davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Toledo union journal. [volume] (Toledo, Ohio) 1942-current, 1951-01-12
Sid es
Robert A. Taft

tons.
When the North Koreans at
tackled, it happened that Russia
was boycotting the Security
Council and the resolution call
ing for action against the North
Korean aggression was therefore
passed without dissent.
There was no concurring vote by
Russia, but we overrode this OBJ
lection without considering how
it might be raised against us in
the future.
Furthermore, we took this ac-
tion without considering the fact
that, if the Chinese Communists
attacked and the Russian repre-
sentative returned to the Secur-
ity Council, the United Nations
could not follow up its action
against the Korean Communists
by similar action against Chinese
Communists. If the Russians had
planned it that way, they could
tlOI nave OCtLCI.
Saps Truman Exceeded Power
Those who are blaming the
United Nations should much
more blame the limitations of the
Charter and our own Govern
ment for forcing United Nations
action beyond its permanent
powers.
"** The President incorrectly
assumed that the United Nations
was an operating organization
with power to call on us for
troops which we could supply.
AS a matter of fact, he had no
authority whatever to commit
American troops to Korea with
out consulting Congress and
without Congressional approval.
He could not commit our arm
ed forces to support the United
Nations under the terms of the
act which was passed by Con-
gress, for that act onlq recogniz-
ed the commitment of troops
in the event of the negotiation of
a special military agreement
with the Security Council (which
shall be subject to the approval
of the Congress by an appropri-
ate act or joint resolution" The
Russians have prevented the con-
clusion of any such agreements.
Congress has therefore never
acted.
The President simply usurped
authority, in violation of the
laws and the Constitution, when
he sent troops to Korea to carry
out the resolution of the United
Nations in an undeclared war. 1t
may now be argued that Con-
gress by appropriating money
for additional Korean action has
ratified the act, but the war was
on and we had no choice but to
back up Fundamentally the boys
who were fighting in Korea.
For the present we must
make use of the United Nations
as best we may, as diplomatic
weapon and through it we may
hope that more friendly relations
can be established with Russia.
But as far as military policy is
concerned, ] Sc no choice except
to develop our own military pol
icy, and our own policy of alli-
ances, without regard to the non
existent power of the United Ma
tions to prevent aggression.
Defend America First
What then should be our mill
tary policy in preparation for a
possible attack by Russia on our
selves or on our allies? Our first
consideration must be defense of
America. 1t seems obvious
that the immediate problem of
defending this country depends
upon control of the sea and con-
troll of the air.
Whether war can be ended by
air mower alone NAV he omen t0
Toledo union journal. [volume] (Toledo, Ohio) 1942-current, 1951-01-12

