davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1946-10-25

stai1 Oh Hampton Institute, who
has conducted the affairs of the
chapter for the past two years.
A charter member of Gamma
Epsilon Omega, and previously
active IN chapters of Alpha
Kappa Alpha in Pine Bluff, Ark.
and Tallahassee, Fla, Mrs. Will
Hams is a graduate of Alcorn
College and received her master
degree from Iowa State College.
She has also pursued graduate
studies at Hampton Institute and
at Columbia University, where
she made survey of Harlem
housewives buying habits which
was the basis of an article in the
newspaper PM not long ago.
Formerly on the teaching staff
of Prairie View College, Arkan-
sas State College, Dunbar Junior
College, and florida A. and M
College, Mrs. Williams joined
the faculty at Hampton Institute
in l94l. She is a member OF the
American Vocational Association.
the Virginia Vocational Associa-
ton, the National Council of
Negro Women, the National
Teachers Association, the Associ-
'atior for Education.
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1946-10-25

Nashville, Tenn-NAACP de-
Tense attorneys were notified by
the States prosecution lawyers
that they would request an adj
journment for arguments on a
motion for a new trial for Robert
Gentry and John McKiven, the
two defendants in the recent
Lawrenceburg trial who were
convicted. The prosecution indi-
Gated that it would ask that hear
ings on the NAACP appeal be
adjourned until October 18th.
The hearing had originally been
slated for October 18th. Attor-
neys LOBBY, Weaver and Ransom
consented to the states request
but indicated that they would
still file their arguments on the
18th.
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1946-10-25
The State Press Points With Pride
To Another Great Achievement

able to churches, colleges, uni
versities, chambers of commerce,
community chests, better bust
ness bureaus, and countless other
organizations who will want to
know more about our IA million
people and the application of
special information to our APP
proxibately 10 millior~egroes in
the state of Arkansas. Mr.. Steele
wanted it made known that the
entire cost of the study was be-
ing borne by the STATE PRESS
and the Arkansas World and over
fifty other representative Negro
newspapers who are members of
the Interstate United Newspaper
Association. Studies have already
bee completed and tabulated in
New York, New Hampshire, New
ersey, baltimore, Washington,
D. c., Philadelphia, Druham,
North Carolina; Winston-Salem,
Columbia. South Carolina; AT
lanta, Ga; Nashville, Tenn;
Tenn; Meridian and Greenville,
Mississippi; Birmingham, Ala
bama; jacksonville, Miami and
Tampa. Fla; New Orleans, and
Little Rock. Mr. Steele leaves
Little Rock for Dallas, San An
tonic, FL Paso, Los Angeles, Ok
lahoma Sity Omaha, Kansas
City, st. Louis, Cincinatti, In
dianapolis, Chicago, Detroit, Col
umUua and Cleveland. The en-
tire trip is being made by air and
VIII cover well over rs thousand
miles Of travel before the study
is completed. The STATE PRESS
Continued on Page A.
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1946-10-25
NAACP Secretary
Writes Column For
Leading Doiiies

A first in the history OF
newspaper publishing in the
United States was achieved with
the initial publication this month
by mass circulation newspapers
If a weekly column by an Ameri-
can Negro leader. Walter White.
secretary q the National AsSoci-
ation for the Advancement Of
Colored People.
Participating in This trail-blaz-
;aE cvert were preventative
newspapers with q combined to-
a. circulation ID e1a.ss $500
100 daily "hey were the New
York HERALD TRIBUNE; the
'h,lallpr tEINING BUILE
prN. tao CAi-a. DAILY NEWS;
ra N.rc3 TRrE PRESS; The
Afror BEACON JOURNAL; the
E.rgr eThR.JDupNAL tAa
T.su.an TIMES. m3 the MANS
field Ja.ol NEWS JOURNAL.
TnD White column 8 under
consideration boy a number OF
.the Publishers who are await
ing public reaction in JOS initial
appearance. Originally project
sd IL. "a th..e,-waekly common
ua.y eva i1e news Of the day with
especial emphasis on the fold
of race relations, the ncwsprint
shortage, which has caused many
newspapers TO throw out adver-
Using and severely curtailed the
amount Of space they were able
to devote to features, has made
necessary the change to once-a.
week.
In the current column, Mr.
White writes on "Thc Negro
Vote" and sees no perceptible
drift back to the COP, He con.
cludes that the present temper
OF Negro voters is to ignore party
labels completely and to vote in.
dependently on the records OF
the candidates.
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1946-10-25
ormer City
Marion Heads
Sorority Chlanter

