davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29
UNIVERSAL MAN,:
johann Won Goethe

From every state in the union
and from many foreign lands. dis
tinguished visitors are pouring into
the historic little frontier town OF
Aspen. Colo. to pay honor TO a man
born 200 years ago.
The Goethe Bicentennial Convo-
cation and Music Festival (June
27-July 49, is presenting an impos-
ing roster Of thinkers. writer's.
statesmen. philosophers. educators
and musicians who will seek to re-
examine and re-interpret the works
and philosophy of Johann Wolfgang
Won Goethe. the Universal Man, as
it pertains to the atomic age.
HEADING the impressive list Of
lecturers is Albert Schweitzer, of
French Equatorial Africa-phil-
osopher. doctor. musician, theo-
Logan - acknowledged throughout
the civilized world as the foremost
modern disciple of Goethe.
The music festival, running in
conjunction with the ~convocation,
will feature compositions based on
Goethe's work S. monumental
music of equal stature to Goethe,
and music contemporary to him
and known to have been inspiration
al to him.
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29

fixed the fair market value o
the property at the amount Sc
after the description: which
amount constitutes and repre-
sents the reappraised value a:
fixed by the Board as of thi:
date.
No. L. NJ of Sec. 10, Twp.
6 No. Range 81 East M.P.M.
Approx. 800 acres. $500 acre.
There is back taxes to the
amount of S95.71 on above
land which will have to be
paid by purchaser.
No. 2. All Sec. %, Twp. Z
No. Range 80 East, M.P.M.
Approx. $40 acres. S2.25
acre.
All the above described land
is sold with reservation unto
Yellowstone County. Montana,
its successors and/or assigns, Ga
percentum of all oil and/or gas
and other Hydro-C Cartons, pro-
duced and saved from said land.
Also above lands are subject
to the Alkali Grazing District,
Inc. Lease which expires Feb
ruary, 28th, 1850.
Such sale will be for cash, or
on such terms as may be ap-
proved by the Board, provided,
however, that if such sale is
made on terms, at least twenty
per cent (20%) of the purchase
price shall be paid in cash at
date of sale, and the re-
mainder may be paid in INSTALL
nents extending over a period of
cot to exceed five years, and all
such deferred payments shall
bear interest at the rate of AZ
per annum.
Sales of $4,000 or less must
,e cash.
Dated May, 25th, .1949.
EARLES KNIGHT,
County Clerk.
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29
SUMMONS (For Publication

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF
THE THIRTEENTH JUDICI
AL DISTRICT OF TIL
STATE OF MONTANA IN
AND FOR THE COUNTY OF
YELLOWSTONE.
HAZEL DEMPSEY, Plaintiff,
VS..
HARRY G. DEMPSEY, Defend
ant.
THE STATE OF MONTANA TO
THE ABOVE NAMED DE
PENDANT, GREETINGS:
You are hereby summoned to
answer the complaint in this &C
ton which is filed in the office
of the clerk of this Court, a copy
of which is herewith served upon
you, and to file your answer and
serve a copy thereof upon the
Plaintiffs attorney within TWEEN
ty days after the service of this
summons, exclusive of the day of
service; and in case of your fail
ure to appear or answer, judg-
ment will be taken against you
by default, for the relief demand
ed in the complaint.
This action is brought for the
purpose of obtaining a judgment
and decree of this Court dissolv-
ing the bonds of matrimony now
existing between Plaintiff and
Defendant, on the ground of de-
wilful neglect; also for
general relief, as will more fully
appear in the complaint on file,
to which special reference is
hereby made.
First Pub. May 25, 1949-5t)
WITNESS my hand and the
seal of this Court this Bird day
IF May, 1949.
Court Seal)
KATIE DAVIES,
Clerk of the Above-entitled Court.
By Robert w. Richardson,
Deputy Clerk.
Sweeney, Attorney at Law,
laurel, Montana,
Attorney for Plaintiff.
First Pub. June Is, 1949-4t)
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29
NOTICE

