davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22

the city provided the serum and
CITY health officers injected il into
dogs without charge, The last city
health officer who innoculated dogs
was the late lamented DR.. Harry
C. Galley. owners of dogs we're di.
rected to take them to the parking
lot behind City Hall, and there Or.
Galley injected lie serum without
charging the owners 4 single penny.
What is preying far more on the
minds of the people of this nation
now than anything else is excess
sive taxation. Several U. S. sena-
tors and representatives have de-
clared that if greater taxation is
imposed the country runs the
chance of becoming bankrupt. Key
WesterS. in common with the peo-
pie elsewhere in the country. are
bled white by taxation. This pro-
posed $2.50 is another peck at the
pocketbooks of local taxpayers and
rentpayerS, who pay taxes indi-
rectly. Those pocketbooks are al
ready pecked in thousand diff
ferent ways by nation, state. coun-
ty, city. The city has a big bank
balance-that's money taxpayers
already have paid, so why should
our City Commissioners take an
other peck at Key Westers pocket.
books? Dog owners now pay
a city license, but the Commission.
ers seemingly are not satisfied
with that feea-they want an add
tional S2.5e1 to innoculate dogs In
the WINTER Ia time when dogs
have neyeT been innoculated be-
fore, here or elsewhere
As DIR. Galley and other former
city health officers innoculated dogs
free of charge, why doesn't the
present city health officer do the
same thing, particularly in these,
times when taxation is more bur-
densome than ever before in the
history of the nation?
SAM HARRIS,
Key West, Florida,
December IL, 1851.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22
III. Y. SINNERS
Score Highest
At Bridge Meeting

MIR. and Mrs. II. V. Skinner of
Kalamazoo, Mich, we're high scor-
ers at the Wednesday night meet
ing of the Key West Bridge As
ISOLATION held in the Coral Room of
the Overseas Hotel. There we're
sixteen persons competing IN the
duplicate bridge games.
Second high scorers were Mrs.
paul Vecker and Mrs. L. c. Brin-
ton: third high were Mrs. Mable
Baldwin of Scarsdsle, N. Y, and
c. r. Reagan.
The group will meet next week
as usual.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22
Lit. Reel ReIieUeS
LCDR. BrOiCn At
NapdI Station

Ii. Roy Nj. Reel. Jr., USN, has
reported aboard the us. Naval
Station in Key West. where he will
assume the role of Communications
Officer. He relieves Lcdr, Harry P.
Brown, who has been transferred
to ComAirant for further orders.
Lieutenant Reel was formerly at
tached to the US.S Mount McKin-
ley.
He was reared in Missouri, born
in Arcadia. and schooled in DeSoto.
His parents, Mr.. and Mrs. Roy
NJ. Reel, Sr., now live in DeSoto.
Upon his graduation from DeSoto
High School. he entered the Naval
service. in 1885. He received his
commission in 1914.
Lieutenant Reel has served on:
U.S.S. York: U.S.S. Claxton; U.S.S.
Decatur; Naval Station. San Juan,
Puerto Rico; Naval Air Station,
Pearl Harbor: Naval Air Station,
Johnston Island; Naval Station,
Wahiawa, Territory of Hawaii; Ma
val Station, Charleston, Couth Caro-
lima; Staff, Commander Amphi-
bious Group 4: U.S.S. Mount olym-
pus; Staff. Commander Amphi-
bious Group 3; and U.S.S. Eldora-
do.
His medals include the Amerl-
can Defense Service medal; the
American Area medal; the Asia
tic.Pacific Area medal; the World
War II Victory medal; the Korean
Area medal; with three stars;
the Enlisted Good Conduct medal
with three stars.
He is married to the former
Mary Elizabeth untz, of Charles
ton S. C. They have two children
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22
Snowflake Dance
At "Y'' Features
Falling Snom

