davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02
Fashion ShOsv
. At Legion Hall
Friday Night

Final plans have been made for
the Fashion Show at the Ameri-
can Legion Home, formerly the
Country Club. on Friday evening
at $50 O'Clock. The show is be-
ing sponsored by the Junior
Woman's Club for the benefit Of
the. 1913 March of Dimes Drive.
4" Among the firms and local
modisteS showing whats new"
in Florida fashions are such out
standing contributors as MarEd
Dress Shop, Dolores Thornley,
Dress Shop, Ruth Baker Jackson
Dress Shop, Ampara Lake, Fran
els Woods, Pollock's and the
Beachcomber. Most of the frocks
to be on display were made es-
pecially for this prevue showing.
Included are stripes and checks,
suits and dresses in shades of
green, russell, brown, fuchsia, and
other dusky tones. Present fash
ion trends accenting fishtail
backs, peplums and pleats' will be
in abundance.
One of the outstanding attrac-
tons will be the presentation of
a complete wedding scene by
MarEd's House of FASHIONS.
In the midst of a concentrated
drive to impress local people with
Buy At Home, one of the OBJ
,jectives of the fashion show and
dance. in addition to making a
contribution of funds to a bene-
violent association, is to let the
general public. see first-hand the
availability of lovely and reason
ably priced clothing here in Key
West.
All prospective brides, for in
stance, can be relieved of the
strain of selecting appropriate
apparel for her entire wedding
party by visiting local modistes,
where fashionable styles are ire
valent and complete trouSseaus
made at reasonable prices.
Children and adults will meet
at 7:30 o'clock tomorrow night
at the Legion Home for final re-
hearsal tor the Fashion Show.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02
MANHATTAN EDITOR

Twenty minutes after Dawson
had left, Jean looked up from
her typewriter to see the night
supervisor of news, Ross Mercer,
standing in front of her. He was
visibly agitated.
| ""Are you working on that
Times Square murder?" he asked
her. peering at the copy in the
machine. His face fell. Eye Gods,
Jean-we should have had that
story a half hour ago! I've al
ready had two messages from
Chicago and st. Louis asking
about it."
Jean was too startled to think.
"What Times Square murder?"
she asked, bewildered.
Mother of Heaven!" shouted
Ross, grabbing his head in dis.
may. Haven't you even heard
about it? Two bandits killed
cop right after robbing the Ritz
Hotel of ten thousand bucks!" He
made motions of grabbing at his
sparse sideburns. "And you
haven't heard a word of it,"
Dawson covers that, but ]
don't see anything in the basket
about it," Jean said lamely, reach
ing for the carbons in the wire
container to verify her statement.
She was surprised to find the
stack of copy heavier than she
had anticipated. The two stories
on top were the same ones she
had seen previously. But a new
one, led off with a bulletin, had
been slipped in underneath them.
1t was the Times Square murder.
The news supervisor; seeing the
copy, became coldly furious.
'What in the devil are you
thinking about, anyhow-leaving
that story in the basket" he up
braided her. Don't you think
spot news is important? Or would
you rather pick it up from the
opposition syndicates to be sure
it's correct?"
| drop everything else you're
doing and get that story out i'm
mediately," Ross ordered. Were
already a half hour behind the
competition!" -.
/ Jean knew, as she fought tears
of disappointment and rage, that
Dawson had tricked her as
cleverly as card sharp-slipping
in an extra ace when the least
expected it. But she could see no
way to make that explanation
seem impressive to her boss.
ITO he continuedl
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02
Chapter s


CHARLES DAWSON, looked
~ across the city desk at Jean
Saunders with a .poker-faced
stare. She had heard so much
about his animosity for her that
she expected almost anything to
happen the first time she met him
Aeven flying exchange of paper
weights and other heavy missiles.
But he made no hostile move
right then. His broad face, ridged
with dissipation and creased by
a scowl of habitual turbulence,
seemed to be struggling to warp
itself into an unaccuStomed smile.
The attempt was only partially
successful, but it surprised Jean
almost as greatly as the words
that accompanied it.
welcome to the graveyard
shift" he said with a funereal
kind of gaiety. "Glad to have you
working with me-and if there's
any little thing l can help you
with, just give me the sign"
"Why, thaf5ks," Jean said, try
ing to decide whether he disliked
her less than she had heard, or
whether his unexpected cordially
was just a strategic gesture to
disarm her. Il appreciate that
lot-and I'll try not to impose
on YOU" .
"No danger of that I guess,
he said gruffy, adding in an almost
amiable tone, Don't hesitate to
call on me; think I know enough
about this town to be fairly use
, full"
"I'm sure you do-and thanks
again." Jean said.
That was her Unexpectedly
friendly introduction to Dawson
and for the next few nights she
saw nothing to alter its apparent
promise of cooperation.
Dawson, launching his biz
shoulders over the desk as she
\. clipped the New York morning
newspapers. for references to fu-
ture news events, said little t
Jean. Occasionally, he held Ions
conversations on the telephone
but his voice rumbled on in such
a low tone that she could no
distinguish the words. ,.. 49,
About three o'clock every
morning, when he had finished
checking the newspapers, HI
numbered out of thu Office, os.
tensibly to eat at a nearby all
night cafeteria. Frequently, HI
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02
BY Gene Gleason

