davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1947-06-30
Soviet Labor Druft

In the Soviet Union, youth is liable for
labor training and service as we'll as for
military training and service. This labor
mobilization, even in peacetime, applies
to both sexes boys starting their industrial
training at fourteen, girls at fifteen.
Hitherto this labor apprenticeship has
been followed, for boys, by induction into
the army at eighteen or nineteen years of
age. However, a new decree issued last
week by the Soviet government extends the
labor service of those male age groups by
a year, correspondngly deferring their call
to the colors
This shift in emphasis from military to
industrial service is generally interpreted
as another indication of the Soviet Unions
need for trained personnel in industry.
This is reflected especially in those parts
of the decree which render eighteen and
nineteen -year-old youths liable for labor
service in the coal fields and other mining,
and the steel, Oil, and some other branches
Of industry. The latest decree follows one
proclaimed last February, releasing GER
tain categories of older men from the
army. but transferring them to service in
industry and agriculture.
All this reveals the extreme regimenta-
ton of the Russian people at all times. 1t
should be understood that conscription
is not limited to military service. Whether
in the army or out of it, the individual is
called upon to serve the state from an
early teen age until past fifty. Further
more, in labor service. as in the army. the
individual does not choose his branch of
activity. The state decides where the
individual, man or woman, can be most
useful, and the choice from above must
be obeyed. The aim is to keep the labor
as we'll as the military machine function
ing at maximum efficiency at all times
When war comes or is threatened. the
emphasis is naturally on the army, in
peacetime on industry, but state direction
and compulsion of the individual are
always present.
All this is in striking contrast with the
ways of democracy. Here in America, the
rights of the individual in peacetime are
jealousy guarded. Notwithstanding the
dangers in the current world situation, it
has hitherto proved impossible to inaugu-
rate universal military training. And even
Evening star., 1947-06-30
Hioh School Commencement

This is the peak-aU else 10iH leuel of.
Up the ueiled slopes of childhood they
hare passed,
Innocent until noU of the journeys end
ing
Season has toHo1ped season, slo10 and Uast.
And they Mould climb to classes here
forever,
Or so it seemed. But nou the road runs
blind;
They Diu push on from here, tan-1Utss
and SOLO;
Tonight they learn OF leaving things be-
hind
A room, face not Nth them anymore,
And the first closing OF q ldst-time door.
ISABELLE BRYANS LONGFELLOW.
Evening star., 1947-06-30
Stamp Centenary

The first adhesive postage stamps OF the
United States went on sale in post offlces
throughout the country one hundred years
ago tomorrow Congress had authorized
their use on March 8, 1847. They were
manufactured by the engraving concern of
Rawdon, Wright, Hatch and Edison and
represented distinctly American art-in-
vented by Jacob Perkins of Massachusetts,.
Great Britain employed the same system
of production for the famous Penny
Black" originally released on May 7, 184O.
A portrait of Benjamin Franklin by
James B. Longacre was featured in the
design of the pioneer fve-cent label issued
under the management of Postmaster Gen
eral Charles Anderson Wickltfe. One OF
Gilbert Stuart's studies of George WASH
ington similarly was adapted for the ten
cent denomination. Thus a pattern was
set which still is followed. The phllatellc
gallery of the Nation includes every Presl-
dent no longer living many soldiers, sail
ors, inventors, poetS novel1sts, painters,
sculptors, educators public benetactorS In
numerous fields. A collection of the stamps
of this interesting category is, in effect,
dictionary of biography.
But, beginning in 1869, more expansive
subjects-scenes from history, industrial
views, etc-were pictured on the tiny COL
ored scraps of paper signifying prepayment
of postage. For the Columbian Exposition
in Chicago in 1893 series of sixteen mag
nificent compositions illustrating the life
of the Discoverer were brought out, and
thus again style or fashion was estab-
lished for later guidance. The result
embraces commemorative for dozens of
occasions, stamps publicizing the national
parks, State capitols, various enterprises
of general Importance, movements of
public value even such sports as baseball
and skiing.
Not collectors only but thousands of
other people also, have appreciated the
patriotism, the creative thought and the
skill which have gone into the work in
volved. Few other governments have
taken advantage of the natural potentiali-
ties of postage stamp designing so con-
structively. The lessons learned in the
past hundred years will contribute toward
the enrichment of the issues of the future.
Meanwhile, credit is given where credit has
been due
Evening star., 1947-06-30

