davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Arizona post., 1951-01-19
SociaI
Rersonab

Mrs. Beatrice LefkOWitZ has re-
turned to her home on Gale de
Jardin from Chicago, to spend the
remainder of the season here.
Friends will be delighted to
know that Bill and Mary Kappa
port, who left for Cincinnati a
year ago, are returning to Tucson
end of the month to live. They
are driving back via Florida, New
Orleans and Houston.
Joining the Tucson colony are
Mr.. and Mrs. Irwin EhrenpreiS,
children Ralph 8, Tobi 20 months,
from Detroit, living on E. 5th.
He's a member of the Shrine and
she of the Eastern Star. He was
in the retail jewelry business.
They're friends of the Robert
Friedmans.
Children of Mrs. MOllie Alter
who have gathered here to be
present at the unveiling of stone
to their father Jan. 81 include Mrs.
Sam Solway and daughter, Heddy,
Toronto, who arrived last week;
son Sol, also of Toronto; Mr.. and
Mrs. Gabriel Alter and daughter,
Bonnie, Fort Wayne, Ind, who
came Wednesday; Mrs. Al Frank
lin, Los Angeles, due to arrive
Sunday.
New officers for the Cerebral
Palsy Foundation are: pres, Mrs.
Marvin Kane; vice-pres., VIM.
Gordon; sec., Mrs. Hy Copins; fin.
sec., Mrs. Sydney Goodman. On
the board are Mrs. Dorothy Fuchs,
Jack Nevins. Mrs. Arthur Grune-
wald is speech committee chair
man.
Mrs. David Fenster, N. Y, Wis
tied over the holidays with her
son, Sol. Together they made an
additional trip to Los Angeles.
Mr.. and Mrs. Max ]. Blum are
guests for a month of the Charles
Gordons, their cousins. Mr.. Blum
is a New York importer.
Visiting her sister, Mrs. Max
Frank, is Blanche Kessler, Los
Angeles. She will be here for the
winter.
Friends and relatives wished
Ben Meyerson birthday greetings
Wednesday at an informal gather
ing at his home on S. Wilson.
The Arizona post., 1951-01-19
(Sedley Photo)

Max Saltzman, N. Sawtelle, re-
Gently underwent surgery and is
now convalescing at home.
Bob White, past pres. of IZFA
and student at VA few years
ago is here on a short visit, ac-
companied by his mother, Mrs.
Jennie White, 1st vice-pres. of
Pioneer Women in Boston. Bob
has lived at Kibbutz Gesher Haziv
the past two years and expects to
rejoin his wife there.
Guests of their children, Mr..
and Mrs. Seymour Selay, were
their mothers, Mrs. May CHAT,
Wellington, NJ. and Mrs. Min
ME Selay, New York. Mrs. Chat
has returned home.
Ray Greenberg, Bronx, statis-
tician is spending several weeks
here, staying at the YMCA.
Mrs. TOva Eiseman has her
brother in law, Joshua Seigel,
New York, as a guest for a few
weeks.
Mr.. and Mrs. Harry ROfSky,
Cleveland, arrived in November
and are living on N. 1st. He re-
tains real estate interests there
and was formerly in the furniture
business. Mrs. Rofsky has been
piano teacher. One son, pilot
during the Arab-Israel conflict,
now in England is expected to
visit Tucson with his wife in the
near future.
Evening star., 1951-10-28

THROUGHOUT the last Is CEN
turies the ancient land which
is known as Egypt-a skeletonlike
desert fixed on either side to the
life-giving vertebra Of the Nile
River-has been a prize Of world
conquest and country under for
eign domination.
1t has known rule by Persians, by
Greeks and by Romans, by Muslin
Arabs, by Turks, by Syrians and by
Franks, by French and by British.
Nearly every soldier-geopolitician
who has earned greatness, with or
without honor, through the ages,
has stood in the shadow of the
Sphinx and proclaimed himself in
effect the ruler of the world. From
Darius the Great to Napoleon they
followed this course of conquest to
the Nile. In modern times, Ger
many's Kaiser Wilhelm and Adolf
Hitler pursued unsuccessfully the
same desert mirage. Perhaps Josef
Stain does so today.
Evening star., 1951-10-28

