davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Ohio daily-express. (Dayton, Ohio) 1946-1950, 1950-08-10
Five Negroes
Denied Entrance
Florida i.

To Florida i.
TALLAHASSEE, Fla. (ANP)-|
Five Negroes who sought admis-
sion tothe state-suported Universe
ty Of Florida we're denied that
right here last week by the state
supreme court.
(. The court, ruling on the broad
issue of the admission of Negroes
to white state universities, did,
however, approve unanimously a,
plan to let them attend classes at
the university temporarily.
The plan provides hiatt all Ne
gro students be enrolled at Flori-
da A and M college, a. Negro in
stitution. For those desiring cour-
SEES not offered at this institution.
temporary instruction may be
given at white institutions on q
segregation basis. The plan was
submitted by the state board of
control.
ors, "a %colporteurs debt free
property valued at $394.95O.
Southwest Region conference :
organized Jan. Is, 1850 with Al
churches and computes y. w. w.
Fordham, president, and V. L. Ro-
berts, secretary-treasurer 20
81 members and property valued
at $5O5, 900 clear Of debt.
Status of Negroes in other
church groups is as follows:
Central States mission : or
ganized in 1947 -. membership,
[I,142. F. L. Bland, president,
and J. H. Jones, secretary-treasur-
err = 10 churhes and companies,
Is ministers, and 1 Bible instruct
or debt free property valued
at $225,ooo.
Pacific Union Colored depart
ment : Owen T. Troy, secretary
| Of colored department Is min
istrs, six Bible instructors, 20
| colporteurs, and 9 teachers . :.
modern new s275,O0 Los Angeles
academy with J. F. Dent ;. prop
| erty valued at $56O.7OO.
North Pacific Union two
| colored congregations in Portland,
| Ore, with 81 members and in
| Seattle, Wash, with 46 members.
Northern Union : : me church
in Minneapolis, Mimi.
Canadian Union = no church
but 70 MEMBERS in various church
es.
Other institutions include River
side sanitarium and hospital in
Nashville and lakewood college.
The sanitarium has "a beds and
16 bassinets with DR.. Carl A.
Dent, medical director; DR.. Ray
field Lewis, staff physician; Mrs.
Ruth Frazier Stafford, nursing di-
rector; E. F. Carter, chaplain,
and Adell Warren, business mana
ger.
lakewood college has a student
Evening star., 1950-05-26
Actress Aids Fund Drive

sion raised only $110 million last
year as compared to the $3.50
million of the year before, Miss
lie Gallienne urged the women
to meet a SITS million quota this
year Ito make up the deficit"
The luncheon, which netted
$25.000 in contributions, also fea-
tured an address by Mrs. Barbara
Lawrence, chairman of the In
ternational Women's Division of
New York Of the UJA.
Mrs. Lawrence, who has Just
returned from a trip to Jewish
settlements in North Africa,
France and Israel, outlined the
UJA program in these areas with
a description of the animal like"
living conditions and poor hous-
ing which the UJA is trying to
rectify.
The speakers were introduced
by Mrs. Nat H. Levy and Mrs. Jo-
seph Freedman. co-chairmen of
the luncheon. Mrs. Cecil Kauf-
man, chairman of the Women's
Division in the Washington area,
presided. Mrs. Keren. wife of the
Counselor of the Israeli Embassy
was special guest.
Evening star., 1950-05-26
Modern
Marriage
By Dr.. Paul Popenoe

