davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Montana farmer-stockman., 1948-04-15

that Is IleeOeu On tleSe ldlluS ID
moisture. Some of the best dry lands
are still holding their fertility, but
there is already a considerable de-
cline in production shown over some
of the districts.
1t does not take a very good OBJ
server to detect the better crops that
grow on new sod land adjacent to the
land that has been cropped for sew
eral years. Also, fields that have
been in crested wheat grass for a
number of years produce better
wheat because of the long rest
period.
The drouth and depression of the
early 1905 gave many dry lands a
much needed rest, from which they
responded well after 1888. We have
now cropped these lands successfully
for a number of years. Another
period of equal duration with con
tinued crops will probably bring
about a decided drop in production.
In the approximately eight good
years we have taken off only four
crops from summerfallowed lands,
but nevertheless our are
being depleted.
Original Fertility
There is a popular belief that
Montana soils have a great natural
fertility. They do produce good
crops when first broken up, but their
total fertility is limited because of
their relatively shallow depth. This
is shown in the depth of the dark
layer in the road side cuts as we
drive across country. The dark layer
is seldom as much as n foot in
depth; usually it is only six to eight
inches deep.
Soil fertility is the result of many
processes, mostly it is developed
by vegetative growth over long
periods of time. In regions of high
rainfall, plants have grown in
abundance, accumulating the things
they need in their make up, and
returning it to the soil for future
generations of plants. 1t is a long
process, requiring ages.
The thickness Of the dark layer
formed is a good indication of the
rainfall of the past, and for that mat
ter the rainfall of the present. AS
we travel across the bench lands
from the bottoms to the mountains,
we note increasing thickness of the
dark layer as we approach the noun
tains where there is more rainfall.
On the whole, Montana dry lands do
not have the native fertility Of the
regions of high rainfall as the Red
River valley or eastern Nebraska.
Summerfallow
Summerfallow has four main pur-
poses: First, to provide the proper
conditions for the formation of nj
trate nitrogen, and the release of the
insoluble mineral plant foods; sec,
ond, to accumulate and conserve
moisture; third, to provide weed con.
troll; fourth, to prepare a satisfactory
seed bed. The relative Importance o
these four factors is debatable. II
any event it would be impossible tt
produce a crop without all of them
The second, or the conservation o
moisture, is usually given first place
because of the striking effects o
drouth. The lack of fertility is no
so pronounced. but we know full
Montana farmer-stockman., 1948-04-15

TABLE
Results of Fertilizer Tests o n Fall Wheat
Using 40 Pounds of 43 Percent Phosphate and 100 Pounds of lo-18-5
Farm Location Fertilizer Yd. Inc.
Paul Barrett 1 Mile East Hobson 1O-18-5 227 A
Check 1873
0-43-0 227 "A
Allen Odden S Miles E. Dutton 10-185 23 78
Check 1875
0-43-0 $50 85
J. F. Hickey 4 Miles S. E. Moore 1o185 312 So
Check $50
0430 1913 None
Nemec & Ecker 3 Miles W. Coffee Creek 1o1s-5 324 1875
Check 1913
043O 23 rs
VIM. Sirucek 3 Miles E. Moore 1018-5 26O SIS
Check 1915
043-0 ESQ SIS
R. E. Davis Moore 10-18-5 1875 Sc
Check 27s
O-43-O 279 None
Roy Boettger 2 Miles W. Lewistown 1o18-5 28s 20
Check 266
0-43-0 1876 20
B. Krumheurer 2 Miles E. Moccasin 1O-18-5 204 None
Check 2O43
0-43-0 1915 None
Fritz Johnson IL Miles N. E. Stanford 10-18-5 200 1912
Check lit
043-0 1916 SO
Ernest WeIt S Miles S. E. Agawam 10-18-5 213 81
Check 1872
0-43-0 1853 None
Average Increase 10-18-5-54 Bushels Per Acre
Average Increase O-43-0-318B Bushels Per Acre
Montana farmer-stockman., 1948-04-15
Maintaining Fertility Of Dryland Soils in Montana
BHSH GRHN

