davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1947-05-04

British somaliland lying immedi-
ately to the north.
Colonizing in Africa goes on today
much as it did even before World
War I. The French and Belgians
have done great work in their
spheres.
Portugal has made little progress
over the centuries in Angola on the
west or Mozambique on the east
But the British are forever at it.
South Africa is the objective ot
more young British immigrants than
any other part Of the empire.
The picture Is entirely different
when the eye turns to the four col.
onies on the west coast strung alone
the lower side of the great humr
OF the continent on the Atlantic are
four British possessions-Gambia
Sierra Leone, Gold Coast and Nj
geria.
Looking to the future, Britain has
instituted a complete reform in her
civil services for all of the West
African colonies.
Reward Will Be Great.
What will be Britain's reward for
these colonizing efforts?
The answer can be found in the
record of the last war. An army of
West Africans, numbering more
than 100000, fought gallantly in
Arakan.
Thirty big airfields were built in
Nigeria alone. The colonies sent
out to the world constant flow OF
palm oil, ground nuts, timber, rub
Der, bauxite, manganese and tin.
Platinum and hematite were
found in Sierra Leone in 1926. Gold
was discovered in 1928. A diamond
weighing $50 carats was found in
Sierra Leone in 1914.
These are the indications of the
wealth to come.
Modern engineering is making the
colonies livable, Science is control
ling the tropical diseases that once
made life in West Africa precarious
If net unbearable.
Most Of all, Africa is q bastion
well guarded against Whatever the
future may bring.
distributed BY the chtcago Daily News,
Evening star., 1947-05-04
By Hal O'FIaherfy

South Africa occupies all of the
lower part of the continent. And
on the west the British flag flies at
the critical hump, or shoulder fac
ing South America.
In a world made peaceful through
a great international body like the
United Nations, Britain can be de-
pended upon to use a civilzing in
f1uence in all this African area.
But should human intelligence
fail to complete the United Nations
and a new blight of hostile compe-
tition ensue, then Britain will have
at her command a stanch line of
defense.
Mussolini made a. desperate bid
for African power. When he over
played his hand, it was Winston
Churchill who told the Italian peo-
pie in blunt words just what was in
store for them.
we will tear your empire to bits
said Churchill when Italy entered
the war. He spoke like prophet.
U. Ms Role.
Today, British troops occupy that
part of Africa that once was claimed
as the beginning of new Roman
Empire.
This Is temporary. Britain Is not
claiming sole right to this property.
Her tenure Is limited to one year
after the signature Of the italian
peace treaty.
Thereafter, Libya in the north,
Eritrea on the Suez Canal and Ital-
ian Somaliland will come under the
control of the United Nations.
From a strategic point of view.
Britain does not need Libya. It
could be administered by an inter-
national commission and be used
for Italian immigration to relieve
the boot of Italy of a part of its
excess population.
Eritrea, dapk sinkhole, also can
be turned into United Nations
project and used for such immi-
grants as care to try their hand at
living there.
Italian Somaliland, which extends
to the point of land under the Gulf
iof Alden, does have strategic value.
+ It would be valuable addition to
Evening star., 1947-05-04
Continued From Page CID

VSOtltlIlueu rIOm rage C-1.}
Drought brought famine, but relief
food kept the people going. Much
material aid has been received and
put to good use. Men and women
who languished in concentration
camps find genuine pleasure in free
dom to work again in village and
farm.
Germans Very Unhappy.
A stern government controls the
political scene, but as far as the little
fellow is concerned, he finds much
to hope for and many blessings to
count.
Germany is vastly unhappy. For
most of the war, the German lived
well, so he feels the hunger and
misery today most sharply. He no
sooner chokes down his potatoes and
black bread or soup at one meal
than he begins foraging for the
next. He is preoccupied in search
for clothes, shoes and shelter.
Few Germans feel like working
hard because their wages, virtually
worthless, buy little and are sliced
deeply by taxes. In the cities, the
ruins stand grim and foreboding
The great powers let the months slip
by without agreement on his future,
and the German tends to forget
that Hitler and the Nazis were re-
sponsible. Today he blames the
democracies for his trouble.
Across the Oder and Neisse, the
Poles, like the Yugoslavs, are busy
rebuilding homes, industries and
farms. Through UNRRA and other
outside aid they avoided q food
crisis and today are preparing to
start exporting food products and
other goods. Initiation still grips the
cities. A good meal in restaurant
costs 1000 1lotys and many workers
earn only 400 daily.
Poles Worry About Liberty.
Political disagreement is rife and
Poles are watching to see just how
many Of their liberties are insured
by the new constitution now being
drafted. On foreign affairs, the
Poles are united In q demand that
Germany be forever kept impotent
and the western boundaries OF the
new Poland remain unchanged.
Russians feel politically better,
because OF the stature their nation
has assumed in world councils, but
they still are hard up for food and
housing. Iyar's clothes are much
better than they were two years ago
and, II he did have . house or apart
ment, 1t was better heated and bet
ter lighted than In many other
countries.
Unemployment Is unknown Ia the
Evening star., 1947-05-04
Europe Receivers SLOWLY

