davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1950-04-28
Russia Is Closing in on the Peasants

Khruschev, In his important speech.
gave o clear hint 70 the smaller col
lectives to amalgamate themselves-un-
less they wanted to be amalgamated oy
force. He cited some extremely reveal
ing figures about the size Of the farms
In the Moscow region, where. he said.
26 per cent Of the collectives had less
than $50 acres, 20 per cent from $50 to
500 acres and only is per cent over $50
acres-fgures which contrast glaringly
with the popular notion outside Russia
of innumerable vast collectives, employ
ing up-to-date machinery in every OPP
Grafton.
How. Khruschev asked. could these
small collectives possibly expect 70 oe
really productive?-a revealing Quesuon
in the light of all the propaganda that
has been pumped out in past years ABOUT
the extreme efficiency Of Soviet agricul-
ture. They could not, he went on TO say,
even employ modern machinery. FOR
example: The MK-ll00 thresher needs
26 to 80 people to work 1t, but IN the
small collective farm there are not more
than 10 to Is able-bodied workers.
Furthermore, he said, the small COL
lectives are not only extremely waste
full of administrative staff, but cannot
hope to employ skilled leaders and the
various agricultural specialists required
by modern farming methods. Finally.
as an example, Khruschev held up what
had been done in the district OF ZagorsK.
fifty miles from Moscow. where the new
Labor" collective was made out OF the
amalgamation of IA small collectVes
with a total of 6.400 acres.
In other words the old collective sys-
tenn, achieved through infinite suffer-
ing and strife. and for years trumpeted
to the world as the last word in agri-
cultural development. has proved made
quate. The new policy, involving the
establishment Of huge amalgamated
enterprises, is long step toward trans
forming the collectives into state farms.
where the peasants will be treated in
creasingly as "ired laborers working
under state supervision.
This will mean a new revolution in the
lives Of the peasants. almost as radical
as the collectivisation itself.
Gondon Observer Foreisn serviee)
Evening star., 1950-04-28

his compensatory time. the carrier has
to be given time off within the next
week. During his absence. a substitute
carrier is needed to deliver his route.
For each carriers, one substitute is
required. The 56 routes in this par
ticular substation require IL substitute
carriers, making total force Of 81 car
riers.
Under my proposal, the reduction in
force would be identical with Mr. Don
aldson's plan. with the exception that
there would be no need to disrupt the
present routes or the daily deliveries.
Postal Worker.
Evening star., 1950-04-28
14th Amendment CHALLENGED

The So-called inalienable rights OF
citizenship. purportedly granted the
Negro by the Fourteenth Amendment to
the Constitution, have been the subject
of some discussion recently, but in such
discussions no reference is ever made
to the questionable manner in which
passage by Congress and ratification by
the States of this amendment was ac-
complished.
The Supreme Court had held in 1887
that no person Of African descent could
be citizen of the United States, because
at the time the Constitution was written
such a person, due to circumstances
then in existance, was not intended to be
included within the term citizen" as
set forth in that instrument. During
the infamous Reconstruction era, to get
around that decision, certain steps were
taken, among which may be noted the
following:
l. June 13, 1866-The Fourteenth
Amendment, which included the Civil
Rights Act giving Negroes civil rights
equal to whites, was passed by Congress
and sent to the States.
2. March 2, 1S67-The Reconstruc-
ton Act, providing for military gov
ernments and constitutional conven-
tions including Negro votes in the un-
readmitted Southern States, was passed
over President Johnson's veto.
3. March ~, 1867-Congress, appre-
hensive of decision by the Supreme
Court that the Reconstruction Act
was unconstitutional passed an act
over President Johnsons veto which
deprived the court of jurisdiction lex
Parte McCardle).
4. July %, 1867-Three- -fourths rati-
fication of the Fourteenth Amendment
was accomplished by Southern votes
through the Reconstruction scheme.
which placed the Southern States IN
the hands of Northern settlers Gear
petbaggers'D and Southern radicals
cscalawagS'D who controlled and
manipulated the Negro voters and
Negro legislators.
In view of the above facts, the South
ern people have always believed that
this amendment was obtained through
fraud, and that even to this day such
action would not be possible If the letter
and spirit OF the Constitution should
honestly be followed in attempting TO
amend it to such an extent.
It has always been basic principle
of the law in this country that no right
exists to anything obtained fraudulently.
Southerner.
Evening star., 1950-04-28
Times Are Out of Joint

