davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

MOVING AND HAULING-Any-
where, any time, your cargo is
insured. For estimates Phone
WARRENS SERVICE STA
TION-R-617-6 Oct. Itch.
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

MAN WANTED - For
stockroom work. Steady work,
good salary and hours. Apply
Box EAG. The Herald.
14th N. c.
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

TOR SALE-Oil burning fur
mace, will heat average house,
all necessary equipment in
cluded. Available Immediately.
Will sacrifice for quick sale
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

Many people are amazed af
the speedy results Of our
classified ads. If you have
something TO sell. trade or
rent, call The Herald.
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14
FOR SALE

FOR SALE-Four room brick
house, six blocks from Roa-
noke Ave. Apply 1925 Hamil-
ton St. Phone 4l9l. If
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

FOR SALE-l937 Plymouth, A.
door sedan, good seat covers.
good tires. new motor, 1895
P. F. Harris, Aurelian Springs
N. G. l2-13-14 pd
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14
culation Mgr. At the Herald
Office. 7. F.
HELP WANTED

OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES For
the Daily and Sunday Herald
In Halifax, Northampton, War
rem and Hartford counties in
N. c. Also Brunswick and
Greensville counties Va. Will
work nicely with other line.
Apply Circulation Mgr. at Her
aid office. tt
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

It's easy to use the Classified
columns. just pick up the
phone, dial R-326 and ask
for Classified Department.
If yap can't call, mail ads in.
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

FOR SALE-Four room brick
house, six blocks from Roa-
noke Ave. Apply 1925 Hamilton
St. Phone R-4l91. T. F. Ch.
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

FOR SALE-Wicker twin baby
carriage. Used very little. May
be seen at 222 Jackson St. TT
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

fOR SALE-10 to IL inch
double pink and single ruffle
Azaleas with bloom buds, 4Oc
per plant. Nandainas two to
three feet $3.50 value for sl.Oo
Call Mrs. A. O, Pendleton, R.
o35'' 1918 ch.
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

FOR SALE-One slightly used
apartment. A. B. Electric
Range. E. w. Smith, Inc. 1l04
Roanoke Ave. D-Oct. Goth Ch.
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

FOR SALE-One four room
house, 100 ft, front by 239
it. back, next to Kitchens Ser
vice Station at CASTOR. Write,
j. A. Reed, 129 A. Street,
Copeland Park, Newport News,
Va. 12-13-l4 pd.
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

FOR SALE-Sawed wood. M. c.
Morris Store, Hometown,
Phone R-500-1. l4-15-l7 Ch.
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

FOR SALE-Dixie no smoke
heater, cabinet style, first class
condition. Rosemary Recrea-
ton Hall. l3-14-15 Ch
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

FOR SALE-Girls bicycle, good
condition. Mrs. Curtis Nose
ley, 226 Monroe St.
Oct. 13-ch.
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

FOR SALE-Auto windshields
and door glass-factory cut to
fit. Barry Erwin Store. 1907
Roanoke Ave. 14th Ch.
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

FOR SALE - Norge Circulating
Heater, will heat four rooms,
used two months. E. c. Cain,
315 Washington ST
14-15-l7 Ch.
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

FOR SALE-One Oil Circulating
Heater, excellent condition.
Apply Mrs. Dorothy C. Mullis,
Carolina Ave. 13-l4-l5 Ch.
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14
FOR RENT

FOR RENT-TWo rooms, pri-
vate entran,-. l2l Wood St,
West Rosemary 12-l3-l4 ch.
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

FOR SALE-Nice dressed young
turkeys-Toms or Hens, Colon
ial Frozen Foods. w. 9th.
Street. D-Oct. 10Th. Oh.
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

Also two S0-gallon hot water
tanks. Furnace can be seen at
Davis Livestock Stables near
the junction. See S. S. Nor
man. 12-13-14 ch.
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

F o R SALE - Used EASY
WASHER, spinner type, rea-
sonable. E. w. Smith, Inc. 1l04
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

