davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1949-08-15
Second Birthday of Freedom

IL is SOmeLnlng 1Or The WoIlu W IeJolee
about that India and Pakistan celebrating
their second birthday today, are at peace,
relatively prosperous and reasonably con-
tent A year ago it seemed that their inde-
pendence might lead instead to strife and
mutual Illustration of their individual
ambitions for constructive nationhood.
The two countries still have their differ
ences, but there is ground for hope that
they soon may be adjusted satisfactorily.
Meanwhile, it Is worth mentioning that
the British raj left 1rdia and Pakistan the
pattern of a working system of society.
The new governments took over and
divided a going concern which may not
have been perfect, yet certainly was pos
sessed of qualities of survival. It has sur
vived in terms of practice. Much OF the
achievement of both Hindus and Moslems
since August IS, 1948, could be traced back
to the example set by the British in their
long tenure of power. This Is especially
true of such developments as workers
insurance, extension Of airmail service, ex-
pansion of news coverage, Inauguration OF
additional irrigation projects, resistance to
communism. India and Pakistan are free
of "alien rule" but they have not cut
themselves of from the worldwide civiliza-
ton in which Anglo-Saxon democratic
theology still plays major part. Neither
nation has retreated into the past; both
are pressing forward into the future with
high expectations of accomplishment ben
eficial to their own peoples and to human
ity at large.
Individual liberty means something to
Hindus and Moslems alike. Their own
respective conceptions of what life Is Tor
demand of them measure OF freedom
unhampered by arbitrary interference
from the materialistic angle. Neither
nation has any prediction for the Marx
ist dogma of economic determinism." !"
India and Pakistan have no intention OF
trading British domination tor that or
Soviet Russia. Possibly the most interest
ing circumstance deserving mention on
the second birthday of the two new ma
tions is the fact that neither has moved
an inch in the direction Of Red imperial
ism in the past year. Instead, they have
resisted every invitation to compromise
with the Soviets.
OF course the democratic countries OF
the earth appreciate this attitude OF fell
lowship in India and Pakistan. Their fate
is bound up with that of the English
speaking commonwealths and their asso-
ciates in the struggle with the Communist
menace Neither Hindus nor Moslems
would be free under Kremlin control.
Both the new nations are Independent
today, in spite of and certainly not be-
cause Of stalin Had he his wish they
would be situated as Poland and Man.
churia, Czechoslovakia and Northern
Korea deplorably are.
Evening star., 1949-08-15

come commitment on our part to stand
by her in case of Red attack. Secretary
Acheson, however, indicates that no blan-
ket commitment on our part has been
given, though he states that we are pre-
pared to support our own obligations under
the U. N. Charter. Effective U. N. action
is, however, problematical. 1t would be
predicated upon decision Of the Security
Council, which could be blocked by the
veto of Soviet Russia, who would presum-
ably favor the Chinese Communists in any
clash between them and Britain.
The Hong Kong issue thus remains un-
certain. Clarification will await the Red
mastery of South China. Until then, our
diplomacy appears to be keeping a rela-
tively free hand.
Evening star., 1949-08-15
Says Authorities Are Agreed
That st. Peter Was In Rome.
To the Editor Of The Star:

The author of letter to the Editor OF The
Star of August 6, who denied that st. Peter
had been in Rome or was buried there, has
left himself on the outer reaches OF long
limb, for it is simple matter to refute that
authors thesis from both Scripture and the
results of modern scholarship.
Regarding scriptural evidence, we may cite
st. Peters Epistle from Babylon as an ex-
ample; Babylon, 'the city of iniquity' was
figuratively used for Rome in Apostolic times
as we learn from st. John. Later commenta-
tors, such as Eusebius and st. Jerome IN the
fourth century were at one with st. john IN
declaring that st. Peters use OF Babylon
refers to Rome. But we need only go as iar
as the year 81 to find, in the writings OF St.
Clement accounts of the labors and nna4y
the martydom Of st. Peter IN Rome. one
could go on for columns, just listing tne
references in this department.
y Equally unanimous is the verdict OF the
modern authorities In history and arcne-
ology. We mention only A. Harnack and d.
Lietzmann, both. by the way protestant
scholars. Harnak's judgment In the matter Is
plain as it is positive: 1.-THE fact OF st. Peters
martydom at Rome has been called in DOUBT
through the prejudices Of Protestants nrst OF
all and then OF the critics That THESE
doubts were mistaken is today unquestion-
able fhr al scholars save those who turn 1ron
Evening star., 1949-08-15
General Vaughan and Friends