did not return until 5 am, and
never offered any explanation for
his long absence. Yet he always
managed to be in the Office when
a major local story broke. It was
not until weeks later that Jean
learned that Dawson had made
an arrangement with the reporter
at police headquarters who called
him at some outside number
whenever an important story de-
veloped. Within a few. minutes,
Dawson would be back at the
city desk, turning out the story.
"This is just a cheap stabbing,"
he would say, as he tossed car
bon copy into the basket on her
desk. Or: Here's a two-alarm
loft fire; nothing much outside
New York" Often he said moth
ing; just threw the copy into the
basket.
Jean, taking nothing for grant,
ed, examined all of the stories.
She discovered that Dawson's
judgment of their news value was
accurate. If he cried down a story,
it almost always proved to be too
minor for use on the national
wire.
lean had been working along
- side Dawson in comparative
harmony for several weeks when
she encountered the busiest night
she had ever worked.
Good grief!" she exclaimed as
she looked at the stack of stories
before her. "I've got a weeks
work here-and it has to 60 out
by 8 this morning" She wasted
no further time on worry, but
Waded into the stories at top
speed, concentrating her entire
attention on them. She was hard
ly aware that Dawson was work.
ing at the next desk.
AS for Dawson, he said nothing
as he turned out several stories
and tossed copies of them into
the basket at Jeans side. Jean
out of sight of the radio wire ano
too completely engaged to check
it if she had cared to, inspected
the carbon copies in her basket
without finding anything more
startling than a cheap burglary
and a two-paragraph brief on {
drunken street braWl.
Within a half-hour, Dawson
went out on his customary lons
lunch hour" and Jean noted thai
the same burglary story was still
on top of the pile of carbon
copies.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02
Local Post DAY
To Meet Tonight,
Plan Installing

Plans will be discussed to-
night at a meeting of Disabled
American Veterans in the USO
building, Whitehead and South
ard streets, for the installation of
officers of the local post of the
DAV on Saturday.
In making this announcement
today, Eric A. Curry, command
er of the local post of the DAV,
said that tonight's meeting,
which gets under way at $3.50
p. m, will be a very important
one, and he urged all members
to attend.
81 he installation of officers
of the local post will also be
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02
Planned POTATOES

4 aNNED xVxhxVG0
tablespoons fat
u cup, minced onion (opti0naO
medium potatoes, peeled and sliced
IA teaspoons salt
" teaspoon pepper
Melt fat in skillet: add minced onion.
sliced potatoes. seasonings,f and milk.
Cover and cook over low heat about 50
minutes. Or. cook in a moderate oven
(350'F.) I hour. until potatoes are ten.
der and milk is absorbed. Serves 8.
TIMELY FOOD TIPS
/. An easy way to ''use one less
slice Of bread q day" is to eat
an extra half of a white potato.
instead Of the usual second slice
Of bread. They have equivalent
energy food value.
2. For new flavor and good eating,
try a combination of sliced raw
carrots and sliced raw potatoes
when you make your next cas-
sero1e of escalloped potatoes.
8. Whip until very light a mixture
Of mashed cooked carrots and
applesauce add butter and
season to taste. Delicious!
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02
apply To We'd

Applications for marriage Ii
censes were filed yesterday with
County Judge Raymond r. Lord
by Edwin Kirschenmann, 81,
U. S. Navy, and Barbara l..
Smith, 81, of els Elizabeth
street; by James H. Russell, 10,
TIC Southland street, and Lilly E.
Freeman, l8, of Miami, and by
Joseph Bruscate, 81, of the US.
Navy, and Grace J. Rosso, 20,
of Chicago, Ill. .
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02
HIGH School PTA
To Present Sh0,v
Friday EUening

