davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1947-01-12

have failed-notably in California
In each instance the law is aimed
at the union shop and maintenance
Of membership as well. In at least
one case, Arkansas, no enabling
act has been passed to back ur
the constitutional amendment.
Currently, the Virginia Legisla-
ture is considering q similar bar
on union security contracts.
A final test Of the legality Of
the Florida law was sought last
year. The United States Supreme
Court, however, returned the case
because the Supreme Court of Flor
ida had not ruled upon its consti-
tutionality. A three-man district
court had approved it.
Worthy of note is that both the
AFL and CIO say they know OF nc
instance where an attempt has beer
made to enforce the so-callec
.'right-to-work" laws in any Of the
five States.
Labor claims that closed shops
promote stable conditions in a plant
make for more peaceful industrial
relationships, assures an employer
of competent and skilled workers
An argument is that union may
devote more time to corporation
with management when freed Of
continual organizational efforts and
the necessity for protecting itself
Ban Unconstitutional"
II = also claimed that union Sc
curity provisions saves the employer
from jurisdictional strikes and other
troubles resulting from interunion
rivalries.
Chief union argument against a
closed shop ban Is that it is un-
constitutional in that it violates the
freedom to contract, of which the
CIO says, I'm the American free
enterprise economy there is nothing
more basic ."
The CIO also points out that law
requires a union to bargain for all
workers in shop and asks: why
should not those who receive the
benefits of those services also share
the obligations and responsibilities OF
union membership? Union security
... is nothing more than the estab-
lished American principle that those
who share in benefits should share
in responsibilities"
Both the AFL and CIO warn that
enactment of the Ball bill would
promote widespread industrial strife.
Mr.. Green says:
LET Congress remember that loyal
trade union members with tradi-
ton of union shop policy will refuse
to work beside free-riders and strike
breakers
The closed shop has become tradi-
ton in a number Of industries and
some employers may be expected to
oppose the Bali bill as disruptive OF
their labor relations. A spokesman
for the constructive industry said
there was little doubt but that such
a measure would cause considerable
trouble there. He explained the In
dustry now is working out > way to
Evening star., 1947-01-12
Brandt
Continued From Page C-l.,

more details, Gen. Marshall replied
that he would.
"It was the act of a soldier and
great patriot" President Truman
has said many times with pride and
respect.
Mrs. Marshall, writing OF their
plans to retire, says IN her book:
Ever since he had been of ags
he had been wandering on the
face of the globe; at each hating
place he tried to make house
home, always fixing garden, and
then, just as he had begun to feel
at home and the things planted
had taken root, orders would come
to move on and he would start all
over again. This had gone on for
40 years"
The Marshalls had planned to go
to Dodona Manor and Liscombe
Lodge after the general returned
from China. But President Tru-
man gave him an assignment COM
parable to that which President
Roosevelt gave when he made him
Chief of staff.
On his retirement as Chief OF
Staff, President Truman personally
presented Gen. Marshall with the
Oak Leaf Cluster to add to his Dis
tinguished Service Medal. The cita-
ton which the President read al
the ceremony said in part: +
TN war unparalleled in magni.
tude and horror, millions Of Amer.
leans gave their country outstand-
ing service. General Of the Army
George C. Marshall gave it VIC
tory" .
In his new position, Gen. Mar
shall will have the task Of max
ing that victory permanent. and
at the same time preserve the free
doms for which we and the other
Allies Fought.
DISTRIBUTED BY st. Louis Post-DispstshJ
Evening star., 1947-01-12
u. S. Learns Fire Safety
Hard and Costly Way
Series of Major Blazes Tightens Preventive
Laws in Many Cities, but District
Slow to Heed Warning
By Jerry O'Leory, Jr.