NOTICE is HEREBY GIVEN
20 the owners or agents of own
ers of lands within proposed
Special Improvement District No
70 of the City of Laurel, Mon
tana, that the City Council will
be in session on the 9Th day of
July, 1949, at 1880 o'clock p. m,
and there will hear and pass
upon all protests made in writ
ing and delivered to the City
Clerk within fifteen (15) days
from the date hereof, to the
creation of Special Improvement
District No. 72, the boundaries
of which are specifically describ-
ed in Resolution No. 697, pass
ed by the City Council and ap-
proved by the Mayor of said
City and to making of said i'm
provement therein contained.
The character of the improve
ments to be made in said Special
Improvement District is as fol-
lows: Consisting principally of
the excavation of approximately
twenty-five hundred thirty
(2,230) linear feet of pipe trench,
the laying and complete installa-
ton of approximately twenty-five
hundred thirty (2,230) linear
feet of eight (8) inch vitrified
sewer pipe, together with the
complete installation of six (6)
manholes and such other Access
SORES and equipment as may be
necessary for the proper compile
ton and proper operation of the
said sewer mains, additions and
improvements, all in accordance
with the plans and specifications
of the City Engineer.
The estimated cost of the inn
rovements contemplated in
GLIDING the cost of engineering
and inspection is as follows:
Total cost $4,000.
Cost and expense of said inn
provements shall be paid in
three (3) annual installments.
Dated at Laurel, Montana,
this 18th day of June, 1949.
TILLIE HOHENDORF,
City Clerk.
(First Pub. June Is. 1949-1t)
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29
LABOR:
Bad Timinq?

Was the postwar buggy ride OF
consumer demand and increasingly
higher wages really over?
The Ford motor company thought
so and said so.
CONFRONTED with a list of de-
mands by the united automobile
workers union. the company made
a significant counter-proposal.
Instead of pay raises and pension.
health and welfare plans as drafted
by the union, the company pro-
posed to peg wages where they
are for another 10 months.
Such action, said the company,
would ''set a sterilization pattern
for the entire (nationaD economy
at this critical time"
THE UNION. among other things.
had demanded that wages be
pegged to the cost Of living.
Pointing out that the cost Of living
is down and that the market for
cars might drop up to 80 per cent
after this year. the company de-
clared fatty that it would reject
any change in the work contract
which would mean higher labor
costs-whether in the form Of wage
increases or pension or welfare
funds.
THUS the issue was Fastening to
a showdown. Could industry stand
firm against another round of wage
increases, or would labor with its
organized power so stifle industry
that capitulation would be inevi-
table1
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29
Indicted

There was much Of mystery
and charge and counter-charge
in the events out Of which grew
the federal indictment Of Pres
ton Tucker (above). Tucker and
five others were indicted by
the government on charges Of
mail fraud, conspiracy In viola-
tions Of the securities and ex-
change act. Tucker has retail
ated with charges that the secu-
rites and exchange commits
sion has made 1t impossible to
continue production Of the
Tucker car, which was to be
powered with q motor In the
rear.
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29

HAVANA, CUBA. - Once the
doctors said Alicia Alfonso.
Cuba's great ballet dancer. was
going blind.
Now she heads n Of Ameri.
cas- greatest dance organizations
and is a darling in her Own
country. She dances so beautiful
ly that anybody can enjoy bal
let. - -;
She got her big break last year
when ballet hit a slump in New
York City. Out Of a job, she Dr.
ganized her. own company,
brought it to Cuba. and was a
tremendous hit.
Now the Cubans are talking
about endowing her. A popular
movement is under way to
raise funds to finance her shows
in other nations as "Cuba's
greatest ambassadress of Gull
ture."
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29
NOTICE OF RECEIVING BIDS
FOR PURCHASE OF
SH00T. RITC

NOTICE is HEREBY GIVEN,
that the Trustees of School Dis
trict No. Z, Laurel, Montana, will
receive bids up to and including
the 18th day of July, 1919, at
a P. NJ, for the purchase of a
school bus. All bids to be left
with the Clerk of the School Dis
trict. Bidders shall quote prices
on buses with capacity from forty
eight to fifty-six passengers.
Bidders shall also give the name
of both the body and chassis, and
shall also provide complete speci-
fications of both. The price
quoted shall be the delivery
price at Laurel, Montana, and
bidders shall guarantee delivery
on or before August 18th, 1949.
Trustees reserve the right to
reject any and all bids.
Dated June 90, 1949. e
ROSELLA FRITZ, b.
Clerk of School District
No. Z. Laurel, Montana.
First Pub. June %, 1949-3t)-.
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29
News Notes