man can set them right. We, are con-
fronted by disaster that involves us all.
Vanity is our besetting sin, the basis Of
all the evils that threaten our destruc-
tion,, and we establish it by our educa-
tion-an arbitrary fixed habit of thought
that is slow to change. We thank God
for President Truman who, notwithstand-
ing his minor faults is true American.
To our Secretary of State-salute and
good wishes!
A Citizen.
Evening star., 1950-04-28
Five-Doy Mail Week

With reference to your recent editorial
on reducing the postal deficit, would
like to recommend having the mail de-
livered only S days week, Monday
through Friday, eliminating Saturday
deliveries and putting the postal carriers
on a 5-day, 40-hour week.
Consider one of the local substations
having 56 carriers, one for each route.
These carriers now work 6-day week.
The time a carrier works on Saturday
is classified as compensatory time. For
Evening star., 1950-04-28
By THE HASKIN SERVICE

@. Are chess players restricted as 70
time when they play in a tournament
G. S. T.
A. In serious competition the standard
rule is that each player must make 80
moves In the first two hours of his own
time, As moves in his first three hours
and so on at the average minimum rate
of Is moves an hour. The rate is in
creased in some tournaments.
Evening star., 1950-04-28
OF SS'S and S.

~ ~ ~ WIN ~
noted with interest the letters on
"Style Questions" in The Star. While
the subject is alive I should like to ask
this: Why does The Star say Hiss"
for example. rather than Hiss? The
New York Herald Tribune. for one, uses
Hiss.
An "'s' after IS" has the sanction of
classical. literary usage, though confess
that the terminal "s' u" is being seen more
and more. even where euphony calls
for the additional IS" Thus, Meredith's
Diana of the Crossways" (Scribner's,
1939), page 297: "hostess's"; and in
Conan Doyle it is always Holiness" and
even Douglass. After all, If witnesses"
sounds all right, why not "witness's"?
And if The objection is to two successive
IS" sounds. why not say "Rice'" instead
of "Rice's'. as believe even The Star
would?
Herbert Sharfman.
editors Note: Both spellings are
correct. of course. but Hiss" looks
silly to The Star. In any event, the
possessive should be pronounced Mr..
Sharfman's wayD
Evening star., 1950-04-28
Questions and Answers

of fact by writing The Evening Star nation
Bureau 1900 d200 ! street NV. washington e:
return postage.
Evening star., 1950-04-28

@. For whom were the rocky islands
in Boston Harbor. Brewster, named?-
G. E. P.
A. The second wife of Isaac Allerton
was daughter of Elder Brewster of the
Plymouth Colony. These islands were
named for her family.
Evening star., 1950-04-28
A pseudonym Is permissible only
When letter carries correct name
and address of 1Driter. Please be brief.
Letters to The Star

circusmen of the Golden Era. but spring
is here again, and cities throughout the
land are recalling that so years ago
circus came to town. So like to think
again about my father.
Viola E. Cooke.
Evening star., 1950-04-28

@. Do Indian languages have q basic
samenesS?-H. c. L.
A. Although the languages constitute
so many independent families Of speech.
the vocabularies of which are entirely
divergent one from another. nearly all
Of them possess certain general gram
matical characteristics which are similar.
Evening star., 1950-11-12
Canada Also Trying to Design Lid for Initiation

stored it to 81 in 1916; put it back
to 80 cents in September, 1949.
Apparently the world, especially
American investors. decided it was
worth more than 80 cents and that
it was bound to go back toward 81.
So, in addition to the large amount
of American money coming into
Canada for investment, there was
a big flow of speculative money
hoping for quick profit if the
Canadian dollar went back to par.
Slow on Controls
All this money started to get
embarrassing, threatening imine-
diate imitation and also a sudden
heavy withdrawal of funds if the
Canadian dollar were raised. So
the government said in effect:
"Okay, fellows, you decide what it
is worth" So far it has been trad
ing at around IS American cents.
The government still retains
full machinery of control and is
ready to step in if Canadian dollar
Evening star., 1950-11-12

