davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1946-11-24
Toxoid Found
For Germ War
By Ho,Card BIakeslee

NEW YORK.-The archaeological
warfare section Of the Army has toxoid
that will afford mass protection against
death by one OF the great poisons de-
veloped during World War IT,
This toxoid is not identified, but the
language of the official release indicates
it is probably against the botulinus toxin,
which is SO deadly that one ounce could
kill more than 15o,0O0,OOo people, pro-
Wded there was any way of getting the
stuff into large numbers of humans.
Botulinus toxin is poison produced
by the bacteria that cause botulinus
poisoning ID spoiled food. Such poison
ing is rare because these bacteria are
killed easily by heat less than that of
boiling water.
The War Department release on
meteorological warfare early this year,
covers the toxin and the toxoid in two
sentences Of summary Of accomplish
ments, reading:
Production and isolation for the first
time Of crystalline bacterial toxin,
which has opened the way for the
preparation of a more highly purified
immunizing toxoid.
Development and production of an
effective toxoid in sufficient quantities
to protect large scale operations should
this be necessary"
Stories have told Of alleged germs
that could destroy life in large city
and of plant poisons capable of destroy
ing the wheat crop Of an entire State.
In official releases there is no evidence
Of claim for either means of destruc-
ton. The other half of official releases
indicates more progress was made in
discovering how to protect people from
poisons and diseases than in how to
destroy them.
: distributed BY the Associated Press)
Evening star., 1946-11-24

The first successful transatlantic
flights were made from Harbour Grace,
Newfoundland, in 1919. Eighteen years
earlier Marconi had received the first
transatlantic wireless message on q
hill outside st. Johns.
Thus the oldest colony in Great
Britain's Empire heralded two, major
developments of the modern era. The
Second Wcrld War brought COM
plete realization Of Newfoundland's
strategic importance as the closest point
to Europe in the Western Hemisphere,
and today the massive, rocky island in
the Gulf of st. Lawrence is becoming
a veritable Gibraltar Of the air age.
Passenger planes, seven hours out of
New York, descend on the big Gander
Airport for their last landing before
crossing the sea. At Gander they are
already one-third of the way to Lon
don. Newfoundland, as an air. cross
roads, is the North American doorway
to half dozen European capitals.
Its military significance was shown
Evening star., 1946-11-24

satellite islands of st. Pierre and Mi
quelon.
After the time Of exploration and con-
quest. Newfoundland quickly lost its
strategic importance. Transatlantic
steamer routes parted before the jutting
wedge Of barren rocks. One line sheered
south to the United States, another en-
tered the st. Lawrence. Few ships had
reason to stop.
Though railway was opened in 1898
and paper mills and mining industries
appeared to augment the offshore fish,
cries, Newfoundland long remained a
neglected outpost of civilization-and
a sportsmen's paradise. In 1888 New
foundland was broke Her 275,000 in
habitants relinquished their dominion
status to revert to the condition of q
British crown colony.
However, boosters are beginning to see
signs Of substantial economic develop
ment, in mines, forests and manufacture
ing. that may balance at last the activity
of Newfoundland's sea and air spaces.
distributed by the Associated PressJ
Evening star., 1946-11-24

criticism Of the election setup was cited
as indicating otherwise.
Czechoslovakia-No censorship of out
going dispatches and no pressure on
foreign correspondents. Newspapers are
owned by political parties or groups now
loyal to the Common Front government,
which recently banned the importation
of four Czech-language American
weeklies.
Eire-Has no censorship of dispatches,
but close control Of governmental news
at the source often hampers correspond
ents. The domestic press is free.
Full Censorship in India.
India-An dispatches are subject to
censorship, generally in the provinces,
although the central government still
has fun authority in the areas it ad-
ministers Sometimes outgoing cables
and domestic dispatches are held until
they are too old to have much value and
then released.
France-No censorship on outgoing
or incoming news and no restrictions
on foreign correspondents. Although
the government holds whip hand over
the domestic press, this power never
has been used. ~
Holland-No censorship, and the
Dutch press is free. In the Netherlands
East Indies, both Dutch and Indonesian
spokesmen deny any open or tacit CEN
sorship.
Greece-No censorship on outgoing or
incoming dispatches. The domestic press
has experienced some difficulties in
smaller communities when politics are
discussed.
Spain-After granting foreign CORE
spondents relative freedom for more
than year, the government has sud-
denly clamped down in certain instances
under the international communications
convention Of 1885, At the same time
the director general of post and tele-
communications insists that such action
does not constitute censorship
Two Expelled in Spain.
Between November 5 and 7, the
director general refused to permit the
transmission Of four dispatches from
the Associated Press Madrid Bureau to
the United States, holding that they
were exaggerated" and danger to
the security Of the state. The dispatches
dealt with the arrest of 10 alleged mem
bers of the Spanish Republican armed
forces organization in Barcelona, first
reported by the A. P. in dispatches trans
mitted without dificulty October 20.
Two foreign correspondents have been
expelled The domestic press is under
! strict government control.
Portugai-No open censorship Of out
going news, although foreign cor
respondents are watched closely by
secret service officials. Portuguese papers
are under strict censorship.
In Scandinavia complete and un-
restricted press freedom prevails except
in Finland, which lost two wars to
Russia. There discussion of certain
topics is forbidden.
Germany-No restrictions In the
American, British and French zones.
Newscuen are not permitted to travel
freely IN the Russian zone. There is
different set Of controls for the domestic
tsee HOOD. Page C-2)
Evening star., 1946-11-24
Few Spots of Censorship Left
,.s,In World Aim for Free Press
Freedom for Newspaperrnen Increases in Orient
and Middle East; Not Matched in Slav
and Iberian Areas
and Iberian Areas
By Ronald C.. Hood