Snow" fell last night in the
YMCA-US0 recreation hall during
a "Y" Christmas season Snow
flake Dance.
The "snowflakes fell immed-
lately following intermission as
the dancers circled the floor TO the
tune of white Christmas - This
flood of snow-like paper chips fell
from a large paper bali suspended
in the rafters of the hall, The
blizzard" ended with "a mild
SNOWFALL fight. The dancers
completed the evening dancing
through snow, that unlike the
northern variety, never turned TO
slush.
Gus Ayala'S band played for the
dancing and refreshments were
served during the evening by the
Girls Service Organization.
The hall was decorated for the
evening with bright streamers.
snowflakes and lighted Christmas
tree. Toys for the Santa Claus
party TO be given by the ''Y" for
underprivileged children on Christ
mas afternoon were placed be-
meath the large tree,
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22
Florida Oranges
Bring Low Prices
Citizen Staff Photo
Citizen Staff Photo

LAKELAND Rt-Volume control
is not the solution for recent low
auction prices of Florida oranges,
Florida Citrus Mutual says.
Auction prices are affected quick.
" by the volume of unsold fruit,
but Mutual said many other factors
contributed to the low prices.
Heavy California shipments, abb
sence of enough Gamers to take
fruit, effect of low priced concen-
trate and marketing of less desir-
able types of oranges all shared
the responsibility. ]. c. Strickland,
Mutuars fresh fruit expert. said.
Members Of Mut,ial's Terminal
Markets, Committee said volume
coptref hassneyer Fwerked for fruit
going to the auctions anyway.
A.V. Saurman. Mutuars general
manager, said the Importance Of
getting early oranges moved as
soon as possible was compelling
reason for not invoking controls on
shipments.
'1his was important so they
wouldn't back up and seriously
affect what we should get for the
midseason fruit and (late season.
valencias." Saurman said.
Committeeman said auction
prices should improve after Jan. /,
when more canning and concen-
trate plants are taking fruit and
the better-looking. better.keeping
midseason fruit ripens.
Another help viii be use by the
Army of more than two million
boxes of Florida citrus in pro-
cessed form. The Quartermaster
Corps opened a field office here
this week TO deal directly with
Florida Gamers.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22
Cdr. FleiScher Is
Detached From
NdUdI Hospital
Citizen Staff Photo

Cdr. Harold W. Fleischer, NC,
USN. has recently been detached
from the US. Naval Hospital, Key
West. He has been attached TO the
hospital as chief of medicine since
February 4. 1850.
Commander Fleischer has receiv-
ed orders to report aboard the
U.S.S. New Jersey.
He has been in the Naval serv-
ice since January of l941, In his II
years. he has served as: Assistant
Medical Officer, Naval Training
Station. Newport, Rhode Island;
Medical Officer, U.S.S. Broome
(DD-2l0); Medical Officer. Rest
Center. Ashyille. North Carolina;
Student Flight Surgeon. Naval Air
Station. Pensacola, Florida; SEN
Tor Medical Officer, U. SIS. Gamb-
ier Bay (CVE-73); Flight Surgeon,
Naval Air Station. Ancostia; Senior
Medical Officer. US.S. KearSarge
(CV-93); took Resident Training
in Internal Medicine, u. S. Naval
Hospital, Chelses. Massachusetts;
Chief of Medicine, us. Naval Hos
pital, Key West
While on the U.S.S. Gambler
Bay, Commander Fleischer re-
ceived the presidential Unit Cita-
ton He was aboard when the ship
was sunk.
Medals he proudly displays are:
the Bronze Star with "; the
Presidential Unit Citation.
He is entitled to wear: the
American Defense ribbon with one
star; the European-African rib
bon the Asiatic- Pacific ribbon
with four stars: the Philippine Lib
Grafton ribon with one star; the
World War IL Victory ribbon.
The Fleischers have two children,
and were formerly living at Quar-
terS e at the US. Naval Hos
piial
Born in Massachusetts. his par
entS, Mir and Mrs. Abraham Flei-
scher still live there. It was at Bos-
ton University. in 1887, that he re-
eeiNed his MD. degree.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22
Official u. g. NavY Photo

