davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1948-10-13
Tests Of Sea Water
Planned by Piccard
During 24-Mi|e Dive
By Henry GhysseIs
North Anssieon kswspopsr Alliance

Norm American kewspopsr Alliance
DAKAR, French West Africa, Oct.
|13.-Direct observation Of life and
conditions at the ocean bottom is
not the sole service Prof. Auguste
Piccard's bathyscaphe can render to
science. Tests Of the content of
sea water at various depths are an
other important part Of this expedi-
tion's undertaking.
It is important to know the tenn
perature Of the various layers, their
salt content, the alkali and dissolved
oxygen in each, and the quantity
of phosphates and nitrates which
condition the amount Of plankton
life, and thereby govern the fertili-
ty Of the oceans.
When the bathyscaphe dives az
miles or more it will take about go
samples of sea water at different
levels. Temperatures also will be
measured. OF vital importance will
be samplings Of the sediment COW
ering the oceap floor, sometimes in
considerable depth, and of the floor
itself.
Water transparency will be meas
used by q device known DIS nephe-
lometer-which permits comparison
of water samples against q piece Of
glass which becomes more Opaque In
|graduationS.
These and other scientific an
deavors relate directly to the use
of this new tool of science Prof.
Picard has fashioned, the bathy-
|scaphe. However, custonlry ocean,
ographic research methods also will
be carried out from the mother ship
Scaldis.
Water samples and temperatures
will be taken by the classical system
of lowering containers and meas
uring devices overheard on steel
line operated by an electric hoist.
Evening star., 1948-10-13
Tux Seminar Announced

National University's second tax
seminar for lawyers, accountants,
bankers and businessmen will be
held at 1890 pm. tomorrow in the
Romany Room, 817 Thirteenth street
NV. Milton I. Baldinger, director
of the october series, will discuss
Federal tax cases pending before the
Surname Tol,rf
Evening star., 1948-03-03
Dinner Forum
TObic announced

"Do Our Labor Laws Promote In
dustrial Peace?" will be the subject
of the dinner forum to be. held on
March IL at the Lord Calvert Hotel
In College Park under the auspices
of the Prince Georges County
League Of Women Voters.
Speakers will be Milton Smith
assistant general counsel Of the
United States Chamber of Com
merce: John Whittlesey, labor re-
lations attorney of the Chamber OF
Commerce; Herbert Thatcher, coun-
sci for the A. F. of L. and Leslie
Fishman, research associate of the
CIO. Alfred Friendly of the Wash
tngton Post will serve as moderator.
The forum, which will begin at
8 pm. following $50 pm. dinner,
will be open to the public. Reserva-
tions should be made with Mrs.
Everett Wilcox, 4100 Farragut street,
Hyattsville.
The debate will eliminate study
of labor legislation by a committee
of the league directed by Miss Dora
Sanders.
Among those who have been in
Wted to attend the dinner are
Gov. William Preston Lane, Sem
ator Millard Tydings, Senator
Herbert O'Conor, Representative
Lansdale G. Sasscer. State Senator
Harold Sothoron, the county's dele
CATION to the State Assembly and
the county commissioners.
National and Maryland State Off
GERS of the League of Women Voters
also have been invited.
Evening star., 1948-03-03
.YWCA Bookstore =
To Be lmAugzlrated
With Oben House