is the only way to replace the or
ganic matter so essential to dry
lands.
The average operator thinks only
of handling green manure in the
regular two-year summerfallow ro-
tation. Actually if it required two
years to summerfallow under a
legume crop or three years to get
a wheat crop the time would be
well spent. On the average farm, it
would not be necessary to keep all
the land in a green manure rotation.
A portion of the land each year in
green manur will be sufficient.
White sweet clover is the best
green manure crop because of the
low cost of seed, the ease of getting
a stand and the abundance of vegeta-
tive material produced. For the op-
orator who is interested in a pasture
crop, yellow sweet clover has an ad-
vantage, and where a longtime rest
period is planned for the land, a
mixture of yellow sweet clover and
crested wheatgrass fills an important
place.
Mineral Fertilizers
During the drouth and depression
years there was not much incentive
to improve dry farming methods.
Now, with a more normal moisture
and good prices, a new interest is
developing to improve methods of
wheat production.
Tests with mineral fertilizers have
been going on for a number of years.
In 1945 tests were conducted in EN-
trail Montana, using phosphate and
5000 Is percent nitrogen, 80 per-
cent phosphorus and no potash.
Fifty pounds of phosphate was used
and, on an average of several tests,
increased the yield 9.8 bushels per
acre. Seventy-five pounds of 5000
increased the yield Z bushels per
acre.
This was an exceptionally good
year for fertilizers to show a re-
Spouse. The fertilized wheat was
matured earlier than the untreated
wheat. A drouth perior came on as
the crop was ripening, and the early
maturing fertilized wheat had a de-
cided advantage over the later un-
fortified crop.
In 1916 conditions were not so
good for fertilizer response. The
crops in the region where the tests
were made were frozen down in
May. On making a second growth
the fertilized wheat did not regain
its advantage. Phosphate and 10-20-0
30 percent nitrogen, 20 percent
phosphorus and no potash) was used
this year. On five fields, phosphate
gave an average increase of 3.8 BUSH
els per acre, and the ammoniated
phosphate, 10000, increased the
yield 3.9 bushels.
In 1947 fertilizer results were
much better than in 1916, ever
though there was a very severe
freeze in late May. Phosphate was
used again, along with a complete
fertilizer, 10-18-5 40 percent nitro
gen, Is percent phosphorus and
percent potash.
Formerly it was believed that pot
ash was not needed in fertilizers fol-
The Omaha guide., 1948-03-06

Here is Vinylite plastic shower
curtain, strong and well-wearing,
and dainty, produced
from patented clear vinyl resin film
md sheeting stabilized with certain
complex organic compounds of tin
or lead, according to National Pat.
ent Council. The printed design, in
keeping with the current His and
Her vogue, is the adaptation of this
theme as a decorative note.
The Omaha guide., 1948-03-06
Landing Gear for Planes

Aircraft ground loops may be
eliminated almost entirely within
the next 5 to 10 years with the so
called caster landing gear devel-
oped under sponsorship Of Civil
Aeronautics administration, it is
predicted by Marshall E. Beeman.
The wheels of the landing gear, in
stead Of being in the usual fixed
position. are allowed to swivel from
side to side in an arc of 70 degrees.
The tension is such that the wheels
stay straight until any abnormal
stress is placed on the landing gear.
First planes equipped with an ap-
proved castered wheel landing gear
are expected to appear this year.
The Omaha guide., 1948-03-06

piquant flavor that will win COM
i!iments, and probably no one will
guess how you achieved the dis
iinctive seasoning; or you can sub
stitute milk or tomato juice for the
seer. Serve piping hot in rice ring
and you have novel treat that will
qralify as savory party dish.
it's easy to give new taste appeal
40 any mild favored fish such as
bass or founder by taking your cue
from Scandinavia and cooking with
beer, be sure to open container
abou: Is minutes before adding to
otner ingredients. It's easy, too, to
eve variety to LeDten fish dinners
.'y varying sauces. A tablespoon or
tWo of horseradish added to a plain
waite sauce makes piquarS accom-
plhiment to boiled or baked fish;
and a dash of pickle relish gives
mayonnaise double appetite appeal
a. sauce for fried fish.
The Omaha guide., 1948-03-06
: esx -.
School Now Owns Fort