Hampton, Vlrginia-Mrs. Lee
nora Patton Williams, assistant
professor of home economics edu-
cation at Hampton Institute, is
basileus of the Gamma Epsilon
Omega chapter of the Alpha
Kappa Alpha sorority for the
coming year, it was announced
recently, following the first fall
meeting of the Hampton chapter
of the sorority She succeeds
Mrs. Lillian P. Smith, also on the
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1946-10-25
EDITORS CASE
HEARD

The Supreme Court held
oral arguments Monday in the
Ease of L. Christopher Bates
and Mrs. L. Christopher Bates.
STATE PRESS publishers who
submitted an appeal from a
contempt of court citation
against them by Judgs Law
renee Aufen Of Pulaski Circuit
Court. They were fined $500
each and sentenced TO 10 days
in Pulaski County Jail for
statements made in the PRESS
concerning a decision of the
lower court in the case of
Negro strikers being sentenc-
ed TO one year in the peniien-
iiarY. The High Court revers-
ed the decision of the lower
Court n the strikers case and
ordered a new trial.
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1946-10-25
Lynch Victim Returns To The
Scene -- Under U.s.. Guards

New York, N. Y.-Albert Har-
ris, Jr, and his father Albert
Harris, ST., are today safe in their
home town in the midwest after
a dramatic return visit to Louis
lana, where on August 9th John
Jones was brutally murdered by
sadistic mob and young Harris
pitilessly beaten before he made
his escape The Harrises are
alive today, however, because
they made the trip closely guard
ed by u. S. marshalls, following
a request addressed to the MA
ACP by the Justice Department
that they be present when the
Department presented the evil
dence of their investigation to the
Grand Jury in Monroe, Louisiana,
last Saturday.
Since Monroe is notorious for
its Ku KluXism and mob VOL
ence, Walter White told the JUS
tice Department that an NACCP
representative would accompany
the Harrises to Monroe, but in
sisted that the Justice Depart
ment assume full responsibility
for the HAIRLESS safety from the
minute they left the midWestern
state where they are now living,
under the care Of the NAACP, un
il their return.
To do this, ii was necessary for
the HarrlseS to place themselves
voluntarily in the protective
custody of the u. S. Government
as material witnesses, They
therefore, were required to APP
pear, at a closed hearing, before
a Federal judge in the midwest
so that no one would know about
their plan to go back to Louis
lana. In that State, they riskec
facing the mob which the Ma
CCP knew would stop at moth
ing to close young Albert Harris.
mouth forever, as he was an eye
witness to the lynching and car
positively identify some member.
of the mob, which included dep
uty sheriffs.
The HAIRLESS travelled to Louis
lana in a drawing room, accom-
panied by the Executive Seere.
tary of one of the NAACI
branches, and guarded by severa
U. S. Marshalls at all times.
They testified before the Crane
Jury on Monday, and left i'm
mediately afterward for thei
home in the midwest. The an
nouncement that they had testi
fled was withheld by the Justic,
department until their safe return
was established.
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1946-10-25
Maritime Heads
Ask Truman S Aid
In Strike Case

New Eork-Ir a letter sent to
every member Of the House and
Senate, Joseph Curran and Harry
Bridges, co-chairman of the Com
mittee for Maritime Unity today
called upon them "as the direct
representatives. of the people to-
use their influence with tine
United States Maritime Commits
sion and President Truman tr
end Die nationwide sa.q.'1g
strike.
Thr nations legislators Ws.c
informed bE the maritime l.aa.
e.s that previous conmun.ea-
ton, To- government departments
concerned Including the Mari
time Commission and the Presi-
DENT proved oi mo avail They
asserted, therefore, If your sgp-
port I'm this uatt1r can be real.z-
3, WE are confident that this
deadlock can be terminated at
nee, something which the
American people are anXIously
awaiting"
The letter charged that be
cause Of the stubborn position
taken by the operators, the strike
has now virtually become a
lockout"
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1946-10-25

