davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1947-01-14

lsome Of the party policies-particu-
llarly those affecting the partyi
afdliation with World Party for
Equal Rights for Women, headed
by Miss Alice Paul, founder Of the
National Woman's Party.
It was said the Mayflower group
demanded that the party devote
more attention to the effort to OBJ
tain passage of a constitutional
amendment guaranteeing equal
rights to women in the United
States and less time to international
affairs.
The upshot of the disagreement
was a call last November for the
meeting held last week in the May
flower.
MayiiOwer Call Repudiated.
Miss Pollitzer said the party's
National Council has held various
meetings since then, including one
in Indianapolis last December Is,
which repudiated the Mayfiower
convention call.
The council then was called to
the meeting in Washington which
ended Saturday. Several members
came here by air to attend, she
added.
Listed as among those present in
cluded Mrs. Arthur c.. Holden of
New York; Miss Mabel e. Griswold,
Wisconsin State chairman; Miss
Paul: Mrs. Marie Moore Forrest OF
the District, third vice president:
Mrs. Emma Guffey Miller Of Penn
sylvania, congressional chairman;
Mrs. Clara Smell Wolfe of Ohio,
first vice chairman; Mrs Lloyd
Williams of Connecticut; Miss
Gladys Houston Greiner of Mary
land; Mrs. Lucia Hanna Hadley OF
Indiana: Mrs. Mary E. Owens, North
Dakota state chairman; Mrs. Meta
Grace Keebler, Alabama State
chairman; Mrs. Helen Vandenburg,
Iowa State chairman; Mrs. Cecil
Norton Broy of Virginia, political
chairman; Mrs. Mary L. Murray OF
New York, chairman of the indus
trial council, and Miss Florence E.
Kinnard, assistant treasurer, and
Mrs. Theodore Forbes, both OF
Maryland. :,
Several members of the council
remained in Washington today.
Plan for New Meeting Started.
Miss Pollitzer added that plans for
the April convention are going ahead
under the Craftsmanship of Or.
Agnes E. Wells of Michigan, former
dean of the University of Indiana.
While spokesmen of the MayfloWer
group declined officially to identity
the officers they elected, of1-the-
record spokesmen said they were, In
addition to Mrs. Whitehurst: Mrs.
Helen Underwood Loewen Of Harris
burg, Pa, first vice chairman; Miss
Jane Grant of Connecticut, second
vice chairman; Mrs. Dorothy Ship
lev Granger of Baltimore, third vice
chairman; DR.. Marian E. Oatman OF
Washington, recording secretary,
and Gertrude Crocker OF Washing
ton, treasurer.
Miss Paul joined in the disavowal
of this group and Of the proceedings
at the Mayflower.
She declared her support for the
elected" officers and the national
council of which she is a member.
She insisted the participants In the
Mayf1ower meeting should have
waited for the party convention to
make their effort to change per-
sonalities or policies with which they
disagreed. .
Evening star., 1947-01-14
Coal
Continued From First Page

justices was Senator Ferguson, Re-
publican, of Michigan, who has
advocated labor courts for indust-
trial disputes.
Mr.. Lewis was not present in the
jammed courtroom. He was en-
route to Miami to attend a meeting
Of union officials.
sMr. Green sat with Dave Beck,
vice president of the AFL Interna-
tional Teamsters, and other union
officials, in the lawyers section.
Mr.. Clark was to be followed by
Welly X. Hopkins, attorney FOR the
mine union. John F. Sonnet, AS
sistant Attorney General, was sched-
uled to elaborate on the Govern
ment's opening argument, with
Joseph A. Padway, union counsel,
closing for the defense.
Organized labor was lined up SOL
idly behind Mr.. Lewis in fighting
what they fear may mean return
of government by Injunction" Be-
sides the AFL, of which the mine
workers are members, the CIO put
aside its hostility toward Mr.. Lewis
and filed a brief in his behalf AZ "a
friend of the court"
Miners Challenge Order.
Attorneys for the miners will try
to convince the court that Justice
Goldsborouph's strike restraining
order of November is was illegal.
hence it could be ignored with
impunity.
In a brief filed last Saturday,
the Government argued that in
the coal case the Federal court
had the power to prevent irrepar-
able injury to the people Of the Ma
ton" The Government contends
that it was acting In sovereign Ca
pacity and was not bound by anti
Injunction laws since the mines
seized last May were under Federal
control at the time of the strike.
The Lewis defense against the
contempt convictions and fines is
built chiefly on the contention that
the Norris-La Guardia Act of 1882
outlawed restraining orders and in
functions in labor disputes even
when the Government is involved.
Their brief, also filed Saturday,
argued that the Government was
not. acting as sovereign in running
the mines since the operation was
merely a token one with all profits
Evening star., 1947-01-14
Labor
Continued From First page.)

