davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1947-12-20
New Strategy Makes
Western Union Strike
DeadIine Indefinite
Calling Of WoIkout at
Any Time Authorized;
Peace Talks Renewed
By jones Y. Newton

Leaders of three AFL unions
threatening a strike of $4,000
Western Union employees changed
their strategy today so the walk
out can be started at any time.
The change in plans was an
nounced by officials of the unions
as they went into another meeting
with company representatives and
Government conciliators designed to
head off the strike. The original
strike deadline was set for 6 am.
Tuesday. The peace meetings are
being held in Offices of the Federal
Mediation and Counciliation Service.
Adolph Brungs, head of the West
ern Union division of the CONNER
cial Telegraphers' Union, said the
CTU and the two other smaller
unions now have left the hour for
the strike up to union Strike Com
mittee
Strike at Any Time Authorized.
Right now, our Strike Commit
tee is authorized to call the strike
at any time" Mr.. Brungs said. I'VE
want to move out at moments
notice-suddenly and hard, without
any advance word to the manage
ment."
He said the kilograms giving no.
tice of the decision were sent to
President Truman, and to Cyrus S.
Ching, director of the Federal Con-
ciliation Service.
Members of the union in Wash
ington were summoned to mass
meeting to be held at pm tomor-
row in the Annapolis Hotel, presum-
ably for a discussion of the crisis.
Meanwhile the company made a
telegraphic appeal to individual
union members not to go along
with their leaders in event the strike
is called. The message emphasized
that the Taft-Hartley Act protects
non-striking union members from
loss of jobs. 1t pointed out that en-
ployes who did not take part in the
CIO strike in New York City last
year retained their jobs. The mes
(See WESTERN UNION Page A-3)
Evening star., 1947-12-20
Il German Diplomats Jews Attack Village
AndHig ghNazi Officials For ) Hours in New
Face Nuremberg CoutPa|estine Outbreaks
Baron Weizsoecker Seeks
D. c. Attorneys Services
In Conducting Defense
BY the Associated Press

NUREMBERG, Germany, Dec.
20.-TWenty- one former German
diplomats and high-ranking
officials in the Nazi government
pleaded innocent today to
charges that they committed
crimes against peace and hu-
manity.
The defendants, arraigned before an
American military tribunal headed
by Judge William C. Christianson
of Red Wing, Mimi, were accused
of marshalling German financial,
economic, political, psychological
and propaganda support behind
Adolf Hitler's efforts to wage aggres-
sive war.
The chief defendant, Baron Ernst
Won Weizsaecker, former secretary
of state in the German Foreign
Office and German ambassador to
the Vatican at the end of the war,
asked for the services of an Amer
ican attorney, Warren E. Magee of
Washington, in conducting his de-
fense.
Represented May in Trial.
Mr.. Magee recently represented
former Representative Andrew ].
May, Kentucky Democrat, in his
conspiracy trial in District Court
in Washington. He is head of the
firm OF Magee, Beedy g. McGovern
in Washington.
(Mr. Magee is in Zurich,
Switzerland, having gone to Eu-
rope to participate in the case,
his Washington Office said todayD
Another American tribunal, hear
ing the war crimes case against the
Krupp ornaments works, rejected
yesterday plea by the chief defend
ant, Alfred Krupp, that he be given
the right to have an American at
torney. The ruling opened the way
for a challenge of the tribunals
legality.
l. Weizsaecker claimed, as did
Krupp, that it was essential for
his proper defense and fair trial"
to be represented by both American
and German counsel because the
tribunal and the prosecution were
American and the constitution and
procedure of the tribunal invoked
both international and American
law.
The motion laid heavy stress on an
American constitutional guarantee
that every accused has the right to
counsel OF his own choice.
The prosecution maintained in it's
answer to the Krupp appeal that the
tribunal was an international court,
and thus outside the scope of Amer
ican courts.
The tribunal, whose other men,
bers are Robert F. Mcguire of Port
land, Greg, and Leo W. Powers of
Denison, Iowa, made no immediate
ruling on the Weizsaecker motion.
Trial Opens January.
The trial, which may be the last
of the big war crimes cases prose-
cuted by American officials here, was
set down to begin January 6.
Among the more prominent de-
PENDANTS, in addition to Weizsaecker,
are
Wilhelm Keppler, Hitler's eco
nomic adviser from 1882 on.
Ernst Wilhelm Bohle, chief of the
Evening star., 1947-12-20
Fire at EIkton Under Control
After Destroying 6 Buildings
Four Firemen Hospito|ized, 100 Persons Routet
From Hotels, Apartments in Freezing Weothe

