davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Daily Alaska empire., 1946-05-08

Statistics show that in the home nearly 50 percent of all accidental deaths result from falls.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1946-05-08

Penguins can progress either by walking upright or flat on their stomachs. kicking with their legs.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1946-05-08

An organ stop is not a key, but rank of pipes, each sounding one note.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1946-05-08

Red Closs cray Ladies are serv- ing 1902 federal and civilian hos pitals
Evening star., 1946-04-07

1t takes a 15-fo0t stack Of
charts such as these to outfit
a battleship like the Missouri
and 100000 OF them 1Oere
sent out, some ON rush order
By air, from the photographic
Office during the aOar.
entire staff of 1900 technicians. When
it was finished, probably the Japs them
selves knew less about Kyushu than did
the United States Navy.
Before the war it took more than
year to turn out that many charts. BY
the last 10 months of the war Admiral
Nimitz was receiving new bombardment
charts at Guam on schedule of 60 a
month, totaling millions of copies This
remarkable speedup was accomplished
in large part through several important
technical innovations.
Chief among these was the substitu-
ton of coated zinc plate for the usual,
time consuming method of engraving
charts on copper. The chart could be
drawn out here by craftsman En-
gravers require five years for training
a little slow in modern war. With the
Evening star., 1946-04-07

the original chart or boat Sheet From
this is constructed a rough field chart
for immediate reproduction and distri-
button to invasion forces. Autographed
in the customary four colors, these
charts show all reefs, shoals and dock
ing facilities. To complete the Bora
Bora chart, Comdr. Kennedy said, took
II days but later field charts were fin
ished in as little as SO hours.
Boat sheet, chart and complete sur
vey data then were forwarded to Hydro
for reworking into finished chart.
Blasting channels through coral reefs
and marking them with buoys, Wire
dragging for reefs, setting up tide gauges,
locating beaches suitable for landings
and then guiding landing craft safely
ashore, as we'll as making charts, the
survey vessels, which first preceded and
later accompanied every invasion fleet
from Guadalcanal to Japan itself, were
the essential vanguard of the offensive
1T kept us busy" Comdr Kennedy ad-
mitted. For more than year it was
16 to 18 hours day. with no liberty
till We reached Australia" Comdr. Ken
nedy and Comdr William S. Davis of
Washington, both cited by Admiral
Nimitz for their work as photographic
engineers aboard the Sumner, are now
on duty at Suitland.
Subs and Airplanes
Contribute to Work
Submarines also proved of valuable
assistance in surveying, by making
soundings in many uncharted Pacific
areas, as all Navy vessels have standing
instructions to do when possible. Shore
line photographs made through peri
scopes also were used
Modern aerial warfare brought photog-
raphy, long employed as an aid in sur
Evening star., 1946-04-07

Tide gauge erected just Oh
the beach of a Pacific island
by q member Of the crea0 OF
one OF the surrey ships.
Pacific islands had been under Jap
mandate and closed to our eyes. Avail
able charts were often hopelessly out of
date. In the case of Tarawa, for example,
the only map we had was over 100 years
old For Guadalcanal we had some old
charts and a plantation map. Our sur
vey ships never mad been there.
For every island" Admiral Bryan
explained, 1--WE had either to obtain Jap
charts and check them or survey for our
own" Not until the invasion of Kwaja-
lein did the Navy get its first big haul of
the secret Jap charts which were to
prove invaluable in the final phase of
the campaign. Captured aboard Jap
warship, they were rushed by air to
Washington and used in constructing
the charts that took us on to Tokyo.
But, meanwhile, our own surveys were
the chief resource.
Surveying was front-line work. Some
times it preceded invasion. One ship
had confidently finished surveying the
Evening star., 1946-04-07

