davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Valley frontiersman., 1949-12-29
Brooks Go Outside To Study Chicken Farms

MT. and Mrs. Alba Brooks and child left Palmer recently on the first leg of combined busi- ness and pleasure trip that will take them half across the conti- nent, and will keep them away from Palmer for at least another month.
 The Brooks took plane for Seat tie, where they planned to stop long enough to inspect the Albers experimental farm at Carnation. From Seattle, they go to Portland and Oregon City, where MT. Brooks will look at equipment for broiler batteries.
 Their next stop was scheduled to be at the DeKalb Hatcheries at DeKalb, H., where more than half a million broilers are raised in the hatcheries' plant.
 From DeKalb the Brooks will go to Saginaw, Mich, where they plan to spend the Christmas holi- days with relatives.
 Upon his return next month, MT. Brooks expects to make known detailed plans for his poultry farm in the Valley.
Valley frontiersman., 1949-12-29
One More Day Left
 To Vote In ScS Election

Valley farmers are reminded that ballots still may be cast for supervisor of the Palmer Soil Conservation district through to- morrow. Votes should be record ed at the Extension Office.
 One vacancy exists on the board. Clair Patten, retiring su- pervisor, is candidate to suc- ceed himself. He is opposed by Joe LentZ.
 Any land-occupier living within the limits of the Palmer district may vote in this election.
Valley frontiersman., 1949-12-29
uses Field Worker
 Here For Winter Months

John Williams of the U. s. Geo logical Survey arrived in Palmer recently after spending a summer in the field studying perma-frost and terrain in the Yukon River flats area near Beaver. MT. Will Hams will spend the winter here, writing his report of the summer activities.
 MT. Williams explained that there was little that could be said of this part of the U. S. Geologi- cal Survey work, because it is classified as secret by the mill tary for which it is done.
 The Yukon river party headed by Williams was one of seven field parties, scattered throughout the territory, working on these terrain studies last summer. A major portion of the work is con- cerned with the interpretation of aerial photographs through which terrain predictions are made.
 Although working near Fort Yukon which is in the immediate vicinity of the Fishwheel gold strike, the geologist said he did not visit the scene of the falls stampede. However, he talked with a number of prospectors and bush pilots, all of whom felt the strike was unlikely to prove sound, because of the physical characteristics of the area in which the find was reported.
 MT. Williams said he has since read the official report on the strike, issued through the Bureau of Mines. This report bears out the conclusions reported in news papers that the strike was prob ably the result of salted gold, placed at Fishwheel by someone who benefited from the rush of traffic to the area.
 MT. Williams, a former Marble head, Mass, resident, expects to be working in Palmer until time to return to the field next June. The geologist is a graduate of Harvard University.
Valley frontiersman., 1949-12-29
CAR WIRING SHORTS

Last Thursdays fire alarm was occasioned by short circuit in the wires of banker Jack Maze automobile. There was no dam- age, other than to the vehicles wiring. Fire trucks made good time on the call to the Maze home, despite difficulty experi- enced by firemen in starting one of the departments trucks.
Valley frontiersman., 1949-12-29
Many Enjoy Christmas Program

WASILLA-A capacity crowd attended the annual Christmas program here last week. It was sponsored by members of the Wasilla community and was pre- sented by the children of Wasilla school. The programs sponsors expressed their appreciation to those who participated in the very successful presentation.
Valley frontiersman., 1949-12-29
Have Holiday Open House

WASILLA-Mr. and Mrs. Os- car Johnson held open house at their Wasilla home on Christmas evening.
Smyrna times., 1949-10-20

For 80 company basis Of
for their
the public of the job have know
friendship millions
friends offered help
We Ito in a where such things happen
Smyrna times., 1949-10-20

