davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1947-07-22

the Montgomery Blair house was used as Con-
federate headquarters. Gems. Early and Breck-
enridge made their headquarters at the home
of Francis p. Blair, journalist and political
leader. Breckenridge had visited at this home
before the war and saw to it that it was not
molested, writing Blair a note to tell him his
valuables had been transferred for safekeeping
However, the nearby home of Montgomery
Blair was burned to the ground. OF this Gen
Early says: "On the night of the 18th (July)
the house of Postmaster General Blair near
Silver Spring was burned ard it was assumed
by the enemy that it was burned by my orders.
had nothing to do with it and do not yet know
how the burning occurred. Though I believed
that retaliation was justified by previous acts
OF the enemy, yet did not wish to incur the
risk Of any license on the part of my troops and
it was obviously impoltic to set the house on
fire when we were retiring, as it amounted to
notice of our movement"
Gen. Early started withdrawing on the night
Of July II. HENRIANNE CABELL EARLY.
Loose Phraseoloey
To the Editor of The STAR
An excellent example of the loose phraseology
of the Labor Management Relations Act of
1947 Is the clause concerning participation in
strikes by Federal employees, quoted as follows:
ut shall be unlawful for any individual en-
ployed by the United States or any agency
thereof including wholly Government corpora
tion to participate in any strike Any individual
employed by the United States or any such
agency who strikes shall be discharged imme-
diately from his employment, and shall forfeit
his Civil Service status, If any and shall not be
eligible for Unemployment for three years by
the United States or any such agency
BY placing the prohibition on the employe
and not on the object, it may be interpreted
that Federal worker with part-time job in
private industry, seeking to supplement an
inadequate Federal salary in the face of rising
living costs, would be prohibited from striking
in his private employment. One must concur
that it should be unlawful to strike against the
Government, but being Government employe
should not preclude right to strike elsewhere.
GEORGE A. BURROUGHS.
Evening star., 1947-07-22

More Funds for Training Schools
To the Editor Of The Star:
feel that if attention could be drawn to the
District Training School, LAUREL Md, more
adequate appropriations would be made Tor Its
operation.
don't want to find fault with the good work
being done, but I believe that more should be
done for the children and more would be done,
il the facts were shown.
AN INTERESTED CITIZEN
Evening star., 1947-07-22
The United States and Latvia

The United States and Latvia
To the Editor Of The Star:
Thank you for the news item in The Star
concerning the deliverance of my note about
the Paris Conference to the Secretary OF State
May call your attention to the fact that
I never have been, neither am I today, a
minister in exile? I should be minister IN
exile" If I lived in Canada or any other place,
where I am not accredited and where I had
gone after I had lost my position In the
United States.
But I am here still recognized from Novem-
ber 20, 1885 as Latvias Envoy Extraordinary
and Minister Plenipotentiary. The United
States Government recognizes me not only as
the full f1edged Latvian Minister. but also
recognizes the validity of treaties between the
United States of America and Latvla. Further,
the United States Government does not recog-
nibe Lauvia's annexation by the U. S. s. r., and
it does not recognize the naturalization land
appropriationD of Latvias private property by
the Soviet regime
Neither has the United States of America
recognized other illegal regimes established
willfully in breach of international law and
treaties on Latvian territory by the invaders:
Soviet Russia in 1910 and NaA Germany in 1s41.
The Baltic problem is closely bound with
the Northern Europeans. once the Bolsheviks
continue to stay there-the world seems to ig-
more this-even Great Britain is jeopardized.
So in Poland and Northern Germany: One
look on the map suf1ices! 1t is the self
preservation of Europe which dictates the liber-
alton of the Baltic States You may like the
Balts or dislike them, but you cannot ignore
their problem, because eventually-hke over
Danzg-a great confagration may come If the
Baltic problem is not settled in the spirit OF
the Atlantic and u. N. Charters.
Napoleon, with all his vices, was wise
politician. He declared two things: !, Poland
is the key to the Dome of Europe and 2,
Riga, the capital-port of Latvia, is the suburb
of London" DIR. ALFRED BILMAN1S,
Latvian Minister.
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1947-04-01

us that each bit Of
water in q series
of waves travels
steadily in a cir
Gle, as in Fig. /.
It is easy enough
to see the vertical
nnofion hut kho
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1947-04-01
Norwegians Receive
u. S. Decoration