Guillern1o Medina, head en-
gineer of the United States
Many photographic Office at
SuitIand, Md.
veying shorelines and adjacent topog-
raphy as well as reefs and shoal areas,
to position of prime Importance. Aerial
photography proved invaluable in pro-
ducing the many new aeronautical
charts showing approach and landing
conditions and targets. 1t also made
possible, for the first time, the map
ping of enemy-held areas inaccessible
to the Nays surface survey ships In
this way, according to Guillermo Me-
dina, Hydro's head engineer, aerial
photography was the biggest weapon the
map makers, as well as the tacticians,
had during the war;
The Navys chart makers have an i'm
posing word for their use of photo
graphs -photogrammetry. Mr.. Medina,
a past president of the American Society
of Photogrammetry, defines it as "the
science or art of obtaining reliable
measurements by means of photog-
raphy."
Usually aerial surveying called on the
services of available fleet aircraft, since
Hydro's survey ships are not yet equip
ped with their own planes. Utilizing
single or multiple-lens cameras, Army
Navy and Marine aircraft provided vital
data used by the photographic Office in
charting enemy held areas.
Detailed information from these pho
tographs was transferred to charts
which were returned to the feet for
combat use. Some charts have been
constructed entirely by photogrammetry
"a chart of Two Jima, made prior to its
invasion, is notable example.
Best indication of the importance Of
Evening star., 1946-04-07

approaches to one of the Solomons
Islands before realizing the Marines had
not yet landed! Usually the ship went
in with the first wave of invading forces,
for not until soundings had been taken
and fixed beacons had been erected
ashore for measuring purposes could
further landings be made and the
beachhead expanded. So close to the
combat were the landing parties that
they had to have escorts to provide
protective cover. The small boats from
which soundings were made frequently
were under fire.
Comdr. johnson, who led the charting
of so islands, fortunately could report:
I'VE were bombed 40 times, but the
enemy never once scored a direct hit"
He added, however, Some were too close
for comfort and we suffered some
wounds from shrapnel" Biggest arma-
ment on the ship usually was machine
gun. Frequently in the earlier stage of
the war no escorting warships were at
hand
Tedious Job Precedes
Shipboard Chartmakins
At Two Jima one man from the
Sumner was killed Amid hail of Jap
bullets, party planted a triangulation
marker at the scene of the famed
Marine hag-raising atop Mount Surf
bachi. The flag itself had been there
only three days. The Japs also lobbed
shells at the Sumner where she was
anchored "only about 1000 yards from
the end of the Marines front line
ashore according to Comdr. johnson.
1--WE moved our position he added.
Chartmaking aboard ship, described
by Comdr. George Kennedy of Alexan-
dria, Va, the Summers senior hydro
graphic engineer at the wars start, is
painstaking process. Literally thou
sands of soundings must be made, one
every few feet. The survey craft must
move slowly back and forth until the
whole area is covered.
Soundings and other data are re-
corded by photographic engineers on
Evening star., 1946-04-07

easy to see why navigators have right
to get gray!
The Pacific wars greatest invasion
never took place. Japan surrendered in
time. But for the projected Kyushu op-
eration-the invasion of Japan proper
Hydro had supplied Admiral Nimitz with
more than 100000 copies of over 80
different bombardment charts, each
printed in five colors Army and Navy
planes together had provided complete
Photographic coverage, and to this pro-
duction job, Hydro assigned virtually its
Evening star., 1946-04-07

BY James G. Deane
NE of the best stories about the
Paciflc war centered in nearby
Suitland, Md, at the Navy's Hy-
geographic Office.
Admiral Nimitz, to get to Tokyo Bay,
had to have 125,0O0,OO0 maps Without
them the war could not have been won,
or even fought. The photographic Of
fee made them.
Road maps and world globes are IA
miliar to every American. During the
war, the average citizen found both of
limited usefulness. Hydro made neither
1t made naval charts in the phenomenal
quantity and variety-nautical, aeronau-
tical, bombardment, oceanogra phic, Lo-
ran-required by history's largest navy
in a lobe-encompassing conflict. Every
navigator knows them, from the might
est battlewagon down to the smallest
auxiliary, and every plane pilot-even
the Army's B-2s bomber pilots. Hydros
survival charts, made of nylon, were
used by downed flyers, drifting in emer-
gency life RATS.
Evening star., 1946-04-07

voys. Off the little island of Bora Bora,
near Tahiti, the Sumner began in ear
nest Hydro's operations against the
enemy. Her assignment was immediate,
on-the spot production of charts for use
of feet task force which was to base
there. When the warships steamed into
sight few days later, the ships litho-
graphic press was rolling and the charts
were ready-the first ever printed on
shipboard.
Surveying and printing maps, often
under the very guns of the enemy, is
far cry from the prosaic picture chart
making suggests. This was the dramatic
task of the Sumner and her sister survey
ships. Since the World War many
Evening star., 1946-04-07

