davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1948-03-07
Camera Angles
What Happens in the Developing Tank

a preservative and prevents oxida-
ton of the developer that is carried
into the fixing solution by the mega
tive. Most of the excess developer
on the film can be disposed of, before
fixing, by rinsing the film for few
seconds In water. However, this
will not affect that part of the
developer that is deep in the emul-
sion.
Although it is difficult to say
exactly how long negatives should
be left in the fixing bath, because
of the varied reactions of different
emulsions, it Is safe to say twice
the tine it takes tor the negative to
become clearly visible will be suff1-
cient.
After fixing, the negative should
be thoroughly washed in running
water for at least 20 minutes, or
through several changes in tray.
Evening star., 1948-03-07

The final quality OF your negatives
Is going to depend to a large extent
on what happens to them IN the
developing tank. The best possible
results will be had by using the
formula recommended by the film
manufacturer. From there on the
outcome will depend on the amount
of care exercised during the few
minutes that the negatives are In
the solution. If you have well-ex-
posed negative to begin with, de-
veloping will be relatively simple.
A great deal can be accomplished
In the darkroom to overcome mis-
takes of exposure. An overexposed
negative can be developed for some
what less than the normal time
and an underexposed film can be
helped to some extent by leaving 1t
in the developer longer than usual
When the negative is placed in
the solution, things begin to happen
right away. First, the water goes to
work on the gelatin of the emulsion,
softening it to the point where the
developing agent can commence re-
ducing the exposed silver salts to
metallic silver to form the image.
The most commonly used developing
agents are, hydroquinone, a benzine
derivative; pyrogallic acid, popularity
known as ''pyro," and monomethyl
para-aminophenal sulfate, which
goes under the trade names OF
Pictol, Metol, Elon and Rhodol-
possibly others. Certain OF these
agents will produce images faster
than others, but with a lower degree
Of contrast. Hence many formulas
include both kinds of reducers to
obtain the combined advantages OF
moderate speed of development ano
pleasing contrast.
Needs AlkaI Activator.
Having its own popularity, the
ordinary developing agent Is not
active in its neutral or slightly aclo
state. So to get things moving
along, your solution will also have
ar an ingredient an alkali such as
sodium carbonate or perhaps boraS
as an accelerator or activator. The
accelerator speeds the softening OF
the gelatin and allows the developer
to reach exposed silver halides winch
are dispersed throughout the emul-
sion.
In addition to the accelerator, the
solution also will have a restralner
While this may seem to be ar
anomaly. the reason will become
apparent on closer examination
without one of the restrainers, po-
tassium bromide, potassium iooloe
or sodium chloride, development
would be too rapid, with the image
developing near the surface OF the
emulsion, the image lacking in con.
trast, and some of the unexposee
silver halides developing along w1tf
the exposed grains causing cheml'
cal Jogging of the film.
Finally, the mixture is toppee
off with sodium sulflte, which act
as a preservative, or keeper. Thl'
chemical prevents deterioration O.
the solution through oxidation whe1
it is not being used, and also pre-
vents excessive oxidation while tn
solution is in use. Otherwise. tht
reducing agent, which tends tt
Evening star., 1948-03-07
By Alexander J. Wedderburn

By Alexander J. Wedderburn
curaior Of Photography
The Smithsonian institution
oxidize rapidly, would soon become
inactive and cause stains on the
film.
Signs Of Weak Solution.
To be on the safe side it is good
idea not to save your working solu-
ton for any length of time. AS
the average amateur usually does
not mix large quantities of a work.
ing solution, the loss will not be
great and will certainly be worth
the negatives that may be saved
from ruin in a dead solution.
Should you desire to save the
used developer for further use be
sure to look out for signs that it is
on the wane. This will be apparent
when the liquid begins to discolor,
turning yellow. milky or brown.
Bubbles forming on the surface
of the developer are another bad
sign. If the temperature Of the
solution is normal. any notable in
crease In the developing time OF a
well ll-exposed film Is positive proof
of developer exhaustion. The life
of tank or tray of developer will
depend largely on the number of
negatives that are processed and
how long it is subject to oxidation.
If you must use the developer again
it will be of help to pour it into
a bottle and keep it tightly STOP
pered.
When mixing Photographic C.! =
icals 1t is most important that .
be mixed in the order given and
the water should be at the specified
temperature. Otherwise you may
spend the evening vainly trying to
get the chemicals to 90 into solution.
The Fixing Bath,
After development. but before
turning on the darkroom light, the
films are transferred to a fixing
bath. This solution stops develop
ment, makes the image permanent
by removal OF the unexposed silver
grains, and hardens the gelatin of
the emulsion. The ingredients of
the fixing bath are: Sodium thiosul-
fate Chypo). potassium alum or
potassium chrome alum, acetic acid
and sodium sulfite. The develop
ment is Immediately stopped by the
acetic acid which neutralizes the
alkali of the developer. AS this also
stops oxidation of the developer on
the film it serves to prevent oxida-
ton stains in the emulsion. The
image is made permanent by action
of the hypo, which removes the un-
exposed silver halides by changing
these insoluble silver crystals to
silver salts which are soluble. This
process leaves the image clear on
the supporting film base.
Although some photographers
prefer to harden the emulsion,
which was softened In the develop
ing process, in a separate bath, the
alum is usually included in the fix
ing bath. The hardener acts to
prevent scratching, frilling, or re-
ticulation of the emulsion. The
final Ingredient, sodium sulfite, is
used for the same purpose here as
it was in the developer. 1t acts as
Evening star., 1948-03-07

