davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1948-08-29
Dixie Tunnels Its Traffic
By Hendrix ChondIer

MOBILE Aa-The South beginning
instead of them
Confronted with growing steamship and boat rafnc
along lengthy cosstne meeting its problem
tunneing under its busy waterways
digging 1900 900 Bankhead Tunnel
Mobile River ship channel Since
February 1s than 100000 vehicles Travelled through
without accident
Now 100000 beneath
in the intracosa The olfree will
about length Mobiles will
finished in q and half.
Other Southern Cities Are Talking About 1t
And at Galveston Tex they've taken bids 900 mile
2ooo-footlong 4oOo-foot ree
approach. .'.ss :..
The engineering Inc,
Mobile Houston Galveston tunnels
cities talking similar projects
debating between s4s0oo0o0 tunnel
bridge Chesapeake Norfolk talking
a tunnel beneath its ship channel
having plans ss500o00
the intrscoastal waterway
jackson, and Miami, Fla, considering
nels to their trafnc problems.
Miami rushing
the running traffic bolenecs the highway
bridges where the pleasure boat trafhc is thick.
Wayne r. Palmer, native Kentuckian who
Washington Bankhead Tunnel said
particularly tunnels
comparatively shallow
usually heavily travelled coastal highways
behind the North getting into
tunnels section,
line, may eventually have
Distributes N Aaoiass1 P1ssaJ
Evening star., 1948-08-29
By GEORGE H. Hall

In granting refuge to the now
famous Russian school teachers, the
United States Government acted
according to a high moral principle
which has been invoked throughout
history but which has often been
more an aspiration than a working
policy.
The principle is that somewhere
in the world there should be place
where the oppressed can find safety
and rest. 1t is usually called the
right of asylum, though the term
is misleading. International law
and custom do not recognize the
right of any individual to claim
asylum. What is recognized is the
right of a state to grant or deny
asylum at its discretion as privi-
lege of sovereignty.
Bene6ciaries of u. S.
Thus, Mrs. Oksana S. Kasenkina,
who attempted to escape Russian
authority by leaping from a window
of the Soviet Consulate in New York
City rather than return to her ma
tive land, and Mikhail I. Samarin
and his wife, who refused to return
to the Soviet Union because they
preferred America. had no rights"
in appealing to the United States
for sanctuary. They were the bene-
ficiaries of American generosity.
There is no mention of the right
of asylum in the Constitution of the
United States. and our policies have
varied. The Soviet constitution. on
the contrary, declares: The u. s.
S. r. affords the right of asylum to
foreign citizens prosecuted for de-
Tending the interests of the working
people or for their scientific activ-
tiles or for their struggle for ma
tional liberation"
The record indicates, however, that
persons fleeing political persecution
prefer havens other than Russia,
while this country has often pro-
vided asylum.
Sanctuaries of Lons AGO
The development and application
of the principle of right Of asylum
has been called one Of the indices
of humanity's progress from bar
barism to enlightenment. Reference
Is found, to 1t In early civilizations
and it has often been associated In
some way with religious beliefs and
institutions.
The Egyptians and Greeks had
certain temples in which the per-
secuted could take refuge. The Old
Testament mentions the principle
! Plutarch says that Immediately after
founding Rome. Romulus and Remus
Evening star., 1948-08-29

tary. 1t was that post he left to
come to Washington.
Here he continued his studies at
night and obtained bachelors de-
gree in law in 1881 at the National
University, to which he added 8
masters degree a year later. For
10 years he taught constitutional
law at his alma mater.
Attorney Generals Assistant
After he had been In the Justice
Department for five years he was
named executive assistant to At
torney General William D. Mitchell
and he served in that same capacity
for the four succeeding Attorneys
General, Homer S. Cummings
Frank Murphy, Robert H. jackson
and Francis Biddle.
At Mr.. Biddle's suggestion Presi-
dent Roosevelt appointed Mr.. Carusi
who is Republican, to the post o1
immigration commissioner In 1914
He served there until a year age
when he was given special as.
signment in the State Department
to investigate the problem of dis
placed persons in Europe. ..
Mr.. Carusi made a tour Of about
100 displaced persons camps II
Europe and returned to report to
the President and Congress on plans
for resettlement of these homeless
victims of the war. .r
There are about $1,000 displaced
persons in Europe. but only abou,
100000 of these are regular resi-
dents of the camps.
"Tiring of living in idleness ano
Evening star., 1948-08-29
While
Recogn the Right of Indiv vdualo Asylum

made a sanctuary of refuge for all
fugitives. There they received all
who came, delivering none up"
In the Middle Ages churches, and
later the dwellings of priests and
bishops, cemeteries and monasteries
became sanctuaries, which had the
ultimate effect of mitigating the
severity of lawful penalties. Sane
tuary was provided in other coun-
tries for many who fled from the
Spanish and Italian inquisitions.
The principle was written into
early American law. 1t appears in
the Body of Liberties of the Massa-
chusetts Colony in New England.
which was enacted by the General
Court in 164l. 1t appears also in the
writings of Washington, Madison
and Jefferson. In 1874 the Demo-
cratic Party platform had a plank
indorsing 1t. A similar declaration
Evening star., 1948-08-29

