davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1950-02-27
i. 5. Drafting Reply
To Israel Arms Bid
BY the kssoeiotsd prsss

Any American arms aid for Is
rael may depend on how big the
Israeli arms chest now is, plus
assurances American weapons
would be used only for self de-
fense.
Diplomatic officials disclosed
yesterday that the government of
Israel has asked both the United
States and Britain for military
equipment to bolster its army
and air force. Details Of the aid
requested were not revealed.
The State Department is draft
ing a formal American reply on
the ticklish question.
Israel apparently wants to off,
set the shipment Of British arms
to Arab countries in the Middle
East.
American officials indicated
that the State Department would
ask for a full accounting of the
equipment Israeli armed forces
now have.
Israeli officials have so far de-
clined to give Britain or the
United States any detailed infor-
nation about the size or equip
ment OF its armed forces. Most
of its military supplies were pur-
chased In Czechoslovakia and
other countries during the Arab
Jewish warfare.
Evening star., 1950-02-27

carbon that everyone would be af-
fected by the radiation.
But, said DR.. Bethe, all this de-
pends upon whether the H-bonb
itself can ever be made.
An H-bomb armament race
could uproot 3o.000.000 to 60 0,000,-
900 Americans and cost billions
Of dollars, DR.. Szilard declared.
People would be moved out Of
big city areas for greater safety
Industry would be spread about,
instead of concentrated in prime
target areas.
Flash Would Reach 20 Miles.
The biggest cities on earth could
be destroyed by one single bomb,
the scientists. agreed. Almost
everything would be destroyed
within radius of 10 miles from
the blast. The fash would reach
20 miles, severely burning people
that far away.
Coastal cities are especially hard
to defend, DR.. Szilard said. just
to disperse populations in coastal
cities would cost SIS billion a year.
Inland cities like Detroit and
Chicago also are key target areas,
he said. adding:
If we want to disperse all of
our cities we would probably have
to spend something like $25 billion
a year and in 10 years we could
have very good dispersal. I would
say that about 80 million to so
million people would have to move
in general dispersal.
1T certainly would mean a
planned movement. It would
mean controls much stricter than
we ever had in wartime. It would
not be new deal, but a super
super new deal"
The Nation also would have to
spend another $25 billion a year
for fighter planes, radar screens
and other defense measures. All
this. he said, would have to be
counted as indirect costs Of the
H-bomb armament race,
Evening star., 1950-02-27
Il Hospifa|ized by Fumes
AT Coosa River Plant
By the Associated Press

CHIIDERSBURG, Ala, Feb. 27,
Escaping chlorine gas fumes
last night hospitalized IL work
men at the Coosa River Newsprint
Co.
The men were taken to a hos
pltal in nearby Sylacauga. Oxygen
was rushed from Birmingham, 40
miles north of Childersburg.
E. v. Johnson, plant safety su-
pervisor, said none of the men
was believed to be in serious con-
dition.
The $32 million Coosa River
plant began turning out newsprint
from Southern pine several weeks
ago.
MIR. johnson said the chlorine
came from leaking valve in the
oleach-liquor- separation depart.
ment,
Evening star., 1950-02-27
Adjufants General Push
Bill for 'Armories Funds

The Adjutants General Associ-
alton decided yesterday to ask
chairman Tydings of the Senate
Armed Services Committee to ar
range early hearings on his bill
to provide funds for the construc-
tlon and rehabilitation of ar
mories in the States.
The association concluded a
1our-day convention here. Dur
ing the session, it reelected it's
entire slate of officers and execu-
tive committee. Maj. Gen. VIII
liam H. Harrison. jr., is president
The association voted to seek
an increase in Federal financial
participation in maintaining
Guard services to rs per cent Of
the costs. 1t also voted to ask
an increase in the number of air
technlcians assigned to Guard
installations.
Evening star., 1950-02-27

