davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
DUNGANNON

DUN G NNON - Several
people from this community at
tended the funeral of James
Dodds at the B. B. Wheeler fu-
neral home at Caldwell, Saturday
afternoon.
Mrs. Vina Jordan and Miss
Alinc Jordan called on Mrs.
Clara Hughes and sister, Miss
Stella Hardin Monday afternoon.
Mr.. and Mrs. Walter Stewart
and little son, Charles, attended
the stock sale at Marietta Tues
day.
Mr.. and Mrs. John Hughes and
children, Sandra and Johnnie, Jr.,
and Mrs. Stewart Michaels of
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
First Church of Christ

Reese G. McGOIdrick, Minister
Bible school, $50 a. m.
Communion and preaching at
1920 a. m. Subject, "A Great
Gulf.
Christian endeavor, $50 p. m.
Evening service, 7:30 p. m.
Subject, rs 1t Lawful"
Prayer meeting, Wednesday at
7:30 p. m.
This Friday evening a district
young peoples meeting will be
held at the church.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17

spent the weekend with his par
ents, Mr.. and Mrs. Dalton Sc
crest.
Mr.. and Mrs. Abe Gander and
son, David, Mr.. and Mrs. Clark
Buckley and son, Larry, spent the
weekend with Mr.. and Mrs.
Chester Ball in West Virginia
Mrs. Susan German and son
were shoppers in Cambridge on
Monday.
Miss Betty Jean Miley has
been employed as clerk-typist at
the Ecko Ohio Co. in Byesville,
and will begin her new duties on
Monday. She is a daughter of
Mr.. and Mrs. Warren Miley and
a 1948 graduate of Pleasant City
high school.
Mr.. and Mrs. Edison Murphy
and daughter, Barbara, of Ak
ron, spent Saturday night with
Mr.. and Mrs. Clifford Secrest.
Hi Variety" March 29
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17

1870 p. m. Worship service, 2:30
Macksburg-Church school, at
$50 a. m. Worship service, 7:30
p. m.
If the church at Williamson is
not ready for services, they will
be held at the home of William
Gray. A quartet from Caldwell
will be at the Macksburg church
at 7;30 p. m. You are cordially
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
West Side Church of Christ

Bible study, 9:45 a. m.
Preaching at 1890 a. m.
Evening service at 7:30.
Bible study each Wednesday
evening.
The public is invited to attend
these services.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
Road Fork Raptist Church

David A. Doan, Minister
Saturday evening at 7;30, Rev
Harold and Ruth Reiner, mis-
sionaries to Brazil, will speak.
Sunday school, 1:30 p. m.
Preaching, 2:30 p. m.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
summerfield Church of Christ

J. Odes FOrshey, Minister
Bible study, 1000 a. m Glasses
for all ages.
Worship services, 1890 a. m.
Evening services, 7:30.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
New Harmony Baptist Church

David A. Doan, Pastor
Sunday school, 1890 a. m.
Children's Bible class will
meet Tuesday at 3:45 p. m. at
the home of Mrs. James Carter.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
Belle Valley Methodist Charge

Rev. c. A. Tulga, Pastor
Ava - Worship service, 9:45
a. m.
Church school, 1O:45 a. m.
Belle Valley - Church school,
1000 a. m.
Worship service, 11:00 a. m.
Hoskinsville - Church school,
$50 a. m.
Worship service, HOO a. m.
Bells Church - Church school
at $50 a. m.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
First Methodist Church

OrVlIIe Wilson, Minister.
Church school, $50 a. m.
Worship service, 1890 a. m.
Subject, The Kingdom A Treas
ure".
MYF at $50 p. m.
Evening worship, 7:3O p. m.
Subject, what is That to Us?"
Wednesday at 800 o'clock p. m.
midWeek service.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
SarahsviIIe Methodist Church

John Thompson, Pastor
Worship service, 900 a. m.
Church school, $50 a. m. with
Warden Everly, Supt.
You are cordially invited to at
tend.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
Beaver Baptist Church
David A. Doan. Minister

DuNIN II. DOdII, NIIIII5IGI
Thursday evening, Rev. Harold
and Ruth Reiner, missionaries to
Brazil. will speak at 1880 p. m.
Sunday school, 1000 a. m.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
Preaching 7.30 n m

