davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1946-12-15

ratings and on the basis OF stif1
competitive, examinations. Only Is
per cent or less of the total make
the grade.
First concrete indication OF what
teachers want came last week from
Locals 8, 27 and 867 of the Ameri-
can Federation of Teachers (AFL).
They recommended in a report to
DR.. Corning that District teachers
be given equal pay for equal edu-
cational qualifications, regardless OF
grade level. They also advocated
upping starting minimum salaries
for teachers with bachelors degree
to So, 800 a year and raising the over
all maximum salary level to 5000.
It is not the purpose Of this article
to suggest proper rate of pay for
District teachers. However, 1t Is
felt that this quotation from a re-
cent address by DIR. Corning Is. not
out of place:
1--WE cannot expect to hold quail
fed teachers here or attract COM
petent new teachers if we do not
pay them salary which will en-
able them to live on the same plane
as other, professional people"
Evening star., 1946-12-15
Brain Trust for Congress
Legislative Reference Staff Ready to Assist
Members by Getting Information

round up additional facts for re-
buttal and rush them to him.
The number of inquiries rose to
TIA in 1925, to 2,164 in 1885, to $3.50
in 1910 and to an estimated 1920
in 1945. This is an increase in 20
years of more than 1000 per cent.
A survey during the second session
|of the Seventh-seventh Congress
showed the legislative reference
service was used that year d942)
by every Senator and all but 20
members of the House. The Sen
ators averaged As inquiries each
and the Representatives Is.
The service maintains the most
exhaustive and detailed index OF
Federal law in existence, clips and
files 165 newspapers and periodicals,
issues limited number of abstracts
OF postwar literature, complies daily
summaries of important public hear
ings "a function to be expanded
greatly and keeps certain members
informed of developments in special
fields.
DR.. Griffith has been director Of
the service since 1910. Previously,
he was dean of the graduate school
of American University in Wash
ington and held executive and teach
ing posts at other universities.
printed through special arrangement with
the st. Louis Post-Dispatch.l
Evening star., 1946-12-15

District says minimum, 1t means 1t.
Only 18 States and the District re-
quire a college degree-among other
things-as q teaching prerequisite.
It is known that in the current
scramble for teachers, certain cities
have winked at requirements to get
good teachers. Particularly has this
been true with respect to new talent.
Thus, a city with starting mini
mum considerably lower than the
Districts may find an excuse to pay
desirable teacher more than the
book calls for.
Districts Maximum Rates
Are Relatively Low
Then, too, the Districts maxi
NUNS are relatively low. The sal
airy ceiling on elementary and junior
high school teachers is $3.50 and
$3.50 for senior high teachers.
New York has maximums of $3.-
900, $4,430 and $500 for the three
grade levels.
Newark, N. j., pays a single scale
of $4,000 after six years.
San Francisco's maximums are
s3,576, 1896 and s4,440.
The District does have a sort Of
Evening star., 1946-12-15

past, the interpreter (poor fellow
has usually taken q back seat, di-
rectly behind his chief. While the
boss enjoys the food and drink, he
and goes hungry. For
tunately, however, Mr.. Pavlov is an
officer of the Russian Army and
rates plate of his own. He usually
sits on Mr.. Molotov's left.
Thanks to a good old American
institution, the cocktail party, one
can entertain U. N. delegates with
out taking course in protocol.
Guests can come and go as they
like. There's no seating problem.
Mr.. de Noue's Office will provide
an invitation list.
However on special occasions Mr..
de Noue himself will take over this
ticklish assignment. When New
York City held its official recep-
ton for u. N. delegates Mr.. de
Noue sat up most of the night be-
fore memorizing the names Of the
81 delegates. Furthermore he fixed
them in his mind so he could pick
them out from the lesser dignitaries
swarming around the City Hall and
take them into the Mayors Office
for formal introductions. The task
was all the more difficult because
he did not have complete file OF
pictures great asset in work Of
this sort. And some of the names
were enough to twist even a lin
GUSTS tongue. For example, Mrs.
vijaya Lakshmi Pandit Of India
or Huseyin Ragys Baydur, chlef of
the Turkish delegation.
Evening star., 1946-12-15

