davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Smyrna times., 1949-03-17

les, tomato growers and the Agri-
cultural Extension specialists dis
cussed methods of increasing to-
mato yields in the state.
1t was pointed out that the av-
erage yield of tomatoes in Della
ware is about tons per acre. This
average yield is so low that farm
ers do not make a profit most
years.
Each speaker mentioned certain
practices that should be used to in
crease yields. These practices in
cluded: good soil management,
proper fertilization, use Of starter
solution, grading plants, sidedress-
ing, close spacing, control of dis
eases and insects, regular and
prompt picking.
Mr.. Walter AXE of Libby Mcneil
and Libby acted as chairman of the
meeting. Speakers included R. o.
Smyrna times., 1949-03-17

Bausman, e. p. Brasher, r. f.
Stevens. J. w. Heuberger, L. A.
Stearns, all of the University of
Delaware. County Agents Ed
Schabinger. William Tarbell and
William Sloan conducted discus
sion periods. Mr.. John Herholdt
and o. C. Sheets of the State
Board of Agriculture discussed the
marketing services of this agency.
DR.. George Gives of the U.SD.A.
outlined the tomato grades and
Mr.. Walter Lappan explained the
canning stock grades.
Smyrna times., 1949-03-17
TOMATO YIELD
DISCUSSION
Meeting at Dover Sponsored
by Tri-State Packers
Association
LOW YIELD IN STATE

Methods of increasing tomato
yields were discussed at a meeting
at the Hotel Richardson, Dover,
on Thursday, March 10th. This
meeting was sponsored by the Tri-
State Packers Association in coop
Grafton with the Delaware Agricul-
tural Extension Service. Repre-
sentatives Of Delaware Canning
Companies, Commercial Compan-
Smyrna times., 1949-03-17

Most popular project for Della
ware boys this year was garden
ing, with 211 enrollees. Corn rated
next, with 1872 boys taking this
Smyrna times., 1949-03-17

project. The girls showed prefer
ence for clothing and food projects,
with 382 and 213 participants re-
spectively.
Smyrna times., 1949-03-17

poultry, dairy, swine, field crops,
record keeping, and a new project
this year, leadership.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1949-01-09
Prominent Society
Will Be in Boxes
For AmateHr SbO1V

An imposing audience Of official
and residential society will be on
hand Wednesday evening in Consti-
tuition Hall to hear the special per-
Torrance of 1.-THE Original Amateur
Hour, produced by the Major Bowes
staff and sponsored by the National
Symphony Orchestra Association.
Boxhplders for this two-hour pro-
gram of entertainment include the
Attorney General and Mrs. Tom
Clark, Director John Edgar Hoover
of the Federal Bureau of Inyestiga-
ton, the Chief of Protocol of the
State Department and Mrs. Stanley
Woodward, Gen. and Mrs. Carl
Spaatz, Admiral and Mrs. Emory
Scott Land, Mr.. and Mrs. Walter
Bruce Howe, Mr.. and Mrs. Milton
King, Mrs. Robert Woods Bliss, Mrs.
Edwin B. Watson, DR.. and Mrs. Hans
Kinder, Commissioner John Russell
Young of the District of Columbia
and Mr.. and Mrs. Darrell Smith.
Miss Drucie Snyder and Miss Jane
Lingo will be in a box, and others
include Mrs. Robert H. Dunlap, Mrs.
Charles Hamilton Maddox, Judge
and Mrs. Clarence Norton Goodwin,
Mr.. and Mrs. c. Melvin Sharpe, Mr..
and Mrs. Edward Fontaine, Mr.. and
Mrs. H. J. Golladay, Mr.. and Mrs.
Melvin Hildreth, Mr.. and Mrs. Frank
Boucher, Mr.. and Mrs. Paul Schwarz
Mr.. and Mrs. Jake SlaX, Maj. Robert
H. Barrett, Mr.. and Mrs. Sam
Galanti and many others.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1949-01-09
Fen Parties in Servicey
Since Holidays Ended
Army Medical Center Awaits
Gen., Mrs. STREETS Arrival
By Betty Murphy

