davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1948-12-19

TO personal pressure, attempts at
intimidation or attacks in the press.
However. Don Burke, who was chief
Of bureau In Cairo for Time & Life,
Inc, was expelled, with no reason
assigned.
The domestic press is censored.
Even In peacetime newspapers may
be forbidden to publish news of
crimes or disorders still under in
vestigation, and lese majeste "a
crime against the sovereign Is still
an ofense.
Foreign news services operate, but,
since the Palestine fighting must be
self-censored by the agency bureaus
in conformity with government rules
before they distribute news copy.
Similar conditions exist in some
other Arab countries.
TURKEY-Foreign correspond
ents are not restricted in their ac-
tivities, and their news is not CEN
sored. Generally speaking, the do
mestic press is free. However, pa
pers can be punished on conviction
of harming the dignity of the gov
ernment. its administrators or its
institutions.
Orient
CHINA-There is no censorship
OF foreign correspondents dis
patches, but various pressures are
exerted on the correspondents to get
a better press" abroad. Govern
ment officials frequently accuse cor
respondents of being too critical of
the Nationalist cause.
All completely independent Chi
nese papers have been shut down
for such reasons as violation of Sc
curity inciting students to riot and
publishing matter considered in
f1ammatory or disloyal. This means
practically any criticism of the gov
ernment. AL the papers represent
some segment of the government,
party or army. Newsprint rationing
serves as a potential club.
News from abroad Is received and
distributed freely, but anything
judged unfriendly to the govern
ment Is seldom used.
JAPAN-Because of occupation,
the situation in this country is in
a special class. There is no censor
ship Of foreign correspondents dis
patches or of the native press prior
to publication. However, the Su-
preme Command Allied Powers con-
tinues postcensorship. One editor
of minor paper recently was SEN
fenced to six months Imprisonment
for reporting a soap official
planned to bring nude shows" to
Japan. The decision has been ap-
pealed.
The United States Army public
information officers frequently
withhold stories Of what they con-
slider of a derogatory nature and
which can be obtained only through
them.
INDIA-Foreign correspondents
dispatches are not censored. Dur
ing the Hyderabad police action"
dispatches were held for scrutiny"
before transmission, resulting in de-
lays.
There is some personal pressure
through officials on correspondents.
For many years India has been
highly sensitive to foreign opinion
and, with independence. this has
increased.
Evening star., 1948-12-19

|pulsions or disaccreditations of for.
eign newsmen, although one CORE.
spondent was threatened with ex.
pulsion recently.
The domestic press Is vigorously
controlled. All newspapers and for
eign agencies must be licensed.
INDONESIA-1n the Dutch-con.
trolled area press restrictions ap-
pear to have been relaxed somewhat
during the last year. There is nc
open censorship, but outgoing cables
are known to be reviewed by Dutch
Army intelligence officers and othe,
government officials soon after filing
Western Hemisphere
CANADA-HaS no visible control.
over the press. Censorship of in.
coming material exists only to the
extent that customs officers may
exclude at will anything they re.
gard as reasonable, seditious OF
O-AOSl dpluC.
MEx1CO-There appears to b.
considerable reluctance on the part
OF any newspaper to attack the
government as whole. All papers
take cracks at separate officials ano
branches of the government. eau.
ton regarding general criticism Is
likely hangover from more stren-
uous days.
ARGENTINA - Foreign CORE.
spondents face no censorship, but
are required to register with the
Undersecretary of Information.
Three foreign correspondents
two Italians and one Chilean-were
expelled in April on charges oil
helping torment a bank strike
They were cleared of the charges
but expelled just the same. Presi-
dent Juan D. Peron has attacked
correspondents, particularly those
from the United States.
The domestic press is free In
theory but not in practice. With q
few exceptions, notably La Prensa
and La Nacion and the Communist
Daily La Hora, Spanish-language
publications support the admins
tration.
The government has limited the
number Of pages of all newspapers
as part Of a campaign to conserve
newsprint and avoid the use of dol
lar exchange. "
CHILE-The government applied
blind censorship to outgoing dis
patches after the announcement of
an abortive plot against the gov
eminent.
During the past year the six Com
munist publications in the country
died as . result Of the outlawing
of the party.
PERU - Blind censorship also
prevailed in this country during the
recent revolution resulting IN the
overthrow Of the government.
NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. Romulo
Gallegos suspended constitutional
guarantees of freedom Of speech
and the press November 20 when
political tension gripped the coun-
try. This policy was continued by
the military junta which ousted
Gallegos four days later. Prior to
that crisis there had been no CEN
sorship of either foreign correspond
ents or the domestic press.
BRAZIL-No censorship, but the
has outlawed the Com
munist Party-and consequently
that party's press.
distributed by the Associated Prss0
Evening star., 1948-12-19

