davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1947-11-09

speak in homely language, often in
slang, and to tell frequent stories
with an American flavor.
When Edward R. Stettinius, jr,,
was made Secretary Of State, Mr..
Bohlen was named liaison officer
with the White House. There had
never been any such office. Before
that great deal that went on In
the White House on the foreign
affairs level the State Department
heard about only by accident If at
all 1t was a key position. Mr.. Bohlen
had an Office in the White House
next to the highly secret map room.
When Vice President Truman
took over on President Roosevelt's
death, one of the first persons he
summoned when he began to look
into the foreign affairs tangle was
Mr.. Bohlen. The latter was, for
tunately, q mine of information.
Mr.. Bohlen has a memory that is in
some respects Photographic or, more
accurately, photographic, and he
was able to give the new Chief Exec
utive a complete fill-in on all the
conversations that had taken place
with Stain.
Accompanied Hopkins
The fact of his having participated
in these vital conversations would
alone have made him invaluable.
Added to this was his detailed
knowledge of Russian history and
his f1rst-hand study of the changes
that had taken place within the
Soviet Union since 1888. Out of his
long service in Moscow has come
an understanding of the personal
tiles who make Soviet policy. Mr..
Bohlen has a keen perception of
people and with it lusty sense of
humor. After several conversations
with the. State Departments Rus
sian expert, President Truman is
said to have exclaimed:
"Well, thank God, we've got some
one like Chip Bohlen around here"
AS our relations with the U. S. S. r.
grew more snarled and the hope Of
implementing the Yalta agreement
on Poland grew DINNER, President
T7~,,y,oov, rna1i1n1 that Soyoo rOcifixa
step was necessary to try to clear
the way for the Berlin meeting.
From both countries sullen and
ominous mutterings were coming.
The President finally asked Harry
Hopkins to go to Moscow to try to
resolve the Polish issue In series
Of talks with Stain.
Despite his uncertain health, Mr..
Evening star., 1947-11-09

fessions of guilt coming from sea-
soned old Bolsheviks, were hard for
a westerner to understand.
Mr.. Bohlen had begun to acquire
considerable perspective on the
Soviet Union. He could see trouble
ahead with the western powers. The
bombshell of the nonaggression
pact signed by Stain ana Ribben-
trop in August of 1899 was not
nearly so much of surprise to vet
erans In our Embassy as 1t was to
the outside world.
To Moscow With Hull
For a short time, beginning in
1898. the Bohlens were together in
Moscow. Then with the war engulf-
ing all of Europe they were sep
arated. In the fall Of 1910 Mrs.
Bohlen returned to this country
and Chip took the Trans-Siberian
Railway for the two week journey
to Vladivostok and thence to Tokyo.
From November 20, 1910, to Pearl
Harbor he was second secretary
under Ambassador Joseph G. Grew.
There followed the long boredom of
internment in the Embassy and then
home on the Gripsholm after the
formal exchange at Lourenco
Marques in Portuguese West Africa.
Back in Washington, Mr.. Bohlen
was assigned to the State Depart
ment. Foreign service officers like
assignments to the department. It
means renewing old ties. Often it
comes as a reward for exceptional
work. Mr.. Bohlen was put in charge
of the Russian desk, an extremely
important post. And he began the
series of journeys, as interpreter
extraordinary, that have taken him
by air repeatedly to far places.
After Teheran he went to Moscow
with Cordeu Hull. In early 1945 came
the Yalta Conference. That was not
a happy occasion. The ailing Presi-
dent was compelled to make con-
cessions that upset some Of his most
cherished plans.
Liaison With White House
As at previous meetings, Mr..
Bohlen's work did not end when the
formal conferences were concluded
In fact, the most difficult task of
Interpretation began when every one
else relaxed at the banquets. Then
vodka and champagne flowed as
toast after toast was proposed and
each toast had to be interpreted
back and forth. Mr. Bohlen found
that Harry L. Hopkins was the most
difficult member of the party to
interpret for, since he tended to
Evening star., 1947-11-09