FOR SALE - One Tennessee
walking horse, Strawberry
Roam, safe for ladies to ride.
Also three English Saddles in
perfect condition. Contact l, F,
Rochelle, E. 10TH street.
14-15-l7 NC
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

FOR SALE-One Coal heater in
very good condition. 90 Mad
ison St. 14-l5 Pd
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

FOR SALE-One Diebold Safe,
practically new. Contact l. F.
Rochelle Realty Co, E. 10th
St. 14-15-17-NC
Roanoke Rapids daily herald., 1948-10-14

FOR SALE-One Perfection Oil
Stove, five burner, Also Sell
ers kitchen cabinet, two utility
cabinets to match. All in good
condition. 6l9 Henry st.
14-l5-17 Oh.
Toledo union journal. [volume] (Toledo, Ohio) 1942-current, 1948-10-22
Auto-Lite
Votes Co-Op
Don alton

The Auto-Lite Unit of Local
IL, UAW-CIO, voted endorsement
of the organizational program of
the Toledo Consumers Coopera-
tive, Inc. at its meeting of Sat-
urday, October Is, and backed
up the endorsement with a dona-
ton of $500. for the coming
membership drive, it was report
ed by Edward Duck, assistant
director of the national Auto-Lite
department.
The vote was virtually unan-
imous, and the proposition was
placed before the unit by John
Begg, unit chairman, following
a discussion by the executive
shop committee previously.
1t is expected that other units
will take similar action, as the
3-point program outlined by the
COOPERATIVE for establishment
of warehouse distribution centers
solicits donation of ten cents
per member from each unit or
local union, to be used for edu-
cational and organizational work.
Virgil Barnhart, Auto-Lite
unit vice chairman, is also vice
president of the local co-opera-
tive organization.
Toledo union journal. [volume] (Toledo, Ohio) 1942-current, 1948-10-22
Boys Club To
Have Banquet
David W. Armstrong
Principal Speaker

David w. Armstrong, Execu-
tive Director of Boys Clubs of
America, will be the principal
speaker at a banquet to be given
at the Commodore Perry Hotel
on Friday, October %, during
the Institute of the East Central
Region of Boys Clubs. Mr.. Arm
strong, a newsboy in his youth,
has been associated with Boys
Club work for over forty years,
having started as Physical In
structor at the Boys Club of
Pittsburgh, Mass.
He became national Executive
Director four years ago, and in
the face of wartime conditions,
carried out a great program
throughout the country's 260
club units. 100000 Boys Club
boys served in the US. Armed
Forces, while those at home sold
war bonds, planted gardens and
assisted farm ers. They made
Splints, stretchers, frames and
other needed articles for soldiers
and sailors. With the war over,
Mr.. Armstrong; out S a n ding
leadership is still felt by all
Boys Club members as they pre-
pare themselves p hysic ally,
mentally and in character for
the duties of citizenship.
The purpose of the Institute,
to be held in Toledo on October
% and %, is to better equip
Boys Club workers with the
special skills necessary for the
vocational and physical training
of boys. Toledo's Judge Paul
Alexander of Juvenile Court will
speak during the Institute on
"A Juvenile Court Judge looks
at the Boys Club" l.. Wallace
Hoffman, Chief Probation officer
of Judge Alexander's Court, and
DR.. H nry L. Hartman, psy-
chiatrist, will take part in
panel on Behavior Guidance.
Homer H n h m, Executive
Director of Toledo Boys Club, is
c h rm n of the Committee
planning the Institute. Others on
the Committee include E. A.
Wright, Willis M. Lutz, Paul
Lennon and James w. Petit
of the Detroit, Dearborn, Colum-
bus, / n d i a n a and Cincinnati
Boys Clubs respectively, Edwin
F. VanBilliard, Director of the
East Central Region, William
Wright, Vice President of the To-
ledo Boys Club, Frank Lohner,
Charles D. Conley and Willis M.
Lutz, all of the Toledo Boys
Club.
Toledo union journal. [volume] (Toledo, Ohio) 1942-current, 1948-10-22

