davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1951-08-17
Foreign Exchange

NEW YORK, Aug. II tP.-Foreign ex-
enange rates follow Great Britain in dol
Canadian dollar in New York open mar
ket 5A per cent discount or 94.75 cents.
up EnropeaSreat u 9I seas Britsi, tro,nn ,o,,
unchanged; 80 day futures, S.So,s. IN,
CHANGED: chhanged: 60 day futures, 2.s0,., un-
ehanssed geen 70 day futures 2sSoiI un
CHANGED: France drancl, .2sss Of a cent.
UNCHANGED; Holland (guilder). $3.50, of
:O2 OF cent; Italy .nira). .16A Of a cent.
changed; Sweden krona), 1885 I'M
changed; Switzerland drancj (free), 23'o3.
unchanged ' ~"'o"'
Latin America--Argentina 0ree). 71s
unchanged; Brazil dree). $50, UNCHANGED:
Mexico. l1.57, unchanged; Venezuela
(bolivarl. 5000, unchanged.
,,,rs rsr 1 Esst-Hong Kong dollar, 1880,
Evening star., 1951-08-17

ton in the w.
C. & A. N. Mil
Ter D e v e ! op =
ment Co. leaves
this progressive
real estate firm
in the guidance
of younger and
e X p er i e n C ed
members of the
family.
Dion S. Bir-
ney, a veteran
dire C or, was
elected C h a i r
m an of tn e
board, succeed
Evening star., 1951-08-17
Lever Soop Prices CUT

NEW YORK, Aug. IT (P-
Lever Brothers Co.. soap manu-
tacturers. today announced re-
auctions ranging from 3.6 tc
90 per cent in the wholesale prices
OF soap and detergent products
due to a downward trend IN raw
materials"
Evening star., 1951-08-17
Robert F. Carney Elected
Advertising Chairman
By the Assocjc,ed Press

NEW YORK, Aug. 17.-Robert
F. Carney has been elected chair.
man of the board of Foote, Cone
& Belding. advertising agency. He
succeeds Fairfax M. Cone who
was named president. Don Beld.
ing, who had been president, re-
sumes his former position as
chairman of the Executive Com.
mittee.
Mr.. Carney had been the senior
partner of the Chicago law firm
of Carney, Crowell & Lehman.
Evening star., 1951-08-17

Hourly Sales Oh the ExchanEs To-day;
100 am 2so .oo l2'uU noon $50 600
100 pm so oou goo p.m 600 900
ruptcy or recelverShip or being reorganized
under the Bankruptcy Act or securities
dends in ' the foregoing table are annual
DISBURSEMENTS based on the last quarterly
|or semiannual declaration Unless other
not included cid Called xEx-diVidend.
xr Ex rights Also extra or extras Plus
stock dividend Cash or stock Paid
cash value on ex-Gividend date De-
clared or paid so. far this wear, B De-
clareo or paid, after stock dividend or
accumulative issue with dividends In arr
rears. . Pad this year. dividends omitted,
Evening star., 1951-08-17
Oil-Products Use Hioh

NEW YORK.-About $50 mil.
lion gallons of oil products, nearly
2 billion pounds. are used each day
In the United States.
Evening star., 1951-08-17
Metal Quotations

j NEW YORK, Aug IL R.-spot metal
prices today: Copper. 24Ha cents . pound
connecticut Valley. Lead, II cents
pound, New York. Zinc, 17l5 cents q
pound. East st. Louis. Tin, / 03 pound
New York. Scrap steel, No. heavy, A 90
Pittsburgh.
Evening star., 1951-08-17
IN. Y. Bond Market
Furnished By the As.eciated Press,