PEIPING.-People who met Alex
ander Semenovich Panyushkin, re-
Gently appointed Soviet Ambassador
to the United States, in Chungkine
during his ambassadorship there
found him quiet reserved man
with sad-looking, thoughtful eyes.
Foreign officials who knew him
then welcomed his new appointment
although they all confessed 1t took
them by surprise.
(The brief biographies issued by
Moscow tell little about the back
ground ofsthe diplomat beyond the
fact that he is graduate Of the
military academy in Moscow, and
received-apparently in recognition
of his service as Ambassador to
Chungking-the Order of Lenin.
IMild.Mannered, Unassuming
(Panyushkin has been concerned
with Far Eastern affairs for many
years and before becoming Ambassa-
dor to China was Soviet plenipo-
tentiary in connection with the 1898
commercial treaty between the U. s
s. r. and China, by which Russia
furnished Soviet goods to nation
then engaged in war with the 5apa-
nese)
His associates in Chungking were
impressed by the fact that 42-year-
old Panyushkin was no stern-faced
fire-eater but a mild-mannered, un-
assuming man with quiet and, II
anything, engaging rather than
abrasive, personality.
Although more sociable than some
Of his Soviet predecessors with for
eigners, he was still surrounded by
that personal iron curtain so COM
mon to Soviet diplomats Of all
grades and ages.
His stewardship of the Soviet En-
bassy in Chungking stretched from
the middle Of 1899 to the end OF
1914 when q particularly trouble
some ulcer forced him to 60 home
for medical treatment-and relative
oblivion In the commissariat for
foreign affairs.
Evening star., 1947-11-09
Brandt
=
Continued From Page C-l)

think they would have difficulty In
getting enough men on this job even
at present wages.
Neither the Ministry Of Fuel nor
the Coal Board has found the way
to make the miners individually
feel the urgency of the nations
economic plight. This urgency Is
known in the higher circles of all
parties. AS the London Times re-
Gently said:
"It is lack Of coal that holds back
home manufacture. It s lack Of
coal that hobbies the drive for
experts. It is lack Of coal that ham,
strings participation in the work Of
European construction put in hand
in the recent conference in Paris,
and it is lack Of coal that, for all
these reasons, is most likely to ruin
the Labor government"
But even the Thunderer Gondon
Tines did not have the answer Of
how to get more miners to work
harder and longer. There is an in.
divtdual, personal and family angle
that has been ignored by those who
do not know how the miners work
and live. In the United States,
higher wages, which mean a higher.
standard Of living, are the answer.
The British miners may get q few
dollars q week higher wages but
their standard Of living under pres-
ent pressures is not likely to rise In
proportion. As one high govern
ment ofi1cial said:
Mining In the old days was done
by slave labor. We still have q long
way to 60 before we can make It
q decent way Of life"
The record under private owner.
ship was demonstrably bad. Ma.
tionalization is improving condi-
tons. Unfortunately this effort k
coming when the nation needs coal
as never before. The miners, re-.
membering the old days, are not
responding to the carrot of present
promise as effectively as they did
to the old relentless whip of starva-
ton. Some new promise or soma
new spur Is needed and needed now.
St. Louis Post-Dispstch.5
Evening star., 1947-11-09