Il WO A<OuFSSS opSH
Yet many In both the Republican
and Democratic Parties are aware
that they may have to make . de-
cision In the near future.
Al things stand now In the world,
the problem which squarely con-
fronts those who examine the situa-
tion realistically is how to act best
for America and for our civiliza-
ton.
We face the following situation:
Either we recognize that Europe
and Asia must be saved at any cost
and that We must remain In Europe
until an equitable peace 10 ar
Evening star., 1948-08-29

in the Republican plat
form of 1864.
1t was recognized internationally
in 1888 when the League of Nations
set up a special commission to aid
refugees from the. Naz regime. 1t
is scheduled to be discussed by the
United Nations next month.
In America the right of asylum
has become associated, perhaps in
extricably. with immigration and
deportation laws and with expatri-
alton and extradition. Extradition
of criminals now is governed largely
by treaty. Most of these treaties,
while spelling out the crimes for
which extradition is to be granted.
do not mention political crimes. The
definition of political crime be-
comes a pertinent factor in many
cases. French Revolutionary lead
ers held, for example, that sanctu-
Evening star., 1948-08-29
Corusi Philosophical
About q Law That
Sotifies Few
By Joseph Honlon

Ugo Carusi, chairman of the
newly created Displaced Persons
Commission, has settled down to dc
his level best administering Law
with which practically nobody IL
satisfied.
The commissions task is to give
overall supervision to the program
for admitting to this country
205 900 persons during the next two
years from the camps for displaced
persons in Europe.
The law has been criticized as un-
fair by both President Truman and
Gov. Dewey. 1t became law only
because two members Of the Senate.
House Conference Committee which
gave the legislation its final shape
swallowed their scruples long enough
to vote for it and then, for the rec.
ord, issued public statements that
they had done SO reluctantly rather
than produce a stalemate and nc
legislation at all.
Law Widely Condemned
The law itself is widely condemned
as discriminatory and an inadequate
contribution by the United States
toward solution of the problems OF
displaced persons in Europe, but
Congress further hamstrung the ad-
ministrators by appropriating only
half the money estimated as needed
to carry it out.
So the result is that instead Of the
10000 persons who we're TO be ad-
mitted in the first year of the pro-
gram, the number actually to be ad-
mitted will be closer to 10000, Mr.
Carusi estimates.
But Mr.. Carusi, former commits
sioner of immigration, has been
around Washington long enough tc
accept the situation philosophically
We will 90 our best to administer
the law as it is written"
Mr.. Carusi, a stocky, balding man
OF 46, has been in Washington since
1925, when John G. Sargent, Presi-
dent Coolidge's Attorney General
asked him to become his confidential
secretary. Mr.. Sargent was from
Vermont, the home of Mr.. Carusi's
parents, although Mr.. Carusi hap
pens to have been born in Italy.
Born on St. Patrick's Day
His parents, naturalized Ameri-
can citizens, had returned to Italy
on visit and there, in Carraga, Ugc
was born on st. Patrick's Day. 1902
Il had some business to attend to-
so it was three months before ]
could leave Carrara," he explains.
His father had a sculpture fac
tory at Barre, VT, which produced
tombstones, and religious and pa
triotic statuary. He died when Ugo
was 13 years old, and just COM
pleting grade school.
Ugo. the fourth of six children
started selling newspapers so that
he could continue his schooling
While still in high school he went
to work in the office of the State s
attorney for $3.50 a week and took
advantage of the opportunity to
learn shorthand. His proficiency
brought him to the attention OF
Vermont's Attorney General, who
engaged him as his private secre-
Evening star., 1948-08-29
Sanctuary for Birds and Beasts, But Not for Humans
Law and Custom Do Not