OSLO. = Five Norwegians, who
during Norway's occupation made
outstanding contributions to h e
Allied cause, were recently pre-
sented with American decorations
by U. S. Ambassador Charles U.
Bay. Ceremonies took place at the
U. S. Embassy in Oslo.
Mr.. Lauritz Sand, whose torture
at the hands of the Gestapo is
known throughout all of Norway,
was awarded the Medal of Free
dom with Gold Palm. The same
award with Silver Palm was pre-
sented to Bishop Eivind Berggrav.
Medals of Freedom with Bronze
Palm We're awarded to knut L..
Hansen, Rolf Sorlie, and Major
Lief Tronstad (posthumously).
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1947-04-01
Norway Orders Large
Electro-Furnaces

OSLO-Director of A. s. Norsk
Jernverk, the new Norwegian iron
and steel works to be erected at
Mo Rama, have announced that
three of the worlds largest electro
pig iron furnaces have now been
ordered for delivery in 1950-51.
The three units, which will have a
total capacity of 10000 tons of
pig iron yearly, are to be built by
the Norwegian firm Elektrokjem
isk Industry - worlds leading
builder of this particular type OF
smelling equipment.
According to firm spokesman,
Arne Drogseth, construction at the
Mo Rama site will begin inmed-
lately following the spring thaw
when between five and six hundred
men will begin installing housing
and docking facilities. No immed-
late influx of labor from other
sections of the country is antici-
pated, however, as the need for
workers will level off a slight I'M
employment trend in Nordland
Province where the new steel
works will be located.
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1947-04-01

FIG. 8.

heavy dot shows the position of
the water in its own circle, and
each arrow shows the velocity and
direction of water in that part of
the whole wave. This makes a
curve called a TROCHOID. Plot
ting other waves in the same way
will show that the troughs get
broader and the crests become
sharper when a storm makes the
waves higher and higher.
Waves rs feet long travel at
nearly z knots; the speed. of
waves 100 feet long is about 1917
knots, and waves 600 feet long
between crests travel at almost 81
knots. Short waves are rougher
tor small craft. long waves are
the most severe for big ships.
Waves about twice the length of
the vessel usually cause the most
trouble and real danger. Here's
Why. Study the diagrams very
carefully and watch those arrows
Of water velocity.
When waves 100 feet long are
10 feet high, that is, height equal
to one-tenth their length, the wa
ter in the crests is moving at over
4 knots with the waves, the water
travels at over knots in the op-
rosite direction in the trouehs.
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1947-04-01

That makes we'll over 8 knots diff
ference in current between crest
and trough. So, when a boat SO
feet long is heading into those
waves, the crests of such waves
not only come up very much
higher on the blunt part of the
bow, but that high water itself
has over knots velocity against
the boat. No wonder her Roadway
is killed. Her stern at the same
time is in the trough of the wave
in water that is travelling with
the boat at better than knots.
And this forward flow, of water
around the rudder makes it just
about useless at this moment.
When the same boat has taken
her dive from that wave and the
crest is under her stern, we get
the best possible steering condi-
lions, because the water in that
crest is flowing past the rudder
a. 4 knots more than the boats
speed. The craft may not pick
up speed though, as much as ex-
pected, for the propeller under
that crest will have to turn up a
lot faster to take hold of that
faster flow of water past the
stern Now suppose a boat
is angling into those waves in
stead of meeting them squarely.
The horizontal motion of the crest
water carries the bow off to a
greater angle, and the forward
flowing water in the trough under
her stern carries that ahead, still
further around. and at the same
time reduces the rudder action.
When long storm wave comes
into shallower water it moves
slower and its deep-water circu-
lar path is here flattened by the
closer bottom into an ellipse as
shown in Fig. IL. It is then short
or, with relatively broader trough
and sharper crest, much more
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1947-04-01
FIG. IL.

likely to break and roll. 1t is not
as high as it was in deep water
but it still has the same horizontal
velocity as before, with these
changes of velocity occurring in
less distance between crest and
trough.
This situation is dangerous for
any craft. An entering vessel has
following seas which lift her stern
end carry it around while the bow
is digging into water in the trough
that has a vicious flow in the op-
poSite direction. An outward flow
oil tide at this time makes matters
Just that much worse. Reversing
the engine can do little good. A
propeller is not efficient in re-
verse; it would throw its wash
against the hull, and could only
pull back at the angle the wave
had swung the boat. The rudder
IS useless here also, for the hori-
zontal flow of water in the wave
crest may be moving forward
faster than the boat itself, even
reversing the rudder action. Any
craft caught in this condition is
likely to fall off .broadside to the
waves and be in peril of capsizing
if the next crest carries a big
rolling comber. The rolling brok-
en- water just in front of a storm
wave travels with the full speed of
that series of waves. We have one
fi-st-hand report of seeing a fish
ing vssel breach to and roll under
and no trace of either boat or
men was ever found.
Fishing vessels have sometimes
lowed drag in dangerous follow
Ing seas, apparently without car
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1947-04-01
The Action Of Ocean Waves
BY FRANK H. BROWNING, Me-
printed by special permission of the u Naval Institute

