davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1947-06-02
By Chris Mothisen

Circus fans of all ages were head
ing for Benning road and Oklahoma
avenue NE. today. The big show"
was open for business.
The six-day stand of the Ringing
Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
win extend through Saturday, with
performances at ais and BIS pm.
daily.
It cost money to see the shows
wonders today--the many new acts
recruited from abroad, the major
spectacles, the ageless mining Of
Emmett Kelly, blender Of comedy
and pathos, and the more than 100
other clowns.
10000 See Tents Go Up.
But about 10000 persons con-
verged on the lot yesterday for free
samples. They came to watch the
show given only once each year
the tent-raisings and manifold other
operations which convert an ex-
panse Of grass, cinders and clay into
a self-contained community.
It was mid-afternoon before there
was much to see on the show
grounds. Three of the four circus
trains had been delayed by loading
difficulties in Philadelphia and the
derailment of a fiat car on the other
side of Baltimore.
Finally, the procession Of huge
trucks and tractors began lumber
ing along Benning road from the
railroad sidings. There were ex-
cited cries from the children on the
grounds. They had lost interest in
the bears, leopards and panthers,
which were on the first train, and
wanted to see the elephants.
Guards Were Absent.
And there they we're! They
plodded along the pavement in tan
dem-Babe, Myrt and the rest.
The stern, a1l-seeing guards were
not on duty, so an excited youngster
could get close enough to touch an
elephant, to peer into the wagons,
to beg a bunch of celery from q
keeper and feed a cramped and
hungry gIraf1e.
The elephants went to work at
once. They assisted the tractors in
raising the poles of the big top
the main tent, which seats more
than 10000 spectators.
Canvasmen Arrive Late.
Although late in arriving, the
canvasmen still had plenty of time
They did not need to strive for the
3h-hour minimum in readying the
huge tent. In fact, interior rigging
still was In progress as show time
approached today.
Show officials pointed out the
Washington engagement was the
first of the season in which 1t was
obliged to operate under full road
conditions. It played indoors in
Boston. In Philadelphia, crews were
on hand days in advance, and the
"big top" was up when the first show
train arrived
Crowds roamed the lot until dark
last night. The circus people, used
to the pre-show invasion, merely
warned children away from the
animal cages and tried to keep young
and old from tripping over cables
and ropes or being run down by
tractors, trucks or elephants.
At dark, they began shooing spec
tators off the grounds. After hearty
meals in the big commissary tent,
the circus people retired to their
homes-the smaller tents and the
wagons.
Evening star., 1947-06-02
George Urges Senate
To Rafify treaties With
Italy, Three Satellites
by the Asseeiotsd Press

Senator George, Democrat, oil
Georgia called today for ratif1-
cation Of peace treaties with
Italy and three other former
Axis allies as % first STEP
toward restoring Europe to a
peaceful, normal economy.
Senator George, a high-rankine
member Of the Foreign Relations
Committee, followed Chairman VAN
denberg and Senator Taft Of Ohio
Republican policy leader, in urging
Senate approval Of the treaties with
italy. Bulgaria, Romania and Hun
gary.
The pacts are due to come before
the Senate about the middle of thi,
week.
Taft Sees Balance in Favor.
Senator Taft said he had decided
TO support ratification because HI
believes "the balance is in favor
OF the agreements.
But he added, II don't know anc
don't think any one can guess
what will happen when American
troops are withdrawn in accordance
with the treaty terms.
Perhaps the Communists viii
seize control of the italian govern
ment," the Ohio Senator said. III
they do, where does that leave us
with our program of aiding Greece
and Turkey to prevent them from
falling in the hands of the Com
naunists?"
Few Days of Debate Seen.
Senator George said that despite
the criticisms OF the Italian pact
voiced during committee hearings
he knows Of no organized effort to
block ratification. He estimated that
two or three days of debate may
precede the final vote.
Senator Vandenberg spent more
than an hour Thursday explaining
the exact terms of the pacts to his
colleagues at a closed Republican
conference.
Senator Bridges, Republican, OF
New Hampshire, raised the point
openly that the treaty demilitarizea
Italy and leaves its borders with
Yugoslavia undefended.
Ratification requires a two-thirds
vote of the Senate. But the Foreign
Relations Committee figured it was
q long way toward that goal with its
unanimous vote.
Evening star., 1947-06-02
Field Director Numed