land of the Soviets. In fact, there
are jobs crying for both men and
women, particularly in the farming
areas. If the harvest is good, Ivan
expects his government to end bread
rationing.
In the low countries there is sharp
contrast.
The Belgian's biggest worry is
high taxes. He can buy not only
enough food and clothing, but can
pick and choose the kind he wants.
In Holland. the Dutchman is in
a constant struggle to make both
ends meet. His wages are insufii-
cient to buy even the necessities.
So he makes his six-year -old cloth
ing last another spring and eats
up his income. Any luxury is out
Iof the question. Especially grim
are the devastated areas such as
Walcheren, Arnhem, Brabant and
Limburg.
A substantial portion of Dutch
products must be exported to get
the foreign currency necessary to
stabilize economy. The black mar
ket Is everywhere. For Jan 1t has
been q tough two years.
Scandinavians Get BY.
Denmark does well by comparison
-as do the other Scandinavian
countries. Bread is rationed, but
there are ample supplies of fish and
eggs and plenty Of good milk and
butter. The shop windows are full,
but the goods appear to be Of In
ferior quality. Denmarks trade
balance with Britain is out of Kill
ter. Heating is a problem and
prices are terrific.
Sweden was rocking along in its
usual plump fashion until a dollar
crisis forced an import shutdown.
Now the Swedes seem little con-
fused. Political antagonisms be-
eWSSAA sAhS CeAot dA1Q WCct WOlIy bllcI1,
But the man in the street in
Stockholm is husky and healthy.
The shop windows are full Of goods.
Pastry cooks turn out great creamy
connections. Some things, includ-
ing bread, are rationed. But the
rations are liberal.
Norway has made remarkable
comeback. 1t was stripped almost
bare at wars end.
Across the whole of Europe
spreads the contrast. Noisy CON-
plants in the crowded cities, gen.
eral discomfort and priyation for
millions, but high hopes among
men closest to the soil and the sea.
With the war two years gone, the
little man waits and works for
peaceful security.
Distributed BY the Associated Press,
Evening star., 1947-05-04

the exception Of Colombia and El
Salvador. which have been almost
entirely inactive.
In that event, one of those seats
probably would go to Argentina,
beaten out last year by Ireland,
which bad United States support.
This year the United States win
support Argentina for seat.
The other seat possibly viii be
held open for Russia, for whom the
welcome mat remains out. Some
ofncials doubt that the Soviet will
join ICAO in the forseeable future.
Multilateral Plan.
The Spanish issue is one Of the
most ticklish on the agenda, al
though the most heat is likely to
be generated over the question of
a multilateral air agreement. Some
small countries, led by Canada, de-
mand wide-open pact to permit
participating. countries to fly where
anu WAen tne please.
The United States, United King.
dom and China are insisting on an
agreement similar to that signed
by the United States and the United
Kingdom at Bermuda last year,
leaving the determination of routes
to negotiation between countries.
The Spanish issue arises from q
U. N. Assembly resolution forhdding
membership in afaliated organiza- !,
tions to Franco Spain.' PICAO has
taken steps to affiliate with U. NJ,
and it seems generally agreed that
Spain must be pushed out Of ICAO.
1t happens that the United States
made its first modern air agreement
with Spain in 1914 and that Spain
was the 26th nation (26 were neces-
sary to ratify ICAO).
Spanish Matter Complex.
Ejecting the Spaniards is likely to
be a bothersome job, since it will
require constitutional change. This
calls for ratification by two-thirds
of the member countries. The ICAO
Assembly will be asked to vote on q
resolution requesting Spain to alb
stain from ICAO pending ratifica-
ton Of the custer amendment.
Only SO countries qualified for
membership by depositing ratifca-
ton notices 30 days prior to the
assembly, but it is believed that the
assembly will waive the technicality
for countries which deposit their
notices by May 6.
Five PICAO interim council mem-
bers-Belgium, Colombia, Ell SAL
vador, Iraq and Norway-have not
yet qualified, but some have nearly
completed the process.
In the new council, Australia may
attempt to turn over its seat to New
Zealand, and Norway its seat to
| Sweden.
The ICAO membership includes
Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia,
Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile,
China, Czechoslovakia, Denmark,
Dominican Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia.
France, Greece, India, Iceland, Ire
land, Liberia, Mexico, Netherlands,
New Zealand, Nicaragua, Paraguay,
Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey,
South Africa, Siam, Transjordan,
United Kingdom, United States and
Venezula.
(Distrihuted hv fha Assan;atad pr.s.N
Evening star., 1947-05-04

