davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Ohio daily-express. (Dayton, Ohio) 1946-1950, 1950-06-08
Blue Ribbon Jury Studies
Chicago Street Car Crash

O.
CHICAGO (ANP)-A special
blue ribbon grand jury of nine
experts and three members of the
old panel opened hearings here
this week onthe tragic street car
gasoline truck crash here two
weeks ago.
A total of 33 persons including
10 Negroes were killed, and an
other 81 including 16 Negroes
were hospitalized as a result OF
this tragedy.
Hearings are to be continued
June 20 when more Of the hospit-
allied victims will be able to testi-
fly.
Sobing, weeping, and fainting
characterized the first hearing as
many persons broke down as wit
nesses told the tragic story OF
the wreck. Youthful Robert Nit
chen, %, tainted before he was
called to the stand. He saw the
accident while he was driving an
automobile right behind the wreck
ed trolley.
Probably the, most dramatic
event of the first hearing was the
demonstration in the street car
barn Of what happens to the real
door of the modern street cal
when people lean against it.
This incident probably will clear
the conductor, William G. Liddell
20, of any negligence in the
wreck. Developments we're az
follows:
The lever of the tragedy trolley
definitely vas left on open wher
tn conductor escaped. He was car.
ried along with the crowd a!
some people moved out the bacl
window.
If one person leans against the
rear door, the door will not open
Ut was at the rear door that most
of the trolley's victims died.
In a third development uncon.
nected with the grand jury hear
ing, Liddell was PARSED as a hero
by a white woman, a Mrs. Ceols
+: Glen, who claimed that she wa.
"prejudiced" in the past. In
letter addressed to Liddell SHIT
said:
IF you hadn't pulled me from
the floor l would have been dead.
Biggest question to be answered
seems to be the status of the fla,
man, who some witnesses sa,
tagged the trolley, and others sa.
did not flag the fatal car. TIL,
flag man, Charles G. Klein, AZ
said he had worked IL hours with
out having a chance to eat.
Apparently, the motorman wa
not aware that there would be
turnabout at the scene of tn
wreck.
Among the expert members o
the grand jury panel are Luciou
The Ohio daily-express. (Dayton, Ohio) 1946-1950, 1950-06-08
New York Cracks
Down on Model
Agency Racket

NEW YORK (ANP)- Sepia
Arts Model agency surrendered it's
license here last week because of
the lack of business and the brand
ford Models school is leaving the
model agency field to promote a
charm course, according to License
Commissioner Mccartney, COM
menting on the recent upheaval
which saw a thorough investiga-
ton Of these organizations.
lie speaking, quartette singing,
Talent and N. F. A. quiz by the
winner of twelve federation con-
tests that have been held through
out the State during the past
| three months.
DR.. Robert P. Daniel, president
of Virginia State college, will well
come the delegates on Sunday
evening at the opening session. DR..
J. L. Lockett, director of the Di-
vision of Agriculture, will give
the address at the final session
! Wednesday morning June z at
which session the new officers will
be installed.
The Ohio daily-express. (Dayton, Ohio) 1946-1950, 1950-06-08
Walter Whites
Cooper Union
Lecture to Be
Rebroadcast

NEW YORK CAMP Walter
Whites lecture in the Cooper
Union series, "Great Themes in
tn Great Hail." will be rebroad-
cast by 10 university radio
stations through out the country
this summer, Cooper union an
nounced last week.
The lecture series consists of
IL addresses marking the institu-
TONS Goth anniversary. In addi-
ton to the NAACP executive Sec
rotary, speakers include DR.. Ralph
J. Bunche, Brig. Gen. Carlos p.
Romulo, and others.
Citing instances of declining
American prestige in Europe,
Asia and Africa, Mr.. White stress
ed the urgent need for this country
"to clean it's own racial backyard
before attempting to tell the rest
ofthe world what to do on moral
C. Harper, executive director,
Chicago-Defender; DR.. Troy M.
Smith,, physician, and DR.. E. A..
Welters, dentist.
Evening star., 1950-08-20
Polio Mopped on GIoboI Scale for First Time

gators may find no telling clue
to the disease or its prevention
or cure.
Not all the white places on the
map are due to clean bills OF
health. In sparsely settled re-
gions the information often
does not exist.
Missionaries Help
To solve this problem, DR..
Mays researchers asked health
departments in all countries for
help, and even called on medical
missionaries for help. Thirty
missionaries at the ends of the
world have responded already.
The task of mapping cancer
will be even more complicated.
It isn't a simple disease. 1t at
tacks some people one way and
some another. In America. for
instance, cancer in general is
common but primary cancer of
the liver uncommon. In Ma
laya, primary liver cancer is
common. It will take an atlas
to map cancer alone. The So
ciety is working on it with the
National Cancer Institute, the
International League Against
Cancer and the Instituted Hy-
giene of France.
Distributed by the Associated Press.)
Evening star., 1950-08-20
Is Isroers Democratic Government Legal?