The Prophet as Mr. French sa1U him.
frightened Almost grotesque. And the knees
loomed up large and white, looking out OF
proportion to the rest of the figure. Dan was
appalled,. His heart sank down to his very
boots What 4. .. . could be doing this dreadful
thing? And then he realized what 1t
was. 1t was the lighting"
Distorting Effect of Blazing Light
Mr. Bacon originally had planned ceiling
of glass but later had substituted marble,
ITO Dams dismay he observed that there was
far too much light coming in from the en-
trance and that, in addition to the refec-
ton up from the polished floor, threw light
upwards upon the statue which brought all
the shadows in reverse. A statue, to be
we'll shown, should be lighted from above so
that the shadows will fall under the eyebrows,
under the nose, under the chin. and so on.
And here, because the light from below was
so much stronger than that from above, the
effect was exactly the opposite. Bacon saw it
too, and was almost as Mortified as Dan was"
Mr.. French had the figure washed thoroughly,
then borrowed some marble tools, climbed up
on the scaffolding and worked for days on the
face alone. The tinting was done carefully.
Dan put some extra heavy color around the
parently, could counteract that terrific refec-
ton that surged up from the polished floor
and from the rejecting basin out in front"
Meanwhile. the date for the dedication of the
memorial had been fiXed-May 80, 1922. The
ceremony took place as scheduled. Mr.. Bacon
died in February, 1924. Thus Mr.. French was
left to solve the problem himself, alone. With
the help of the General Electric Co., photo
metric readings were made and based on them,
IAN entirely dignifed scheme worked out
whereby, instead of substituting glass in the
ceiling for the marble slabs, a louver panel
could be set In, with an arrangement of metal
Stats set at such an angle that the light would
not be seen from the front. Floodlights
would be set in back of these lowers. E.
There would be control room, where the
custodians could control the artificial illumi-
nation and vary it according to the outside
light"
But even after the theory of correction had
been agreed upon, seven anxious and weary
years" passed before the new system of light
ing was installed. The job was completed in
1929 Mr.. French died on October 7, 1881.
Evening star., 1947-06-30
Mr.. Ickes' RESIGNATION

To the EdltJl OF The Star:
In an article on the Tdelands decision that
appeared in The Star of June 25 it was repre-
sented that I had been 'ousted from the cabi-
net" OF course, this was not so, and I would
not have imagined that any one on the staff
of The Star would not have known the facts
which were widely publicized at the time and
have been restated since, in newspaper after
newspaper, probably including The Star itself
HAROLD L. ICKES.
Editors note: Mr. Ickes resigned from the
cabinet in letter to the President made pub
lie February 49, in which he said he would
vacate his office on March 81 unless it is
your desire that should retire at an earlier
date" The President accepted his resignation,
reflective at the close Of business on Friday
February IS, next.D
Evening star., 1947-06-30

ing of Frances dwindling gold reserve far
below the danger line.
It will be highly significant to see how
French public opinion reacts to this frank
revelation. The government is taking
strong attitude on the matter. Premier
Ramadier has given notice that he will
push Parliament for prompt decision
going so far as to demand a vote of conf
dence if necessary. That would mean risk
ing the life of his cabinet. But he feels
that the issue is too vital for anything
short of showdown
Evening star., 1947-06-30
Mr.. Kent's Articles

I the Editor of The Star
The decision of Mr. Frank r, Kent to
reduce his newspaper writings from three
articles to one a week is loss to his large
reading public that no other Journalist can
repair Mr.. Kent has certain qualities as
a reporter and analyst of news which are
unique in a profession where there are many
others of distinction. ! think he is not only
the best craftsman of all of us who attempt
this type of newspaper work. but he is also
an accurate observer whose eyes and ears
and brain have steadily grown more competent
, in his long career. Moreover, Mr. Kent has
the high degree of courage and integrity
which newspaper readers have a right to
expect. And, he has always practiced journal
ism as the trade of a gentleman.
ARTHUR KROCK.
Evening star., 1947-06-30
Another Architectural "Cuckoo"?

