davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1946-01-29
A French Fixution

Frances insistence that the Saar,
Ruhr and Rhineland be detached
from Germany and permanently in
Observation-Disclosures inSistence that
has blocked a unified economic ap-
proach to the task of occupation
reflects more than minority
French view. Actually, as shown by
the recent foreign affairs debate in
the National Assembly, the policy is
one having the support of virtually
all Frenchmen, irrespective of their
different political colorations.
This is understandable in view of
the fact that the areas in question
have won black place in French
history. The Saar, the Ruhr and
the Rhineland mean to Frenchmen
the things that have made it pos
sible for Germany repeatedly to
ravage their land-a strategic jump
ing-off place. a place full Of coal,
iron, steel and industrial power add
ing up to tremendous capacity for
military aggression. Thus, when
former Premier Edouard Herriot de-
elared the other day that ut is use
less to speak to us of peace and
security" unless these regions are
internationalized, he was not merely
echoing what Clemenceau said in
1919 but was also giving voice to
what has long been a fixation in the
hearts and minds of most of his
countrymen.
The Russian, British and Ameri-
can members of the Allied Control
Council in Germany do not see the
situation as the French see it. Ac-
cording to report, some American
officials are strongly opposed to the
idea of Decentralization, and
they make out persuasive case
against it on several grounds. First
of all, in keeping with a recent Al
lied agreement, the Germans are to
be allowed to produce only $500, 900
tons of steel annually. Besides that,
their country has been so wrecked
by the war and so truncated that
they never again will be able to
commit aggression if the victors
remain united in enforcing the
peace terms projected at Potsdam.
In the atomic age, moreover, strate-
gic frontiers will have little defen-
sive meaning, while to detach the
Ruhr and the Rhineland will make
impossible a sound German economy
and thus will have an injurious
effect on the European economy as
a whole.
Such arguments as these-and 1t
is not clear whether they reflect the
final views Of our Government or
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1946-01-29

all oil and other mineral rights in ex-
change for the nominal recognition Of
Teheran's authority in Azerbaijan.
According to dispatches received in
Washington over the week end, the
Moscow leaders now see no objection to
a settlement of the dispute with Iran
on such basis.
A large part Of the Red armies could
eventually be withdrawn since the de
facto authorities in Azerbaijan are
under the control of the U. S. S. r. An
adequate force to secure the Soviet's
position under the name of guards"
could he kept In Northern Iran If the
oil and minerals concessions are granted
by Teheran.
According to the weekend diplomatic
dispatches, 1t is believed that Moscow
may 60 so far as not to oppose the
sending Of Teheran government forces
to Azerbaijan.
Since the outbreak of the revolution
against the central government the
democratic" armies have been well pro-
vided by the Russians with large guam
titles Of machine guns, light artillery
and tanks. The governmental forces
dlC pUOlly llhCly WOulo DC
destroyed by the Tudeh army If they
tried to cross the border.
The British government is watching
the situation with increasing concern.
The Anglo-Persian oil fields and re-
fineries, which are worth hundreds Of
millions of dollars, are in Southern Iran,
where the Tudeh party hSs ben active
in the last few weeks. An increasing
restlessness is said to be prevailing in
that region which is vital to Britain not
only because of it's investments but also
because the Indian and Pacific Ocean
fleets draw their oil supplies exclusively
from that area.
Trans new premier, who at one time
was strong British sympathizer. Is no
longer trusted by the British officials,
who describe him in off the record con-
versations as being an opportunist.
There Is still British force in South
ern Iran, but it is questionable whether
1t is strong enough to cope with major
rebellion.
The suggestion made from some i'm
portant quarters in England that addi-
tional forces be sent to Iran cannot be
accepted by the British government, for
fear 1t be accused of imperialism. More
over, it is conceivable that the Iranian
government might, in such event, bring
the matter before the Security Council
and charge a violation Of Trans
sovereignty.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1946-01-29
Ice Storm