of practically all u n i o n
groups in the Toledo area,
and the co-op's 3-point pro-
gram has received the official
blessing of the Toledo Industrial
Union Council, as well as the
personal endorsement of Richard
Gosser, UAW-CIO international
Vice Pre- S d e n and Charles
Ballard, Director Region 2-B,
Toledo, Barnhart said.
Shares of Class A Common
stock are twenty-five dollars,
and only one share will be sold
to any person. However, pre-
ferred stock is availa b e in
shares of one hundred dollars
each, and carry a three per cent
annual guaranteed return. The
Class A Common stock gives
each member one vote, and also
entities its holder to whatever
amount of patronage refunds
that have accrued as a result of
the members purchases, based
on the stores prot is" The
coop is a non-profit organiza-
ton, and distributes back to the
membership what would nor
mally hape been profits, Barn
hart explained.
1t was thought advisable to
post tpone the organizational
drive until after November End
so that it would not interfere
with the campaign being waged
on behalf of Thomas H. Burke
land the other union endorsed
candidates, but it will get into
full swing Immediately follow
ing the elections.
Toledo union journal. [volume] (Toledo, Ohio) 1942-current, 1948-10-22

on Move m b er 2 equal a
better America"
The pa m h let, called
plain Arithmetic" dramatically
states this case:
"A big vote means lower
prices, d cen housing, slum
elimination, better social secur-
ity, union rights and wage pro-
lection.
"A stay-at-home vote means
higher prices, insufficient homes,
more slum, reduced social secur-
ity, smashed unions and wage
cuts"
Taking Ohio's 18th Congress
sional District for its example.
the pamphlet points out that in
1914 Democrat willis a m R.
Thorn, "a fine, and liberal con-
was elected by a TO-
O00-vote magin.
But IN 1916, "a reactionary
politicians" Republican Hender-
son H. Carson, was elected.
Answering the que st i o n
why" the pamphlet points out
that 44,105 fewer people voted
in 1916 than in 1914 and that
33, 1923 of these were Democratic
votes.
Hammering away at thetheme
don't be a stay-at-home voter"
the campaign p m p h ! t con-
tends:
when workers go to the
polls, they win!"
when workers stay away
from the polls. they losel"
Toledo union journal. [volume] (Toledo, Ohio) 1942-current, 1948-10-22

and Duck took exception to
them.
William Groeber, Chairman of
Local 465, Buckeye B u m p r
Division of Auto-Lite, Spring
field, Ohio, took part in the dis
cussion involving the placement
of new work in his plant. Presi-
dent Martin assured the union
S p o k m a n that the matter
would be taken care of as quick
ly as possible. Approximately
one hundred men are unemploy-
ed at the present time.
The meeting was arranged in
order to expedite the settlement
of all open issues yet unsettled,
except that Auto-Lite's Sarnia,
Ontario division will have
separate meeting on their local
inequity demands within the
next few days. The wage ques-
ton was not for discussion until
September /, according to a pre-
vious contract. Thus far, the
offer is a flat-thirteen-cents in
crease, Gosser said.
Another Auto-Lite battery b
division in Owosso, Michigan,
has been added to the -CIOI
roster, the union having won an
NLRB election last month by a
count of 100 to 8. International
Representative Glen Brayto n
was in charge of the drive,
Gosser stated.
The Sarnia divisions office
workers were also certified as a
UAW unit ently, and an
agreement is currently b e ing
negotiated with Local 421 there.
Eighty office and clerical work
ers are employed.
Toledo union journal. [volume] (Toledo, Ohio) 1942-current, 1948-10-22
8 Resolutions
Apopted By
Region Group
l25 Attend The
CIO Educational
Conference

