davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1948-04-26
CupituI Punishment in EnoIond

Great Britain's decision to abolish CAPT.
tai punishment in murder cases for trial
period OF five years climaxeS controversy
which has continued intermittently in
that country since the latter part of the
eighteenth century, The long battle
against the death penalty was launched
by Sir Samuel Romilly and Sir Joseph
Macintosh after they had read the argu-
ments made against it by the famous
Italian philosopher, the Marquis di Bee
caria. The movement gained headway in
England and on the continent after pub
lication of Beccaria's impressive book,
Grimes and Punishments," in 1894
The campaign against the death penalty
in England made progress in 1882, when
horse and sheep stealing was removed
from the list of capital crimes. The list
was further reduced during the years that
followed. until, by 1861, only willful and
deliberate murder and crimes of treason
able nature remained punishable by death.
Under the 245- 5-to-222 vote just recorded
by the House of Commons, only treason
able" crimes, such as piracy, certain types
of sabotage and treason itself, will merit
imposition of the supreme penalty.
All the usual arguments of Beccaria and
others against the "eye-for-an-eye" policy
were repeated in support of the suspension
amendment and were answered by oppos-
ing Labor Government leaders But the
most persuasive plea-and one which was
not easy to answer-was made by lawyer,
r. T. Paget He read to the House list
of a dozen persons hanged in Great
Britain for crimes of which they later
were found to have been innocent. He
also cited long list of American cases
of men who, he said, had wrongly been
convicted of various types of crimes.
The strongest argument against the
amendment was that it would remove an
effective psychological deterrent to mur-
der. Murders have been on the increase
In England since the war and the gov
Evening star., 1948-04-26

little affected by the pollution to date. II sew
age treatment plans in the Washington area
are carried forward, as they are likely to be-
there will be even less effect.
T. Plants of Fry-Great hopes were held forth
in past years for huge plants Of newborn shad
Plants have run as high as 5000 900 in the
Potomac, lag, 900 on the Susquehanna Flats
and $4,000 900 on the Connecticut in single
year. But as far as Is known the bulk of the
infant fish. protected at the outset from the
harsh survival laws of nature, perished
8. Net Ccntrols-Maryland has forward
looking law under which she retires licenses
for nets over certain size as fast as their
owners die, leave or 60 out of business, hoping
thus painlessly to whittle the shad take from
80 per cent of the run to so per cent-a figure
widely accepted as about right. But fishermen
merely execute an end run around this regula-
ton and continue to fish with nets slightly
smaller than the license minimum, taking
substantially the same number of fish.
Virginia, which entered a pact with Mary
land in 1785 to share the benefits of and
responsibility for the Potomac shad rum does
not have law that is keyed with Maryland's
She puts limit on the size net that can be
used at all But, since her fish commission
supports itself by license fees, 1t can hardly
be expected to limit licenses in the same way
as Maryland
Stronger Action Needed.
Federal fishery experts who are in position
to view the situation effectively, say it is time
for stronger action. They are advancing the
following program as one virtually certain to
do the trick but one bound to be bitterly
opposed by those whose immediate livelihood
is at stake:
l. Both States to license all nets, retiring
the licenses according to Maryland's present
plan until 20 per cent reduction in the
take Is achieved
2. Continue Matching but rear the infant
shad in ponds until large enough to be
reasonably certain of survival. This method
produces but fraction of the millions of
newborn fish that can be planted but actually
results in more shad safe in the sea.
3. Undertake a co-ordinated investigation
of the habits Of shad, including extensive tag
ging to learn more Of their migrations
They are recommending a little pain to
cure a large ache and assure us continuing
supply of this tasty but vulnerable fish,
Evening star., 1948-04-26

ernment fears that the number will in
crease if murderers no longer face hang
ing for their crimes. Switzerland expert
enced an increase in killings when she
abolished capital punishment in 1874 and,
as result, reinstituted it on permissible
basis some years later. Some Swiss can
tons retained the ban, however. Britains
experiment during the next ive years will
be watched with keen interest by sociolo-
gists and law enforcement officers every
where
Evening star., 1948-04-26
The End of the Show