The Young Women's Christian
Association is making elaborate
arrangements for an open house on
Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday
which will inaugurate its new book
store in the main building at Seven
teenth and K streets NV.
A number of authors from the
Washington area are being invited
to attend the opening and other
guests will include leaders in the
civic, religious and social life Of the
community.
Tea will be served between 8 and
pm. during the three days, with
board members of the YWCA alter
mating in pouring.
Among the writers who have been
invited to be present are George
Simpson, Mrs. Woodbury. Will
oughby, Miss Elizabet Stone, Mer-
riman Smith, Blake Clarke, Miss
Marion King, Miss Temple Bailey,
Mrs. Margaret Landon, Mrs. Harold
Strickland, Mrs. H. Lyle Campbell
and Mrs. Embert LIE Lacheur.
DR.. Luther H. Evans, librarian
Of the Library of Congress, and
Harry N. Peterson, librarian of the
District Public Library, are expected
to attend, while invitations also
have been extended to members of
the clergy, the staff of the Wash
ington Federation of Churches and
presidents of womens' clubs through
out the Washington area.
Board members who will pour in
clude Mrs. Wiley Rutledge, Mrs.
Edwin G. Nourse, Mrs. Nelson T.
johnson, Mrs. Karl Fenniig, Mrs.
Seth Brooks, Mrs. Bernard Chan
dler, Mrs. G. Harris Collingwood,
Miss Agnes Ewart, Mrs. Frederick
M. Feiker, Mrs. Ralph B. Kennard
and Miss Louise ONeill.
Mrs. John Ladd heads a commit
tee of volunteers, which includes
Mrs. John Thatcher, Mrs. Albert
Atwood, Mrs. Max Proffitt, Mrs.
George Thomas, Mrs. B. w. Clapp
and Mrs. M. D. Boyle.
Mrs. Theodore Miller is director
of the new bookshop, which will
include a lending library among its
services.
Evening star., 1948-03-03
Honor Tea Planned
Bv Pen Women

Members of the District League
of American Pen Women whose
works have achieved recognition in
the past year will be honor guests
at tea to be given by the League
between 4 and 6 pm. on Sunday at
the studio, 1851 Columbia road NV.
Those who will be honored are
Donna Crabtree, portrait painter:
Lydia Keown Feidler, illustrator OF
history book of Arlington County;
Helen Orr Watson, author Of
white Boots; Alice Hutchins
Drake, author of Miss Hutchins
Steps Out: Roberta Wakefield,
author of Foreign Marks of Origin
Regulations" and Mary Howe, COM
poser.
Irene r. Cohen and Esther Belle
Dykes Beachy, playwrights, will
also be special guests.
Mrs. Matte L. Smith Jarrott, gen.
eral chairman of creative groups,
will be the hostess at the tea and
will be assisted by the chairmen of
the various creative groups and
their co-chairmen.
Evening star., 1948-03-03
Sorority Ne1Vs

James c. Tate of the National Sc
curity Committee will speak at the
meeting of Omicron Chapter of
Kappa Beta Pi legal sorority to be
held at pm. tomorrow at the Ma
tional University Law School.
Miss Estelle Berliner will present
the speaker who will discuss legisla-
ton providing for universal military
training. Members of the five local
chapters of the sorority as well as
students at National University
have been invited to attend the
meeting.
Following the regular monthly
business meeting of the Washington
Alumnae Chapter Of Alpha XII Delta
sorority to be held on Monday, Mrs.
Harriet Huckins Manning will pre-
sent a piano recital. The meeting
will be held at 8 pm. at the Wood
ley Apartment House, 1851 Column
bia road. Ali members of the So
rority are invited to attend.
The Washington Alumnae Asso-
citation of Alpha Delta Pi will meet
at 8 pm. tomorrow to complete
plans for the magic show which the
group will give on March 20 at the
Takoma Park Junior High School
as a benefit for the new George
Washington University Hospital.
The meeting will be held at the
home of Mrs. William E. Clark,
4410 Forty-second street NV. Mrs.
Andre Simonpietri, Mrs. Edwin Hol-
land and Miss Marjorie Osborne will
be assistant hostesses for the eve
ming.
Evening star., 1948-03-03

Calvary Baptist Church was the
scene recently of the wedding oi
Miss Betty Dorothea Bogardus anc
Mr.. James Owen Scott, the Rev. DR.
Clarence w. Crawford off1ciating as.
sisted by the Rev. Pierre Tangent
The bride Is the daughter of Mr.
and Mrs. Carl Bogardus, and was
given In marriage by her father
Mr.. SCOTS parents are Mr.. and Mrs
Ray Scott of .Clarksburg, w. Va
The bride and bridegroom are living
in Morgantown while he completes
his studies in pharmacy at the Uni
versity Of West Virginia. He Is q
member of the senior class.
Mrs. Ray Spencer was matron OF
honor and the bridesmaids were
Miss Patricia L. Hartmann of Bing-
hampton, N. Y, cousin of the bride;
Miss Margaret A. Scott Of Clarks-
burg and Miss Jean Sauer.
Mr.. Elwood Bare, a fellow student
of the bridegroom at the university
of West Virginia, was best man, and
the ushers were Mr.. Oliver Propert
and his twin brother, Mr.. Kerper
Propert. Mr.. George Nussbaum and
Mr.. Ernest L. Hartmann.
Mrs. Scott was a member OF the
Junior class at the University of
Maryland. Mr.. and Mrs. Scott went
10 New York on their wedding trip.
Evening star., 1948-03-03
$1,000 Raised
T0aUard BHildmp
1t TAOS Lunch

