davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Montana farmer-stockman., 1948-11-15
Montana Council

Montana Council
Permanent organization of the
Montana Council of Agriculture
was completed with the election
of w. B. Harlan, Como, presi-
dent, and E. K. Bowman, Helena,
secretary. Membership will con-
sist of one representative from
each farm and livestock organiza-
ton in the state, and the coun-
Gil will work with Chester C.
Davis, commissioner of agricul-
ture, on the solution of state farm
problems. Among the important
subjects to be taken up r the
questions on the St. Lawrence
waterway, federal trade commits
sion and railway rates.
Disarmament and Peace
The Farm Bureau approves the
president of the United States
action in calling the World Dis
armament conference and calls
for the names of 2,000,000 farmers
on petitions for disarmament and
permanent peace.
Montana Seed Growers
The Montana Seed Growers as
ISOLATION formed at the state fair
in 1912 now has 200 members In
26 counties of the state. The or
ganization is taking an active
part in making it possible for any
farmer to obtain pure home
grown seed of varieties adapted
to his conditions.
Dry Farm Crisis
No M factor can be pointed
out as the sole cause of the pres
ent crisis in dry land farming
1t has been due partly to change
in farming during war prices an
Montana farmer-stockman., 1948-11-15

which standard is used for oil. How
many barrels of oil would the above
tank hold? Dividing so by 80 we get
1.56. Then multiplying $4,000 by
1.56 we get 1920 barrels as the
correct answer for 80 gallons per
barrel.
Montana farmer-stockman., 1948-11-15

~Quotient by the result found In cob
umn B. The product, then, is the
correct number of barrels.
Thus for example let us say that
your barrel contains 80 gallons,
Montana farmer-stockman., 1948-11-15
Thoughts on Life
Your Boys and Girls
By DIR. JOHN w. HOLLAND


me this story. He had a large class
of boys in his charge and was get
ting along swimmingly until he
noticed that three of his class were
slipping in attendance He called
on the parents and found out the
reason. The parents in question were
taking their boys off on Sunday
weekend picnics and were not back
ing him up in what he was trying
to do for their sons.
These parents, fairly good in them
selves, were failing in their duty and
opportunity. Sunday, or Lords day,
had degenerated into a sort of pagan
weekend, only, in this case it could
be spelled weak end"
Here was this earnest Christian
young man, himself the father of
one of his class, who was more in
terested in the moral and spiritual
destiny of these three boys than
were the parents themselves. 1t does
not seem possible, but such is the
ease in too many cases.
Ideals Formed Early
1t is a trite thing, or considered
trite, to suggest that the ideas and
ideals that control any persons fu-
ture character, are settled before a
child is 10 years of age. Some psy-
biologists put the age at eight years.
There are no angelic children on
this planet, nor are they born of
angelic parents. We are all made
pretty much of m clay.
Back in the Old Testament, an OBJ
serving man said: 'The fathers have
eaten sour grapes; their childrens'
teeth are set on edge" "Like father,
like son." is an old Scotch proverb
which cannot be denied.
We begin our life pilgrimage with
out knowledge and experience, and
start out in pursuit of both. Hence
it is, that the wisdom and experience
of parents, along with good example,
is absolutely necessary for the in
experience and ignorance of chill
dren.
Lazy Sunday Habits
These lazy Sunday habits tina
fasten themselves upon parents be
come the easy examples for children
TO follow.
Fortunately, the public school doe
help children to gain moral est
mates of the value of right conduc-
wherever the teachers are alive t
their great opportunity. The Churc
helps to sweeten the springs of cor
duct by its emphasis of acceptin
Christ as ones personal Savior an
Guide in life. But, when the devotio
dies down in the hearts of parent
both the school and Church WI
face a negative attitude toward Gt
and good in the minds of childre
Life and character both begin
home.
The other night there was a tra
accident. At this particular crossi
the road had a night Waterman
operate the signals. But the switt
man grew drowsy and fell aisle
He was Weakened with a start as
train plowed into an auto full
people. Crash, bang, screams,
siren of an ambulance - four d.
Montana farmer-stockman., 1948-11-15
Montana Historical Sketches,
Beginnings Of Butte
By ANNA NICKOL