If you aren't popular with young
people. Mrs. l.. it's time to change
your tactics. You don't tell me
enough about your age and diff
culties to enable me to prescribe
for you directly. but ! can give
you a potent shotgun prescription
from DR.. George Lawton. He's a
well-known psychologist. author
Of many books of which the most
recent. addressed to teen-agers, is
How to Be Happy Though Young. +"
1t will pay you. Mrs. L.. to read
the whole book. but I particularly
recommend an appendix in which
he lists phrases to which young
people are allergic, arranged here
in order of age at which first
heard:
/. My. what a big boy Cbig Crib
you've become! with an at:
tempted pat on q head out of
reach.)
2. Do it for mothers sake!
3. Not another word out of you!
4. You're still just a child!
with a forgiving smile.)
5. You're too young to know
your own mind.
s. I don't have to tell ycu why,
just obey!
7. You're too old to do that any
more!
8. You simply aren't old enough
to understand!
9. Come tell mother everything.
10. don't know what's happen
ing to the young people today.
IL. You'll never amount to any,
thing. if you continue to (do
this or that, 60 around with K or
Y, etc..
IL. I never had the opportun-
tiles I'm giving you.
13. It's only puppy love.
IA. After all we've sacrificed for
you!
is. I'm nothing but servant IN
my own home. (To be avoided by
girls when they become mothers.)
Is. I'm nothing but a meal ticket
for my children. (To be avoided
by boys when they become fathers
II. suppose you've reached the
difficult age.
10. guess you must take after
your mothers (father's) side.
10. When I was your age Il was
making x dollars a week, had
finished college, had a child, ran
my own home, etc.
20. Every one takes us for
sisters.
If you do any of these. Mrs. L.,
stop doing it. That will be an
excellent start for increasing your
popularity with the younger gen.
Grafton.
Evening star., 1950-05-26
Wonnen's Clubs
S. Engaged in 'Titonic Struggle
Hoffman Warns Political Study Club

Iherent strength: on the contrary,
it has inherent weaknesses.
Let's not sell our way Of life
short" he counseled. Men were
| not born to be slaves"
The breakfast program included
greetings by the club president,
Mrs. Francis B. Appellee. who set
the keynote for the event when
she cautioned members not to re-
lax their patriotic efforts during
the coming vacation season. RE
member that Communists are not
taking a vacation" she declared.
Mr.. Hoffman was introduced by
the program chairman, Mrs. Hol-
lis L. lines, while Mrs. BENJAMIN
Yancey Martin presented the
honor guests. The latter included
Mrs. Charles r. Brannan, Mrs.
Oscar Chapman, Mrs. Frank c..
Pace, Mrs. Edward r. Bartlett, Mrs.
James B. Patton and Mrs. Edward
e. Gam.
Representatives Of official
Washington and the diplomatic
corps were among the distin-
guished guests invited to the
breakfast. The group included
Assistant Secretary of the Treas
urer Edward F. Bartlett. Senator
Homer Ferguson, Senator John J..
Sparkman, Representative Cliff
ford Davis. Representative Carroll
Kearns and Representative George
M. Grant.
Those on the guest list from the
diplomatic corps included the
Ambassador of Italy and Signora
Tarchiani, the Ambassador of Ire
land and Mrs. Hearne. the Min
lister of Iceland and Mrs. Thors,
the Charge d'Affaires Of Greece
and Nine. Economou- Gouras, the
Minister Counselor of the French
Embassy, M. Jean Daridan, and
the British Minister and Lady
Rowan.
Among other guests were Mich
ael Harris, Chief Of the ECA Mis-
sion to Sweden; James Martin
Souby. Jennings Randolph, Fred
w. Morrison, Mrs. j. Borden Har-
riman, Maj. Gen. William H. Arm
old. Maj. Gen. H. w. Blakeley,
U. S. A.. retired, and DR.. and Mrs.
William H. Stewart of New York.
Evening star., 1950-05-26

Eva LIE Gallienne yesterday
called on members of the Women's
Division of the United Jewish Ap-
peal to give up one weeks self
ishness" to help raise funds fol
the UJA campaign.
The star of such hits as what
Every Woman Knows" and "The
Cherry Orchard" spoke at the
organizations $3.50 minimum gift
luncheon at the Shoreham Hotel
(The $3.50 represented the dona.
ton Of a dime day for a year,
Miss lie Gallienne praised the
women for what they already have
done, but suggested they could
give further aid by dispensing with
such little luxuries as cigarettes
taxis and beauty treatments
Were not doing it just for Is
rael," she declared. Were doing
it for the good of mankind"
Noting that the Women's Divi-
Evening star., 1950-05-26
Who-Dun-|t'
Talk Given