An ice-fotper garden blossomed ouer.
night
Flo,Ders Whose uery shadows are of
light;
Never did bloom on springs green
boughS appear
SO suddenly, nor In attire so bright,
But ,Dalk NTH caution, you pho venture
near;
These branches drip NTH many q
trigid tear
And on the unDary one ,0ho passes
under
Often let fly sharp and glittering
spear.
Each petal bursts its pure uhite rav
nsunder
To fash the spectrum's many tinted
tDonder;;
HoD delicate a danger lies In ,puit-
With epery flash, tinkling elfn
thunder.
Alas, that sunshine soon must dissipate,
That myriad little riuulets In spate,
Must run u,Day NTH loneliness so rare
And leaDe these crystal stems and
branches barel
/. NEz BARCLAY KIRBY.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1946-01-29

LONDON, Jan. pa battle behind
the scenes in which the whole future
Of Palestine and the possibility of its
becoming national Jewish home or
commonwealth are involved is being
waged in the trusteeship committee OF
the United Nations General Assembly.
1t is an effort of the Arab states
to have the assembly set up definition
of the term states directly concerned"
which appears in Article 70 of the
Charter. This article reads as follows:
The terms Of trusteeship for each
territory to be placed under the trustee
ship system including any alteration or
the states directly concerned, including
the mandatory power in the case of
territories held under mandate by a
member of the United Nations, and
shall be approved as provided for in
Articles SO and IS.
The United Kingdom holds Palestine
and has held 1t since the World War
under mandate. 1t has not yet declared
it's intention of seeking to place Pales-
tine under the trusteeship system. The
Arab states are intent upon being
named as states directly concerned"
whenever move is made to have Pales-
tine come under the new system. They
wish to be in position to veto any
proposal for Jewish immigration.
No effort is made in the Charter itself
to define the term Estates directly con-
cerned." The United States delegation,
represented in the trusteeShip commit
tee by John Foster Dulles, is putting up
a fight against any definition being at
tempted by the assembly at this time
and they hope to be able to head off a
definition, no matter how broad, which
might give the Arab states the position
they are seeking. The matter has been
debated thoroughly in committee and
eventually some report will be made to
the assembly.
Mr.. Dulles and other Americans are
hopeful they will be able to prevent the
adoption of a definition of Estates di-
rectly concerned" at this meeting al
though they realize that many nations
are interested in having themselves
counted in on trusteeship arrangements
and for that reason would not be
averse to some definition. Russia, for
example, would like to have definite
say in the terms of trusteeship of Japa-
nese inundated islands now held by
United States forces when 1t comes
time to place them within the trustee
ship system. A compromise proposal
that may have support if there comes a
showdown on this issue Is to have a
nation holding inundated territory no.
tify the UNO and the UNO in turn
notify all member nations so that any
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1946-01-29

to creep into the handling, evaluation
and editing of information There have
been all too many instances in which
Information received by departmental
intelligence services has been so mani
pulated, or has failed altogether to
reach other departments concerned.
Policy must be founded on facts. Our
facts are now to be obtained and made
available to all by an impartial agency
which has nothing to do with the max
Ing OF policy; an agency which will be
solely concerned with the obtaining and
evaluation of information. It will not
be concerned with proving that Secre-
tary So-and-So is right, or that Gen.
eral ThuS-and-S is wrong. It will
have no policy itself-save the policy
of getting the facts-and therefore it
will have no individual idiosyncrasies
TO consider.
The new agency is to correlate the
foreign intelligence services of all de-
partments, and not only the three whose
Secretaries make up Its governing body.
The central agency will have the duty
OF sitting out all the mass of facts,
rumors and guesses which will come to
1t ana determine, as far as 1t can, which
are wheat and which chat. Finally,
the agency is charged with "the appro-
pirate dissemination, within the Gov
eminent, of the resulting strategic and
national policy intelligence"-that is,
having reduced its material to disable
form, it is to see to it that everyone con-
cerned gets the end result.
In this fast-moving air and atomic
age, it is necessity of survival for
the United States to provide itself with
this means Of getting at the facts and
judging the trend of events. The prac-
tical trend of the Presidents mind has
nowhere been shown to better advan-
tage than in his directive giving the
United States, for the first time in its
history, q national intelligence service.
Copyright, 1o46l
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1946-01-29
This Changing World
By Constantine Bro,vn

