davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1951-03-12
Morse Hotels Praised

Swedish, Danish and British ira
vel agents, who recently toured
Norway, were highly pleased with
the standards Of Norwegian tourist
hotels. both as to facilities and
service.
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1951-03-12
Norwegian Matches

Scandinavian Match Co., Nor
wegian company which shortly
will start production of match
making machinery, already has
booked export orders totalling
nearly 2 million kroner.
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1951-03-12
Swedish Wildcat Strike Is Settled,
Pulp, Paper Workers Get More Paw

increase in the wage standard.
quite apart from the compensa-
ton for higher living costs gener-
ally reflected in this years COL
lective agreements.
Evening star., 1951-06-24
Certified Secretaries, Guaranteed to Please

Hiring a secretary today is
something like buying a pig in
a poke-but it shouldn't be for
long.
The National Secretaries AS
sociation tNSA) hopes to
change all that. Soon. it says,
the harried businessman can
demand a tested secretary
and hire her secure in the
knowledge she not only can spell
better. probably. than he can,
but can perform other Office
functions with the same ease
with which she polices his
dangling participles.
1t is all to be done with GER
tificates. The NSA. with its men,
bership of 10000, has launched a
Nation-wi project to create an
elite corps of Certified Profess
sional Secretaries.
Each CPS will have been
screened and thoroughly tested
by a 12-hour, six-part exami-
nation which samples her spell
ing, her arithmetic. her knowl-
edge of contractual obligations.
her way with dealing with
people and her taste in clothes.
The NSA has been disturbed
by the careless way employer
and employed have been kicking
around the word secretary" It
may be the hard-earned title
of dedicated career woman.
married to her job. who keeps
the whole Office machinery run
ming.
It may also be claimed by q
youngster fresh from a high
school tipping and shorthand
course who painfully makes pot
hooks to the tune of deliberately
slow dictation, and pounds q
typewriter at 20 words minute
including frequent halts for
erasures.
The NSA feels q typiSt should
be called a typist; q file clerk, Q
file clerk: a stenographer, q
stenographer. With the title o1
secretary q girl would move from
the enlisted into the ofiicer'i
ranks.
With all this in mind, the NSA
Evening star., 1951-06-24

1 is discussed in the article ac-
lcompanying this one. above.
Most ciphers in use today, how
ever, use only letters. The reason
for that is that anything like
shorthand would be too difficult
to handle with any Of the cipher
machines.
These remarkable devices look
something like teletype machines.
They have their innards arranged
somehow or other (don't try to
ind out how or the FBI will be
after you) so that when you type
"a clear" message on the key
board it puts that message
through as many encipherings. re-
encipherings, changes of cipher
and changes Of key word as you
set it for.
Complex as they are. however,
these machines are not completely
secure. Not all of them anyway.
Joponese Code Broken
Gen. Marshall told Congress
Pearl Harvor Investigating Com
|mittee in December, 1945. that the
Army knew the japanese diplo-
Imatic cipher before the war. and
that the battles Of Coral Sea and
Midway were won because Of this.
| Later it was disclosed that ADJ
lmiral Isoroku Yamamoto. COM
lmander Of the Japanese feet. was
shot down into the sea in his
plane because his travel plan was
Learned In a deciphered message.
A secret letter that Marshall
had written was read at the hear
ling. It said:
"Over period Of years (before
1.-THE war; our cryptographic peo-
lple analyzed the character OF the
machine the Japanese were using
for enciphering their diplomatic
messages. Based on this. cor
responding machine was built by
Ius which deciphered their mes
Isages.' ?
Which brings up the age-old
question: Is there such a thing
as an unbreakable code or cipher!
Most cryptographers say there is
mot. But, they say, the same enc
lean be accomplished by making
your cipher SO dificult that BY
the time your enemy has deci-
lphered one Of your messages 1t.
value to him viii be gone. II vol
keep changing your key word. vol
still have him bafiied.
distributed BY Associated prsss)
Evening star., 1951-06-24
By cynthio Lowry

