davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1951-12-02

correspondents in Tokyo naturally
cabled them abroad. The picture was
made to look brighter than it had
been.
Two expensive japanese passenger
liners, apparently maintaining nor
NAL schedules, sailed for West Coast
ports. Their captains had orders to
turn back, in midocean. just before
December Z.
Other units of the japanese Navy,
knowing that American intelligence
would be listening. stepped up the
volume of radio communications be-
tween ships. so that the absence of
the task forces would not be noted.
The rate of messaging appeared to
be normal.
FootboII Toctics
Thus, on December /, an American
intelligence estimate said: Major
capital ship strength remains in
home waters as we'll as the greatest
portion of the carriers"
Finally, the Japanese used a good.
direction of the attack.
They permitted the impression to
build up that the blow would fall on
Thailand or British Malaga. The 30
ship convoy. mentioned before, sailed
with no attempt at concealment. The
Orient was humming with reports
and alarms.
Tokyo made no effort to deny the
rumors. While the eyes of the world
were fixed on Southeast Asia, the
task forces were edging in toward
Hawaii. 1t was like fake buck into
the line.
Spies in Hawaii were watching the
fleet. And the bitterly disputed mes
sage. East wind rain" presumably
notified Japanese embassies to de-
stroy their codes because it's true
meaning was War with America
1t was contained in false weather
report from Tokyo. II the weather
had been described as North wind
cloudy" it would have meant war
with Russia.
Kremlin Knew About 1t
Did the Kremlin know of the i'm
pending attack on Pearl Harbor?
The head of Japan's "FBI."
Yoshikawa Mitsusada, says it did.
He recently testified that the master
spy, Richard Sorge, transmitted the
word from Tokyo. Sorge, a hand
some and amiable German, posed as
correspondent, and / considered
him good one- The Japanese secret
police later uncovered his true pur-
pose in Tokyo and hanged him.
In the dark hours before dawn,
midget submarines slipped into Pearl
Harbor to make sure of the location
of the ships. The bigger submarines
were outside to intercept any Amer
lean warships trying to run for the
open sea. Now everything was ready.
In the morning the blow fell.
There were brave men on both
sides. and both sides fought well.
Evening star., 1951-12-02
Johnston Wants More to Do Federal Duty

they should not have to see.
Fear OF unjust attacks deters many
businessmen from walking into the
Washington arena. Compared with
administrative life here, the life Of
the average business executive is
sheltered and clustered.
THE average businessman, Mr.,
Johnston observes, "is buffeted by
economic problems and occasionally
has labor relations issues. But the
problems and issues in Government
administrative Office are an every.
day affair.
Naturally no one likes to be criti-
cized. But We businessmen ought to
thicken our hides little more and
not let the darts dig in too deeply,
You must take criticism in Govern
ment, but usually it's directed against
governmental administration and not
personally"
Congress Just Like People
Many a businessman, Mr.. john
ston believes. SHES away from a
Government position because Of
fear of what Congress might do
to him" BY and large, businessmen
DO not understand members of Con-
gress-the way they talk and the
way they act-until they have a
genuine opportunity to know them
at first hand day in and day out.
Il find that Congress is truly rep
resentative of the people," Mr.. John
ston comments. ut is no better and
no worse than the people,"
sixth factor that tends to keep
businessmen in their home towns
is described by Mr.. Johnston as "the
habit of the average businessman to
give orders and not having to plead.
persuade and justify"
seventh condition is what Mr..
Johnston lists as unwillingness Of
many businessmen to be Exposed"
to the business of Government.
The way some Of them talk about
it," he says. you would think that
washington is the black hole of Call
cutta. Government cannot be run
exactly like a private business or as
an assembly line operates. But there
Is no reason why successful busi-
neSSman cannot be successful Gov
ernment administrator. There not
only is room for him. There is an
essential need.
"Our Government is an almost un.
believably intricate and often infuri-
atingly frustrating business. Yet it
is remarkable how flexible this Gov
ernment machinery of ours really is.
And. surprising as it may seem to
some outsiders, there is a good deal
of efficiency in It,"
Evening star., 1951-12-02

lieve they have too much love for
their own soft life."
Businessmen-and all this. Mr..
Johnston adds. goes for leaders in
labor, agriculture, education and 9TH
er professions-are reluctant to &C
cept the trials and tribulations Of
Washington bureaucracy-inclu
relatively small salaries and expense
accounts.
Most top Government administra-
tors work harder than most business
executives, Mr.. Johnston reports.
Besides policy making responsibilities
and routine administrative duties,
they have to see many more people
in order to do the job properly. They
also are burdened by many people
Evening star., 1951-12-02
The Great Gamble:

Ten years ago today, Dec. 2. 1941,
Imperial Headquarters in Tokyo fixed
a date.
Aggressive action against the
United States shall begin on De-
cember."
This was a decision, but not an
order-yet. It was not circulated to
the top japanese military and naval
commanders. 1t was not even COM
municated to the first and sixth fleets
for another three days. They already
were at sea, cruising at slow 13
knots through the North Pacific,
some 2,156 miles northwest of Pearl
Harbor.
In Tokyo. the American Ambas-
Sador, Joseph c. Grew, sent warning
after warning that Japan was not
"bluffing." He said she was capable
of "a sudden and dramatic attack"
In Washington. the Counsellor Of
the japanese Embassy, Terasaki Hi
denari. wrote to the president: Don't
compel us to do things. If you stretch
out one hand, we will stretch out two.
We can not only be friends. We can
be allied"
This appears to have been a plea
for some Washington action which
would strengthen the position of the
japanese "moderates." Japan's inner
face was very different from the one
seen by the outer world. For years,
the moderates had been locked in a
struggle with the militaristS for con-
troll. Mr.. Grew had given this group
all the support within his power.
Prince Fumimaro Konoye had sug-
gested meeting between himself and
Mr.. Roosevelt. in mid-Pacific. to
search for a peace formula in direct
talks.
But by December 2. Konoye's gov
ernment fell. The struggle with the
militarists had ended. TOTO came to
power. and the course was set for a
shattering collision. Strong men"
were at the wheel.
They were almost-but not quite
committed now to war.
Some of the people who were close
to the participants in Tokyo and
Washington claim that only two air
bases in North China stood in the
way of an agreement. The japanese
wished to retain the bases and the
areas adjacent to them. The United
States was opposed.
Moreover. the operations plan pro-
vided that II the task forces were
sighted on or before December S,
they should withdraw without attack
ing Pearl Harbor.
Suppose some rusty American
freighter, blown off course. had STUN
bled on the Japanese warships+?
The cose Against Peoce
Most probably, however, the war
was inevitable, sooner or later. Des-
tiny itself was against peace, in these
ways:
1. The three Far Eastern colonies
glittered and sparkled in Japanese
eyes. Britain, France and Holland
could not defend them.
2. The Japanese calculated that
crippling attack on the American
fleet would give them two to three
years. breathing space. In that time.
they expected to seize the prizes, and
form an iron ring in southeast Asia
too strong to be broken by the United
States or any other power.
They were strongly encouraged in
this by the Nazis. Hilter's motive
was obvious. Whether the Japanese
blow fell on Russia or the United
States was equally desirable from his
point Of view.
German prestige was very high in
Evening star., 1951-12-02
By Robert K. Welsh

Eric Johnston wants all ceilings
taken off the opportunity-and obli-
gation-of top businessmen to take
on. where necessary, the strenuous
life of Government administrator.
Despite the rigors of 10 months as
head of the Economic Sterilization
Agency, he goes out with the belief
that official Washington, like Rich
ard Wagner's music, is not as bad as
it sounds.
Mr.. Johnston, president of the Mo-
ton Picture Association of America
since 1945, could turn out spectacular
scripts on why many leaders in busi-
ness, professions and labor organiza-
tions do not look upon this city as a
good place to visit, much less live.
Cites Seven PIogues
In proclaiming a more hopeful
prospect, he does not regard himself
as one crying in the wilderness. He
cites seven supposed plaques that
make many men shun Government
assignments. He nevertheless stands
as missionary intent on persuading
businessmen, in particular. that such
service is for their own good as well
as for the Nations. o.
"The time must come" he says,
when businessmen, II only for their
own good, must be more the rehectors
of public opinion instead Of merely
searchlights of their own desires and
ambitions"
Coming to Washington as trouble
shooter is a good way to avoid being
q perennial trouble Mr..
Johnston believes. He comedies that
the place is full Of Illustrations and
thankless pursuits. He notes, also,
that some business leaders who have
held temporary posts here leave with
bitterness and disillusionment and
occasionally with their confidence In
democratic processes shaken.
The majority of those who answer
Government calls for emergency serv-
ice wind up stronger-and wiser-in
their faith in the Government and
the way it operates.
Zone of the most rewarding expert
ences Of my work as Government
bureaucrat," Mr.. Johnston recalls,
"was to find how good the Govern
ment and the Government personnel
are. Government employees are a
highly capable and patriotic group.
OF course, there are exceptions. But
1t is utterly untrue to charge that in
general they are lazy and inefficient"
AS a four-term president of the
United States Chamber of Commerce
from early 1912 to May, 1946, Mr..
Johnston indicates he has heard more
Evening star., 1951-12-02
Background for War:

The river OF events that finally
swept the Japanese to Pearl Harbor
was broad and deep. Three great
milestones marked its fateful course.
They bore the names
Korea Manchuria China.
The annexation of Korea took
place as a result of the Japanese
victory over imperial Russia, shortly
after the turn Of the century. The
treaty was signed at Portsmouth.
N. H. The United States posed no
objections to Japan'S seizure OF
Korea, Americans appear to have
favored it.
This gave Japan springboard
on the mainland of Asia. Some 20
years later, she used it, moved into
Manchuria and set up puppet state.
This time there was American op-
position-strong opposition. But it
merely took the form of series
of angry notes from Washington.
which Japan ignored.
Only five years later. Japan made
her next move. into North China.
Fighting soon spread all the way
down the China Coast, and up the
Yangtse River as far as Hankow.
In October, 1887, President Roose-
welt made his famous quarantine
speech" at Chicago. He called Japan
an aggressor nation and said the
United States would quarantine"
aggressors This gave direction to
popular thinking in America.
FIip-FIop in Policy =
The japanese were quick to point
out the nconsistencies-in fact,
dip- -hop-in American foreign policy.
At Portsmouth, one government
had looked with favor on the plan
TO annex Korea. At Chicago. another
President had announced "quaran-
tine" japanese militarists, already
sounding the Asia-for- the -Asiatics
theme. said that the subjugation of
millions of Orientals in British,
French, and Dutch colonies was far
more immoral" than their own &C
tions in China. '-.
The Exclusion Act, of 1925, barring
Japanese immigration while con-
tinuing to permit European immigra-
tion on a quota basis-cut proud
people to the quick. The Indignation
was no greater than the anger of
Americans, IL years later. when the
japanese planes sank the American
gunboat, Panay. on the Yangtse
River.
War had begun in Europe. Hitler's
armies crushed Holland and France.
Britain was fighting alone. Their
colonies. British Malaga, French In
do-China and the Dutch East Indies,
were. for all practical purposes. un-
protected.
They had enormous riches-oil,
rubber, valuable minerals, inexhaust-
ible sources of food. Given these ma
terialS. Japan would have become one
of the most powerful nations on
earth.
It is no wonder that Japanese eyes
now were drawn irresistibly toward
the south. Only one fighting arm in
the world could stop them. The only
force capable of reaching across the
Pacific was the American fleet, based
Ut Pearl Harbor.
This, ultimately, was the reason for
the attack on Pearl Harbor.
For more than a year, they pom
dered and probed the question: Will
the United States fight? Will the
American people fight to protect ter
ritory not their own? Will this
strange race Of people enter a long
and terrible war in defense Of moral
principle?
The Japanese didn't know. Nei-
ther. for that matter, did Franklin
Delano Roosevelt.
His biographers have described, in
Evening star., 1951-07-30
Primary CoIors in Voriety

With respect to the column "On The
Air" in The Sunday Star for July 10,
may / submit that Harry Macarthur has
fallen victim to a commonly misunder-
stood consideration in the physics Of
color?
There are two basic color mixing or
matching processes: Subtractive, such
as pigment mixing, painting and certain
color reproducing processes; and ad-
ditive. the mixing of spectral primaries
or arbitrary primaries selected so that.
of three, no combination of two will pro-
duce the third.
The additive tand less familiar) proc
ess is employed in the color television
systems in general use in the United
States today. 1t employs a different
physical process in color reproduction
than does the subtractive process With
it, the spectral primaries-red, orange.
yellow, green, blue and violet-can be
used. or, indeed, any three Of these,
according to the color gamut required.
To permit the widest gamut of color,
three primaries-red, green and blue
generally are accepted. In this process,
as applied to color television, three
colored lights are used. These lights.
mixed in various intensities and satura-
tions, produce variety of hues.
In summary: /. "The three primary
Evening star., 1951-07-30
BETHESDA.