Preaching, 7:30 p. m.
Prayer and Bible study, We'd
nesday at 7:30 p. m.
Children's Bible Club, Thurs
day at 3:45 p. m.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
Whigville Methodist Church

Marie Tschappat, Minister
Worship service, $50 a. m.
Sunday school, 1920 a. m.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
ArCher's Ridge Church

JOHN ITlmeS, TaSlOT
Sunday school, 200 p. m.
Worship service, 800 p. m.
Prayer meeting, ZOO p. m.
Listen to Light and Life"
program over station WRFD, on
Sundays from $50 to 900 a. m.
$50 on your dial.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
Pleasant Hill Methodist Church

John Thompson, Pastor
Church school, 1:30 p. m. E. o.
Bond, Supt.
Worship service, 2:30 p. m.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
South Olive Free Methodist

Leonard E. Price, Pastor
Sunday school, 200 p. m.
Worship service, 800 p. m.
YPMS, 700 p. m.
Preaching, 7:3O p. m.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
Ava Free Methodist Church

Leonard E. Price, Pastor
Sunday school, $50 a. m.
Morning worship, HOO a. m.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
Caldwell st. Philomena Church

Rev. Stephen PekaIIa, Pastor
Sunday masses at 7:30 and $50
o'clock a. m.
Confessions every Saturday at
1870 p. m. and 7:30 p. m.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17

Among Caldwell shoppers last
Monday were Violet Bunting,
Jake Morris, Morris Henry and
Jesse Butler.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
South Olive Methodist Church

Leila Rowland, Minister
Sunday school, $50 a. m.
Preaching, 1890 a. m. Sub
ject, Service with a Smile" ."
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
Manchester Baptist Church

Sunday school, 1000 a. m.
Worship service, l1:00 a. m.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
Dudley Church

Gerald Ramage. superintendent
Sunday school, 200 P. m.
Preaching, 800 p. m.
Prayer meeting, Tuesday eve
ming at 7:30.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
Summerfield Methodist Church

Marle Tschappat, minister
Sunday school, 9:45 a. m.
Worship service, HOO a. m.
Special music by the choir and
sermon by the pastor.
Evening services, 7:30.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
PerryopoIis Free Methodist

Ralph Sagle, Minister
Sunday school, 1000 a. m.
Preaching, HOO a. m.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
Berne Methodist Church

A. c. Still, Pastor.
Sunday school, 1:30 p. m.
Worship service, at 2:30 p. m.
Studies in Paul's Epistle of Phil
emon. Bring your Bibles.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
Mt. Tabor Methodist Church

Glen Peoples, Minister
Sunday school, 1000 a, m. with
Clarence Spence, Supt
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
Belle Valley Corpus Christi

Rev. Stephen PekalIa, Pastor
Sunday mass at l0:45 a. m.
Confessions will be heard Sat
urday afternoon at 800 o'clock.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
SarahSViIIe Free Methodist

Ralph Sagle, Minister
Sunday school, $50 a. m.
Preaching, 1890 a. m.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
CaIdweIl Presbyterian Church

Caldwell Presbyterian Church
d. Hamilton Funk, Minister
Sunday school, $50 a. m.
Worship service, 1890 a. m.
Subject, 'Temptation and How
to Meet It."
. Westminster Fellowship at
groups,
Evening worship, 7:3O. Sub
Ject, Il Am the Door.
Wednesday - The Junior boys
and girls club will meet at 400
p. m. in the church.
Choir rehearsal, ZOO p. m.
Praise and Prayer service at
800 p. m. Chapter IA of the
Book of Acts.
Thursday - Westminster Eel
loWship meeting at 700 p. m.
with recreation and light re-
freshments.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
Fulda st. Mary's Catholic Church

Rev. B. j. Mates, Pastor
Sunday masses at 800 a. m. and
1000 a. m.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17

Olive Green Methodist Church
Leila Rowland, Minister
Sunday school, 1000 a. m.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
SummerfieId Free Methodist

Ralph Sagle, Minister
Sunday school, $50 a. m.
Evening worship, 7:30 o'clock.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
MiddIehure Methodist Church

A. c. Still, Pastor
SUNDAY school, 1000 a. m.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17

East Union Methodist Church
A. c. Still, Pastor
Sunday school, 1000 a. m.
Worship services, 11:00 a. m.
Studies in Paul's Epistle to Phil
enlOn. Bring your Bibles.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
Caldwell Free Methodist Church

