davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1951-10-07

Proven oil reserves in the world
today are estimated at approximately
96 billion barrels.
Of this total almost exactly halt,
or 48 billion barrels, according to
goth Century Petroleum Statistics.
lies under the deserts and mountains
of the Middle East.
For the rest of the world, North
America has approximately % bill
lion with 26 billion of this reserve
within the United States. South
American reserves are estimated at
IL billion, European deposits are
believed slightly above 6 billion.
Asiatic reserves. aside from those
concentrated in the Middle East, are
figured at about 2 billion barrels.
Within the Middle East area the
major reserves are estimated at Is
billion barrels in Kuwait, tiny in
dependent sheikdom near the head
of the Persian Gulf; at 13 billion
in Iran, 10 billion in Saudi Arabia,
and 8.7 billion in Iraq. Important
but lesser deposits exist on the
Qatar Peninsula, on Bahrein Island,
in Syria and in Egypt.
The United States and Britain are
the principal controlling powers of
world oil. In our case the control
rests in our own great continental
deposits plus important concessions
in virtually every other continent. In
the Middle East the Saudi Arabian
and Bahrein concessions are wholly
American. In the 1raq Petroleum
Co., which covers not only all of
Iraq but through subsidiaries has
control over findings in Qatar and
several other areas. we have a 1915
per cent interest: in Kuwait we have
a so per cent interest. British in
terests, in large part concentrated
in the Anglo-I -Iranian Oil Co., have
through this company a 23.75 per
cent interest in Iraq Petroleum Co.
and its subsidiaries and the remain
ing so per cent in Kuwait.
Dutch and French interests each
have the same 2375 percentage in
Iraq Petroleum with the remaining
per cent of this valuable operation
being held by an individual, c. S.
Gulbenkian.
Less than 10 per cent of this esti-
mated proven world reserve is be-
hind the Iron Curtain. The estimate
for the Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
publics is SIS billion barrels. Ro-
mania has perhaps another half
billion with smaller deposits in Hun
gary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Eastern
Germany and Albania. a
Evening star., 1951-10-07

nent to allow American personnel to
go to Iran for such a purpose. Such
American consent is unlikely with
out British approval in turn con-
tirgent upon some satisfactory
adjustment of British claims for
compensation for their losses
through the confiscation action.
Even then only the deepest reali-
zation of the Importance of Iranian
oil to the entire West could be ex-
pected to persuade the British to
approve their replacement py
Americans.
It should be remembered, too,
that operating refinery is even
more than an engineering feat Of
understanding machinery. 1t re-
quires continuing supply of supple
mentary materials-such as the
chemicals needed in the cracking
processes-Which in Trans case
must be imported.
As to their marketing capacity
the Iranians seem comparably re-
stricted. The country has no
tanker fleet or other facilities for
transport; neither have such po-
tential purchasers as Afghanistan,
Pakistan or others who have thus
far indicated an interest in buying
Iranian oil.
From the Russian side, however,
there are certain possibilities. Over
land transport of Persian Gulf oil
northward to Russia is impractical
if not impossible. Neither highways
nor railroad are adequate and
neither tank cars nor trucks are
available in sufficient number But
1t is estimated by oil authorities
here that the Russians could from
their own resources and from inde-
pendent flag operators recruit
enough tanker capacity to move
approximately 200 thousand barrels
daily of crude oil from the head of
the Persian Gulf through the Red
Sea and Suez Canal to their own
Black Sea ports. From such sale
the Iranians might profit suff-
ciently to gamble.
In time of war such transport
could be easily blockaded. In time
of peace, or of half lf-War, such a
blockade could mean war.
Evening star., 1951-10-07

