davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Dirva = Field. [volume] (Cleveland, Ohio) 1915-current, 1951-07-12

vusios pajegos pavargo, nauju
neprisitrauke.
Bet netiesa, kad knygu leidi-
mo srityje liko tustuma. JOS .au
vel leidziamos, ir net nebe vie
nos laidyklos. Viena kita knyga
isleidziama privaciu asmenu, at
skiru laikrasciQ, visa ellie knygu
leidzia Liet. Kataliku Spaudos
Draugija, vienas is idomiau-
siu ir, sakyciau, moderniausiQ
bandymu sioje srityje yra Gabi-
jos organizuojamas Knygos Bi-
ciuliu Klubas.
Sis klubas nesteigia skyriQ,
nesaukia seimu, nerenka valdy-
bu, tik imasi tiesiog uzsibrezto
uzdavinio vykdymo - leidzia
knygas.. Klubo nariu gall butt
kiekvienas, kas per metus lmo-
ka 5 dolerius. Budamas nariu,
jis gauna per metus naujQ kny-
gu, uz kurias siaip pirkdamas
turetu moketi astuonis dolerius
ar daugiau. Metine knygu leidi-
mo programa skelbiama is anks-
to ir, atrodo, bus isteseta. Siais
metals klubo nariams numaty-
tos tokios knygos: l. Krumlno
"Naktis virsum Strides, Neles
Mazalaites "Menuo, vadinamas
medaus', Jurgio Savickio "Rau-
doni batukai", Jurgio Jankaus
"Atostogos" Gar gal kitaip pa
vadinta), L. Dovydeno Per
Klausuciu ulytele'. Klubo nariui
nereikes knygos jieskoti, il jam
ateis j namus, jei tik jis bus
imokejes savo mario mokestl.
Klubas turis jau kelis .simtus
nariu. Jei prisides dar keli SIM
tai - bus galima drasiai tlketls,
kad leidykla gales savo' uzsimo-
lima tinkamai teseti. Toliau ticks
tik pageidauti, kad il kick gall
ma tikslingiau nustatytu knygQ
leidimo programa ir ruplntQsl
isleisti tikrai ia, kas siuo metu
yra musu rasytoju parasyta ge-
riausia. Kaip is siu metu pro-
gramos matyti, leidykla tue tar
pu apsiriboja tik grozine litera-
tura. TMD kadaise daug deme-
sio kreipe ir mokslo populla-
rizacija. siais laikais taip pat
yra parasyta isleistinu knygQ
ne vien grozines literaturos, ku-
rios skaitytojams gall butt ne
maziau idonios, kaip ir romanal
bel apysakos.
Tragedijos knygu leidimo SRI
tyje nera. Jei TMD savanorls-
kai is to baro pasitrauke, tai ate
jo naujos jegos ir tas darbas yra
dirbamas. ITEMS, kurie pasiilgs-
ia knygu, pakanka tik apsldal-
ryti, ir jie ju gaus. zinoma, nebe
uz doleri per metues. Nebe tie
laikai -.
O kaip gi su TMD? Gala la
bal, bet visi zenklai rodo, kad
il jau baigia savo dienas. Knygu
leidimu savo veiklos j jau nebe-
atgaivins, O kitose srityse = lr-
gi nebe tie laikai: dabar jau
yra kitos organizacijos, kurios
rupinasi tais kitais reikalais. Tie
patys, TMD veikejai, bent ju
daugumas, tose kitose organlza-
Dirva = Field. [volume] (Cleveland, Ohio) 1915-current, 1951-07-12