soring with Senators Ball and Smith.
Republican, of New Jersey.
This measure. among other things,
would delay serious strikes so days,
bar jurisdictional, sympathy and
organizational strikes and require
unions to file financial statements.
Other Senate measures which may
get the right of way over any specific
revision OF the Wagner Act include
bill by Senator Ball to prohibit
industry-wide bargaining.
Hartley Heads House Group.
In the House, far-reaching bills by
Representative Case. Republican, Of
South Dakota and Representative
Smith, Democrat, of Virginia would
i'm effect revise the Wagner Act, but
they are independent measures, not
amendments. House leaders expect
these two bills to be the foundation
Evening star., 1947-01-14
PoIund
(continued From First Page,

tions of the defendants with WIN,
which stands for Wolnosc I ME-
podleglosc, meaning freedom and
independence.
It did not comment directly on
testimony given by Baczak con-
cerning the alleged supply Of state
information to "the English AM
bassador." The envoy, Victor Cav
endish- Bentinck, is at present in
LONDON for consultations concern
ing the Polish elections next Sun
day.
(The British Foreign once
Friday night rejected any impli-
cation that Britains Ambassa-
dor to Poland had plotted with
an underground organization.
While conceding that the Am
bassador had had q long ac-
quaintance with Count Groschol-
ski, the Foreign Office said 1t was
satisfied that Mr. Cavendish-
Bentinck has not been engaged
in any improper activities. still
less In activities directed against
the Polish state")
Ambassador Identified.
Baczak, the first witness, blurted
out his Identification of the British
Ambassador despite warnings, and
the three Judge tribunal immedi-
ately went into closed session, later
admonishfng the defendants to re-
fer to the diplomat only as "the
ambassador" or "a certain gentle
man."
Count Grocholski testified that on
one occasion he delivered to the
Ambassador two envelopes contain
ing information from Kalicki. A
government spokesman said the con-
tents of these envelopes could not
be disclosed because state secrets
allegedly were involved.
The count acknowledged his
membership in WIN, an organiza-
tion the government charged was
financed by Gen. Wladyslaw Anders
wartime head OF the Polish corps
which fought in italy under the
banner OF the Polish government
in-exile in London. The govern
ment also charged WIN was carry
ing on espionage for foreign pow
ers" with the aim of overthrowing
the regime by force.
Evening star., 1947-01-14
Aviation
Continued From First Page.)

with matters relating to the indus
try. It seemed likely that Senator
Brewster, regarded as one of the
best informed legislators on aviation
matters. will be appointed chairman
Finances Also Discussed.
At conclusion of the meeting Mr.
Lands emphasized that United
States airlines at home and abroad
established the best safety record in
their history last year. At the
meeting there was considerable dis
cussion about the relationship OF
the accident record of scheduled and
non scheduled airlines.
Chairman White added there was
some discussion of the financial af-
fairs of Trans World Airline and
several other lines whose earnings
fell off last year. Another subject
was the decrease in the revenue
Evening star., 1947-01-14

jecting . proposed deal whereby
candidate of the Popular Republi.
lean Movement (MRP) would have
received Mr.. Herriot's support for
the presidency OF the Fourth Re-
raiihlin 5.ls..ls
Evening star., 1947-01-14
Howard Gould Divorced
.By His Actress Wife
BY The Associated Pres

