davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1950-06-04
Dr.. Mccartney TO Preach
In District This Summer

The Rev. DR.. Albert Joseph Nc.
Cartney. former pastor of Gov
enant-First Presbyterian Church
has returned to Washington from
Chicago and will preach from q
number of pulpits here this sum-
mer.
In 1948. DR.. Mccartney became
director of the Sunday Evening
Club in Chicago. He resigned that
position in April.
The McCartneys have the same
apartment they occupied before
at 1902 Eighteenth street NV.
Evening star., 1950-06-04
Senator Smith AssaiIs Critic Of Women Voters

POLAND SPRING. Me. June ;,
Senator Margaret Chase Smith,
Republican. of Maine hit directly
back" tonight at those trying TO
push women out Of the voting
booths"
Too many people. she said in a
speech to the Maine Federation OF
Business and Professional Wom-
ems Clubs. regard women as
irresponsible adults"
Mrs. Smith quoted a "well-paid
lobbyist" as having recently writ
ten that women should not be
allowed to vote because ever since
Evening star., 1950-06-04

they started. our public affairs
have been in a worse mess than
ever" She did not identify him
further except to say that he rep
resented an association.
To the lobbyists contention that
only direct" taxpayers should be
allowed TO vote. Mrs, Smith said
he will find that more than IS
per cent of the direct taxpayers
are women"
He'll find that more than 81
per cent of the people working in
MS business or profession are
women.
Evening star., 1950-06-04
Mussey Tent to Meet

Ellen Spencer Mussey Tent,
Daughters of Union Veterans OF
the Civil War. will meet at 8 pm
tomorrow at the headquarters
2015 Massachusetts, avenue NV.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1950-08-13
ItoIy's Problems Are Multiplying

which would have frustrated De
Gasperi's hope to win keen popu-
lar support for an evolutionary
experiment in social justice. the
second which would have frus-
trated the presentation of the
government as representing a ma
tional unity transcending differ
ences between believers and free
thinkers, has been held at bay
by Premier de Gasperi. But his
own prescription is one which re-
quireS a certain measure of visible
growth in well-being and a Ger
tain absence of highly unpopular
commitments and burdens. The
outside events of the last month
have further endangered the hope
of such conditions.
The question is whether they
can any more be hoped for. They
had never done more than loom
shyly ahead.
Copyright London Observer. Foreign
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1950-08-13
Puson-Key to u. S. Drive in Korea

Out of Pusan runs a double
track to Taegu, as well as high
ways that are poor by Western
standards to other frontline
sectors.
If the North Koreans had
the planes or the rockets to
knock out Pusan, they would
make things even hotter for
the defenders than they have.
Whether emergency cargo han
ding methods, such as those
demonstrated on the Normandy
beaches during the last war,
could overcome a knockout
blow at PuSan is something
else again.
A third of a million people
are packed into Pusan normal
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1950-08-13
By Cecil Sprigee

tanned the control of the trade
unions.
BY that time the world conflict
was getting steadily more acute.
Marshall aid had been organized
and Italy's physical reconstruction
depended upon it. But the Com
munistS were at war with the
Marshall system. The best hope
for a country with a government
of one complexion and a trade
union movement of another was
that each would tacitly make al
lowances for the other. There
were some steps made in this
direction, and these have contin-
ued, off and on, even very recently.
The trade unions were not wholly
Communist and the chief Com
munist syndicalist, Giuseppe di
Vlttorio, was a popular, warm
hearted (though Moscow-trainedD
heavyweight.
Political agitation against the
Marshall Plan was far fiercer in
word than in action. The govern
ment, on it's side. even after the
1949 elections, said Italy had moth
ing to do with the conflict of the
great powers except to hope ar
IDENTIFY that it would be composed.
In home policy, land reform. tax
reform and housing were stressed.
But mutual tolerance wore ever
thinner. The Roman church,
which at first favored the policy
of Italian ."equidistance" between
East and West, became desper-
ately exercised about religious
happenings in the Soviet-domi-
mated world. The Vatican was
drawn as an important factor into
the worldwide cold war. It wanted
Italy to take the plunge into
full western" orientation. Under
close church influence a rival
trade union system was started
in Italy drawing off about a
quarter of the wage earnerS,
especially in the administrative
commercial and small-industry
branches.
The atmosphere of conflict
deepened. The Government re-
built the police force-this had
already begun in 1947-on tough"
lines, and reShaped the Army. In
the Christian Democratic Party
itself the opponents of the Pre-
mier's policy gathered strength.
One current frankly disavowed
much of the electoral social policy,
especially drastic land reform
(Which, incidentally, with much
other progressive intention was
embodied not only in party docu-
ments but also in the Republican
constitution upon which Christian
Democrats and MarXistS had
agreed. The other dissentient
wing approved and even en-
phasized the social policy, but
argued that the Christian Demo-
Gratis must manage the whole
business themselves, Tightening
their ranks and making a reality
of Italy's position (also affirmed
by the constitution as a pro-
fessedly Roman Catholic COM
munity.
Each of these currents, the first
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1950-08-13