To the EDITOR OF The Star:
The inclosed clipping from The Star regard
ing revised "block-type" design for a State
Department addition would indicate that the
Public Buildings Administration is planning
another architectural cuckoo
This remnant of the New Deal apparently
can bid for prominence only by something bold
and new, even If screWy
Let US hope that PBA architecture, like
bubble gum and pedal pushers, is a passing fad
and that return to sanity and of "archi-
lecture for architects" may come before these
cuckoos materialize. WALTER TAYLOR.
Evening star., 1947-06-30
A Picture Symbolizins Faith

To the Eoltor Of Ihe star:
The photograph of st. Peters Church at
Poolesville, Md. with Miss Elizabeth Chiswel
kneeling at the altar, is the most beautiful
and effective newspaper picture I have ever
seen.
1t symbolizes so many fine things-faith long
devotion, loyalty, courage. With the utmost
simplicity, it also expresses the close relation
between the spiritual and physical; human
frailty forever turning to the spiritual for
strength. MARGARET V. JAMES.
Evening star., 1947-06-30

trated as J. Public. and therefore see myself
mrrored in his likeness. In fact, I have never
seen any of Mr.. Berryman's caricatures so
drawn or represented that any individual or
group of individuals could take exception
thereto. That speaks we'll for Mr. Berryman's
ability to poke fun at the political scene with
out offending.
Don't you dare change, J. Q. or your front
page formal. 1t has long been strong fea-
ture of the daily Washington scene
L. B. COOK
Evening star., 1947-06-30
Likes ]. O. Public's Looks

I take strong exception to the opinion ex-
pressed in your June 26 Letters to The Star"
column to the effect that Jim Bergman
Johnny @. Public" is despicable. In my opin-
ion, Mr.. Berryman's cartoons invariably hit
the nail right smack on the head. He IS the
biggest single asset of highly creditable news
paper. newspaper beftting our Nations
Capital.
I, for one, often feel as confused and frus-
Evening star., 1947-06-30

in wartime, the slogan work or fight" just
re-emphasized in an address by Bernard
M. Baruch runs counter to- our cherished
ideas as smacking too much of regimen
tation. Yet the existence of vast power
based on the total subordination of the
individual to the state is factor which
has always to be kept in mind.
Evening star., 1947-06-30

Letters for publication must bear
the signature and address of the
1Oriter, although it is permissible for a
1Oriter knoaDn to The Star to use
nom de plume Please be brief
Evening star., 1947-06-30
Questions and Answers

reader can obtain the answer to any question
Bureau 316 / Street NE Washinrton ~ = 5 C.
Please inclose three (3) cents for return pos aGe.
Q. How long has the double-ring wedding
ceremony been>in use?-H. E.
A. No exact Gate can be given for it's origin.
However, it is not new having been used in
Scandinavia and the Central European coun-
tries for centuries
Evening star., 1947-06-30

@. Does dry ice melt?-B. D. A.
A. Dry ice does not melt. 1t subhmes, tha
is, it changes directly from the solid to tht
gaseous state. One cubic foot Of dry ice turns
into $50 cubic feet of carbon dioxide.
Evening star., 1947-06-30

@. Please give the origin of the nickname
Feather merchant as USED IN the navy
R. E. E.
A. The Navy Department says that feather
merchant is Navy slang for a yeoman. 1t
originated in the quills on the rates worn on
the sleeve of the uniform
O. What is the amount Of the total World
War l debt owed to the United States by for
eign nationS?-M G..
A. AS of July l, 1916 the total Indebtedness
was sl5059, ,062, ,17709, including both funded
and unfunded debts.
O. What is Zine of1cer"?-M. L. S.
A. This term refers to those officers Of the
Navy who may be said to constitute the COM
mand branch of officer personnel. They are
the ones who exercise command and upon
whom devolves the military responsibility of
operating the ships and maintaining discipline.
@. Does the Constitution In any way limit
the length Of a session of Congress?-C. S. P.
A. The Constitution amendment 20, sec
ton y requires an annual meeting, to COM
mence normally on January 3. The only time
limit is that implicit in this annual require
ment However the Legislative Reorganization
Act Of 1e46 provides for adjournment not later
than the last day Of July unless otherwise
provided by the Congress, and except in time
OF war or national emergency.
@. Does an oyster have organs like other
animals?-A. L.
A. Though apparently forrnless, the oyster is
complex creature with heart, stomach, liver.
intestine, gs and mouth
O. What Western city oonce used wooden
money as medium Of eXchange?-B, @.
A. Wooden money was issued at Tenino.
Wash, in 1882, in denominations of 25 cents.
so cents and one dollar. The money was
printed at first on three-ply Sitka spruce.
Evening star., 1947-06-30

