davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1951-07-07
HOOKS BIG FISH, DIES

Oslow, Norway-Gustav Daniel
son, SO, managed to hook a So
pound salmon in a river near Ma
most. The excitement and exer-
ton brought on a fatal heart at
tack. He collapsed at the rivers
edge. The fish was still on the
line when neighbors pulled it in.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1951-02-16
DEFENSE PROGRAM is
INCREASING THREAT OF
M0MOPOLIZATEON

WASHINGTON, D. C.-(CNS)-
The impact of the nations mobili-
cation is increasing the threat of
monopolistic controls and unfair
trade methods" Chairman James T.
Mead of the Federal Trade Commits
sion warned here January 26. He
also directed the ETC staff to be
con the watch" for "opportunists in
the business world" who may seek to
exploit consumers and the govern
ment during the emergency. He cited
food, drugs and curative devices and
wool fabrics and other critical ma
terials which will be constantly
watched to protect consumers against
possible false and fraudulent claims.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1951-02-16
ANOTHER POWER COMPANY PROPOSAL, lib 1856, IS
APPROVED BY LOWER HOUSE
By Rep. MYRON TRIP, (Cascade)

By Rep. MYRON TRIP, (Cascade)
House Bill 1876 empowering the
Railroad and Public Service Com
mission of Montana to regulate the
issuance of securities by private utili-
ty companies, is probably the result
in part of decision of U. S. Court
of Appeals (for the District of Co.
lumbia) in Arkansas Power and Light
Co. VS.. Federal Power Commission
(1946) 1876 Fed. End. 821. In that
case the Arkansas Power and Light
Co., which did all of its business in
Arkansas but had 2%o of it's facilities
in Louisiana, objected to the Federal
Power Commissions claim of regu-
lating authority. Unlike many state
regulatory bodies, the Federal Power
Commission believes in the original
cost theory in establishing the rate
basis, resulting normally in decided
ly lower rates for the consuming
public.
The majority opinion of the Circuit
Court of Appeals declared a utility
company could keep only one set
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1951-02-16
SENATE AGAIN KILLS
RECONSTRUCTION OF
PROPERTY PROPOSAL

The state senate, in it's first major
roll call Of the 32nd Legislat We AS
sembly, Thursday, by margin of
1926, killed SD %, the land reclassi-
fication measure by Sens. Anderson
(Pondera). Weydemeyer, j a m S ,
Moss and Tibbals.
Although opponents of this meas
ure may have been justified TO some
degree in opposing its passage, the
fact remains that SD %, like it's pre-
decessor SD "a of 1949 Assembly,
represented the first step that must
sooner or later be taken if equaliza-
ton of assessments on land and i'm
provements is to be achieved on a
statewide basis. SD 20 would have
provided foundation upon which to
Systematically rebuild the entire
tax structure of the state,
thus eliminating the "crazy quilt"
presently existing.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1951-02-16

of official corporate accounts and
that the purpose of the Federal Power
Act was "to supplement, not super
sede, the regulatory power of the
states" If House Bill 1876 becomes
law, then the Federal Power Com
mission may no longer have any au-
thority to regulate the accounting
methods of the Montana Powe. Com
pany, which a few years ago was
ordered by the federal agency to
amortize items totalling $5.O86,428.-
48.
Montana's Railroad and Public
Service Commission, in contrast to
the Federal Power Commission. has
no large staff of accountants and
experts to investigate and determine
a proper rate base for utility COM
panles. Therefore, our state commits
sion may feel obliged to accept the
figures and findings of the trained
lawyers and accountants of the utili
ty companies, who apparently feel
that any state agency will be more
friendly to their interests than the
present Federal Power Commission.
In order to secure lower utility
rates, urge your State Senators to
vote against House Bill 1876.
The roll call on HB 1876 follows.
Those voting "aye" actually voted
to relieve Montana Power Company
from the public-protecting restrain
i II
mission-shades of the 1914 FPC
hearings and $51 million in MPCo
'watered stock" Those voting may"
voted for continued protection of the
public interest by FPC.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1951-02-16
SHORT SHOTS
By WIN. ]. PRIEST. Livingston

