davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Northwest enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1931-1952, 1948-06-02
CHANGE YOUR JOB BEFORE CHANGING
SPOUSE, MARRIAGE COUNSELOR URGES

NEW YORK, N. Y. An I'M
pleasant job, poor health or guilt
feelings are often the real reason
behind marital troubles blamed
on unsuitable temperaments," ac-
cording to Marriage Couselor
James e. Barbee.
Don't try to change your wife
If you suddenly find she gets on
your nerves, advises Barbee in
The Northwest enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1931-1952, 1948-06-02

You Need the NAACP
THE NAACP NEEDS YOU
JOIN NO VIII!
The Northwest enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1931-1952, 1948-06-02
JOE LOUIS HAS DONE MUCH
FOR INTERRACIAL RELATIONS
Says Robert c. Ruark

With the memory of Jack john
sons gaudy profligacy stilI fresh,
they just sat back and waited for
Louis 10 pull some sort of trick
10 buy him-and his race-a bed
public name. All this actions ever
commanded was respect. l doubt
IL anybody thinks of Joe as white
or colored, any more. He is as
categoryless as Babe Ruth.
They say that there should be
a heavy cruelty quotient in man
to make him a good competitor,
athletically-the kind of mean
ness and sadistic brutality that
people like Dempsey and Ace
Hudkins had inside the ring.
don't think Louis was ever real
sore at anybody but Max Schmel-
ing. He had all the competitive
hcdht III thC WOiius Dul uc III oiJ
angered.
l remember once, In a fight
with Lou Nova that Nova start
ed making those ridiculous yoga
motions of his. Louis threw back
his head and guffawed. Then he
shuffled in and destroyed Mr..
Nova's chin with one swipe, set
ting back the cause of Oriental
mysticism some several thousand
years. He was still chuckling
when he left the ring.
LOUIS was born with dignity.
He had it even as a raw youth.
in a wild, rude racket. The dig
nifty always has dubbed off on the
people around him.
l never saw anything ribald or
rawdy around a Louis camp. It
was run with calmness, courtesy,
and the subdued atmosphere of a
minor shrine. Only few people
were able, ever, to joke with Joe.
The rough pranks that featured
other camps never were obvious
around a Louis bivouac. Some
however in stilted press inter-
view-voice were kept defential-
ly low.
This was an obeisance to some
thing the sports people call
class. 1t is thing that a few
bullfighters had, a few baseball
players, jockey or two, and not
many fighters. It's way apart
from a skill, a technique or even
innate ability. Sort of a refine
ment of all those things, needing
no advertisement.
Joe looked awful in his last
fight with Joe Walcott. Yet he
Jumped Walcott with Johnny Pay
check and some of the other
buns he blew down. Joe rarely
makes personal remarks about
anybody. Somebody asked him If
he made the crack because he
was sore at Walcott.
Nav" Joe grunted. Made 1t
because l was mad at me-"
Months later, the champion still
was whipping himself for appear
ring inept in the ring with a man
of his own race, whom he regards
as inferior to his own standards
of professional behavior-Seattle
Times.
The Northwest enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1931-1952, 1948-06-02

Continued from last issue)
The Northwest enterprise. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1931-1952, 1948-06-02

Wei, time for bed, folks: so,
blessings to all and sweet dreams.
Well be seem va next week.
THANKEE.
Evening star., 1948-11-04
Crestwood Votes to Develop
Azuleu-Bloom Community

The Crestwood Citizens .Associa-
ton last night voted to adopt the
asalea q its community flower,
although 1t was admitted that crab
grass might be more appropriate.
The group wants Crestwood to
become as celebrated for its azaleas
as Kenwood Is for its dogwood and
all the citizens viii be urged to plant
this flower, which has been found
to flourish in the soil Of the area.
II. Vincent Carbon, member Of the
group who has more than 500 azalea
bushes, has offered to give advice
on their care.
Crab grass ran q close second In
the vote because, it was pointed
out, its 50 easy to grow.
c. v. Maudlin, president, appointed
II standing committees for the year
and one temporary committee to
consider changes in the constitution
and bylaws. Edward ]. Murphy
will be chairman Of the Bylaws
Committee.
The group requested that the
Evening star., 1948-11-04

