davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1947-08-31
Military Government

in territory wrested from the enemy
This brought on what perhaps was
one of Gen. Hilldring's biggest
headaches" in the War Depart
ment-trying to get enough shipping
to transport relief supplies. He and
his staff figured, from reports OF
desperate conditions in France, Bel
gium and Holland under the Nazi
occupation, that it would take 1,2oC
Liberty ships to haul the necessary
relief supplies into them.
"At times" Gen. Hilldring recalls
'I was involved in quite a competi-
ton for ships with other Pentagon
generals who had responsibility for
transporting ammunition and gas
oline. In the end we transported
all three"
He has liked his job and leaves it
"very reluctantly" without any def
mite decision as to what he may dc
after vacation. He may write a
book about his experiences, but
hasn't made up his mind.
Evening star., 1947-08-31
al Relations Meets With Success in Movement to Get
Group Discussions Local. State and National Issues

scratch and also stimulated and di-
rected discussion programs among
existing organizations, such as
businessmen's associations, minis
terial, educational, civic and service
groups, parent-teacher associations,
veterans, youth, labor and similar
groups. Discussion leaders were
trained by the community councils
with materials provided by the in
stitute.
The idea spread like a prairie
fire. In scores of towns and cities
over the country. local community
councils, representing all segments
of urban life, have been set up to
guide and accelerate talk it over"
programs. The quick prestige
Evening star., 1947-08-31
British West Indies Discuss Merqer
Delegates Meet Disadvantages
ondPo
By Arthur L. Govshon

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS from seven
British West Indian colonies yil!
meet in Montego Bay, Jamaica
September II under the chairman.
ship of Colonial Secretary Arthur
Creech Jones to discuss proposals
for closer constitutional, politica,
and economic association of their
territories.
In particular, the conference
first of its kind in the history OF
the West Indies islands-will de-
bate the advantages and disadvan-
tages of merging their territories
into federal state, according to
colonial Office officials here who
formally convened the meeting.
| One official spokesman said the
aim of British policy in the Carib-
bean was, on short-term basis, to
develop the process of self-govern-
ment in the individual colonies but
ultimately, to create some form OF
! political and constitutional fedora
ton.
The seven colonies to be repre-
sented are Barbados, British Gui-
ana, British Honduras, Jamaica
lLeeward Islands, Trinidad and the
Windward Islands.
Colonies Cautious
Four members of the British Sec
ton of the Caribbean Commission
are expected to attend as observers
The Bahamas group formally in
dicated, when first invited, that it
was not interested even in discussing
the federation project.
! The colonial Office spokesman said
the general attitude of the seven
West Indian colonial groups to the
tentative federation suggestions put
to them was one of extreme
caution"
"They have expressed their will
ingness to attend the conference,
but have made it clear that they
were committing themselves to
nothing but a discussion" the
official said and added: "The fact
that they have agreed to come along
and talk things over in itself is a
big achievement in view of the
existing differences in the histories,
traditions, social organization and
political development of the West
Indian colonies"
First broached in March, 1945, by
Col. Oliver Stanley. colonial secre-
tary in Britain's wartime coalition
Evening star., 1947-08-31

ment of the formation of a West
Indian federation.
8. United States base rights would
remain unaffected for the duration
of their 5o-year contracted period by
whatever constitutional develop
ments took place in .Britain's Carib-
bean possessions.
The spokesman said Britains
strongest argument for closer asso.
citation of the West Indian colonie.
lay in the fact that "in the moderr
world it is clearly impossible fol
separate communities, small ane
isolated as most of them presently
are, to achieve and maintain full
self government on their own"
Main Difficulties
Some of the colonies had com.
munities Of less than 200, 1000, he said
adding: "A community of 3,o00,oot
in the Caribbean area, with much
that is homogeneous in their cul.
ture and history, could expect tt
achieve self-government and b.
strong enough to resist economic
and cultural pressure and to formu
Evening star., 1947-08-31
Continued From Page BID


