davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1950-12-31
Red Chino's Move in Korea Tops News of the Year

President Truman on December
16 proclaimed a state Of national
emergency. He established an
Office of Defense Mobilization.
with Charles E. Wilson as direc-
tor. Mr.. Wilson. General Electric
Co. president, who had learned
his way through the mobilization
made in World War II. could say:
This is where / came in"
The Nation. long a prey to in
hationary influences. listed record
rises in the cost of living, signs
of shortages in critical materials.
cutbacks on consumer production
and huge defense appropriations
that can be covered only in part
by sitter taxes.
The suddenness of those pres
sures and restraints-especially in
view of congressional eagerness
only six months previously to trim
taxes-made controls no easier to
devise or endure.
Yet, economic controls and
manpower mobilization are no.
where near all-out. Nor is the ci-
villain defense system, since Presi-
dent Truman only this month ap-
pointed Millard F. Caldwell as
director and Congress promised
approval of $3.1 billion program.
Before K-day the defense bud
get was $13.9 billions, unusually
high for peacetime. Today it
alone ranges around $43 billion.
Foreign aid and many other
Government expenses also have
Zoomed
A lame-duck Congress that was
supposed to pass nothing but an
adjournment motion reconvened
November 81. It has provided $40
billion in supplemental appropria-
ton. levied taxes to bring in an
other $3.2 billion, and extended
rent control to March 81.
The new Korean crisis that
some feared would be complete
disaster prompted Prime Minister
Attlee to fly here to see President
Truman for the first time in five
years. Their joint statement ban
ned appeasement. gave assurance
that the United States would not
use the A-bomb without consult
ing Britain, and renewed hope in
the U. N.
In Korea, the Chinese Commu-
nists captured Pyongyang on De-
cember 8. A week later the U. N.
forces were in two segments, 200
miles apart. The 10th Corps of
Evening star., 1950-12-31

While experience was at work
there, experience also was at work
across the street in the White
House. Back in March. 1943. the
Senate War Investigating Com
mittee-the Truman Committee
out that Chairman
Nelson of WPB had delegated SO
much of his powers to the services
and to the GEARS" operating in
various fields that it was diff
cult for him to exercise the func-
tions for which he was appointed.
The committee added:
Recently Mr.. Nelson took steps
to remedy this situation. The
committee believes that the sue
cess of the program requires a
strong central authority"
In establishing Mr.. Wilson'S
agency, President Truman saw to
1t that it would be "a strong
central authority" He gave Mr..
Wilson powers almost without
precedent. The Presidents order
provides:
1.-THE director shall on behalf
of the President direct. control
and coordinate all mobilization
activities of the executive branch
of the Government including, but
not limited to, production, pro-
curement, manpower, stabiliza-
ton and transport activities
The amount of the approval of
this step and of the appointment
of Mr.. Wilson has been demon
strated by the letters which have
come in.
Mr.. Weinberg said his Office has
received some of them, but they
have been a flood in Mr.. Wilson's
Office. ....
He said the mail had been
"heartening, and frightening,
too." in it's implication of tre-
mendous responsibility. He said
it was an emotional experience
to read the letters.
Evening star., 1950-12-31

will come under one over all con-
troll for the complete utilization
of the Nations resources in men.
2. There was dissipation of au-
thority and functions. It Is to be
expected that this time there will
be a clear line of authority and
responsibility stemming from Di-
rector Wilson who will keep the
reins of authority in his hands.
8. WPB Chairman Donald M.
Nelson surrendered some of his
production authority to the armed
services in World War II. <Later
it was necessary to recapture it.
This was done and the authority
for production finally was placed
in the hands of Mr.. Wilson as
the top production man.
The friction between WPB and
the services came to a head in
the latter part of 1912. The ris-
ing curve of military production
had begun to f1atten out disap-
pointingly. There were disputes
between the services and .WPB as
to the cause, and in these Gen.
Clay entered the lists on the
Army's side.
Briefly. the correction came this
way. The Army developed the
Controlled Materials Plan under
which was set UP careful tabu-
lation of all production orders,
civilian and military. which in
volved the use of three scarce ma
copper and alum
mum. Then the available sup
plies were apportioned among the
orders, with unessential needs cut
out.
Mr.. Wilson came into WPB in
September of that year. AS a
production man he insisted on the
need of better production sched-
uling and named a director for it.
The services insisted on their
right to fix production schedules
in accordance with military neces-
sity as determined by the Joint
Evening star., 1950-12-31
Mobi|izers Try to Avoid World War II Mistakes
Setup So Far Seems
To Steer Clear of
WPB's Early Errors
By Francis P. DouqIos