hSSOcl4Le0 freS9.D
Y SELECTED ISSUES
Mo-Pac IS n F 1885
Mo-Pac 5s 7s0 lo6i5
Mo-Pac 5s s0H loeia
Mo Pac 5s 81 l. lceHs
Mo-Pa, Is 70 90
IMor&E3122000 s6N
Nat Steel 3s 65 lo2
N o Term As 63 1o1
N Y c 5s 2013 74lIs
lNYC4 hs2013A- e7M
YC As 98 o3l4
NYCHR 3Las 81 7sA
NYCMC 3Ias9S 81
NYNHin4las'22 543z
NY P&L 2AS75 s65A
No Pac 4las .5 1o45z
PennRR4as65 1oo5ls
Phil EI 2Szs 81 SSi5
PhPetcv2sss75 l37
PCCSL 33as 75 63ih
SLSF 4 "a 2022 s2iE
SLSF As 81 96M
} SeabinA 1as2016 68ik
So Pac 4ias 81 s5
80 Pac 4ks 50 e8its
5oPac4 L2sOrT7 1907
J So Pac cv $3.50 - I2l
So Ry As 56 1914
! StdOilNJ2z s74 oSNt
std OilN.J2sas7l 1874
, Tex Cp 3s 65 1o2st
J Third Ave bsfi0 p
Vanad 3las 65 112ih
> Va Ry 3s SO o6ls
WPenP 3las 66 los
b Whist cv3565 lo9
Evening star., 1951-08-17

deferred or no action taken at last diyi-
dend meeting wDeclared or Id in
dividend. 3 Payable In stock, exact cash
value undetermined ON declaration date,
Evening star., 1951-08-17

ufnt8neU Dy tuo
iLIST INCLUDES ONL
| FOREIGN l;l5
Copenhgp5s 81. ~
1t P Ut 2-3s7T -. AoiA
| ia pan Gas b S6M
NEW YORK CITY
3s so l12h
| DOMESTIC !
IAmT&T3sss63 l23
AmT&T 3sss73 loSiA
AmT&T 224s57 l2l
AmT&T 2As61 lis
AmT&T 224sS0 c5M
Am Tob 3s 60 1ol
e IL o SIS rs b 91Is
3 d o IS 95 @ II
3 & o 6s M 96 71iA
B&O cv4h20lO 6lM
B&O SW IS so Soih
CanPac As perp lclM
Cap Airl As 6OA "a
lCaro C&O 4s65 1o4
CRRNJ 3hs 81 Esst
C B g. @ As 58 1864
Chi & E / inc 81 81
cMSP4 has2O44 "a
,ClnUnTr2sAs74 1914
tCit Serv IS n ssLe
lCCCSL 41as n 90
Det Ed CIV 3s 50 1924
GM&O 2O44 y 675z
HON inc 5s 81 36iE
Leh v 5s 2003C S1iE
MKT ad 6s67 81
MKT 1st4sa0 1854
mo Pac 5Kas 40 "a
Mo-Pac 5s On A 1857
Evening star., 1951-08-17
Market AVERAGES
Dividends Announced

NEW YORK. Aug. II QP.-Dividends
Increased,
Evening star., 1951-08-17
Washington Exchunqe

southern Co-100 at ll1s. 100 at 11L
potomac Elec Pwr com-144 at I37s
p pot I Eiec Pwr 800 ,pfd B-50 at 40.
WASH Gas ,o eom-:i0 at 257a.
Evening star., 1951-07-29
Guarding NATos South Flank
tuIiun Soldiers Soldier Aids Ike
By Jack Brusini

~~S
VERONA, Italy.-A general who
proudly says, 81 won all my medals
leading combat soldiers before
was a captain" commands Allied
land forces in Southern Europe.
He is Italian Army Corps Gen.
Maurizio Lazzaro de Castiglioni.
His full title is commander, land
forces, North Atlantic Treaty Or
ganization, Southern Europe. His
job, should war start, would be to
cover Gen. Dwight Eisenhower
right flank.
The 63-year -old general likely
would have won more combat
medals had it not been for a World
War I training accident.
He was teaching his Alpine troops
to use Austrian hand grenades in
1916. One soldier dropped gren-
ade after pulling the firing pin.
Capt. de Castiglioni grabbed it from
the ground and threw. The gren-
ade exploded as it left his right
hand, blowing of his fingers.
He was % and newly made
second lieutenant fresh from Italy's
military academy when the Italo-
Evening star., 1951-07-29
Jersey Farm Boy to Boss Philippine Recovery