OTTAWA-Canadai is fighting
imitation with balanced budgets
and higher taxes in the hope Of
bringing down the cost of living
from it's current time peak.
Some Canadians feel Canada is
taking more effective action
against imitation than the United
States. But there is no atti-
tude of smugness.
The cost of living in Canada at
the beginning of October stood at
the all-time peak of 1907 per
cent of the 1935-1939 average. A
year before the cost of living was
1922.
However. her government takes
special pride in the fact that since
the war her budget has not only
been balanced, but has yielded
substantial surpluses surplus
financing rather than deficit
financing.
To achieve this the government
in the first postwar years kept
taxes near the wartime level
rather than dropping them as fast
as the United States did. This
was policy of fighting imitation
by keeping down the supply of
money in the ,public's hands un5il
the supply of goods could catch up
with demand.
Then, in 1949, with goods more
plentiful and with some threats of
recession, taxes were cut so as to
give a filliD to buying.
Again, this year, when Korean
developments made it necessary
to double defense expenditures,
Parliament was called In Septem-
ber and new taxes imposed to pay
for the increased expenditures.
Thus the budget is being kept in
balance, with at least moderate
surplus.
Reduces Debt
1t is anti-inflationary to the
extent that it takes money out of
circulation and stops it bidding
for goods made scarce by defense
building.
1t is part of 'pay-as-you-go"
policy which will be followed to
as great degree as possible unless
a full world war makes it i'm
possible.
But, meantime, out of the sur
pluses of the last few years,
Canada has retired nearly So bill
lion of her national debt and is
in that much better shape to meet
any new crises. The national debt
as of March 81 was $11,776,134,152.
Again, there is no tendency by
Evening star., 1950-11-12

government officials to pat them
selves on the back as compared
with the United States. They may
think that Americans, accustomed
to a very high standard of living,
may not wish to part with some
of the economic fat through i'm
mediate taxes and that it may be
more difficult for the United States
to follow as rigid a line as has
been followed in Canada.
They may think that the Cana
dian parliamentary system can
act faster, as in September, to
increase taxes to meet defense
costs.
But they also realize the tre-
mendous world responsibilities of
the United States; even though
they don't minimize their own
relatively vast contribution to
world needs.
Most striking recent action by
Canada was to free her dollar
During the war she had controlled
it at 80 American cents; she re-
Evening star., 1950-11-12

fluctuations should get out of
hand.
Other anti-inf1ationary steps in
clude a tendency to make money
cost a little more to borrow, to
make banks a little more careful in
their lending, to start curbing
government expenditures on civil
ian public projects.
Curbs on installment buying were
put into effect November l closely
paralleling the new tighter credit
regulations imposed in the United
States. Finance Minister Abbott
called the new regulations a
moderate degree of restraint"
and said they would be varied "as
required by changing circum-
stances"
Present policy seems to be to
give industry and business a
chance to control themselves. If
they do a good job, then govern
ment controls will be applied
slowly.
Distributed by the Associated Press)
Evening star., 1950-11-12

Governors have been replaced
by Republicans in Connec-
ticut, Maryland, Nevada, Colorado,
Arizona and New Mexico. The Re-
publicans lost no Governors. A
little more than a year ago there
was talk in some quarters of aban-
doning the Republican name and
trying for new opposition party.
All that is now out of the window.
The G. o. P. is banking on an
even stronger position after the
next election.
Still Two Factions
Overwhelming Republican vic
tories like that of Taft in Ohio,
where he won with a lead of more
than 100000 votes; Dirksen in
Illinois by 100000, Dewey in New
York by 100000 and Warren in
California by 100000, can give the
Democrats little announcement as
they look into the future. In
PENNSYLVANIA, too, the Republicans
won handily, though by reduced
majorities, due in large part to
the bitter struggle IN the primaries
between the Grundy-O Owlett- Mar
tin faction and that led by Gov.
Duff. Even so. Gov. Duff was
elected to the Senate over strong
Democratic candidate. Senator
Myers, by more than 125 900 votes.
States of the Midwest and the
mountain States, as we'll as Cali
fornia and Oregon were in the
Republican column last Tuesday.
The Republican Party is still
divided into liberal and conserva-
tive wings, however. Each showed
it's strength in the election. While
Dewey, Warren, Lodge in Connec-
ticut, Aiken, Morse and Tobey,
regarded as liberals, all came
through with flying colors. Taft,
Dirksen, Millikin and Capehart,
conservatives. were equally sue
cessful. The G.. o. P. has real
problem to bring about united
front in the coming Congress.
The struggle between the two
wings of the Republican Party
promises also to enter into the
Evening star., 1950-11-12