The Nations top agency for
mobilization is getting organized
around a solid core of experience
in the pains and pitfalls of
emergency production and in
getting the industrial gears to
mesh with those of military
demand.
There is no doubt about what
is the Office of Defense Mobiliz.
atoms biggest job-Production.
To meet it the agency is headed
by one of the toughest, ablest pro-
duction men-Charles e. Wilson
He has selected Gen. Lucius D.
Clay. presumably to act as his
right hand man in the battle of
production. Gen. Clay is usually
thought of now as the former
Military Governor in Germany
and commander of American
forces there. But that overlooks
the fact he was Assistant Chief
of Staff for Material in the
Army's Services of Supply in
World War II and later Deputy
Director of the Office of War
Mobilization under James F.
Byrnes.
Experts Required
One of the critical problems OF
such an organization is to get ex-
pert executives, most Of whom will
have to come from industry.
Mr.. Wilson brought to Wash
ington with him Sidney J. Wein-
berg. who handled the job of re-
cruiting executives for the War
Production Board Of World War
II. He did similar work in the
Office of Production Manage
ment, one of WPB's predecessor
agencies, in 1941.
Getting able men to serve the
Government has been one of the
administrations biggest problems.
Mr.. Weinberg predicted conf
IDENTIFY the other day that Mr..
Wilson will be able to get the men
he wants.
The set up so far appears to
make certain that three serious
mistakes of WPB days will not
be repeated. They are:
!. The separation of the ad-
ministration of the problems of
manpower-the limiting factor in
all military and production effort
from production control. In
World War II the manpower ad-
ministration was split off into the
War Manpower Commission. Not
only will that not be done this
time but it may be that the
civilian manpower administration
and the Selective Service System
Evening star., 1950-12-31

aimed at knocking OUT Lne y. N.
forces.
While the Chinese Reds thus
called the military tune in the
opening measures, President Tru-
man digressed long enough for
another engagement with the
gentle art of letter writing. His
epistolary effort was somewhat
less polished than Lord Chester
fields to his son. But in this in
stance it concerned a daughter
and a music critic who didn't like
her voice.
Major Debate Begins
Another exchange of notes on
the international scale got only
sour results. Russia and Commu-
mist China rejected an Asian-Arab
plan for Korean cease-f1re.
Soviet leaders said they suspected
the United States and Britain
would employ the truce to prepare
a new attack. They as well as the
Chinese Reds demanded imme-
diate withdrawal of U. N. forces
from Korea and repeated demands
that the United States Navy shove
off from the Formosa neighbor-
hood and that the Chinese Ma
tionalist delegation be showed out
of the U. N.
The United States avowed its
willingness to negotiate a settle
ment but not at the cost of bow
ing to such a one-sided solution.
President Truman's proclama-
ton of a national emergency was
sandWiched between speeches by
Gov Thomas E. Dewey and Her.
bert Hoover. Gov. Dewey advo-
Gated United States armed force
of 100 divisions. Mr.. Hoover op-
posed sending any American SOL
diers to Europe and contended
that the foundation of OUR ma
tional policies must be to preserve
for the world this Western Hemi-
sphere Gibraltar of civilization"
Thus the lines formed for a
major debate on the most effec-
tive way to present or survive a
total war. Secretary Acheson de-
scribed the Hoover proposals as a
policy of sitting quivering in
storm cellar waiting for whatever
fate others wish to prepare for
u.s." Former SECRETARY of War
Robert Patterson, a Republican,
labeled the Hoover plan as "a
counsel of discouragement, despair
and defeat"
Suiting action to word, Secre-
tary Acheson flew to Brussels for
a mid-December meeting of for
eign ministers of the IL North
Atlantic treaty nations. They
agreed to contribute to a 1-mil-
lion-man army and work out a
plan for West German partici-
patton.
Gen. Eisenhower was selected as
supreme commander. He put it
mildly when he said the job of or
ganizing that army and tactfully
commanding it will be a long,
hard task"
Russia dug out its choicest in
vective. especially to serve notice
it would not tolerate" any step
to rearm Western Germany. 1t did
not refer to its rearming of East
ern Germany.
With Russia's military might in
tact. while others fight her battles
in manner that could bog down
the military and economic re-
sources of the United States, the
world looks at 1850 as certain to
rank in history as a tremendous
year.
Time and the deeds and thoughts
and good will of men will tell
whether 1850 launched a third
world war or marked the turning
point where free nations assured
real peace by standing squarely
and strongly against aggression,
appeasement and oppression.
That is why 1850 was bigger
than all of its combined and con-
fused parts. Seldom was there
greater truth in Shakespeare's
saying that the past is prologue.
Evening star., 1950-12-31