Approximately 5000 for the
building fund of the new congrega-
ton to be known as TAOS was
raised yesterday at the first annual
donor luncheon OF the TAOS Sister
hood, held at the Mayf1ower Hotel
The occasion brought together
members of the Sisterhoods of Tif-
fereth- Israel, Agudath-Achim and
Ohev-Sholom who are working in
cooperation with their. respective
congregations on the joint building
program.
Each of the three groups, which
are to be merged when the new
congregations facilities are COM
pleted, had a part in the program
yesterday.
Mrs. Harry Goldman, president of
the Tiffereth-Israel Sisterhood also
served as general chairman of the
luncheon. Special introductions
were given to Mrs. Martha Schmidt,
president of the Ohev Sholom Sis
terhood and to Mrs. Benjamin F.
Pollack, president of the Agudath
Achim Sisterhood.
Rabbi Harry Silverstone, Rabbi
Herman j. Waldman and Rabbi
Zemach Green, spiritual leaders OF
the three congregations, were honor
guests.
Benjamin Pollack, chairman Of
the Merger Committee, made an ap-
peal In behalf of the fund-raising
drive and Mrs. Pollack outlined the
purpose of the luncheon. She point
ed out that 81 ,250, 900 is being sought,
for the synagogue, which is to be
built at Tuckerman street and
Piney Branch road. In addition to
providing a house of worship, the
building will include a community
center and a large auditorium.
A musical program and short
play entitled THE Committee
Meeting were entertainment fea-
lures.
Special recognition was given
during the luncheon to the chair
men from the three sisterhoods
who had assisted with luncheon ar
rangements.. Mrs. Pollack served as
chairman of the Agudath Achim
Sisterhood, Mrs. Jessie Bennett was
chairman for Tiffereth- Israel and
Miss Celia Blumenthal was chair
man for Ohev Sholom.
Evening star., 1948-03-03

Official and residential Capitalites
had a rather crowded program yes
terday with a furry OF festivities
claiming their interest.
The Netherlands Ambassador and
Nine. van Kleffens gave dinner
party that was fairly studded with
prominent people. Their guests in
cluded the Speaker of the House,
Representative Joseph w. Martin
jr.; the Secretary of Agriculture and
Mrs. Clinton P. Anderson, the Coun-
selor of the State Department and
Mrs. Charles E. Bohlen, the Assist
ant Secretary of the Treasury and
Mrs. Edward H. Foley, jr., former
United States Ambassador William
Bullitt, Mrs. Clark Clifford, Mr.. and
Mrs. Frederick Noting, Mr.. and
Mrs. Arnold Whitridge, Mrs. H
Blakiston wilkins, Mr.. and Mrs
Leonard Rift, Mr.. and Mrs. Robert
Ash, and Mr.. and Mrs. Henri Rolin-
Jaequemyns.
It was very legislative gather
ing that met IN the WeStcneSter
Apartment of the Sergeant at Arms
of the Senate and Mrs. Edward F.
McGinnis yesterday afternoon.
From $50 on any number of promi-
nent Capitol Hill figures dropped
by for an afternoon aperetif.
Mrs. McGinnis was assisted by
her sister, Miss Mary Catherine
Dunning. and Mrs. James McPher-
son.
Invited to this party were Senator
and Mrs. Styles Bridges, the Secre-
tary of the Navy and Mrs. John
D. Sullivan, Senator Joseph McCar-
thy, Senator and Mrs. G. Douglass
Buck, Senator Harry P. Cain, Sen
ator and Mrs. Wayland Brooks, Mr..
Evening star., 1948-03-03
Varied Parties Brighten
Lentem Social Picture

