davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-03-11

Costly Military
BIunder in Indian
Wars Is Recalled
By Fletcher r. IsbeII

Seventy-five years ago a little
fight on the Western frontier set
the course Of the Indian wars. It
was not much of an affair as
military engagements go, and
today it is not even dignified as
a battle. But the Importance of
Reynolds Fight on March II,
1876, on Powder River down in
the southeastern corner of Mon
tana, lies not in casualties in
ficted, but in the events it later
brought forth. To Sioux and
Cheyenne it served as a Lexing-
ton, a Fort Sumter or a Pearl
Harbor.
The Northern Plains had been
in ferment for some years. AL
ready there was a record Of out
RACES, both Indian and white, Of
considerable length. The Govern
ment forbade traders to sell arms
and ammunition to Indians, but
the Indian Bureau handed them
out as presents. thus keeping in
tact the left hand, right hand
Governmental tradition. While
the War Department was sending
out troops to hold down the In
dians, the Interior Department
kept itself busy arming the
hostiles. 1t also had in effect a
Sioux policy of Feed 'em or
fight EN-" issuing beef to all who
would be good"
Warning Issued
But the treaty of Fort Laramie,
made eight years previously, was
not working. Beef and presents
did not take the fight out of the
Sioux. The effect was just the
opposite. The promise of the
white man to stay out of Sioux
country was not being kept; gold
had been discovered in the Black
Hills. The commissioner of In
dian Affairs reported "the utter
impracticability of keeping Amer
leans out of a country where gold
is known to exist, by any force
of orders, or of United States
cavalry, or by any consideration
of the rights of others"
The United States tried to buy
the Black Hills. The Sioux weren't
selling. White communities were
organized in the hills, call
ing for troop protection. Some
body conceived the idea that if
troops were used to drive the Sioux
into the Indian agencies, they
could be persuaded" there to sell
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-03-11

hungry command back toward
Gen. Crooks camp in bitter
weather, and he insisted that half
a dozen Of his Indian scouts drive
the TOO captured ponies along
with them.
One of his captains volunteered
to have his men take over the
ponies. It is debatable how many
horses one man can cope with, but
rs or 80 Is a high figure, even
under good conditions. and six
scouts could not hope to handle TOO.
Even so, the captains troops
could not either. Cheyennes and
Sioux got the ponies back before
Col. Reynolds reached Gen. Crooks
camp. There he found the In
dams had also stolen Gen. Crooks
beef herd.
Reynolds Arrested
With no beef, out Of supplies,
in deep, bitter cold. hampered by
sick, wounded and frostbitten SOL
diers, Gen. Crook managed to get
back to Fort Fetterman. He
promptly put Col. Reynolds under
arrest and filed charges against
him. The record shows Col. Reyn-
olds retired the next year, at 81.
Regardless of their hardships.
neither Gen. Crook. Col. Reynolds
nor Gen. William Tecumseh Sher-
man, who forwarded a report on
the Reynolds Fight, thought at
the time it had much significance.
They all erred. For when the
twilight of late winter faded on
the smoking ruins of Chief Two
Moons camp, rs years ago, it
faded also on all hopes Of a peace
with the Northern Plains Indians.
The Cheyennes dug up the Ratchet;
there was no more powwow about
going in to the agencies; they
knew they had been ruthlessly at
tackled even while at peace. The
Ogallala were outraged, for they
saw that Grouard, who had lived
long as one of them, now was
leading troops against them. And
Sitting Bull, secure in his camp,
waited for them. and they came
to see him.
The result of Reynolds Fight
was Sitting Bulls war. But that
is another story.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-03-11
Biological Sabotage
By fronk Corey