Chiefs of Staff. Mr.. Wilson re-
piled that it was his duty to de-
termine whether the schedules of
war production were within the
Nations productive capacity, to
help adjust them to make them
actually feasible and to see that
everything was produced on
schedule.
The matter was not settled until
President Roosevelt intervened to-
ward the close of the year. Then
Mr.. Wilson went ahead. with in
creasing cooperation from the
services.
One of the basic problems in
military production in such an
economy as ours is to obtain
prompt and accurate estimates
from the services of their needs
Mr.. Wilson demonstrated that he
could get the cooperation from
the military and obtain the pro-
duction schedules.
1912 Climax of Friction
In 1943 production rolled. The
munitions output-planes, tanks,
ships. ammunition, weapons, etc.
had been a little more than
$50 billion in 1912. In the next
year it increased by about 10 per
cent to $517 billions, not much
below the 1914 peak.
This time, Mr.. Wilson has said,
he plans to keep his agency to
policy making and coordination,
with a small staff. There is the
expectation that the operating
agencies ultimately may be split
off from the various departments,
Commerce, Interior, Labor and
the rest, where they are now.
Meanwhile lights burn late in
row of offices on the first floor
of the Executive Office Building
The job of determining into what
divisions the agency shall be or
ganized and who shall staff them
goes ahead,
Evening star., 1950-12-31

rean fighting were going higher
into the thousands, but the end Of
the slaughter and suffering seemed
in sight. Peacefully, more than
AZ million citizens went TO the
polls November 7, a record turnout
for non-presidential election.
Republicans scored major gains
in Congress. Democratic Senators
Lucas, Tydings, Thomas of Utah
and Myers of Pennsylvania were
out. Senator Taft was in by a
Evening star., 1950-12-31

10000 men, trapped at Hungnam
up the east coast, was evacuated
by the 7th Fleet. Some 10000
civilians and thousands of tons
of equipment also were saved.
The 9th Army, joined by the
10th Corps after the "redeploy-
ment," occupied a central front be-
tween Seoul and the 38th Parallel
Chinese Reds units had crossed
the Parallel. A total force esti-
mated at more than a million
probed for q year-end attack
Evening star., 1950-12-31
THE SUNDAY STAR, Washington, D.
SUNDAY, DECEMBER 81, 1850
Foreign Monpower Policy
Held Lacking in Realism
Analyst Says We Should Go Beyond Mutual
Aid Plan Bused on Political Agreements
By Constantine Brown

The American people entering this New Year. the most
momentous time in our history.
similar danger and Asia. But
drastic They have
become nvasons destruction And this
explain to extent the lack of enthusiasm for earmamen
Evening star., 1950-12-31
Vital Legislative Program
Confront New Congress
Unsympothetic to Trumon's Fair Deal Plans,
But Will Back Him on National Defense
By Gould Lincoln

The 82d Congress which Wednesday will
be faced in its twoyear with legislative
portance to this country and to the world
Elected November upsurge against the
Truman administration and of its policies
phere of anxiety caused by the Congress
Evening star., 1950-12-31
Continued From Page CID