Streets Committee prepare a survey
of the improvements needed in the
community SO 1t can petition the
District Government for all repairs
at one time instead of asking fol
something every month.
Comdr. w. D. Thompson, U. 8. N.
spoke on "The All-American Dol.
lar in Europe"
The meeting was held at the
Roosevelt High School. Thirteenth
and Upshur streets NV.
Evening star., 1948-11-04

Meade, MO, the
Army announced
today.
Col. Mixson,
an Army nurse
since M re h,
1882, succeeds
1t. Col. Burdette
B. Sherer, retir-
ing e,r 80
years service.
The new chief
nurse comes to
Fort Meade from
Beaumont Gen.
eral Hospital at
Ell PaSo, Tex,
where she was
Evening star., 1948-11-04

Army special services, announced
today.
Heretofore the only civilians per-
mitted to attend were members Of
the households Of military person.
mel on active duty and civilians
residing within the limits Of in
stallations.
Evening star., 1948-11-04

where she was Lss Col. Mixson.
principal chief nurse. Other assign
ments have carried Col. Mixson to
Manila, r, l.: Langley Field, Va,
and headquarters Of the 7th Service
Command at Omaha, Nebr. She was
overseas in Africa, England and
France during the war.
Col. Mixson Is a graduate Of the
Army School Of Nursing here.
Evening star., 1948-11-04
Col. Mixson Goes 10 Meade
AS I'd Army Chief Nurse

1t. Col. Elizabeth g. Mixson of
st. Petersburg, Fla, has been as
signed as chief nurse of the I'd
Army, with headquarters at Fort
Evening star., 1948-11-04
Army, AT Theoters Lift
Ban on Civilian Guests

Military personnel now may take
civilian guests to Army and Air
Force motion-picture theaters, Maj
Gen. Russel D. Reynolds. chief Of
Evening star., 1948-11-04
Harry BuIkeIey, 70. Dies;
Former Rotary OfficiuI
by the Associated Press

ABINGDON. H., Nov. 4.-Harry
G. Buckley, 10, former vice presi-
dent Of Rotary international and
former Mayor Of Abingdon, died
yesterday. =
Mr.. Bulkeley was president Of the
Sanitary Manufacturing Co., Abing-
don, and a past district governor
Of Rotary.
His widow and six children sur
vive.
The Suez Canal was opened in
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-04-23
Jack Teugorden, Greet Trombonist,
Was Poor Boy, Had Hard Time,
Comma Here With Armstrong

Just as necessity is supposed to
inspire inventions, so adversely
sometimes heightens a natural tai
ent. Take Jack Teagarden, for
long time one Of the nations stand
out jazz trombonists. Big T was
born a poor boy. But that didn't
entirely Illustrate him in his love
for music. He got hold Of bat
tered trombone somewhere, some
how and started to blow it. But
the stubborn wreck didn't act like
a decent trombone should. 1t was
a slide, and at times it just wouldn't
slide at all. But it was the best
he could afford, so to get around
this drawback he learned to pro-
duce tones with his lips that the
defective slide refused to create.
And those tones, wonderful and
different, are at the bottom of
what made Teagarden one Of the
jazz greats for the last twenty
five years.
Big T will be here at the St.
Paul Auditorium May 8 when Bob
Smith presents Louis Armstrong
and his Concert group in a jam
session.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-04-23
AMhaw g.