Fiction writer's are expected to
be authorities. but mystery writ
erS usually are authorities in only
one field, members of the Pet
worth Women's Club were told
yesterday by a "who-dun-it"
author.
THAT field" according to Pa
tricia McGerr. "is the time it
takes to kill someone with arsenic,
the time 1t takes a victim to die
from a gun shot, the time it
takes to die of other poisons,
and any other way of getting rid
of people"
Miss McGerr, whose subject was
Murder Can Be Fun" addressed
the clubs annual luncheon held
at the Dupont Plaza Hotel.
1t is not enough in her work
to be true to fact. Miss McGerl
continued. The fact, she said
must be acceptable to the read
ing public. As for putting across
message. it can't be done unless
it is "put into words which will
make the public read the book
in order to get the message"
Her latest book, Follow AS the
Night" to be released in July, has
message relating to the con.
sequences of selfishnesS. she re.
vealed.
Sonora Ana Luisa Branger
cultural attache at the Venezuelan
Embassy and holder of the in
ternational altitude record fol
light planes, was q special guest
at the luncheon as was Mrs
Edward c. Magdeburger. outgoing
president of the District Fedora
ton on Women's Clubs.
Mrs. Horace w. Parsley, presi-
dent Of the club, was toastmis-
tress and Mrs. George w. Toombs
was the luncheon chairman.
Other honor guests were Miss
Irene Swift, librarian Of the Pet
worth Branch Library, and Miss
Charlotte Clark, librarian of the
Georgetown Branch Library. Mus.
ical selections were presented by
Mrs. Alta II. Brown and Mrs
Malcolm Scates.
Evening star., 1950-05-26

Mrs. John M. Safer, civic and
philanthropic leader, will be in
formally installed as an honorary
member of Phi Sigma Sigma So
rority at a luncheon to be given
by the Washington Alumnae Club
at 1890 pm. tomorrow at Rocco's
Italian American Restaurant.
A patroness of Phi Sigma Sigma
since its establishment on the
George Washington University
campus Is years ago. Mrs. Safer
will be formally installed at the
Evening star., 1950-05-26
Sororitv to Honor Mrs. John Safer

national convention to be held in
Bedford Springs, Pa, in July.
Following the luncheon. newly
elected officers Of the club will be
installed by Mrs. Aaron H. Ger
Der. They are: Mrs. Mary Resh,
president: Miss Bette Hollander,
vice president; Mrs. Max Bres-
lauer, treasurer; Mrs. Stanley
Kedan, recording secretary, and
Miss Evelyn Weinstein and Miss
cara Gordon, corresponding Sec
retaries.
Evening star., 1950-05-26
By Frances Lide :
Womon's Club Editor

A warning that this country Il
In a titanic struggle-and view
got to win" was voiced yesterda!
by ECA Administrator Paul G
Hoffman before the Politica
Study Club.
MIR. Hoffman, who addressed
500 members and guests at tht
clubs annual breakfast at th'
Mayf1ower Hotel deplored tht
"cold war" and blamed it OF
Russia's desire for world con;
quest.
He predicted, however, that b!
continuing the constructive meth
cd of building up countrie
through the Marshall Plan wei
win-and at a cost we can af'
ford"
Citing the achievements Of tht
Marshall Plan to date, the speaker
declared that the industrial pro-
duction of Western Europe is nov
20 per cent ahead of prewar pro.
duction and that it is expected the
agricultural production this yeal
will equal the prewar level.
IF this is a cold war-and
dislike the term, he said, "ther
our part in it makes it the first
good war that was ever fought. TO;
our whole purpose has been te
build up, rather than to destroy
Mr.. Hoffman traced the devel-
opment of the cold war to Rus
sia's refusal to participate in the
Marshall Plan. 1t became ap.
parent then, he said, that Rus
sia didn't want recovery ane
peace, but chaos.
1.-THE Russians" he continued
shave used methods appropriate
10 their end, their end being the
enslavement of peoples. We must
use methods appropriate to our
snd-that is, to help free men re-
gain such strength as will enable
them to remain free"
Mr.. Hoffman also took occasion
to deplore the idea that Russia is
a super state" of super men
run by super methods" No die
tatorship, he asserted, has any in
Evening star., 1950-05-26
Tower Club Teu