A cuddly stuffed doll a
fireworks bomb a shamrock
from the ould sod -.
Any Of these could camou-
f1age a biological warfare attack
on Americas rich farms and
ranches.
So could the hay or straw
used as a packing for religious
statues or other fragile articles.
So might garbage from ships.
But Uncle Sans agents are
well trained to meet such tricks
if they should come. Many au-
thorities believe the Nations ag-
riculture would be the most
likely target of the biological
saboteur.
Inspectors for the United
States Department of Agricul-
lures Division of Foreign Plant
Quarantine for decades have
been intercepting crop damag-
ing insects accidentally imported
in unusual ways.
Such insects have actually
been found in the stuffing of an
imported doll. in the clay pack
ing of a fireworks bomb, in the
soil clinging to shamrocks
mailed from Ireland for st.
Patrick's Day and in many an
other odd place.
And officials of the depart
ment's Bureau Of Animal Indus
try say that even in peacetime
they have to be constantly on
the alert lest viruses of the great
cattle plagues-rinderpe stand
foot-and-mouth disease-and Of
certain devastating poultry dis
eases gain entry.
That is why there are rigid
restrictions on imports Of hay
and straw and firm regulations
for the disposal Of meat and
poultry garbage by ships coming
from infested countries.
An outbreak of foot-and-
mouth disease in 1929 among
hogs on a California ranch was
traced to shipboard garbage.
The bureau has rigid inspec-
ton and quaran line methods to
check on all live animals and on
imported meat and poultry
products, but the, bureau. and
other cooperating Government
agencies. are kept on the hop
checking on immigrants who
sometimes try to smuggle in
such homeland favorites as
salami hidden in clothing or in
false bottoms Of luggage.
Passenger baggage meat" is
strictly forbidden. Yet inspec-
tors have found as much as 50,-
900 pounds on a single ship.
Saboteurs might attempt such
shenanigans. they say, with
purposely infected meat.
Experts are agreed that inter-
ception of open" biological
warfare attackS-the spreading
of crop pests and the germs of
human and animal diseases with
bombs, guided missiles or aerial
sprays-is a matter of outright
military defense.
Alert to Sabotage
But the thwarting of sneak"
attacks must depend largely.
they say, on more intense use
of the detection and public
health practices that man has
long employed to cope with
mother natures own biological
warfare"
They warn there is no abso-
lutte protection against purpose
full introduction of germs and
pests. Thus, they say. it is nee
essary for all agencies concerned
with health-and for the public
at large-to be on the alert.
Various experts have pointed
out that saboteurs might at
tempt to introduce germs of
human diseases into ventilating
systems Of auditoriums, indus
trial plants and other crowded
places. Civil defense authori-
ties have suggested further re-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-03-11

search on SQeClal IuLerlng dc.
vices.
Officials have warned that
saboteurs might attempt to in
troduce germs into water sup
plies at points in the water
system far removed from filtra-
ton and chlorination.
They say cafeterias, bakeries.
diaries. kitchens and possibly
soft-drink distribution plants
will require greatest vigilance
against the food saboteur.
The saboteur would know that
his best bet would be to spread
his germs on foods consumed
without cooking (such as milk
and SALADS or cooked foods
ready for serving.
Experts on animal diseases
are aware that a saboteur might
attempt to use such unusual
tactics as tampering with vac
cines.
Along the Mexican border the
Bureau of Animal Industry
maintains stiff defense against
the foot and mouth disease
present in Mexico. People who
even walk through areas where
the disease is active must clean
the bottoms of their shoes with
I've before they may enter the
United States. A Saboteur,
seeking to introduce foot-and-
mouth germs into this country
by the shoe route, would get
similar treatment, although the
agents say they doubt an enemy
agent would use such a difficult
method.
Other Devices
Agents of the Governments
. Foreign Plant Quarantine Divi-
sion have frequently opened en-
velopes from Ireland containing
freshly picked shamrocks. In
the soil on their roots was found
a creature called the golden
nematode," one of the worlds
worst potato pests.
Any plant package containing
soil is verboten. The experts
believe Japanese beetles orig
inally got into this country in
clumps of soil.
Use of seed cotton as pack
ing material is also forbidden.
1t could contain the dread pink
boil worm, a scourge of cotton.
Rice straw may be infested with
the "Asiatic rice borer." Straw
wrappers in imported wine bot
ties have been found to contain
wild vetch riddled with weevils.
Even in peacetime all nursery
stock imported from countries
known to have specific tree dis
ease problems is first grown in
quarantine before being re-
ACoocO 1Or general use.
The Agriculture Department
also is on the alert to detect
poisonous weeds. Some of these
have accidentally gotten into
this country. their seeds pre-
sumably mixed with other i'm
ported materials.
Some years ago halogeton, a
poisonous plant from Central
Asia was accidentally intro
duced. Containing oxalic acid,
it has gained a foothold in GER
tain Western range States, kill
Ing thousands of stock animals,
especially sheep.
The Governments insect and
plant disease fighters grant
there Is no magic method for
keeping everything out, but
they say: :
THE United States has had
to fight more different insects
and plant diseases than any
other country in the world
largely because up until 1912 we
had no adequate quarantine
measures. OF the 600-odd in
sect pests which annually cause
So billion crop damage. the
large majority are undesirable
aliens and most Of them be-
came established here before
1912"
Distributed by the Associated press.)
Evening star., 1951-05-12