handicapped firemen drawn from
10 nearby communities in Northeast
Maryland and as far away as Will
mington, Del
Patrolman William Binder discov-
cred the blaze about $50 am. in
the three-story building occupied
by the Janis Shoe Store. It appar-
emily started in the basement there
Mr.. Binder quickly reused guests
in apartments over and adjoining
the shoe, store.
Flames quickly destroyed the first
building and spread south into a
structure housing an automobile
supply firm and two apartments
and north into another occupied by
a chain grocery store and apart
mentS
Both these three-story buildings
were destroyed and the fire pushed
on north into the three-story Ritz
=
Evening star., 1947-12-20
Congress Cool to Truman's Plan
To Pledge 4-Year Aid to Europe;
Marshall Calls Help Keyto Peace
Russia Wants Relief Program
7oFoi|, Secretary Tells Nation
Declares MoIotov Used Big Four Meeting
In London as 'Chonce for Propaganda

little more than a dependent prov
ince of the Soviet Union.'
The London conference adjourned
Monday after what Gen. Marshall
described as "interminable discus
sions' that were 'but a dreary repe-
tition' of what had been said pre-
viously on the German and Austrian
issues. He admitted the greatest
disappointment"
Accusing Soviet Foreign Minister
Molotov of using the meeting las
an opportunity for propaganda dec
larations," Gen. Marshall said:
1T finally became clear that we
could make no progress at this time
that there was no apparent will to
reach a settlement but only an in
terest in making more and more
speeches intended for another audi
ence."
He pointed out that Europe was
largely shattered in the war. One
result was creation of "a political
vacuum" Until this vacuum has
ICa. NFAnCYIAI -
Evening star., 1947-12-20
British Soldier Killed
In Furry Between
Joffu and Tel Aviv
BY the k,socioted Press

JER USALEM, Dec. 2O.-A
large party of Jews" in battle
dress and khaki attacked the vii
lage of Qazaza, near Rehovot,
early today, an official an
nouncement said, killing one
Arab and wounding another in
a three-hour assault.
An Arab boy was killed and sew
eral others injured when they set
of a BOBBY trap in a recently
evacuated Jewish shop in Jerusa-
LENS commercial center. British
engineers, fearing other traps, de-
stroyed the building with dynamite.
Another furry broke out in the
no-man's land between Arab Jaffa
and all-Jewish Tel Aviv. A British
soldier was killed when Jewish
armed force men fired on him. One
Hagana source said the men mistook
his car for a vehicle of the Arab
Legion.
Two Arabs were killed by snipers
in the area.
The death toll of communal riot
ing in Palestine since the November
% decision to PARTITION the Holy
Land reached 285 with the Middle
East toll standing at 406.
Evening star., 1947-12-20
Dr.. Arunhu Recovering

>RIO DE JANEIRO, Dec. 20 R.-
DR.. Oswaldo Aranha, president of
the last United Nations General As
sembly, was recovering today after
brief attack of pneumonia. The
Brazilian diplomat became i'll after
returning to Rio de Janeiro from
New York.
Evening star., 1947-12-20
Cunodu Extends Power
To Reouisition Food
av the Assoeioted Press

OTTAWA, Dec. 20-Parliament
last night extended until next
March 81 the governments powers
to requisition farm products to meet
food contracts with Great Britain.
It then recessed for Christmas 70
meet again January 26.
Evening star., 1947-12-20