The Tower Business and Pro-
fessional Women's Club will
launch its first membership drive
with a tea for members and pros
pective members from 8 to 6 pm.
Sunday at the home of Mrs. Cleo
Mardfeldt, 3210 Twentieth street
NE. The clubs goal is to double
its membership by next fall.
Evening star., 1950-05-26
Annual Picnic

The Washington Wellesley Club
will hold its annual picnic and
final meeting Of the year at 6:15
pm. Wednesday at the Beauvoir
School, $500 Woodley road NV.
Officers will be elected and an
nouncement will be made of the
winner Of the annual Wellesley
Club scholarship. Mrs. Harold
Zirkin is in charge of reservations.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1950-01-12
You could pay thousand dollars more {
not get all the new beauty :. extro room .
famous ruggedness Of this great new Dodg

INSIDE, YOU get the head room,
leg room. hip room SO You can
sit naturally. ride in complete
comfort all dav long.
On the outside, Dodge compact
design gives YOU the edge in park
ing. in busy traffic.
Out front. a sleek new grille
enhances Dodge Well-bred beauty.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1950-01-12
New "Scuf Proof
White Wall Tire Made

A new automobile tire which is said
20 give greater traction and safety
than any other tire evolved to date,
was announced by f. w. Burgwald,
Of the Hawkinson Tread Service, L.
5. Royal Tire dealer of this city.
Known as the new "Mid-Century"
7. S. Royal Master and completely
different in appearance and styling,
lie new tire features a "scutf proof
white sidewall and special tread
that virtually eliminates the need
'or chains in most kinds Of winter
Irving, he said.
"The new tire marks complete
departure from conventional tire
design" Mr.. Burgwald stated 1t
combines all the chief features of
modern styling and design to give "a
over and more 'streamlined' look to
loday's motor cars
He attributes The tires traction to
IN exclusive tread pattern, consist
rg of flexible tread blocks which
rip the road for greater straight
line stopping power and added safety.
The problem Of how to keep white
$ dewalls looking new has been
a5lved by the new tine, Mr.. Burgwald
ated. thanks to a "cmh-guard' rib
Of rubber around the outer rim Of
he whitewall, SO designed that it
acts as protection buffer against curb.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1950-01-12

was a business caller in this COM
munity last Monday evening.
The following guests were enter
tanned with a wedding dinner Sunday
January s, at the home Of Mrs. Den
mis- Brenneman. The honored guests
were her son-in-law and daughter,
Mr. and Mrs. Olin Meyers. Other
guests included Mr.. and Mrs. Lee
Meyers, Mr. and Mrs. Emmons Mey-
ers, Mrs. Audrey Faidley and sons,
David and Leon, Mrs. Edith Bowers
and daughter Gail, of Grantsville; Mr..
and Mrs. Herman Meyers, Berlin, Pa;
Mr. and Mrs. Oney Brenneman and
children, Ronnie and Joyce, Meyers
dale, Pa; Mr.. and Mrs. Hubert
Friend and daughter, Norma Jean, of
Friendsville; Miss Louise Sisk, Mt.
Lake Park; Mr.. and Mrs. Marvin
Bietzel and children, Ray, Roger, Ruth
and Ronnie, Of Bittinger; Stanley,
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1950-01-12

The choir Of the Methodist church
was invited to sing for Mr. and Mrs.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1950-01-12
BITTINGER

The barn on the farm belonging to
German Bethel, near this community
burned to the ground last Wednesday
morning about four o'clock. The con-
tents, consisting of livestock and ma
chinery, were destroyed. The loss is
said to be partially covered by msur-
ance.
Henry B. Wiley and son Oscar, OF
Akron, Ohio, visited friends and rela-
tives in this neighborhaad last week.
Mrs. Dennis Brenneman entertained
the members Of her family with a
turkey dinner last Sunday in honor OF
the recent marriage Of her daughter
Miss Mona Brenneman to Mr., Glen
Meyers, of JenninVs.
Austin Bittinger returned to the
home OF his sister, Mrs Agnes Bren-
neman, last Saturday after having
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1950-01-12
FARMERS STOCK ARDS
Accident, Maryland

