradley.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1951-01-04
AUGUST
September

1-Senate votes S4h billion in emergenc,
taxes for Korean war.
12-General George Marshall replaces De
Tense Secretary Johnson.
20-Congress passes Communist contro
bill.
25-Supreme Court Justice Jackson decide!
10 Red leaders may stay free on bail
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1951-01-04
November

Puerto Rican revolt crushed
4French army routed again in Indo-
China as Reds threaten Hanoi, the cap
ital city.
4U.N. rescinds diplomatic ban against
Spain.
6-Yugoslavia will side with U.N. on China
policy.
e-Yugoslavia asks that Italy be admitted
to U.N.
6-Burma court reduces treason charges
against DR.. Gordon S. Seagrave.
S-U.N. invites Chinese Reds to answer
US. charges of aggression in Korean
war.
S1Chinese Red invaders near Tibetan
capital
30-President Truman's suggestion we
use atom bomb frightens world.
December
6-Truman, Attlee reject appeasement of
China.
1o-Reds say Europe theirs if US. starts
war.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1951-01-04
October

Fighting intensifies in French Indo-
China.
12-Russia vetoes new term for U.N. Sec
rotary Trygve Lie.
BUN. approves US waterproof plan to
enforce peace.
19-Sir Stafford Grips resigns as British
chancellor of the exchequer.
25-Chnese Reds announce they will in
wade Tibet.
27-India denounces Chinese invasion of
Tibet.
BUN. adds three years to Secretary
General Trygve Lies term and favors
ending boycott of Spain.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1951-01-04

July 4th accidents take s56 lives
e-Colombia quakes kill 1913.
aS-B-50 crash near Lebanon Ohio,
kills Is.
23-Air force crash near Myrtle Beach,
SC, kills 80.
1o-Series of plane crashes in week
kills 121.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1951-01-04
September
November
December

5-Gallup Poll says SIS percent of peo-
pie feel World War III has started.
8-Truman threatens to punch music
critic in nose for rapping Margarets
voice
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1951-01-04
.tlv
Q ..

28-Escaped leopard returns to Okla
homa zoo, eats drugged horsemeat.
dies.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1951-01-04
AUGUST

S-B-29 crash a t Fairfield-Suisun air
base, Calf, kills II, injuries 60.
1920 killed in India by second heav-
lest earthquake ever recorded.
16-China floods cause 489 deaths
2S-Navy hospital ship Benevolence coll
ldes with freighter near San Fran
cisco, killing 18.
2S-Cuban hurricane kills 81.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1951-01-04
February

6-Truman invokes Taft-Hartley
AGAINST coal miners.
Evening star., 1951-09-10
Actor Held in Thefts
From Friends Home
BY the Asseeiaied Pres,

NEW YORK, Sept. 1o.-An un-
employed actor was held today on
charges Of stealing $4,000 worth
OF china and silverware from the
apartment Of friends.
The actor, Walter Mullen, %.
was charged with burglary after
his arrest yesterday.
Police said he posed as a man
OF wealth in garnering $1,000
through sale Of most of the sis. 600
worth OF heirlooms to collectors
and dealers.
He admitted, police said, that
ne took the loot after breaking
into the apartment Of Robert Bell
radio writer. and his wife Irma, a
radio and television actress.
Evening star., 1951-09-10
Sad Sacks Become q Socialist,
Senator Copehort Charges
Legislator Says
Army Comic Book
Discredits Industry
BY the Associcted Press

Senator Capehart, Republican
of Indiana, today denounced as
"socialistic propaganda" a comic
book circulated by the Army
among GIs.
Senator Capehart told q re-
porter he plans to make a Senate
speech this week challenging the
'colored cartoon book, entitled "Sad
Sack Goes Home" The book is
intended to encourage soldiers to
|re-enlist.
This alleged comic book" SEN
|ator Capehart said, '1ooks to me
like socialistic propaganda, aimed
at discrediting American industry
1t relates the experiences Of q
soldier discontented with Army
life who gets out and finds civilian
life even worse. He finally draws
his paycheck-five cents after all
the deductions have been made
and the nickel turns out to be q
counterfeit one, so he goes back
to the Army"
Senator Capehart said he UNDER
stands the Army spent $17,544 to
purchase 100000 copies of the
book.
The Army had no comment on
Senator Capehart's statements,
although it confirmed his cost es-
innate and said the book was
given worldwide distribution to
Army posts.
Evening star., 1951-09-10
Marshall CongraiuIafes
Ridgway on Jap Treaty
By the Assoeiated Press

