davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1948-05-11
Slipping, Says Houghton, After 68 Golf
Short Come Hit by No Procce Prince Georges Meet Leader Finds

partners, Mrs. c. T. Frownfelter,
who helped three shots for best
ball IS, and Mrs. o. L. Young and
Mrs. Burton Kintz, who helped on
two holes for Cos.
Romans and 21-year-old Mary
Anne Downey, low scorer for the
women with a rs, also posted q
best-ball 6 and Romans and Mrs.
j. g. Frey had a 81 to tie the host
team of Bobby Bowers and Mrs.
John Long and Hugh Mcclellan and
Mrs. H. w. Rowan Of Army Chem
ical Center at Aberdeen at the
81 score.
Other prizes in the pro sweep
stakes went to Ralph Beach, Balti-
more Open champ, who matched
par figures with 10: Bowers. the
MAPGA assistant pro titlist. and
Severn White. Beach's assistant, at
II, and Charles Bassler of Rolling
Road at 72.
A near-record field Of 81 pros
turned out and most will be on
hand Friday when Bob Williams is
lost at an MAPGA pro-amateur at
the Naval Academy Club. The An
napolis course is rated the toughest
in this section and nobody ever has
broken 70-including Houghton.
Evening star., 1948-05-11
}. c. Bow on Net Team

MIDDLETOWN, Conn, May II
(SpeciaD Maurice E. Cowan OF
Washington, D. c.. is one of the top
players on the Wesleyan University
tennis team here.
Evening star., 1948-05-11
SOUTHERN ASSOCIATION.

Mobile. IL: Atlanta, 6.
Nashville. 10; Memphis, 4.
New Orleans, 8; Birmingham. y.
Chattanooga, IL; Little Rock, 2.
Montana farmer-stockman., 1948-05-15
State Lad Wins $1,000
GTA Scholarship

HAROLD w. REHMER, 10 son of
Mr.. and Mrs. Arthur Rehmer of
Plentywood, has been awarded a
four-year scholarship to the Val
paraiso university by the Farmers
Union Grain Terminal association,
according to M. w. Thatcher, general
manager.
Rehmer is one of five youths in
the nation to be awarded the annual
scholarship with the $4,000 grant
and will enter the university this
fall. He is a member of the Farmers
Union, and his parents operate a
small diversified farm, with wheat
as the main crop, in Sheridan
county.
Montana farmer-stockman., 1948-05-15
Production Doubled
2,4-D Range Treatment Kills Brush

is a complete waste of money, labor
and materials"
Precautions recommended include
close attention to the weather re-
ports, as rain within 8 to IL hours
may nullify or reduce the effective
ness of the treatment. Operators are
also warned to be careful about
2,4-D drifting in high winds, as Sc
we're damage can result to adjoining
fields of alfalfa, sweet clover, cot
tonwood and many other plants and
trees. Prolonged personal exposure
to 2,4-D liquid or fumes should be
avoided. All traces of the chemical
must be removed from spray equip
ment before using it for any other
purpose.
Some Oklahoma airplane spray
ing companies are contracting with
stockmen to have the homemade
solution of acid, sodium carbonate,
water and Diesel oil furnished,
mixed and applied at a total cost
of So an acre, exclusive of flagmen.
Mechanical Treatment
Results of mechanical treatments
for cutting down brush, while not
as good as those with 2,4-D, have
been successful enough to warrant
the expense. Ordinary heavy-duty
power-takeoff mowers equipped
with snub-nosed guards for heavy
brush or rock guards for medium
heavy brush, have been effective in
cutting most types of brush when
operated in low gear the first year
and in ordinary gear but the oppo-
site direction the second year.
Sagebrush was controlled to best
advantage by moving it in June for
two successive years and keeping
livestock off the range from June to
fall of those years. These treat
ments eradicated many of the sage
brush plants, reduced the vigor of
the remaining shrubs, controlled
many of the weeds and greatly inn
proved the vigor, density and pro-
duction of the range grasses.
The advantages in cattle gains the
first two winters following the sum-
mers of moving and grazing defer
ment were enough to defray the cost
of the treatments. The actual in
creases due to moving ranged from
As to 48 head of cattle in carrying
capacity per section, 20 to AZ pounds
in gain per head, and 80 to 38
pounds in gain per acre, depending
on whether the pastures were grazed
during the growing season or on a
year-long basis.
The spray treatment was much
cheaper, faster and more effective
than moving and range improve
ment may be expected to exceed
that from moving. The spray treat
ments had no i'll effect on the grass.
es or livestock and in every com.
parison sprayed areas produced
fully twice as much grass as non,
sprayed.
3
Montana farmer-stockman., 1948-05-15