L. c. Waters, Minister
Sunday school, $50 a. m. Will
liam Grimes, Supt.
Worship service, 1890 a. m.
Subject, believing and Receiv-
ing.
Evening worship, 7:3O. Subject
''The Way.
Worship services broadcasted
from $50 to 900 a. m. each Sun
day over station WRFD, Worth
ington, $50 on your dial.
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17
Macksburg- Dexter City Method
ist Charge

Walter H. Brown, Minister
Dexter City-Church school at
1000 a. m. Worship service at
HOO a. m.
Mary Reed - Worship service
at l:30 p. m. Church school at
-2:30 p. m.
Williamson - Church school,
The journal. (Caldwell, Ohio) 1934-1961, 1949-02-17

Hi Variety" =. March 20
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1949-04-29
Cubs Prepare
For Scout Circus,

Trained animal acts by Port
Clinton Cub Scouts will be hi
larious part of the annual Boy
Scout Circus to be held Thursday
evening, May l2, in the high school
stadium.
Den Mothers of the nine local
Dens met with chairman William
Eberle Thursday evening for final
drafting of the plans for the Cub
participation.
Cubs and their assistants are
busily constructing educated ele-
plants and seals as we'll as wild
bulls, etc. Several Dens have
signed up to present numerous
clown skits, Indian Snake dances,
cowboy skits, as well as wild men,
strong men and snake charmer
acts.
The more serious part of the cir
Gus viii be able demonstrations of
the Boy Scouts with pioneering
and camping, first aid and bicyc-
ling and other activities. The
Scout Circus calls for demonstra-
tions by all units in Ottawa Coun-
ty, and it is expected that over
600 boys will participate.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1949-04-29

marks up strikes. I've always ad-
mired a real bowler"
Engler asked the large crowd of
bowlers to stand with bowed
heads, III memory of the "old
timers" who have passed on.
Roy Frye, secretary of the city
tournament for the past three
years, was lauded for his work
and was presented Parker pen
and pencil set.
Teams represented at the league
banquet included Urb's Cafe, Port
Clinton Candy, Swan Cleaners,
Clinton Mems Wear, Sno-Wite
Laundry, Clark's Ice, kuzma Serv-
ice, kuehmann's Chips, Lake Erie
Sports, Morgan's Ark, Sorensen's
Market, Gordon's Market, Moose
Club, Port Clinton Sales & Serv-
ice, Rube's Service and Twentieth
Century.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1949-04-29

s8O-Yard Relay: Port Clinton
(Lukac, Branum, Migala, Bel
shaw, first. Time: LAO.
44O-Yard Dash: MCGEE, PC,
first; Leroy Buehler, OH, second,
and Sprague, OH, third. Time:
ST.
Mile Run: Konieczny, OH, first;
Branum, PC, second; Schiller, OH
third. Time: SAT-.
Bowling Green and Sandusky
thinclads were to be in Port Clin-
ton this Thursday afternoon (Apr
28) at Ais for the second tri-
school meet in two days. AS us
ual, the track meet will be held in
True-Lay stadium and the tough
competition should attract good
crowd.
While the date is only tenta.
tive, the Redskins may travel to
Genoa next Thursday, May 5, fol
the postponed meet originally sci
for April 20. The Redskins are
also scheduled to participate in
the DeVilbiss (Toledo) Relays or
Friday, May 6.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1949-04-29
CAUDERNS PLAN
new BUILDINGS
Marine Filling Station and
Piers Are Under Construc-
tiOn Along River

Construction of $4,000 build
ing project in North Madison
street was started for Tom and
Park Gaudern early this week,
following signing of 10-year
land lease with the Standard Oil
Company.
Dredging for piers along the
Portage river frontage of the
property started Tuesday. Steel
sheet piling will be placed for
permanency.
Gauderns plan to have a build
ing constructed for their marine
headquarters. They will handle
marine gas supplies and piers
will be built so that boats can
reach the pumps easily.
A row boat harbor is also in
cluded in the construction plans.
Gauderns have announced that
their popular night pickerel fish
ing trips will start May 7. They re-
Gently purchased new all-steel
boat for this purpose.
In the future, the concern will
feature trips to the islands, night
fishing parties, pleasure rides
reef parties, and row boat rent,
ais besides the gasoline conces-
sion.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1949-04-29
SCOTT. TO HEAD.
S0FTbALL LOOP.
Twelve Teams To Participate
In City League This
Summer

