davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1948-07-02
kolik vysokoSkolakI uteklo
z & S r.

Deli, Holandsko: = Poole
dosud doslych zprav, uteklo z
Ceskoslovenska 20 dnorovem
puci asi 500 vysokoskolskych
studentG. Je t6z znamo, re
byli to STUDENT, kterf Sc pr L.
norovem puci odvazili protes-
tovat prot znasilnovan1 csl.
demokracie a tahli hromadne
ma Hrad, kde hodlali vyslat k
presidentu republiky delega-
ci. Je znamo, jak to dopadlo.
STUDENT byli rozehnani polici1
a nekolik jich bylo strelbou
zraneno, tvrdf Sc, re nekteri
byli pfi tom zabiti. Tito stu
denti jsou dnes csl. komunis-
tickym rezimem prohlasovani
"a reakcionare a smelinare.
Divny jsou to smelinari S ak
tovkou Sc studentskymi doku-
menty a logaritmickym pra-
v1tkem.
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1948-07-02
SpOrtOyn1 Hlfdka.
ZAPASY
v COLISEUM.

Pro pristf dtery, 6. cervence
Mr.. Ed Contos poTadatel kf1z-
kovych zapasG Coliseum pri-
pravuje velice slibny program
ma nemz pod1l brati budou ma
sledujfc1 zapasn1ci.
V hlavnim zapase ktery ur-
cen jest ma dobu l porazky
1cinkuj1:
Two Ton Tony Galento, 265
ID. z Newark, N. j. VS.. Texas
Babe Sharkey, 253 Id. (Byvaly
Svetovy Mistr).
ZAPAS DVOJIC
George Bolas, 800 ID. z War
rem, O. Greek American) a
Herbie Freeman, 275 ID. (Je-
wish Giant) VS.. Mike Carol,
22O Id. z Camden, N. J. a Fran
co.'s Miquet, 218 Id. z Francie.
V1tezi z1skati must 2 vitez-
stv1 re 3 utkan1.
V nasledujfcich 2 zapasech
ktere urceny jsou ma dobu 80
minut aneb l porazky 1cinkuj1
George Macricostas, 22S ID.
(The Golden Creek VS.. Lou
Laird, 23O ID. z Norwalk,
Conn.
Dominic Serio, 228 ID. z Bal
timore VS.. Faro Renaldo, 232
Id South American Italian).
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1948-07-02
Opravneny povzdech.

Semelkova tuhle ulozila man
zelovi, ably Sc ma ceste z prace
nekde pro neco zastavil, ale
strhla Sc k veceru Gina, jak by
Sc CERT zenili, a Semelka chva-
tai domn a ulozeny 1kol nevy-
plnil. Ostatne ma to jake ma
smrt z%apomnel, coz nebylo po-
prve AMI naposled. Ale Semel-
kova tn vec opravdu potrebo-
vala, hodne Sc ma za,pomne-
tlivce zlobila a jak uz byla v
razi, poslala Semelku pro tn
vec i do tie nepohody.
Semelka tedy Sci, ale po-
vzdechl 81 hodne nahlas, ably
to zena slySela:
"Tak nev1m, co je horst, re
Mill Sc certi nebo cert1-li sc
zeny!"
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1948-07-02
BALTIMORE
CLUB

nasleduj1ci zapasy
ktere budou sehrany
v Baltimore.
Ctvrtek, 8. cervence
Newark : l Game 8:15 pm.
Patek, 9. cervence
Newark : l Game 8:15 pm.
Sobotu,, 10. cervence
Newark : l Game 8:15 pm.
Nedeli, IL. cervence
Newark : 2 Games 300 pm.
Pondelf, IL. cervence
Jersey City : No Game
played on June g.
Utery, IS. cervence
Jersey City
l Game : 8:15 p. m.
(Inter-Faith Night)
Stredu, IA. cervence
Jersey City
1 Game 8:15 p. m.
Ctvrtek, Is. cervence
Jersey City
l Game 8:15 p. m.
Patek, 16. cervence
Syracuse
2 Games $50 p. m.
Zone from May 29)
Sobotu, II. cervence
Syracuse
1 Game 8:15 p. m.
Nedeli, 18. cervence
Syracuse
2 Games 200 p. m.
Zone from May 3O)
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1948-07-02
Truman podepsal odvodovy
zakon.