According to faculty sponsors a
large share of the credit for the re-
markable showing belongs to the
Student General Chairman Charles
Ruch, the Student Team Captains,
Preston Burris. and Betty Lou Car
row, captain of the winning team
and the star statesmen headed by
Joanne Deakyne, who was awarded
portable radio for selling more
magazines than any other student.
The Curtis Publishing Company
is awarding Certificates of Achieve
ment to the outstanding statesmen;
the list of these students follows:
Walton Smith, jeanne Deakyne,
Preston Burris, Blanche Kemp,
Charles Reed, Betty Lou Carrow,
Virginia Shockley, John Gunter,
William David, Ruth Ann Rees,
Mary Emma Moor, Mary Sue Ross,
Myrtle Jarman, Ralph Peters.
Smyrna times., 1949-10-20
Spy Glass STAFF


The Senior Class on october IT
elected the following staff for The
Spy Glass, official publication of
the CO.: Editor, Charles Ruch; As
sistant Editor, Jim Ryan; Business
Manager, Charles Reed; Assistant
Manager, Blanche Kemp; Alumni
News, Joanne Deakyne; Personal
News, Josephine Budd; School
News, Betty Lou Carrow; Art,
Jeannine Ballard; Humor, Evelyn
Eckeard; Sports, Donald Luff,
Betty Estes.
The first issue is the annual
Christmas issue.
Smyrna times., 1949-10-20
Halloween Party

Stndent and faculty members of
the GO. win join in celebrating
Halloween at a party to be held in
The school gymnasium Friday even
ing, October 2S, it was reported to-
day by GO. Secretary Doris Dukes.
The party will start at seven
O'Clock for Grades z and 8 with a
full program of games and refresh
mentx. At nine o'clock at the con-
ciusion of this part of the celebra-
zion, prizes will be awarded to
members of the 7th and 9Th grades
nho are judged to have the best
costume, the most original costume
and the funniest costume. Soon af-
ter nine o'clock dancing for Grades
8 Through IL will begin under the
direction of a GO. committee head
ed by Robert Bamberger.
Smyrna times., 1949-10-20

Of the Library Club which took
place there on Wednesday evening,
october IL. The twenty-three
members, who were accompanied
by Miss Burkert, met at the high
school at 7:20 and were transport
ed to the scene of the affair by
truck. Eleven new members were
permitted the honor of being initi-
ated, but the entire group seemed
to enjoy the activities. With the
first six weeks of school drawing
to a close, the members are busy
at work in the library where they
hope to be of great service to the
school during the coming year.
Smyrna times., 1949-10-20
New Curriculum In English

In 1936-S9 Smyrna was the CEN
ter Of work that resulted in the
publishing of an entirely new Cur
riculum in English for the high
schools of Delaware. Recently
Smyrna aided in bringing this Cur
riculum up to date for the State
Department of Public Instruction,
which has just published this mod
ern course of study in the form of
an attractive booklet.
Smyrna times., 1949-10-20
Two Games To Go

Smyrna football fans. the sup
porters of our first football team,
are marking down two very i'm
portant dates: Friday, Nov. A, when
We journey to Lewes to meet their
team under lights at 8 pm; and
Saturday, Nov. 10 when we make
the trek to Milton where, beginning
Smyrna times., 1949-10-20
Cheerleaders

Miss Reed today announced the
cheerleaders for 194s-50 as follows:
Veterans: 10 Budd, Jeannine Bal
lard, jeanne Deakyne. Betty Estes.
Mary Vaughn, Anna Knots, Doris
Slaughter. New Girls Jr. Varsity:
Patsy Beck, Louise Shane Joan
McNatt. Varsity: Betty Sue Jar
man.
Smyrna times., 1949-10-20
Magazine Campaign Succeeds

Magazine Campaign Succeeds
After ten days of intensive work
on the part of all seniors, the mag
azine selling campaign to raise
money for the annual educational
trip to Washington was declared a
very great success. The campaign
total of 81, ,281.65 exceeded by $29.-
65 the previous high total for
which the Class of 1947 had been
awarded a special plaque by the
Curtis Publishing Company for
outstanding achievement.
The net total amounts this year
to S461.10.
Smyrna times., 1949-10-20
Your School Reporter
NEWS OF THE
JOHN BAsSErT MOORE SCHOOL