ary should be given persons in
trouble because they fought for lib
erty." +.
Controls over the alien visitors,
further tightened by regulations
that became effective June Is, now
are exercised by the State Depart
ment, the immigration Service of
the Justice Department and the
Public Health Service.
The immigration Service has q
general policy of not trying to force
from the country persons who face
death or imprisonment for political
reasons in their native lands. Per-
mission to remain here, however, Is
temporary. Persons granted asylum
must leave the country and re-
enter under the regular immigration
quotas if they wish to obtain citizen
ship. An act of Congress is neces-
sary otherwise.
Until the 1840s it was the gen.
orally held view in the United States
that naturalization did not neces-
sarily denationalize an individual
from his former allegiance if that
was the conclusion of his country
of origin. This conception under
went a change when James Bu-
chanan became Secretary of State
in 1845 and until he became Presi-
dent in 1857.
Expatriation Ruling q.
The change was dictated In part
by the period Of heavy immigration
from 1S40 to 1860. 1t seemed de-
sirable to claim exclusive American
citizenship for persons naturalized
In the United States SO they could
receive protection against the claims
Of military and other service OF
their countries Of origin.
In 1859 Attorney General Jere-
miah s. Black put forward the doc
trine that expatriation includes not
only emigration out of ones native
country, but naturalization In the
country adopted is future resi-
dence." He said 1t Is "the natural
right Of every free person who owes
no debts and is not guilty of crime
to leave the country Of his birth In
good faith and for an honest pur-
pose
In 1858 Congress upheld the right
of expatriation in the following Ian
guage:
whereas the right OF expatria-
ton is 4 natural and inherent
right Of Ill people. indispensable
to the enjoyment Of the rights Of
life, liberty and the pursuit Of hap-
piness, and whereas in the recos-
milton Of this principle this Gov
eminent has freely received emil
grants from all nations any
Isee NO REVUdK. Page C-SJ
Evening star., 1948-08-29

,on charity" Mr.. Carusi says, "the
others have sought work outside the
camps. They obviously include the
most enterprising and independent
people, and those most worthy to
become a part of American life."
Those who have left the DIP
camps, however, are excluded from
consideration as immigrants under
the displaced-persons law. Con-
gress limited application of the law
to residents of the camps, with the
purpose of reducing the burden of
maintaining these camps. Those
who left the camps, and are by
terms of the law excluded from con-
sideration as immigrants, had been
told, however, by military authorl-
ties and others. Mr.. Carusi says
that this would not deprive them of
an opportunity for resettlement.
Cutoff Date Criticized
The law restricts opportunities
for immigration to those who were
residents of the camps by Deem
ber %, 1945. This is the provision
most sharply criticized by its op-
ponents. That date was chosen as
the one on which President Truman
issued directive giving preference
under established immigration laws
to displaced persons applying as
regular quota immigrants. The more
liberal House bill fixed the cutoff
date. as April 81, 1947, said to be the
date on which the first complete
registration and population records
were obtained for the camps. Ac-
ceptance OF the later date would
Evening star., 1948-08-29

This, 1t may be said, Is against
all the commitments we have made
in treaties and agreements. But
other nations, and especially Russia.
have ignored their commitments
since vi day. What may appear
to be q dishonorable retreat may
turn out to be practical.
Politics, and especially interna~
tionai politics. are essentially selfish.
We have given the first instance In
world history In which a nation has
overlooked the interests and WE'LL
being of its citizens TO sacrifice its
sons and resources for the sake of
other human beings
We have attempted since 1917 to
make the world better place in
which to live and reached the peak
of our efforts In the years since
1910, when we started expending the
resources Of this country and later
the lives Of its best young men for
the sake Of others.
Such an unselfish example Is un.
paralleled in history. The time has
come when We have to take stock
(see o. s. POLICY, Page c-50
Evening star., 1948-08-29
Guardian of the Turnstie for DPS
His Job Is to Assist
Europe's Homeless
in ResettIinq

