davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1948-09-24

as a hardship. While some women
are attached to army service, it is
not compulsory, but women are taught
and required to take mems places on
all jobs, in case of war or other un-
usual catastrophe.
Dual Life
Above the Arctic Circle, where the
sub-soil is continuously frozen the
year round, there are but two seasons,
Winter and Summer In Winter, the
sun don't show at all for four or five
months; in Summer, the sun shines
night and day for the same length of
time. Besides hunting, little was
done in Winter All vegetable life
and much animal life were dormant
Bears, snakes, spiders and all visible
insect life were dormant or non-exist-
ant while Jack Frost played the lead
ing role. That was the rule before
the Great Change. When Winter ar
rives in the Chukot Aera, it is likely
there to stay until the sun reappears
to start another season. On it's Arctic
coast there is no gulf-stream or Jap
anese current and no Chinooks to
break the monotony of silence, bar
ring the bowling of the Siberian
wolves.
Now the livestock collectives have
the care of the stock to look after
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1948-09-24

While you may freeze to death, you
don't catch a cold or the flu as the
climate is too severe in winter for
these germs to survive. You can
dress against the cold and there is no
danger of sun-stroke in summer.
There are no lions or tigers and the
wolves are not as dangerous as re-
puted. Once aclimated, it would be
hard to find healthier climate any
where.
In prehistoric times, the mighty
mastadons would roam the country
leaving their valuable hundred pound
ivory tusks, yellow with age, behind
them. One of them, overtaken by the
Glacial Period, was so well preserved
that part of it was served at the
MISUNDERSTANDING banquet in Paris a
few years ago, a unique cold storage
meat many thousand years in a froz-
en- state, never to be tasted again.
A blood test taken from it's carcass
showed it to be distant relative of
the India elephant but not the Afri-
can.
Their isolation is not as complete
as the map would show. While they
have no railroads and but few auto
deer and dog-sleds as well as plenty
they have snowmobiles, rein
Continued Page eight
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1948-09-24
THE CHUK0T TRIBE

as housing conditions were estab
lished. A written language was in
troduced, local government was
formed with the natives taking an
active part, local possibilities were
carefully studied and given all posi-
BILE aid in their development.
Natives are now $3.50 literate with
many speaking one additional Ian
guage preferably Russian. They by
passed the feudal and capitalist sys-
tenn in one generation, ordinarily a
thousand years evolution.
Colectives in Action
They were handicapped by a severe
climate and extreme poverty and, as
individuals, would have been almost
helpless, but as collectives they solved
g tremendous problem They have
their fishing collectives, livestock and
fur collectives and now live in luxury
compared to their former way-of-life
They buy and sell at fixed market
prices and hide no more when the
Cossacks come. The men, when 1S
years of age, have to go through
two years course of military training,
but look at it more as a chance to
see the other side of the world than
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1948-09-24

The Chukor National Area is the
most desolate and the most sparsefy
settled region of the USSR. 1t is
located in the northeast corner 81
IBERIA and has the distinction of being
the coolest inhabitated spot on Earth
on a par with the Poles and the
ice-cap of Greenland.
Before the Bolshevik revolution, the
Nomad Tribes living there had no
standing in Russian economy and
were treated more like beasts than
human beings. They had no station
airy dwellings and lived in caves, tents
and make-shift shelters and lived ex-
clusively by fishing and hunting. They
were always cheated on their valuable
furs by INSCRIPTIONS traders and the
Cossacks were their dread instead OF
their protection.
From Savage TO Civilized
They had no written language and
were on the way to extinction when
the Soviets took over. Now condl-
lions changed rapidly. Under Mos
COW leadership, and substantial as
sistance, a wasteland was turned into
an economic asset Teachers, doctors
and nurses were sent there as soon
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1948-09-24