Argument in Washington for a
Sales Tax is it would stop initiation.
People would have their buying cur
tailed. High prices are curtailing the
buying power of every one of us right
now. An increase in your income tax
will curtail buying some more. Who
is behind the manufacturers excise
tax? The National Association of
Manufacturers and the y. S. Chamber
Of Commerce.
Freeze wages, a General Sales Tax
or plain Sales Tax, they all are a
wage cut. Note how all our legis-
lators are steering clear of tax
on electrical energy and the natural
gas going out of our state. Montana
could raise $5,000,000 annually in
taxes from these two sources alone.
On Jan. II Des Moines Register
0owa) reported President Howard
Hill of the Iowa Farm Bureau, wants
every county Farm Bureau to get
at least $4,000 year from the state
government instead of the present
$4,000 Isn't that socialistic and gov
eminent aid which President Kline
of the National Farm Bureau con-
tends is "EVIL"?
William H. Harrison, former Presi-
dent of International Tel. & Tel. Co. |
is now production boss. Charles E.
former president of General
Electric heads mobilization program. !
DID THEY SUPPORT TRUMAN?
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1951-02-16

of knowing that my blood boileC
when they made fun of the farmer
representatives They couldn't tell
l hope, that it made me ashamed OF
my fellow man when they made fun
of Coop defenders because some of
them had accents in thei1 speech.
They couldn't fathom these farmer
speaking in their own behalf, for
their own businesses which do not
have costly lawyers and "associa-
tons" as propaganda agents. True,
there was no hope of changing any
body's mind who came into the hear
ings opinionated, but demonstrations
of contempt for the other fellows
views always makes me unhappy.
In surprise move Thursday after
noon the senate had before it moves
to revive four bills lib 80, 40, al and
AZ. These bills were all defeated
Wednesday.
All the people interested in their
defeat had left Down Wednesday
afternoon.
In spite of loud protestations the
question arose WHO PUT THE
ON SENATORS TO RE-
VIVE THE BILLS?
The few of us who were interested
in what was going on watched close
ly for the company lobby to make
an appearance in the gallery, but
they were conspicuous by their alb
sence. However, we spotted them in
the senate waiting room to the left
of the senate where the door had
been conveniently propped open.
When the senator from Madison
made his motion TO reconsider AL
Wilkinson danced to the door, put
his ear to The hinge opening and dis
appeared. The wheels were in mo-
ton.
The debate on the floor conferred
on the question WHO is GOING TO
RUN THE STATE OF MONTANA.
Without any reflection on the mo-
tives@ of any senator, the answer
seems obvious.
There are few legislators wives
staying away from the sessions these
days. They sit through the sessions
and they attend the hearings. More |
power to them. 1t is time some of us
gals spoke little louder about these
;hings that are going to affect the
ives of all of us, and there's no
better place to get the dope, than a
so days training course at the legis-
ature.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1951-02-16

The recent delegation of Montana Farmers Union peo
pie who earned trips to Washington, DC, in the 1851
membership campaign got pretty brusque brushoff at
the hands of Montanas junior SENATOR Zaes n Ecton.
Here the details reported by Drew Pearson in his
merry C O. Round':
Here is how not to get reelected:
"A group of Montana farmers found Senator Zales
Ecton, himself Montana farmer in grumpy mood
the other day AS they ushered in his office
EctOn snorted angriy:
" L wish you people would quit bothering I
wish you would leave alone, so can get construc-
tive work done with some of my fellow senator's
without word the farmers turned their
heels and walked OUT
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1951-02-16