guments were based primarily
on the simple fact that a con-
stitution had been promised and
that the continued existence of
a constituent assembly in a
legislative capacity was both IL
legal and a betrayal of the elec-
tors. The assumption of the anti
constitutionaIists that the basic
laws Of the country, both past
and to come, are an adequate
substitution for a constitution
was denounced as false and spe-
cious. However, many basic laws
were added to each other, it
was argued; legislative gaps
would still be left by so hap
hazard a process. The Cherut
members, who are still vocifer-
ously anti-British whenever an
occasion for demonstrating it
arises. added that it was hu-
initiation to be still living with
in framework of British man
datory law.
The arguments went back and
forward, often ingenious and
subtle, often unbearably legalis-
tic, nearly always concealing
the simple and basic issue be-
tween the opponents. Funda-
mentally the motive of the con-
stitutionalists was the wish to
curb. by a rigid harness of le-
gality, the underlined but subtly
increasing power Of Ben Gurion
and the government.
For better or worse, Israel is
unlikely to be given a written
constitution by her present Par
lament. There are obvious dan
gers to liberty in the lack of a
constitution, obvious dangers of
overrigidity in the premature
acceptance of one.
Copyright, London Observer Foreign
New Service.)
Evening star., 1950-08-20

the world since any area may
become a battlefield.
There is no other such con-
centrated study as this" he
said. "It used to be that one
of the few things known about
a disease was where it occurred.
Then, after the discovery of
germs, interest in the geography
factor dropped. Now we realize
more and more that disease is
a product of the soil.
by distributing disease
among the Inhabitants of the
world, nature has set up an
experiment better than any
thing with white rats and worth
reading carefully"
It's easy to see on such a map
that the highly civilized parts
of America and Europe have
had more polio epidemics than
other regions. In primitive
countries. DR.. May believes. the
disease is present but does not
flare up in big epidemics. 1t
looks as if the virus were so
common that everybody gets a
chance to develop immunity at
an early age. In advanced re-
gions. people seem to encounter
the virus late in life. with the
result that public immunity is
slow in developing.
In such information investi-
Evening star., 1950-08-20

TEL AVTV.-Among Israel's
many social and political curl
osities is the possibility that her
present democratic government
has no legal right to exist. For
the moment the issue is dormant
in Parliament, but 1t is still
fierily awake in cafes and res
taurants, in private houses and
collective settlements. The great
debates on the constitutional
issue here were held last spring
held conclusively in the sense
that the government and its
majority had their way. but
quite inconclusively If parlia-
mentary conclusion involves the
persuasion of the opposition.
The general elections Of 1948
were held with the declared in
tention of providing the country
with a consistent assembly. The
proclamation of independence
has laid it down that a written
constitution was to be drafted
not later than October, 1948.
and that the assembly would
then dissolve itself so that new
elections might be held under
Evening star., 1950-08-20

This map of half a century of
polio epidemics is interesting
on two counts.
First, 1t shows in simplified
form the information contained
in a world map on the subject
the first of it's kind-just
compiled by the American Geo.
graphical Society.
Second, it shows that polio
epidemics have been concen-
trated since 1900 in the regions
where sanitation and Western
civilization also have been con-
centrated.
Polio has existed in the world
since the dawn of civilization,
says DR.. Jacques M. May. direc-
tor of the map project. Today.
the disease exists to a limited
extent at least over a part of
the world. The map takes no
account of non-paralytic cases
because diagnosis of such cases
is too uncertain.
Epidemics are more apparent
in the temperate belts than
elsewhere, but they are being
reported, says DR.. May, in in
creasing numbers in tropical
regions.
In the temperate zone. sum-
mertime usually is the season
for polio. Notable exceptions
were the outbreaks In Iceland
Evening star., 1950-08-20