A proper grasp of wave action
is important for safety, especially
in crossing river bar. This mo-
ton of ocean waves was figured
out and accepted by technical au-
thorities long years ago, yet it
seems to have been overlooked in
the leading texts on seamanship.
The commercial fishermen and
Coast Guard lifesaving crews are
fine, experienced boat handlers in
waves and surf. However, we may
hope to save more lives by a more
definite understanding.
1t is necessary to develop a
clear mental picture of these
wave forces in easy steps. In deep
water, anything deeper than one
half the wave length, they show
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1947-04-01

drag with lines for such emer-
gency. Sea anchors are generally
crowded out of the smaller craft,
so good hatch cover can be
rugged with suitable fittings. Or
fasten good eye-bolt in the exact
center of the lower side of stout
cockpit seat so it will stream
square to its tow line. The whole
rig must be strong enough to
tow at Is knots or more, the
whole difference of water veloci-
ties when properly spaced, and
large enough to check the boats
full-power speed by, at least, 3
Knots. Try out any drag you pre-
pare so it will not sink or fail
when life depends on it. Then,
when crossing a bar, keep the en-
CINE kicking fair stream past
the rudder.
This brief description is greatly
S'|hASAiSS0 4loaAA NiiC
Gle in the U. S. Naval Institute
PROCEEDINGS of December,
1915. For more detailed data and
diagrams on wave speeds and wa
ter velocities, towing, shallow wa
ter waves, following seas, tide rips
and currents, wave propagation
and other comments, copies of the
original issue or reprints may be
obtainable from the us. Naval
Institute, Annapolis, Maryland.
Some parts of it may look rather
technical, but skipping these,
reading it twice with reasonable
attention should develop a clear
mental picture and make one much
safer in the hazards of rough
weather.
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1947-04-01

a wave, moves to the right in the
same direction as the wave crest
And water at the bottom of the
circle, in the trough of the wave,
moves in the opposite direction, all
with the same velocity as the up
and down movement.
1t is this horizontal motion of
the crest of the wave that throws
boat violently against the piling
Of a wharf, or against a large
ship. Then the backward move
ment of the trough of the wave
pulls the smaller boat away for
another smash on the next crest.
In Fig. 3 the form of a moder-
ate wave is plotted by dividing it's
length into twelve parts. Each
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1947-04-01
FIG. Is.

ing about the length of line. In
Fig. Is we advise towing a sturdy
drag at just one-half the wave
length from the extreme stern.
Then, when the stern is swung by
a combing wave, the drag will be
just in the trough and pulling
through water that is moving the
other way - its most effective
place. Later, when the stern is in
the trough of wave and doesn't
need it, the drag will be in the
next crest where water in coming
toward the boat. That will give
the least possible pull, in fact, the
Inc might be slack and may be
shortened by smart handling if
desired.
1t is best to prepare a proper
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1947-04-01

In 194S there will be daily air
plane connections between Scan
dinavia and North America, three
weekly trips to South America.
and one a week to South Africa
and the Far East.
Scandinavian American. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.) 1945-1958, 1947-04-01
FIG. 1

FLU motl0n, out the
horizontal motion is the least I'M
derstood and generally the most
dangerous. In waves travelling
from left to right according to
the top long arrow, water at the
top Of the circle, on the crest of
Evening star., 1947-04-23
Six County Conyiets Get
Terms TotaIing "a Years