Birthday greetings in Minneapolis:
April 2s-Elmer Childress, SS7
352S Fifth Ave. So; Edward Hub
bard, 5115 Irving Ave. No: MatteaI
Knight, 1910 SO. 6th st: April SO
Martha b. Clayburn, 3s43 Smelling
Ave: II. Massengill. 2s16 18th Ave.
So; r. II. Early, 1917 Chicago Ave
So; Lucy Jones. 1892 Fourth Ave
So: Archie Owens, Jr., 1914 Fourth
Ave No: May Robert Chatham
Tr., 39l5 Fourth Ave. So: Mrs. c L.
Anderson. 523 Bryant Ave No;
Evelyn Escue. 2552 Fifth Ave. So.
Alice y. Fort. 3533 Fourth Ave. So;
Nav Hardy white, 36l5 Fourth
Ave So; Mrs A. Rurress. 1910 10Th
Ave. So: Edward Carr. 1901 Olson
BLVD. Nav Fl l.. Greer. 309 Du-
mont Ave No: Della Outlay, 1000 3rd
St So: Edgar Jackson, Jr., go Bry-
ant Ave. No.
ont Of town greetings. April 2S-
Y OHara Lanier. Washington. n
| g: ADrl 3O-NiIdred f wardIaw
philadelphia. Pa: Nav 1-Geneva
Jordan, Kansas civ Mo Nav ?
| Herman Long Nashville. Tenn.
HI,"hert L Hearns. Rockford. III
Kenneth McTver. Youngstown Ohio
Way 3-Mrs Carl Roach ToDoka
| Kansas Nav 4-ROhert w. Hams.
| worth. Houston. TEXAS
| birthday greetings in G.. paul
| Anril 27-RoTer Rrvant. 671 Ror1r
! Ave: AOril PS-ROhert Wilson. $50
g anthony Ave Anril '9-Hermar
| Whitm0re. s00 Rondo Ave Herhert
| WhitmOre. Tr 500 POndO Ave. Povf
| Collins. sos West Central Ave. NAV
! Mrs. J. Mckinney. st Paul
| Margaret Moore, $50 TgIehart Ave
May 3-Miss Joscelvn Jones 9I4 Full.
| Ter Ave: GLADYS Kirk g3S Carol
| Ave: Nav Mrs SaIIiP Wedding.
ton. 74l 81. ANTHONY Ave: Marble,
| Thomas, 423 ROndo Ave.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-04-23
Want-Ads
COMMERCIAL TIRE

Equip your car with new B. F.
Goodrich Silvertown, that Outwears
pre-war tires, and get our all-out
allowance for your present tires.
Schwinn built bicycles only 1920
down. Guaranteed as long as you
own them. Models for grown-ups
and children.
Start enjoying the fun and con-
venience of a Champion cupboard
motor, only $12.75 down. CONNER
cial Tire Co., IA South 18th Street,
Geneva 1925.
Rev for return Of lady's
watch family keepsake) picked
up by gentleman at prize fights
April 8. Call Dupont 1921.
Furnished rooms for rent. Regent
3176.
Room for rent. Employed couple
preferred. Cooking privileges.
Pleasant 1894 after 6.
BIRTH CERTIFICATES from
every state and Canada, even if
not recorded and parents dead.
Guaranteed, or money back. Est.
193O.-Birth Certificate Bureau,
1877 South Third St., Metropolitan
Life Building, Minneapolis, MINI.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-04-23
Sarah VaUshan With Jozz
At the Philharmonic Mill City
Auditorium Sunday Night, May z

The fifth national tour Of Nor
man Granz' internationally fam
Gus Jazz at the Philharmonic will
bring the organization to the Min
neapolis Auditorium Concert Bowl
Sunday night, May 2, with Sarah
Vaughan and Charley Parker in
the headline spots.
Backing up this stellar team will
be such be-bop luminaries as Flip
Phillips, Dexter Gordon, Red Rod
ney, Duke Jordon, Tommy Potter,
Barney Kessel and Stan Levy.
Granz, now 20 years old, was
born in Los Angeles and attended
the University of California at Los
Angeles before going into the army.
Out Of the service, he started to
put on jam sessions in several Hol-
lywood night clubs, using the ses-
sions to fight prejudice by insist
ing in each club that there be no
color discrimination nor Jim CrOwed
segregated seating plans.
The result was that a number
Of clubs ceased excluding Negroes.
Jazz had struck a blow in the fight
against bigotry.
In 1944, Granz put on his first
major concert, a benefit for II
Mexican youths convicted Of an
alleged crime during the hysteria
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-04-23