RICHMOND, June 2 (P.-Miss
Katherine Hoyle, for the past two
years visiting teacher for Peters
burg schools, has been named direc-
tor of field service for the Virginia
Education Association, effective
July. /. Miss Hoyle succeeds Miss
Anna Britt. who resigned April /,
1916.
Bumblebees wear fur coat" but
usually die when winter comes.
Evening star., 1947-06-02
Merchant Buys Back
Own Stolen Motor
BY tho Associated Press

ALHAMBRA, Calif.-The sheriff's
Office heard this story from the pro-
prietor of an appliance store:
A motor was stolen from wash
ing machine, presumably while
every one was out for coffee.
Later two men entered the store
and offered a motor for SIS. 1t
seemed a good buy and was pur-
chased.
Then the proprietor found the
motor was the one stolen earlier.
The two men had disappeared.
Evening star., 1947-06-02
Civic Federation to Meet

The Arlington Civic Federation
will hold its final meeting before the
summer recess at 8 pm. tomorrow
at the Lyon Park Community House,
Pershing drive and North Fillmore
street
Evening star., 1947-06-02
District Business Burometers

than
Bank carngs the highest Of
$20000O00 higher than last
Telephones ahead Of April 946 but the
cedng daily
department under the previous
month well the like period
the first time months post Office ahead
the month Electricity sales also gained
Capitals growth period of reflected in the follow
comparisons:
Evening star., 1947-06-02

1sl7s.@
$282,970,821
239,049,317
266,64S,663
286,611,436
Evening star., 1947-06-02

4 III II
126,2o4,sso
122,2l1,040
122.137,213
116,7s1,452
Evening star., 1947-08-31
Dispatches Lack Weight

If mere 10 per cent of these re-
ports were made public officially the
American people would experience a
great revulsion Of feeling, according
to those who are familiar with the
documents. There would be sucn
wave of indignation against Eussla,
1t is declared, that the Government
might be compelled to adopt an en-
Evening star., 1947-08-31

of the State Departments Visa Di-
vision he was told there was no
way the Estonians could remain here
because they had no immigration
yisas.
why can't we give them visas2"
Gen Hilldring asked.
He was told that to do so would
require making an exception to reg
ulations. And, this official added, he
never had made an exception to reg
ulations during % years service In
the State Department.
How much does the Government
pay you?" inquired Gen. Hilldring
The red tape-observing official
told him $4,000 a year.
"The reason the Government has
high-powered executives like us, -
Gen Hilldring shot back, "is to make
exceptions. Any $20-a-week clerk can
administer regulations. If you've
never made an exception, you've
been defrauding the taxpayers all
these years."
The exception was made and the
Estonians got their visas.
Gen. Hilldring has stepped on
lot of other toes in his drive to have
the State Department take over ad'
ministration of the occupied areas
from the War Department, but ir
a friendly way that has left him
we'll liked even by those disagreeine
with him.
Favored Civilian Control
While still in the War Depart
ment he began campaigning fol
civilian control of military govern
ment activities at the end of the
war. James F. Byrnes. former Sec
retary of State. insisted that thu
7 State Department was not equipped
for, such an operation. Neverthe.
Evening star., 1947-08-31

, Dollars already have been denied
for nylons, footwear and certain
types Of other goods and further cuts
in nonessential imports are prac-
tically certain. Cut off from coal
normally supplied by Britain, Ire
land is spending her dollar resources
for 100000 tons of American coal.
PARIS-France, struggling to re-
gain her economic footing with the
aid of outside capital, faces dire
future unless she can get more as
sistance from America, say officials
in charge of her "Monnet plan" for
reconstruction.
Frances Funds Low
Losses on the currents wheat crop
in last springs heavy frosts, the
need to purchase American grain
and more American coal that was
| foreseen has put the Monnet plan
out of gear. Funds which would
have bought machines have been
spent on food and fuel.
Officials now estimate France will
exhaust her dollar holdings, includ-
ing private funds which have been
requisitioned, before the end of the
year.
France needs an emergency ad-
vance of foodstuffs to carry her over
at least to the next normal harvest,
perhaps late in 1948, and coal from
America or the Ruhr to put her
plants in operation. Existing cred
it's then could be used as originally
intended to purchase machinery,
machine tools and raw materials to
increase production and make a
start on balancing imports and
exports.
Economically PROSTATE
Germany, split along east-west lines
by economic zonal borders, will re-
quire a tremendous flow of assist
ance from abroad before she will
be able to become an ef1ectlVe part
ner in. Europe's reconstruction
under the Marshall plan.
Germany's Coal Vital
Primarily she will need food and
raw materials-food to keep her
hungry workers satisfied, and raw
materials to get her idle plants run
ming again.
TALLY productive Soviet zone.
Germany's progress toward re-
covery has been tortuously slow
with the result that she has been
acting as a drag on Europe gen.
orally. However, in the Ruhr hard
coal fields, Germany holds the key
not only to her own revival but to-
the overall success Of the Mar
shall plan. In the FIRST half Of
Evening star., 1947-08-31