President Truman podepsal
"a. cervna odvodovy zakon.
kterymz budou povolani do
branne sluzby muzi We start Cd
10 do 25 let. Zakon Sc stava
pravoplatnym podpisem presi-
denta, avsak odvody mohou
byt zahajeny teprve 90 dn1 20
pravoplatnosti zakona. Prvni
registrace Dude 16. srpna.
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1948-07-02
HnE1TcLH11TA
Starobyla slovacka svatyne.

SVatyne.
Ma navrS1 u UhTic1ch ma KY
jovsku stojf starobyly filialni
kostel1k, ktery Poole kroniky
a zachovan6 tradice zalozil sv.
Metodej. Kostel1k je zajima-
w t6z tim, re nema jednotne-
no stavebniho slohu a re vse-
chny jeho casti nejsou stejne
stare. NejstarS1 je presbytaf,
ktera je goticka a vznikla asi
V Is. stolet1. LODI je We slohu
renasancn1m a postavena byla
kolem roku 1910. Vez sc strfl-
Mani, kter6 jsou dochovany
dodnes, stavala patrne opo-
dial. Zachovana je tn staroby-
Ia kftitelnice ma zp6sob mo-
hutneho kvadru a stejne stara
kazatelna, s n1z Poole pov6sti
kaZali svati bratTi.
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1948-07-02

NYNf = kdy setrenf PaIivem
jest tax dGlezit6
NYNf = kdy Ceny Paliva stou-
pail
NYNf = kdy Vysoke Dane a
zivotnf PotTeby cinf Uspory
velmi dGlezitymi
NYNf = kdy mdzete op6t spla-
ceti pc SO meslcu.
Pro podrobnosti a KNfZKU
ZDARMA piste neb telefonujte
jeSte dnes.
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1948-07-02
Zeleznicni delnici chit
pridavek.

Spojenf zeleznicnf delnfci
(CIO) oznamili, re budou "a
dati pridavek Is cent? ma no.
dinu pro 10000 zamestnanc1
zeleznice Pennsylvania.
Telegraf. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1909-1951, 1948-07-02

How about making Flag Day this
year Security Day for you and your
family? The two O~bservances go hand
in hand because your security is insep-
arabic from the country's Security.
Whatever you do for your own future
good, such as buying United States
Savings Bonds regularly through the
payroll savings plan where you work,
helps to stabilize Americas economy.
Help keep Old Glory flying over the
land of the free and the home of the
brave for your children and your chill
dren's children.
q. S. Treasury Department
Laurel outlook., 1948-01-14
Weapons Now Exist
That Peril World
Could Wipe Out Last Vestige Of
All Forms of Life.

NEW YORK.-Weapons now exist
without including the atomic bomb
"that could wipe the last vestige o.
human, animal and vegetable life
from the face of the EARTH" accord.
ing to Rear Admiral Ellis M. Zacha.
rias, U. S. NJ, retired.
"These weapons exist" Zacha-
rias wrote in the United Nations
World, a privately financed maya
zine and not an official U. N. publ
cation. 'They are being manufac-
tured right now and they are not an
American monopoly. Several ma
tons r known to have them"
The admiral described the weap-
ons-"shrouded in the closest mill
tary secrecy"-as of a biological,
meteorological and archaeological
nature.
He added that the United States
now has an atom bomb so times
more powerful than those dropped
at Nagasaki and Hiroshima.
Russia, the navy man asserted,
is investigating military applica-
tons of cosmic rays and is proceed
ing with rocket development; Brit
ain is making progress in guided
missiles, and the United States has
a secret biological weapon, "a germ
proposition sprayed from aircraft
or rockets.
"These modern weapons" Zacha-
rias said, bear only slight similar
ity to conventional ornaments of
the past, permit the waging of
inter-continental war from long dis
tances. They are designed to de-
stroy life in enormous areas"
Furthermore, he said, the new
weapons are of such a nature that
their lethal quality continues long
after actual use, would jump inter-
Observation-Disclosures and oceans
Areas attacked would have to be
quarantined and it might be "a
thousand years before those blasted
e will again support life of any
kind"
Laurel outlook., 1948-01-14
EITHER, OR:
Marshall