them all the military aid which they
now deny they are giving the
rebels?"
The Greek government Is shaky.
The army is not fighting with the
zeal expected from 1t. The reason
is not so much war fatigue as 1t Is
their belief that dollars alone win
not defeat the Soviet satellites.
Most people in Greece worry about
what will happen to them. Army
officers, soldiers and government Of
ficials know only too well what hap
pens in a police state to those who
oppose subjugation Of the country
to Russia. The best fate Is. the
firing squad or the hangman's moose.
The worst is forced labor In Siberia.
So long as the Greeks see no possi-
bility of American armed interven-
ton they wonder whether 1t Is safe
to 60 all out in opposing the Com
munistS.
The signal for overt assistance
to Gen. Markos Viiades, the guer-
rilla chieftain, will be recognition
of his government by Greece's
northern neighbors. Premier The
mistokles Sophoulis is frankly ask
ing the American Government what
1t will do in that case. In view
of our lack of definite plans for
an emergency, the answer Is always
the same: The matter will be
placed Immediately before the Sc
curity Council"
And If the U. S. S. r. continues to
veto all discussion Of the problem.
and all measures pursuant to the
U. N. Charter? American diplomats
have a standard answer: I'VE shall
cross that bridge when we come to
it. Until then it Is essential that
we never lose faith in the efficacy
of the U. N. We shall fight in the
Security Council. We shall fight
In the General Assembly. We shall
mobilize public opinion Of the whole
civilized world and we must sue
ceed by peaceful means"
Italy's Position Similar
The Greeks, who were members Of
the defunct League of Nations, re-
member this phraseology only too
well. And they politely warn that
words never stopped a dictator.
Greece's position today is far moro
dangerous than 1t was before the
last war. She has become q strate-
gic must" for the Russians because
Of her position in the Eastern Medi-
terranean.
King Paul and his family, the
members Of the Greek government,
some parliamentarians and some
generals who are willing to fight 1t
out can always escape from Greece
to Egypt or the United States. But
the rank and file of army officers,
who are in less fortunate position,
are concerned for their necks and
fight the guerrillas with little en-
thusiasm.
1taly's position Is not much differ
ent from that of Greece, except that
the fighting has not yet started
there. The Italians, too, look to the
United States for support If they
are to oppose the physical penetra-
ton Of the Reds. Marshal Tito Of
Yugoslavia has some 100000 men
ready to support Palmiro Togliatti,
the italian Communist leader.
Italy has no army worthy Of the
name.
Washington Is keenly aware Of
the situation In these vital spots,
but for the time being the Truman
administration is not in a position
to devise any positive plan for meet
ing the situation In the event Of
Soviet aggression. Right now prep
aration and implementation Of the
European recovery program Is oc-
cupying the minds Of the principal
trainers of ollr foreign policy.
Evening star., 1947-11-09
Influenced 500 Companies

Standard isn't very happy yet
about its connections. The day
after the "A Farben executives were
indicted last May, Standards chair
man, F.. w. Abrams, wired Robert P.
Patterson, then Secretary of War.
During the entire period Of our
business contacts" Abrams said, I'VE
had no inkling of Farben's conniv-
ing In Hitler's brutal policies"
Abrams offered "any help We can
give to see that complete truth is
brought to light, and that rigid
justice is done"
Rigid justice" must have caused
a shudder in the Farben ranks. The
Secretary of War, however, didn't
think that Standards aid would be
required.
Farben, like any business Of It's
size, had sales agencies, cartel agree
ments, and even actual shares in
concerns all over the world.
Captured records show Farben
financial influence in more than 500
foreign companies, including IS in
the United States.
But it is neither the having of
them nor their individual malfeas-
ances with which the leading Farben
officials are accused.
The charge is a much more sweep
ing one. The prosecution contends,
and has introduced tons of docu-
ments to support its case, that the
whole gigantic complex was con-
sciously and deliberately nodded
into a weapon Of war.
Copyright, 1947. Chicago Daily News.)
Evening star., 1947-11-09

muLlSt FAICleS III 1tdly hIlu rIdIlCc.
Six Sensitive Areas
There are six highly sensitive
areas in the world today: Austria,
Italy, Greece, Turkey, Iran and
China. These countries are con-
sidered especially dangerous because
Of the proximity Of large Soviet or
satellite armies on their borders.
Although little has appeared in
the daily press about the Austrian
situation to show its explosive ma
ture, recent reports received In
Washington make 1t clear that q
Communist coup In the Soviet zone
is highly probable. The Russians
have about 10000 men and 800
planes in Austria. The American,
British and French forces in the
rest OF the country total less than
half that.
In the last few weeks the Austrian
government, stubbornly non-Com-
munist, has communicated to the
Western Allies certain facts which
lead to the suspicion that Russia
will establish a friendly" govern
ment there in the next few weeks.
Our military men are considerably
worried over the possibility Of q
fragrant violation Of our wartime
agreements by Russia. The State
Department takes q less serious
view. II the matter arises, the de-
partment says 1t will be referred at
once to the United Nations and
Russia viii bear the stigma Of ag-
gression In world opinion.
The situation In Greece Is even
more dangerous. We are on record
and committed not to permit any
infringement Of that country's ter
ritorial integrity, and are spending
$500, 100000 to improve Greece's
Army and national economy. Greek
representatives at the U. N. and In
Washington have put the S64 ques-
ton to the State Department:
What will the United States do
II In the next few weeks Bulgaria.
Yugoslavia, Albania and possibly
Russia decide to recognize the Greek
as the national government
Of Greece and officially extend to
Evening star., 1947-11-09

