davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1946-01-19

1 past
pHlIlrPINL FIGHTING;
Tho war is over according 10
49,, ,ooks but there is still much
more lighting than anyone wants
10 see. Great is the good news
eominr from China that after
m,rv weary. hcarthrcaking years
no Two dominant factions IN tAN
su,fcrne country are agreeing TO
a,t ike intelligent Chinese. But
not 30 good Is the news FROM
Manila where had feeling be-
tvcen American Negro soldiers
aud Filipino gucrillas has hrok-
or into op,n coaflict on a. least
two occasions. In each casc. the
americans were service troops,
which means that they were
without arms with which to do
foud themselves II didn't take
too long 10 overcome this handi-
can however and these boys
from tho United SlAtos gave as
good an recount Of themselves
fioling ruc,illas as they had al
ready given fighting Nazis and
Japanese
Put the entire business l. very
stupid What prompts Filipinos to
hate Negroes Who have gone
thousands Of miles from home 20
help tho Philippines recover from
tho Japanese invasion. Tho ans
wcr il both simple and ur!ovely.
Fiirinos over there have been
t,1chi IN hate Negroes. just as
Fiipmos and others in this coun-
try have hecn taught to hate No.
croes That's why foreigners who
como 10 this country are fire.
quenily neh hatemongers they
hasten 70 take on an the appear.
ances of being GOOD Americans,
and ha,ine Ne.roos is one easy
way ic 10 inst that
On THF STRIKE FRONT:
ore dav spent recently hy this
writer in Detroit and one IN
Flint showed remarkable dir
ference between present condi-
tions IN those cities and those
which maintained in 1877 when
tho su-aovn strikes were we'll
known The hie difference is one
I ~ adfante Almost entirely lack
inr are tho tensions ard the
fishts which marked tho strikes
~ nlnc years ago This means
Two fhinss oreaniz"d labor has
made great strides iu rs total
program and Tho general public
IS much better informed 10 the
oadiiions Which make strikes al
mos .noenahle "a 1875
N.>1l> CIRTi> GENTS,
You hafcit heard enoneh
hnH 'hs ,onns man now living
and marketing his products IN
np'rcf who Served Tor years as
es,istan' To The late great George
" clivcr \, modest as he Is
] keen Austin cprns probably
wont Ike bcins called genius.
md thar ia ryacily as II should
! he
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1946-01-19
A white Mans Negro"
Gets His Reward
(CopyrIghi, 1915, by New South Features.
by Harold Preece

the Negro thoroughfare OF ORANGE street knew
that Pearl McAden worked for the white folks They
said hotcy Hlfcn they met him then glanced down
az his middle to il the shape OF a gun was to he
seen along his belt line. They watched what they
said Whenever he stopped to talk and learn What
be- count Tor the white folks
Ills own people didn't love him and neither did
tht it. icis wlo dcspise traitors even when
the, buy them with gold and land and houses
For no Negro even heard Pearl McAden say any
ihine that was for the good Of his people No Negro
ever heard him speak out against the martvrdom
OF his race on the Florida lynch trees No Negro
ever beard him speak up for decent recreation
places for the roaming street kids whom he hauled
IN for The rich white folks to send of to Raiford--
that place where babes along with hardened old
criminals work the roads and strip the cane.
Bni many a Negro heard Pearl McAden get IN IN
liillslot"ueh County Court ami say anything about
accused colored people that the white folks pu, in
to his mouth TO say
ORTIZ AIRY FOR PEARL McADEN
The Tampa Tribune wrote an obituary for tho
living death that the white folks inflicted un,,
their loyal friend Pearl McAden. after pesr,
had started TO Raford IS minutes after no had 70.
ported TO Hisboroush County Jail II said on Dec
cmber 10
Circuit Court Judge Sander who could have
sentenced McA'len 90 as little as 20 years gave him
the maximum life in prison
"McAdcn a. liberty under hond snn,.r.a 49,, 80.
COUNTY jail OF his osn accord yesterday mor,,no
at 6 % O'Clock and calmly announced n, vas orssd,
TO go TO Raiford
reckon that the Negroes whom folks ro.oo.,
down here will be Negroes who join with their own
race and with white people Who want No o,D 49,,
united 10 build South that viii be free lana -
stead Of slave land.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1946-01-19
fiLIIiNo iNDIPFNDENtE
10 ~ fLIlTION INSIF