cause of insufficient education and the others who
unprepared for production because they lacked
both education and training in the technical skills
alarming.
This situation should have taught us once and
for all that education is national problem 1t
should have convinced all that as matter of
defense and production, it is the duty and to the
selfish interest of the national government that ade
quate educational opportunities made available
to all. 1t should have proved that it is not enough
that the richer states richer communities groups
we'll educated and trained And it should have
made clear that when state is unable to provide
funds for an American standard of education either
because of its colonial status because it is
productive, the national government must step in.
But even the second World War did not shake
our traditions enough that have done much
about it.
That being the case, undertook, in a previous
chapter to show that since the same kind of in
CAPABILITIES in the tax burden and education oppor-
tunites exist between counties and between districts
within the state, next best solution lies in fl
nancing schools on the state level.
Meaning of State Level
This term means substantially what some people
prefer to call estate aid.
Because some people use the word aid to imply
charity, begging, asking outside help, because it
has to smack of charity, the former term is
used 1t means very simply that instead of placing
the entire finance burden the local district or
county regardless of ability to raise taxes we in
Montana all of us, act one big family co-operat-
ing in providing education for ALL 1t means that
as far as possible and practicable the state
as tax base 1t means the elimination of a situa-
ton which requires district to pay a 100-mill
school levy for education program inferior to
that which the people in another district can pro-
vide with a twenty mill levy. AS far the property
tax is concerned the ideal situation would be that
everybody pay the same number of mills
Perfection Not Attainable in One Step
There are several reasons why can't hope to
attain the ideal in great forward move:
1lIr nHu afI has local
sponsibility.
2. Fear exists that state level financing leads to
extravaganza and responsibility. Sometimes the
richer units are unwilling to share the taxes derived
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1948-09-24

war material, transportation and
personnel to staff our hospitals on
the fighting front and at home.
That was a stupendous job. The
magnitude of the conflict and the
gravity of the issue required that
every individual and means of pro-
duction become part of one great
war machine.
But the number of individuals
found unfit for military service be-
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1948-09-24

But the recommendations of the Citizens Commit
tee, remember, calls for only half the cost to
be raised the state level, leaving half to be
raised by the county and district
Since talk in terms of averages, and the state
funds are to be distributed on the basis of need it
fair to estimate that the counydistrict leves for
the Foundation program will be certainly not
in of 28 20 mills-Iess than fourth of the
tax levies paid in districts.
Effect On the District
This tax proposal if adopted would work about
las follows
make minimum levy which applied to all the prop
erty in the state would reasonably be expected to
raise the local communitys share of taxes. This
would be- stated, not in of % or 20 mills
Those counties districts which could provide the
needed funds with such tax would receive nothing
from the state. The other districts would receive
from the state the difference between what that.
general required levy would bring and the cost of
the Foundation program.
1t is erroneous idea that the state would pay
just half of the cost in each county and district
In all what the state pays to the district
county is above and what the required minimum
levy brings And the state pays only what is
qured to make the local tax payments and the state
fund equal the amount needed for the Foundation
program.
Only by bearing in mind that the Citizens Com
mittee recommendations call for raising as far as
possible the state funds by other than the
property tax the real significance of the plan
be realized
The adoption of this finance plan would be the
mcst progressive and beneficial tax measure made
for schools in Montanas history since the adoption
of the constitution
But is it possible practical for the people of
Montana to raise so large the state level
say $11,500,000?
To begin with we already are assured of at least
2 million from two sources-the income from
state lands and from federal funds leaving a
maximum of $9,500000
Is 1t Possible?
The question is easy
Whether the money is raised on the county-dis-
trict level the level Montana people pay
the cost.
The difference is that when the funds are raised
the state level if it were to be the basis
OF property tax, which it is not, the tax burden
would be far more equitable. 1t is not logical; it
does not make sense to say it is too expensive for
the state.
The legislation is already inundated by the state
constitution ito establish and maintain general
uniform, and thorough system of public free
mon schools. - Montana Constitution Article XI,
Section /.
But How Can the State Raise So Much Money
For the Schools
That is the subject for later chapter. In that
some general suggestions how to utilize and
strengthen the present tax laws, will be made; later
chapters will be devoted to specific taxes how we
might increase the revenue state lands, i'm
prove assessments to make them more equitable,
and the restoration of funds formerly earmarked for
schools.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1948-09-24
BY J. M. PETERSON, Poison
RAISING ONE HALF THE COST OF
EDUCATION ON STATE Level.