istration policy in the Far East
q policy in which the Republicans
had no real part such as they had
in the European foreign policy of
this country. The constant re-
iteration of the charge that this
policy had resulted in a RED"
China and had been responsible
for the Korean war was effective.
It was obvious that a Communist
China does exist and that nothing
effective had been attempted by
the administration to prevent 1t.
1t was even more obvious that
we are at war in Korea, suffering
heavy casualties, and that war,
instead of much-desired peace,
with constantly increasing ex-
penditures and higher taxes and
higher prices. had become the lot
of Americans. The charge that
the administration had "bungled"
us into this situation had much
to do with the outcome of the
voting.
Far East Policy
Just as the Democrats have
hammered home in this and other
election campaigns that the Re-
publicans were responsible for the
depression of 1929 and the early
1930s, the Republicans have ham,
mered home the charge that the
Truman administration is respon-
sible for the Korean war and for
the spread of Communist control
in the Far East.
The big question today is what
the administration will do about
the Far East policy-and what it
can do. The demand from the
Republicans is sure to be that
more attention be paid to the rec
concentrations of Gen. Macarthur
and less to the State Depart
ment under Secretary Acheson.
There must be unity and strong
backing on this policy, in the in
teTests of the American people.
a bipartisan policy supported
by Republicans as we'll as Demo-
Gratis. That any such unity can
be attained as long as Mr.. Acheson
remains as Secretary of State is
extremely doubtful. The call for
his retirement has already been
raised by Harold E. Stassen, Sena-
tor-elect Dirksen and other Re-
publicans.
In the broad field of politics and
what the 1850 elections may fore
cast for the national election two
years hence, one thing is immedi-
ately apparent. The Republican
Party, which was on the skids
after the 1948 debacle. has made a
strong comeback. Not only has
it made gains in Congress but it
has taken away from the Demo-
Gratis control in many State gov
ernments. Whereas the Democrats
had Governors in 20 States to 10
for the Republicans, the Republi-
cans now have "a Governors to %
for the Democrats. Michigan's
governorsnip was still undecided
as this was written. Democratic
Evening star., 1950-11-12

selection of a Republican presiden-
tial candidate in 1852. And the
struggle may be violent. The
liberal wing will offer Warren of
California, Duff of Pennsylvania,
Stassen of Pennsylvania and Min
nesota, Driscoll of New Jersey and
Lodge of Massachusetts, among
others. The conservative wing will
come up with Taft of Ohio as its
chief standard bearer.
Already Senator Taft's adher-
ents are shouting that "Mr. Re-
publican" is the logical choice for
the presidential nomination, that
his overwhelming victory has
proved that the talk about his
being unable to win if nominated
is a myth, now exploded.
Expect Truman to Run
The titular leader of the Re-
publican Party, Gov. Dewey, has
announced he will not be candi-
date for third presidential NOM
ination. He said so right up tc
the day of his reelection as Gov
ernor. Mr.. Dewey, however. will
not step aside when it comes tc
using influence to nominate q
candidate he favors. He has al.
ready declared himself for thu
nomination of Gen. Eisenhower
and he is likely to stick to it
unless Eisenhower, because of fu-
ture military service. renounces al
idea of running for President. II
Dewey, at the head of the New
York delegation, Warren at the
head of the California delegation
and Duff at the head of the Penn
sylvania delegation, in the next
Republican National Convention
should gang up against a Taft
nomination, the Ohioian would
have great difficulty. These will
be the three largest delegations
attending the convention.
The Democrats have been rude
ly jolted by the results of the
(See CONGRESS, Page C-5.)
Evening star., 1950-11-12
Chino Reds Tipping Scales
That Balance World Peace
Koreu Intervention Has U. S. Officials in
Doubt About Communists Real Objective
By Wallace R, Deuel.

