davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Wilmington morning star., 1947-09-09

not mustard to the tongue
whispering met the unpleasant
fate of being gagged with a
small wooden board; stupid
children were made to stand or
sit upon a tall Ounce stool; and
any child guilty of stealing had
his fingers burned with red-hot
Goals. Among the modes OF
punishment were strapping ten
der hands with leather thongs,
and pinching the ear-lobes and
noses of naughty children with
pieces Of wood shaped like
clothespins.
In some of the schools, good
children sometimes received
such rewards as a portion of a
strawberry divided among
three or four pupils, or had a
red, pink or blue bow tied to
their shoulders to wear home.
In schools where these
were used, a black bow was
pinned upon a naughty child:
with the usual consequence Of
a whipping administered at
home.
A writer of 1850 says, in COM
menting on his school days:
"When I was 3 years old, I
was sent to school to a mis-
tress, where I learned to read
with neat dispatch; in my fifth
year, I was taken away and
put to a writing master. In my
seventh year, 1 flourished a toll
cradle hand and began my
grammar. By the time ] was
II I was considerably proficient
in the Latin and Greek langu-
ages and was admitted into
Harvard"
Perhaps it was owing to the
fact that many entered college
while mere boys that corporal
punishment (applied to the
body) was much used in the
higher educational institu-
tons. Students at college were
often publicly thrashed.
In the South most of the peo-
pie lived on farms OR p]anta-
tons. Therefore it was common
for planters to employ tutors TO:
their children. Often the owner
of a plantation would hire a tu-
tor and invite the parents on
neighboring estates to send
their children.
However, the number of peo-
pie who could afford tutors was
small, and the children of the
smaller farmers in the South
had poor opportunities for ed
ucation. There were some good
The Wilmington morning star., 1947-09-09
Department.
TUE United STATES)
pon NOT SPARED IN


n continue the story OF
school life in colonial America
l lys1 opened with prayer, aft
slV v,hich the children began
lessons. Paper was
. s.s- and lead plummets
s.-. used instead of pencils. At
o'clock the bell rang. and
children scampered off
tor,s. not to return until l
',slock. The afternoon session
i,sted until 4 or S, and school
closed with prayer.
osnsre the Rod and Spoil the
rbild, was the motto of nearly
sverv parent and teacher. The
%i;scipline in school was very
severe. Boys who did not learn
tbeir lessons or were imperti-
nant to their master were
|.@undly logged with a birch
nod, Often, too, the stern faith
|ers whipped their sons because
thev had been whipped at
school. Children were taught to
|obev their parents without ar
sujng. An early law of Connect
lieut. fixed the penalty Of death
|upon any son who should strike
Ibis parent.
In the dame schools. as the
schools kept for little folks by
!, woman were called, some of
the methods of punishment
|vere quite novel. The school
mistress would 60 about and
|briskly tap the heads of idle
children with a heavy thimble
|sh. wore on her finger. Telling
|lies was punished !oY applying
The Wilmington morning star., 1947-09-09

Leslie j. O'Neal, Court I-18 Lake
Village, and Harvey L. Hughes,
2l3 Church street, both of
whom volunteered for the Air
Force for three years, Robert
Hughes, 819 Princess street.
Coast Artillery Corps, three
years, in the grade of Pfc: and
Jack Little, Whiteville, Navy
vet, three years, Coast Artillery
Corps.
White non-veterans enlisting
were: Luther c. Mitchell, Jr., 50
Tyler street, unassigned, two
years; Lacy Ludlum, Jr., three
years, Coast Artillery Corps;
Earl A. Bender, Jr., 10 North
Tenth street; Lawrence H. Ward.
The Wilmington morning star., 1947-09-09
SPECIAL CRIMINAL
TERM OF COURT NOW
SET FOR NOVEMBER

= There will be no special term
OF criminal court in New Han
over county in October.
Instead, one will convene for
a week beginning November l.
for such a term was
made yesterday by the county
board of commissioners at the
request of Solicitor Clifton
Moore. Originally, a term had
been set for October %. The
The Wilmington morning star., 1947-09-09
ARMY ACCEPTS IS
APPLICANTS HERE
FOR REGULAR DUTY

Fifteen applicants, including
enc Navy, one Marine, and five
Army. veterans, were accepted
for enlistment in the Regular
Army, and Army Air Force by
the local u. S. Army and Air
Force recruiting station, during
the week ending September 6,
Lieut.. Charles ]. Markus, COM
handing officer, announced to-
Gay.
White veterans ~enlisting were:
The Wilmington morning star., 1947-09-09
N0W! You Have
d Choice
'Bc"TABLETS
Or POWDERS

