davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1948-07-11
Western Allies Facing
Long Berlin Struggle
IL Blockade Continues
BY the Associoted Press


The United States, Britain and
France appear certain to be in for
"a long. costly and dangerous
struggle to maintain themselves in
Berlin if Russia rejects their de-
mand to lift the blockade of the
city.
Both Washington and London ex-
pect a prompt answer from Moscow.
Officials in the Western capitals
were reported sticking close to their
telephones this weekend in antici-
patton of reply.
The major point which the three
Western nations sought to make in
their notes to the Kremlin was that
they would not be compelled to
leave the city by any threats, men
acing actions or pressures. In a
sense they restated automatically
what Gen. Lucius D. Clay was
quoted as telling a group in Ger
many several weeks ago-that the
United States would not be driven
out of Berlin by measures short of
war.
Enough Food Flown In.
officials here in the diplomatic
as in the military branches OF the
government concede that the pro-
clamation of a decision to remain
in the German capital is only the
beginning of a problem.
AS Secretary of State Marshall
told the Kremlin in his note, there
are 2,4OO000 Germans in the West
ern zone, and if the Soviets will
not let supplies reach them by nor
NAL transportation methods then
the Western powers will have to do
their best to overcome the Russian
barriers.
At the Moment they have sue
ceeded by history's greatest peace
time air transport operation in de-
livering into Berlin more food than
the people there, by daily average,
consume. They have not, however,
been able to deliver all the coal
which Western Berlin requires.
Moreover the relatively light task
of food delivery alone is extremely
expensive operation, requiring the
maintenance and fueling of a vast
fleet of cargo airplanes.
Weather Favors Air Lift.
So far the air-lift project has
been favored by the high average
of fair days which is characteristic
of summer weather. Winter would
be quite another thing. At the mo-
ment it appears to be highly uncer-
tain whether the Western Powers
could maintain in wintertime the
minimum flow required to keep the
West Berlin population from starv-
ing and freezing.
These points have not been
stressed in official American state
ments. But they are almost cer-
tainly elements which would be
heavily weighed by the Soviets in
their study of reaction toward the
demands of the. Western Powers.
Evening star., 1948-07-11

central committee, in long article
in Borba. Conclusions drawn from
the article are that Russian Bolshe-
viks believe Communist problems
should be solved within the party
not on basis of equality but on
a graduated scale Of importance
with a single aim and with the
Soviet's Bolshevik party at the head
of the scale.
This puts the Russians in the
position of wanting a vertical form
of procedure and the Yugoslavs Of
wanting a horizontal form with the
Russians having no more power
than any one else and with the
party of each country solving its own
problems according to its individual
situation.
Indications are that the congress
will last from five to seven days.
According to past experience, it can
be assumed that the congress pro-
gram will be more or less cut and
dried. Solutions to problems are
being thrashed out now. When the
Evening star., 1948-07-11
'YugosIays Stand Firm
lon Tito 5 Defiance Of
ICominform Policies
By the Asseeioted Press