more than two stories were ordered
to install fireproof doors at each
stairway landing.
The San Diego City Council was
considering regulations calling for
fire escapes on all buildings three
or more stories high. Chicago au-
thorities told all hotel operators
they must put walls and doors on
stairways and elevator shafts that
will be fire retardent for one hour.
Chicago Fire Accelerated
Municipal Regulations
The movement for municipal reg
ulations over building construction
was shot forward by the Chicago
fire of 1871, at a cost of $50 lives
and $168 ,000, 900 in property.
Standardization Of fire fighting
equipment began as result of the
Baltimore fire of 1904. Fire engines
raced in from Washington and Phil
adelphia only to stand idle because
their hose couplings didn't fit Bal
timore hydrants.
Many old schools were altered and
new ones built differently because
ITS children died in a school fire at
Collingwood, Ohio, in 1908. The use
of nitrocellulose film was drastically
reduced and saftey film came into
general use because 129 doctors and
patients died in the Cleveland clinic
fire of 1929 from the flames and
fumes of burning X-ray film.
In Hartford, Conn, the circus
fire of 1914, with 1874 dead and many
hundreds injured, sent city leaders
over the country hurrying into their
statute files. Many found they had
no f1re-control supervision over cir
cuses, tent shows and carnivals. To-
day many communities have ord
nances by which the fire depart
ment controls seating, exits and
general safety measures.
Underwriters Code
Adopted in Some Cities
More than 10 cities have adopted
the building code recommended by
the National Board of Fire Under
writers, which represents some 200
capital stock fire insurance COM
panies. But, says the board, more
than 1000 other cities still need to
adopt it.
OF the 10, all but one-New York
have failed to make its provisions
retroactive-to cover buildings con-
structed before the code became
city law.
The code, when turned into ord
nances, outlaws such hazards as
open staircases and elevator shafts
and thin, nonresistant doors. In
1943, Atlanta adopted the under
writer's code as its own, but failed
to make it retroactive.
The city's fire marshal, Harry
Phillips, told reporters at least four
fifths of Atlanta's buildings fail to
comply in some way with the code.
He said every time he attempted to
get action on the installation OF
fire doors, stairway Enclosures,
sprinkler systems, automatic alarms
and other safeguards in pre-1943
buildings, he was told this was
legally inpossible,
Evening star., 1947-01-12

known nearly entirely for its tena-
cious fight to buy the Naylor Gar
dens rental housing project. Through
a vast amount of hard work, Mr..
Sawyer formed the Veterans Co
operative Housing Association, which
has successfully bid for the 748-
apartment project in southeast, for
q reported $5,125,000. A Board Of
Directors for the association will be
named this month.
Beginning of Amvets goes back to
September, 1914, when a group OF
young war veterans headed by Elmo
Keel, then a student at George
Washington University, met in the
District to map plans for a new
organization. Widely publicized, the
meeting drew comment from small
World War II groups in other States,
and through their interest larger
meeting was arranged in Kansas
City three months later. Ten sep
arate groups at that meeting took
the name Amvets and named Mr.
Keel temporary commander until
such time as a formal convention
could be held.
As such, Amvets was little more
than a loose-jointed association OF
smaller groups-some with directly
conflicting views Of policy and ad-
ministration. After numerous ar
bitration and discussion meetings,
leaders agreed on basic principles
and policies for the new organiza-
ton and Amvets was officially
launched at q constitutional con-
vention at Chicago in october,
1945. Jack w. Hardy, a Los An
geles attorney and ex-lieutenant
commander in the Navy, was
elected first national commander.
Like Amvets, the American Vet
erans' Committee early last year
was a young group with growing
pains. Except that members OF
both groups were World War II
veterans, however, there was little
other similarity.
AVG was formed by group of
young men, most still in service,
who corresponded. on ideas for a
postwar organization. Among them
Evening star., 1947-01-12

be Acting Secretary during Gen
Marshall's absence. AS such he will
conduct American policies in Latin
America and the Far East and un-
less he is drawn from the upper
levels of the State Department will
not know the real situation in those
areas. Showing an inexperienced
man into a top position in the
State Department could prove cost,
ly for this country.
In some Republican senatorial
quarters, where conditions in the
State Department are well known
there is a move to create a perma'
nent post for a high-ranking Off
cial who would remain as principa
political adviser to any Secretary o.
State and who would not be sub
ject to domestic political changes
The British have had a permanent
Undersecretary of State for For
eign Affairs for many years. HI
is outside domestic politics.
The Secretary and Undersecre
tary of State must be political part.
men. This is part of our politica
game. When they come to th'
State Department they are lik'
babes in the woods, regardless o
how able and well informed the,
may have been before they assumed
their jobs.
They get their indoctrinatiol
from the chiefs of the various geo
graphical divisions, who are caree
men. Some of these regional chief
are worried about their futures ant
hope for quick promotions. The,
try to find out how the new chief
stand ideologically or otherwise ant
do their utmost to cater to tn
whinas of the new powers.
Gained in Importance.
As a rule it takes a long time 70,
a Secretary of State to familiariz'
himself with the actual policies o
the State Department. He ma.
know the overall policy as set in tn
electoral platform Of his party, bu
it requires some times two or thre'
years before he can really know wha
the score is.
This was not much Of drawbacl
in the days when our foreign affair
were less important. 1t did not mat
ter much that some Secretaries o
State, like Frank B. Kellogg ant
Henry L. Stimson, became compe
tent only IL or 18 months befor'
giving up their jobs. But these day
when America has become a yer.
important-if not the most i'm
portant-country among the worlt
powers, the apprenticeship of ney
Secretary and Undersecretary o
State could prove enormously costl.
to the world and this country.
Hence the idea of Transforming
the position of counsellor Of tn
State Department, title which wa
revived under Cordell Hull's admin
istration, into permanent job to b
held by a qualified officer, possibl.
from among the top ranking met
In the foreign service. :
Evening star., 1947-01-12

