davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1946-09-13

and camps was not progressive but ret
roactive. leading to internecine wars
until today all Europe lies PROSTATE be-
tween two non-European titans, thun-
dering at each other over her bleeding
body. One of them. however, is con-
tiguous to her on an open frontier: The
Soviet Union.
Not a single one of the problems
vexing Europe during the last century
can be solved within the framework
of existing European national states, one
of the worst Of these being the minor
ity" problem. Even so otherwise hu-
name person as Mr.. Summer Welles
sees no answer to this except the whole
sale transference of populations. If
he will take another look at Greek
Macedonia, scene of such a solution"
under far more humane conditions than
exist today, believe he will change his
mind. The transferred Greeks were
never loyal citizens but members of a
Diaspora and are now willing subversive
agents for Bulgaria. People have greater
attachments to landscapes and ancestral
homes and villages than they have to
governments, and there is no orderly"
or humane" process by which they can
be bodily and involuntarily lifted from
one sovereignty or another by reason
only OF the language they speak.
4 ~
For centuries now a European solu-
ton of the minority" problem has been
achieved in Switzerland precisely be-
cause Switzerland is not a national,
tribal state, but a multinational state
with absolute equality for ALL The
'Ladeinisch" speaking peoples are only
l per cent Of the population, but they
are not minority" They have ex-
actly equal autonomy to the German
speaking Swiss, who are the most nu-
merous.
France, Germany, Italy, Spain are
cultural realities and political anachro-
nisns. The United States and the
U. S. S. r. are modern continental
states-the first melting pot, the sec
ond multinational state. The melting
pot concept Is not applicable to Europe.
The multinational Soviet idea would
be were it not, perhaps by reason of
its Russian origin, despotic and totali-
tartan and therefore in conflict with the
deepest European tradition and spirit
But Europe will be organized one
way or another-freely, by itself. or as
Nietzsche foresaw in the last century, by
the knout of its great neighbor-as it
was almost so organized by Hitler.
Or it will decline and fall into an
archy. carrying with it most of western
civilization, and probably the u S. S. r.
as we'll
Europe can recover without Germany
but 1t cannot recover without the Ger
mans Of Europe. A federal Germany
in federal Europe, free of both the
U. s. S. r. and the United States is
the only solution against division
which will one day be battle line. No
workable United Nations can be estab-
lished with the world divided into two
titans, the rest of 1t a power vacuum
gravitating as satellites to one or the
ether.
lRelna ed hv the Srnaicata Inc
Evening star., 1946-09-13
Letters to The Star
Sees Agreement on Tyrol
A Hopeful Sisn
To the Editor Of The Star:

To the Editor Of The Star:
In the darkness that Is enshrouding
international relations, every glinlmer
Of light should be saluted BY their
agreement on the South Tyrol, the
italian Premier, Alcide de Gasperi, and
the Foreign Minister of Austria, DR..
Karl Gruber, have ignited a beacon
the general significance of which should
not be lost on us.
Most instructively. the signing of that
treaty coincided with a debate of the
Paris Peace Conference on a Yugoslav
proposal aiming at securing contractual
protection for a small southern Slavic
minority in Hungary. The Yugoslav
amendment was opposed by the Czechs,
who think that the solution of the
nationality problem lies in adapting
races to state frontiers by mass depor-
tation. But it was also opposed by us
and the British. Gen. Bedell Smith
said absorption of racial minorities
appeared to be better than their per-
petuation, and Lord Hood advocated
warned that an attempt at absorption
would start international friction.
The rare opportunity Of applauding a
representative of Marshal Tito should
not be missed. Impressed by the sue
cess of our American melting pot"
Gen. Smith was prone to overlook that
in Europe's long history practically
every race has been wronged by eyerv
other race, and that in an atmosphere
of mutual resentment it would be i'm
possible to say who should be entitled
to aSsimilate whom Frontiers there
have changed perpetually, and no bound
airy can be considered sacred and leeit-
innate. For example, if the 1000 900
CZechs were authorized to absorb 3,5OO,-
600 Sudetens, others could claim that
80J000000 Germans should be allowed
to absorb the 100000 Czechs.
This example is sufficient to prove
that deportation Is even less suitable
than assimilation, because history
marches on; suddenly the boot is on
another foot, and the results are de-
portations and new deportations.
The only promising solution is really
the one demonstrated by Dr. Gruber
and Signor de Gasperi. 1t would be
quite misleading to describe it as toier-
ance toward a racial minority. The
correct term is equality, or, as Henry
Wallace once called it, ethnic democ-
racy. The idea is by no means new.
Almost three-flfths of Switzerland are
German, yet no one has ever heard of a
French or an Italian minority in Swift
zerland. They are all Swiss in complete
racial, linguistic, cultural, economic and
political equality. Those old enough to
remember old Austria know that the
same situation obtained there until
she was dissected. There were no mi
norities; no minority rights, but equal
ity.
Your example" wrote Mr.. Byrnes to
De Gasperi, should be an inspiration
to the delegates meeting in Paris" Two
equally and highly civilized nations
have shown to the world that Satan
can be dethroned.
DIR. ROBERT INGRIM.
Evening star., 1946-09-13
On the Record
By Dorothy Thomson

Mr.. Byrnes' speech In Stuttgart was
aimed at checking the U. S. S. r. in
Europe, but 1t suggested no way to do so.
The only way this can be accomplished
Is to build the European nation. The
German question Is insoluble within the
European political framework of the last
century. Europe has been the victim of
the peacemakers of two wars, who 90
on repeating their mistakes as though
possessed of the twin devils of ignorance
and stupidity
After World War I European states
men, besotted by virulent nationalism,
themselves contributed to the Balkani-
zation Of Europe and thereby to this
recent war and to the terrible danger all
Europe Is in. Today, all Europeans are
caught between two titanic power COM
plexes-the u S. S. r. and the United
States. Gen. de Gaulle saw and expressed
this fact in his recent speech. without
clearly drawing from it the logical-con-
clusions. Apparently he still thinks
Europe can be saved by strong"
France allied with Great Britain. 1t
cannot. 1t can only be saved by the
complete recreation of Europe herself.
Where Europe begins and ends has
always been debatable. Is Romania
part of Europe? 1t is questionable. Is
Greece? Is Yugoslavia? Certainly all
of the latter which was once contained
within the Austro- Hungarian Empire
is. Is Poland? Historically and cul-
turally, yes, as far as Western Poland
is concerned, and the award to Russia
of Poland east of the Curzon Line would
have been justifable if it had clearly
set the European limits eastward.
A cultural historian would probably
say that Europe ends where Byzantium
begins-where the churches of western
civilization end. Austria Czechoslova-
kia, Hungary and Poland have fought
through centuries from encroachments
into Europe from the East, whether the
armies we're those of the Ottoman
Turks, or of the great conquerors, like
Genghis Khan, from the steppes of
Central Asia.
France, Germany, Italy, Spain. the
Netherlands Belgium, Switzerland are
as much part of western civilization,
whatever temporary alterations may
have overcome Germany, as is Great
Britain or the United States. They have
been. indeed, its cradle and its flower.
but lNey nave Decu uIluOIlc ny tIic
disintegration of Europe since the 18TH
century into series of national sover-
eign states who have progressively de-
stroyed the economic and cultural unity
previously existing for centuries. 1t is
hard for any of us to remember that
prior to World War any European could
travel anywhere in Europe without
passport, or work in any country without
a permit, while customs frontiers were
all but nonexistent. Credits in French
universities were equally acceptable in
Italian or German. and vice versa. Thus
there existed, even up to that war a
remnant of that European unity which
reached its peak in the high Middle
Ages.
The progressive rise of the national
state ompartmentalizing Europe within
it's narrow room into hostile racialisms
Evening star., 1946-09-13
Two New Deal FallaCies
Bv RAYMOND Molev

