davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Nome nugget., 1948-07-23
Wien Alaska Airlines

On the 21st F. A. Rutledge of the US. Bureau of Mines was a passenger to Tin City. Gertrude Kugziuk was a passenger from Teller to Nome.
 On the 22nd flight was made to Windy Creek to pick up US. Deputy Marshal Henry Ulrich. John Hall was a passenger from Windy Creek to Nome.
 The flight from Fairbanks yes terday brought ' round trippers and Russ Apple, via Kotzebue.
 John Hadley was brought from Nome to Candle.
 Fred Williams, John Hensley,
The Nome nugget., 1948-07-23

FOR SALE-15-Ton Trailer with
 box-car type body. Call Ma.125
The Nome nugget., 1948-07-23

Temperatures: highest 57, low est 46.
 Maximum wind IS miles an hour from the NINE.
 Sunrise at 2::37 a.m., sunset at 9:38 pm.
 Comparative data:
 Temperatures one year ago to- day: highest 60, lowest 46.
 Extreme temperatures on this day since 1907:
 Highest 72 in 1918, lowest 35 in 1914.
 Data for other stations as of TOO am. today:
The Nome nugget., 1948-07-23

Donna and Sheryl ModroW were passengers from Nome to Kotze- bue.
 Bert Galbreth went from Nome to Fairbaiks to bring back a ship to Nome.
 The flight to Kotzebue yester- day returned through Nome to- day and the to Fairbanks with 21 round trippers.
 Lois Gerth was a passenger from Kotzebue to Nome.
The Nome nugget., 1948-07-23
Pan American AirwaYs

Incoming passengers were Ella Chapman, Sarah Chapman, Wal lace Aiken, Florence Hughes, C. J. Bell, Mrs. Edna Hartford, Stan ley Williams, Louise Hyndman, Caroline Hyndman, Mrs. Ken Rank and Stephen Rank.
 Outgoing were James Crawford s. C. MsAfee, Florence Fieldker- elmer, Lois Gerth and round trip pers were Vi Sundburg, w. G. Eldridge, Ruth Akridge and Shlr- ley ThaWer.
The Nome nugget., 1948-07-23
AIRLINES
Alaska Airlines


 Incoming passengers on the AL aska Airlines plane Wednesday were Theodore Kangas, Cliff Barn. hill, Henry Pearson, and Mary Paneok.
 Outgoing were Cyril Seeds, Les ter Fischer, Frank Klassen. Chas. Giles, John Armitage, Robert Shapley, Miss Thomae, MT. Forse, and Sig Johnson.
 Incoming passengers today on the Alaska Airlines were MT. and Mrs. Herbert C. Bingham, Frank Marshall, Glen Thornton, Fred Panitchuk, Mrs. Laura Panitchuk and baby.
 Outgoing for Unalakleet were Mesrs. Courten, Willett, Rossiter and Dewitt.
 For McGrath was Dinty Moore.
 To Anchorage were Eva Ham, ilton, Amy Berry, Mrs. Robert Stewart, Harold Foss, and John Klem.
The Nome nugget., 1948-07-23

FOUND Car keys at Fort Davis. Call at Nugget office.
The Nome nugget., 1948-07-23
Wallace Hotel

Registered at the Wallace Hotel today are: sc. McAfee, San Fran cisco; M. B. Stern, Candle; Wal lace Aiken, Seattle; Oscar Bell, Anchorage; Frank Marshall, Jun eau; MT. and Mrs. H. C. Bingham, SiShmaref.
The Nome nugget., 1948-07-23

LOST - Pair of glasses in case. Return to Nugget office. 88-tfc
The Nome nugget., 1948-07-23
MRS. KEN RANK AND SON HOME FROM STATES VISIT

Mrs. Ken Rank and son, Stephen, who have been in the states en-
 toying spring and summer sun shine and visiting with relatives and friends, returned home today after an absence of several months.
The Nome nugget., 1948-07-23
MRS. BEN HYNDMAN HOME FROM VISIT IN STATES

Mrs. Ben Hyndman and daugh- ter Caroline returned today on the Pan American from a short visit in the states.
The Nome nugget., 1948-07-23