with a set of eight stamps. These
depict various statues erected In
Uruguay in his honor. The values
are /, 2, 3. S. 10. II. 90 and SO CEN
tavos. In 1895 Rodo helped to found
the National Review of Literature
and Social Sciences. Later, as a
CONGRESSMAN, he initiated much So
cial legislation for his countrymen." ."
The Christian Science Monitor
for January 8 contained an excel
lent article on stamp collecting for
children by Lacy Bell Richter, con-
cluding: Parents who see the wis
do moi extending a child's horizon
beyond the limits of his own city,
State and Nation, will reap great
profits from this wholesome hobby"
not necessarily in money but, much
better, In intellectual and spiritual
advancement.
The model for the Will Rogers
stamp will be ready shortly.
Readers who appreciate the COM
memorative for DR.. George Wash
ington Carver may care to have the
following poem by Ramona G.
Yarmy, originally printed In The
Star at the time of DR.. Carver S
death:
Named for a famous man, a sickly
slave
Stolen, then for one good horse
redeemed;
Labored in his masters field and
dreamed
How God expected mortals to be-
have
According to the knowledge that
He gave;
With simple faith and patient labor
teamed
Uncovered truths of which no man
had dreamed;
This scientist grown from an hum
BILE slave.
From trash he built college for
his race:
Transferred the lowly peanut into
gold;
But never claimed his right te
wealth and fame.
All that he sought from life was
just place
To labor and to give; not once he
sold
This slave who rightly bore a ia.
nous name.
The Capital Precancel Club will
meet at the home Of Joseph H
Weimer, $3.50 Sixteenth street NV,
tomorrow evening at 8.
The Collectors Club of Washing
ton will meet at 1912 Ninth stree
NV. Tuesday evening at 8.
The Washington Philatelic So.
ciety will have a quarterly busines,
meeting, auction and bourse at the
YWCA, Seventeenth and K streets
NV. Wednesday evening at 7:30
Evening star., 1948-03-07

