davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1948-02-01
q Plus extra or extras.

traction of credit lines. Both op-
Grating and risk capital no longer
are freely available. Collections are
slower, and payments are less
prompt.
AS has been remarked, recent price
cuts in some industries have not
been the consequence OF lowered
costs, but of pressing needs OF work
ing capital. Bankers are more IN
clined to urge liquidation OF inVen-
tories than to underwrite them with
loans.
Store Stats Reduced.
As production overflows the pipe
lines of distribution, payrolls must
and will be trimmed. Fewer WORK
ers are needed to produce fewer
items. This week it was reported
that a few large retail outlets were
cutting down on selling personnei
and shutting down on job appllea-
tions for periods up to so days. OBJ
viously, fewer customers require
fewer salespeople.
The same set of conditions will
compel employers to prune their
organizations of workers who can
not meet reasonable standards OF
Job performance.
Consumer resistance is evidencing
itself in indirect as we'll as direct
ways. "Pipe-rack" stores, consist
ing of blank walls and pipeline racks
of apparel, are mushrooming IN
many sections of the country.
Their appeal chiefly is to the
consumer who no longer can afford
to subordinate price to other con-
fsiderations Smaller appliance deal
ers are said to be becoming more
receptive to trade-ins which, in
some instances, are thinly veiled
price cuts. Up to now, only major
appliance units are understood to-
be involved.
Sales Gains Narrow.
Dollar volume still is running
ahead of a year ago, out the mar
gin is thin. Price concessions de-
signed to maintain capacity produc-
ton do not appear to be attaining
their objective. Subsequent wage
hikes certainly would blast any
hopes in that regard.
The patient, our national econ
omy, is doing as we'll as can be
expected, and should suffer no
alarming relapse if its maladies can
be checked. The real danger Is
that complications may set in, IN
which case the turn for the worse
could be bad indeed.
Evening star., 1948-02-01
BOND SUMMARY

| fFurnfshed By the Ass0c1ated Press.1
A selected list Of acr1ve Bonds on the
New York Stock Exchange. Showing the
high. low and closing price for the week.
and the net change from the previous
"a furdaxJa clnxa
Evening star., 1948-02-01
Rails Lead Advance
I'm Bond Market as
Earnings Improve
ey tbs As.oeioted Press

NEW YORK, Jan. 81 - Railroad
issues advanced for the sixth ses-
sion in a row in today's market.
The carriers stayed in front OF
the balance of the list as they
did most of the week with gains
running to more than a point.
Issues in the lower and medium
price brackets made the best show
ing. including such trading favorites
as Chicago & Eastern Illinois in
comes, Missouri Pacific convertibles
and New Haven 4s of 2O07.
The better behavior of the rails
"a month ago the carrier group was
at the lowest average price since
1o44) stemmed from several factors,
according to the financial district.
Better Earnings Cited.
A flood of favorable earnings re-
ports did much to temper investor
caution, which has been in evidence
for so long. The Pennsylvania Rail-
road, for instance, reported 1947 net
income of $7,285,125. The system
managed this despite an operating
deficit of $5,273.829, because of
dividend payments from subsidia-
ries, higher mail rates and an in
crease in freight rates.
The Pennsy in 1946 reported a
net deficit of $8,530,317, first In the
roads 100-year history.
Among others shower higher net
income in 1947, as compared with
1916, were Atlantic Coast Line. Bos-
ton & Maine, Burlington. Great
Western, Seaboard Airline, Santa Fe,
St. Paul, and New York Central.
Last years pessimism among rail-
road executives over earnings pros
poets for 194S has given way to a
restrained hope that the years
operating results will not be written
in red ink. Costs have risen. with
out question, but higher freight
rates have been allowed and still
further increase is possibility. In
addition freight cars will be jammed
for months to come moving the Ma
tion's tremendous industrial and
farm output.
Financing Results Hailed.
Investment dealers were generally
satisfied with the smooth way in
which the great bulk of the weeks
offerings of stocks and bonds moved
into retail channels.
Morgan Stanley g. Co.'S offering
of $50 900 900 New York Telephone
Co. 3ls per cent bonds, priced at
1O1 .43 for a yield of 3.05 per cent,
was a quick sellout.
Two other fast moving transac-
tions were the First Boston Corp S
offering Of 1,213,443 shares of Gulf
Oil Corp. capital stock at $50 a
share, and Morgan Stanley's sales OF
399 800 shares of Bendix Aviation
Corp. common stock at $28 share.
The Federal Reserve System con-
tinued to buy large amounts OF
United States Government issues in
the open market, principally to sup
port prices. System purchases dur
ing the week ended January %
totaled s8O8, ,433 900, largest since
more than one billion dollars OF
bonds were bought in the week OF
December 81.
Evening star., 1948-02-01
CupituI Securities