nus kasnelis, automatiskai bu-
tu perejusi is vienos okupacijos
j kita. Tai butu neabejotinai tu-
reje dar liudnesniu tautiniu ir
tarptautiniQ padariniQ, negu jq
buvo veliau. Gi sukilimas paste
ke to, kad, isskyrus nebent vaka-
ru pasienio vietoves, atejes nau-
jasis gaspadorius visur rado vie
toje Lietuvos valstybines bel sa-
vivaldybines istaigas, O centruo-
Sc Laikinosios Vyriausybes at
stovus, galincius veikti ir kali
beti tautos vardu. Naujajam
okupantui, nusistaciusiam tag
zemes, kaip karo grobi, prijung-
tt prie Reicho, kaip zinoma, bu-
vo daug bedos ir nemalonumu,
kol jis pasalino Laikinaja w.
riausybe, ir daug nepatogumu,
kol jis ikurdino savo okupacine
valdzia. Tai is dalies atsiliepe
j tai, kad okupantas buvo pri-
verstas Lietuvoje palikti tam
tikra "savivalda" per visus iris
metus. Siandien butu galima pa
sakyti, kad Lietuvos gyvento-
jams is viso bel musu rezisten-
cijos galimybes specialiai toll
grazu nebutu buve tas pats, jei
visose Sales aparato vietose,
kaip savivaldybese, valsciuose,
policijoje, teismuose, ekonomi-
nese bel svietimo ir mokslo
istaigose butu sedeje ne musq
paciu patriotiniai, samoningi
tautieciai, bet is karto butu ISL
sede rudmarskiniai.
4. Tarptautiniu poziuriu, Bir-
zelio sukilimas buvo labai rvs
kus Lietuvos nepriklausomybas
bylos atnaujinimas ir primini-
mas visam pasauliui, jog musQ
tauta nori nepriklausomai gy-
venti ir ta savo valia praktiskai
irodyti. Naciu pasikesinimas uz4
slopinti musu nepriklausomybe
lygiu budu visiems parode, kad
Vokietija nevede Rytu Europos
islaisvinimo karo, bet tik sieke
nauju koloniju rytuose, grobda-
ma svetimas zemes bel turta ir
naikindama kitas tautas.
5. Birzelio sukilimas buvo
nuostabus gyvybinio eleksyro
isvirkstimas musu tautai. Jis
grazino ne tik pasitikejima, sa-
vigarba ir Wilt, bet kartu neap-
skaiciuojamai sustiprino musu
valstybingumo samone ir sukele
atkaklia rezistencijos nuotaika.
Vokieciu propaganda Lietuvoje
buvo beige, visos ju pastangos
sukurti "lietuviskasias SIS divi-
zijas" nuejo niekais, lietuviq
tautos pasipriesinimas betko-
kiam okupantui pasidare rvs
kus, planingas ir pastovus.
6. Ir pagaliau, Birzelio sukili-
mas tai =
didysis ir sventas musu rezl-
stenciios testamentas, kurio ga
lutini ivykdyma pereme dabar-
tiniai laisves kovotOjai Tevyne-
je ir prie kuriu NUNS leka
jungtis visomis savo isgalemls.
Birzelio sukileliai, vedini tik
patriotizmo ir laisves trosklmo,
griebesi ginklo ir sieke reallal
atkurti valstybine neprlklauso-
mybe. Buvo uzmirstos "skirtln-
gos pasauleziuros', "grupine
aritmetika" ir partijos. Ju is
viso tada nebesigirdejo, diskusl-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-09-30

stores in numbers which had been
expected.
The coming effect on items for
sale to the public was pointed out last
week. both by business leaders and
by Manly Fleischmann. defense pro-
duction administrator.
The vastness of the Governments
buying operation is indicated by
GSA's purchase of routine desk
supplies-such things as pencils,
pens, desk sets and blotters. More
than 100000 is spent each week for
these items.
GSA's expenditures for day-to-day
items is a continuing thing-items
which are needed to administer the
Government. AS Government in
creases, GSA's buying of these items
naturally increases.
Arms Outlay Rising
But the big boom in buying-both
by the military and by GSA-fol-
lowed Korea. The determined eff
fort for defense is bringing a heavy
outlay for equipment and materials.
The rate spent for arms is nearly $3.5
billion month already, and this
will increase through 1858. and then
fall off slightly, under present plans.
The food bill alone is huge. More
than 900 million pounds Of meat.
is bought by the Government each
year, a part Of it's total buying Of
10 billion pounds OF food. For COM
parison, this represents per cent
of the food bought in America. Most
Of the food goes to the services,
some to institutions total of about
21a per cent of the population.
In the heavy finished items. the
Government takes steel at the rate of
IL million tons year. It buys $780,
900 trucks, takes 10 per cent OF all
the copper purchased. and 20 per
cent of the aluminium.
In addition to finished goods, the
Government buys heavy quantities of
strategic and critical raw materials
for its stockpiling program, through
the GSA. In all, about SO materials
are affected by this stockpiling:
This cuts further into civilian pro.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-09-30
Uncle Sam Goes Market With Mu|tbion Dollar SHOPPING List