Later driven underground, fleeing
for his life, he helped organize the
party and advanced a new revolu-
tionary idea-that the peasants and
not the working proletariat should
form the basis of the Chinese revolt.
For this heresy he incurred the
displeasure of Moscow. Later he
broke with and defeated his chief
Chinese opponent, Ii Li-San, who
fled to Russia in the 1930s.
Advocated All.Out Struggle
Finally, at the head of the party,
harassed by the troops of Chang
Kai-shek, he launched one of the
bloodiest retreats in history-a
6,000-mile forced march from
coastal Kiangsi Province to the in
terror. Starved, exhausted and
decimated by constant warfare, he
brought 10000 of his 10000 follow
ers across mountain ranges, over
deserts and through swamps to the
province Of Shensi. He was then
A and in the vigor of his life.
Under these circumstances, in one
Of the barest and most forbidding
areas in China, he set about to ex-
pand the hold Of communism. He
did so by savage appropriation OF
landlords, . redistribution Of land
to the peasants and q system of po-
litical and moral indoctrination
without parallel In modern society.
When I met him 10 years later
his band Of 10000 had swollen to a
million party men and he claimed
for his group q third of China S
land surface and population.
He won most nf these adharapts
Evening star., 1948-12-19

Russia, or on the peoples democ
racies."
There Is no opposition newspaper
magazine, radio or book. Free entry
Of news from abroad is barred, with
only . limited number of persons
permitted to receive English-lan-
guage publications.
Observation-Disclosures the split
between Premier Marshal Tito and
the Cominform, there are many
limitations on press freedom. There
is no censorship of foreign CORE.
spondents, and national laws assure
freedom of the press within the
country. Nevertheless, the press is
completely government-controllee
and publishes no opposition news o.
commentary whatever.
Foreign correspondents find thei,
activities limited by lack of free
news sources. The director of in.
formation is the only channel
through which newsmen may OBJ.
tain interviews or official informa-
tion.
POLAND-This country still ad.
heres to strict control of the in.
ternal press but interferes in nc
way with the activities of foreign
correspondents.
Polish newspapers print what they
are told to print and leave out
what they know the government
does not want printed.
HUNGARY-There is no censor.
ship of foreign correspondents dis
patches, but there have been fire.
quent cases of friendly advices" as
to what should or should not be
filed.
DR.. Aurel Varannai, a Hungarian
correspondent for Reuters News
Agency, was sentenced in October
to eight months in prison for Gin
citement against ths democratic
order of the state and libel" In
sending "slanderous and unfounded
messages"
Postwar regulations permit only
political parties to publish news
papers. Consequently the dailies
belong either to government parties
or to other parties which more
or less support. the governments
policies.
Middle East
IsRAEL-All copy Of foreign cor
respondents is censored by a bureau
operating under the Foreign Once
The government postohice, which
has monopoly on communications,
refuses to accept cables unless they
bear the censor's stamp.
Foreign correspondents are re-
stricted in their work by various
means. No military accreditation
was issued, and correspondents were
given only civil credentials to cover
an army at war. Movements near
any operational front are forbidden.
The domestic press is controlled
by the Interior Ministry. There are
no obvious determinations between
government and opposition news
papers.
EGYPT-Foreign correspondents
dispatches have been censored since
the Egyptian Army began fighting
Zionists in Palestine in May. Gen.
sorship is blind" correspondents
not knowing whether their cables
are passed, killed or subjected to
deletions.
Correspondents are not subjected
Evening star., 1948-12-19