John Scott was elected president
of the Port Clinton Independent
Softball League Monday night at
meeting of league officials and
managers.
Orville Taylor was named as
vice-president and Bill Mack was
reelected as secretary. Scott and
Taylor succeed Paul !Schmitt and
George Greer.
This years season will get un-
derway on Monday evening, May
%. Games win be played at two
or three different diamonds to be
designated later.
The league will be composed of
at least IL teams, with a good
chance that it will be twelve even
with the addition of a new Engi-
neer Company squad from Camp
Perry.
All teams must have their ros-
ter and entry fee of fifteen dollars
in by Monday, May IA. There will
be another meeting of league Off
Gals and managers on May 9 when
schedules will be drawn up and
final diamond arrangements com.
pleted.
Anyone interested in applying
as a league umpire should contact
one of the officers. There are
openings for two or three.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1949-04-29
SWAN B0WLERS GET AWARDS
AT ANNUAL LEAGUE BANQUET

Trophies for winning the league
championship were presented to
members of the Swan Cleaners
squad Thursday evening when
the Handicap League banquet was
held in the Log Cabin, Bay Bridge.
Carlton Schwan, sponsor of the
team, accepted the team trophy
from Master of Ceremonies Rod
ney Granstaff. Individual troph-
les We're presented to team mem
bers Mickey" Migala, Don Brede-
hoft, Herb Miesle, Lou Engler
and Mike Drusbacky.
Rev. Robert Reider and Walter
Johnson were principal speakers
at the banquet, poth discussing
bowling.
After the banquet, team cap
tains met to elect the following
officers: Les Sherry, president; /;
Carp Semon, vice-president, and
Ellsworth Petersen, secretary, to
replace Don Bredehoft, who re-
signed.
Granstaff paid tribute to mem
bers who have filled office since
the association was organized. In
presenting a watch to John Eng
Ter, secretary of the City Bowling
Association, Granstaff lauded Eng
Ter for his excellent service and
for having his "heart and soul''
in bowling.
In accepting the gift, Engler
stated: "As secretary of the City
Bowling Association, | have been
a member of the whole bowling
family. I've seen some of the old
timers give up the game, and
mourn others who have gone tc
where the Scorekeeper always
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1949-04-29
Candy Bowlers
Take Fourth Spot

Port Clinton Candy Company
bowlers took all three games from
the Pioneer Rubber Company;
Clinton Mems Wear lost two to
Bing Furnitures, of Sandusky, and
salvaged one game from the Pio-
neer Rubbers, of Willard, in Sun
day league games.
The Candy Men have now sewed
up fourth place in the N. @.
Travel League with only a few
postponed games for lower teams
remaining. First place in the
league goes to the Sandusky Auto
Dealers; second to Swan Cleaners;
third to Smokey's Inn, of Fos-
toria, and fourth to p. c. Candy
Steve Haverlack's 222 was high
score. Others were as follows:
Clarence Quisno, 215; Harry SAM
pie, 2O9-2O6; Hark Selgo, 20e;
Adam Gressman, 2O5; E. Puffen-
berger, POS; Waldo Lindemann,
204; Dewey Fielder, POI, and Rod
Granstaff, 200.
Don Bredehoft and Herb Miesle,
of Swan Cleaners, jumped into
fourth place in the Genoa Sweep
stakes doubles tournament Sunday
by hitting 1912.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1949-04-29
Dorothea Gulau
To Join Local Firm

Miss Dorothea Gulau, daughter
of Mr.. and Mrs. j. II. Gulau,
Gypsum, and present Supervisor
of Kindergartens in Fostoria, will
become partner in The Young &
Schade Company soon, according
to an announcement this week by
Kenneth Young and George
Schade.
Miss Gulau has had wide expert
ence in the teaching field, A grad
uate of Port Clinton high school
and Ohio University, she taught
in Gypsum and Fostoria and was
employed as reading expert for
the Row Peterson Company,
Evanston, Illinois.
This company publishes text
books and readers used in public
schools. This experience created
within Miss Gulau an extreme in
terest in children of all ages. On
June 1, she will step out of her
career in the field of public edu-
cation and become a part of The
Young and Schade Company.
Miss Gulau will concentrate
her efforts to provide customers
with a better and more complete
gift and children's book and game
facilities. She was popular
member of the stores staff last
summer.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1949-04-29
McDougall Heads
Quartet Chapter