Although Trans delegate to the UNO
sessions in London has come out openly
and charged "a number Of interven-
tions in Iranian affairs by Soviet au-
thorities," word from Teheran is that
the new Premier, Ahmed Qavam, still
believes the dispute can be settled by
peaceful means. He is said to feel that
"oil conversations" with Russia could
easily lead to an agreement.
Oil has been at the bottom Of the
friction between the two countries since
last fall, when the Iranian government
then at the helm refused, on the basis
Of existing laws, to grant oil privileges
to foreign nations or concerns.
The refusal to consider the U. 8. S. RS
request was taken as an indication Of
i'll will toward the Soviets by the Rus
sian leaders. Sturdy, well-trained and
armed Immigrants" started pouring
into Azerbaijan under the protection
of the Red army garrisoned In that area.
The Red forces had been dispatched
in 1941 to protect the lines of COM
munications which were transporting
lease-lend materials for the hard
pressed Russians.
The sequel to that wholesale "immi-
EIdtlOll 10 uOW huOWu. Lie i uuCl1 VI
Democratic" party staged-with the
support of the Russians-a coup detat,
declaring itself autonomous. Those Of
ficials Of the Teheran government who
did not join the movement were either
arrested or expelled.
The request of the Iranian govern
ment to send troops to quell the rebel
lion was turned down by Russia with
the explanation that their presence
might create a chaotic situation which
would endanger the safety of the Red
armies. Americas suggestion that all
foreign armies be withdrawn from Iran
by January also was rejected by both
Russia and Britain.
The former Premier, Ibrahim Hakimi,
felt that because President Roosevelt,
Prime Minister Churchill and Premier
Stain in 1943 pledged their govern
ments to respect the territorial integrity
and sovereignty of Iran, he had right
to preserve the unity of his country.
Therefore he continued to refuse to dis
cuss oil and brought the conflict to the
attention of the UNO Security Council.
The new Premier, who assumed lead
ership Of the government last week end,
is considered one of the wealthiest men
in his country. He has learned in the
many years he has been in public life
that realism pays. And he informed
Moscow soon after taking Office that he
was willing to discuss the granting of
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1946-01-29

have the full support Of Britain and
Russia-contain considerable sense,
but the French obviously do not find
them convincing. Their fixation still
governs their reasoning, and since 1t
is a not unreasonable fixation in
view of their bitter experience in
three wars, some Allied compromise
on the Observation-Disclosures proposal
may be necessary. In any case,
when the time comes to write the
definitive German peace treaty,
there will have to be provisions and
guarantees concrete and strong
enough to reassure them that Ger
many's claws will be permanently
clipped.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1946-01-29

To the Editor OF The Star:
A reader criticizes Southern Senators
for talking against bill up before the
Senate. But the one to be criticized
should be the Senator who brought up
the controversial FEPC bill at this criti-
cal stage.
To enlighten his darkened perspective,
1t may be pointed out that Southern
Senators serve the South. Any attempt
to force upon the North customs pecu-
liar to the South would meet with strong
protest. And to attempt to foist on the
Southern States any ideologies peculiar
to the North likewise would meet with
rebuff.
Measures like the FEPC bill look like
bids for votes from the foreign element
in industrial areas, plus the Negro vote
in States where it might be strong
SOUTHERN CITIZEN.
To the Editor of The Star:
If the fllibuster going on in the Sen
ate is not sabotage, then Webster did
not understand the implications of that
willful Senators is permitted to pre-
vent the Senate from performing its
work in time of great emergency fol-
lowing four years of war and accumu-
lating debt. They compel their en-
ployers, the general public, to sit and
wait until the saboteurs exhaust their
strong vocal cords before permitting the
Senate to do its work to aid reconver-
sion.
If the Senate cannot or will not gov
ern its own members, then an amend
ment to the Constitution should be
passed limiting debate to pertinent facts
re any bill before Congress.
Every Senator should remember that
he not only represents his own State,
but he also holds the destiny Of the
Nation in his hands, for good or evil,
and, by sabotaging the business Of the
Senate, he must realize that each day
Of inaction is costing the Nation hun
dreds Of millions income.
FRED p. PATTON.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1946-01-29
The KuriIe Issue

