davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Laurel outlook., 1946-03-06
Slavery Of Jap
Farmers to End
Gen. Macarthur Lays Down
A Sweeping Program of
Reform for Japan.

TOKYO.-A sweeping program Of
agrarian reform for Japan to ode
stroy the economic bondage which
has enslaved the Japanese farmer
for centuries of feudal oppression
has been laid down by General Mac
Arthur, says the Associated Press.
In a tremendous move calling for
abolition of absentee land ownership
and making provision for Japan's
vast millions of small tenant farm
ers to buy their own farms on long
terms at low rates, the Allied COM
mander ordered the Japanese gov
eminent to carry out the order by
March Is.
1t will mean Emancipation"
headquarters declared, for tenants
in a country where half the entire
population is engaged in agriculture
and where farmers still cultivate the
overworked soil with hand tools.
PerniciOus Ills Outlined.
The average Japanese farm FAM
lily tills less than three acres, COM
pared with an average of nearly AZ
ere in the United States, and only
20 per cent are land owners. The
agrarian class barely ekes out a
living from plots SO intensely used
that production is dependent on the
constant addition of fertilizer.
Basic economic reforms in con
formity with the principles of the
declaration are included
in the directive. 1t cites these "per-
nicious ills" affecting the japanese
farmers:
l. Intense overcrowding of the
land: Almost half the farm house
holds in Japan till less than 1h
acres each.
2. Conditions highly unfavorable
to tenants: More than three-fourths
Of the farmers in Japan are tenants,
rentals amounting to half or
more of their annual crops.
3. A heavy burden of indebted
ness: Less than half the total farm
population is able to support itself
IN agricultural income.
4. Governmental discrimination
the farmer: Interest rates
and direct taxes are more oppreS-
i've than in commerce and industry.
5. Authoritative government con
rol over farmers: Arbitrary crop
often restrict farmers.
1.-THE emancipation of farmers
:annot begin" Macarthur said,
until such basic farm evils r de-
troyed."
Education Ordered.
Rather than outright con~fiscation
f ab~sentee-held farm property, the
-irective provides for purchase of 9
arm lands from incorporating own |
rs at Equitable rates" payable in
nnual installments commensurate
With tenant income.
The order instructs the govern
nent to see that farmers are afford
d legal protection so conditions will
OF force them back into tenancy.
pecifed safeguards are ccess to
)ng and short term farm credit at
eaSonable interest rates, measures T.
prevent exploitation by process
0rs and distributors, and stabiliza-
on of farm prices.
The government also was ordered
provide a program of technical
ducation for farmers, along with an
gricultural cooperative movement
free of domination by non-agrari-
n interests"
The present cabinet already has
roposed land reform legislation but
falls short of the broad Allied
rms. In addition to these, head
larters told Japanese authorities
submit any other proposals
eemed necessary to guarantee
a just share of the national
come.
Laurel outlook., 1946-03-06

Laurel Outlook, $3.50 per year.
Laurel outlook., 1946-03-06
Can Make A-Bomb in
Year, Claim of Dutch

NEW YORK.-An Aneta dispatch
from Eindhoven, Holland, quoted
DR.. F. A. Heyn, Dutch scientist, as
asserting that Holland could pro-
duce an atom bomb within a year.
The Netherlands news agency said
Dutch scientists had been working
secretly on a 250-ton cyclotron and
that the atom-smasher would be
completed shortly.
Laurel outlook., 1946-03-06
council Representatives.

council Representatives.
Despite the big refugee influx, the
government claimed that food ra-
tons were being met. These range
from 2,160 ~calories daily for the
heaviest labor, to 1,178 ~calories
daily for housewives and unessen-
TALLY employed persons.
This is less than Berliners get,
but somewhat higher than the aver
age of 1854 Galleries, daily for the
normal consumer in the American
zone.
The Russian zone also has free
markets in which peasants are al
lowed to sell 30 per cent of their
production, and where anyone with
money enough can buy meats and
fats to supplement rations.
Ta,1ral Out1ook 60 20 ner year
Laurel outlook., 1946-03-06
Jap Women Are Asked
To Give Up Kimono,