Prison sentences totaling "a years
were given six prisoners yesterday
by Judges Charles C.. Marbury and
William M. Loker in Prince Georges
County Circuit Court at Upper
Marlboro.
Sentences were passed after the
men. all colored, had pleaded guilty
when arraigned. Those sentenced
were:
Bernard F. Beasley, 81, five years
in the State Penitentiary for his
escape last November from the
Court House at Upper Marlboro:
Joseph Leroy Mundey, 8 years in
the Penitentiary, robbery with a
deadly weapon, assault with intent
to rob; Austin T. Fitzpatrick, "a,
four years in the Penitentiary;
burglary, housebreaking, larceny.
Also Lee Spencer, %, one year in
the House Of Correction, escape
from a road gang while serving a
sentence in the House of Correc-
ton; James Howard, II, three
years, House Of Correction, motor
vehicle larceny, and James r. Dob
son, II, three years. House of Cor
rection, motor vehicle larceny.
Evening star., 1947-04-23
Montgomery Counfy's
Democratic Chief Hit
For Sales Tax Stand

State Senator Roy Tasco Davis OF
Montgomery County today issued q
statement assailing E. Brooke Lee,
county Democratic leader for fall
ure" to support the county's Re-
publican delegation To the General
assembly in fighting the sales tax
e Mr. Lee noted In q previous state
.ment last week that efforts to enact
a sales tax had been defeated while
the county was represented by a
Democratic delegation.
TT is well known" Senator Davis
said that Mr.. Lee was and is one
Of Gov. Lanes closest personal and
political friends and that he is one
of the Governors chief advisers.
Mr.. Lee and his elf-selected
Democratic Committee were In an
excellent position to serve the cit
izens of Montgomery County by
openly and vigorously opposing the
sales tax in the Governors office, in
the halls of the State House, and in
the press. This they failed to do.
"Mr. Lee and his organization re-
peatedly used their influence with
the Governor and his administration
during the recent session Of the
Legislature to protect their de-
feated political appointees.
They were openly and articulately
active in = attacking legislation
that would have returned important
county functions from Annapolis to
Rockville.
"They used their influence with
the Governor and his administra-
ton to protect their political in
terests. When they could have
served the best interests of the
county by forcefully and emphati-
cally opposing the vicious sales tax
bill before the Governor and before
the Legislature they were silent
Evening star., 1947-04-23
Teacher Pay Increase
In Prince Georges
Will Cost 100000

Increases In teachers salaries In
Prince Georges County will add
about $500, 900 to the school budget
for the next fiscal year, G. Gardner
Shugart. superintendent of schools,
said today.
Mr. Shugart, who announced in
creases ranging upward from $500
year in the salaries of the county's
750 teachers, said the added expense
will be met through State aid au-
thorized at the last session of the
Legislature.
Teachers with a. bachelors de-
gree will receive $2,400 year in
stead of $1,000, the present mini
mum.
Increases in 500 increments are
provided for each year of teaching
experience until a maximum of
$500 is reached. The present maxi
mum is $4,000.
Teachers with masters degrees
will receive $500 above the scale for
those with bachelors degrees.
Principals will receive extra COM
pensation depending on the number
of teachers at their schools. A prin-
cipal with one assistant, for exam
pie. will be paid an additional 500
A scale Is to be graded at 500 for
each teacher. with a maximum OF
81 800 provided.
The new scale, which was ap-
proved by the Board OF Education
Will become effective July /, Mr.
Shugart said.
Evening star., 1947-04-23
State Aid 10 Prince Georges
10 Increase by S1,397,115I

The Prince Georges County COM
missioners have been informed by
LIE Roy Pumphrey. member OF the
House of Delegates, that roads and
schools of the county will receive a
State grant during the coming fiscal
year $1.397 1881 above the amount
allocated this year.
The sum more than equals the
amount now received by the county
from the State.
In addition Mr.. Pumphrey re-
ported to the commissioners yes
terday that the State will grant an
additional 1921 800 to be used in con-
struction Of new schools provided
the county adds to it proportion
ately.
The commissioners authorized
bids for two timber bridges over
Mattaponi Greek and grading st,
Thomas Church road, Nottingham
Evening star., 1947-04-23
Women Voters League
Plans Luncheon Fridoy

A luncheon meeting Of the Mont
gomery County League OF Women
Voters will be held at noon Friday
at the Trinity Episcopal Church.
Piney Branch road and Dahlia
street, Takoma Park, 1t was an
nounced today.
Mrs. Leona Rush, Montgomery
County member OF the House OF
Delegates, and Miss Muriel Ferriss.
legislative secretary Of the Ma
tional League of Women Voters, will
speak.
Mrs. J. Rene Hemingway will pre-
side. The program was arranged
by Mrs Minier Hostetler.
Evening star., 1947-04-23
Silver Spring Cancer Fund
Aided by Speech Class