Orient for longer stay were the
first units of Marines. Mac"
they yelled, we're back"
Congressional and White House
thought produced a Defense Pro-
duction Act that made many a
September day pop with headlines
about such things as the new
Economic Sterilization Agency
headed by Alan Valentine, the Ma
tional Production Authority di-
rected by William H. Harrison and
The Wage Sterilization Board, with
Cyrus S. Ching as chairman.
Congressional talk stepped up
get Acheson" drive. 1t raised
less personalized demands for
genuine bipartisan fore yn pol
icy. The move for removal of
Mr.. Acheson finally reached a
pitch where practically all Re-
publican Senators advocated it
on a claim that the Secretary had
lost public confidence.
President Truman stood by his
Secretary of State. He permitted
his Secretary of Defense, Mr..
johnson, to resign. Gen. George
&c. Marshall. former Secretary of
State, returned to the cabinet as
Secretary of Defense.
The Chief Executive also wrote
a letter that landed on the Ma
rine Corps and the situation al
most got out of hand. The Ma
rines, he confided to a Congress-
man, have a propaganda ma
chine that is almost equal to
Stalin's." He offered a face-to-
face apology at the Marine Corps
veterans convention here.
It was all pretty much forgiven
if not forgotten on September is
when $4,000 Marines and infantry
men, in a dazzling amphibious
operation, waded in at Inchon. ITO
miles behind the North Korean
Communist lines. The 9th Army
assumed the offensive. In hardly
more than a week all organized
resistance had disappeared below
the 38th Parallel.
South Korean divisions crossed
the Parallel during the first week
in October. U. N. forces, stopped
but not stalled, had to survey the
international situation as. well as
the terrain. They likewise had to
weigh again the constantly haunt
ing uncertainty about what the
Chinese Reds and/or the Russians
might do. Finally on October 8
they got the go-ahead sign from
the U. N.
Truman Goes to Wake Island
The u. N. push toward and be-
yond Pyongyang permitted Gen.
Macarthur to take time off for his
first meeting with President Tru-
man. They conferred for a few
hours October Is at Wake Island.
They did not disclose details of
their conversation. Others in high
places discussed with high conf
dence the apparent approach of
V-K day and the problems that
would remain.
BY November the North Korean
Army was backed up against the
580-mile border at Manchuria.
The United States felt relatively
safe in relaxing for the biennial
election bout and the World Series.
Shortly after 2 pm. on a sunny
November l President Truman re-
laxed briefly in a second floor bed
room in Blair House. Two assasins.
Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torre-
sola, from Puerto Rico, opened fire
against guards on the sidewalk
outside. Torresola was killed. COL
lazo, recovering from wounds.
awaits trail for the murder Of
White House Policeman Leslie Co.
felt. Two other White House
policemen fell wounded.
mo one can ever imagine how a
man feels when somebody else dies
for him." the President said.
American casualties in the Ko-
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1950-09-06

Their 8 per cent increase in wages
already has resulted from the ris-
ing cost-of-living index. 1t was
hoped to prevent further index
rises by the price freeze.
The rapid rise has been blamed
on several factors. The Is per
cent wage increase, together with
a 71a per cent increase granted
by Fagerholm's Social Democrat
ic cabinet at the beginning of the
year, have been major cause.
Effects of the devaluation of the
Finnish mark last fall have also
been felt.
Finally, the cabinet has been Sc
verely criticized for granting price
increases in excess of the Is per
cent they have now set as a limit,
notably in the case of certain farm
products.
The situation has become even
more threatening with the presen-
letliOit VI iiCN WoSS uSiiidiiNtso Ny
several unions. Considered the
most serious is a wage demand
and threat of strike by the metal
workers union. The union has de-
manded wage increases estimated
to total nearly so per cent, far ex-
ceeding the increase provided by
the agreement reached last May.
The Social Democratic-control-
led Federation of Trade Unions
has approved the unions action in
threatening a strike if it's demands
are not met. The metal industry
is vital in that nearly all war rep
arations payments are made in
products Of that industry. The re-
Gently reached trade agreement
with the Soviet Union also provid-
es for Soviet purchase of goods
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1950-09-06
Important Elections In Sweden On September Is