duce dealer how much he would
pay for eggs. why do you ask him
what he will pay us?" the youth
inquired. when we buy -four, the
storekeeper tells US his price"
DR.. Renne put himself through
Rutgers University, where he re-
ceived his degree in agricultural
science. He got his bachelor and
doctors degrees at the University
OF Wisconsin. A long-distance run
ner in his college days, he today
finds boring any pace slower than
a trot.
Bottled Dust Bowl
At the time he first joined the
faculty of Montana State College,
the State was part of the tragic
dust bowl. Optimist Renne, with
handful of colleagues, studied the
situation and launched his own
campaign against. dust from the
Canadian border to Wyoming and
from North Dakota to Idaho,
preaching soil conservation through
contour plowing and other means.
Soon after he had directed studies
on county tax delinquency, mort
gage foreclosures and other finan-
cial matters at the college. officials
OF Petroleum County, Mont, called
on him for advice-the county was
broke. On his advice, the county
was reorganized on plan similar
to city manager form of govern
ment. Today, Petroleum County is
highly solvent.
with 80 per cent of Philippine
economics resting on agriculture
production, I expect to feel right
at home" he says.
At any rate, the energetic DR..
Renne-who can still walk on his
hands, keep his balance on polit-
ical tight rope and sit out trying
situations-expect to land "right
side up" in his new job.
Evening star., 1951-07-29

When DR.. Roland Roger Renne
digs into his new job as chief of
the ECA mission to the Philippines
this week, his co-workerS and the
islanders can literally expect to see
the dirt fly. An expert in agricul-
ture, economics, forestry, conserva-
ton and the utilization of natural
resources, he is also man who
from childhood has hoed his own
row.
Now on leave as president of
Montana State College, DR.. Renne
is faced with the problem of help
ing the Philippines repair war
damage, cope with everyday prob
lens of government and, most i'm
portant, push toward economic
independence.
Considers All Phases
Since becoming independent, the
islands have received about 50 bill
lion from the United States. But
despite this aid, they have been
unable to achieve a permanent
solution to their difficulties.
The 46-year-old college president
has definite ideas about what it
takes to make a country self-suffi-
cient. you can't improve a coun-
try by building up one phase of it's
economic structure" he says. "You
must work on all its phases. Taxes
must be improved, fiscal policy and
minimum wage laws must be
studied and worked on. The coun-
try must be made, financially SOL
vent. Improvements must be made
in industrial materials, roads, agri-
culture, farm to market transporta-
ton and many other phases"
Born on his fathers farm in
Southern New Jersey, DR.. Renne
from long habit arises at the first
crow of the rooster. From the age
of 8 until he finished high school,
Evening star., 1951-07-29

Turkish War took him to his first
battlefield on the shores of Libya.
Today, stocky and graying, his
command headquarters is the
handsome 18th century Carli Palace
IN Verona-the legendary city of
Romeo and Juliet The palace has
inquired in Europe's history before.
Emperor Franz Josef departed from
IL to sign the peace of Villafranca
de Verona with Emperor Napoleon
, III. The treaty gave Lombardy to
Italy.
From his palace headquarters.
Gen. de Castiglioni reports to
United States Admiral Robert
Carney, commander of Allied land.
sea and air forces in Southern
Europe.
Gen. de Castiglioni remained in
Italy during the Spanish civil war
and the Ethiopian war. World
Wars I and II brought the high and
low points of his career.
The high point came in 1918
when he was among the first to
span the Piave River after the dis
astrous defeat Of Caporetto.
1t was "the good one which ended
with the complete encirclement of
the Austrian Army between the
Alps and the Adriatic," he recalls,
The armistice which took Italy
out of World War II brought the
low point. Gen. de Castiglioni, on
the general staff throughout the
war, had been given command of
the Pusteria Alpine Division shortly
before the armiStice. Four DAYS
after the signing he was ordered to
abandon his positions against the
Germans and disband his men.
The general is a soldiers soldier,
little known outside the army until
his recent appointment.
His father, a Judge in Milan.
where the general was born, was a
member of an old Italian family.
He went directly from high school
to the military academy and from
there to Italy's crack Alpine troops.
ASSOCIATED PEsssl
Evening star., 1951-07-29
West Europe Needs Troops Franco Has Them