Of the woman's undergarment, he
added.
Also in the bag were two loaves
of whole wheat bread inside "a
sack labeled Broadway City
Stores of Hollywood. Los Angeles,
Pasedana and CrenshaW, Calf"
Blood Sample Checked.
1t. Mann said officers also are
trying to find out If there is any
connection between the woman's
death and some bloody cloths dis
covered beside a puddle of blood
on the bridge Thursday night.
A toxicologist, he added, report
ed the blood on one piece of cloth
was from a normal child birth.
A sample of blood from the puddle
also was being checked for pos
Evening star., 1950-02-27
Chicago Boy, II,
Sticks to Duty y
| As Father Dies
BY the Associated Press

CHICAGO, Feb. 27.-On Sun
day mornings, Richard Wolfe, jr.,
IL, has been helping his father
operate a newsstand in front of
st. Dorothy's Church.
The boys 45-year old father
collapsed at the stand yesterday
The man was carried into the
church vestibule. A fire depart
ment rescue squad began resusci-
tation work and a priest gave
MIR. Wolfe last rites.
Richard went back to the news
stand and sold papers while he
waited. Even after the Rev
Joseph E. Connolly told the boy
his father was dead, Richard
stayed on the job, tears yelling
from his eyes.
We've had the stand two
years" he said. Pop wouldn't
want me to leave it alone"
Richard stuck it out until
relative came to relieve him
Evening star., 1950-02-27

n. +. +. TURK WESTERLING.
-AP Wirephoto.
two days later. Mrs. Westerling
is reported to be in Singapore
now.
ThOrny Problem
Westerling's arrest presents the
1ndonesian government with a
thorny problem. The Indonesian
press has accused the new regime
OF handling Westerling timidly
President Soekarno himself ad-
mitted in Parliament that the
government had acted in "con-
fused" manner.
Government caution over how
to treat the rebel leader is at
tributed to the fact that Wester-
ling drew strong support from
Darul Islam, fanatical religious
political movement in West Java
which wants to set up an inde-
pendent Moslem state.
If investigation proves the
Dutch actually helped smuggle
Westerling out of the country, il
could result in a dangerous rift
between the 1ndonesians and
Dutch.
The Dutch High Commissioner
in Jakarta, H. M. Hirschfeld, has
refused to credit such reports.
Evening star., 1950-02-27
Indonesiun Rebel Chief Seized
In Singapore Without Struggle
Turk WesterIine's
Extrudition Asked;
Would Face Death
By the Associoted Press

SINGAPORE, Feb. 27.-Capt,
r. P. P. CTurk) Westerling. Indo-
nesia's rebel chief who recently
boasted that with enough arms
he could take the capital city OF
Jakarta, was arrested without q
struggle here yesterday by British
police. u
Indonesian officials Immediately
demanded the 30-year -old former
Dutch Army commando's extra
dition on charges of leading a
guerrilla revolt. If returned, in
formed quarters said he will face
the death penalty.
One Of Westerling's friends said
he came here to get arms for his
rebel movement. Presumably he
hoped to contact gun runners.
Had No Permit.
WeSterling, whose force of ma
tive deserters from the Dutch
Army seized most of West Java's
capital, Bandoeng. on January %,
was arrested on charges of enter
ing this colony without a permit.
The emergency regulation per-
mits his detention for only seven
days.
During that time immigration
authorities must decide whether
to deport him or grant him an
entry permit.
Westerling was said to have
slipped ashore five days ago from
"a plane which landed him near
the coast and put him aboard q
rubber boat.
A friend quoted him as declar-
ing: Il can take Jakarta like
took Bandoeng. but I want more
arms. I have got big job to do. u
Press reports from Jakarta last
week said Westerling had been
spirited out of the country aboard
Dutch plane. The reports said
his wife and child were flown out
Evening star., 1950-02-27
Import Easing 10 Help
Europe Called Peril
To i. ). Business