Two German efforts to conquer the
world failed largely because their
supply of oil was inadequate-and
their efforts to reach the valuable
reserves of the Middle East were
successfully blocked. The loss of
1ranian oil could jeopardize the en-
tire effort of the West to febuild
its defensive strength; the loss of
Middle East oil could cripple the
effort disaStrouSly. Acquisition of
any or all of this oil by the Com
munist powers would more than
double these dangers.
What happens then if the British,
already out of Iran, are forced to
stay out?
Replacement Problems
Replacement Of lranian oil
breaks down to three requirements:
First, to replace the crude oil; Sec
ond, to replace the refined products;
third, to replace the production
facilities. most Importantly and
most difficult the refinery facilities.
Iranian production before the
shutdown was running at approx
mately $50 thousand barrels per
day, most of it for export. Of this
total slightly more than 500 thou
sand barrels daily was in the form
of finished products from the
Abadan refinery, largest in the
world. The remainder, about $50
thousand barrels, left the country
in crude form for processing else
where.
The Iranian crude export already
has been made up and more by
increased production from other
sources. In other operating areas
of the Middle East alone, for eX-
ample, there has been an increase
in crude oil production of 270 thou
sand barrels daily in the past few
months. This increase matches
the $50 thousand barrels lost in
Iran and provides 120 thousand
more for refinery runs to help off
set the Abadan loss. Other in
creases in crude oil availability
have been recorded in both North
and South America.
The pinch, however, is in refined
products-such as aviation gasoline
and the bottleneck is in refinery
capacity. Construction of a major
refinery requires about two years
in time and substantial quantities
of scarce steel. The increasing
Evening star., 1951-10-07

Iranian negotiations broadened to
include active American participa-
tion-by Ambassador Grady and by
presidential representative Averell
Hartman. The British government
stepped more openly into the pic
ture and negotiating mission
headed by Cabinet Minister Richard
Stokes went to Teheran. The Brit
iSh conceded the principle of ma
tionalization and certain obstacles
such as the Iranian anti-sabotage
law were removed. But the talks
really begged down on the issue of
management control; the fields
were closed down first, then the
great plant at Abadan halted, the
negotiators dispersed and finally
last mid-Week the last of the Brit
lsh personnel were ferried igno-
miniously to British warships whose
guns had never spoken.
On July 5. in response to British
plea, the international Court had
asked both parties, pending a final
decision by the court, to do nothing
to extend the dispute, to leave op-
erations meanwhile in the hands
of Anglo-Iranian and to set up a
joint board which would supervise
these interim arrangements and
keep control of all revenues above
working expenses.
The resolution now before the
Security Council, introduced by the
British and already somewhat out
dated in its wording, calls upon
Iran to conform to these provisional
recommendations of the court.
Evening star., 1951-10-07
Iran Challenges international Authority This Week

A THIN OLD MAN with silvery
N tongue and tears that flow
like oil will arise before the Security
Council of the United Nations this
week to defend the sovereignty and
the dignity of an ancient people.
The speaker will be Mohammed
MoSSadegh, Prime Minister of Iran,
a minor-power country that has too
much of what the major powers of
the world need and want. The real
target of Mr.. MoSSadegh'S emo
tional eloquence will be one of
those major powers, Britain, al
though his attack may be flank
ing one rather than direct assault.
LegaliStically. the Iranian Pre-
mier will challenge the 1urisdic-
ton, first, of the United Nations
and, second, of the International
Court of Justice in the bitter con-
troversy between his government
and the Anglo Oh Com
pany. He will claim it is a domes-
tic issue, not subject to adjudica-
ton through international agencies.
At stake, in addition to the fine
line issue of Iranian sovereignty
and the competence of the world
bodies involved, will be several
other things of shadow and sub
stance. One will be British pres
tige, down but not out in many
parts of the globe; another will be
control or at least access to one
sixth Of the worlds proven petro-
leum; another may well be the
future aff1liation Of a strategically
important country in the cold war
which splits the globe today.
Above and beyond all these there
may rest in the proceedings of this
week, and the international be-
havior which results from them, an
answer as to whether the cold war
of today is to become World War
III of tomorrow.
Evening star., 1951-10-07
Power Arena