and Mrs. Carter Barron, Mr.. and
Mrs. Bradley Nash, Senator and
Mrs. William E. Jenner, Mr.. and
Mrs. George Dixon, Senator and
Mrs. George Malone, Senator and
Mrs. Howard McGrath, and Comdr.
and Mrs. Robert Byrd.
Miss Margaret Truman accom-
panied by Miss Jane Lingo and Miss
Drucie Snyder occupied the Presi-
dental box for the concert of the
Philadelphia Orchestra in Consti-
tuition Hall last evening. They went
on to the party given in honor OF
the conductor, Mr.. Eugene Or
mandy and the soloist Mr.. Zinc
Francescatti, violinist. Mrs. Fran
cescotti shared honors with her hus-
band at the after-concert supper
which Mrs. Constance Snow and
the Philadelphia Orchestra Asso-
citation gave in the Queen Elizabeth
Room of the Raleigh Hotel.
Mrs. Snow received the guests as
sisted by Mr.. Ormandy and Mr.. and
Mrs. Francescotti. Also assisting
was Mr.. Harl Mcdonald, manager
of the Orchestra and composer in
his own right.
Mrs. William r. Castle went on
to the reception after the concert
and took her turn in the receiving
line to represent the Washington
committee for the orchestra. Mrs.
Adolph Caspar Miller is chairman
of the Washington committee but
was unable to be present owing to
illness.
The several hundred guests in
cluded many other box holders for
the concerts of the visiting orches-
ira as well as many music lovers
in diplomatic, official and residential
Washington.
Evening star., 1948-03-03
AInn1nae to Hold
'Decade' Parties

The Virginia graduates Of Mount
Holyoke College are having series
of midwinter decade" parties to
discuss alumnae activities at the
college.
The party for the graduates since
1910 will be held on Saturday and
the graduates Of 1930-1939 will
meet on March 20. Both of these
groups will be entertained at the
home of Mrs. Bruce Bradley, 1926
South Joyce street, Arlington, at 4
pm. on their respective days.
Because of their small numbers,
the 1S80-1919 group will meet to-
gether at the home of Mrs. Alfred
Spence, 1928 North Dittmar street,
Arlington, at 4 pm. on March 13.
The graduates of the 1920s met
last Saturday to honor the birth
day of Mary Lyon, founder OF
Mount Holyoke College.
Evening star., 1948-03-03
Sorority Elects

Mrs. Ida Moreland was elected
president of the Washington Council
Of Sigma Tau Gamma Sorority for
194S at recent meeting. Other new
officers include Mrs. Katherine
Nevitte, vice president; Miss Gloria
Bianchini. recording secretary; Mrs.
Mary Davis, corresponding secretary:
Miss Elizabeth Kaplan, treasurer;
Mrs. Ruth Swinburne, Sigma Tau
Gamma editor; Miss Audrey Cathro,
historian; Mrs. Martha Jane Gro
gan. mistress of initiation; Mrs. Ann
Fletcher, first sister; Miss Lois Clark,
second sister, and Miss Marie VAN
derbeck, third sister. =.
Evening star., 1948-03-03
Sonora de Jaem Gnardia
Ne1V Embassy Cbatelaime
By Katharine M. Brooks

The new hostess at the Panaman-
ian Embassy, Sonora de Jaen
Guardia, wife Of the new Pana-
rnanian Ambassador, is no stranger
In Washington.
AS Miss Dolores Haas, she lived
here before her marriage. Her
mother and sister, Mrs. Robert
Haas and Miss Dorothy Haas. are
her near neighbors.
Moderately tall and slender,
Sonora de Jaen Guardia was hostess
to a small group of society writer's
at the Embassy yesterday. Her
hazel blue eyes sparkled as she
talked of her love of flowers, her
interest in the new styles, and her
small son Ernesto, jr., now three
and half.
Young Ernesto occupied the CEN
ter of the small group yesterday,
explaining in Spanish and then in
English the good points of the dolls
which he had just discovered. The
dolls, dressed as native Panaman-
ians, belong to the Embassy, and
little Ernesto had only just found
them and he was showing them to
his mother when her guests arrived.
Sonora de Jaen Guardia wore a
becoming black crepe frock, full and
well above the ankles with severe
ly plain bodice, round neck and
short sleeves, her only ornament a
gold pin. She explained that al
though she and the Ambassador had
been here about 10 days only, they
are all unpacked, the Embassy Is
thoroughly equipped, including the
servants, and they feel quite at
home.
Wives of members Of the Embassy
staff assisted her yesterday. Sonora
de Heurtematte, wife of the Com
mercial Counselor, poured tea, wear
ing a very becoming wide-brimmed
black hat, which made a halo about
her head. Others assisting were
Sonora de Quintero, wife Of the
Military Attache, whose beige hat
had an intriguing veil which formed
q scarf about her throat; Senorita
Anita Ramirez-Duque and Senorita
Ernestino Miro, attaches of the
Embassy. Sonora de Chevalier,
wife of the Minister Counselor,
was absent owing to illness.
Conversation dwelt on music and
dancing. Sonora de Jaen Guardia
is devotee of both. She particularly
likes music of the lighter vein, espe-
cially light opera, and she yearns to
be as good a dancer and exponent
Of Panamanian rhythm as Sonora
de Heurtematte. The latter is a
Evening star., 1948-03-03
Earl and Countess
Visit InpercbabeI