tory ia Montana, we are likely 10
think of gold and of the often men
toned camps, Bannack, Virginia
City, Nevada, Deer Lodge and Hell
ena. Butte, too, was among those
first camps-was, in fact, prospect
ed earlier than any of them.
Caleb Irvine, exploring the region
m 1856, found ar old, caved in pros
pect hole-evidence of long past OPP
erations made by an unknown adj
venturer, and gold was found on
eagerly worked claims during the
summer of 1864.
Three years later, Butte had a
population of 500, all of whom were
engaged in placer mining. She went
through the usual boom, the equally
inevitable break, and during the
early 70s, in common with other
Montana gold camps, was in danger
of becoming a ghost town.
z Saloons. so Miners
No stores remained, business after
business having been moved to Sill
yer Bow, a nearby camp which had
not yet begun to decline. Only 2 sa-
looms and so miners remained.
Both copper and silver had been
found, but neither was highly re-
garded. Silver made less valuable
the gold ore with which it was
mixed, and copper required smelt-
ing, facilities for which process were
far away and inaccessible.
Shipping was a slow, expensive
business. There were no railroads,
and everything that was taken into
or out of Butte had to be hauled by
wagon train. There was, further
more, scant possibility of local treat
ment of ore, since water in sufficient
quantities was lacking. Small re-
duction works were tried as a COM
promise with the difficulties encoun-
tered in shipping.
Very early in the copper camps
turbulent history its first king, Will
liam Andrews Clarke, arrived in
Butte. He pioneered ore shipments,
sending his first load by wagon train
to Corrine, Utah. He was also among
the first to try separating copper
from its rough matrix.
Speaker Exto1ls Wealth
In 1876, congress passed a resolu-
ton requesting the counties in each
state and territory to present ora
torical programs, based on the his
tory of their respective localities, in
honor of the nations Tooth birthday
Thanks to one of these recorded
speeches, we have a good many fig
ures on Butte's progress up to thai
time.
The speaker mentioned that Viii
mine, the Rainbow Lode claim, or,
from which assayed to a value of 81
to 500 a ton, in a vein 40 feet thick
Galena ore, in other mines, assayet
up to 70 percent. Lead mixed wit
silver and copper assayed up to z
percent. Only shipping facilitie
were lacking.
Said this mining man, Charlie
Warren:
take a view of the camp. Fo
four miles around Butte is but
network of rich lodes. Gold, silve
copper and lead abound, and in sue
vast quantities that we cannot hel
but be a great mining center of tt
west. if not of the world. We
Evening star., 1948-02-16

Dimitrov has increased his power he
has become less tolerant of any op-
position.
There is little doubt that the
Bulgarian Communist Party, the
oldest in Europe, would be the larg-
est political party but this is not
enough. All opposition has been
smashed.
1t is equally true that a large
proportion of the population, largely
youthful, approve this one-man
party regime, glory in the parades
and take great pride in its public
projects.
1t is likewise undeniable that a
considerable number of the popula-
ton live on constant fear of arrest
and are afraid to speak their minds.
Exactly what proportion of the
population is divided into these
camps is impossible for any one to
learn. .-...
When nine lonesome Socialist
deputies dared question the gov
ernment budget, Dimitrov In rage
warned them not to try his patience
too far Or they would suffer Pets
koWs fate.e =. anus 4sne.rt
s.a< Usually smiling and affsble in his
public speeches, Dimitrov when
angry sometimes speaks in some
what less than puritan language. :
During speeches he is a mustache
pu1ler, and eyeglass Wiper. and I
pencil jabber for emphasis. 80, 4
In this part Of the world, Dimia
troy is looked upon as the voice OF
the Soviet policy even more so than
Yugoslavs Marshal Tito.
Evening star., 1948-02-16
Cardinal PignoteIIi, SO, Dies;
Next to Pope in Hierarchy
Was Prince of ItuIiun
Aristocrocy as Well
As Catholic Church
BY the Assoeioted Press