for the landing strip and was within
perhaps 100 feet of the road when
I contacted him on the radio.
Il don't recall what yelled into
the mike but it brought quick re-
suits. He zoomed between a couple
CT hangers, got back over the field
and came in for a perfect landing.
I often wonder what people driving
along below him thought. They
haven't lit up that stretch of the
highway since that night"
Another time last spring an Army
BIS was taking off when one motor
went dead and the other started
sputtering.
Somehow the pilot got it off the
runway Mr.. Madigan says, land
headed for Washington, too low to
turn back. He literally SKINNED
Evening star., 1946-12-15
Murke
Continued From Page CID

Continued From Page C-ID
IAN avalanche of children" born
during the war years.
Another factor causing much con-
Germ to teachers, says DR.. Brown, is
that in almost every community a
double standard of conduct exists
one for the teacher in and out of
school, the other for townspeople.
The result is that half of those going
to teacher colleges today don't in
tend to teach.
While there have been a number
of strikes, many teachers-perhaps
the greater proportion, including
national teacher organizations -
have been opposed to strikes for a
number of reasons. The NEA
declares these might be listed as
follows:
/, Teachers are members of pro-
fession whose first obligation is to
serve the country.
2. Teachers are public employees
and there is a widespread feeling
that public employees should not re-
sort to strikes against the public
interest.
8. Employers of public school
teachers have available only such
funds as have been allotted by pub
lie tax-fixing bodies. Strikes cannot
produce additional income.
4. In the long run, teachers sal
aries are determined by public
opinion, and extensive use Of strikes
probably would antagonize the pub
lie.
S. The District Of Columbia and q
number of States have laws against
striking by public officials, SO ma
tional organizations would be vio-
lating the law in these areas II they
approved strikes.
distributed by the Associated Press)
Evening star., 1946-12-15

- vEXT month, National Air
nj port, along with two other
major airports, will inaugu-
rate a radar controlled
landing system and will join 70 others
in offering full instrument landing
facilities for all airlines.
In so doing, National Airport will
be ushering in a new year and a
new era In commercial aviation
which Civil Aeronautics Admins
tration .oficials hope will be suf-
ficiently bright to stamp out the
memory Of 1946-the year in which
nearly $50 persons lost their lives
in airline accidents in the United
States and 80 perished in one great
disaster In Newfoundland.
The Army, the Navy and the air.
lines themselves have pioneered In
advanced navigation and landing
techniques; however, 1t is the CAA's
Technical Development Service and
its experimental station at Indian
apolis which is furnishing the i'm
mediate formulas for the next
months innovations and others to
come.
Nearly TOO commercial airliners
will be flying regular schedules by
spring. BY the end of next year 10
billion passenger miles probably
will have been flown. Hence the
CAA realizes fully the need for con-
tinuous scientific advance in flying
aids if accident rates are to be
licked and if an-weather flying is
to become a practical reality.
Safety Devices Tested Out
Along Several Lines
Improvements and safety devices
being tested out or planned at IN
dianapolis lie in the fields of ground
guided landings, instrument land
ings, traffic control collision pre-
vention, distance markers, lights,
fire. and collision with birds.
The ground-controlled approach
system, known as GCA, is the one
to be installed here, at La Guardia
Field, and in Chicago. With it. oper-
ators on the ground, working two
radar screens, talk" the plane down
to the field, even in zero-zero
weather conditions
The installation cost has been es-
timated at upwards of $200, 1000 an
airport and a staff of some half
dozen men will be required to oper-
ate and maintain the system at each
airport. ...-
Pilots will have to accustom' them
selves to intrusting their lives and
those Of their passengers to a man
far below peering into his radar
sets. Doubtless there will be pilots
captains Of ships that they are
who will, at least for a time, refuse
to take advantage Of the system.
Thus far, planes have been able
to make merely instrument ap-
proaches. Next month at the TO
major airports planes will be able to
make full instrument landings.
Evening star., 1946-12-15
He Answers TOUGHEST T. ~ Questions
Protocol Hard Rules but Jehan de None Knos
Hoav o Deal With Its Most Delicate Problem

