Evening star., 1951-11-19
CHAPTER 4.

diate threat of military aggression
against the United States, 1 have
always favored an international
organization to promote the peace
of the world and therefore of the
United States.
1 supported the resolution by
the Republican conference at
Mackinac Island, "favoring re-
sponsible participation by the
United States in postwar CO.
operative organization among
sovereign nations to prevent mill
tary aggression, and to attain
permanent peace with organized
justice in a free world" This was
the language of Senator Vanden-
berg. and it contains the sound
est. most concise statement of the
proper basis of international Or
ganiZation.
I supported the Connally reso-
luton adopted by the Senate of
the United States on November S,
l943. I voted for and supported
the United Nations Charter in the
Senate on July %, 1945.
Dissatisfied With Charter.
I was never satisfied with the
United Nations Charter and
stated my criticism definitely at
the time. The fundamental diff
Guilty is that it is not based pri-
marily on an underlying law and
an administration of justice under
that law. I believe that in the
long run the only way to establish
peace is to write a law, agreed to
by each of the nations, to govern
the relations of such nations with
each other and to obtain the
covenant of all such nations that
they will abide by that law and
by decisions made hereunder.
! I criticized the Connally resolu-
ton, because it omitted any ref
erence whatever to the establish
ment of rule of law. It is ex-
traordinary that the original
Dumbarton Oaks proposals for a
United Nations Charter omitted
all reference to juStic The final
Charter. largely through the work
of Senator Vandenberg, does rec
ognize the Importance and desir-
ability of justice, but it does so
only in the most general way, and
the chapters dealing with the Sc
curity Council. which forms the
heart Of all enforcement, requires
| the Security Council to make
such decisions as will maintain
peace and security" without any
reference to justice.
Not Same as Justice.
Peace and security are not syn
onymouS with justice. It might
well be that the Security Council,
acting in full compliance with the
Charter, could take property from
one nation to which it Justly be-
longed and give it to another,
because it felt that would promote
peace. So Mr.. Chamberlain
agreed to the transfer of Sudeten-
land to Germany.
BY substituting the maintenance
OF peace and security for law and
justice We authorize the basing
of decisions on expediency. and
for expediency there are no rules
which cannot be changed by the
majority to fit its desires in a par
Itlcular case.
1t seems to me that peace In
this world is impossible unless ma
tions agree on a definite law to
govern their relations with each
other and also agree that, without
any veto power, they will submit
their disputes to adjudication and
abide by the decision of an impair
ltial tribunal.
The agreement to abide even by
unfavorable decisions was the es-
sence Of the arbitration treaties
which my father, when President,
negotiated with England and with
France. It was unfortunate that
they were defeated by the Senate
Until nations are willing to enter
into such an agreement, interna-
tional progress toward peace is
bound to fail.
Z. N. Action Questioned.
( When the North Koreans at
tackled on June 25, 1850, it hap
pened that Russia was boycotting
the Security Council, and the reso-
luton calling for action against
the North Korean aggression was
therefore passed without dissent.
On June %, 1850, I questioned
the legality of the United Nations
action, because Article 27 of the
Charter clearly provides that de-
clslons OF the Security Council on
all matters shall be made by an
afflrmatlve vote of seven members,
including the concurring votes of
the permanent members. There
was no concurring vote by Russia
but We overrode this objection
without considering how it might
be raised against us in the future.
furthermore, we took this ac-
ton without considering the fact
that if the Chinese Communists
attacked and the Russian repre-
ISentatives returned to the Secur-
lty Council the United Nations
could not fnllnrr ,,r u. .A.:-