The National Gallery exhibition Of
paintings from the Kaiser Friedrich Mu-
scum in Berlin has closed, with an attend
ance record of nearly a million. Whether
the pictures will be sent on tour or kept
in storage indefinitely in the United States
will depend upon action by Congress. At
the present moment it seems likely that
the entire collection will be returned to
the American zone In Germany during the
next few weeks.
Meanwhile, much has been accomplished
by the show here. The crowds OF people
who saw the treasures salvaged by the
Army from the Merkers salt mine never
will forget the experience. To many Of
them the names OF Botticelli, Titan, Rem
brandt and Holbein were altogether new.
Now they are old friends. Wherever they
are encountered in the future they will be
recognized Thus the permanent displays
in the National Gallery and in other
American museums may be of greater
attraction to the public than before.
But even If nothing tangible of this sort
develops, the National Gallery showing of
the Kaiser Friedrich pictures was a good
idea. 1t set q standard of permanent
value.
A word of appreciation for the Army is
in order in connection with the closing of
the exhibition. 1t did an excellent job in
rescuing the paintings, in preserving and
protecting them and in permitting Ameri-
cans to see them; it will not spoil its record
by allowing them to pass behind the iron
curtain as the Dresden pictures did.
Without regard to action by Congress, the
military authorities have duty of safe.
keeping implicit in their custodianship
now and in the immediate future Such,
at least, is the opinion of \ great majority
of the nearly million people who, having
inspected the Berlin masterpieces with
in their fate.
Evening star., 1948-04-26

adjourn the elections under such intimi-
dation tactics a major test seems in
evitable on or before election day. Thus
Korea emerges as yet another crucial
danger-point in the literally planetwide
tension between international Communism
and the democratic world.
Evening star., 1948-04-26
stors, Men ond Atoms -.
British Report Discovery
or Particles in Natter
New Factors Are Found in Cosmis
Radiations Bombardins Earth
By Thomas r. Henry

Discovery Of two hitherto unknown ele.
mentary particles OF matter In the cosmie
radiation bombarding the earth from outer
space has just been reported from the British
University Of Manchester.
One, 1t Is calculated, has q mass between $50
and 900 times that Of the electron, the unit
Of negative electricity which Is the hghtest
particle In the universe The other measure.
ments show, weighs at least as much as .
thousand electrons, but not as much rs 1000.
Thus, it cannot be q proton, or particle Of posi-
tive electricity found in the nuclei OF atoms
which has almost exactly 1000 times the elec-
irons mass
Existence Of these two particles previously
unsuspected, is indicated by some remarkable
photographs Of cosmic particles passing through
cloud chamber Of the type used by physicists
in experiments with elementary particles, which
were obtained by DR.. G. D. Rochester OF the
university staff. In such an apparatus not
only can tracks Of such particles through q
fine mist be detected but evidence is obtained
Of collisions with other particles and Of dis.
integrations.
Study Of the photographs indicates, Dr.
Rochester reports in Nature organ c5 the
British Association for the Advancement OF
Science. that these new particles are rare
components Of the secondary radiation pro-
duced when cosmic rays collide with atoms
in the earth's atmosphere. Each apparently
has an existence Of something less than one
100000 0OOth Of a second before breaking up
into two smaller particles Of approximately
equal weight. Such a disintegration produces
a photograph which looks like two-pronged
fork
The lighter of the two new bodies carries
M a1 oho oith
tive, study Of the photographs indicates, but
1t breaks up into smaller units both of which
are charged. The heavier carries an electrical
charge and one of the two units into which
1t disintegrates Is charged while the other IL
unchanged.
The findings, II they are confirmed, may
be Of extreme Importance in leading to Q
better understanding Of the atomic nucleus
in which Is bound up all the nuclear energy.
They may be related to the meson, also an
extremely short-lived elementary unit, now
known to be one of the secondary radiation
products when cosmic rays strike atmospheric
atoms. 1t also breaks in two almost Inn
mediately. The physics of the meson has
been said to constitute . large part of the
physics of the atomic age.
The particles described by DR.. Rochester
however, cannot be mesons. One type OF
meson weighs about 200 times as much rs
an electron and another kind, quite recently
discovered. has a mass of about 400 electrons
The rarity Of the new particles is indicated
by the fact that only two Of the two-tined
fork figures were obtaiEei in 5000 photo
graphs taken over ], 500 hours.
The work was carried out under the super
vision Of DR.. p M. s. Blackett, one o( the
worlds foremost authorities on nuclear physics
Evening star., 1948-04-26