This country should continue to
finance its foreign economic aid
by general taxation instead of
changes that might unfairly bur-
den particular industries, accord
ing to statement by o. r.
Strackbein, chairman of the Ma
tional Labor Management Com
mittee on Foreign Trade Policy.
Commenting on recent testi-
mony of Secretary of State Ache
son and Economic Cooperation
Administrator Paul Hoffman be-
fore the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee. he declared that pro-
posals to foster imports from
coutries getting Marshall Plan as
sistance require further study.
Secretary Acheson and Mr..
Hoffman told the committee that
1--WE must greatly increase" i'm
ports from Europe to keep the
free world economically strong.
An easing. of tariffs was one sug-
gested way of encouraging such
imports so that European coun-
tries could get dollars to buy more
American goods.
Mr.. Strackbein said such meth
DDS might be feasible in a sellers
market "but that kind of a market
is no longer with U.S." He warned
that additional imports of a bill
lion dollars could bring down
the economic roof on our heads. "
"It would be the part of wis
DOM" he advised, "to get some
facts before embarking on so
drastic a change in the character
of our aid to Europe. There is no
more equitable way of distributing
this aid than through general tax
alton, as we are doing now. Ask
ing particular segments of the
country to bear all the burden
has no justification in good neigh
borliness, good conscience or in
sound public policy"
He added that smaller indus
tries particularly would be forced
to bear the competition caused by
such a flow of imports and would
be thrown on relief" if they
failed to meet it.
Evening star., 1950-02-27

Lake Martin, six miles south OF
here. She was not identified.
Her clothing apparently had
been ripped from her with a
knife. A cloth hood was tied over
her head and a blue bandana
handkerchief gagged her mouth.
Hands and Feet Tied.
Heavy rope had been used to
tie the womans hands behind her
back and knot her feet together
Three bullets had pierced her
chest.
Police 1t. Floyd H. Mann of
Alexandria City said a boy fish,
ing pulled up a barracks bag con-
tanning women's clothing shortly
before the body was found.
Parts of the clothing in the bag
were matched with a slashed bit
Evening star., 1950-02-27
b|oodstains, 2Loaves
OF Bread Studied in
Staying Of Woman
BY the Associofed Press

ALEXANDER CITY, Ala, Feb
27.-A blood stained bridge and
two loaves of bread were studied
today as important clues in the
mystery of an elderly murdered
woman.
The body of the victim, esti-
mated to be so, was found Satur-
day floating near a bridge across
Evening star., 1950-02-27
Man Sought in Deuth

Police today are looking for a
32-year-old man for questioning
IN the death of William Wright,
A, of 726 Brewers court NE,
MIR. Wright died yesterday in Cas-
ualty Hospital of head injuries
suffered Saturday night in a
fight near his home. Both he
and the suspect are colored.
Evening star., 1950-02-27
THE EVENING STAR, Washington, D. C. ** Al


sible connection with the woman's
death.
This East Central Alabama town
Is about so miles northeast of
Montgomery. Ala.
In Los Angeles, police said that
a check Of missing persons records
failed to give any clues as to the
woman's identity.
Evening star., 1950-02-27
ruinmun Knocked
From Car, Injured

A Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
tralnman suffered a broken left
leg today when he was knocked
from a moving freight car by a
pile OF ice beside the track.
He is Boyd D. Staubs, So. of
Charleston, w. Va. He was taken
f1rst to Casulty Hospital and later
to Emergency.
The ice had been taken from
refrigerator cars and heaped
beside the tracks, police were
told
Evening star., 1950-02-27
Career Forum Talk Set

c. A. Roberts, personnel man.
ager Of Montgomery Ward Co.,
Baltimore, will address the career
forum at Catholic University at
8:15 pm. Thursday in McMal1on
Hall. He will discuss "Oppor-
tunities for the College Graduate
Ia Retail Merchandisin1.s
Evening star., 1950-02-27
Christion Science Tulk

The First Church of Christ,
Scientist. Silver Spring, will spon-
Sor lecture on Christian Science
at 8 pm. Thursday in. the Silver
Spring Armory. The speaker will
be Harry B. McRae, Dallas, Tex.
Evening star., 1950-02-27
Fushioni Show PIonned

The Mothers Club OF st. Agnes
Parochial School will sponsor a
fashion show at pm. Wednesday
at the Glebe Theater.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1950-12-15
U.N. Truce Committee
Sees U. 5. Delegate
As Il Begins Work
BY the Associated Press