Warren McDougall has been
elected president of Port Clinton's
chapter for the Preservation and
Encouragement of Barber Shop
Quartet Singing of America.
Other officers named include DR..
Richard Semon vice president;
William Anderson, secretary, and
William Faust, Sr., treasurer. The
new officers will take office on
July l.
Acknowledgements have been
received from five outstanding
quartets, promising to be here
May Is to participate in the Char
ter Night program.
Included are the variety Four
and "The Marksmen" of Toledo
and the Lorain "Steelblenders"
ranking as among the best quar-
tets in the state.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1949-04-29
Cont Sells Bldg.
To Kenneth Black

Sam Cont has sold his Lake
craft Welding Company building,
Route 2, east of the city, to Ken
meth Black, who plans to move his
Black Machine Shop equipment to
the building as soon as possible.
Mr.. Cont plans to construct an
other building in the area, where
he will continue his welding bust .
ness. Mr.. Black recently sold his
Madison street building to the
Allan Brothers.
Mr.. Black states that plans for
extensivere modelling of the build
ing now occupied by Mr.. Cont are
underway and that machinery and
equipment of Blacks Machine
Company will be moved from the
present location on Madison Street
to the new site as soon as re-
modelling is completed.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1949-04-29
Majorettes Strut
At Legion Council

Cochran's Majorettes of Port
Clinton furnished the entertain
ment Monday evening when the
Ottawa County Council American
Legion met in Elmore Legion
Hall, Council Commander George
Brandow of Elmore, reports.
Vice Commander Oscar Haar,
Genoa, was in charge of the meet
ing. Discussion centered around
membership and each post in the
county will make a special effort
to meet their quota by May |.
Next meeting of the county coun-
ell will be held in the Oak Har-
Dor Legion Hall, Monday, May %,
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1949-04-29

C. E. Televisi0n and MOtor0la.
Free demonstration in your own
home. Hablitzel Co. Hit
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1949-04-29

Americas first newspaper was
established in 1704.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1949-04-29
Local COED Joins
Honor Society

Miss Dorothea Jensen, daughter
of Mr.. and Mrs. John Jensen, Gyp-
sum, last week was initiated into
Pi Gamma Mu, national Social
Science honor society, at Toledo
University.
Membership is limited to faculty
members, Juniors, seniors and
graduates, who show themselves
worthy of the honor by unusual in
terest and aptitude in the study
of such sciences.
This is Dorothea's second elec-
ton to a national honor society
this year. In January she was
elected to Kappa Delta Pi, a ma
tional honorary education society.
She is majoring in education and
Social Science.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1949-04-29
Permit Holders
Hear Judge Hunt

A floor show, performed by
members of the organization, was
a big hit Monday night when Ito
members and guests were present
at the annual banquet of the Otta-
wa County Permit Holders in the
Avalon Mite Club.
Col. Russell Smith and Col.
Charles Schmidt, representatives
of the State Association, and
Judge William L. Hunt were guest
speakers. Nicholas Haddad, To-
ledo, in charge of the Northwest
Ohio district, accompanied Smith
and Schmidt. The banquet was
served by ladies of the organiza-
ton.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1949-04-29
Gypsum PTA Plans
Fun Mite Program

Members of the Portage Town
ship P. 7. A. will sponsor Fun
Night" program at the next meet
ing to be held Monday, May 9,
at s o'clock. The program is open
to everyone, not only for children,
and many adults are now planning
stunts, songs or recitations for the
show.
Mrs. G. V. Knepper, Gypsum
teacher, will be in charge of the
program. The PTA will provide
Judges and prizes. The committee
hopes to make this the biggest
and best program Of the year.
Ottawa County news. (Port Clinton, Ohio) 1931-1956, 1949-04-29
Ernie Bass Boxes
In Brooklyn Show

Ernest w. Bass, Jr., seaman,
USN, Port Clinton, serving aboard
the submarine tender USS Pro-
teus, berthed at the Submarine
Base, New London, Conn.,, is par
ticipating in the Third Naval Dis
trict Boxing Tournament being
held in Brooklyn, New York, this
week.
Bass, a featherweight weighing
126 pounds, has fought in Navy
Smokers at Terminal Island, CAL,
Key West, Fla, and Naval Air
Station, Kaneohe, Honolulu, and
has never been defeated.