Official u. S. Navy Photo
Lieutenant Earl p. Yates. USN.
son of Mrs. Elizabeth Yates
Oakie, Ransom Road, Winston
Salem, North Carolina, has re-
Gently completed the course in
All Weather Flight at the Fleet
All Weather Training Unit. Key
West. Florida. The course con-
sists Of advanced flight train
ing in instruments and night
tactics designed to qualify the
pilot for Carrier All Weather
Squadrons.
He will report to Commander,
Air Force, Atlantic Fleet for
further assignment to duty in
volving flying.
Lieutenant Yates entered naval
service as a Midshipman al the
United States Naval Academy,
Annapolis, Maryland, where he
received a Bachelor of Science
degree in le43. He was var
sity letterusn in wrestling and
lacrosse at the Academy.
Lieutenant Yates entered flight
training in l945 and was desig-
mated naval aviator after COM
plotting the prescribed flight
training course at Corpus Chri-
Sti. Texas.
He is authorized 20 wear the
Presidential Unit Citation, the
Asiatic- Pacific Area ribbon,
the Philippine Defense ribbon.
the Philippine Liberation rib
bon. the American Defense
Service ribbon, the American
Area ribbon, and the World
War II Victory medal.
Lieutenant Yates is married TO
the former Miss Lucy WEIGH of
Annapolis, Md. They have two
sons, Eric Preston Jr.. s, and
Phillip Welch. /, and a daughter,
Susan Scott, 5.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22

fronds are crossed and secured
into place with wire, and the
colored Christmas tree balls
wired into the center.
Wreath with Dilly leaves: The
basis Of this is wire coat hang
er. Fasten the dilly twIgs onto
the circle of wire with string.
and wire the colored Christmas
tree balls onto the twigs.
Mrs. J. ]. Trevor has created
table decoration mot pictured
for a child's party, but it holds
the interest of grown-ups as
we'll. Santa's Sleigh filled with
presents.
The modern arrangement was
done by Mrs. Edward Bayley.
who used Begonia leaves at the
base of the Madonna. The can
dies range in color from sea-
green to deep blue, serving as a
background for the white figur-
inc.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22
SUMMER ONLY TIME
FOR DOG NEGOTIATIONS"

Editor, The Citizen;
Who has ever known or heard of
the innoculation of dogs in the win
ter or the beginning of winter? But
all Of us have heard about the dog
days of August. Excessive warmth
affects dogs and all other animals,
including man. In Key West and
practically every other city in the
country dogs have been innoculat-
ed. but that treatment always has
been done in the summer. II is as
ridiculous to innoculate a dog in
winter as ii would be TO turn on
an electric fan in ones home on
a chilly night.
Another thing: heretofore when
dogs were innoculated in Key West
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22
"cRlTicIzES HIT AND
RUN MoToRIST"

Editor. The Citizen
If there is anyone lower than a
human who hits an animal and
then leaves ii 20 die without even
stopping, haven't run across
them,
I would like 10 have my opinion
printed (which really isn't print
able) Of the person who hit my
small Boston Bull dog on Staples
Street nj the TOPPING house dis
trict and then left him to die. |
hope they are very proud OF them
selves, and that they read this !.
and know that many share my opin-
ion of them.
/ would also like to wish them
a merry holiday season. | hope
they choke on the eggnoggl
Mrs. ]. f. BALS0N,
POPS Seidenberg
December 10. 1851.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22
Christmas Spirit Plentiful At
Naval Supply And Fiscal Dept. Party