Major harbor developments at
Latakia are being contracted for
by Syria.
Evening star., 1951-05-12
Legion Chief Assals
u. ). Foreign Policy
BY the Associated Press

ST. LOUIS, May 12-The ma
tional commander of the American
Legion sharply assailed the admin
istrations foreign policy today and
called for an immediate all-out
effort by America to win the war
in Korea.
This is the first time in Amer
ican history that we have gone
into a war afraid that we might
make our enemy mad" Comdr
Erie Cooke, jr., said in a speech
prepared for a celebration of the
Legion's founding in ST. Louis 81
years ago.
"a war is justified for one rea-
son alone and that is victory" the
29-year -old commander declared
THE Chinese Reds have elected
to fight us. They are doing every
thing they can to whip us. Yet
our troops are ordered to pull
their punches.
Mr.. Cooke said America is play
ing into Russia's hands by it's eau
tious policy in the Far East, anc
added: What we must recognize
Immediately is that America must
fight communism in self defense
and fight it with everything Amer
lea has-and right now!"
Evening star., 1951-05-12
DC. Shopping Brisk
AS Thousands Seek
Gifts for Mother S Day

Crowds on r street and In the
scattered shopping centers of the
Capital were augmented today by
thousands hunting for mother
For tomorrow is Mothers Day
legally established by resolutions
passed by the Congress and the
Legislatures of most of the States.
Florist shops were arrayed with
g. wealth of spring flowers. Moth
er,s Day for years has been the
biggest post Easter holiday In the
trade. SJeweiry counters were well
stocked with costume jeWelry. for
mother has been becoming younger
in gift preference.
But more practical items also
carried cards saying they would
make ideal gifts for mother-re-
minders. alas. that her work is
never done. These included elec-
trio sewing machines, vacuum
cleaners and washing machines.
Among the events scheduled for
the day is the. 9th annual OBJ
servance of the American Wat.
Mothers at 2 pm. in The amphi-
tifeater of the Tomb of the Un-
known Soldier In Arlington Gene
terry. Representative Van Zandt,
Republican, Of Pennsylvania. will
speak.
Evening star., 1951-05-12
Gen. Young 10 Remain
On Job Temporarily

An Army order transferring En-
gineer Commissioner Gordon R.
Young to a medical holding de-
tachnent at Walter Reed Hospi-
tai has been revoked SO that Gen.
Young can remain officially on
the job until his successor takes
office.
Col. Bernard L. Robinson, divi-
sion engineer for the South At
lantic Division, Corps of Engi-
neers, at Atlanta, Ga, has been
appointed to succeed Gen. Young,
who has been recommended by
an Army medical board for re-
tirement.
It is not certain when Col. Rob-
inson will take Office. Gen. Young
expects his retirement to go
through by the end of this month
Meanwhile, Gen. Young was re-
stored to duty in order to avoid
any possibility that the District
would be legally without an en-
gineer commissioner. The law
provides that an assistant engi-
neer commissioner may act in the
absence or disability of the city
head. 1t makes no provision for
this when the post is vacant.
Evening star., 1951-05-12
By the Asa .ioted Press