through all its modern history
Iran has been a theater for big
power competition with Britain and
Russia most persistent and most
successful in exercising foreign in
huence over the politics and eco
nomics of the country.
Geographically, Iran has perhaps
been more cursed than blessed by
its strategic location at the back
door OF Russia, at the head of the
Persian Gulf and by its long from
tiers with the heart of the Middle
East on one side and with Southwest
Asia on the other side. Beyond
these strategic considerations, how
ever, oil or the prospect of it has
always been in the background of
foreign interest in a country that is
half-mountain, half-desert, rela-
lively unpromising in other natural
resources and poor in industry.
AS long ago as 1872 the potential
of oil in Iran prompted British
subject, Baron Julius de Reuter-,
founder of Reuters News Agency,
to obtain concession for exploita-
ton of all natural resources other
than gold. silver and precious
stones. There was a clear hint
then of what was to happen again
and again through succeeding
years.
Russian hostility to the grant to
Reuter- forced its cancellation. The
British government Intervened on
behalf of its national and an even
broader concession was then ap-
proved.
The oil prospecting of that period
was inconclusive and the exploita-
ton concession died by default. In
the early 1905, however, a French
geologist serving one of the Per-
sian provincial governments re-
ported existence of oil in the west
ern fringe of the country.
This report aroused the interest
of an Australian flnancier, William
Knox Darcy, and in 1901 Darcy
obtained 60-year exclusive con-
cession for all of Iran except the
five northern provinces, traditional
area of greatest Russian influence.
1t took seven years of prospecting
to bring in the first geyser; when it
broke out in 1903 the Anglo-Persian
Oil Co. was created and Persian
oil entered world markets in 1912.
Crown Buys In
At this point the company was
a privately owned commercial ven-
ture, but in 1918 came another de-
velopment which changed the
course of British interest in Iran
and laid the groundwork for some
of the bad temper which forced the
British expulsion only a few days
ago This was the entry of the
British government as such into
the Persian exploitation through
purchase of slightly more than so
per cent of the company's capital
stock.
The British decision, Interestingly
enough, came at the persuasion of
Winston Churchill, then First Lord
of the Admiralty. Mr.. Churchill
urged successfully that the British
Navy, in the interests of efficiency
and fighting capacity, be converted
from coal to oil Under such cir
cumstances, he argued further, the
British government must own or
control at the source enough oil to
guarantee an operating minimum
to the fleet. Purchase of a con-
trolling interest in the Anglo
Persian Oil Co., consummated for
only $40 million, was the solution.
In the next few years there were
numerous other developments in
Middle East oil which have direct
bearing - politically, economically
and militarily-on today's crisis in
Iran and on the cold war.
One was the granting in 1915 of a
Evening star., 1951-10-07
Land Of Suspicion

Iran is a country feudal in char
acter, both politically and econom-
ically, where the rich have found
it relatively easy to get richer and
the poor have had little alternative
but to get poorer.
In such an atmosphere it has
been simple for dissident political
factions to keep sharp the tools Of
turmoil, even though their employ
ment has been repressed at times.
In the years since World War II
there have been two outside inf1u-
ences which have contributed di-
rectly to the reStlessness in Iran.
One has been the worldwide
stirring among the people of lesser
privilege for what they consider
greater control of their own des-
TIMES, more positive manifestations
OF their own sovereigntieS, less
intrusion in their affairs by foreign
interests. For want of a better
word, it is known loosely as ma
tionalism
In Iran the anti-foreign senti-
ment was nouriShed in part by the
fact that the oil company was and
is the instrumentality of a foreign
government as contraSted, for eX-
ample, with the American conces-
sionaireS in the Middle East, all Of
which are private commercial en-
terprises, In other words, to the
1ranians every alleged malpractice
of A1OC represented British govern
ment policy which they considered
sinister and cynical in it's disregard
for the sovereign rights and eco
nomic well-being of the Persian
people.
Little lung power was needed on
this Simmering suspicion to fan it
into the flame of naturalization.
A second outside influence which
has played its part in Iran has been
that of communism, on the offen-
sive in one way or another in so
many countries. In Iran the Com
munist front has been the Tudeh
Party, outlawed in theory but well
organized in fact.
forget for Reds
Obviously the climate has been
sympathetic to Communist propa-
ganda and expressions of benevo-
lence and sympathy from Moscow
have been extended not only
through formal diplomatic cham
nels but through the villages and
bazaarS where so much Eastern
political opinion f1ourishes. No
Communist himself, Mossadegh is
thoroughly aware, of course. that
Russian imperialism has tradition
ally been as much or more of a
threat to Iranian independence as
has Brltain'S. He is undoubtedly
aware of a basic document of
Soviet policy, unrenounced since it's
publication in 1918, that:
For the success of the Oriental
revolution Persia is the first nation
that must be conquered by the
Soviets. This precious key to the
uprising of the Orient must be in
the hands of Bolshevism, cost what
it may . . Persia must be ours;
Persia must belong to the revolu-
ton"
He is aware, too, that no Russian
assistance in replacement of Brit
ish in developing Trans oil will be
private enterprise-even if it con-
sists of only single technician:
that it will be instead the inter-
vention of an instrumentality of
the Soviet government concerned
only with furthering the interests
of Communist imperialism.
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1951-01-04