has set up and underwritten an
institute for certifying secre-
taries, composed of educators
and experts in the field Of busi-
ness. These men and women,
headed by DR.. Irene Place of the
University of Michigan. took
months to decide what profess
sional secretary should know.
and then devised ways to test
her abilities. The first examina-
tions will be held during August
in IL colleges and universities.
Applications by candidates must
be made by July to Dorothy
Bentley, chairman Of the NSA
Qualifications Committee. GIL
West Ottawa street. Lansing,
Mich.
To qualify for the examina-
tion, a candidate must be 81 or
more years of age; have had q
minimum Of seven years expert
ence if not a high school grad
uate;; four years experience If a
graduate of a secretarial train
ing program in high school, busi-
ness school or Junior college, or
three years If graduate Of a
collegiate secretarial training
program.
IF nothing else said DIR.
Place "the examination will give
them an idea of what tools they
need besides a sharp pencil and
ability to punch a typewriter
keyboard"
She said institute research
indicated that many embryo
secretaries are mot as sharp in
grammar and spelling as they
should be-"
"A good secretary doesn't have
to be a master accountant, but
she should understand the rec
onciliation Of a bank state
ment," she continued. She
ought to know how to set up
and operate a filing system. She
should know how to take min
utes of meetings properly. how
to set up itineraries. how to
make out travel expense
accounts.
Evening star., 1951-06-24
y. S. PoyrolI Pruning
The Idea Is to Make 1t Painless
By Just Not Filling the Vacancies
By joseph YOUNG

present "a million Federal employ
lment total still has q long way
to 60 to reach the 8 million peak
lof World War II. the higher sal
aries paid employees today account
for the present Federal payroll
being more costly than at any time
during the last war.
Government officials answer to
this is that Congress should make
specific cuts in expenditures on
an agency by -agency basis, instead
of using the 'meat-ax" approach.
They charge that an across-the-
board percentage cut penalties the
lagency which submits an honest,
bone-tight personnel budget to
Congress. and goes along with the
agency which pads its personnel
request in the first place and is
consequently able to withstand
any blanket cut that is voted.
This approach win only encourage
Evening star., 1951-06-24

him. More than that, in closing
his accounts. he called attention
to the Justice and propriety" OF
lrewarding certain persons within
the British lines for their
services In conveying private in
Itelligence." These were his spies,
who had served him by cipher
and other messages and who, he
Expected. would reveal themselves
when the British finally withdrew
from America.
|. Washington used invisible ink
even more than cyphers. In the
Washington papers In the Library
Iof Congress there are many COM
lmunications from American spies
written In invisible ink. Most of
them are now blurred and illegi-
BILE. This ink was a chemical COM
pound invented by Sir James Jay.
brother Of John Jay, who was liv-
ing in England when the Revolu-
tion began. A scientist of note,
Jay concocted this secret corre-
Ispondence ink to send military in
Itelligence from England to Wash
Iington. He also sent the formula
for the ink. Washington. in turn,
supplied his spies with the liquid.
Not all the trickery was on our
side. The most notorious code in
American history apparently was
devised by q woman, pretty Peggy
lShippen Arnold. From West Point
she engaged in a lively corre-
lspondence with the unfortunate
Maj. John Andre. secret British
Inegotiator in the Benedict Arnold
treason deal. The conspirators
used a code based on terms used
by milliners. From British head.
quarters In New York, Andre
wrote:
ut would make me very happy
to become useful to you here. You
know the Mischianza made me q
complete milliner. Should you not
have received your fullest equip
ment ! shall be glad to enter into
/ the whole detail Of cap. wire,
needles. gauze, ETC., and to the
best Of my ability render you In
these trifles services from which
I hope you would infer a zeal to
he further completed"
This wordplay sounded innocu-
Gus enough. Actually. it was
deadly. Andre was really asking
how large force would be needed
Ito capture West Point, key to the
american defense system on the
Hudson.
Coached by husband Benedict
Peggy replied that she needed 81
pair stockings, 4 pair white thread
l very light coat, 2 caps, ! fam
land other hat shop articles. Ths
white thread meant regiments Of
Evening star., 1951-06-24

"She ought to have a rudi-
mentary idea of finance-how
the market affects business and
some knowledge of taxation.
She should know some business
law. particularly about con-
tracts"
Personnel people all over the
country stress the necessity
of a good personality and de-
veloping good will. In the
examination. this phase of office
work Is handled by presenting a
number of specific situations.
One test problem involved
the employer who told his Sec
retary that he was going to be
busy and was not to be. bothered
by any one. The boss wife
came in and asked to see her
husband. What does the per-
feet secretary do? She lets the
wife into the boss office. says
DR.. Place.
Another: The secretary walks
into the billing room ana sees
an invoice being sent to the
client when it should be going
to the customer. Should she
(a) go back and tell her boss
(b) tell the employe who Il
missending the invoice or &c,
mind her own business? she
should mention the error to the
employee in a pleasant voice
says DR.. Place.
eve are trying to make wom-
en- aware of the problems OF
working together and OF the
problems a woman has ir
supervising women" DR.. Place
said. 1--WE want them to know
how to accept criticism cheer
fully, how to give good, level.
headed assistance, how to bs
| patient, Unconditional, calm, how
to exhibit good humor, not make
quick judgments, and to avoit
gosSiping."
| She paused.
"And ! might add that mel
gossip as much If not more thar
women. That goes for mos
other shortcomings, too"
distributed by the Associated Press.)
Evening star., 1951-06-24