10 A prairie philanthropist is giving away
81 100000 worth Of farms. There should
be thought here for others-an audience
participation show, perhaps, giving away
one of the Dakotas.
Evening star., 1948-04-26

A little uncertainty as to direction at
the start shouldn't dismay ECAs Paul G.
Hoffman, who lived through all that with
the new Studebaker.
Evening star., 1948-04-26

Plastic timber, a house reconstruction
material, is called "plimber" by the cute
British, who have been doing this sort of
thing ever since Sevenoaks was telescoped
to SnOOks
Evening star., 1948-04-26

Tired of crowds? This should be a good
year for hiding out in the st. Louis
Browns ball park or running for Vice
President
Evening star., 1948-04-26

The explosion of an "oleo" factory near
Prague, with many injured and one dead,
will not be overlooked by dairy interests
pushing butter and its exclusive safety
features.
Evening star., 1948-04-26

Would you be popular? Attract i'm
portant people? Have distinguished fig
ures vie for your favor? Be an undecided
Republican.
Evening star., 1948-04-26
Questions and Answers

fact by writing The Evening Star Informaton
Bureau. Sl6 Eye street NE. Washington 2, D. C.
Please inclose three go cents for return posta
Evening star., 1948-04-26
Letters to The Star

Letters for publication must bear
the signature and address, OF the
Uriter, although it Is permissible for
,Driter knopn to The Star to use
nom de plume. Please be brief
Evening star., 1948-09-19
Credit Curb FHAe';.'.. ~.
Tomorrow, IsExpeeted
To Affect Trade Here
K Nelson M. Shepord

The Governments brake on con-
sumer credit becomes effective to-
morrow and Washington merchants,
bankers and loan companies gen.
orally anticipate temporary fall
ing of in inStallment sales and
loans.
Drsstieally affecting the INSTALL
nfent buying of the average house
hold, the new rules announced by
the Federal Reserve Board a month
ago, require 40 per cent down pay
nent ON the major home appliances
such as refrigerators and house
furnishings, and third down on
automobiles.
Firms in Washington and else
where reported a mild furry ON the
part Of housewives seeking to take
advantage of the easier terms of
credit in recent weeks. Automobile
sales also picked up. The new credit
restrictions do not apply to such
items as small. radios. as they cover
listed items costing more than $50
and up to 5000.
The car buyer on the installment
plan will be particularly hard hit.
The one-third down payment must
be made on pre- 1888 models, used
or new 1949 models, or other new
cars. For l938-48 model cars the
down payment must be either one
third the cash price or third
the average retail value"
II the balance after the down pay
ment Is over $1,000, l8 months will
be allowed for full payment. The
period will be Is months If the bal
ance is less than 81 900.
The Federal Reserve Bank Of
Evening star., 1948-09-19
Chicuoo Livestock