VATICAN CITY. Feb. 16.-
Gennaro Cardinal Granite Pigna-
telli Di Belmonte, 96, second only
to Pope Plus XII in the hierarchy
of the Roman Catholic Church,
died today of a bladder ailment
complicated by old age.
Cardinal Pignatelli, who was a
prince of the italian aristocracy as
well as a prince of the church, died
at 1913 am. (4:13 am. EST in
his simply furnished apartment in
the historic Vatican church of Santa
Martha.
He had known five popes in his
long life and had been an intimate
of the present pontiff and his prede-
cessor. He had been dean of the
College of Cardinals for nearly 10
years.
The funeral will be held Thursday
in st. Peters Church, with Pope
Plus reading the mass of the dead.
Francesca Cardinal Marchetti-
Selvaggiani, rs, Bishop of Frascati,
vicar general of Rome and arch
priest of the Basilica of st. John
Lateran, succeeds Cardinal Pigna-
tell as Cardinal dean. Cardinal
Marchetti-Selvaggiani, native of
Rome, has been a cardinal since
June 80, 1880.
Vatican authorities, however, said
there was some doubt as to whether
the state of his health would per-
init him to assume actively the
duties of dean of the College OF
Cardinals. He was reported suffer-
ing an illness affecting his legs.
These informants said it was pos
sible Enrico Cardinal Sibilia, 81
Bishop of Sabine and Poggio Mir
teto and next in order of preced-
ence, might succeed Cardinal Pig
natelli as dean. Cardinal Sibilia
has been a prince of the church
since Dec. 16, 1885.
Persons present at the deathbed
said Cardinal Pignatelli emerged
Evening star., 1948-02-16
Visiting CIergymen
Listed for Lenten
Services This Week

Speakers from the District area
and outside the city will address
MONDAY lenten services in many
Washington churches this week.
At the Episcopal Church of the
Epiphany, DR.. John Ellis Large, rec
tor of ST. Andrews Episcopal
Church, Wilmington, Del, will
preach today through Friday at the
noon service.
Speakers for the lenten services,
at 1905 pm, in National Presby-
terian Church this week will be DR..
Carl r. Simon, pastor of Keller Me-
mortal Lutheran Church. today; DR..
Horace E. Cromer, pastor Of Nc
Kendree Methodist Church, tomor-
row and Wednesday, and the Rev, F,
Nielsen. Schlegel, pastor OF First
Evangelical and Reformed Church,
Thursday and Friday.
Lenten services at Reformation
Lutheran Church at 1910 pm.
will have as preachers this week the
Rev. Arnold F. Keller, jr., Of Refor-
nation Church, today; DR.. Oscar
F. Blackwelder, pastor of Reforma-
tion Church, tomorrow; DR.. Ed
ward Hughes Pruden, pastor of
First Baptist Church. Wednesday,;
the Rev. James c. Horn, of Refor-
nation Church. Thursday, and the
Rev. James c. Fahl of Metropolitan
Church, Friday.
Mount Vernon Methodist Church,
Ninth street and Massachusetts,
avenue NV, also will hold noon
day services this week.
Msgr. Fulton J. Sheen Of Catho-
lie University will speak at st.
Catholic Church at $40
and pm. Wednesday.
DR.. Edward L. R. Elson, minister
of National Presbyterian Church,
will be the speaker at the lenten
luncheon at 1890 pm. Wednesday
at the Central Branch YMCA,
17os q ctroot NV
Evening star., 1948-02-16
Youth Delegates Take
Universal Training
Fight 10 Congress