service in Moscow. All this was
preparation for the moment when
President Roosevelt asked Mr.
Bohlen to accompany him to Te-
heran and act as his official inter-
prefer in the conversations with
Stain. Mr.. Bohlen confessed after
ward that he left with sinking
sensation in the pit of his stomach.
1t was one thing to talk with ac-
quaintances in difficult foreign
language. 1t was quite another to
be responsible for the views ex-
changed by two world leaders at a
critical moment in history.
Married Roommate's Sister
While he was second secretary in
the Embassy at Moscow in 1887, Mr.
Bohlen shared q room with a young
vice consul, Charles w. Thayer Of
Philadelphia, who was also special
ist in Russian. Mr.. Thayer's attrac-
tive young sister Avis went to Mos
COW for a visit. Mr.. Bohlen fell in
love with her and they were married
when he returned to this country
some months later.
That was at the time Of the
famous purge trials. One Of Mr.
Bohlen's duties was to accompany
Ambassador Joseph E. Davies to
the courtroom each day and inter-
pref the proceedings, since Mr.. Da-
vies understood not Q word of Rus
sian. This was no easy assignment.
Quite apart from the language bar
bier, the trials, with passionate con-
Evening star., 1947-11-09
THE SUNDAY STAR, Washington, D. C..
SUNDAY NOVEMBER 9,
New Communist COupS
FearedBrewing in Europe
Austria Believes Reds Will Set Up Friendly
Regime There, and Greece Is Worried
About the Guerrillas' Backing
By Constantine Brown

Of alert Is
intelligence services
hencefo committed to
another world domination
which that
Evening star., 1947-11-09
Farben Made Happy Fools
Of Its American Partners
Documents Dealing With German Company's
Rubber Experiments Show How y. S.
Was Tricked on Synthetics
By David M. Nichol

NUREMBERG than after the war began
IN Europe the awoke the fact that 1t had
supplies which the Japanese couldn't cut on IN moment
they later did
White House the wake OF this
settled agreed that 18 months
Evening star., 1947-11-09

organized opposition would be raised
to the mad Nazi plans, has disap-
peared. Russia's military power in
Europe cannot be challenged by any
Of the European countries, which
have no opportunity to re-establish
their war-torn economic and social
structures.
The Official Attitude
Every report reaching Washington
Indicates that Russia's troop move
ments and dispositions are such
that she can strike at a moments
notice. Meanwhile, the United
States, which is more target fol
Russia today than Britain and
France were for Hitler in 1889, ad.
mittedly has no definite nationa,
policy.
Top-ranking officials in the De-
partment OF Defense are fully aware
that Russia may start a march
toward the Channel and toward the
rich oil fields in the Middle East
But, because of the administration
domestic policies, the American peo-
pie are poorly informed about the
overall situation. Any sense Of the
dangers which may confront us
arises from the intuitions of the
people, who believed on VI day
that they had finished fighting for
long time.
The State Department still be-
Iieves that formulas can be devised
to prevent a head-on clash with the
U. S. S. r. The latest device Is the
European recovery program-the So
called Marshall plan. The recent
elections In Western Europe proved
conclusively that the rank and file
Of the people reject communism and
all that 1t stands for. They have
greatly encouraged our officials in
the belief that the sooner the Eu-
ropean recovery program is put
into effect the quicker will the
present crisis be alleviated. The
policy trainers in the State Depart
ment are convinced that most Of
the Western European problems
will be solved eventually If enough
American aid is sent to start the
wheels of production in Western
Europe turning again.
Marshall Plan Not Cure-All
For six long years former secre-
tary Of State Hull believed that
reciprocal trade agreements with all
the nations in the world was cure
all for the political ills which finally
brought on World War II.
There is no question that Ameri-
can support can and will help the
Western Europeans to maintain the
old democratic form of government
with some notifications. But the
official spokesman for these coun-
tries admit that money and food
will not be sufficient to preserve
the territorial integrity and sover-
eighty of their countries.
They told our Investigators ex-
actly what has been known for a
long time, namely, that Moscow's
followers have never succeeded In
winning an election by fair means.
They come to power by the same
methods Stain, Hitler and Musso-
lini used. that is to say, coercion
through military threat with the
assistance of a ruthless state police
These foreign spokesmen let 1t be
understood that unless the United
States Is prepared to act promptly
If and when the U. s. S. r. starts its
march toward the Channel, the
Marshall plan will be little more
than a palliative, the ultimate Sue
cess of which is questionable.
This thought has made little i'm
preston 80 far on the State Depart
Evening star., 1947-07-27
A Soldiers S Diary
From Two lima
THE. ASSAULT