of their army to China. The op-
ertions of Chiang's army n d
the free Chinese on the main
land should be real hinderance
to the occupation of Southeast
Asia by Communist armies. In
fact, it would seem to be the
only hope.
Such a war certainly need not
involve the invasion of China
by American armies, or cost us
one more man, or one more dol
lar, t h n the present war in
Korea. In fact it would cost us
much less.
The power of great sea and
air forces is not necessarily
limited to island nations. The
oplicy / suggest certainly would
not abandon to Communist con-
quest the continetal nations. In
the first place, we m a y give
economic assistance to m any
such n t ons providing they
really want that assistance. We
can igve arms as we are bound
to do under the Atlantic Pact,
and as we are now d o n 6 in
Indo- China, in Greece and in
Turkey.
Europe Greatest Problem
There are some places where
it may even be wise >tO commit
some land troops if we can see
a reasonable chance of success.
Korea does not seem to be such
an area, but the entire Continent
of Africa is connected with
Asia and certainly we should
assist in defending the Suez
Canal as means of maintaining
our connections by sea, ne
Northern Africa where we hold
valuable air bases.
1t may be possible to assist
Spain. / should suppose that Sim
agpore and the Malay Peninsula
could be defended by ! a n d
troops if sea and air power is
available on both sides of the
peninsula. The extension of such
aid by land troops, however, is
a dangerous experiment as we
found in Korea. doubt il we
should enter into any commit
ments in advance, or undertake
the Job at all unless we are sure
it is well within our capacity,
and almost certain of success.
The greatest question of policy
before the country and before
this Congress, however, relates
to our undertakings in Europe.
Under t n general principles |
have laid down, would say that
we had better commit no Ameri-
can troops to the European Con-
tinent at this time. Some modi-
fication is require d in that
theory because, first, we are now
occupying Germany with t he
obligations growing out of the
Second World War, and second,
we have made certain promises
under the Atlantic Pact.
1t might be well first to con-
slider just what our obligations
are under the Atlantic Pact. One
thing seems certain. There is no
legal obligation to send Ameri-
can land soldiers to Europe.
1t was only our military
planners who discussed sending
American land troops to Europe.
Responsible officials of the Gov
ernment absolutely repudiated
any idea that the Atlantic Pact
contemplated any such aid. If
the President in his conference
with Mr.. Atlee, or Secretary
Acheson at Brussels has under
t a X n to commit the United
States to any such assistance be-
fore or during a war, they are
usurping the authority given by
law and their program should be
submitted to Congress for con-
sideration.
The President has no power
~ 1nrno f0 Sand A yoanr;oan
Toledo union journal. [volume] (Toledo, Ohio) 1942-current, 1951-01-12

ther defense of islands near the
continental shores, and for such
occasional extensions of action
into Europe or Asia as promise
success in selected areas. But it
need not be anything like as
large an army as would be nee
essary for a land war on the
Continent of Europe or the Con-
tinent of Asia.
A superiority in air and sea
forces throughout the world can
achieve other purposes than
mere defense. 1t can furnish eff
fective assistance to all those ma
tions which desire to maintain
their n d ON It can
achieve balance of power un-
der which more peaceful rela-
tions throughout the world can
constantly be developed.
While defense of this country
is our first consideration, ] do not
agree with those who think we
can completely abandon the rest
of the world and rely solely upon
the defense of this continent. In
fact the very thesis of an effec-
tive control of sea and air by the
free nations requires that we do
interest ourselves in Europe and
the Near East and India and the
Far East, so that Communist in
fluence may not extend to areas
from which it is still possible to
exclude it by many methods
other than land armies.
There is no need for a spec1-
fic line of defense, but we can
exercise power for peace over
a vast area. If the Russians
realize that power cannot be
challenged, and can do real dam
age to their own nation with the
atomic bomb and otherwise,
their purpose of military aggres-
sion may well wither, and grad
ually peaceful relations in Eu-
rope may grow again. The de-
sire of human beings for peace
and comfort and normal human
relations is a powerful force
which will constantly reassert
itself.
do not believe that this sea
and air power should be used
for aggressive purposes, but i
do believe it should be available
to assist those nations which ask
for assistance to defend them
selves against Communist ag-
gression, to the extent that such
power can be successfully and
effectively used.
We must not undertake any
thing beyond our power as we
have in Korea. We must not as
sumo obligations by treaty or
otherwise which require any ex-
tensive use of American land
forces. In h e first place, we
should be willing to assist with
sea and air forces any island ma
tons w h C h desire our help.
Among those islands are Japan,
Formosa, the Philippines, Indo-
land; on the Atlantic side, Great
Britain, of course.
Japan is a special case. 1T
seems to me we should at once
make treaty with Japan and
then declare peace with japan
by Joint resolution. Such treaty
h o u d provide for assistance
from the United States in the
air and on the sea and tempo
rarily perhaps with few divi-
sions on land until the japanese
can create their own land army
for defensive purposes.
I believe the policy would also
involve the support of Chang
Kai-shek on Formosa and the
providing of arms and other as
sistance which might enable him
to defend himself and contest
with the Chinese Communists in
China itself at least until peace
is made with them. 1t is ridicu-
1O,,c ~ fa1L ohn1.f nxnidino
Toledo union journal. [volume] (Toledo, Ohio) 1942-current, 1951-01-12
Bot h