School Now Owns Fort
A school district is the owner Of
Fort Ringgold, the old cavalry post
where Civil war generals Robert E.
Lee and U. S. Grant soldiered to-
gether as young officers.
Our Timber State
About one-sixth of the total stand
ing timber in the United States is in
Washington state.
More Seeds in Lemons
After a cold snap, lemon trees
produce lemons with more seeds.
The Omaha guide., 1948-03-06
Pan Performance

The pan. rather than the oven.
may be responsible when cakes, bis
cults or other baked products do not
brown properly. In general, enamel
ware baking pans give the deepest
brown. glass ranks next in rapid
browning, especially in an electric
oven which has a high degree Of
radiant heat. Enamelware and
glass both absorb radiant heat well.
In enamelware the browning often
is mottled because this material
does not distribute heat evenly. In
aluminium and tin the browning is
less rapid and usually more even.
The Omaha guide., 1948-03-06
More Minerals for IT, g

According to Bureau OF Mines, the
U. S. produced IS per cent more
minerals and mineral products in
1947 than in 1916. This was 5 per
cent above the wartime peak of
1914, and the value was 40 per cent
greater. Despite this hopeful situa-
ton. Secretary Of the Interior Krug
cautioned that Americas rate Of
mineral discovery Is by no means
keeping pace with the output, which
is rising rapidly.
The Omaha guide., 1948-03-06
PHILIPS OPT. STORE
"a TIL & O. SO.OMAHA
Care in Cleaning

1t is safer to do dry cleaning out
Of doors because Of the danger Of
accidents when this work is done in
the house. There is always a dam
ger of fire when cleaning fluid is ex-
posed inside home.
The Omaha guide., 1948-03-06
Pigeons Travel Far

Messages have been carried as far
rs 800 miles by homing pigeons.
The Omaha guide., 1948-03-06
This Machine Age

With new coin machines designed
for air terminals. travellers may
shave themselves, press their ties
and dine on hot sandwiches and cof-
fee while robot bootblack shines
their shoes.
The Omaha guide., 1948-03-06
PennsYlyanfa Farmers

Pennsylvania farmers have
total investment of nearly two bill
Hon dollars in farm land, buildings,
equipment, machinery. livestock
and crops on hand.
The Omaha guide., 1948-03-06

It takes ingenuity to create like this Decorator Jill
Rccado designed take treatment hard
and still keep the crisp efficient atmosphere The walls have
nad white sheetng
The bold plaid the valance chair and wall red white
blue The window shades painted
plaid exactly the shades lowered the sill the
full wall has the effect of being painted plaid And bright red card
table adds the final dasI of high color.
The Omaha guide., 1948-03-06
First Insurance

First type Of insurance issued in
the United States was marine in
surance. The first office was opened
in New York City in 1859.
The Omaha guide., 1948-03-06
Popping the Question

Most young men present their dia.
mond engagement rings just before
escorting a girl to a social affair.
a recent survey shows.
The Omaha guide., 1948-03-06

Mixed Southern Wool
Mertizo wool is South American
wool from mixed breeds of sheep.
The Omaha guide., 1948-03-06
Has Reason for II

To prevent its stored water from
evaporating. the Ceylon cotton tree
drops its leaves in dry weather.
The Omaha guide., 1948-03-06

Cook bacon; reserve Saute cell
cry, onions, green peppers and gar
lie in bacon fat till soft. Drain okra;
add with tomatoes, catsup and beer
Simmer till rather thick. Add
shrimp and bacon. Heat we'll Sea-
son to taste with salt and pepper.
Serve in rice ring. Yield 6.
The Omaha guide., 1948-03-06
Fish-Swedish Style

Clean and scale fish, cut in 3-inch
slices. Brown onion in butter, add
-four and cook for 3 minutes. Add
beer and all other ingredients ex-
cept the vinegar. Boil this sauce to
the thickness of thin cream, put fish
slices into i. and continue boiling
till the fish is we'll done. Finally add
vinegar and continue boiling for q
minutes. Pour sauce through strain
er and serve separately.
The Omaha guide., 1948-03-06
Need More Timber Growth