The balance between and world eered sicken-
past knowing which side
the would finally down.
eleventh hour when the Korean
safely Communist China
conflict and showed only of intending to
Evening star., 1950-11-12
ConstitutionoIity Of Act
lettering Reds Gets Test
Supreme Court Review of Conviction of II
Purty Leaders Will Be One of Greet Import
By Robert K. WoIsh

The abeo betha asserts the Supreme Court follows the
we'll other around the tribunal
upho of the Smith Act that led conviction Of
/ Communist Party leaders.
ruling while ouawing Communist Party conceiv
strengthen the hand extend that
Evening star., 1950-11-12

for all practical purposes the par;
ty might be knocked from elec-
ton ballots.
The Supreme Courts announce
ment setting December 4 for a
hearing on constitutional aspects
of the Communist leaders appeal
was such important news that
many people apparently supposed
the Smith Act itself was something
new and hitherto untried.
Congress enacted that statute in
June, 1910. Representative Smith.
Democrat, of Virginia sponsored
the section under which the IL
Communists were convicted in
Federal Court in New York City
last year for criminal conspiracy
to teach and advocate violent over
throw of the United States Gov
ernment.
The Smith Act is Title I of a
much bulkier law aimed not only
at coping with suspected subver-
sives in this country but with
tightening immigration and de-
portation machinery.
Use of the Smith Act in the
prosecution of the Communist
leaders was its biggest perform
ance to date. 1t also was the most
important. 1t seems likely to bring
what Justice Department officials,
Communist Party attorneys and
many others have wanted for
years: A clear-cut, final decision
on whether the ban on teaching
and advocating forcible overthrow
of the Government violates free
speech and other constitutional
safeguards.
Reds Change Attitude
The Smith Act made its debut
in court in November, 1941. 1t
since has figured in four other
court appearances, including the
Communist leaders trial, and
scored considerable successes. 1t
also had some unusually long runs.
The nine-months' trial before
Judge Harold r. Medina set the
record. But in District Court here
during the war it was caught in
much of the wrangling that
dragged out the mass sedition'
trial for seven months. That case
eventually was dismissed for "lack
of prosecution.
Communists have not always
been as bitter about the Smith
Act as they are today.
/ They cheered, or at least did no
challenge, it when the Justice De
fpartrnent nine years ago charged
I29 members of the Socialis
Workers Party with having illegal.
/ ly seized an AFL union in Mime
apolis. The defendants were fol.
lowers of the Leon Trotsky Com
munist faction.
Henry A. SchWeinhaut, now 6
District Court judge here, was the
Justice Departments prosecutor
who obtained convictions for vio-
lation of the Smith Act. The de-
PENDANTS went to jail. The United
States Court of Appeals upheld
the verdict. The Supreme Court
refused to review.
That was the only other time a
Smith Act prosecution got as far
as the high court. The tribunal
gave no reason for rejecting the
review petition and never has in
Milford chronicle. [volume] (Milford, Del.) 1878-1974, 1950-04-28
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Milford chronicle. [volume] (Milford, Del.) 1878-1974, 1950-04-28

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Milford chronicle. [volume] (Milford, Del.) 1878-1974, 1950-04-28
Art Festival At
Harrington Tonight

The climax ~ the evening will
be- The presentation 81 The oDorotta
"iiaBsol and gfetel." ~ d group Of
children from The fourth grade.
liansal VIII BE- DlHyed by Louis
Iolllar oreiol by Ann ROtlaba. the
Mother by Faye BDicer. the Father
by Lewis Wilson, and the Witch by
Adrianna Potter
The entire program rs open 10
The public without charge, and tho
parents ~ The children are oncOur-
aged t0 attend.