EASs1C SlnCxCAtCC Ii appearance Out'
some major decisions on policy
await action:
Must Name New Council.
|. Steps must be taken to eject
Spain from ICAO membership to
clear the path toward afiliation
with the United Nations.
2. A new interim council, the a.
member group which sits between
general assemblies, must be elected
for = three-year-term. This re-
quires decision on whether seat
should be held open for Russia as
was done In PICAO until last year.
3. The bothersome question of q
multilateral aviation agreement
that is, a plan for general exchange
of commercial air rights among
nations s-is again on the agenda.
This year it probably cannot be
shunted aside abruptly as was done
in 1916.
4. Money-everybody's problem
will be an issue. It appears that the
budget must be increased over the
current years total Of Just under
81, 900, 900. There viii be fewer
countries at the outset to share the
cost, since not all of the 40 PICAo
members have ratified ICAO.
Some Lesser Issues.
5. Where to meet next year?
There has been considerable pres
sure to have the assembly meet in
Europe, and 1t was kept at Mon
treal this year only by a promise
to select European site in Is4s.
Along with those are numerous
lesser issues, including two inter-
national air law conventions (agree-
ments): financial aid to Iceland and
Greece in the operation of air
navigation facilities, and perhaps
to other small countries; and oper-
ating and paying for such fight
aids as floating weather stations
and search and rescue organiza-
tions.
The United States is, as usual,
sending the largest delegation of
delegates, technicians and advisers.
And this year it has perhaps the
strongest delegation ever to repre-
sent it at an aviation conference.
The group is headed by Assistant
Secretary Of State Garrison Norton
and includes as delegates Chairman
James M. Lands of the Civil Aero
nautics Board CAB; Assistant
Secretary Of Commerce william A
M. Burden, Maj. Gen. Laurence s.
Kuter, representative to PICAO;
Comdr. Paul Smith, his alternate
Harlee Branch, a CAB member, anc
L. Welch Pogue, former CAB chair
man.
Federal Delegates.
They will be backed by at least
seven other alternates and score
or more Of experts from the State
War, Navy and Post Once Depart
ments, CAB, Civil Aeronautics Ad-
ministration and the. Budget Bureau
and representatives Of the Aircraft
Industries Association, Air Trans
port Association and the Air Line
Pilots Association. Congress also
has been invited to send members
Reports from Montreal indicate
strong sentiment in favor of re-
electing PICAO interim council
members to the IGAO cnllncil with
Evening star., 1947-05-04

has Deen mucn . discussed ana
somewhat controversial topic. After
World War I American investors
sent their money abroad in big
way, often with unhappy conse-
quences to themselves. During the
great depression foreign bonds"
became almost a term Of odium,
while after the mid-1s30s this dis
nlusionment was reinforced by the
darkening international skies which
foreshadowed World War II.
Investors Grow Cautious.
This second world catastrophe
was SO much more shattering than
its predecessor and has been fol-
lowed by so much uncertainty that
American investors are today both
more cautious and better informed
than they were a quarter-century
ago. Also, the safeguards instituted
by our laws are more exacting.
For all these reasons international
lending since the close of the late
war has been almost entirely
of1cial in character. The masses
of public credit authorized to the
tune of many billions of dollars,
first by lend-lease during the war
itself and subsequently by the loan
to Britain. credits Of the Export
Import Bank, and the capital base
for the imminent lending program
of the World Bank, have raised a
question in many minds. This
query is whether international
lending is likely to pass altogether
from the hands of private financiers
to Government agencies or Gov
ernment subsidized establishments.
The "Wise Money"
In part, at least, the answer de-
pends upon the attitude of private
capital. The United States, in con-
junction with Canada, represents
the one great pool of capital in the
postwar world. Most Of the funds
available for foreign investment are
what Wall Street terms "sophisti-
Gated" capital or wise money"
Such funds are mainly owned or
controlled by commercial banks or
big institutions like insurance COM
panies. Those potential investors
are not only exceptionally well in
Evening star., 1947-05-04

