davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-03-11

tundra, without highways. rail-,
roads or even trails, could not
possibly be kept inviolate from
an enemy Judgment at some
point. But unless the enemy
got possession of the airfields
and the small transportation
system in the south, he could do
nothing in Alaska that would
give him much military adj
vantage.
So the plan Is to center
Alaska's defenses on the three
Air Force bases. Elmendorf
Field at Anchorage and Eielson
and Ladd near Fairbanks; on
the Army base at Fort Richard
son, Anchorage. and on the
naval base at Kodiak. the big
island south of Anchorage.
Objections to Plan
Only moderate-sized forces
will be garrisoned thereon
tirely too moderate in the opin-
ion of Alaskan spokesman.
When housing and facilities are
available, $4,000 men will be
kept in the Territory. The orig
inal plan was to have the full
force there by July, 1852. Now.
according to the committee.
the program has been speeded
up. Some of the facilities
planned for completion in 1852
will be ready this year.
This size garrison has been
decided upon as adequate to
defend the bases against any
foreseeable form of attack until
heavy reinforcements can be
flown in from the continental
United States. The military
men estimate that an enemy
must have three-to-one numer-
ical superiority to defeat a force
holding a well-defended base.
The military planners believe it
would be impossible for Russia
to make a strong enough air.
borne or naval invasion to over
come $4,000 men while the
United States retained air and
naval superiority.
This means that in case Of
war. all of the Aleutians and all
that vast territory north and
west of Fairbanks will be left
open to invasion If the Russians
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-03-11
By Constantine Brown

American Government has used
its influence to press the Euro
pean colonial" governments to
give complete freedom to the sIb-
ject peoples in the Far East.
Thus. President Roosevelt's pres
sure on Prime Minister Churchill
contributed largely to the eventual
freedom of India and the creation
of the independent states of India
and Pakistan.
It was far more direct pressure
from Washington which compelled
the Dutch government to give
freedom to the Indonesian people
and to create the Indonesian Re-
public. When The Hague gov
eminent attempted to apply a
heavy hand in suppressing the
independence movement in Java
and Sumatra, the Washington
Government applied direct
threats. such as discontinuance
OF American economic help for
the Netherlands.
No such pressure-or even ad-
vice-has been applied to France,
however, on Indo-C China. Our at
titude of condoning Frances re-
tention of her colonial empire has
fired up the present war in Indo-
China, where we have been COM
PEELED by circumstances to help
the French with a stable amount
of war materials.
We have adopted the same
policy in regard to Frances hold
ings in North Africa. We have
been warned repeatedly by Ameri-
cans in Morocco that "the lid
would blow of" unless the Arabs
are given far greater independence
than they now have. But these
counsels were ignored. principally
because they came from American
businessmen who were described
as soreheads.
The French government-acting
through its resident general in
Morocco-had placed great handi-
caps in the way of American bust
nessmen, because it wanted to
keep Morocco a purely French res
ervation for French business in
tereStS.
The matter came up in Congress
and both houses approved an
amendment in the last Marshall
Plan appropriation, providing that
assistance should be denied to
any recipients of Americas help
if they Disseminated against
American private business. This
has remained dead letter inso-
far as its application is concerned.
The amount of money involved
in the North African discrimina-
ton was small compared with the
astronomical sums involved in the
rehabilitation of the world at the
expense of the American taxpayer
under the Marshall Plan. The
administration did not think it
worth while to make an issue out
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-03-11
By CIorke Beech

choose to move in, before the
United States strengthens the
defenses there.
Aside from the fate of the
inhabitants of Nome and other
towns in the area, there are
some serious strategic objec-
tions to the plan-although the
committee agreed that the mill
tary had made the right deci-
sion, considering the fact that
American military forces are
not of unlimited size.
On the Seward Peninsula are
the only United States tin de-
posits of any consequence. #
the Malay Peninsula, the prin-
cipal source for United States
tin. were lost to the Commu-
nists. the Seward supply might
be of critical Importance.
AS to just how large were the
supplies there, the committee
found evidence of disagreement
within the Bureau of Mines. The
regional director for the bureau
in Alaska told member of the
committee staff that the de
posts might prove to be of out
standing Importance" An Off
cial bureau memorandum, how
ever, estimated that the penin-
sula didn't contain altogether
more than $4,000 tons of tin.
The United States uses almost
$4,000 tons a year.
Another important considera-
ton is the oil in the Point Bar
row naval reserve lands--far
out on the undefended margin.
Up there on the Arctic Ocean
the Navy has been exploring po-
tential oil lands for years, has
spent $50 million on the project
and plans to spend $40 million
more by December 81, 1852.
No big oil fields of great COM
mercial Importance have yet
been discovered. But Just re-
Gently the Navy brought in two
good-size wells. And biologists
are fairly confident that a rich
oil area will some day be opened
there.
The sparse defense of the
Aleutian chain has long been
a sore point to Alaskans. They
regard the islands as a stepping
stone toward their Territory. Yet
practically all military forces
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-03-11
Arabs Nationalist Trend Disturbing Struteqists