RENO, Jan. l4.--Margrete Emma
Dorothea Mosheifn Gould was free
today of her marital ties with How
ard Gould, New York capitalist.
The actress. listed In her COM
plant as Crete M. Gould, was
granted divorce In a flve-minute
proceeding yesterday before District
Judge A. j. Maestretti on grounds
of mental cruelty. A sealed property
settlement was approved.
The couple was married In Kla-
genfurt, Austria, May II, 1896.
Evening star., 1947-01-14
TROUSERS
To Match
EISEMAN'S-F at 7th

Payments on your home are
made easy by renting a room.
Renting a room is made easy
by advertising in The Star.
Call National 5000. Open 8
am. to II pm,
Evening star., 1947-01-14
MOST MEN AGREE

Most men agree that there is q need for service
in the field of HAIR TREATMENT that would pro-
vide them reol help With their hair problems. Too,
most men, in need Of such service, would gladly pot
ronze it if convinced Of the honesty of purpose in
the profession.s In my Is years of experience,
have tried to operate business in which can toke
a personal pride build prestige and be of help to
my fellow man. That ! have had success in that
direction is evidenced by the number of clients
referred me by those whom treot and BY other pro-
fessionoI people object to being placed in the
category of the "E4AlR GROWER" and l-hove no
cure for boIdness can and do help both men and
women improve the health Of their hair and seolps
healthy scoIps, incidentally, do not cause bod-
ness! If you are in need Of help with YOUR HAIR
PROBLEMS {. phone MA 6O8l for an appointment
:. p. JoHNJ0N
HAIR EXPERT
lo5o-53 shorehom Bldg, 18th and n sts. NV.
HOURS. . AM-7 rM.-sAruRDAYs. ANS PM
Evening star., 1947-01-14

Germany still has shortage OF
school textbooks.
Evening star., 1947-11-02

you do this. Tampax has no belt, no
external pad or other reminder that
anything is out of the ordinary.
This is an internal absorbent. An in
vention of a doctor, Tampax is made
of pure surgical cotton highly COM
pressed in easy-to-use applicators.
When in place, it cannot be seen or
felt. u, Millions of others have turned
to Tampax. No wonder for there's
nothing at all to hamper you. No
bulges or edges toshow under dresses.
No chafing possible and no odor.
You find Tampax at drug and notion
counters in absorbency-sizes Reg
ular, Super, Junior for full-time
use A whole months supply will slip
into your purse. Tampax Incorpo-
rated, Palmer, Mass.
Evening star., 1947-11-02
YOUR MONEY BACK QUICKLY
IF YOU'LL TAKE IT!

II you then ore willing TO port with your
ANCO Cleor-Flex Blode the dedler
who put it on for you is authorised by US
to remove it put back your old Blode
and refund pleasantly every cent you
deposited for cLEAR-FLEX. We protect him
in that. Show him this dd. You risk no
money Get yours today. Try it. Then moke
il q PAIR. May sove you q costly smoshupi
Evening star., 1947-11-02
Don't you often
envy those
active women?
They're olwoys bUsy-"monthiy
doys" same as normoI. 1ompux
CON help yoU-if helps ofhers.)

Why aren't you
a m ong the
women who are
using the Tam
pax method of
monthly sani-
tary protection?
The advice of
modern educa-
tors is to keep
everything as
normal as posi-
BILE at this time"
Tampax helps
Evening star., 1947-11-02
THE CONTRAST TELLS

Leave untouched the used Blade and Arm
on your OTHER wiper shaft =. until you
compare it with CLEAR-FLEX performances
in the nexi storm! You ore delight
fully omozed by CLEAA-FLEx
EYe-stroin jongled nerves FILM
FATIGUE GONE! You enjoy OF lost
the reloxed comfort dnd added sofetY
of crystui- -cieor drivinu vision
Evening star., 1947-11-02
Eve Only Got Two Heads
BY DICK ASHBAUCH

a humor writer: never,
never ask a woman a
simple question
THERE are 2,796 recognized
Il languages in the world today.
This does not include the one
women use when you ask them a
question.
What day is it?" I asked my
wife at breakfast, rearing my
shaggy, handsome head from the
table where was contemplating
an egg.
Its the day the laundryman
comes" she said. Last year he
came on Wednesdays" This is
practically telling me that it is
either Monday or Tuesday - an
answer that will serve the pur-
pose since live in a world of
my own.
DO you remember writing a
check for $8.46?" Here we have
one of those honey little ques-
tions any man is apt to ask his
wife.
A Meaty Rejoindez
''lr PROBABLY won't do any
good" she replied, but wish
you'd look at the burners of my
stove"
There is a lot of meat in this
answer. Actually it means that
she did write a check for So. .46 to
pay the gas bill. 1t also includes
a delicate left hook at my in
ability to fix anything, plus the
insinuation that if weren't such
Evening star., 1947-11-02