(See QUEsTIONNAIRE, Page Az.
Evening star., 1947-12-20

(See FIRE, Page A-3D
Evening star., 1947-12-20

(See MEYERS, Page A-3)
Evening star., 1947-12-20

(See NUREMBERG, Page ABB
Evening star., 1947-12-20
Gather Forecast

Sunny, highest about 38 today. Clear and
colder tonight; lowest about Is in city. 18 in
suburbs Tomorrow sunny, not quite so cold.
(F1lll reporI on mage A-2)
Evening star., 1947-12-20

See MARSHALL, Page ABB
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1947-09-04
SQUIRREL SEASON TO OPEN
ON SEPTEMBER 18TH

The squirrel hunting season
will open in all counties in South
west Virginia the 18th of this
month, and will remain open un
til the end of the month.
Squirrels are reported unusual
ly scarce this year, probably due
to scarcity of mast. Everyone in
this county agrees that they are
few and far between. People who
have been fishing on Clinch and
Holston rivers say that they were
told that squirrels were light in
Scott and Washington counties.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1947-09-04
LOOKING
BACKWARD
FROM AN OLD SCRAPBOOK

Talt Hall, hanged at Wise on
September 2, 1892, for the muir
der of policeman Enos Hylton at
Norton, was the most famous
desperate of his day and thous-
ands not born at the time of his
hanging know more or less of his
history. By reason Of the urgent
request OF our old friend, Elder
Creed Fleming, we are glad to
reprint from an old newspaper
story which gives good &C.
count Of the hanging and out
lines his career of crime.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1947-09-04
VALUABLE MILK cow DIES
DIES AFTER DRINKING
STILL SLOP

Harve Damron, of Cranes Nest,
usually mild hammered man,
was in town Wednesday morning
not his usual self at ALL
He explained that he had lost
a valuable milk cow this week
by reason of the cow drinking
slop at moonshine still some
where in the neighborhood and
that he spent the previous day
searching for the still without
success.
The cow, he said, was one Of
the best he had ever owned and
he valued her at $4,000.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1947-09-04
EIGHT-YEAR-OLD CHILD
KILLED IN HIGHWAY
ACCIDENT

TIVIS, Sept. 2-Rose Marie,
age 8, daughter of Mr.. and Mrs.
Moses Church, of Grundy, was
killed in a car wreck on August
23rd on Tug River in West Vir-
ginia.
She was granddaughter of
Mr.. and Mrs. Harve Good, for
merly of Clintwood. Mrs. Good
preceded her granddaughter in
death some six weeks ago Both
bodies were brought TO Dicken-
son County and buried on the old
homestead of Mrs. Goods father,
the late Elder S. A. MCGOWAN.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1947-09-04

These ALLEGATIONS are temper
airy and will be made final only
after a public hearing Tuesday,
September 30th, at Roanoke.
J. A. Anderson, Commissioner
of Highways, states that there is
less than ten cents available for
every dollar necessary to meet
immediate primary highway
needs.
Among the road jobs in other
counties, the following are of
some interest to the people of
Dickinson:
In Russell, from Honaker to-
ward Raven, which will give a
better outlet to persons travelling
from Haysi, Sand Lick and Fry
ing Pan toward Bluefield.
In Wise county, from Virginia
City toward Coeburn.
In Russell, from Hansonville
to the Washington county line.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1947-09-04
TOM McLAIN, OF NORA
PASSES AWAY

Tom McLain, about 80, died
at his home at Nora this week
of heart trouble He had been
bedfast for some time and his
death was not unexpected.
Burial was in PeWther Chapel
graveyard Wednesday.
The deceased married a daugh
ter of Buddy Joe Stanley of Nora
and had lived at and around that
place for some time.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1947-09-04
MRS. HENDERSON MULLINS
PASSES AWAY SATURDAY
MORNING