have made eligible about 10000
persons, chiefly Jews, who entered
our zones of Germany and Austria
after 1s45, mostly from Poland, to
escape persecution.
1t is particularly because of the
1945 date written into the bill that
President Truman denounced it as
anti-Semitic. The President also
termed it anti-Catholic, but evi-
dence is lacking on this point.
The criticism seems to be based
largely on the preference given in
the bill to immigrants from the
Baltic nations, generally regarded as
predominantly Protestant. The bill
provides that 40 per cent Of those
admitted must come from Lithu-
ania, Latvia and Estonia and Poland
east of the Curzon Line, areas which
have been annexed by Russia.
Monsignor's Views
However Msgr. Edward E. Sand
strom, executive director of the war
relief services of the National Cath
olic Welfare Conference. does not
find the law anti-Catholic. He wrote
to Representative Frank Fellows
Republican. of Maine, author of the
House version of the act. that the
law as adopted gave an opportunity
for "a very fair proportion Of Cath
olics" to be admitted to this country
as displaced persons.
Msgr. Sandstrom added in this
letter that all of us" would have
preferred a cutoff date of April 81
l947, in the law, rather than Decem-
ber %, 1945, because "the latter date
would have been fairer to all groups
and elements in the camps
The preference given exiled Balts
who fled their homelands to escape
Communist rule, is traceable to q
tour of displaced persons camps
made by several members of the
Senate Judiciary Committee last
summer.
Farmer Clause Hit
They found these people neat, in
dustrlous, orderly and cheerful. The
Senators were struck with their vio-
lent hatred Of communism. Red
missionaries from Latvia, Estonia
and Lithuania had visited the
camps showing motion pictures and
offering lectures describing the
happy lot that would be theirs if
only they would return to their
homelands. But the Balts turned .
deaf ear to these Establishments, and
sometimes the Red emissaries had
to be protected from threats of phys
ical harm.
Another of the laws preferences
requires that at least 80 per cent OF
those admitted must be farmers who
intend to continue in that occupa-
ton in the United States. This pro-
vision, too, Is criticized as anti
Semitic, because relatively few Jews
are farmers.
The net effect of all the prefer
ences written into the law is gen.
orally conceded to be that they
exclude virtually all Jews. On the
other hand, it is argued that most
of the Jews who are displaced per-
sons have indicated their preference
for Palestine as the place where
they want to settle.
Contrary to what seems to be a
tSee HANLON, Page ca
Evening star., 1948-08-29

tSee BARROWS, Page CAD
Evening star., 1948-08-29
American Foreign Policy
At Perilous Crossroads
Analyst Holds Decision Must Be Made Soon
to Fight for Europe's Freedom or to
Withdraw From the Continent
BY Constantine Brown

the the
there increasing feeling political
that have entered aeu period that crucial
decisions have to be made in the months
until recently the
spread oughout the Rightly wrongly they believed
entirely of the world and
Evening star., 1948-08-29
Iceland Good Laboratory
ToStudy yFormula ofReds
Communists Get Firm Grip on Labor b,
Termite Tactics and by 'Rescuing' the
Workman From Political Labyrinth
By Not A. Sorrows

REYKJAvIK, Iceland-Thi republic. up North
excellent laboratory which the sku
Communist inhltration
Iceands experience
many lesson for the West.
How, example, the Communists able
, 1948-08-03

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. u. S. A
DIVISION OF SAINT CROIX AT C1RISTIANSTED
IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE
OF THEODORE MoLLER. DECEASED PROBATE No. IL. ls4s
NOTICE TO CREDITORS
Robert K Armstrong, having been appointed administrator of
the Estate of THEODORE MOLLER, deceased, does hereby give
notice to all persons having claims against the said estate to present
such claims within six co. months. Persons indebted to the said
estate are likewise requested to make payments within the said
time to the Administrator, or his attorney. Dated: July %, 1913
William F. Moorhead Robert K. Armstrong
Attorney Administrator
, 1948-08-03
Bernadin Thomas
Administrator

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. u. S. A.
DIVISION OF SAINT cRoIx AT cHRIsTIANsTED
IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE PROBATE No. IL, ls4s
OF JOSEPH HALL DECEASED SUMMARY ADMINISTRATION
NOTICE TO CREDITORS
Please take notice that an Application for Summary Administra-
ton Of the Estate of JOSEPH HALL deceased, has been made by
Olive Mohammed, his daughter. Any creditor having a claim against
the decendent shall file same in the Court Or with the undersigned
within thirty 63O) days from this date. Dated: July 20, 1948
Christiansted, ST. Croix William F. Moorhead
Virgin Islands, u. S. "A. Attorney for Petitioner
, 1948-08-03

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS, j. |. A
DIVISION OF SAINT CRoIX AT cFRIsTIANsTED
IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE. PROBATE No. Il. le4s
OF JOSEPH HALL. DECEASED. SUMMARY ADMINISTRATION
NOTICE TO CREDITORS
Please take notice that an Application for Summary Admins
tration of the Estate of JOSEPH HALL. deceased, has been made by
Ohve Mohammed, his daughter. Any creditor having a claim against
the decedent shall file same in the Court or with the undersigned
within thirty 500 days from this date.
Dated: July 20, 1948 William = Moorhead
Attorney for Petitioner
Christiansted, ST. Croix, Virgin Islands, US.A.
, 1948-08-03
NOTICE TO CREDITORS