The explanation which has been given
by General Vaughan of the circumstances
under which he get seven deep-freeze
units for himself and some Of his friends
may tell the whole story. 1t sounds not
unlike what one would expect from the
general. There is reason, however, for
the Senate investigating committee to
look into all of the ramifcations of this
transaction, and the avowed intention OF
some of its members to do so should be
welcomed.
It apparently is not true, as General
Vaughan's statement indicates, that the
deep-freeze units represented friendly
gift Of items that had no commercial mar
ket value. The general may not have
known it, but the machines evidently were
paid for by the Albert Verley Co. OF CHI
cago, the bill being little less than $4,000.
Why would the Albert Verley Co., which
deals in oils used in perfume and soap,
invest nearly So 900 in a gift for General
Vaughan shortly after his superior, the
President, had moved into the White
House? Was this an act OF unadulterated
friendship, or did the people who paid
the bill expect something In return?
Whatever the answer, there is enough sug-
gestion of curious goings-on in the back
ground of this affair to warrant the fullest
investigation.
General Vaughan says there was moth
ing improper in his receiving these gifts
Perhaps not by his standards. But to
good many people the whole affair will
seem, at best, to be highly improper.
Even II there was no quid pro quo, nor
any thought of it on the generals part,
the fact remains that because Of his off,
cial status he has involved himself and
the White House In an unsavory piece OF
business. He has also indirectly involved
others, and one can only regret that their
names have been brought into this petty
deal between General Vaughan and his
business friends.
Evening star., 1949-08-15
JCS Chairman Bradley

President Truman could not have picked
a better man as permanent chairman OF
the Joint Chiefs of STAFF than General
Omar ~ Bradley. It Is because the Army
Chief of STAFF was a natural" for the i'm
portant new strategy post that the an
nouncement Of his selection comes as no
surprise. Few men in our long military
history have won such universal respect
both OF civilians and men in uniform as
this veteran soldiers soldier"
Although he will have no vote and no
command authority, Chairman Bradley
undoubtedly will WELD tremendous influ-
ence over the Joint Chiefs-just as General
Eisenhower has done as temporary pre-
siding officer Of the group. This.inhuence
will be enhanced by his status as highest
ranking military officer Of the Department
of Defense. There can be no reason to
fear, however, that General Bradley will
become military dictator" He IS not
that type Of soldier. He will be, on the
other hand steadying and an amalga-
mating influence on body which, un-
fortunately, has been torn by dissension
from the moment of unification. As an
equal member Of the Joint Chiefs, General
Bradley has done what he could to elini-
nate friction and misunderstanding. As
chairman of the group he should be able
to accomplish great deal more.
Although an Army officer, General
Bradley is not so partisan as to be blind
to the Importance Of the Navy and the
Air Force in the scheme of national de-
fense. Time after time, during the recent
controversies over strategy and missions
of the respective services, he has insisted
that security requires balanced forces
a strong Air Force, adequate not only for
long-range bombardment but for tactical
operations; an Army sufficient to the task
Of taking and holding ground areas and a
Navy large enough and well-rounded
enough to control sea communications and
seize advance bases where needed. His
appointment to the jos Craftsmanship is
an augury of new era Of better teamwork
by properly balanced branches of the
Defense Department.
Evening star., 1949-08-15
What About Hong Kong?

