davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1949-04-19

ers of Broadway Super Market,
.727 Duyal street, was approved.
The vote for approval was Al
with. Mayor Adams voting in the
negative.
Approve Tour Licenses
Tour licenses for Price Tours
All Fleming and Simone's Tours,
510 Southland street was approx
ed. All businesses of these types
are required to apply annually
for renewal of their license.
After the commission adjourn.
ed, the planning board met TO
discuss a coming change for Dey
street area.
f, A coming change for the Dey
street area to residential B from
Industrial was unanimously APP
proved. A letter objecting to the
change was read from Allan B.
Cleare, attorney, representing the
Wolkoff interest.
Rodman Bethel and Benedict
i Thielen residents of Dey street
spoke in favor of enactment. The
commission approved the coming
change with minor amendment
of distance.
The reason for the proposed
change according to Bethel ano
Thielen was a rumor that the
Wolkoff interest were going t.
sell portion Of their. property
to an auto body parts concern.
Mr.. Wolkoff is in Cleveland
and was not present to defenc
himself in the mattersf
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1949-04-19
Came Not Decided
Until Sixth With
Bamboo Squeezing Run
With Aid OF Error

.flsmboo Room and the VXI
fycrs played a great game last
nisliyAnd the Bamboo had a hard
tine. The game was not decided
unili-the sixth when the Bamboo
baSs MANAGED TO squeeze over a
run with the aid Of an error by
Henson.
The Bamboo boys broke the ice
~ the second. Santana famed.
Barber walked, stole second and
went 20 third on an error by
catchor on a throw 20 second. Ar
itas fnhned but Castro hit am in
ileld single and Barber scored.
sfhe pitching Of Valdez was
ucat lie did not allow a hit in
four innings. only one man reach
"a first and that was Heronimous.
ID The first, he got on by vir-
tlif Of an error. stole second.
81 The fifth the Flyers broke
losc. Sutton doubled. Marsee
popped out and Haired got an in
field hit and Sutton went TO
bird Gibson hit one so hard
through short the ball bounced to
lcli Geld and sutton scored. Hen
nln popped out 10 first, and then
Fisher hit a line drive 20 right
and tire ball GOT away from Ari-
tas end Fisher landed on second
End Harrell and Gibson had scor-
"a.
n The fifth the Smith lane boys
slorcd two ard tied the score.
Castro famed, Valdez doubled,
CasadO walked and Acevedo
walked. %. fili the bases.
villaresa hit one to right who
dropped the ball and Valdez and
Ca9ndo scored.
IN thc sixth the Bomboo boys
won the game when they held the
Flyers scorelcss and six men bat
ttf IN me frame.
The first man up was Heroni-
nous We doubled and Claude
valde1 was yanked and Buster
Roberts came in 10 pitch.
The first man got an infield hit
and ilcronimous went TO third:
ttiiipn died out 10 center and
Mornfr popped 90 first, Harrell
walked 90 ill the bases and Glib
'snr went out pitcher to first and
Roberts GOT hurt in the play and
Cisude Valdez had 30 pitch the
iaff frnnie and allowed a double
hf Fisher. lie was thrown out at
THIRD and the next two famed.
valdez tanned every one of the
Flyers AZ least once except Glib
snn. ~ bat Valdez hit two safe
" nnd Gibson hit two.
AZ thr firld. Harrcll. MarSce.
and Coleman were the best for
FLYERS artd Mira. Barber, Santa
na and Castro for Bamboo Room.
Srurr BY innings: r. II. f..
NK-l Flyers 600 $50 O-3 z 4
hswhops ono 02i o. 9 /
Henson and sutton; c. Valdez.
hihcrts G. Valdez and Castro.
,hlue bits: Fisher 2. Heroni-
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1949-04-19