For years people have requested
THAT the formula for "BC" Head
|sche Powders be made available in
tablet form. Your dealer now has
boh. Tablet or powder-you get the
|ane famous formula, the same fast
relief. Two tablets equal one pow
der. Take your choice. but take
DC" Both act quickly to relieve
headaches, the pains Of neuralgia
and minor muscular aches. "BC"
Powders, 10c and Csc.
BIC" Headache Tablets. Csc. Cau-
ton: use only as directed.
The Wilmington morning star., 1947-09-09
The Book OF KNOWLEDGE

academies: but most of the chill
dren attended little neighbor-
hood schools which were badly
taught.
Copyright, 1916, By. The
Grolier Society Inc, based upon
The Book OF Knowledge)
distributed by United Feature
Syndicate, Inc.)
TOMORROW: - Alaskan and
Grizzly Bears.
The Wilmington morning star., 1947-09-09

Whiteville; CASTOR L. IIinson,
Clarendon; and Willie l.. Gore,
Nakina; all of whom volunteer
ed for three years assignment to
the Air Forces.
The U. S. Army and Air Force
recruiting station is located in
Room 205, post office. Recruit
ing representatives are also sta
toned in the post offices of the
following towns each week, as
follows: Whiteville, Mondays
and Tuesdays; Burgaw, Thurs
days; and Jacksonville, Thurs
days and Fridays.
Dial C.9211 Tor N~,~-o-.. c---
The Wilmington morning star., 1947-09-09

Don't let Coughing, sneezing, CHOKING, re-
curing attacks Of Bronchial Asthma ruin
sleep and energy another day without try
ing Mendaeo. This great internal medicine
Is tasteless and taken exactly IS directed
works thru the blood, thus reaching the
bronchial tubes and lungs. Usually starts
helping nature Immediately to remove
thick, sticky mucus, thus al1eviattn9
coughing and promoting freer breathing
and more refreshing sleep. Get Msndaee
from your druggist today. Money back
guaranteed unless completely satisfied.
The Wilmington morning star., 1947-09-09

change was made when the Sol
icitor informed the commission
ers no judge was available for
that date.
The Wilmington morning star., 1947-09-09

Dial 2-3311 For Newspaper Service
Evening star., 1947-11-02
By Roymond P. Brandt
OXFORD, England.

Sir Stafford Cripp's "austerity''
program has killed the rare old
university custom of "sconcing" in
the dining halls of the oxford COL
leges. The reason for this hard
ship: Not enough beer.
Sconcing goes back to times i'm
memorial and, like most other things
British, has its own formula and
ritual. In my old college, Lincoln
(Which has no connection with the
martyred President, but was so
named by its founder, Richard
Fleming, Bishop of Lincoln, in 1897
it consists of a challenge to down
a silver tankard of 2 quarts of
beer (ale in the American sense)
without pause.
Few students could do it in my
years here. The one who could was
a hero, although he was likely to be
ill for two or three days thereafter.
A Duel With Suds
The challenge could be made If
Q) student came into dinner
after the long Latin grace had been
recited by the senior scholar; ca II
he used four words Of Latin or two
of Greek at the dinner table or
(3) IL he mentioned woman s
name.
Guilty of any Of these crimes,
the offender could be sconced. He
then had two choices: % To drink
2 quarts Of beer OF (2) to pay for
Evening star., 1947-11-02

allowed. 1t dropped to about 100
during the depressed '30s.
But today there are 263 under
graduates on the books, the largest
enrolment since its founding in 1929
as "a little college of theologians," /"
who were to 60 out into the world to
defend the mysteries of the sacred
page against those ignorant laics
who profaned with swinish snouts it's
most holy pearls" In other words,
to lay low the followers of Wyclif1e.
OF this large number more than
half are veterans. One undergradu-
ate, admittedly an exception, Is 40
years old. There is a former colonel
of the Raj and many majors and
captains. Quite few of the stu
dents are married and the pram has
taken the place of the motorbiks as
a proud possession among the stu
dents. Women and babies are seen
in the quardrangles but, so far at
least, the wives are not allowed to
live in the colleges. That would be
a revolution in oxford.
Half Are Veterans
The dons are overworked and do
not know the meaning Of the 40
hour week which Is engulfing the
United Kingdom. One don I know
has 40 tutorials . week. He sees
that many students separately for
at least one hour. This leaves him
scant time for his other scholastic
and college duties.
The tearooms and restaurants are
Evening star., 1947-11-02

