davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1948-09-14

We're Forced to Admit
That University Park Estates is the best
home value on the market today. See
these 6-rm. brick Colonials yourself. then
compare feature for feature ana 81 for 81
its many fine appointments such as 2O-ft,
liv. rn.. Ruest-sized dining room IA aft.
nook. st-fioor tiled bath. f1na-fi. master
bedroom pine psneled den or bedfoom,
large basement with outlet plus "a bath:
sied on large wooded homesite. A truly
lair price Of Sl9,a50 includes everything.
Open daily till q pm. Drive out Queens
Evening star., 1948-09-14
MICHIGAN PARK HILLS

New detached brick home, rms. "a
bat tbs, ON lot 53xlo0; liy. rm. has fire.
place and picture window: gas h.-w.h.;
modern kitchen. plenty Of cabinets. Sam
pm.
Evening star., 1948-09-14

81 sar,s spp,eved; rf,p nns 2-bsdroom bunsalSws.
houses is $3.50, with $500 down and
S4s13 monthly covering principal and
interest We consider these our best buy.
Also available to nonveterans
Evening star., 1948-09-14
6m1 MELVILLE PLACE

Open daily. 3 until : pm. A charming
white brick home. set well back among
tall shade trees. on large corner lot,
1st floor has center entrance, liv. nm.
with lee fireplace. side screened porch,
din. rm., Kit. with stainless steel-topped
cabinets and sink. powder room; 2nd
foor has " lge bedrms,, bath and sun
deck; bsmt. on grade level, contains game
room with fireplace, bedrm.. fun tiled
This home is in every way as fine, both
as TO material and workmanship, as any
prewar home, Beautifully decorated. and
one would build for himself. Plans and
construction by EDWIN l.. and Lois B,
Taylor For information and appt. at
INEZ CUSHARD. DI. 274O
Evening star., 1948-09-14
BY OWNER. VACANT

BY OWNER, VACANT
New brick Colonial type. rms: and b .
S14.95O: $1,000 cash. bal. monthly 6602
Red Top I'd. Chillum Manor. Key al
35O4 Truman I'd, or cali WA. 09S1 or UN.
$3.50 DOWN
Believe 1t or not. only $3.50 down and
monthly payments less than rent, Will move
YOU into this almost new, attractive 5-rm.
brick bungalow; bsmt. and attic and auto.
heat.
Hammack Realty, UN. 35O7
Evening star., 1948-09-14
n Annapolis rd., WA. gbi or "
COTJ,EGE' PARK

SoLIISi IAANAA
In walking distance Of Md. u; excellent
transp.: lst Il liv rm., dining rm., Kit.
bedrm. and bath, front and rear porehes;
md A.. 4 bedrms.; lear garage, large lot;
ideal location for rentals to students. AT
u566 or VI. 1915. GABLES co. -l6
COTTAGE CITY BUNGALOW
Five nice rooms on lst floor and finished
attic. full bsmt.. automatic heat: near
schools and Transportation. 81 500 down.
Call CO. 1898 or RA. 65a3, PECK CO,
3HlS 10Th
Evening star., 1948-09-14
SOUTH ARLINGTON
VIENNA, VA.

4-rm. frame; bath. space oil heater sas
stove ana refriserator: furnished COM
plete: "a acre: 10 miles from n c;
S6. 500: soo6 terms
5-rm. frame, all modern improvements;
approximately u acre; $3.50
5-rm, brS-; fun hsmt., fireplace bath,
ar-conditioned oil heat; approximatels
| IA acre; - miles from n C; Sln.oSO
5 acres; S-rm, frame house. oil Nv h,
> baths; L. miles from D. c.; real buy;
Evening star., 1948-09-14
COLLEGE HEIGHTS

Very lge, white, California Redwood
frame; two-story home, 1s yrs old in
perfect condition; 3 bedrms. tile bath
and sleeping porch up: stairway TO attic
above: 2S-ft liv. rm., sun parlor, fireplace
lge. din. rm.. modernly equip kit and
pantry, screened rear porch and beautiful
rear garden with lily pool; Lear garage:
1ull dry bsmt. has maids rm. and faciii-
ties This is quietly luxurious kind oi
home two lots BY appointment. $1,000
down.
A. STANLEY MOREAU
Evening star., 1948-09-14
ALEXANDRIA SPECIAL
ALEXANDRIA SUBURBAN
ARLINGTON

xIO.950; Country Club Estate subdivision
2-bedrm. 1-bath home; on beautifully
Handicapped lot. 60xs5 home has been
completely redeeorsted and ready for oc-
cupancy: blk from bus conVen 10
stores schools and church; $3.50 cash
27 per mo. includes taxes. insurance,
interest and principal.
LUCILLE COOK
Evening star., 1948-09-14
BRICK BUNGALOW