Another headache is in the
making for the planners of de-
Tense against Red aggression. A
wave of nationalism and reaction
against the European colonial
powers is sweeping the Arab coun-
tries from the Persian Gulf to
the Atlantic.
This movement-which cannot
be regarded with disfavor by the
American people, who always have
advocated strongly the liberation
of all subject peoples-comes at a
most critical time, however.
The whole Southern Mediter-
ranean area, extending from Mo-
rocco eastward beyond the Red
Sea, has become one of the vital
strategic regions in the military
defense system of the West. If
that part of the world Is thrown
into turmoil, its vast oil resources,
its minerals and manpower. and
its highly important airfield sites
where American and British
bombers could be based in a coun-
terofensive against the U. S. S. r.
may be denied to us.
Some observers explain the
Arab nationalist outburst as the
work of Soviet agents. The Mus
covites have a highly flexible
propaganda machine. Knowing
from experience that it is impos-
sible to sell communism to the
Mohammedans, the Communists
have agitated for several years
for the complete independence of
the Arabs, who are still under the
tutelage in various sectors of
France and Britain.
Egypt the Hub
Emissaries from Moscow have
been particularly active in Mo-
rocco, Algeria and Tunisia. The
drive to shake off French inf1u-
ence in those three countries is
fully supported not only by the
rest Of the Arab world. but by
other Mohammedan countries,
such as Pakistan, as well.
The center of this movement is
in Egypt, which continues to be
disgruntled because the British
government insists on maintaining
full military control over the Suez
Canal and is slow in readjusting
the question of the Sudan. Egypt
is anxious to cooperate with the
West in the defense against the
Red waves, but the British atti-
tude has irked it's people and gov
eminent. The Egyptian govern
ment has asked repeatedly that
the defense of the Suez Canal be
intrusted either to the Egyptian
Army or to an international force
with Egypt's direct participation.
But to place the whole blame
for the untimely upsurge of Arab
nationalism on Russia's subver-
sive agents would be to over
simplify the problem and to dodge
q full explanation Of this phe-
nomenon.
On q number Of occasions the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-03-11

1Vvd4ASa OIL oO&k1J w
ards it will be tough and pro-
longed, but in Washington it is
now taken as settled that the
Presidents three-year program
probably will be substantially &C
cepted by Congress and Nation.
This program can be summed up
in five points: ....
/. Steady increase of the Amer
lean forces in Europe.
2. A program of military aid
to Americas Allies which from
this summer (the American budget
year starts on July u will far
surpaSs the amount of Marshall
aid which it may replace.
8. Universal military service in
America, on top of the present
draft.
4. A military three-year budget
of $40 billion for the three years
July. 1850, to June. 1853, by which
date American industrial reno
bilization will be complete.
S. Indefinite maintenance of the
state Of military preparedness thus
attained.
It is perhaps not yet generally
realized that this program. already
launched and now assured of be-
ing carried through, will mean the
greatest shift in world power seen
in this century. Under her pres
emit program America will, within
the next two-and-a-half years,
become stronger than all the rest
Of the world, friendly, neutral,
and unfriendly.
Just to get the proportions
right, let us make a few COMPARE
sons. American outlay on defense
In the three years, 1950-1953, will
be five times the British annual
national income. American mill
tary aid to her Allies in one year
will be larger than the British
budget. The mere addition to
American steel-making capacity
during these three years will be
larger than the entire British
steel-making capacity.
Some Comparisons
In the current year Americas
defense effort will be eight times
the revised British one, which in
turn will be larger than that of all
the other Atlantic treaty nations
combined. The combined effort of
the non-American Atlantic treaty
nations alone is supposed, with
American military aid, to ap-
proach. If not quite to equal, the
Russian one during this, year.
Americas own effort will be more
than four times as large.
Now that America has made up
her mind to undertake this effort,
there is, within human Judgment,
nothing that can prevent its reah-
cation. Certainly not a "preven-
tive war" on the part of Russia;
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-03-11