cents, as the Government is buying
again.
The first, lead, is an example of
one of the critical materials being
sought-a material in short supply.
If war came. and imported lead were
cut off, lead still would be available,
but in shorter supply.
The second, rubber, is a strategic
material-one which could conceiv-
able be cut off completely If the sea
lanes were blocked.
Other materials being stockpiled
through the billions spent by GSA
include such things as manganese,
quartz, diamonds, zinc and tin. Ex-
act amounts of many of these items
are kept secret.
The call is out for more and more
production, but the prospect is dim
for the independent buyer of prod
ucts made with critical and strategic
materials. Although production is
expected to be up in most items next
year, Government buying also will
increase The Government viii take
all of the increased production in
these lines. and cut even further into
what's left over>for the civilians.
Expert Buyers
All of this buying calls for large
staff Of experts, In the Army, Navy,
Air Force and GSA. The buyers are
principally civilian, supervised by
officers.
These Government employees have
lot of the same headaches prices,
priorities, supply-that plague private
buyers. And although the military
nearly always has priorities for what
it buys. sometimes the items sought
are not available.
But the biggest bugaboo is rising
prices. The Air Force, for example,
sets up budget for buying airplanes.
The budget request goes to Congress.
through the Bureau of the Budget,
and get knocked around in COM
mittees and finally comes to the
floor, usually trimmed, but still set
for a specific number of airplanes.
Then the order is placed. and man
ufacture. starts. BY the time of de-
livery, rwever. the Air Force finds
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-09-30
ia Paul shmicke by sudduth.

smaller than during periods when
controls were lacking.
Whether or not price controls are
the answer to the imitation question
and no one contends that controls
by themselves will do the job-there
have been smaller increases in
those categorieS where controls have
existed continually than in those
where curbs have been off again,
on again. Rent and public utilities
are good examples.
AS to where we are now on the
road to imitation, it is difficult to
draw an *" that marks the spot.
The first victims of classic infla-
tion-the flxed-income group-al-
ready have been hit. The biggest
group in the country-the wage
earner-has Jared better: The
unionized factory worker earns &c
times the amodnt of money he did
in 1910, and living costs him only
1.8 times as much.
Toke the Gosh
So far, most of the things we
have discussed have been related
to a cash economy. But actually,
the whole Nation is built on credit.
Few productive things are done
without credit. And credit literally
makes money-the Federal Reserve
System figures that every time a
bank lends dollar, the act Of lend
ing has the effect of putting six
new dollars into circulation. These
new dollars go into the market, in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-09-30

that rising costs have made a num-
Der of airplanes literally disappear
the budgeted sum will buy fewer
planes than were planned.
In its stockpiling program, GSA
runs into market difficulties. It can't
cut off the civilian supply completely,
and yet it is under orders to build up
a reserve of strategic and critical
materials to be available in the event
of war.
And with production increasing,
more and more of these materials are
needed Immediately. So percentage
cuts are ordered by National Produc-
ton Authority. SO that the stockpil-
ing can be built up. Prices again
come into the picture.
On lead, for example, about one
third is supplied from domestic
mines one-third is imported, and
one-third is refined from scrap. But
scrap dealers are dissatisfied with the
current ceiling price on lead, and the
supplies are, not coming to market.
Likewise, copper is giving the Gov
eminent trouble
Few Price Decreases
Although some prices have slumped
notably wool and cotton-rnostly
prices for the Government, like
prices for the private buyer. are up.
Not all Of the material the Gov
eminent buys is bought at home.
Much of 1t comes from abroad.
But the big bite in the markets is
at home, and the effect of Govern
ment buying on the domestic econ
omy is obvious. Guns, tanks, cloth
ing and other big items are bought
from home manufacturers.
This means more money available
here in the way of income to the
worker, who, with more money, finds
fewer products available. But this is
offset by the drop in buying, brought
about by the heavy civilian pur-
chases following the war, when
stored-up cash went into the market
to snap up goods that wasn't avail
able at all during the war years.
Economists expect no big boom
to result from the Government buy
ing program, but rather a steady
stimulation Of the markets.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-09-30
What Can Be Done?