the mug which would be passed
around the table of IL to 20 stu
dents as a loving cup. If, in the
unlikely event, he downed the 2
quarts, he could in retaliation
sconce the challenger, who like
wise had the choice of drinking 2
quarters without pause or of pay
ing the loving cup.
Should the challenger also Sue
ceed in pouring 2 quarts down his
throat, he could rechallenge the Of
fender, who would have to down
another z quarts or pay for the
loving cup.
Times Have Changed
Since the Lincoln cup is so large
in some colleges the sconce tankard
was only a quart-thirsty students
were on the lookout for an offender.
1t meant free beer.
Now there is not enough beer to
go around in England. Even in
most mining towns the weekly beer
ration to the public houses usually
runs out in four days.
/ made a tour of several of the
picturesque old pubs had known as
q student-the Lamb and Flag, the
Golden Cross, the Kings Arms. All
were closed and had a handwritten
sign on the doors, Sorry, No Beer. "
There were other changes in the
Lincoln dining hall Cbuilt between
1897 and 1700 and retaining the
louvre or vent In the roof through
which smoke escaped when the IRE
Evening star., 1947-11-02
es About His B. A. Before Austerit) Days at Oxford

jammed. Hotels will serve only
their own guests. One can hardly
make ones way through such ia
nous bookshops as Blackwell's and
Parker's, where prices for old books
and prints are not yet inflated.
Evening star., 1947-11-02

an extensive trip in Russia, dined
with the fellows of nearby Brase-
nose College. At that time the
senior common room there offered
such delicacies as snuff, fruit, nuts,
several wines and whisky. These
luxuries apparently will be gone
from Oxford for at least several
years.
Rooms Still Cold
In one particular, Oxford hasn t
changed much. The rooms are as cold
or colder than a century ago, ex-
cept for time during coal strike
that forced us to use peat, which
gives only the Illusion Of warmth.
There is no central heating In Ok
ford living quarters. Now there is
no coal for the rooms. Instead there
is a small electric heater, with a
warmth radius of about feet in the
sitting rooms. An igloo would be
cozier than those high-ceilinged
rooms, and Eskimos don't keep the
windows open.
t Like American universities, Ok
ford is terribly overcrowded. Here,
however. it is town as well as gown
because the city has become an en-
larged industrial community.
Before World War I, my old col
lege, which is one OF as or 26 similar
groups with larger or smaller enroll
ments, had an undergraduate body
of 80 to 100. After World War I, the
size swelled to 180 and the dons
wondered how they would ever man
ass. Such things Just couldn't be
Evening star., 1947-11-02

consisted of logs piled in CRATE in
the center of the structure). In my
time, Is years ago, we dined by
candlelight. Now there are barely
enough candles available for the
Sunday dinner. Also, the college at
the high table wore tuxedos under
their long black academic gowns
every evening. During the weekdays
now they slip their gowns over street
or sports clothes.
On Sunday evening only the rec
tor (not a parson) wears the old
correct" dress, undoubtedly just to
maintain a token of tradition. The
dons, who are the tutors and lee
turers, are far too busy to take time
to dress. There are also the ques-
tions of clothing coupons and laun-
dry.
Meal Typi6es Austerity
The evening meal in college is
typical of English austerity. There
are only three courses. The two
nights I dined in hall they were
soup, small portion of chicken,
plenty of potatoes, green vegetables
and tomatoes and a sweet. One
night the sweet was pudding with a
raspberry sauce. On Sunday night
1t was ice cream and gelatin.
After dinner the high table went
to the senior common room. To
save laundry we took our dining
napkins. There we had . choice
Of port or Madeira, apples or pears,
and coffee. In 1881, On . return from
Evening star., 1947-11-02
Homer
Continued From Page CID

of such industries through higher
tariffs or import quotas. Other ma
tions whose trade would be affected
would be consulted before such per-
mission is granted. The require
ment for ITO approval before pro-
tective measures are put into effect
still is controversial issue.
8. Members agree to provide wide
opportunities for foreign investment.
They may continue discriminatory
measures against foreign investors
already in effect, but in adopting
new measures must treat one men,
ber country as we'll as they do an
other and foreign investors as we'll
as their own. Just compensation
must be made for the property Of
any foreign national taken over by
a member government.
The ITO itself would be composed
of conference, in which all MEM
bers would have a vote, an execu.
tive board Of IS to 10 members and
various commissions. The executive
board may give rulings in disputes
between members. its decisions Sub
ject to appeal to the conference.
Evening star., 1947-11-02
Restaurants damned

