davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1949-04-21
rs Originally i4.ss
Deiur Photo Electric
Meter
o.9s

An usy-to-use meser tpof will
Improve yopr photography ~
s1slfs. Gives she cnrecs exposure
quickly ard cccurufely. Model So.
Camers Shop. Sfreet Fioor,
Washfnctoa Stors Only
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1949-04-21

MURPHY Fehuistof oeSototpF COZ
oss, lime greer. tender, spring.
nocturne. sherwood, otseroio~,
rose quort1, opero, eorol reef,
celestial, provence, rose beige.
~ Orig. 3.25 Red Rect Psias.
for r,etol. rough lumber. BRICK;
poi. --1- t----.--~-- I.sS
50 Orig. 7.es Pure srissls s,ssh.
Sin. - = Try
4s Orig. sos 6liddea Rock Spar
vosnish, quick dry eleor finish
for floors, woodwork. furniture:
qol. . - <ssS
30 Orig. $50 Wsx Applieese,s,
long hondle, iorbs' wool 6Se
u Orig. AS 4-Hs. De lsss
White Enamsi. for wolIs, wood
work, furniture: at. ----- i.eS
Paints, Sepenth Floor,
The Hecht Co.
Evening star., 1949-11-13

For 400 years Iran has been
the buffer between the British
and Russian Empires. The
British and the Russians split
her up into spheres Of interest
In the last century. She has
never quite recovered.
Her rugged terrain and size
show why. despite her delicate
position between bellhserents.
Evening star., 1949-11-13

law school. Another Negro, G. w.
McLaurin, was admitted to the
State university after trying for
a year to get into classes leading
to the doctor of education degree.
He complained he still was ex-
cluded from the regular class
rooms, regular library rooms and
the main part of the cafeteria. He
was obliged, he said. to attend
classes by sitting in an anteroom
and listening through a doorway.
Mr.. McLaurin filed suit August
5. 1948. asking three-judge panel
in Federal Court in Oklahoma
City to enjoin university officers
from enforcing State laws under
which he said he and other quail
ified Negro applicants were lex
cluded from admission to courses
offered only at the graduate
school of the University of Okla
homa."
The three statutes he attacked
provided misdemeanor fines rang
ing from SIS to $500 for operation
of. teaching in, or attendance at
any school in which white and
colored pupils were enrolled to-
gether. Each day the respective
statutes are violated is considered
a separate offense.
The court held those statutes
unconstitutional and unenforce-
Evening star., 1949-11-13

tire country was militarily oc-
cupied by the two great powers
which had in the past made 1t
the object of their imperialistic
rivalries and explorations. With
no effective native government.
confusion and encouragement
were rampant. while the future
was dark and uncertain. The
young Shah. however. faced the
situation with fortitude. Bowing
to the inevitable, he placed his
country unreservedly at the serv-
Ice of the Allies, which were to in
clude the United States when
America entered the war. In re-
turn, he asked only that the post
war status Of his country be as
sured. This he obtained. at least
on paper. by the Tripartite
Treaty of Alliance signed by Iran.
Britain and Soviet Russia in
January. 1912. BY this instru-
ment Trans sovereignty and ter-
ritorial integrity were guaranteed,
the treaty stipulating that all
foreign troops should be with
drawn six months after the wars
end. These assurances were
strengthened and amplif1ed by
Americas adhesion when the
ranian capital. Teheran, became
the scene Of the first conference
between the Allied big Three
Churchill. Roosevelt and Stain.
The war presently ended, and,
according to the Tripartite Treaty,
March 2, 1916. was set as the date
for Allied evacuation OF Iran. The
British and American troops were
withdrawn on or ahead Of sched-
ule. Not so the Russians, who
continued to occupy the northern
provinces adjacent to the Soviet
Union, while the Russian military
authorities worked openly to
strengthen their hold and promote
national disintegration.
Appealed to u. N.
The situation was perilous In
the extreme. Years of foreign
occupation had not only weakened
and discredited the central gov
ernment. but had also acutely
strained the country's slender re-
sources. Monetary imitation, food
shortages and general popular
discomfort combined to promote
disorder and unrest. OF this. the
Russians took full advantage.
spreading sedition and Commu-
mist propaganda, especially in the
key northern province of Azer-
baijan, where a Soviet backed
puppet regime was set up in de-
fiance of the central government.
Once more the young Shah
faced up to the test. Trans case
was promptly appealed to the Sc
Evening star., 1949-11-13