Guests June Is of Mr.. and
Mrs. Joe Munoz of Trewin dis
trict, southwest of Laurel, were
Mrs. liver ~Iversen, a daughter,
from Port Orchard, Wash, Mr..
Iversen and Dolores ~Iversen of
Paulsbo, Wash, Mrs. George
Sparks, Mrs. Lucia Bongani of
the local community, Tony Mu-
roz, Frank and Joe Munoz and
Joe Gomez.
Mr.. and Mrs. W. F. Price re-
turned from a two weeks vaca-
ton trip Wednesday evening.
They visited with Mr.. Prices
brother, Alfred Price and family
at Hinckley, Mimi, and with
Mrs. Prices brother, Erwin Dock
steader and family at Moose
Lake, Mimi. Mr.. Price and Mr..
Docksteader are former Laurel
residents.
Mr.. and Mrs. W. X. Simmons
returned to Laurel Tuesday from
Denver where they had spent
several days. The journey, by
car, was pleasant except for
much construction work that
was encountered.
Mr.. and Mrs. Carl Woodward
of Minot, n. D., We're overnight
guests Tuesday Of Mr.. and Mrs.
w. X. Simmons. The visitors
en- route home from a tour
of Glacier park.
Mr.. and Mrs. 0. r. Burdett
were in attendance June % and
26 at the Montana department
convention of Veterans of Foreign
Wars in Billings. Mr.. Burdett
is department historian. Mrs.
BUrdett, past state president of
the auxiliary, was installing Of
at the final auxiliary ses-
SIGN.
Mrs. A. X. Koch and daughter
Vici arrived in Laurel Monday
Mandan, N. D., and are
visiting Mr.. and Mrs. o. R.
.urdett this week. They ex-
oect to leave Friday for Spokane.
Mrs. Koch is the former Wanda
3urdett.
Mrs. Hugh Sweeney was host
'ss last week TO her bridge club
md had Mrs. William Connors
md Mrs. James Connors, both of
spokane, Wash, and Mrs. Ken
leth Walker as guests. The
4fternoon's awards went to Mrs.
|. H. Albertus, Mrs. d. A. Not
ingham and Mrs. Walker.
Mr.. and Mrs. Manuel Zahn
Mr.. Zahn's brother-in-law
nd sister, Mr.. and Mrs. Lyman
Grown of Coopersville, Mich, as
heir guests last week. Mr.. and
Irs. Zahn and son Roy acom-
'anied their guests on a tour of
Yellowstone park, after which
he Browns returned to their
ONE by way of Texas and Okla
oma.
Entertaining at dessert bridge,
Irs. Hugh Sweeney was hostess
to her Billings club
lembers. At the three tables in
lay the evenings awards were
on by Mrs. Worley Parsons,
r, Mrs. Dick Cunningham, Mrs.
A. Weaver and Mrs. Laverne
Odden. &
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29
PROMISES:
Mode for Housing

House Republicans indicated they
were tired of the federal housing
wrangle. So. they promised, they'd
introduce a housing bill to substi.
tute for the administrations pro-
gram.
It was said to include a plan for
privately-ouned homes and some
low-rent property. In fact. the sub
stitute measure would embody
most of the adminisu aton's slum-
clearance ideas.
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29
NOTICE TO CREDITORS

Estate of John Lackman, Jr.,
Deceased.
Notice is hereby given by the
undersigned Administrators of
the Estate of John Lackman, Jr.,
deceased to the creditors of and
all persons having claims against
the. said deceased, to exhibit
them, with the necessary vouch-
-ers. within four (4) months after
the first publication of this
notice, to the said Administra-
trix at the office of Hugh
Sweeney, Attorney-at-law at 7
First Avenue, Laurel, Montana
in the County of Yellowstone,
State of Montana.
Dated at Laurel, Montana, 9th
May, 1949.
Isl MARGARET LACKMAN
Administrative of the Estate
of John Lackman, Jr., De-
ceased.
First Pub. June 1. 1949-4t)
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29
NOTICE OF SALE
OF REAL PROPERTY BY
Z: THE COUNTY
AS Reappraised By the Board of
County Commissioners