NEW YORK, Dec. 15.-The new
United Nations Cease-Fire Com
mittee today began its Korean
peace mission by inviting Ameri-
can Delegate Ernest A. Gross to
q private luncheon conference.
Mr.. Gross has been designated
to represent the United States in
the truce negotiations. Today's
meeting was arranged to get the
United States views before ap-
preaching the Chinese Commu-
mist envoy, WI Hsiu-chuan.
The three-man committee has
not yet arranged a meeting with
WI, informed quarters said.
The first move came amid re-
ports that the cease-fire group
might send a representative to
Peiping, if necessary. No decision
has been taken on this question
yet, it was said.
Assembly RecesseS.
Meanwhile, the 1850 session of
the General Assembly wound up
all business except the China-Ko-
rea problem. 1t recessed at 1909
pm, subject to call of the As
sembly president.
The delegates were told further
meetings would be arranged as
soon as the Cease Fire Committee
had something to report.
Outspoken Russian opposition
promised little success for their
efforts. but the committee went
ahead nevertheless.
General Assembly President Mas
rollah Entezam of Iran, India S
Sir Bengal N. Rau and Canada S
Lester B. Pearson make up the
truce committee.
Opposed by Red Bloc.
The United States repeatedly
has said it will stop fighting if
the Reds do the same. Though
WI has made no public state.
ment, Russia's Jacob A. Malik
has said the Chinese will with
draw from Korea if foreign
United Nations-troops pun out
The General Assembly. with
only the Soviet bloc in opposition
established the committee yester-
day and told it to seek means Of
hating the Korean fighting. The
resolution named Mr.. Entezan
to head the group and he i'm.
mediately appointed Rau and Mr.
Pearson.
The United States, which with
Britain supported the proposal
named Mr.. Gross and 1t. Gen
Willis Crittenberger to serve a!
American liaiSon officer with the
committee.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1950-12-15
BY the Associated Press

QUEBEC, Dec. 15.-Solicitor
General Antoine Rivard an
nounced yesterday that Quebec
crown authorities have decided to
charge Mrs. Arthur Pitre with
murder as an accomplice in the
Quebec air disaster of 1949 which
took % lives. Two men already
have been convicted in the case
and sentenced to hang.
d. Albert Quay. Quebec jew
eler, is scheduled to be hanged
January IL for masterminding a
plot to get rid of his wife by
placing a time bomb on an air
plane. The bomb wrecked the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1950-12-15
Murder Charges Facing Woman in Air Tragedy

plane September 8, 1949. killing
his wife and all others aboard.
Genereux Ruest, Mrs. Pitre's
brother, was convicted of making
the bomb and is to hang March
Is. Mrs. Pitre, crown prosecutors
contend, delivered the bomb to
the plane disguised as an ordi-
nary express parcel. She also has
been accused of giving perjured
testimony in the trial of her
brother and of attempting to in
timidate another witness in the
case. Mrs. Pitre. AZ, Is now in
prison.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1950-12-15
Seeding of Oysters
In Chesapeake Bay
Pays Big Dividends
BY the Associated Press

ANNAPOLIS, Md, Dec. 15.-A
big haul in gray gold" amount
ing to a return of about $169, 900
on a $18.742 investment, has been
taken from Chesapeake Bay.
Two-and-a-h half years ago the
State planted $4,000 bushels of
oyster seed at Poplar Island. A
year later, 30,650 bushels were
planted on Half Way Bar. These
two operations cost the Tide
water Fisheries department $18,-
742.
Early this month, some $685.
$50 worth of oysters at an esti-
mated So a bushel were dredged
from the two rocks. There is
promise that another 900
worth will be taken for Christ
mas marketing.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1950-12-15
Long Island Train
Stops Just in Time
To Avert Crash
BY the Associated Press

VALLEY STREAM, N. Y, Dec.
15.-A collision of two trains on
the wreck-plagued Long Island
Railroad was narrowly averted
yesterday.
With the memory of Is fatali-
ties in the Thanksgiving eve
IW4vok fresh in their minds, the
passengers stampeded to escape.
No one was reported injured.
Accounts differed as to how
close a miss it was.
The railroad said a moving,
empty train stopped more than
a car length" rs feet
from a stopped train containing
passengers.
Commuters quoted by the World
Telegram and Sun said the dead
head train halted a scant : feet
from the front car of the standing
train.
A railroad announcement that
the oncoming train was travelling
at less than Is miles an hour did
not lessen the excitement of the
moment.
The passengers were in an
eight-ca Rockaway Park-to
Brooklyn train standing at the
Valley Stream station.
Through the front door win
dow of the subway-type first car,
they saw the other train ap-
preaching on the same track,
bound from New York to Long
Beach.
| AS the first-car passengers raced
for the rear, the conductor of the
standing train waved red flag
from the window and the motor
man sounded a series of sharp
whistle blasts which warned the
oncoming train.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1950-12-15