ers of foreign countries, who try
to promote the views Of some poll
tical party or attempt to improve
their own political position at
home.
Reports which the State Depart
ment receives from American en-
voys abroad are based on three
things: Cd Close contacts with Of
ficials in Office; co contact with
leaders of the opposition. and (3)
a weekly resume of the press OF
the country in which they are sta
toned.
Secretaries and attaches of the
various diplomatic and economic
missions apparently are so bur-
dened with paper work and other
bureaucratic chores that they sell
dom have a chance to meet any
body hut the cream" OF society,
which offers luncheons, dinners
and afternoon gatherings.
Meet Only Best People
Whenever these officials do
make excursions into the country
they do so as the representatives
of the United States attending the
unveiling of a memorial or a din
ner given by businessmen or other
groups. In the few hours spent
among these private citizens they
Just have time to say hello and
exchange a few more or less super
Evening star., 1949-11-13
Aid for Aged
Is Increasing
By Alexander R. George

Almost one of every four aged
persons in the United States is
on public assistance rolls.
State and Federal aid for the
needy aged (65 and over) de-
clined sharply during the war
but now increasing rapidly. The
main reasons are the growing
population of elderly persons
and a general trend for States
to pay larger benefits.
During August. 1949, some
1861 900 persons received a
total of $116.643.611 in old-age
assistance payments. This was
20 per cent more than the total
paid In August. 1948, and 800
per cent more than the S36, ,548,-
900 disbursed in August of pre-
war 1889.
For the country as a whole
the average payment last Au-
gust was $43.83 per recipient.
That's more than double the
average of $19.36 in August.
1889. when prices Of food and
other necessities were much
lower than now.
Several States this year
boosted their maximum pay
ments of old-age assistance.
The maximum was increased in
Illinois from $45 to $65, in
Maine from $40 to $50, in
Michigan from $50 to $50, in
Nebraska from $50 to $55, in
North Dakota from $40 to $50
and in Tennessee from $45 to
$50.
California Pays Most
Alaska increased its maxi
mum from $50 to $50. New
York has no fixed limitation on
payments to the needy aged,
and Connecticut eliminated it's
maximum this year.
Several States have elimi-
mated residence requirements
for recipients, others have re-
duced the period of required
residence. Some States have
increased and others have
lessened the responsibility of
relatives to care for destitute
elderly people.
Average monthly payments
ranged recently from a low of
$18.81 in Mississippi to high
of s70.70 in California. Col
orado had the second highest,
S67.02. Washington State was
third with $66.87..
The proportion of elderly
people receiving assistance
varies greatly in the States. In
Louisiana 791 of every 1000
persons IS and over were re-
ceiving payments and in Ala
bama, Arkansas. Colorado,
Georgia. Mississippi, Oklahoma
and Texas more than 400 per
1000.
At the same time, fewer than
100 aged persons per 1000 were
on the assistance rolls in Con-
Nnecticut, Delaware, the District
of Columbia. Maryland, New
Jersey, New York and Virginia.
Factors in the wide differ
ences between the States are
general economic conditions.
the proportion of persons re-
ceiving benefits under old-age
and survivors insurance and the
ability of children to care for
destitute parents.
Some people confuse old-age
assistance with old-age insur-
ance.
Persons who receive assist
ance payments do not con-
tribute toward them.
Under old-age insurance en-
ployes and employers make
monthly contributions. These
later provide monthly payments
for retired employees regardless
of their needs.
Some welfare authorities
contend that widening the COW
erage and increasing the bene-
fits under old-age insurance
would go far in reducing the
need for old-age assistance.
A. j. Altmeyer, Social Secur-
ity Commissioner. says old age
insurance fought to absorb
enough Of old age assistance so
that the Federal Government
would not be required to par
ticipate In financing public as
sistance." z
Evening star., 1949-11-13

