davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1951-06-05

is secure, how does the State De-
partment propose to deal with
lit?
Secretary Acheson ~ Well, our
attitude toward 1t is that this is
an authority on the mainland of
China which we did not recognize
as the legal government of China
|.
AS to our general policy with
China, it is based firmly upon the
principle which has been its base
for the last, at least, half-century,
and perhaps longer than that,
which is, in the first place, one of
deep interest in and friendship for
the Chinese people.
Secondly, we have always stood
for the physical integrity of China,
and we are against the domination
|of China by foreign powers.
1t will be our constant effort to
oppose those trends.
When you ask me how to do it,
I cannot answer that at the pres
ent time without either engaging
in such vague generalities that
they would not mean anything, or
talking in a way which would be
unwise, from a public interest.
Evening star., 1951-06-05

|ments Of cessation Of hostilities,
government reorganization, mill
|tary organization - it seemed
shortly after that period that
those agreements started crum-
bling. Why did that happen?
Secretary Acheson-That grew
out of the maneuvering which
took place between the National
government and the Chinese
Communists. each one seeking to
get some advantage over the
other.
One side makes a proposal; the
other side says that they will
accept one of those proposals,
but have four qualifications on
each Of the others. Then the one
making the proposal comes back
and will accept certain of the
qualifications, but has qualifica-
tions on those. And after a while
it becomes impossible to fol-
low. =.
The real heart of the matter
was that each side believed that
if these negotiations could be
strung out while they made ma
neuvers in the field, that impor-
tant cities or important areas
might be brought within either
the jurisdiction of the Commu-
nists. on the one hand. or the
government on the other. and
that they would be in stronger
positions if they ever came to
setting up either the temporary
government or the final govern
ment.
Senator Johnson-As you look
back on it, did the reduction that
was made in the program recon-
by Gen. Marshall to the
Congress make any difference
one way or the other? =.
Secretary Acheson-I think it is
fair to say that, in the light of
the picture which gave you this
the difference between
those two amounts would have no
effect on the outcome
OF this whole story.
Senator Johnson-In your opin-
ion, Mr.. Secretary, is the Commu-
mist regime secure in It's control
of China at the present time?
Secretary Acheson-At the pres
ent time, Senator, I see no forces
which are strong enough or active
enough in China to threaten the
existence Of that regime.
Senator Johnson-If the pres
ent Chinese Communist regime
Evening star., 1951-06-05
|Chiong's Absence
AT YoIto Explained

Senator Smith Were YOU
familiar with the preparations for
the Yalta Conference, the policies
and so forth and what happened
there? Let me ask first, you were
not at Yalta as I recall it?
Secretary Acheson - No, sir,
was not there. and I was not ia
miliar with either the prepara-
tions for what was to be done
there, nor was I familiar with
what was done there.
Senator Smith-Could you ad-
wise us why Nationalist China and
Generalissimo Chang Kai-shek
were not included in the Yalta
Conference?
Secretary Acheson- The
Russians were not engaged in the
war in the Far East, and the Rus
slams were very particular to insist
that In the conferences which
they attended with Mr.. Churchill
and Mr.. Roosevelt. those confer
ences related to the war in Europe
and this was one of those situa-
tions.
Other conferences which took
place. such as the Cairo Confer
Evening star., 1951-06-05

prepared by him, in conjunction
with four generals who were work.
ing very closely with Gen. Mar
shall. This was submitted to Sec
Iretary Byrnes.
"On the 9th of December, Sec
Iretary Byrnes made his sugges-
tions to Gen. Marshall-that is,
suggestions of changes or altera-
tions or additions to the draft pre-
pared by Gen. Marshall.
Met on a Sunday Morning.
Gen. Marshall's draft with
Secretary Byrnes' suggestions was
discussed at meeting in Secre-
tary Byrnes' Office on Sunday
morning, December 9, 1s45, by
Secretary Byrnes, Gen. Marshall,
Mr.. John Carter Vincent, Gen.
Hull and myself. I was then un-
dersecretary Of State.
Those of us went over the in
Structions. Gen. Marshall ap-
proved the suggestions made by
Secretary Byrnes and we then
had a completely agreed draft. .
THE President then had a
meeting with Gen. Marshall at
which I was present. It was
ascertained by the President at
that meeting that these papers
were unanimously approved and
were agreeable to all concerned
and to himself"
Evening star., 1951-06-05