Ollie, wife of Henderson
Mullins, died at her home near
Clintwood Saturday morning at
five o'clock. Mrs. Mullins had
not been we'll for several years
and was stricken Thursday. The
cause of her death was dropsy,
with the usual complications.
The deceased was SO years old.
She was born and reared on
Long Fork, the daugher of "Flat
john Mullins. Fiftytwo years
ago she was married to Hender-
son Mullins. The family lived at
different points in Dickinson
county and finally made a per-
manent location on a farm in the
Lockhart Flats, near Clintwood,
several years ago.
Mrs. Mullins had been a mem
Der of the United Baptist church
for many years.
Burial was in the Foxtown sec
ton Sunday, with services in
charge of Elders -Roley Stanley
and Cleve Wright, of the United
Baptist faith.
The following relatives sur
vive, in addition to the husband,
brothers: Love, Delano, and CAL
lie, of Dorton, KY; sisters: Mrs.
Polly Mullins, Pound; Mrs. Jen-
ME Mullins, Norland: Mrs. Julia
Fleming, Norland; Mrs. Louise
Brown, of Ohio. Sons: Russell,
Farley and Coda, of Mcclure and
Arlie, of Coeburn, Rt. 2. Daugh-
tiers: Mrs. Cintha Mullins, Nc
Clure; Mrs. Launa Bowman, Rt.
/, Clintwood; Mrs. Ellen Potter,
Ash Camp, KY; Mrs. Odell Wal
lace, Clintwood; and Mrs. Evona
Edwards, Birchleaf.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1947-09-04
Big Celebration
In Breaks On
Sunday, 18th

A great ceIeOrdtlOn is planned
to be held in the Flatwoods over
looking the Breaks of Cumber-
land Mountain, Sunday, Sept. IA,
and one of the largest crowds in
the history of Dickinson county
is expected to attend. The meet
ing is sponsored by the Breaks
Good Roads Club and by Pike
County Game Protective Associ-
alton.
Many notables plan to attend
the meeting, including Governor
Tuck, Congressman Flanagan,
James A. Anderson, highway
commissioner of Virginia, as we'll
as some of Kentucky's most
prominent citizens.
The meeting is scheduled to
start in the forenoon and will
last for several hours, with
speeches and music enlivening
the day.
The object of the meeting is to
arouse interest in the Breaks as
a recreation center and to start
a move in real earnest to secure
highway through that section.
Annual meetings of the kind
were staged in the Flatwoods I'm
til the beginning of the war,
when they were necessarily dis
continued for the duration.
In an effort to make certain
whether Governor Tuck and par
ty would attend this meeting or
not, we made inquiry of the
Governor himself and below Is
his answer:
II have your letter of the 30th.
l do not know just what h e
schedule is, but | have agreed to
go to the Breaks on either Satur
day Or Sunday, the 18th or 14th.
I plan to leave Richmond by air
plane on the afternoon of the
18th and land at Richards and
travel by automobile from there
to Grundy, and then return here
by Plane Sunday afternoon This
invitation, which I have accept
ed, was extended to me by Rep
resentatives v. c. Smith and A.
r. Singleton, and these gentle
men, feel sure, can give you
definite and correct information
as to the schedule !
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1947-09-04
Continued From Last Week.

An hour later heavy two
horse wagon was on its way
across the mountains bearing to
its resting place in Letcher coun
ty, the land Of his nativity, all
that remained of Talt Hall, fol
lowed by a lengthy procession of
his old-time friends.
The most celebrated trial ever
held in Southwest Virginia was
brought to a close January 80 in
the conviction of Talt Hall of
murder in the first degree. The
jury took twelve hours to deli
berate, and when the verdict
was announced Hall rose to his
feet and seemed perfectly cool
and collected. After he had been
taken to his cell he told your rep
resentative- that he was conf
dent of getting new trial and
proving himself innocent of the
murder of Policeman Hylton at
Norton.
The trial was held at Wise
courthouse, four miles from Nor
on, the nearest telegraph station.
All week the strange sight was
seen in this little mountain town
of a court room filled with and
surrounded by a large body of
men armed with Winchester
rifles to prevent the prisoner
being rescued Even the attor-
neys in the case had to appear
heavily armed to protect them
selves from one or the other of
the opposing factions. Tor two
days band of Halls friends,
all from over the Kentucky line,
IS strong, lay in the woods in
the vicinity of the village await
ing an opportunity to swoop
down upon the guard and the
jail and the courthouse which
commonly commands entrance to
the Jail, were filled with armed
men. One of Halls men, sent in
to town as a spy, was arrested
and the strong preparations made
for their reception frightened off
the gang. Notwithstanding the
mob, it is probable that the yer
dict rang down the career of the
most notorious desperate living,
and the man who has killed more
Of his fellow men than any Of
lTurn to back pagsl
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1947-09-04
County To Get
$4,000 In Road
Funds