If the United States were totally
the custodian of its own destiny, the
problem of imitation could be licked
quickly and easily. But the things
that are creating infiationary pres
sureS here are inevitable reactions
to what the Soviets are doing. We
are pulling 20 per cent of our ma
tional output out of the civilian
market because we have to arm
ourselves against the threat of Red
aggression.
How long this situation will last
depends not on US, but on our adj
versaries. A policy attributed to
Eenin holds that one of the best
ways to conquer is to create fiscal
chaos in the enemy economy. Rus
STA did that in Hungary. Whether
she intends to make us initiate our
selves to death, or is preparing to
take US on in more orthodox war is
something no one in America can
know. But realizing that the Soviets
consider imitation at least as power
full weapon as the atom bomb,
the United States must defend
itself against the dangers of both
weapons.
The summing-up would call for
taxation, controls and economy.
One, hundred per cent of the
money is competing for 80 per cent
of the goods. Some, if not all, Of
the surplus must be removed
either by taxes that take it away
entirely, or by savings that get it
out of circulation for the time
being. And many officials caution
that when you save, you merely
delay the day of reckoning.
Controls will help, too, but they
must be effective and realistic.
There is no point in controlling
wages if prices aren't controlled
and no point in holding down either
if credit is to flow without restric-
ton. Controls, once imposed, must
be enforced, or black markets will
come into being and prices will
skyrocket.
Government spending is becom-
ing an ever bigger item in the
Nations economy-soon it will hit
a billion week for arms alone.g
Wastefulness or thoughtless spendg
ing of any kind could be ruinous.
irresponsible expansion of Govern
ment for the sake of expansion-in
other words, bureaucracy on the
rampage-would dent the labor
market badly and force wages up.
The picture comes into focus this
way: Imitation can be held in con-
troll, but only if the Government
and every segment of the public
does its share Fundamentally.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-09-30
American Problem

The things that happened in
Germany in 1928 have not hap
pened here. We have not been
defeated in war; we are not now
fighting on a credit basis; our for
eign exchange status with respect
to other countries is good land,
anyhow, we are not as dependent
on imports as was Germany. Nor
do we have an occupying power
stripping us of our means of pro-
duction.
But sthe basic inflationary pres
sures are here, and unless controlled
could be Stains most valuable ally
in a war to dominate the earth.
What is imitation, anyway?
That is difficult question to an
swer-like, what is money!" To
define imitation, one has to over
simplify. Imitation prevails when
goods are short.
When an imitation is really Rri-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-09-30

evitably creating inflationary pres
sures that drive prices up.
Loose controls over credit in the
early days of the Korean war are
blamed for the sharp increases
notable on all these charts in the
period between 1850 and 1851.
Something like $40 billion in new
credit flooded the market, and the
extra penny you are paying for
your loaf of bread today is a direct
result.
Consumer credit-mainly in the
form of installment buying-is an
infiationary factor. Not to put too
fine a point on it, when you buy
on time, you are spending money
you haven't got-money that lit
orally doesn't exist. And this nom
existent money is just as effective
In driving up prices as though it
had been printed at Fourteenth and
c streets S.W.
So much Of the Nations business
is done without any cash changing
hands that complete stopper on
credit would bring the American
economy to a halt. Credit controls
voluntary or imposed-are the
only answer, though there is inf
mite debate on what curbs are best.
At any rate, most people feel that
the Nation should say, with Omar
Khayyam Slightly out of context),
"Ah, take the cash and let the
credit CO."
The money habits Of the United
States have changed greatly in the
last decade. In 1871 there was only
about $8.5 billion In circulation,
about one-third of it In coins and
bills of SIS or smaller denomination.
Today the money in circulation
totals roughly $28 billion, but only
about one-sixth of it is in silver and
small bills. The $40 and $40 de-
nominations account for about half
the total and $50s-and-up are pro-
portionately twice as plentiful as
they were in 1941.
Less Money Now
If this increase in currency seems
to parallel the German printing
press economy, that is not the case.
Virtually all the increase came in
the period from Pearl Harbor to
VI day, during the deficit-spending
days of World War II. There is
actually less money in circulation
today than there was on January
l, 1916.
But it's not how much money
there is that counts here; it's how
fast it circulates. Dollars change
hands much more rapidly today
than they did in the "old days"
Clearing house officials calculate
that the checks drawn every year
amount to $1,750,000, 900, 600. Al
though there is no record of how
much cash changes hands, the total
of cash and checks circulated in a
year must reach $2.5 trillion-truly
a lot Of money that could do lot of
damage if it got out of control.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-09-30
WHOLESALE PRICES

only how prices have risen, but
when they made the most rapid
increases. The big jumps occurred
after World War II price control
ended and just before Korean war
controls were imposed.
Controls Help a Lot
Even under tight OPA controls
during World War II, prices did not
hold the line. Nor are they holding
the line today-iust last week, a
new rise in meat prices was author
lied. But the fact is that the price
rises under controls are much
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-09-30