Have the satisfaction of owning your own
home. Substantial bunsalow in 5000 resi-
Denial area, close to everything Carving
charges are low. The house is In excel,
Cond. inside and outside. You will enjoy
llIlnR in Arlington; ltV. rm and din. rm b..
kit. > becrms. and tile bath, $14.Snu
Telephone for an appt. to inspect this
home Exclusive with
EASTMAN & SEAY, Realtors
Evening star., 1948-09-14
WEST HYATTSVILLE

SO $50 cash, $3.50 per mo. pays all
Balance on l trust at A.. Attractive n
story asbestos-shingled BUNGALOW with
CORNER windows and roughed-in heat Con-
talns large liy. rm.. nice beGrms.. ample
closets, fun tile bath and shower, we'll
equip. kit. incl range and refrigerator,
full dry basement, laundry tubs gas &C
heat, storm windows and screens: , blks
to stores and transp.: close to schools and
churches. Gail G. r. CARSON & CO, UN
131:. UN. 2a2S Open ewes ia
Evening star., 1948-09-14
Cottage Citv-Bv Owner

NoCGoSS NiCy O"llSl
Two bedroom house in FIRE protected area
conv. location. close TO stores, transp. ane
schools Asbestos shingles over frame
rock WOOL insulated throughout. clean. COZ,
and well kept: large and dry hsmt
Worth investiEating. owners leaving city
Priced for quick sale. $ $50; also brsnd-
new furniture for sale wholly Tor $500
including liy. rnl suite and aecessories
din rm suite, buffet, b-cu.- 1T refrieeratof
bedrm suite. wsrdrobe-rs continuation
rugs and liaoleums, desk, chair swing, etc
Veterans and nonyets siikr, Can be seer
by appl. only. Cal! DE. $500, Ext. 3ss
between y q m and q pm. Monday throush
Friday. or wa s25" any other time
EASTPINES
Colonial designed homes. fully insulated
bedrms. fun attic; S9,25a: Sl,55o down,
S57 per month. including taxes: beautiful
large lots; restricted subdivision Other
homes up to sl0,B9o. Directions: oui
Bladensburg I'd. TO Peace Cross. right on
Defense highway to second traffc light.
left on Edmonston rd. "a miles to hrst
trafic light, right on Riverdale rd. tnow
eeins widened, mile to stth ave; De
tour may be necessary due to road con
stIuction from Edmonston rd to Eastnlnes
STANDARD PROPERTIES
Evening star., 1948-09-14
J. L. c. WEST
FALLS CHURCH VA

ocated In the Greenway Downs suhdi.
7ision. lust beyond Fails Church Trans.
oortation, shopping center and schools are
vi convenient. A Cape Cod-type homs
-ehecting an UNUSUALLY cheerful atmosphere
hrouehout and featuring spacious iivins
oom about 23xi5, dining room. modern
Tell-plsnned kitchen and lst-noor lsvs-
ory. comfortable bedrooms and tiled
bath on 2nd floor; hot-vster heat and
conveniences are included such
IS Venetian blinds, storm windows. re.
screens, etc. Beautiful lot
,5xl25. II is home that will appeal 70
he most fastidious and you will do well to
nvestigate Immediately. Owner leaving
he city has priced it low al Sl2snn for
'rompt sale. TROS, J. FISHER a CO..
NC Realtors DI 6S2O
Evening star., 1948-09-14
SMALL, ESTATE,

II heaut rolling acres improved hv all
necessary outhldss Including poultry
houses and runs nov br1ns used f6r
home. situated on knoll suardsd by
great walnut trees, priced for immed sale.
Real Estate Service, Inc.
OK. 25S5, Lee hwy. at Glebe I'd, GL. O5sl.
Evening star., 1948-09-14
PRETTY AS A PICTURE