TULSA.
Nazi- blasting, U-boat-
sinking, wartime cronies-
radar and airborne mag
netometers-are up to their
scientific armpits in q relentless
peacetime search for new oil.
Where once they hunted subs
they now are probing the conti-
mental shelf, a saltwater haven OF
weird marine fossils, and, it is hoped
immense sunken reservoirs of pc
troleum.
Developed during the war to To-
cate approaching objects and for
determining q planes position with
reference to a given ground point
on blind bombing missions, radar is
helping oilmen pinpoint their posi-
ton precisely while working on
water jobs.
1t likewise serves them in mapping
or making geophysical surveys OF
jungles, mountains and other in
accessible spots.
Even the magnetometer-one o1
the first instruments used in explo-
ration geophysics-now has beer
improved. and has taken to the air
Blanketed under military secrecy
for five years, it offers promise Of
being one of the quickest, low-cosi
tools aiding the hunt for new fields
Detector Works Over
Land or Sea
Gulf Oil Corp. scientists pioneered
in the early development OF thil
unique detector, which was per
fected during the war and used II
American antisubmarine warfare tt
point out submerged Nazi U-boat!
OF the coasts.
The instrument is housed usual!
in bomblike structure, eithel
mounted on a wing or tail Of thu
plane or towed by the aircraft. I
makes a continuous record of geo.
physical data on terrain over which
a fight is made, whether it Is jungle
or water-covered areas.
The scientific data recorded BY
the intrument later is correlated ane
studied by geophysicists to deter
mine the best locations for wildca'
drilling.
Atomic energy isn't being over
looked. Although the oil industry
hasn't yet found commercial use fol
atomic power, It's physicists alread!
have noted potential uses for radio
active elements.
Robert E. Fearon, Tulsa consultan
on nuclear physics, contends tina
research men may turn out 81
many products by the application
of radioactive energy to petroleum
hydrocarbons that "by the tim
atomic energy replaces gasoline AM
| fuel oil refiners may have lost In
terest in producing their presen
items" ..
Another recent development
manufacture Of gasoline from ma
tural gas-also opened vistas OF
new petrochemical industry, witt
Evening star., 1947-01-12

to organize Amvets on strong COM
munity basis. He plans to put Or
ganizers to work in all parts Of the
country recruiting new members, but
believes strong posts are more i'm
portant than large ones. To offset
the weak legislative program, the
entire membership will be polled
every, so days to determine up-to-
date policy on current issues, but
Amvets will not strive to be heard
too loudly on national and interna-
tional affairs until organization is
complete.
Meanwhile, its back against the
wall with eight posts and only about
500 active members, the District De-
partment is launching a program
that should decide its future here.
For direction, it has installed Regis
Cole, former Amvets organizer, as
acting executive director, to work
with Dept. Comdr. Elliott Newcomb
on program confined nearly entire
ly to community activity. An ambi-
tious membership drive, already un-
der way, is scheduled to end Janu-
ary II.
Put Up Successful Fight
To Buy Naylor Gardens
High on the list of plans is the
search for a department "home"-to
serve as headquarters, meeting place
and clubhouse. A veterans-in-busi-
ness bureau is being formed for CO.
operative aid among Amvets busi-
nessmen here. Housing and job bu-
reaus have been established in at
tempts to find spare rooms for
veterans and to get employers to list
job openings. To aid veterans with
personal problems the department
hopes to soon have rehabilitation
service officer.
Legislative high lights include ap-
peals for local and national suffrage
for the District and establishment Of
a Giving memorial" auditorium and
stadium, to be available for public
meetings, sports and recreation pro-
grams. Plans also call for organi-
zation of athletic teams to partici-
pate in District sport leagues and
formation of a ladies' auxiliary.
The department last year was
Evening star., 1947-01-12