tary missions in Madrid, Athens
and Ankara. All admitted that,
while they could not pass on the
political considerations which have
prevented Spain, Greece and Turkey
from being included in Europe's de-
tense setup, it was essential-from
the military point of view-that
these nations be strengthened to
the utmost.
Feeling Of Superiority
1t was made plain in these talks
that there is no doubt the Span
iardS, the Greeks and the Turks
would fight wherever they are
needed, provided always that they
are not considered the step-children
of the West, while the nations with
highly doubtful military potential
are given top priority by the
American Government.
None of the chiefs of state in
either Spain, Greece or Turkey ever
mentioned the need for American
ground troops on their side. They
have an almost dangerous feeling
of superiority insofar as their Red
adverSarieS are concerned. They
want American assistance to per-
feet their deficient armament. They
want American assistance to permit
an improvement of their economic
potential. And they want uniform
ity of strategy.
Given these, they feel that Amer
lea need not add to the ground
forces it already has in Europe and
should confine her participation to
high command roles and naval and
air support, which cannot be i'm
proviSed in few months.
The consensus OF military men
and most diplomats is that Russia
will not strike directly, until she is
convinced that she can overrun
Europe without more than token
opposition.
The help which now is planned
for the three mon n-Allies"-who
can put in the field Immediately
half as many divisions as Russia has
under arms in her whole territory
may be an even stronger deter
rent to the Soviet's aggressiveness
than our reported superiority in
atomic bombs.
It is the troops in being and not
in blueprints which may make the
realistic Kremlin rulers think
things over before they decide to
strike.
Evening star., 1951-07-29
By Constantine Brown

to be invaded before we embark on
a liberation campaign"
Outside of this encouraging psy-
Geological factor, however, the
actual translation of rearmament
blueprints into effective force has
Jagged seriously.
In the overall plans of the NATO
high command, France is supposed
to provide the major ground force.
Actually the French have fewer
combat forces available in Europe
this year than they had year ago.
The reason is that Indo-C China has
swallowed the best troops France
possesses.
The creation of new forces in
France is slow, not only because it
has no stable government, but also
for important technical reasons.
st. Cyr, the French West Point,
produces the bulk of Frances off,
GERS. They are men of high caliber
and intense patriotism. The four
year war in Indo-C China has taken
heavy toll of st. Cyr alumni. It
is estimated that so per cent of the
French officers corps has been lost
in the Far Eastern war.
For commissioned officers,
who form the backbone of the army
in any country, the figure is about
go per cent.
There is manpower in France to
create not Is new divisions, but
three times that number. The main
difficulty is that the officers and
non-coms have been so depleted
that the French government can
not see what good it can derive from
calling men to the colors without
having the necessary trained per-
sonnel to turn their recruits into
real fighting soldiers.
The enthusiasm shown by the
Senators-DemocratS and Republi-
cans-for the inclusion of Spain,
Greece and Turkey in European de-
fense is due to the fact that these
countries have standing armies
amounting to nearly / million men.
If properly supported, they could
raise three times that number.
The Senators did not see any of
these forces on parade. 1t would
not help them much If they had.
But they talked to responsible
American officers from Gen. Eisen-
hover down to the heads of mill
Evening star., 1951-07-29

will be how to get it out again.
Spain will be added to the list of
our foreign laid clients, and will
stay there
The aid we will be expected to
provide, presumably, will fall into
three principle categories, in the
initial phase. In the first place, we
must help the nation get back to
a situation where it is self-support-
ing, or nearly so, as to food.
Secondly, we must restore the
Spanish transportation system.
This means not only providing ma
terials with which railroad read
beds and roads can be rebuilt, but
also helping make it possible for
Spain to>replenish its waning store
of vehicles. Spain has about 100 900
cars and trucks, as against some
SO million in use in this country.
Even on this number, the replace
ment rate is about 10000 a wear.
Yet last year Spain was able to
import less than half that many
cars and trucks.
Finally, we will be called upon to
supply raw materials and machin-
cry with which to bring Spain's
industrial production at least up
to the capacity of factories already
in existence there. Generalissimo
Franco has been unable to keep
running even the plant he has,
despite his declared belief that in
dustrialization is the key to any
nations prosperity.
Evening star., 1951-07-29