The battle continues for freedom of
the press-the No. item, along with
freedom of speech-among four free
doms scheduled for hearing soon in
the United Nations General Assembly.
Generally speaking, the most rigid
censorship is found in countries within
the Russian zone of influence. in the
Spain of Generalissimo Francisco Franco
and in Portugal
The press enjoys its greatest freedom
in the United States, Great Britain and
the British Commonwealth and Empire,
with certain exceptions in India. 1t
flourishes in Western Europe Except
Spain and Portugal. and throughout
Latin America, with occasional inter-
ruptions during political crises.
&, Increasing freedom for newspapermen,
particularly foreign correspondents, both
in writing their dispatches and in search
of news has been noted in the Orient
and Middle East. However, these
liberalized regulations often do not ex-
tend to the domestic press, where rigid
control becomes evident during times of
crisis or political controversy.
The greatest Improvement since the
war has come in former enemy states,
but complete freedom of expression does
not yet exist because occupying powers
deem it necessary to exert some control
in the interest of security and orderly
administration.
World Views Of Conditions.
Here is world view Of conditions
under which newsmen work, so far as
political controls are concerned, COM
piled from reports by Associated Press
correspondents.
Russia-All outgoing dispatches by
foreign correspondents pass through
censors who are supposed to inform the
writers if any stories are altered or
killed" but often fail to do so. There
is definite impression among foreign
newsmen that writing too many "un-
favorable" stories would eventually result
in serious restrictions. There is no
opposition press in Russia and the only
purveyor of foreign news is Tass, the
government agency.
Yugoslavia-Oficial spokesmen often
boast that there is no censorship of OUT
going news. However, correspondents
are sometimes called to task by the
Ministry Of Information and the press
section Of the government, If their
stories are considered unfavorable.
Yugoslavs working for foreign agencies
have been tried and sentenced for writ
ing false, sensational reports" There
is no official censorship OF incoming
news.
Poland Dispatches by foreign cor
respondents are not censored but all
Polish newspapers are.
Romania-No censorship Of outgoing
news and ostensibly none for incoming
news. Romanian press Is censored ON
cially only for matters affecting the
armistice convention. The Opposition
press has been censored for criticizing
government policies.
Bulgaria Premier Kimon Georgiev
announced freedom Of the press VS. wsss
fully assured" However q quick re-
sponse to what American observers
claimed was Kremlin-inspired order
to block publication OF United States
Evening star., 1946-11-24

by the speed with which the United
States secured 99-year leases in 1941
to important wilderness sites. Harmon
Field, near Stephenville; Placentia, Ar
gentia and Gander became invaluable
bases for the United States armed
services. 1t was in Placentia Bay that
President Roosevelt met Prime Minister
Churchill to draw up the Atlantic
Charter.
Though Newfoundland - larger in size
than Ireland-has climate that is con-
siderably warmer and SUMMER than most
people would guess, its new significance
Is based on the same circumstance that
brought the Norsemen to its shores in
the 10th century and New World ex-
plorers from Portugal, France and Brit
ain In the 18th and 10th centuries. They
soon found it the key to North America
as well as the closest pdint to Europe.
When Britain and France battled for
North America in the 18th century, they
fought longest over Newfoundland's
forts and fish. France lost, but she re-
tanned fishing rights and also the tiny
Evening star., 1946-11-24