The Key West High School
PIT. A. will Present on
Thursday night, in the High
School auditorium, a combina-
ton of professional and home
talent in six attractions, featur-
ing dancing, singing, modelling
and a skit by cast of boy High
School students.
Paul Baron, of the screen and
stage, and Mrs. E. N. Brown,
who has entertained in her ma
tive Hawaii, will participate in
the affair.
The P.-T.A. has prepared a
program to be published in The
Citizen tomorrow.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

A" PEACE plate" FOR TODAY
Seue NDIteou ISaue Meat! Saue Tie Peace!
TUESDAY PEACE PLATE

Variety meats are much in the
news today. and of course they are
INTENTIONALLY important yesterday,
today and tomorrow. Appropriately.
the Consumer Service Section, Citi-
zens Food Committee, offers Liver
Loaf on Tuesdays Peace Plate,
served with creamy Planned Pota-
toes, and crisp orange-apple cole
slaw. Popular dessert suggestion
warm gingerbread with raisin
sauce.
LIVER LOAF
pound pork, lamb, or beef liver
small onion
cup ground raw carrots
! egg
I cup soft bread crumbs
teaspoon salt
"a cup catchup
Scald the liver. Grind. Peel onion.
Grind. Combine all ingredients except
catchup. Pack into a creased loaf pan
or small casserole. Brush with catchup.
Bake in moderate oven (350'F.) about
l hour. Serve hot or cold. servings.
with leftovers.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02
Girl Scouts
Hold Session

Ten members of Troop 5,
Girl Scouts, met on Monday at
the home of their leader, Mrs.
Lee Thompson, to help the
Monroe County tuberculosis and
Health Association to get the an
nual Christmas Seal sale under
way.
The Scouts working on the
project are the following:
Lynn Sellers, Teresa Bardwell
Eleanor Cato, Francis Meggs,
Joan Woods, Barbara Twiehaus
Grace nandez, Barbara
Meggs, Helen Mcdonald, Elsie
Lee Thompson.
Annealing glass involves cool
ing If very SLOWLY.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

All eyes require more and
more and more illumination as
they grow older because they
admit an ever-decreasing per-
Centage Of av2'lahle light.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

The number of divorces per
1000 U. S. population rose fairly
steadily from 10 in 1889 to 3,6
in 1945. F..
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

Although U. S. farm produc-
ton increased 25 per cent be-
tween 1889 and 1914, farm acre
age increased only six per cent.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02
FOR SALE

Electric train, smoke and choo-
choo model, like new, used
only 3 hours. Complete with
two transformers, extra track
and accessories. Train couples
and uncouples automatically.
Packed in original boxes. Elk
cellent Xmas gift. Phone
462-W, 30 Poinciana.
dec2-3tX
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

The area of the Great Lakes
roughly equals that of New
York and Pennsylvania combin.
ed.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

% cal. target rifle with 10 boxes
of shells; 1920 rifle; .33 pistol
with box of shells. IL #. Clink-
'er dinghy, inboard 6 horse eng
1920 Poinciana: decl-3tx
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

Cupboard motor and 13-ft. Skiff.
Apply after pm. 1901 United
Street. dec2-2tX
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02
MISCELLANEOUS

Picture framing, etchings, prints,
oils, framed and matted. Phone
1197-M, Paul DiNegro, Ga
Francis. decl-4tx
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

Bar and restaurant with liquor
license. $780, Call"9284 be-
tween IL and l. Or write Box
800, Citizen Office. ~ -.
nov26-10tx
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

Electric beer case, four compart-
mentS, and seven ice boxes.
Apply White Inn Bar, 1918 Di-
vision Street. dec2-6tX
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

Trees and plants: Stephanotis
and bougainvillaea, flame vines,
hibiscus, palms, crotons, frangi-
pants, poinsettias, rose and fruit
trees, other ported plants. 1904
Southland st. Phone 1049-J.
dec2-1tx
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

1910 Chev-Sedan, excellent con-
dition. Price very reasonable.
Monroe Motors, Inc. q =
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02
WANTED
WANTED TO RENT

Naval officer and wife want to
rent furnished apartment or
house for month of December.
Write 1t. H. M. Doran, Bldg.
1906, Submarine Base.
nov23-4t
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

Furnished four-room apartment.
Consisting one bedroom. Hot
water. $4,000 monthly. Apply
900 Elizabeth St. dec2-tf
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