Chicago in ~,
she was lured
by the stage.
In 1922 she got
the lead in THE
Cat and the Ca
nary" She then
played the same
role for two
years, then stu
died political
science. S h Z
-
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1949-04-19

ing
The commissioner reiterated
that there is nothing the cifi
can do but allow free movies !;
Carbonell said that the story il
The Citizen that made no men
ton OF free movies had resulfef
IN his receiving many calls. On
movie camera retailer is said il.
have answered over 90 call n
garding The Citizen. story.
4 Frank Wayne also spoke an.
sfaiea- that there mtst be : ~.
traction in The Citizen. correct.
me the wrong impression.
Commissioner John Carbonel
to ascitfzen reporter: "Wnl there
be a correction in tomorrow.
Citizen?"
Citizen reporter: "Yes,-a..ea
rection will be- made, but NOT 4
ratractionp $3.50, ssts
Frank Wayne. That's what ]
meant. a correction"
Taxpayer Ed Horre said that 4
neighbor of his entertained from,
30 to so children nightly ano
that he didn't make any charge
or pass any hat either. Horre al.
so asked that plavprounds be
constructed for children. and
hat the fence around Wickers
Field in Municipal Stadium be
rebuilt.
The reason for the 500 fee is
said to be aimed at certain mem.
hers of these movie clubs that
allow hats to be passed at their
homes to reimburse the owners
Some of the movie clubs do not
charge, and they would not
come under the ordinance.
The Citizen erred yesterday
when it said in trent Lpaos
story that home movies with
more than Is persons in atten-
dance could not be held witho6t
payment of 500. The stor,
should have also included the
statement where money colIec
inns are taken.
Those persons now showiuu
movies at their homes may do
so regardless of the numhSt
in attendance so Iona as 10
collections are taken up.
Pay $943.5e For
City Refunding Bond -
Approved resolution authoasig
ing payment Of $943.58 to Hers
ert j. Sims g. company. Inc, sful
one refunding bond dated jam
ary /, 1898. The principal pay.
r'ent was 1895 with accrued in.
crest amounting to $3.50.
Transfer S20.003.0s
t. Bond Refunding Fund
Transferred money in the amt
e S20.003.08 from the interes
I'D sinking fund to the bond re.
nding fund.
1cturn $3.50 to
Eric c., Curry
authorized refund of $3.50 to
Eric G. Curry for previously paid
rcsvenger fees. Curry had sold
his residence on Georgia street
end had applied for the refund,
The vote for abatement was al
with Mayor A. Maitland Adams
dissenting.
Package License For
Broadway Super Market
Retail package beer and wine
license for John A. Rivero, Ernest
A. Rivero, Antonio Rivero, own
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1949-04-19

Paul Howard Douglas. professor
of economics, in 1881. Paul was
elected a Chicago alderman in
1888 and Emily became an or
ganizer of the League of Women
Voters. In 1914, while her hus-
band was in the Marines, Emily
was elected an dserved in the
10th Congress.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1949-04-19
= LANDING
Island City Baseball League
(Mnx1io;,xoI Ck~l.<

nous. Sutton, c. Valdez; stoler
bases: Heronimous, Acevedo, Bar.
Der; struck out: by Valdez 9, by
Henson 5; bases on balls: off
Roberts l, off Henson S: earned
runs; Flyers 3, Bamboo Room q
time OF game: 100; umpires: Alb
ston and F. Villareae scorer
Aguilar.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1949-04-19

Since confectioners' sugar is
often lumpy IT is a good idea to
roll and Sift il before measuring.
Spoon IL into a measuring cup
lightly to avoid packing.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1949-04-19
BAMBOO ROOM WINS
OVER WI FLYERS
Sports t.aic,ni.r
SENIOR Bs~iEti4
Island City Baseball League
municipal Stadium.
Afternoon)

Island City Baseball League
municipal Stadium
Afternoon)
First Game: 1 P.M.)s
SUNDAY. APRIL "a
First-American Legion VS.. Rec
Raiders.
Second--SubRon Fonr :.
Atomic Bombers.
SUNDAY, MAY IL
First-Atomic .Bombcrs "
American Legion.
Seeond4-Red Raiders VS.. Sub
Ron Four.
SUNDAY, MAY g.
First-Atomic Bombers VS.
Red Raiders.
Second--SubRon -Four VS..
American Legion.
SUNDAY. MAY l5--
First-Atomic Bombers VS.
SubRon Four.
Second-Red Raiders We
American Legion.
SUNDAY MAY 22-
First-SubRon Four VS.. Red
Raiders,
Second-American Legion VS..
Atomic Bombers.
SUNDAY, MAY 29-
First-American Legion VS..
SubRon Four.
Second-Red Raiders VS.. Atom
ic Bombers.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1949-04-19
Antiseptic. Ointment Aid For
Bruises, Burns, Cuts