Please take notice that an application for Summary dminstra-
ton Q the Estate OF Richard Abramson, deceased, has been made by
his wife, Louise Abramson, by her attorney-in-fact, Almeric L.
Christian, ESQ. Any creditors having a claim against the dece-
dent shall file same in the Court or with the undersigned
within thirty 3O) days from this date. Persons indebted to
SAID estate are hereby requested to make payment to the I'M
signed within the said time.
Dated: July Is, 1948 Almerc i. Christian.
, 1948-08-03

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. j. s.
DIVISION OF SAINT cRoIx AT C-FIRIsTIANsTED
IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE OF PROBATE Nc. y .le1
RICHARD BRAMsoN DECEASED
SUMMARY ADMINISTRATION
, 1948-08-03

In the District Court of the Virgin Islands of the United States
Division Of ST. croix at Christiansted
IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE OF PROBATE No. Is. ls47
ALBERTINA ALLEN LOWELL. DECEASED
NOTICE OF FINAL ACCOUNTING
Persuant to an Order of the District Court of the Virgin Islands
dated July 7h, 194S, the undersigned Administrative hereby gives
nouce that she will render her Final Account in the above entitled
case at 1000 am. on August 30th, 1913, at the Office of the Clerk of
the District Court in Christansted. Anyone having objections thereto
should then and there appear and show cause why said accounting
should nt be approved. July 10th, 1948
William Z. Naoornead Susanna James
Attorney Administrative
, 1948-08-03
Alrneric L. Christian
Attorney for Petitioner

l. Iva Forbes, administrative Of the above entitled estate in
accordance with an order issued out of the District Court dated
June 3, 1948, do hereby give notice to all interested parties that they
are requested to appear at the Court House o fsaid Court on the
10th. day of July, 1913, at 10 o'clock am. to file any objections if
any they have at the hearing on the Final Account of said estate.
First publication of this notice made this 10Th day of June, 1913.
= n. Amphlett Leader Iva Forbes
Attorney Administrative
, 1948-08-03

estate are likewise requested to make payments within the said
time to the Administrator, or his attorney. Dated: July o. 1913
William F. Moorhead Robert K. Armstrong
Attorney Administrator
In the District Court of the Virgin Islands Of the United States
Division of ST. Croix at Christiansted
IN H MATTER Of THE STATE OF Probate
CLAUDE PETERSEN EDNEY, %DEcEAsEDD No. 171948
NOTICE OF HEARING ON INA o
Pesuant to an Order of the District Court Of the Virgin
Islands, Dated May 18th, 1913, the undersigned Administrator
hereby gives notice that he. will render his Final Account in
the above entitled case at 1000 am. on July 10th 1948 at the
Office of the Clerk Of the District Court, in Christiansted.
Anyone having objections thereto should then and there ap-
pear and show cause why said accounting should not be ap-
proved.
William F. Moorhead Andrew c. Pedro
Attorney Administrator
In the District Court of the Virgin Islands Of the United States
Division Of ST. croix at Christiansted
IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE OF PROBATE NO. 21e47
LILLIAN n. RASH, DECEASED
NOTICE OF HEARING ON FINAL ACCOUNT
Persuant to an Order Of the District Court Of the Virgin Islands,
Dated May %, 1913, the undersigned Administrative hereby gives
notice that she will render her Final Account III the above entitled
case at 1000 am. on July 81, 1913, at the Office Of the Clerk Of the
District Court, in Christansted. Anyone having objections thereto
should then and there appear and show cause why said accounting
should not be approved.
William F. Moorhead Enid A. Hansen
Attorney A Administrative
In the District Court of the Virgin Islands Of the United States
Division of ST. Croix at Christiansted
IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE PROBATE No. Ia, ls47
OF JENcINA E. ROBERTS. DECEASED
NOTICE OF IN ACCOUNTING
Persuant TO an Order Of the District Court of the Virgin Islands
dated May 10. ls4s. the undersigned Administrator gives notice that
he will render his Final Account in the above entitled case at 1000
am. on June 80. ls4s. at the Office Of the Clerk Of the District
Court. in chrisiansted. Anyone having objections thereto should
then and there appear and show cause why said ACCOUNTING should
not be approved.
William F. Moorhead Bernadin Thomas
Attorney Administrator
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. U. S. A.
DIVISION OF SAINT cRoIx AT cHRIsT1ANsTED
IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE PROBATE No. 13. ls4s
, 1948-08-03

In the District Court of the Virgin Islands Of the United States
Division of ST. Croix at Christiansted
IN H TT OF H ESTATE OF Probate
AUDI PETERSEN EDNEY, DECEASEDO No. 17,194
NOTICE OF HEARING ON FINAL o