davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1951-04-12
Dorothy thompson
What Constitutes redsOn?
Crime Somehow Has Escaped Legal Definition
Though Reds Always Are at War With Foes

Rosenberg were in their 20s.
For three years the Soviet
Union had been glorified by the
most respectable citizens. The
prevailing myths, hopes, and
policies all contributed to create
the climate in which their crime
might seem to them hardly more
than misdemeanor.
Indeed. it is unlikely that
had they been tried in 1914
they would have received any
such sentence.
They chose, by pleading not
guilty, to conceal their state Of
mind. Inferentially they as
Communists knew, even then,
that the war alliance was insin-
cere and that their party was in
war against the whole bour-
geois world" Inferentially, they
acted in obedience to higher
orders, to traduce Greenglass
from fidelity to his oath. Infer.
entially, as Communists. they
denied all charges to prevent
further revelations.
What has not yet been clari-
fed in any legal definition is
what constitutes treason. All
Communists are, at all times.
at war with non-Communist
social orders, and are, at all
times, in conspiracy to destroy
them and prepared to act in
blind obedience to higher orders.
tReleased by the Bell Syndicate. Inc)
Evening star., 1951-04-12
Korean Policy in for Censure
G. O. P. Determined to Press Issue Against Truman
And to Seek Removal of Acheson and Others

in Europe. Some of the conse-
quences that may follow from
the Presidents sensational step
are the following:
/. The Japanese people may
become alarmed and fearful of
Communist infiltration. The
Communist Party there will be
encouraged, for it was Gen.
Macarthur who really held 1t in
check.
2. The Nationalists inside
China will become discouraged
and will feel that resistance
against the Communists now is
futile.
8. The British Labor govern
ment and particularly its "left
wing" will be stimulated to criti-
cize American policies in the
future and will step up its de-
mand for a recognition of Com
munist China. admission of the
Communist regime into the U. N.
and the turning over OF Formosa
to the Communists.
4. Russia will feel that the
United States Government is
weak and irresolute and Moscow
may go ahead with plans to start
trouble in other areas-pressing
harder in Iran and Yugoslavia
and perhaps renewing its pres
sure on Turkey.
S. Appeasement will be de-
nounced on all sides. but never
theless a truce involving a
compromise will be offered to
the Communist Chinese. This
could virtually nullify all the
sacrifices made by u, N. troops
and particularly by the South
Koreans, who now fear they
will be turned over for massa-
ere to the Communist author
tiles.
6. Demands will arise for the
immediate withdrawal of Amer
ican troops from Korea on the
theory that their effectiveness
as a fighting force has been
impaired because no authority
is forthcoming to bomb Man
churian bases or use Chang
Kai-shek's troops to aid in
opening a second front in Asia
as Macarthur advocated.
7. Domestic political strife
will be intensified. The issue
will not remain narrow, as the
administration may wish to
keep it-tfgat is. focused on the
simple question of whether a
military man did or did not
obey orders. It will be broad
Evening star., 1951-04-12