The Earl and Countess of Airlie
are guests of British Ambassador
Lord Inverchapel at the British
Embassy. The Scottish peer and
his. wife are stopping here for two
or three days en- route from the
West Indies to Great Britain.
Tonight Lord Inverchapel, the
Earl and Countess of Airlie and
Maj. Christopher Mayhem, MP,
another guest of the Ambassador,
will 60 to the Washington premiere
of the English film, Johnny
Frenchman," which is opening at
the Little Theater. Lady Inver-
chapel will not be in the group as
she is enjoying a brief sojourn in
Nassau.
The Canadian Ambassador, Mr..
Hume Wrong, and his daughter,
Miss June Wrong, and the British
Minister and Lady Balfour will also
be among the first night audience
in the Little Theater tonight,
Evening star., 1948-03-03
Overseas League
To Hold Dinner

A program dedicated to the
American Red Cross will feature
a dinner meeting of the Washing
ton Unit, Women's Overseas Serv-
ice League, on Tuesday evening
at the Highlands Apartments.
The guest speaker will be Miss
Louisa Farrand, director of group
relations of the National Red Cross
Blood Donors Service, and Miss
Arlene Raske, chairman of the
Speakers Bureau of the District Red
Cross Chapter, will be a special
guest. A short movie depicting
peacetime activities of the Red
Cross will be shown.
Mrs. Dixie Wright, unit presi-
dent, is handling reservations for
the meeting.
Evening star., 1948-03-03
PrenAbtiaL Fete

Mr.. and Mrs, James c. Haynes,
Jr., will be hosts at an informal
party Saturday from until 8
O'Clock at Broadstairs, their home
in Kensington, in honor of Miss
Ruby Daw and her fiance, Maj.
Geoffrey Atkinson, formerly of the
British Army Staff, who will be
married March 10 in the Memorial
Chapel at the Army Medical Center.
Mr.. Haynes will be one of the
ushers at the wedding.
Evening star., 1948-03-03
.Pakistan Cbaucerv
To Occupy House

The Pakistan Ambassador, Mr.
M. A. H. Ispahani, will continue to
make his home at the Shoreham
Hotel until he finds a suitable house.
The chancery, however, will be re-
moved the middle of April to the
house at 2343 S street. which the
Pakistan government has purchased
from former United States Min
lister to Switzerland and Mrs. Le-
land Harrison. The Harrisons have
bought a house in the neighbor-
hood, but will not announce the ad-
dress until the final papers are
signed.
Evening star., 1948-03-03
Amimoffs Entertain
CAPITAL Socialites
1t Cocktail Fete
By Betty Beale