Mr., de Noue.s most hectic days
we're when the Assembly convened
at Lake Success. He and his staff
worked an average of II hours a
day. On one occasion he was up
most of the night, then had to
arise before dawn to go down the
bay with Grover Whelan and meet
Mr.. Molotov on the Queen Eliza
beth. He and his staff try to meet
distinguished delegates either at
the pier or the airport, but lately
this has been impossible.
Convenins of Assembly Was
Hectic Time for Staff
Protocol is only part of our work.
he explains. I'VE handle most OF
the liaison jobs for the Assembly.
Each of my assistants serves mini
mum OF 10 delegations as liaison
officer. Writing letters also consumes
a lot of our time Diplomatic cor
respondence has its own set Of. rules
which must be followed very care
fully. You'd be surprised how many
different ways there are to write a
letter. And each one must be
answered in the same manner and
language.
Mr.. de Noue, a bachelor, lives in
a Manhattan hotel, but hopes to
find larger quarters. He must do
some entertaining himself, and is
invited to most of the U. N. parties.
His parents died when he was
young, leaving him large estate
outside Paris. Arranging large din
ners at home when he was still in his
teens gave him a groundwork for
his present duties. A Partisan host
ess planning a party determines in
advance how many guests of honor
can be accommodated at her table,
then issues her invitations accord
ingly.
However. some of our New York
ladies, anxious to make a splash in
the realm of society, invite as many
distinguished persons as possible
and, at the last minute, dump the
precedence problem in Mr.. de Noue's
lap.
That's why SO many protocol ofl-
GERS have gray hair. Mr.. de Noue's
is still red, but he's just settling
down to his job.
Evening star., 1946-12-15

paratus is considered too heavy to
be practical
Distance measuring equipment Is
about ready to replace regular bea-
cons. Radio pulses from the towers
will go out to the plane, which will
indicate on an instrument exactly
how far it is from the beacon.
New systems of field lights are be-
ing tried out, including a 10000, 900
candlepower airport beacon so
more powerful than any other
lights which might shine from a
Evening star., 1946-12-15

the roof tops of the city and con-
tinued on out toward the suburbs.
For 10 minutes we charted his prog
ress around Washington by tele-
phone calls from people who
thought the plane was going to
crash their houses.
FINALLY he got high enough to
turn and came back. After he
landed he explained that none of
his cockpit lights worked"
With all these narrowing mo-
ments, however, Mr. Madigan says
he wouldn't trade jobs with any,
body and is generally satisfied with
the operation of control towers,
which. he says, resemble mad
houses sometimes" and he wonders
how as much order emanates from
them as actually does.
Evening star., 1946-12-15
By Muqruder Dobie

end of the table in view of their
current differences.
There are many angles to this
business and experience is the only
real teacher. Fortunately, Mr.. de
Noue Is familiar with international
etiquette and knows some Of its pit
falls. He served on the Allied Con-
troll Councils in both Rome and Ber-
lin. Yet hardly a day passes with
out posing a new problem. Some one
calls UP to ask what national an
therns are to be played for dinner
for U. N. delegates. There are two
answers to this one. Either THE
Star Spangled Banner" by itself, or,
providing the musicians have suf-
ficient endurance, the national an
thems of every nation represented
at the function. The principle of
playing only the anthem of the host
nation was established in London
and has been followed consistently
in New York.
Flags provide a similar problem
and corresponding answer. Either
the Stars and Stripes should be dis
played alone, or flags of all 81 U. N.
nations should be placed on the
same level.
Mr.. Molotov's Aide Usually
Sits Just to His Left
Going back for a minute to that
quiet little dinner for Messrs. Mol
otov and Byrnes, what would you dc
with Anton Pavlov, the Russian
interpreter? The Foreign Minister
would be lost without him. When
this problem has come up in the
Evening star., 1946-12-15