Other chairmen of committees
are: Doris Dukes, refreshments and
Press Burris, decoration.
Members of the faculty will ad-
wise.
Smyrna times., 1949-10-20
Library Club Activities

A barn located on the farm of
Doris Virdin made the ideal spot
for the initiation of new members
Smyrna times., 1949-10-20

at 8 pm. we win decide which
school has the best '.first-season"
team.
Smyrna times., 1949-10-20

since H thrust wye
and Mrs sofC fCongasN dd
Thes Inee u,N Mr. and Mr. N M m
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10
MT. LAKE PARK METHODIST
CHARGE
paStnr p T. HiIlor

Sunday School, 8: 80 a. m. /;
Morning worship, 1920 every Sunday;
Methodist Youth Fellowship, Wednes-
days, 700 p. M; WSCS meetings,
first Thursdays, 2:30 p. m.
Deer Park Sunday School, 10 a.
M; Worship, 1st and Bird Sundays,
1880 p. M; MYF, Sundays, GAS p.
m; mid-week services, Thursdays, at
1880 p. M; WSCS, LIST Thursday, 1870
p. m.
Wesley Chapel = Sunday School,
1890; Worship, End and 4th Sun
days, 1880 a. M; MYF, Sunday even
ings; WSCS, last Thursday, 10 a. M
p. m.
Sunday School, 1890 a. M;
Worship, 11:30, 1st and Bird Sundays;
WSCS, First Tuesdays, 1880; Steyer
Sunday school, 10 a. M; Preaching,
Bird Sunday, 2:30 p. m.
Kurtz Chapel-Sunday school, 2:30
p. M; Preaching services, End and 4th
Sundays, 3:15.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10
District Farm Bureau Plans
Dairy Problems Discussion

J. E. Tects, manager of the Teets
Maple Hurst Dairy, will direct the
Union District Unit of Preston Coun-
ty Farm Bureaus regular meeting al
the Eglon school building Thursday
February nth, at 1880 p. m.
The program consists of a pane
discussion on the following: Dairy
Efficiency, Pasture Improvement
Herd Health, Production Record
Cleanup Campaign and Artificial
Breeding, by the following speakers
County Agent R. F. Dodrill, District
Conservationist Richard Burnside
County Board Of Health, Oliver Mat
thews; F. H. Administration, Ralph
Miller; County Veterinarian, Dr.. Lee
Kotchek with Mr.. Hickman, followed
by a Brucellosis picture
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10
Briner Reports 500
Unemployed i'll County

I That the unemployment condition
/ in Garrett county at present was
/ heavy, due to weather conditions, sea
sonal work and lack of coal orders in
i the coal industry, was announced this
week by Charles L. Briner, local of
/ flee manager of the Department of
Employment Security
He said approximate number of un-
employed in the county during De-
cember, totaled 500 Unemployment
compensation benefits paid to those
who were without work due to no
fault of their own, in December,
totaled $11,124.
Briner said only those laid off be-
cause of lack Of work are eligible to
receive benefits. A voluntary leaving
without good cause or discharge for
misconduct causes disqualification
in receiving benefits, he said
Briner explained the office had a
twofold job, to try to place the I'M
employed in private employment, and
to pay unemployment compensation if
jobs were not available
During December the office placed
I IN private employment 81 people
while during the past year total of
902 people were placed He said ,465
persons visited the office during De-
cember seeking work, which is in adj
dition to those filing for unemploy-
ment compensation, and urged en-
ployers to use the services of the I'M
employment security office.
Unemployed veterans in the county
in December was around 1870, with
some of them receiving allowances
through the servicemen's readjust-
ment act. These allowances end for
most veterans on July 25, 1919.
Brincr also released a report on
employment and wages in covered in
dustries for a three months period,
compiled by the unemployment com
pensation division 1t showed 263 in
dustries reporting, with monthly
average of 2,318 workmen, and the
average weekly wage of $3.50. The
average weekly wage in the state for
56O,8S5 workmen is $48.34.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10
S0dality Names Committees