ANN ARBOR, Mich, May 12.-
City police and the University OF
Michigan inquired today into
street attacks on two men stu
dents. one the victim OF dry
ice treatment"
The attacks apparently were not
, connected, police said. Two
youths were under arrest in the
less serious of the two. Culprits
in the other, one possibly girl,
were sought.
Burned on his hands and feet
by applications of dry ice, George
r. Cox, 18. freshman from Chey-
enne. Wyo., was reported recov-
erlng in University Hospital.
Cox, who also suffered broken
nose and dislocated jaw. said he
was set upon and beaten early May
by a group of youths. He be-
lieved one to be girl.
Lets get that dumb college
boy and pack him in dry ice fol-
posterity," Cox said he heard one
say.
Cox said he "blacked out" twice
and revived to find himself on the
lawn of his Phi Kappa Psi Frater.
nifty house. With feet and hand:
burned, he said he had crawlee
two blocks on his elbows ane
knees. 80.
The police inquiry was belated
Ofhcers sad they were not in
Evening star., 1951-05-12
Effort 10 Find Space
For 5000 Defense
Workers Is Futile

Government space-control off,
GERS, it was learned today. have
turned the city inside out in fu-
tile efforts to provide needed Of
fice accommodations for about
5000 defense workers.
These are the tag-end of the
17,325 employees added by the de-
partment in the fiscal year end
ing June 80. s
General Services Administrator
Jess Larson reminded the House
Armed Services Committee of this
critical situation in reporting that
he had carried out the commit
tees direction to drop negotia-
tions for leasing two apartment
houses. This expensive space
was sought by GSA in the Boston
House at Seventeenth street and
Massachusetts, avenue and State
House at Twenty-second street
and Massachusetts, avenues, ex-
elusive Northwest areas.
A Defense spokesman pointed
out that the 5000 additional en-
ployes for whom proper space is
lacking are additions to existing
units and do not involve new
operations. For this reason, he
said, they must be crowded into
into existing Offices even though
these are already terribly
crowded" 1t makes for an entire
ly unsatisfactory condition, it was
explained. A.,
The Defense Department said
1t needs about 100000 square feet
of space for the 5000 workers.
Space control officials said there
just isn't that much new space
available right now. In addition
to this Defense requirement, GSA
also has the problem of finding
about 100000 square feet of office
space for other civilian defense
agencies that are attempting to
expand.
Continuous surveys are being
made to find new accommodations
but these are usually in small
lots in an odd assortment of
buildings. The defeat of the dis
persal decentralization program,
which would have sent thousands
out of Washington, has added to
the problem. Yet officials said
that temporary workers are still
being brought into town.
Evening star., 1951-05-12
Arlington Bridge Players
Win Mixed Pair Title

Mrs. w. D. Evans and S.sH.
Gerber, both of Arlington, last
night won the mixed-pair title
of the sixth annual Potomac VAL
ley contract bridge tournament
being held at the Shoreham Ho-
tel.
They topped the 76-pair field
with 20912 match points, four
ahead of Mr.. and Mrs. D. J. Har-
pis of Alexandria. Mrs. Jenny
Bryant and Israel Cohen, both of
Washington, finished third.
In the opening session yester-
day afternoon, Mrs. Marianne
Boschan and Miss Kathleen Nc
Mutt captured the women's pair
crown. second awards going to
Mrs. G. N. Poulieff and Mrs. D. E.
Stephan. All are Washingtonians
Mrs. Amy Behrend and Mrs. H. E.
Whitaker, both of Baltimore, took
third honors in this event.
Wallace l.. Ashby and David S.
Murray were winners in the mems
pair match. Runnersup were DR..
w. S. Benedict and Larry Rey-
nolds, Louis Fruitman and r. E.
Mullen finishing third. All are
members of the Washington
Bridge League, which is sponsor
ing the tournament.
The series concludes tomorrow
with team of -four contest, the
first session beginning at | pm.
Evening star., 1951-05-12
; Girls Held in Bond
In Attack on Youth
BY the Associated Press