photogrammetry is the tremendous vol
ume of photographs sent in to Hydro
from Navy as well as Army spotter
planes during the war-an estimated
1000 daily and a grand total of $780,
600 prints.
Battleships Garry Folios
Charting All Seven Seas
1t is the production side of the Nays
mapmaking that reveals most impress
sively the scope of Hydros wartime task.
The production story is one of ingenuity,
teamwork and tireless energy in the face
of unprecedented, urgent and often
changing strategic demands.
A look at the chart library of typical
warship gives some idea of why Hydro
had to make 125 900 900 for the war The
battleship Missouri, on which Japan
signed the surrender, is outfltted, for
navigation purposes, with As portfolios
of nautical charts covering almost every
ocean area on the globe. Each of these
45 portfolios contains $50 individual
charts. In addition "a of the new Loran
Qong-range radio navigation) charts are
aboard, with many more to come as the
use of this revolutionary electronic navi-
cation method is extended. For her
planes, the Missouri carries about 200
aeronautical charts. To these are added
the many special bombardment charts
used in offensive operations. Packed for
shipment at Hydro, and piled together,
all these charts reach the ceiling and
overflow to second pile.
An equally large order goes out to an
aircraft carrier like the Enterprise-plus
all the aerial charts needed for her many
planes. And so, in proportion, down to
the smallest ships of the fleet, each must
be completely supplied when she is COM
missioned, and kept up to date as new
revised charts are issued. In stock at
Hydro, and at its branch offices and Navy
depots, are millions of charts, ready at
any time to be shipped wherever needed.
Add to the stacks of charts a 15-foot
stack of other publications and naviga-
tional material, all from Hydro, and it's
Evening star., 1946-04-07
Office Keeps Track
Of Maritime Hazards

Hydro not only made charts for the
Navy and for Allied merchant ships in
all the seven seas, but it also maintained
constant vigil against dangers to mari
time security, such as war-made dere-
licts. Through regular publications and,
when necessary, by immediate radio
communication, 1t released vital nau-
tical data for which it is the clearing
house in both peace and war. This
service for years has supplemented Hy-
dro's chart-making activity and has
made it one of the worlds chief centers
in the science of navigation.
Hydro thus has more than war story
to tell. To many sailor, under other
flags as we'll as our own, Hydro has long
been the guide to distant shores, not to
conquer, but to trade and return home
again.
Matthew Fontaine Maury, founding
father of the photographic Office back
in the 1340s, would have been astounded
at the Navy's wartime mapping achieve
ment. True, a century-old tradition,
starting with such pioneers as Maury
himself, and Wilkes. explorer of the
Antarctic, stood behind the chart max
ers when. the December Z, 1941, chal-
lenge came. But even if the modern
world was unprepared in 1889 for the
staggering spread and urgency of
elobal war, who could have predicted
with assurance the production of 1885,
100000 diverse and intricate charts,
many on the basis of outdated and in
accurate information, and in the space
of a few hurried months? Could Maury
have foreseen the successful streamlin-
ing of tedious, painstaking manufac-
turing process of many months down to
a few weeks? Could he have promised
timely delivery of these charts, prereq-
uisite to every invasion operation, to all
the ships of all the far-1ung fleets that
fought their way toward the Rising Sun?
Hydro came through.
Hydroship First to Make
On-the.Spot Charts
The photographic Office had not yet
acquired its large new plant at Suitland
when, at Pearl Harbor, one of its survey
vessels answered the Jap attack with its
own, personal declaration of war. The
ship was the Sumner, later captained by
the same Comdr. Irving johnson, who
was famed in peacetime for his three
roundthe-wo voyages aboard his
schooner the Yankee.
The Sumner shot down one of the
swarm of Jap torpedo bombers-the first
of the war. according to her crew-and
fished out of the harbor a miniature
enemy submarine, then proceeded half
way across the Pacific to help prepare
the route to Australia for American con-
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1946-01-17
Of
Ships Likely

Washington. Jan. Zap Con.
cress began an inquiry today into
plans for scrappine partly-finished
warships with the intention Of
building some of them from scratch
later.
Chairman Carl Ninson (D-GaD
called top officials OF the Navy 5
Bureau Of Ships 90 testify before
his House Naval Committee on the
whole combat-ship construction pro-
gram
Involved are 81 ships In various
stages Of completion, on which the
Navy had spent almost $2500oo,000
when the Japanese war ended. Is
Inmates place at St3S,000000 the
cost o; completing he battle craft
ranging from aircraft carriers and
submarines to auxiliary vessels.
The savings to be released by
scrapping these ships Will be a
good deal less than the amount
we've already spent on them Rep
W. Sterling Cole OF New York.
the Commuters ranking Republic
an member. told a reporter What's
The sense OF junking them and hay-
ing 10 rebuild them later?'
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1946-01-17
Three Held After Gambling Raid