Secretary of State Dean Acheson's re-
marks concerning Hong Kong reflect the
caution with which our diplomacy ap-
proaches one Of the most potentially ex-
plosive issues in the tangled Chinese sttua-
ton.
Chinese Communist leaders have threat
ened to take over Hong Kong after they
have conquered South China, while the
British Government has announced that
any attack on Hong Kong would be re-
sisted and has heavily reinforced the Brit
ish garrison to back up this pronounce
ment. Since the Red overrunning Of South
China appears imminent, a showdown over
Hong Kong may occur relatively soon.
That Communist attack on Hong Kong
would constitute armed aggression in vio-
lation of the United Nations Charter is
indisputable. Hong Kong island has been
British territory for more than century,
ever since its cession by China in 1841. The
colony's area was further enlarged by
China's cession of the adjacent mainland
peninsula of Kowloon in 1850. A final ex-
tension. occurred in 1898, though this was
on lease for so years. Meanwhile, British
ENTERPRISE has converted barren rock
into a great commercial metropolis, the
trading center and port-of-caI not only
for South China but for much of the Far
East as well.
Britains tenure of Hong Kong was first
challenged, not by the Communists, but by
the nationalist awakening which swept
China after the downfall of the Manchu
Empire and the establishment of uni
tary Republic. The slogan was recovery OF
all concessions obtained by foreigners dur
ing China's weakness and decrepitude. So
far as Chinese territory is concerned, this
has been accomplished, with the exception
of recent Russian concessions in Manchu-
ria, about which the Communists are keep
ing very still. However, they have taken
up the nationalist cry that Britain ex-
torted Hong Kong from China unjustly,
which taints the title with moral inequity
that outweighs the legal technicalities; SO
Hong Kongs reunion with China can be
legitimately demanded. This Communist
assumption of the nationalist thesis is q
trump card in their bid for popularity al
home, besides furthering their policy OF
arousing hatred against the western "im-
perialists."
Britain, on its side, is in a quandary. Th'
loss of Hong Kong would be body blow
to British prestige in the Far East ane
would involve heavy material losses as well
The colony has restored its pre-war pros
perity and is precious Garner of profit
and hard-currency exchange. On the othe
hand, the colony would be difficult to de-
fend against a large-scale Communist as
sault, while open warfare with Red Chin,
would jeopardize Britain's remaining in
vestments and commercial position in tn
country. The British Governments atti
tude toward the Communist regime ha
been circumspect, even under much provo
cation. It presumably would 60 long wa
to avoid an open breach with the Reds
while it is not yet certain that the Red
will make good their threats to take Hon
Kong by force.
Still, the eventuality exists. And as
estsrrent to tho Reds, Britain would vel
Evening star., 1949-08-15
Nv THE HAsKIN SERVICE


@. How many babies are there IN the
United States?-V. M. T.
A. In 194s the infant population (children
under 2 years of age) reached record high
of 7 400 900, Experts believe that it probably
@. What is the greatest depth that has
been reached by an oil well?-G. 8.
A. The depth may vary from day to day
since drilling is going on constantly. ON
June IA, 1949, the Superior on Co.'S Pa.
cific Creek No. In Wyoming had Ieacneo
a depth Of 20,453 feet and was still going
down The previous record was 1874 feet
in Ventura County, Calf. The deepest pro-
ducine wells are Just under l4,500 feet.
@. Which of the fingers is the most ser,si-
tive?-D. s.
A. It has been found from an experiment
with the left hand that the index f1nger Is
the most sensitive, followed in order by the
middle finger and thumb. then the little
finger and finally the ring finger.
@. What is the usual number Of forest
fires in the United States in an average year
and how great Is the damage?-R. s.
A. It ID estimated that there are about
900 big and little forest fires annually.
The damage from these fires entails much
more than the lumber destroyed. They
destroy enough trees Of saw-timber size to
build So 900 five-room houses, enough pulp
size trees to furnish 3A million tons OF
newsprint, q years supply for industry.
Also these fires involve damage to water.
sheds, farms and crops. industrial plants.
and power and telephone equipment. About
90 per cent Of forest fires are due to human
carelessness.
@. Why is 1t inadvisable to refreeze meat
that has been allowed to thaw?-M. 8. T.
A. Thawing and freezing Of meat causes
loss Of quality. When meat thaws. after
being frozen, the tissues break down ana
become more susceptible to spoilage and to
the entry Of bacteria within the tissues.
When the meat is refrozen. the bacteria
which have entered the NEST tissues are
retained.
Evening star., 1949-08-15
Urges Coordinated Help for Ecuador
Through Established Facilities Of Red Cross.