EITHER undertake to meet the re-
quirements of the problem or don't
undertake it at ALL"
In that blunt fashion, Secretary of
State George Marshall made a pre-
liminary plea to the Goth congress
for passage of his European recov-
cry plan. 1t was apparent that he
believed the Requirements of the
situation were exactly as he and
the administration had outlined
them to the public.
Marshall rejected the Republican
backed proposal to create a new
government corporation to admins
ter the aid program, and he asked
for a single administrator respon-
sible to the President and working
in conjunction with the secretary of
state.
There is neither time nor justif-
able opportunity for congressional
pairing of the Marshall plan, he in
timated. The 6.8 billion dollars
which President Truman has asked
for the first Is months of the plan is
a precisely calculated figure, the
secretary said, which "does not rep
resent a generous estimate of re-
quirements."
At the same time responsible Re-
publican leaders were predicting
that congress would approve a mod
flied European relief program which
would be kept under a 5-billion-
dollar cost during its initial period.
Marshall repeated earlier esti-
mates that the total cost might
range between ISL and 1913 billion
dollars. And, he said, the first ap-
preparation should be enough to get
the program under way ION a
broad, sound basis and not in a
piecemeal manner"
But that now was up to congress,
which would be hearing more ad-
ministration testimony on behalf of
the Marshall plan before it got to
work on the measure.
Laurel outlook., 1948-01-14
SURPRISE:
Back again

Don't look now or you might see
another one of those flying saucers.
It seems as though they're back
again.
Col. Guy F. Hix, commander of
Goldman field, Fort Knox, KY,
spotted from the airport's obser-
walton tower and had it chased by
national guard planes and followed
from the ground by state highway
patrolmen.
The saucer" said Colonel Hix,
was Every white and looked like an
umbrella"
Pilots of the planes which pur-
sued the object reported they had
climbed to 10000 feet and the disk
was still above them. They esti-
mated its speed at about 100 miles
an hour.
Further evidence was provided by
highway patrol headquarters at
Elizabethtown, KY, which reported
receiving calls from cruisers whose
occupants said the saucer resem-
bled an "ice cream cone with a little
fire at the bottom"
Laurel outlook., 1948-01-14
Crimpy Rayon Staple

Viscose rayon staple with a per-
manent kink or crimp, which makes
fabrics feel crisper or bulkier, is the
latest textile product placed on the
market. 1t makes soft-nap fabrics,
such as blankets, warm without ex-
cess weight by keeping the fbers
from mating. 1t also makes higher
twist fabrics, such as gabardines,
feel lively and crisp. Fabrics w
of the new crimped staple also re-
sist travelling at the seams in laun-
dering much more than fabrics
made of regular staple, it is
claimed.
Laurel outlook., 1948-01-14
AND Furthermore
Taxes were not the only cOntrO'

Taxes were not the only contrO-
versial issue touched upon by
MIR. Truman in his message to
congress. He also asked for:
L. The Once-rejected 10-point
anti-infatiOn program with power
to impose wage and price con-
trCls and rationing.
2. Universal military training.
8. Authorization of the four
year Marshall plan.
4. Stronger and extended rent
controls.
S. Public housing for low
income families and government
action to cut building costs.
6. MOdernizatiOn of farm price
supports and broader crop insur-
ance.
Z. Extension of unemployment
compensation, old age and sur-
vivOrs' benefits, a national health
plan and federal financial aid for
education.
8. Admission of European refu-
gees into the U. S.
8. Statehood for Alaska and
Hawaii.
Laurel outlook., 1948-01-14

Thousands Of would-be car owners
were bitterly disappointed last year
because they couldn't get the buggy
they wanted so much.
But this year things will be diff
ferent-maybe. Because a lot more
passenger automobiles are expected
to come off the assembly lines some
of the industry's seers are predict
ing that cars will be easier to get by
the end of 1948.
Laurel outlook., 1948-01-14
MESSAGE:
Ta1 Issue

