davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1951-11-29
WYold News

The Wyola P-TA met Friday,
Nov. 16 at 8 pm. at the Wyola
school auditorium. Mrs. Dick
Endicott, president, conducted
the business meeting. The pro-
gram was a report by Mrs. Kar-
ney Redman on the P-TA meet
ing she had recently attended
in Great Falls. A piano duet
by Mrs. Harold McGovern and
Mrs. August Starina. Mrs. Ed
Adams of Dayton, Wyo., enter
tanned the group with a num-
Der of readings which were well
received. Refreshments were
served at the close of the pro-
gram.
The Wyola Woman's club met
Saturday, Nov. II at 2 pm. at
the home of Mrs. Bill Green
ough. Mrs. Phillip Boyd, pres
ident, was in charge of the
business meeting. The program
was a piano duet by Mrs. Har-
old McGovern and Mrs. August
Starina. Mrs. Francis Eggart
| gave a paper on Investment in
Securities" Refreshments were
served to Is members at the
close of the program.
Mrs. Bob Smith was a patient
at the Sheridan hospital for
several days last week. Her con-
dition is much improved at
present.
Mrs. Willard Green who lives
at the Parker ranch was dis
charged from the Sheridan
hospital, Wednesday, Nov. 81.
Mr.. and Mrs. Jim McGovern,
Harold McGovern and Mrs. Au-
gust Starina were called to
Custer, S. D., last week upon
receiving word that Mrs. Oletha
Snider had passed away. Mrs.
Snider is Mrs. McGovern'S
mother and Harold McGovern
and Mrs. Starina'S grandmoth-
er. Mrs. Snider died Tuesday,
Nov. 20. The funeral services
| were held Friday at 1:30 pm.
at Custer. Surviving are four
sons, two daughters, several
grandchildren and great grand
children.
The fall rally of the BYE Vel
loWstone association was held
at Wyola, Nov. % and "a. Bap-
fist youth registered were Is
from Miles City, eight from Lew
istown, 16 from Billings, five
from Parkman, II from Crow
Agency, IL from Lodge Grass
and 20 from Wyola. Regis
tration was started at $3.50 pm.
at the Wyola Baptist church,
A singSpiration was held at 4
| pm. A banquet was served to
80 guests by the Wyola Ladies
aid at $50 pm. The tables were
decorated with fruit center
pieces, Autumn leaves, turkeys
| and orange candles. Nut cups
| were half an orange peal dec
Grated. Following the banquet a
Worship service was held with
Rev. Stanley Benson of Lodge
Grass the speaker. Special music
by the Lodge Grass Chorus was
also presented. The remainder
of the meetings were held Sat
urday with the following offic-
ers elected for the next year;
Gladys George, president; Bar
bara Brown, vice president;
Eunice Frey, secretary-treasur-
er. Miss Julie Brand, Wyola pas
tor of the Baptist church, was
the chairman of arrangements,
program and general planning.
Miss Brand expressed apprecia-
ton of the cooperation she re-
ceived from the community in
housing the guests and other
ways. The rally was voted a
| grand success. The next rally
will be at Miles City.
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1951-11-29
on BOOM CONTINUES

Northeastern Montana'S oil
fever is still rising. The Sicily
Oil Co. has leased a 160-acre
tract for 500 an acre near the
Shell Northern acific discovery
at Richey. :
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1951-11-29
Crow Agency

Inc Yellowstone Association
Papptiss Youth rally held at the
napLlst Church at Wyola last
weekend was well attended nv
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1951-11-29

the school of Mines near Butte,
spent Thanksgiving vacation at
the home of his parents.
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1951-11-29
FORCE CUT