of this insignificant incident, and
thus lose the friendship of the
French. to whom nickels are as
important as dollars.
While the nationalist tide in
Africa may not have reached the
proportions described by the Arab
League in Cairo. it is causing
serious concern to American
strategists. If we were not a great
power, with. economic, political
and military responsibilities all
over the world, the present I'M
rest would be of only academic
interest to us. But a wave of dis
content. accompanied by possible
major uprisings supported by a
boycott-the strongest weapon
which non-military powers have
against stronger nations-can dis
rupt all our strategic plans for
the future.
Count on Their Oil
The Middle East has vitality i'm
portant oil resources, without
which no modern war can be
fought. These belong to NOLAN.
medan and Arab countries-Iran
Iraq and Saudi Arabia. If they
are denied to us, either by a boy
colt or by the acceptance of. Rus
sian influence in those countries,
1t would be almost impossible for
us to wage successful war across
the Atlantic.
We have a sufficient supply of
oil in the United States and in
some of the South American re-
publics. But we plan to depend
exclusively on the Middle Eastern
oil resources for the armed forces
of the North Atlantic Treaty Or
ganization and for the eventual
support for the armies of the
Mediterranean countries from
6pdlIl W 1uIkcy.
The last war taxed our oil re-
sources heavily. Another war
would Notwithstanding to ex-
perts-at least three times the
quantity used in World War II.
And it is doubtful whether we
could produce that quantity with
out draining our own resources
completely. One of the accepted
theories as to why the Muscovites
have not yet launched their forces
across Western Europe is the re-
ported lack of adequate oil sup
plies for continued war effort.
And what is true about Russia is
equally true of the nations out
side the iron curtain.
Witnesses who participated in
the great debate" before the
Senate Foreign Relations and
Armed Services Committees en-
phasized the Importance Of
Africa in our strategic plans.
Military men and distinguished
civilians argued that we must
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-03-11
Fornnosu
Continued From Page CID

\NoiiIAilueu cIOul rage C-1.)
q national budget-a budget that
earmarks go per cent Of all rev.
enue for the armed services.
During the past year the Ma
tionalist government has made a
praiseworthy and generally sue
cessful attempt to improve its
economic position, and as a result
the yawning gap that existed be-
tween expenditure and revenue
has been narrowed considerably.
But not enough. The national
treasury, which few persons one
year ago thought would hold out
as long as 1t has. still has to meet
the dollar gap each month.
Intrinsically, the islands econ
omy Is much sounder than year
ago because official corruption has
been sharply reduced, because
production has increased, and be-
cause foreign exchange and the
gold reserve are no longer being
extravagantly squandered, as they
were then. All requests for i'm
port licenses now are carefully
screened by a special board, and,
If the items listed are not deemed
essential, they are not allowed in.
AS one result, non-essential con-
sumner goods are slowly disap-
pearing from this city's shops
and stalls.
r Revenue has been increased far
beyond the level of a year ago
by increased taxation, growing
government monopoly profits, and
as result of more honest and
more efficient administration.
But expenditure has risen. too,
largely because the armed forces
have been expanded.
Gets ECA Help
It is estimated that government
reserves-their total is kept Sc
cret-are sufficient to meet the
dollar gap at least for some time
to come But the fact remains
that Generalissimo Chang Kai-
shek's government is steadily run
ming out of funds. and if this
government is to be counted ar
active ally in fighting communism
in Asia, it will have to receive
substantial aid, presumably from
the United States.
Formosa at present receives
American aid, mainly through the
agency Of the Economic Co-opera-
ton Administration. which grant
ed an appropriation of $40 million
for the current fiscal year. These
funds are largely spent on COM
modities, such as fertilizer, ano
on the improvement Of the island s
communications and the rehabili-
tation of its industries.
Largely as result of ECA fer
tilizer, Formosa's rice crop just
harvested came close to an all
time record-1.4 million tons
providing an exportable surplus
even after the army and the
swollen civilian population have
been fed. It is expected that su-
gar and rice will constitute 80 per
cent Of Formosa's exports this
year.
Copyright. London Observer Foreisn
zs a News eegytosl
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-03-11
U.S.. Cast for Leading Role
InGreot World PowerShif
British Observer Predicts Subordinate
Position for Russia After We Mobilize
By Sebastian Hoffner