Over the Counter.
The following bid and asked quotations
on We sllinston securities traded over the
counter represent prices at which one cr
more dealers, members Of the NATIONAL
Association of Securities Dealers, Inc.
would trade with the general public at
the time the quotations were assembled
for The Star as of Friday noon. Origin
Of any quotation furnished on request
Evening star., 1948-02-01
Butter and EGGS.

Eggs Market about steady; receipts
moderate: demand slow; wholesale selling
prices: extra large. 56-5s: large
current receipts. uneraded. 4547.
Receipts-Butter, 66,560 pounds; eggs,
3.446 cases.
Evening star., 1948-02-01
New York Cotton

NEW YORK. Jan. 81 P.-Cotton
futures moved over a narrow range today
Trading was quiet as most dealers adopted
a waiting policy, pending fresh develop
ments in the export situation.
Many dealers were inclined to believe
that exports OF American cotton would
be delayed by lack of immediate action
on the Marshall Plan. Evening up opera
tions, while deferred deliveries were aided
by a sharp increase in the id-January
cotton parity prices as compared with Q
month ago Switching operations were
also apparent. -
Futures closed so cents a bale lower to
< higher than the previous close.
Evening star., 1948-02-01
Washington Stock Exchange

ON wAsH1NaToH
Evening star., 1948-02-01
99gen gish. ash Lew. as LIST ss BID, aa Asked. Is
120A 1907 12OH 12OA 119
Produce Markets

The Star has enlarged its coverage
of fruit and vegetable prices on the
Baltimore market as q substitute for
similar Washington quotations re-
Gently discontinued by the Agricui-
ture Department. The department
reports the Baltimore quotations
supplied below determine prices paid
on the Washington market.
Evening star., 1948-02-01
Commodity Prices

NEW YORK, Jan. 31,-The Associated
Press weighted wholesale price index o.
35 commodities today declined to 204 -
Previous day 202. 80, week ago goa 92
month ago 207ss, year ago 1878 and
Evening star., 1948-02-01
VULNERABLE STOCKS TO AVOID

EnDDEc MsssIins Of Bssinsss
VN UAO end Money management
40 Fifth Avenue. New Yort II. N. Y.
Evening star., 1948-03-23
AUTOMOBILES FOR SALE.