ment, was only two miles an hour.
Charles Fonville, Michigan
weight star and one of the few
colOred athletics ever to compete
in the shot-put, also set a new
world mark by tossing the 16-
pound ball a distance of So feet,
a inch. His toss bettered the rec
ord of 81 feet, inch set by Jack
Torrance of Louisiana State in Os-
10, Norway, August 5, 1884.
Fonville, Big Nine and National
Collegiate A thletic Association
shOtput champion, made his toss
during the preliminary trials, but
relay officials said the mark would
be claimed as a new world record.
Fonville did not make another
toss, and his record toss in the pre-
liminaries was good for an easy
victory in the shot. The best shot
put mark of the twenty-five Kansas
relays was a toss of 81 feet and
l Y inches made in 1889 by Elmer
Hackney of Kansas State. Fon-
vile previously had reached Sc feet
and 10 inches.
Dave Bolen, colored graduate stu
dent of Colorado University, COM
peting unattached, set a new meet
record of SO seconds fiat in win
ming the 4OO-meter hurdles.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-04-23

Room for rent. Employed couple
preferred. Cooking privileges.
Pleasant 1894 after 6.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-04-23

Furnished rooms for rent. Regent
3176.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-04-23

following the Los Angeles "zoot-
suit" riots of 1913. (The boys ul-
Hmately were freed.)
The benefit was a smash success
Then followed a series Of Is con-
certs at the Philharmonic Audi
torium in Los Angeles from whence
sprang the now famous title, Jazz
at the Philharmonic. Recordings
Of the organization are issued by
the Clef Records and Disc Com.
pany in which Granz also has o
hand.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-04-23
& Fonville
Win Firsts at
Kdnsus ReluYs

LA WREN CE, Kan, Apr. -
(NNPA). - Harrison billiard, of
Baldwin, Wallace College, broke the
world and intercollegiate record
last Saturday to win the 12O-yard
high at the Kansas Relays.
billiards. time was 13.6-one-
tenth of a second better than the
record of 1877 seconds, held joint
ly by Forrest G. Towns and Fred
Wolcott. Towns set the record in
1886 and Wolcott tied it in 194l.
Referee Frank Potts announced
that the time would be recognized
as a meet record and that applica-
ton would be made for its recog-
milton as a world record. The We.
locity of the wind, checked by
Potts before ne made his announce
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-04-23

My dear Percy:
you again and express appreciation for
including of the dinner last Monday evening
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-04-23
Dear Percy:

night grand justified
shortening New hand your
swell affair. Many thanks and keep the good work
Sincerely
L. Scheiner
Jewish Council
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-04-23
FallOn Supporters
Point Out Record

VI FORMER mayor
Pointing out that st. Paul's Mu-
nicipal Judge should be qualified
for the job, Fred A. Kueppers,
chairman of the William II. Fallon
for Judge committee, today called
for the election of the st. Paul at
torney.
"Mr. FalIon's 20 years as a prac-
ticing attorney in the city, his
World War l and World War II
service, in which he served overseas
in the legislative and judicial
branches Of the U. S. Army, his
term as Mayor of St. Paul and his
work with important civic commit
tees, fully qualify him for munich
pal Judge.
"He will make a worthy success
sor to the late Hon. ]. W. Fine
hout," Mr.. Kueppers stated.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-04-23

Armstrong aggregation appears at
the Minneapolis Municipal Audi
forum.
In St. Paul tickets are on sale at
Field Schlick.
In Minneapolis at Downtown
Ticket Office.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-04-23
Treasure Inn Offers
Thursday Fun Mite
With Hughes Rand