At meeting on February of
members Of the Sodality Of St. Peters
church, the following committee chair
men were appointed:
Eucharistie, Mrs. Norman Wine;
program, Mrs. Angela Smart; charity
Mrs. E. l. Baumgartner; Catholic
truth, Mrs. William Pendergast; sick,
Mrs. W. R. Browning, chairman.
Further plans were made for the
public card party to he held on St
Partick's' day
Slides depicting stories Of the old
testament and the redemption were
presented by Rev FIR Michael K
Carney pastor. Refreshments were
served
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10
EV. UNITED BRETHREN CHURCH
Mountain Lake Park. Md.
Rev. George W. Simpson. Pastor

Lynndale- Worship and Sermon, 10
a. M; Sunday Church School, IL a.
M; Young Peoples Service, Tuesday,
7:45 p. m.
Loeb Sunday Church school,
10 a. M; Jr c. F., $3.50 p. M; Adult
c. E., IT'S p. M; Worship and Ser
mon, IL a. M; Prayer and Bible
Study, Thursday, 1880 p. m.
Underwood Sunday Church school
200 p. M; Worship and Sermon, 300
p. m.
Crellin-Sunday Church school, 1C
a. M; Adult c. E., 7:l5 p. M; Wor-
ship and sermon, 7:45 p. M; Jr. c.
E., Wednesday, 6:45 p. M; Prayer
and praise service, Wednesday, 7:3O
p. m.
Paradise Sunday Church School,
10 a. m.
McHenry-Sunday Church school
10 a. m.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10
BUFFALO RUN

Mr.. and Mrs. Earl Bishop are
spending the winter with their daugh-
ter Valetti at Masontown.
Mr. and Mrs. Wilbur Hinebaugh and
family spent Sunday at Hazelton, w.
Va. visiting relatives.
Harvey Wakefield spent the week
end with Mr.. and Mrs. Joseph Up
hold.
Junior Uphold spent Saturday night
with his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph
Uphold. He is employed at Blaine
Friends
Mr.. and Mrs Arnold HENDERSON
and family, Hazelton, w. Va, spent
Sunday evening with the latter's par
ents, Mr.. and Mrs. Walter Wakefield
Mrs. Joseph VanSickle visited her
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. Oakie Friend
Mrs. Friend has been on the sick list.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10
TabulatiOn Made On
Employment In County

The office of Domestic Commerce
of the U. S. Department of Com
meree, has just released the second
edition of Business Establishments,
Employment and Taxable Pay Rolls. "
Tabulations are made for employ
ment, taxable pay rolls and number
of business establishments by indus
try and number of employees.
There are 1880 business units re-
ported for Maryland. In Garrett
county total of PA are listed and
are divided, 90 with up to employees,
as with to 7 employees, SIS with to
10 employees, 7 with 20 to 40 employees,
3 with SO to 80 employees and 3 with
100 or more employees.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10
With Our Men
In The Service