rONTIAC 1915 low mileage, full
fosfRiaG fas Ra fass $500 4. luxe a-aoor; sSav.
oTs Easss 4sso ,91 sn ssss
FfSSrixG FL ists s;sylinasr streaming Is Sc
s. asssf eas fSysis 'Pd sRfR
f2 sis s. LaI6s;s AD ss5S sSnac Dsse
f6NTIAc is47 4a 4Toarpe5do 40 sssoor ssSoi sedan: tso.
tone green: radio and heater; seat covers;
poRTEcs &c. Tss WssSastSoS9s
es6 sn Pens,ac s9na Dealer. 1887 Irving st. NV.
f6NTSfH2Yee SHYe 1910 e-e,lind.r: radio. Mss heater.
new; ssa5 Can e aD. s96s. IN Ss.n' 7s7s: U.s.
ros11Ag s.ssa s;.st;n as4s sey stssamSsz 4-ssSE
sssdDDfs 'oz .aea5Es esfss Sc 5Sz CO.
Washinstons S Lsrsest Pontiac Dealer. 1887
ssSSf ssSSfI4s S,u e. .fsS! Pontiac isss.
PONTIAC 1s4i Torpedo sedan; beautiful
blue finish; seat covers; clean throuRhout;
co sh and ~ sloss York sTs
PONTIAC 1899 2-door sedan; radio nSa and
aal N.Y. s6e sEss szsssps rs s5s7 '0nd
$500 miles: 500 or best Offer GE. s7ss
%ed. " III Nicholson NV after pm. +. THss'
sTUDEBAKERs-4-dr.. 2-dr. club coupe;
age; sl.995; immediate. delivery on all
I'm MoToks sSsd sa74 ~ and
"a ss..1 lsts al:s an:
ssas " Sss'S5 s5S .Sss
STUDEBAkER 1941 Champion 2-door;
ssgS sSsS assp 81 ss Dfs 1900 month l4
q sTI1DEnsREsr niT 5sSrnsr f. l',s N0 Hill 2s
fssS e. la:S 'ss ss'm :''Ri 49,
sTGDEsAkEs siiH & a. 1a4i i Champion de "a. luxe
sedan: Beautiful, like new; $685.: give give
TERRAPIANE 1es7; in e good share. motor
Just oyerhauled: $3.50. LEACHs BRAKE,
;E 4g7 s st. NV: FIR. 5000. 23s
a and ID heater. Call Hillside 1878 after S:so
MILLYs 1889 coupe: fair condition; sSs5.
WHLYs 1947 jeep; low mileage. four
H6af wnesl h drive. power takeot1; $1,000. Elk
zGTo AgSTioN-ssll or buy /. car e this
buying q selling car here. Big auetion a1on
I sssry or rpfs Ifoo iys iYtb Pr. IRl$
okiGfSAI i.'es AuFo 1sn Gu6fHoNss a ehiRs
rain or shine. List your car early. Sales
bdp bhsRaeo wasH9Sn;n n mSdsTn; clean heated brick
s5Ii coiesyiile Td,. silver spsins. AinSiiEs 3a
Evening star., 1948-03-23
AUTOMOBILES WANTED.

PLYMOUTHS. FORDS, CHEVROLETS, etc.,
wanted; drive In for surprisingly high
offer, Or call for % our r.; IspEssentatiys res T.
IMMEDIATE CASH-Need 200 clean cars
RfE gEsRHs Ha9sb pflsss / o ssa 1888 5 RSS:
is,ene ioe CARS ivs' WANrEp as m :sMaMsnEpArELY-s7
to AT: will pay. your price for clean cars
Come TO- or call LIVINGSTON MOTORS
123 O st. ne Elk. $500.
194s CHEVROLET or Plymouth: need Q
ssy 3; ~ s ssss s!asi; sH '!i1s5 is5 no ''a:e: z
ssss sssss is:s s''7sf' 81 "a
STUDEBAKERs-cash in 5 minutes; all
models. TR. s474. METRoPoLrTAN
MOTORS. N. Y. ave. and Bladensburs I'd.
PRIVATE PARTY urgently needs 1S4s
Studebaker 5-pass. club coupe or 4-dr.;
WANTED-Good used car from individual
Nv Myst asas Be in good condition VIII pay cash
/ AM ABLE TO PAY CASH for clean model
TO SELL GOOD CAR, call MR.. LAMAR,
1s4s AUTo desperately needed by indi-
yidual; pay ali cash. Georgia 5000 any
CASH foR YOUR cAR-roras, Chevrolet,
81 esPGaser hsas s1s .na A'pfis st.. $500
A. LADY NEEDS spotless good automo-
party only. Call HO O611 -2S
Evening star., 1948-03-23
Natures Children
GRASS OIL.
By li1lian Cox Athey