French did not have a Belgian
accent.
At one time police said he had
been identified as Salvador Tor
koff, a Russian member of a band
of immigrant smugglerS which op-
Grated in San Antonio, Tex.
A panel of psychiatrists, after
questioning Mornard for a week
turned in a 1,332-page report tc
the court. It said he had a menta!
fixation compelling him to strike
other persons, was badly educated
otherwise normal, but not intel
ligent.
The man has given no evi-
dence Mornard is his real name
But police have not been able tt
disprove his story. Nor do they
know where he gets the money
which he has spent freely during
the last 10 years. Mornard draw.
it from a bank account through
his lawyer. Mornard says hi
established the account when hi
first came to Mexico.
| His trial continued for three
Evening star., 1950-08-20
By Philip Toynbee

in a state which has been
established by social or national
revolution. Israels revolution
had not been against any spe-
cif1c authority. but against the
condition of exile. Since that
condition of exile was not yet
over. it was premature and in
expedient to impose fixed and
ruthless mold on a community
which was by Its nature fluid.
With every new boatload of
immigrants, with every new
acre reclaimed for agriculture.
the community was changing.
Again. the existence of a writ
ten constitution must. though
regrettably. involve the existence
of some authority ultimately
superior to Parliament. In the
United States this is provided
by the Supreme Court. and it
is a necessary provision in that
the rights Of the individual
states must be protected from
the otherwise overweening pow
er of Congress. In Israel there
is no such need. Finally. the
countries of Eastern Europe
have shown that a written con-
stitution is no guarantee Of the
rights of individual citizens.
On this, on the majority of
issues in the Knesset Usraeli
parliament) the members of the
two (governmentaD religious
groups argued and voted with
their far more powerful part
ner. But, at last, in the case
of the more extreme of these
groups. the arguments were
totally different. It was def
antly maintained that Israel
had no need Of a written con-
stitution since the Mosaic law
and the Torah already provided
one. "If the constitution con-
f1icted with the Torah, it would
be Objectionable: if it CORE
sponded with the Torah, it
would be superfluous."
Opposition to the dominant
view was provided by the Com
munist Party and Map Am (the
left-wing Socialist Party) in cu-
rious alliance with Cherut, the
right-wing group which evolved
out of the old Irgun Zvai Leumi
terrorist organization). The ar
Evening star., 1950-08-20
7rotsky's Slayer Still Mystery Man

years, Mornard remaining in the
penitentiary all the time. Finally.
on April 16, 1943. he was sentenced
to 1912 years for the assault and
6 months more for carrying
pistol.
Mornard told his self-defense
story of the killing during the
trial. He said when he showed
his manuscript to Trotsky, the CO.
founder of the Soviet state told
him he didn't know how to write.
Mornard said he was angered and
grabbed Trotsky's sleeve. Then,
he said, Trotsky bit his hand and
tried to draw a pistol. At that
point, Mornard said, he hit Trot-
sky with the mountain ak. But
a letter found in his pocket when
he was arrested said he had been
a follower of Trotsky and was
"disillusioned" when he knew the
man better,
Mexican police, not inclined to
overlook the possibility that the
killing was a political assassina-
ton, took no chances with Nor
nard's safety.
Special Jail Suite
In the penitentiary he has been
given special suite of cells where
he never comes in contact with
the rest of the prison population.
He has a private bedroom, a con-
Meeting sitting room and small
private patio. Although he speaks
English, French and Spanish,
other prisoners in this cell block,
reserved for important or well-to-
do prisoners, say he does not talk
to them. Even the guards say
they seldom see him. He never
walks in the rose garden sur
rounding the cell blocks.
AS resident in this block, Nor
nard does not have to do any
prison labor. He reads extensive
ly books brought to him by his
lawyer and writes good deal
Prison officials say they do not
know what he writes, or what
happens to the manuscript.
Mornard is now eligible for a
presidential pardon available to
prisoners whose conduct through
out their sentence has been good
This may be given after half a
sentence has been served, and
Mornard's sentence counts from
the day of his arrest. After an
other five years-three fourths OF
his sentence-he will be eligible
for parole. There has been moth
ing to indicate he will be released
within the next five years-ol
even, in view Of what may await
}. him outside the jail, that he
wants to be released.
j distributed by the Associated Prsss.)
Evening star., 1950-08-20

in 1867, and in Australia
during 1887 and 1888.
In the last so years the per-
centage of fatalities from polio
has decreased among children
under 5 and increased in
other age groups.
The geographical society got
information for this map by
examining 1000 books and
papers and asking for data from
governmental agencies in all
countries of the world. Russia
did not reply and information
from that land is at least 13
years old. If it can find funds.
the society plans to make SINH
lar studies of other diseases.
Next on the program is cancer.
Military Necessity
This attempt to throw the
geography book at human ills
is looked upon by DR.. May as
a military necessity as well as
a great chance to advance basic
knowledge.
The society had a similar
idea in 1914" he explains. Now
the pressure of events has
forced on us an urgent study of
these matters. We have to sum
up our knowledge on the dis
tribution of disease throughout
Evening star., 1950-08-20
From Civil Service
To British FiImdom
THE MARGIN