BETHESDA.
Dear Sir:
Il wish sometime you would write
again about the catbird.
"It is my favorite, and I am glad
that We always have a pair in our
yard.
rs it possible to get them to use a
bird house, and if so, how is it made?
This is beautiful bird. even like
its meow
Can nesting material be put out
for it? And if so, what?
Sincerely. j. T."
There is no need to fix box for q
catbird. for it will not use it.
Birds for which boxes can be made
include the flicker, the red-headed wood
pecker, hairy woodpecker. downy wood
pecker, crested fiycatcher. phoebe, tree
swallow. barn swallow, cliff swallow.
chickadee, tufted titmouSe, white
breasted nuthatch, red-breaSted nut
hatch, brown creeper, house wren. Car
olina wren, robin, starting, bluebird,
Screetch owl and martin.
The 'box" for one of the birds is
simply strip of bark tackled to tree
and allowed to hang out. This appeals
to the creeper.
Supports for the barn swallow nests
may be made from blocks Of wood nailed
to walls or rafters.
The cliff swallows may be attracted
tby putting UP small shelves. T.
Evening star., 1951-07-30
Subsidized Student Fares?

Senator Hollands proposal to increase
the present three-cent fare enjoyed by
students riding Capital Transit facilities
most certainly has its merits. But some
concession should be made to school
children as the entire community hene-
fits in broad sense from better educa-
ton. 1t would seem that the question of
student transportation is the problem of
the entire community and Capital
Transit riders should not be forced to
bear the subsidy alone.
Most counties in States adjacent to
the District are required to furnish
school buses to haul children from cut
lying districts to schools, and the Dis
trict government apparently has made
no provision to provide transportation
for students here or to share In the cost
OF such transportation.
Would it not be we'll to assess students
one-hah the regular fare, which would
be 712 cents? The District government
should purchase student tickets from
Capital Transit at this rate and sell
them to students at the prevailing fare
of three cents. thereby subsidizing the
fare to the extent of Az cents and
shouldering the entire community's re-
sponsibility.
David H. Brown.
Brunswick Md
Evening star., 1951-07-30
This and That
BY Charles E. TroceweN

So there is absolutely no use to build
a house for a catbird.
It makes its own bulky nest out of
dry leaves. roots and grasses, and lines
it with fine grass roots and in it places
from to eggs, usually the former
number. The eggs are blue-green, much
darker than the robin egg.
The nest is placed not higher than
10 feet. but often much lower, not more
than feet high in shrub.
This often leads to tragedy, as the
babies fall victims to some animal, in
Guiding the squirrel.
In some localities the catbird is called
snake bird, probably from the peculiar
cry. which is translated as "sna-a-a-
AXE"
Actually, the bird makes a pretty
good meow, or mewing sound, SO that
it is no wonder it is mostly called cat
bird.
It is not large. being 83z inches long.
The plumage is slate gray, with some
black on crown, wings and tail.
The bill is short, and black.
There is some tint Of chestnut under
meath the birds body.
The catbird belongs with the mock
ingbird and the brown thrasher among
what are called the mimic thrushes.
Many listeners like the catbird the best
Of the group. but popularly the mock
ingbird ranks first. Il
Evening star., 1951-07-30
Officers Retiring Too EorIy?

Recent announcement that many gen.
erals intend to retire is indicative of a
very unhealthy situation in the military
service.
The trend seems to follow definite
pattern which, If 1t continues, should be
investigated by the Congress.
I think, instead of the present law of
retirement for officers, with maximum
age limits of so years for colonels, 81 for
brigadier generals and 81 for major
generals. there should be set up mini
mum age limits of 60 years for colonels,
81 for brigadier generals, 81 for major
generals and SO for lieutenant generals.
Too many generals are using the sub
terfuge of disagreeing with the upper
echelon policies as an excuse to retire
at an early age.
These officers should realize that their
basic education and subsequent efflcien-
cy are the results of what the Govern
ment and the services gave them at the
taxpayers expense. They owe some
thing to the Government, and should
remain on duty no matter what their
own likes or dislikes may be.
Observer.
Evening star., 1951-07-30
Takes Us to Tusk