The stock market break has already
turned bright light on basic fallacy
in New Deal economics. The shattered
pillar under the New Deal house OF
magic Is the idea that modern industry
has no need for outside savings. And
no snearing or recrimination, such as
Congressman Sabaths charge that the
break was caused by Republican fat
cats. can restore this ruin. 1t is gone
and gone forever
American industry is, said the domi-
nant economic wizards of the New Deal,
mature. 1t produces its own capital.
1t doesn't need to borrow. 1t has
sufficiency within itself. Candidate
Roosevelt himself set the pattern in
1882 at San Francisco, when he said.
"Our industrial plant is built; the prob
lem just now is whether under existing
conditions it is not overbuilt" One of
the most pretentious of all the afore-
said wizards supplied that sentence. It's
echo rang down the whole corridor of
Roosevelt rule, until the war required
an expansion of the alleged overbuilt
plant at a cost of $40 billion or more.
~ X
The learned boys who made the rec
ord of the Temporary National Economic
Committee in 193S-1941 filled volumes
with elaborate rationalizations. of the
mature economy fallacy 1t is en-
balmed in 81 volumes, 1900 pages, 81
300 exhibits and 43 monographs. 1t cost
s1070000 to make that record.
One factor is clear in the present
market decline. Industry, which was
supposed to supply its own capital, and
specific industries named over and over
by New Dealers as self sufficient have
tried to get capital and have failed.
There was great to-do by New Deal
economists about such giants as General
Motors and Westinghouse. Such COM
panies, they said. would never have to
look outside for money. As late as
November, 1945, Ganson Purcell, then
Evening star., 1946-09-13
Shooting at the Moon

When the responsible heads of the
municipal governments depart
ments submit budget requests which
exceed by $59, 600 900 the amount of
money now available for expenditure
there must be something wrong with
the budgeting system.
There is. One thing that is wrong
Is that an extraordinary amount of
buck passing is inherent in the
method by which Congress appro-
PIRATES for the District. Each de-
partment head, therefore, wishes to
go on record as having suggested,
In his own preliminary budget re-
quests, every conceivable form of
expenditure. When some scandalous
condition is revealed later on, due
to lack of appropriations, the de-
partment head knows that unless
he can show that his previous re-
quest for funds was subsequently
denied he will inherit substantial
part of the blame. The tendency of
each department head, therefore, is
to throw everything, including the
kitchen stove, into his estimates and
let the Commissioners and Congress
do the throwing out.
Another thing that is wrong is
that the department heads are
asked to make their estimates with
out any knowledge of the potential
revenues available for expenditure.
Their estimates, therefore, are often
unrealistic, more like letters to Santa
Claus than budget items. Part of
the unreality associated with the
preliminary estimates this year is
undoubtedly due to the public dis
cuSsion of Engineer Commissioner
Young's six-year plan of capital
improvements, together with the
resourceful efforts of the Commits
sioners to think up new ways in
which to tax those Washingtonians
who are taxable. The resulting
impression has been that the Dis
trict is going on a spending and
taxing picnic and no department
head wants to miss the straw ride.
The results of all this contribute
to poor budgeting. The Commits
sioners, for example, faced with the
necessity of eliminating as much as
S50,000,000 from the preliminary
estimates, must necessarily become
more arbitrary than is advisable in
deciding what to keep and what to
discard. Some highly desirable
items are discarded along with the
window dressing. And the effect of
the same process is revealed later
on in congressional review of the
estimates and the final appropria-
tions. 1t is to be hoped that some
day the Districts budgeting will
start with the department heads,
that they will be assigned tentative
ceilings and asked to assume more
individual responsibility in selecting
what can be done within reasonable
limitations. A better budget, it is
believed, would be the result.
Evening star., 1946-09-13
No Wage Control