A frightened fdwn peers around the corner of the china and crockerY department of q Portland. Me-. variety store after the onimdl crashed through glass door. The deer was later captured by police and treated by game wdrdens for cuts received in jumping through the door and two school windows. CAP Wire photo0
The Nome nugget., 1948-07-23
Forecast And Weather Report Nome and Vicinity
Compiled by the U. s. Dept. of Commerce, Weather Bureau.
July 23, l948

Forecast for Nome:
 Cloudy tonight with intermittent rain continuing through Saturday. Lowest temperature tonight 48, highest Saturday 58.
 Nome data last "A hours as of 700 am. today:
 Precipitation 0.10 inches. (To- tai this month 2.46 inchesD
The Nome nugget., 1948-07-23
LEGAL ADVERTISEMENT

IN THE PROBATE COURT FOR THE CAPE NOME PRECINCT SECOND DIVISION, TERRITORY OF ALASKA
 IN THE MATTER OF THE ES- TATE OF EDWARD F. SURBER, Deceased
 No. 785.
 Notice to. Creditors NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that by order issued by the Judge of Probate aforesaid, R. Brousseau, of Nome, Alaska, has been duly appointed administrator of the es- tate of Edward F. Surber, de- ceased.
 All persons having claims ag- ainst said estate should present them with proper vouchers at tached within six months from the date of this notice to the said administrator, at Nome, Alaska. Dated the 14 day of July, 1948.
 R. Brousseau Administrator C. C. Tanner, Attorney
 for Administrator. Pub. July 16, 23, 30, Aug. 6, 1948.
The Nome nugget., 1948-07-23

For Good Printing Call Main 125
The Daily Alaska empire., 1948-07-24
TexasDemos Voting Today;
 Interest High

AUSTIN, Texas, July 24 R- Texans go to the polls in what may be record numbers today to take their pick of national, state. dis trict, county. and precinct offices in the first Democratic primary.
 Top interest is centered in the campaign for U. S. Senate, with Il candidates on the ballot to fill the seat vacated by Senator w. Lee ODaniel. The three major candi- Former Governor Coke Stew enson. Representative Lyndon John son and Attorney General Teddy of Houston-all have predicted vic- tory
 Poll tax holders also are choosing an nominee for Governor among eight candidates including Gov. Beauford Jester They are voting in Congressional races in IA of the States 21 districts and are passing upon candidates for II other State offices
 Nomination is tantamount to election in the one-party State.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1948-07-24
SPECIAL SESSION
 MONDAY
Congress Meets 10 Consid. CT Truman $ Plans
 Fight Indicated

WASHINGTON. July 24 -tRl- President Truman get a last taste Of smooth sailing on the placid Potomac today as he charted the course he wants Congress to follow to beat back the rising tide of in tlation.
 While he cruised aboard the presi- dental yacht Williamsburg. storm signals already were Tapping on Capitol Hill for his appearance there Tuesday
 The special session opens Monday.
 Republicans said they will give careful consideration to the Presi- dents suggestions, but they made it clear that his expected plan to use government controls to curb living costs is in for rough weather.
 A filibuster threat from within his own party also was added to the special sessiCn docket.
 Senator Eastland (D-Miss) told reporter he is ready to talk against any of the Civil Rights measures which set off a revolt of southern Democrats at the partys Philadelphia Convention earlier this month.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1948-07-24
(onnaIIy 10 Back Truman,
 Demo Choice

WASHINGTON, July 24. -'R-- Senator Connally .-TexD, an op- ponent of President Truman's civil rights program, announces he will support the Democratic ticket of MT. Truman and Senator Barkley tD.-KyD
 T have consistently supported the nominees of the Democratic Party in the past and I shall not deviate from that record now" Connally said in a statement.
 He also told reporters that in his opinion Texas Democrats will sup port the national ticket in Novem- Der" despite their opposition to MT. Truman at the Philadelphia con- veption"
The Daily Alaska empire., 1948-07-24
GATHERING
 IS STARTED
 LAST NIGHT
Chairman Calls for Real Peace" "-Iowa Negro
 Editor Keynofer