The nations which hope to par
ticipate in the Marshall plan for
European recovery approach the
problem with great variety OF
individual needs and g. common
complaint which can be para
phased, I'VE can't buy more until
we sell more and we can't sell
more until we buy more"
An Associated Press survey shows
that farm equipment and fertilizer,
coal, industrial machinery, fuel and
food, in that order, are the most
urgent needs of war-ravaged West
ern Europe.
But over and above the critical
shortages of this or that product or
raw material is the common cry
against the cycle of unfavorable
trade balances by which an agri-
cultural country, for example, can't
increase its exports without farm
machinery, and can't buy farm ma
chinery without increased exports.
Here are the individual reports
from the various capitals:
Austria Needs Coal
VIENNA - Austria can supply
steel and electric power toward the
economic reconstruction of Europe
and, once free of Russian control,
could contribute substantial guam
titles of petroleum. Ten blast furn-
aces have been built, with two more
under construction, compared to
five before the war.
Oil refining is controlled by the
Russians by crude oil ALLEGATIONS.
Austrian fields are on par with
those in Hungary and Czechoslo-
vakia.
Austria is furnishing power to the
United States zones of Germany
and Italy and statistics indicate she
possibly could deliver more elec-
tricity to Europe than any other
country.
Austria's needs include 5,500.000
tons of coal a year, seeds, fertilizer,
transport and industrial machinery.
BRUSSEIS-Belgium hopes for
American aid to Europe under
the Marshall plan because she has
growing shortage of dollars her
self and because she wants her
neighbors put back on a sound
economic basis.
Belgium's imports totaled s142,-
100000 last May while her exports
were only $125, 100000. Trade with
the United States accounted for the
deficit. Belgium spent $35 1000. 900
in the United States that month,
but sold only 100000 worth Of
goods there.
Evening star., 1947-08-31
Europe Needs Farm and Plant Tools Food, fuel
Shortages WarRavagd
in Marshall Plan to the

1947 more than 3,415,000 metric tons
of coal were shipped from the Ruhr
to 13 coal-hungry European coun-
tries. That will have to be stepped
up considerably. To do so, Anglo
American coal experts feel either a
public or private loan from the
United States, running between
5000 100000 and s3Oo,cOo,ooo, will be
necessary.
ATHENS-Greece is on the road
to recovery-with foreign financial
aid. Despite the chenneling OF a
substantial portion of Greek reve-
nue. into military operations against
guerrillas, the general economic sit
uation has improved considerably
since March, 1916.
Agriculture and industrial pro-
duction have reached rs per cent OF
prewar levels and prices and cur
rency have been relatively stable
for the last year. Although the
budget is not balanced, the 1857
deficit of $16,O00,0 900, one-sixth of
the total, is regarded as small.
Since liberation UNRRA expendi-
lures of nearly 100000, 900, another
100000, 900 from British military
and civil sources, credits from the
Export-Import Bank and nearly
$4,000, 900 from American Army
surpluses have helped bolster the
sagging economy. American aid
totaling $3.50, 100000 is just starting.
Some Italian IFS
ROME-Italy's present govern
ment, which leaves the left on the
outside, is whole -heartedly behind
the Marshall plan. Short of raw
materials and fuel for her heavy in
dustry and not self-suficient in
foodstuffs, Italy must work with the
rest of the world Or starve.
In the operation OF the plan, Italy
believes she can give as much as or
more than she takes. citing Cd a
merchant fleet back to 100000
tons, To- per cent Of the prewar
figure; 20 a railway system expected
to reach prewar efficiency June 80,
1s4s; CD a steel industry prepared
now to furnish Europe 5000, 900 tons
yearly, provided it gets coal and ore;
a. steady expansion of her hydro
electric industry which is expected
to provide an exportable surplus
next year, go big, efficient shipyards
to build ships for the rest of Europe,
and 90 industrial, scientific and en-
gineering know-how that can be
farmed out to those countries want
ing it.
Italy's balance-of- payments deficit
(see SURVEY, Page B-50
Evening star., 1947-08-31