@ What animal has four horns?--A. E. G.
A The four-horned antelope or ChOusin2ha
which lives in Burma and India is the only
living mammal so equipped Tie male has
two pairs of horns of which the front pair are
the smaller
Evening star., 1947-06-30

O. Please give the origin of the nickname
Feather merchant" as used in the Navy
Evening star., 1947-08-11
Clay Cites Purchases
In SterIino to Aid Britain

BERLIN, Aug. II (P.-Gen. Lucius
D. Clay, United States military gov
ernor, said today that wheneyel
practicable imports needed for the
combined British American zones
of Germany were purchased ir
sterling in order to reduce Britain's
share of the dollar costs of the oc.
cupation.
Gen. Clay said the established
policy of favoring the sterling area!
was followed ''even in cases where
we sometimes have to pay slightly
higher prices to buy there" But
where there was a substantial diff
ference in prices, he added, the pur-
chases were made at the cheaper
level even IL dollars had to be ex-
pended.
The military governor said this
policy had been followed since the
economic merger of the United
States and British zones last jan
uary, under which the two coun-
tries agreed to share occupatio
costs equally.
Therefore, he said, he could moi
understand reports published Sun
day in London which said that Brit
ish and American officials were con-
ferring here on the possibility Of
replacing part Of Britain's share Of
the dollar subsidy to Germany by
contributions in kind from the
sterling area"
Evening star., 1947-08-11
james
Continued From First Page

Continued From First Page0
q blast and flames started across
the floor" Pvt. White said. II was
blocked from the stairs and so went
out window"
Il don't remember smelling any
gasoline before the explosion" he
said.
Pvt. Harry E. Jones, 81, of 17O5
Capitol avenue NE, another of the
injured firemen, said that Pvt
Fletcher asked him to help clean
the boiler. He said that he did the
pumping and Pvt. Fletcher used the
nozzle.
Amixture of gas and oil was used,
Pvt. Jones said, but he did not hear
Capt. James give the order.
Other Fireman in Basement.
He said that Pvt. Calvin B. Green,
|23, of 1901 Twenty-second street
Sc, the fourth injured fireman and
who did not appear at the morning
session, was in the basement,
stripped to the waist when he and
Pvt. Fletcher arrived. Pvt. Green
had been in the process OF cleaning
the boiler with other methods but
stopped when they arrived, he said.
The three f1remen were prosecu-
ton witnesses but defense attorneys
announced they also would be re-
called as defense witnesses.
l.. r. Schear,. District boiler in
spector, testified he would not sug-
gest the use of gas with oil in clean
ing boilers.
Indications were the trial would
continue into tomorrow.
Counsel for Capt. Jones intro
Evening star., 1947-08-11
Man Held in SHOOTING
|0f Soldier, 18, After
Apartment Dispute

Sherman E. Buis. 36, was charged
today with assault with intent to
kill In the shooting of young Boil
ling Field soldier.
The soldier. Pvt. William r. Hall,
l8, was shot shortly after / am. to-
day in Buis' apartment at Dorches-
ter House, 2480 Sixteenth street NV.
At Emergency Hospital, his condi-
ton was described as critical.
Arraigned before United States
Commissioner Needham C. Turnage,
Buis. photographer, was held in
s2,500 bond for hearing August
Is. He entered no plea pending the
outcome of Pvt, Halls injury.
Capt. Albert I. Bullock Of the 18th
Police Precinct said accounts Of the
shooting varied
Pvt. Hall according to Capt. Bull
lock, told police he met Buis in
Lafayette Park and was invited to
the apartment. He said he and Buis
got into an argument about an hour
after they reached the apartment.
Buris, he said, pulled out pistol
and shot him.
Buis, however. told Capt. Bullock
the soldier forced his way into the
apartment and began ransacking
the place.
Buis said he locked himself in his
bathroom, climbed from the window
of his first floor apartment and made
his way to the apartment house
desk. There, he said, he obtained
a .38 caliber, pistol and returned to
the apartment.
AS he tried to force the soldier to
leave, Buis told police, the two men
struggled and three shots were fired.
The soldier was wounded in the
stomach.
Evening star., 1947-08-11
Continued From First Page.)