When the Department of Justice at
torneys last week, on the eve of
threatened Nationwide strike In the
hituminous mines, sought and obtained
from the United States District Court
temporary restraining order against
the United Mine Workers and their
president. John l.. Lewis, 1t marked the
first occasion In more than a genera
ton in which the Federal Government
has invoked the Injunction process Of
the courts, rather than action by the
executive branch, to avert strike.
One OF the precedents cited by the
Government is the famous Debs case
in which the United States secured
an injunction against the Pullman
strikers to prevent interference with the
movement of mail trains. Dehs 6efied
the court and was jailed for contempt:
Reliance on this decision has provoked
angry rennonstrance in CLIO and AFL
circles. organized labor contending that
the Norris-La Guardia Act had stripped
the Federal courts of the power exer-
cised in the Debs case.
Application Questioned.
Assistant Attorney GLneral Sonnett,
however. argues that Congress never
intended this act to apply to suits begun
by the Government. He quotes an ex-
PLANTATION to this effect given by former
Representative La Guardia on the House
floor, when the bill was debated. This
bit Of legislative history comes as
surprise TO most lawyers, for when the
Supreme Court dismissed the proceed
ings instituted by the antitrust division
against the Hutcheson and Petrillo boy
colts, it seemed to be the unexpressed
premise of the court that the Norris
La Guardia Act applied to the United
States as well as private employers.
In any event. Mr.. Sonnett's success
in this preliminary skirmish has nat
urally caused many persons to wonder
why such a method of clrbing Mr..
Lewis proven ability to disrupt the
national economy has never occurred
to Government lawyers before.
1t is true that this is the eighth time
within the last six years that Mp Lewis
has precipitated crisis of this char
acter. And it is equally true that,
although there has been Government
intervention on each occasion, no re-
pressive measures have previously been
taken. Moreover. In the course of
these disputes, there was considerable
demand both in the press and Congress
for "get-tough" policy and when these
Evening star., 1946-11-24
Initiation Hits
Staid Budapest
By Jack Quinn

BUDAPEST. Hungary's three
month-old currency-the forints-rig-
idly held at nearly IL to the United
States dollar since the beginning of
"stabilization," is now being offered In
scattered black markets at prices up to
% for the dollar.
The pengo was worth 500 quintillion
to the dollar when abandoned last July.
One Hungarian banker told an
American he would pay 20 forints for
as many dollars as the american would
bring to the bank-provided the Amer
ican wore civilian clothes. He said he
made this offer with the full knowledge
Of Hungarian officials.
Americans here are no longer paid
in dollars. The Legation receives forints
and the military mission military scrip.
The banker said prices, which are
slowly increasing on most items. were
being pushed up to take care of this
unofficial increase in the value of the
dollar.
The main Hungarian complaint is that
markets are full Of food and shops are
1ulI OF SHOES ana overcoatS, but prices
are so high most people find it dificult
to eat their bread and keep warm. too.
The latest indignant discussion con-
Germs the American wife who was
charged 500 for an operation that would
cost $25 in the United States. In addi-
ton she paid $40 per day for six days in
Budapest hospital which had no heat,
no food cher husband brought in each
meal, and no change Of linen for the
entire period.
Seven State Department girls, who are
still dizzy from $500 electric bill, are
searching for small flats gasoline Ian
terms preferred, and composing leases
you couldn't break with an act of God
because of semioff1cial statements that
rents will be increased 200 to 500 per
cent after the peace treaty is signed and
Americans officially become friends.
distributed by the Associated Pressl
Evening star., 1946-11-24

". ~. frODicm.
Within the next few weeks the Gen.
'eral Assembly of the United Nations
may have a chance seriously to take up
the question Of drastic limitation Of
armaments, including the international
control of atomic energy. Lii theory
there is no divergence Of opinion regard
ing the reduction of ornaments. Every
foreign delegate in New York Is fully
aware that the peace of the world cal,
be assured only by a drastic reduction of
armaments of all types and the organi-
zation of an effective though small
United Nations military force
But the implementation of this does
not depend on any of the western ma
tions. The American Government, to-
gether with all the others, is anxious to
reduce the military establishments of all
countries to minimum, but it Is essen
(See BROWN, Page C-5.)
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1946-05-16
VOCAL CONCERT
MONDAY NIGHT