al uTSt OluSll, ttle controversy I'M
plicit in broadcast by Radio Mos
cow taking issue with statement by
Undersecretary of State Dean Ache
son about the Kurile Islands might
be deemed an exercise in semanticS.
MIR. AcheSon, at recent news con-
ference, said that an agreement was
made during the Yalta Conference
among Roosevelt, Churchill and
Stain providing for Russian "occu-
patton" of the Kurile Islands after
the war. Radio Moscow, which Is,
of course, the voice of the Soviet
government, asserts that Mr.. Ache
son is definitely wrong" and goes
on to contend that, after Japan's
defeat, the Kuriles would be handed
over to the U. S. S. R."
AS matter of fact, Russian forces
took possession of the Kuriles i'm
mediately after Japan's capitulation.
No one doubts that they intend to
stay there permanently, and our
Government has shown no DISPOSE
ton to oppose Russian occupation.
The Kurile Island chain, stretching
from the japanese homeland north
ward to the tip of Russian KAN
chatka, is the counterpart of our
Aleutian Island chain jutting out
from Alaska. This similarity in
cludes an atrocious climate which
makes them economically valueless
for anything save fishing stations.
But that does not preclude such
high strategic value that Russia
would strenuouSy contest control
over the Kuriles by any other power
than itself.
However, occupation and control
do not necessarily imply Soviet
annexation and full sovereignty,
which seems to be just what the
protest of Radio Moscow connotes.
Indeed, it is most unlikely that
Roosevelt and Churchill made any
such promise to Stain at Yalta,
since that would have set the Kuriles
IN special category, apart from the
disposition of all other enemy terri
tories that were to be left for settle
ment by international peace confer
ences. Thus, an important principle
is involved, which can be stated in
terms Of ho1o Russia is to get the
Kuriles.
The application of this principle
Is even now being hammered out by
UNO in the much-debated question
OF trusteeship, which includes both
former League mandates and con-
quered Axis territory in Africa, Asia
and the Pacific. We Americans have
a vital stake in this question, since
we are insistent on obtaining effec-
tive and permanent control over
highly strategic Japanese island
bases which fall under both the
above-named categories. Certainly.
If Soviet Russia claims full sover-
eighty over the Kuriles, it should
not logically object to our claiming
Pacific island bases. Yet that is
just what Moscow diplomacy shows
signs Of doing. If that be so, then
Moscow wants to eat its cake and
have 1t, too.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1946-01-29
Another Bright Spot

The agreement by executives Of
the Nations railroads and the rep
resentatives of eighteen rail unions
to submit their wage dispute to
binding arbitration is another bright
spot in an improving industrial pic
ture.
This agreement, covering about
100000 employees, was reached
through the good Offices of the Ma
tional Mediation Board, and 1t dem
onstrates that, in the proper setting,
the representatives of management
and labor can resolve their differ
ences without resort to work STOP
pages which cut across the national
interest. According to the chairman
of the mediation board, this is the
first time that such large groups of
employers and employees have volun-
tarily submitted a wage dispute to
arbitration. Thus, in one sense, the
proceeding will serve as an impor-
tant precedent-a precedent which
will be closely watched as a guide to
whether major wage disputes can be
settled through the sane and orderly
process Of arbitration. It is becom-
ing more and more evident that our
industrial plant is too large and too
complex to permit of the settlement
of such things as wage disputes
through trials Of economic strength
in the form of strikes which injure
both participants and the country
as whole. The sensible alternative
is arbitration, preferably voluntary
arbitration, and if the railroad
agreement serves to demonstrate
that this is feasible a great deal
more will have been accomplished
than merely averting a railroad
strike.
Unfortunately, two rail unions
the Brotherhood of Railroad Train
men and the Brotherhood of Loco
motive Engineers-have not joined
in the arbitration agreement. This
raises the possibility of a strike
which could nullify the sensible
action of the employers and the
other employees, but it seems I'M
likely that unions of the maturity
and experience of the two dissenters
will pursue their divergent courses
to any such extreme.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1946-01-29
Kerosene Lamps