Of that extra $40. It could be done
by squirting the American incentive
to save-but Government planners
don't like to depend on people to
put money in the bank. 1t might
be done to partial degree by ex-
banding American production, but
there still would remain imitation
airy pressure from purely defense
OUTLAWS.
Higher taxes, however, are IA
vored in many quarters because
they sop up tie excess money, en-
able the Government to operate in
the black, and-if the proceeds are
carefully managed-result in re-
duction Of the unwieldy national
debt. But many who agree that
more taxes are needed also warn
that their purpose is defeated if
economy with capital "E' is not
practiced everywhere along the line.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-09-30
By Jack Jonas

duction. A point in illustration is the
current stockpiling program for lead
Gasoline manufacturers are faced
with a shortage of tetraethyl lead for
high-test gasoline, following a 40 per
cent cut of lead this month.
Similar shortages can be expected
in other commodities.
Rubber Market Operations
GSA buys all of the rubber which
comes into the country. keeps Is per
cent for itself and sells the rest back
to industry. The move to control
rubber came when prices skyrocketed,
and the Government began losing
money on the rubber it resold to in
duStry.
Rubber rose to 8712 cents pound
Then the Government stepped in, be-
gan monopoly buying, then quit or
dering completely. The price began
to drop, reached AZ cents a pound.
Now it's back up to a more normal So
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-09-30

Uncle Sam is carrying the biggest
shopping bag in the world, and what
he puts into it has a direct effect
on your job. your wages, what you're
able to buy and how much you have
to pay for it.
AS a buyer the Government spends
billions of dollars each month for
everything from shoelaces to steel.
BY the middle of next year, this
mammoth outlay for arms alone is
expected to approach 81 billion
week.
The biggest purse in this tremen-
dous market, of course, is held by
the military. They buy to build
machine for defense, to equip the
growing armed forces and to feed
soldiers, sailors, airmen and Marines.
Next in line is General Services
Administration, whose money is used
principally to stockpile strategic and
critical materials and in lesser
amounts-millions instead of bill
lions-to keep the Government sup
piled with the things it needs to
operate every day. Probably the big
gest single purchasing agent is Jess
Larson. head of GSA.
And a few agencies-such as the
Weather Bureau and the Department
Of Agriculture-buy much of their
supplies and equipment independently.
All Are lnterdependent
But none of these is completely
independent of the others. The
military. for example, leans heavily
on GSA for warehouse items and
desk supplies. Buying and standard
ization policies of one group in
evitably affect another.
The continued surge in Govern
ment buying--expected to be on the
upswing at least through 1953-will
lead to new highs in production,
wages, jobs and prices and will flag
the tagging civilian industry.
The mad scramble in the markets
here and abroad will bring an in
creaSing pinch on products available
to the public. The pinch already is
being felt. although the overbought
public still is not going Unto the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-09-30

Gus, almost every one except few
spectators takes a terrible beating.
That has not yet happened here.
Relatively few Americans are badly
pinched, but a good part of the
population is feeling some discom-
fort.
First Victims
The first victims of imitation are
those with fixed incomes. The
married couple saves for years
planning on so much income from
interest. But they find on retire.
ment Cd that banks have cut their
interest rates and (2) that the dol
lar has lost an important percent
age Of its purchasing power. They
have only fraction Of the amount
OF real income they had planned on
to meet their old-age needs.
AS prices continue to rise, unor-
ganized white-collar workers, then
civil servants and finally unionized
workers whose wages are tied to an
eScalator clause in turn feel the
pinch. On the business side of the
ledger, banks and creditors suffer
at the expense of spectators and
debtors.
In an inflationary era, the COM
mon-stock owner is better off than
the bondholder, and-aS one econ
omist put it last week-"you're far
better off If you own a house than
II you own a bank account"
In theory, some economists hold
that the best way to cure imitation
is to outrun ia trick that isn't
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-09-30
XXTHAT has happened TO the
wv dollar?

M 4
wv dollar?
AS America heads into q second
winter of war, this question becomes
increasingly more important-and
leads inevitably to concern over the
possibility of runaway imitation.
That the United States and vir-
tually the entire free worlds in
an inflationary period cannot be
doubted. But will the dollar, which
yearly has come to buy less and
less, go the way Of the German
mark, the Hungarian pengo and the
Greek drachma?
The answer seems to be no-but
there are two big ifs attached to it:
/. If the Government pprsues a
sound fiscal policy, the chances are
that q runaway imitation can be
avoided.
2. If an informed public retains
confidence in what the Government
is trying to do about imitation, and
supports those efforts, inflationary.
pressures can be controlled.
But there is imitation Of a sort,
, and it probably will get worse in
the future.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-09-30
Where Are We Now?

The lady in the picture at the
top of the page has just bought
the groceries for her family. AS
the cash register shows, the bill
is $2143-which is something over
twice what she would have paid
for the same collection of food 10
years ago.
Across the picture is q rising
curve, adapted from the Bureau Of
Labor Statistics Consumer Price
Index. It shows how prices have
risen since 1941. Actually, the