Recently promoted to the grade Of
Private was Kermit R. Helms, son of
Mr.. and Mrs. Randolph Helms, of
Oakland. Pvt Helms is a member of
the 35th Infantry which is stationed
at Otsu, Japan, and is a part of the
Pacific famed 25th Infantry (Tropic
Lightning) Division, commanded by
Major General William B. Kean
His present duty is that of rifleman
in Company |.
+ 4 +
Private Carl J. Beckman, son of Mr..
and Mrs. Roy Beckman, Oakland, has
beer assigned to duty with C Battery
61st Field Artillery Battalion of the
LIST Cavalry Division, in Koizumi,
Japan.
Private Beckman entered the regu-
lar army June Is, 1948 and received
his training with the 5th Infantry Di-
vision at Fort Jackson, South Caro-
lima. He departed the Zone of Interior
September 20, 1948 for assignment in
Japan.
Marine Pvt. William d. Glotfelty,
25, son of Mr.. and Mrs. o. J. Glot-
felty, of Grantsville, was one of the
high shooters of his platoon when he
fired for record at the Marine Corps
Recruit Depot rifle range at Paris
Island
Piling up a score of 211 out of a
possible $50 points with the Garand
rifle, Glotfelty won the silver Maltese
cross of the rifle sharpshooter which
entities him to So a month additional
pay for one year.
A former student of Grantsville
High school, he enlisted in the Marine
Corps on Dec. 7, 1913, for three years.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10
Red Oak All Club Meets

The Red Oak All club met January
10 when one new member was added.
Those present discussed attendance at
All camps and the advisability Of
holdings meetings twice each month.
At the next meeting on "Wednesday,
February 16, the club is planning to
have present Miss Eleanor X. Dear
born, home demonstration agent, and
John Carter, county agent
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10
SAINT MARKS EVANGELICAL
LUTHERAN CHURCH
Rev. Luther Lee Hare. Pastor

$50, Church School. Glasses for all
age groups.
10:45, Worship Service. Visitors are
always welcome.
700, Luther League.
Wednesday, Cleaners Circle, Mrs.
George Coddington's, 1880.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10
BITTINGEK LUTHERAN PARISH
Curt IL. Rune. Pastor

Sunday SCHOOL, 10, Bittinger; 1O:45,
Jennings.
worship: GAS, Jennings; II, Bit
finger; 1880 Meadow Mountain.
Missionary Society: Friday at s,
Bittinger school. The travel film
Wings Over South America" will
be shown.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10
Roads Inspector Here

A State roads inspector was in the
county this week looking over that
portion Of route 219, north of Oak
land, which is being relocated. A de-
tour is available, but many motorists,
apparently unaware of the detour,
have registered complaints with the
Roads commission after travelling the
route.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10
RED HOUSE LUTHERAN PARISH
Rev. A. K. Jones. DID,. Pastor

Sunday Schools will meet regular
" during Pastors vacation. All are
urged to attend. The next worship
and preaching service win be an
nounced in these columns later.
A missionary meeting will be held
following the Sunday School hour. A
missionary theme moving picture,
"For All People," will be shown at
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10
SAND SPRING CHURCH OF GOD
Walter |. Martin. Minister.

Sunday School at 10 a. m, Wilbur
limbaugh, Superintendent.
Young Peoples Group meeting at
7 P. NJ.
Morning worship at II a. M, SER
mon topic: Jesus Is The Answer"
Young Peoples Group meeting at
z pm.
Keller Glade
No preaching service this Sunday.
Worship service next Lords Day at
2 p. m.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10
ST. PAUL'S METHODIST CHURCH
Rev. Denver C. Pickens. DID,. Pastor

$3.50 a. M, Church Sunday School.
Worship Service in charge of Mrs. H.
H. Harned's Glass in the absence of
Superintendent, E. Ray Jones.
1O:45 a. M, Morning Worship.
Sermon subject, Dealing With Our
Limitations" The Senior Choir will
sing the anthem, 80 Savious Hear
Ne" by Gluck, with Mrs. Frederick A.
Thayer, Jr., and Miss Susanna Porter
as soloists. The Junior choir will sing
the Choral Response to the Benedic-
ton.
4:3O p. M, Junior Youth Fellow
ship.
$50 p. M, Senior Youth Fellow
ship
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10

This is freedom : many religions, many
races, living in harmony together. For
freedom is more than way of life. 1t is
a state of spirit : and our richest asset.
Under freedom of religion, Ameri-
cans attend more churches than any
other nation. Under freedom of speech,
we have more newspapers, more radio
stations than any country in the world.
Under freedom of opportunity, our chill
Idren attend more schools, have more
chances to succeed in life.
We are only 10 of the worlds people,
living on go of the worlds land. Yet
I'VE in America have the highest stand
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10