Members of the speech class At
montgomery Blair Senior High
School are assisting this week in the
cancer control drive, Mrs. Ronald 4.
mcdonald, Silver Spring area, chair.
man, announced yesterday.
Inc students are making collec-
lions from key points In the towns
business section daily, under the
supervision Of G. c. Cummings, ana
Miss May Louise Wood, speech
teacher.
Checks for about $40o have been
sent IN by Silver Spring oreaniza- :
lions and other groups also have
announced they will make contri-
nutions. Mrs. Mcdonald stressed
enat there will be no door-to-door
solicitations. wv
Evening star., 1947-04-23
Residential Head Named
For Hospital Campaign

Mrs. Karl H. York, 1lS Greenway
boulevard, Falls Church. has been
appointed head of the Residential
Diyislons OF the second annual Arl-
nlsCon Hospital Fund Campaign, 1t
mas ma neen announced by Thomas w
Fnuhps' drive chairman.
since no employe will be asked for
donation at his place of business
TINS naturally will put the preatest
burden Of the campaign unon e,n"sss, .hs
residential Division" Mr.. @ ph,,,;ns S,,s
Other appointments for the sr,..
are: John E. DeLashmutt. so,,c;ts tse
tlon of Washington and Arlinataa, Area.
business firms; Alvin T. CopDave NJ an
counting chairman; John g SMoh
oeriey, publicity; Mrs. Mae e. jacob,
supply chairman, and Mrs. Cec
Davis, chairman of the Emereenc
Committee. =
The drive this year will be directs
ny John r Phelan. assisted by Mr.
Dorothy o, Lake. -'
Evening star., 1947-04-23
Falls Church Granted
Appeal on Judgment
BY The Associated Pres,

RICHMOND, Va, April 23.-The
Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals
granted an appeal yesterday to the
town OF Falls Church from iudg-
ment of the. Fairfax County Circuit
Court awarding. damages Of $4,000
to Mrs. Bessie Mae Myers for in
Juries allegedly suffered when she
fell on a street in the town.
: The town contended In its peti-
ton for an appeal that the street
on which Mrs. Myers was injured
was a State highway maintained
entirely by the Commonwealth. It
also contended that an abutment
near a culyert, which caused the
accident. also is under State control.
Mrs. Myers, a waitress, received
serious arm injuries when she
stepped out of car near the cul-
vert and fell over the abutment into
a 4-foot ditch.
The court refused to consider the
case OF Lewis Montague VS.. Charles
Henry Smith and others, from the
Circuit Court of Alexandria. in
which the trial court. dismissed Mr..
Montague,s claim for. one-third in
terest in Auburn Gardens, INC.
$4,000 apartment house property
in Alexandria, - : -
Evening star., 1947-04-23
New Legion Post to Get
Charter Tomorrow

A charter for the new Beywyn-
Branchviile American Legion Post,
No. 217, will be presented at a:3o
pm. tomorrow In the Berwyn Ele-
mentary School. Of1icers win be In
stalled and members initiated.
Lloyd z. McEwan, commander Of
Greenbelt Post. No. I36, win present
the charter, and Ray A. Burke, vice
commander, Department OF Mary
land, Southern Maryland District,
win preside at the installation.
Evening star., 1947-04-23
AVG Council to Sponsor
Il Arlington Meetings

The Greater Washington Area
Council of the American Veterans
Committee will sponsor two meet
ings tonight in Arlington County.
Members of the darlington Park
fairfax chapter viii meet at O'Clock
in the darlington administration
building for a penal discussion on
Should the Federal Budget BE
Cut?"
A meeting of the South Airing
ton chapter viii be held at O'CLOCK
n the Community Center OF DUNBAR
es. nrn.. DR.. w. Montague Cooo
/ uninssor of anatomy at Howard
tveteran ,y, will discuss civilian ant
tNegroes hospitalization facilities to
:
Evening star., 1947-04-23
County Courthouse Parking
Signs Ordered chanqed

Inc Prince Georges County Board
OF commissioners yesterday voted to
cifange the reserved parking space
signs back Of the Upper Marlboro
court House after Chief OF Police
Eaipn Brown informed them that
present signs could not be legally
enforced.
Police. he said, cannot enforce
no parking" signs designed to keep
space reserved for judges and police
because it is county property.
When he said that mo trespass-
ing signs could be enforced, the
board voted to change the signs.