In any case, Comdr. Homer
c. Blake, leader of the sounding
party, returned the fire of the
shore batteries, ceasing only when
all of the forts were silenced. In
that way he carried out to the
letter the orders given him by
Admiral Rogers: do not fire I'M
til you are fired upon, but if you
are fired upon. don't be the first
to Stop firing"
After the sounding party had
returned down the river to the
squadron proper, Mr.. Low and Ad-
miral Rogers decided to postpone
further action for 10 days, time
enough for the Koreans to re-
consider their truculent attitude
and to send an accredited mission
to the Americans. The Koreans,
however. failed to apologize for
their hostile act and continued to
ignore the request for accredited
officials. The correspondence that
did take place, between Mr.. Low
and the local governor, revealed
all too plainly that the Koreans,
far from being contrite or amen
able, were aggressively satisfied of
the propriety of everything they
had done. Under these circum-
stances the Minister and the Ad-
miral determined to avenge the
insult to the American flag, TAX
ing every precaution to restrict
their repriSal to the offending
forts alone.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1950-08-13

ly, making it Korea's third city,
the National Geographic So
ciety reports. 1t has textile
mills. a gas manufacturing
plant and factories that pro-
duce soap, rubber goods and
other articles, as we'll as mill
tary installations.
Many of it's buildings are
modern because the japanese,
who called it Fusan, developed
the city and it's port facilities.
1t lies only 1876 miles from the
Japanese port of Shimonoseki.
Long before the Japanese
were able to get foothold in
Korea, the Koreans made
Pusan a fortress against in
vasion.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1950-08-13

Pusan, key port in Americas
drive to halt the North Korean
invasion, is crowded between
hills that form natural defense
lines against invaders by land
or by sea. It's business dis
trict is squeezed into a narrow
pass.
Over its four piers of ocean
going ships must pass most of
the hundreds of tons of sup
plies needed daily by American
troops in Korea, as well as all
the equipage of the reinforce
ments. One infantry division
has about 1900 tons of equip
ment and uses about 436 tons
Of stuff day fighting a delay
ing action.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1950-08-13

In the chapel of the United
States Naval Academy there
stands a mural tablet of marble
bearing the emblems of sword
belt and anchor, below which
are inscribed the following words
In Memory OF
Hugh w. Mckee
Born April %, 1874
Died June II, 1871
From mounds
received the same day on the
parapet OF
The Citadel, KanghoG Island,
tUhile leading heroicGlly the
assault OF the
NavdI Battalion
of the ASidtic Fleet
Erected by his brother officers
OF the Squadron.
Visitors to the Naval Academy
reading this inscription are sur
prised to discover that American
blood was first shed on a Korean
battlefield, not in 1850, but many
years ago, in 1871. Judged by
modern standards, this punitive
expedition of almost 80 years ago
was a skirmish compared with
the struggle being waged in Korea
today.
But we would do well to examine
this obscure Korean expedition in
order to understand anew the ac-
complishments of which a small
but resolute and well-armed am
phibous force is capable, even
when operating in hostile and I'M
familiar territory against a foe
who is numerically far superior.
These accomplishments can be eff
fected only when the smaller force
possesses arms and equipment
whose superior quality more than
compensates for the numerical adj
vantageS of the enemy. In 1871
the United States demonstrated to
the world in general and to the
Koreans in particular the truth of
this age-old principle. In 1850 the
same principle is being taught
again, only this time we have been
cast-however temporary the role
mot as teacher. but as pupil who
must relearn a lesson he has
nearly forgotten.
L. S. Grew Wiped Out
To understand the cause Of the
brief war waged between the
United States and Korea in the
'70s it is necessary to go back to
1866. 1t was then that an Ameri-
can sailing vessel. the General
Sherman, entered Korean waters
bound on trading mission. She
sailed up the Han River. taking
advantage of the unusually high
tides to do so. When these same
tides receded, the Sherman was
stranded, and the Koreans, after
setting her af1re, massacred the
entire crew. American vessels
which visited the vicinity a few
months later brought back con-
flicting stories of the exact man
ner in which the crew had been
killed. The only point on which
all agreed was that the Koreans
had indeed murdered every mem
Der.
After several years of uncer-
tainty, caused in part by confu-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1950-08-13