were heading toward the traditional
prize of Egyptian conquest and Suez
control, and Farouk's ministers
were not behaving in a way re-
assuring to the British. With their
tanks virtually at the palace door,
the British then forced resignation
of the cabinet and compelled the
King to ask NahaS to form a new
government. An election a few
weeks later confirmed the choice.
II will permit no action that will
endanger the position of the Allied
armies in Egypt" Nahas proclaimed
as he returned to Office.
Post-WorId War II
When World War II ended, the
same old sores remained. British
troops were still along the Suez and
Britain still controlled the Sudan.
To the Egyptians the cloak of the
1896 treaty was threadbare gar
ment which they wished to ex-
change for one woven Of the self
determination and equality of
sovereignty fibers Of the Atlantic
Charter and the Charter of the
United Nations. In 1946 revision
Of the 10-year-old pact was nego-
tiated In Cairo but the Egyptian
Parliament rejected the compro-
misses reached. The Egyptians took
their case to the Security Council
but five weeks of conversation, In
1947 brought no action beyond a
suggestion for further direct nego-
tiationS.
In 1948, Egypt suffered a new
humiliation-defeat at arms in the
Palestine war. In this case Britain
was only a secondary villain as the
United States, hitherto in good re-
pute among the Arab nations, i'm
posed upon Britain and the United
Nations the essential legalistic
framework for creation Of the Zion
ist state of Israel. Those who un-
derstood the Middle East at all were
fully aware that the cost of this
policy would be the forfeiture, tenn
porarily if not permanently, Of most
Of the basic good will which the
Islamic community may have felt
toward the West.
Such a forfeiture, in the face Of
Evening star., 1951-10-28

When the flow of Iranian oil
stopped several weeks ago, American
businessmen jumped in with both
feet
They shufied tankers, refneries
and. production in cooperation with
businessmen of other nations in an
effort to keep oil flowing into the
world markets.
Their unhesitant plunge is indica-
tive of the gamble they've been will
ing to take in foreign fields-a gam
BILE that has paid off with more dol
lars than ever before.
Oil is the backbone of American
investments abroad. It is spread prin-
cipally through the Middle East, but
other fields. chiefly in Venezuela,
are broadening the horizon.
But along with oil American in
dustry has tinkered widely in other
fields-agriculture, mining and man
ufacturing-until the income from
these interests in foreign lands has
reached the phenomenal figure Of
close to 50 billion a year.
The banner year was 1850, when
an estimated SIT billion came into
American pocketbooks from abroad.
This included the direct investments
in business controlled by Americans,
in the so-called portfolio" invest
ments in securities and stocks Of for
eign firms, and in United States Gov
ernment income from loans to other
countries.
Even Bigger in 81
Preliminary figures for 1851 indi-
cate that it will surpass even 1850.
The history since World War II has
been one Of growth in foreign fields.
A recent news dispatch told of the
first shipment of. iron ore from
Liberian mines taken over by Re-
public Steel. This is a development
! that has been in the making for more
than year.
The news note was Significant In
Evening star., 1951-10-28
independence and for social reforms

independence and for social reforms
within 1t.
Fuad Becomes King
Fuad, father OF Farouk, became
King of Egypt in 1917. When the
war ended, virtually all shades of
Egyptian political opinion were
joined in the cause of national in
dependence-one of the stimulating
influences, incidentally, being the
doctrine Of equality of nations
enunciated by the late President
Woodrow Wilson. The Wafd Party
was in the forefront Of this agita-
ton, so much so that both Fuad
and the British resisted It's particu-
lar efforts and Zaghlul was finally
deported. In 1922 paper inde-
pendence" was granted and an
Egyptian constitution was promul-
gated in the next year. Neither, of
course, took the British out of Egypt
but treaty of alliance was drafted
for ratification in 1927. In that
year Zaghlul, who had returned to
Egypt, died and the party leader
ship was assumed by Nahas. He
denounced the treaty, primarily
because it did not provide for evac-
uation Of British troops. and the
succeeding political crisis brought
him the premiership despite the
never-relenting antagonism of Fuad
to the Wafd Party.
For the next nine years one crisis
followed another with the Wafd
and Nahas alternately in and out
of power. He was in on April %,
1885, when Fuad died and the To-
year-old Farouk succeeded to the
throne.
New War Feors
BY this time the world again was
being stirred by fears of war with
the Observation-Disclosures area
most deeply disturbed by the italian
aggression In Ethiopia. j, Egypt,
meanwhile, was feeling itself
crowded by Mussolinis colonial
inperialist behavior in Eritrea and
Libya.
Nahas personally led an Egyptian
cabinet delegation to London in
1885 where the treaty of that date,
so bitterly contested today, was
negotiated. Aside from It's protec-
Evening star., 1951-10-28