Postmaster General Jesse M. Don
aldson on Wednesday announced
authorization Of a 3-cent commem-
orative to mark the Tooth ami
versary of the birth of Joel Chan
dler Harris, creator of the immortal
Uncle Remus," to go on sale De-
cember 8.
Effective on or about March Is,
airmail service will be inaugurated
at Washington, D. c.; Cleveland,
Ohio, and Pittsburgh, Pa, on Route
AM-3. No official cachets are au-
thorized, but souvenir covers will be
received by postmasters for special
first-f1ight attention.
The airmail flights to and from
ireland, scheduled for March II and
Is, have been postponed indefinitely.
John B. Barker, 1927 Twenty
first street NV. proposes a H.
cent green Esperanto stamp for
mailing Christmas cards. This
great educational movement" he
says, "is working quietly through
out the world to cement brother
hood-and sisterhood-by means OF
a common auxiliary language. 1t
has been recognized by the League
of Nations as well as by many gov
ernments, and a petition in its be-
half now Is before the United Ma
tions Organization"
The Scent Mississippi Territory
stamp will be printed In maroon INK
Sixteen trunks full Of stamps
(which the Nazis had stolen from
people whom they had prosecuted
for their political and racial be-
uefs" will be sold at auction by
II. r. Harmer, Inc, 80 East Fifty
seventh street, New York City, dur
ing May, the proceeds to be devoted
to resettlement OF "nonrepatriaole
refugees"
Philatelic service including a spe-
cial cachet will be provided at the
post Office and airnlaI field, New
York, for covers carried on first
flight to Delhi, India, by Pan Amer1-
can Airways, FAM Route 18, Friday
or Saturday. Deadline Wednesday.
Capt. Lucius c. Dunn, U. S. N.
(retired), I'LL South Thenty-third
road, Arlington, Va, has appealed
to Postmaster General Donaldson
for a stamp In celebration Of the
l5oth anniversary of the first sailing
of the United States Frigate Con-
stellation, June 26.
May is, 1s4s, will be the 3oth
anniversary of the first Government
airrnail service in the United States.
That day, therefore, would seem to
be an ideal choice for bringing back
the Wright plane and issuing the
Wright brothers stamp.
The German works of art to be
exhibited at the National Gallery
between Wednesday, March II, and
Sunday, April 18, will be of particu-
lar interest to stamp collectors,
Among the pictures are many which
have philatelic significance.
New applicants for membership
In the Washington Philatelic So
ciety include: Paul R. Conway,
Mrs. j. E. jackson, Mrs. Rosalie
Kaleb, j. Milton Morris, Harold
Singer and Stuart Gallup.
Robert Kumm, writing in Mekeel's S
Weekly Stamp News, says that Pres
ident Trumans hair is parted on the
wrong side in the stamp which Bra
zil has issued in his honor.
Collectors of stamps relating to
religion are invited to communicate
Evening star., 1948-03-07
who are exploring the last Of Ne
American frontiers.

who are exploring the last Of Ne
American frontiers.
Since cave photography poses Ger.
tain problems not met elsewhere. the
exhibit will be of special interest to
those curious about technical as
poets Of light absorbing and light
rejecting qualities of underground
substances. From purely artistic
standpoint. the photographs viii ap-
peal to all photographers for the
unusual and sometimes wierd aspects
Of the subterranean formations.
A special showing OF color slides
by society members will be held at
convention headquarters at the
Dodge Hotel April 2. On April 4, q
field trip will be made to Grand
Caverns and Endless Caverns,
where pictures will be made.
Evening star., 1948-03-07

Robert Kumm, writing in Mekeel's
Weekly Stamp News, says that Pres
ident Trumans hair is parted on the
wrong side in the stamp which Bra
zil has issued in his honor.
Collectors of stamps relating to
religion are invited to communicate
Evening star., 1948-03-07
Arts Club Section
To Hold Forum

The Pictorial Photographers and
Associated Artists of the Arts Club
will meet tomorrow in the gallery
of the Arts Club, 2017 Eye street
NV, at 7::30 pm.
A forum discussion on the inter-
relations of photography and paint
ing as expressions of modern think
ing will be led by Thomas M. Beggs
assistant director of the National
Collection of Fine Arts; Miss Fran
ces Benjamin Johnston, well-known
author, and others. The discussion
will be participated in by members
of the club and guests.
Evening star., 1948-03-07
Retired Enlisted Men

Sergt. James O'Brien, 7th Field
Artillery; T/Sergt. Jesse c. McCol-
lough, Corps of Military Police;
S/Sergt. Robert H. Hight, Medical
Department; S/Sergt. Tim Hughes,
73d Coast Artillery; S/Sergt. Ru-
dolph Wagner, 532d Engineer Main
tenance Company; M/Sergt. Burton
M. Satterfield, 31st Infantry;
Regimental Sergt. Maj. Malcolm A.
Walton, 5th Infantry, and 1st Sergt.
Christian c. Anderson, 18th In
fantry, we're admitted to member
ship in Association No. /.
Evening star., 1948-03-07
Monochrome Meeting

The monthly meeting Of the mono
chrome section of the National
Photographic Society will be held
Wednesday at 8:15 pm. in the Nat
ural History Building, Tenth street
and Constitution avenue.
Evening star., 1948-03-07
Homemade Reflector

If you are shooting a portrait out
of doors in brilliant sunlight and do
not have fash gun, harsh shadows
can be eased with the use Of home.
made reflector.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-07-09