1887 Ford two-door sedan, for
sale or trade for small truck
Apply after $3.50, 1924 White
Street. dec2-2tx
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

Man and wife desire management
guest house or motel. Reliable.
Highest references. Box l3,
cfo Citizen. dec2-3tx
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

held in the USO building" said
Curry. There are four national
officers of the DAV coming here
for the occasion" sss
These officers are all national
service officers. They are Sans
uel A. Hoops, Robert Clark, Fred
silver and Edward Ugolk. a
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

Personal Christmas cards made
from your favorite negative. 70
cards for $3.50. Evans Camera
and Supply Store dec17h
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

1888 Austin coupe. Good condi-
ton, $135.00. 143-A Poinciana
Ext, or U.S.S. Cobler Or. L,
Bumgarner). decl-2tx
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

Furnished garage apartment.
1415 Thompson St. decl-3tx
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

One Merton series ''B" automatic
storage 2O-gal. gas heater; one
gas range and grill, nine burn
ers. May be inspected at Lee
gion Home, Stock Island, Bids
for same accepted up to 8 p.m.
Friday, Dec S, at Legion Home.
Also can be mailed to Pc. Box
SO. dec1-3t
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

Furnished apartment, all mod
ern conveniences. Couple only.
Apply 801 Virginia. dec. -3tx
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

Annealing glass involves cool
ing 1t very slowly.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

Plumbing supplies. complete
stock. Plastic tile, paints and
brushes. Robert Leonard Co,
532.'N.W. 62nd Street. Miami,
Fla. Pcone 7-3421. nov1-tf
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02
EMPLOYMENT WANTED

Baby sitter, reliable, consclen-
tious woman. $1.00 per hour.
Call 1880. dec1-2tX
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02
FOR RENT

Clean, airy rooms, with connect
ing baths, near the ocean.
Beach Guest House, 1928 White
St. decl-tf
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02

DAUGHTER TO Armaysrsg

Mr.. and Mrs. Arthur B. Ar
mavor. ITO William street, an
nounce the birtil of a daughter
at $50 p. M, yesterday in the
Kew West Municipal Hospital.
The baby weighed SIN pounds,
two ounces.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02
. Information for the Advertisers
FOR SALE

Al For-Dor Luxury Liner Dodge
Sedan, all new tires, perfect
condition. Apply 632 William
St. nov29-3tx
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02
HELP WANTED
RATES FOR REGULAR and
BLACKJACK TYPE

Mattresses for night work. APP
ply to Hostess, between 9 am.
and p. m. La Concha Coffee
Shop. S dec2-3tx
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1947-12-02
HELP WANTED-FEMALE

Girl with sales ability. Must
know tipping. Steady position.
sos Duval. Collins. noV29-7tx
The Wilmington morning star., 1947-12-24
BETHLEHEM READY
Continued From Page One)

mony to symbolic the bright
ness and joy of the night and
rekindled faith in the story of
the Christ Child.
The Moravians' ancient art of
candle making was passed down
to the founder of the Simon Rau
Apothecary, one of the nations
Oldest drug stores. Tonight the
windows of Bethlehem homes
sparkled with the brilliance of
thousands Of Bayberry candles
made in molds used by their
Moravian founders.
Abandons Candles
One of the few exceptions
were the windows of Moravlan
College which this year aban-
doned the use of candles in favor
of electric lights.
Throughout the city on CHRIST
mas Eve the sound OF music
will echo from hill to hill as
members of the Moravian from
bone choir climb to the steeple
tower of 2OO-year-old Morav'ar
church to herald the birthday
Of Jesus Christ.
The Wilmington morning star., 1947-12-24
FRENCHMEN MUST
CONTINUED From Page One)

against it. This amendment was
offered by former Finance Min
lister Rene Pleven who said the
present figure of about 1000, ,O0O
civil servants should be reduced
to the 1888 level of 100000. Most
OF the jobs to be eliminated are
in the great nationalized indust'
|ries like the power network.
Mayors "austerity program"
for France also includes in
creased taxes on radios. tobacco,
alcohol, spices, precious metals
and other luxury consumer
goods.
There will be a special 400, 600
franc ($3,300) annual levy on
night clubs and no new spots
may be opened after Jan. l.
The bill enacted tonight bore
the title of an Exceptional levy
lin the struggle against initiation.
The Wilmington morning star., 1947-12-24
CAPE FEAR
Continued From Page One)