Eigh t resolutions w we're
adopted and talks by promi-
nent speakers featured the
annual Women's Region 2-B
UAW-CIO conference held at
Local IL Hall on October Is and
16.
The group voted unanimously
to give all out support to elect
Thomas H. Burke to Congress.
The meeting was climaxed with
a banquet on Saturday in the
Secor Hotel Ballroom with Rich
ard Gosser, international UAW-
CIO vice president as principal
speaker.
The resolutions passed by the
125 delegates, representing $50
shops in Northwestern Ohio were:
support of Tom Burke for Con-
gresham; urge women to join
the Women's Local IL Summer
Camp Guild; fight for better
housing laws; back the consumer
Coop drive; national Women's
organization; Legislation for the
good of labor; requesting the In
ternational UAW Board to place
women on full time as staff
members.
Speaking at the conference
were Charles Ballard, Director
of Region 2-B UAW-CIO, who
pointed out that women employ
ment in shops will increase and
they should make a study of
shop problems to meet the in
creased employment of women
and their problems which will
arise in the shops.
Other speakers were Joe Ko-
walski, of Detroit, having a talk
on PAC; Roy Sautter on time
study; Virgil Barnhart on Coop;
Howard Rediger on the Local IL
Summer Camp fund drive; Mil
dred Jeffries of the UAW radio
department; Mrs. Lois Cossitt on
LMC; Jack Holt, Ohio State CIO
Education Director; T omas
Burke, vice mayor of Toledo
and candidate for Congress; Wv
ian Musselman, director of the
Toledo YWCA industrial divi-
sion and Norman Snyder of the
Farm Bureau Coop.
Michael v. Disable, Mayor Of
Toledo, gave the welcoming ad-
dress on the opening of the week
end session.
Officers elected for the new
year are: Mrs. Dorothy Mann of
Champion Unit, president; Rob-
erta Krohn, Laura Criss and Jen-
ME Delaney, vice-presidents;
Odessa Overy, Auto-Lite Unit,
secretary for the third consecu-
tive term; Amelia Berning also
of Auto-Lite, treasurer; Margar-
Continued on Page 2
Toledo union journal. [volume] (Toledo, Ohio) 1942-current, 1948-10-22

director. Thirteen cents is
retroactive to last May 5th,
with the remainder effective
as off last August 23rd, he an
snounced. An incentive plan will
bring n o tn e r 25% increase
soon, he added.
Meeting with Auto-Lite Off
cials Royce Martin, president,
and James P. Falvey and Byron
Fay, vice presidents, last Tues
day were Vice President Richard
Gosser, Edward Duck, assistant
Auto-Lite director, and repre-
sentative of the Local 675 bar
gaining committee, Joe Nisbet
and Gordon Wimberly.
Various adjustments were
granted non-p d u C t o n en-
ployees in all classifications, in
addition to the general 13-cent
increase, retroactive on the same
basis as production work ers'
raises. The adjustments, includ-
ing the increase, ranged as high
rx 48 cents in some instances.
NsR eprese in G the Owen
Dyneto Division, Syracuse, was
Francis x. O'Melia, international
representative from the staff of
Martin Gerber, Director, Region
8. Syracuse group leaders we're
granted ten-cent adjustment,
and company officials aged to
study the Ekilled classification
claim for further adjustments.
Other inequity cla j M S were
settled in Toledo August 20. The
company agreed to eliminate al
number of clauses in the agree
ment with Local 964 after Gosser
Toledo union journal. [volume] (Toledo, Ohio) 1942-current, 1948-10-22
Membership
Increases In
Women S Guild

Membership in the Local II
Womens Summer Camp Guild
has passed the rs mark it was
announced by Richard GosSer,
camp president.
Over 35 sent in membership
applications this week, he said.
Women whether members of the
union or wives of members are
eligible to become members, he
said.
A meeting will be called in
the near future to elect officers
of the guild and to map a pro-
gram beneficial to the boys and
girls camp located at Sand Lake,
Mich.
Any women interested in the
guild can obtain additional in
formation by phoning Mr.. Cos
ser's office, Adams 4611 or mail
in name and address to AIS
Winthrop st.
Toledo union journal. [volume] (Toledo, Ohio) 1942-current, 1948-10-22
WomenD Delegates Vote To
Back Burke For Congress
Gosser Tells
Of Plan To
Prices
UAW Board To
Submit Plan AT
CIO Convention