TOKYO.-The Japan Women's
Federation is proposing that ev-
cry Japanese woman give up her
kimono-if she's lucky enough to
have one-to raise funds for food
imports.
The organization suggested that
each good kimono should add
1000 yen ($67) or a total of 1OO.-
100000 yen (about Sc, zoo, 00O).
Evening star., 1946-05-21
Judicial Feudinq

The prevailing assumption is that
the delay in naming a successor to
the late Chief Justice Stone is at
tributable to the Presidents desire
to find some one capable of bridging
over the split among the justices.
If this is correct assumption, the
Presidents search will not be an
easy one.
There may be some eXaggeration
In the accounts of the feud between
the so-called left and moderate
wings of the court. But it is obvi-
Gus that there is deep cleavage
among the justices in the matter
of interpreting and applying the
expressed will Of Congress, and it
may very we'll be that a measure of
personal animosity has emerged
from these conflicting concepts. In
this situation, however, it is ex-
ceedingly doubtful that the Presi-
dent will be able to find any Chief
Justice who would be satisfactory to
both factions and who would be able
to cure the dissension which threat
ems to impair the standing of the
court in the eyes of the people.
1t is generally believed that Mr..
Truman had decided to name
Associate Justice Jackson as Chief
Justice, but changed his mind in
the face of representation that this
would be extremely offensive to the
faction identified with Associate
Justice Black. Conversely, it is said
that the President would hesitate
to nominate any one from the
Black-Douglas wing for fear of
offending the other group. If this
is the case, it is indicative of a
thoroughly deplorable condition
within the Nations highest tribunal.
Yet, again assuming it's existence, it
is a condition that is not apt to be
remedled by naming some outsider,
some one not identified with either
faction, to head up the court. No
such maneuver is going to change
the minds of strong minded men.
The problem is one which would
seem to call for frontal approach
namely, decision as to which fac
ton is most capable of serving the
best interests of the Nation and the
selection of a Chief Justice from
among that group.
Evening star., 1946-05-21
Ancient Wooden Statues

Men undoubtedly carved in wood
before they carved in stone. It
therefore is not surprising that the
earliest statues known should be, in
effect, knife-modeled trunks of trees.
An announcement from the Egyp-
tian Education Office, disclosing the
discovery Of ten hitherto unguessed
efflgieS, may mean a tremendous
increase of interest in the whole
subject of early sculpture. The fact
that all of the figures are wooden
Immediately suggests that they are
products of very remote antiquity.
But their reported beauty indicates
that they were the work OF matured
artists.
Most significant, however, is the
statement that the recently re-
trieved statues came from the "tem-
pie of King Unas." BY this may be
meant the pyramid tomb of the
pharaoh of that name, a sovereign
of the Fifth Dynasty-a sequence of
rulers at Elephantine, near the First
Cataract of the Nile, fourishing be-
tween 3633 and 1888 BIC. The sepul-
chral monument referred to stands
at Sakkara, roughly fifteen miles
south by west of Cairo. It is one
OF a number of very notable relics
of brilliant period in the history
of Egypt. Near it is the so-called
step pyramid" builts by Zoser,
the first of all such structures.
Adjacent likewise is the Serapeum
where the sacred Apis-bulls, related
by legend with the god Osiris, were
entombed. The metropolis is more
than a mile wide and more than
four miles long. Originally, it was
crowded with architectural master
pieces. The surviving ruins of the
colonnade are clew to the
grandeur OF the place, still glorious
after forty centuries. =
Each tomb, apparently, had a
Itinerary temple associated with 1t.
And in each shrine there was a
statue of the individual commemo-
rated. The announcement Of the
Evening star., 1946-05-21