But pol1cymak1ng and strictly de-
partmental activities will continue to
center in Washington and really
vital decisions will be made here.
The "sub-capitals" are concentra-
tions of field operating agencies and
Federal officials are able to get close
to where the work is really being
done for the people. In effect,
these "subcapitals" are advance
operating bases, subject to direction
from Washington.
Growing Need for Space
The Railroad Retirement Board at
Chicago is an independent agency
with its own headquarters there,
making its own policies-an excep-
tion to the general rule under which
Washington decides major ques-
tions.
There is a growing need for addi-
tional public buildings, for the Fed
eral Government occupies q great
deal Of rented space out in the
States. There has been no large
scale public building since 1899
before the war-yet the Nations
population has increased II per cent
in the interim. This means the
Federal Government and private
business are competing for available
working space.
The Public Buildings Administra-
ton Of the Federal Works Agency
surveying the scene, foresees the day
when Federal buildings in key cities
will make for more effective func-
tioning. Instead of having to do
business as at present in several
parts of the same city, the citizen
will be able to go to a central loca-
ton in the "subcapital" and get
speedy service.
Thus at the Federal building in
one of the major centers of popu-
lation-as well as in county seats in
certain instances-the citizen will be
able to transact all his business with
Uncle Sam quickly at one spot.
Location of Subcapitals
He will, in a single effort, be able
to pay his taxes, get agricultural
assistance, apply for his passport
to travel abroad, get advice on his
forest problems, obtain reclamation
or geological information and COM
plete his other Federal business with
his Government.
Some of the major "subcapitals''
are in Boston, Philadelphia, Atlanta,
Chicago. Kansas City. Dallas, San
Francisco, Seattle and Denver. In
each Of these cities, the PBA, a
service agency, has a miniature
Evening star., 1948-12-19

AUSTRIA-The pattern for han
ding news In this little country, oc-
cupied by four powers, is somewhat
complex. American correspondents
send their dispatches free of censor
ship over French and American
telegraph lines. These lines run
through the Russian zone.
The Austrian government has set
up no barriers to the free entry of
news via foreign news agencies,
which use radio and radio teletype.
The Russians have refused to per-
NIT American news agencies to es-
tablish connections with Prague by
leased telegraph lines.
Only the four occupying powers
can ban newspapers, and then only
If charges of reviving or supporting
Naziism can be proved.
OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES are H.
censed by the occupying powers, and
these licenses are, of course, subject
to withdrawal If a newspaper offends.
Several publications have been
banned In various zones. An exam
pie Of restrictions on foreign cor
respondents is this: Americans can
not go into the Russian zone of
occupation unless officially invited.
Foreign news agencies operate more
or less freely in distributing news.
Russia and Her Neishbors
SOVIET RUSSIA-Censors the
news of all foreign correspondents,
including material mailed from the
country. Also restricts the move
ments Of these correspondents and
limits the sources of their informa-
tion. AL newspapers and radio sta
tions in Russia are under govern
ment control, and the news service
supplied to them is a government
news agency, Tass.
FINLAND-Still manages to pre-
Evening star., 1948-12-19
By John Roderick

A modern day conqueror in shabby
clothes stands across the body of
PROSTATE China.
He Is Mao Tse-tupg, chairman of
the Chinese Communist Party. He
is the leader Of the greatest ideolog-
ical and military struggle In the
world at this moment.
As this is written, his Communist
armies are overrunning a nation
nearly as big as the continental
United States. The face Of 5000
year-old China will undergo a revo-
lutionary change should he gain the
ultimate victory.
Blend of Peasant.Intellectual
The lives of 450,000,000 human
beings will be affected.
Who is this soft-spoken man?
How does he live? What Is the
secret of his enormous hold over the
minds and bodies Of millions?
Surrounded for years by an i'm
penetrable wall of government troops
and official silence. buried in the
flinty hinterlands Of the remote
Chinese Northwest, his name until
recently meant little to the outside
world.
first met him at Yenan, the
Spartan Communist capital, in the
closing days of 1945. He was wear
ing the patched, padded clothing
and carelessly tied boots of the peas
ants among whom he lived. A faded
blue cap was perched rakishly on his
massive head. At SIS he is a man of
dreamlike quality in his soft, almost
flabby waxen face, Of nervous energy
in his long slender hands.
When he speaks it is with the
roundness of the Southern dialect
he learned as a child in his native
Province of Human. A curious mix
ture of the peasant and intellectual,
he is a product Of the 1911 revolu-
tion which swept the Manchus of
the celestial throne and divided
China into two warning camps-the
extreme right and the extreme left.
Launched Bold Retreat
A young man Of peasant stock,
he chose the left, and 10 years
later joined II companions at
Shanghai in forming the Chinese
Communist Party.
The years that followed were hard
and bitter. There were days of CO.
operation with the Kuomintang-
China's present rulers. At the
height of their joint success over
the northern war lords in 1927 he
took part In the bloody fighting.
Evening star., 1948-12-19
Foreign Press Feered BY Ne1U Restrictions During Past Year