Marine-led attackers came into
view. The deserted fort was at
once dismantled, its guns spiked
and it's supplies burned.
The Americans next moved to
the second fort, traversing very
difficult terrain marked by steep
gullies up which the men had to
drag their howitZerS by main
force and narrow paths that had
to be cut out if the men and the
equipment were to pass. These
difficulties were overcome, and
the next three forts were de-
molished as the first had been.
On July II the landing party,
still led by the Marines, reached
the last and most formidable
position-a circular fort called the
Citadel"
After preliminary moves had
placed them within $50 yards of
the Citadel. the Americans
stormed the enemy stronghold,
against opposition which all re-
ports describe as fanatical. The
first man to reach the parapet
was 1t. Mckee, who was
struck down by bullet almost at
once. He died as his father be-
fore him had died at Buena
Vista, leading an American
charge. The second man over
the parapet was 1t. Comdr.
Schley. who avenged Immediately
the death of Mckee by dis
patching the Korean who had
felled him. The bayonets Of the
rest of the American troops fin
ished off what their bullets had
begun, and the fort was taken,
but only after the Koreans had
defended it almost to the last
man.
In this final assault upon the
Citadel. the American dead num-
bered 3, the Korean 243. These
extremely one-sided figures can
be readily explained. The Koreans
were armed with matchlocks,
gingalls and superannuated can
non stemming from the day of
John Paul Jones. The Americans.
on the other hand. possessed
breech-loading Remington rifles,
howitzers and 9-inch naval guns
1t was the old story of fortune
smiling upon the force with the
superior equipment and the Ko-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1950-08-13
Fanatical Opposition

On June 10 the first amphibi-
Gus operation conducted by the
United States against Korea was
begun. The Monacacy and the
PaloS covered the landing of a
naval battalion Of 651 men, of
whom 105 were Marines. The
Monocacy engaged the first fort
while the landing party waded
ashore through a marsh of ex-
tremely tenacious clay that
threatened for a while to bog
down all of the expeditions ar
tillery. Once ashore, however, the
landing party moved against the
first fort, whose defenders, al
ready softened by the shells from
the Monocacy. fed when the
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1950-08-13

reans, for all their bravery and
numerical weight. simply never
had a chance.
Satisfied that the reduction of
the forts had indicated his
country's honor, Admiral Rogers
his squadron from
Korea. He had neither the orders
nor the equipment for a more
campaign; therefore he
departed without securing the
desired treaty. There is reason
to believe. however. that the chas-
tisement of the Koreans was not
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1950-08-13

ROME.-The evaporation OF
world conflict through the Korean
affair has sharply aggravated the
problems facing Alcide de Gasperi
whose continuous premiership
since 1945 is already-save for
that of Mussolini - the longest.
and probably the most tempeStu-
Gus, in Italian history.
The world crisis has forced De
Gasperi to sound the note of ap-
peal for national unity in the
most difficult conceivable key,
that of solidarity with the West
ern Allies" who to the traditional
nationalist wing in Italy still ap-
pear primarily as the recent in
flictors of unconditional sur
render, while to the opposite ex-
tremists. electorally a good third
of the country, they appear as
the predestined enemies of the
Marxist superintendent. The
response has been lukewarm
among De Gasperi's supporters,
and, of course. angry on the side
of the opposition.
The great purpose of De
Gasperi in these five years has
been to create, if not national
unity. at all events a solid CEN
tral support for a middle of-the
road economic policy. He gov
erned at first in coalition with the
Marxists, at a time when the
chief distinctive mark of their
policy was merely to do more
quickly and brutally. and with
much greater ruthlessnesS to-
wards persons, the same kinds of
things as were propounded in his
own Christian Democrat program.
And, at that time, his own party.
if it wanted to go slowly, at all
events thought that a shifting of
wealth. power and land to the
unprivileged classes were in
evitable.
Reformed Government
For wartime historical reasons
the MarXists had effective control
of the trade unions though these
were officially above party and
partly ofhcered by Christian
Democrats and other moderates.
The double harness of Christian
Democrats and Marxists (shared
by miscellaneous moderates) was
never easy, but it became intoler-
able in 1947. BY an extremely
astute operation, the Premier then
took advantage of the indiscipline
of his own Marxist ministers to
reform the government without
them, which entailed taking pas
sive support from groups which
at that time. because of the pres
tige of the Left and the bespat-
tering of the new "bourgeoisie''
as a whole with the appellation
of Fascist" were almost outside
the political pale. In 1948. in
the name of his own party which
was loudly supported by the
church and the ERP- offering
Americans, and helped by Sc
cession of Democratic Socialists
from the Communist bloc, De Gas
peri won control of Parliament,
and could look forward to dom
mating it for five years. The
Communists, however, had re-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1950-08-13