Ayes (53)
For Power Company
zimmerman McElwain
Anders Mountain
Andersen Norby
(Richland) O'Connor
Armstrong Omholt
Aronow Page
Atkinson (Granite)
Babich Page
Blewett (Missoula)
Bradley Peters
Bremen Phillips
Brownfield Pierce
Cowley Prill
Crist Reed
Dokken Rieder
Esp Rostad
Foley Sales
Freshman Schiltz
Fulton Scofield
Gebhardt Skibby
Haines Smith
(Flathead) Sykes
Haines Van Dyke
(Missoula) Watkins
Hauge Westlake
Item Wiedman
Leuthold Wilson
Loughran (Treasure)
Magnuson Working
Mccarthy
Nays (24)
For Montana People
Anderson Holtz
(Cascade) Karlberg
Barnard Lobe
Beck Lockridge
Blikken Macdonald
Clark Mcbride
Cook Michels
Corcoran Parker
Emmons Trip
Goodgame Trout
Graybill Valach
Harpster Wilson
Hess (Jud. Basin)
ABSENT: B arr t, Hanford,
hawks, Higgins, Jensen, Lien, Mack
", Nixon, Purdy, Seifert, and Taylor.
EXCUSED: Dryer, Sagunsky.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1951-02-16

EXCUSED: Duncan, Roehl.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1951-02-16

Nays (29)
Against Redistribution
Anderson Lindquist
(Chouteau) Mahoney
Aronson McKenna
Balgord McQuitty
Bristow Moss
Busch Nesvig
Cole Nutter
Cremer Padbury
Ebert PARROT
Evans Sawtell
Gardner Spear
Harken Toman
Hibbs Wallander
Keller Winters
Liggett Worden
EXCUSED: Duncan, Roehl.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1951-02-16

I'm discouraged as l write this
item. We just came back from hear
ings on lib 388 and HB 319. They
were held in the house chambers.
The place was packed. l ended up in
enemy territory. They had no way
of knowing was interested in hear
ing both sides of the question, of
course. Fortunately they had no way
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1951-02-16

ABSENT: B arr t, Hartford,
Hawks, Higgins, Jensen, Lien, Mack
ey, Nixon, Purdy, Seifert, and Taylor.
EXCUSED: Dwyer, Sagunsky.
The Wrangell sentinel., 1951-11-30
ACCA DRIVE CONTINUING

The Alaska Crippled Childrsn's s Association membership drive will continue into December Il was an uounced today by drive chairman Mrs. H. g Tbornquist. Those who have not sent in thsir sl member ship assessments are urged t5 do so immediately. 4 committee frgm the local chapter is also calling on persons who may have forgot b contribute to this worthy cause.
 All ACCA funds are matched b. the Territory on a 50-50 basis for orthopedic work and one-fourth of the funds collected locally remains in the community for similar work. To date only $67 has been sent in to the local chapter.
The Wrangell sentinel., 1951-11-30

l0R SALE - Cruiser zsz2 feet ,ous. Is months old See Bill Gross o. Bob WIakman. 51-4tp
The Wrangell sentinel., 1951-11-30
POCAHONTAS NEWS

At an impressive ceremony ..- Wednesday. thsee ueW meab.r were initiated into Nahenee e5uu- cil No. 1. Degree of Pocahanta- The new members initiated
 Mrs Bert McCav. Mrs. Wm - yist and Mrs Paul Torgrawsers
 Another initiation is planned for next Wednesdays meeting
 The December 19 meeting wil'
The Wrangell sentinel., 1951-11-30
20 OPEN SATURDAY PMS FOR XMAS MAILING

Postmaster E. R SharnbHoiah announced today that the post of flee will remain open Saturday af- ternoon- December lst and sts- until 500 pm. to enable patrons t0 mail Christmas parcels and cards
The Wrangell sentinel., 1951-11-30
MRS. WHITAKER SOUTH

Leaving for the south on the steamer Alaska next Monday will be Mrs Norman Whitaker and two children. Bob and Betty. They are taking the Whitaker ear south and will drive from Seattle to Sterling. Colorado. to visit Mrs Whitaker's mother and family for the holidays.
The Wrangell sentinel., 1951-11-30
Hcw 70 Keep Your Back oii Co:d Garage Floor

If you prefer doing your own
 auto maintenance work, this easily made creeper designed by one of our neighbors ought
 to save you time and trouble.
The Wrangell sentinel., 1951-11-30
AL2Ls0z | tLD
TYPEWRITERS ADDING MACH
 See ART NELSON

FOR SALE Redecora ed house completely furnished including ze- nth radio-phonograph. Also foz sale. girls lightweight bicycle aud Maytag washing machine in good condition See Margaret Simmons
 40 tie
The Wrangell sentinel., 1951-11-30