of China, the existence
OF the Russian-Chinese treaty?
Secretary Acheson-That was
one of the reasons, yes, sir.
Senator Morse-Mr. Secretary.
is it your understanding and be-
lief that the mutual aid treaty
between Russia and China prob
ably encompasses a promise Of
assistance on the part of Russia
to China in case of interference
with the Manchurian Railway Sys-
tenn by way of bombing or other
attack on the part of a foreign
power?
Secretary Acheson-I should be-
lleve it highly probable that in
connection with the Chinese in
tervention, arrangements were
made along the lines that you
suggest and perhaps more extern
sively than you suggest.
Would Mean Bombing Railway.
Senator Morse-Is it your un-
derStanding and belief, Mr.. Sec
retary. that the recommendation
of Gen. Macarthur for bombing
in Manchuria would undoubtedly
include bombing of railway termi-
nails on part of the Manchurian
Railway System?
Secretary Acheson-Yes, sir.
Senator MorSe-NoW. Mr.. Secre.
tary, prior to Yalta, with Russia
supposedly an ally of the United
States in the prosecution of the
war in Europe. was it not true.
and necessarily SO, that the State
Department through it's appropri-
ate officials sought at all times to
cooperate with Russia on the
diplomatic level in carrying out
what was then the joint enterprise
of the United States and Russia,
namely the defeat of our enemies
in Europe?
Secretary Acheson-Yes, think
that is correct. Senator.
Senator Morse. Do you have
available any evidence, documented
or otherwise, that will demon
strate to this committee that there
was great concern among our
allies in respect to MacArthurs
Continued on Page A-8, Col. -
Evening star., 1951-06-05
Acheson Says Marshall Aided
In Drafting Orders for '46 Trip

Secretary of State Acheson told
the Joint Senate Committee in
veStigating Far East policy yes
Iterday that Defense Secretary
Marshall took a personal part in
drafting instructions for the Mar
shall mission to China in 1916.
His testimony differed in some
detail from that given the COM
Imittee earlier by Gen. Marshall,
who said his instructions for the
China mission were drafted in the
State Department.
The difference was largly one
Iof emphasis, however. Gen. Mar
IShall's testimony did not contra
dict Mr. Acheson's statement that
Gen. Marshall had approved his
instructions.
Gen. Marshall left Washington
in late December, 1945, and ar
rived in China in early 1946 as a
special envoy of President Truman
to try to mediate differences be-
tween the Chinese Nationalists
and the Communists.
Occupied With Investigation.
Gen. Marshall told the commit
tee on May 10 that he did not
draw up the directive given him
by the President for the mission.
He recalled that he was occupied
with Congressional investigation
lof Pearl Harbor while "the draft
ing of the policy was taking place
in the State Department.
Gen. Marshall added, however,
that he did meet one morning
with then Secretary of State
Byrnes, my own advisors" and
some State Department officials
when the directive was read. He
said "the men that were looking
after my interests thought dt)
was all right"
But spent my time up here, !"
Gen. Marshall said, so my prep
aration for going to China was
largely matter in this room of
the investigation regarding Pearl
IHarbor."
Memo Note Approved.
Mr.. Acheson yesterday gave this
account of the preparation of the
Marshall instructions:
"At the end of November, 1945.
Secretary Byrnes and Gen. Mar
shall met. This was after Gen.
Marshall had been asked to 60
to China.
Secretary Byrnes read him a
memorandum suggesting the out
line of instructions for him. Gen.
Marshall did not approve of it.
Gen. Marshall said that he
would wish to try his own hand,
assisted by some of his associates,
in drafting the instructions.
This he did; and a draft was
Evening star., 1951-06-05

ence having to do with the Far
East, were not attended by the
Russians because they thought
that would be adverse to their in
terests in some way. and for that
reason, the primary purpose of
this conference being the Euro
pean war part of it. the desire to
deal with this thing in the Far
East made it impossible to ask the
Chinese to come there. The Rus
slams wouldn't have done it. :.
Aid to China Recalled.
Senator Smith. Now may
1 ask you this? You mentioned
this morning, and / agree with
you entirely, that the question of
reform in China was most inn
portant. and you suggested that
Chang Kai-shek had not done
much along those lines. What
steps, if any, were taken by us
when We were advising the Chi
Inese. when We had our military
advisers in there, to help them
train free and democratic leader
ship in China?
Secretary Acheson-Senator We
took very considerable number
Iof steps along that line.
First of all. let me say that I
do not in any way. and no one
in this Government ever did, mini
mize the great difficulties with
which Generalissimo Chang Kai-
shek was faced. 1t was a hard
problem that he had to deal with.
There were financial missions
which were sent out by the
United States Treasury to work
with the treasury officials of his
government in order to get their
finances in shape. There were ag-
ricultural aid missions of very
considerable number which went
from time to time to be of assist
ance along this line. -.
Senator Smith-In making the
Yalta agreement, Mr.. Secretary
you felt that your representatives
realized that Soviet participation
in the japanese war would giveI
Russia the right to take part in
the japanese peace settlement?
Wasn't that what Russia was
driving at, to get into it at the
eleventh hour. so that she could
take part in the peace settlement,
and get q bite of China. as sub
sequently it appears she was able
to do?
Couldn't Stop Soviet.
Secretary Acheson-I do not
think that that wassthe principal
Evening star., 1951-06-05
Secretary Explains
Why Chang Was Left
Out at YaIta Farley
Continued From Page A-40