BY order of the Board Of
County Commissioners of yell
lcwstone County, Montana, en-
tered on its minutes of the 18th
day of MAY, 1949 the Board will
on july 9th, 1949, beginning at
1890 o'clock A. M. of said day,
at the front door of the. Court
House in the City of Billings, in
Yellowstone County. State of
Montana, offer for sale at public
auction to the highest bidder all
the right, title, interest, estate,
lien, claim and demand of the
State of Montana and of said
County of Yellowstone in and
to the following real property
and the Board determined and
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29

Covert Insurance,
insurance D. -...---.-.... 1882
Chas. w. Mccormick.
insurance D. ......-.......- 29.31
Jos. l.. Mcclellan,
insurance D. ....-.~-......- 4.40
Jos. l.. Mcclellan,
insurance D. ......... GIG
Chas. w. Mace ormick
Co., insurance p.--.--. 2.21
Credit Bureau of Billings,
services .-----------.-- 1o.OU
E & R Office Machines,
services ---.------------ o.f0
Northern Garage.
supplies & storage. 31.52
Peterson Typewriter
Exchange, services ID. $500
DR.. J. l. Wernham,
services -.-----------..-. 31.oO
Mont. State Industrial
School, care of inmates 280.50
E. NJ. Farr, NJ. D.,
salary & mileage. 1852
J.. j. DeMers. salary. $3.50
Holiday Furniture Co.,
shades 3O.O4
County Auditor. re-
imburse petty cash.. SAT-
Ernest r. Jay, mileage. 47.64
County Auditor,
petty cash ....... 2.24
Yellowstone Valley Med.
Soc, services ...--. 1900
E. NJ. Farr, NJ. D.,
salary & mileage. 1926
DR.. Samuel Werner.
services 1900
Prices Pharmacy,
supplies .......... 6.4S
Naylor Electric
Co., repairs & labor. 74.35
Will Ross, Inc.
supplies ..--.f... 34.71
Harrington Surgical
Supply, supplies ..... 12.4S
Stroup Hardware Co.,
supplies 1.35
Billings Grocery Co.,
supplies ...-. 1926
.eil Co.. supplies. 26O.15
McKesson & Robbins,
Inc. supplies ...-.- 324.11
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29

FOR RENTA-room modern apt.
Inquire sol Elm ave. 1tp
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29

Storing. Cabbage.
Cabbage should be stored on Stat
ted shelves or in Slated containers
in a. cool cellar.
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29

FOR SALE-Fryers. See Lucy
Bongiani, Route L. Laurel.
6-29-2tp
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29
NOTICE

NOTICE
All classified ads to appear in this
column must be paid for in ad-
vance unless you have a charge &C
count.
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29

NOTICE
All classified ads to appear in this
column must be paid for in ad'
vance unless you have a charge &C
count.
FOR SALE-Fryers. See Lucy
Bongiani, Route l., Laurel.
6-29-2tp
WANTED-Dead and disabled
animals. picked up free of
charge. Billings Rendering Co.,
Phone $40. days. Billings, and
9-4282. nights. 12-22-tf
All types of insurance coverage
at lowest possible rates. See
Moser before YOU insure. Phone
ISL, 209 Second Ave. 1t
Merle Norman Cosmetics. 5O7
f. 9Th St.. Phone 204-M.
2-2-tf
FOR SALE - Household furni-
ture. Call 459-J afternoons or
evenings. tip
Any kind of furnace work. Write
c. H. HOren, 1T Terry Ave,
Billings. 5-4-tf
Apartment for rent, els Juniper
ave. Laurel. tip
FOR RENT-4-room unfurnish-
ed cottage. Call 215-R. 1t
FOR SALE-Lots for home sites,
sewer. water. and clear title
furnished. Herman Schessler,
phone 446. LIFT
FOR SALE-Fryers. Elsie Ku-
per, phone 0315-J-11. 6-22-2t
FOR SALE-Female cocker pup.
SIS. Phone 327-M. 6-15-3tp
FOR RENT-Small apartment,
furnished. for July and Au-
gust. Call 74-J. f-tp
FOR SALE - New 2 bedroom
house with large utility room
and unusual amount of built |
ms and closet space. Hardwood
floors, inlaid linoleum, insulat-
ed and weather stripped In
quire at Russell Motel, Laurel,
Mont. 1tp
FOR SALE-Fryers. John Ar
mour. Phi. O315-R-2. 1tp
.OST-Lady's Hamilton wrist
watch at ball park Saturday.
Bear initials G.. f.. W. Re
ward. Finder please return to
Laurel Outlook. 6-29-1t
Cor house moving, raising for
foundation, and box car haul
ing phone or write G. F. Lin
dau, Columbus No jobs too
large or small to estimate.
5-25-6t
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29