idly by responsible United States
Army commanders. "It was tribute
to our Army training" Gen. Hill
dring said, that our officers were
able to grasp this big strategic and
political opportunity in spite of the
fact that very little thought had
been given to military government
problems in the atmosphere In
which they were raised"
The problem was complicated by
planning for assuming civil control
in both enemy and liberated coun-
tries Immediately in the wake Of
battles. AS quickly as possible con-
trolls were turned over to indigenous
authorities in the friendly coun-
tries. Gen. Hilldring regards the
small amount of friction that de-
veloped as a great tribute to the
Army and its field commanders.
Planning had to include provision
for relief OF the civilian population
Evening star., 1947-08-31
Continued From Page BID

in 1s47 will bessoo, 100000. UNRRA
and post-UNRRA aid, Export-Im-
port Bank loans, unfreezing Of Ital-
ian assets in America, an Argentine
credit and the like will just about
cover that. If 1948 crops are better
If the merchant fleet continues to
grow, If the tourists come back, that
deficit may be halved next year
THE HAGUE-The Netherlands
needs, under the Marshall plan, an
immediate long-term reconstruction
credit or loan along with an imme-
diate supply of such capital goods as
heavy machinery and machine tools,
government officials say.
The Netherlands Government is
combating, principally. these three
economic problems: The slump or
virtual cessation of the Rhine River
traffic that brought in a substantial
prewar income; uncertain political
and economic conditions in Indo-
nesia, the Netherlands largest for
eign investment; foreign assets
which are virtually worthless or at
present nonproductive.
Under the Marshall plan the
country could provide textiles and
chemicals, radios and radio parts
for other countries.
Portugal's Situation
osLo-Norway will play an
active role in the Marshall plan
provided it is developed as a nom
political, cooperative effort. The
dollar shortage is not near as urgent
as in other European countries.
Exports of paper, fish and whale
oil and shipping and tourists pro-
vide that nation with sufficient
hard currencies to pay for reduced
imports. Financial experts describe
the domestic economic situation as
stable and consider 1t unlikely that
Norway will seek any large new
dollar loans.
LISBON-Portuga's hope is that
the Marshall program will unclog
the channels of world trade and
make available to the Portuguese
people the raw materials and ma
chinery they need to put their ma
tional economy on its postwar feet.
Portugal does not need foreign
credits
Portugal needs coal, potatoes,
Evening star., 1947-08-31
Surrey of EuropeS Needs

wheat, electrical machinery, auto
mobiles, trucks, ships, fertilizer,
fats, meat, tin plate, copper sui
phate, fuel oil and gasoline. In re-
turn, she can offer canned fish,
wine, fruit, timber, cork, resin and
olive oil-all of which would be
valuable contributions to rebuilding
devastated and hungry countries.
STOCKHOLM Shortages of coal
and manpower mar the prospects
for full economic recovery Of
Sweden. The nations factories and
transport were undamaged by war,
but she is suffering the pinch Of
Europe's economic dislocation and
has joined the Marshall program,
perhaps as a source of dollar credits.
Turkeys Economy Bad
Trade and other postwar foreign
credits are approximately $1,000.-
000, 900, linked with excessive i'm
ports, are blamed for the decline in
Sweden's financial position.
BERN-Switzerland's trade with
her neighbors is reviving, but her
total imports from Germany, Aus
tria, Italy and France still amount
to less than her prewar imports
from Germany alone. Trade with
Belgium and Luxembourg continues
at high level, but has fallen off
materially with the Iberian Penin-
sula as compared with last year.
ANKhRA-Turkey's bad eco
nomic condition could be greatly
improved, in the view Of competent
observers, through extensive mod
ernization of production methods
and reduction in the army, which
drains off about so per cent of the
national budget.
Nonetheless, the country could
co Operate under the Marshall pro-
gram by furnishing some coal,
cereals, tobacco and dried fruits.
In return, Turkey needs modern
agricultural equipment, technical
advice, improved communications.
roads and railways and greater
storage facilities.
Experts say Turkeys production
In both agriculture and mining
could be doubled with proper equip
ment. This increase could 60
abroad since she now produces more
than eonugh for her own require
ments.
distributed BY the Associated Press.)
Evening star., 1947-08-31