K =
w the British burned tn
city in the War of 1872
is wide open for the kind OF conf1a
grafton which destroyed Atlanta
Winecoff Hotel and Boston's Cocoa
nut Grove night club.
While other cities are cracking
down on building owners for failure
to comply with fire regulations, the
District Commissioners have sus'
pended enforcement Of fire safety
laws here until July l. This actor
was taken despite a check showing
safety violations in 1900 OF 3,50t
buildings of more than four stories
Twenty-one of Washington's no.
tells were unlicensed through all q
1945. The reason for suspendins
fire regulations here was given az
the shortage of building materials
According to the Associated Press
America has been learning about
fires the hard way for long time
Too often, complain the experts
q building with known hazards
burns down with severe losses, the
public cries for Investigations, the
expert comes in wearily and says
told you so, and then the same thing
happens elsewhere, maybe a month
maybe a year later.
Fire chiefs and underwriters agree
there was nothing new about the
factors responsible for the flash
like spread of the Winecoff Hotel
fire, which took 119 lives.
Tuition Fee High
For Refresher Course
For years, say these authorities
they've been warning against open
staircases and elevator shafts which
blow flames up from floor to floor
and thin doors and open transoms
which help combustible toxic gases
ooze into rooms
1t happened in Atlanta. 1t hap
pened in the La Sale Hotel fire In
Chicago last June. The tuition fee
for that refresher course in fire haz-
ards was 61 lives.
The same experts argued the
obvious for long time-that i
people in public places are going te
escape fires they need ways of get
ting out. When the Cocoanut Grove
night club burned on November %
1912, trapped panicky customers
piled up in front of the only USE
able exit-a revolving door. Cost OF
that lesson: 492 lives.
Every major fire has added weight
to that "ounce of prevention" some
by teaching a new lesson, others by
repeating an old one.
In the.last six months, the death
toll from hotel fires was more than
a fourth of the 789 hotel fire deaths
recorded in the United States and
Canada since 1858.
This most recent series of fires
touched off new preventive legisla-
ton. New York was considering an
ordinance which would require all
hotels to keep a fire safety warden
on duty at all times. In Detroit,
owners of multiple dwellings of
Evening star., 1947-01-12
|Low-Cost Oxygen
And Chemical Aids


Mr.. Keith also said the proc
esses would make available as by.
products cheap oxygen for use IN
chemical and metaliurgical indus
tries and provide raw materials to
serve as the basis of new syn
thetic-chemicals industry.
Financially, the years end found
the producing branch of the oil in
dustry in better price position, due
to three advances in crude since
April.
On April /, OPA made effective
an average increase of 10 cents per
barrel and this was followed by
25-cent hike posted in July when
Congress removed price controls
from oil. A third increase of 10
cents came in November, putting
the average price for a barrel OF
crude oil at ,$1.69.
As for often-repeated warnings
that the Nation Is running short
of oil there are self-styled optimists
like j. v. Howell, consulting geol-
ogist of Tulsa, who claim there are
large, unexplored areas in Oregon.
Washington, Idaho, Colorado, New
Mexico and Arizona where geolog-
ical information us of character
favorable for OIL"
He said recent developments in
Louisiana, Alabama and Florida In
dicated the gulf coastal plain had
important oil possibilities, with the
Atlantic coastal plain from Vir-
ginia to Florida also worthy OF
study.
Nine States still have not been
completely mapped geologically. Mr..
Howell said, adding that flve OF
these-Idaho, Nevada, North Caro-
lima, North Dakota and Oregon
may be considered possibly pro-
ductiye.
Evening star., 1947-01-12

(This Is the first OF ttDo articles
on Deterans' organizations ,Drit-
ten by The Stars editor OF pet
erans' affairs follototng frst-hand
contact 1Dith them in meetings
and conuentions.J
Evening star., 1947-01-12
THE SUNDAY STAR, Washington,sD
SUNDAY JANUARY u. l9z.
Wartime Sub Detectors
Now Searching for Oil
Airborne Radar and Magnetometer May
Wrest Hidden Treasures From Untapped
Water Covered Areas
By Bill Boshmon
By Bill Bushmun
Press sfoff Mriter
urrr the added effe

the added effect Of enlarging the,
Nations supply Of cheap fuel.
Some observers contend this
process. called hydrocol by Its de-
velopers, Hydrocarbon Research.
Inc, may make natural gas this
country's first important source Of
motor fuel independent of petro-
leum.
They point out that while war de-
mands tapped crude-oil reserves.
the reserves OF natural gas increased
materially in the past few years and
the trend is expected to continue.
They rate present gas production
at only half the rate of discovery.
The first commercial plant to use
this method will be erected soon at
Brownsville, Tex, and the Stano-
lind Oil & Gas Co. has similar
refinery projected in the Hugoton
gas fields of Kansas and Oklahoma.
P. C. Keith, president of the Hy-
drocarbon Research firm, stated that
the successful operation of the
Brownsville plant could have far
reaching effects on our national
economy,"
Evening star., 1947-01-12