USE OUTLOOK WANT ADS.
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29
Laurel Outlook
WANT ADS
Where Opportunity Knocks

FOR SALE@Male Labrador
pups, 2 months old. M. F.
Crawford, 709 E. Main. 1tp
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29

WANTED-Dead and disabled
animals. picked up free of
charge. Billings Rendering Co..
Phone $40. days. Billings, and
9-4282. nights. 12-22-tf
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29

FOR SALE-Purebred Chester
White weaver pigs. A. l..
Grubs, Park City. 6-29-2t
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29

FOR SALE-Brooder house II
by Ia. POT Fifth Ave. 6-15-2t
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29

FOR SALE-Laurel Cafe in Lau-
rel. 6-9-tf
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29

FOR SALE-Young f~riers, alive
or dressed. SIP First Ave.
North. Phone 1851. tip
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29

FOR SALE-Fryers. John Ar
mour. Phi. 0315-R-2. 1tp
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29

FOR SALE - Household furni-
ture. Call 459-J afternoons or
evenings. tip
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29

All types of insurance coverage
at lowest possible rates. See
Moser before YOU insure. Phone
ISL, 209 Second Ave. 1t
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29
Commissioners
Proceedings

Continued from Page Eight
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29

For Real Silk and Avon Pro-
ducts call 327-W. 6-8-4tp
Laurel outlook., 1949-06-29

Merle Norman Cosmetics. 507
f.. 9Th St.. Phone 204-M.
2-2-tf
Evening star., 1949-10-06
Here's the PROOF

The results of an analysis of too suits,
one Stein suit, the second a suit pur.
chased from nationally famous chain.
Tests made by United States Testing
Company, Inc. Detailed reports auail'
able at our store.
Evening star., 1949-05-25
Maryland and District AFl
To Hear Green Tonight
by the Asseeiatsd Press

BALTIMORE, May 25.-AFI
President William Green is to give
the principal address tonight at
the annual banquet OF the Mary
land and District. Of Columbia
Federation of Labor.
Five hundred delegates are at
tending the four-day convention
which opened Monday.
The principal business yester-
day was the unanimous renomi-
nation of President Harry Cohen
and all other incumbent ofncers
for another term.
After much debate, the dele
gates voted to send back to the
Resolutions Committee resolu-
ton criticizing the American Med
ical Association for opposing Pres
ident Truman's national health
program.
Many said they are in favor Of
Mr.. Truman's proposals, but do
not want to be recorded as critical
of the ANA.
Roy c. Kirkpatrick. director OF
labor relations for the Federal
Works Agency. spoke at last
nights session. He said AN
urgent and often desperate deficit
of public works construction exists
in all parts Of the country"
Evening star., 1949-05-25
fuIbright Act Agreement
Signed by U. s. and Norway
By the Assoeioisd Press