The cartoon by Crockett on July IS
was misleading and utterly untrue and
I am surprised that paper of your
standing would countenance it. All
one needs to ask is whether we have
a Democratic or Republican House
You must be very poorly informed, in
deed. If you believe only the Repub-
licans were opposed to the Voice o:
America) program.
And an editorial in the same issue.
indorsing the new program for spend
ing more billions on foreign aid and
military expansion, sounded very wishy-
washy indeed.
After seeing the cartoon and reading
the editorial, it was like a breath of
fresh air to hear a man of strong char
acter and outstanding courage come
on the air with an inspiring speech
Gen. Macarthur. How unfortunate that
we do not have more like him.
L. j. Lane.
Crosse Pointe, Mich.
Editors note: The cartoon in ques-
ton depicted House Republicans about
to bury the hatchet in the Voice of
America. The editorial, "The Task Be-
fore U.s." dealt with the Presidents Mid
year Economic Report to Congress, and
commended, in substance, the program
to deal with Communism's menace)
Evening star., 1951-07-30

pressed by the Turks, by forcing the
Sublime Porte to consider full autonomy
for Macedonia. This plan was circum-
vented at the last minute by the Young
Turk rebellion and the introduction of
a "constitutional'' regime throughout
the empire.
Hence the choice of August as the
day of reckoning is, if correctly re-
ported, of utmost Importance. 1t means
that the war against Yugoslavia which
Moscow is organizing, will be fought for
the liberation of Macedonia. the only
thing which will make the Bulgarians
fight against Tito, and that this liberia
ton is to come as a crowning achieve
ment of the Great Insurrection of 1903,
this time against Serb (Yugoslav) op-
preston. It also proves that the Rus
slams, who in 1914 saw a solution to the
Balkan problem in the establishment of
the Yugoslav Federation. are now de-
termined radically to alter the mess
created by the last so years of Balkan
history by choosing as the basis of their
new policy the principle that there can
not be peace on the peninsula as long
as Macedonia is not free. This GER
tainly deserves to be noted
N. Antonoff
Former Bulgarian Minister to Ankara
and Moscow.
Evening star., 1951-07-30

and his ex-puppet. Such showdown is
favored by two essential factors. One
is the existence Of territorial quarrels
between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, Ro-
mania and Hungary. The other is the
international situation. in which stress
is laid upon the general desire to avoid
a new world war.
A Washington columnist wrote re-
Gently that a campaign against Yugo-
slavia Is imminent, and that even a date
had been set: August 2. This informa-
ton, furnished by refugees. may or may
not be of value. However, should it
prove correct, it conveys much more
than is apparent.
August 2 is the feast of St. Ella, who,
in Bulgarian folklore, is in control of
the thunder. But much more important
is the fact that it was on August 2,
1903, that the Great Insurrection shook
Macedonia, which had been left In the
Ottoman Empire by the Congress of
Berlin when the latter dismembered the
newly established (by Czarist Russia)
Bulgarian State. This insurrection,
which took the lives of thousands of
Bulgarian patriots, was aimed against
the Ottomans and finally made the
Great Powers, always watchful of the
Sick Mans" spasms, intervene to ease
the lot OF this Bulgarian province OPP
Evening star., 1951-07-30

The catbird insists on putting In
many harsh notes, and is altogether as
sly in its singing as it is in some of it's
habits.
Some observers declare it is a nest
robber. Others say they have seen moth
ing of this sort.
Most will agree that it is a genuine
personality.
This makes study of the bird well
worthwhile.
It any home owner will watch it for
a time, he is sure to end UP with genu-
Inc admiration, which he may not have
felt al first.
The food habits, as far as they touch
mans interests, are on the whole good,
though the eatbird at times eats fruit,
but this mostly in areas where there are
no wild fruits.
Ants, beetles, caterpillars and grass
hoppers are eaten, as well as SPIDERS
In the suburban yard the benefits are
mostly artistic, for once the watcher
falls under the spell of this species, he
is its friend for life.
There is no use to put out nesting
material, for the bird will not use it.
Here is natural child, clothed
sedately, with bright eye and an in
quiring spirit His odd cry in time be-
comes the sound Of friend.
Many q person dates each spring as
beginning wheb the catbird gets here.