The second installment OF Mr..
Beueridge's discussion OF peter-
ans groups pill deal NTH the
Veterans OF Foreign Wars ard
American Legion, the Veterans
OF Foreign Wars ana the Dis
abled American Veterans. 1t
,uiu appear in uert Sundays Star.
Evening star., 1947-01-12

STRICT Of Columbia vet
Grams of World War II
along with some 100000
ex-servicemen and womel
Evening star., 1947-01-12
-ASHINGTON

w WASHINGTON, unmarried
Af by a disastrous fire since
wv the British burned the
citv in the War of 1872,
Evening star., 1947-10-26
Two House Members
Seek Probe Of C|erics'
Visit 10 YugosIavia
By the Asxecioted prsss

CHICAGO, Oct. 25.-Two House
members from Illinois today said
they would call on Congress to con-
duct thorough investigation" OF
the two-week visit of seven Protes-
tant clergymen to Yugoslavia this
summer.
Representatives Busbey, Republi-
can, and Gorski, Democrat, said, in
what they termed "a bipartisan
joint statement" that the group
loudly praised conditions in this
Tito-dominated satellite nation OF
the Soviet orbit and placed special
emphasis on what they claimed was
the freedom of worship prevailing
there"
The statement added that "the
fact these seven lent themselves sc
openly to this obvious Communist
propaganda device is made all the
more reprehensible in view of the
Evening star., 1947-10-26
Threat Of New Strikes
And Cabinet Downfall
Confronting France


PARIS, Oct. 25.-The threat of
nationwide strikes and a cabinet
downfall faced France today as she
prepared to enter a critical week.
Socialist Paul Ramadier, whose
days as Premier may be numbered
has described the country's climate
as electric" and has warned that
the republic Is in danger" from
the Communists on the left and
Gen. Charles de Gaulle on the
right.
Here is what is Immediately
ahead:
Tomorrow-Completion of mu-
nicipal elections with runoff vot-
ing in TOO towns and villages. Gen.
de Gsulle's new French Peoples
Party won close to 40 per cent of
the vote, more than any other
party, in voting in more than st.
600 municipalities last Sunday. Gen.
de Gaulle insists the constitution
of the Fourth Republic should be
scrapped and a new constitution
written to give the executive more
power. His aides insist he would
not accept the premiership until
a new Parliament Is elected.
"Grave Decisions" Awaited.
Monday-Railroad union leaders
meet to take grave decisions" if
they do not get an IL per cent
wage increase. Postal employees also
are to meet the same day to decide
on whether to strike. Both are
affiliated with the Communist-led
General Confederation of Labor.
Tuesday-The opening of an
extraordinary session of the Ma
tional Assembly when Mr.. Rama
dier will pose confidence vote or
his reshuff1ed cabinet.
Thursday-Assembly vote on the
confidence issue.
Some time during the week-a
declaration by Gen. De Gaulle ir
which he may explain how he in
tends to capitalize on his election
success. His aides have indicated
this may take the course of mobiliz.
ing support in the Assembly-hi.
followers there all wear the label Of
other parties, having been elected
before his new party was organized
to force new national elections.
BidauIt Group to Decide.
Also on Monday Foreign Minister
Georges Bidault's Popular Repub.
lican Party (MRP) is to decide
whether it will give Mr.. Ramadiel
it's vote of confidence in the AS.
sembly. The party executive has
indicated it merely had loaned Mr.
Bidault and two other Popular Re.
publican ministers to the cabinet
until it learned the outcome of. to.
morrow's elections. One of the mair
supporters of the Ramadier cabinet
the party'S voters shifted heavily
into the De Gaulle column last
Sunday.
The labor and political issues are
closely interviewer.
Most observers say that If the
Communist dominated labor unions
vote to strike it will enhance Mr.
Ramadier's chances of staying In
Office by winning him rightest sym
pathy. Members of Mr.. Rama
dier's own staff predict that his
chances will be slight if the Assem-.