Winter weather has cut the
Hungry Horse dam project en-
ployment total to- LOO, compar-
ed with the summer peak of g.
$50. BY jan. / the total will be
down to 800.
Meanwhile, concrete pouring
in the spillWay tunnel, spillway
outlet portals and poWerhouse
walls is continuing.
Evening star., 1951-08-26

do whatever is necessary to accom-
pliSh maximum safety.
There is another major difficulty
which makes our problem a tough
one. ! refer to the fact that the
American public can be motivated to
learn. organize and train in civil
defense only by real conviction that
a prepared public is an absolute es-
sential to the safety Of this country.
cannot quarrel with that attitude.
The public has been harassed
through the years to give time, money
and effort to every conceivable cause.
The people demand a reason before
they will commit themselves to the
expense and Inconvenience of be-
coming a part Of longtime effort
like civil defense.
Unless 1t is necessary to the future
OF the country to educate and train
the public in civil defense, I feel that
the law should be renealed and the
effort abandoned. On the other
hand. If a prepared public is needed
Tor the common defense. every effort
should be made to accomplish the
objective before 1t is too late. The
only authorities that can speak with
f1nality on the subject, and be ac-
cepted by the public. are the Congress
and the Department of Defense.
My own views are that the next
war probably will be started by mass
surprise attacks on American cities.
The Kremlin knows that the United
States represents its one obstacle to
world domination. It must fear that,
unless American industrial produc-
ton and the American will to fight
are blasted quickly, its chances Of
winning are small.
Retaliation Isn't Enough
For this country to take the posi-
ton that If we are hit our only an
swer is retaliation is rather like the
victim saying to the gunman, IF you
kill me my estate will sue YOU" II
our major cities are bombed, the
shock Of several million casualties
could SO disrupt and benumb an un-
prepared public that the very win to
Evening star., 1951-08-26

planning just exactly what civil de-
tense Is; what it's supposed to ac-
complish in terms of protection and
service to people; how it's supposed
to be organized, trained, equipped
and modified in case Of disaster,
are concepts that you can only
touch on in one-day hearing.
But the civil defense people tried.
The general proposition was out
lined: To protect the lives and
property of American citizens from
attack, whether it be from atom
bombs, rockets, sabotage, chemical
or biological warfare.
There must be a team, they said
"a team on which everybody in
the country has a job to do-and
plan operated by the States under
central guidance.
The basic principal is that no
target city, and probably no single
State, could alone cope with the
problems that would be raised by
an all-out enemy attack. Their
own organizations would have to be
beefed up Immediately by organized
help coming in from the surround
ing communities-help that has
been prepared and trained Just as
carefully as the defenses of the
cities themselves. And that, in turn,
would be backed up again by mobile
support columns, ready and able
to converge on stricken area from
other States-and even from all the
way across the country.
Federol Job
The job of the Federal agency is
to tell the States what they should
expect and what they can do about
it. In terms of services, it's how to
Evening star., 1951-08-26

fight back could be lost. Certainly
the production of essential war mate
rials would be staggered. if not
stopped cold.
/ know Of no answer to such pos
Sibility other than the informing of
every American citizen as to what
can happen and why, what he should
do If it should happen, and why he
cannot desert his post in a panic.
The public must know that unless
civilian lives are saved and the in
dustries of the Nation protected, the
military cannot win.
The Atom Changed Everything
One major fact must be empha-
sized. The character of war changed
in 1945, with the dropping of the
first atomic bomb. Up to that point,
wars were fought and won or lost by
the armies in the field, in battles of
soldier against soldier. The atomic
age changed that situation. The wars
Of the future will be fought against
people-and won or lost by the peo-
pie, the outcome depending upon
which population is best prepared
and conditioned to cope with modern
atomic attack.
One question must be settled, and
settled now. That question is whether
trained and protected public is
a vital necessity for national defense.
The answer should be made In clear
and unnistakable language. If the
question is answered in the affirma-
tive, then civil defense must be given
the support necessary to its purpose.
If the answer is in the negative, Con-
gress should kill civil defense and
stop harassing the public. There is
no middle ground.
The job of informing $50 million
Americans and organizing and train
ing is million of them in special serv-
ices such as fire, police, communica-
tons, medical and rescue--is the big
gest task this country has ever under
taken in peacetime. It cannot be done
with mere lip-service Endorsement or
token support.
Evening star., 1951-08-26
We Should Either Spend the Necessary Money! Quit Kidding Ourselves