A plan calling for all house
wives to boycott high priced
foods if prices are not low
cred will be submitted to the
N ational CIO Convention
next month at Portland,
Oregon, it was disclosed by
Richard Gosser, international
UAW-CIO vice president.
The proposed plan was reveal
ed by the vice president before,
women delegates to the Region
2-B UAW-CIO conference at the
annual banquet in the Secor
Hotel Ballroom, on October Is,
in which he was pr n C p !
speaker.
Mr.. Gosser said the program
was dicussed at the UAW Execu-
tive Board meeting and calls for
housewives to boycott any food
item considered too high priced.
He said the plan will be put in
effect the minute the 81st Con-
gress will go into sessions with
out a program to reduce food
prices.
He explained that If a certain
item is designated as too high
priced housewives would be ask
ed not to purchase it until the
price is lower e d. The drive
would be conducted in the UAW
ranks by regional directors. In
the Toledo area the campaign
to have the housewives boycott
a specified item deemed as too
high in price would be under
the direction of Charles Ballard,
Region 2-B director.
In the course of his talk be-
fore the several hundred people
at the banquet he mentioned the
editorial in the Toledo Blade
referring to Tom Burke as a
candidate appearing at / a b o
without a neck tie. At
this point Mr.. Gosser removed
his neck tie and remarked" /
haven't yet figured out how a tie
can make a human being"
He assailed the 80th Congress
as a do nothing group of US.
Representatives. The "80th Con-
gress has done nothing except in
crease prices" he said.
He urged the women to do
everything in their power to get
out the vote on election day and
help elect Tom Burke to Con-
gress from the Ninth District.
Tom Burke also was speaker
at the dinner and pointed to his
own neck tie as "a dilly." He
the record of the Both
Congress and said the Repub-
licans leadership is responsible
for ending price control. Mr..
Burke received an ovation when
rising to speak to the delegates
and guests.
Toledo union journal. [volume] (Toledo, Ohio) 1942-current, 1948-10-22
Trum an To
Speak At
Rally Oct. 26.
Burke To Introduce
President At Meet
I'm Civic Auditorium

President of the United States,
Harry S. Truman will be formal
ly introduced to Toledoans on
Tuesday, October rs, by Thomas
H. Burke, vice mayor of Toledo
and candidate for Congress on
the Democratic ticket.
The President will be the prin-
cipal speaker at a rally in the
Civic Auditorium and his speech
is expected to be of paramount
in the torrid cam
paign he Is now waging for re-
election.
Other speakers to talk in this
blistering campaign are James
Carey, secretary of the National
CIO and Phil Hannah, secretary
of the Ohio State Labor Fedora
ton and Thomas Burke who also
is executive secretary of the CIO
Toledo Industrial Council.
The Presidents special train,
en- route to the east, will stop in
Toledo for approximately one
hour and provides time for
giant meeting planned for all of
Northwestern Ohio. County
from ii northwestern
Ohio counties met Monday in To-
Iedo to plan for caravans and
busses to bring thousands of
residents of their areas into To-
Iedo for the event.
The meeting is expected to be-
gin shortly after 100 PM. Tues
day at Toledo's Civic Auditori-
I'M. 237 South Erie Street.
Toledo union journal. [volume] (Toledo, Ohio) 1942-current, 1948-10-22
Sen. Wagner
To Receive
Award
President Truman
Chief Speaker At
Dinner, Oct. %

Senator Robert F. Wagne r
3D., N.Y.) has been unanimously
selected as the recipient of the
Philip Murray Award of the Ma
tional CIO Community Service
Committee.
President Truman will be the
chief speaker at award dinner,
which will be held Thursday,
October %, at 6 P. M. at the
Waldorf-Astoria H o tel, New
York City. CIO President Philip
Murray also will speak. The
ceremonies will be carried over
a statewide radio network and
will be televised.
In announcing the C h o C e
yesterday, Leo Perlis, national
director of the NCSC, said the
award will be in the form of a
scroll and check for 10000,
which will establish the Robert
F. Wagner Scholarship for stu
dents in the field of labor and
social service.
The award, established to
honor citizen who does an out
standing job in the field of
health and welfare, was awarded
last year to General Omar Brad
ley, head of the Veterans Ad-
ministration.
If Senator Wagner is unable to
attend the dinner because of i'll
health, Robert F. Wagner, Jr.
will accept for him.
Toledo union journal. [volume] (Toledo, Ohio) 1942-current, 1948-10-22