aaiSsimo, advice of strategic ma.
ture, but the United States was MOI
willing to assume responsibility
for the strategic direction of the
war.
Therefore we did not take re.
sponsibility for the strategic direc-
ton of the war, nor did we rec.
onmend that American officers
should be with troops in combat
areas.
= This recommendation was con-
sidered by the 80th Congress. The
8Oth Congress-and I shall not &C
through a whole long story-the
Senate bill reduced the period OF
time from Is months to IL months
1t reduced, split the appropria-
tons and recommended 1888 mil
lion for economic aid and $125
million as a special grant to be
used at the discretion of the Chi
nese government.
The debate indicates that the
Chinese government would prob
ably use this $125 million for mil
itary aid. In the course of the
legislative history, the House put
In a provision authorizing mill
tary advice on the So-called Greek
model, that is having officers with
troops in combat areas and strate-
gic advice. That was stricken out
by the Senate, and in speaking
about it Senator Vandenberg
said:
"As in the case of Greece and
Turkey, your committee recognizes
that military aid is necessary in
order to make economic aid effec-
tive. 1t proposes to make military
SUPPLIES available at China's option.
Your committee believes that as
a matter of elementary prudence
that this process must be COM
pletely clear of any implication
that we are underwriting the
military campaign of the Ma
tionalist government"
And, as I say. the House pro-
vision was stricken out.
Evening star., 1951-06-05

UNITED States military advisory
lgroup.
Apart from this, the United
States Government, in the period
from VJ-day until early 1S49,
authorized grants and credits to
China totaling approximately So
billion, of which approximately
SIS billion were grants and $400
million were on credit terms.
This total is divided almost
equally between military and eco
romic aid. The amounts do not
include United States surplus
property, except where the sales
were on credit terms.
Surplus property, with a total
estimated procurement cost of
over a billion dollars. has been
sold to China for the agreed re-
lalization to the United States of
$3.50 million. of which sos million
were on credit terms.
BY the spring of 1949 the mill
tary position of the Chinese gov
eminent collapsed to the point
where the Chinese Communists
controlled the major centers of
population. and railways from
Manchuria south to the Yangtze.
The military collapse of the
Chinese government had. for the
most part, been the consequence
of inept political and military
leadership, and lack of the will
to fight on the part of it's armies,
rather than inadequate military
supplies.
1t was at that time the con-
sidered judgment Of responsible
United States Government observ-
ers in China that only the extern
sion of unlimited American
economic and military aid involv-
ing the use of our troops and
operations which might require
the extensive control of Chinese
government operations would en-
able the Nationalist government
to maintain a foothold in South
China.
y. s. Interests Put First.
1t was believed that United
States involvement in Chinese
civil war under the existing con-
ditions would be clearly contrary
to American interests.
AS the last note Of this tragic
story, I should like to read you
the message of the Acting Presi-
dent of China, General Ii Tsung-
jen. {. He says: This policy
he had described our help to
China during the war, and then
he had discussed our aid to China
after the war as l have described
it to you. He says:
This policy of friendly as
sistance was continued when
some years ago Gen. Marshall
under instructions from your good
self took up the difficult task of
mediation in our conflict with the
Chinese Communists to which he
devoted painstaking effort. All
this work was unfortunately
rendered fruitless by the lack of
sincerity on the part of both
the then government and the
Chinese Communists.
"In spite of this your country
continued to extend its aid to our
government. It is regrettable
that owing to the failure of our
then government to make ju-
dicious use of this aid and to bring
about appropriate political. eco
nomic and military reforms, your
assistance has not produced the
desired effect. To this failure is
attributable the present predica-
ment in which our country finds
itself"
Evening star., 1951-06-05
Aon Reviews American Effort Consolidate Peaceful Chinese Government