Urges Coordinated Help for Ecuador
Through Established Facilities of Red Cross
To the Editor Of The Star:
News of the severe earthquake in Ecuador
evidences once again how ready the Amerl-
can people are to respond generously. This
in spite Of the heavy financial load we have
been carrying for years to help foreign
countries in various ways.
But in extending such help. overlapping
of services and duplication OF material sup
plies are bound to occur unless there is calm
coordination effort. There should be one
central agency to serve as clearing mouse
to provide interested individuals ana organ
izations with accurate information, aoVlce,
and services Otherwise those IN need VIII
be served less efficiently through con1uslon'
duplication. and waste. could cite many
examples from my own personal experience
during my eight years on the navajo !noian
Reservation and my Is years IN famine
stricken China.
The American Red Gross is the best or
eanization to serve this coordinating pur-
nose. Following the earthquake in Ecuador
I learned that within few hours the Ameri-
can Red Cross in close cooperation with the
United States Army dispatched three planes,
six tons of medical supplies and a survey
team from the Panama Canal Zone. InlS
was but the beginning of many subse-
ouent flights. We have had several caoies
from our representative in Ecuador that
these supplies are arriving promptly.
what the American Red Cross sends into
a disaster area is determined not only BY
their vast experience in disaster rehel gen
erally. out also according to speci1e n1orma-
tion secured on the spot by trained observers
in the particular stricken area.
Extending effective disaster relief these
day is too complex task to be met lmpui-
siyely by q lot of well intentioned people
working independently of each other. The
American Red Cross may not send pots
and pans" as mentioned in one washington
newspaper August II, but they will repre-
cent the American people in the most help
full way possible. SO let's use this splendid
organization rather than go of half cooked,
independently, and wastefully.
w. w. PETERS, M. D.. DR.. p. H.,
Acting Director, Health and Sanitation
Division, the Institute Of 1nter-Ameri-
can Affairs.
Evening star., 1949-08-15
Increases in Living Costs
Trouble Federal Worker
TO the Editor of The star:

Your editorial on reclassifcation and pay
for Government employees proved interest
ing, but I was disappointed to note that
you were not in favor Of the Congressmen
allowing us to have a much needed raise.
because it would cost the District about
100000 to give the employees in the Dis
trict an equal raise.
Federal employees have received less pay
raises than any other class Of workers, while
here in the District Of Columbia increases
in rent, gas, transportation, and many more
commodities and services have been allowed
by the various commissions until the small
Government pay raises have been COM
pletely used up to meet those increases. And
now we have the sales tax! Even the poor
est Government clerk will have to dig deeper
to pay that tax, and you are willing to
settle for an average Of $50.
A FEDERAL EMPLOYE.
Evening star., 1949-08-15
No Constitutional Right
To Employment by Government
To the Editor Of The Star:

The squeals Of the Communists against
the proposal that they be kicked out as
teachers in our public schools or that they
be denied employment by our Government
should be disregarded.
They assert that they have constitutional
right to belong to any political party that
they please That is correct But they have
missed the point. They have constitutional
right to be Communists but Government
has an equal right to select employees loyal
to the State and Nation. Justice Holmes
expressed this clearly in the case Of police
man who had been fired and who claimed
that his constitutional rights to believe as
he pleased had been invaded.
Justice Holmes said. HE has a constitu-
tional right to be Communist but he has
no constitutional right to be policeman"
MONITOR.
Evening star., 1949-08-15

the light" (Geschichte der altchristlichen
Literatur, Chronalogie, Till, p. 244) Lietz-
mann reaches his concurring conclusion from
research into the evidence from Liturgy and
Archaeology (see Petrus und Paulus in ROM
End ed, 1927. Thus, the evidence of the
scholars supports that Of the theologians-
the two together leave no room for an oppo-
site view, always assumed, of course, an
open mind. HENRY w. BRIEFS.
Evening star., 1949-08-15
More on Catholic Attitude.
Toward Federal Aid to Schools
- M