at gas tanks to simulate crash con-
ditions, thus testing resistance OF
metals.
All this research should help in
removing at least some Of the
causes for headaches and cold chills
of traffic control operators. Take
youthful Timothy Madigan, for ex-
ample. who has been a control tower
man at National Airport for five
years.
He has sweated it out more times
than he would like to count with
the pilots above him as they cruise
back and forth in the stacks on in
strument days awaiting their turns
to come down and land.
He would like, for one thing, to
see bigger and better airports.
dual runways would help. here
at National" he says. But OF
course I.don't have much hope fol
them. There isn't room as it is
laid out now"
Until that day comes, ne is op-
timistic about the results Of the
coming instrument approach ano
GOA installations should produce
Mount Vernon Boulevard
Mistaken for Runway
The bad moments Of his life
however, were not all caused BY
stacking.
II remember one night" Mr.. Mad
igan recalls, when Navy plane
was coming in. had cleared II
and was watching the runway fol
it to set down. When I did not SEE
it I began to look around and sud.
denly saw it coming down over
Mount Vernon boulevard. He had
mistaken the lights OF the highway
Evening star., 1946-12-15
Brown
Continued From Page C-1)

were saying abroad and what was
being said from Moscow. There
was superb teamwork which
caused the Russian foreign policy
to follow line which never deviated
from its inspirer, Joseph Stain.
1t Is true that In most major
matters. Stain himself consulted
the powerful Politbureau and, it In
said, frequently had long discus
sions before deciding on a certain
policy. For instance. during the
Yalta Conference when President
Roosevelt was pressing him for an
immediate decision Stain replied
that he, too, had his public opin-
ion' which he had to consider, and
that that public opinion was his
Politbureau.
Radio, Press Back Policy.
But once ne made up his mind to
something, the members Of the
Politbureau knew better than to go
against his will. This was reflected
in the fact that the radio and press
never were at variance with the
official foreign policy. When the
Russian government decided to play
softly, the propaganda agencies had
articles and broadcasts about the
valor of the Allies and the great
assistance the U. S. S. r. was get
ting from them. When the foreign
policy was sharpened, the press and
radio spearheaded the diplomats by
publishing and broadcasting attacks
against us.
The change which is noticeable
now, that the top-ranking men OF ,
the Soviet Foreign Office are play
ing distinctly different tune from
that of Moscow, is highly significant.
1t is considered as a prelude to a
drama which may be enacted in
that huge country in the event the
stories about Stain being unable to
carry on are confirmed.
Although no foreigners nave an
actual knowledge of the trends
within the Politbureau, the most
important agency in the event
Stain can no longer exercise his
dictatorial powers, it is generally
believed that Secretary Zdhanov of
the Leningrad Soviet. supposedly
the most powerful political figure
in that organization, is not favoring
any departure from the previous
tough" policy of the e. S. S. R.
NOBODY can say what will happen in
Russia within the next few months
If the Stain reports prove to be
correct. But there is feeling
among the American diplomats in
Moscow, based on nothing tangible.
since they are forbidden to have
contacts with the Russians, that Sc
trious events may be expected-and
these are bound to influence the
whole world.
Evening star., 1946-12-15

(Actually facilities for this system
have been at the National Airport
for more than year and half,
but it has been in limited operation
only because few planes were
equippedo
The. instrument technique should
not be confused with radar. 1t has
been described as riding" we'll
marked radio bean to within few
feet of the ground.
rs Centers Now Control
Traffic on Radio Beams
At present the CAA operates Is
control centers to regulate traffic on
the radio beacon highways of the
air. Next year the CAA hopes to
have an "air flow" unit in each OF
the centers.
Purpose of the traffic centers will
be to apportion traffic. so that air
jams will not develop at any one
field. It will do this by regulating
takeoffs and distributing traffic to
the various airports.
For example, if stacking condi-
ton is building up over La Guardia,
incoming planes will be shunted to
Newark, to Idlewild (when it is
built, Floyd Bennett. and even
south to Philadelphia and north to
Hartford.
Sensitive radar sets, giving images
or pulsations up to a shorter range
than found in the usual radar sets
are being developed to avoid COLI
sions with other aircraft, mountains
and buildings. However, existing ap-
Evening star., 1946-12-15