Cape Cod bungalow with built-in gar,
beautiful Shrubbed lot: > bedrms on LIST
floor. md floor finished in knotty pine:
10 minis. to downtown Wash. Priced to
sell today.
]. WESLEY BUCHANAN
1901 Columbia Pike. CH. 1871. OK. 2taa.
Evening star., 1948-09-14
WESTMONT
WOODLAND VILLAGE

First showing OF this spacious prewar
lit home, which has everything Won
have been looking for; situated on Iarss
wooded lot in this most desirable section;
It features center-hsll entrance. Iv rm
e6xl". with fireplace larse dining rm,
de luxe equipped kitchen and lRe screened
living porch on LIST A.; the cnd A, has
ise twin-Size bedrms. with closets that
will please the most fastidious housewife;
beautifully finished recreation room with
stone fireplace, partitioned laundry rn
brick garage, Slsa5O For appointment
Evening star., 1948-09-14

RANCH TYPE BUNGALOW
Rambling brick, in perfect condition; quiet
secluded spot, with every conYen.; Ems,
tile bath, firepl.. expansion attic, gar
bSmt oil heat: spacious erortncs II 900.
substantial cash. WILL ROGERS, $3.50
"4th St. Mt. Rainier, Md, WA. s262;
1I.n
Evening star., 1948-12-06
On the Record
Russia's Program Seen Proceeding
On Schedule With Time on Its Side

by a general staff including Rus
slams but sacrificing only Chinese
blood, and made possible by the
arming of 50 divisions with Japa-
nese weapons captured by the Rus
sians-is the key to the conquest
of all East Asia. Everywhere in
East Asia are Chinese colonies,
which are centers of Communist
infiltration, and which with the
conquest Of China will come di-
rectly under Chinese government
orders. National and racial slogans
accompany Asiatic bolshevism and
echo the Japanese Asia for the
Asiatics" Southern Korea is in
imminent danger. But the empire
being created is directed by white
men-Russian Slavs.
Non-Slavs apparently constitute
a large proportion of Soviet troops
being assembled facing the West.
Underground reports from Poland
declare that the city Of Lwow, in
the area annexed from Poland by
the Soviets and reluctantly granted
TO Stain at Yalta, now Is exclu-
sively garrison city from which
every civilian has been evacuated.
The occupying troops are exclu-
sively Kalmucks, Mongol nomads
from southeastern Russia.
Romania Sealed OF.
Polish underground intelligence
also reports that orders are being
discussed for the evacuation of Wro-
claw formerly German BreslaW
and its reconstruction as a garrison
city on the LWow model, though
with what troops Is not reported
This city is 202 miles from Berlin.
Romania, with its Black Sea
frontage, is the only east-European
state hermetically sealed against
all westerners. What military meas
ures are there cannot be ascertained
There also is a German army in
being, certainly existing for reason
only on Stalin's
thesis that Communist governments
always must be covered by military
force.
Such government has Just been
set up in the Soviet sector of Ber-
lin, speaking for o united Berlin
and all Germany. 1t received as
surances December 2 from the So
Wet deputy commander in Berlin
that the Russians would give it "all
the help and support required to
carry out its functions"
Time Is not on the side Of the
West. The sands are running out.
tReleased by the Bell Syndicate, IncD
Evening star., 1948-12-06

i am raCner D0rh 1ieesh'
pleased that I managed one chap.
ter without any gunfire. However
I was foiled in my efforts to get
through one without politician
He cites four cases and adds: only
the circus man is free of the heavy
hand OF the peoples choices. In
other words, politicians were in or
rs per cent Of the larceny. A fail
enough average"
MIR. Trey was head Of the Treas
urys Special Intelligence Unit, SET
up In 1919 to combat "the severe
strain on the inherent honesty Of
certain taxpayers and certain ia,
collectors" which was put there by
war profits and profiteering, by
higher income taxes and later by
prohibition. His comm 1T on it!
record:
IT think the Treasury Depart
nent's Intelligence Unit has th'
greatest crime-fighting record il
America. We smashed the Capont
gangs, the New York gangs; tht
untouchable thieves of the Huey
Long and Boss Pendergast gangs
we solved the crime of the century
the Lindbergh kidnapping; in two
decades we recovered over $1,000,
10000 from crooked tax evaders;
but when it came to keeping Amer
lea dry, we were just overmatched.'
Politicians Discussed.
Mr.. 1rey's judgments of the pol
iticians who were his daily fare
include:
zone credit Herbert Hoover richly
deserved was for seeing to it that
that horrendous louise, Alphonse
Capone. was at last put in Jail. Yet
Mr.. Hoover's luck was running bao
and "'' he has become the victim
of an spocryphal story which paints
him as fatheaded ham who had
the Capone empire smashed be-
cause Scarface Al once received
more public adulation than was
given Mr. Hoover" (Mr. Hoover
told Mr.. Trey he never saw Capone
in Florida; that when Frank Knox
Evening star., 1948-12-06