foreign Afos Analyst o Observer
soatonIst against President Tans
eign defense policies launched ago and
forward with varying degrees of emphasis
Ambassador Kennedy and Senators Taft Whery
reached the point where would have
Detailed congressional scrutiny will continue
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-03-11
THE SUNDAY STAR, Washington, D.
SUNDAY, MARCH H. 1851
Peron Removes La Prenso
AS Obstacle to Reelection
Is Eliminating All Open Opposition to
Assure Success Of Husbond-Wife Ticket
By Edword TomIinson

President Juan Domingo Peron of Argentina clearing the
opposition preparation for the 1852 general
elections which interchangeable helpmae
be candidates for the presidency and vice
presidency, respectively.
August Of last this writer pointed out that the best
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-03-11
Will Affect u. N.

5. The role Of Britain and
France and the other Atlantic
treaty partners of America will
be vital during the next 10
months. but will inevitably decline
in innnrtance fharaaftar as
Evening star., 1951-12-16
On the Cover
NITRO GROUP PHOTOS

HHiSS BETTY ANN JOY, 20, Of Su Soafh
1Vx Ode street. arlington. poses among tie
toinseffiGs display in he main rossrrpafo,y of
the botanic Garden, First asd Canal streets S.W.
The exhibition riH remais obes TO tie pabiit as
long the plants retain their bsaafy-af least
until Christmas and perhaps anhH New Years
Evening star., 1951-12-16

career management. Occa-
sionally, a husband asks that
his wife be assigned to his
station. If there is a need for
a WAC with the wife's quail
ficationS, she is sent to the
place requested.
Asked about special requests
Evening star., 1951-12-16

that follow in order are med
jcal, communications, supply
and food service.
Col. Fullbright explains
that the Army tries to con-
slider personal problems, such
as illness in the. family. in
making assignments under
Evening star., 1951-04-15
is BRITAIN STILL INVASION-PR0OF?
Continued from preceding page

with the Navy patrols the job of spot
ting and destroying enemy undersea
craft, is being expanded, and the Navy
is putting out new types of anti-sub-
marine planes and fighter aircraft.
Britain's five atomic centers -
which presumably are unable to make
bombs - are optimistic about their
work on atom-powered engines.
The all-jet day fighter force of
the RAF, recently doubled. is be-
ing doubled again, and new jet
night fighters are on order. Anti
aircraft guns, now automatic, are
ready, and new deployment system
has assured faster manning of the
guns. Rockets and guided missiles are
being tested along isolated beaches in
Britain and at the Helgoland bomb
ing range in Germany.
And, of course, the US. Air Forces
strategic DomDmg group, Dullt 10
carry the atom bomb on runs of
several thousand miles. is stationed
in East Anglia. Although the most
potent weapon against enemy con-
centrations of supply or troops, it is
also, as MIR. Churchill said, ''the
h,,1l'c ax,o of a Co1yiat attack
The atom bomb, which Britons be-
lieve holds Soviet forces in Europe
at bay, is at the same time a prime
cause of apprehension in England it
self. The government believes Rus
sian atom attacks (perhaps with
guided missiles, since so many Ger
man super-rocket experts have been
Evening star., 1951-04-15

working in Red arsenals since l945)
will concentrate first on the industries
of the Ruhr and next on those of the
United Kingdom.
Il don't think we have to worry
about cross-channel INVASION" dryly
commented one official of the De-
fense Ministry recently. THE whole
of southern England would be radio.
active before they got troops across" ;"
Present and former members of the
British government are fond of point
ing out that General Eisenhower once
said he could never have launched
D-Day if V-weapon attacks had been
centered on his forces, or if they had
started six months earlier.
Doorstep Batteries
BRITAIN, at cost of continued
dreariness of existence and consider
able economic risk, is preparing to be
formidable foe to any Soviet aggres-
sion on the continent. She will be
protected as completely as possible
from direct landings by sea and air,
and from conventional weapons of
long-range assault. But from semi
circle of doorstep batteries of the
newest horror engines, she does not
feel secure at all.
The British, isolated, will have no
defense in depth - no space in which
to withdraw, to rally and to strike
back, but only room enough to stand
bravely enough, no doubt - and
die. The End
Evening star., 1951-02-27
Leopard Frog.