a world being divided by Communist
Imperialism, was not inconsequen-
tial. The Middle East was still a
crossroads, traditional target for
Russian aspirations and made more
inviting by virtue of its proven
resources of oil. Egypt was still
the command post at this cross
roads. Nationalism was waxing.
Along with the stimuli of anti
colonialism and anti-westernism
was the deep social unrest which
inevitably exists in a country of
extremes Of wealth and poverty.
Despite the spiritual strength of
the Islanic religion, communism
has found there plenty to feed upon.
Evening star., 1951-10-28

tatives in the area, and at one point
Col. c. G. Gordon, later to be killed
at Khartoum, was designated as
governor of all the Egyptian terri
tories south of Egypt proper.
At the cost of considerable blood
letting Sudanese Moslem who had
proclaimed himself Mahdi Mes
siah) finally broke the British
Egyptian rule in 1883 and the area
retained local independence until
1898. It was an effort by the
French, coming up from Central
Africa, to extend their control that
finally brought ritish-Egyptian
expeditionary force under Lord.
Kitchener into the Sudan. In
approximately a year of campaign
ing Kitchener routed both the
French and the Mahdi followers.
Condominium Signed
In January, 1899, the British and
Egyptians signed tn lie condominium
providing for joint sovereignty of
the two states in the Sudan, the
governor general to be appointed
by the Egyptian crown on recon-
mendation Of the British govern
ment. In effect, control of the
territory-which means control of
the Nile waters and virtually of the
Egyptian economy-was thus vested
in British hands.
Despite the presence Of British
occupation troops from 1882, Egypt
remained under the nominal suze-
rainty of Turkey until the outbreak
Of World War I. The Egyptian
government Of that period promptly
threw the country on the side Of
the Allies and consequential services
were rendered to the cause. It was
during this period, however, that
Egyptian nationalism began to
emerge in articulate form with
political independence its goal. The
most effective instrumentality Of
this movement was a new party, the
first Of the modern mass parties in
the Middle East, called the Wafd-
a word roughly translated as rep
resentative delegation" Founder
Of the party was one Zaghlul. His
first lieutenant was Mustapha
Nahas Pasha, son of peasant stock
who has devoted most Of his 73
years to fighting for his country's
Evening star., 1951-10-28

engineer, Ferdinand de LeSseps, to
dig canal across the Suez Isthmus
was undertaken. OF the original
capital, So per cent was French and
a reluctant "A per cent was Egyp-
tian. The British remained aloof
as Lord Palmerston described the
project as "a bubble to be palmed
of on gullible capitalists" and IAN
Arabian Nights dream of pouring
water on the desert" The. canal
was completed and opened in 1869,
a triumph then as an engineering
feat but not by any means an
immediate success financially. The
French shareholders hung on grim
ly but the Egyptian stock and q
guarantee of IS per cent of the
annual profits were put on the
block. Britain's Prime Minister
Disraeli, more astute than Palmers-
ton, snapped up the stock in 1875
for "a million, an Insignificant
fraction of its value today. Britain
was In Egypt to stay.
With this increasing economic
interest in the country, plus a
particular British awareness of the
long-term strategic potential, both
London and Paris became further
concerned, or meddlesome, toward
the internal administration. Turk
ist control was remote and ineffec-
tual. Joint British French naval
intervention failed to establish
order, as defined by London at least,
and the British finally put occupa-
ton troops in the country in 1882.
They have been there ever since.
Sudon History Troubled
Meanwhile, the history of the
Sudan after its conquest in 1920
was troubled one.
Trading posts were established
along the Red Sea coast, up the
Nile Valley and at some interior
points, but military units were
needed to protect them against
slave traders and local tribes who
had no interest in or loyalty to any
central government. Efforts to pro-
mote agriculture and open up COM
munication lines were not signally
successful. Both the Egyptian and
British governments had represen-
Evening star., 1951-10-28

