davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1951-04-05
World War ii Contributions

The Lodge has seen two World
Wars, in which many of its men,
bers served with glory and honor.
The first wounded soldier to re-
turn to Seattle from the battle
fields of the Second World War
was Brother Edwin Carlson, a
member of Left Erickson Lodge.
The lodge members never closed
its ears or pocket book when call
ed upon to assist worthy enter
prises, such as Norway Relief.
Camp Little Norway, The Sea-
mems Fund. the purchase of War
Bonds, The Morse Home and 9TH
er benevolent activities. An cpl
sode almost forgotten but which
showed the devotion of members
of the two lodges occurred follow
ing a nearly disastrous fire to
Norway Hall in 1927 when a great
section of the roof burned, the
members in great numbers spent
much time to clean up and re-
store the building for occupancy.
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1951-04-05

in the dedication of the Morse
Hall. The same year the team won
the first prize in competitive in
itiation work during the convea-
ton in Astoria, Oregon. Many of
Left Erickson's members have
served as Supreme and District
Lodge Officers and performed val
liable work during conventions Of
these bodies.
In 1886, Left Erickson Lodge No.
l was host to the first Supreme
Lodge Convention held on the Pa
cific Coast with Brother Erode
Frodesen as chairman. There was
no doubt in the minds of the dele
gates and hundreds of visitors
that the 1886 convention was the
grandest and most elaborate in
Sons of Norway up to that time.
The Grand Lodge of The Daught-
ers of Norway, P. c., which held
its convention simultaneously add
ed never forgotten color to the
festivities which We're held in the
Olx-y,1 ri0 Hotel
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1951-04-05

The Norwegian people by inner
itance and tradition are home low
ing people. Statistical research
shows that in comparison to their
number in population, people of
Norwegian ancestry own more
home. in the United States and
Canada than any other nationality.
Many barren sections have been
transformed into prosperous COM
munities by their hands. and great
wealth has been taken from the
depths of the ocean by the Nor
wegian fishermen.
Morse Era Started SO
The year of 1889. more than
sixty years ago when the Norwe-
gian newspaper Washington Post
en- was established, may we'll be
recognized as the time and begin
ming of an era from which a more
united effort of our people COM
menced to be felt and recognized.
The Norwegian Male Chorus of
Seattle followed shortly afterwards
and have consistently presentel
the finest of Norwegian music and
have been a very instrumental fac
tor in making Seattle more loved
by all of US. 1t was in 1889 that
the very first Seventeenth of May
Celebration was held in our City
Continued similar festivities have
been held each year to the present
time and growing in Importance
Some 18th Of May festivities were
held in the Civic Auditorium and
attended by as many as 5000 peo-
pie.
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1951-04-05
Lodge Organized 1908

Not long after the Sons OF Nor
way was organized in Minneapol-
is in 1895. similar desire began
to be felt in Seattle and several re-
quests were made % The Mime
apohs group to consider starting Z
lodge in Seattle The -ec1eS-s
were met with difficulties ch-scly
transportation and Communicate
facilities. Finally IN April 1919 :
group of Seattle No-wegls1s can
togther to discuss the formation
of an independent Sons Of Norway
lodge. The idea was met with ez-
thusiasm and after few prelim-
mary meetings the Left Erickson
Lodge. the first Sons Of Norway
Lodge on the Pacific Coast. was
organized on May 18th. 1893. with
80 members. At the close Of the
charter two months later-the mem
bership was 90. A A Andersen
was elected president and John
Gaustad, secretary. Bro. Gaustad
- c~A-- aAA-N4- liz
members OF Left Erickson Lodge.
We are also very happy to have
the following charter members
still with US and occasionally at
tend the meetings: Gust Osberg.
NJ. A Hansen, L. P. Retting and
Olaf r Sather. On Oct. is. 1905.
the first unit of Daughters OF Nor
way on the Pacific Coast. Valky-
rien Lodge No. l. was organized
with "a members Of which Ger
trude Melhus, Sofia Johnson and
Mrs. W. 3. Olsen are still proud
istenee in rapid succession.
First President Part Danish
Whenever the story of the be-
ginning of Sons Of Norway on the
Pacific Coast is told. it is always
interesting and somewhat anus
ing to note that the first presi-
dents mother was Norwegian. his
father Danish. and himself born
in America and had only very linn
tied knowledge of the Norwegian
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-05-27
Military Justice Now Uniform
By Dovid o. Tyson