Guatemala has gone into growing
highly scented grasses for their
volatile oils. Every year about a
third of a million pounds of this
valuable product is exported from
this country. While this agricultural
industry is fairly new to the Amer
icas, it is the farmers answer to
prayer for an original cash crop in
addition to coffee which is the main
income producer for Guatemala.
In the Republic of Guatemala the
sale of essential oil from citronella
and lemongrass has saved a large
number of deserted plantations and
given employment to hundreds of
farm families with better than living
wages and 1t has become a new
source of foreign exchange.
Citronella and lemongrass are
much alike in appearance. They are
closely related and both yield pale,
volatile oil with a pleasant frag-
rance. This oil is in demand by the
soap and perfumery industries and
also for scenting insecticides and
for other technical purposes.
Lemongrass is distilled more
readily than citronella and Is some
what harder. less easily damaged
by rains and not so attractive to in
SectS.
Citronena and lemongrass have
been in Guatemala for about so
years before they became crops of
economical Importance during the
nineteenth century, Senor Julio
Samayoa imported few rootstocks.
Some types of lemongrass are native
to the country, but how the COM
mercial varities were obtained is not
known. A small quantity of essential
oil was obtained during World War
I, but the project proved too un-
profitable and was abandoned.
During the early part Of 1880
much of the Samayoa properties
were bought by men who believed
they could make oil grass pay. But,
a long depression hit them and by
the end of 1941 with about 5000
acres OF citronella and lemongrass
in production, the pioneers were
facing financial disaster when the
prices jumped practically over night
and they we're saved.
Essential oils are removed from
lemongrass and citronella by steam
distillation. Most of the stills are
operated in Guatemala in old sugar
facturies. Water wheels that drove
cane grinders, now turn sharp cut
ters to chop the grass. And boilers
once used to power sugar mill
engines today provide steam for
cooking tanks.
The retorts vary in size, the larger
ones holding ton. After the grass
Is cooked for several hours, excess
water is poured of and the mixture
is passed through a filter made of
paper. The oil is sparkling clear,
placed in 50-gallon iron drums and
shipped to New York markets.
Evening star., 1948-03-23
AUTOMOBILES WANTED.

DODGEs URGENTLY WANTED-WIi pay
the the highest nesi cash pTiess; big as%sna nov;
& rN. I aye. e goth st me- Ap; s344.
H1LLcEEST MOTORS: Open till pm.
BUSINESSMAN NEEDS CAR, Al, 4s
Dodge, De Soto, Chrysler, Chevrolet club
coupe. Pay cash. Elk. 4249 days; GL. 6272
GUARANTEED TO SELL your late-model.
ssss 81 ~ & ~ MS 5Hss Ri )
LATE -MODEL CARS. '4s. ~ and 3s.
pssn,,N grsssn1y nesdss s6Nsf1teD typ price quick ash
Hone z: Sc. II. 067a. ii
CHEVROLET or PLYMOUTH 1913, new
will advance cash to take delivery and PAL
profit 6L. b160. -A
lo4s CAR WANTED by businessman. Cal
EN-. o71o any time. "a
Evening star., 1948-03-23
By Frank Colby
'Tf for "Whether.s

A curious superstition exists among
most writer's of English textbooks.
They tell us that it Is incorrect to
use "if" for whether" in such con-
structions is, Il do not know II he
will be able to come; let Us see If
1t Is raining" Then warn: Should
be, know whether; see whether"
Here is a typical "rule" from a
handbook which is widely used in
our schools: If should not be used
for whether. I do not know whether
mot I'D he will come or not"
The use of "if" for whether is
so we'll established in idiomatic
American English that one never
gives it thought until the "rule"
forbidding it is seen in some text
book or other, and then one has a
feeling of surprise, thinking, "Why,
I've always said it,
Let's look at a few of our accepted
dictionaries. Webster's New Inter
national: "If: whether;-introduc-
ing indirect questions. She doubts
If two and two make our.-Prior."
New Century: "If: whether"
Funk g. Wagnalls New College
Standard: eff: whether; as, we'll
60 If 1t rains or shines"
Thorndike Century, Winstons and
Words: The New Dictionary, by
Grosset & Dunlap, also give COM
plete sanction to "if" for whether"
in indirect questions.
Dictionary sanction Of "if" ID not
new by any means. I have a five
volume Peoples Dictionary, pub
lished by Eaton & Mains in 1898,
that lists "if" for whether" And
my 1923 copy Of Noah Webster's
American Dictionary lists IT" rs
meaning whether or not"
But good USAGE may be traced to
much earlier days. Shakespeare
wrote: "If there be, or ever were,
one such, it's past the time of
dreaming" And, I'm doubt If best
were, as 1t was"
And, Of course, we all remember
the usage in Gen. viii,8: He (Noah)
sent forth q dove from him, to see
If the waters were abated."
I'm not saying that whether" is
not correct in such constructions.
But I am showing, by the evidence
here displayed, that you may use
either "1f" or whether" with equal
correctness. It's simply o matter OF
Of choice.
Evening star., 1948-03-23