THE MARGIN
BY J. D. Scott (Altred A. Knopt,
$2.75).
This Is an unobtrusive, slyly
clever story of the British Civil
Service by a novelist who knows
his background cold and presents
it in witty and engrossing detail.
His heroine, Margaret Warriner,
suddenly finds herself wandering
in a never-never land between
the rigidly stratified bureaucrat's S
world of petty politics and elabo-
rate intrigues and the spectacular
didos of the British film set.
Through an affair with a brilliant,
reckless film director Margaret is
introduced to the pleasures and
hazards of the artists life and
begins to see 1t as q perilous re-
lease from the gray progression
of her days as an assistant prin-
cipal, C.P. 2g.
The romance is a matter-of :
fact little idyll, for Mr.. Scott
whatever his gifts. has, not the
lyric touch required to make
these things sing. But his ma
licious hitting-off of Office per-
sonalities and his literate and me-
ticulous description of power and
ambition among the bureaucrats
where a missing folder is a mat
ter of professional life and death
gives his book considerable bite
and an obvious relevance for local
lreaders.
MARY McCRORY.
Evening star., 1950-08-20
By Laurence r. Stuntz

MEXICO CITY-The 10 years
since Leon Trotsky was assassi-
mated still leave a veil of mystery
around his cryptic killer.
Jacques Mornard, if that is his
name, is serving a 20-year SEN
tence for the crime. But police
are not sure of his name, of his
nationality, of the source of the
money which enables him to live
in comfortable suite of cells in
the federal penitentiary. They
have not even established def
nitely a motive for the killing.
Mornard, now 46. has said he
was "disillusioned" with Trotsky
and that is why he killed the
Russian revolutionary with a
mountaineer'S ak. Later he said
ne killed in self-defense. But the
60-year-old Trotsky said before
he died that Mornard was Rus
sian secret police agent. Trotsky
had predicted when he sought
refuge in Mexico that Soviet Sc
cret police would try to kill him.
Trotsky. exiled from Russia
after he broke with Stain, took
refuge here. His fourth inter-
rationale, anti-Stalin commun-
ism. attracted adherents. Enc
mics tried to kill him. He lived
through a machine-gun attack on
the house he rented from the
Mexican painter Diego Rivera.
One of his secretary-guards was
abducted and killed.
Mornard had professed great
admiration for Trotsky. On the
afternoon of August 20. 1910,
Mornard obtained an interview.
He said he wanted to show him a
manuscript. A few minutes later.
the armed secretaries" heard g
scuf1e.
! Free Spender
Trotsky, blood streaming down
his face, stumbled out Of his office.
Behind him was Mornard, the
mountain ak he had brought with
him under his coat.
Trotsky died next day in hos
pital. But before his death he
whispered to his lawyer that Nor
nard most likely" was sent by
the Russian secret police, then
known as the OGPU.
Mornard denied this, told a
variety of stories. He had lived in
Mexico City under the name of
Frank Jackson. He gave no evil
dence this was his real name
Then he changed his story. He
said he was a Jacques Mornard
b. born in Iran, the son of a Bel
gian diplomat. But Belgian diplo-
mats who talked to him said his
Evening star., 1950-08-20
More Cars Than Roads
Highway Building Apt to Be Further
CurtoiIed Due to Defense Spending
By David J. WiIkie