anomaly of 1t costing money tc
hold top-flight Government job
The present situation is "one way
of getting a turnover in Govern
ment" that may be healthy thing
he points out.
His successor. who has beer
working with him for the past six
weeks to learn the ropes before as
Stunning the responsibilities of Office
is Charles Saltzman, former vice
president of the New York Stock
Exchange. Mr.. Saltzman was war.
time brigadier general with the
5th Army.
In the months since he came into
the State Department in April
1916, Gen. Hilldring has built up 8
reputation as a ruthless cutter o1
red tape whenever necessary II
achieve policy objectives.
An Exception Noted
The incident of the Estonian ref
ugees last fall illustrates his impa'
tience with red tape. The Estonians
some 48 of them, aroused his sym
pathy because they braved the At
lantic in open boats to come to thi
country. They had fed to Sweder
and refused to return to their Rus
sian-occupied homeland, SO sough
refuge in America when forced tt
leave Sweden. But they had NJ
United States immigration visas
They were about to be deportet
when Gen. Hilldring saw new
item about them. He immediatel,
urged President Truman to let then
remain here. The President ordere,
the Government departments con
cerned to seek to find a way to tax
care of the Estonians.
Gen. Hilldring fought the cas-
through. In one talk with an oficia
Evening star., 1947-08-31
Gen. John 6. HilIdring
Designed Army's
Rule Abroad
By Gornett D. Horner

The man who knows more than
any one else about Americas S biggest
venture in military government is
encouraged at democratic develop
ments in Germany and Japan as
he leaves official life.
Progress in building democracy in
those former enemy countries is
"far beyond what was thought pos
sible two years ago." boasts Maj.
Gen. John H. Hilldring, Assistant
Secretary of State for Occupied
Areas.
He has had the chief responsible
ity for this country's World War II
and postwar military government
activities from the beginning. He
retired from the Army as chief of
the War Departments Civil Affairs
Division last year to direct policy
framing for the occupied areas in
the State Department. Now he is
quitting that job after laying the
groundwork for the State Depart
ment to take over administration
of the American occupation zones
from the War Department.
Despite what he regards as "phe-
nomenal' progress toward democ-
racy in Germany and Japan, Gen
Hindring warns there is much yet
to be done.
Economic Problem Remains
He defines this Governments
guiding purpose as the building OF
democratic, economically self-sup-
porting, free and independent ma
tions in the territories it helped to
conquer or liberate.
On the political side, he believes
the United States can be proud OF
its accomplishments. He points to
growing evidence of an appetite
for democracy" in the American
zone of Germany, and to Japan's
free-labor movement and new con-
stitution as signs of instincts for
democracy" there.
The big remaining problem, In
his view, is economic. you can't ex-
pect democracy to flourish" he
says, where the people are unem-
ployed and have inadequate food
and housing. What the people OF
the occupied areas need now is
hope for economic self-sufficiency. j
A personal economic problem Is
the main reason Gen. Hilldring has
resigned, effective in q few days
He doesn't like to talk about II
for fear he might be considered
a "welsher' on the job. But Sec
retary of State Marshall has dis
closed that the personal reasons
to which Gen. Hilldring attributed
his resignation actually were finan-
cial-that he could not afford to
stay on as an Assistant Secretary
of State. The official entertainment
burden and other expenses in con-
nection with such position rapidly
| eat up more than the $t0,00o-a-yeai
salary. =.
Breaks In Successor
When his resignation from tht
State Department becomes effective
Gen. Hilldring will begin collect
ing $4,000 a year in tax-free retire
ment pay from the Army. This will
mean more net income for doins
nothing than left after paying taxe'
and bearing necessary official ex'
peuses out of his State Department
salary.
Gen. Hilldring doesn't think any
thing can be done about thl'
Evening star., 1947-08-31