who Is always vorking7" You make
grammatical error II you do. Mr.. Colby
tells you why in his leanet. c-13. ::The
One Of Complex"
To obtain a copy, send cents in coin
and stamped self addressed envelope to
him care Of The Washington Star, Post
Evening star., 1948-03-23
WORD Game
Find Is or more common English
words in
FINITE,

meaning, limited, explicit" Aver
age mark is % words. Time limit,
20 minutes.
Rules Of the game-1. Words must be
OF four or more letters. 2. Words which
such as bats" cats" are not used 4
Only one form Of word Is used. 4. Proper
names are not used. A list will be pub
lished tomorrow.
Evening star., 1948-03-23

BUICK 1910 Special 2-dr. sedan; excel
Dodge. 1910 conv. club coupe; robin.
6Hnr 6ue finish; perfect cond.; guaranteed
brown finish; guaranteed. S925.
Ford 1912 Super de luxe S-cylindeI
station. wagon; excel. cond. throughout
Ford 1888 de luxe Tudor; excel cond !.
beaut. green tailor-made covers; S595
STEuART MOTORS, 3rd and H SITS. ne.
Evening star., 1948-03-23
|Goren on Bridqe

|Goren on Bridqe
Both sides vulnerable. South deals
NORTH
AAKJ3
0K96
oQ982
&93
WEST EAST
AQ106 Ae8I
oJ1o32 0os7R
o103 OK
&KQ1o5 4AJs7s
A762
VA
oAKJ7s4
Az
The bidding:
South West North East
l diamond Pass spade Pass
2 diamonds Pass diamonds Pass
8 hearts Pass 5diamonds Pass
Pass Pass
Opening lead, king of clubs.
There Is no objection to an oc-
casional bit of gambling for three
no-trump with an unstopped suit,
where no-trump appears to be the
only real hope for game. After all
there are so many good hands that
just won't reach for IL tricks and
could easily produce nine even with
one suit completely unprotected.
There is always the. chance that
neither Of the opponents has five-
card suit to run against you. How.
ever, this Is little on the hazard.
Gus side and If 1t can be determined
that the minor suit offers the better
chance for game while at the same
time probing for no-trump, that
appears the sounder procedure.
Today's hand is from . tourna-
ment play in which players con-
stantly strain for no-trump con-
tracts because of the higher trick
yield, and where minor suit con-
tracts are Stunned as the plague.
South opened with one diamond and
North in all cases responded with a
spade. South had no choice but to
rebid diamonds, even though he had
somewhat more than a minimum.
1t is at this point that q variance
was observed in the treatment of
the North hand. Some players, on
the theory that their opening bid
combined with partners should pro-
duce q game, took chance on ttr
club suit and bid two no-trump,
which South gladly carried to three,
only to be sunk by the original salvo
Of flve club tricks. Other Norths
elected to make a deliberate under
bid Of three diamonds, for the pur-
pose OF allowing partner to try for
the game at no-trump. Some Souths,
fearing the club suit and lacking
courage generally gave up the
ghost. Others tried three no-trump
with the result outlined above. But
the player whose bidding is indi-
Gated in the diagram gave himself
every chance by his call Of three
hearts. This presumably showed
q four-card heart suit, but If part
ner had club stopper it would per-
NIT him to try for three no-trump,
and If not, the door was still open
for a game contract in diamonds II
either partner chose to bid 1t.
North, of course, realized that the
partnership was without protection
in clubs and decided to chance q
game contract in diamonds, feeling
that at the worst it should depend
on some ineSse. Note that North's
hand would have been just as i'm
pressive had his clubs and hearts
been reversed, in which case North
would have bid three no-trump,
which would be safe against any
of the cards, whereas
q flve-diamond contract might be
set If the cards were not favorably
located.
(Copyright, 194S by CharleR n c,oYenl
Evening star., 1948-03-23