The post holiday slump has made
definite impression on the service
party pace and while few events
are planned there certainly isn't the
avalanche of parties that crowded
the December calendar.
Every one at the Army Medical
Center seems to be standing by for
the arrival of Maj. Gen. and Mrs.
Paul STREET. The new commanding
general and his wife are due from
San Antonio Saturday and at the
moment a large official reception in
their honor is being planned for
Monday. The STREETS have teen
age daughter who'll stay in Texas
to finish the school year and son
who's a cadet at West Point. So
neither will come to Washington
till summer.
Two birthdays prompted the cock
tail party Col. and Mrs. Rufus Holt
gave Wednesday at the Army Medi-
cal Center. One anniversary was
Col. Hollis. the other Maj. Gen
Shelley U. Marietta's. The two have
served together several times.
Col. and Mrs. Perry Mccoy Smith
will say goodby to few friends at
the monthly buffet supper Sunday
night in the Fort McNair Off1cers
Club. They will leave soon for West
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1949-01-09
Exclusively Yours,
Frank Mccarthy Deserts Gay Paree for Hollywood;
Myth About Nine. Chang Exploded by Tiffin Club

Going places:
Bachelors Frank Mccarthy and
Rupert Allen-dropping into Wash
ington any day now. In fact,
they are supposed to- be land
ing in New York this week end,
thus ending two glamorous years in
Paris, where Frank headed the Mo-
ton Picture Association of America,
Inc. in France and poppy. amusing
Rupert was his assistant. They've
entertained all the bright American
lights there from Marlene Dietrich
to Averell Hartman and undoubt-
eddy Gen. George Marshall, too,
F. MS former boss.
Frank, whose meteoric rise puts
him in the forefront of able young
men, is going on to a usher job.
Secretary of the War Department
General Staff at 80. Assistant Secre-
tary of State In charge of admin
istration at SO, the youngest man
ever to hold such top job, he is
now going to be assistant to the
executive producer at goth Century
Fox-i. e., Daryl Zanuck. The other
half of the McCarthy-Alle working
team is going with him. But for
the next month they'll be stirring
up interest in various vicinities in
the East.
Spirited Spanish Ambassador Felix
Lequerica and Charge d'Affaires
Senior Don German Baraibar-
south to st. Augustine next month
to see the recently rebuilt Spanish
governors house in the Oldest set
tlement in the United States. They
will make recommendations to the
Royal Academy of History in
Madrid, which is going to decorate
the interior in furnishings of that
period-a gift to the United States.
Needless to say. the two ENJOYS will
go farther south to see what's what
in American beach resorts
Svelte-looking Connie Landa-of
the end of this month for two weeks
of skiing in Switzerland. She doesn't
know which peak she's going to slide
down-just wherever the SHOWS are
best when she gets there. She is
winging her way over, so is faced
with a slight problem-how to get
everything from bulky ski outfits to
a dazzling ball gown into one suit
case. It's all very scientific, she
says. Husband Art will join Con-
ME in Spain and then they will head
for a vacation in that heavenly spot,
the Island of Mallorca.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1949-01-09
Diplomatic Set
Will Be Guests
1t Piano Concert

The heads of missions of IL coun-
tries will be guests of honor We'd
nesday evening at the two-piano
concert which will be given at the
United Nations Club by Joana and
Louise Leschin.
Those accepting the invitation to
be honor guests at the performance
are the Ambassador of Honduras
and Sonora de Caceres, the Cuban
Ambassador and Sonora de Belt, the
Ambassador of Ell Salvador and
Sonora de Castro, the Chinese Am
bassador and Nine. Koo, the Bolivian
Ambassador and Sonora de Vargas,
the Chilean Ambassador and Sonora
de Nieto del Rio and the Ambassador
of Haiti. Mr.. Joseph Charles.
Others on this list are the Colon
bian Ambassador and Sonora de
Restrepo-Jaramillo, the Ambassador
of Ecuador and Sonora de Dillon,
the Ambassador of Guatemala and
Sonora de Gonzales Arevalo, the
Ambassador of Panama and Sonora
de Vallarino, the Brazilian Ambas-
sador, Senior Mauricio Nabuco, and
the Charge d'Affaires of Uruguay
and Sonora de Mora.
Ofhcial hostess for the evening will
be Mrs. Parker Dove.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1949-01-09
Fantasy in Fnrs
Will Be Feature
OF Valentine Ball