In collaboration with the Ark
ansas World, A. G.. Shields, Jr.,
publisher; L. C. Bates, published
of the STATE PRESS, joined in
a history-making study of the
NEEDS, WANTS, PURCHASES
and BRAND preferences of Lit
tie Rocks Negroes. Edgar A.
Steele, director Of Research of
the Research Company of Aberi-
ca, was in Little Rock during the
past week making market
study of our people Headquart-
ers were set up in the Little Rock
Urban League and with the CO.
operation of w. H. Bass, Jr., and
Philander Smith College, social
science and economic major stu
dents were invited to gather the
data necessary for the project.
After strict examination and the
screening out of all applicants,
selection was made of these stu
dents who Mr.. Steele felt were
the most applicable to research
work. The Negro residential
areas were divided in to II sep
arate tracts and a strafied econo-
mic determination was made of
each district SO as to conform
with techniques and practices of
surveying all Negro economic
classes. All interviews were
conducted in the home and no
incentive was offered for the in
tCrricw. Mr., Steele told your
publisher that this Is the first
economic study ever made Of The
Negro market in the United
States and is something that has
anticipated for many years but
until the Interstate United News
paper Association Of which the
STATE PRESS as well as the
Arkansas World are both mem
bers, nothing had ever been done
in the entire history Of our peo-
pie to evaluate the Ia million
Negroes who constitute the larg-
est fractional percentage of our
total population and who have
an annual income in excess of
10 billion dollars, which is great
or than the annual income of the
Dominion of Canada Complete
economic information Of Arkan-
sas Negroes as well as 80 of the
principal areas of the United
States which had been re-deter-
mined on the basis of approval
research techniques will furnish
not only to local merchants, ma
tional manufacturers, trade assoc
Citations, trade unions and others
for marketing information of in
estimable value. Mr. Steele
pointed out that while such in
formation Of social implications
was being gathered that the pri-
mary object of the study was
/ marketing data. When the com
pleted study has been finally put
into form, copies will be avail
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1946-10-25

r he shortage Of virtually
verything especially foods, ne
essary to keep the American
usehold running smoothly, or
INNING at ALL has become fan
site There is no satisfying ex-
PLANTATION for it when one recalls
that we Americans are living in
the worlds richest area, an area
which escaped all the dcvastations
of war.
Our industrial plant, enormous
ly expanded, suffered no destruc-
ton. There is just as much
arabic land as there was, plus the
maginal lands brought into pro-
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1946-10-25
Thot His ldeoIs Nov Live

ROCKY MOUNT. VIRGINIA
Howard Bell. Bell-captain at
the Skirvin Hotel of Oklahoma
City. Oklahoma. presents Mrs.
Portia Washington Pittman.
daughter of Booker T. Washing
ton. with check for S584.l5 to
be used to help in the establish
ment of a National Industrial
Training School at the birth
place of her illusirious father. as
part of the Memorial which
will commemorate his life and
perpetuate his ideals and teach
ings. S. J. Phillips. President of
the Booker T. Washington Birth
place Memorial. looks on.
In answer TO a recent appeal
sent Dan w. James. Manager of
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1946-10-25
suit Dismissed

The suit against Mrs. Rosa l.,
Cotter, 900 Hickory Street, North
Little Rock for failure to pay
funeral bill of her husband and
his father was dismissed on the
grounds OF it not being filed in
time. The defendant was repre-.
scnted by Attorney j. X. Hibbler.
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1946-10-25