Captain and Mrs. c, c. Adell,
Commander and Mrs. c. M. Hen
derson. Commander and Mrs. j.
B. Robertson. Lieutenant Com
mander and Mrs. ]. r. Foresman,
Lieutenant and Mrs E. X. Fizer,
Lieutenant and Mrs. L. v. Mans
field and Mr.. and Mrs. William
B. Wellons. fAet~
Thanks is due the Chiefs Club
for It's cooperation and also to
the enthusiastic committee rep
reSenting all branches of Supply
and Fiscal, who made the ar
engagements for the affair, includ-
ing Marge Hinkle, John Richard
son. Manuel Lopez, Betty Abs
ton. Charles Machin, Herman
Gordon, Eva Valdez, John Nor
ris. Rosemary Burns, Belva Bos-
to and Margaret Cusick.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22
THANKS CITIZEN STAFF

Editor, The Citizen:
For about twenty three years l
have been responsible officially
for the publicity and public re-
lations of the Salvation Army in
the South. Most of the time
I've kept out of the picture.
AS of January 3, 1852 shall
be retiring from active service
in the Army and this letter is
Just word of thanks for all OF
the generous cooperation given
by yourself and your associates
of The Citizen over the years. /
do appreciate it and the Army
appreciates it and values It high
". Thanks again and God Bless
You.
Sincerely
VINCENT CUNNINGHAM
Editor In Chief
Dec. 10. 1851
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22
Coming Events

SATURDAY, DECEMBER 22-
a. Meeting, Children's Missionary
~ group, Ley Memorial church
10 to 1880 am,
MONDAY, DECEMBER "a
Handicraft special interest
group, Officers Wives Club,
Bldg. IFS, N. s., 7.30 pm.
Meeting, Beta Sigma Phi soro.
rity, San Carlos school, 3
pm,
+ Meeting, Anchor Lodge. No.
s Ia, Scottish Rite Temple, 8
4 p.m. M
WEDNESDAY. DECEMBER 26-
Duplicate Bridge, Coral Room
Overseas hotel. 7:45 pm.
THURSDAY. DECEMBER 81
81 Officers Club of the Order of
Eastern Star will meet at 8
pm. in the home Of Mrs.
Viola liggs. ai6 Ashe street.
daySheeS will meet at 7:30 pm.
al JayCee clubhouse.
Dn Felix Varela Lodge No. "a
will meet at S pm at the
Cuban Masonic Lodge.
Ladies Auxiliary, VIEW. Post
=. 2glI will meet at s pm. at
WV. Home.
Ladies Auxiliary, Arthur Saw
syer Unit %. American Lee
glen will meet az 8 pm, al
Legion Home.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22
1t. HI. p. BruSt
Ass. Legal Officer
At NauaI Station

1t. Herbert r Brust, USNR, has
reported aboard the Naval Base.
Key West. in the capacity of as
sistant legal officer, He relieves
IT. James T. Watson, who was re-
leased to inactive duty
Lieutenant Brust reported aboard
from District Headquarters, Eighth
Naval District,
He entered the Naval service in
July 1913 and received his COM
mission in June of the following
year. He served at the Radar Pic
ket Screen at 0kinawa, and with
me Japanese Occupation Forces
during World War II, up TO the
time Of his reIase to inactive duty
In June of 1896 Since his recall to
active duty in March Of this year,
he has attended the us. Naval
School of Naval Justice and has
been attached TO the Legal Office
Headquarters at the Pentagon.
Before his recall 10 active duty,
he was an attorney, with a mem
bership in New York and District
Of Columbia bars.
Lieutenant Brust was born in
Brpoklyn, New York. on March 2.
1872. He received his schooling
in Trinity College. Hartford Con-
: neticut, and the University of
Virginia Law School. He received
his ,,B,A. from Hartford in 1947,
and his LIB, from the latter in
i949.
He is married to the former Bet
ty Jane MaurraS of New Orleans.
Louisiana, They live at 9l9 White
Street, Key West, There are no
children.
His parents. Mr.. and Mrs. p, ].
BruSt, reside at 9l-06 Is Street,
Wobdhaven, New York.
He is entitled to the wearing of:
the American Area ribbon; the
Asiatic- Pacific Area ribbon, with
one star; the Philippine Liberation
ribbon; the World War II Victory
ribbon, and the Japanese Occupa
ton ribbon.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22
Holiday. Cocktail
Party Held At
A. Nj. adams Home