nlZlng that Tor
most people study
and group discus
sion Is a more
fruitful method of
learning than SOL
itary effort, the
institute seeks to
achieve its objec-
tive by providing
organized chan
nels for the talk
it over tradition
which Americans
have enjoyed since
Colonial days"
T h e discussion
programs are de-
signed to clear the
haze of important
topics and permit
the participant to
arrive at his own
conclusion. Th e
range Of subjects
Is sweeping, but
the most popular
national ones are
Evening star., 1947-08-31

Philip G. Ahern, executive secretary
of the Pittsfield tMass) Taxpayers
Association:
II understand it will be necessary
for Pittsfield to assume financial
responsibility for the program which
your organization instituted here q
year ago. I am writing to assure
you that we have found this work
to be of such vital Importance that
we will gladly carry it on.
The Work Grows
Through your organization, ano
through the splendid work of your
representative, we have been made
aware of the void which heretofore
existed in our civic action program
Knowing now the Importance of the
work of your organization, we dc
not intend to surrender its advan-
tages. With your guidance we know
that the work in the future will
grow and prosper"
And the work Is growing. In
Evening star., 1947-08-31
the People to Hold More

countless civic, church and other or
ganizations throughout the Nation,
lively group discussions are being
held on vital subjects of the day,
presided over by a regular member
trained by the institute. The
participants have "boned up" on
their subject of the moment by
reading the institutes booklets or
other recommended reading, in
most cases. The talk sometimes be-
comes heated but rarely bitter
When the session Is over, most of
them go home with a much clearer
understanding of the issue dis
cussed.
DR.. Schrieber Is perpetually
ignited with the concept of arous-
ing spirited group discussions all
over the land. When he speaks OF
his chosen work he reflects mis-
sionary's zeal, and the words tumble
out with urgency and deep convic-
ton.
Objective of Discussions
Few among us" he declared, mo
matter how diligently we study and
discuss the major issues of the day,
can honestly say that we know and
fully understand the problems of
the world, the country, or even our
own community. And this is so
because most people are busy earn
ing living at thousands of trades
and professions which have little
or no relation to the process of
gathering, sitting, interpreting and
analyzing the news of the day and
the trends of social movement"
Through group discussion and
group action, he went on, many of
our social problems can be solved.
But two essential things for sue
cessful group discussion are care
fully prepared discussion guides
presenting fairly and clearly all
views on a given subject, and, he
said, trained discussion leaders.
These are the essentials supplied
by the institute.
The objective of group discussions
is to increase the number of in
formed citizens who have a good
measure of understanding of the
social problems of the day and who,
because of their understanding, are
motivated to participate in con-
structive social action, DR.. Schrieber
said.
TT can't be done alone" he con-
tinued. For you can't ask headlines
to explain. You can't argue with a
radio. You can't discuss it with
film. You can't talk back to book.
Has Wide Appeal
True, the press, radio and films
are indispensable to the man or
woman who would know and under
stand the world But they are hardly
enough"
The group discussion technique
fcstsred by the Institute appeals to
uneducated and almost illiterate
backwoods mountaineers no less
than to upper-strata Junior Lea
guers.
Recently, for example, an officer
of the institute received this letter
from Elizabeth, Tenn, addressed
Dear Brother:
81 can say Brother" it went on,
because believe identically like
your phamphlet Talk 1t Over. I
was borned in the hills of East.
Tenn. was Taught race creed and
national hate and So Call Foreign
born. I joined the Army in 1927
Served six years.
"I found that all my mountain
stuff I had been taught was just
plain bunk That color of skin.
Greek, Jew. Chinese, japanese, Ger
man, Russian, was all the Same. 1t
was the individual, not the race or
color.
Il have so far got my son with
no creed or prejudice toward any
one. I inclose $100 to help pay cost"
tBy Special Arrangement With st. Louis
Post-Pispatch.)
Evening star., 1947-08-31

achieved by the
institute was dem
onstrated notably
a month ago when
hundreds of rep
resentatives of ma =
tional civic and
welfare organiza-
tions a t t e n d e d
seminars on dis
cussion training
technique h e ] d
here at George
Washington Uni
versity by the in
stitute
The institute
regularly receives
glowing reports of
its work from
civic leaders who
have become i'm
bued with the dis
cussion fer vor.
Typical Is this
letter sent by DR..
Schrieber a few
weeks ago by
Evening star., 1947-08-31