era, Negro cemetery in Will
mington and a ferry crossing the
Cape Fear, with naval stores il
the background.
HANDICAPPED - Since color
printing was little known, if al
all, in those days the job the ma
gazine did was comparable
to the more recent article by
Holiday.
There are no beach scenes, be.
cause the pictures carried were
line drawings. While the artists
work was commendable hs
could hardly have done justice
to a Carolina Beach or Wrights-
vile Beach July bathing beauty
party.
The text goes into great detail
about the states industries, its
agriculture, and its people,
While the author, Julian Ralph
takes a few pot-Snots at polltl'
clans, he is also reminded that
North Carolina is progressive
commonwealth" an its bon Is sell
almost as high as those of the
federal government.
Along the Cape Fear is indebt-
ed to J. M. Davis, Ava South
18th street for the loan of the
copy of the magazine.
The Wilmington morning star., 1947-12-24
DEPARTMENT
continued From Page One)

(Continued From Page One)
clear they regarded the Panama
Assenbly's unanimous rejection
of the new lease agreement as a
singing rebuff. The State De-
partment was understood to
have been confident only a week
ago that the agreement signed
by Hines and a Panamanian gov
ernment official would be ap-
proved by the Assembly,
One official said the United
States at the time had assumed
that the Panamanian administra-
ton would not sign an agreement
"unless it has assurances 1t
would be- approved by the As
sembly."
Year To Run
He said the United States still
has the legal right to continue
using the disputed bases until one
year after the signing of defini-
tive peace treaties with the de-
feated axis powers.
But to do so would make no
sense" he said, and would give
us false sense of security"
The department revealed for
the first time that in the recent
negotiations it had tried first to
obtain a go to 90-year lease OF
the IA bases, including the huge
Rio Hata Air base in Western
Panama.
That proposal was scaled down
to so, 80 and 20 years before the
December 10 agreement finally
was reached. That would have
given this country use of the l3
smaller installations for five years
and a 10-year lease on the Rio
Hato base, with an option for an
additional 10 years.
It asserted that the American
negotiators made Substantial
and repeated concessions" to Pan
anna in an effort to reconcile dif-
|ferences over the defensive needs
of the canal zone. The rejected
agreement would have given Pan
anna a yearly rental of $180,5O0
for the installations, and the Unit
ed States offered to construct
new roads and buildings in the
defensive areas.
The department spokesmen said
they believed the Panamanian
rejection was ''tied up with in
ternal political affairs" and that
the recent student demonstrations
were fomented by Communists.
The Wilmington morning star., 1947-12-24
Continued From Page On.)
CHILDREN ENJOY

all kinds. Toys hat were collect.
ed by the Jaycees and repaird.
New toys, donated by local msr.
chants and packages of fruits and
candies prepared by the Jaws.
cites, who worked late the nisi.
before getting ready for the visit
of Santa.
The Youngsters were selected
by school teachers, church schoo
teachers and the Associated Char
tiles.
Youngsters Praised
Members of the Jaycees, VIII
ACCOMPANIED the boys and girl
to the various restaurants, w.T
high in their praise Of the con
duct of the youngsters, all 0
whom were under u years 0
age.
One of the boys, a blond
youngster sat down to the h0l
with his eyes popping at tn
sight of the large amount Of tuf
key on his plate He glance
around, took a large piece Of III
turkey from his plate and care
fully wrapped it in a paper nap
kin.
Asked why he wrapped VI
turkey in the napkin, the boy r
piled, II want my momnla
have some turkey for CnElS
mas"
The Wilmington morning star., 1947-12-24
SEATTLE MAN
SITTING TIGHT
Wins Right To Rent
Home For $50
A Month
SEATTLE, Dec. 23.-tP)-Bern.

SEATTLE, Dec. 23.--P)-bern.
ard G. Lampe, wartime cnlef
c.rnenter's mate in the Sea-
bees. was sitting tight today
hoping.
s14 goo home at $50 a month
for two years during drawing
ordered by Federal Judge LLOYD
T. black after the builder, R. F.
Allison, pleaded guilty to the
improper use OF veterans
priorities to obtain material.
Today, however, he learned
the mortgage holder has start
ed foreclosure proceedings.
The case was further compll-
Gated by the fact that Judge
BLACK sentenced Allison to three
months in the county Jail, sus-
pended the sentence and put hlm
on probation for two years ana
two months. If Allison loses the
house through nonpayr-ent OF
his obligation, Judge Black
said he would have to serve the
Jail sentence.
Now the case is to come again
before Judge Black.