sion over the question of Chinese
suzerainty in Korea, the United
States resolved to send a mission
to Korea. Two reasons prompted
America to do so. In the first
place the recently opened ports
in North China and Eastern ST.
IBERIA straddled Korea. as it were,
and resulted in much traffic along
the Korean seacoast. 1t was
hoped that arrangements could be
worked out so that any Seamen or
traders who were washed ashore
would be guaranteed treatment
other than that accorded the
crew of the General Sherman.
Secondly, the United States wished
to inaugurate trade with Korea, a
country so sequestered from con-
tact with the outside world that
it fully deserved the title "the
Hermit Kingdom"
The United States Minister to
China. F. F. Low, was intrusted
with the task of negotiating with
Korea. In May, 1871, he sailed
from Nagasaki on the U. S. S. Col
orado, the flagship of Rear Ad-
miral John Rodgers. commander
of the ASiatic Fleet. The Colorado
was accompanied by the Alaska.
Benicia, Monocacy and Palos. the
five vessels making up "a display
of force adequate to support the
dignity of the United States. The
executive officer Of the Benicia,
by the way, was 1t. Comdr. w. S.
Schley. later to emerge as one of
the heroes of the Spanish-Ameri-
can War.
Surprise Attack
The squadron arrived without
incident at the mouth Of the
Salee River in Korea and finally
came to anchor an May 80 near
NAnghoa Island. On the next
day a group of minor local officials
came aboard the Colorado. Mr..
Low would not grant them an
audience because they bore no
credentials attesting to their au-
thority to undertake the desired
negotiations, but his acting Sec
rotary spoke with them, assured
them of the friendly nature of the
American mission, and received
from them tacit permission for
the Americans to take SoundingS
in the river approaches to Seoul.
Accordingly. on the next day,
the Monocacy and the Palos oc-
companied by steam launches
from the other ships moved up
the river, taking soundingS as they
went. AS they approached the
lower end of Kanghoa Island, the
men in the vessels noticed string
of five heavily armed forts, all of
which seemed fairly alive with ac-
tivity. The purpose behind this
on shore was soon re-
vealed when the Koreans declared
war on the enemy by simply shoot
ing at him without warning. The
forts opened fire on the United
States craft, already harassed by
the swift currents and jagged
rocks of the stream.
Fortunately, the Korean marks
manship was not nearly so effec-
tive as their sense of the dramatic.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1950-08-13

without effect, because some 10
years later another naval leader,
Commodore r. w. Shufeldt, con-
cluded a United States Korea
treaty. This treaty, incidentally,
embodies as part of the first ar
ticle the following sentence. a
masterpiece of unintentional
irony: There shall be perpetual
peace between the President of
the United States and the King
of Chosen and the citizens and
subjects of their respective gov
ernmentS."
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1950-08-13
Korea Action in 1871
U. S. Sent Over Punitive Expedition
After Massacre of Sailing Vessels Crew
By Paul c, DunIeoyy