AFL seamen, angry over a decision
of the Wage Sterilization Board.
This was settled in one week, but
CIO seamen then had a weeks
strike of their own.
Starting October l, AFL ship
masters and CIO ship engineers
tied up virtually all American ship
ping. The strike-worst in United
States maritime history - lasted
through October, and on the West
Coast for half of November as well.
On October 81, John L. Lewis.
president of the AFL United Mine
Workers, began his historic battle
with the Government, then in pos
session of the soft-coal mines. He
accused the Government Of vio-
lating the coal contract and de-
mande6 a new one
The November elections handed
organized labor jolt. Many friends
of unions were knocked out Of
Congress.
In November the Government de-
cided to fight Lewis. He gave notice
the contract would end at midnight
November 20. Federal Judge T. Alan
Goldsborough G ordered Lewis to can
eel the notice. He ignored the order.
The coal miners quit work.
On December the judge fined
Lewis and his union for contempt
of court after a memorable trial in
which Lewis stood up and rumbled
his defiance. On December 7 Lewis
called off the strike.
In January the new Congress
came to town determined to pass
new labor law. From then on until
June %, when the Taft Hartley Act
was passed over President Truman's
veto, this was the biggest continu-
ing story in the labor field.
In the Nationwide telephone
strike, which began April 7 and
lasted well into May, there were
more man-days of idleness than in
any other strike during the II
months. In June a new telephone
union was formed, the Communica-
tions Workers of America.
About the Future
A vastly important date was April
20, when the CIO steel workers set
tied their dispute with United States
Steel. The wage raise Of 1914 cents
an hour plus other benefits raising
this to about IS cents, set an indus
trial wage pattern. The auto work
ers and General Motors settled April
"a for liz cents plus vacation bene-
fits.
On July 7 John L. Lewis bounced
back from his December legal de-
feat by forcing the private owners,
who had resumed control of the
mines, to sign one of the best con-
tracts ever won by any union.
Now, what of the future?
Usually predictions in the labor
field have to be guesses. Just now,
with new problems boiling up every
where under the new law, it's hard
even to guess.
The worst trouble spot in the next
few weeks seems to be the maritime
industry.
It's a fair bet that labor unions
will keep growing.
It's a sure thing that they will
take more interest in politics than
ever before. The CIO Political Ac-
ton Committee is not hampered by
the Taft-Hartley Act. And even
some conservative unions that never
cared much about politics are roar
ing their intention of trying to elect
friendly Congress next time.
Distributed by the Associated Press)
Evening star., 1947-08-31