in recent decades that 1t is hardly
proper to speak of strictly Ameri-
can policy.
If the interests of the American
people were followed, this country
would have seen to it that strong
a capable Chinese government was
established and maintained on Chi
nese soil, controlling not only China
proper, but Manchuria as well.
Instead of that, however, we have
conducted ourselves in such a way
that the legal Chinese government OF
Gen. Chang has gone down to de-
struction, while the Moscow sup
ported and dominated Chinese Com
munists have gone from victory to
victory, threatening now to establish
their rule over every strategic por-
ton of the Chinese mainland.
British Policy Seen Key.
The question naturally arises
How did we let things develop the
way they have? The answer Is te
fbe found in the traditional rela'
tiorship with the British on mat.
tiers having to do with the Fal
East, on the theory that British
interest there was, if anything, su.
perior to our own, because of Hong
Kong, India, Burma and the neeo
for defense of the lifeline to Aus
tralia.
Britain traditionally has sought
tn maintain her control over Colo
Evening star., 1948-12-06
The Tax Dodgers
Treasury Agents Book Gives Inside Story
On Evaders, Politicians Who Aided Them

led Chicago delegation to the
White House to ask for Federal
help, he ordered Capone put in
jail)
Thomas E. Dewey was the per-
fectionist to end all perfectionists.
His thoroughness is beyond descrip-
ton. He was frightened to
death that somebody might accuse
him Of being a boy on a mans
errand. His courtroom technique
was superb. Some Of my more
gregarious agents found him SNUG
and overbearing. but even they ad-
mitted he put. crooks in Jail"
"A legend has grown up around
Tom Pendergast. the bighearted pol
itician who wouldn't hurt a
fly. I don't know what he did to
flies but Tom had to have
money because he had to bet $20,-
900 a day on the races; and, be-
cause he demanded 1t in ever-grow-
ing amounts, men died with bullets
in their brains, others jumped of
bridges Treasury agent had
his brains kicked out: you could
buy all the morphine or heroin you
could lift in Kansas City 80
Truman Pressure Reported.
Mr.. Truman, then Senator Tru-
man, used every bit of pressure that
his office legally permitted to keep
Pendergast out of Jail"
Mr.. ney adds that the actions Of
Supreme Court Justice Murphy. then
Attorney General, in the Pender-
CAST case left me somewhat cold"
Regarding President Roosevelt's po-
sition he makes general deduction
that none in Washington would dis
pute.
Mr.. Roosevelt's Secretary Of the
Treasury, Henry Morgenthau. jr.,
who was my boss, seemed deeply
pleased with the result Of our in
vestigation. I knew my boss well
enough to be quite certain that
he was never pleased with anything
that displeased his boss, F. D. r.
80 If Mr.. Roosevelt was sympa-
thetic to the Pendergast cause he
certainly gave no indication Of it.
Mr.. Trey credits Mr.. Roosevelt
with active aid in the Huey Long
case. He didn't detect him inter-
fering in the prosecution Of one OF
his executive assistants, Eugene
Casey. But he charges that the
Roosevelt administration made him
60 after Andrew Mellon, the orders
being given by Mr.. Morgenthau and
Supreme Court Justice Jackson, then
chief counsel for Internal Revenue.
The Tax Board found for Mr.. Mel
lon.
Evening star., 1948-12-06
This Changing World
American Policy Leading to Collapse
OF Chang Seen Inspired by British