Need More Timber Growth
The forests of the U. S. are now
growing at the annual rate Of 1874
billion cubic feet. A growth of about
2O billion cubic feet annually is
needed by the nation.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1948-09-22

natural resources and the develop.
ment Of our country for the future.
I propose to you that we get .
team work administration that will
plan for it and work for it.
To serve our country In each Of
these fields, so essential to the
welfare Of our people and to the
peace of the world, we shall bring
the kind of expert and devoted
leadership which will wake up and
encourage the people who are doing
the kind of a job that needs to be
done. You and I have a great re-
sponsibility to our children and
toward the generations to CINE.
For our time and for our time only
We are the trustees of our Nations
soil and its resources.
I pledge to you an administra-
ton which is devoted to this land
we love. I pledge an administra-
ton which will fight waste and
depletion. An administration which
will preserve the things by which
we live. Our liberty and our lands
these are our most precious hertz
age. With the help of God we
will guard and cherish them so
that our children may reap abund-
ance from our wisdom and security
from our example.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1948-09-22

for peace, we cannot do less than
keep ourselves strong. A strong
America needs more than power
full military establishment for de-
tense. Our basic strength lies in
our idealism and in our natural re-
sources. During the war that ended
three years ago, the drain on our
resources was,tremendous. We drew
laviShly from our minerals. We
called on the rich substance of the
land to produce to its utmost. We
cut timber at q tremendous rate of
speed. Now we must set about
restoring the damage. That's why
we need to replace the careless
policies Of our present national ad-
ministration with a brand-new ap-
proach and a comprehensive ma
tional program of conservation.
Let's look at our oil situation.
Everybody that ride in car or a
bus uses gasoline and oil. Oil is
the great fundamental of highway
and air transport. 1t drives the
ships of our Navy and Merchant
Marine. Oil is fundamental to our
national security in a troubled world.
1t is a matter of the deepest con-
Germ to us all. And yet, for the first
time in our history, we are import
ing more oil than we export. We
are an oil deficit nation at this
moment.
The present national admlnstra-
ton has been concerned about our
oil supply. They have been so con-
cerned that they have set up one
agency after another and one bu-
reau after another to handle it.
There are IL of them right now. If
you wanted to learn anything about
oil, you might try the following
agencies to find the answer:
The National Petroleum Council,
the Military Petroleum Advisory
Committee, the Inter-Departmental
Petroleum Committee, the Inter-
national Petroleum Policy Commit
tee, the National Security Resources
Board. the Armed Services Petrol
cum Board, the Oil and Gas Divi-
sion In the Department of Interior
and the Petroleum Economic Sec
ton of its Bureau of Mines, the Fed
eral Power Commission, the Advisory
Committee, the Department of CON-
1nerce, and the Department of State
itself. If you try 1t, I wish you luck.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1948-09-22

forests, I have found some Of the
finest example Of policies established
to maintain q continuous yield. The
big job still has to be done but we
now know how to do it. With q
Government which is genuinely in
terested in evolving tax programs
and forest regulations to preserve q
steady lumber supply, we can stop
the waste of our timber resources.
We can start to build again. I look
forward confidently to establishing
a program which will do that job
We shall work with nature, not
against her, and nature will reward
us with constantly renewing sup
ply of the timber we need.
Our forests also preserve and
store water which serves farm lands,
and industry 1000 miles away.
Through all our policies of conserva-
ton, the use of streams and rivers
runs like threat of liquid gold.
Water Increasingly Important.
In the West water is life itself,
and some of the most momentous
debates of western history have de-
veloped over fair division of water
and the creation of binding COM
pacts for its use. The Colorado
River compact is a fine example of
such division of water for the well
fare of all. It is definite, clear and
irrevocable and must be respected
and vigorously upheld. AS our pop
ulation grows this subject of water
takes on increasing Importance.
Reclamation, irrigation and hydro
electric power are essential to care
for the immense future needs OF
this part of the country. They are
the source Of its food production
and its industrial growth. Their
development is of vital importance
for our national defense and the
security of the Nation.
Throughout all history water has
meant life or death to nations. To-
day the land where the Garden of
Eden is believed to have flourished
is a desert for lack of water. The
ancient civilization of Babylon with
its millions of people is now a dead
thing. 1t is vanished off the face
of the earth. The sands blow
across the desert where it once
stood. This tragedy has happened
repeatedly throughout the CEN
turtles. This must never happen to
America.
BY adequate soil conservation we
can do much to preserve our own
future. We must also use the water
we have wisely and well. We need
the water from our rivers for power
as well as agriculture. We have
only begun to use the billions of
energy units that now flow unhar-
messed to the sea. The mighty
rivers of the West should be de-
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1948-09-22
THE EVENING STAR Washington, D. c. AT