Eight members of the Senate
Foreign Relations Committee re-
turned to Washington last week
after spending Is hard days in
Europe. This was no Congressional
junket.
Receptions, cocktail parties, elab-
crate dinners and lunches were
replaced, at the Senators request,
by hard work and lengthy conver-
sationS with the various high
ranking foreign and American
officials in the Atlantic pact coun-
tries, Spain, Greece, Turkey and
Germany. ~
The Trip Will Poy Off.
From the viewpoint of the admin
istration this trip is likely to pay
good dividends. All the members
of the visiting committee, regardless
: of political affiliation, came home
fully convinced that military as
Sistance to Europe must be con-
tinued. Thus, most of the $8.5
billion aid package proposed by
President Truman has more than
a $3.50 chance of approval by
Congress.
There may be some minor read
justments and changes, such as
reduction of the British and French
quota in order to provide military
assistance to Spain and a greater
share to Turkey and Greece. But
outside these changes there is little
likelihood that Chairman Connally
of the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee and Chairman Russell
of the Senate Armed Services Com
mittee, who will pilot the admin
istration bill, will have any trouble
getting 1t passed. And the same
thing can be said of the House.
What impressed the travellers IA
vorably was the fact that the peo-
Piles of the NATO have gained con-
fidence in their ability to resist a
Russian onslaught. There is still, of
course, some "neutralism and de-
featism" in some sections. BY and
large however, the arrival of the
first echelon of the four American
divisions being sent to Germany,
the effective American military op-
erations in Korea and the obvious
support given Europe by this coun-
try in what may still be described
as peacetime, seem to have con-
vinced the European peoples that
we will not wait for their countries
Evening star., 1951-07-29
Point Four Complications
Foreign Aid Since 1884 Hos So Many Facets
Thot Single Agency Is Being Urged
By Sigrid Arne

III SNtuS
BY 1910, the United States was
starting hurried mending of
fences around the world. War
threatened sources of raw materials
just as the United States was step
ping up manufacture of arms.
So the Committee for Scientific
and Cultural Cooperation was set
up in the State Department. It
simply sent technical advisers to
Latin America.
Out Of sec, in 1912, grew the
Institute for Inter American Affairs,
generated by Nelson Rockefeller.
1t is the only foreign aid agency
that frankly demands that nations
getting United States aid match
United States funds with their own.
And it has always insisted that the
foreigners prepare to take over the
programs themselves.
In nine years, the United States
has put 2,7O79 913 into the pro-
gram. The Latin nations have
matched that with $65, 1852, ,165. This
past year they put four times as
much into IIAA plans as the United
States.
In 1946 the United States joined
the U. N. World Bank. This is
pretty much like the KIN Bank,
making loans for definite produc-
tive enterprises that promise to pay
off. The United States has con-
tributed the largest portion of the
funds.
BY April, 1948, the worldwide
danger OF communism was appar-
ent and the United States started
the Marshall Plan to aid govern
ments teetering under Red pressure.
MorshoII Aid Spreads
Marshall aid was designed for
Western Europe. But shortly it
allocated funds to colonial areas
whose production could help Euro
pean home countries. Now Mar
shall aid has spread around
through the Near East and Asia.
Marshall funds are almost en-
tirely gifts. They may be in the
form of equipment-like a steel
foundry-or advice to foreigners on
use of machinery, on better national
finance programs, on clearing up
malarial Swamps, on licking siege
of livestock pests-practically the
book.
Then in his 1948 inaugural adj
dress, President Truman proposed
'bold new" program of technical
aid to underdeveloped nations, It
was the fourth point among several
points in his speech, hence the pio-
gram is called point four" J.
1t was, and is, just plan to share
United States brains with other
nations.
At the same time the U. N. set
up a technical aid program. To
this the United States has contrib
uted $12,007, 900. This comes out of
the $35 million voted for technical
aid.
To avoid overlapping, point four
has agreed to stay out of nations
where the Marshall Plan has prof.
ects and, through consultations
with the U. NJ, it tries to avoid
duplicating U. N. projects.
However, foreign aid machinery
has become so complicated that
there is possibility this Congress
will vote to put all programs under
one administrator.
The House Foreign Affairs Com
mittee has been hearing arguments
for such plan from such expert
enced men as Paul Hoffman, former
Marshall Plan director, and Nelson
Rockefeller, former IIAA director.
ASSOCIATED Press)
Evening star., 1951-07-29
By Mary l. Voushon