agencies to pad their personnel
needs in the future when they
submit their requests to Congress,
these officials argue.
More Drastic Lost Year
However. the fact that the Gov
ernment's payroll is constantly in
creasing-even in the monde
tense agencies - caused Con-
gress to take action this year. The
approach certainly is less drastic
than has been undertaken In
former years. with the view ot
protecting current career en-
lployes in Government.
This years economy move is
much less drastic than the move
that nearly gained Congressional
approval last year. Then, the
House approved provision sim
liar to the one it adopted this
year, limiting the filling Of va
cancies to Is per cent, but with
out the modifying provision that
this would be suspended once an
Iagency's employment dropped by
20 per cent. On top Of this. the
House voted an additional 10 per
cent personnel cut. This would
have meant the firing Of many
employees.
Before the Senate had chance
to act on the earlier legislation.
however, the Korean war broke
out and the economy rider was
quickly shelved as impractical.
This year, the economy forces
feel that while further expansion
of the defense agencies is inevi-
table, there is no reason why the
employment Of non-defense bu-
reaus should not be trimmed.
Evening star., 1951-06-24
By Edword Boykin

The practice of transmitting
state secrets in cryptographs--
codes or ciphers-is as old as the
Nation. Older, In fact. In 1776
four months before the signing Of
the Declaration of Independence
Ithe Continental Congress created
la five-man Committee of Secret
Correspond was. Incl.
ldentally. the embryo Of our pres
|ent 35.000-man State Department
Cryptography has played a pow.
lerful, undercover role in our his
tory. Today, like everything else
lit has become mechanical: Oul
State and Defense Departments
now have code and cipher trans
mission machines. But the prin-
lciple remains the same-secret
writing to conceal the Nations
diplomatic and military commune
cations.
During the Revolution, British
intelligence operatives in France
not only intercepted American
French secret correspondence, but
cracked the intricate American
cipher thoroughly enough to keer
Informed of every move made by
American agents in Paris. Prior
to our alliance with France, secrecy
regarding French military aic
meant life or death for American
independence. 1t was the greatest
diplomatic secret of the time.
Child Wrote Message
To deceive the vigilant British
French Foreign Minister Yer.
Igennes had his young son write
his correspondence with Franklin
Dean and Lee, the American
agents ts-including his code ane
cipher messages. If intercepted
they would look like a child.
Iscribblings. These secret negotia'
tions were tfrillingly compoundec
of cipher letters, French mis-.
tresses, spies and counterspies
stolen correspondence. mysteriou!
disappearances. 1t was one of th'
most exciting cloak-and-dagge
chapters in our history. Those
codes and ciphers, so vital tx
american freedom, have Ions
since vanished.
Cryptography in those days wa.
perhaps more complicated than i
lis today. George Washington
used a bafiling succession of nu'
merals and decimal points, some.
what akin to the dot-dash tele'
graph code, to communicate with
spies behind the British lines. Al
the end of the Revolution. Wash.
Iington destroyed his codes ane
Iciphers and all data that nigh
identify the spies who had servet
Evening star., 1951-06-24
jones G. Blaine

Following Seward came Gen
IBelknap and the commissary gen
eral of subsistence, then James g
Blaine, candidate for the presi
dency in 1884, who expended SO.
900 to put it in repair. and her
/ that statesman died on Januar,
I27. 1893. shortly after he resigne,
as Secretary of State under Pres
ident Harrison.
Simon Cameron, for a Will
Evening star., 1951-06-24