The second World War made it necessary for the
government in Washington to prepare millions of
young people for combat. 1t also had to enlist
other millions to provide the means of subsistence
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1948-09-24

Both years, it should be noted the state share
was low. The present proposal calls for So state
finance. The district burden is for both years un-
high The proposed plan calls for the
county the basic levying unit.
The annual report of the State Board of Equali-
cation shows the following variations in county and
average district levies in 1916:
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1948-09-24

Taking the 1916 evies for maintaining high
schools we see they vary in the ratio of about to
average district levies range about 4 to 3 among
counties. Between districts, about to L. Vara-
tons in leves among districts generally owns about
81 to l.
Further Explanation of Financing State Level
The estimated cost of foundation program-the
minimum standards to be tolerated for teacher re-
quirements, teacher load, equipment, texts equip
ment libraries, transportation buildings etc. is from
% to 221 million dollars
The taxable wealth of Montana is now about All
million dollars. To raise the total cost of this pro-
gram on the state level by means of property tax
would therefore require around 55 mills-say Sc
to allow for delinquent tax payments
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1948-09-24
Montana Tax and School Problem

from wealth made possible by activities carried on
beyond that immediate community.
g. When the major source of revenue is the prop
erty tax, additional state financing may ad-
ditiona taxes for the most wealthy!
A. Much of the real wealth is Jumped in few
counties requiring only low levies for school pur-
poses.
In Montana, however, the people have shown a
very promising alertness to the need for
equal distribution of the tax burden. County dele
gates to the state meetings of the Citizens Commit
tee report almost unanimous approval by the people
of plan to raise half of the total cost of educa
ton the state level that the states share of the
finance load shall be provided, far possible,
by other than the property tax and that such
funds shall be distributed the basis of need The
plan proposes that the remaining funds shall be
raised by the county and district with the county
serving the basic taxing unit.
The Present Tax Burden
One hardly realize the full benefits of this
proposal without taking quick look at the present
distribution of the tax burden and the inequalities
in tax evies. couple of simple tables and few
figures on tax levies will suffice.
Smyrna times., 1948-09-09
GIVE TOMATO
PACKING HINTS
Home Demonstration Agent
Says To Use Only Perfect,
Ripe Tomatoes
HOT AND COLD PACK

use only perfect, ripe tomatoes
for canning" says M. Katherine
Jones, home demonstration agent.
To loosen skins, she recommends
that tomatoes be dipped into boil
ing water for about half a minute,
then dipped quickly into cold
water. Remove tomatoes and place
them in a dry container to prevent
softening. Cut out green core and
as the tomatoes are peeled place
them in jars if they are to be cold
packed. To cold pack tomatoes
leave them whole, or cut in halves
or quarters. Pack tomatoes to
one-half inch of top, pressing gent
ly to fill spaces. Add no water.
Add half teaspoon salt to pin and
one teaspoon to quarts. Adjust jar
lids. Have water in Gamer hot
but not boiling to prevent break
age of glass. Then heat to boiling.
Process pint jars 30 minutes and
quart jars 35 minutes. AS soon as
jars are removed from Gamer,
complete seals if closures are not
of self-sealing type. If you decide
to hot pack them, quarter the peel
ed tomatoes and bring to a boil,
stirring often. Pack hot in hot
glass jars to one-half inch of top.
Add one-half teaspoon salt to
pints; teaspoon to quarts. Adjust
jar lids. Process in boiling-water.
bath-either pint or quart jars
five minutes. AS soon as jars are
removed from Gamer, complete the
seals if closures are not of self
sealing type. Miss Jones, says that
cold packed tomatoes are usually
rated higher on flavor, color, tex
ture, odor, and appearance than
hot packed tomatoes. However,
Smyrna times., 1948-09-09
CHRISTIAN SCIENCE CHURCH
Services Announced for Whining
ton. Milford and Rehoboth

kCtA tttto <tAAAOttsN%a lCa w
ton, Milford and Rehoboth
The subject of the lesson-sermon
in First Church of Christ, Scient-
ist, 1901 Van Buren Street, Will
mington, the Christian Science So
ciety, Grange Hall, Milford and the
Christian Science Society, v. 1. A.
Building, Rehoboth Beach, Sunday,
September IL, will be Substance.
Morning service and Sunday School
are at IL a. m. Golden Text: Ro-
mans s: "a, 25. We are saved by
hope: but hope that is seen is not
hope: for what a man seeth, why
doth he yet hope for? But if we
hope for that we see not, then do
we with patience wait for it. A
Bible citation from the lesson-ser-
mon is: Daniel z: 81; Daniel A.: 8
And the kingdom and dominion,
and the greatness of the kingdom
under the whole heaven, snail pe
given to the people of the saints of
the most High, whose kingdom is
an everlasting kingdom, and all
dominions shall serve and obey
him.. How great are his signs!
and how mighty are his wonders!
his kingdom is an everlasting king
dom, and his dominion is from gen.
Grafton to generation. A correla-
tive passage from the Textbook
Science and Health with Key to
the Scriptures" by Mary Baker
Eddy is: Up. 46s). Substance is that
which is eternal and incapable of
discord and decay. Truth, Life,
and Love are substance, as the
Scriptures use this word in He
brews: 1.-THE substance of things
hoped for, the evidence of things
not seen."
Smyrna times., 1948-09-09