FOR sALE-1S ft. skiff. 10 h.p.
 h.p. Johnson sutboards. oars. tools. etc. S350. See Hershel Hard ing. 4S-ffc
The Wrangell sentinel., 1951-11-30

WANTED - Stone jar eight gallons or larger Wrang5l Steam Laundry. 52-tfc
Evening star., 1951-07-27

ready are involVed-may find
their names in disgracing head
lines before the investigation is
ended.
Where the dismal story will
break next is not known. The
latest disclosure here led to a
trusted protege in the household
of Bradley University's president
David Blair Owen.
Fred Schlictman, 21-year-old
Centralia junior student, told po-
lice last night that he had ac-
cepted $500 in payof money after
a fixed Bradley game with Ore
gon State last December. His was
the sixth tainted name on Brad
ley's powerful cage roster of last
season.
Denies Manipulating Score.
Schlictman denied, however,
that he had done anything to ma
nipulate the score of the game
Five of his teammates-All-Amer-
ica Gene Melchiorre, Aaron
Preece, Jim Kelly, Bud Grover
and Bill Mann-already have con-
fessed dealing with gamblers to
shave" points of games.
Michael A. Shore, Peoria Coun-
ty States attorney, says Mel
(See BASKETBALL. Page A-17.)
Evening star., 1951-07-27
Major Leaders
BY fhs Assoeioted Press
AMERICAN LEAGUE.


Batting Chased on $50 times at batl--
Mlnoso: Chicago. .34S; Coan, Washing
Runs..Minoso. Chicago, 70; Williams
Runs batted in-Williams. Boston. Sc:
Robinson. Chicago. so.
Hits-DiMaggio, Boston. 1876; Minosc
and Fox. Chicago, 1l5.
Doubles-Noren. WASHINGTON. 20; Di.
Was6iopt6o Was66iiG 6ost9a Fain Philadelphia; Yost
Triples-Minoso, Chicago. 1a; Fox, Chi
Home runs--zernial, Philadelphia. %
Williams Boston. 20.
Stolen bases,Busby, Chicago, Is; Mi,
: Pitching biased on nve decisions,-
Kinder, Boston. II, .s75; Feller, cleve-
land, I5-3, s33; Morgan, New York
Rasehi, New York, 60
Wynn. Cleveland. 80.
NATIONAL LEAGUE.
BattIng-Musial, St. Louis 1858: Ash.
burn, Philadelphia, $3.50.
Rqns-Hodges Brooklyn. SO; Kiner
Runs batted in-Kiner. Pittsburgh. 6s
Westlake, st. Louis and snider. Brook.
" ] IHits-Ashburn, Philadelphia. 14o; Mu
sial; 81: Louis, IA; , -
wryostek. sgks cincinnati' hHs0; Sa. '00Ai'"' ant
Triples-:Bell Pittsburgh, 8; Musial
Home runs + sges. Brooklyn, 80
Kiner. Pittsburgh, -
Stolen bases-Jethroe, Boston, 81; Rcb'
lnien Pitehinsm RlSa Roe. Brooklyn. 1872, .s15
Brecheen. st. Louis. OIL. .s57.
Strikeouts-Newcombe. Brooklyn, 80
SPAIN, Boston. 81.
Evening star., 1951-07-27
Gdbby VoIImer Just Won't 7 ak,
But Teammates Do 1t for Him

Vollmer plunged into a deep
silence that was not shared by
his teammates.
Clyde's timely hitting, which
has clinched 13 of Boston's last
10 games, causes more excitement
among his teammates than does
the American Leagues current
four-eornered battle for first
place. Most impressed of all is
Ted Williams, rated as baseball's
most avid student of hitting.
Clyde's Salary Boosted.
Williams, reputed to draw down
$125 900 a season for his slugging,
continues awed by Vollmer's game
winning batting technique. Ac-
cording to reports. Vollmer's SAL
airy was boosted from $500 to
$12.500 by Owner Tom Yawkey
about 10 days ago.
Until I saw Vollmer get going,
I always thought Jimmy Foxx was
the most powerful long distance
hitter I ever saw" Williams said.
But Clyde did not become con-
sistent until recently"
Since he has played in only SIS
of the Red Sox 80 games this sea-
son. Vollmer has no chance of
threatening Rabe Ruth's 60 record
or Foxx's So mark for right
handed sluggers.
But with four more games left
to play in July, Vollmer can aim
at the one-month record total of
18 homers made by Rudy York
when he was with the Detroit
Tigers.
Vollmer has Dashed IL so far
this month
Evening star., 1951-07-27
By Joe Reichler
Associated Press Sports Writer