he MIXED up to IA cows at day.
break, attended school and returned
to the farm to a round of chores
and heavy farm work and the milk
ing again until sundown.
AS the owner of an 80-acre plot
on the outskirts of Bozen1an, Mont,
he has seen to it that his two boys
and two girls have familiarized
themselves with that atmosphere.
They are all All Club members.
In addition to overseeing his col
lege, DR.. Renne himself has kept
his hand in farming, still milking
one cow daily and looking after his
animal population, which includes
sheep, geese, hogs, chickens, tur-
keys, steers and flock of guinea
hens.
DR.. Renne took an early interest
in the economics of agriculture. At
the market one day, when still a
boy, he heard his father ask a pro-
Evening star., 1951-07-29

President Truman's bold new"
point-four idea to help under
developed nations is neither so new
nor so limited as is generally
believed.
The United States actually has
been pouring money into under
developed nations through six diff
ferent agencies since 1894. The
machinery is so complicated that
Congress now is being urged to set
up a single foreign aid agency.
The point-four program itself
has had only $35 million for this,
it's first year. Altogether the United
States has extended So billion or
more in economic aid to under
developed areas since 1884. This is
a rough, unoff1cial and very con-
servative estimate.
1t does not include the billions
going to Europe and does not in
clude military aid anywhere-only
economic aid.
Agencies helping backward ma
tions and the estimated amounts
they have spent are:
Institute of Inter-American
Affairs, $62 2,707,91s.
Export Import Bank, $1,3SS, ,479,-
3o7.
Economic Cooperation Admins
tration (the Marshall Plan), $973.-
321,433.
United Nations World Bank, $500
million in United States contribu-
tions.
Point-four funds and United
States contributions to the U. N.
technical aid program, $35 million
combined.
From 1910 to 1850 there was also
Committee for Scientific and
Cultural Cooperation in the State
Department. This spent $50 mil
lion in Latin America. 1t is now
merged with the staff of the Tech
nical Cooperation Administration,
which handles point-four funds.
Scope Is Broodened
"Underdeveloped" areas at first
we're thought of as portions of
Africa, Asia and Latin America.
Now the term has broadened to
take in almost every area except
Canada and Western Europe. So
various experts include as point
four type aid the following one
shot programs:
sYugoslavia is getting 500 million
from European military aid funds
to procure raw materials. It also
had $40 million from ECA to buy
grain during drought.
India this past spring got a $780,
million loan to buy extra American
wheat.
Palestine has had $27 million in
United States aid through the U. N.
agency resettling Arab refugees.
Greece, before it was brought
into the Marshall Plan, had $12S,-
10000 of economic aid.
Aid to underdeveloped nations
started in 1884, when the Export
Import Bank began to make loans
to Latin America. The first purpose
was to help other nations buy
United States farm surpluses during
the depression.
Then the program spread to help
foreign nations Ordinarily Latin
American) buy United States in
dustrial goods and services. For
the most part money must be spent
in the United States.
KIN loans are now being made
all over the world, wherever there
is a reasonable chance of repay
ment. Repayments on 81 ,333. .479 BOT
in loans have been $736, ,059,9 ,951.85,
a little over half.