The close association between the Ma
tional Citizens Political Action Com
mlttee, the CLOS PAC and the Demo-
cratic National Committee is clear from
peruSal of the list of faculty members
of the new school. For example, there
are included C. B. Baldwin, executive
vice chairman of the National Citizens
PAC; a former Farm Security admin
lstrator, Harold Buckles, secretary to
Representative SABBATH, Democrat, of
Illinois. chairman of the House Rules
Committee; Thomas Burns, assistant
chairman of the CLOS PAC: Carl Hold
erman, State director of New JERSEY
CLOS PAC. Henry Morgenthau III, New
York City Housing Authority, and Sam
ONeal, director of publicity for the
Democratic National Committee.
Whether any of the Democratic mem
bers of Congress will take exception to
the employment or assignment of an
official of their party's National Com
mlttee by the PAC to this new school
Of political action remains to be seen.
Quite number of House Democrats
and some in the Senate, too-look upon
tilC L M as du tIlOI l 10 TAKE over Ine
Democratic party, certainly in some
States. Incidentally, no invitation was
extended by the organizers of the new
school to the director of publicity of
the Republican National Committee,
William c. Murphy, II. 1t might be
good idea for the COP to send a couple
Of hundred students" to the new school,
however, to learn the technique of the
opposition.
Mr.. Baldwin. in announcing the
opening OF the school, remarked that
politics has been too nearly monopo-
llzed by political machines; it is time
that 1t becomes the business of every
citizen And then he added, 1T is
time that politics be raised from the
amateur to the professional level" A
professional politician, apparently, does
not mean to Mr.. Baldwin what he
means to the ordinary American citi-
zen.
Another of the courses to be given
concerns itself with the "techniques of
dealing with Congress"-ie. including
the history of pressure groups. dis
cussion of techniques for use at home
and in Washington. In other words,
how to lobby" Mr. Buckles, Repre-
sentative Sabath's secretary is part of
the faculty which interests itself in
this course. Yet Mr.. Sabath's Rules
Committee of the House is considering
an investigation of all lobbying" in
Washington.
Evening star., 1946-05-21
Trial and Error Process
BY George Fielding Eliot

Existing hopes for durable peace are
based on the belief that the two ma or
political and economic systems of the
World-the capitalist democratic system
OF which the United States and the Brit
1sh Commonwealth are the chief expo
nents. and the state-Socialism of which
the Soviet Union is the chief exponent
can gradually, by a process of trial and
error. settle down to a firm basis of CO.
operative confidence, accommodating
their differences to the common recog-
milton of security from war as the in
d1SpenSable cornerstone of social and &C.
onomic progress.
This process of trial and error is now
going on 1t is a dangerous period-per-
haps the most dangerous in human his
tory. There was never time when so
high price has been set upon sound
Judgment and clear analysis. 1t is par
tcularly unfortunate that the handful
OF men who direct the policies and the
thinking of the Russian people have so
little experience in international affairs
and so little real knowledge of the rest
of the world
One of the greatest dangers to the ul-
innate establishment of the rule of law,
Aic'> lii liic pOSSlDlIly tndl I1le men OF
the Kremlin may continue to look to
Soviet armed power as the protector of
Soviet self interest, rather than to the
international organization of security.
The particular danger which arises
from this Soviet idea of security is to be
found in the consequent military neces-
sites which are laid upon the Soviet
government if their dependence on their
own power is to become reliable.
1t is not reliable at present if it were
seriously challenged by the west. Much
OF the present Russian bluster and
boasting about mot being accustomed
to yield to threats" is really based on
knowledge of serious military weakness.
The Russians have at present no pos
slble means of injuring the United
States or any of the nations of the
British Commonwealth. Lacking in ma
val power and in longe-range air power,
they could not reach the vital centers
OF those countries by any means, either
amphibious or air-borne. But their own
vital centers could be reached by Amer
lcan and British air power. and the
atomic bomb gives that airpower the
Evening star., 1946-05-21
Russia and the FAC