The face-saving language with
which the Governments capitula-
tion to the striking AFL seamen is
clothed will not serve for long to
conceal the fact that wage control
Is myth.
What the Truman administration
has done in this latest maneuver
is to buy off the maritime strikers
by approving wage increases which
the Presidents Wage Sterilization
Board previously had held to be
inf1ationary. The ruling, drafted
by Sterilization Director Steelman
and approved by the President,
affects directly only the relatively
small amount of money involved
in the dispute between the AFL
unions and the WSB. OF itself, it
would have no serious inflationary
effect. But this surrender is just
beginning, for the CIO maritime
workers will demand-and receive
comparable wage increases, and by
that time it will be perfectly ap-
parent that while the President and
his aides may talk bravely about
wage controls, the fact is that there
are no controls which can be or
will be enforced in the face of
any strong and determined union
challenge.
In practical effect, this ruling
publicly proclaims that employees
can receive any wage increase which
their union can persuade or force
an employer to pay. There is no
ceiling" on wages. And a Govern
ment operating agency such as the
Maritime Commission, provided its
control extends to less than half of
the industry, can match the private
pay rates, with the taxpayers
making up any difference.
Consequently, all that the Gov
ernment undertakes to control are
profits and prices. An employer
and a union can agree on any wage.
But an employer may not, without
Government approval. increase the
price of his product or service to
cover the higher costs. If he sells at
a price higher than that fixed by
the Government, even though the
buyer may be willing and anxious to
pay the higher price, the seller can
be sent to jail.
There is, of course, nothing new
in this. The maritime strike settle
ment, in addition to discrediting the
WSB, merely brings out more clearly
the inequities of the so-called
stabilization program, and under
scores the main reasons why it has
not and will not work.
Evening star., 1946-09-13
The Cycle

Youth plants the seed and manhood
stores the grain,
Works for q ,Dage and hourds its hard
earned gold
Against some future time OF tptnd and
rain
Or for that bitter ,Dtnter OF the old.
Youth builds its house and tts u out
NTH pride
And manhood gathers. In those shell
tering WGils,
Treasures he has collected In his stride
That men hare guarded in ancestral
halls.
But his possessions may become a load
Too heapy for an aging back - bear.
Age learns to scatter peulth along the
road
And finds HON blessed 1t may be to
share.
Youth drntDs unto itself, but age let's 90
AZ leGues Drift doton iDhen blasts Of
autumn bIotc.
ANNA NJ PRIESTLEY.
Evening star., 1946-09-13
Mr.. Roberts as Churchmon

When Owen J. Roberts was named
to the Supreme Court by President
Hoover in 1880, the last paragraph
in the official biographical sketch
OF him distributed to the press read
He is communicate of the Prot
eStant Episcopal Church" Nothing
more was required at that time to
describe his interest in religion. His
life had been spent principally in
the practice of law and the teaching
OF 1t in his native Pennsylvania. At
the start of his career on the highest
tribunal in the land, it was his pro-
fessional training and experience
that mattered.
But Justice Roberts role as a
churchman was not undistinguished
Christianity always had been a
major factor in his philosophy. His
retirement in 1945 gave him oppor-
tunity to devote a larger share of
his energies to the cause of religion.
Perhaps the Washington Federation
of Churches had encouraged him in
his support of the wider Christian
fellowship" by the presentation of
its annual award for outstanding
work by District layman. He al
ready was senior warden of Saint
Johns Church at Lafayette Square.
In any case, Justice Roberts has
devoted his talents increasingly to
religious activity since he gave up
his place on the Supreme bench. 1t
therefore is not surprising that he
has been elected to serve as presi-
dent of the House of Clerical
and Lay Deputies in the Triennial
General Convention of the Episcopal
Church at Philadelphia. The first
layman ever to be named to preside
over the body thus described, he
was an obvious choice. In Wash
ington especially the news is appre-
ciated due to the fact that the late
Very Reverend Ze Barney Thorne
Phillips, rector of the Church of
the Epiphany and chaplain of the
United States Senate, was president
of the house during five conventions
prior to his death in 1912.
Evening star., 1946-09-13
Trieste As Test