Fantasy in Furs," the most ex-
travagant and lavish fashion show
ever to be staged in Washington
will be the featured entertainment
at the benefit Valentine Ball, which
the American Newspaper Women's
Club will hold on Monday evening,
February IA, in the grand ballroom
of the Hotel Statler.
A collection of fabulous furs, val
ued at $250,0O0 will be modelled by
glamorous associate members of the
club. These models will wear their
own magnificent jewels and their
favorite ball gowns with the furs.
Some of the furs are originals by
French designers and will be brought
from Paris especially for the ball.
Others are creations by American
designers. All of them will be
loaned to the club by Jandel Furs Of
Washington. Proceeds of the bene-
fit ball will be added to the clubs
building fund.
The president of the American
Newspaper Women's Club is Miss
Grace McGerr, who has appointed
the following chairmen: Mrs. VIII
liam Candy, general chairman; Mrs.
Robert Freer, chairman of patron
esses; Mrs. William Fulbright, chair
man of hostesses; Mrs. Cloyd Heck
Marvin, chairman of boxes; Mrs.
Gladstone Williams, chairman of
the fashion show; Miss Katharine
Brooks. chairman of publicity; Mrs.
James Boyer, chairman of souvenir
program; Miss Margaret Germond,
ticket chairman; Miss Patricia Nc
Gerr, chairman of invitations: Mrs.
Joseph Harrington, chairman of
door prizes, and Mrs. HOBART Brooks,
chairman of bond booth.
Ticket Committee members will be
on duty at the clubhouse, 1904 Twen-
tieth street, for the sale of tickets
every day from 1920 to 8 o'clock.
beginning January II. Reserva-
lions may be made by mail or by
phoning North 6531.
Tomorrow afternoon the club will
entertain at tea in honor of Prapasi
editor and publisher
of the Nakorn Sarn Daily Of Siam.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1949-01-09
Gala Ice Sb01V
DratVs Support
OfPresidemt
Armed Forces
Club Benefit

With the President and Mrs. Tru-
man heading the list of patrons,
these are busy days at the Soldiers,
Sailors and Marines Club, where
preparations are going forward-for
the gala benefit performance on
the opening night of the Iceca-
pades of 1949 on Thursday evening,
January u, at the Uline Arena.
Invitations to subscribe for tickets
are now being sent out by Mrs.
Mark z. Andrews and members Of
her committee, including Mrs. Ray
mond McLain, Mrs. Oliver Spauld-
ing, Mrs. Truman Landon, Mrs.
Oliver p. Smith and Mrs. Homer
Case.
Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whit
ney is chairman of entertainment
for the benefit, and those working
with her are Mrs. Gordon Gray,
Mrs. Eugene M. Zuckert. Mrs.
Charles Buchanan. Mrs. Merlin
O'Neill and Mrs. William Wallace.
Mrs. Clifton B. Gates heads the
committee on boxes, those assist
ing being Mrs. Arthur Macarthur,
Mrs. Lauris Norstad, Mrs. Wade A.
Haislip and Mrs. Carl johnson, and
Mrs. Carl Spaatz is soloing on pa
irons and patronesses.
Mrs. E. D. Foster is In charge of
tickets and has on her committee
Mrs. Edgar c. Erickson, Mrs. r. c.
Kilmartin, Mrs. w. P. T. Hill, Mrs.
Lawrence S. Kuter, Mrs. Julius A.
Furer, Mrs. Richard Burke and Mrs.
A. B. Quinton, jr.
Mrs. Albert G. Noble is taking
care of the printing and Mrs. John
B. Goodell is chairman of adver-
Using for the benefit. Mrs. George
w. Human, Mrs. w. w. Honaker,
Mrs. Edward Hallorar and Mrs.
James w. Boyer are on Mrs. Luther
Sneldon's publicity committee.
Many other women who are active
IN the operation of the club are
serving in various capacities for the
success of the benefit.
General chairman for the benefit
Is Mrs. John Nicholas Brown and
Mrs. William H. Arnold is co-chair-
man. Mrs. Ralph L. Walker, Mrs.
William D. Chandler, Mrs w. H.
Bales and Mrs. Layson Atkins are
members of the committee.
Tickets for the thrilling and COL
orful performance, which promises
to outshine all previous Icecapades.
are on sale at the Uline Arena, the
Pathways Sport Shop and at the Sol
diers, Sailors and Marines Club at
1015 L street. Reservations may
be made by telephone at the club
by calling Sterling 1890
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1949-01-09
Betty Beak-