disposal to deal with recalcitrant
nations.
The Greek crisis in which the
United States was compelled to in
tervene is a clear-cut example of
why the peoples Of Europe have
such little faith in the U. N. That
organization appointed a commits
sion composed Of representatives of
II nations to study the, Greek situa-
ton. place the responsibility for
the crisis and put an end to the in
cursions of bands. organized and
supplied by Yugoslavia, Bulgaria
and Albania.
Platonic Report.
Russia and Poland, as usual. dis
sented. They obviously were preju-
diced in the examination of wit
nesses and decided to disagree with
the findings of the other members.
While the representatives of the
IL nations are marking time in
Geneva, drafting a platonic report,
guerrilla warfare is still being waged
IN Northern Greece. The most that
can be hoped for from this investi-
cation is the appointment of a
handful of commissioners to watch
the situation"
The effectiveness of this measure.
even If Russia and her satellites
agree to 1t, is expected to be mega
tive. But the presence OF an inter-
national force, numbering q few
thousand men, would put al, end to
further incursions.
The British-Albanian incident is
another example of the Ineffective
ness of U. N. Investigations. A
majority of the investigating COM
mission declared that Albania was
not guiltless in the placing of mines
which blew up British warships.
minlng lncloent.
Everybody in Italy and Greece
knows that the Albanians placed
mines in the Straits OF Otranto. Yet
Russian opposition to conviction of
its satellite made the report of the
y. N. representatives farce.
Under these conditions, the peo-
pies Of Europe who are outside the
iron curtain wonder what usefulness
Ia U. N. investigation can have
when a minority vote or opinion can
bar the effort to prevent aggressions
or the punishment of those guilty
of breaking international law.
In recent weeks, especially since
President Truman's request for i'm
mediate and effective help to Greece
and Turkey, the Europeans have
veered to the opinion that America
can still maintain peace by making
judicious use of her great power.
Fleet Made Impression.
The visit of the American task
fleet to the sensitive" areas of
Greece, Turkey and Italy made a
deeper impression on the man in
the street than all the eloquent
speeches at New York or Lake Sue
cess IN the last IL months. They
see In the presence of those few
Ships in Mediterranean waters an
indication of Americas might and
determination to use her power to
prevent further aggressions.
Speeches, editorials and broad
casts to the effect that these ships
are powerless in land warfare make
little or no impression. Words have
little meaning for the people Of
these areas. But the fact that they
see American men-of-war steam
ing into the harbors of Italy, Greece
and Turkey gives them new conf
dence that the United States will
not permit any power to overrun
them.
That Is the meaning Of the U. N.
In the mind Of the average man Ii
war.rayaged Europe,
Evening star., 1947-05-04
Longer List of
Failing Firms
Competitive Markets
Responsible for
Shutdowns
By T. E. Abblegafe

NEW YORK.-Business failures,
which were at record low rate
Just a year ago, now show a steady
increase-the plainest evidence that
competitive markets are back in
many fields.
Principal casualties thus far have
been manufacturing enterprises.
Statisticians of Dun & Bradstreet,
whose records on failures extend
back to 1857, say that insolvencies
In retail trade always lag somewhat
behind those in the manufacturing
field.
Manufacturing failures outnum-
bered wholesaling and retailing
failures in 1916 for the first time
in American business history, and
the trend has continued into 1947.
For the first two months this year
there were 159 insolvencies in the
manufacturing division reported,
with liabilities totaling S18,674,000.
Business Listings Grow.
These failures have accounted
largely for an upturn in average
liability per insolvency from $11 900
in 1912 to around $4,000 thus far
in 1947.
The current high total of all busi-
nesses in the Nation, observers say,
would exaggerate the effect of any
business recession on the upswing
In failures.
Listings in the Dun & Bradstreet
reference book, which include all
types of business which are seekers
of commercial credit, have more
than recovered from the falling off
that accompanied war mobilization.
The current total of approximately
2,500,000 is some 100000 above the
previous peak of 1942.
The reference book total is around
a million less than Commerce De-
partment figures, since the latter
include many small service enter
prises which are not primarily en-
gagged in distribution of merchandise.
Also, in the book, chain store units
are counted individually.
A. M. Sullivan, associate editor of
Dun's Review, says that I'VE have
always had more retailers and retail
services than are actually required
for the physical distribution of
goods"
Many Infested Firms.
But, he added, there is con-
siderable evidence that new crop
of retailers is making a calculated
approach to the risks on their capital
as well as their opportunities for
profit. The newer retailers are
inclined to be more orderly mer-
chants and better record keepers" "
Although conceding that "the poor
swimmer can sink going with the
current as we'll as against it." Mr..
Sullivan noted that thousands of
these new concerns are untested
under competitive stress, and have
yet to fight their way through a bad
season or two"
The magazine Business Week
estimated recently that at least one
out of every five businesses in the
United States was founded in the
last three years and have known
only the best of times as far a.
prices, profits and sales are con-
cerned"
1t commented that they have
never lived through depression o.
even significant dip in economic
activity, never seen buyers marke1
or been caught in the midst o.
falling prices and nquidating in.
ventory.'
Distributed by the Associated Pressl
Evening star., 1947-05-04
Private Loan for Norway
Viewed as Trial Balloon
Floating of $1O,OOOOOO Bond Issue May Lead
to Further Ventures Abroad by Wall
Street as Aid to Worlds Recovery
By Lofhrob Sfoddard