Whether President Harry Tru
mans state of the union message tt
congress was "socialistic," as Re
publican partisans dubbed it, OF
fortnight and courageous" as in
the eyes of loyal Democrats, re,
manned a matter of opinion, but il
was fairly obvious that in making il
the President had cast a loving
glance toward next November's
election day.
He proposed a combination tax
cutting-and-raising device that man.
ifestly has no chance of passage in
the Republican dominated congress
but n that sounds good to a lot of
voters.
His plan, embodying tax-relief to
the little man." would give each
individual taxpayer an immediate
$40 tax cut for himself and for each
dependent. To offset that reduction
in federal income he proposed that
corporation taxes be raised by 80
billion dollars.
MI. Truman presented the scheme
as a "cost of living" credit designed
primarily to relieve the small tax
payer.
In a phrase certain to be quoted
with relish by Democratic orators
during the coming campaign, the
President said he wants to keep
revenue collections where they are
and still help those who need relief
to ''buy the necessities of life"
Supplementing the tax proposals
he called for a 75-cent-per-hour min
imum wage, representing a 35-cent
increase over the present Accent
minimum. Although in the past he
has favored raising the national
wage, the 75-cent figure
was the highest fiat demand he has
made.
General tone of the Presidents
message to the joint session led
most observers to believe that he
was swinging his administration
back to "a little left of CENTER" a
point which generally is identified
with New Deal PHILOSOPHERS.
Some saw in the speech a per-
ceptible bid for the left-wing and
liberal vote that Henry Wallace's
party is threatening to take
away from the Democrats.
Republican reaction to MI. Tru-
mans speech was bitter and intense
and the COP. went ahead more
determinedly with its own tax-re-
.uction bill.
Laurel outlook., 1948-01-14
MOTORING PUBLIC
ThereM Be More New Cars This Year

Against that viewpoint, however,
is the fact that 1949 models will be-
gin to appear during the latter
months of the year and thus bring a
new flood of orders, many of them
from owners of 1916 and 1947 vehi-
Giles. Also, the word is that 1949
models will be so radically different
as to bring back into the market
those who may have been scared
Out by price advances"
Laurel outlook., 1948-01-14
Ancient Radiant Heat

Wealthy Romans living in Eng
land centuries ago built their homes
with dual walls with air space be-
tween them. Walls and floors were
made of a masonry material and an
open fire was built in the basement.
Smoke and heating air rose in the
space between the walls. Thus, first
floor and walls were heated, intro
duclng the first system of radiant
heating.
Laurel outlook., 1948-01-14
-WEEKLY NEWS ANAL -
Truman Asks Tax Cut in Message,
Arouses Strong COP Opposition;
Brazil Moves to Gust Communists
Released by WNU Features.

NOTE: Whsno opinions. are expressed In these column hey are those Of
Laurel outlook., 1948-01-14
KNOCKOUT:
Brazil

Brazil, which severed diplomatic
relations with Russia in a huff last
October, now has administered
what looks like the coup de grace to
Red activity within its own borders.
1t came in the form of a law,
signed amid great Juror by Presi-
dent Enrico Dutra, virtually abol-
ishing every vestige of Communist
action in Brazil by removing all
Communists from elective posts
throughout the nation, including
congressman.
The process of outlawing the Reds
was far from a calm one, marked at
times by dramatic displays of Latin
American verve and temper.
Fist fights broke out frequently on
the floor of the chamber of deputies,
and at n point during the debate
the session was suspended tempo
rarily when three deputies pulled
guns from their pockets and waved
them at three Communist mem
bers. No shots were fired.
Outside the building private citi-
zens> argued ~vociferously and ex-
changed blows. Leftist crowds
shouted vengeance on the deputies
and police sirens screamed through
downtown Rio de Janeiro.
1t was, by and large, the most
turbulent legislative session ever
held in Brazil.
Other nations could take an object
lesson from Brazil's achievement.
Communists can be frozen out of
government activity even though the
process may be noisy and painful.
Laurel outlook., 1948-01-14
House Has a Well

The well in the house of repre-
sentatives is the space between the
clerks desk, which is Immediately
in front of the speakers rostrum,
and the first row of seats.
Laurel outlook., 1948-01-14
Conserve That Oxygen