Mr.. and Mrs. A. Maitland Adams
celebrated the holiday season with
Christmas cocktail party Thurs
day night at their home, Il0i Laird
street.
More than 200 friends of the
Adams enjoyed the party.
Hors d'Oeuvres Of turkey, ham
and many delicacies we're served
the guests from a table beautiful
decorated in the holiday theme. A
large arrangement of red carna-
tions, Florida holly and a palm
leaf In a base of siIver.toned pine
conferred the table.
Guests, J. p. BaillOd and Emmett
Commit. entertained the group.
Baillod played the accordion and
Conniff played the piano.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22
Cuba,, Baptist
kindergarten Has
Closing Program

Christmas vacation for the Cuban
Baptist kindergarten started with
a Christmas party given for the
children Thursday at the Baptist
Good win Center. Ninety pupils
and As mothers attended the party.
Mrs. Anthony Calzadilla and Mrs.
Oubre, teachers. presented gifts to
all the children present.
The program included:
The Christmas welcome by all
the kindergarten pupils,
Prayer led by Mrs. d. B. Sharp.
Away In A Manger" sung by
the younger pupils.
Jolly Old Saint Nicholas" sung
by all the kindergarten.
Poem, 81 Am So Glad by Tam
ara Negrin.
1.-THE Night Before Christmas"
read by Nancy Foye.
Jesus Came" presented by
Susan Cassidy, Marylan Coulter,
Cynthia Malone. Barbara Bath,
Nancy Foye and Tamara Negrin.
Gospel Bells sung by all the
children.
"The Purpose of Jesus Coming
To Earth" read by Mrs. Negrin.
Happy Birthday To Our King"
sung by all the children.
Deck The Hail. sung by the
younger pupils.
Closing prayer by Mrs. Sharp.
Mother of the kindergarten pupils
have collected five Christmas bas-
kets for the needy and more than
50 pieces of clothing for Christmas
aid. -
The kindergarten win open again
on January Z.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22

The Citizen welcomes express
si0ns Of the views of ITS rena-
eTs, bat the editor reserves the
right to delete any ftemA whtcs
are considered iibeloas or unwar-
ranted. The writer's should oe
fair and conftne the letters 20
200 words. and write on enc size
OF the paper only. Signature OF
che writer must accompany the
letters and will be published nn-
less requested otherwise. ,;1D s9f3l
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22
The Lee SGrf0nS
OF Baton Rouge
To Visit Here

Mr.. and Mrs Lee A. Saxton Of
Baton Rouge, La, will arrive
here Sunday To spend the holi-
day season visiting with Mrs.
Saxton's parents, Nj end Mrs
Rudolph Boza. 833 Elizabeth
street.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22
II. b. Broussard
Reports To F4WTU

Roosevelt h. Broussard, ia.
uSN, has reported aborad the Fleet
All Weather Training Unit. Naval
Air Station. Key West. under the
command of Captain J. c. 10th.
BrousSsrd has been assigned to
the Bachelor Officers Quarters at
the SeaplRne. in the capacity OF
steward.
He entered the service in April
of 1919, receiving his recruit train
ing at Great Lakes, Illinois. Before
his enlistment. he lived with his
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. Miller Brous-
Sard. in Ridge. Louisiana.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22
Mangini IL .4dudnced
and Qualified In Subs

Alexander J Mangini, USN. 81
Duyal street, has been advanced to
electricians mate, third class. and
designated Qualified in Submar-
ines, while serving aboard the
submarine, U,S.S. Cutlass, at the
Us. Naval Station here.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22

A new safety plug for Christina
trees has replaceable fuse so tina
If one fuse blows, the other gives
warning before a short circuit oc
ours.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22
II. III. Russell In
Recruit Training