strength alone cannot protect the
home front. In recognition Of this
fact, Congress after long and careful
study passed the Civil Defense Act
early in 1851. This established the
Federal Civil Defense Administration,
charged it with developing a civil
defense plan for the Nation, and
promised the States and cities Fed
eral financial help in building their
local defenses against enemy attack.
The House Appropriations Com
mittee has suggested that the Federal
Civil Defense Administration pro-
gram lacks realism and co-ordina-
ton. suspect that what the COM
mlttee really intended to say is that
it does not agree with the program
submitted. Overlooked by the COM
mittee was the fact that the Federal
Civil Defense Administration tailored
its plans to fit the basic law---and
that those plans had been consld-
cred by the House Armed Services
Committee. reported to and approved
by the Congress when the original
act was passed.
One Job, Two Bosses
We find ourselves in the not un-
usual dilemma of having two bosses
with different views-the basic law
on the one hand and the Appropria-
tions Committee on the other.
When Congress enacted the civil
defense law, it committed itself to
match State funds for the acquisition
of equipment, such as fire bumpers
and for shelter program. which in
wolves the Identification of existing
safe structures, the strengthening of
others which can be made safe and
the construction of some new group
shelters in highly congested and criti-
cal areas. The Appropriations Com
mittee disagrees with both policies
although the membership of the
committee voted for the bill which
committed them to these policies
only few short months ago.
The fundamental difficulty with
Congress is that the membership has
been so busy on so many other inn
portant matters that 1t really does
Evening star., 1951-08-26

could be lost" And he placed the
blame squarely on the gentlemen
he talked to.
Roised Eyebrows
The gentlemen were taken some
what aback. Republican Glen
Davis of Wisconsin told Mr.. Cald-
we'll he was surprised by this kind
of talk-especially from a former
committee member.
Certainly" he said, I'VE have
responsibility to fulfill that you are
familiar with. And If you agreed
that we exercised our best judg-
ment on the former request, do
not know what basis you could use
for placing the responsibility for
lack of civil defense in the lap of
Congress"
Mr.. Caldwell stuck to his guns.
II do credit you with using your
best Judgment" he said, "but it was
a mistaken judgment. No one
questions your desire to be helpful,
but the fact remains that you very
nearly destroyed all semblance of
civil defense by what you failed to
do on the original bill"
On one point in particular, Mr..
Caldwell and his staff were out
to make a good showing. They
still smarted under the talk about
"nebulouS plans" and a lack of CO.
ordination with other Government
agencies. They came armed with
prepared statements this time, with
colored organizational charts-and
with a whole staff of specialists
ready to step in and answer the
questions in case the brass faltered.
1t wasn't easy. The job of ex-
Evening star., 1951-08-26

The events of the week show clearly
that the real nature of modern war
and national defense are not under
stood. Thousands Of words have been
spoken in support of our common de-
fense. Many laws have been passed
in its behalf. Millions Of dollars have
been appropriated to secure it. Yet
in the welter Of words, arguments
and fuzzy thinking-the balance
among its parts has been lost.
Let's see if we can sort out the
essentials Of this nightmare of i'm
balances and put them together into
fense in modern war.
General agreement exists that (a)
the United States is menaced by Rus
sia, (b) a national system of defense
against this menace is necessary, (c)
national defense consists of a strong
Army, Navy. Air Force, Marine Corps
and production on the home front.
What seems to have been lost in
consideration Of our program is real
iZation that protection of the home
front and its ability to support our
defenses, whether they be military or
psychological, is the keystone of the
whole structure. There can be little
doubt that an enemy will strike at
this keystone first.
All Root, No Foundation
AS matters stand today, we have
put the roof on the structure without
having first built the foundation of
the common defense of the United
States.
The essential elements of national
defense are the willingness and abil-
ity of an entire nation to protect
itself on all fronts. National defense
depends upon people, their will to
defend what they have. their re-
sources, and their production. Un-
less the people, their will to fight and
their resources are protected, any
national defense system is house Of
cards that win collapse as Germany
and Japan collapsed in World
War II.
History has proven that military
Evening star., 1951-08-26