Treasure Inn, popular Twin City
pleasure spot, is offering the Percy
Hughes orchestra on Thursday
nights in what Claude Mason, one
of the proprietors, calls Fun
Mite"
Treasure is located at 1881 Rice
St, right outside St. Paul city
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-04-23
KEGLERETTES
Bowling League Scores
Week Ending April II
RITE PRICE LIQUOR sTORE

Lillian Finney ................ Isl
Mary Cook NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS.. ll6
Faustina Robinson 60 ..... 90
Won games, lost / game, high
single score, $50; average ass
ST. PAUL LIQTOR HOUSE
Lydia Payne ................ 1871
Bessie Turpin .............. liz
Rose Harris ............. 1870
Won games; lost ! game; high
single score, G22; average. 613.
METROPOLITAN RADIO REPAIR
Josie Holloman ......... 1926
Henrietta Turpin ............. ll2
Marion Brown ................ ia
Gladys Kirk 1925
Lois Brown Is
Won games; lost games; high
single score, sos; average. 532
TEAM
Az. s.
May Robinson OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES. 1903
virginia Jackson ............. 100
Won 0 games, lost 3 games, high
single score, 236: average. 222
LINCOLN FOOD MARKET
Av.
Anna Blair NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS.. lO6
COopie Anderson ....... 100
Harriet Gordon .... l53
Won games. lost games: high
single score, 62l; average SIS
ST. PAUL RECORDER
Aida Smith ................... H KS
Sue Williams . 90
Fran Humburd ............ llS|
Emma Kirk .................. 1903
Betty DOdd NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS.. 1911
Won 0 games, lost games: high
single score, $50, average, SOL.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1948-04-23
ALMOST
ABOUT
EVE Y THIN G
By Percy Villa
THE CUSTOMERS ARE ALWAYS WRITE

My dear Percy:
you again express you appreciation for
including of the dinner last Monday evening
when you honored directors, and cast Of
WCCO for their program Neither Free Nor Equal" "a
! !.
This is of the finest things done in Minneapolis NJ
for long time and know how thrilled you must be
with the enthusiastic had from those 49,
who fortunate enough o attend the dinner. WA
| read your column each week with great interest -
and a citizen to thank you for the wonder -
fully fine work doing in in
the City of Minneapolis.
am enclosing herewith a check for Percy
Villa Newsboys Club hope that have BRADSHAW
for it in your work. MINTENER
Thanking you again and with kind personal re-
CARDS and best wishes to you and to Mrs Villa remain
Sincerely yours,
Bradshaw Mntener
PiLsbury Flour
Dear Percy:
you your party Monday night
tremendous and that much appreciated the
ilege Of attending it,
heard much favorable it, everyone
that had done something much worth while.
appreciated kind reference from the speakers
table I consider a real friend.
Thanks again,
Sincerely yours
Bradley L. Morrison
take just a brief tell how very much
enjoyed the dinner the other night The awarding station WCCO of
the recognition of its splendid Neither Free Nor Equal
series indeed excellent and worthy tribute
Congratulations and grateful thanks for evening long
to be remembered
Sincerely yours,
E. Rucker
Inerracial Commission
Dear Percy:
Your dinner the other might and it justified
my shortening my stay days your
swell affair. Many thanks and keep the good work
Sincerely,
Samuel L. Scheiner
Minnesota Jewish Council
Dear Percy:
again extend sincere thanks and those Of the
tire WCCO for the thoughtful and
The dinner and the unusually fine and Of
very the plaque You going
. to give it prominent display.
Sincerely,
Merle s. Jones
! WCCO
Dear Percy
You well deserve all the splendid tributes paid the
your NesbOys club sponsored gratifying
in this community number Of citizens like yourself who really
te democracy strive increasingly make this
work despite many difficulties.
best wishes and associates thanks
most pleasant evening
Cordially yours,
Fred H. Weinberg
! American Jewish World
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1948-10-29