Fer helpful sntiseptic aid in relieving
the pain and discomfort OF externally
caused minor skin irritations and abra-
sions. superficial cuts. minor surface
buns. sunburn and bruises. use craYs
Ointment as directed. Medicated to cling.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1949-04-19

johnson nee knight, Rose KS
sell. a
WiIhelmina Harvey. prcsldenf
will preside at tomorrow even
ing's business meeting while
Mary Lee Graham, vice prc<i
dent. will assist district fiirecfof
Irene Parker of Miami with inR
tiation ceremonies. immediately
following this buffet dinner
will be served.
Garter. water and. keel scaled
snakes do not lay eggs
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1949-04-19
SENIOR SOFIBALL
LBaYview Park. Niahtl

First Game: 7:30
TUESDAY,
First-Kantor's VS.. Hospital.
Second--Adams VS.. fVX-l.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1949-04-19

Windsor P. Booth, F91siiing4
ton Time Maga1iIi2 cspon-
dent, born in Little H. Ark,
~ years ago.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1949-04-19

SKATING
FRIDAY
1880 to geo pm.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1949-04-19
CARRONELL OPPOSES

Continued From Page One)
fees are charged By hst-pass-
ing"
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1949-04-19

TENNIS
Bayview Park. Afternoons
and Nights
Daily play.
SWITCHBOARD
(Bayvisw Parkl
Daily play.
Evening star., 1949-08-19

We have spoken about the beauty
of corals and their value in making
ornaments. The red coral is the
chief one used for ornament, but
black corals have strong market
in India.
|. There is something else about
corals which we should describe. /
am thinking of how some of them
tend to build up mounds under the
water. When they die. they leave
their hard skeletons behind and
other corals fasten themselves to
those skeletons.
In the course of time, at one place
or another, there may come to be
millions, or even billions, OF coral
skeletons. If the mounds which
they make rise high enough, they
form reefs and this may be>a danger
to vessels on oceans or seas.
A reef is a ridge of sand, rocks
or corals which is found at the
surface of the water, or a little
below. Many wrecks have taken
place on reefs.
Reef-building corals seldom live
at a depth of more than $50 feet.
Their stony remains have been found
as far down as a quarter Of q mile,
it Is true, but this probably Is the
result Of sinking Of the bottom OF the
Evening star., 1949-08-19
Points for Parents B,
BY Edyth Thomas Wallace
HtuUS bs'
member.

vacation trip for treemember family often can be
made by providing companion for the youngest
menbe
Evening star., 1949-08-19

1. Brisket suggests which one Of
the following related terms?
Agenda Libretto Docket Menu
2. The word clutch refers to a
group Of
Horses Hen eggs Rabbits Calves
3. Which one of these types OF
hay usually produces the most cut
tings per season?
Soy bean Timothy Alfalfa Glover
4. A switch hitter" in baseball
would properly be termed
Carnivorous CallouS
Ambidextrous Avarlclous
S. Which one of the following
creatures is the largest in size?
Yellow jacket Bumblebee
Honevbee HouSef1y
6-10. America is full of natural
wonders, such as the five listed In
the left-hand column below. Try
to match them appropriately with
Evening star., 1949-08-19
The Word "CoupIe." :"