had filled their house with yellow
roses. The former Representative
from New York and friend of Theo-
dore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and
F. D. r., is SO years old, still straight
as a die and riding horseback. Mrs.
Davenport was actually able to fit
in and wore her white satin, pearl
embroidered wedding dress-after
so years!
Brownie Knox Smith and husband
Dick are now permanently ensconced
at SOLO Klingle street. The daughter
of Mrs. McCook Knox and her
husband have been living in Charles
ton, S. c., came here so Dick could
take a job with Time Louise
Alexander dashed up for the Phila-
delphia Assembly Friday night. es-
corted by Charles P. H. Morgan of
Philadelphia and Washington E.
Bertha Joseph says Sergeant-at-
Arms Joseph Duke is the new glamor
boy of the Senate 80.
49,
In the midst of China's distress
the little Tiffin Club in Washington
staged the Chinese Bazaar at the
Mayfiower, raised over 5000 and
has already sent it to the far of
country to meet the pressing needs
of American supported colleges,
hospitals, orphanages, etc. Nine.
Chang Kai-shek's hour visit at the
bazaar added much to its success.
China's first lady is currently en-
joying a respite from the unfavor-
able publicity that greeted her upon
her arrival. Whence came the sub
versive sounding, unfounded rumors
that were tossed in her direction
no one seems to know, but Mrs.
Frederick Brooke, chairman of the
bazaar, exploded one.
One of the most booted about
stories of Nine. Chang claimed
that she extravagantly occupied a
whole floor at the Columbia Presby-
terrain Medical Center in New York
when she was i'll during her last
trip. Mrs. Brooke, who believes
facts should be substantiated where
help is to be given, went to the
bottom of the case. She has let
ter from the hospital stating that
Mime. Chang and. her companion
occupied two rooms in a newly
opened floor in the hospital simply
because there wasn't room to put
her anywhere else.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1949-01-09

Winsome faced, pretty Pauline
Morgan-off to her native England
February 10. The daughter of the
able British Military Chief here,
Gen. Sir William Morgan, will say
farewell to Washington and Ran
leigh, the Colonial home they leased
in Mclean, Va, and sail on the
Queen Mary. She's going for good
and that's bad for her scores of
Washington friends. :. Burke Will
kinson, who has authored a U-boat
mystery story in the current Satur-
day Evening Post, and his wife Fran
will entertain at dinner for her
on the 18th.
Retired Gen. and Mrs Oliver
Echols-moving to California about
FEBRUARY /, where Gen. Echols, now
president of Aircraft Industries As
ISOLATION, will become chairman OF
the board of Northrop Aircraft in
Hawthorne. They will live in Bever-
ly Hills, though. Among raft of
parties coming up for them are Col.
and Mrs. Monty Monroe's cocktail
affair on the 10Th; Mr.. and Mrs.
William E. Wrather'S dinner on the
22d. Mr.. Wrather Is head of the
American Institute of Metallurgical
Engineers, which goes by the in
-triguing name of Anne, which, If ]
Know my French, must be lovable
organization.
Charming Princess Cantacuzene-
already gone to Sarasota, Fla,
where she spends part of every win
ter in her summer home. She'll
be there about three months.
n x*
More about parties and people:
Aviatrix Jacqueline Cochrane and
husband Floyd Odlum will be down
from New York next week, are
throwing a cocktail party at the
Statler on the 18th. q. Mr.. and Mrs.
Norman Munster will have Mrs. Rus
sell Shelton of Paducah, KY, as
their house guest from the 18th for
two weeks. She's coming UP, along
with q whole delegation from Pa
ducah, to see friend Alben Barley
take the vice presidential oath Of
Office. The Cuban Ambassador
and Sonora de Belt are giving a
diner on the 9th.
And a party to be remembered
was the large cocktail affair given by
Mr.. and Mrs. Frederick Davenport
the other day to celebrate their
golden wedding anniversary. Friends
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1949-01-09