The Charge d'Affaires of the
Swedish Embassy and Nine. de
Aminof were hosts at delightful
cocktail party yesterday afternoon.
There was nothing official about
this affair, said Nine. de Aminoff,
who had invited about 100 of their
friends to their attractive home on
Twenty fourth street. The host is
Counselor of the Swedish Embassy
but is acting as charge d'affaires
because of the ambassador illness.
This diplomatic couple is invited
to the Capitals smartest residential
parties; have equally interesting
gatherings in their own home.
Chic Mrs. Raymond Cox was there
yesterday, chatting with Mrs.
Charles Carroll Glover-about the
National Symphony, of course, while
Mr.. Cox was telling friend how
much he enjoyed the Leap Year
dance Saturday night. He should
have, he was one of the "belles" Of
the ball.
The Honorable and Mrs. Edward
w. G. Russell were surrounded by
friends all the time-Mrs. Russell in
a 'snappy becoming black felt hat.
They were with British Gen. Julian
Gascoigne, whose wife is out Of town.
The general, who looks very British,
very military with his mustachios
and monocle, has superb sense OF
humor, Is not the least bit stuf1y.
The three were going to dine at the
Sale du Bois and then go hear the
Park avenue hillbilly."
Mr.. and Mrs. Cecil Lyons were
on hand, and Mr.. and Mrs. Ray
mond Tartiere-the latter does such
wonderful work for the Child Adop-
ton Committee of the American Aid
to France; Mr.. and Mrs. Ralph Snow
den Hill, the First Secretary of the
British Embassy and Mrs. Robert
Cecil, the Second Secretary OF the
Norwegian Embassy and Mrs.
Elovius Mangor, the Belgium At
tache and Nine. Paternotte de La
Vaillee, Mrs. Randall Hagner, who
came with Mr.. Harry de Pauer, and
Miss Bella Hagner, who was escorted
by Mr.. Raymond Hazebroek.
Still others we're Belgian Baron
de Sellers of the International
Monetary Fund, having word with
Mr.. Waverly Taylor; Mrs. John
Begg, Nine. Rene van Swinderen,
Mr.. and Mrs. Francis Cunningham
and Nine. Eschauzier, who is just
back from Batavia. It was terribly
hot there, she said, but having seven
servants was very pleasant. Her
husband, the First Secretary of the
Netherlands Embassy, is still out
there.
The hosts son, Mr.. Gregory de
Aminoff, was saying goodbye to the
many friends of his parents whom
he has met during his several
months visit here. After taking part
in the younger set whirl of this sea-
son he is returning to school in
Sweden. He will go to New York on
Friday and sail on Saturday.
Evening star., 1948-03-03

gifted dancer and in Panama had
her own school of the ballet In
spite of many pleas, she did not
give an exhibition of the rhumba
or the samba, in both Of which she
excels.
Sonora de Jaen Guardia looks for
ward to the spring when the small
garden at the Embassy will bring
forth many blossoms; blossoms
which, she says, differ from those
which she grows in Panama.
The Ambassador Is starting his
second tour of duty as the repre-
sentative of his President in this
Capital, but Sonora de Jaen Guar
dia has taken over the duties of
chatelaine at the Embassy for the
first time. She is amply equipped
for her post and will prove a well
come addition to the charming
hostesses in the diplomatic corps.
Evening star., 1948-03-03
On the Partv Pad

Sonora Felipe Munilla has issued
cards for tea March 18 from 4:30
until $50 o'clock at the Washington
Club.
Miss Ruth Bielaski, who will be
married Saturday to 1t. Comdr.
Frank Henry Balsley. u. s. N, was
guest Of honor at luncheon given
yesterday at the Naval Gun Factory
by Miss Margaret Wotherspoon,
daughter of Capt. and Mrs. A. S.
Wctherspoon.
Evening star., 1948-03-03
Floral Exhibit

Members of the garden depart
ment of the Alexandra WomanS
Club will exhibit arrangements OF
forced Towering branches and un-
usal vases at the meeting to be
held at 1890 am. tomorrow at the
home of Mrs. Orlando Kirk, 1902
Orchard street, Alexandria.
J. Mrton Franklin will address
the club on Garden Maintenance
and Design" Following his talk
there will be q business meeting
at which a nominating committee
will be named to select new officers
for the coming wear.
Evening star., 1948-03-03
Stvle Sb01v Planned

The Women's Committee Of the
Washington Chapter Of the Amer
ican Institute of Banking will pre-
sent a fashion show and tea at
2 pm. Saturday at the Mayfower
Hotel. Tickets will be on sale at
the door.
Evening star., 1948-03-03
In Mexico Civ

The Luxembourg Minister and
Nine. LIE Calais have left for Mex
leo City where the Minister will
present his credentials as Minister
to Mexico. They will return to
Washington In time for Easter.
Evening star., 1948-03-03
Story PROGRAM

The Washington Story League
will meet Saturday at the YWCA
for a program entitled, Cap and
Bells" Vivien King will be the
leaders and the storytellers will be
Ruth Barnes, Bessie Warren and
Mary Ellen Dashiell.