AS in London, the American can
find little to buy at reasonable costs.
Prices seem to be outrageous. This
is partly due to the high purchase
or sales tax on virtually everything
except the necessities of life. Cloth
ing is beyond a foreigners reach
because the government has found
no way of allotting coupons to a
visitor with dollars.
In Moscow and other large Rus
sian cities before the war there were
"torgsin" stores in which American
and other foreign currencies were
accepted for Russian wares. In his
search for the much-needed dollars,
young Harold Wilson, president of
the Board Of Trade. might we'll look
into the Russian idea for sales with
out the purchase tax and without
coupons to US, the fortunate Amer
leans.
II England, despite its necessary
"austerity." could rebuild its tourist
trade, q lot of dollars could be had
from Americans and others with
out the cost Of exporting the goods
from this island.
fDy special arransement with the st. Louis
post-Dtspatch.l
Evening star., 1947-11-02
Nest for War Birds
Air Force Is Building q 35-MiIlion-Dolor Base
in Maine for Biggest Bonnbers
Rv EnrI Aronson

LIMESTONE Me-A huge mightet birds
rapidly taking shape the soil OF Northern Maine
The last spuds have been of
farmland which mehanzed equipment and men are
fashionng the troubled Europe capable
of handling VHB very heavy bombardmenD craft
by the Air Berlin $500 miles dis
tant; the Dardanenes, 4,4oo-mie flight.
Field to Be Ready in 1949
The 100000 field virtually district only 600 feet
above sea level operations probably
100 tho Air Force has advised Gov Horace Hldreth
Drainage the hat boggy base site which
neghborng the New Brunswick border
Headquarters Washington that at present only
hangar being able accommodate two Ba6
built AFHQ but planes can now
almost kind of weather and hangers are really needed
only weather repair work
planned for the future 5000 feet long and 200
feet wide wide Ends the
runvay taxways 2oooby-7oo
foot parking apron is being built now
headquarters says finally to be stationed
that construction Of such services as
sewage water is sufficient for 10000
miles from the Pressure Isle Army Aroase Wher
Command operated World War II shuttle service to
Europe built Air Force official said because the
c for heavy bases has Increased much tnt
could converted quickly or as cheap as can be
done by constructing a new base"
To Permit No Commercial Use
947 and approximately 300 work
phases the work Robert Lee engineer
construction said the facilities Of the base will not be
available for commercial flying. .........' .
spur construction to connect the base with
Railroad in Limestone which feels Increasingly
predicted for the community by Town Manager
Until begun chief pursuit of the 800
the pretty little village potato production and
manufacture
crowded with construction workers
problem acquiring school to accommodate an
within the Limestone hasnt
enough is seeking Federal funds
this said,
must and opened their homes to
behaved gentlemen and the local
people lot of credit.
the town avors willingly and
they well contractors would they had been
well by the ownspeope.'
ourshng in the business district
stories An apartment
hnest-and many homes have been built
Extra Mail and Police Added
found shelter aers parked on lawns and tents
hosehoders refurbshd
moccuped quarters
Police trebed-by addition town
officer assignment here of State trooper.
daily arranged instead of tide OF mail
office Two public built water
built New street signs
expanding and residential districts.
wiped off the
the Added police patrols
illumination municipal costs.
the higher will be homes in
built construction and savings resulting from
mol maintenance and removal
speedily to its enacted ordi
regulating taxi service repaired flood
battered shacks prohibited.
the regulate civilian construction off the
little village will impaired said
Burgess representative acting
manager
y Press
Evening star., 1947-11-02
StOdddrd
Continued From Page C-1)