bert A. Tdft'S 1O,00O-lCord
toreign-poIicy d d ress to the
Senate on Jan. 5.
In very recent days we have
heard appeals for unity from the
Administration and from its sup
porters.
i suggest that these appeals
are an attempt to cover up the
past faults and failures of the
Administration and enable it to
maintain the secrecy which has
largely enveloped our foreign
policy since the days of Franklin
d. Roosevelt. AS | see it
members of Congress, and par
ticularly members of the Senate,
have constitutional obligation
to re-examine constantly and dis
cuss the foreign policy of the
United States.
We see now the beginning of
an agreement to send a specified
number of American troops to
Europe without that question
ever having been discussed in
the Congress of the United
States. The Atlantic Pact may
have committed us to send arms
to the other members of the pact,
but no one ever maintained that
it committed us to send many
American troops to Europe. A
new policy is being formulated
without consulting the Congress
or the people.
The principle purpose of the
foreign policy of the United
States is to maintain the liberty
of our people. It's purpose is not
to reform the entire world or
spread sweetness and light and
economic prosperity to peoples
who have lived and worked out
their own salvation for centuries
according to the best of their
ability. We do have an interest
in the economic welfare of other
nations and in the military
strength of other nations, but
only to the extent to which our
assistance may reduce the prob
ability of an attack on the free
dom of our people.
do not myself see any conclu-
sive evidence that (the Russians)
expect to start a war with the
T.1s faI m w II
see no reason for a general panic
on the assumption that they will
do so. We have clearly notified
them that any attack in Europe
upon the United Nations means
a third World War, and we are
obligated to enter such a war
under the terms of the Atlantic
Pact.
Look at it from any point of
view-and, ] think, particularly
from the Russian point of view
and it is difficult to see how the
Russians could reasonably enter
tain the hope that they can con-
quer the world by military ac-
tion. 1t must seem to their think
ers an extremely difficult under
taking. / believe they are still
thinking i'm terms of slow but
steady advance by the methods
which they have used up to this
time. Those methods are danger
Gus enough.
Preparing for War Urged
Since there is a greater posi-
bility, however, of a destructive
war against our liberty than we
have ever faced in the past, at
least since the Revolutionary
War, there is no doubt that we
should go just as far toward pre-
pairing for war as we can 60 in
time of peace without weakening
ourselves in the long run and de-
stroying forever the very liberty
which war is designed TO pro-
tect.
In the present crisis where the
entire world is threatened by the
Communist menace. the United
Evening star., 1951-12-02
Hightower
Continued From First Page. }

q total of 5000 million under the
Mutual Security Program during
the remainder of the present fis-
i cal year, which runs until next
! June 30.
May Earn Part of Fund.
State Department officials, who
said the figure was in line with
their understanding, declared that
OF this total only 5000 millica
would be in economic aid and
would come out of that part ot
the current mutual security pro-
gram providing for such aid. The
remaining $400 million is expected
tosbe earned by France as pay
naent for goods and services fur.
snished to the United States ir
connection with joint rearmament
This country will pay dollars sol
itssshare in airfie1d construction
and the like in France, and Ameri-
can troops stationed there viii
spend dollars heavily.
I Britain receives some dollars
from similar sources but how
much Britain will need to Close
the gap between Its total earned
Evening star., 1951-12-02
U.S.. Colonel Found SIashed
To Death in Hong Konq
BY the Associated Press

SAN FRANCISCO, Dec. 1.-col.
John Yule was found slashed to
death in a Hong Kong hotel early
today and his wife says here she
lis certain he was murdered by
Communists.
Hong Kong police had labeled
the United States Army officers
death as suicide, although &C
knowledging they were at a loss
for a motive. The United States
military attache in Hong Kong
said there was no evidence of foul
play.
Col. Yule's body, the wrists and
throat slashed with a razor, was
found in small hotel in the
Hong Kong mainland district of
KoWloon early this morning.
Col. Yule, As, had been on duty
with the United States military
mission in Saigon. Indochina, for
the past year and was en- route
home to San Francisco to join his
wife and infant daughter. He had
been forced to lay over in Hong
Kong because of bad weather, and
put up at the Kowloon hotel be-
cause hotels in Hong Kong proper
were full.
Evening star., 1951-12-02
List Gets Big Ovation
On Return to Vienna
BY the Associofed Press