Although l try to avoid getting
in a rut, there is certain hour in
the afternoon when l find myself
asking, What are we having for
dinner"
you don't realize" she says
coldly, "how difficult it is to plan
a menu with prices so high"
This means we are having some
thing I don't like followed closely
by bread pudding.
The Premature Answer
If inquire mildly what sort of
a day she had downtown she will
reply that shopping is sheer tor
ture. l Immediately know that
she found exactly what she
wanted and bought two of every
thing.
The indirect, or rend-around-
end reply, is still not as con-
fusing as the answers for
which there are no questions.
I've only got two hands," she
says, quick as a fash, as l stand
there looking curiously at a
loose button on my coat. "You
expect me to cook and clean and
take care of the children and
keep my hair waved. l can't do
everything" Before know it I
am down on my knees giving her
my last SIS for a new hat.
Once in while | have no
difficulty getting a fast, direct
answer. Would you like to 60
out to dinner?" asked just now.
"Whoops!" she said, dashing
for the mirror. Give me exactly
four minutes to put my face on"
Evening star., 1947-11-02

Simply osk your good 9os-pump man
next time you buy gas
to install for you u. . quickly > .
out on the drivers holt Of your wind
shield one ANCO CleoT-Flex
Wiper Blode.' Deposit with him only
the regular price printed on its
box Keep your old Blude If you like.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1947-09-13
Christian Science
Churches

Substance" VIII be TIC SUB
jet ~ the Lesson Sc.uon
all Christlan Science Cau hes
throughout the world on sun
day Sept a.
The Golden Text Romans
20) Isl The invisible things -
HIM from the creation Of me
world are clcar,y seen bcng
understood by The thing, that
are made even his eternal pow
er and Godhead
Among the Bible citations e
thlS passage u Chion ~
Thine O Lord is the greatness
and the power and tho got
and the victory and the ma.e
~. for all that is IN me beaver
and in the earth is thine, thre
lis the Kingdom, o Lord aaH
thou art exalted as head above
all"
Correlsuve passages 20 be
read from the Christian Secno
textbook Science and Hc8.tH
withsKev "a the Scriptures nv
Msry Baker Eddy lncludc the
following ~ $751; The SUBJ
stance Life. intelligence. Truth
and Love which corsatutc
DEITY sle reflected hv His crc-
suon. and when we >lb1anate
the false testimony o tlc ca
poreal senses 10 the t2ets oi
Science. we shall sec tais uae
likeness end reflection every.
where
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1947-09-13
Ro-Ka-W Club
Plans Calender
Of ActiUities

The Ro. Ka-Wi Club began
elaborate plans for an interest
ing year OF activities at It's meet
ing on Sunday Al the home of
Gwen Branam Of Arden Park.
Among the many members pres.
ent we're those interested in all
forms Of theatrical arts and
production with which the group
concerns itself.
The first OF the Fab activities
y the entering OF Jean Camp
1880 Twenty-hfth street, as It's
candidate Tor queen in the
Booker T Washington Trade AS
ISOLATION beauty contest 10 be
held during the associations fair
at Convention Hall, Sept 1921.
Others include the preparation
OF musical numbers for presen-
tatlon at the Elliottorian BeauX
Arts Ball in November. skating
parties and other events. At the
next meeting Nimrod Carney
recently featured in stage pro-
ductlon, will address the group
on The Little Theatre.
One Of the ideas requiring
much planning and preparation
by the group is the Costume
Ball 10 be given on Halloween
night. possibly al the Macea-
bees ballroom. One Of the
hiqhlighis Of the ball will be
The crowning Of the queen Of
the affair. with popular clubs
and Greek letter organizations
entering candidates. A nam
moth floor show will begin
promptly at the bewiiehing
hour Of twelve. Gwen Bransm
is receiving names Of interested
groups and candidates now al
TT. 2.oll2.
Rose Campbell is director Of
the club, with Karl Young as
president
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1947-09-13
GALA BIRTHDAY
nADsTNs