France, neither of which could toler-
ate its conquest by the other. How
ever, enlightened sovereigns made
the best of this fortuitous circum-
stance by successfully undermining
the country, largely through the
services of qualified advisers and
technicians from the United States
and the smaller European countries
who could not be suspected of i'm
perfalistic" motives
Jap Conquest Easy
The illogicality of the admins
trative connection with India be-
came manifest when India's awak-
ening nationalism extorted recogni-
tion from its British rulers. Recog-
nizing Burmese repugnance to any
political tie with the Indian people,
the administrative severance from
India was begun in 1923 and was
completed in 1887. But almost Moth
ing was done to associate the Bur-
mese in the work of government
Burmese political discomfort was
therefore widespread when Britain
became involved in war with Japan
in 1942. This greatly facilitated the
rapid japanese conquest Of the
country In that year.
The Burmese were, to be sure,
quickly disillusioned with their lib
orators" The ruin wrought by the
japanese. together with the loss of
the country's normal export market
for its rice, oil, timber and other
products left it in a disturbed con-
dition which the British, after lib
Grating Burma from the japanese
three years later, were unable to
allay. 1t soon became evident that
Burmese nationalism had become
so insistent that Britain could hold
it down only by an expenditure of
force which impoverished postwar
Britain could not afford,
Making a virtue Of necessity, Brit
ain Is therefore bowling gracefully
10 Burmese desires. And since the
nationalist leaders wish formal
severance Of ties with the British
Empire and Commonwealth, Britain
b acquieecing IN full Burmese indie
peudenee.
Evening star., 1947-11-02

enemies, including the United States
In the world, is I. g. Farben.
Planning and waging a criminal
war and responsibility for all the
horrors that go with it is the charge.
The concept is new. 1t is as novel
in it's own way as that of the In
ternational Military Tribunal which
last year, in the same courtroom,
found that there are such things as
criminally aggressive wars for which
the leaders Of nation can be con-
victed and hanged.
Ruling Will Be Important
Instead of four Allied judges,
however, this case has an entirely
American court that will decide.
some time next May or June,
whether industries may share SIM
liar guilt. Whatever the court rules,
1t can be as important as anything
since the Dutch scholar, Hugo Gro
thus, first patched together a code
of international law 800 years ago.
Twenty-four of Farben's leading
officials are in the dock here-as
fine a collection Of business and
legal talent and technical brains as
could be accumulated anywhere In
this country.
A few, perhaps, like Georg Won
Schnitzler, talkative, 63-year-old
former head of Farben's entire sales
organization, feel occasional twinges
of moral" responsibility for the
worlds continuing disaster. Legally,
they feel no guilt. together or as
individuals, and will admit to none.
They seem less concerned than
almost any one else about the out
come.
Businessmen Squirm
Others not In the dock are worried
considerably. Businessmen every
where are squirming uneasly. Too
many OF them played roles, either
consciously or as naive dupes, to
escape some tarring in the process.
Farbens own records. for example,
show direct connections with at
least S. business concerns in the
United States. and the most init
mate relationship with such stall
warts as Standard Oil.
Even those with more impersonal
ties can conjure up haunting and
disturbing visions of the future. II
Farbens leaders can be hanged for
being businessmen, no three-tele-
phone executive anywhere can draw
an easy breath, they reason.
Their fear is real enough. 1t is
based, however, on a complete mis-
understanding of Farben itself, and
the charge on which its officials are
being tried.
Governments have not been too
happy about the case, either, or toe
eager to help it along. 1t required
a full cabinet meeting in Paris be-
fore two of the principal defendants
Carl Wurster and Otto Ambros
could be pried from their jobs as
experts under the French occupa-
ton authorities in Ludwigshafen.
Understanding the Case
The British turned over captured
documents gladly so long as they
had no bearing on Farben's tieups
with Imperial Chemicals, Inc, the
corresponding British concern. Their
they stopped abruptly.
There are a host of others who
feel that an improved or inconclu-
sive case against Farben would be
worse than no trial at all. 1t woulc
be an open invitation for business
TO poison, plot, coerce and plunder
at will and undisturbed. Such frai
and leaky dams as present antitrust
regulations easily might be swept
away.
Before you can understand what
Evening star., 1947-11-02
Germany's Big Business
Tried for Fomenting War
Officials of Farben Chemical Empire Charged
With Using the Great Power That Was
Theirs in Criminal Manner
By Daxid IA. Nichol

NUREMBERG Cermany-Big business is on trial here
scales of justice weighing IN
with world wide afliates
coporton Gemanys industrial combine spraUng
its
almost country
Evening star., 1947-11-02
THE SUNDAY STAR, Washington, D. C.
SUNDAY, hovEMssR z, 1eA7.
Two Standards Needed
For U.S.. Aid to Europe
Political Solvency of Recipients and Program
of American Rearmament Considered
Essential Measurements
By Constantine Brown

Congress members who returned trips the other
American help for Europe
sa that the extent of this must be measured against
political ovncy of the recipients and far
important President
to submit Congress National Security Board completes its