Tokyo and the Pentagon, that
Gen. Macarthur was to be his
crown of thorns. A politician
to his fingertips, he perceived
also that it was no mere mill
Jary matter.
1t is impossible to deceive
former Senator Truman about .
the cross currents in the Con-
gress; he could trace the gen. ?
erals operations from the Con- b
gressional Record as well as
secret cables, the headlines, the
letters to the favored friends.
Came the Generals letter to
the Veterans of Foreign Wars
convention in Chicago last sum-
mer. 1t detailed the strategic
necessity of holding Formosa
which the President had chosen
to neutralize with the United
States fleet in his continuing
effort to localize the Korean war.
The President cracked down.
But Gen. MacArthurt outwardly
submissive. never really backed
down. The interviews, the let
ters, the pinpricks continued.
A directive of December 6, now
made public, ordered Defense
and State Department clearance
on foreign policy statements
made by officials overseas, mill
Jary and diplomatic.
Gen. Macarthur violated this
directive several times. But
really broke his pick last month.
March 20 he was informed by
the Joint Chiefs of Staff that a
Presidential announcement on
possible U. N. terms for Korean
settlement was imminent and its
general tenor was explained to
him. Gen. Macarthur jumped
the gun March "a with his own
truce offer to the Chinese Reds.
The President was outraged
and his idol. Gen. Marshall, with
him. The Secretary of Defense
was heard to say: II would re-
lieve any officer but the Su-
preme Commander of the AL
lied Powers within IL hours"
Gen. MacArthur's attention
was Immediately called to the
December 6 directive. The White
House began to explore con-
cretely for the first time how
and when to remove him.
1t is repeatedly emphasized
that the damage of this incident
was that the Generals bad
faith could no longer be hid from
our allies. They had been con-
suited on the proposed settle
ment offer. they knew the
President was to have made it
soon. they knew Gen. Macarthur
had been informed.
The President sensed a per-
sonal contempt in this action of
the General which had not
hitherto been present. 1t was
here-the White House calls it
a doublecross-that the Truman
resolution began to harden.
Even so, the timing might
have been different were it not
that Gen. Macarthur followed
it up so quickly with his letter
to Minority Leader Joe Martin
indorsing a suggestion that
Chiang's troops be brought into
the war. A spate of news articles
had made it plain to Tokyo
what the President thought of
MacArthur's part in the truce
offer; the new letter seemed
more than ever deliberate de-
fiance.
The President had enough.
If the General insisted upon
being martyr he could have it.
Mr.. Truman quietly conferred
separately with various groups Of
his advisers, getting their re-
action but never admitting his
intentions.
Perhaps they sensed his mood
but the advice was unanimous
that he had to act and soon.
The State Department advised
him that no formal clearance
with the Allied Powers or the
Evening star., 1951-04-12
Loyalty Of Japanese Shaken

the last five years in Siberia,
have recently been placed in
Southern Sakhalin by the Soviet
high command.
It is only a short hop from
Sakhalin to Hokkaido. There
are indications that these "free
Japanese" may wish to "liber-
ate" their country. Moscow
style. So long as the Japanese
people stood Loyalty by the
United States, personified for
them by Gen. Macarthur, this
threat might have been only
military. But now that he has
been toppled from his pedestal.
the activities of Communist cells
on the largest island. Honshu,
may became a real threat.
There is no telling how much
support the Communists, backed
by military force Of their own
kin, may now receive to make
Japan into a satellite. Until a
peace treaty has been formally
signed the authority of the
Tokyo government with its own
people is only a reflection of the
prestige of the Supreme Allied
Commander.
1t. Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway.
the new commander, is one OF
the ablest officers in the Amer
lean Army. But in Japan he is
not the symbol of America
which Gen. Macarthur used to
be. Mr.. Truman's impetuosity
and feeling of Illustration at the
attitude of the former Allied
commander may destroy the
careful and constructive work
done by Gen. Macarthur, a
work which was near to compile
tion.
Evening star., 1951-04-12
Madame Sun Accepts
Stain Peace Prize
By the Asseeioted Press

TOKYO, April 12.-The Red
China radio said last night that
Nine. Sun Yat-sen, sister-in-law
of Generalissimo Chang Kai-sfek
had accepted the Stain peace
prize with most profound honor. :"
Soong Ching-ling, as she is
known in Red China, is the widow
of Sun Yat-sen, founder of the
Chinese republic. She has been
opposed to Chiang's Chinese Ma
tionalist regime.
The Peiping radio quoted her as
saying: ut is a privilege to be
associated with the fight for peace,
with the name of Stain" The
radio said it was from a Shanghai
dispatch.
Evening star., 1951-04-12
David Lawrence