veloped with Q view to the widest
possible use for conservation, power,
navigation, flood control, reclama-
ton and irrigation. We should stop
quarreling about the means and
achieve unified programs which will
do the job. In all these new pro-
grams, L insist that no little super
man from Washington be put In
centralized control. The people in
the areas whose lives are sol deeply
affected must have full share in
the planning, the construction and
in the operation of the projects.
Record Of Appropriations.
There has been a good deal of
argument about reclamation appro-
priations in recent months. The
Democrats have said the Republic
ans were stingy. The Republicans
have said the Democrats were talk
ing through their hats. The only
way know of to settle an argument
like that is to look at the srecord.
Let's do it. From 1882 to 1916 the
Democrats controlled Congress. For
the last two years the Republicans
have been in control.
In all the years from 1882 to 1916,
the highest appropriations were
made by the Seventy-nint Con-
gress, which served in 1945 and 1916.
In these two years combined, the
Democratic Congress appropriated
$247 .000,0 for the Bureau of Rec
lamation. In the next two years,
l947 and 1948, the Republican Eigh-
tieth Congress increased that $247,-
100000 to $3.50, 000, 000-an increase
of more than so per cent and the
highest figure in our history. guess
that settles that argument.
The Colorado Big Thompson prof.
ect Is one OF particular Importance
to every man and, woman in this
part of the country. There has been
a lot of talk about that project in
Washington. I thought you and
ought to find out who was just talk
ing and who really believed in 1t.
So I brought along the figures on
this one, too. In 1915 and 1916, the
Democrats appropriated a total of
$l3, 100000 In the last two years,
the Republicans furnished not $13,-
600, 900 but a total Of $37, 900, 900, or
three times as much, for Big Thomp-
son. That settles their argument.
propose to you great change In our
National Government-that we get
an administration that gets things
done and doesn't just talk about
them.
Great Responsibility.
I propose to you that we get
an administration that really be-
lieves in the conservation of our
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1948-09-22

Like all our other dwindling natu-
raj resources, oil is too vital to have
so many cooks spelling the broth.
I propose to you that we get an
which will devote it
self seriously to wise and intelli-
gent use of oil preserves in this
country, in the closest cooperation
with the States of the Union.
Metals Running Low.
In a score of critical metals, our
resources are running low. In most
we have just about seen the
last of our easily accessible high
grade ore, but we have immense
untapped reserves of low-grade ore.
We have skinned the cream of the
surface, but we still have a lot Of
SKINNED milk. To the truly have
not nations, our skinned milk would
look like whipping cream.
To find and to mine our immense
undeveloped reserves Is one of the
great adventures Of our future. This
land of the West saw the adventure
of the prospector who found riches
cropping out of the surface of the
earth. Tomorrow's prospector is the
scientist using all his new tech
niques, including such devices as the
magnetometer. 1t used to be hauled
laboriously over the earth's surface
by perspiring crew covering a few
acres a day. Today it covers square
miles in a day, riding smoothly at
the end of a cable hung from an
airplane.
Government must help industry
and industry must cooperate with
government. The miners of our
country are vital to our welfare
and we must encourage the develop
ment of superior technical skills as
we'll as new investment so as to in
crease our reserves and our national
security. I pledge to you that this
will be a matter of major concern
and interest to your next national
administration.
Despite the bountiful production
of food in our own country, we are