.,, cHFcAoo boss os s.ot otota s soo
eS@nsffs @osis so7s s'h hishsr M few osa, over 900
pounds and most sows fully 100 higher;
"' ssiable rt cattle, 500 testimatedl: total not
given; compared week aEo; approximately
16, 900 more cattle marketed locally than
last week which included a holiday; ! h RAM. RANK
choice to prime yearlings and light steers
under $40 pounds stsaay ehGiss hfIS. iasr h:fseTs
lower: beef cows a5,7s lower; etsr cannsIrs hnsIs
gd eSsfSs Ssh,r sssnS 1ssss :f to ofnsI hss
closed slow at the advance: top, 4I;50 for
peSaa s ssr h9'f sus e ahoes Rsns ss.ls
pounds down 3s 60-41 90, most medium
and good steers late. s6.00-3a59' eom-
Reh e2 esmfas ioss fsasssd poSnd Ksnss.
heifers; bulk good and choice heifers'
Is Medium ssnsfss sns sooa afa Bulls.
sooa anS eho'es s yssers .edins Eg
-'@isif sslabie ~; Sheep, 100 estimated: total
weef s.fer slsashter ffsa lambs
200 lower; yearlings shared in the spring
enough yearlings here to test prices late;
top. 1915, paid early. with practical, top
and bulk good and choice natives At close,
pound Montana spring lambs, $500; COM
mon to medium natives under 70 pounds
more numerous this week at p .00-22 90;
tI5 90: about 10 loads good. and CHOICE
9O-1O6 pound yearling wethers, %. So
"a So. small supply good and eh9iSe
1 90 early, with such kinds scarce At
Evening star., 1948-09-19
Apprenticeship Program
For Bakers Approved

Bakers Union No. 118 (AFL), the
Employing Bakers Association and
the District Apprenticeship Council
yesterday approved city-wide ap-
premiership program to train bak-
ers in union shops meeting stand
ards of the District apprenticeship
law
Announcement of the program
was made by Jane B. Luttes, presi-
dent OF the Employing Bakers As
ISOLATION, and Charles B. McClosky
business representative of the union,
The program will be directed by a
joint apprenticeship committee
composed of Mr.. Luttes and Lewis
G. Graeves, manager of the Charles
Schneider Baking Co.. representing
the bakeries. and Mr.. McClosky and
Adolph Hellwig, financial secretary
representing the union.
Gino J. Simi, director of appren-
ticeship for the District, who helped
formulate the program, will act as
advisory member.
Evening star., 1948-09-19

al guest who will extend greetings
will be Edward L. McAleer, president
of the District of Columbia Building
and Loan League, The instructors
of the course this fall will be c. Mel
son Bean, Harry Kane, William E.
Poulton and William H. Rippard,
Washington department store
sales in the week ended September
IL were per cent below the COM
parable week last year, the Federal
Reserve Bank of Richmond reported
Yesterday. The decline was due
largely to the Labor Day closing OF
stores, The decline in sales was D
per cent In Baltimore, however. For
the four weeks ending September
IL, Washington sales were per cent
above the comparable 1947 period.
Promoted BY Crosley.
William r. Hapeman, former
service manager for Henry Miller
Motors, Crosley dealers in Washing
ton. has been appointed eastern
service representative for Crosley
Motors, Inc, it was announced from
Cincinnati (Ohio) headquarters. He
will supervise the service of all cars
sold through company dealers IN the
District of Columbia and II East
ern States.
He began his business career with
Packard Motor Company and later
became associated with the Yellow
Cab Manufacturing Company. Mr..
Hapeman was shipbuilding sup
ervisor for the Navy during the
war. =
The Junior Board of Commerce
has scheduled Board of Directors
dinner meeting tomorrow at 6:l5
pm. in the Burlington Hotel. F..
Elwood Davis, president, will preside
Airline Officials Named.
American Airlines has announced
the election Of Walter Sternberg
and C. R. Speers as assistant vice
presidents of sales. Mr.. Sternberg
has been general sales manager and
Mr.. Speers formerly was Eastern
regional vice president.
Frank ]. Geraci Of $3.50 Wiscon-
sin avenue NV. has been appointed
sales representative for furniture
by Tomlinson in the Middle Atlantic
States, including the District OF
Columbia. He will make his head
quarters here.
Two we'll known Washington In
Evening star., 1948-09-19
Business Briefs
Exports Of American Cotton