WESTERLY. R. l., May 12.-
Everett F.. Amaral, handsome,
curly-haired and 81, told yester-
day how three girls terrified"
him with a long -bladed knife
and forced him Into intimacy with
"the short dumpy one"
The three girls, their identity
in question, were held in $1,000
bail each, charged with being
lewd and lascivious and with dis
orderly conduct.
Amaral, whose home is in Grams
ton, described the two other girls
as very pretty-one with red
hair. the other brunette" =
They were hitchhikers he picked
up last night as he headed for
fishing at Narragansett Pier, he
said. .-.% sfts r.
When he stopped to let them
out, he said. one girl drew the
knife and forced him into the
buChs SCeAAs - - !
The short dumpy one" he said,
Jumped on me" while the knife
girl held the weapon almost at
my face" The third girl drove
the car to lonely road In
|Charlestown, r. l., where he said
he was forced to submit to inter-
course.
Then. he said, the girls drove
him to Pawcatuck, Conn. They
stopped there and sent him into a
drugstore OF get bottle of perox-
|lde. They'd decided to become
blondS. .
Amaral called the police instead
The girls were booked as Eileen
H. Reposa, Barbara Reposa and
Eunice r. Miller" They were
|arraigned in night court, pleaded
innocent and were held for trial
May Is. .< -~.-.r-...... .
All three said at first that they
were 81 years old. but State police
announced later they learned both
the ages and the names were fic-
titious in the case of the "Reposa'
girls. l.
Evening star., 1951-05-12

jackson White OF Clarendon First
Baptist Church, at II 40 am. over
WEAM. @
Weekday speakers each day will
be the Rev. Paul M Kavasch of
Our Savior Lutheran Church, at
8:45 am. over WARL, and the
Rev. Paul R. Hunter ssof Rock
Spring Congregational Church, at
1915 am. over WEAM.
Evening star., 1951-05-12
Rev. Gould to Preach

The Rev, P. Gordon Gould. OF
Philadelphia, field representative
|of the Board of Home Missions
and Church Extension of the
Methodist Church for Alaska, will
be guest speaker at II am. to-
morrow in Epworth Methodist
Church, Thirteenth street at
North Carolina avenue NE.
Evening star., 1951-05-12
Droadcasfs Scheduled By Churches in Arlington

Religious services will be broad
cast tomorrow through next Fri
day from Arlington churches over
Church Of the Air"
Tomorrow's speakers will be the
Rev. H. H. Smith, jr., of Com
munity Methodist Church, at II
am. over WARL. and the Rev. M.
Evening star., 1951-05-12
Girl Circus Aeriolist
Missing, Sought Here

Police today were asked to
search for Miss 10 Powers. 20,
a circus aerialist, who vanished
after appearing with the Shrine
Circus here last month.
MINIS Powers wired her mother
in Tampa, Fla. that she would
arrive there May 1. She has not
been heard from since. At the
request of her mother. Tampa
police asked Washington police to
search for, her. Miss Powers is
a blue-eyed blond, s feet 2 inches
tall and weighs los pounds
Evening star., 1951-05-12
ChopIuin's Widow to Talk