curity Council Of the United Ma
tions, which supported its plea de-
spite furious Russian protests.
Furthermore, at this crucial juno
ture, Iran was given the whole
hearted diplomatic support of the
United States. The affair became
a major international crisis which
Moscow did not dare to intensity.
So, with bad grace, Russia lived
UP to its treaty obligations. The
Russian troops were withdrawn.
and in their wake fell the puppet
regime of Azerbaijan, which gladly
returned to its national allegiance.
Sent Brothers to u. S.
The immediate threat to Trans
independence was thus removed,
hut many difficulties and dangers
remained. Though baked for the
moment. Moscow continued hos
Tile and had obviously not aban-
doned its aggressive designs. It's
agents continued to sow disaffec-
ton and found fruitful soil for
Communist propaganda in the bad
economic and social conditions
which prevailed. Iran is a typi-
cally backward Oriental country
with a small upper class of
wealthy landowners. almost no
middle class in the Western sense,
and the masses poor. illiterate and
diseased. The reforms enacted
under Reza Khan, while improv-
ing communications. introducing
modern industry and raising the
standards of administration, had
not really grappled with tradition
al economic and social ills. And
even those reforms had been
largely undone during the war
years. The very intensity Of the
crisis with Russia had shown far
sighted Iranians that the larger
threat of Moscow-directed COM
munism could be met effectively
in the long run only by trans
forming the entire national life
and raising the condition of the
masses. This. in turn, required
a comprehensive program touch
ing health, sanitation, education
and living standards as we'll as
economic factors. In short, Iran
needed regeneration from the
bottom up.
No one was more aware of
this than the young Shah, whose
Western education made him
keenly mindful of the welfare of
the masses-what he himself
terms social justice" It was
on this broad concept that he
and an enlightened group of coun-
sellors evolved the idea of a
"seven-year plan" for Trans COM
repennration To
Evening star., 1949-11-13

Russia wants Iran because it
is the keystone in the Middle
East arch. Possession Of it
would give her . warm m-water
port on the Persian Gulf.
Great Britain wants to keep
the Soviet out because she has
valuable oil concessions p the
south. Ths Persian ou1 and
Evening star., 1949-11-13

(See RACIAL, Page C-2D
Evening star., 1949-11-13
Separate-but-E Equal Policy
Upfor High Court Ruling 6
Arguments in Education Cases Aimed at
Shattering Long.Standing Opinions
of Supreme Tribunal
By Robert K. WoIsh

practice of racial segregation pacu
public education stands at the crossroads today in the
Supreme United Court of Appeals.
Whichever the decisions pending from the
Oklahoma they certain to make
legal history and have far-reachng effects
rulings Importance the Courts
Evening star., 1949-11-13
Down-to-Ea Foreign
Policy Proposed for U. S.
Analyst Says Reports by Our ENJOYS Abroad
Fail to Give True Picture Because They
Ignore Views of Man.in.the.Street
By Constantine Brown

(By Arma)-Some American foreign policy will be-
consequently stronger but until the State
Department in all its levels realizes that countries not only
geographical units but human entities
For policy synthetic Secretary Of
State carefully reports ambassadors
III, noltica Lead
Evening star., 1949-11-13

Southern Persia are bridges on
the British imperial road to
Gibraltar, the Mediterranean.
Egypt. the suez Canal and the
Red Sea.
The United States Is inter-
ested Ia an, independent Iran
ss buffer between Russia and
ths West.
Evening star., 1949-01-22

At any given Dorothy Thompson.
circumstance. The end is always to
defeat and destroy the non n-Commu-
mist world. The means are calcu-
lated to the best use of the oppor-
tunities at hand.
The Soviets wish to defeat univer-
sal military training in the United
States, create a softer atmosphere
for the trial of the II Communist
leaders in New York, and prevent
the Atlantic defense pact from
coming into being. So, at this mo-
ment, cooperation and peace is the
appropriate lullaby. And consider
ing the fact that the greatest Soviet
gains were made by wartime agree
ments, 1t also has proved the most
successful tactic.
Disrespective Of Truth.
Statements emanating from
French and Italian Communists are,
as usual, disrespectiye Of truth, such
as the claim: "At no time have
Lenin or Stain seen war
Fastening the victory of socialism" "
and war Is not inevitable"
On this question the evidence
from the writings of both Lenin and
Stain is voluminous and over
whelming. The quarterly, Foreign
Affairs. in its January issue carries
a report on stain and Revolution" +"
which Is summary Of Stalin's own
theories, as expressed in the total
of all his written and spoken words
down to the latest times, and. as
such, is most valuable work of
research and contribution to public
knowledge.
In these expressed theories, both
world wars were deemed inevitable" +"
1T would be incorrect to say that
the Second World War arose acci-
dentally or as a result Of the mis-
takes of some statesman or other" "
said Stain in February. 1916. The
war, in fact, arose as the result o.
Evening star., 1949-01-22
This Changing World
New Moves by Soviet Diplomats Seen
For China to Retain Seat in L. n.