Ishek resumed the presidency In
I believe, 1850.
May I answer a question OF
Senator Brewster's?
You asked me for the date OF
the embargo. 1t was imposed In
August, '46, and lifted in May. At
Sentaor Brewster-Do you know
whether or not arms shipments
were resumed, following the lifting
Iof the embargo?
Secretary Acheson-I can prob
ably find out. I just do not happen
to have it in my mind. J..
Senator Wiley. Mr.. Secre-
tary What have you to say
about the purported influence of
Communist sympathizers in the
department during this period,
whether you know of their having
any influence in arriving at the
determinations that you have de-
scribed here as the various steps
which were finally arrived at?
Secretary AcheSon-. :. do not
believe that the officers of the
State Department who were either
attached to the Military Estab-
Ilishment. first under Gen. Stilwell.
and then under Gen. Wedemeyer,
or the officers attached to our
diplomatic and consular missions,
had any other purpose in mind at
any time than their service to the
United States and serving Ameri-
can interests.
Worked For Common Goal.
think that during the war their
great effort was the one which
have discussed here this morning,
of trying to bring all forces In
China together for the purpose of
fighting the Japanese.
I think you will find that run
ming throughout the voluminous
documents in the White Paper, in
which the reports of some of those
officers are reprinted. I do not be-
lieve there was or is any Com
munist influence any way affect
ing the determination of Chinese
policy, either then or now.
Senator Wiley-If the Chinese
Reds are pushed practically out
but we do not destroy the feeder
rail lines and the Chinese north
thereof. do you think the Chinese
Reds will remain quiet?
Secretary Acheson-. II the
forces were pushed back to the
Yalu River in accordance with
your hypothesis here, if installa-
tions behind that were attacked,
then their task would be to re-
create them or find some substitute
for them. The important element
in bringing this thing to a stable
end would be to change the will to
do this. =. I do not believe that
destruction of those rail lines
would operate to induce them to
remain quiet. 1 think it would
have the opposite effect.
Senator Wiley-Do you think it
was MacArthur's duty to suggest
what he thought should be the
appropriate strategy even though
his ideas might run contrary to
the Chiefs of staff?
Secretary Acheson-Yes sir, I
think that the field commander
not only could but should make
any suggestions that he thinks
proper to the Chiefs of Staff. s.. !.
CAT this point, Senator Wiley
asked Mr.. Acheson for evidence
to support President Truman's
statement that Gen. Macarthur
was removed because he was "un-
able to give his wholehearted sup
port" to United States policies.
Mr.. Acheson reiterated the admin
istration's explanation and sum-
married. his reply by saying that
a military commander must be
governed by the doctrines of civil
supremacy. Mr.. Acheson said Gen.
Macarthur, in effect, challenged
the policies of the President.)
Evening star., 1951-06-05
Acheson Denies Red
Influence in Policy

Senator Connally-Was that the
acting president?
Secretary Acheson-The acting
president, the man who succeeded
when Chang Kai-shek retired
Gen. Ii Tsung-jen became acting
president, and remained acting
president until Gen. Chang Kai-
Evening star., 1951-06-05
Both China Factions
Blamed in Split

Senator johnson - Mr.. Secre-
tary, would you elaborate a little
bit on why, after these (Chinese)
agreements were entered into in
January and February-the agree
Evening star., 1951-06-05

Continued on Page A-8, Col. H.
Evening star., 1951-04-15

NV, founders day tea: SPEAKER. Cecil
ri Beta Phi Junior Alumnae--Tuesday 8
p.m.. with Mrs. william T. Andres 1a
Verne street. Chevy Chase, Md; elec-
Alpha Delta Pi--Tuesday, ssp.m.., George
Junior Alumnae Association. installation
Arlington Church Aiunras Asso.
citation. with Mrs. Robert Atkins. )
Zeta Tau Alpha Alumnae--- Wednesday, 8
Pm. with Mrs. A. Robert Mccallum,
Delta. Zeta AIumnae-Wednesday 9 PM.
with Mrs. Joseph =. Bionereen. elec-
tion of officers.
Tau Beta Phi-Tomorrow. p.ln., willard
Hotel. national board meeting.
Theta Sigma Phi-Friday, $50 TO 7:3O
seenth % strses Sns N'W. rsasDtton @ fo for sns new
Kappa Gamma PL washinston Chapter
y. Thnrsday. $50 Pm. with Miss Mary
! pm. Brook Farm, reunion day.
Kappa Beta Pi--Saturday i p. M. WASH
+ ington Hotel, luncheon: honor guest,
Representatiye Ruth Thompson. Repub
EAlumnoe Clubs
Greensboro College Alumnae = Today. 8
Danbarton College Alumpae ---- Today 3
1 annual baby party" ~
Washington Wellesley Club-Tomorrow 8
% slsxs Eseds stlset NN sshoo spessss sssso
Representative Marguerite Slit Church
Republican. of Illinois.
Miscellaneous Clubs
Wemen's City Club--Today. 1890 am.
fSompson Rs,h
Friday. 2 and s pm, card parties
Young Women's Christian Associat tion,
Alexandria Branch-Today. A PM, 602
cameron Cameron street, street, piano recital BY Jack
speaker. Mrs Erie Rric Ensand ssasi sfTTSe Tuesdss ass
Is sr,e. pmb radiS sroug visit 70 Voice Of
ssis Tahona h drive. silver Issf spiine. Fri. ri.
day. pm, book review group.@
Women's National Democratic Club-To-
speafsr Rebs sse m resas elsS
Of Mexicans into the United states. =
Thursday, 1890 pm. luncheon for af-
filiated clubs. n
District League Of Republican Women
Hotel. young inS Republican MnaF nisht'.; a.s
speakers Representative william H.
Ayres, Republican, of Ohio, and Repre-
sentative Patrick J. Killings Of Cali
fornia
PEG Observation-Disclosures. pm, Chap
ter with Mrs. Gail n. Morse. jr.
Democratic Women's National Council
Tomorrow. S:15 pm. Washinston Club
monthly meeting.
Washington Council Of Church Women
Tomorrow. 1880 am. Hamline Meth.
odist Church, annual meeting and elec-
tion Of officers to be followed BY lunch.
con and afternoon program.
Catholic Daughters Of America-Tomor-
row. s pm. Academy Of the Holy Names
Evening star., 1951-04-15
On the Enqoqenenf Pad