VIENNA.-Amanuel List, Vien-
Ina-born veteran basso of New York
Metropolitan Opera, was given a
riotous reception recently by Vien-
nese music-lovers, when he ap-
|peared again at the city's Concert
Hall after long years of absence.
The first half of his program was
devoted entirely to works of Franz
Schubert. Then, departing from
the nuance of Lieder, he presented
some of the most florid of the
Ioperatic arias. including Rossini's
1.-The Barber of Seville" and
Verdi's "Simone Boccanegra." He
also sang three Negro spirituals.
List will give a number of concerts
in France and Spain before return
ling to the United States.
Evening star., 1951-12-02
Confusion
CONTINUED From First Page.)

this occurrence would have been
derelict If they had not reported
this fact to the American people.
"Yet for doing their plain duty
the newspapers and news services
have been castigated by the Presi-
dent and his press secretary who
attempted to give the impression
that the showdown in fighting had
never taken place"
The Missouri Republican de-
scribed this as a "fiasco" and
added: until the administration
understands that the people must
be given the truth about the war
and that means the whole truth
there can only be a continua-
ton of the suspicion. uncertainty
and doubt that are widespread
throughout the country"
He cited what he said were
other examples of the admins
tration's failure to give the people
the whole story" One such in
stance. he said, was the admin
istration's failure to come clean
with the people in the handling
Of the news of the atrocity kill
ings In Korea" He demanded
that some one in the administra-
ton "cut through the evasions
and contradictions and give a full,
factual account of the Commu-
nists' crime"
Shortly before Mr.. Short issued
his statement, reporters at the
Pentagon viewed the map which
the Army had prepared for show
ing the public the approximate
location of the proposed zone
lines. Officers explained that the
lines, as traced across a map o1
Korea, did not exactly follow the
coordinates defined by the nego.
tiatorS. even though the Com.
munists have a copy of the de.
tailed official map.
Reporters asked why Gen. Mat.
thew B. Ridgway's headquarters
sent the pin-point location data
in secret code to the United States
Ii it could be presumed that the
Communists had the Information
anyway and might use it to break
the code.
I I'm afraid that I am not quail.
/ if1ed to answer that" the Army
spokesman replied.
Evening star., 1951-12-02

would do everything they could
with funds on hand rather than
ask Congress for special foreign
aid appropriation, and later Mr..
Buron issued this new statement: !:
ITO put things straight. the
American aid Of $500 million men
toned by M. Mayer refers to the
fiscal year. July /, 1881 to June 80,
1852 and certain statements to the
contrary Notwithstanding, require
no new decision by the United
States Congress"
Evening star., 1951-12-02
Defense Steel Needs
Expected 10 Reach
42% Of Production