1t is difficult to understand why
the Russians have elected to remain
completely aloof from the special
session now being held here by the
United Nations Food and Agricul-
ture organization. 1t Is true that
they decided months ago to defer
joining the agency. but they gave
the impression at that time that
they would eventually become mem
bers since they helped to found it.
Today, however, they do not even
have observers at its proceedings-a
fact which is doubly discouraging
because of the emergency nature of
those proceedings and because the
Soviet Unions participation is es-
Sential to a thorough international
program to cope with the worlds
immediate hunger and map plans
for better. long-term agricultural
future.
This standoffish attitude, apart
from what it may mean as another
sign OF Soviet isolationist tend
ency, can serve only to make other
powers wonder whether the Rus
slams have any desire at all to join
in staving off the famine threat.
There have been reports-still un-
official but nevertheless authorita-
tive-that they could do much more
than they have to date to ease the
situation in Eastern Europe and
Asia. This is thought to be particu-
larly true of the latter because of
the large wheat stores they are said
to have taken from Manchuria, and
their present aloofness may perhaps
indicate that they do not want to be
pressed by the FAC on these points.
No matter what the explanation.
however, their position certainly is
neither helpful to the hungry nor
one calculated to reassure the world
OF their proclaimed intentions to be
truly cooperative within the United
Nations.
Evening star., 1946-05-21
II, This Changing World
BY Constantine Brown

The New York Times, which has an
excellent batting average for correct re-
porting, published dispatch from its
Rome correspondent Monday revealing
an understanding between Russia and
Great Britain According to the CORE
spondent's highly reliable" sources,
Britain has consented in secret agree
ment, the existence of which has not
been made public, to withdraw all OBJ
jections to Russia's having a free hand
in the Balkans in exchange for the
Soviet's approval of large measure of
British control over Italian trade and
commerce
This report from Rome, while causing
a certain amount of surprise in some
official quarters-mostly because it had
not been expected to come out so soon
after the postponement of the Paris
conference-was topic of speculation
among Washington diplomats during the
last stages of the Paris meeting But for
the time being it has no official confir-
nation. In fact it is expected to receive
the usual official denial.
In some quarters it is said that the
British, who are far more directly in
terested than America in having finger
IN every available pie in Europe. are
oChilIs Realistically.
The Foreign Office knows as we'll as
the State Department that the puppet
governments in Central, Eastern and
Southeastern Europe have concluded, at
pistol point. definite economic agree
ments with Russia giving the Soviet
what amounts to a complete monopoly
over all their economic activities. The
pattern was established in the Ro-
manian- n-Russian trade agreement signed
in May, 1945.
None Of the nations which live be-
hind the Soviet iron curtain has any
freedom of action. Their puppet govern.
ments are playing to Moscow's tune. They
are stifed so long as Russian forces are
in these countries or in the immediate
vicinity.
The British know that it is not posi-
BILE to make butter by churning water.
Since no one has the ability or the de-
sire to dlslodge the Red armies from
their well-entrenched positions, Britain
must be satisfied with the leftovers in
Europe.
The Sovets. on the other hand, have
no military forces in Italy. Their mill
Evening star., 1946-05-21
Benefits for All
From Montreal Information

from Montreal Information.
1t Is often said that the greatest OBJ
stacle in the way of happiness is to ex-
pect too great happiness. That is a
great truth that should be thought over
by those who hope that taxes will fall,
all at once, to the antewar level. For if
they do they will avoid bitter disappoint-
ment. These optimists-and they are
numerous-seem to have forgotten that
the payment of interest on our war debt.
"hlcn Is now up to Is billions, and the
CARRYING out Of a vast program of
social security will necessitate for sew
erai years yet considerable expenditures
ana, IN consequence. high taxation.
Whatever may be the easing off foreseen
IN the matter of the tax in the forth
coming budget it will surely be well
coined by the people if there is lust
and equitable division of it, if, in other
words. those who need it worst, the peo-
pie with small wages, benefit thereby
Evening star., 1946-05-21