BELGRADE, July 10.-Two weeks
after the blast that cracked the
Communist front. Marshal Tito's
defiance has broadcast to the world
that Russia and her Cominfotfn sat-
elites will have to change because
Yugoslavia will not.
If the "all-powerful" Bolshevik
CRussian) party will not change it's
policy, the Cominform countries are
faced with two alternatives:
/. To impose economic sanctions
against Yugoslavia, isolating Tito
lists and forcing them to deal with
the West.
2. To use some form of force in
evitably leading to open warfare.
And the general atmosphere in
Belgrade is that Yugoslavia is much
better prepared for either of these
alternatives than is any of her
opponents outside of Russia.
This does not mean that Yugo-
slavia is economically better off than
her neighbors. But the organization
of the people behind Tito's parti-
sans and the fiercely answering
Tito program make it SO.
Boycott Poses Problem.
i The possibility of boycott Of
; Yugoslavia by its Communist neigh
bors poses a problem. Even now
there are reports that Soviet
Romanian oil companies have shut
off oil shipments. They cannot be
confirmed here.
i GA dispatches from Bucharest,
Romania, Friday night said oil
deliveries from Romania to Yu-
goslavia have ceased along with
the Danube River boat service to
Budapest. This dispatch said
there has been no official an
nouncement that oil deliveries
have been suspended. All that
could be learned, it said, was
that there are temporary bottle
necks" Romania continues to
have diplomatic relations with
Yugoslavia)
5 Because foreign trade figures are
considered top secret here, it is diff
) cult to assess what damage eco
, nomic sanctions against Yugoslavia
, could do. But this much is certain:
All Eastern European countries
including Yugoslavia, are primarily
agricultural. Tito is determined to
industrialize his country. And be is
virtually unable to get any OF the
, heavy machinery and processed ma
| terials he needs from the East.
Salt Hard to Find.
In the past Yugoslavia has de-
pended on Romanian oil. A shut-off
from that source would hurt unless
a source from the West were opened.
The remainder of Yugoslav imports
comprise mostly a few trucks from
Czechoslovakia, which easily could
be doubled from Italy; light electri-
cal equipment from Hungary, which
Britain already has offered to sup
ply in exchange for fats and corn,
and some cotton from Russia.
The major part of Yugoslavia's S
other needs already is coming from
Western countries within the frame
work of trade agreements and even
outside such agreements.
Housewives in Belgrade today
i ff2und they could get only limited
amount of salt on ration cards and
none on the free market. This was
an indication to them that Tito
may already be taking precautions
against possibilities of a boycott.
The great portion Of this nations
Evening star., 1948-07-11
.WestGerman Officials
.Shun Appearance Of
Setting Up New State
By the Associofed Press

FRANKFURT, Germany. Sunday,
July 11.-German politicians will
ask the Western Allies next week to
protect them against being charged
with splitting Germany"
They want the United States,
Britain and France to modify their
proposal for a new government in
Western Germany so it will not
appear as though they are creating
a new state and permanently cut
ting off Russian-occupied Eastern
Germany.
To avoid this appearance the
state presidents of Western Ger
many drew up a counter-proposal
on Friday which they will present
to Allied officials. The German
plan appears to provide for a West
German government in everything
but name.
Instead of a constitution" the
Germans are asking for basic
law" Instead of parliament
they want ''trizonal representative
body"
AS further protection for them
selves they want the Allied statute
creating the new regime to say
specifically that the Germans were
mot responsible for the splitting OF
Germany"
The German plan. however, would
still bring all three Western occupa-
ton zones together under one Ger
man administrations 1t what
you will.
On some points the Germans will
ask for greater powers than the
Allies offered. They want, for ex-
ample, to have economic consul
ates" abroad instead of giving the
Allies complete charge of Germany's
foreign trade. They urge a re-
duction in occupation costs which
Germany must pay.
There has been no indication thus
far whether the Allies will accept
the German counter proposal.
A unification of the Western zones
was proposed in the London con-
/ ference of six nations. Countries
which participated along with the
United States, Britain and France
were Belgium, The Netherlands ano
Luxembourg.
Gen. Lucius D. Clay, United
States military governor for Ger
many, said last week that no Ger
man charges which 60 beyond the
London agreement could be accepted
without six-power action.
Evening star., 1948-07-11
Stiff Conditions LikeI'
If Russians Agree 10
End Berlin Blockade
sy the Associoted Press