Six years ago today Vice Presi-
dent Truman took the oath of
Office as President-and now a
substantial number of Repub-
licans in party conference are
talking about presenting a reso-
luton of impeachment and try
ing him before the Senate of
the United States.
The charge would be that Mr..
Truman violated his oath of of
flee by carrying on a war in Ko-
rea against China without the
consent of Congress. The Con-
stitution specifically says that
only Congress may declare war.
The Republicans are deter
mined, first, to investigate all
phases Of foreign policy as well
as the circumstances surround
ing the removal of Gen.
Macarthur. They are deter
mined also to press in due time
for the impeachment and re-
moval of Secretary of State
Acheson and any other officials
who may be implicated in what
the Republicans feel is be-
trayal of the Nations interests
in Korea and the Far East.
An impeachment resolution
requires a majority vote of the
House Of Representatives. Re-
moval requires a two-thirds vote
of the Senate. Obviously at
this time, with the apparent
lineup of many Democrats on
the side of Mr.. Truman, there
are not enough votes as yet to
impeach. But the Republicans
will carry the issue to the coun-
try and in the next several
months attempt to line up
enough public sentiment to
compel many of the Democrats
in Congress to break with the
President or run the risk of
themselves being beaten at the
polls on an emotional issue.
For the whole Korean policy
will come in for censure. Why,
it will be asked, were $50, 900
American boys sent to fight in
Korea without authority of Con-
greSs and to suffer more than
$4,000 casualties while the COM
mander of the armies there was
forbidden to prosecute the war
effectively against the enemy?
Mr.. Truman'S action in oust-
ing Gen. Macarthur will accen-
tuate the underlying issues
appeasement of communism in
the Far East while resisting it
Evening star., 1951-04-12
Constantine Brown:
SmouIdering Intrigues Nay Flare Out into
Nov That Macarthur Is Not on Pedestal

Nobody can challenge Presi-
dent Truman's constitutional
authority to "break" General
Macarthur. But the wisdom OF
the move can be seriously ques-
toned. The repercussions Of this
latest decision of the President
may have more far-reaching
and worldwide consequences
than he and his advisers seem
to have anticipated.
There will be much partisan
speaking and writing about the
domestic political repercussions
of Gen. MacArthur's dismissal.
They are of little Importance as
far as the security of the nation
is concerned. Whether Mr.. Tru-
mans action will further dimin-
ish the chances Of his re-elec-
ton 18 months from now is. in
the present grave crisis. Of only
minor Importance.
What is vitality important is
the effect the summary dismis-
sal may have on the japanese
people and on all the other ma
tionS of the Far East.
We are not yet at peace, tech
nically, with Japan. Gen. Mac
Arthur, with his genius for a
show" has impressed the rank
and file of japanese people who,
in their oriental way, placed him
on an even higher level than
they did their own emperor be-
fore the war.
Gen. Macarthur was infalli-
BILE to them. He, and not the
troops with him. represented
America with all its power. The
Japanese masses are hardly
aware of the existence of Presi-
dent Truman, Congress, General
Evening star., 1951-04-12
Doris FIeeson::

truman QramaJlc mlonlgnG
dismissal of General MacAr-
thur from his Far East COM
mands. former Congressman
Maury Maverick of San An
tonic. Tex. walked into the
famous oval study.
II have not always agreed
with you, Mr.. President. but
this morning I ask the privi-
lege of shaking your hand"
said Mr.. Maverick, crippled
veteran of World War I. Il
think you have saved the lives
of my grandchildren"
Tears came into the Presi-
dents eyes.
ST had to choose between
Gen. Macarthur and the Con-
stitution, Maury," he said. Il
decided to save the Constltu-
tion."
Mr.. Truman became con-
vinced that Gen. Macarthur
had to go after the March in
cident of the Macarthur truce
offer to the Chinese Reds
which jumped the gun on the
President and belittled Presl-
Dental authority in plain view
of our allies. The President
then had some hope of riding
along with him, no matter how
trying he became, until the
japanese peace treaty was
signed and the occupation
could be ended.
While this hope was disln-
tegrating, the Generals letter
to Minority Leader Martin was
published. It indorsed a sug-
gestion directly contrary to the
Presidents policy. that Chiang's
troops be brought into the war,
It was the end. The Presi-
dent is said now to accept the
view of some of his advisers
that Gen. Macarthur is nov
prey to a martyr complex and
wanted to be fired, that he was
deliberately asking for it.
Consultations were stepped up
over the week end with the
Joint Chiefs, the Secretaries of
Defense and State and their
experts; leading Democrats were
asked their opinions, and they
pledged their support of what
ever move the President made,
About noon on Tuesday the
President gave the word: Get
the documents out and start de-
classifying what you can. Mac
Arthur goes.
The President stands ready to
fight it out on the Contsitu-
tional question of civilian su-
premacy over the military. He
also will give all-out battle on
the foreign policy issue. He is
positive Gen. Macarthur is
wrong when the General urges
that the United States concen-
trate on Asia and use Chang
Kai-Shek's Formosa troops to
open a second front on the
mainland of China.
The President anticipates
about six weeks of rough going
and a big wind on Capitol Hill
He is confident that having
made his hard decision, he i.
the stronger for it and thai
time will work for him.
For example, he will say man!
things he has not felt in a po'
sition to say while Gen. Mac
Arthur wore those four power
full hats in the Far East. HI
will question the Macarthur
judgment as he restrained him
self and his cabinet from doinl
in order to avoid undermining
the Supreme Commander of tn
Allied powers.
The Presidents timetable OF
Gen. Macarthur is about a
follows:
Long before it came to pub
lie attention, he began to real
i2e, from the communication
passing back and forth betweel
Evening star., 1951-01-10
Constantine Brown:
B|uckout on News From Korea