TOKYO. Sept. 10.-Secretary of
Defense Marshall messaged Allied
headquarters that the signing Of
the Japanese peace treaty in San
Francisco was made possible
largely because Of the success of
the occupation"
He told Gen. Matthew B. Ridg-
way, Supreme Allied Commander,
in message released today.
ION the occasion of the sign
ing Of the japanese peace treaty.
I want you to know Immediately
of my deep satisfaction in the
great achievements of the occupa-
tion under the command Of Gen.
Macarthur and under your COM
mand.
The peace conference and the
signing Of the treaty by so many
governments were made possible
today largely because Of the sue
cess Of the occupation in helping
to restore Japan in so short a
time to a place Of trust and equal
ity among the nations Of the
world"
Evening star., 1951-09-10
Nov. Il Trial Set for Adonis,
Costello and Erickson
BY the Associated Press

NEW YORK. Sept. 10.-The
Senate contempt trials Of Frank
Costello, Frank Erickson and Joe
Adonis were set today for Novem-
ber IL.
Federal Judge Thomas F.
Murphy gave the defendants un-
til November 9 to file pre-trial
motions.
Erickson, 54, faces a account
indictment. He is expected to
complete a jail term for bookmak-
ing October 26. Costello, so, faces
a nine-count indictment and is
free in $1,000 bail. Adonis faces
is counts and is now in jail in
New Jersey on a gambling con-
viction.
On each count, the top penalty
or conviction Is a year in prison
plus q 81 900 fine.
Evening star., 1951-09-10

the Senate postal rate bill last
week to include the graduated
leave plan for all Federal en-
|ployes. Mr.. Murray's reaction will
be interesting to behold.
II he agrees to 60 to conference,
its pretty certain that the gradu-
|ated leave plan would supplant
the new 20-day leave system as
law. If he decides not to, then
the 20-day system win remain in
effect, at least for another year.
Il 4 **
TAG-Congress' action in cut
ting employees leave and imposing
promotion restrictions and per-
sonnel cuts, has prompted Thomas
Walters. operations director of the
Government Employees Council,
AFL, to label it "the Take-It-
Away" Congress.
But, if as seems pretty likely,
Congress votes Federal employees
Ia pay raise this year, all will be
forgiven, as far as employe groups
are concerned.
EXAMS - during the next
month. the Civil Service Commits
sion will announce three examina-
tionS designed for outstanding
college men and women. They are
the junior agricultural assistant,
the junior management assistant
and the Junior professional assist
ant exams.
= X X
MANPOWER-The commission
last week issued instructions to
agencies on how to conserve avail
able manpower. The agencies were
urged to simplify personnel pro-
Icedures, acquaint all employees OF
the necessity Of getting maximum
production, improve employe in
centive programs, and improve the
quality and development 'of super
IviSors.
Il \ X n
JOBS The Naval Research
Laboratory needs electrical engi-
neers. physicists mechanical en-
lgineers, glassblowers, electronic
scientists, and. mathematicians
st. Elizabeths Hospital has
jobs open for kitchen helpers
81, 100 a year :. The State Of Illi-
nois needs architects and librar-
ianS. Apply to the Illinois Civil
Service Commission, Springfield
Ill.
Evening star., 1951-09-10
'Moonshiners Called
Threat 10 Economy
By Liquor Spokesman