Exports Of American Cotton de-
clined to 1900, 900 bales in the crop
year ended July 81, compared with
3. SOC, 900 in the preceding year
Census Bureau. Domestic cotton
consumption In the period totaled
{. 9.346,84S bales. a drop Of 617 ,966
from the preceding season.
Retail Furniture Sales In the first
half of l94S were l0eo to l2ee from
a year. earlier, manufacturers ship
ments were up lie and wholesale
sales gained ass Assoeia-
ton of Furniture Manufacturers.
Sales of Independent Retailers in
August were unchanged from the
preceding month, but averaged Sc
above the like 1s47 month,-Census
Bureau.
Production Of Televisien Sets viii
reach 100000 units monthly by the
end of ls4s, declared Vice President
j. H. Csrmine Of Philco Corp, Philco
is making 1000 sets . week cur
rently, but will increase the rate to
8, 900 a'week In the third 1s4S quar-
ter. he said.
Michigan Bell Telephone Co. reg
istered with the SEC $75,0O0.00 OF
40-year deventures to be offered
publicly. Proceeds will be used to-
ward repayment of advances from
AT.&T.
Public Service Co. of Colorado reg
istered with the SEC $l0.00o,0o0 Of
first mortgage bonds and $1,000
shares of 500 par cumulative pre-
ferred stock. Proceeds will be used
for construction and for redemption
of outstanding debentures.
Chesapeake Corp. of Virginia de-
clared a dividend of so cents a
capital share. payable November Is.
Northrop Aircraft Corp. declared
a dividend of 25 cents, payable Oc-
tober Is. The company paid the
same amount year ago.
Glenn L. Martin Co. received au-
thorization from the RFC for an
additional $4,000, 900 loan, Martins
obligations to the RFC totaled $lo.-
900. 900 ON June 80.
New England Telephone e. Tele-
graph Co. earned $4,2S7 ,Sss in seven
months ended July 81 VS.. $3,S92, $50
a year earlier.
Southern New England Telephone
Co. net income for seven months
ended July 81 was $3.o23,s3s VS.. ST.
147,473 in the same 1947 period.
Caterpillar Tractor Co. earned
$3,762,875 or 81 a share in eight
months ended August 81 VS.. $4.136,-
80S or 1920 a year earlier.
Houston Lighting e. Power Co.
net for II months ended August 81
was $4,848,322 or 1888 VS.. $3,550,925
or s2,57 in the preceding fiscal
period
California Oregon Power Co.
earned $l,220,930 in eight months
ended August 81 VS. ssSl,s26 a year
earlier.
Eastern Sugar Associates reported
net of s1,070, ,408 in II months ended
June 80 VS.. $2,287,l3 in the preced-
ing fiscal period.
Veeder- Root, Inc, earned STAG, 1853
or $180 in 81 weeks ended August IS
VS.. 81 1904 or 1928 year earlier.
Male Bros. Co. profit for six
months ended July 81 was 1881 1882
or $l.2O VS.. $5l2,429 or sl90 in the
same 1947 period.
Graham-Paige Motors Corp. re-
ported a loss of $208,940 for six
months ended June 80 VS.. profit of
$537, 1888 in the same period last year.
Gray Drug Stores, Inc, earned
S239, ,263 or $211 in u months ended
June 30 VS.. s376,284 or $272 in the
previous year.
Howard Stores Corp. sales in Au-
Evening star., 1948-09-19

surance men qualified for c. L. U.
diplomas from the American COL
lege of Life Underwriters last week
at meeting in st. Louis, Mo. They
were George @. Adamson, and
Charles K. Reid, H.. representative,
respectively of Equitable Life As
surance Society and LINCOLN Natl
onal Life Insurance Co.
Margaret Atkinson, cashier for
the John Lister McElfresh Agency
of the Connecticut Life Insurance
Company in Washington will at
tend an agency cashiers conference
Monday through Thursday at the
home Office in Hartford, Conn.
Evening star., 1948-09-19