90 Ford Special de luxe coupe- 1,49l
'46 Ford Special de luxe club coupe 1,69!
Down payments are small. You ma!
pay the balance in "A months. These car
are in wonderful condition. Most hav,
radio and heater. Come in and see To-
yourself how clean they are.
1901 Wis. ave, OIL. 1900
2461 Wis ave, OR 34O0 pa
Evening star., 1948-03-23
My Word for 1t

(copyrisht. 1s4s, by Charles II. aorsn.,
Evening star., 1948-03-23

carburetor, rebuilt
brakes, battery and
beam, all installed
S315 or best offer
Can be seen 2239
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-10-29

admit Negro citizens to the Min
nesota National Guard without
the permission Of the federal gov
eminent.
Burnquist refused to debate the
issue, COntending that Smith
should debate the matter with the
federal army officials.
In his reply Smith told Burn
quist, 81 cannot very well debate
this precise issue with the army.
It is very logical TO debate it with
you, as it is your ruling which IS
involved.
THE people Of Minnesota have
no direct control over the United
States Army. They do have such
control over you and l as candi-
dates for Minnesota Attorney
General"
Smith offered to arrange and
pay for the hall but M Burn
quist so far has refused to debate.
Burnquist is a former president
Of the ST. Paul branch Of the
NAACP.
Smith was one Of the lawyers
who successfully appealed to the
Supreme Court a lower court SEN
tence of Nels Peery to the work
house. The Supreme Court re-
versed the lower court decision.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-10-29
DIR. Tucker Urges
Improved Legislation

An improved program Of lcglS-
latIon on education, youth con
scrvation. civil rights, fair en-
pluyment practices. housing, and
natural resources, IS urged by DR.
William p. Tucker, candidate for
the legislature in the forty second
district south.
DR. Tucker. who IS professor of
Government at Manchester col
lrEc, Will work for an improved
state local housing program, in
GLIDING continuance of adequate
state rent control legislation.
In the field Of civil rights and
far employment practices, DR..
fuckers program calls for I'M
proved legislation providing for
adequate enforcement provisions.
Improvement IN our local
schools is urged through getting
for the cities a more fair share of
state aid funds for eduCatiOn-an
aid to all city taxpayers. Coupled
With Dr.. fuckers school program
IS demand for an expanded youth
conservation program to reduce
juvenile delinquency and help
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-10-29
New Mill City Lutheran
Church To Be Dedicated
Sunday Oct. 81, at 3 pm.

cost Of about $4,000.
St. Philips is associated with
the Lutheran group known as the
SynodIcal Conference, which is
more popularity known as the
Church Of the Lutheran Hour"
The Rev. Julian G. Anderson has
been called to serve as pastor.
At the dedication service this
Sunday afternoon Pastor Ander-
son will preach on the topic, This
Is The House OF God" and all
residents of the neighborhood are
very cordially invited to attend.
The following Sunday, November
2, the first regular morning serv-
ices will be held. The Sunday
School will meet at 9 am, and
regular Sunday Worship Services
will be held at Gas am. AS soon
as possible regular Sunday eve
ming services will be started. Pas
tor Anderson emphasized the fact
that St. Philips is intended to
serve as a neighborhood church,
to meet the needs of the commun-
ity, and he expressed his hope
that the residents of the south
town area will make full use of
this newest church in the area.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-10-29
Omegas Sponsor
Halle Forum
November IA

Making America Safe by In
surfing Justice for AL" will be
the topic of the first forum held
at Halle Q. Brown community
house November IA at 4 pm. The
forum is being sponsored by the
Omega Psi Phi fraternity in cele-
bration of their National Achieve
ment Week.
Charles J. TurCk, president of
Manchester college, is expected to
make the main address at this
forum. Others who will serve as
resource material on the forum
will be:
Hector VasSar. Clifford RuCker,
Rev. Arthur Foote, and Father
Francis GIlligan.
Refreshments will be served by
the fraternity aftc- the forum
Music will be supplied by the
Halle Q. Brown music depart
ment. William Hammonds, dlreC-
tor of the department of men and
boys at Halle Q. Brown. is super
visor of the forums.