CONVENTION HALL, PHlLA- DELPHIA, July 24-tR-The New Progressive Party convention-ready to nominate Henry A. Wallace TOT President-heard its chairman cah today for a real peace" arranged by Wallace and Stalin.
 Albert J. Fitzgerald of Lynn, Mass, was chosen as permanent chairman. He told the delegates that if the party can win control of Congress, the producers of the country will enforce peace.
 "The peace that such a Congress would forge would be real peace, based on the give and take which Henry Wallace and Josef Stalin ex- changed" he declared, adding:
 Tt can be done. It must be done"
 He alluded to an offer by Soviet Premier Stalin to negotiate differ ence with the United States on the basis of proposals made last May in an open letter by Wallace.
 Fitzgerald, head of the CIO United Electrical, Radio and Ma chine Workers Union, aSsailed Presl- dent Truman as Injunction Harry because of MT. Trumans activities in the coal and rail strikes.
 Wallace will be battling Presi- dent Truman and Gov Dewey on a platform his keynote speaker told cheering, singing and booing delegates is what the people de- mand, and what the people shall have"
 Keynoter Charles P. Howard, Iowa Negro editor, laid it on the line last night. He struck at both Republicans and Democrats, high prices, foreign policy, Congress, Jim Crowism.
 Urging Americas plain people" to join the fight against the old line political parties, Howard said the choice was Wallace or War" :"
The Daily Alaska empire., 1948-07-24
flRMNESS ON RUSSIA
 AFFIRMED
Eisenhower, Dewey An. nounee Policy in Pres
 ent Berlin Crisis

PAWLING, N. r., July 24-R- With Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower agreeing with him on policy of absolute firmness' toward Russia in the Berlin crisis, Gov. Thomas F. Dewey looked to Sen. Arthur H. Vandenberg today for an up-to-the- minute report on the situation.
 The Republican presidential nom- inee will have a dinner conference tonighe at his farm with Vanden- berg, Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. John Foster Dulles, Dewey's chief lieuten- ant in international affairs will at tend.
 The Governor said yesterday after three-hour conference here with Eisenhower that he and the general were in agreement that the United States must stand with absolute firmness in Berlin"
The Daily Alaska empire., 1948-07-24
US. PLANS DOUBLE AID
 FOR BERLIN
By The Associated Press)

The United States determination to stay in Berlin was emphasized today with the announcement that it intends to double supplies flown into Soviet -blockaded Berlin.
 Gen. Lucius D. Clay, U. s. Com mander in Germany, is on his way back to the former German Capital today to implement the new air sup ply program. He told neWsmen be- fore leaving Washington that plan to double the supplies gives Russia pretty good evidence that "Ameri- cans will refuse to budge"
 Charles F. Bohlen, U. s. State Department Counsellor, left today for London to confer with Ambassa- dor Lewis w. Douglas.
 Other developments included a Russian announcement of issuance of new permanent money for eastern Germany and Berlin. Russia repeated her claims that Berlin be- longs to the Soviet Zone
 The Western Allies said they are carefully studying the Russian ordinance and will take appropriate measures"
 The Soviets, continuing their ha- rassing tactics in the air corridor between Berlin and the west, con- ducted bombing practice Between that city and Hamburg.
 The Moscow radio accused tht Western Powers of using the Berlir situation for stirring up war hys- faria !"
The Daily Alaska empire., 1948-07-24
JOHN JENSEN WINS WC0DENFACE THROW FROM PETER DYER
Juneau Champion Wins Meet in First Two
 Frames