Uniflcation of the armed
forces will be advanced a big
step Thursday. That's when the
Uniform Code of Military JUS
tice goes into effect.
Soldiers, sailors and airmen
will find MPs and SIPS on their
trail for the same offenses. but
will all be tried under one code
of law. a combination and re-
vision of the Army and Air
Forces articles of war. the ar
ticles for the government of the
Navy and the disciplinary laws
OF the Coast Guard.
Those accused of serious Of
lenses may be represented before
the trial and in court by full
fledged lawyers, military or
civilian.
AS one legal officer explained,
Congress figured it would pro-
tect the GIs' rights if it gave
'em lawyers.
Serious charges may be APP
pealed to a new Court of Mill
tary Appeals ranking with the
United States Court of Appeals
and composed of three civilian
juristSi
Defense Secretary James For
restal in July, 1913, appointed
Prof. Edmund Morgan, jr., of
the Harvard Law School, chair
man of a four-man committee
to draft uniform code.
Chairman Of the Senate sub
committee which held hearings
on the new ebde was an attorney
who more recently has made his
influence on law felt in another
INSTRUMENTATION Estes Ke-
fauver, Democrat. Of Tennessee.
Among the new punishable
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-05-27
Soviet Schools Merely Feed Labor Force

But if foreigners never see the
average Soviet school, and if
official statistics conceal the true
state of affairs, we have, luckily,
an occasional glimpse of reality as
seen by Soviet inspectors.
Thus, last winter. Mr.. Tutin, a
Ministry of Education inspector,
described the state of affairs in
the Tula and Orlov districts in
the heart of metropolitan Russia.
Writing in the teachers official
newspaper, he stated that of IL
schools supposed to have been
newly built in lula, in fact only
five existed. In all the schools
which actually had buildings,
there was a chronic and scandal
GUS lack of equipment.
Lack of Housing
In the country schools Of the
districts concerned, peasant chill
|dren never dreamed Of going to
school There was practically nc
accommodation for teachers. In
the Tula district, only 43 teachers
out of 439 had any places of their
own to live. The rest found cor
ners where they could-in the
school building, or sharing a room
with pupils family. On top II
everything, many pupils lacked
clothes, particularly the shoes.
Komsomolskaya Pravda recently
reported a session of the Kalinin
Regional Komsomol. in which it
was roundly stated that 80 pei
cent of the Komsomol members
representing the cream of the
Soviet YOUTH had never been to
school at all. that the plan for
building schools was hopelessly be-
hind, and that in six separate dis
tricts of the Kalinin region there
was no school at all.
Tula, Orlov and Kalinin are
counted among the most advanced
provincial centers of the Soviet
Union. These examples are char
acteristic and may be repeated
many times over.
Here then, we have the reality
behind the official claims, reality
reported not by critical foreigners.
but by Soviet teachers and educa-
tionists themselves. seeking to cast
the blame on others for an in
tolerable state of affairs. The
schools which distinguished viSi-
tors to the Soviet Union are shown
most certainly exist, and are very
good. But they are not typical
And the statistics Of schools and
teachers and pupils reflect the in
tention rather than the deed.
observer Foreign News Seryice)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-05-27