Planning for Christmas? Call
Metropolitan 6262 and include the
Community Chest.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1950-12-15

Reg. 1895 heavy wind
and rainproof satin with
mouton collar, knit wrist
and waist. Alpaca lini- 6.
Sizes So to as. Grey, ma
room, green and tan.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1950-12-15

Sturdy leather boots
with flat heels for the
youngsters to romp in.
Brown leather with q
tone trim.
Evening star., 1950-12-05
Chicago Livestock

~. CHICAGO; boa. So 6se pes: a. R U,ssDAt,;-sal;
butchers; sows fully 25 lower; TOP is 1925;
most good and choice 17O-230 pounds
lS.00-1S.25; 23O-260 pounds. II. 75-1S 90:
270-310 pounds 17.50-17.75: sows 450
pounds and under. 16.25-16.75. few 1900:
475-600 pounds, 14.75- g 90.
Salable cattle-S, 500; salable calves,
500; all grades yearlings and hign-good
and choice steers moderately active, steady
to 25 higher: medium to average good
steers weighing 1850 pounds upward
slow. steady to 80 lower; good and choice
heifers, steady to 25 higher; medium short
feds fed. weak; medium and good beef cows
steady to strong; bulls strong; vealers
steady; several loads choice steers weigh
Ing up to 1857 pounds, 3i.75-36.50 load
choice to prime 1,422-pound weights
$685.; bulk good and choice steers and
yearlings. 32.00-35 80; medium to low
good grades, 27.OO-31 so: choice heifers
practically. absent; load mixed yearlings.
$500: bulk high-medium and good heifers,
30.00-3325; most medium grades, 90 90
30 90; beef cows. 1859. so; eanners and
cutters, 16;50-19; 50; medium and good
down.
salable sheep-4,o0O; slaughter lambs,
@5-50 higher; top. $500. new high on
recent crop; shorn lambs. 20 rs; bulk good
to choice wooled lambs, 81 OO-32 90: ewes,
% higher; 112-pound fed Western ewes,
1900.
Evening star., 1950-12-05
Chicago Grain

CHICAGO, Dec. 1P1.--Grains eot
Board Of Trade. After the FIRST furry or
overnight orders. many traders took te
Corn showed some independent strength
ness Prospects Of heavy feedinS t durinc fl,
the developing cold wave and firm easf
market were trading influences. Today'i
Oats made a little progress in lfehi
trading. Soybeans recovered from the
opening slump on some short-covering and
After mixed start some buying at.
tributed to mills pushed all wheat deiiv-
II aO3Ss ss Sogr SSss sSss was
$.sSss; corn was S-Hs higher, Deeember, ecSer
hishef. Decem5er. S4s4. "snSbean soybeans 70 were
A-ila cents higher. January, 2.95fa, and
lard was to 10 cents a hundredwegiht
Belief that price ceilings were not far
away and the continued retreat of United
Nations forces in Korea were the dominat-
Alan Valentine, economic stabilization
director said yesterday that he could
not name , the level where prices and
He suggested the matter be discussed
in executive session only
The probable outcome of the Truman
conversation, The decision reached prob
ably will have strong influence on
export business.
While conditions remained unsettled, one
grain analyst recommended adequate stop
loss order protection on all long con-
tracts in grains. On the other side OF
the picture inferior crop conditions in
the Southwest may have a balancing
effect.
Considerable farm feeding is expected
during the next hve days. The Weather
Bureau indicates temperatures will be from
Is to 20 degrees below normal at the
start Of the period. gradually moderating
Some snow hurries are expected.
Evening star., 1950-12-05
Produce Markets