LONDON. July 10.-Russia may
agree to the Western Powers de-
mand that the blockade of Berlin be
lifted. but with stiff, perhaps un-
acceptable conditions attached.
That was the private opinion of
Western diplomats here today as
they weighed possible courses Russia
could take in replying to the sharp
protests which the United States,
Britain and France made public last
night.
Speculation in London was based
on the premise that Russia does not
want a shooting war, and that So
Wet plans and provocations are aim
ed at undermining Western inf1u-
erce without forcing showdown.
It was regarded as possible that
Russia thus may counter with an
agreement to suspend at least tenn
porarily its ban on road, rail and
barge traffic into Western Berlin
provided:
l. The Western Powers agree to a
new meeting soon Of the Big -Four
Foreign Ministers to discuss the
problems of Germany as whole.
2. The Western Powers halt, pend
ing the outcome of such a meeting
their plans for creating a separate
Western German government.
Big Four Meeting Stressed.
This speculation was strengthened
by the first reaction from a Soviet
inspired source.
The Russian controlled German
news agency, Adm. criticized the
notes of the three Westrn Powers as
limiting themselves solely to the
problems of Berlin.
1t hammered away, as usual, at
the need for another meeting of the
Big -Four Foreign Ministers Council
as suggested at the recent Warsaw
meeing of Eastern European for
eign ministers.
The Russian licensed German
press followed the same tack, and
urged fulfillment of the Warsaw
recommendations for an early con-
-clusicn of a German peace treaty,
and withdrawal of occupa ton forces
within year after a peace treaty is
signed.
No Sign Of Reply.
There was no sign as yet of q
Russian reply to the notes.
Diplomats here believed, however,
that the situation is too tense and
that the notes were too clearly
vorded for the Russians not to
answer.
Diplomats here said it would be
hard to theorize what the Western
Powers would do if Russia demands
a Big Four Foreign Ministers meet
ing as the price of raising the
blockade
The notes gave no offer of trade,
The Western Allies offer was
limited to the question of Berlin
alone-after the blockade is lifted.
Four Courses Open
Qualified observers pointed out
that Russia may get a fiat refusal
If she asks for Big Four Foreign
Ministers meeting. These observers
said that while the Western Powers
ruled out the question of withdraw
al from Berlin, they had these
courses open:
l. Continue indefinitely their mass
effort to supply Western Berlin by
air.
2. Lay the question before the
United Nations Security Council.
Here, however, the Russians could
use their veto.
3. Send in military convoy of
supplies to determine whether Rus
ia would resort to force to stop
delivery.
4. Put the entire question before
the United Nations General Assem-
bly, in its September meeting in
Paris.
Evening star., 1948-07-11
THE SUNDAY STAR Washington, D. c. Ale
II.

congress opens they win be com-
pletely whipped into shape. Abso-
.lutely no opposition to any issue y
expected.
Evening star., 1948-08-31
Devious InteIIectuoIs

DR.. Albert EinStein has had diSillusion-
Ing experience with the World Congress
OF 1ntellectuals, which, judging from It's
recent meeting in Breslau, Poland, is
sort of international Communist front
organization.
DR.. Einstein, who has often been found
on the side of the leftish intellectuals, was
asked last July to write letter of en-
couragement to committee organizing
the Breslau meeting. He wrote that letter,
and also wrote lengthy message which
was supposed to be submitted to the Con-
gress itself.
This latter message, however, strongly
advocated creation of a supra a-national
organization vested with control OF mod
ern weapons of mass destruction, which is
not In harmony with the Communist line.
The second message never saw the light OF
day IN Poland. Instead. who ever was
pulling the strings at the Congress re-
leased garbled version of the innocuous
letter of July 8, and represented it as being
DR.. Einstein's message to the Congress.
DR.. Einstein has now put the record
straight, pointing out that the substitution
OF messages occurred without his authori-
zation or knowledge and commenting that
such practices cannot contribute to the
creation OF an atmosphere of mutual
trust"
II this falls on the side of understate-
ment, 1t Is nevertheless encouraging II 1t
means that DR.. Einstein and perhaps
others like him are beginning to realize
that they are being used by the Com
munists and their front organizations, and
that these agents of the Kremlin will not
hesitate to practice any deception if it
promises to promote their own aims.
Evening star., 1948-08-31
Mr.. Wallace in Dixie

It Is too bad that North Carolina did
not adopt Virginia's strategy in dealing
with Henry Wallaces invasion of the South.
The Progressive Party's candidate headed
into Dixie looking for trouble. He did not
dnd 1t in Virginia. The authorities there
closed their eyes to Mr. Wallaces evasion
Of the States segregation law and he was
permitted to speak in Norfolk and Rich
mond without incident. The speeches were
more of the same old Wallace line, and
nobody paid much attention to them.
In North Carolina, however, the rough
stuff started There was q free-for all
between hecklers and Wallaceites in Dur
ham. At Greensboro the candidate was
pelted with eggs and tomatoes and finally
shouted down. In Burlington 1t was more
OF the same. Only at Chapel HILL appar-
emily, was Mr.. Wallace able to make his
speech without serious interruption.
Members Of the Wallace encourage made
% secret OF their delight at the North
Carolina reception. That was what they
wanted, first, because 1t makes headlines
Tor their candidate, and, second, because
they think it will bring him votes.
The last assumption is a dubious one
After all, Mr.. Wallace is batting the South
and II the South in turn bats Mr.. Wallace
that is not apt to swing many votes in his
favor. But there can be no doubt that the
hecklers in North Carolina have helped the
publicity end Of the Wallace campaign at
the expense Of their own good name.
Evening star., 1948-08-31
Chief Justice Huqhes