Veal, 1850 to 34OO per cwt; Hogs
/ so to 1880 per cwt.; Boar Hogs
7.4O per cwt.; Sows, 1000 to 14.10 pei
cwt.
Cows, $40 to 1910 per cwt.; Heif-
ers, 1910 to 21.75 per c~t.; Steers
1910 to 24.00 per cwt.; Bulls, 1850
to 20.29 per cwt.
Leghorn Hens. l2c to 25l2c per lb;
Heavy Hens, 26c to 80 l2c h.; Broilers
BE to 29c lb.
Pigs and shoats, $50 to 1925 per
head.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1950-01-12
i. S. EVANS STOCK YARD. INC.
Terra Alta, West Virginia
Market Report. January 6. 1850

Calves, good to choice, 26.8O to 34.;
Common to medium, 1900 to 26.5O;
Feeder Calves, 14.6O to 1925.
Hogs, choice weights, 1860 to 1880;
Heavy weights, 14.l0 to 1850; Sows,
1925 to 1880; Pigs and shoats, 500
% 1850.
Steers, good, 22.7O to 24.2O; Com
mon to medium, 1880 to POLO; Heif-
ols, good, 1850 to 22.9O; Common to
medium, 1890 to 1925; Cows, good,
1870 to 1850; Common to medium,
900 to 14.40; Bulls, 1910 to 23.OO;
Ewes, 1880 per head. Lambs, 21.OO
per cwt; Bucks, $50 to POTS; Horses,
lao to $50 per cwt.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1950-01-12

While in the rear, a huge new pic
ture window allows safer vision
gives a wonderful feeling Of iutc-
rior spaciousness.
Drive the new Dodge. Feel the
surging power of the biz high
compression Getaway Engine
the amazing -moolhnc,s of Dodge
Fluid Drive. Come in todavl
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1950-01-12

YOU'LL THRILL 10 Dodge roominess.
Seats are ''knce-levcl" for comfort.
Plenty of head and hat room, elbow
and leg room too!
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1950-01-12
DEER PARK

Members of the Womens Society Of
Christian Service were entertained
bv Mrs. c. f. Rollman on Thursday
evening.
Mary 10 Clatterbuck entertained a
number Of her friends with a birth
day party last Tuesday evening.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1950-01-12

Glen, Ralph, May, Oils and Althea
Brenneman. The table was decorated
with a three-tier wedding cake.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1950-01-12
Come in for a MAGIC MILE
Demonstration Ride

Ask any Dodge dealer for Magic
Mile" demonstration ride. Prove
for yourself how much more Dodge
gives for your money in sound
engineering and dependahiliiy.
Arizona sun., 1950-01-13
Tanner Chapel
A.M.E. News

Sunday will be Visitor Friends
Day. Each member is requested
to invite a visitor or friend to wor-
ship with them; the pastor will
have a special message for them.
Sunday School at $50. There is
class and a qualified teacher to
greet you. Mr.. John Stewart, SUI
perintendent.
Morning Worship HOO. Subject
Gods Care for the Stranger"
Evening worship 7:30 p. m. Sub
ject "Homeward Bound"
Monday evening 800, Senior
choir rehearsal. Wednesday eve
ming Z p. m. Sunday School teachers
meeting; 8 p. m. prayer and class
meeting.
Sunday week will be young peo-
pies day, the Junior choir will be
on duty at the HOO o'clock serv-
ice. They will make their first ap-
pearance in their new robes. Miss
Crystal Townsend, sponsor; Miss
Jean Comedy, directress; Miss Lois
Winrow, pianist. At 7:30 the eve
ming service, the senior choir will
render their monthly song service.
This will be their special request
service. Request numbers must be
handed in not later than Sunday
the 18th. Mr.. Chas. Wheeler, pres
ident; Mr.. Alfred Smith, director;
Mrs. Cora Griffen, pianist.
The senior choir will furnish mu-
Arizona sun., 1950-01-13