I Mrs. Peter Marshall. the widow
Iof DR.. Peter Marshall, who was
United States Senate chaplain
and minister of New York Avenue
Presbyterian Church, will speak
at a Mothers Day breakfast at
70 am. tomorrow in Central
Branch YMCA, 1886 G street NV.
Evening star., 1951-05-12
Police and Michigan U. Probing
'Drv Ice Attack on 2 Students

formed of the incident until six
days later.
Yesterday police said two youths
admitted the unprovoked slugging
of Joe Venniri, Crawford IN. Jo
student.
Held for investigation. were Den
mis- Petris, 20, and a companion,
IT. The latter. police said, ad-
mitted reaching out a car window
and striking. Venirfi as he walked
along a street with girl. -Venirri
was not seriously hurt.
Evening star., 1951-05-12
3 WAYS TO PROPERTY

Drive; out penno. Ave. Sc, turn
right on Bronch Ave. to Silver Hill,
follow Route 5 to T. 3. Trionele,
then Route 3ol to Waldorf, left ot
Waldorf, thru HuehsvilIe stroioht
oheod, follow our signs.
Out Control Ave. to Groin Hwy. (Rt.
3ol1, right to Waldorf.
Over South Copitol St. Bridge to
Indian Head Hwy obout 10 miles,
turn teft OF Accokeek Market to
Amoco stotion, beor right to WoIdorf.
Evening star., 1951-05-12
Communion Breakfast

A communion breakfast for the
men Of the Shrine Of the BLESSED
Sacrament parish will be held
at 9:15 am. tomorrow in the
Shoreham Hotel. The breakfast
win follow a mass at s am. in
the Shrine of the Blessed Sacra-
ment. COOL Western avenue NV.
Evening star., 1951-05-12

CAPE ST. MARY'S offers heolthfuI,
life-eiving tonic for children and
oil the fomiIy in the puneent scent
Of verdont woodlands, and sandy
beaches, combined with sparkling
sunshine and the tong of invigorot-
ing salt dir. CAPE ST. MARY'S
offers excellent boating, bothine
and fishing. Crobs and oysters ore
obundont.
, 1951-08-21

pous, and his speech is likely to
be simple, hon1ely, piahy and
couched in the vernacular. He has
an enormous sense Of humor and
scant patience with stuffed shirts.
In an age when no one can keep
servants, he is surrounded BY a
staff that has been in hA service
from 20 to 40 years. He lives in
an enormuos Fifth Avenue apart
ment, handy to the Central Park
bench on which he likes to sit in
the sur and chat with any one who
passes by.
, 1951-08-21
AS 1T STANDS, the hue and

AS 1T STANDS, the hue and
cry over Caldwell appears to have
died down., and he is still carrying
on at the same stand. The NAA-
CP has made it's greatest contri-
button to our national welfare
through it's legal machinery. It's
able special counsel, Thurgood
Marshall, given a peg upon which
to hang a legal principle, has prov
ed to be a most formidable advo-
cate. He functions we'll in this
role, but both he and the
Association suffer when they
venture into a purely propaganda
campaign. Once the NAACP's
high command takes a position
which, of course, should not be
adopted without careful consid-
Grafton and study of all possible
consequences, it must be prepared
to finish the fight or at least
keep it alive. The NAACP is too
important an organization and its
prestige too great to lose battles
when such could mean a stimuli
taneous loss of face.
, 1951-08-21

Frequently, all these "don't"
are violated. On occasions they
are violated deliberately for the
purpose of upsetting some kind Of.
balance, or of merely raising an
issue. However, they should notbe
taken seriously. All this leads up
to the dispute over Civil Defense
Director Willard Caldwell, form
err Governor of Florida. The MA
ACP and other organizations, in
opposing his appointment by
President Truman, stopped just
short of asking Negroes every
where not to cooperate with Civil
Defense officials as long as Cald-
we'll remained head of the setup.
Knowing the President as the MA
ACP obviously does, it must have
known that the chances of Cald-
wells being fired or asked to re-
sign, were most remote. 1t ap-
pears, then that knowing that, the
Association should have been pre-
pared to prosecute it's fight with
such vigor that public opinion
would have forced some action
either a satisfactory statement OF
policy by Caldwell or his custer.