Within a few short weeks, the
loud, musical voice of the leopard
frog will be broadcast from the
meadows and fields adjacent to
marshes and brooks.
This spring singer is the most
common frog of North America. In
Florida he Is known as the spring
frog; in New York, the grass frog;
in all other parts of our country
he is lovingly spoken of as "the
handsome leopard frog, who sings" :"
Due to his bright colors and
markings, it is difficult to give a
definite chart for identification.
The ground color may be pale green,
light gray, or brown. while the folds
may be golden yellow or dark
bronze. The various spots may be
tringed in green or black and ar
ranged in row or in hodge -podge
fashion. Finally there are cross
bands on the thigh which strangely
end In a series Of irregular spots.
With all the variety, you never call
the leopard frog by a wrong title.
He Is car1ny enough to remain
still SO you will relax your grip.
Then he seizes his opportunity to
give his hind legs vigorous jerk,
sending his body out of your hand
to land on the path nearby. If you
do not act as he would wish, he
never pouts, but settles down to
render an appealing disarming song.
Look for the great five-inch ielly
Evening star., 1951-02-27
Nature e'sChiIdren
By Lillion Cox Athey

mass in shallow water, either float
ing free or attached to drifting
sticks or grasses. Development be-
gins three hours after the eggs are
laid. Under lens you can watch
the changes taking place. Nine days
after being deposited, tiny slender
black tadpoles cling to the jelly.
Those fortunate enough to have
escaped hungry neighbors, soon be-
come swift dodgers who spend the
day swimming, eating and growing.
At last the front and hind legs ap-
pear and the broad transparent tail
begins to shorten. Soon the ener-
getic youngsters of green bronze or
brown are leaping. Many Of them
can be seen nestled among pond
lily leaves, sedges or grasses. They
leave the shallow water for a few
hunting hours in the nearby sur
roundings to return at dusk to the
shallow water.
Out of the five to six thousand
eggs laid, a vast number Of babies
live to grow up.
Evening star., 1951-02-27

The word amphitheater is COM
monty mispronounced: AM-puh-
thee-AY'ter, a pronunciation which
no dictionary supports or even lists.
Note that the second syllable is
phi, which spells "fi" as in fib.
The correct pronunciation is: AM
|fi-THEE 'uh-ter.
Bison is the correct name OF the
American buffalo, which actually is
not a buffalo. The buffalo is large
OK of Africa and Asia. The Amer
ican bison is now nearly extinct ex-
cept for protected herds in Western
United States. Do not say Bliss
lun." The first syllable is "by" to
rhyme with my" thus: BY-s'n.
A charnal house is a vault or room
where dead bodies or the bones OF
the dead are deposited; hence, by
extension, a scene of bloodshed or
slaughter. Charnal is not "KAHR-
MI" Pronounce the sch" as in char
coal, thus: CFIAHR-nl.
Radio annoul1cers on musical pro-
grams are extremely fond Of the
word ensemble, which they usually
Evening star., 1951-02-27
axe NY Word for 1t
By Fronk Colby

pronounce "on-SOM," thus serving
notice on all and sundry that they
know thing or two about French.
But the "on-SOM" is as far from
being French as it is from English.
The standard American pronuncla-
ton is: ahn-SAHM.b1.
Watch the word Geiger. Not
"GY-jer." The Geiger counter is
an instrument for detecting radio
activity, as in the search for
uranium and in the after effects
of atomic bomb explosions. The
counter was named for the German
physicist, Hans Geiger. Pronounce
it: GY-ger to rhyme with tiger"
There is no mash" in machina-
ton. The word means, "a crafty
scheme; an evil plot" Pronounce It.:
MACK-i-NAY'sh'n.
The word mulatto is commonly
mispronounced "muh-LAD-uh." A
mulatto Is a person of half-white,
half Negro blood. The word Is from
the Spanish mulo, from the Latin
mulus, "a hybrid" (The mule Is so
called because It u Q half-breed be-