Benjamin II. Russell. seaman
recuit. USN, Of Tavernier, is under
going recruit training at the US.
Naval Training Center san Diego.
Calf.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22

II you are stretching meat loaf
with oatmeal, add pinch of mono
sodium giutamate and mix IL in
well with the ingredients for the
loaf. II steps up the meat flavor.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22

Good dish for a cold day: Potato
and onion soup. Sprinkle little
finely minced parsley on each
bowl just before serving.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1951-12-22

Matchmaking was first introduc
ed in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1885.
Evening star., 1951-10-21

the various branches of the military forces
Organized along the lines of these functions,
many of the differences and disputations, top
heavy organization and overlapping lines of
responsibility would disappear.
Curing our deficiencies along these lines or
related ones could remove one of the bases
of fear in the Pentagon. Confidence and COM
petence would replace disorganization and
illustration.
We CAN. then, brighten and sharpen the
sword, but what if we do not have the strength
to use it? That is the next problem.
The fundamental danger here is that our
preparations for war may be and are in fact
becoming so vast that they will exhaust our
economy and destroy our social and political
organizations. Consequently, defense efforts
and expenditures must be kept within limits.
The dangers of too heavy expenditures are
already evident One of them is imitation
This is generated by heavy expenditures for
armament which end up, in large measure,
Evening star., 1951-10-21

strongly stir the imagination which refuses
to be attracted to the humble daily chores 50
necessary to the support of ground troops.
Some of us felt the unwisdom of this when
the Reorganization Act was before the Con-
gress, but we were not military experts. We
were just boys from the country. We were
talked down - but we were right. The Army
should hare its o,0n tactical air force. Only thus
can the necessary air support of the ground
forces be assured.
There is perhaps an intermediate activity
which may be described as providing air
cover" for general military operations. 1t is
possible that some study may need to be given
to this phase of air power to see to what
extent, if any, it should be delegated to the
Army and to what extent, if any, it should
continue within the province of the Air
Force ITSELF
z. THE ARMY in our reorganization should
be primarily highly technical body, we'll
equipped with the best and the latest in arms,
Evening star., 1951-10-21

in artillery, radar detection, communication,
and all the multitude of scientific develop
ments already made, being made and to be
made, including atomic weapons. This -
together tUith tactical air force - constitutes
the heart of what should be our professional
Army.
Supplementing the professional army should
be the civilian army with it's graduates. the
Reserves, always on call. We are for the pres
ent, owing to the existing situation in Korea
and the fear of larger scale involvements,
pursuing our training with older men already
organized as part of our armed forces. As
soon as we can clear ourselves of this situa-
ton, we must carry out the principles of
Universal Military Training, but on more
realistic plan than that which Congress wrote
into the Manpower Law.
We can best assure ourselves of supply of
manpower with the least disruption of indi-
vidual and family life by training young men
for service at the end of their secondary edu-
cation in public high schools or private pre-
paratory schools. These young men have not
started their life work The moral influences
of family and church have become ingrained
in them now if ever. A one or two-year
period at this time is best fitted to their own
interests and their country's
:. THE NAVY and it's subsidiary. the Marine
Corps, will likewise have defined duties. The
Navy will be charged with keeping the ocean
communication clear by the detection and
destruction of submarines and will likewise
play its part in clearing enemy planes from the
air over the ocean.
1t is an axiom, which we have not always
recognized in practice, that the Navy is in
constant state of mobilization. This axiom
has its effect on naval policy 50 far as its air
services are concerned. In an unexpected
Evening star., 1951-10-21

emergency it takes time to
build airfelds. The airplane
carrier is a floating airfield
constantly modified for serv-
ice wherever air offense or de-
fense may be required. Car
riers are an essential element
of the Navy's equipment for
both tactical and strategic
flights. For these it will be
possible to use bombers less
massive and of less range than
the great intercontinental
bombers. The Marines as a
subsidiary of the Navy must,
like the Navy itself, be kept
permanently modified.
These are the functions of