junction with better wiring and
other fire prevention methods.
Collision with birds is no small
danger. A four pound bird not only
can go through the windshield but it
can shatter the glass as well. At In
dianapolis a pneumatic catapult
hurls dead chickens at 180 to go
miles per hour and more at glass in
an effort to find shatterproof varie-
ties.
Evening star., 1946-12-15

supermaximum salary ceiling under
which elementary and junior high
teachers may get $3.50 and senior
high teachers, $4,150. But teachers
are eligible for these sums only
after achieving excellent efficiency
Evening star., 1946-12-15

away.
Better Systems Perfected
To Prevent Bad Fires
Fire studies are being made, using
blowers to simulate engine fires and
mock-up fuselages to simulate fires
in the passenger and baggage COM
partments. Chemical extinguishing
systems are being worked out in con-
Evening star., 1946-12-15
Alphabetical System Must
Be Altered to Be Fair

Naturally, the delegates from
Afghanistan think the A. B, C
method Of protocol is perfect. They
are always at the top of the list.
But how about our friends from the
U. S. S. r. and Yugoslavia? They
might get tired OF always sitting at
the end of the table. So the order
is constantly switched around. In
stead of giving Afghanistan the best
seats at the Assembly, a draw is
held and the lucky delegation gets
the preferred location. From then
on the alphabetical order takes over.
In this way, the United Kingdom
got the ringside Assembly seats this
year, but this will change annually.
At social functions there are other
tricks that can be used to avoid
the embarrassments that give the
protocol officers Nightmares. For
instance, the head of the French
delegation, Alexandra Parodi, either
could be seated alphabetically, with
his delegation, or in accordance with
his position as vice president of
the Assembly. Mrs. Roosevelt could
be placed either as the wife of the
late Chief Executive of the host
Nation, or, simply as an Assembly
delegate.
1t all depends on the circum-
stances. Like the law, protocol is
constantly changing. U. N. presents
problems open to various interpre-
tations and Mr.. de Noue, who is 80,
often has to improvise as he goes
along, using common sense and the
experience acquired as naison Of
ficer with the British, American and
French Armies.
Recently, when Assembly dele
gates attended the opera in New
York, Mr.. de Noue's department,
which has Offices in Radio City and
at Lake Success, ruled that since
the party was for the Assembly, the
secretary general. Trygve Lie, and
his guests should have the center
box. The boxes on either side of
him, were given to the seven vice
presidents. Other delegates were
seated in rough alphabetical order,
although allowances were made SO
that officials of mutual language
and interests could share the same
box.
Protocol takes into consideration
the personal feelings of the guests.
As an illustration, it would not be
polite to seat the representatives OF
Yugoslayia and Greece at the same
Evening star., 1946-12-15
F YOU invited Messrs. Molotov
and Byrnes to dinner. how
would YOU seat them?

IF YOU invited Messrs. Molotov
and Byrnes to dinner. how
would you seat them?
The answer isn't easy, even
for Jehan de Noue, chief of protocol
for the United Nations. Mr.. de
Noue, a former French Army cap
tain, and his 10 assistants have the
job of wrestling with such delicate
problems. If, the dinner were COM
small and informal they'd
suggest that since Mr.. Molotov is a
visitor in our country, he should get
the place of honor to the right OF
the hostess, with Secretary Byrnes
across the table from her.
But there are no hard and fast
rules of protocol, which is just q
fancy name for internationl good
manners. At a larger dinner, it
might be wiser to arrange the
guests alphabetically, according to
the countries they represent.
"You must understand we can only
suggest the procedure we think
should be followed" Mr.. de Noue
says in the perfect English he
learned before the war while lectur-
ing on art in the United States and
Canada. "We have to deal with
problems that aren't in the books.
For instance, some nations have
established permanent missions to
U. N. while others are represented
by their regular diplomatic oficials.
We have no predodent to follow
when 1t comes to ranking the two
delegations.