FOR SALE by owner: New 3-bedroom,
bathrooms, Spacious i. r. with wood
burning fireplace, d. r. kitchen equipped
with food disposal and ventilating fan,
hot. water heat with copper piping, 2
car garage with push button electric door,
full basement. New lasn, large trees,
exclusive location. Write box 1852, Bill
lings, Montana IL
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1951-01-04

WAGON, hay rack, stacker, sweep, J D
mower, manure spreader, 40x40 tank,
hog feeder. 10 mi. S. Mrs. Theresa Or
chowski 1-8*
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1951-01-04

BUTANE bottle with new double regu-
lator and fittings, $3.50. Bottle is Il
full of gas which buyer may have free.
Lyle ]. Tintinger, Sr. 52-tf
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1951-01-04

lis ACRES beet tops, $50 tons straw,
IS tons hay. 200 acres r~oughage. Plenty
of water. See Henry Schneider, St. IA
vier, Mont. 49,
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1951-01-04

LATE Nov. 1913 Special Deluxe Ply
mouth 4-Door Sedan. Al condition.
Good as new, 1900 miles. Good heater,
radio and seat covers. For quick sale
phone 81, Hardin, Mont. 46-tf
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1951-01-04

FORD tractor, ) years old, completely
o~verhauled and guaranteed. Winterized.
Less than half the price of a new one.
Valley Implement Co. 52-2
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1951-01-04

ONE Arm. house, garage, chicken coop,
2 lots, $3.50; one 5-rm. house, ~cistern
and we'll, u acre land, cow barn,
chicken barn, 5000; one 2-rm. house,
cistern, 1 lot, $3.50; Model A car, good
tires; one 4-shelf glass bookcase. Fred
Lachenmeier. Phi. 581-W. 1-4+
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1951-01-04

USED bedroom set, with spring and
mattress, $50; also used gas range.
JonesEFurniture Mart. Stiff
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1951-01-04

1BALER t~wine-Carload of New Holland
sESbafer Irvine to arrive in January. Place
your order new. Valley Implement Co.
52-3
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1951-01-04

24OO A. good grazing land. Year-round
water and shelter. Located on Squirrel
creek, Sc corner Crow reservation. VIM.
Watt, Crow Agency. 52-4
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

JAMESTOWN NEWS
There will be a baptizing down
Georges Fork way Sunday after
noon at 2 o'clock.
Elders Hampton Osborne and
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

ward to go into the contest for
Improvement. Perhaps in the very
backwardness there is an advan-
tage. Improvement is what counts
and the opportunities in a poor
neighborhood are greater than in
a more favored section.
SOCIAL SECURITY
QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
BY DAVID NJ. SWIFT
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

upon the grounds of desertion for
period of more than two years,
to-wit; said desertion having con-
tinued for more than three years,
And affidavit having been made
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

ceived word her son was missing
in action in Korea.
GEORGES FORK
Mrs. S. M. McFall went to
Grundy with her son-in-law,
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14
near CIlntWoOd, VlSlte1

SISteT, WIS., EotuS WUSICk, rIIudy'
Joyce Faye and Trulah Musick
visited Lola Yates and family on
Saturday evening.
Allen Musick spent Saturday
night with his son, Jimmy, and
family
Joan Musick has returned home
after spending a few days with
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

night. Maynard Beverly spent Sun
day in the Breaks.
Mr.. and Mrs Roy Yates and
children called on Mrs. Russell
Reedy Sunday
Mr.. and Mrs. Josh Wright have
returned homo afta,. haiyo ou,ax,
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