more tomatoes can be put into
each jar when hot packed which is
a point to consider if jars and stor-
age space are limited.
Smyrna times., 1948-09-09

Mineral deposits in the state of
Mississippi include hydrated lime
stone, coal, gypsum and rich clay.
Smyrna times., 1948-09-09
M IktUN W n NC
zz1a{S

School days homework for mothers well their
offspring what with lunch boxes to pack and afterschool
snacks to fix And this kind of homework requires lot of
thought too you want to win honors (and help your chill
dren do kewise So let's start concentrating right nowi
Smyrna times., 1948-09-09
or SCHOLARS AND DOLLARS


For satisfying the big appetites
that small fry develop in school,
foods from the APP are in class
by themselves! It's a huge class,
too. !. including hundreds of good
things that promote good health
from kindergarten to college. In
cidentally, If you've started coll
lege fund for your "young hope
ful," you can save plenty of money
for it by marketing at your APP,
where prices are low every day.
ON WHAT a PIcKLEI
Firm, ripe cantaloupe that ends
up in a pickle makes a grand gar
nish! Boil 31z lbs. (pared and Sec
tioned) in salted water till tender.
Drain. Mix 2 cups sugar, / cup
vinegar, " cup water and l tbsp.
A &P's A N N ~ /S@Sgm
PAGE WHOLE NJ xsSAM
MIXED SPICES n SMSlhZ #
FOR PICKLING. y lsEEsI H
Boil about 5 min s EkrsJ y
utes. Add drained SeEE5
cantaloupe and 49,
cook gently 5 to 10 minutes. Pack
in clean hot jars and seal at once.
Evening star., 1948-05-27
Marshall Plan Hailed
By y'Hja|mar Schacht in
Interview in Prison
By Don Doone

! Associoisd Press foreign Correspondent
l LUDWIGEBURG, Germany, Ma.
27.-Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, Hitler
Reichsbank president, says tn
! Marshall Plan is IAN excellent start
toward rebuilding Europe's economy
/ Also, he favors recent move
toward a federated union of Euro
pean nations.
/ All in all, the old Nazi f7nanciel
thinks the western world is moving
entirely in the right direction"
And for this I give the creates
credit to American politics" hi
said.
Schacht made these statements II
an interview in his prison hospita
room where is Is serving an eight.
year prison sentence given him by
German court for his support o.
NaZiiSm.
Expects Acquittal.
He gets a new hearing in June
and he says he Is confident Of
acquittal this time.
Can American Military Gov
ernment court yesterday denied
a plea by Schacht's attorney for
his release under Western Ger
many's new habeas corpus law.
Although Schacht was sentenced
by German court, he has been
in American cuStody)
I've got lots of new evidence,
Schacht said. TT Is a fantastic in
justice that I should be convicted
of Naziism when I actually risked
my life from 1888 on to oppose
Hitler. I turned against him the
minute I realized he wanted war"
Although he is II years old and
has spent most of his prison term
in the hospital, Schacht was alert
and vigorous. He was not confined
to his bed.
Hospital attendants had warned
he might refuse to talk because hes
been pretty cranky lately" But he
talked freely and was bitter only
when discussing his conviction.
Despite his age and long Jail
term. Schacht plainly harbors hope
Of returning to a position of finan-
cial influence.
Seeks Rehabilitation.
II am looking already anead of
the Marshall Plan" he said. I'm my
present situation I am not able to
discuss this problem, but I hope to
get my rehabilitation soon. Then l
would be glad to help in economic
fields"
Schacht showed he was not very
favorably impressed with the eco
nomic planning of the German Of
ficials now directing Western Ger
many'S effort to come back.
American and British authorities
think otherwise.
"One of the main troubles with
Europe now is its adoption OF
Schacht's barter system and financ-
ing" said one of the top American
financial advisers. If 1t hadn't
been for Schacht we would have a
much easier time putting Germany
back on her feet.
1--WE are not interested in his ideas
Evening star., 1948-05-27