Proving to be a real chip off the old block, John Jensen last night opened up with the form and teaching of his ball-playing father, Mark. and walked away with a decisive Woodenfaoe win over Peter Dyer, the Seattle champ who visited here for the contest last night.
 Employing a three-section sys- tenn. Jensen tagged the wooden umpire for four strike-outs i'll the first heat. five in the second, and was net required to throw the third round as the tournament was won. Being unable to catch on in the first heat. Dyer famed only one batter and walked his first man up in the second frame. Displaying the form of the real champion he is. Dyer made an excellent showing in the third frame when he fan- ned his required six men without much evident trouble. However, he was too far behind and the ex- tremely well-collected Jensen was the winner by 9-7 margin.
 Despite the fact that young Dyer was unable to find the range in the finals, he displayed a good part of the stuff last night that beat cut 8l92 other Seattle boys, in the preliminaries last night. In the warm-up. Dyer famed fir teen straight batters before he lost his first on a walk. Both boys are real champs and will perhaps some day prove it on the mound with the stands full up.
 Following tne contest, Robert Twiss of the Seattle Times spoke for several minutes relating the background and proposed future development for the contest. Point ing out that the Woodenface Con- test has become an institution in Seattle during the past 28 years Twiss said it is hoped to make the championship tour of Southeast Alaska an annual affair, and that an Alaska Washington playoff is ,, hoped for in the future.
 Dyer, his mother and Twiss left on the George Washington last night and will return to Seattle via Skagway and Sitka without further engagements.
 The contest last night was spon- sored by the Juneau Fire Depart men;.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1948-07-24
GM AUTOS
 ADVANCING
 IN PRICE

DETROIT, July 23--lF-General Motors Corp, today announced price increase of atout eight per- cent on all passengers cars.
 The increases will become effective Monday.
 President c. E. Wilson blamed rising wages and material costs"
 GM recently granted the C1O United Auto Workers an Il cent an hour wage increase geared to the cost of living It is to be adjusted probably upward-in September.
 It was the first general price in- crease by General Motors since Au- gust l947
The Daily Alaska empire., 1948-07-24
STEAMER MOVEMENTS

Prince George, from Vancouver, scheduled to arrive at 4:45 this af- ternoon.
 Aleutian scheduled to sail from Seattle today, due Tuesday.
 Princess Louise, scheduled to sail from Vancouver T tonight.
 Princess Norah scheduled to sail from Vancouver July 28.
 Alaska scheduled to sail from Seattle July 29.
 Baranof scheduled to arrive southbound at a. m. Monday.
 Corsair scheduled southbound on Monday.
 Palisana scheduled southbound Tuesday.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1948-07-24
NEW e PATROL GRAFT
 NOW AT BOAT HARB0R

Juneau's new Coast Guard harbor ratrol boat and area light tender has arrived from Ketchikan and is now stationed at the small boat har- Dor. having assumed the duties of the former Coast Guard vessel which left here the first of the week.
 Being a great deal larger than the former boat, the new craft IS an 33 footer.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1948-07-24
The W ashington Merry -Go- Round
By DREW PEARSON
(Copyright, l94S, by The Bell Syndicate.
 Incl

WASHINGTON Uncensored dispatches from behind the Iron Curtain have increased the fear that Russia may be ready for war now.
 Hitherto diplomats felt certain that the Soviet did not want war for at least two or three years until she could develop the A-bomb But here are some developments which have taken place behind the Iron Curtain.
 l. The Communist controlled Czech government has just recelv- ed orders from Moscow to empty a large number of army barracks in Western Czechoslovakia in prep aration for the early arrival of large Russian troop concentrations. It's important to remember that Czechoslovakia is adjacent to the American zone of Germany. If this report is accurate, the Red Army is moving up units to face U. $. troops in the American zone.
 2. The Russians have ordered thousands of bilingual signposts erected all the way from the Soviet border to the German border for
The Daily Alaska empire., 1948-07-24
DIXON AT STORAGE;
 10000 LB5. OF GOD

Tn Dixon landed in Juneau yes terday with 10000 pound cod catch and 1,200 pounds halibut. With the price but little changed the halibut went at 18 for medium, eight for chix and Is cents a pound for large. The cod was taken at straight 12 cents a pound.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1948-07-24
BIG TROUT CATCHES
 HAVE STOOD WEEK

Records in the Junior Chamber of Commerce trout derby have now stood for better than week with Riley Furlong topping the Dolly Warden catches with a four and one-half pounder and Ken Kearney leading the cut-throat field with three and three-quart-
The Daily Alaska empire., 1948-07-24
, BARGE5 WITH SHEMYA SURPLUS
 REACH SEATTLE