tive appeal In the light Of world
events then forecast, the treaty had
a particular attraction from the
Egyptian standpoint in providing
for abolition of foreign judicial and
financial authorities within the
country, always an affront to
nationalism. It provided, too, that
the British would train and equip
the Egyptian Army, that British
occupation troops would be limited
in number and responsible only for
defense of the Suez Canal and
would be withdrawn when Egyptian
military strength had been brought
to a level competent to discharge
this responsibility. The principle
of the Sudan condominium was
reaffirmed. The end date of the
treaty is 1856.
On his return to Cairo, Nahas
told the Egyptian Parliament that
the treaty realizes the independ-
ence of Egypt. To enjoy this inde-
pendence we must assume several
obligations, of which the main one
is. to complete our preparations in
order that our ally should not con-
template keeping her troops on our
territory on the pretext of helping
us to safeguard =. the Suez Canal.
That is an obligation which is In
our own interest. No one thinks
that 1t implies serious restrictions
on our independence. >. We have
of our full will and free will author
lied the English to maintain
garrison on the canal"
Forouk Distrusts Void
Nahas and the Wafd continued
to have their ups and downs in
Egyptian political life. Farouk con-
tinued his fathers attitude of
distrusting the party and its leader
at the same time resenting the
continued presence and control OF
the British.
In February, 1942-the middle of
World War II-came another de-
velopment which brought Nahas
back into power but inflicted a new
and deep wound on the SCARED
body OF British Egyptian relations.
Axis pressure had been intense on
the Cairo government and its peo-
pie, Rommel and a strong army
Evening star., 1951-10-28
ent Capitol Still Finds Profitable Markets Around Globe

serves dropping. Oil from American
companies was bought with dollars,
so the British turned to sources
where they could pay sterling or
other mediums Of exchange, and
hoard their dollars. -
One of the major customers of
American investors abroad, aside
from the oil market. is the United
States. This country's stockpiling of
strategic materials is requiring mil
lions Of dollars worth Of raw ma
terials-a fertile source from abroad.
Not all the money earned in the
foreign investments flows into the
Evening star., 1951-10-28

that the ore, shipped directly from
mines to mills, can d o into steel pro-
duction without prior refining. Is is
as close to pure iron as ore can be.
This fact balances out the cost Of
shipping it across the Atlantic.
Africa is gaining Importance too.
But most investments are in Middle
Eastern oil, Canadian oil, paper, pulp.
and ore. and Venezuelan mineral
and oil resources.
There is an indication that more
royalties and taxes will be sought by
Middle Eastern governments, but
this is not slowing investment.
Importance Of Middle Eastern oil
Evening star., 1951-10-28

American economy. Much OF it goes
right back into the industries as in
vestment.
A prime example is what happened
in 1949. Income in the oil companies
abroad fell. but re-investment of
capital stayed up, with the result that
by mid-1949, there was more money
being put into the operations in for
eign countries than was coming out
as income.
Last week, the Department of Com
merce issued a breakdown of earn
ings by American investors, showing
a total of $2.2 billion in 1850. The
difference between that and the SIT
billion was in undiStributed profits.
OF the SIT billion total, SIS bill
lion was from direct investments
about IS per cent. The rest is in
income from the portfolio invest
ments and United States Govern
ment loans.
Big Boom Since War
The big boom in American invest
nentS abroad has come since World
War II ended. During the period from
1946 to 1850, direct investments
earned q total Of SIS billion, includ-
ing STA million In interest payments
to parent companies.
In most cases-with the notable
exception Of oil in 1949 earnings
were above re-investments.
The only spots from which i'm
portant income other than direct in
vestment came was from Canada and
the European Recovery Program
countries. United States holdings
of Canadian securities in 1850 was
about, 500 million. according to the
Department Of Commerce, and the
ERP countries accounted for about
$50 million OF total of $109 million
b interest received BY the Goveik
ment.
Evening star., 1951-10-28
By Jock Jonos

to American investors is shown in
the situation in 1949 when slump
was felt In the oil market. along
with general decline in other inter-
national and domestic trade.
Petroleum earnings dropped that
year by 10 per cent. despite an in
crease Of is per cent in imports for
domestic use. The explanation lies
in the fact that most of the oil from
foreign fields also is sold in foreign
markets.
Other countries. especially Great
Britain. felt their gold and dollar re-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-08-19
Hungarians Here Plan
Anti-C0mmunisf Protest