Stainless and undefled, your quiet hands
Still hold torch tuithtn this hnllotced
place
That knesD your genius, and your high
commands,
Your fawless judgment, and your stately
grace.
Within these marble halls your honored
Is Ueighed In scales of justtce-balanced,
true;
Your robes today clothe more than earthly
fame,
As grateful hearts pay tribute now to you.
Go as traueIer 1Uho rests content
Among the beauties of a netD-found dag:
Go as pilgrim, too NTH life tceH spent,
Go t0tth earth richer since you passed
this 1ray.
Fare,DeH to you tcho had so much to Gtpe :.
Your influence surDtues, your name tciH
Hpe
MATTE RICHARDS TYLER.
Evening star., 1948-08-31
Marine Corps Appreciation

To the Editor Of The Star:
On behalf Of the Marine Air Reserve Train
Ing Command. would like to express our
appreciation for the coverage given the second
Post War Marine Air Reserve Maneuver by
The Star.
During this period Of uncertainty and ten
sion, the space given to publicizing the Marine
Air Reserve Maneuver at the Marine CORPS Air
Station. Cherry Point, N. c., July 1924, 1913,
by pictures and stories, has proven to be of
inestimable value to the program, as well as
informing the people Of the United States of
the steps being taken by the Marine Air
Reserves to "be ready" in event of an emer-
gency.
The second Post War Maneuvers proved to
be successful beyond our expectations. Thirty
two (32) Reserve Squadrons participated in
the maneuvers and proved themselves ready
to join with regular Marine Aviation Units in
the shortest possible time to meet any emer-
gency. In addition, the maneuvers afforded
Reserve squadrons the opportunity to work
together under simulated wartime conditions
Thanks to The Star for its cooperation and
and to the Marine Air Reserve Training Pro-
gram. C. r. ScH1Ir
Brisadier General, q. q. Marine Corps.
Commanding General
Evening star., 1948-08-31
Daylight Time Resented
TO the Editor Of The Star:

TO the Editor Of 1he star:
hope that when the question Of Daylight
Saving Time rears its ugly head again that the
recent sleepless nights for those who must stay
here during the summer will be remembered.
OF the cities on the Eastern Seaboard none
il probably hotter than Washington during the
summer. The government often Is forced to
close its buildings and send its workers home.
Since they and others dare not 60 to bed in the
early evenings because Of the continued un-
bearable heat the extra hour in the cool Of the
morning becomes . necessity.
Therefore, government, business and other
agencies in the long run instead Of gaining.
really lose, since these workers deprived Of
adequate rest through q whole summer cannot
put out either the quality or quantity Of work
Is the days 30 by. Equally 70 Is the fact that
their dispositions also suffer.
=. Z. WuIIAlED.
Evening star., 1948-08-31
PROGRESS Toward Union

No matter how dreamy 1t may still be,
the idea of a federated Europe continues
to gain significant ground. To bring it
nearer to reality France has now proposed
that the western Union" nations-itself,
Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands and
Luxembourg-sta a special fve-power
conference to work out plans for the crea-
ton OF parliament representing all the
free European lands.
Our own State Department - holding
that the world Of today requires the tax
ing Of steps which before the war would
have seemed beyond the range of practical
politics'-has promptly put the United
States on record as strongly favoring the
French proposal. Through Prime Minister
Attlee, the British Labor government has
asserted that 1t thinks such a conference
would be premature at this time, but it
believes that some kind of European union
Is at once imperative and inevitable, and
presumably 1t will follow Frances lead If
the three Benelux countries support the
idea of holding an early meeting.
Under the French proposal, the Ave
power conference would be held at The
Hague not later than November. The rep
resentatives taking part would make
recomme endations to Britain, France, Bel
GUM, the Netherlands and Luxembourg
on the procedure and timing to be fol-
lowed In inviting the other free European
lands to kind of assembly at which the
groundwork would be laid for continental
parliament within the framework Of the
United Nations. In a short-range sense,
the membership Of the parliament pre-
sumably would consist of the sixteen coun-
tries who are cooperating in the Marshall
Plan for joint economic recovery and who
have common and urgent interest in
uniting as closely as possible against the
threat of being overwhelmed, one by one,
by direct or indirect Soviet aggression.
Beyond that, in a long-range sense, the
ultimate goal in mind would be the event.
ual federation OF all of Europe, on both
sides Of the Iron Curtain for the purpose
Of achieving mutual security and pros
perity in peace-preserving new balance
of power placing Europeans on fairly even
terms with the Russian and American
giants.
All this is in accord with resolutions
adopted last May at the Congress of Eu-
rope" at The Hague. Although sponsored
by no government, that historic meeting
was attended by distinguished delegates
from no fewer than twenty-five different
lands. 1t gave expression, as never before,
to the simple but grim reality that the
continent-especially the free part of it
must federate or perish and that there Is
no time to be lost in bringing about union.
The pressures for oficial action are there
Evening star., 1948-08-31