Three were apprehended We'd
nesday evening in police raid
on the Northern Lights Tavern, $40
Harriet St, and are being held to-
day in the county Jail pending in
NestigatiOn Of gambling.
The three were William +. Ma
haley, owner OF the tavern, Edward
Haslett. and James Long. all Of
whctn gave their addresses as $40
Harriet st. Long according TO a po-
lice report. was in possession O.:
evidences Of gambling at the time
OF the raid, and other evidences
were found in the establishment
pointing towards previous gamb-
ling.
1t. William Rieman detective,
city police. and Joseph Lieber,
trooper. state police. have been
placed in charge OF. the inyestiga-
ton.
The investigators are to turn
over all facts discovered to Circuit
Judge James +. Breakcy. Jr
As result of the raid the Michigan
liquor control commission is con
Quoting an examination Of the tay-
ern.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1946-01-17
Will


Washington. Jan. 17-AP-Mem-
bers OF the Pearl Harbor commit
tee waited their turn today TO ques-
ton Adm. Husband F. Kimmel on
his defense OF the job he did as
1871 Pacific fleet chief
Kimmers third day before the
Senate House Investigation group
opened with Committee Counsel
Seth W. Richardson about through
with his own questions.
Rep. Murray tD-Pa.) said he was
not satisfied so far with the testi-
mory on Kimmel's attitude toward
a war warning message from Wash
ington on Nov. q, 1871, ten days be
fore the Japanese attack.
Admiral Kimmel called this note
watered down and said it didn't
convey what II should In the way
of warning" Murphy told reporters.
Yet, after he received it, he took
four war steps
Murphy said Kimmel % got set
for an expected mass submarine
attack, (2) ordered all contacted
submarines to be bombed against
his orders from Washington" t3)
sent Adm. William +. Halsey TO sea
with a task force Ito shoot any
thing in sight" and az drew up
2l-hour war plan which was
brought up 10 date on December g."
Perhaps the truth Of the mat
ter is they Just didn't expect an
air attack. Ferlod, period, period"
said Murphy.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1946-01-17
Veterans to
Appeal Case

Washington. Jan. II Ap- At
least one veterans organization
promised an appeal to Congress to-
day from a decision denying CT un-
employment benefits to a veteran
thrown out of work by the Gen
eral Motors strike.
The ruling by Veterans Admins
traitor Omar n. Bradley upheld the
Michigan unemployment compenss-
ton commission.
Asserting that the decision may
affect hundreds OF thousands OF
eXseryicemeu. Omar b. ketchum.
national legislative representative
OF the Veterans OF Foreign Wars,
old a reporter.
We will introduce an amend
ment to the Gil bill as soon as pos
sible so veterans who do not vote
for strikes. but are thrown out of
work when strikes occur, may col
lect awards
Veterans. KetChum added, ARE
being made the goat of the strike
situation.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1946-01-17
Rise IN Milk
Price Likely

Washington. Jan. flap The
government is scheduling a series
OF meetings which may result
eventually in higher milk prices.
These increases ssibl Y
months away would be two cents
a quart during the spring and sum-
mer and three cents a quart during
winter months.
The first of the hearings will
open at New York tomorrow. The
second will be held for the Boston
milk market next month.
Similar sessions are planned In
most large cities where dairymen s
prices are regulated by the Agricul-
ture Department under federal milk
marketing orders.
Tomorrow's gathering comes a
week after it becomes known that
Secretary OF Agriculture Anderson
is urging an immediate hike of six
cents a pound in OPA butter price
ceilings in an effort to encourage
greater production.
The milk price hearings will be
conducted by the Department on
what it describes as dairy indus
try proposals TO raise producer
prices Of fluid milk when the gov.
ernment's S525.000, 900 a year dairy
production subsidy program is end
cd
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1946-01-17
British Prepared to Make
Mandates UNO Trusteeships