A world survey Of censorship con-
ditions shows additional areas of
the globe have come under censor
ship or other restrictions affecting
freedom Of the press in the past
year.
The fighting in Palestine brought
restrictions in several countries OF
the Middle East. The Russian
sphere of influence extended into
Czechoslovakia, bringing with 1t
some Of the curbs associated with
the Communist method of operation
Foreign correspondents in Yugo-
slavia still were restricted in their
operations despite the Tito-Comin-
form flareup. China clamped down
on some Of her newspapers as the
Communists drove south. Even in
France there were threats to free
dom Of the press.
Generally speaking, this freedom
continued strong in Britain, Italy,
Belgium and Scandinavia. But
there were limiting factors: In Brit
ain, for instance, libel laws are so
strict that some American news
papermen question how free the
British press actually is.
Here are some high lights of a
survey by the Associated Press:
Western Europe
FRANCE-Paul Ramadier, Min
lister of National Defense, announced
recently he would invoke a wartime
decree making it unlawful to write
any story dealing with defense Of
the country. Any reporter writing
such story, not coming from off,
cial sources, is subject to a Jail
sentence.
Among the indirect influences
bordering closely on censorship are
government control of newsprint
and a law prohibiting the publish
ing of newspaper without license
issued by the secretary of state in
charge Of the press.
The French Press Agency is not
directly censored, but 1t is support
ed by contributions from the gov
ernment budget.
GREECE-Despite her prolonged
fight with the Communist guerrillas,
this country has maintained sub
stantial press freedom. There is no
censorship Of foreign correspond
ents' dispatches. Sometimes corre-
spondents who report things which
some government leaders dislike are
branded Communists" or enemies
of Greece" by officials. However,
no attempts are made to intimidate
the writers. Communist newspa-
pers are outlawed because the Com
munist Party itself is illegal. Other
newspapers are free except for the
usual libel restrictions. There has
been voluntary censorship during
the civil war for security reasons.
PORTUGAL-The government re-
ported recently to the United Ma
tions that it has kept censorship
within prudent and moderate lin
its" and is justified in exercising
supervision over articles on political
or social questions. Little is printed
that is unfavorable to the govern
ment.
SPAIN-There is an officially un-
announced responsibility censor
ship" whereby foreign correspond
ents are held responsible for their
writings. The domestic press is
rigidly controlled.
Evening star., 1948-12-19
Obsessed With Belief
His Land Will Be
AlI-Communist

Mao and his followers are perfect
examples Of the term. In Yenan
he lived in q one-story, three-room
house Of mud and straw. He
dressed as meanly as his peasant
|neighbors. There were no expen-
sive bullet-proof automobiles to
speed him to his destination.
Usually he walked through the
dusty streets, sometimes with q sin
gle hodyguard, often alone. At times
he rode in q creaking 1896 ambu-
lance fltted with hard wooden seats
and-lone concession to luxury
worn blue cotton curtains to keep
out the mountain sun.
Physically he seems almost tire
less. All-night conferences in freez-
ing rooms are commonplace. His
chief relaxation Is attendance at q
four-hour performance of the rau-
cous Chinese opera, usually given in
barnlike halls open to the chill
winds Of winter.
Although he is q modernist who
believes the status quo philosophy
Of Confucius holds back Chinas
development, he Is an accomplished
classical scholar. His poems In
classic Chinese, done with q bold
brush, often hang from the rafters
Of party meeting places.
Glorious Goal'-Communism
He talks little Of his personal life
Four times married, his present wife
Is former Shanghai movie star
who shares his simple way Of life
She Is a woman of admitted charm
who does not smoke or use rouge
lipstick or nail polish.
Macs first wife was bestowed on
him in the old manner by his father
He never recognized or lived with
her. His second was killed by one
of Chiang's generals. The third di-
vorced him and went to Russia
One Of his brothers was tortured to
death by the Nationalists.
Schooled in the doctrines of Marx,
Lenin and Stain, Mao speaks little
or no Russian. He has never gone
to Russia. To critics who say his
party is one of agrarian reform only
he retorts sharply:
Make no mistake about it. Ours
is party of communism. It must
and will be our glorious goal"
He maintains that the Commu-
nists, once in power, will deal equal
ly with Russia and the Western de-
mocracies in foreign affairs. Next to
the Kuomintang. he considers the
United States his chief enemy be-
cause OF American military aid to
Marking.
A fearless man, driven by convic-
ton, he probably would balk at no
measures which would insure sue
cess. A woman correspondent once
asked him If the Chinese Reds, once
in power would follow the same path
trod by Russia.
Don't worry" he said, every
thing will be all right"
Millions Of Chinese are wonder
ing.
distributed by the Associated Press.)
Evening star., 1948-12-19