Thursday April a. date Of special interest in Wall
floating s1oOO0000 Norway
generally considered
possibilities Of investment private capital
the postwar epoch
private capital reconstruction
Evening star., 1947-05-04
THE SUNDAY STAR, Washington. b. G.
Global Delegates Study
Civil Flying Problems
Exchange Of Commercial Rights by Nations
Again an Issue as New Aviation Council
Prepares to Gather in Montreal
By James j. Sfrebig

The International Civil Aviation
LIE q Montreal Tuesday with folder problems
1cAo succeeds the provisional body up
interim between the 1914 Chicago
ton BY member nations Of the development
world flying.
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1939-1949, 1947-06-05
:HUncE coNYENTIoN

CHURCH CONVENTION
State convention Of The Church
of God will be held in Kennewick
June So. The evening service
the 5th will be in our local church
on 7th and Gum streets. Begin
ming at 8 am. and on through the
9th services will be in the Amer
lean Legion hall. We will have
some very able speakers, and
among them will be Edna Rhodes,
our general Sunday school secre-
tary. You will want to hear her
speak about the work in our fed
eral prisons, visiting death row.
Don't miss hearing her. Everyone
welcome.
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1939-1949, 1947-06-05
ToAsrMIsTRESS CLUB

All women interested in toast
mistress training are invited to
the residence of Mrs. o. p. Mill
er, 422 First avenue, on Friday,
June 6 at 2 p. m. The purpose
of this meeting is TO organize a
toastmistress club and to arrange
to accept invitations to attend
the Toastmaster Clubs of Ken
newick, Posco and Richland, also
the Toastmistress. Club Of Rich
land.
Regular active work will be-
gin in the fall.
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1939-1949, 1947-06-05
TEEN AYERS TOP Y.M.c.A.

Monday evening, five Kenne-
wick Teen-Agers, from the Re-
creation building, motored to
Walla Walla to enter in a Ping
Pong tournament with boys from
the Y. M. c. A. there. The Ten
Ayers won a 3-2 decision.
The results are:
Cloyd Darkerk VS.. Smear, w. w.
won by Parker 20.
Dave Parker K. VS.. Clint Alton
won by Parker 2-1.
Billy Smith K. VS.. Warren Calvin
w. w. won by Calvin 2-1.
Earl Smith K. VS.. Dick johnson
w. w. won by johnson 2-l.
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1939-1949, 1947-06-05

tee, the pastor; parsonage COM
mittee, executive board Of the w
Sos; pastoral relations committee
chairman, ]. R. Ayers; chairman
OF house and grounds, Claude
Wlnterschied; chairman of audits,
vane r. Wilder; church history,
Mrs. I. N. Mueller and Mrs. T. w.
Payne; music director, Miss Edith
Aune; custodian of legal papers,
Mark M. Moulton.
The Kennewick courier-reporter. [volume] (Kennewick, Wash.) 1939-1949, 1947-06-05
p,s, Year One Of Most Fruitful In
v,.rnewick Methodist Church History

Winterschied, Mrs. Herbert Mis-
ner, the pastor; librarian and
secretary of literature, Mrs. D. K.
Randall; chairman of membership
and evangelism committee, Geo.
Hodgson; chairman of finance, j.
r. Ayers; chairman of missions,
Mrs. II. A. Settler; chairman of
temperance, Mrs. Ayers; chair
man of ushers, Gilbert Clodfelter:
chairman general music commit