United States Agriculture Department:
ApplesLAbout steady, demand lisht;
Pushel baskets and bushe boxes: o. s. No. No;
iicious 3-inch up. $50; 2Ia-inch up, 3 90;
2h Inch UP. .5O75; Pennsylyania, Stay
mans, 2ha,inch up. 2.25-75; Yorks' 2hz-
'niR Potatoes@about aR; AT steady; U. S. No. J..
SIZE a, unwashed: Pennsylvania. M katah-
?S Sweet e1-'oons Oots.oss@Frm sse1i Golden about
steady others, bushel baskets; U s. No. !;
virginia. Goidens. : oo-25; few best 2 80;
fair quality, 1.25-5O: Puerto Rjcans, 1.15-
2.25; nearby, h-busheI hampers, Geld
bushe aD hampers GepepG Valentines, % lair to gem
orally good quality. 5.25-6.00; few best,
high as 7e9; poorer, 400; plentifuls' fair
Beet BsstsENsvo Ne Jersey. bushel baskets,
RS1ltey 9HS,ato1s sIsss1 Weaker tryers
barely steady others. Demand light. Re
ceipts moderate. Fryers, 3-3h pounds:
s4.2ss; mostly s5-2s Pue.s sn. 5-pound
type, $500: few 80; light type, ls.
Capons, 41-45. Ducks, muscovies, few 80
Turkeys, supplies insufficient to quote.
Livestock Markets.
cattle sold to establish a trading basis:
load mostly good around s50-p feed
ing steers, $500; odd head good calves
calves, 200; active, fully steady, good
and choice vealers mainly one price In
quoted quoted "a .oo-s4 90. ''''' anu -'''N '0i'
Hogs $50; few choice 17o.22o pound
With yesterday @ ' at 1885. but % most s'soa sooe
and choice otherwise and most bids %
cents lower ood on and %
Dounds. OouroEs isbo1soo sq e s4osso pounds Sounds
1s.25-75; 100000 pounds, 1775-1S,25!
Is s.5O-1a 90: sows under 400 pounds
mainly 1851 90: odd choice 1925 pounds
Is .5o-is 90; heavier Weights 1900 % down
Sheep .25;. nothing in early; barely un.
changed for both lambs and ewes.
Grain Market
Flour-Receipts, 43S 100-pound sacks
Wheat-Receipts, 93,S50 bushels: ship.
ments. 425 bushels; stocks, 3,735.273 bush.
els; No. 2 red winter garlicky, spot, do.
mests 2 RssemssF asSs3 al bsbs, No
ments, 156,13s bushels; stocks, 3,s54,1s;
oatsaReceipts. none; shipments, none
| stocks, 10000 bushels.
none; Stocks, s5,3ia bushels. Hsi 'n''iAeA'S
Rye-Receipts, 1880 bushels: ship.
ments. none; stocks. 231, $50 bushels.
| Soybeans-Receipts, 26.067 bushels
| shipments. none; stocks, 76S,1 so bushels.
Millfeed-Receipts. none.
Butter and Eggs.
Eggs-Market A, large, slightly strong
| err A mediums, about steady; receipt
| moderate; demand good. Wholesale sell
| ing prices, large, 6S-72; A mediums
| 61-63; B large, 59-62; current receipts
ungraded, supplies insufficient to quote.
Receipts-Esgs, 557 cases; butter, TIA:
| pounds.
Evening star., 1950-12-05
Foreign Exchange

NEW YORK. Dec. 5 lP.-Foreign ex.
change rates, follow Great Britain in
dollars, others in cents):
Canadian dollar in New York open mar
ket. 45s per cent discount or 95.37k
United States cents. unchanged:
Europe--Great Britain (pound, 2SOk,
unchanged;, Great Britain. 30-day fu-
60 day futures. .2;s0M. UNCHANGED; Great
Britain. 90:day futures: 2.sOss. unchanged
Belgium francl, zoo, up .0OK of a
unchanged Holland ,fguiIder), 26.S6. un-
changed; Italy Oira). .16h of q cent
UNCHANGED; Portugal (escudo(. $50. up .O1
changed: Switzerland Granc) Gree). 23.11,
UP .07 Of a cent.
Latin America-Argentina free), 6.S5.
unchanged; Brazil Cfree). $50. unchanged;
Mexico II .57. unchansed; Venezuela (boli-
var) 1880, unchanged.
changed.