THE ASSAULT
BY Allen R. Matthews. (Simon
& Schuster; $780,
Reviewed by
ROBERT F.. COCKLIN,
Associate Editor, the Field Artillery
Journal.
"The Assault" Is the diary of a
fighting man covering the first II
days of the invasion of Two Jima
Peeling off the veneer of glamour
that surrounds grand strategy, this
fox-hole view reduces warfare to the
simple common denominator of hu-
man emotion understandable by all
The glory OF defending ones country
is an intangible virtue but the dirty,
fearsome business of fighting a war
is a very real and agonizing ex-
perience to the men who actually
face the enemy.
Allen Matthews is just one Of the
millions who were uprooted from
their civilian pursuits, handed rifles,
and sent off to fight. The heroics of
the job they did are not readily dis
cernible to their minds. They re-
member the fear, the dirt. the
fatigue and utter loneliness of war.
Hunger, Jap bullets and mortars,
friends blown to bits before their
eyes; that is what they remember.
1.-The Assault" will be very real to
the many ex-service men who will
read 1t. 1t tells their story of war.
The very simplicity of this account
is its most disarming feature. 1t is
packed with more drama, pathos
and CUTS than 10 volumes of the big
picture"
Evening star., 1947-07-27
Nice Easy Reading
Guaranteed Not to
Strain Your Wits
THE SPRING BEGINS
BY Helen Rich. (Stmon & Shus-
ter, So
Reviewed by
STANLEY BAITZ.

This story of life in Western
mining town will disappoint read
ers who are looking for raw meat in
the form of roaring brawls, gunfire
and cold-eyed card sharps. How
ever, if you've a mind to prop your
self on the hammock and indulge in
light, unstupendous reading, this is
your dish.
Angie Thomas Is an artless girl
whose susceptible young heart sue
cumbs twice to the Establishments
of the wrong men. The first case
wasn't love, even though she mar
ried him-a wretched, dissolute
character, the town drunk. All the
while she was married, she kept try
ing not to think how she might have
had handsome young Pandy Chester,
whom all the girls ran after.
When her husband dies suddenly
in the throes of alcoholism, she
opens up boarding house, and cir
cumstance throws her and Pandy to-
gether. Marriage or no marriage,
she has her fling with Pandy who,
as a will-o-the-wisp lover, eventually
departs, with Angles tightly drawn
heartstrings twanging him on his
way. Fortunately, she is hardy
person and the strings don't quite
break. She turns instead to ever de-
pendable Toby, big, slow hulk that
he is, who loves her dearly and suf-
fered untold tortures when she was
carrying on with Pandy. Everything,
of course, comes out all right.
This is easy reading and won't
strain your wits.
Evening star., 1947-07-27
How CourogeousIy
Would You Have
Faced the Nazis?
THE SLEEPER CLIFF
BY David Davidson. (Randon,
House; So
Reviewed by
ALTON l.. BLAKESLEE.


ALTON L. BLAKESLEE.
The substance of courage-and
the question for the American
reader of how well he would have
stood up to the Nazis and the Ges-
tapo-provide the theme for this
well-written novel of postwar Ger
many.
1t. Andrew Cooper doubted his
own courage, and as a desk soldier
never had the chance to prove it in
combat. Assigned to Bavaria to
help start German newspapers
operating, part of his job is to
screen out German editors who had
gone along with the Nazis.
The novel concerns Cooper'S
search for Adam Lorenz, brilliant
journalist who had defied the Nazis,
been tortured at Dachau, then re-
leased, and who now had disap-
peared. The more he learns about
Adam, the more Cooper becomes
convinced that he would have be-
haved exactly like the German. and
to find him becomes an obsession.
Was Adam a real hero, or only half
O hero?
Cooper disobeys orders Of his own
oafish superior officer, falls in love
with Adams pretty young wife. and
finally learns his answers. Besides
the sensitively story of ro-
nance and the search, Author Da-
wilson gives sharp sketches of some
apects of life in conquered Ger
many.