NEW YORK. July 27.-Joe Di-
Maggie sat in front of his locker,
stripped of his baseball gear, puff
ling absent-mindedly on a ciga-
lrette. He was alone except for a
close friend.
All around him teammates were
still talking about Wednesdays
dramatic 81 victory over the
Cleveland Indians. Prospects of
three straight over the Tribe ap-
ipeared bright as Allie Reynolds,
who had beaten Cleveland four
times this season, was due to
pitch.
DiMaggio watched silently for a
while, then spoke for the first
time.
Notice the way we've been win
ming them lately-1-0, 2-1, So?
The pitchers have been carrying
nearly all the load. The boys
have been in hitting slump.
Maybe ! should talk about my
self only" he added with A rue
Iful grin. II haven't been@ doing
lanything to help the club. just
Evening star., 1951-07-27
Big Four American League Race Switching Opponents Tonight
Mats Protest Night Play
Prior to Browns Twin Bill

and Pat Mullin. They added an
other in the third inning when
Mullin doubled after Kell and
Kryhoski singled.
Hudson Yields Run in Sixth.
Hudson gave the Tigers a run
in the sixth when Vic Wertz
singled and Mullin, Aaron Robin
son and Charley Keller walked.
That 3-3 situation existed un-
til the eighth, when Detroit
whacked Harris for three runs.
With one out Johnny Lipon
walked and Bob Swift singled him
to third. Trout dropped a bunt
down the first base line and Lipon
scored when Vernon's throw to
Catcher Mike Guerra was high.
Connie Berry doubled across Swift
and Trout to clinch the decision.
Mickey Grasso was ordered from
the game in the sixth inning when
he voiced diSapproval of a decision
by Ed Hurley, plate umpire, Hur-
ley called a ball, Mickey thought
it was a strike and said so too
emphatically.
Evening star., 1951-07-27
DiMog Knows What's Wrong,
But Can't Do Anything About 1t

can't seem to buy a base hit"
Later he went hitless, in yester-
days game, getting on base only
once, and then by a walk.
Since DiMaggio himself broach-
ed the subject, one felt free to ask !:
Whats the matter. Joe? Can
you account for your failure to
hit the way you used to?"
DiMaggio didn't answer for a
minute. He got up, blew a cloud
of smoke and tipped the cigarette
away.
YES" he answered. IT know
what's the matter with me. I'm
not getting the old snap into my
swing"
DiMaggio cooked his wrists and
(See DiMAGGIO, Page A-17.)
Evening star., 1951-07-27
By Burton Hawkins