lhere are many now living in
cities who remember the row of
kerosene lamps that sat during the
day on the oil cloth covered shelf
above the end of the kitchen sink.
A good housewife was proud of the
misunderstanding glass tops. These
were the small-sized hand lamps.
And when midwinter dusk closed in
quickly over the countryside, mother
lighted one for the table where she
chopped the potatoes for supper
and put another on the table at the
south window among the red gera-
NUNS and pink begonias.
There was a big brass bowled
lamp that sat on the red-checked
cloth on the eating table in the
kitchen. This one had a creamy
white shade that rested on brass
arms. OF course, there was tall
fancy lamp in the parlor for special
occasions. This had hand-painted
pictures on the porcelain base and
on the shade-pictures of meadow
scene on the base, and mixed,
bright-colored pansies and petunias
on the shade.
During the long winter evenings
In the farm kitchen, the humble
givers of light came into their own.
The young folks did their school
lessons around the big table in the
soft mellow light of the big lamp.
Father sat in his battered morris
chair near the stove and read the
paper and farm journals by the
light of a small lamp at one end
of the dining table. Mother swayed
slowly back and forth in her Boston
rocker by the small cooking table
and had another lamp by which
she mended and darned and an
swe7ed questions about the lessons.
Men coming home late from town
with load of grain and doctors on
their mercy rounds liked to see the
golden shafts of light streaming
from kitchen windows onto snowy
farm yards. Unpretentious and
faithful, the kerosene lamps have
served-and still serve-a Nation
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1946-01-29
Preparing for Crossroads

it is necessary to make elaborate
preparations for the joint Army
Navy atomic bomb test-"Operations
Crossroads"-to be held in the Pa
cific in the spring and summer.
When details of the undertaking
were announced last week, Vice Ad-
miral Blandy. who will be in over
all command of it, made clear that
at least as mach planning and fore
thought must go into it as would
be called for by any great sea ma
neuver. Indeed, as is being sug-
gested now by experts associated
with the project, it poses problems
which in some ways seem to demand
even more ingenuity than in large
scale naval actions.
There is, first of all, the problem
of taking adequate precautions
against the extraordinary hazards
of the test. In the initial stage,
which is to be carried out some time
in May, the explosion several hun
dred feet above the guinea pig"
fleet at Bikini Atoll will generate a
short-lived but true wind which,
according to present estimate, may
blow at rate as high as 1000 miles
an hour. In the second stage-the
defamation which is to be set off just
at the surface of the anchorage-it
Is possible that there will be a
giant wave measuring 100 feet from
trough to crest. In both stages;
moreover, there will be a tremen-
dous emission of heat and radio
activity. The heat, for moment
or so, may be as intense as 100 mil
lion degrees Fahrenheit, and it is
not inconceivable that the surface
defamation may leave behind a
radioactive deposit of enormous
strength, while the burst in midair
may set adrift radioactivated clouds.
Special measures-such as evacua-
tion-must therefore be taken to
protect the inhabitants of the area,
together with the 10000 men who
will make up the Army, Navy and
scientific personnel engaged in eff
fecting the operation.
A second difficult problem involves
provision for adequate observation
To this end, according to Admiral
Blandy, wide variety of scientific
techniques and equipment will be
employed, including unnamed ra-
. dio-controlled aircraft to obtain
closeup Pathological measurements,
and automatic movie cameras to
record the two explosions from in
genious shelters which presumably
will be impervious to inundation and
shock. 1t has been indicated that
bombs of the "Nagasaki type" will
be used, which means something
more powerful than the bomb that
fell on Hiroshima, but not so power
full as others which we probably have
available.
Quite obviously, the test will be
the most important and difficult
thing of its kind ever staged, but it
is being planned so thoroughly and
with such care that there seems to
be no reason for misgivingS about its
possible outcome. Some time in
1947, there will be a third test-an
underwater explosion-but this will
have to take place in another and
deeper part Of the ocean, and what
is learned at Bikini should be help
full in making this final trial a sue
cess. And after that, it should not
be too difficult to define the general
future value of sea power.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1946-01-29

well. In their gentle glow in count
less honey, coy kitchens farm lads
have dreamed their dreams of the
day when they would fare forth
into a world of brighter lights.
Henderson daily dispatch., 1946-03-12
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