TWICE AS MUCH GRASS grew
on 1900 acres of Oklahoma range
after it was airplane sprayed with
2,4-D for brush and weed control in
recent tests. The advantages in grass
improvement through the control of
weeds alone paid for the cost of
treatment the first year. Successful
mechanical treatments of brush, par
ticularly by moving, are also re-
lated in the report, Mechanical
and Chemical Control of Range
Brush and Weeds by the U. S.
southern great plains field station,
Woodward, Okla.
Excellent results in the control of
s~agebrush, skunkbush, s andplum
and many range weeds were APP
parent in preliminary tests with
2,4-D made in 1916 and were further
strengthened by extensive use last
year. All commercial Foundations
of 2,4-D gave satisfactory control
when used at the rate of / pound
of pure acid equivalent per acre,
in volume sufficient to insure COM
plete coverage. Three gallons of an
ester solution and 5 gallons of a salt
solution were found to be the mini
mum rates.
Montana farmer-stockman., 1948-05-15
Inexpensive Solution

An inexpensive homemade solu-
ton of 2,4-D was found to be
of the most effective treatments in
last years tests. 1t consisted of ap-
plying the following materials with
an airplane at the rate of 5 gallons
per acre:
A solution of one pound of pure
(98 percent 2,4-D) acid, e pound of
sodium carbonate and 4 gallons of
water all in an emulsion with l gall
lon of Diesel oil. The formula is
prepared by dissolving the acid and
sodium carbonate in the water by
vigorous agitation in a mixing tank.
The sodium carbonate is needed to
get the acid in solution. Further
agitation is needed in the mixing
tank and in the airplane tank only
to keep the Diesel oil in emulsion.
The Diesel oil reduces the volume of
water required, keeps the spray
from ev~aporating and landing as a
dust, and aids in distribution on TO-
liage.
Montana farmer-stockman., 1948-05-15
Airplane Spraying

Airplane spraying was found to
be the best method for large scale
application on rangelands. The
planes most suited were biplanes
equipped with tanks, pump, me-
chanical agitator underlying boom
and nozzles. Planes should fly as
low as possible, crosswind and at
intervals of 80 to so feet depend
ing on the wind velocity. Flagmen
are necessary to mark the course of
the plane across the range. One
plane can cover up to 1000 acres a
day.
Ground spraying presents Difficult
ties due to breakage of equipment
on the bouncing prairies. Another
problem is for the operator to find
some way to tell where he has been
or where he is going. Because of
the short range of vision on rolling
rangeland, flagmen are of little use
besides running up the cost. De-
spite the difficulties in using ground
sprayers, they have advantages for
small areas, or for spraying ear
crops susceptible to injury from
2,4-D.
Timing Important
Time of treatment is extremely
important. The spraying should be
done as soon as the plants are well
leafed out and growing actively.
The writers of the paper emphasized
that, Spraying at the wrong time
Evening star., 1948-10-24
By Lothrop Stoddord

the annual maneuverS OF the
Turkish armed forces, held recently,
had a distinctly new look" This
was due to welcome supplements OF
semiobsolete equipment by 'up-to-
date materiel furnished Turkey un-
der the $100, ,o0o,O00 American aid
program, avowedly to bolster Turk
ish ability to resist possible aggres-
sion.
The unspecified aggressor is no
hypothetical foe. It is Soviet Russia.
For more than two years, Moscow
has been waging a "cold war"
against Turkey, seeking to compel,
by diplomatic pressure, acceptance
of an agreement" which would con-
vert that country into a helpless
satellite Of the Soviet bloc.
Russia's Foe for Centuries
Such pressure tactics by Moscow
are standard Soviet procedure.
They have been, and are being ap-
piled against many lands, from
Western Europe to the Far East.
and often with a varying measure
Of success. But perhaps nowhere
else have they so egregiously failed
as against Turkey. Here, Moscow
diplomacy has come up against a
rock Of opposition-that of a people
united in q grim determination to
defend its independence. integrity
and way Of life at any and all
costs. In Turkey there Is no fifth
column" because there are virtually
no Communists. In Turkish eyes,
communism is q Russian Trojan
horse. ss-f.
And for all Turks, Russia is the
hereditary enemy who has warred
upon them and sought their destruc-
ton for at least two centuries. The
Turk knows in his very bones that,
with Russia, whether Czarist or So
Wet, there can be no compromise;
that "appeasement" would be the
prelude to subjugation. So the Turk
Is prepared to stand his ground; to
die in his tracks rather than re-
treat or capitulate.
For Turkey, Moscow's cold war
has been a costly business. 1t has
compelled the country to remain
constantly on a war footing, with
some $4,000 men under the colors.
That is a heavy drain for q land
Evening star., 1948-10-24
By WiIIiom A. MiIIen