The pastor and members of the
First Institutional Baptist Church
invite the general public to hear
DR.. G c. Harper, of Fort Worth,
Texas in a special revival service
Sunday afternoon, January Is, at
800 o'clock. DR.. Harper is here
in a Ten Nights Revival Service,
which will close on Thursday night,
January 10. His subject for Sum
day afternoon will be: "The Men
Who Missed the Trail" He will
speak three times on Sunday; will
deliver the regular 11:30 message
Sunday morning, the special mes
sage in the afternoon, and the eve
ming message Sunday night. DR..
Harper is one of the top men in the
National Baptist Convention, Inc.
He entered the ministry at the age
of 9 years, when the church had
to stand him upon box behind the
pulpit to be seen by the audience.
He is former public school teach
er.
He has pastored some of the
leading churches Of the nation.
Among some of the cities in which
he has held successful charges are:
Chicago, ILL.,, Omaha, Neb., Kansas
City, Kan, Marshall, Texas, Den
yer Colo. Dallas and his present
charge Fort Worth, Texas. The
host church and pastor invite you
to attend all of the services and
bring your sinner friends. Come
early each night to assure yourself
| of a good seat. The services will
extend each night from z to $3.50.
DR.. Harper will speak each night
at $3.50.
The Baptist Ministers Union of
Phoenix will be special guest Sun
day at 800 p. m.
L. Butler Nelson, Pastor.
James L. Davis, Reporter.
Arizona sun., 1950-01-13
Tildon White Post
To Entertain At
Breakfast, Sunday
By LEON CHERRY

Sunday, January Is, the Ameri-
can Legion will sponsor a breakfast
for all members and former mem
bers at 1000 a. m.
This breakfast is being given for
the purpose of introducing plans to
increase our present membership.
Plans are being made to make
the occasion huge success, but
only with the support of our mem
bership can we expect to achieve
this success.
Therefore, this message is being
published with the hope that all
members and former members will
attend. Pass the word around to
your veteran buddies to come out
for breakfast.
Arizona sun., 1950-01-13

lacked, they had one great thing:
Fellowship. We have it too, but too
often in a week and watery fash
ion as compared with what they
enjoyed.
Family Living
THE VERY FIRST Christians
! lived literally like big family.
This is all the more extraordinary
WREN you think of the variety of
their backgrounds. Gook up the
list of places mentioned in Acts
2:9,10 on a map of Asia, Africa
and Europe.) A good family is
unit
If little Willie comes down
with appendicitis, his parents
don't get out the family &C
count book and figure out how
much Willie has been worth
to the family, in dollars and
cents, in his eight years of life.
Suppose they calculated that his
services, such as they are-carry-
ing in the wood, feeding the chick
ems, or what not had been worth
about $23.75 since the last time he
was sick, they wouldn't send little
Willie to the hospital with the note
to the doctor: please give our
Willie $2375 worth of operation.
That's all he has put into the family
budget and that's all we're going
TO let him take out!"
Not by any means. Little Willie
is taken to the hospital and what
ever operation he needs. that is
Arizona sun., 1950-01-13
Phoenix Baha'is To
Observe Religious
Day Sunday Jan. IS

On Sunday, January Is, the
Baha'is of Phoenix will observe a
first annual World Religion Day,
with public meetings emphasizing
the principles of universal faith.
The theme of this observance will
be the basic oneness of all religions,
representing steps in progress to-
wards universal faith, and a broth
hood of all mankind without preju-
dice of race, class or creed, as the
spirit of true religion.
The first meeting is planned for
II o'clock Sunday morning at As
Sembly Hall, 1913 West Van Buren,
when a panel discussion on COM
parative religion will be presented
by group of young people. Those
participating and their subjects in
clude: Judaism, by George Calm
ken, student at Arizona State Col
lege, Tempe; the teachings of
Buddha, by Carl Sato, Mesa; the
teachings of Christ, by Paula Tay-
lor, Phoenix, student at Arizona
State College; Islam by Robert
Khan, president of the student body
of Tolleson High School; and the
Bahai World Faith by Airline Cos
tanten, Phoenix. Recorded music,
"We All Believe in One God" by
Bach, will precede the talks. The
public is cordially invited.
Second event of the day will be
a talk, "World Unity Through
World Faith" by Francis Johnson,
chairman of the Baha'i Regional
Teaching committee, at 8 o'clock
Sunday evening at the home of Mr..
and Mrs, Engelder, 7540 North
Seventh Street. This meeting is
also open to the public without
charge.