Appropriations Committee - at
S25 a day and all expenses - to
pass on the government budgets
of the American people.
"Ramey went down the line
against farmers in the vote on
the Agriculture Department Ap-
preparations bill.
"He voted for the gag rule
which prevents amendments
during debate"
subsequently he voted against
all efforts by Democrats to re-
store funds to Rural Electrifica-
ton A d m n S t r t ion, AAA,
School Lunch ogra m, the
Tenant Loan Program of Farm
Security, and others"
''In the very month when
prices hit an all-time high,
Ramey voted to bury price con-
trolls when he voted for the
urgent deficiency appropriation
bill, which cut off the Offiie of
Price A d m n tr t. o and
crippled Office of Defense Trans
portation just when ODT was
most needed to bring together
freight cars and crops and
freight which needed them to be
moved.
"Ramey supported the legis-
lative budget, so palably dis
honest and fraudulent House and
Senate were unable to agree and
the bill was never enacted as re-
quired by law.
"Ramey voted for the Grip
pling reductions in appropria-
tions for the Treasury and Post
Office Departments.
Again, he voted for the meat
tax reductions in the Labor De-
partment and Federal Security
which seriously reduced
the effectiveness of both agen-
cies in services for the common
people.
"Ramey also voted for the
deep slashes in funds for the
Continued on Page s
Toledo union journal. [volume] (Toledo, Ohio) 1942-current, 1948-10-22

On sep parate page the
phamphlet compares the records
of Thorn and Carson, pointing
out that Thorn worked for the
people and voted for the people"
In comparison, Carson's record
proves, the CIO-PAC says, that
''he was the tool of Big Business
and the voice of the greedy
interests. p"
Don't let this happen in your
Congressional District. Don't be
a stay-at- S h m voter" the
pamphlet concludes.
Ohio CIO-PAC Secretary
Treasurer William Lavelle said
the pamphlet would be dis
tributed widely in Ohio.
He added, '"The same Plain
Arithmetic can be applied to the
presidential e lie cti o n. In 1914
Governor Dewey carried Ohio
by $4,000 votes. But in 1914,
more than 100000 citizens, who
had voted in the 1910 election,
stayed at home. And in 1910
when these 100000 went to the
polls, President Roosevelt car
ried Ohio by a wide margin.
"It proves what we've said
over and over again. Every indi-
vidual vote counts. The stay-at-
home vote IN 1916 was response
BILE for the 80th Congress. We
can't have another Congress like
that one - just because the
of registered voters
STAYED at home"
Toledo union journal. [volume] (Toledo, Ohio) 1942-current, 1948-10-22

was cited as supporting the
statement which was issued
by Charles Ballard, UAW-
CIO regional director, and Frank
Fischer, president of the Toledo
Central Labor Union. Ballard
and Fischer are co-chairmen OF
the campaign com m ttee OF
Thomas H. Burke, Democratic
nominee for Congress.
Voted Against People
"The record shows, "the state
ment said, "that Ramey voted
the Taft-Martin- Wall Street line
on practically every major issue.
When the choice was between
public interest of his Congress
sional District and the vested
interests, he voted against the
people of his district and for
party policies"
The Burke spokesman pointed
out that Ramey was a member OF
the Committee on Veterans At
fairs (which was unable to pass
any major measure except the
terminal leave bond act.
For Big Business
The statement on n u e d;
Ramey voted against labor,
against dirt farmers, against IN
flation control, against veterans
and housewives and consumers
generally, and for big business
w III C h lobbied more
Iavishly, more shameleSsly and
more successfully with Repub-
Iican majority in Congress, than
ever before in History.
Against The Farmers
"On appropriations, Congress
men Ramey followed the line
aid down by Chairman John
raber of New York, darling of
Special privilege, who swings
he meat-ax of false economy but
olatantly hired Big Busine e SIS
obbyists as CONSTANTS" to the