tNONLl0UCO FTOul ElTSG E6kS-J
was adopted July "A and has been
forwarded to Gen. Douglas Mac
Arthur aS Allied supreme COM
mander.
It was published on the eve OF the
scheduled arrival in Tokyo of some
400 foreign trade representatives to
take first steps toward re-establish-
ing Japanese foreign trade on q
commercial basis.
Under the new policy all imports
and exports will be under Gen. Mac
Arthur's direct control and for the
time being will be on government
to-government basis.
Imports Limited.
Japan was restricted to imports
considered necessary to prevent dis
ease and unrest which might en-
danger the occupying forces and tc
imports deemed needed to realize
aims of the occupation.
Proceeds of exports from current
production must be used to pay for
such imports, including those al
ready made.
The $I37,0O0, 900 estimate fol
Japanese-owned precious metals anc
Jewels was given by officials whe
said It was q minimum and did mo-
include various assets whose value
had not yet been computed.
Evening star., 1947-08-11
Indonesiu
Continued From First Page.)


kasan, capital Of Madeora, east OF
Java.
In their communique yesterday
the Dutch said their forces had been
attacked on the outer islands OF
Borneo and Celebes. This was the
first report of action on these islands
which have not been considered Re-
publican territory.
CA Republican communique
issued in Jogjakarta yesterday
charged the Dutch with seven
attacks in the previous two days,
including an attem. on an air
port east Of Malang, Eastern
Java, and the capture of
Kedoengd1ati, Central Java)
A supplemental Dutch communi-
que today reported a new demon.
stration for home rule in East
Sumatra. The communique said ar
association of the people of East
Java messaged Hubertus J. Var
Nook, acting Dutch governor gen.
eral, to protest Sjahrir's being per.
mitted to represent Indonesia al
the U. N.
Evening star., 1947-08-11
Police List Wrong Man
In Streetcur Crash
-AP Wirephoto

A Police Department report, or
which The Star based its account
incorrectly listed last Thursday the
operator of streetcar that struck
another streetcar at Fourth street
and Florida avenue NE.
Mrs. John r. Brown, 800 block oi
M street S.W., wife of a streetcal
operator, told The Star her husband
was named in the story as operator
Of the car which struck anothe,
when it should have been William
L. Puckett, 1000 block of Ninth
street Sc.
Capital Transit Co. records con-
flrmed Mrs. Browns statement, and
a check at police headquarters dis
closed police records have been cor
rected since the first report.
Evening star., 1947-08-11

in Hams Paris apartment In June
1888. For 8 or 10 days there
after, she said, the three met con-
stantly on "a very close and init
mate basis"
Miss Fischer said Gerhart talked
more freely with her than with
Hams about politics. He told her
she said, that he was going to the
United States for the Communist
International as "a special delegate
to take care of the situation arising
out of the victory Of Hitler in Ger
many"
Ex-Communist Organizer on Stand
Miss Fischer was followed on the
stand by Manning Johnson, colored,
former Communist organizer of the
Buffalo district, who Strengthened
out his previous testimony about a
meeting he said he arranged in the
summer of 1888 between Eisler, Earl
Browder and two leaders of the Ca
madam Communist Party.
Mr.. Johnson had testified last
month that Eisler attended this
meeting as Brown" and that Brow
der introduced the Canadians as
Tim Buck" and Sam Carr"
Later, the defense threw a bomb
shell into the case by showing that
Tim Buck and Sam Carr, we'll
knoWn Canadian Communist lead
'efs, both were IN the Kingston (Oht.)
Penitentiary throughout 1888.
Pictures Shown to Witness.
Today, Mr.. Hitz showed Mr.. john
son pictures of Tim Buck and Sam
Carr and asked him whether these
men were at the Buffalo meeting.
He said they were not.
Mr.. johnson then identified an
other picture'as that Of the man who
was introduced to him as Sam Carr.
This, according to another witness,
Sergt. Maj. Reginald w. Irvine OF
the Royal Canadian Mounted Police,
was q picture of o Canadian Com
munist named Stewart Smith.
Mr.. johnson said he had been
shown numerous pictures of Cana
dian Communist leaders, but 50 far
had been unable to identify the
man who was introduced to him a.
Tim Buck.
Robert Lamphere, a special FB1
agent, who has assisted the prosecu-
ton throughout the trial, was to
appear as a Government rebutta]
witness this afternoon.