Are our forces in Korea with
drawing, retreating or fleeing?
Are our losses small, normal or
heavy?
These questions naturally
arise in the minds of all Ameri-
cans, who are being served a
slim fare these days from head
quarters in Korea and Tokyo.
The curtain of censorship has
become so heavy that it is
natural to wonder whether pos
sibly it hides catastrophe.
A corps of trained and able
correspondents is covering the
military operations. The re-
porters are muzzled. Their dis
patches are emasculated, some
times at field headquarters,
sometimes in Tokyo.
They are subjected to rigid
military discipline, which can
involve court-martial for any
leak" or resistance to orders
from the generals on the hand
ling of the news.
Censorship during military
operations is understands BILE.
Military men are more conver-
SAINT with what can be of use
to the enemy than many re-
porters, who see only the news
angle. But there are ways and
means of enforcing security
around a force in combat, with
out completely backing out news
reports, as has been the case
in Korea for the last three
weeks.
In the past American mill
tary censorship has been con-
Quoted with genuine co-opera-
ton between war correspondents
and the high command. Liaison
officers were in contact with
newsmen~ and warned them
against sending certain infor-
nation which could be damag-
ing to military operations. In
some cases the blue pencil was
applied. If a newspaperman
was recalcitrant his accredita-
ton was Cancelled and he had
to return home.
No such thing exists today in
Korea. All correspondents, with
out exception, have been sub
jected to- the most severe
blackout ever known in our
Evening star., 1951-01-10

Mr.. Taft. even if Mr.. Truman
so desired.
The Taft drive for power rolled
into high promptly and quite
naturally after his splendid VIC
tory at the polls last November.
Within a week he had leaked the
major points of the present
G. o. P. reshuffle Of committee
assignments, including the plan
to deny Senator Morse Of Oregon
the seat on Foreign Relations
for which Senator Morse had
Senator Vandenberg's support.
This re-shuff1e is going forward
amid some painful outcries un-
der the titular command Of
Taft lieutenant, Senator Butler
of Nebraska, but "see Taft" is
the tip passed out to new and
junior Senators by Senator
Brewster. chairman of the 1850
Senatorial Campaign Com
mittee.
The Senator from Ohio also
maneuvered the President into
the position in the State Of the
Union message answering Sena-
tor Taft. The custom has been
for business to await that mes
sage but Senator Taft demanded
the floor for his major foreign
policy speech last Friday.
That he got 1t from the mex
perienced new Majority Leader,
Senator Mcfarland, is source
of irritation to all Democrats in
cluding the President. Senator
Evening star., 1951-01-10

rather than restrained Hitler.
1t could now embolden Stain.
The United States. through
it's diplomatic representatives
abroad, is trying to reflect
American opinion on the Chi
nese aggression in Korea. But
it is evident from press dis
patches that other governments
are looking at things from some
what the same timid viewpoint
that helped to kill the League
of Nations as force for peace.
The timidity which failed to
challenge Hitler's march into
the Rhineland in November,
1886, is being paralleled today.
At that time the British and
French foreign Offices pursued
a course that is strangely like
that which is being reported
from London today. All sorts OF
excuses for inaction were given
then, and Hitler, seeing his ad-
vantage. took thereafter what
ever territory he wanted-and
picked off country by country
because he was sure the free
nations were not united. War
came anyway, despite the ap-
peasement.
The sending of American
troops to defend Europe would
not be debated in this country
today if there were unity among
the governments of the free
world. If there were genuine
devotion to basic principles, if
material considerations were
less influential, and if nations
stood squarely on moral princi-
Piles and condemned wrong
doing unhesitatingly and showed
that they were not afraid OF
war even if war had to come.
proposals to limit our aid to
Europe or to refrain from send
ing land army abroad would
not be winning any substantial
support in America today.
Again and again since 1945
it has been said that the Mos
cow government would be i'm
Evening star., 1951-01-10
Henry McLenore:
Texas Is Full Of Surprises,
Flight in Light Plane Shows