Speaking at the 23rd annual
convention banquet Of Midwest
ern Elks, Grand Exalted Ruler J.
Finley Wilson scored the Ameri-
can policy of spending billions
abroad and nothing at home.
The leader of more than a half
million Negro Elks said that if
one-tenth Of the money the coun-
try plans to send to Europe were
spent on underprivileged youth Of
the South, it would do infinitely
more good.
Wilson praised COP presiden-
tiaI nominee Thomas Z. Dewey as
a liberal, commencing him for be-
ing the driving force behind New
York., the first state to pass an
FEPC law.
Had Harold Stassen been as
liberal as Thomas E. Dewey" he
told his audience in Nicollet hotel,
he would have been the standard
bearer of the COP instead Of the
New York governor"
The Rev. John Simmons, state
FEPC committee chairman, well
coined the delegates for Mime
apolis mayor Hubert Humphrey,
who is in Philadelphia for the
Democratic convention.
There were also speeches by
Hamilton Jenkins, Denver, presi-
dent of the MidweStern States
Elks association, and Jay Chavis,
Grand Esquire. Cecil Newman
presided.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-07-09
Gospel Chorus
Union Sponsors
Music Program

The Twin City Union of Gospel
Choruses and ChoirS will present
an interesting and unique pro
gram, Thursday evening, July
18th, at 8 pm. at Zion Baptist
Church, Minneapolis.
Guest artists appearing are
Miss Marjorie Morris, St Paul
pianist, and Mrs. Bertha Smith,
Minneapolis Soprano.
The member groups. which IN
clude practically every Twin City
choir. will also make appearance.
The dollar professional by the
union members will be another
feature of interest to the audience.
Miss Viola Nash of St. Paul IS
president of the Union. There will
be a silver offering.
The program committee If
ion Baptist Church Gospel Chorus
is still discovering unusual talent
in the Twin Cities.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-07-09

J. A. A. Burnquist will have an
effect on the nation as a whole,
and not just Minnesotans, as it
once appeared.
Editors Of the Negro press
throughout the country are hold
ing open their communications
channels to the state Of Mime
sofa, waiting to see if that state
will take the lead in abolishing
the kind of discrimination and
injustice so recently melted out
to Negro youth attempting to join
the guard and avoid the draft.
Seldom have the Negroes of the
country been so interested in the
Gopher state, with its few Negroes
but the issue has become much
more than one affecting a few
thousand Negroes in a single
state. Citizens across the country,
who see a solution to some Of
the worlds problems in the
Strengthening Of democracy, find
a broader issue:
Can one or a few men, by
means Of threat, keep unwilling
citizens Of a free state shackled
in the chains Of Jim CrOwism and
bound TO practices repugnant to
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-07-09
their avOwed heritage?

their aVOwed heritage?
Word from Baltimore indicates
that on the East coast the strug-
gle has become known as the
battle Of the bluffs" The great
fear there is that, from lack of
pressure of current events, the
question will be lightly dropped,
and Mr.. Royals threat will go
through.
A statement by the Attorney
Generals Office that Governor
Youngdahl's office said there is
no hurry about the matter, indi-
Gates that there may be some
reason for these fears that time
and a feeting interest will let
the issue go unchallenged.
Moreover, this correspondent
has been swamped with requests
from Washington members Of the
Negro press for information as to
what the basis is for the belief
that Royal will withhold funds
if Minnesota bans segregation.
They express no doubt that Roy
all dlSapprovcs Of any non-segre-
CATION policy. They believe that
Minnesotans have, to Mr. Roy
alls liking, taken a hint and
transformed It into a tremendous
barrier.
The facts in the case are simply
that, upon granting New Jersey
permission TO integrate her guard,
Mr.. Royal stated that It was still
Army policy to segregate Negroes
and whites. In his letter request
ing permission to lntegrate the
Minnesota guard, Governor
Youngdahl specifically asked whe
Their funds would be withheld in
the event an executive order were
issued. Mr.. Royal made no reply
to the specific question, whatso-
ever.
The draft issue is ended; no
longer can Minnesota youth find
refuge there from the nations
draft law. Negroes at present are
making no great cry for admit
lance to the guard. Yet, all over
the nation the people await the
answer to the bigger question.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-07-09