Inc WOfu OOuplc.
The primary meaning of couple
is, that which joins two things
together" from the Latin copula
"a bond or band"
In modern usage, the noun couple
means two things of the same
kind connected together or con-
sidered together; a male and fe-
male associated together, as part
ners at a dance, man and wife,
ETC.
Now some textbooks and quite a
number of English teachers hold
that 1t is incorrect to speak of a
couple of dollars, a couple of days,
a couple of apples and so on, for
the reason that the dollars, days,
apples, etc., are not connected or
joined together; hance, they cannot
be spoken of as couples.
Such a stand is unrealistic and
not In keeping with the facts of our
language. Use of couple to desig-
nate lone or two, two or three, no
more than two, very small num-
ber" has been good English for
centuries. For example:
" :" let my sister come, and
make me a couple of capes -
Samuel, Ills, 8.
6" - a couple of short-legged
hens. ."-Shakespeare.
There is another superstition that
the word couple must always be
used in a singular sense, as: The
couple Is, has, was, etc. That also
is hair-splitting.
The word couple may be used as a
singular noun or a plural noun de-
pending on the thought intended.
It Is often convenient and proper
to use the plural sense in speaking
6f an engaged couple, bride and
groom, or a man and wife. Who
would think of saying: Look at it;
isn't it a happy coupler" No one
Of course. We say correctly: Look
at them; aren't they q happy
coupler"
It would be awkward and pedantie
Evening star., 1949-08-19
Take Nv Word for 1t
Frank Colby

to say, "The couple will spend its
honeymoon in Florida" Correct
and natural: their honeymoon.
In short, there is no fixed gram
matical rule. 1t is simply a matter
of good usage and common sense.
If you want to speak of a couple
Of dollars. a couple of minutes, a
couple of friends, do so by all means
you'll be using quite good English.
If you want to refer to an engaged
or married couple in the plural
sense, do so, for it's correct and
lonp-established idiomatic usage.
Evening star., 1949-08-19
Uncle Rays Corner
BY Ramon Coffmon

sea at certain places. Even in the
| Torrid Zone the water a quarter
of mile deep is too cold for reef
building corals to live in it.
There are many coral reefs around
the East Indies, but the greatest OF
all are near Australia. The Great
Barrier Reef, east of Australia, is
the largest mass of coral to be found
anywhere. It runs from north to
south for distance of about 1850
miles.
The distance of the Great Barrier
Reef from the Australian coast
varies from 20 to $50 miles.
/ There are hundreds of coral
islands, the great majority being
in the Torrid Zone. These are
believed to have been. built on un-
derwater mountains which had
peaks within $50 feet of the ocean
surface. After the coral colonies
built mounds up to the surface,
there was an end to their growth,
but other things helped the work
of island building. Drifting wood
and seaweed must have gathered
on the coral mounds, later forming
soil of a sort. In time, drifting COCO
nuts reached the shores OF some
coral islands and grew into trees.
Most coconut palms on islands are
near the water.
Evening star., 1949-08-19
Goren on Bridge

Some Kindly Light for the Leader.
Staggering losses have been In
CURED at the contract table through
the injudicious choice OF an opening
lead. In today's hand the West
player was responsible for an l,seo-
point swing against him due to an
tll-advised opening.
While we do not lend our seal OF
approval to the bidding sequence
employed by North and South, rneV-
ertheless the soundness of the flnal
contract should not be impeached.
East doubled because he felt that
with both dummy's suits bottled up
he could prevent the opposition from
building up IL tricks. Then, too, he
rather hoped for a diamond lead.
West. however, decided to make
the safe" opening lead OF the queen
of clubs. Declarer cashed the ace
and king of that suit, ruffed the
deuce in dummy and extracted
trumps. Now it would appear that
the success of the contract hinged
upon the diamond finesse. How
ever, it was reasonable to suppose
from the double that this play would
not succeed. East surely must hold
the king and queen of spades. In
that belief declarer led every one of
his trumps and the following posi-
ton was reached:
Evening star., 1949-08-19
Police Demonstration
Puts Two in Hospital
Nv the Assoe;t. I'd Press

DUSSELDORF, Germany.-Two
policemen from Hidden, near here,
fell off their motorcycle. In hos
pital they explained they had
been driving at about 20 miles an
hour when a bicyclist suddenly
stopped in front Of them and
caused the accident.
The police chief didn't believe
their story and asked two other
policemen to demonstrate that the
accident was avoidable. They
are in the same hospital now,
with the same sort of injury.
Evening star., 1949-08-19