For the fiscal year beginning
July 1, 1948, Dickinson county
will get $4,000 for primary
roads. This will be spent as fol-
lows:
Bridge at Fremont, 100000;
macadam from Georges Fork to
ward Coeburn, 100000.
That is what Dickinson coun-
ty will get of the $2,676,ll1 alot-
ted to the eleven counties of the
Bristol district. Amounts to be
spent in other counties will be.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1947-09-04

DR.. ]. c. Sutherland, who has
been visiting his wife and daugh
ter for the past week, has return
ed to Sparta, I'll.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1947-09-04
CHURCH NOTICE

Preaching at Solid Rock church
End Saturday and September.
Second Sunday at mouth of Hol-
ly Greek whit dinner on ground.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1947-09-04

Mrs Grace. Mullins and chill
dren spent last weekend with
relatives in Kingsport. Her Sis,
ter, Mrs. Charles Smith recently
underwent a serious operation.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1947-09-04

Mrs. Henry Sykes, who has
been very i'll for some time, is
now in the Abingdon hospital,
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1947-09-04
SIXTY-FIVE GUESTS IN
COUNTY LOCK UP THIS
MONTH

Ross Phillips had sixty five
unwilling guests at the county
lookup during August. Some
stayed only day, some longer
and the total prisoner days
amounted to 154. Thirteen of the
DRINKS were for the town of
Clintwood. Two unwilling visit
ors remained at the end of the
month. Two were women. One
woman was committed to Staun
ton as a chronic drunkard.
Some folks think that business
for the Jail will pick up during
this month, with the cashing Of
terminal leave bonds and h e
county fair.
The breakdown:
Drunk .. ... rs
Drunken driving ..... 4
Larceny ....,... ...
Peace warrant .,.. 8
Making whiskey . 49, 2
Malicious wounding .. 2
Inebriate T .... l
Murder ...... ..........
Felony ... . ;.
Non-support ........
Forfeited bond .... .
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1947-09-04

Renew Your Subscription
Hartford chronicle., 1947-01-25

new home, 38 Adams Ave, from their honeymoon. She Is the former Marjorie Johnson.
 Miss Susiebell Simmins and MT. David McKeithan were married on January 10th.
 MT. and Mrs. Fred E. John son observed their third we'd ding anniversary, January 15. They have a daughter, Fredina Ruth.
 A party was given by the Get-Together Girls Club at the home of Miss Orianna Haines, Spruce St., January 18th. All those attended had a wonderful time. <
 A dinner party was given by MT. and Mrs. Thomas Thomp- son, Miller St., for a few of their friends. This affair was enjoyed very much by all
 The Golden Bears won their basketball game against the Ansonia Big Five, Jan. 18th, at the State Armory. The score was 36-32.
 Lorens l.. Jones, St. M. first class, spent the past weekend in town. He was formerly sta toned in Noroton, Conn.,, and is now stationed in New Lon don, Conn.
 David A. Austin, Jr., will leave on January 25th to re- sume his classes at Warehouse College, Atlanta, Ga.
Hartford chronicle., 1947-01-25

This beautiful red shorthon heifsr calf will be guest Shorhorn Chicago Donated by Col Arthur Ball. Farms auctoned % to to the highest bidder at the banquet:
 exhibit S1nSr S Feeding Division of the 1g4e horn breeders of tomorrow - W ~ -s-
 Princess Royal shown (ripbtl and D. swafar Qe Club She was calved 2O 1946 put of Princess Royal 10st 20s1683. ~ ~
Hartford chronicle., 1947-01-25