offenses will be one separate
from AWOL called missing
movement" -misSing the depar-
ture of a ship, aircraft or unit.
Dueling will still be an offense
under the code. though the last
Army court-martial case on
dueling was in 1879 and the last
case Navy records show was in
1868.
Rear Admiral George L. Rus
sell, Judge Advocate of the
Navy. deplores the omission in
the new code of the archaic
language which held any Navy
man punishable by death who
'pusillanimously cries for quar-
ter" in battle. The reworded
provision reads sis guilty of
cowardly conduct" The penalty
still is death.
Punishment in all the serv-
ices will still be of two kinds:
Court-martial punishment and
the so-called "non-judicial pun
ishment," which replaced com
pany punishment" in the Army
and Air Force and captains
mast" in the Navy, Coast Guard
and Marine Corps.
The system will apply the
Army and Air Force forms
of general. special and summary
courts-martial to all services.
Special court-martial CORE
spends to the Nays old sum-
mary court, and the Nays old
one man deck court to the new
summary court.
Boards of review have already
been set up at the headquarters
level in each service. The Army
has five. the Navy five. the Air
Force six and the Coast Guard
one. A
Distributed by the Associated eress.l
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-05-27

ers only about 5000, which would
account for hardly half the votes
he piled up. But tin is the basis
of Bolivia's whole economy ano
the determining factor in politics
The fortunes and popularity OF
the government in Office, espe-
cially if it is an elected govern
ment. varies according to the rise
and fall of tin prices, or the in
crease or decrease in exports.
More important still, the popu-
lous part of Bolivia is largely 9
windswept plateau, averaging more
than 10000 feet above sea level
Although rich in minerals ano
metals it is not conducive to agri-
culture, except along the shores
of Lake Titicaca. Very limited
supplies of grain and vegetables
come from the Cochabama area
on the eastern side of the main
Andrean cordillera, and one OF
two other small valleys in the
northern part of the plateau
country. The vast stretches oil
lowlands northward on the Anna
zonian watershed and eastward ir
the Chaco, 500 miles from the
nearest railhead, are among the
most fertile regions of South
America. But there are prac-
tically no transportation facilities
except by airplane.
Food, including most of the
grain, meat, fats and other neces-
sites, and nearly all the manu-
features must be imported. The
fact that Bolivia is landlocked
and all its imports as well as ex-
ports must flow through alien ter
ritory, makes everything it buys
much more expensive than in any
other South American nation: all
of which must be paid for with
tin and other metal exports from
the highlands.
Even when its metals are bring
ing record prices the cost of living
is comparatively higher than in
neighboring countries. Tin prices
had skyrocketed with the out
break OF war in Korea, but unfor-
tunately during the election cam
palgn they skidded considerably
and prospects for increased ex-
ports to this country were for the
moment dimmed. Before Korea
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-05-27
jap Merchant Marine Gets Back Its Sea Legs

rest from the Government. An
other $16,389.000 is expected
from commercial banks to pur-
chase 26 foreign vessels. The
remainder is unsubscribed.
Just how important Japan is
in relation to the international
shipping situation is shown by
these figures:
From 1888 to 1887 Japanese
ships carried 81 per cent of ia
pans total foreign trade. This
dwindled to nothing at the end
of the war. Last year, Japa-
nese ships meeting international
requirements carried 1914 per
cent of her, foreign trade. For
1851 Japanese ships will carry
an estimated 35.1 per cent Of
her total foreign trade program.
distributed by the Associated Press.D
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-05-27
By Edword Cronkshow