light infantry, the very light coat
was q battalion Of dragons, two
lcaps were two heavy cannon. And
so it went.
One Of Arnold's codes was based
on the use Of a well-known book,
Blackstone's Commentaries on
the Laws Of England" To code a
message, Arnold first located each
word somewhere in the, book and
wrote out three numerals for each
word. The first numeral indicated
the page; the second. the line:
the third, the position Of the word
on that line. DECIDING was simple.
British headquarters needed only
"a copy Of the same book.
Fearful Of detection during the
long negotiations, Arnold changed
his codes and ciphers frequently
He based one of his codes on a
popular song of the day. He used
at least three code names for him
self: John Moore, Edward Fox and
|Gustavus. It was as Gustavus that
he made the final arrangements
for the fateful meeting with Jo-
Iseph Andrews or John Anderson
the code names for Major Andre
Arnold also devised a code using
Biblical names. Philadelphia was
Jerusalem, Fort Pitt (now Pitts
burgh) was Gomorrah. The lead.
ing American generals were identi.
fed as the Twelve Apostles: George
Washington was st. James. ArnolC
overlooked a bet in not calling
himself Judas Iscariot.
Burr DECIDED
/ A decoded letter broke up Aaror
Burr's conspiracy against tn,
United States. 1t had been SEN
to Gen. James Wilkinson, Cover
nor Of Louisiana. Burr thought
Wilkinson was his loyal accomplice
Master of code and cipher. he
had worked out his cryptographic
system to communicate the prog
ress of his Western schemes to
his several associates, each o1
whom had a key to the messages
This particular code. which fig
ured in Burr'S trial for treason
was designed around 1900. The
letter in question-dated July %
1806-unfolded his plans to vii.
kinson. AS soon as he received
| it, through fear or double-dealing
Wilkinson decoded it and sent g
transcription posthaste to Presi.
dent Jefferson In Washington
The President Immediately issuec
la proclamation warning all Amer.
leans against participation II
Burr's expedition down the Ohio
In one of Burr'S picture codes
ia little house stood for the newly
built city Of Washington. Small
united squares meant the Unites
States. A parallelogram mean
the Congress. while the two halve
OF the parallelogram meant, re
spectively. the Senate and thl
House Of Representatives. 1t wa
most ingenious and adroit, bu
! it led to q courtroom at Rich
mond, Va. and debasement of
brilliant career.
In all wars, in all diplomat
moves. codes and ciphers hav
played unseen. elusive. vital role.
They have changed with tn
times, but they will always be to-
secret-until nations cease thei
rivalry, and war and diplomac
are outmoded.
Evening star., 1951-06-24
ABcDEFGHIJKLMN sTUvwxYz
Al ABcDEFG HI IJKLMNoP oRsTUvWxYz
b BCDEFG HVJKLM p @ r TUVWXYZA T A
Ct cDEFGH IJKLMNOP STUvW vWxYZAB
D. DEFGH IJKLMNoPQ RSTUVwxYZA

tory in which a message has first
been translated into a foreign Ian
Iguage, enciphered and re-enciph-
cred several times, then put into
Ia secret shorthand. The histori-
cal use Of these shorthand codes
Evening star., 1951-09-16
Just a Mother at Heart

EVEN Nature sometimes
Il becom es mixed-up.
Take Helen, for example.
She's a husky baboon OF
the type usually referred to
as dog-faced. And. as ba-
boons go she's quite ordi-
nary, except for a highly
developed maternal instinct.
Having no baby Of her own
In her home at Silver
Springs. Fla. she has taken
over the care of Fluffy. a
cat, which she mothers as
long as her trainer allows
the kitten to remain in her
cage. However. for feeding
and to get a few hours rest
from too much mothering,
Fluffy is taken away once a
day. Helen's trainer is the
only one who can do this.
These pictures show the
couple in their den. where
they are generally we'll
behaved. except when Helen
becomes a bit impatient
with her baby" because it
can't seem to learn to do
things the way a good ba-
boon should.
Getting Fluffy owoy from
Helen is O dolly chore.
The trainers son tries
here with little success.
Evening star., 1951-11-11
Youths Judge Stock
Al Timonium Show
By the kssocicfed Press

TIMONIUM, Md, Nov. TO-
College students and All Clubbers
from 10 States tried their judging
eyes on cattle, sheep, horses ano
swine at the Eastern Nationa
Livestock Show today.
Results Of the contests were MOI
announced Immediately.
Representing the Maryland
team in the intercollegiate con.
test were Baldwin j. Rush of Be
Air; Douglas A. McFarlane. West.
minister; George T. Mcdonald,
Rising Sun: William r. Owings
Washington; Walter L. Saunders
jr.. Bethesda. and Loring T
Sparks, Upperco.
The Maryland All Club team
included Donald Garst, 81, oi
Frederick; Francis McGrady, l8
Rising Sun; Raymond Zeltman
90. Ellicott City. and Robert
Wilson, II, Brandywine.
The intercollegiate and Al
Club judging contests were the
main activities as the livestock
show opened for a weeks stand.
Breeders and showmen had en-.
tered 1,543 animals In the compe.
tition for $35,750 in prizes.
Evening star., 1951-11-11
Canada Checks fNovy Surgeon
With Brilliant Record Is Doctor