Bishop J. H. Clayborn arrived
in Poteau, Oklahoma, Tuesday
morning to hold the North East
Oklahoma Conference of which
Bishop Curry was under charges
and restrained from holding. BIZ
shop Clayborn was appointed by
the majority bishops by tele-
grams, sent him while in Dallas,
Texas, visiting bishop Geo. B.
Young's Conference, to go to
Poteau, Oklahoma, Immediately
and proceed with the said annual
conference as the judge had al
ready stated that he did not want
the conference to stop.
Since Bishop Clayborn was one
of the bishops and wasn't engaged
at that time he was sent there
upon the request OF some of the
elders. Upon arriving he i'm
mediately sent for the presiding
elders of the said conference
They willfully refused to confer
with the bishop. At the appoint
ed hour for the conference to
open, Bishop Clayborn went to
the church, quietly went in an
took a seat One of the presiding
elders was presiding. He Bishop
Clayborn) waited patiently for
them to come to period where
he might present lis proper ere
dentials to the presiding officer,
that he would have the secretary
to read to the said conference
kilograms of his authority. The
said presiding officer 7'illfe'lv
ignored Bishop ClayDorn VINO
was also restrained by the Curry
faction from hold holding the
conference. He did not present
4 Rixhcr Clayborn or allow him
Tto have word to say. He order
Fed Bishop Clayborn to leave the
building. When Bishop Clayborn
refused TO 90 out of the church,
the presiding officer called for
the deputy sheriff to take Bishop
Clayborn out of the church, say
ing he had no authority to come
in and make vile statements that
he had no damned business COM
ing out there meddling in their
affairs. These words came from
the presiding officer Bishop
Clavborn Immediately went TO
the sheriff. After leaving the
building he asked the sheriff II
ne might make a statement or
show hi mhis credentials. The
sheriff asked IL he might So back
and get the marshall as he was
rot able to interpret the law of
the church. In q short while he
retwned with The officer and the
sheriff he'd already been misin-
former hY The Curry faction shat
/ Bishop Claybogr was r'-o n5ar
/ c.wnrs and he'd uo authority :.
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1946-10-25
REMINDS WHITES TO
LIVE THEIR PRINCIPLES,
-.... nm. 1at,rIa1.tn. mn ALL. ..--.

" TT II I711I'7T TIIITI INT4NF TNVIIID
81. LOUlS-"Keep netting the
members of the white group with
The reminder that if white per-
sons are intelligent then logical
" they should live their prin-
ciples,' Rev. DR.. Francis j. Gil
ligan, theology professor at St.
Paurs Seminary, St Paul, and
chairman of the Minnesota Gov
ernor's lnterracial Commission,
counselled members of the Urban
League at their annual conven-
ton here.
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1946-10-25

the Skirvin Hotel. Negro en-
ploYees contributed S334.l5 and
the Hotel S250.00 to total the
check which Mr.. Bell is present.
ting above.
The Skirvin Hotel of Okla
homa City is one Of the country's
large hotels that employs a large
staff of Negro workers. Mr.. Bell.
is the Bell-Capiain in charge of
more than 200 of these workers.
Being efficient and progressive.
each year Mr.. Bell makes a tour
TO study hotel plans and centers
where Negroes are being trained
to meet industrY's needs. His
present tour is to include studies
in Alabama. Tennessee. and Illi-
uois.
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1946-10-25
NOMINATIONS OPEN
SPINGARN MEDAL AWARD

Nominations for the Splngarn
Medal are now open, Walter
White announced today The
award was instituted by the late
j. L. spingarn Chen chairman of
the board Of directors Of the MA
ACP), who gave annually until
his death in 1899, a gold medal to
the American Negro who had
made the highest or noblest ac-
Movement during the preceding
year or years in any honorable
field of human endeavor.
Arkansas State press. [volume] (Little Rock, Ark.) 1941-1959, 1946-10-25
NAACP INTERVENTION
STAYS C. I. DEATH
SENTENCE

New York-The death sent
ence evied against former SER
viceman Mckinley Moore, has
been committed to sentence of
thirty years Imprisonment, the
NAACP Legal Department has
Just been informed. Moore was
sentenced pursuant to General
Court Martial, sitting in Leipzig,
Germany, on June 8, l945 for
rape. On July 10, 1916,
the Legal Department, through
Attorneys La2aar Henkin, Thur
good Marshall and Franklin II.
Williams, applied to the Presi-
dent of the United States for
pardon and to the Secretary Of
War for clemency in behald of
this former serviceman.
-
Invented Paper
PAPER was invented in China by
rsai Lun IN i05 A d.
The midland journal., 1946-03-08
PORT DEPOSIT