news of interracial interest, the
priest answered: Really there is
little news of interracial signifi-
canoe over there, and that is
good sign. Principally, because
people in western Europe do not,
as rule, judge man by his col
or. Color to them is only an acct
dent. The fact that a man happens
to be white is just as accidental
as the fact that another man hap
pens to be a Negro
The purpose of Father Furfeys
tour was to investigate postwar
social conditions in Belgium, Italy
and France He was accompanied
by seven graduate sociology stu
dents, one of them a Negro. Four
other members Of the group are
staff-members at Xaxier Univer-
sity in New Orleans
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1948-10-29
Urge Halt Of Illegal Entry Of Mexicans
To Work Under Slave Conditions

New York. City CWDL)--The
workers Defense League has join
ed the National Farm Labor I'm
ION and the Ell Paso Building and
construction Trades Council in
protesting the unprecedented ac-
uon OF Grover Wilmoth, Texas
District immigration director. in
opening the border for large scale
Illegal entry of Mexican farm
workers.
Charging that the result will be
slave labor conditions for the en-
trants and depressed conditions
for American farm labor Row
land Watts, national WDL secre-
tary, called upon U. S. Attorney
General Tom Clark to require
Wllmoth to uphold the immigra-
ton law. eve are not opposed to
free passage of Workers across
national borders" Watts said,
but they must be free to contract
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1948-10-29
RAVENS HERE
NOVEMBER 4Th

The Ravens who appear in per-
son at the Robinson Auditorium
November 4th easily rank as A
mericas top harmony singing unit
of the day and are unquesfionef
champs of the juke boxes.
They won the l948 ballotng by
cash box, the bible" of the music
box and recording industry and
first place spot in the annual poll
of the Pittsburgh Courier,
The group includes Maithe Mar
shall. first tenor, the lone member
who appeared on Broadway be-
fore the formation of the group,
Basso James Kicks, a native OF
jacksonville, Florida. who sang
with the choral group of Stanton
High School there and A & T Col
leee in Greensboro, N. c. sang in
quartet, warren ouliSa, boi
a native of Birmingham where he
was a church soloist, Leonard Pu-
zey, second tenor, who won first
place in the famed Harlem anna
teur night broadcast, and Howard
Biggs, pianist and arranger, VINO
is a former student at Boston Con-
servatory and Juillard Institute
The Ravens are most famous
for their spectacular recording OF
"Old Man River. Other smash
successes have been Write Me "A
Letter" Summertime" Honey
Fool That Am, Searching For
Love. and Would You Believe
Me-.
The Ravens record on the Ma
tional label
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1948-10-29
Cleveland NAACP
Defends Accused
Postal Workers

Cleveland--Charged with dis
loyalty, Is postal employees IN
this city have appealed to the
Cleveland branch of the National
Association for the Advancement
of Colored People for assistance
in refuting the accusation. Assur-
ance of legal aid and community
support was given the accused
men by DR.. NJ X. Christopher,
president of the local branch.
Eighteen of the accused are Ne
groes and active members of the
National Alliance of Postal En-
ployees. The six white employees
have been outspoken in support
of the NAPE's efforts to secure
promotions and seniority rights
for Negro workers.
The accused men, according to
Bertram A. Washington, president
of the Cleveland branch of the
Alliance, are veteran employees.
averaging 10 years in the postal
service. The Cleveland Call and
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1948-10-29

through the union for the condi-
tons of their labor. The govern.
ment by permitting these entries
and paroling the men to private
farmers forces them, under fear
Of criminal penalties, to work at|
substandard wages. Unless these
men are freed from the onerous
conditions of the parole they
should be Immediately returned
to Mexico"
Following the protests, Wilmoth
announced that the border hence
forth will be closed tight" but
made no mention of the Mexican
workers who had already crossed.
Frank Booth, business agent for
the building trades council. charg-
ed that some of the Mexieans
were working for 40 cents to 60
cents an hour where the union
scale is 80 to 80 cents.