Two candidates viii eNcmplify
'ae forces wanting Immediate in
dependence and those wanting 20
postpone independence. when Fili.
ninos vote this coming Apri in
'helr postwar election. Issues AZ
stake are rapidly becoming clsri-
lied and some ~ tho revelations
should be shocking 10 freedom
minded Americans
ON one side is SERGIO O,,nens
currently Presidenr of tho CON-
mon~ealih and leader ~ the Na-
c'on"lista part, lie represents
me common people and the liz
e'al e'"netts and l. bearer Of
we long iragifion ~ struggle
"ea'ns' foreign domination
"ppH,'i 3 him is able but I'M
piinciplcd Manuel A. Roxss
darling OF the landlord class and
me military elements. hated nv
me masses for his collaboration
WIN me Japanese durino the
wir Tie is Just as ready an ac-
complete OF Americas imperialist
elements who do not oneniv
BACK him bu, are steadily ppr-
seylns propaganda in the United
states about the dangers Of
revolution against the landlords
i ana when the u. $ pulls out.
30 obvious has the split be-
.''pe mat in the demonstrations
.as' week nv American soldiers
~ Manila repeated ,rceches
, were made by CTS dcnouncing
we Intention OF T.. 5. brass hats
~ "eP them ON tho Islands TO
Nl 'u''s> 'Npcried tenant revolts.
meanwhile Filipino Army military
'o'''e nave been issued H. 900
Su'-inachine guns for noss,bis
sc "eairs' guerilla forces on In.
"n IN gucrillas. once active
"S"l' 81 The Japanese now threat.
:" 70 dispossess the arandees
, , 'heir vast estates. lcn over
,, S'amsh feudaI davs
r,NN SiAEyiTION Now
"htArLNS IND0NESIaV
,, ''OoP 'ti Iavanose live 90
~. 80 square miles Of land. maxi
~ %f 'neirs the most over-ponnla,-
- spo' on the globe a few hum
10 sa miles away lies the contl-
"' On Australia, 1000. 600 square
"oniiDued on page y
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1946-01-19
ON COLUMBUS
COMMISSION

COLUMBUS. O-fANPl - sam
uel y Hooker rcaltor has been
appointed member OF the new
housing commission OF Columbus.
Mayor James Rhodes made the ap-
poin,ment Monday There are nine
members Of the commission and
the mayor has charged them with
the duty OF easing the housing
problem. Mr. Hooker is we'll known
In commercial circles He former
ly operated a department store
hare.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1946-01-19

few days ago.
and With her
death came tho
annOun G g M @ n {
hat she and
her husband had
contributed some
five million dol
lars 10 institu-
tions ~ one kind
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1946-01-19
INDUSTRIAL
RELATIONS


Merit Rating
person who works day after
aav without taking stock " how
well he is performing his ion
lcses interest He has no way OF
knowing his good or weak points.
tie fails 10 know what needs 10
he corrected here is no way by
which he recognizes tho necessity
Of in-scr,ice training AZ various
pcints m sny program il IS good
~ know Just where a worker
st.ndS Many Industrial concerns.
as We'll as other organizations,
arc now employing merit ratings.
Merit ratings arc systematic cVal-
nations W Workers PERFORM
auee and therefore becomes q
part ~ his record Obviously a
merit ra'ire IS of much assistance
'r foreman or supervise in DO
mininr transfer promotion de-
motion or lav-cff or ~orKers.
There a,c many types. They are
usnally drawn up or standardized
10 meef the need ~ the specific
ininsfr,
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1946-01-19
Incrensed ~