The United States, which produces
more steel than all the rest Of the
world put together, has set its sights
high this year and expects to turn
out 100000 tons of ingots and
castings to meet unprecedented de-
mands.
This is some 100000 more tons
than came from the furnaces and
foundries last year. But this still
will be behind the peak year Of 1914
when 100000 net tons Of ingots
and castings were created in this
country, under the whip and spur
Of war.
Americas steel production Is up
nearly a third from prewar years.
In 1910, only $4,000, 900 net tons of
ingots were produced.
Of11cials say that Russia, which
produced only $4,000, 900 net tons Of
steel in 1912, upped its production
to 100000 in 1946. There are no
1947 figures available. But Wash
ington authorities in a position to
know, say that Russia has materially
increased her steel production since
the war. l.
l8 Major Customers
For peaceful pursuits, there are
18 top steel consumers in this coun-
try. These are: Passenger auto
mobiles, trucks, freight cars, passen-
ger cars, locomotives, rails. rail fas-
Jennings, railroad frogs and switches,
mechanical refrigerators, washing
machines, kitchen ranges, farm ma
chinery and equipment, ships and
ship repairs, steel barrels, other con-
tainers, machinery and tools, oil, gas
and mining and construction.
It has been said that America Is
built on steel, But now the demand
has become global The European
Recovery program, national defense
and fuel and transportation, as well
as atomic energy projects and hous-
ing are major customers.
While IT is not generally realized,
about half Of the new steel pro-
duced annually comes from scrap.
Aware of the dire need for scrap,
Secretary Of Commerce Charles
Sawyer has spurred an industrial
drive to expedite the flow of scrap
from both foreign and domestic
sources.
Alex Miller, chief Of the Once Of
Evening star., 1948-10-24
Steel Industry Raises Its Output Coal
To Reduce Product andP Demand

the long run the United States must
look to the United States for scrap"
Mr.. Miller points out Germany is
now producing about f1ve-and-a-half
million tons Of steel this year. This
compares with its 1914 output Of
10000 900 net tons Of ingots.
In 1914 the United Kingdom pro-
duced 100000 net tons of ingots
and Russia 15,ooo,o0O In that year,
world production was 154.oo0,ooo
tons, the United States produced
SO, ,000, 900 tons and the rest Of the
world only 65,000,0 tons.
Ores Are Diminishing
Mr.. Miller points out that supplies
Of high-grade ores in the United
States are diminishing. The steel
industry is working feverishly to
find ways and means to use the
low-grade ores an dremove impur-
tiles at the mines and avoid ship
ping waste materials to mills. It
takes approximately two tons Of iron
ore to make one ton Of pig iron.
Coke and limestone are used in the
final process to make finished steel.
The industry, faced with a dwin-
ding supply Of desirable iron ore, is
seeking to develop additional re-
serves and construct new ore-proces-
sing facilities. The possibilities Of
securing more foreign ore is being
Investigated. Labrador, with its
sizeable high-grade deposits, offers
hope. Under consideration is con-
struction Of a connecting railroad
from the Labrador fields to the st.
Lawrence River, where ore would be
trans-shipped to the United States.
Development Of deposits in Chile,
Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela is
projected.
The American Iron and Steel In
stitute, says that In the near future
a capacity year will call for 112,ooo,-
600 gross tons of ore The institute
recalls that even during the war, the
all-time ore production peak Of 1942
was 105, $4,000 tons.
The institute declares taxable re-
serves of commercial ore in the Lake
Superior region have been estimated
at 1,l50, ,Ooo, 900 gross tons. In 1s47.
some 5000, 900 gross tons Of ore were
brought in-mostly from Canada,
Chile and Sweden. q relatively small
amount.
Evening star., 1948-10-24

