Evening star., 1947-07-27


have plagued the United Nation.
Security Council, the inter-Ameri'
can pact is expected to provide tina
collective action against an actual o.
would-be aggressor may be taker
by two-thirds vote.
The United States, one of thu
sponsors of the U. N. voting pro-
cedure that gives each of the BIZ
Five powers a veto in the Securit!
Council, is backing the two-third!
rule for the regional system.
Advance Views
Most of the other American re-
publics favor 1t. Argentina alone
perennial bad boy" of the Ameri'
can family of nations, is supporting
q proposal that decisions must bt
unanimous-which would mean
veto for any one of the 81 govern
ments. It is uncertain whether the
Argentines will hold out for Ions
on this point.
A wide area Of agreement on fund
amentals of the project defense pac1
has been developed by exchanges Of
views through the Pan American
Union here in advance of the Rio
conference.
Eight countries-the Unitee
States, Bolovia, Brazil, Chile, Ecua'
dor, Mexico, Panama and Uruguay
have submitted definite treaty pro-
posals. These have provided the
basis for extensive preliminary dis
cussions.
Purpose of the treaty is to put
into effect for the 81 American
republics a permanent regional Sc.
curity system such as is authorized
by the United Nations Charter.
1t will carry forward in forma
treaty form the principles of the
Act of Chapultepec. This is the
pre-U. N. agreement concluded al
a Mexico City conference in 194t
on a wartime emergency basis. I
pledged the Americas to joint actor
to repel any threat of aggression
against any one of them.
Chapultepec Terms
The Act of Chapultepec, named
for famous castle in Mexico City
made two big advances in the de-
velopment of inter-American ma.
chinery for assuring the security o1
this hemisphere. These were:
/. Specific provision for the ap-
plication of sanctions, including
for the first time in an inter- -Ameri-
can agreement-theu use of armed
force against an aggressor.
2. Provision for collective action
to deal with aggression by one
American nation against another
Previous agreements covered the
danger of aggression only from
kCdll SOuA4giy.
AL the proposals for the perma
nent treaty embody these advances
along with other essentials of thu
Act of Chapultepec.
There is general agreement tina
the pact should obligate all the
American nations signing it to:
l. Repudiate war or the use o.
threat OF force in their interna
tional relations in any manner in
consistent with the U. N. Charter.
2. Settle by peaceful means any
dispute that might arise among
them.
8. Consider aggression agains
any American republic as aggres'
sion against all Of them.
4. Come to the immediate as
sistance of any American stat'
which Is the victim Of aggression.
Tie.in With u. N.
5. Consult together to agree upor
collective action against the aggres.
sor.
8. Similar consultation on what
sanctions to apply jointly to dea
with a threat of aggression in thu
hemisphere.
The United Nations Charter
makes a distinction, which the
inter-American treaty must recog'
nize, between actual armed attack
and q threat of aggression. In the
case of armed attack, immediate
action under the inherent right o1
self-defense, on a national or re.
gional basis, to repel the aggressol
is authorized until the Security
Council has taken measures tt
maintain peace and security. But
regional enforcement of sanctions
to deal with a threat of aggression
must be authorized in advance by
the Security Council.
Definite relationship between the
U. N. and the inter American re.
gional organization will be estab.
lished in the Rio treaty. All the
treaty proposals contain provisions
that the Security Council be kept
informed of emergency measures
that may be taken regionally anc
that prior authorization of the
Council be obtained before enforce
ment action Is taken.
The sanctions that may be adopt
ed against a would = be agressol
range through recall Of ENJOYS
breaking of diplomatic, consular
telegraphic, telephone, radio, eco
nomic, commercial and financial re-
lations to the use of armed force
AS in the Act of Chapultepec, these
are spelled out in most of the treaty
proposals.
The United States proposal stipu.
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