lin the days Of the Japanees war
when he became the first to advo-
cate an all-out struggle with the
enemy. On the strength Of this
he was able to form q brief recon-
ciliation with the Kuomintang
forging the united front which
brought a period of success to Chi
nese arms. The freedom of action
he gained by this internal peace
gave him the chance, which he
seized, to win thousands of con-
verts among the students, profess
sors and working classes of the de-
pressed Chinese society.
A bold stroke at wars end gave
him nearly the whole of Man
churia-with an undeniable bit OF
aid from Russia, whose withdraw
ing troops left behind mounds OF
captured Japanese rifles.
When peace talks with the Kuo-
mintang, encouraged by Gen. Mar
shall, broke down in 1947, Mao and
his Communists vowed they would
not stop making war until Chang
Kai-shek's power was broken.
Sees China as Socialist State
Today, Macs mind is obsessed
with the belief that one day China
will be completely Communist. He
has no delusions Of grandeur. His
mental processes are deliberate
unruf1ed either by success or catas-
trophe. He Is constantly looking
into q future in which he sees
China as a socialist state whose
backbone is the peasant and whose
brain is industrial greatness.
If communism means sharing ths
hIlr6enS and r,ovey.fv of the y,ao,,1e
Evening star., 1948-12-19
A Shabby Conqueror Neors His Goal
Leader of Chino's Reds
An intellectual of
Peasant Stock

(John Roderick, author OF the
tollo1Ding personality sketch of
Mao Tse-tung, driDing force of
Communist China, liped NTH
Mao for many months in Yenan,
the Communist capital, and prob
ably is the best acquainted ,Dith
him of any American newspaper
man. Mr.. Roderick, an Associ-
ated Press correspondent, noao
stationed in the Middle East, tpds
assigned to Yenan in 1915 and
spent three years In China.)
Evening star., 1948-12-19

In Malaga, especially, the recent
Communist uprising has been al
most wholly Chinese, the native
Malays being either Indifferent or
hostile, effectively aiding the Brit
ish in tracking down the Red guer-
rilla bands. Much the same is
true Of Communist agitation In
Siam. That kingdom, which has
always been independent Of West
ern dominance, and therefore did
not need to develop q nationalistic
reaction against Western imperial
ism, has until recently led an en-
viably quiet and prosperous exist
ence, the native Siamese being easy
going and contented. Current un-
rest stems chiefly from resident
Chinese Communists, abetted by
Russian as well as Chinese agents,
the Soviet Union maintaining a
diplomatic and consufar staff out
Of all proportion to Russia's negli-
gible economic interests in the
country.
Have Wide Influence
If Communist activity has al
ready made such progress, it is
easy to imagine what will be the
result in Southeast Asia of a Com
munist triumph in China, with the
resident Chinese communities mar
shaled and directed as never be-
fore for the Communist cause.
Once the conservative Chinese have
been cajoled or browbeaten into
line, the ability of the Chinese
element to disrupt the economic life
OF these countries and thereby fos-
ter native unrest is something to
ponder. This Chinese economic grip
is, of course, strongest in Malaga,
but it is everywhere considerable.
In Siam the Chinese probably ham
die nine-tenths of the everyday
business of the country. In the
Philippines they control something
like so per cent of the retail trade.
In Burma and Indonesia they are
likewise economically prominent.
Nowhere in Southeast Asia are the
Chinese a negligible factor.
Such Is the general pattern in
contemporary Southeast Asia. 1t is
obviously in q confused and tram
sitional stage, with much depending
on the course of events. But the
likelihood of q Communist victory
in China is already having q pro-
found impact on the entire region.
And in whatever may happen there,
the resident Chinese element should
not be overlooked. It is an i'm
portant factor which could conceiv-
ably play a dominant role.