going at maximum production since
1941, Mr.. Miller points out. There
has been no chance to build up and
inventories are now very low. Be-
cause of the current high prices,
scrap dealers can not afford to hold
1T. The scrap dealers sell more scrap
than they own to protect themselves
against a price drop and to meet
demand.
During World War II, America
poured forth steel and iron literally
in the combat. In normal years,
only about 6 per cent of steel was
exported by the United States.
Mr.. Miller says that $4,000, 900
tons of steel and steel products were
exported during the war. This po-
tential scrap has been written of as
lost, for the most part. For some OF
1t lies at the bottom of the ocean.
Some of it Is buried in the jungles
Of the Pacific.
In Europe, some Of it will be sal
vaged and a fraction is expected to
find its way back to the United
States.
| Officials say the scrap can best be
supplied to the steel mills and
foundries that need it through the
normal channels of the trade-the
local scrap dealers who are equip
Iped to prepare it and ship it prompt
ly to consumers.
MIR. Miller quoted industry figures
that in 1947 America consumed 26,-
100000 gross tons Of purchased
scrap-more than 2,O00, 900 tons over
that consumed in any war year.
This year we are melting at the
even greater rate of 10000, 900 tons
Of purchased scrap" he added.
Not Enough in Germany
It has been estimated that there
may be as much as $4,000, 900 tons
OF scrap in Western Germany.
But European Cooperation Ad-
ministrative Paul G. Hoffman
warned recent meeting of trade
association executives at the Com
merce Department: "The United
States must not put too much re-
lance upon European scrap. If the
most favorable result is achieved,
European scrap would represent
only q small fraction Of what is
needed, and Of course the supply
will be exhausted all too soon. Over
Evening star., 1948-10-24

has been a lure of empire, possessed
and coveted by many conquerors.
The decrepit Ottoman Empire
took its final death-plunge when it
entered World War I in 1914 on
the side of the Central Powers,
Germany and Austria Hungary.
From that holocaust, the Ottoman
Empire emerged not only beaten
and bankrupt but condemned to
virtual extinction by the victorious
Allies. g.
Mustapha KeMal and his COL
leagues had no illusions. They real
lied that the Ottoman Empire was
finished. Indeed, they had no wish
to revive it. What they were after
was a truly Turkish nation-state,
run on modern lines.
Their aim was the complete trans
formation of the Turkish people.
And in this ambitious project they
substantially succeeded. Turkey was
radically westernized. The cum
brous Arabic script was replaced by
the Latin alphabet and numerals.
Oriental dress was forbidden. The
grip Of Islamic fanaticism was
broken. A code of law on the Swiss
model was set up. The foundations
of parliamentary government were
laid, even though, for the time, an
authoritarian party government did
the ruling.
Perhaps no other people would
have undergone so thoroughgoing q
change in their national life with SO
little opposition. This is due pri-
marily to the fact that the Turks
have always been q people with a
high sense Of discipline and innate
sense Of solidarity.
Mobilization Costly
Progress has not been as rapid as
hoped. But 1t should be realized
that the Turkish Republic started
with nothing except a half-ruined
country and the heavy legacy Of its
bankrupt Ottoman predecessor. 1t
has had to make its own way, with
almost no help from abroad. Even
so, much has been done, especially
in education, public health and the
betterment of agriculture. Far more
would have been accomplished If
Turkeys modest resources could
have been devoted wholly to internal
improvement.
Unfortunately, Turkey had to look
Evening star., 1948-10-24

to its defenses, especially after the
rise Of Hitler's Germany in 1888,
which portended another stormy era
in international affairs. One thing
the Turkish leaders were determined
on-they would not be drawn into
another world war il it could pos
sibly be avoided. And in this they
succeeded. Turkey stayed neutral in
World War II, though at a heavy
price of constant mobilization. The
Allied victory was momentarily
hailed by the Turks as the beginning
of happy era. But then arose the
shadow of Soviet aggression and the
start Of that cold war" which again
forced the Turks to 60 on full war
footing, straining their slender econ
omy almost to the breaking point.
The decision Of our Government to
give them military aid . year ago
came in the nick Of time.
Make Good Use of Aid
The Turks are making good use
of that American aid. Their army
is now at least partly mechanical.
Their air force is no longer q joke.
Their navy possesses several Of our
former submarines to give pause to
possible Russian descent on their
Black Sea coast. Their communica-
tiolls system is being improved by
American road-building and railway
equipment, while their harbors are
being bettered by American methods.
Turkey has likewise been cut into
the ERP program, though as yet to
only q modest extent. The Turks
hope to get more for economic re-
habilitation.
Such is Turkey today, q Ngilant
and dependable bastion against
Soviet and Communist expansion.
The Turkish Republic remains
what it has been from the start-a
satisfied" nation, coveting nothing
from its neighbors, desiring only to
be left In peace to cultivate its own
garden and enjoy the fruits Of its
own efforts. But for those hoons
the Turks are willing to fight liter
ally to the death, and they rank
among the worlds best fighting men.
So they now say to us, in paraphrase
of winston Churchill's famous line,
what amounts to a Give us the tools
and we'll do q good job"
Evening star., 1948-10-24