A liquor industry of1icial today
warned that the impending in
crease in liquid taxes will spur
the activities of 'moonshine" dis
tillerieS.
Vice Admiral F. E. M. Whiting
(U. s. NJ, retired. president OF
the Licensed Beverage Industries,
Inc, also declared that allegal
liquor distilling has become the
Nations largest and fastest
growing industry"
Admiral Writings remarks were
addressed to the opening session
OF the National Retail Package
Stores Association three-day con-
vention in the Mayflower Hotel.
Two Big Problems Listed.
The membership was welcomed
this morning by District Commits
Sioner F. Joseph Donohue, Mrs
Agnes K. Mason Of the District
ABC Board and E. Joel Treger
president Of the Retail Liquor
Dealers Association here.
The speaker said that the re-
tailerS' chief problems now are the
expected $1.50-per-gallon tax in
crease under the Internal Revenue
Act of 1851 and the increased
"moonshine" production. The
latter. he said, has reached a
point where it now "gravely
threatens our country's economy" !"
Sales Drop Reported.
Admiral Whiting coupled this
threat with what he called the
substantial decline" of per capita
liquor consumption since 1946 as
two reasons why Congress should
not enact the proposed tax in
crease. A Senate committee re-
Gently approved a House measure
for higher liquor tax.
He reported that liquor sales in
the last five years has dropped
8 per cent from the $159 mil
lion monthly volume. The
monthly sales figure for last year
showed an average Of "only" $148
million, he recalled.
Evening star., 1951-09-10
Chinese

tContlnueo From First Page.)
tions Committee calling for Q
$50. 900 inquiry into what extent
foreign government lobbies may
have influenced United States for.
eign policy.
Senator Morse originally sug.
geSted an investigation of such
lobbies for Nationalist China, bu
the resolution he and Senator Nc.
Mahon, Democrat, of Connection
introduced in July was broadenec
to apply to the activities of al
foreign lobbies. The resolution
has been on the shelf in the com.
mittee since it was offered.
The two Nationalist officers arr
Air Force 1t. Gen. P. T. Now anc
Col. Hsiang Wei-hsian, his execu.
tive assistant. Gen. Now, who
came to this country during Worlt
War II, has been in charge ot
buying supplies for the Nationalist
Air Force.
"The two men should be in.
vited to testify as the first wit.
nesses," Senator Morse said, sc
that their story-whatever it is
can be brought out in the open
and judgment made"
Charges Brought in August.
The Nationalist government on
August 81, charged Gen. Now with
failing to account for SIG, ,440, ,0O0
Of official funds. It also filed
other charges against him and
Col. Hsiang and ordered them
both home.
Both men, through American
attorneys, have termed the
charges completely false. They
=
Evening star., 1951-09-10


tions, but 1t will give the Govern
ment the benefit Of their talents
in executive jobs and viii give
the employees the background and
experience which may land them
a top-paying job with status
later on.
The executive training pro-
grams are conducted by the COM
mission and many Of the Fedora
agencies In Washington. Such pro-
grams consist Of rotating job as
which give outstanding
administrative and professional
employees experience and training
to fit them for more responsible
jobs.
X X X
LEAVE - Whether Chairman
Murray Of the House Civil Service
Committee will agree to 90 to con-
ference with the Senate on the
postal rate increase bill which
contains the IS to 26 days a yeal
graduated leave system. probably
will be determined Wednesday
when the TennesSean returns with
the rest Of the House from a three
week vacation.
Previously, Mr.. Murray. angered
at the Senate'S action in bypassine
his committee. refused to go te
conference on the legislation wher
it originally was passed by the
Senate several months ago.
But now, Senate sponsors are
trying another strategic move
Well aware Of the fact that Mr.
Murray is very anxious to get q
postal rate increase bill through
Congress this year, they amended
Evening star., 1951-09-10

countered that the allegations
were retaliation for charges Gen,
Now himself had made that ''cer-
tain officials in Formosa were
misusing or seeking to misuse Of
fetal funds"
Gen. NOW and Col. Hsiang said
intrigue was being conducted
against them in their home gov
lernment. They indicated they
would resist vigorously any effort
to force them to return to For
|mosa.
American and Chinese Embassy
|of1cials have said they under
stood that Gen. Now has retained
control and records of his former
|ofilce. He repeatedly has refused
to turn them over to Maj. Gen.
Yu Ta-wei, who arrived from
Formosa late in August.
Evening star., 1951-09-10
u. S. Frees z Convicted
In 'MuImedy Massacre
By the Associated Press

FRANKFURT. Germany, Sept.
10.-Two Germans, convicted Of
participating in the "Malmedy
massacre" Of American soldiers
during the Battle Of the Bulge.
were released from Landsberg war
crimes prison today.
With time deducted for good
conduct, they had completed their
10-year sentences.
Those freed are Will Braun, Is,
and Manfred Coblenz, 81.