The fifth mandate is Trans-Jor-
dan. which Beyin said was to be
made independent eventually and
therefore would not be turned over
to the international peace agency.
Bevin's speech hlgh!ighted the
morning session OF the assembly,
which arranged to adjourn to make
way for the opening meeting OF he
Security Council in the afternoon.
Iranian delegates said they would
attend the historic council session
merely as spectators" suggesting
that they would not act today on
the Iranian plan 10 ask the coun-
ellis Intervention In the lranian.
Russian dispute.
Bevin, launching into the contro-
versial trusteeship question, was
he first speaker al the assembly
meeting 10 disclose concrete steps
10y any nation 10 start placing man.
dated and conquered enemy terri
tories under the sovereignty OF the
United Nations.
The United States Is primarily
concerned in the trusteeship Ques-
ton because OF the numerous Am
erican-conquered Japanese Islands
in the Pacific.
Beyin declared that with the
same courage and devotion" with
which the British had fought in
wars OF the past 80 years we now
dedicate all our capacity. courage
and achievements TO building up
world order and peace
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1946-01-17

Lansing. Jan. Il AP Thomas
Il Crawford, Grand Rapids private
detective and special Kent County
deputy sheriff. started n 6O-day sen
tenCe in the Ingham County Jail AZ
Mason today on contempt of court
citation resulting from investiga-
ton OF alleged jury tampering pre-
ceding the trial OF Frank d. Mckay,
Grand Rapids politician. and four
others charged with conspiracy to
corrupt the State Liquor Control
Commission.
Crawford. 40 was sentenced by
Circuit Judge Louis r. COash. Ing
ham County grand jury inyestigat-
ing corruption in the state govern
ment The charge was failure to
appear in court in response 10 4
subpoena served Jan s.
Victor C. Anderson. lngham
County prosecutor, said that Craw-
ford and Jack Ferneau. also OF
Grand Rapids. were served with
subpoenas here. but returned TO
Grand Rapids He said Ferneau
cannot be found and that Crawford
drove Immediately with his wife
to Chicago lie asserted Crawford
received advice from a Chicago
superior judge" that the subpoena
was valid but remained there until
two Michigan attorneys arrived to
counsel him
Anderson said one attorney was
Henry Beers. former Musekgon
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1946-01-17
rance Asks
Nazi Deaths

Nuremberg. Jan. 17-AP-France
bluntly demanded the death penal
~ today for % Nazi leaders I'm the
name OF justice and as the first
lesson in re-educating the "Nazi.
intoxicated" German people-the
first time the Allied war crimes
prosecution has called directly for
the supreme penalty.
Francois de Mention, 46-year-old
wounded war veteran and former
French resistance leader. opened
the French case before the lnterna-
tional Tribunal with the assertion
that unless Nazi Germany was de.
clared guilty and her rulers made
to pay with their lives. nations
would have no faith in Justice"
One OF the biggest crowds since
the trials opened packed the court.
room as the chief prosecutor for
the French declared that diploma
tic maneuyering alone could not as
sure peace that firm Justice must
be melted out by the tribunal
lie Mention said his country was
acting as spokesman for the mar.
tyred peace-loving peoples OF west.
ern Europe-Norway, Denmark.
the ;. stherlands, Belgium and Lux.
embufg
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1946-01-17
Rackham School Uses Funds
From March of Dimes Drive

Tangible results OF the annual
March Of Dimes collections can be
seen locally at the Rackham build
ing, on the campus OF the State
Normal College. where victims OF
infantile paralysis can be given
modern and intensive treatment
The addition recently Of a train
ed physical therapist to the staff
al the Rackham building Is the lat.
est effort to conquering the dis
ease. The physical therapist is
Miss Sara Wright, who has been
trained in the Sister Kenny method
Among the new equipment added
h. the Rackham school and finanC-
ed through the March OF Dimes
funds are two clothes wrinEers. es-
lsecially designed for wringing out
packs of wooden cloth that are ap-
piled To the muscles Of the vic.
Tins. Two portable treatment ia
hles have been supplied 10 the
school by the fund. and il has as
sisted i'm the transportation Of chill
dren To the school, especially from
the Willow Run area.
Although at the present time
there are only two infantile paraly.
sis cases in the Rackham school
facilities are at hand TO handle a
much greater number. one Of
these cases was added during the
past year. and Is a boy who was
stricken about two years ago. He
was brought 10 the Rackham insti-
tutc for treatment when the after
effects Of the disease began to be
apparent.
In addition TO the equipment