istration is nothing but q continual
ton of the one which was officially
recognized by the world powers and
the U. N.
Mao may agree to take into his
government a number of Kuomin-
tang men who have not been
branded by the Reds as war GRIM
inals, in order to obtain full Amer
ican recognition. He is likely to
follow the tactics adopted by the
Communist regime in Poland wher
1T agreed to give three cabinet posi-
|tions to representatives of the Polish
government in exile, one of them
being the former Premier, Stanislaw
Mikolajczyk. These men were
purged, however, after they had
served the purpose of satisfying
Western demands for coalition
government. Poland obtained full
recognition and admission to the
U. N.
The Chinese Communists and
their principals in Moscow are not
particularly concerned over the
reactions of the Western Powers.
But they are keenly interested in
China's retention of its seat as a
permanent member of the United
Nations Security Council. This will
strengthen Moscow's hand consid-
erably in that organization.
Question Of U. N. Seat.
That the Chinese Communists
want no truck with the Western
world, and look on the Marshall
Plan with the same disfavor as Mos
COW itself, has become obvious In
recent weeks from various state
ments made by Mao himself and
some of his important spokesman.
But the question of China keep
ing its U. N. seat is important to
the Kremlin, particularly now since
President Truman has stated that
we shall do our utmost to strengthen
the United Nations, in which Rus
sia is consistently outvoted. An
additional stooge vote in the Coun-
Gil would be of great value to the
Red rulers.
Whether the forthcoming maneu-
vers of the Communists will be
accepted by our Government Is a
matter which has not yet become
clear. Secretary of State Acheson,
who has shown that he understands
the underlying currents Of Moscow's
policies, Is likely to be less amenable
to these maneuvers than his prede-
cessor, who was swayed by his ad-
visers into hostile attitude toward
Chang.
The possibility that Communist
rule will not extend farther south
than the Yangtze River is likely
argument for nonrecognition of the
Communist government, which is
expected to be formed in the next
few weeks. This. however, would
bring a crisis in the U. N. when the
Soviet representatives. backed by the
satellite members, claim that the
Nanking government has ceased to
eyiSf
Evening star., 1949-01-22

WIN mmeQlaCe, Cohstahtine nroWn.
strong support from the United
States Chang might be able to re-
organize another force in South
China and resume his activities be-
fore 1t is too late This point of
view is not shared by our top mill
tary men.
Chang is getting old and no
longer has the same appeal to the
Chinese people as he had In the
past But what is more important,
in their estimation, is that Chang,
who in the past fought against a
loosely organized Communist move
ment sponsored only morally by
Moscow. now is faced by a power
full and well-disciplined Red Army,
backed to the hilt by The Xremlin.
U. s. Interference Unlikely.
In the years before World War II
the U. S. S. r. did not dare come
out openly in support of its Chinese
stooges. There were too many
strong powers-America, Japan,
Germany and Britain-vitally inter-
ested in China to permit the Polit-
buro to get very deep in the Chinese
struggle.
Today the United States is the
!only remaining world power and our
Government has shown such lack
of understanding of the real mean
ing of Soviet aims in Asia that
there is now little expectation that
we will interfere with Russia's plans.
Consequently, Chang, even If he
were in a position to organize an
other military force, could not un-
dertake the gigantic task of fighting
the U. S. S. R., which is completely
behind the Chinese Communists and
their leader, Mao TZe-tung. And
our own Government would think
twice before deciding to provide
him with the arms to continue the
struggle, when it realizes that this
might lead to open conflict with the
U. S. S. r.
Diplomatic observers believe that
the Chinese Communists will try to
appear as the successors to the
Kuomintang and that they will try
to make 1t appear that their admin
Evening star., 1949-01-22
THE EVENING STAR, Washington, D. c. A
n,

q whole strategic period, embracing
. whole series of years even,
perhaps, q number of decades" He
argues that Soviet revolution must
time its decisive blows to correspond
with moments of highest crisis in
the non Soviet world.
And that the Soviet state itself
must be the base and arsenal of all
such struggles repeatedly is asserted.
A peace move now can be ex-
planned tactically for the reasons
already given, and may indicate
that the Soviets do not under
estimate the power and stability of
the United States, while they have
many internal problems of their
own.
But that it offers anything in the
way of lasting reconciliation is un-
thinkable to any one who has
studied thoroughly Stalinism's basic
credos, which diverge in no impor-
tant particulars from Lenin's, as far
Evening star., 1949-01-22
Evange|istic Rally
AT Albright Memorial