Il has hecn reported hy Il r.
STAN and r J Grecnly. Merit
Rating Snrvcy Findings. thar out
q, 81 companies employing from
..fo tn 700 600 Workers at least
o1. ~ use som. form Of merit
r4t,rr Increased emphasis has
Soon platcl on mcrii rating by
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1946-01-19
|Colored People
Around the World
BY Nelson Foote

the South. he viii send them Ne
FRO diplomats
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1946-01-19
ny AL HENINGBuRe


Tor their money Tie hi" to a
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
Bryant
Sued for
Divorce

Mrs. Helen c. Bryant, who ran
for the common council on the
slogan Detroit needs city
mother" filed suit for divorce to-
Gay against her lawyer-husband,
Edward l.. Bryant, who spent 10
days in the psychopathic ward of
Receiving Hospital after blacking
her eye in the closing days Of last
falls election campaign.
Her divorce bill alleged that
there had been two beatingS, on
Oct. % and Nov. 3. and charged
that they were only sample of
his extreme and epeate d
cruelty"
The 46-year-old assistant prose-
cutting attorney also charged that
Bryant, AZ, was morose and sullen
and failed properly to provide his
share toward the upkeep of their
home at 2165 Burns.
Through her attorney. George
Fitzgerald she obtained from Cir
cult Judge Theodore J. Richter an
injunction restraining Bryan (
from molesting her. II also barred
him from cncumbering his prop
erty pending the outcome of the
suit
The BryantS were married on
June p, 1923 They have two
children, son. Edward, 19. and
a daughter Martha, 16.
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
Socialists, Reds Pick
De GduIIe Successor

PARIS, Jan. % INS)-Felix
Gouin, 61-year-old Socialist, was
virtually assured OF election as
interim president Of France to-
day when the Popular Republi-
can Movement agreed 10 Join the
Socialists and Communists in
forming a new three-party coali-
tion government.
The Socialists and Communists
earlier had agreed 10 name Gouin,
president of the Constituent As
sembly. as successor to Gen
Charles de Gaulle.
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
Mt Asks Divorce
MURDER VICTIM
FOUND AUTO
DETR0fTzza6a7 INES Qernp ~ Poi(eldenhfy
e @ T Ser is 4=sgs ;Ss ''A" 4an MISSING
Po|iCe|dentify
Man Missing
Since Jan. 19

The body of a man believed
to be William Burns, 33, of
1885 VinewOod, was found at
10 a. m. today in an auto
mobile parked on Adams near
Hastings.
Detective 1t. Lee Doyle
of the homicide squad said
the man had been murdered.
Snow had drifted into the
automobile through a partly
opened window. leading in
vestigators to believe the car
had been there 48 hours.
The victim was sprawled in the
back seat. Police said some Of
his clothing had been removed.
Burns was reported missing Jan.
19. Friends then expressed the
fear he might have been slain by
robbers, since he was known to
be carrying a cashiers check for
$500.
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
Box Plant Ruins
Swept by Fire

Fire Of undetermined origin
early today swept the ruins Of
the Export Box and Sealer Co,
4s44 Grand River, where IS per
sons pcriShcd in a blaze last
Aug. 13.
Firemen responding 20 the first
alarm. reported al 4.43 q. m,
found. the two-Story barricaded
ruins in a mass OF flames. A sec
end alarm was turned in when
the fire threatened 20 spread 20
adjoining buildings. frcmcn said
Patrolman Paul Roy reported
everything IN order when be in-
spected the abandoned building az
2 a. m Police believe a fire,
started by loiterers for warmth.
spread beyond control
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
3Powers TO Divide
German Naval Units

LONDON, Jan. % tINS)--
Britain, the United States and
Russia announced jointly today
that surface units of the German
feet in operating condition, to-
gether with 80 submarines, would
be divided equally between the
three powers.
A British offer TO transfer part
of its allotment TO France Is un-
der discussion by the two gov
ernments.
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
Strike Threat PeriIS
Freight Movement