Potato sprouting can be pre-
vented by a hormone sold in pow
der form under several trade
names.
Evening star., 1949-08-19

Now the ace and another spade
forced East into the lead and he
was obliged to surrender to the
ace and the queen of diamonds.
West had been guilty of an out
standing error. Modern conventions
provide that when partner doubles
q suit slam, the opening leader is
not entitled to his normal voice
in the partnership. The lead of
dummy's first suit is demanded. A
diamond opening would have made
1t impossible for declarer to de-
velop the neat end play which he
actually did.
(Copyrisht, 1919, by Charles H. Goren }
Evening star., 1949-08-19
Word Game
Find 80 or more words in
HAIR NJ o MIC,

IIlCdI1lII6, IIlClOC1IOuo' xHFC3 Foo 70
So; limit, 80 minutes.
Rules Words must be OF four or
more letters. >, Words which acquire, four
"bats." "cats," are not used. 3. Only one
form of a word is used. 4, Proper names
are not used. A list will be published
tomorrow.
Evening star., 1949-08-19
Test Your Horse Sense -syD. G. W. c'o"s

the States where they would be
found, as shown in the right-hand
column. You are entitled to one
point for each correct judgment.
ca Niagara Falls W) Arizona
CD Mammoth Cave (w) Utah
(c) Yosemite Park (x) New York
Cd Grand Canyon (y) California
(e) Bryce Canyon (z) Kentucky
Score yourself as follows: o.,
poor; 3-6, average; 7-8, superior;
9-10, very superior.
Answers.
1. Menu (beeJ. 2 Eggs 8. Alfalfa.
4 Ambidextrous two-handed). 5. Bum
blebee. g.. ta) Niagara Falls-New York
(c) Yosemite-California. w.. I'D Grand
|Canyon-Arizona w. (e) Bryce Canyon
Utah (w).
The Northwest times. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1947-1955, 1949-10-08

see by the papers where a woman
had II babies in Is years.
Wow and WOW again.
That's enough" she says. But
us that's made of less sterner stuff
would have yelled Uncle longer
before her halfway mark.
We Gads, but having a baby is a
rough grind. You have no idea what
1 went through when we had our
first baby. It was bad enough wait
ing for the baby to come, waiting
anxiously. nervously-wondering If
the babys going to be all right =
sitting on pin and needles - but
the real ordeal didn't start until We
cot the baby home.
I'd been advised by old hands
that the house should be kept warm,
there shouldn't be any draft. So, I
nailed up all the holes and cracks
I could find and just before I left
for the hospital 1 stuffed the stove
with Jumps of coal. BY the time We
brought the baby home, the fire was
going good = too good.
The minute we stepped into the
house we felt like we'd dropped into
a hot oven. Hurriedly I opened ell
The Northwest times. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1947-1955, 1949-10-08
Pen Pals Seek
Marriage Now

TOKYO, Oct. "a romance re-
sulting from correspondence be-
tween Shigeru Suganuma, an en-
ployee of the U. S. Army in Japan.
and Dorothy A. Christensen, a bank
worker in st. Paul, Mimi. was re-
ported recently by the Tokyo Mai
nichi
The correspondence began after an
American gave Suganuma, rs, a
translator, the name and address
of the American girl, the Mainichi
reported. The girl is said to have
written that she intends to come to
Japan and marry him as soon as
she has saved enough money
The newspaper publicity given
the long-range romance has driven
the bashful Suganuma to self-im-
posed seclusion and he has not even
reported for work.
The Northwest times. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1947-1955, 1949-10-08
Sap Fables
By YOICHI MATSUDA