The demonstration against uni
versal military training being staged
here by the National Youth As.
sembly continued today as more than
1000 delegates planned to visit mem
bers of Congress to present their
views.
Paul Robson, noted Negro singer,
was scheduled to speak this after
noon at a plenary session at the
Metropolitan Baptist Church, 1925 r
street NV, which will close the
two-day assembly.
In meetings yesterday afternoon
and last night at Turner's Arena,
the delegates heard Robert w.
Kenny, former Attorney General
Of California and a Henry Wallace
supporter; Brig. Gen. Herbert C.
Holdridge, self-announced candi-
date for President on a Peoples
Program; Russell Nixon, United
Electrical Workers, CIO. and the
Rev. John Darr of New York, head
of the Youth Assembly, among
others.
Mr.. Kenny referred to universal
military training as operation
goosestep" and said American mill
tary authorities were getting our
minds ready for World War III"
Mr.. Darr,. who is a 29-year -old
Congregational minister, said youth
looks on universal military train.
ing as step toward war and a po-
lice state. Other speakers Joined
in expressing similar sentiments.
Mr.. Darr said that a delegation
would call on the White House to-
day to express its stand.
Meanwhile, group of individuals
wrote TO the House Rules Com
mittee asking it to reject heavy
pressure for hasty consideration
of UNIT" Names on the list in
cluded DR.. Robert HutchinS, chan
cellor of the University Of Chicago;
DR.. Harry Emerson Fosdick, clergy
man; DR.. Alonzo F. Myers, depart
ment of higher education, National
Education Association, and DR..
Richard B. Kennan, commission for
the defense of democracy in edu-
cation of the NEA.
Another group. the Committee
Against Jim Grow in Military
Service and Training. urged that
pending legislation be revised, to
include anti-segregation amend
ments. Joe Louis, heavyweight box
ing champion, was among the
signers of this plea, also directed
to the House Rules Committee.
Evening star., 1948-02-16
Two Escape Home Fire
By Second-FIoor Leup

Two women jumped from the
second-fioor window of home at
ll07 Half street court NV. early
today when fire started from an
overturned kerosene stove. Neither
was injured seriously.
Firemen identified them as Mar
garet Smith, 81, colored, and Mabel
Morrow, 80, colored. Both suffered
minor leg injuries. The fire did
some damage to the top floor of the
two-storv house
Evening star., 1948-02-16
NMO Secretary Seized
For Deportation as
Alien Communist
BY the Associatsd Press

Federal agents today arrested
Ferdinand Christafer Smith, ma.
tional secretary of the CIO Nation
al Maritime Union, as an alien Com
munist.
Smith, q native of Jamaica, Brit
ish West Indies, was removed to
Ellis Island without bond for de-
portation proceedings, the Justice
Department announced.
The arrest was made by Immigra-
ton Service officials and FBI agents
when Smith left his home in New
York this morning, the announce
ment said.
A warrant charged he entered the
country without visa, and had been
before and after his entry, "a men,
ber of an organization advocating
the overthrow of the government
of the United States by force and
violence.
In fractional Battle.
The department said Smith "has
been active for years in behalf of
the Communist Party, and is a long
time member of the party"
He apparently first entered this
country as seaman at New Or
leans about June II, 1919.
In recent months he has been en-
broiled in a factional split in the
union. At the NMU national con-
vention last october Smith strongly
denounced the union president,
Joseph Curran, who was pledged to
drive Communists out of the Or
ganization.
Supported Wallace Candidacy.
Last month Smith called a news
conference to announce a majority
Of NMU officers were in favor of
Henry A. Wollace for President.
The action was taken in the alb
sence of Mr.. Curran and was i'm
mediately assailed by M. Hedley
Store. NMU treasurer. who Co
cl Smith was o leadc- OF .
&C "5 f. lion i'll the union
Mr.. Stone said this group would be
driven out at union elections this
year.
Smith, a member of the CIO Ma
tional Executive Board, argued for
CIO backing of Mr.. Wallace at a
board meeting January %. However,
the group decided against support of
the Wallace candidacy.
Evening star., 1948-02-16
Mediterranean Vital
ToU. s., Final Report
OF Eisenhower Warns
By John A. Giles