Notwithstanding besides
war could stop the giant auto
industry's huge peacetime pro-
duction-the building of more
cars than the Nations highways
can handle.
;. This may sound a bit far
fetched but it is a problem that
already is giving more than a
little concern to the auto manu-
facturers. They make the blunt
assertion that "our highways al
ready are inadequate and are be-
coming increasingly So"
The Nations motor vehicle pop
ulation has jumped tremendously
since the days before World War
II. Against some 80 million We
hicles registered at that time,
there are more than "A million
! In use.
That was a Jump the car
;makers hadn't expected much be-
fore 1860. Now they say that
within another 10 years the car
and truck population will reach
SO million.
Meanwhile, what has happened
to highway construction? This is
the way Albert Bradley. General
Motors executive vice-president
and chairman of the National
Highway Users Conference de-
scribes it:
Some Solutions
"Our highways are inadequate
because they were not built to
absorb the traffic they are now
called upon to handle; we have
not yet caught up with the work
that had to be deferred during
the war. Finally, our high
ways are inadequate because we
haven't been spending enough
money on them since the war.
"It is true that highway ex-
penditures in 1949 totaled $3.4 bill
lion. However. expressed
in terms of l941 dollars, l949
expenditures totaled $1.8 billion.
He adds that LESS was spent for
highways in 1949 on comparable
dollar basis than in the average
prewar year."
George w. Mason. chairman and
president of Nash Kelvinator
Corp. and head of the Automobile
Manufacturers Association, puts
1t this way:
mo other nation has ever tied
its economy so closely to highway
transportation as we have, whether
we are thinking of jobs. travel,
Evening star., 1950-08-20

education. national defense or
production efficiency.
THE use and production of
motor vehicles is our No. / indus
try and if it is not healthy our
economy as a whole cannot be
healthy.
What can be done about it?
For one thing we must put an
end to the practice of using high
way funds for other purposes.
From 1884 through 1948 nearly
$2.4 billion of highway money
was spent for other activities.
For another thing, we must
stop wasting the highway funds
we have. Millions are dispersed
into poorly planned road projects"
Mr.. Mason attributes to traffic
authorities the assertion that one
third of the Nations 3 billion
miles of public roads are unfit
and unsafe for present traffic.
He reports that the Federal aid
road system of about $4,000 miles
(roadS Jointly built by State and
Federal governments) wears out
at the rate of about 10000 miles a
year.
Continuing Mr.. Mason says:
Authorities say the job of put
ting our highways in proper con-
dition during the next Is or 20
years would cost about 81 billion
annually, or about 81 billion more
than we now are spending"
He suggests that property taxes
should bear part of the road i'm
provement load. and adds:
There are more than IS gov
ernmental units administering the
road system. This suggests the
very evident need for complete,
co-ordinated national planning
program"
The motor vehicle industry, Mr..
Mason declares. is spending a !
larger amount of money on high
way, parking and safety study
than on any other industry-wide
project.
Expressways Needed
From the Federal Government
viewpoint comes this comment
from Thomas Macdonald, United
States commissioner of public
roads:
Our largest cities cannot expect
satisfactory traffic conditions un-
less they construct full express
ways. Only divided highways of
four or more lanes, free of cross
traffic and with controlled access,
can handle the largest traffic VOL
umeS without congestion or delay
And in Congress, early this year,
a Senate-HouSe Economic Com
mittee reported it would cost $41
billion to put the Nations high
ways and streets in good shape.
It said the construction program
would provide a stimulus to all
business and industry for years to
come. But while it cited the need
it made no recommendation on
now 10 carry out the program.
A couple of months ago the
United States Budget Bureau told
Congress it would be unwise to in
crease the Governments highway
obligations until the Federal fiscal
situation improves. The bureau
suggested Federal grants to the
States lie held to the present level
of $500 million a year. -
Just a few days ago, President
Truman sent message to Con-
gress backing the Budget Bureaus
recommendation. He mentioned
rising defense costs as another
reason for highway economy at
this time.
A Senate committee had been
considering bill authorizing Fed
eral road expenditures of $3.50 mil
lion for each of the next two fiscal
years. Included in the amount
would be grants to the States of
$3.50 million.
|
Evening star., 1950-08-20

the terms of the new constitu-
ton.
DR.. Leo Kohn, the constitu-
tion-maker of the new state
political adviser to the Foreign
Minister and one of the few
governmental supporters of a
written constitution, was chosen
to make a provisional draft.
October passed with the con-
siderations still in progress. and
those difficult labors continued
until the spring of this year. 1t
was then that the debates were
held, and that a curious align
ment of forces and arguments
was revealed.
Constitution Debated
The majority of the Mapai
Gsrael's labor party and the
dominant coalition group op-
posed the choice and enforce
ment of any written con-
stitution. Their arguments
were powerfully marshaled by
the Prime Minister. Ben Gurion.
A written constitution, he
argued, was opposite only