Pan
23o Boston boulevard was lit
tered with guests last T es d av
night The occasion George Saw
ver. tossed party in honor of
his lovely little wife Georgia s
birthday. There was plenty Of
good music. cocktails. Cham
payne We were served the ever
elegant chicken salad with all Of
the trimmings. etc
Among those 10 enjoy this most
entertaining evening were Dr.
Athcmas Bellerive Walker Smith
and Atty. Edward A Simmons
FdwAi F.. WinSlow. Edythe
Chase. Eve Campbell Elloween
Saver. EVELYN Sawyer, Gcriie
johnson. Shelton Johnson. Dr. and
Mrs. r. A Wilson. Mr.. and Mrs
Emerson Moody Mr. and Mrs
Louis Madison. Edward Hudson
Julia Morgan. Mr. and Mrs T f
Johnson. Roberta Mcclure and
Jerry Hood
We all had time of our lives
and Georgia was most surprised
when her hubby presented her
with nice, new. crisp FIVE hun
dred dollar h,n for her birthday
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1947-09-13
Carnafion Club Has
Meeting For Plans

The Csrnation Club cot under
way on It's Fall schedule OF ac-
NvtieS with 4 meeting held al
the home OF Mrs z Willis Of
Hunt street The session was
devoted TO business with many
plans and reports being made.
Presiding was Mrs. Willis, pres
ident OF the group
Following the session de-
licious lunch was served
The group adjourned 10 meet
next with Mrs Viola Gordon
ll72 Oakland avenue.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1947-09-13
PIONEER CLUB
PRESENTS BhuTTONE
IN RECITAL,


Despite the fact that Elmer
Smith. baritone. was suffering
from severe sour throat. he rem
dered a brilliant performance TO
his very appreciative audience
last Thursday night in his recital
which took place in the Lecture
Hall Of the Detroit Institute Of
Arts. His able accompanist was
Rosa Lee Abel and he was assist
cd during the programme by his
Twin City Chorus Ga choir made
M Of Young singers Of Ecorse and
River Rouge) and William Hines
ard his Chorean Choir
His audience generously sp-
plauded on his rendition Of
Geehls For You Alone and the
choirs ard his singing Of King
Jesus is A Listening This young
baritone Of twenty-one has had
a wonderful musical background
which should mean brilliant fu-
ture.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1947-09-13
lpLEwILpERs FErEn

Many q the folk that were for
tunste enough TO spend their
vacations UP at Idlewild this sum
mer gathered in the cute apart
ment Of Winola Burch last Sun
day evening. She entertained us
most elegantly with a Cocktail
Party II took our heart right
back 10 Good Old Idlewild Hav-
ing a time Of their lives were
Henry Ivory. Mr.. and Mrs James
Moon. Ruby WATSON, John p.
Tucker. Pinkie Bolden. William c.
Martin. Mr. and Mrs. King Wood
ward, Leon r. Jackson. Sunn 2
Wilson. Gretchen b. Grimes, Mary
'.auchie. Bill Horton. Robert P.
Lcstherwood. Sue Banks, Siesrd
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1947-09-13

The ceremony was performed
bv he Rev. L. Newly, pastor
Of the New Mt Pleasant Baptist,
Church
Nathalie wore the traditional
white wedding gown with ?
ner-tip veil For her matron OF
honor she chose Katherine Wa,,
Best man for tho groom va RaN
Petty. Hostesscs for the reception
were Lilamae Noble. Cooreen Pet
~. SALLY Moore Mammie Tip
pens. Ms. Nathan Killo5rcw,
Pauline Bailey and Nelma TIP
pens.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1947-09-13