Members of the American Hun
garian Federation plan to stage
an anti-Communist demonstration
here Tuesday from to 6 pm. at
the Martinique Hotel in protest
over reported mass expulsions of
persons from Hungary along with
internmentS and deportations to
forced labor camps.
In announcing plans for the
demonstration, Stephen E. Balogh,
executive secretary of the fedora
ton. said the demonstration will
be against the Soviet Embassy
nearby.
Mr.. Balogh points out that local
law forbids demonstrating or pick
citing against foreign representa-
tiveS within 500 feet of an embassy.
The hotel at 1911 Sixteenth street
NV, he said, is outside of the
prohibited area.
The announcement of the dem
onstration states it is believed that
since the end of May over 100
600 Hungarian citizens we're re-
moved from their homes"
The demonstration here is to
be led by DR.. Kalman Molnar.
member of the board of directors
OF the federation, who also is presi-
dent of the federation's eastern
district and New York branch.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-08-19
Communists in India
Split on Continuing
Underground Battle
BY the Associated Press

NEW DELHI, India, Aug. ia
midas Communist Party has split
on a big policy question.
Should the party lay down arms
in an attempt to soften Prime
Minister Nehru'S attitude toward
it, or continue an underground
battle with the help Of their new
Red Chinese neighbors?
The five-man Politburo is dead
locked on the issue. Usually re-
liable sources say the proposal for
giving up guerrilla tactics and
presenting a respectable, front is
based on hopes Of inducing Mr..
Nehru to:
Relax a ban on the party in
three states: release 1900 Com
munists jailed without trial in
other states.
Elections Due in January.
With general elections Sched-
uled for January, some sections of
the party insist the Communists
must make peace with the gov
eminent at any cost to gain full
privileges and get on the ballot.
This view is pushed by Y. D.
Sharma, chairman Of the New
Delhi election committee Of the
party and the left-wingers 60
between with the central govern
ment.
An extremist group demands
that members keep up the under
ground fight and use every weap-
on, including whatever assistance
might be struggled across the
Communicated Tibetan frontier.
Sharma told reporter today
supporters of the proposal to make
peace with the government feel
kindly toward the prime minister
as a result of certain parts of his
foreign policy-such as his stand
that Communist China should be
included in The Japanese treaty
conference
''Nehru'S reactionary policies in
India do not blind us to the fact
his foreign policies are sometimes
very enlightened Sharma said.
The rivalry n the Politburo-
all five members are now under
ground-pits two leading antag-
onistS.
S. A. DANCE advocates moderate
methods. Rajeshwar Rao boosts
the China way" Of forming a
peoples liberation army.
Still Making Attacks.
Rao is a South Indian Red
leader who masterminded an
armed peasant uprising in Hyde
rabad state in 1913, following In
dia's police action" against Hy-
derabad state forces.
The Communists once held great
areas of Hyderabad and still are
making attacks. despite lookout
by special militia and police units.
Although the party has been
making a comeback recently in
some areas, the stern attitude of
the Nehru government has kept
its strength far below the peak
membership of 10000 reported att
the last national convention in
Calcutta N 1948.
Sharma estimates the present
membership is about $4,000.
Getting ready for the election,
the Communists issued 15-point
manifesto in Calcutta Wednesday.
1t demands that India cut her link
to the British Commonwealth,
cancel peaSant-landlord debts and
develop industries with the aid
Of private industrialists who would
be assured legitimate profits"
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-08-19

at Winchester's Mount Hebron
Cemetery.
In q telegram from his present
home at Highland Falls. N. Y,
Gen. Conrad declared:
Hold on to Gen. Morgan. Don't
give in. AS far as I know, Win
chester has only produced two
brigadier generals in 200 years.
II don't want to feel lonesome
when reach Mount Hebron. Cow
pens was only one Of Morgan's
battles. 80 ="
The folks Of Cowpens think Gen.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-08-19
THE SUNDAY STAR, Washington, D. c.
SUNDAY, AUGUST

Shaw Field, was on a routine
operational fight. 1t. Campbell
and 1t. Franklin were the only
occupants.
The plane crashed into a barn
8 miles from Sumter, injuring
three children playing in the
barn. The children suffered cuts,
bruises and burns, but a hospital
here said they were not in critical
condition.
1t. Campbell is survived by his
wife and three young daughters,
who now live in Sumter. 1t.