House of the Riksdag in 1948 the
Liberals made the largest gains
and polled more votes than any
other party except the Social
Democrats. The Communists are
expected to suffer losses - some
time ago the Social Democratic
leader, Prime Minister Tage Err
lander, said that he hoped for a
resounding national rejection of
the Communist policy = but in
the Upper House of the Riksdag
they only command three votes.
Judging from the election mani
tests of the four major parties,
their present differences of opin-
ion are largely differences in en-
phasis. The Social Democratic
program stresses the need TO
strong defense for the protection
of the country's freedom and in
dependence. Full employment and
economic balance are mentioned as
prerequisites for a continued ex-
pansion of production, which will
enable improved living standards
and new social reforms. The most
important definite commitment
made by the party is the imme-
date introduction of a statutory
three-week vacation for every
body. The Peoples Party declares
that the Swedish foreign policy
must be free of military alliances,
but otherwise oriented toward the
West. The general burden of tax
alton should be reduced, without
jeopardizing social reform stand
ards. The Conservative manifest
also stresses Swedens ties with
the West. To maintain a high and
even employment as well as the
purchasing power of the krona
must be the goal of the country's
economic policy, the party states,
and it further promises to work
for a naturalization or streamlin-
ing of the administrative machin-
cry.
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1950-09-06
Visit NORWAY

The famous nuclear scientist,
President of the Washington Uni
versity in st. Louis, DR.. Arthur
H. Compton and his wife, accom-
panied by DR.. Everett r. Clinchy
of New York and Thomas E.
Braniff of Dallas, have been visit
ing Oslo, in connection with the
founding of Norwegian division
of the World Organization for
Brotherhood.
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1950-09-06

Municipal and county council
elections are scheduled in Sweden
for Sunday, September II, and
the campaign now is in full swing.
Because of the international sit
uation the debate among the DEM
ocratic parties is somewhat more
restrained than usual, and the
leaders of these groups do not fail
to stress the essential unity that
exists in regard to the countrys
foreign policy and national de-
tense. At the same time, howev-
er, the parties are as interested as
ever in improving their respective
positions. The elections achieve a
national political significance pe-
cause of the fact that the county
councils and the councils of the
largest cities, which are not rep
resented in the county councils,
will subsequently elect members of
the Upper House of the Riksdag,
about one-eighth of which is re-
neWed each year.
Since the communal and county
councils are elected for four years
while the mandates of the Upper
House run for an eight-year per-
iod, only one-half of the makeup
of the Riksdag Chamber will be
affected by the coming elections.
The Social Democrats at present
command a clear majority in the
Upper House, or 81 of the $50
mandates. and the voting on Sep
TENDER II can hardly result in any
immediate threat to this position.
Of the other parties. the Liberal
or Peoples Party probably will
make rather substantial gains,
which thus during the next four
years would gradually strengthen
the party's representation in the
Upper House. At present there are
20 Liberals in the House, while
the Farmers Union holds % seats
and the Conservative Party %,
but in the elections for the Lower
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1950-09-06
BY Elmer w. Lammi

HEIsSINKI. = With the nation
facing a growing economic crisis,
Premier Urho K. Kekkonen has
called Parliament nearly two
weeks early.
With Parliament convened, the
cabinet is expected to ask approx
al of measures intended to discour-
age strikes and to stabilize the
nations economy
Ever since taking office five
months ago, Mr.. Kekkonen's ag-
rarian dominated minority cab
met has been coping with a new
inflationary spiral. 1t has also
faced bitter criticism from it's po-
litical enemies and a growing de-
mand that it be reorganized on
broader basis.
In a move frankly admitted to
be only stopgap solution, the
cabinet has already ordered the
renewal of price controls in what
was described as a move intended
to give the cabinet a breathing
SPELL" prices on many items We're
frozen at a level Is per cent above
that of Jan. 1.
Prices Rise Rapidly
Prices have been rising rapidly
ever since general wage increase
of 10 per cent was granted work
erS in order to avoid a general
strike ordered by the Federation
of Trade Unions lasts May. Ac-
cording to an agreement nego-
tiated by Speaker of Parliament
Karl Faggerholm, former Social
Democratic Premier, wages also
were tied to the cost-of-l living in
dex. Following a rapid rise in
prices during the summer, a fur.
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1950-09-06

Another landslide has taken
place in Loen in Nordfjord in
West Norway. A tidal wave de-
stroyed a bridge and many boats
and boat sheds. No lives were
lost, however, as rumbling pre-
ceding the landslide warned the
population. This is the third land.
slide in Loen. The first, in 1905,
killed 81 persons, and the second,
in 1886, "a people