While diplomatic tensions else
where wax and wane, the contro-
versy over Trieste and the province
of Venezia Giulia, of which Trieste
is the port metropolis, continues
chronically acute. And the reason
for this chronic crisis appears to be
of more than local significance. So
tied in is it with the whole diplomatic
tug of war between the western
powers and the Soviet bloc that
Trieste may be regarded almost as
touchstone for the entire world stu
alton. It's repercussions certainly
reach far, including the evolution of
the United Nations.
The outstanding aspect of the con-
troversy is the obvious determine
tion of Yugoslavia not to accept the
plan for the Observation-Disclosures of
Trieste tentatively proposed by the
Big -Four. The Yugoslav government
has announced roundly that it will
not sign treaty embodying that
PROPOSAL, while its representative at
the Paris Conference does everything
possible to sabotage the proceedings
by tactics varying from nullifying
claims and Gripping amendments to
filibustering speeches intended to
drag out the proceedings inordi-
nately.
II all this were merely due to the
mtransigeance of an International
istic Balkan government, it would be
m annoyance that could be over
come by concerted action of the
great powers Unfortunately it is
crystal clear that the Tito regime Is
= mere pawn of Soviet Russia, and
that the ebullient Marshal would
draw in his horns at word from
Moscow telling him to pipe down and
be amenable. The logical deduction
that Tito is acting as Moscow wants
Is supported by the evidence of sup
port by Russia and other members of
the Soviet bloc
Again, there appears to be ground
for the suspicion that the Soviet tao
tics over Trieste are intended to
further Moscow's aims on other is
sues. Undue prolongation- of the
Paris Conference would engender
pressure for another postponement
OF the General Assembly of the
United Nations, thereby striking a
blow at It's prestige and adjourning
Evening star., 1946-09-13

chairman Of the SEC, said that big
companies would not need much out
side financing. But General Motors at
the end Of 1914 had working capital of
S9034 million. At the end of June this
year it had $5522 million. 1t had to 60
into the new money market. Westing-
house recently announced S30-million
offering of stock Since the break. 1t
has postponed this Offering. Columbia
Gas was to receive bids on an offering of
S97.5 million in debentures. This has
been reduced to $40 million.
The fact now appears, therefore, that
industry, especially the big companies,
do need outside money. This proves an
expanding economy which New Dealers
have denied
The failure of the public to buy new
offerings opens another ISSUE long sub
iect to the contempt of New Deal poll
ticians and economists. That is the
New Deal attitude toward investor con-
f1dence in our economy. Mr.. Roosevelt
himself used to deride any attempts to
identify such an intangible. But this
element of confidence is very reaf and
decisive element in sustaining pros
perity. 1t is now quite apparent that
it does not exist among those whose
savings are remaining in money and
Government bonds And these savings
are very great. The reasons for this
are many. but, In the main, they root
in lack of firm belief in Government
policies. We now know that savings are
essential to business expansion, And
we now know that the way to put that
money to work is to allow confident
get decent wages.
If opponents of the economic minds
who still dominate the administration
fail to take advantage Of present rev.
economics, the future Is without hope
(Relsssed by The Associated Newspsperh Ine)
Evening star., 1946-09-13

action in Yugoslavia, is the prelude
to the establishment of Federated
Balkan Peoples Republic, Commu-
nistic in character, including pri-
marily Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, but
ultimately Albania and at least
Northern Greece If that last can be
effected despite the Western powers
Thus, the elimination of the Bull
garian crown may we'll be of far
more than domestic significance, as
merely another step in a Balkan
Transformation inspired by and
directed from Moscow.