taken as a guide Communist armies
now have the capacity to strike de-
structively against any Nationalist
troops they choose.
Nationalist armies are still supe-
rior in numbers and equipment out
side Of Manchuria. The Nationalist
also have the only air force in China.
The fact that troubles foreign and
Evening star., 1948-10-24

Industry Cooperation, Commerce
Department, a Midwestern business
man who has come to Washington
to help get scrap, put it this way:
I'VE want to get sufficient scrap so
all the steel mills and foundries can
operate at full capacity this winter.
This year 100000 more tons OF
purchase scrap will be consumed
than ever before because Of in
creased capacities and production
If the scrap can be made available.
BY the end of 1948 our ingot capac-
ity will be increased by over a mil
lion tons and by the end of 1949 by
another million tons. This all
means more scrap will be needed.
BY the end of 194S, blast furnace
capacity will be increased by over
100000 tons.
IF we should ever have to launch
q defense program again, and we
hope never, we will need no less
than 1000 900 tons of scrap to pro-
duce steel that will be necessary to
fill the pipe line in order to start
full production for such a program.
We should be thinking Of creating
such an inventory now"
Where does America expect to get
this needed scrap? Some of it will
come from industry as the result
Of fabricating and machining, to be
remelted to make additional steel
and castings. The bulk of 1t will be
found in industrial America, where
things that have grown too old for
further use will be utilized. About
half Of the scrap comes from the
mills themselves-the other half is
purchased in the open market.
Household Source Gone
Scrap will come from the old rail-
road cars and tracks, the ships that
have served their day, wrecked
buildings, obsolete automobiles and
trucks, farm equipment no longer
serviceable, old industrial machinery
and the odds and ends that find
their way into the dealers yards.
Householders will not be asked to
aid in this drive. Mr.. Miller esti-
mates that about 100000 gross
tons of scrap were secured during
the war drives for scrap in house-to-
house collections. He says this
source was about cleaned up during
the war.
Americas steel plants have been
Evening star., 1948-10-24
Industries Improve
BrOun
Continued From Page C-1)

problems are more easily under
stood by the masses than in the
United States
Thus, those who fear a prolonged
tug Of war between the Western
Allies and the U. 8. s. r. say the
foundations for eventual with
drawal would be laid in time, and
if 1t be necessary we decide to
make the move, the shock would
be greatly cushioned.
There Is no doubt that Moscow
would. shout victory" if we decide
to take such a step, which logically
can be explained as increasing our
strength in Western Germany.
Their shouts will be less effective,
however, than if we had to an
nounce suddenly and without prior
preparation that, because of tech
nical conditions" we had decided to
pull back to the western zones the
seven American, British and French
combat battalions now in Berlin,
together with the constabulary and
the thousands of military govern
ment officials and their families.
Long.Range Viewpoint
OF course, it is admitted that the
fate of the 100000 Berliners who
would be left to the tender mercies
Of the Russians and their German
stooges in the eastern zone Is q
matter Of worry for us. The evacua-
ton of all these people would be q
physical impossibility, not only be-
cause Of the lack Of transport for
such a great number Of men, women
and children, but also because there
is no room anywhere in Western
Germany for them.
Those who have been actively en-
gagged in support the western gov
ernments could be taken out in time
II we abandon Berlin. Their num-
Der would not exceed 100000, whose
re-establishment in the west would
offer only q relatively small prob
lem.
But the main thing is that at the
present time, while our political
leaders cry that they shall not
pass" more practical but less vocif-
erous officials are seriously think
ing of the difficult position which
will confront us before next sum-
mer, II the present war of nerves
does not become a shooting war and
If the United Nations cannot find
an adequate solution.
In off-the-record talks these off,
cials say that we can maintain the
airlift and our present precarious
position in Berlin for several months
more. But eventually, If the dead
lock continues, we shall have to
think In terms Of o graceful with
drswai.