SEATTLE, July 24-tR-ToWing two barges of war surplus for the Aleutco. Corp. of Hastings, Neb., ocean going tug Macloufay has ar rived here after a 161s day voyage from Shemya in the Ahutians.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1948-07-24
BARTLETT BACK
 IN WASHINGTON

WASHINGTON, July 24-tR-Del- egate Bartlett, Alaska Democrat, has returned to the Capital for the special session opening Monday. Bartlett had planned to return to Alaska, but instead went to Wiscon- sin to visit his mother; then came back to Washington.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1948-07-24
EARTH TREMoR

WESTON, MASS, July 24-tR-A very strong" earth tremor "ap- parently near Turkey was reported today by the Boston College Seis- mograph Station.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1948-07-24
DOCTOR FROM ANCHORAGE

pr. Joseph T. Marshall of An chorage is a Juneau visitor. stay ing at the Baranof Hcte..
The Daily Alaska empire., 1948-07-24
WEATHER REPORT
GU. S. WEATHER sUREAU)

GU. s. WEATHER DUREAU) Temperatures for z4-hour period
 ending 7:30 thls morning
 Tn Juneau Maximum, 54; minimum, 50.
 At Airport Maximum, 56; minimum. 49.
 At Airport Maximum, 56, minimum, 49
 F o K l. C A s T (Jumcau and Vicinity)
 Mostly cloudy with occa- sional light rain this after noon and Sunday. Highest ] temperature this afternoon near 55 degrees. PRECIPITATION , tPsst 24 hours endins E30 m today Tn Juneau 20 inches; ] since July l, 402 inches. At Airport - IS inches; since July l, 2.62 inches.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1948-07-24
FROM ATLANTIC CITY

Mazie V. Scanlon of Atlantic City is a guest at the Baranof Hotel.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1948-07-24

CT pounder taken at Lake Hassel- borg better than two weeks ago.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1948-04-28
No FEPC This session --Sigler
Replies
To NAACP
Request
Governor Asked To
Prove His Sincerity
By Action, Not Talk

LANSING - The special
session of the state legiSla-
turc Will conclude Thursday,
without passing on Fair En-
ployment Practice legisla-
ton promised earlier in the
year by the governor.
Governor Siglcr in reply
to a telegram Monday from
the Detroit branch of the y.
A.A.C.P. requesting him TO
act on the legislation, told
the Tribune Nothing more
will he added to the session
at this time. | had consider
ed it seriously and still have
il in mind; | hope that it will
be on the agenda next time"
Action, not releases to
the press" will prove that
Governor Kim Sigler is
sincere about his support
ing an FEPC bill in this
session Of the state legis-
lation, the telegram de-
clared.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1948-04-28
Couldn't Get Piano
Angry Woman
Wrecks Room
In Revenge

Persons visiting the residence
OF Mi, Erma Greene 1857 Euc-
lid last SATURDAY. no doubt would
have been led To- believe that a
mild cyclone had struck her
living room.
Mrs Greene asked and got a
warrant from the prosecutor Of
flee last Saturday. charging
Amanda johnson. 80. no adj
dress given with malicious de-
struCtOn' OF property 10 the
amount of $500
Mrs Greene told police that
Amanda who formerly resided
thee came 10 her home and
demanded that she be allowed
10 remove a piano which she
left in the home
Told that she would have 10
return articles which she car
(See ANGRY WOMAN, p. ~
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1948-04-28
Dr.. Wesley
Will Not Be
Morgan Prexy

BALTIMORE CNNPAl-- The
new president Of Morgan State
Collcg will be d. Martin d.
jenkins. associate professor o.
education az Howard University.
and not d. Char les W Wesley
Of Ohio State College at WILDER
force.
The college board OF trustees
last Thursday elected ID Jcn-
kinS 10 succeed DR. Dwight o.
" Holmes. who is 90 retire in
June after ten years service
DR. jenkins. reached late
ThurcdaY evening by telephone
at Atlanta University. where
ho was attending meeting.
said he would accept The DO.
sifon.
(sss DR.. WESLEY. p. ~
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1948-04-28
Toy Raped
On Arrest Of
Two Citizens