the windows. Then 1t got too cold.
I shut the windows opened them
again. Finally the temperature was
adjusted but by then was both
sweating and shaking
Night and day we'd hover over
the baby, moving the crib from this
corner to that - put on more blan-
kets. too warm-take EN- off, too
cold. Baby sneezed once SO we pu5
him to bed wearing ear muffs and
mittens.
Our second baby was less of a
strain. But, we were by no means n
picture of complete GOODNESS. When
our baby was just barely beginning
to stand we once invited Guy and
Taxa for dinner for the first time.
I'll bet they thought we were a
crazy couple There they were at the
front door all dressed up. Where
were We?
I was in the kitchen making
flour and egg white paste-and my
wife had the baby upside down, and
she was sticking her finger in the
baby's mouth. yelling, Throw up.
throw up. And the dinner was burn
ing away.
What happened was we left
the baby in her crib and the little
imp hoisted herself up and pulled
the bureau scarf until she was able
to grab a bottle of camphorated oil
and she drank the darn thing
Yes, sir = it's tough to have a
baby. The doctors claim They never
lost husband yet" but doggone it,
if I have to go through it II times
I'll be the first husband killed in
action.
The Northwest times. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1947-1955, 1949-10-08
NippOn-BOund NiSei Missionary
To Speak at Baptist Church, Sunday

Miss Grayce Sakura. who will sail
for Japan on Oct. II to work as q
missionary. will speak from 11:15
am, Sunday. Oct. 9. in the japanese
Baptist Church. Her topic will be
How Much Are We Worth?"
For the past three years, Miss
Sakura has been attending the Prac-
tical Bible Training School in Bing-
hamton, New York She is the first
Nisei to attend the school and also
the first alumnus to go to Japan as
a missionary.
Miss Sakura has travelled extern
sively throughout the eastern and
southeastern states. and also to
Washington. Oregon and Canada
with the schools deputation team.
She was graduated as a valedictorian
of her class.
In heed to General MacArthur's
plea for 1000 Protestant mission
aries and her personal desire to go
to her people she will sail for Japan
on Monday Oct. IT, from San Fran
cisco on the IS General Gordon.
The Nisei is a missionary candi-
date under appointment of the
Japan Gospel Fellowship and will
be stationed in Osaka. Her church
tthe Tabernacle Baptist Church of
Seattle) has equipped for her needs,
support and passage. Other churches,
among which is the newly organized
Nisei Church Faith Bible Church
of Seattle, are supporting hel
throughout the country.
The Northwest times. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1947-1955, 1949-10-08

She is the daughter of Mrs. Misc
Sakura of Seattle and a graduate
of Eatonville. Wash. high school as
valedictorian.
The Northwest times. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1947-1955, 1949-10-08
Dress Designer
Wins Prize

CHICAGO, ILL.,, Oct. Swimmer
Of $50 preliminary award in the
Chicago Tribune's 10th Annual
American Fashion competition is
Becky Yamaguchi. formerly of
Berkeley, Calf. Her design will
he one of 43 which will be shown
on Oct. Is and Ii in the Gold
Room of the Congress Hotel, at
which time the winners of the
$1,000 first prize. $1,000 second
prize and the $500 third prize will
be selected by audience vote.
Miss Yamaguchi studied music
at the College of the Pacific before
the war. In 1913 she enrolled in
the Art Institute of Chicago mai
oring in dress design.
The Northwest times. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1947-1955, 1949-10-08
First Step Toward AmericanizatiOn =
Nippon Students Acquire Mechanics

EUGENE, Greg, Oct. 8-NOt to
acquire degree but rather TO alb
sorb some Of the atmosphere of
American education - this Is the
aim of two japanese educators
who arrived here recently, in time
for the opening of the fall term at
the University of Oregon.
The two are among a group of SO
outstanding japanese educators who
have been chosen to study in Ameri-
ean colleges and universities this
year. They are here under the joint
sponsorship of the United States
Army, the Institute of International
Education, and the University of
The Northwest times. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1947-1955, 1949-10-08
Chagrined

TOKYO - Ten times pickpocket
Yasutaro Sasaki, SO, went to Jail for
filching purses without complaint.
Each time he was arrested by n
male policeman.
Caught for the 18th time Tuesday,
Sasaki felt he had lost face-a wo-
man detective arrested him in a
department store.
Il didn't know they had women
detectives" Sasaki whined to the
magistrate.