| Holland and France take most O.
Belgium's exports. Hence the Bel
gians hope American aid can put
these countries, her creditors, on 6
1 firm economic footing. They slsc
hope for the strengthening o1
Britain and Germany so that those
countries can resume sending raw
materials to Belgium.
/ Belgium Wants Trade
/ In short, Belgium, unlike mos
other Eupropeen countries, does moi
want United States aid to buy
machinery or food She does want
American aid to restore prevail
trade conditions.
LONDON-Eritain, fighting des.
perately to stave off dollar bank
ruptcy, will be among the nations
profiting most if the United States
provides the financial aid to Europe
proposed in the Marshall plan.
Immediate action on the Marshal
proposal instead of waiting unit
January to submit it to Congress
would have been welcomed by
Britain. But one high British source
close to the Paris Conference on the
Marshall plan said something will
have to hit the British people "be.
tween the eyes" before they are fully
awakened to the danger of the ma.
tion's economic position.
Denmark's Program
COPENHAGEN-Denmark needs
about $4,000 000,O00 to develop hel
agriculture and industry to the point
where she can contribute substan-
TALLY to European economic recov-
cry. Government officials estimate
that more than half of this amount
would be spent on agriculture which
is handicapped by shortages OF feed
and fertilizer
The government Is considering
drastic cuts in imports to help re-
store a favorable trade balance
Imports exceeded exports by 397,-
0O0, 900 kroner (about $50, ,370,0 ,00O in
the first half of 1947. Denmark re-
Gently was given a 50,000, 900 loan
from the International Bank. The
money will be used solely to pur-
chase industrial machinery, meet
agricultural needs and pay for raw
material imports.
DUBLIN-Ireland is looking to
the Marshall program for imple-
ments and fertilizer needed to de-
velop agriculture, her basic industry
Like Britain, Fire is hamstrung by
shortage of dollars, but increased
farm production for export, govern
ment sources said, would solve
many Of her difficulties.
Evening star., 1947-08-31
Architect of Military Government
Feels Progress Made
Toward Democracy
Under USING


Gen. Hilldring into the State De-
partment to handle formulation of
policy for the occupied areas. Now,
Secretary of State Marshall fayors,
as he did while Army Chief of
Staff, the idea of the State De-
partment taking over the War De-
partment administrative functions
in the former enemy and liberated
countries. Gen. Hilldring has helped
work out plans for the transfer that
are expected to be adopted within
the next few months.
He has planned the beginning as
well as the end OF the Army's mill
tary government activities. He
started the planning on small
scale as far back as 1910, as an on
Ger in G-1, the Army's, personnel
section. He was made assistant
chief Of staff, G-1, in 1912, and
early In that year started a military
government school for Army Off
GERS at Charlottesville. In 1943 he
was named the first director of the
Army's Civil Affairs Division.
Through the school at Charlottes-
vile and others established later at
half dozen universities, some 5000
officers were trained in military
Government duties.
A New Job for Army
At one time in 1914, the Army ex-
ercised some degree Of control over
around 100000, 900 people over the
world, either through direct mill
tary government, in collaboration
with Allied nations or through Its
relief activities.
Even now, the Army itself or In
conjunction with wartime Allies
is engaged in the government OF
nearly 2oO,0oo,o0o people in Ger
many, Japan, Austria and Korea
Under direct control Of the Amer
ican Army In the United States
occupation zones are nearly 140,-
000, ,000-almost equal the popula-
tion of this country. Only about
10000 Americans are engaged In
this military government task, aside
from troops kept on hand for po-
licing duties and security purposes
This vast responsibility for civil
government of other lands was
something new to the American
Army in World War II, which had
only a smattering of previous ex-
perience after the Spanish Amer.
ican War and World War I.
World War II brought what Gen
Hilldring describes as the FIRST
serious effort with respect to al
the problems in the wake of battle
by the United States.
He recalled that during the heat
Of fighting in 1914 Gen. Eisenhower
had described military government
as zone Of the important nev
weapons of war
Concept of War
Amplifying this, Gen. Hilldrini
said, I'VE were not fighting the wa
to win battles but to achieve po
litical and economic ends. And wher
military operations uncovered who'll
nations, as in Italy, we had to be
gin right in the dust and smoke o
battle to see these political ant
economic ends. without waiting
I for peace treaty negotiations
The new concept of military gov
ernment as one of the importan
tools of warfare was accepted rap
(See MILITARY, Page B-5)
Evening star., 1947-08-31
U.s.. Statistical Agencies
ToEconomize on Figures
Slashed Appropriations Will Be Reflected in
the Quality and Quantity of Federal
Reports of All Descriptions
By John A. Giles

The four primary statistical agencies which suffered
one third slash appropriations and hiatus OF almost
getting those funds will make fewer
upodate and generally poorer in the future
general retrenchnent in ndustry-whch furnish
many of compilation and anayzaton by the