familiar history. In effect, the en-
thusiasm that had been aroused
by the civil defense law was
stopped cold in its tracks. State
legislatures which had appropri-
ated, or planned to appropriate,
substantial amounts for getting
their programs under way suddenly
forgot all about it. Volunteer re-
cruiting programs in cities, which
had started with all the hoopla Of
a religious revival, fizzled Every
where, the general attitude be-
came: eff Congress doesn't think
civil defense is important, why
should n"
When they went back to Capitol
Hill this month, Federal Civil De-
fenSe Administrator Millard Cald-
well and his men were a lot grim
mer than they had been on their
first trip. They must have had the
feeling that somewhere, the first
time, they had slipped up. Some
how, they had failed to make the
committee see the need for the
things that seemed so apparent to
them, If they were to do the job
they had been given. to do. This
time there would be no mistake.
MIR. Caldwell, who as a Congress
man from Florida had once served
on the House Appropriations Com
mittee himself, led off the attack.
AS bluntly as he knew how, he
warned that "in our present state
Of unawareness and unprepared-
ness, a half dozen bombs on as
many cities with consequent
million casualties would so shock
and benumb the American public
that the very will to fight and win
Evening star., 1951-08-26
--AP Photo.

organize their engineering depart
mentS to be able to get vital utili-
ties functioning again after an at
tack; how to rescue people trapped
in collapsed buildings; what fire de-
partments can do to fight fire.
storms that can turn whole city
blocks into blast furnaces.
There are other services to be
organized, manned and equipped
Transportation, police, special pro-
lection for industrial plants, for
instance-and the warden service,
which acts as the main pipeline be-
tween the man in the street and his
civil defense headquarters.
There are the problems of train
ing key men in the details of new
science; of building up and storing
reserve stocks of medicine and
blood; of planning for the emer-
gency housing and feeding of
bombed-out people; of setting up
first aid stations and emergency
hospitals; of working out traffic
plans; of surveying buildings and
developing shelter designs.
Mr.. ColdweITs Failure
These are all part of the picture
of civil defense. These are the
things that Mr.. Caldwell and his
men tried to tell the committee
about.
They failed because they had
paid too much attention, rather
than too little, to what had been
said about them after their last
hearing. They failed to realize one
large, important fact: That Mr..
Cannon, like a great many of his
colleagues in both Houses of Con-
gress, seems to be thinking, per-
Evening star., 1951-08-26

and with detailed descriptions-by
the people who wrote the law-of
how it was supposed to work. 1t
started with the hard-learned les
sons of other, less fortunate
people, notably the British, who
knew what civil defense was all
about and who practiced it strenu-
ously despite peace and austerity.
It started with the grim studies
made of two Japanese cities-the
only places in the world where the
full potentials of modern war have
been demonstrated.
HuddIe Over Figures
In the light of these things, the
top men in the agency figured out
what was expected of them. They
reduced that effort to terms of
dollars, and went into a huddle
with the Budget Bureau. Last
March they came UP with a re-
quest for $403 million.
At this point, the civil defense
program ran up against Mr.. Can
non.
The head of the House Appro-
priations Committee listened po-
liteiy to the arguments Of the ex-
perts. Then, less politely, he told
them that their plans were "nebu-
lous" and "co-o -ordinated only slightly
with the military forces of the Ma
tion." He gave them just $50 mil
lion to work with. The Senate,
after some half-hearted haggling
over a more liberal bill, finally
agreed in conference to a bill in
some respects even more restrictive
than the original House version.
What happened after that is
Evening star., 1951-08-26
By MiIIurd Caldwell
Federal Civil Defense Administrator

IsoeIo' SNh OefenSe Adminlsrutor
not know what the civil defense pro-
gram is. I am reluctant to criticize
the membership, because know full
well how they are being harassed
on every side. AS a practical matter,
Government is so great and complex
that no member of Congress can be
intimately advised on the details of
the many programs they handle.
Nevertheless, in a situation of this
sort, where the lives of Americans
and the very existence of the Nation
are involved, feel that Congress
must take time out to learn what the
Federal Civil Defense Administrator
program is, to criticize it construc-
lively in the light of the facts, and
Evening star., 1951-02-27
Doris Feeson:
Does TV Invade Probe Privocy?
Compelling Witnesses to Testify Before Cameras
Is Not Considered Violation Of Rights