If the oxygen in the air were not
being continuously replaced, peo-
pie, animals and industry would use
up all the oxygen in about $50, 900
years.
Evening star., 1948-08-04
Wool BroodIoom Room-size Pieces

e6xl2 Rose scuIpted S1447O
o4xl2 Blue velvet etpie- l2775
l2xl7 Maple velvet pie- 244OO
l2xl4l Groy, scuIpted Observation-Disclosures III IS
12xl2s eroy eoved effect $3.50
eexl2 Blue corved effect 80
l2xl0l Rose, scuIpted. Recommendations 1888
l2xle.e Maple loop texture 34oO2
w&L-roorcoverings, Sixth
Evening star., 1948-08-04
Special Selling Wool Blankets

our own 'WokefieId" regularly $14.s5,
during offer such big saving this
Woodward Lohop Deep with
uuouN bound with on the
72x9o inches and available these ooos
blue CEDAR gold and white AT this attractive price would
than replacement blanket supply
wA-s Floor
Evening star., 1948-08-04

Seo Foster innespng mattresses and box springs offered
substantial savings only because the handsome
dook stripes and oroI patterns have been
factory In double this carload
shipment boasts felt upholstery blends Of felt and others
all white felt each mattress has nsuo cushions pbut borders,
seedee construction roonoped French EDGE sturdy handles for han
All box springs hondied eight Check regular
seorns g Foster stock to what sovine can be
Arizona sun., 1948-10-01
Meal Planning Helps
To Save Food Budget

Arizona homemakers can save
on food costs by planning meals
ahead, declares Reva Lincoln, ex-
tension nutritionist at the Univer-
sity of Arizona.
To help in such planning, Miss
Lincoln suggests getting a free
copy of extension circular 100,
meal Planning Made Easier" from
the county agricultural agent or
home demonstration agent. A post
card or phone-call request will
send one to you.
A daily guide to good eating in
the circular includes many differ
ent assortments of food. By choos-
ing from the suggested foods and
using them wisely, money spent
for family meals can be kept at a
minimum, the circular points out.
A chart shows at = glance the
kinds and quantities or food need
ed for a week for each family mem
Der. It is a simple matter to add
these up for your family and know
your own requirements. A vitamin
chart is also included in the circu-
lar.
Last but not least are number
of recipes for main dishes, brands,
desserts, and other items. So be
sure to get your copy of extension
circular 100 from the county ex-
tension office. -
Arizona sun., 1948-10-01
Free Service For
Hard of Hearing!

Cleveland, O., Sept. 25.-An in
formation service for the tbenefit
of the hard of hearing has been es-
tablished by Paravox, Inc, pioneer
hearing aid manufacturer.
Mr.. Fred ]. Wonders, president,
says the service will consist of fur
nishing latest data on hearing re-
search, suggestions for testing
hearing and properly selecting
hearing aids, instructions on how
to overcome problems in becoming
accustomed to use of an aid, and
all other information which will
help the hard-of-hearing.
Typical of the company's re-
search in the interests Of better
hearing is its recent development
of the worlds smallest one-piece
vacuum-tube hearing aid, weigh
ing only 4a ounces fully equipped.
The company has just issued a
booklet, Facts You Should Know
About Hearing Aids" which it fur
nishes free-of-charge ITO anyone
having impaired hearing himself
or who would like the information
for the benefit of a relative or
friend.
Arizona sun., 1948-10-01
Take Care Of
Your Linoleun

Arizona conditions require spec
ial linoleum care, says Grace Ryan,
extension specialist in home man.
agement at the University of Ari-
zona.a
? The "soapless suds" or synthetic
detergent powders, so handy for
dishwashing, are not so good for
linoleum because they may dry out
some of the finish. Such detergents
added to Arizona's very dry atmos-
pheric conditions may definitely
shorten the life of linoleum.
Even soap has a drying effect on
linoleum and should always be
rinsed off carefully. Gasoline and
other similar grease solvents
Arizona sun., 1948-10-01