CHICAGO, Jan. 23 QNS)-A
tieup in the movement OF rail
freight between eastern and
western points through the Chi
cago terminal was threatened to-
day by a strike Of 300 railroad
workers. called for 1920 p. m.
The workers, most Of whom
are switchmen, are employed by
the Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad
and the Chicago Junction Rail-
road which shuttle freight be-
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
Pearl Hdrb0r
Quiz Speedup
Is p |anned

WASHINGTON, Jan. %
0NS)-Gen. Walter c. Short
was recalled for his first
public questioning on the Jap
sneak attack today as the
Pearl Harbor com mite e e
struggled to find a shortcut
in its inquiry.
Baffled by pressures Of time
and internal disagreement, the
10-man committee scheduled its
second closed-door session in "a
hours 10 seek agreement on a
new procedure which might speed
up testimony after Short leaves
the witness stand
The 1941 Hawaiian army com
mander, still weak from a recent
illness. openeds his defense case
by charging that the war de-
partmept passed the buck" and
made him the 'scapegoat" for its
own errors on the Pearl Harbor
disaster.
Chief Counsel Seth w. Richard
son was 10 be the first TO inter
rogate Short on his claim that
the war department failed to an
ticipate the surprise attack and
denied him vital information on
japanese moves.
II was Richardson who asked
the committee 10 consider some
means Of expediting the investi-
cation. Members said Richardson
warned that at the present rate
il would be several month" -
instead of the present Feb. IS
deadline-before the public hear
ines end
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
Emergency Coal
Assured State

WASHINGTON. Jan. % APP
Extra supplies of coal will be sup
piled to Michigan communities
where the need for it is acute, the
Solid Fuels Administration as
sured Capt. Donald Leonard who
headed a delegation here.
Under an agreement reached
with the STA yesterday, Leonard
said he would designate areas
where the fuel shortage was great
est. and the federal agency prom
ised to order extra coal for such
sites.
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
Ebue.e. isR Pink Of Health
WRINEs SSEaiEa. I IS. Finds

II Duce had been pictured in
reports from abroad as a ply
SCll wreck and was popu-
lJrly believed TO be suffering
from CanCCrD
Tic institute spokesman as
serted that MusSolini was "a per-
fCct physical specimen" when
killed by an infuriated crowd.
II was understood that the
specimens of Mus olini's brain
were sent TO the institute so that
American pathologists could
satisfy themselves about the state
of Mussolinis health prior to his
death.
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
Italians May Move
Throne 10 Milan

ROME, Jan. % tUP) - The
Italian royal family, in an effort
to re-eStablish its former secure
position, may move the court to
Milan And turn the throne over
TO the S-year-old Prince of Naples,
British officers predicted today.
King Victor Emanuel plans 10
abdicate. thew said.
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
Reich Planned Use
OF Gas, j. :. DisCIoses

WASHINGTON, Jan. 80 GNS
--Governmcnt udice's disclose.
today that the Germans had
shipped 10000 tons O.. tH
est known poison gas 10 the east
crn and western fronts 10 be- used
as a last desperate woaron.
Army intelligence of IocrS dis
closed that the German chemical
monopoly ! G. Farbcn. manu-
flctuod the poison vapor with
the full knowledge Of Marshal
COcrinC
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
0PA TO Ease Control
On Games and Toys

WASHINGTON. Jan. % (AP)
Price controls on all games and
many toys will be suspended in
definitely beginning Jan. %, the
OPA announced today.
The exemption on toys applies
to all types except so-called
wheel goods" such as wagons
longer than 1S inches, tricycles,
velocipedes and children's auto
mobiles.
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
Marshall 10 Aid
China Army Shakeup

CHUNGKING, Jan. % (AP)-
Gen. Marshall s-sccepted-the
post Of adviser 10 the military
committee of three handling re-
organization Of the Chinese army,
Minister of Information K. c. Wu
announced today.
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23

tween the western and eastern
roads.
Also impeded- WOULD be the
switching OF freight 10 and FROM
500 Chicago and northern IN
diana industries, including the
stockyards, oil refnsries, steel
mills and grain elevators
Four locals Of the Brotherhood
of Railroad Trainmon called the
strike 10 force settlement OF H.
operational grievances.
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
Name Wyandotte Man
Jap Trial Prosecutor