After two days OF being exposed
to the sun, the Mats are booked
for two successive night games
with the Browns and they're
Isquawking about being forced to
play under the lights tomorrow
night prior to Sunday double
header.
Mickey Harris, the Mats player
representative, is expected to pro-
test to Clark Griffith that such
schedule is unreasonable, but
about all it's expected to get him
is vocal exercise.
Several years ago when the Pas
quel brothers were throwing a
Mexican League scare into the
major leagues, cluboWners gave
hired hands virtually anything
they asked to remain faithful.
Among other promises, they said
a night game would not precede
a double-header.
Due for Wastebasket File.
But the Pasquel brothers re-
turned to their enchilladas, the
Mexican League went poof and
might games now precede double
headers. Mickey's protest is likely
to be filed in the wastebasket, if
for no other reason than Wash
ington is slumping badly at the
gate in weekday daylight games.
In 10 weekday day games here
the Mats have attracted an aver
age of 5,400 as against an average
of nearly double that figure at
night. And two day games with
Detroit, which drew a total of
6,499, indicate attendance would
be progressively worse at day
games as the season progresses.
Only 3,430 customers turned
out yesterday as the Mats dropped
a 6-3 decision to the Tigers,
who STAYED off Washington'S bid
for fifth place by slamming Sid
Hudson and Mickey Harris, the
loser, for 13 hits.
MarrerO Pitching Tonight.
Chico Marrero, trying for a
10th victory, will pitch the opener
of the four-game series with the
Browns, who will counter with
big Jim Mcdonald, once with
the Red So4. Satchel Paige,
famed Negro righthander recently
signed by the Browns, is ex-
pected to pitch Sunday.
Sherman Lollar, hard-hitting
Browns catcher, will be out of
action for few days because of
Ia spike wound suffered last night
in the third inning of a game
with the Athletics. Eddie Joost
slid into Lollar as he attempted
to score from second,
The Mats stirred up only four
hits against Bob Cain, Ted Gray
and Dizzy Trout yesterday, but
owned a 80 lead in the fifth
when Cain left after walking
Hudson. Eddie Yost and Gil Coan
successfully with none out.
Irv Noren's long fly to center
and Mickey Vernon's inheld out
produced two runs and Sam
Mele's single to center scored
Coan with the run that lifted
Washington into temporary COM
mand.
/ The Tigers had picked up a
run in the first inning on singles
by George Kell, Dick Kryhoski
Evening star., 1951-07-27
BY The Assoeioted Press

BOSTON. July 27.-It's only 315
feet to the left-field wall in Fen
way Park, but clutch-hitting
Clyde Vollmer is the first Red Sox
right-handed batter to hit three
home runs in one game in the
parks 39-year history.
And that prodigious slugging
feat has been performed on those
premises by only three others.
Ken Keltner did it for Cleveland
back in 1941, Ted Williams for the
Red Sox in 1946, the day Lou
Boudreau was inspired to invent
his still-famous shift, and the In
dians' Roberto Avila did it on
Cleveland's last trip here. One of
the latter's four -baggers, however
was an inside-the-parxer.
Even when reminded of this
claim to baseball fame, Vollmer
continued acting as self conscious
and evasive as a kid spending his
first day in new school,
He Just Won't Talk.
I'm not saying anything about
the kind of balls 1 like to hit
and the pitchers that are easy
for me-" Vollmer protested after
his third homer enabled the Red
Sox to gain yesterdays 1910 win
over the Chicago White Sox. He
now has total of II four bag
gers.
I've been around long enough
to know that guys who shoot of
their mouths about such matters
generally wind up with a foot in
side their teeth" he explained
I'm very happy about everything
but I'm not doing any talking"
Thereupon the self effacine
Evening star., 1951-07-27
Ross, Sir Barton Owner, Dead;
Owned ShowpIoce Near Laurel

Comdr. J. K. L. Ross, Canadian
sportsman, whose Sir Barton was
the first winner of the American
Triple Crown, died Wednesday in
the West Indies after a long ILL
ness, the Associated Press reported
yesterday from Montreal.
He formerly owned the Laurel
Park Farm, showplace on the
Washington Baltimore boulevard
north of Laurel. Besides Sir Bar
ton, the Ross racing stable also
included Cudgel and the popular
Billy Kelly, who ran second to his
IStablemate in the 1919 Kentucky
Derby. The Ross horses were
trained by the veteran H. Guy
IBedwell, who still is active on the
Maryland tracks.
Buried at Sea.
Comdr. Ross, Montreal philan-
thropist, sportsman and business
man, was rs and had been in i'll
health for some time. He was
buried at sea yesterday near his
home at Montego Bay. Jamaica.
The Ross estate near Laurel
now is the site of the Laurel
Raceway. owned by Richard H.
Hutchison. sr. The 373-acre
estate was. bought by Hutchinson
at auction in 1887 from Raj Parr,
who had. purchased it from the
Baltimore Trust Co. in 1929 fol-
lowing the bankruptcy of Comdr
Ross.
The farm brought only $78, 700
at auction, yet the Candadian
had spent nearly 100000 in de-
veloping the place. A ls-mile
enclosed training track alone cost
$3.50 900.
Laurel Park Farm formerly