The Detroit Branch ~ the
NAACP in letter 10 Commits
Sioner Harry 5. Toy this week
pointed 10 specific case in
which officers. allegcdly used
an unwarranted physical attack
on two colored citizens.
Erma Stewart and Bcria or
futt, 30l Ellery. according 10
police called police to evict
belligerent loomor Policemen on
arriVa' she said, accused them
Of drinking and during the ar
gument one Of the officers hit
her il the jaw after which
general melee resulted"
The officers arrested them or
charge which was dismissed
when carried before Judge O
L. Ide The NAACP release
points out that instead OF pro-
tecting the citizens who called
them, from the roomer. the off
GERS proceeded 10 attack and
abuse them"
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1948-04-28
NY COP Prods
Congress On
Legislation

ALBANY. n. Y.-(NNPAl -
The New York State Republican
Committee last Wednesday adopt
ed a resolution urging Congress
10 pass the anii-poll tax, anti
lynching and fair employment
practice legislation.
Harold {, Burton, committee
man from a Harlem district and
president of the New York State
Negro Republican Organization,
Offered the resolution, which re-
ceiveG the support OF Glen H.
Bedenkapp. state chairman, Sec
rotary of State Thomas j, Cur
ran. and former State Chairman
Edwin f. Jackie.
Mr.. Burton. who is a delegate
10 ths Republican national con-
ventior in Philadelphia IN juno,
also scored the civil disobedi-
cnce program against scgrcga-
lses N. Y. COP. p. ~
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1948-04-28


The announcement was made
last Thursday by Edward N. Al
.en. chairman Of the Connecticut
State ln'crracial Commission.
Seventeen OF Connccticuts
nineteen schools have signed
piedgcs TO accept students with
'ut discrimination. Mr.. Allen said.
aho' iho two remaining ones will
MAKE similar announcements at
VIC next meeting of their nurs-
ing councils.
q recent survey made of hos
pliais IN Detroit. revealed that
mere was only two without
some form OF discrimination in
student nurse training.
lhefc were five schools OF nur-
N4s which indicated racial or
I'hgious restrictions in 1914
Nnen the Connecticut Inter-ra-
VA Commission began its study
w educational opportunities in
.onne.ctlon with the nurse short
We ,,e MI Allen said.
NOW OPEN TO ALL
~ 1915, four schools indicated
h s..u restrictions although TN {
..1espiials conducting two of these
y "9 s had hired colored nurs-
70 al. "e ~" 'P0"
IN. me commission said eolcred
nurses increased from two in
'See CONNECTICUT. p. ~
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1948-04-28

Threw also severely criticized
10 Dnoit newspapers m their
,aoa ~ handling the news. ac-
clarv both tho police and papers
ct Nacicr assassination OF I'M
I'm beers and casting aSpcr-
a. ON Local 600 members who
hd hacn SUBJECTED TO question
.Eg lu connection with the case.
Police Commissioner Harry S.
1ov answered the executive
hold wih Scathing reply which
s'sic don't understand peo-
We Bike rpu' I'm his letter he
pointed ont that he was not in
"clod "a who wins the union
election and that he was inter-
c'ed Do finding the asSailant Of
WaIlcr Rnu,hcr because il is his
sworn duty and Reuther is his
Ncnd
Toys letter suggested that
perhaps they didn't want him
10 find the culprii. and wonder
Cd Il they didn't protest too
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1948-04-28
Pistol Poker
Games Drop 3
Over Weekend

Two card games over the week
end resulted IN tho shooting OF
three men-the third was shot
when he trained his .38 calibrs
pistol on an arreSting officer,
who ordered HIM 20 drop the
pistol
Robert Warner 80. of 1905
Wa'ko Wa> shot BY patrolman
Stanlc' Mrugalski Warner was
pointing us pistol through the
ktchen window 81 Willie Harper.
81 1926 Naumann. who he had
just snot through the leg
Walne told patrolman Mrugal.
,k and his partner Isaac De-
Baker that short time before.
duunE poker game Harper
ordered him out OF ms home.
and fired d shot as he left.
SHOT IN LEG
Harper Yves shot in the calf OF
tSee PISTOL. p. a.