tary mission has been doing a good lob
of helping Palmiro Tegliatti spread
Communist propaganda in Italy, but
the results so far have been disap-
pointing from the Russian point of view.
OF course, there are sufficient Russian
forces on hand in Central and South
eastern Europe to precipitate a crisis in
Italy. But such an action would be
fraught with too much danger, and SO
Italy must be written off the Russian
slate OF puppet governments.
In order to avoid continued i'm
mixture of the English h-speaking powers
In the Balkan affairs, Moscow is said
rary solution to the problem would be
one of those old-fashioned agreements
OF power politics. Thus the decision to
grant Britain a free economic hand in
Italy in exchange for British acceptance
OF the status quo in the Balkans.
The extent to which the American
Government is aware of this reported
but as yet unconfirmed deal is difficult
to say. There has been no indication
from statements made by various spokes-
men in Paris that Secretary of State
Russian-British deal.
Economically, Italy has little potential
for the United States and has little TO
offer in exchange for the goods and
services she will require from this coun-
try.
The Balkans are different. There are
substantial oil investments in Romania
and Hungary. Moreover, the entire area
has great potential of wealth which it
would use to repay America for imports
of manufactured products
But while the reported Russian Brit
ish agreement has in theory nothing to
do with our own commercial relations
with the puppet states in Central and
Southeastern Europe, as a matter OF
fact the carte blanche" the British are
said TO have given Moscow in that area
will preclude American business from
obtaining a foothold there again.
The American commercial interests
have been removed unceremoniouSly
from the Balkans and there is little like
Hhood that they will be allowed to re-
enter, except as they are concerned in
the distribution of gifts to the suffering
people. If the reports from Rome are
confirmed
Evening star., 1946-05-21
World Food Setup

In calling for a complete United
Nations reorganization of the worlds
food administration former Presi-
dent Hoover has pointed to a need
that has been growing more and
more pressing for some time. Though
perhaps the best that could be hur-
riedly devised to meet emergency
conditions, the present machinery,
made up of UNRRA and other inter-
national agencies, has involved con-
siderable waste motion, confusion
and duplication of effort, and some
thing better is obviously required for
the serious problem that will still be
with us after all the coming haryests
are in.
AS outlined to the United Nations
Food and Agriculture Organization.
now meeting here, Mr.. Hoover's pro-
posal would set up within the U. N.
a single agency under a single ad-
mlnlstrator to take over by Septem-
Der l all the different functions now
oelng carried out separately by the
several agencies in the field. There
seems to be no good reason why
UNRRA, for instance, should have
to carry on by itself after that date.
In Mr.. Hoover's view, a view sup
ported by UNRRA Director La
Guardia, its Work-Which is chari-
table and covers only about 20 per
cent of the worlds needs-could be
readily absorbed by the new unit.
The same holds true for the Com
blned Food Board and kindred
groups. From the administrative
sttndpoint the current approach to
the problem is too split up to be as
effective as it should be and can be
under one head.
Mr.. Hoover has coupled with his
reorganization recommendation a
strong and convincing warning that
the charitable phase of the relief
ettGrt, because it is inherently
hugely Wasteful and inefficient"
should be continued no longer than
absolutely necessary. When the
necessity will end is not clear, but
H one-least of all those countries
who must now depend on charity
will dispute the soundness of his
statement that everybody will be
better off if the food, fertilizer and
farm supply business of the world
Is returned to normal commerce
with all possible speed" Unwar-
ranted delay in this respect can
result only in making more difficult
than ever the agricultural recovery
so sorely needed today by so many
nations.
The new agency envisioned by Mr..
Hoover would have as a prime OBJ
Jective the speeding up of this re-
covery. Its administrative advan-
tages would be marked. Instead of
many groups handling the worlds
food problem there would be one
group, and it would be an integral
part of the United Nations. Such
Evening star., 1946-05-21

Egyptian Education ONCE would
seem to be an index to the explora-
ton OF more than a single tomb.
King Unas was the last of his line.
Nine OF the eff1gies therefore, con-
ceivably may be those of his prede-
cessors. If so, the art of carving
human figures in wood may be car
ried back further than ever before
into the past. Additional news from
Sakkara will be watched for with
enthusiasm on the part of profess
sional as we'll as amateur Egyptol-
ogiSts.