thcNS foisCupal Cnurcn with
fuhcr, Myers and Dade officiat-
be The clarity and sweetness
"A the brides voice was apparent
4 her responses we're heard bv
intimate riends and relatives
kathcrcd 10 witness the cere-
nony
4 For hc bridal robe Louise
More The traditional white satin
Resigned nth 2 sweetheart neck
Ine fitted bodice with long
Reeves and a full skirt which
Extended INTO q train Illusion
horned tho finger-tip veil which
Mas attached 10 a cap of satin
Ind lace As she approached the
iltsr escorted by her father.
he carried bouquet Of white
hoses in full bloom centered with
white orchid
PRETTY ATTENDANTS
Blue MORE taffeta OF an Au-
ANN cast was the fabric for
De- similar gowns worn by the
BRIDES lovely attendants. Bar
baa LOOMS. her sister. maid of
honor and Helen Cuzzens JEFF
kison matron OF honor wore
fhapeauX OF horsehair braid Of
y ndsor ose To complement
lfeir gowns while bridesmaids
teua Nay and Peggy Jean
Buns otc matching colors
they a Ied bouquets OF Amer
/ n beauty roses.
BeA man for the groom was
LLOYD Cooper brother, while
George Williams, Kenneth Will
tsn l,ek Cooke Julian With
pooi md Melvin Jefferson
Pore us'crs
The children OF Mr. and Mrs
4 ed Pelham we're also princl-
pa' N The wedding Frances
as flower girl, wearing gown
\ blue taffeta identical with
D Il Of we other attendants, with
elhed the ringbearer
RECEPTION
The cception honoring Nj
lrd Nj Williams was given at
|he Dcuolt Urban League with
lundieas Of friends filling the
lpacous reception rooms. Receiy-
, the guests were the parents
the couple and members OF
he bridal party Guests were
nIodGed by Maurice Houston.
Mrs Lloyd LOOMS wore a
ban oi rose beige lace and net
'ue ,he grooms mother chose
Qua & pc for her costume
iostes,cs registering the guests
fi presiding at the brides
aoIc which was centered with
iccd wedding cake. were
iot Campbell Janice Whltby,
i'Uo Cole. Corliss Hunter,
'ealdne Bledsoe Jr.. and Mad
ns Harold Johnson. Frank Raj
ld, Maurice Houston. Hubert
Hand Mary Roberts, and Helen
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1947-09-13
CONGRATULATIONS
AND ORCHIDS

Well, this IS the week ot the
Booker T Washington Trade *
hibit This wear they arc Ger
talnlv 10 be congratulated Ion
the big scale promotion they are
undertaking Our best wishes
for their success IT'S the FIRST
year that they have attempted
Convention Hall Tor their head
quarters
And 10 Mrs Lena Shook who
he's stepped out there again to
make a milestone IN The music
field. Mrs Shook has organized
ior wide scale booking on stage
fadio throughout the country
and fine trio Of youngsters
dubbed The Golden Voiced Trio
And truly-they have lovely
voices.
And 10 the Eta Phi Beta So
rori'y who Is starting the year
out with > banG-On MondaN
Sept IS al the Central Branch
YWCA they are having their
installation ~ officers Lauycn-
tine Collins. Board Of Education
Executive will be the principal
speaker
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1947-09-13

Jordan Of Washington D c
The newly weds left for New
iork CITY after the reception
and VIII return soon after visit.
ing friends in other eastern
cites.
They will reside in Detroit.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1947-09-13

Addition Hour. il turned out 10
be the treat OF the night The
Vanguards are Tommy Milhousc,
president. Mickie Brooks vic @
president: Bob Loving, tressur-
or: John Reeves. business man
agcr, John Rainey. secretary.
Zcke Thornton, Tim Brooks, Cliff
ford Edwards Leon Bates and
Teddy Carter Looking at the call
cndar. this affair marks another
Of the clubs successful and en-
iovable social events.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1947-09-13
VANGUARDS
SPONSOR CHISM

The ten gentlemen. who are
members OF the Vanguard Club
were all on their toes last Thurs
DAY night as they greeted their
guests as they arrived to enjoy
the clubs Dine and Dance Par
w. The affair was held al the
Club Sudan and the special fea-
ture ~ the affair was the clubs
sponsoring the Larry Chism $