NAL peoples-and the Chinese were
in a colonial status as far as the
British were concerned-by back
ing forces which might balance
those native elements that offered
any immediate or prospective threat
TO British supremacy.
Thus, Britain refused to 60 along
in 1882 and 1888 with any move
ment by this country to toss the
japanese out of Manchuria, for
with the Japanese in that rich
northern region, any Chinese gov
ernment would be at the mercy of
its, overload. The British appar-
emily did not regard the Japanese
threat as a serious one to the Brit
;sh empire in the early 30s.
Agreements Recalled.
British policy in Manchuria In
the 30s, however, was only the cul-
mination Of a long standing policy
that called for a weak and divided
China, as witness the agreements on
spheres of influence which Britain
entered during the 18th century.
American attitudes toward the
Chinese problem have inevitably
come under the inf1uence-and
domination-of British policy, and
we have never been able to act
alone for fear of the repercussions
of an Anglo-American split in the
Far East.
Whatever supremacy Of British in
terest in the Far East We found it
expedient to recognize before World
War II, there is no doubt that
American interest there is superior
now, for the character of the nations
which border the Pacific basin has a
definite influence on American
national defense.
A strictly American policy toward
China would have dictated strong
enough support for Gen. Chang SO
that he could have beaten off the
threats of the Communists and
founded his government on sound
economic and financial bases.
A strictly American policy now
dictates that we still seek some
means of beating of the threat Of
Communist control Of the coast Of
China. What the means will be,
in view OF the collapse of the Chinese
Nationalists, is difficult to say. But
means must be found.
Evening star., 1948-12-06

axiom, Ine war borethy Thompson.
in China is the key to all prob
lens of the international 'front.'"
This is q view of China's i'm
portance coinciding with American
foreign policy for generations,
which has consistently supported
China's independence from control
by any external great power.
Japan's violation of this was the
cause Of our war with that country.
In Europe alone, 120, ,000, 900 people
and the resources Of their coun-
tries have been added to the Soviet
empire. All the oil on the Euro
pean mainland is in Soviet possess
sion. The Middle East Is soil for
every sort Of intervention. The
conquest of China will bring the
total aggregation of Soviet man
power outside the U. s. s. r. to
SOC, ,000, 900. And all this has been
accomplished without the shedding
of a drop Of Russian blood.
The cost in human misery as a
result of this and other programs
is limitless. At least 10000, 900 des-
titute and homeless refugees have
been created in Europe. Fifty-f1ve
million displaced persons are in
China, living under indescribabie
conditions. Half q million Arabs
have been rendered destitute and
homeless by the ISrael-Arab wal
Ten million Moslems and HinduS
are in the same plight. This makes
IS to 80 million outcasts. Progress
marches forward over corpses, and
the casualties of peace" exceed
those Of the great holocaust.
The China campaign-directed
Evening star., 1948-12-06

pNoI OAASC. "A' S>oA'~AS'
My natalday schedule calls first for
a visit to the dentist, and you may
be sure that the drill and buzz man
will not have arranged a game of
drop the handkerchief for me. He'll
say, "open," not sing Many Happy
Returns" and do things to my lat
eral canine tooth that shouldn t
be done to a dog. But the dentist
won't let me leave empty handed.
He'll give me a bill, all for my own.
Phone Numbers Changed.
AS time whirls on, and one ad-
vances closer to what is known as
the Sunset of life, a man becomes
intimate with professions he scarcely
knew of when he was a bouncing
bunch Of health in his 3Os. There
was a time when that part of the
phone book devoted to numbers
often called" was filled with numbers
that meant pleasure-night clubs,
restaurants, etc. No more. Now the
numbers are those of chiropractors,
heart specialists, health food stores,
and bifocal lens experts.
Indeed, my second birthday
party" today is going to be held
at the charming suite Of my favor
ite eyeglass filter. For an hour or
more we will romp and play as I
try to distinguish between the
fourth line Of z p H r o L and @
and the fifth line Of q D ] x
and A. At the finish his present
will be a delightful pair Of bifocals
which, when worn with an air of
jauntiness, makes the wearer look
unjaunty as all get-out.
My birthday celebration will come
to q bang-up close with visit to
my doctor for a check-up. There
was o time when I could visit a
doctor with a smile on my lips, a
song in my heart. Now the song
has been replaced by something
that sounds like a slow freight
crossing a shaky trestle, and every
time the doctor listens or punches
OF LdhcS d pACtu1C, ! ACCA 90 q 1AAeAA'
on trial for murder must feel when
he sees the door to the jury room
open.
Birthday Requests.
No surer proof that reaching AZ
is an approach to the wheel chair
shadows Is the answer man OF
that age makes to his wife when
she asks what he would like for
his birthday. There was time
when items such as cuff links,
Argyle socks, golf clubs and binoc-
ulars rushed to my mind when
Jean asked my preference Of
gift. ,e- ,.a7
But when she asked me q few
days ago what wanted, answered,
"Oh, give me something for the
house" So, sooner or later I'll get
a new vacuum cleaner, or a set OF
knives for the kitchen, or some new
drapes for the dining room.
And the awful part Of it is, I'll
be satisfied.
Distributed by McNaught Syndicate. 1neo
Evening star., 1948-12-06