The public is cordially invited
to attend a vocal concert which
will be presented at the junior
high school gymnasium or
Monday, May 20, at 8 p. m.
under the direction of Miss Eth
ell SchuSter.
The third grade chorus will
sing seven numbers and the
fourth grade chorus, five.
Junior high school girls will
present a cantata. "The Walrus
and the Carpenter" with music
by P. E. Fletcher. The libretto
is taken from Lewis CAROLS
Through the Looking Glass"
Memories of Stephen Fost-
err" will be played by the brass
sextette.
The concert will close with a
group of songs of the south
land by the senior girls chorus.
The girls will appear in cos
tune.
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1946-05-16
HARDIN GRADERS
WIN TRACK MEET

BY amassing a score of 81
points, Hardin grade school
tracksters won the school dis
trict meet held here last Fri
day morning.
Crow Agency was second with
46 and St. Xavier third with
81. Five points were awarded
for first, three for second, two
for third and one for fourth.
Events, with time or distance
and the four who placed in each
were as follows:
Seventh and Eighth Grades
Seventy five yard dash, 9.5
seconds First, Kuchera, Har-
din; second, Haug, Hardin
third, Norman Cornelius, St
Xavier; fourth, Ed Jabs, St
Hundred yard dash, - sec
onds--First, Crogan, Hardin;
second, Kuchera, Hardin; third
N. Cornelius, st. Xavier; fourth
Nelson, Crow Agency.
Broad jump, 49, 1O"-First
Miller, Crow Agency; second
Crogan, Hardin; third, Haug
Hardin; fourth, Iwakiri, st
Xavier.
Baseball throw, 198' - First
, Nelson, Crow Agency; second
Fatorous, Hardin; third, Davis
Crow Agency; fourth, Old Coy
ote, Crow Agency.
High jump, 4 9"-First, tie
between Miller of Crow Agency
Continued on page 81
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1946-05-16
YOUNG PEOPLE
EARN PRIZES

Several Big Horn county
young people were awarded
prizes at the district convention
of the C. Y. G. held in Bill
lings last week.
The district includes Red
Lodge, Billings, Fromberg, Col
umbuS, PompeyS Pillar, Laurel
Livingston, Big Timber, Custer
Pryor, st. Xavier and Hardin.
Mary Ann Koebbe was award
ed second in the apologetics
contest and missed first by 8
very narrow margin. Her topic
for a 10-minute speech was
1.-THE Cross or the Hammer anC
the Sickle" It was concerned
with communism versus the
Catholic church.
Kathleen GreSS, a pupil al
the st. Xavier mission school
received first place in the girls
division of the vocational essay
contest. A total of 10 were en-
tered. Her prize was a two-daJ
trip to Helena, Great Falls
Butte and other points of in.
iterest in the state, with all ex.
penses paid.
Tom Sawyer of Hardin wor
second in the boys division o.
the essay contest. His prize wa:
a missal. A rosary was present
ed to Benny Teller of the st
Xavier Mission school for thirt
in the same contest.
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1946-05-16
Commencement Activities Begin With
Bacca|aureate This Sunday Niqht
Class Night Is
May %; Commencement
On FriduY. May "a

Hardin high schools gradu-
ating class of 1916 begins its
commencement activities with
baccalaureate services on Sun
day, May 10, at 8 p. m. in the
Junior high school auditorium.
The Rev. r. N. England will
be the speaker and the Rev.
Ben Nelson will give the invo-
cation, Scripture reading and
benediction.
The seniors will celebrate
class night on Wednesday, May
%, in the Junior high school
gymnasium.
The commencement exercises
will be Friday, May "a, at 3
p M, at the junior high school
auditorium. DR.. Harry A. Burke
superintendent of the Great
Falls public schools, will be the
speaker.
There are 80 in the senior
class.
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1946-05-16
Band Wins High
Rating Saturday
Only Class B Bond
Placed in First
Division at Meet