The Republican standard bearers Governor Thomas
E. Dewey of New York and Governor Earl Warren of
California, are shown here the Dewey farm
Pawling NJ y they made plans for the Presidential
campaign which will take them to all parts of the u S.
In the background is the dairy barn in which the Dewey
herd of approximately so cows-mosty Holsteins-is
fed and MIXED. His farm neghbors credit Governor
Dewey with welgrounded knowledge of farming and
the farmers problems acknowledge gained from first
hand experience. National farm policy is expected be
one of the major campaign issues
Arizona sun., 1948-10-01

should never be used on linoleum
in home cleaning.
Frequent waxing and even oc-
casional oiling is recommended to
keep linoleum in best condition. If
it shows signs of soaring, scratch
ing, or drying, an application of
boiled linseed oil helps. Apply the
oil to clean dry linoleum. Let it
stand for about 48 hours, then
wash it off and apply wax.
Arizona sun., 1948-10-01

served from Monday morning thru
Saturday noon. The meal rate is
based on SO cents for breakfast, 65
cents for lunch, and IS cents for
supper. The meal plan offers sin
gle entree, but choice of drink,
vegetable and dessert. The univer-
sity also operates it's cafeteria for
students who do not adopt the flat
rate meal plan.
Arizona sun., 1948-10-01

If every member of each family
will get rid of one farm hazard,
the nation will have 100000 haz-
ards less. What have you done on
your farm to prevent accidents
and make your farm safer?
Arizona sun., 1948-10-01

Tests in building home freezer
units show that six inches of in
Sulating material is the best thick
ness. Thinner insulation runs up
the operating costs and more in
sulation makes the box too bulky.
Arizona sun., 1948-10-01
New Meal Plan in
Effect at University

Tucson, Sept. 21.-A new meal
plan for students has been put into
effect this fall at the University of
Arizona dining hall. Students buy
a months meal ticket for $3.50.
They receive II meals each week,
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1948-12-04
er avenue.

Approximately so members OF
the family and those closely
connected heard the Rev. Horace
a. White Of Plymouth ConeIe-
gauonal Church read the rites.
The bride was picture as
queenly as her name in Sink
lnz ice blue satin ankle length
gown, showing matching blue
satin slippers.
The wide cowl nccklne which
zen in graceful folds with a
N-shdpcd back, was decorated
M floral pattern Of tiny white
pearls Long sleeves ended IN
sweetheart point over the
wrist. The skirt was flared cut
IN four cores and attached Ia d
form-fIttng bodice. Delicate blue
ostrich plumCs cmlcd into a.
oif-thc-facc hcadpicce which
held a short Illusion veil OF
blue malne. sparkling with Sc
gums Her spray bouquet OF
pink orchids made an effective
contrast The bride wore q gor-
eoous diamond wrist watch, a
gtt OF the groom
SET ATMOSPHERE
Soft string music by LEROY
smith and his ensemble and PINK
and white flowers throughout
the house provided an elegant
atmosphere for the ceremony.
ATTENDANT
NIctorla's attendant was her
iSter Mrs Samuel Thomas.
who wore a warm rose colored
crepe dress. with modified
hustle back The ankle-lcngth
skirt was attached TO a bodice
entirely covered with crystal
bugle beads Her slippers were
% sapphire blue satin. Her head
~ &c was similar to the brides.
only beng Of pink curled os-
trlch plumeS and mallne
The groom was attended by
Joseph Brown The bride was
given in marriage by her father
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1948-12-04
Wedding Date
Revealed At
Holiday Fete

Mr. and MIS-. William Green,
additions to the young MAJ Icd
set Icvcalcd their wedding date
~ a family dinner on Thanksglv-
ing Day al the home OF the bride 5
parents, Mr.. and Mrs Elliott VIII
hans Mrs Green IS the former
Marian Williams.
The ceremony took place on
June % al Bowling Green, Ohio.
Attendants for the popular couple
were Miss Elizabeth Scott. cousin
of the bride, and Richard Walk
er.
Napkins embossed in gold with
Marian and william also clcv-
crly designed place cards told the
story Of the wedding Seated
about two beautifully appointed
dining tables were Mr. and Mrs
Elliott Williams Mr. and Mis-.
William Green, ST., parents OF the
groom, Mrs. Mary smith Miss
Elizabeth Scott, Richard Walker.