Declaring that the tragedy OF
this era Is that the din of war
ended to be replaced by a clash
OF ideologies," Gen. Eisenhower
warned today that, should the
Mediterranean nations lose their
independence to totalitarianism
war would be close to U.s."
In a grim, even pessimistic final
report as Army Chief of Staff, the
general also:
/. Said that scarcely any form OF
attack-atomic. and even bacterio-
logical-could be written off as fam
tastic in the Nations defense plans
2. Reported that there appeared
ito be no positive defense against
the atomic bomb but there are
factors inherent in the employment
of this-as any other-weapon that
limits its effectiveness"
8. Reported that the first so days
of an atomic war would be decisive;
that a ground army of 1900, ,000
would be needed instantly, along
with a system of military bases
around which could be organized
defense against air attacks and then
counter offensives.
4. Reported that under no stretch
of the facts could the Army now be
considered an offensive force and
added that it could not respond to
an emergency call because its global
distribution left it weak in every
sector and prevented concentration
of anything beyond handful OF
forces for tactical use.
5. Reiterated his support Of uni
ersal military training.
6. Saw the possibility of world
peace through United Nations but
perhaps not for "a generation, or
even a century"
Refers to Russia, Not by Name.
Setting forth his views on the
gulf between the democracies and
Russia, the wartime commander OF
Supreme Headquarters. Allied Ex-
peditionary Forces did hot mention
the Soviet Union by name, but left
no doubt of the meaning of his
words.
In his discussion of the European
situation, Gen. Eisenhower declared
"Our traditional friends in West
ern Europe are in straitened Cir
cumstances and some are threat
ened by a militant political party
whose obvious purpose Is to pro-
mote chaos and insurrection for the
advantage of an alien theology.
Were those countries to give up the
good fight for our common heritage
of liberty, and become the pawns
of totalitarianism, Americas Sc
curity would be in dire danger.
I'VE would find ourselves facing
across a narrowing ocean and Arctic
barriers a despotic colossus spread
over and beyond the combined
Eurasian territories of the Roman
Empire, the Persia of antiquity, the
Germanic kings and the Mongol
Khans. -
Must Combat Conditions"
NATURALLY we would prefer to dis
count the likelihood of such grave
development. But we can do so only
insofar as we combat conditions
that might lead to them. . ="
The general said that to reduce
that likelihood was the purpose OF
our. present foreign policy inssthe
Mediterranean and added: ~
'"If this oldest corridor between
the East and West were walled up,
the effects would be instant and
catastrophe. Blocked to the West
| ern countriesswoulds be the direct
air and sea routes toour friends at
1.-THE strategic heart of the Eastern
Hemisphere. international com
merce, the economic foundation OF
stable peace, would be disrupted
Evening star., 1948-02-16