OSLO. Norway. May 25.-An
agreement between Norway and
the United States was signed un-
der the Fulbright Act.
The agreement provides for q
special fund through settlement OF
Norwegian purchases OF Ameri-
can civilian surplus material after
the war.
Part Of the amount to be paid in
American currency by Norway, has
been put aside in Norwegian cur
rency to be used for cultural ex-
change between the United States
and Norway.
This was done after Senator
Fulbright, Democrat, of Arkansas
proposed the idea to Congress.
The Fulbright Act provides fol
scholarships fol, American stu
dents in various European insti-
tutes Of learning. and grants for
visiting American professors In
Europe.
The amount to be paid by Nor
way amounts to $3.50. 900. The
money also will be used 10 provide
for American Instructors, at Nor
wegian schools and institutions.
Evening star., 1949-05-25
u. s. Reported Asking
Dozen Nations 10 Unity
Policy on China Reds
Or fsss A.ksxsasse ssssa

PARIS. May 2s.-A responsible
American diplomatic informant
said today the United States has
asked more than q dozen leading
nations TO meet on shaping q
unified policy toward the Chinese
Communists.
The informant said the State
Department had sent notes 10
these nations. both In the Allan
tic and Pacific regions. proposing
talks TO weld a common diplo-
matte front toward the emerging
Red Chinese regime
The move. the informant said.
was touched OF IN part by re-
cent reports that India was plan
ming to recognize the Chinese Reds
as soon as they formed govern
ment for all China.
One Of the most important slg-
gestions made In the note. the
informant said. was that none of
the countries concerned should
recognize o new regime in China
without consulting the other ma
tions.
He said another suggestion was
that the powers should seek TO
bind China TO maintain an open
door policy for the West. Many
OF the big Western powers. not
ably the United States. Britain
and France. have big commercial
and economic interests in China.
The United States. Britain and
France were understood to have
concluded an informal agreement
late last year not to recognize the
Chinese Reds without consulting
one another first.
The informant said the Amer
ican notes were sent about two
weeks ago. The recipients In
cluded Britain, France. Belgium.
Holland. India. Pakistan. Aus
tralia. New Zealand. ceylon and
the Union OF South Africa.
Evening star., 1949-05-25
By Fred Thompson

NGHAI. up. h e n
Shanghai passed under the Red
banner. Communism not only ac-
quired its largest city. but it took
over one Of the mots unusual
cities on earth. It also took over
a city that is dying.
Like most population centers In
China. Shanghai's origin Is lost
in history. AS the village Of
Nantao. on the soggy banks Of
the Whangpoo River. it Is said to
predate the 18th Century.
AS a great international port. 1t
is not 100 years old.
Shanghai-greatest Of the treaty
ports-was sired by the West and
mothered by the East. The en-
croachment Of the modern West
on the backward East made her
great. In a way. she represented
a victory of the invading COM
mercial forces of the West over
the traditional resistance of the
East.
/ It has been said that Shanghai,
Western shrine of business in
China, will die under Communism
Most foreigners who have lived
here for any length Of time say
that actually the city has been
dying for at least four years.
Could Not Live Under Chinese.
AS a great modern port and
metropolis. the city could not
survive Chinese domination any
more than New York could survive
the rule of say. the Indian Chief
Pontiac and the Seven Nations.
This Comparison may not be al
together fair. but 1t Is only an
exaggeration.
Nothing that the Chinese Com
munists have done 50 far gives
promise that they can run q
complex place like Shanghai any
better than the Nationalists have
done.
1t is not a matter Of political
creed. 1t is a matter Of admins
trative and industrial "savvy." At
this stage Of the game. the Chi
nese just don't have it, be they
Reds or Nationalists.
Most foreigners who have lived
through the unhappy deteriora-
ton since the Nationalists took
charge In 1945 predict that under
the Communists Shanghai will
continue her downward trail-re-
verting finally to Chinese-type
city.
Business VIII Be Killed.
They say junks and sampans
will crowd out steamers on the
waterfront. Ricksl1as finally will
get too thick for trucks to use the
Evening star., 1949-05-25

AblsS52fneIt
Tn SICK and
tired Of walk-
.ng down the
pen;agor cor
rldors and see
ina people Co
ing absolutely
nothing Mr.
johnson VI q .
quoted as say
ing. This place
can stand q lot
Of reductions.
8 e ere gy
J o h n S o n
Ire dy has