Americas accidental death rate
was lower last year than in any year
for which records We're compiled. The
total was $4,000, or GIL per 100000
population.
A giant navy plane, carrying 80
persons spanned the nation in nine
hours and IS minutes.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10
80 Marriage Permits
Granted During Week

Thirty marriage licenses were is
sued during the past week ending
Monday at noon from the office of the
clerk Of the Circuit court. Two of
those issued we're marked don't pub
lish"
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10
MEMBER AUDIT BUREAU
OF CALCULATIONS
THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 1919.
sunday Services in the Churches
of The Community
ST. MATTHEW'S EPISCOPAL

. II W.T. 7 II n " = y
Rev. Austin Schildwachter. Rector
St. Matthews, Oakland, 500 a. m,
holy Communion; HOO a. M, SER
vice and sermon; 10 a. M, Church
School.
Altamont log church, 2nd and 4th
Sundays at 1880 p. M, service and
sermon.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10

Federal Housing administrator told
Congress the nation needed II to 18
million new dwellings, within next 10
years.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10

A 29-year-old mother of Hunting
ton gave birth to her 18th child. The
father is a first class private in the
U. S. air force.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10

the church ON Monday evening, Feb
ruary IA, 8 o'clock, for all interested
persons.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10
MT. LAKE BAPTIST CHURCH

Sunday School, 10 a. M. Worship
Service, 1880. This service will be in
charge of Mr.. Daniel Wonderly, who
will also bring the evening message.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10
Three Men Enlist

Three men have enlisted in the U.
S. Army in the army and air force, ac-
cording to the local recruiting officer
this week.
Edward w. Kahl, Mt. Lake Park,
re-enlisted for three years in the ar
my, unassigned and will report to
Fort Jackson, South Carolina.
Charles A. Martin, Crellin, enlisted
for three years in the air force I'M
assigned, and will go to Lakeland air
base, San Antonio, Texas, for basic
training.
Alvin G. Reckart, Friendsville, en-
listed for three years in the air force
unassigned and will also go to San
Antonio, Texas.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10
CHURCH OF ST. PETER THE
APOSTLE
Oakland, Maryland

Masses, Sunday at 500 and 1000
a. m. Confessions on Saturday,
from 500 to 500 p. m. and from 1880
to $50 p. m.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10

ard of living the world has ever known.
Under freedom of enterprise you
may call it Democracy, or Capitalism
we make just about one-third of the
worlds goods, mostly for our own use.
We drive three-fourths of the worlds
autos, use about half the worlds cleo
tricity. Our homes are unrivaled for
comfort and labor-saving devices. We
eat more meat, buy more clothes, see
more shows, own more insurance. We
even save more money.
Yes, freedom pays-in the coin of
tolerance and understanding, and in the.
coin of progress and prosperity.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10
CHURCH OF THE NAZARENE
Formerly Union Holiness Tabernacle

NV. Jd1IItS Dainty, uoVOT
Saturday service over public ad-
dress system, 1880 p. m. Prayer and
Praise service, 500 p. m.
Sunday, Sunday School at 200 p. m.
Preaching, 800 and 1880 p. m.
Young Peoples service, Sunday,
Tuesday and Saturday, 1880 p. m.
Tuesday. Prayer meeting, 1880 p. m.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10

Widespread drought in Europe was
Gripping the recovery of industry
there.
The Republican. [volume] (Oakland, Md.) 1877-current, 1949-02-10
ACCIDENT ENGLISH LUTHERAN
PARISH

William f. Carlson, Pastor
Cove worship service, $3.50 a. M;
Accident, II a. M; and Friendsville,
2:30 p. M.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1949-12-02

Tens of thousands of crossings of plants are sometimes required to produce a distinctive new type.