from coma briefly early this morn
ing while Msgr. Enrico Dante, pre-
feet of ceremonies, was at his side
Jokingly, he asked Msgr. Dante II
he had come to make arrange
ments for my burial"
Somberly robed officials of the
church stood quietly in the darkened
room, lit only by tall tapers, as he
breathed his last.
Only 60 Cardinals Left.
His death reduced the member
ship of the College of Cardinals to
60. It's full strength is 10.
Cardinal Pignatelli was stricken
last week. Because of his age little
hope had been held for his recov-
cry.
Pope Plus visited him Saturday
and gave his blessing and message
of sympathy. Extreme JUNCTION also
was administered Saturday. He fell
into coma last night.
The prelate, as Prince OF Bel
monte, was a member of the italian
aristocracy. AS Count of Copertino
he held a place in the society of his
native Naples before many of his
brother cardinals were born.
Cardinal Nearly 81 Years.
Cardinal Pignateli, who would
have been 81 years old on April 10
was the last surviving cardinal
created by Pope Plus x.
Born in Naples IN 1851, he hao
been cardinal nearly 81 years, ano
had been dean of the College OF
Cardinals since 1880.
He was ordained a priest in 1879
at the comparatively advanced age
Of %. After his ordination he had 6
long career as Vatican diplomat
He served as counselor of the nunci.
ature in Paris for a period of years
and in 1899 was elevated to be titu.
lar Archbishop of Edessa and at the
same time was made papal nuncie
to Belgium. In 1904 he went tt
Vienna as nuncio, remaining there
until he became a. cardinal on No.
vember 27, 1911.
AS dean Of the College of Cardi.
mails, he presided over it's session
and led the college to the pontifl
each Christmas Eve to extenc
Christmas greetings.
AS a young 111an he had.~heer
noted for his handsomenesss ane
after the years took their toll ht
remained marked for his graceful
carriage and his sparkling wit.
3 Remained Busy to End.
q In his lifetime She had know
Pope Leo XII, Plus x, Benedict vi
Plus XII and the present pontif
The latter two he knew so well HI
called them by their family names
.-Ratti and Pacelli. The presen
Pope, as young monsignor, wa.
attached to Cardinal Pignatelli'
diplomatic mission to the corona
ton of the late King George v O
England.
The aging cardinal, though ben
by the years, remained busy unit
the end, rising at 4:30 am. daily
AS prefect of the sacred congrega
ton of ceremonies, member of tn,
congregations of the council, rite.
and extraordinary ecclesiastical
affairs, proctor of more than 40 re.
ligious orders and as dean of tn,
college, his day was full.
In the last two years he had min,
times performed the saddest dut,
which befalls the dean of the college
that Of notifying the cardinals O
the death of one of their colleagues
Il marvel greatly, and thank God
that I am spared" he once com.
merlted.
Evening star., 1948-02-16

Degree Days.
Degree days" of yesterday %
Accumulated degree days $3.50
Evening star., 1948-02-16
Congress in Brief
BY the Assoeioted Press
Senate.

In recess until tomorrow.
Banking Committee considers rent
control extension at executive ses-
sion.
Appropriations Subcommittee ques-
tions E. T. Maynard, Chicago trader,
at closed sessions.
Labor Committee hears witnesses
on proposal for labor extension
courses.
Agriculture Committee hears COM
modify officials oppose Government
control Of trading margins.
House.
Routine business.
Banking Committee meets prt-
vately to consider rent control ex-
tension.
Evening star., 1948-02-16
School to Graduate 185

Degrees in accounting and financial
administration will be awarded to
1876 persons at the midwipter grad
uation exercises of Benjamin Frank
lin University on February % at
the Statler Hotel. John T. Kennedy
president, will address the graduates
and degrees will be conferred by
Dean Edwin c. Bosworth. ..,
Evening star., 1948-02-16
Dr.. Kerekes Will Lecture
At Study Guild Library

DR.. Thor Kerekes, professor of
history at Georgetown University
will lecture at the Study Guild
Catholic Library, 1725 Rhode Island
avenue NV, tomorrow night at
$50 o'clock.
DR.. Kerekes' subject will be
Communist Aggression Against the
Western World"
Evening star., 1948-02-16

peated experience, the next war viii
'.aIv be convincing" (
Gen. Eisenhower emphasized that
national security does not mean
militarism. He asked for "a security
establishment that will guarantee
the continuance Of a free America
and the increase of our influence
for freedom and peace throughout
the world"
This, he said, must be willed and
legislated by the men and women
of the United States, determined
to retain their liberties and to stand
firm against the return of aggres-
sion"
Evening star., 1948-02-16
Teachers to Hear Norton

Dr.. E. B. Norton, deputy commits
sioner, United States Office of Edu-
cation, will address the Arlington
Education Association at a meeting
at 8 pm. Thursday In the Claude
Swanson Junior High School, $500
North Washington boulevard, Arl-
inpton.