TOKYO, Jan. % (AP)-Second
Il Paul X. bergen Of Wyandotte.
Mich, viii prosecute Kitaro CThe
Bulb lShida. a Japanese medical
officer ccused Of atrocities
against IS Americans. Gen. Mac
Arthur's headquarters announced
TODAY.
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23

WASHINGTON. Jan. 90 tI<SI
limited States army uaIa-.sts
disclosed today jaat|n.,y hDc
confirmed an Italian aUtgu.y-tHat
found lBeuifo N'u--a.rI "Uar-
fectly healthy vncn aoy mated
last spring,
The American ecic0'.Gc study
was based on eXamir t.nn ot
nine slides holding microscopic
specimens Of the frontal 'oocS oi
Mussolni's brain. They vCte re-
ceived from ItalX
Editors Note. For more
than a year prior % his death,
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23

The statement was made in 2
letter written by Mrs. Freda Wei,
kart, as. Dec. 6, 1914, read al
their divorce suit being heard by
Circuit Judge Adolph r
III YOU were In love with
WAVE" Mrs. Weikart wrote,
II would just smile, because
nobody ever marries WAVES.
They just love them and leave
them. They will get n man or
bust, and they don't care
whose man.
POSSIBILITIES LIMITED
II remember Ensign II. (the
fun name was not read into the
court record in particular. and
was not impressed with her.
believe she was on your
bowling team. Your pOssibili-
ties along that line are limited.
$50 am skipping the other
woman angle, for as I told you
II YOU did fall In love with
some one else, know IL wouldn't
last.
Your reputation and career
are % stake and since you have
been 50 unstable it's up TO me
60 protect them"
Continuing. Mrs. Wcikart wrote
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
w. u. Ouf Sd Week

NEW YORK, Jan. % UNS)-
a steady stream Of pickets
marched before Western Union
headquarters on Hudson street to-
day as the New York area en-
tered its third week of disrupted
telegraph communications
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23

TOKYO. Jan. % (AP)-Gen.
Macarthur today ordered the ar
rest of 48 more japanese war
criminal suspects, including three
lieutenant generals.
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
M eat Sc eiZure
BY u. S. oday
Brown Backs
City Tax Plea
By RHYS VI. JONES
Detroit Times Lansing Bureau

LANSING, Jan. 23-Lt. Gov. Vernon ]. Brown and
township supervisors joined today in the fight for dis
tbuton of part of the $2 10000 state surplus not only
to big cities but also small towns.
Brown, endorsed tacty by Gov. Kelly as his successor
fayed extravagant expenditures Of state revenues IN
speech before the first annual meeting of the State Super
visors Association snce Pearl HarbOr.
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
Mafsuoka Surrenders

TOKYO, Jan. 23 (INS)-Yo-
suke Matsuoka, former japanese
foreign minister, surrendered to-
day as a war criminal suspect at
Sugamo prison.
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23

she did not yearn to be a Cling
ing vine.
On redirect examination Wei
kart's attorney, Aaron Weiss
waSer, elected the information
that Mrs. Weikart had told her
husband he was mentally unbal-
anced for wanting a divorce.
Weikart also stated the only
reason he spent so much time with
men was that he was diSguSted
with his wife's cold and unre-
sponsive attitude at home"
LACK OF AFFECTION
He previously had denied there
was another woman in his life or
any motive for seeking a divorce
except his wife's lack of affection.
He also has charged her with
being overly friendly with a
mysterious Mr.. X while he was
pastor of the Church Of Our
Saviour, Cadillac and Harper.
Rev. Weikart has testified his
wife kept her bedroom door
locked during most of their 19
years of marriage. He said she
suggested he make the acquaint-
ance of other women, but denied
having done so.
LETTERS ARE READ
The defense, on cross examina-
ton, introduced several letters
written Mrs. Weikart by the
minister while he was navy
chaplain in the Aleutians for II
months.
He had testified previously that
before entering the service he de-
termined 10 try to make his mar
riage work and 10 cause Mrs. Wei
kart no discomfort. He said he
Continued on Page 2, Col. ~
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
THE WEATHER
HOURLY TEMPERATURES