The Evangelical United Brethren
Churches of the Washington District
will hold their mems evangelistic
rally at Albright Memorial Church
at 7::30 pm. Thursday.
The guest speakers will be Bishop
Grant Batdorf of Dayton, Ohio, and
DR.. o. T. Deever. secretary of evan
gelism of the Evangelical United
Brethren denomination, also of
Dayton, Ohio.
A buffet dinner will be served
from 6 to 7 pm, followed by the
meeting.
Strengthen the Sunday School
and Church" is the program at Al
bright tomorrow, with a sermon by
the Rev. George E. Schnabel on
Ambassadors ALL" at II am. The
Z pm. service will emphasize the
Strengthen the Youth Fellowships. :"
Evening star., 1949-01-22
On the Other Hand
Labor Leader Wants Competitive
Bidding in Sale of Securities

Program. But he quotes the views
of President Truman when he was
a Senator, in support of competitive
bidding. As a member Of the Sem
ate Railroad Investigating Commit
tee in 1888, Mr.. Truman said:
THE significant thing about our
23-volume record Is that while 1t
Is replete with instances Of financial
abuses resulting from continuing
banker relationship, do not recall
single instance of such abuse
in the case of the tens of millions
of dollars Of equipment trust GER
tificates issued under competitive
bidding. So far as this class of
securities Is concerned, the COM
petitive bidding requirement seems
to have wiped out with one stroke
the many types of abuse which, as
our record abundantly illustrates,
cluster about the traditional type
of underwriting arrangements"
If competitive bidding were COM
PEELED by law, Mr.. Whitney believes,
1t would help to break down the
dominating, interlocking financial
forces that now largely determine
not only the destiny of corporations,
but the destiny Of our free enter
prise system"
'copyright. 1949. Globe syndicate)
Evening star., 1949-01-22
On the Record
Soviet Peace Drive Called Tactical
For the Purpose of Lullin6 the West

the development Of world economic
and political forces on the basis OF
contemporary monopolistic capital
ism" (Not Hitler's aggression but
world capitalism was the war crime)
Even a war against the Soviet
Union, according to Stain, presents
factor favorable to revolution.
THE numerous friends in Europe
and Asia of the U. S. S. r. will en-
deavor to strihe from the rear their
oppressors who have started a
criminal war against the fatherland
of the working class of all coun-
tries" And all national colonial
struggles, however Communist
in origin, are to be supported be-
cause each is "a hammer blow . "
weakening the bourgeoisie by de-
priving them of markets and raw
periods Of Ebb and Flow"
However, the tactics of war and
revolution, according to Stain,
must be timed and adjusted to
periods of ebb and flow" THE
epoch of world revolution is
Evening star., 1949-01-22
InterrociuI Service
At Mt. Vernon Church

BE Ye Not Conformed of Men"
will be the topic of DR.. Clarence w.
Crawford at pm. Sunday at an
interracial service of worship at
Mount Vernon Place Methodist
Church.
The service is sponsored by the
Interchurch Fellowship of Wash
ington.
Members of all races and faiths
are welcomed to the service.
Evening star., 1949-01-22
Representative Judd
At CuIvury Baptist

Inside China" will be the theme
of Representative Walter H. Judd
of Minnesota at the Calvary Bap-
tist Church Wednesday at 6 pm.
This is the fourth in a series Of
Wednesday evening Adventures In
Understanding" held at the Calvary
Baptist Church.
Following the address two group
sessions will be held to continue
their exploration of the Christians
concern in race appreciation and
social responsibility. Mrs. w. S.
Abernethy and Henry Cox will act
as chairmen for these groups.
Evening star., 1949-01-22
Shepherd Park Church
Anniversary Banquet

The first of a series of Golden
Anniversary banquets will be given
at the Shepherd Park Christian
Church on Wednesday. DR.. j
Warren Hastings of the National
City Christian Church. will be the
guest speaker. Other members OF
the National City Church have been
invited as honored guests.
The Golden Anniversary objective
as announced by the Rev. Geo. M
Anderson, will be the completion o1
the church building in 1850. Con.
struction of the new building begar
in 1947