The military take of steel. which
was IL per cent of the total supply
in the first three months of this
year. will reach 20 per cent in the
similar period of 1852.
In addition. the use of steel in
defense related projects will
amount to % per cent, leaving
only SO per cent of the total sup
ply for civilian production and
building.
These figures, obtained from au-
thoritative production control
sources, form a highlight in the
steel scarcity debate which is ex-
pected to be one of the matters
for airing tomorrow before a Sem
ate Small Business Subcommittee
headed by Senator Moody. Demo-
crat. of Michigan.
Fleischmann To Testify.
Steel men have been quoted as
saying there is no real steel short
age but danger of overproduction
and that any apparent shortage
is due to faulty distribution.
Scheduled to testify before the
subcommittee, which also will go
into the black-or gray-market
in steel. will be Manly Fleisch-
mann, head of both the Defense
Production Administration and
the National Production Author
ity: David F. Austin. vice presi-
dent in charge of sales OF the
United States Steel Corp. and j.
v. Honeycutt. vice president OF the
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
The defense-related use Of steel,
estimated at % per cent IN the
first quarter of next year. is based
on the estimates of steel used in
the supply of products from which
the components of military pro-
duction are drawn. and steel for
the expansion Of industry in ex-
cess Of the normal peacetime ex-
pansion.
45To of Aluminium Needed.
The same sources also gave esti-
mates on the use of aluminium IN
the first three months of next
year. They put the direct military
use of the metal at As per cent OF
the total supply; the defense-re-
lated use at Is per cent. leaving
20 per cent for civilian use.
Mobilization Director Charles E.
Wilson estimated in his quarterly
report last April that military re-
quirements of aluminium this year
would be Is per cent Of the supply.
Senator Moody said yesterday
that his group has found so much
evidence of an extensive premium
priced market in steel that we
feel it necessary to call upon the
Administrator of NPA to deter
mine what administrative action
can be taken to guarantee that all
available supplies are channeled
through legitimate dealers to-
those fabricators who are right
fully entitled to this scarce ma
terial."
Mr.. Fleischmann. however, has
said that black market steel is
only q drop in the bucket COM
pared to the steel in legitimate
channels of the industry.
Evening star., 1951-12-02
Transit
Continued From First Page.)

present market value leaves a diff
ference of paper profit Of around
s5.431 ,29o for the group.
In reporting the increase in the
number Of Capital Transit stock
holders since the split-up. Mr..
Wolfson said the company is COM
|piling a new list OF stockholders
to compare with those preceding
the split. He expressed both sur
prise and qualification in the size
of the increase.
In connection with recent activ-
ity in the shares. Mr.. Wolfson
said he was at a loss to explain
it, but he pointed out that the
broader ownership in the stock
might be a cause. A close associ-
ate remarked: 1T must be the old
law of supply and demand"
Dividend Declared.
Another possible cause was some
belief in trading circles that the
District Public Utilities Commis-
sion will hand down favorable
verdict on the company's petition
for higher streetcar and bus fares.
Directors on Monday declared an
initial quarterly dividend of Is
cents a share on new shares. equi-
valent to the old rate of 81 a
share on old stock.
On the New York Curb Ex-
change. where the stock first was
listed in July, $50. volume for
the last week reached 22,100
shares, including 3 500 in yester-
days session. After reaching the
new peak of $3.50, the shares
closed at l53s, up 70 from the
previous days close and up 1s
points for the week.
The Washington Stock Ex-
change. which previously handled
all trading in the stock, has had
little business in the shares for
more than a year Only one trade
has taken place there since the
splitup. transfer Of 200 shares
at 141s on Thursday of this week.
Evening star., 1951-12-02
New Aid Grant Eases
French Shortage Fears
BY the Associated Press

PARIS, Dec. 1.-The cabinet
announced today United States
officials have pledged France $500
million in direct aid and defense
spending before next July l
French fears of a pinch in gaso-
line, coal and other commodities
faded accordingly.
Finance Minister Rene Mayer
gave the cabinet the news Unti
now he had been counting on only
$3.50 million.
For the past 10 days, Mr.. Mayer
said, he has been talking about
dollar problems with Secretary oi
State Dean Acheson, Defense Sec
retary Robert Lovett and Aid Co.
ordinator w. Averell Hartman
He added that the talks are still
going on and that France car
draft her military budget only
when they are finished.
"This was the basis" said the
official report of the cabinet meet.
ing, ION which M. Mayer obtained
| the assurance that the Unitec
States will furnish us $500 millior
during the fiscal year July l, 1851
to June 80, 1852. Part of this viii
be a direct contribution, part vil
be United States defense spending
in France"
Information Minister Rober
Buron, who read the report tt
newsmen, gave it as his persona
opinion that Congress would have
to be asked for more funds. HI
explained that this would be pre-.
ferable to reducing the American
help to other countries for thu
benefit Of France.
In Washington, however, off.
lcials Indignantly declared the,