A.s.ton, Professor English History. huvoI Academy
Evening star., 1950-04-22
This Changing World
Tydings, Rejecting Bipartisanship
Drive, Treats Budenz Impartially

ond was to praise Chang and to
bring about a Kuomintang Com
munist coalition from which
Chang and his followers later
could be purged, in accordance
with methods used in European
countries which have been placed
behind the Iron Curtain since
1945.
Advocated Some of Policies.
In the statement presented ear
lier by Mr.. baltimore to the SUBJ
committee and from the many
writings this expert has produced
on China, it is obvious that he has
advocated some of these policies
1t may be pure coincidence. Mr..
Budenz thinks differently, how
ever. He stated that he knew
from Earl Browder, when Browder
was the leader Of the Red con-
spiracy in the United States, and
from other highly placed person.
ages in the American Politburo,
that Mr.. baltimore had been given
the specific assignment Of pre-
pairing American public opinion
for a pro-Communist policy in
China, in order to pave the way
for the American Government to
accept such a policy.
AS a matter of fact, when Gen.
Marshall went to China at the
end of 1945. he advocated a coali-
ton government with Chang and
Mao Tze-tung as the only way to
solve the Chinese problem.
Gen. Marshall never claimed to
be an experienced diplomat or an
expert on Chinese political affairs.
He did not know that the idea of
coalition had been devised in
Moscow as the best means to place
China behind the Iron Curtain.
In 1945 and 1916 Russia was
still-in our book-a good friend
and loyal ally to be placated and
appeased.
The then Secretary of State
was briefed by the State Depart
ment's Far Eastern division. It's
top men looked awesomely at Mr..
Lattimore's extensive knowledge
and deep understanding of the
Far East and at the political wis
dom of the youthful Alger Hiss,
then chief of the departments
policy planning division.
Mr.. Budenz drew from memory
a remarkable pattern of the man
ner in which the Communist con-
spiracy was operating and un-
hesitatingly pointed his finger at
Mr.. baltimore, not necessarily as
a registered member of the party
but as an effective tool of the con-
spiracy. He promised to document
his testimony. with further eyi-
dence within the next two weeks.
AS was the case in the proceed
ings before the House Committee
on Un-American Activities which
involved Alger Hiss, the question
will turn on which of the two wit
nesses who have appeared before
the Senate subcommittee has COM
mitted perjury. Both testified
under oath. Both are highly INTEL
ligent men, aware of the conse-
uuences of perjury.
Evening star., 1950-04-22

police reading books aloud, and
probably a good deal more atten-
ton than is good for a 3-year- -old.
Meanwhile, Mrs. Barbara Nell
son. a varitype operator for the
Federal Security Agency, had put
Metropolitan Police on the trail
of her lost daughter.
A lookout describing Judy,
down to the white shoes she
proudly exhibited to the Takoma
Park officers. was broadcast. Corpl.
Hite Immediately responded that
he was pretty sure he had the
girl.
A scout car from No. s Precinct
drove over to the Takoma PARK
station and took little Judy home.
Hi, mommy." said the little
redhead blandly. Then, to the po-
llcemen: Bye, bye"
Judy didn't eat any supper last
night. And it wasn't because she
was being punished. That police
hospitality had just dulled her
appetite.
Evening star., 1950-04-22
By LoweIl MeHeff

Two questions naturally occur
to many people. One is, when does
a man in the spot occupied by
Dean Acheson have time to think?
Evening star., 1950-04-22

fere with his work, when does he
have time for the quiet meditation
from which great decisions come?
The other question is, what
keeps him going, in the face of
the misunderstanding and mis-
representations that assail him at
home and abroad?
Something He Himself Said.
The answer to the second queS-
ton can be found, perhaps, in
something Mr.. Acheson himself
once said. At the private services
for Justice Louis D. Brandeis. fol-
lowing his death, the then Assist
ant Secretary of State spoke in
behalf of himself and others who
had served as secretaries to the
Justice. AS reported by A. T. Ma
son in his book, "Brandeis-A Free
Mans Life" Mr.. AcheSons re-
marks included these sentences:
I'VE are the generation which
has lived during and between two
wars. We have lived in the desert
years of the human spirit i.
years when the cry was, What is
truth?' These were years dur
ing which we saw in action his
burning faith that the verities to
which men had clung through the
ages were verities; that evil
never could be good; that false
hood was not truth. not even if
all the ingenuity of science reiter-
ated it in waves that encircled
the earth
But to him, truth was less
than truth unless it was ex-
pounded so that the people could
understand and believe. During
these years of retreat from reason,
his faith in the human mind and
in the will and capacity of people