The Presbyterian Missionary So
ciety met at the home of Mrs. James
Roe on Tuesday evening, Feb. rs,
Miss Elizabeth Robinson was hostess
The regular meeting of the W. S.
&C. S. was postponed from Friday,
March 1, to Friday, March15, due to
Quarterly Conference being held on
March l.
Perry Barr and Harry Pitt have
joined the Merchant Marines. A'&
Mr.. and Mrs. William Campbell
entertained over the Weekend Mrs.
Dorothy r. Burlin and Miss Eleanor
Apeley, of Baltimore. 2tt 3
Walter Beaven was home from
College Park over tile weekend. To-,
Alfred Robinson and Miss Dorothy
Robinson visited Mr. and Mrs. Walter
Robinson in Lancaster, Pa, over the
weekend. ~
Miss Marian Vannort of Railway,
N. j., enjoyed the weekend at the
home of her parents here, Mr.. and
Mrs. A. N Vannort.
Mr.. and Mrs. John Garner had as
recent guests Mr. and Mrs Guy Phil
lips, Mr.. and Mrs. Frank Schneider
and grandchildren, Shirley and Glen,
of Quarryville, Pa; Mr.. and Mrs.
Earle Trimble, of Pilot Town; Mrs.
Charles Garner, Mrs. John Musser,
of Buck, and Mrs. John Jamison of
HOLLYWOOD, Pa.
The Interdenominationa World
Day of Prayer will be observed in
the Presbyterian Church on Friday
evening, March 8, at 1880 o'clock,
the first Friday in Lent.
Mrs l.. B. Jackson and Miss r.
Estella Butchenhart had as weekend
visitors Mr.. and Mrs. Charles r.
Butchenhart, Sr., Mr.. and Mrs.
Charles R. Butchenhart, Jr., of Mer-
chantville, N. J.
The citizens of our town showed
they did not want Sunday movies, by
going to the polls on Monday last
and voting against them. A Board of
Town Commissioners was also chosen
at this election. Those elected were
r. l.. Stebbing, president; James
Charsha, Walter Todd, Sr, Robert
Knauss. Howard Jackson, Franklin
Benjamin and Walter Winchester.
The midland journal., 1946-03-08
MRS. JOHN c. LONG

Mrs. Ethel Todd Long, aged sc
years, wife of John c. Long, Peach
Bottom, Pa, died at St. Joseph s
Hospital, Lancaster, Tuesday noon,
Feb. rs. She was daughter of the
late Evan and Rebecca Jackson Todd
of Lancaster Cuonty. The family re-
sided at Rising Sun for years, Mr..
Todd operating the mill just noftk of
town, now owned by F. P. KeppeI.
The deceased is survived by her
husband, John c. Long and these
children: John of Fulton township;
Mrs. Esther Feagler, of Warwick, N.
j., and Helen wife of DR.. Dean Curtis
of Churdan, Iowa. Also one sister,
Margarite, wife of William Shank, of
Peach Bottom, and a brother, Earl,
of Marietta, Pa. Five grandchildren
also survive.
Mrs. Long was an active member
of the Penn Hill Friends Meeting and
the Quiet Workesr Circle of King s
Daughters.
The funeral was keld Friday from
the Cauffman Funeral Home, Wake
field, at 2 p. m. with interment at
Chestnut Level.
The midland journal., 1946-03-08
WOODLAWN