Point. Their youngsters, George
Anne and Mccoy, who are in high
school here, have changed schools
Is times already, so enrolling in a
new one won't phase them bit
Col. Smith was stationed in Italy
before he came to Washington 16
months ago.
Spending the week end with the
Smiths at the moment are Mrs. Ed
ward N. Fay and her son William.
With Col. Fay they were evacuated
from Marking. China, a short while
ago and Col. Fay was sent to Tokyo
He recently cabled his family to join
him. So they'll be leaving shortly.
Parties Being Planned
The Assistant Secretary of the
Navy for Air and Mrs. John Mich
olas Brown have invited, guests for
dinner Saturday before the dancing
class at the Sulgrave Club.
1t. Gen. and Mrs. Raymond S.
McLain will be cocktail hosts Fri
day at the National War College.
Maj. Gen. and Mrs. Anthony C.
McAuliffe, who will leave soon for
Tokyo, will be honor guests at a
small dinner Col. and Mrs. Bertram
A. Holtzworth will give on the 21st.
Rear Admiral and Mrs. Philip B.
Eaton will arrive from Watch Hill,
r. l., on the 18th and will spend a
week at the Shoreham. Already
slated for Mrs. Eaton is the tea
Mrs. Emerson Howe will give on
the 23d.
Col. and Mrs. Frank Mears will
entertain Betty and Emily Arnold,
daughters of Maj. Gen. and Mrs.
William Howard Arnold, and their
f1ances at the Army Navy Country
Club on the 29th. Mr.. and Mrs.
Ogle Singleton will give a cocktail
party for them about the same time,
and Joan Nicholl, daughter of 1t
Col. and Mrs. Maynard c. Nicholl,
plan shower.
To be Maid of Honor
Emily has completed plans for
her marriage to Parkman Halsey
Clancy on February rs. The cere-
mony will take place at 8 o'clock
in the evening in the little chapel
at Fort Myer and an old friend OF
the family, Father Clarence R. Ford
professor of education at St. Bona
venture College in Allegany, N. Y.
will oftlciate. A reception for sew
eral hundred guests will be given
in the Fort McNair Officers Club
Betty, who will be married in
April, will be her sisters maid OF
honor and Mrs. John c. Theys, Mr.
Clancys sister. will be matron OF
honor. Washington bridesmaids
will be Virginia Timberman, Monica
Blodgett Gaillard and Joan Nicholl
Elizabeth Standish Darst and Doris
Wilhemena Dahlen of st. Louis and
Jane Westerfield Adams of Houston
are the others.
Charles Henry Watts will be best
man for Mr.. Clancy and Betty's
f1ance, 1t. James Howard Dallman,
will be one of the ushers. Other
Washington ushers will be Barry
Freer, William Quigley keenan,,
Victor w. Storey and Frank H.
Dram, jr. William Howard Arnold,
jr., will come from Cornell Uni
versity to usher and Hugh w.
Marley will arrive from Staten
Island, SiX-year-old Joseph Cole
man Arnold will be the ring bearer.
1t. Gen and Mrs. Willard S. Paul,
who will leave Washington satur-
day for Florida, were entertained
at cocktails during the week by
Brig. Gen. and Mrs. j. j. OHare.
Gen. Paul was retired on the 31st
and he and Mrs. Paul will spend
1see BETTY MURPHY, Page DAD
Evening star., 1949-01-09