Pacific Airlines for Canada later
today.
There are no formal charges
against him. He was permitted to
tour Tokyo at will yesterday In
company with an officer.
He declined to make any COM
ment.
But his shipmates were expan-
1sive in their praise of his work.
II don't think anybody ever had
ANY doubts about him." said one
Canadian navy officer. 1.-THE ships
company thought he was wonder
Iful."
Another shipmate commented:
Ellis bedside manner was wonder
lful."
| An officer who was aboard the
Cayuga when she supported an
operation by South Korean
marines and guerrillas behind
enemy lines said the casualties
were heavy, but that the lieuten-
ant operated with professional
and beautiful skill"
Other crewmen said he per-
formed operations at a hospital
IN southern Japan and turned his
payment over to charity.
He is built like fullback. The
Navy lists his age as %. Some
of his shipmates guess that he is
an American who-for reasons
known only to himself-joined the
Canadian Navy under an assumed
name.
He speaks with what I would
call a Boston accent" said a fell
low officer. But he said no, he
was a coaster and that it was a
New Brunswick accent"
Evening star., 1951-11-11
Wrong-Woy Motorist 7ongIes
With Three Cars and q Tree

1t took three cars and a tree to
stop Sylvester Thomas last night
after he somehow found himself
driving down the wrong side of
Eleventh street Sc.
Mr.. Thomas, 43. colored Of the
1000 block Of Fifth street NV.
was driving a light truck on the
wrong side of Eleventh street when
he collided with a car at Penn
sylvania avenue Sc.
The driver Of the car, Frank ].
Datorie. As of 902 K street NE.
lost no time in complaining to
police that the driver of the truck
failed to observe the usual rules
of the road in not stopping to
identify himself.
Police lost no time in sending
out a request that the truck be
stopped.
Before that request could be
handled. Mr.. Thomas side-swiped
a car parked in front of 1903 E
street Sc: struck an other car
in front of 1889 E street Sc, and
lost an argument with q tree.
1 Police caught UP with Mr..
Thomas sitting in his by now
inoperable truck. blood streaming
from a head cut.
After treatment at Gallinger
Hospital, he was released to wait
ing policemen who totaled up the
score:
Unestimated damage to Mr..
Datorie's car; $3.50 damage to
Evening star., 1951-11-11
Egyptian Terrorists
Warn British Women
To Get Men 10 Leave
By the Assoeiofad Rrasa

FAYID. Egypt. Nov. 10.-A
British spokesman said today the
wives of British servicemen are
the latest targets Of an Egyptian
terrorist movement in the Suez
Canal zone.
The terrorists are warning the
women to influence their husbands
to leave "or we will ship them out
In cofflns." the spokesman said.
British troops are pledged to |
remain on guard along the canal
under 1896 treaty. despite
Egypt's abrogation of the treaty
last month.
Leaflets addressed to British
families in Ismailia. a hotbed of
anti-British sentiment. said IF
you cannot reason with your hus-
bands to go. leave them to u.s.
They were signed by "the defend /.
ers Of Islam." ssaW
RAF Returning Families.
Another series, we'll printed and
In good English, said:
DO you remember what it was
like being besieged? It is not going
to be fun from now on, neither for
you nor your children. Not that
We intend to harm women and
children. we leave that to your
gallant Fusiliers.
Egyptian civilians should arm
themselves. other pamphlets said,
because Mr.. Churchill is about to
declare war on Egypt"
The furry developed as the
Royal Air Force began a with
drawal Of RAF families to Britain.
"A spokesman said four four
engined troop carriers will run a
shuttle service between the canal
zone and England until the evacu-
alton is completed.
Two More Destroyers Arrive.
The withdrawal was scheduled
to start next Thursday. but the
date was advanced because the
transports became available sooner.
the spokesman said.
Two British destroyers, the
Agincourt and Coronna. arrived
in the canal area to relieve two
others, the Chevron and the
Chequers. which are returning to
Malta.
A dispatch from Nicosia. Cyprus,
said the aircraft carriers Illustri-
Gus and Triumph are due at that
island base Monday with about
1000 troops of the British Sd In
fantry Division.