Hopewell, Cemetery Board met on
Sunday afternoon in the church.
Mrs. John B. Astle and Miss Pearl
Kepler delightfully."- entertained at
dinner Tuesday at the home of Miss
Kepler, these guests: Mrs. j. Ere "a
Fox, Mrs. Harriet v. Campbell, Mrs.
G. w. Poist, Mrs. Howard G. Barnes,
Mrs. John Sebold, Mrs. Gilbert B.
SINNERS, Mrs. Harold E. Tyson, Mrs.
George w. Mccullough, Mrs. Rush
Nickle, Mrs. w. w. Charsha and Mrs.
Horace Hail.
Mrs. Harold E. Tyson spent Friday
with MI. and Mrs. Ellis Astle near
Strickersville, Pa.
Miss Mary Rawlings of Baltimore,
spent Sunday at her farm here.
Mr.. and Mrs. Albert Rea and fam
lily of Lansdowne, Pa, were guests
of his parents, the William Rea's, on
Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Arthur Benjamin and
family, Mrs. Sarah Mitchell motored
to Denton, Md, on Sunday and were
guests of Mr.. and Mrs. j. b. Colgain.
Tie Official Board of Hopewell
Church met Wednesday evening at
the home of Mr.. and Mrs. William E.
Rea
Mrs. Howard G. Earnes entertain
ed at luncheon Monday these
guests, Mrs. M. V. Rutter, Miss Vir-
ginia H. Abrahams, Miss Margaret o.
Jackson, Mrs. Edmond Brown and
Mrs. Rufus c. Jackson
The midland journal., 1946-03-08
DEATHS
DIR. HARRY z. KELSEY

1t is with profound sorrow we re-
cord TIE death of DR.. Harry Estes
Kelsey, nationally known orthoden-
tist, which occurred suddenly on
Friday afternoon, March 1st, at his
home in the Cambridge Arms Apart
ments, Baltimore, Md.
DR.. Kelsey was our long time
friend, dating back to school-boy
days. The high honors he attained
in TIE dental profession in no way
changed him, as he was ever the un-
assuming kindly, warm hearted
man.
He would have been "a years of
age in July, and was member of the
dental staff at Johns Hopkins Hospi-
tai for 27 years. He collapsed while
lunehing with his wife, and was pro-
nounced dead of coronary occlusion
by DR.. Newton Day
Funeral services were held Mon
dal, 11:00 a. M, at funeral home
in the 1900 block, Eutaw Place. Bur-
ial was in the Woodlawn Cemetery.
Dr.. Kelsey, the son of the late
Samuel Turman Kelsey and the late
Katherine Ricksecker Kelsey, was
born in Pomona, Kansas, where his
father was a civil engineer. The fam
lily moved to Highlands, North Caro-
lima, when he was three years of age
and it was there he received his early
education. He entered Baltimore Col
lege of Dental Surgery in 1895. Be-
coming interested in the health as
pect of irregularities of the teeth,
DR.. Kelsey specialized in research on
that subject. In 1908 he attended the
Angle School of Orthodontia in New
York City.
He served as lecturer on orthodon-
tia at the Baltimore College of Den
tai Surgery from 1905 until 1910, at
which time he was appointed to a
professorship, serving in this capa-
city until 1923. He was placed in
charge of the department of ortho-
dontics at Johns Hopkins Hospital
in 1913 and held the post until he
retired from professional life in
1910.
In 32 years of practice DR.. Kelsey
treated more than 5000 patients. He
published 81 articles in the field OF
orthodontics, and also published over
so clinical reports.
He was member of the University
Club, the Baltimore Country Club
and the Johns Hopkins Club.
In 1903 he married Miss Eva Pau
line Hammill, of Baltimore, WHO sur
wives him. He is also survived by his
twin brother, Harlan P. Kelsey, of
Boston, Mass, and sister living in
the West.
The midland journal., 1946-03-08
Fire At Elk Mills

On Monday afternoon, Feb. 25, a
defective chimney is believed to have
started blaze which finally gutted
six pre-Revolutionary stone houses
at Elk Mills, between Elkton and
Newark, for total loss of $4,000.
Two of the houses were occupied
by the families of Mr.. and Mrs. John
Lawson and Mr.. and Mrs. Grover
Ruark. All managed to escape with
most OF their furniture.
Major William Ray Baldwin, own
er of the buildings, called the Elkton
fire company and later the Newark
company, but high winds famed the
flames and the firemen were unable
to prevent their spread.