gust totaled sl,1S5,851. . drop Of
275qs from Q year earlier; in eight
months, s18,765.739 a gain of $50
Scott Paper Co. in installing a
new digester and supporting equip
ment costing 100000 in its sulphine
pulp mill at Mariette, Wis.
Beatrice Foods Co. announced the
appointment of William G. Karnes
as executive vice president.
Evening star., 1948-09-19
THE SUNDAY STAR Washington, D. C. By
MeixeIl to Be Speaker

Harry Meixell. executive director
of the National Aviation Trades AS
ISOLATION. Inc, and OF the 1nde-
pendent Air Carriers Association,
will be the principal speaker at Q
luncheon meeting of the National
Capital Forge. American Public Re-
lations Association, at 1915 pm. to-
morrow in the Hotel Lafayette.
Evening star., 1948-09-19

Richmond has issued interpreta-
tions of the new regulations to oil
engaged in installment selling.
In ls47, the Federal Reserve Sys-
tenn reported. installment sales ac-
counted for only 7 per cent Of all
retail sales.
While such controls should tend
to prevent some new credit dol
lars from coming into the market"
it reported last week. the level OF
consumers current income and
their past savings make 1t unlikely
that sufiieient demand for consumer
durahles will be choked of to equal
ize supply and demand in that
field. The restraints. however,
should ease the situation some
what"
ABA to Meet in Detroit.
The American Bankers Associa-
ton annual convention in Detroit
will draw 5000 bankers to that city
September 26-2s. including a score
from Washington. From September
"a to the 26th, the Association OF
Bank Women also will meet in De-
troit and will draw several women
from the Washington area.
Southern Oxygen Company, Inc,
of Washington, announced yester-
day its directors had voted a regu-
lar dividend of so cents per share
on outstanding common stock to
stockholders OF record September 40.
Payment will be made September 80.
The company has more than so
District ofices throughout the
South.
Institute Plans Meeting.
Richard H. Sinclair. presioent of
Washington Chapter No. 81, Ameri-
can Savings and Loan Institute, will
preside at the annual fall educa-
Evening star., 1948-09-19

tlOnal meeting OF
the chapter at
$50 pm. We'd
nesday in the
Burlington Hotel,
Special g u e S t S
will be a repre-
sentative from
c &C h of t h e
larger building
and loan associ-
ationS in this
area who have
been appointed
to the Board OF
Counsel Of the
chapter.
Evening star., 1948-09-19
New York Cotton

NEW YORK, Sept. IS tFr.-The cotton
market was irregular today in mixed, auiet
trading Hedse selling and commission
house liquidation were attracted to nearby
positions with the latter interests buying
deferred contracts.
transferrine operations. The sellins in
nearby October rejected the fact that this
delivery was selling above the Government
loan level The l94a positions, however,
are selling considerably below the Gov
srnment support price and as a, result
attracted the buying.
Traders aSeribed this to Gov. Dewey's
statement giving his full approval to the
Aiken-Hope bill for q lons-ranse farm
Futures closed 40 cents q bale lower
to 50 25 higher than the previous close.
Evening star., 1948-09-19
BOND SUMMARY

Furnished BY the Associated Press.I
A selected list Of active Bends on the
New York Stoek Exchange, showing the
high, lev and etsainE nflcs for the week,
. nd. the. net shaAse frsn the Dsevisus
weeks eless.
Evening star., 1948-09-19
CopitoI Securities

The following bid and asked prices are
obtained from the National Association of
Securities Dealers Inc, and other sources,
but are unofncial They do not represent
actual transactions; they are Intended as
which these securities could have been
sold Indicated By the bid1 or bought tins
dicated by the askedl at the time Of
any quotation furnished on request