young tradesmen. The 1ive-year
plan which finished last year
called for as million youngsters
for the special training schools of
the state labor reserve. These
are taken almost wholly from
country districts, and represent
an annual levy Of nearly million
children. most of them IL years
old.
theoretically, the children VOL
unteer. Some do. But, in prac-
tice. each collective is required to
contribute a fixed quota of chill
dren. These are moved into
boarding schools. put through a
special course of training which
lasts from six months to two
years, and are then directed into
factories all over the country for
la period of four years. during
which time they live in barracks.
Theoretically, too, they may
choose the training they want.
But in fact the system is devised
so that the planners may regulate
in advance the number of skilled
workers in the different branches
of industry. The children are
drafted accordingly.
But when the Soviet education
lists boast of their system, they are
not thinking Except statistically)
in terms of the village schools and
the labor reserve children. They
are thinking of the towns, espe-
Icially the big cities, with their
compulsory seven-year schools
(free) and their three-year high
schools. followed by university or
technical college training. The
high schools and the universities
are good. But they have become in
creasingly the preserve of the
middle class of bureaucrats, party
officials, managers and Stakhano-
wife workers. This is because,
since 1910, parents have had to
pay fees.
Thus the backbone of Soviet
urban education is the seven-year
school. Those schools, like every
thing else in the Soviet Union, are
subject to the widest variations.
There are first-class schools-and
Iatrociously bad schools. There
are schools which exist on paper,
but not in fact. Whole districts
have no school at all. Visiting
foreigners are taken to the good
schools. adequately stated and
equipped, which exist in the great
cities in small numbers and, in
the country, are attached to the
more PROSPEROUS collectiveS.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-05-27

world prices averaged only about
"a cents pound. BY last Febru-
airy they had risen to a peak of
$1.93. BY election time they were
down to $1.43.
Unable to Make Deal -
The Urriolagoitia government
had pinned it's hopes for the de-
feat of the anti-administration
forces on the possibility that the
United States would be able to
enter into a long-term purchase
agreement, as it had during World
War II, which would stabilize
prices at a reasonable figure. This
was one of the economic favors
which the Bolivian delegation
hoped to be able to procure during
the course of the recent Foreign
Minister Conference in Washing
ton. But it returned home empty
handed. in so far as any definite
commitment to buy their products
was concerned.
We are and have been buying
about half of Bolivia's output, OF
about 20 per cent of our needs
Bolivians point out that most Of
what we have accumulated was
purchased or procured from Brit
ish Malaga and other East In
dian sources. Our people counter
with the explanation that Bolivian
ore is of rather low grade and re-
tquires special and expensive re.
filming equipment. There is only
one such plant Of large capacity
in this country. That is located
at Texas City, Tex. and wa:
built by the RFC during the last
war.
/ At any rate, according to tbs
latest information from La Paz
the uncertainty facing the Bo.
lliyian tin industry, no matter whit
lis responsible for it, played di.
rectly into the hands of Paz Els.
] tensoro and his anti UNITED
States followers. They were no
only able to point to the SHARP
) fall in the price of tin, but to tn,
inability of the Urriolagoitia gov
Iernment to make advantageou
: agreements abroad, especially will
1.-the United States, the world
Ischief consumer Of the product.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-05-27

II think I can see the end of
the job in sight," he said. Il
definitely can see that future
growth Of Japan shipping and
detailed policy can be left to
Japan industry. I'm a great be-
lever in private enterprise and
favor getting out of government
control as quickly as feasible.
We're down to the point where
the Japanese government need
only exercise those functions
which are normal, and the in
dustry is perfectly capable Of
taking care Of itself"
He listed four major tasks
faced by occupation officials
concerned with shipping:
/. I'VE lad to wipe out all
elements of subsidy to japanese
shipping. The last ended last
year. We had to make sure for
eign competitors who didn't
want to see new competition
with either government sub
sides or government operation
would have no basis for COM
plant.
2. I'VE had to get ships into
classificationS to meet interna-
tional standards for safety at
sea. The classification societies
whose requirements have been
met are the American Bureau
of Shipping. Lloyds and Veritas.
3. 1--WE had to get Japan back
into the tramp service. which
we did first with individual
clearances, then blanket clear
ances.
4. 1--WE had to see the re-
sumption of berth term service
into the major runs of the
world"
Subsidies to overseas shipping
ended April /. 1850. The do
nestle subsidy ended last Sep
TENDER.
Resumption of trade natural
ly began with tramp service,
which permits vessels to oper-
ate where opportunity beckons,
usually a single voyage at a
time with a single commodity of
bulk cargo.
Berth liner or common car
rier service followed to these
and in this order: Okinawa,
South America via Africa,
Bangkok. India and Pakistan.
Berth liner service also is
primarily a freight service.
Some regularity of schedule
is required, less than hipload
shipments are permitted and
mixed cargoeS are common.
Berth term service costs more
and requires more of the ship
ping line.
Japan's four berth term routes
soon will be increased to Ska
Next route granted probably
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-05-27
By 0. H. P. KING