A large number of members attended the first business meet ing of the Faith Tabernacle Baptist Church for 1947 held on January 4th. All present officers were reelected, a bud get of $270O was proposed for the year to take care of the current expenses. Installation of officers will be in February.
 The Faith Tabernacle Baptist Church will conduct their bap- tismal service on January g, at Mount Zion Baptist Church i'll Port Chester, N. Y, Rev. Nichols, pastor. Rev. Wm. l.. Baxter will officiate the baptiz- ing.
 A request program will be sponsored by the Mems Club of Faith Tabernacle Church, Jan. 23rd. All of the church choirs will fulfill the requests The Senior & Gospel Choirs are directed by Mrs. A. Jones, the Intermediate & Juvenile Choirs are directed by Mrs. G. Hallum.
 Installation services at the Union Baptist Church will be conducted by Rev. B. l.. Mat thews, minister of the Union Baptist Church, Baltimore, Md, Rev. I. Logan Kearse is the newly elected pastor. These services began January 20 and ran throughout the week.
 Rev. and Mrs. I. Logan Kearse have returned to their
Hartford chronicle., 1947-01-25
STAMFORD NEWS
 By Georgianna N. H. Nicholson

ny G0OTgldLua IN. n. NlCuOASOA
 The Board of Directors of the Yerwood Community Center. at a Supper meeting, held at the Y. W. c. A., Tuesday, Jan uary IA, 1947, elected officers for the new year.
 Officers elected to serve for one year are as follows:
 President-Dr. J. Y. Carwin, Vice-Pres.-Mrs. J. King Hoyt, Treasurer-Mr. H. H. Williams, Secretary-Atty. W. A. Wood.
 Standing Committee Chair men appointed were:
 Personnel-Miss M. Wilcox, Food-Mrs. Delcina Green, Nominating-Atty. W. Arvey Wood, Membership-Miss Sara Boswell, House F'inance-Co- chairmen-Rev. 1. l.. Kearse and MT. Martin Levine.
 The Board discussed prelimi- nary plans regarding their forthcoming Building Fund Drive scheduled for April.
 MT. Morris D. Kronenfeld, Executive Director, Stamford Jewish Center, was guest speak CT. MT. Kronenfeld explained the philosophy, program and the general functional purposes of the Center. .
 The President extended his thanks and appreciation for the fine service rendered by the re- tiring Board members and well comed the new members.
 The meeting concluded with the introduction of guests of the Board members and recognition to Mrs. E. Massie, Mrs. Beatrice Garnett, Mrs. Bernice Tourse and Mrs. B. H. Walker, mem bers of the Yerwood Women s Club, for arrangements.
 The Board Membership: Dr. J. Y. Carwin, Mrs. J. King Hoyt, Miss Sara Boswell, MT. Russell Waterbury, Miss Mil dred Wilcox, Rev. I. Logan Kearse, MT. Ernest Thompson, Rev. Donald F. Campbell, Mrs. Fife Massie, Rev. l.. F. Morley, Atty. w. A. Wood, Mrs. B. Wells, Miss Viola Smith, MT. Arthur Taylor, MT. George Bi- sacca, Miss Sarah Smith, MT. Mack Askew, Mr. Roy Hill, MT. George Spears, and MT. Martin Levine.
Hartford chronicle., 1947-01-25

Club activities: Ping Pong, Swimming, Basketball have ere ated many enthusiastic partici- pants - if you are not active and looking for something of interest inquire about one of these groups at the Yerwood Community Center.
Hartford chronicle., 1947-01-25

The Robbie Socks, a girl s club for under teen-agers, have regular meetings on Fridays at the Y.W.C.A. Time: 3 80. Plans are being made to serve SUD- per at a future meeting.
Hartford chronicle., 1947-01-25

The following teams are en- tered in the City Basketball League for the current season: Golden Bears, Crusaders and the Eagle A. c. in the adult division and the Mercury A. C. in the Junior League Be a team booster. Come out a sched- uled league night and support your team.
Hartford chronicle., 1947-01-25

The Progressive Civic League of Stamford is one of the CO., sponsors of the Inter-racial. h. ter-faith meeting at the Jewish Center. A program for Negro History week is also being pre-