The sun WIN set At 3, % D. m. today ana
rise tomofr0~ a. 1883 q. M
The moon viii set at 117s . N. today
ana rise TOMORROW At laos q. n.
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
Reds Set War Loss

LONDON. Jan. % (uP)--The
Moscow radio reported today that
Russia's war damage ap-foxi-
mated S135 SOC. .0O0. 600
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
Divorce to Helen Walker

HOLLYWOOD, Jan. % (INS)-
Blonde Screen Star Helen Walker
won a divorce today from Robert
Z. Blumofe, an attorney.
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
YoUNG's WARNING

Browns support came as the
association president, David
Young, of Saginaw. announced:
"An alliance has been formed
between the big and little cities
TO get action on greater benefits
from state tax contributions
from the forthcoming special
session of the rural-dOminated
Legislature.
"OHicials of the metropolitan
area no longer are pitted against
those from towns in the rural
areas"
Today Mayor Jeffries Of Detroit,
spearheader of the campaign, is
scheduled 10 address the group,
Brown declared the state has
wrapped itself like an octupus'
around offices once performed by
CONTINUED on Page ., Col. g.
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
Wife ScOrnS
WAVE Us Rival
s stan Photographer ROY A. Bash

The Rev Raymond NJ Weikart, 3s former curate at St
Paul Cathedral could have been interested in WAVE
Madison, Wis., his wife believes because mo marries
IL AN-L-u
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23

Eve must put q ceiling on
the price the citizen pays for
operating the state govern
ment," Brown said.
"If tax revenues exceed
that ceiling, taxes should be
reduced or the excess profits
returned TO the local COM
munities where they OFigi-
nate"
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
.C|0 Mum
On Return
of Workers

WASHINGTON, Jan. 23
(AP) - Federal seizure of
the strike-strangled meat in
dustry today appeared only
hours away.
White House aides said
that orders for a government
agency to take over would
be forthcoming during the
day. This viii be the first
such action in a major labor
dispute since the current
wave of big strikes started.
1t remained uncertain, however,
whether federal seizure of the
meat packing plants would re-
store speedily the normal flow Of
beef. lamb and pork products to
the nations tables.
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
In The Times TO-DAY

tFr yOrR PFRSoNL CRFCKs RUN All
IoJR bl-naying cTrands-sc-at Industrial
National Bank.--Adv.
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
CLOS STAND

From high officials this picture
of the Go stand was obtained:
The workers would have to re-
turn at the wage which prevailed
when they walked out, but the
agency which takes over the in
.dustry could ask the wage stabili-
zation board for authority to put
into effect any increase recon-
mended by the fact-finding panel
Since the CIO has no knowl-
edge what the panel may recon-
mend, it does not wish to bind
itself 10 a back-to-work pledge
unless il gets some assurances OF
an increase comparable with its
latest demand, an increase of 171s
cents an hour.
Ano h er government official
said the union also wants a com
mitment that any increase he
made retroactive to the date OF
seizure.
Detroit evening times., 1946-01-23
CIo ACTION IN DOUBT

The labor department had as
.surances that the 10000 striking
ALL meat workers would return
to work for the government, but
there was no such commitment al
once from 100000 CIO members
who also are out.
However, Assistant Secretary
of Labor John w. Gibson said he
understood seizure would be or
dered in any case.
Preparation of seizure papers
was virtually completed last
night, it was learned. Repeatedly,
either the army or the agriculture
department would run the indus
try pending settlement of the
wage dispute.
Efforts to obtain from the CIO
United Packinghouse Workers
some assurance that they would
return to work If the government
takes over the industry were pur-
sued all day yesterday by Secre-
tary of Labor Schwellenbach and
Assistant Secretary Gibson.