TOKYO.-Japan's merchant
marine is just about back on its
sea legs.
Japanese vessels now are per-
m1tted to enter ports of Al coun-
tries-33 under blanket clear
ance and IA for specific pur-
poses.
The nations tramp service is
extensive. Regularly scheduled
runs go to four areas. Service
scheduled for the future will put
Japanese freighters into most of
the major ports.
Japan today has more ships
and tonnage than she had at
the end of World War II.
In 1945 she had 452 operable
ocean-going vessels of 747,112
gross tons. On March 81, 1851.
she had 1852 operable vessels
totaline 1.526,291 gross tons.
The 1852 projection is $40 YES
sells of 2,158,869 tons. However,
other figures from the Japanese
Ministry of Transportation show
more than half-315 of 619-of
Japan's cargo vessels are over
age GO years is the accepted
life of a ship or low-eff1ciency
ships that cannot be converted
for postwar use.
Half Are Fairly New
OF the remainder. nearly
half-146 vessels of 354,911
gross tons-are five years of age
or less.
American occupation officials,
on the whole, are satisfied with
the Job done.
Col. Harold T. Miller of Bur-
lington, Iowa. head of SOAPS
transportation agencies, said:
"SCAP has had a policy from
the beginning for orderly re-
turn OF Japan's merchant ma
rine to competition on a fair
and equitable basis. We've
succeeded quite well because
we've borne this in mind con-
stantly and have not been di-
verted from it to satisfy any
special interests" He declined
to elaborate on the special in
terests."
Pressure to restrict Japan's
shipping operations naturally
would be expected from sources
within countries most interested
in water commerce. Lloyd's
Register shows leaders in world
tonnage in 1850 were the Brit
ish commonwealth, 31.3 per
cent; the United States, 1871 per
cent, and Norway, ~ per cent.
Japan's total was only 81 per
cent.
Col. Miller said two services to
North America are being ar
ranged. "
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-05-27

Communists and other extreme
elements. to take over The third
largest country in South America.
BY so doing, the former Bolivian
President prevented more than a
fourth of the worlds tin resources
and a considerable amount OF
all the lead, zinc, tungsten, an
timony and other critically neces-I
sary minerals and alloys in the
Western Hemisphere from falling
into hands hostile to this country.
During his less than two years
in Office Urriolagoitia made a
brave effort to give his turbulent
and poverty-ridden country as
much democratic government and
political freedom as was humanity
possible in a nation where barely
a handful of its 3.5 million people
can read and write and less than
175,000 persons were even regis
tered to vote. Although he had
put down one bloody uprising and
broken up half dozen plots
against his administration since
he took Office in October Of 1949,
he still tried to go through with
the regularly scheduled elections
of May 6.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1951-05-27

will be to Indonesia. and, if
the war in Korea ends, regu-
lar runs there will follow.
The Japanese Transporter
ton Ministry expects authorize
ton of regular freighter sery-
ice to Southeast African ports
within the next few days. Runs
to the East and West Coast of
America also are expected
shortly.
The Transportation Ministry
estimates the shipping industry
needs $198,333,333 this fiscal
year for building. remodeling,
relocating and purchasing YES
sells.
Of this total, $121 ,666, GOT has
been raised-nearly $40 million
from commercial banks and the