The ceiling is this and that in
front. A Connie reports violent
turbulence here. Ice conditions
exist at 1000 feet at this point.
1t would be wise If you didn't
try to pass through the thun-
derheads at this point.
It was as comforting as light
in your room at night when you
were baby. And all the time
you knew that If you didn't reach
the destination you had filed in
your fight plan within a decent
time, all ships would be looking
for you.
So, when the boys on the
ground told us to come down at
Lufkin, we came down. The
weather was decent here. A
high ceiling, and good visibility,
but we wouldn't have known
about Lufkin If our friends on
the ground had not been inter-
ested in us. and saw to 1t that
we knew where to go.
I'm glad we came down in
Lufkin. It's in Texas, and Texas
is always full of surprises. Tex
as never does things halfway.
The airport at Lufkin is big
enough for a city ten times its
size. Just a bit Of proof that
Lufkin goes in for optimism and
is confident that in a few years
it will be as big as Washington
or any other town you can
name.
The airport is about ten
miles outside of town. Lufkin
wants room to grow. It has
hotels enough to handle an
American Legion Convention,
and the Angelina is the kind of
hotel you'd expect in a metro
polls. Aforementioned through
out. service Of any sort around
the clock. and q staff which
would welcome the Duke and
Duchess as graciously and prop
erly as any hotel in New York,
Cairo. London or Paris.
It would do Americans good
to make at least one trip a year
to Texas. The people are solid.
Texas has faith in itself and
America.
distributed BY McNauEht Syndicate, Inc J
Evening star., 1951-01-10

history. They have been given
temporary and honorary COM
missioned rank to assure them
of fair treatment in the even
Of capture by the enemy.
The idea was laudable. But
in its application correspondents
are being subjected to military
discipline, even in their writings.
They can be court-martialed
instead of warned. If they vio-
late the censorship rules. And
with all due regard for the abil-
ity of our military men, they do
not know much about news
paper reporting. Some, as this
reporter has found out in the
past, believe reporting and fa-
vorable propaganda to go hand
in hand.
What the commanding gener-
ais in the Korean police ac-
ton" do not appreciate is that
back in Washington accurate re-
ports on developments are re-
ceived. And security in Govern
ment departments is like sieve.
The usual briefings at the
Pentagon keep pace with Off
cial communicates from Tokyo
and throw no light on what &C
tually is happening to the re-
remainder of the seven American
divisions which were plunged
into Korea last July.
But leaks" of information to
favorites occur here and there.
Evening star., 1951-01-10
United Nations Now on T rial

pressed only by military force
or by "areas of strength" but
anyone who knows the elemen-
tary principles of warfare knows
that an army without a spirit
can be beaten by an inferior
force. It is the lack of a united
determination-the absence of
a spirit of resoluteness-Which
burdens the United Nations it
self with weakness that can
never be compensated for by
the size of our military armas
ment.\
The first essential to a spirit
of resoluteness is an honest
self-examination. The United
Nations cannot afford to be in
sincere or intimidated by an ag-
gressor. Either the U. N. meant
what it said on June 26 in con-
demning aggression and order
ing it resisted or else it was just
using empty phrases. The
theory that the free world does
not dare to speak out for the
rightness of its cause for fear
it may have to fight to defend
that cause does not appeal to
a resolute nation. 1t doesn't
generate a determination to
make sacrifices for a basic prin-
ciple of national and interna-
tional conduct.
Irresoluteness does, however.
accelerate the deterioration Of
a nation or group Of nations.
The United Nations is very
much on trial at the moment.
1t is most unfortunate that, in
the various capitals of the world
where vital decisions must be
made by governments, there is
not an awareness of the crisis
that faces the U. N. itself and
perhaps the future of all alli-
ances that normally would be
expected to protect nations.
large and small, against aggres-
sion.
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