fore great. The ideas short-range imph-
cations-the formation of Western Eu-
ropean bloc-raises the prospect OF a strong
counterweight against Soviet expansion
ism, and accordingly the Kremlin is vio-
lently opposed. The United States, on the
other hand, is completely in favor Of the
plan; we have as much as advocated 1t in
the preamble of the Economic Cooperation
Act for Europe's recovery, and the Senate
has voted Overwhelmingly to advise" the
President to associate" this Nation with
mutual security and defense pacts con-
nected with 1t.
Nothing could be more obvious, of course,
than that tremendous obstacles still stand
in the way of genuine union of free
Europeans. A wilderness of historic fears,
hates, rivalries, jealousies and cultural dif-
ferences remains to be cleared away. And
within the various countries themselves
as within France today, within the very
land that proposes to stage a federating
conference - unity is hard to achieve
These discouragements to one side, how
ever, the ancient dream of United States
Of Europe is steadily becoming less dreamy
Its translation into full reality may take
generations, but bit by bit it is likely to
come into being because it must. The
alternative is disintegration and collapse
Evening star., 1948-08-31
In Aid of Helpless Animals


To the Editor Of The star:
am glad Of the recent award Of q check
and . medal made by the Anti -vivisection So
ciety Of the d. c., to Frank Marks, pound
master, for his staunch stand against giving
out any Of his animal charges to experimental
laboratories. This should be q start of q wider
support Of Mr.. Marks and the citys humane
organizations to use every possible means to
protect helpless animals from becoming the
victims Of the widespread net Of animal
nappers" and their underground cruel trade.
The pound with thousands Of dollars from
dog license fees should be the nrst to en-
large and remodel its kennels and collecting
services, for the dogs have the first claims
upon these funds The Community Chest
should furnish the Animal Rescue League
another truck for stray and owned animal
collections. Citizens reporting cruelty cases
to the Humane Society should be more willing
to witness for court trials. The reoaganized
Humane Education Society Of the District OF
Columbia and the Animal Protective Associa.
tion, not being In the Chest, need more men,
berships and monthly donor funds from the
public Both promote humane education among
young people to help outlaw future cruelties.
The Animal Protective Association enlists
It's young friends as Junior Animal Protec-
tors" and prepares scripturally based lessons
of kindness to Ill Gods creatures The Anti
vivisection Society Is also starting young peo-
pies work.
The city government. the Chest and private
animal lovers gladly should increase the pres
sot insufficient financial suppoft ef thu asovs
Evening star., 1948-08-31
Wants One Person Investigated

10 the Eottof OF Inc star.
President Trumans recent attitude toward
the Communist investigation comes as a shock
to peace-lovirg Americans. BY refusing to CO.
operate and release files. he IL protecting
traitors Of oCr country. One would be led
to believe that the reputation Of few in
nocent people Is more important than our
national freedom. President Truman obviously
is not worried about the lives of millions Of
Americans In uniform. believe that the pro-
lection Of their lives is more priceless than
the injured regulations Of few men in high
Government Office.
believe that the Un-American Committee
has overlooked one person. This person has
publicly declared he hikes Old Joe Stain"
As late rs November, ls47, he told reporters
he saw no reason to bar shipments Of sup
plies to Russia. This person has been over
looked. He too should be on the investigation
list. He is Harry Truman.
PATRICK w. ODONNELL.