now or any other time-he Is q
vastly overrated man"
Gets Food Packages.
Schacht gets more food packages
than any other prisoner in this Nazi
prison camp. Most come from Ger
mans some of whom l don't even
know" the old man said. Hospital
attendants said he got 80 food
packages from Germans in the first
four months of this year He also
got three from the United States
two from utter strangers
two from Switzerland.
Schacht said he shares his pack
Evening star., 1948-05-27

ages with other prisoners, and
they share theirs, too"
He complained most about the
lack of newspapers and magazines
Il don't get a single American or
English newspaper in here" he said.
TITS hard to keep up with world af-
fairs from the few German news
papers I can get"
Former patients of the Royal Vic
toria Hospital In Belfast, Northern
Ireland, have organized an Ex-Pa-
tients Guild to help the institution
progress.
Montana farmer-stockman., 1948-03-01

so I TOOK MY INVENTION to the FARMLAND
folks at the Superior Separator Co. in Hopkins, Mime
sofa ...a well-known plant where farm machinery
specialists work with farm inventors to perfect their
machines and make them practical for mass production
to help other farmers with similar problems.
Montana farmer-stockman., 1948-03-01

-. the famous loader that's acclaimed by
farmers the finest, most versatile lifting
loading-moving machine on the farm. FARM
HAND Leaders lift 5000 lbs. quickly, gently,
smoothly -. load and unload with no strain
on tractor. thanks to wrist action" perform
ance =. hoist huge loads up to FL feet -.
the highest lift of any loader madel See the
FARMLAND Prairie Mulcher and Hydrau-
lie Leaders at your FARMLAND dealers.
Montana farmer-stockman., 1948-03-01

WATCH IT Work. My FARMLAND PRAIRIE
MULCHER helps you prepare a perfect seed bed with
no air pockets =. enables you to bury weed seed deeply.
Use it any time for fall blowing, spring blowing.
summer following. Many farmers report a 3 to S bushel
gain per acre through use Of the PRAIRIE MULCHER.
Montana farmer-stockman., 1948-03-01

I MY SOIL BLOW AWAY and wash
away on my Upham, North Dakota farm and like
most prairie farmers west of the Mississippi l wished
someone would invent a machine to stop erosion and
bind the soil in place. Then / had an IDEA. Such Q
machine mieA- solve these problems, too.
Montana farmer-stockman., 1948-03-01

HERE'S MY FARMLAND PRAIRIE MULCHER
IN ACTION -. improved and engineered for 1907
performance :. on the job helping other prairie farmers
like mel See how it rakes over 70% of that straw onto
the plowed iand3 See how the soil stays put . :. is pro-
tected so it doesn't blow or wash away7
Montana farmer-stockman., 1948-03-01

WATCHED PLOWS PLUGGED FIGHT with straw
and stubble as prairie farmers like me readied their
fields for planting. And / watched farmers burn off that
rich straw which might have helped save their soil. So
Hooked for a way to use that straw as a mulch to hold
that valuable soil, nourish it and keep it from blowing.
Montana farmer-stockman., 1948-03-01

READ HOW Carl Shutz invented the only machine that checks
wind and water erosion prevents pillow plugging F. eliminates straw
burning . stops weed growth -. conserves moisture -. builds fertility.
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1948-07-01

STOCKHOLM. July \ By ti
malD Ostcn linden. Swedish For
eign Minister. and II Freeman
Matthews, American Amba--ti.f
to sweden. signed o1 July 3 H
agreement on economic saap't1
ton between Sweden and the l'nf
ed States 1t regulates IN, rf,f.
relations of the two coaHiur. ~
connection With Sweden pr'.
patton in the Marshall Pan 4
message from Secretary ~ state
George c Marshall. WhHeh a.
conveyed to stockholm bX Amu
sador Matthews. states thaf IH fH,
signing of thu agreement moss
step is taken toward extending the
program for the reconstruction af