Here is the situation in which
unions find themselves today:
l. Their position is changed under
new Federal and State laws. They
are in a period of legal confusion
and uncertainty, but they still have
enormous economic force at their
disposal.
2. They have won a second post
war round of wage increases, in
most cases without strikes, but the
workers grocery bills have kept on
rising.
Claim Record Membership
8. They now claim a record men,
bership of about 16,400, ,o00-a gain
of more than a million members In
the past year.
a. They have Topped in their eff
forts to bring all unions together in
single house of labor" or even in
a joint program of action.
The Labor Day celebration tomor-
row will have an underlying grim
ness. Labor leaders have told their
people that the Taft Hartley Act
has brought a great crisis.
The new law limits unions In
what they can do and what kind OF
contracts they can get. Whether ii
will affect their steady growth is
another matter.
Today's estimate of 16,400,00o
union members Is not an exact
figure. 1t is based on union claims
Not even the Labor Department
knows how many members are in
unions. 1t has no way of finding
out.
A year ago the membership figure
generally used was about 15,00O,-
0O0." In fact, this figure is still in
wide use.
It was made up of the AFL claim
of 7,151 1903 members as of August
81, 1916; the CIO claim of more
than 6,000,0O0," and the Labor De-
partment's rough estimate that in
dependent unions were claiming
around 100000.
Some Stirring Events
Today the AFL says its member
ship has climbed to 7,603,o0O. CIC
officials are claiming around $780,
900. The Labor Department still has
no bigger estimate for independent
unions than 100000. Put those
three figures together and you get
16, ,403 900.
Two years have passed since the
war ended.
The past II months-that is, the
second year after the war-have
seen stirring events, including the
worst maritime strikes in Ameri-
can history. The roaring triaI
and conviction of John L. Lewis
The telephone strike.
And the dramatic blocking OF
strikes this year in the steel, coal
and auto industries.
The strikes of the past year have
caused about 47,500,00O man-days
of idleness in the plants where they
occurred.
This was less than half the strike
idleness of the first year after the
war, when the figure was 124,000,-
900 man-days.
Elections Jolted Labor
Throughout both of these
troubled years, thousands of estab-
lishments-both with and without
unions-have maintained peaceful
labor management relations.
But the struggles inevitably got
more attention.
Let's go back to last Labor Day
and make a quick review OF the
year:
In September came a strike of
Evening star., 1947-08-31

Relations believes that much of our
social illness derives from the failure
of our citizens to practice in their
daily lives the basic principles of
our democratic credo; 1t further be-
lieves that this discrepancy between
our professed beliefs and our actual
conduct stems more from made
quate information, misinformation,
apathetic citizenship and failure to
think things through than from a
deliberate desire to do mischief.
Evening star., 1947-08-31
Latvian Envoy Implores
i. to Aid Baltic States
Says Estonia, Lithuania and His Land Face
Annihilation Instead of Liberation
Under the Kremlin's Policies
By Alfred BiImonis
lotvion Minister in Washington

latvon in Washington
regular United Nations Assembly the dire
plight peoples still unlberated from the Mscovte lib
orators" practically ignored.
Latvia and Lhuania small but economically f-sppoft
family of nations at the moment
Baltic peoples fight
Evening star., 1947-08-31
An Underlying Grimness
Attends Labor's Holiday
New Federal and State Laws Leave Unions
Confused and Uncertain, but They Still
Have Enormous Economic Force
By Mox Holl

after rough OF defeats and
victories
fashion to investigate the
industrial the coming IL months
plants going to get
more ttention
Evening star., 1947-08-31
Seeks to Clear the Haze

'The institute endeavors to pro-
mote a better understan ling of
human behavior and of mans re-
latlonship to his fellowman. Recog-
Evening star., 1947-08-31

problems facing the youth OF the
Nation, atomic energy, the United
Nations, veterans problems, educa-
ton and the schools, racial bigotry
and steps to combat it, national
health and similar subjects.
Idea Spread Fast
The project was initiated last year
with the selection of six communi-
ties in which experimental studies
in community education were con-
ducted-Pittsheld, Mass; Muncie,
Ind; Canton, Ohio; Allentown, Pa;
Syracuse, N. " and Birmingham,
Ala. A field representative of the
institute was assigned to each city
to serve as a full-time executive
director of community discussion
councils, which were established to
implement the plan.
These newly formed councils
organized discussion groups from
Evening star., 1947-08-31
The American Public Now Talks Things Over'

National Institute of Soci
Evening star., 1947-05-18
Gear.


More thon 10000 seo-
boes. cruise boxes. trunks
and other bundles lost,
misplaced or hurriedIy left
BY Navy and Coost Guard
personnel oil over the world
ore being held at the
Novy Personoi Effects Dis
tribution Center. Cleorfield,
Utoh. pending receipt Of for
wording instructions from
owners or next Of Kin. Some
$4,000 units Of personoI ef-
fects aireody have been
hondled and the "Iost and
found" work continues. On
orrMoi at the center. items
ore inventoried. disinfected
and poeked for shipment.