Hardin high schools band, di-
rected by Carl S. Carter, was
rated Division I in both con-
cert playing and sight reading
at the regional music festival
in Billings last Friday and Sat-
urday.
This is the highest rating
given any band and the only
other to receive it was Billings
in Class A. About IS bands
were present for the meet.
Mr.. Carter said the sight
reading event was most inter-
esting to band members. The
director is given one minute TO
examine the music and the
band members then have two
minutes to look at their scores
and ask any questions of the di-
rector. They must then play the
number through. The Hardin
band succeeded in doing this
without faltering.
Though no Division I ratings
were won by soloists or en-
sembles, Mr.. Carter pointed out
that it was these same per-
formers who, by working to-
gether, helped give the band its
high score.
Placed in Division II were the
flute solo by Roanna Preston:
the brass sextet, composed OF
Jim Swain, Lloyd Saunders, Bill
ly Simmons, Bob Saunders, Tom
Scally and Don Johnson, and
the cornet trio, composed of
Lloyd Saunders, Charlotte Cam
mock and Bernard Newark.
In Division III were the saxo-
phone quartet, Billy Snyder,
Joyce Olson, Vernon OFT and
Dean Sturzenegger; the clarinet
quartet, Lorelie Ann hammers,
Edwin Jacobson, Sharon Rus
sell and Billy Wolf, and the
trombone quartet, Tom Scally,
Bob Saunders, Harold DeVore
and Bert Kronmiller, Jr.
Absence of four members in
the mixed chorus was a serious
handicap for a part of the vo-,
cal competition. The girls glee
club was given the highest rat
ing, with the chief of the judg-
ing staff placing it in Division
I and the other judges placing
it in Division II.
Sight reading proved to be
most difficult for vocal groups,
which have not had enough
time this year to completely
master this field. This caused
the group average to fall to Di-
vision III. instrumental groups
also had trouble with this event.
It was pointed out that COM
petition in the meet was ex-
tremely keen.
Judges included Clarence Bell
and John Lester of the Univer-
sity of Montana, w. c. Welke of
Seattle, John Howard of the
University of North Dakota, A.
Loney of Klamath Falls, Ore,
Miss Virginia Wilks and Francis
Baster of Spokane.
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1946-05-16
MARRIAGE LICENSES

May 9, Henry E. Gammons o.
Sheridan and Hazel b. Rogers
of Los Angeles.
May 9, Martin Louis Pelloux
and Dora May Saul, both of
Buffalo, Wyo.
May 10, Allen Lee Wisner Of
Yakima, Wash, and Martha
Lachenmaier of Hardin.
May 10, Asa D. Maus and
Bonnie Clark, both of Hardin.
May 10, Gilmore Koch of Sun
nyside, Wash, and Dorothy
Pitsch of Garryowen.
May II, Elvin D. Norton and
Frances Locker, both of Craw-
ford, Neb.
May II, Rex Osborn of Day.
ton, Wyo., and Betty Jean Nor
ton of Crawford, Neb.
May II, Louis Goodman and
Mary Ellen Williams, both Of
Sheridan.
May II, Jack Shaw and Mary
Jane Legoski, both Of Sheridan.
May 10, Marvin Smithson and
Gee, Wyo. 49,. =.
May IS, Edward r. Hochhaltcr
and Clara Frickle. both Of Har-
May IS, Vernon Castle ana
Opal Kincaid, both Of Sheridan.
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1946-05-16
NAVY RECRUITER
HEREMONDAY

G. L. Redmond, CGM, USN,
will be in Big Horn county on
Monday, May 20, to interview
any men interested in entering
the navy.
He will be at the pobtoffice
in Hardin from $3.50 a. m. until
noon. He will spend the after
noon, from p. m. until 6 p. m ,
in Lodge Grass.
He stated that he desires al.
those who wish information
about the navy or are interest
ed in enisting to see him at the
times mentioned.
The navy is now screening
the boys for any possible talent
after they arrive at the train
ing station, he said.
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1946-05-16
DAIRY PRODUCTS
ARE INCREASING

Creamery butter production
in Montana during March am
ounted to 100000 pounds, 1875
per cent under last years
March production, but 17.6 per
cent more than was manufac-
tured in February, according 10
a report from the Bureau OF
Agricultural Economics.
American cheese production
of 100000 pounds showed an
increase of 10000 pounds over
the February total. Cheese man
ufacture held a 22.2 per cen:
lead over the five-year March
average, but was 1854 per cent
under March of last year.
Ice cream production of 205,-
900 gallons was "a per cent un-
der the February output.
The Hardin tribune-herald. [volume] (Hardin, Mont.) 1925-1973, 1946-05-16
MRS. HARDING
PASSES AWAY

Funeral services were held at
the ullis-Crilly mortuary May
IA for Mrs. Mary A. Harding,
80, who died here May 10.
The Rev. Albert MuSkett con-
Quoted the services and inter-
ment was in the Hardin ceme-
terry.
Mrs. Harding was born Feb
ruary IL, 1868, in Indiana, and
had lived in this community for
about 80 years. Her husband
Henry M. Hardin, passed away
in 1896.
A niece, Mrs. Helen Poole OF
Indiana, was in Hardin for the
services.