proacheS com =
olete collapse un-
der the weight Of
the Communists
assault.
Exactly what
American policy
is toward China
other than the
"open door" doc
trine as e X
pressed by Sec
retary OF State
j O hn H a y--is
difficult to say,
for it has been
so entwined with
prifich nnliriaS
Evening star., 1948-12-06

My heart drop
ped today when
I considered the
program outlined
for the celebra-
ton Of this un-
historic event.
NO birthday
party for me this
afternoon, with
pr e S e n is, ice
cream, gifts for
the first one to
pin the tail on
the donkey, and
the thrill of a
good game Of
post office.
Evening star., 1948-12-06

cuIOPCuA old0S
between h e r e
and the Adri-
attic have all
been conquered
and added to
the Soviet's mil.
itary potential,
A firm base has
been established
over half the
territory of the
German Reich.
And Gre a [
China Is about
to fall, realizing
the S vi e I
aYfon s"The war
Evening star., 1948-12-06

% o ! ] I ] c ian IN
America .ou 9 mt
to be made to
read aloud to his
wife and chill
dren. II he can
survive his en-
b q r r q ssment,
that Is.
Telling the in
side story Of the
Treasury war on
tax eVaderS, Mf.
Trey commented
wryly in q chap
ter on Assorted
Businessmen:
Evening star., 1948-12-06
Kappa Siqmu Banquet Set

The Kappa Sigma Alumni Asso-
citation of Washington will hold its
annual founders day banquet at
tbs pm. Thursday at the Hotel
Mayflower. Officers will be elected.
Evening star., 1948-12-06
By Doris FIeeS0n

The late Elmer L. Trey, Treasury
agent who was one Of the police re-
porter trades few heroes, wrote a
book, The Tax Dodgers, that every
Evening star., 1948-12-06
By Constantine Br0wn

The tragic results of American
policy toward China are becoming
clear now as the government Of Cen
eralissimo Chang Kai-shek ap-
Evening star., 1948-12-06
By Dorothy Thompson

The Soviet Unions battle for the
world is proceeding according to
plan.
The Baltic is under control. Eight
Evening star., 1948-12-06
McLemore
Tells How 1t Feels
To Be AZ Years Old
BY Henry McLemore

NEW YORK.-Today is my 42d
birthday.
1t doesn't seem possible that only
a year ago was q kid of Al.
Hungry Horse news and Columbian. [volume] (Columbia Falls, Mont.) 1946-1948, 1948-02-13

A public card party was given
after the Royal Neighbors lodge
meeting Thursday. Prizes were aw-
arded to Mrs. Jessie Geer, high;
Mrs. Beulah Warren, low; and
mems prizes to w j. Galbraith,
high; and Rod Benzien, low. The
ratified quilt went to Mrs. Carl
Pfeifer while Mrs. Tom Lee won
the door prize. Lunch was served
with Mrs. Rod BenZien, chairman.
Next card party will be March
II at Anderson's hall.
Hungry Horse news and Columbian. [volume] (Columbia Falls, Mont.) 1946-1948, 1948-02-13
Calls for Bids to Build Hungry Horse Dam

Colder 1Oedther is predicted for
Tuesday l0ith possible cold a0aue
expected Tuesday night.
Observer e. S. Mark at KGIiSpell
reported temperatures of 10 deg
rees above at p. m. Monday aud
S,,o1o flur7-ies.
There 11ere numerous instances
of frozen pipes Monday morning
1oith the absence of snoto couer al
IoaOtng the frost to go deeper IN
the ground.