More on Cath0llc Attltuoe.
Toward Federal Aid to Schools
70 the Editor Of The Star:
It is puzzling how 30 many well informed
persons seem to misunderstood completely
what Catholics seek through the Federal
Aid Bill.
They have never asked for support for
the Catholic schools In the same manner
that the public schools are supported. And
they now are In no sense asking for help
directly or indirectly for their schools.
They merely are asking for certain services
seek are only the health services which any
State owes to children no matter what
schools they attend. Is it fair to deprive
child of this service because his parents
send him to non-public school?
AS to bus transportation for the compare
lively few Catholics who would need 1t.
shouldn't school buses, carrying children
to school. pick up whatever children are
walking the highways without regard to
their respective schools?
Concerning the non-religious text books
imposed on non-public schools by the State.
doesn't it seem only fair for the State to
provide them for all children who must
use them?
So what Catholics ask for is for the
children and not for the schools. Isn't it
stretching logic pretty far to maintain that
Catholic schools are helped even indirectly
by such services?
Another thing many people seem to over
look is the injustice of forcing Catholics to
contribute $60.000,000 Of the $500 900 900
sought through every Federal Aid bill and
then telling them they may not have any
Of it for the few services they ask for
their children.
Some writers stress the fact that Catholic
parents may send their children to public
schools, If they care to and thus avoid the
extra costs Of Catholic schools. But sup
pose Catholic parents should begin In Sep
tember to use their constitutional right to
send their children to public schools, would
it be possible for the public school system,
already desperately overcrowded, to make
room for nearly 5000 900 extra children?
So in fairness to Catholics as taxpayers
and fellow citizens why don't some Of our
critics try to understand the Catholic posi-
ton as it really is and not as it is assumed
to bep L. v. M.
Evening star., 1949-08-15

Letters for publication must bear
the signature and address OF the
urtter, although it Is permissible for
d ,priter kno1pn to The Star to use
nom de plume. Please be brief.
Evening star., 1949-08-15
Personal Impressions
OF Mckinley Swimming Pool
TO the Editor Of The Star:

Personal Impressions
OF Mckinley Swimming Pool
TO the Editor Of The Star:
On August 10 The Star published news
concerning the difficulty the leaders had
had over segregation at swimming pools.
The Star reported, although the pools
theoretically have been nonsegregated for
several years, in practice Mckinley (until
thisf summer when colored swimmers began
using IT., Anacostia, East Potomac, and
Takoma pools were used by whites only.
The other two were used by colored."
Last Monday went over to Mckinley
swimming pool to see for myself how white
and colored people really enjoyed being to-
gether I paid IL cents to view the SWIM
merS.
There were about 40 swimmers that day!
Three white girls, four white boys; all the
rest were colored. There was only one
white infant about three years old in the
baby pool. There was life guard watching
the infant. The thing that attracted my
attention most was white boy with an
arm around colored girl
Several parties Of young white people.
some with bathing suits in hand, who I
Judge, wanted to swim stayed for few
minutes outside Of the fence and then they
went away. Four young white men turned
to leave. went outside and questioned
them: Are you fellows going into the
pool?" Two of the fellows answered abb
ruptly and simultaneously: "H-l no."
DAVID r. MIDDLETON.
Evening star., 1949-08-15

seen for generations, if ever, but certainly
Europe-at least the free part Of it's
moving toward something very much like
It. The new Consultative Assembly, under
Mr.. spaaks leadership, can be counted
upon to help speed up the process.
Evening star., 1949-08-15
Swagger Sticks Resented
BY Ex-Off1cer
To the Editor Of The Star:

AS citizen, taxpayer, and ex-Army oficer
Il served 31z years overseas during World
War III, think 1t not only my right but
my duty to write concerning the article
which appeared In The Star Of August 10
headed Fort Belvoir Combat Engineers
Going in for Swagger Sticks"
If this article presents the facts correctly,
I think it sorry reflection Of the stupidity.
blundering ineptness, and staggering brag-
gadocio unfortunately too often found in the
military.
It is the knowledge that this sort of thing
occurs In the Army that keeps many good
man out Of it. When I read that article
I could not help thinking THANK God. I'm
an ex-oficer" JAMES V1LLAREJO.