Representatives of the State,
the City and the St. Paul Council
of Churches will also speak at
the ceremonies. St. James Senior
choir will render the music, with
several separate musical num-
bers planned.
Mrs. Amanda Bell, mother of
St. James church and the oldest
in point of membership, will turn
the first spade of dirt. Construc-
ton of the superStructure to the
church began two weeks ago.
Reverend Benjamin Moore, pas
tor of St. James, has extended an
invitation to all Twin City
churches and organizations to at
tend the ground breaking cere-
monies.
Bishop Baber succeeded Bishop
Gregg this year in presiding over
the Fourth District, which is COM
prised of more than 500 churches.
Before becoming bishop in 1914
he had gained the reputation of
builder of churches. He is con-
Sidered one of the youthful and
progressive bishops in the church.
Some of his work which led to
the coming of the phrase, Build
with Baber" follows:
He helped build churches in
Michigan City, LaPorte, Indiana,
and Benton Harbor, Mich; he re-
built the church at Flint, Mich.
He began Ebenezer AME church
in Detroit, which, with a member
ship of over 5000, is the largest
AME church in the world. The
pastor of Ebenezer is Rev. Car
lyle F. Stewart, former pastor of
st. James, and a pastor of Twin
City churches for 10 years.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-07-09
College Women
Vote on Russell
Overwhelming Yea

Mrs. Nell Dodson Russell,
Spokesman Recorder columnist,
has become the first Negro mem
Der of the Minneapolis College
Women'S club, it was announced
Tuesday.
OF the clubs 1,l3O members, TIT
voted on whether to accept Mrs.
Russell as an associate member.
The vote was 588 for and 1923
against. The issue had been put
to the vote of members by the
clubs executive board which
recommended at the same time,
by a vote of 20 to 3, that Mrs.
Russell be accepted.
The Minneapolis club is a
branch of the American Associa-
ton of University Women, the by
laws of which list only a degree
from an AAUW approved institu-
ton as the basis for membership.
Women who have attended one of
the approved institutions for two
years or more are listed as eligi-
bic for associate memberships.
Mrs. Russell has attended the
University of Minnesota for more
than two years.
Recently the parent body threat
ened to Gust Washington, D. c.,
chapter for refusal to admit a
Negro.
Besides her work as a colum-
mist, Mrs. Russell, 1920 Smelling
Avenue, is completing a book,
Brother, Your Prejudice Is
Showing" on a University of
Minnesota Fellowship.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-07-09
Des MOines Man
Elected by Elks
to Presidency

A. D. Tillman Of Des Moines
was elected president of the Mid
west States Elks Association at
the close of the 23rd annual con-
vention Wednesday.
Other officers named were Reu-
ben B. Warren of Minneapolis
first vice-president; Samuel L.
Pink, second vice-president; Roos-
evelt Carey, Denver, third vice
president; John E. Williams, Des
Moines, secretary; Chick Pullen,
Kansas City, Mo, treasurer; Ed
ward Frizzell, Wichita, trustee
for three years.
John F. Hervey of Denver was
elected inner guard; E. M. Arnold,
Kansas City; E. N. Howard, es-
quire; J. N, Boyd, Sioux City, Ia,
tiler, Scott Martun, Waterloo,
auditor.
The convention paid tribute to
the four years leadership of Ham,
ilton Jenkins by electing him del
egate to the grand lodge at Gin
Cinnati.
'49 Convention to Oklahoma City
Next years convention was
awarded Oklahoma City. Omaha
contested fer the meeting but lost
to the Oklahoma metropolis.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-07-09

that received a great ovation from
the crowd.
st. Paul won for having out
the largest unit. Kansas City had
the best band. Major" Burrell
Of Minneapolis was acclaimed the
best drum major in the world"
Omaha won third place in drum
and bugle corps competition; Min
neapolis and st. Paul won honor
able mention awards.
With the yellow plumes Of the
Omaha brigade no longer bobbing
In the iniield dust, they dropped,
limp like the cOrnsilk In the
COrnhusker state. The dust, itself,
had settled on the white boots
that once resembled snOwballs.
The sun that had poured rays Of
exhaustion into majOrette DOrO-
they Smith Of Omaha moved
westward. Daughter EIks, well
out Of their teens, slumped heaV-
lily into the grandStand seats, try
Ing to recuperate from what had
been a grueIing affair.
But there remained enough sun
light and embarrassed holiday
spirit for a touch of the great
American pastime. So as the pre-
vious competitors settled back to
serenity and soda pop, the Omaha
Rockets beat the Kansas City
House of Davids 10 to S in a game
of baseball.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-07-09
Joe Louis in
Mill-City for
Golf PLAY

Retired heavyweight champion
Joe Louis was in the Twin Cities
this week as a participant in the
Midwest Negro Elks open golf
tournament. Included in his 10
man encourage were Howard
Wheeler and Ted Rhodes, two
top-notch Negro golfers.
The famous champion came to
the Twin Cities from Cleveland,
after he had been requested to
include the Elks tournament in
his golfing schedule. Louis says
he plans to spend a lot of time
playing golf now that he has
retired from the ring