THE DIO1
spending few days with their
sister, Mrs Irene Musick.
Patricia Cochran of Haysi spent
Saturday night with her grand
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. S. P Coch-
ran
Marion, Clara Lee and Skip
Sweeney called at the home of Es
tus Musick Sunday
Mr.. and Mrs. Bert MCGOWAN
and Estus Musick visited at the
home of Stewart Childress Sunday
night
Ann Adkins and Anita Gibson
spent night last week with Hur-
ley Cochran and family at Haysi.
Row SlusS and son. Elijah Will
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

E NSON HERALD
spent Sunday in Coeburn with
their son, Woodrow.
Jewel Rasnick was a Sunday
night guest of Edna Sutherland.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

Herman Cunningham is not resi-
dent of the state of Virginia, it i
ordered that he appear here witt
in 10 days after due publication
hereof and do what may be nee
cessary to protect his interest il
this suit. And it is further order
ed that copy hereof be publish
ed once a week for four success
sive weeks in the Dickinson Her
aid and that a copy be posted a
the front door of the court hous,
within ten days after due publ.
cation of this order of publication
] A copy-Teste:
Lee Stanley, Deputy Clerk
| A. M. Phipps, pc
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

TEE DICKE N
ATTENDS SPECIAL
NAVY SCHOOL
New Orleans. June 12=Edgar
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14
re should the widow O

insured wage Garner go to file her
claim for survivors, insurance?
Who files the claim for her chill
dren? How is the payment made?
When a widow wishes to file
claim for old-age and survivors
survivors insurance benefits, she
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

I Mr. and Mrs. James Farmer
and Mary E. Meade took dinner
with Mrs. F l.. Buchanan Sum-
day.
Mrs. Kermit Yates and Doris
Yates visited Orvillo Hov ond
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

Mrs Alice Phillips is visiting
her son, Robert A. Phillips, in Fl.
Wayne, Ind, this week. She was
accompanied by Misses Virginia
1r1o 20 o,oJ Dol.l: - ILL.,.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

WITH THE MEN IN
UNIFORM
PVT. JOHNSON GIVEN
IT'D A TNIINrr1 ny
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

ION HERALD
July, 1851, a certain part of the
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

ing, who plan to spend the sum-
mer there
Frank Kice, nf D1ltv was a b1tc
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

I 00FF' TT 10 W0tN INNNIIV la'11OI
at the home of Mr.. Owens par.
ents, Mr.. and Mrs. TaW Owens
in Ohio His parents and two Chi
dren, Winford and Rita, accom-
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

mess visitor in Clintwood Tues
day.
Mr. and Mrs. Elmer Owens and
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

Mrs. H Miller of Clintwood, is
attending special two-week
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14
b11er sac schooI zeal estate, ct

tanning approximately IL acres
with the purchaser bearing cos
of survey necessary to establish
boundary lines and preparation
Of dand of +,,oocfo,.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

Troy Bailey spent the week. end
at home.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

Clintwood, Va. (NP June Isl
/ ORDER OF PUBLICATION
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

for a visit.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

ntered as second class n

Aug. II, 1893, at the post office
at Clintwood, Va, under the Act
Of March 8, 1879.
nLI;ol, IT,, r7L,
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

In
BEVERLY'S PRINT SHOP
Clintweod, Va.
SUBSCRIPTION RATES
Six Months .. ...... S1.OO
Three Months .......... 500
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

A A. Fleming of Kingsport
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

AOU W III, 1A11y WWy
Two communities, Bise and
Yates, in this county have enter
ed the improvement contest spon
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14
I've o OS from "n' nc Has Security ~ ~
he is They depend al t. nv $500, -. o.: Elijah
5 the - 80, ~
c. NJ, $500, -. CO. ~ Saturday
Administra MS VI ~

ENUIIlIIlISITd
eo,... ,a Mr.. and Mrs. Francis
lie claimant u.s. WV --'-
- a., Washington, spent the wet
proper one, W. i'Nl pe'- e-i''' W.; ''''0
Caudle Hall, here.
Evans MuSicls and family
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

ran attende
] Fork Sunday
remind other neighborhoods Layton MI
S county that they can enter Estus Musicl
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

spent Sunday here with his m
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

Commerce There should be a doz
en-.
X y
Man does not live by himself
alone. His comfort and happiness
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1951-06-14

Virginia In the Clerks Office O