auditorium. Pershing drive and Spring
dale avenue. Silver sprine. Court Forest
Glen fashion show.
Salvation Army AUXILIARY Tomorrow, 8
spring membership meeting and tea.
election OF omcers.
Excelsior Literary Club Tuesday. 1890
PM. The Broadmoor, luncheon meeting.
Wanderlust Travel Club Tuesday. 8 pm,
yitths, yits,l Miss ~. Alice Matthews; speaker. Miss
pm. 1881 Columbia road NV.
eiess q MeeSaSiesi EnsinssfsT M sslesh ThuTs- ss-
ssp ssS Z pa aoesnsnbssrssa ssRslRbs snsheon with Mrs
Virginia Compton Grandmothcr's Club
Thursday, noon. 200I North Quincy
Board Of Lady Managers Of the Alexandria
Bospitsi-T Thursday pm. Alexandria
benefit fashion show.
sHospitality Hal" Christian HeIrich
Brewery, benefit dance.
ATAC--Today, gao p:nh,. Jewish communi-
ty Center, benefit children'B party.
Junior Hadassah. Washinston Unit-ro-
night; Burlinston Hotel. fashion show
Hadassah. AIexandria Chapter Tomorrow,
pm. Rendall's Alexanarian Room,
donor luncheon. speaker. Mrs. Raphael
Tourover.
menbership fashion show and dessert
luncheon with Mrs. Morris Gewirz,
TAOS .Sisterhood- Tomorrow. 1890 nm.
Aeudath Achim SYNAGOGUE, regular meet.
ing; speaker, DR.. NJ. William Portrran.
Personality Prohlems1 E.
District DauEhters Of the American Reyo-
lntton--Saturday, 2:30 pm. Col. John
Washington Chapter with Mrs. Harvey
E. Kauffmans election of officers: sneak.
er Mrs. Roy c. Bowker.
Florence Crittenton Home - Tomorrow
1880 pm. vjrgie q. Webster Circie
with Mrs. Michael McInerney. 5Oio
Millwood lane, NV.
Hadassah. Silver Spring Chapter--Tomor-
row. $3.50 PM, MONTGOMERY County jew.
Ism Community Center, election Of ON
GERS; speaker, Dr.. Leon Salzman, "Psy.
choanaiysis and Religion"
Entire Nous Club-Tomorrow 1 pm. with
Mrs. Otis J. Rogers. 6412 Thirty-firs
street NV.
american Association Of Medical Social
Workers. Washington Gr0up-Tuesday
S;45 pm. 1881 New Hampshire avenue
NV; NV; speaker, Miss Mary Blanche Moss.
"Highlights'o of Association Activities
YWCA Young Married Women's Club
Wednesday. .YWCA. luncheon; speaker
MIS-, oscar Chapman, Views Into yaca-
Evening star., 1951-04-15

Store Hours: Mondoy Through sourdoy $50 to $50 w
Evening star., 1951-04-15
Business, Professional Clubs

District Business and Professional Won
ems Cub-Today, 8 to 5 pm, silvel
tea for Chinese nursing fund. with Dr.
Carolyn Pincock. 1000 Sixteenth stree