Obviously q. television station
cooperating with a congress
sional committee could claim to
be serving the public interest.
Miss Hennock added that Sec
tion 326 of the Communications
Act specifically prohibited FEC
from censorship.
An experienced criminal law
yer, Miss Hennock suggested
that in some situations tsle-
vision could be turned by a wit
ness against harsh inquisitors or
a hostile judge. What better
way to prove injustice on appeal,
she said, than to offer In evil
dence q telecast showing express
sions, infections. innuendoes, in
a manner words cannot convey.
Others agreed with her that
actual damage would first have
to be shown, not predicted. by
the witness. It was generally
felt that the real question was
the contempt. Was the witness
looking for reasons not to an
swer or did he try to find himself
unable to combat the cameras?
Like the American people.
Congress loves television. Its
most important members are
rarely too busy to give the folks
the benefit of their dramatic
talents. They can be expected
to deal sternly with Mr.. Carroll.
Evening star., 1951-02-27

that television violated his con-
stitutional right of privacy and
held him up to ridicule and en-
barrassment. The Senator said
he would ask Congress to cite
Mr.. Carroll for contempt.
Solicitor General Philip PERL
man is the Governments prin-
cipal lawyer and not privileged
to offer public legal advice. He
did make these general obser-
vations:
All that the constitutional
privilege of privacy consists Of
is the right not to incriminate
ones self. Article 5 Of the Bill
of Rights states: "No person
shall be compelled in any crimi-
nal case to be a witness against
himself"
The Kefauver investigation is
not a criminal case, of course.
but 1t could sometimes be that
it was furnishing links to pres
ent or future criminal cases.
Thus witnesses might conceiv-
ably have the right to refuse to
answer certain questions. But
Mr.. Carroll would answer none.
The Federal Communications
Commission bowed out of the
troversy. Commissioner
Frieda Hennock said FIGS only
power was to grant television
licenses in the public interest.
Evening star., 1951-02-27

Congress have written but all
communications. oral and writ
ten, between the White House
and the RFC. The country
would have an opportunity to
judge for itself where the line
between improper and proper
relationships is to be drawn.
Thus. a member of Congress
gets a letter from a constituent
who has filed an application for
a business loan, and he is likely
to be asked to "say a good word"
or to identify the constituent or
even furnish some information
as to reliability and character.
These are natural happenings,
but the RFC directors should
not, of course. be influenced by
that good word" even though
they know the Congressman
may have to say it to keep on
the right side of his constit-
uent. Many member Of Con-
gress, confronted with that kind
of situation, has said the good
word" and then made it clear
Immediately afterwards that the
business in hand should be
handled by the Government
agency on its merits.
The real trouble, as alert
minded Senator Fulbright has
pointed out. is that the directors
of the RFC are the ones who
should be able to resist pres
sure and influence. If. how ever,
they are tools of the Democratic
administration land subject to
the political urgings of persons
connected with the Democratic
National Committee. then some
way will have to be found to
prescribe by law that such ap-
proaches are as unlawful as 1t
would be to attempt to influence
a judge in our Federal courts.
Mr.. Fulbright seems to think
that capable men can be found
with sufficient integrity to file
letters from congressman and
to turn a deaf ear to the White
House aides who, too, may be
Evening star., 1951-02-27
Dovid LoNrence:
Political Pull on T rial in RFC Case
Writer Suggests Putting Safeguards Into the Law
To Protect Officios From improper influence

under pressure sometimes to say
q good word"
Basically the RFC is supposed
to be an independent agency"
and not a part Of the executive
department or the White House,
but a creature of Congress. as
are all the other independent
boards and agencies. Unfortu-
nately. the drift has been away
from this concept, and one
of the first acts that helped to
break it down was the letter
written by President Roose-
welt. early in his first admins
tration, when he fred William
Humphreys, a member of the
Federal Trade Commission. be-
cause the latter's mind didn't
go along with" that Of Mr..
Roosevelt.
The Supreme Court ruled that
this was unwarranted interfer-
ence with the power of Con-
gress to specify by law the
grounds for removal and TO in
sist that removals be made only
on the grounds specified. But
nevertheless. under both New
Deal and Fair Deal practice, the
tendency has been to usurp
authority over the acts Of these
independent agencies and con-
slider their officers as the Chief
Executive would consider ap-
pointees in bureaus in an execu-
tive department.
If the RFC is to be retained
and Senator Fulbright him.
self says that a lending agency
is needed. especially to approve
loans that must be made in con-
nection with risks inherent in
the expansion of plants for de-
tense purposes only-theu some
reform In the attitude toward
the RFC Of everybody concerned
is imperative. It can be done
by writing safeguards into the
law to protect RFC directors
from attempts to exert improper
influence on them.
Reproduction Right Reserved