IT had been looking for the right
man to illustrate The American
Adventure" said Arthur J. Lafave,
owner of the syndicate. "As soon
as Mr.. Heilman had drawn his first
sample strip, it was evident that he
was the man"
Mr.. Lafave created the feature
as an answer to complaints from
parents, teachers and children.
Parents and teachers have COM
planned that comics often stimu-
late impressionable young readers
to undesirable activities" he said.
And children have complained that
history, as they get it in school, is
dull.
The American Adventure will
make an honest attempt to make
history exciting and to raise the
whole level of comics by showing
that the true, the real, can be more
satisfying than what is fantastically
unreal and shallow.
Nothing in fiction Is more fasci-
mating than the true story Of the
American adventure-the perilous
voyage of discovery, the exploration
and settlement of an unknown ON
tinent, the slow development rom
such tiny beginnings as jamestown
and Plymouth to the greatest ma
ton in the world
Evening star., 1949-01-09
Pre-Joi Mental Tests Urged
For All Convicts in MARYLAND

trial magistrates on the sentencing
of prisoners.
This would "be of inestimable
value" in wedding out sex offenders
and others potentially dangerous
who are picked up for minor VIC.
lations, the commission said.
Intelligent men as we'll as less
intelligent ones can be defective
dellnquents," the commission said
after two-year study, adding that
all intelligent man with an emo
tional disorder" needs treatment
just as much as a criminal with a
subnor:nal 10.
New Institution Urged.
1t recommended that new "in-
stitution for defective delinquents
be built. The group estimated that
more than 10 per cent of all those
individuals requiring detention are
defective delinquents who can only
be handled properly in a special
institution"
Mental examinations should be
ordered for all sex offenders and
those who show persistent ag-
gravated anti-social or criminal be-
havior," it added Mandatory pre-
trial examinations to determine
whether a prisoner is insane would
be ordered in capital offenses.
Bills Incorporating the commits
sion's reforms are being prepared
by the attorney general.
Evening star., 1949-01-09
Bowling Center Ruin,
.WiI| Be Searched 10
Fix Cause Of Fire

Ruins of the Alexandria Recrea-
ton Center, destroyed by fire yes
terday, will be searched by State
and city fire authorities today in
an effort to determine what started
the blaze.
Alexandria Fire Chief Bernard
Padgett and Assistant Fire Chief
William Barber late yesterday &C
companied a deputy State fire mar
shall to the burned building, which
housed 80 bowling alleys. Their
search of the ruins, however. was
interrupted by darkness. While
there, they found some insulation
still smouldering and the No. 5
Engine Co. was recalled to prevent
the flames from breaking out anew.
Mr.. Barber said it was planned to
resume the inspection today.
Workmen last night were pump
ing water from the remains of the
brick building. The loss was eSti-
mated by Mr.. Barber at S15O,0O0.
Charles H. Tompkins, president of
the contracting company which
erected the building, said, however,
it would cost S250,O00 to replace the
structure at today's costs. A spokes-
man for his company said no de-
cision had been made about re-
building.
Nine Firemen Injured.
Edwin S. Mitchell, manager of
the alleys, is attempting to make
arrangements with other alleys in
nearby Virginia to accommodate the
leagues that used the center. The
remaining bowling center in Alex
andria can accommodate only a
snaA group. THE city's other large
bowling center in Del Ray was des-
troyed by fire in 1914.
Yesterdays fire first was noticed
about $50 am. by an attendant at
nearby gas station who saw flames
burst through the front window.
Four Alexandria engine companies
responded. Nine fremen were in
jured slightly and an ambulance
driver was overcome by smoke dur
ing the six hours they remained on
the scene. Smoke from the fire
blanketed downtown Washington.
The recreation center is located
in the 500 block of Montgomery
Evening star., 1949-01-09
By the Assoeioted Press

ANNAPOLIS, Jan. 8.-A State
commission on crime psychiatrJ
urged today that all convicts be
screened for mental ills before be.
ing sent to Jail.
In report to Gov. Lane, the
group called for sweeping changes
in the Maryland penal law to give
"a flexible approach" to the prob
lem of crime and punishment.
All prisoners should be proc
essed" at pre-jail mental labora-
tories and given "psychiatric ap-
praisal and sociological investiga-
tion," it said.
Under this plan, Maryland judges
would sentence criminals merely tc
the State Department of Correction
rather than to specific prisons. After
screening, the department then
would assign the offender to an
appropriate Jail.
Is On Commission.
The commission to study medico-
legal psychlatry-a group of IS doc
tors, judges and legislators headed
by John H. Skeen, jr-was author
lied by the 1947 General Assembly
to draw up program for the 194s
legislature.
1t urged that a State medical
court service" run by psychiatrists
be established to advise judges and