davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Chicago star. (Chicago, Ill.) 1946-1948, 1946-08-31
Edens' life is history
of railroad u,1ionisif1
by JERRY WERTHINIER

WHEN President A. +. Whit
ney of the Brotherhood of Rail
road Trainmen arrives here on
Labor Day to address a rally in
Hammond, Indiana, he will re-
new his friendship with a Chica-
goan who syrnbolizes the long
hard struggle of the railroad
workers = William Grant Edens.
Both of these men played an
active role in the building of the
great BRIT, which holds its first
national convention since 1889 at
Miami Beach, Fla, beginning
September 16.
When nine brakemen and
switchmen gathered in red ca
boose of the Albany-Susquehana
Railroad on Sept. %, 1883 at
Omeneta, N. Y. and organized
the Brotherhood of Railroad
Brakemen, Edens was beginning
6O-year career with railroad
working men. Now, at SO, he
looks back at his many years of
union work with a smile of salts
faction, for his-life has been tied
up with the building of railroad
unionism.
BEHIND the organization of
the Brotherhood of Railroad
Brakemen was the genius of the
late Eugene v. Debs, a close
friend of Edens', and then Secre-
tary-Treasurer of the Locomotive
Firemen. He urged this group to
form a national organization and
suggested constitution which
was adopted shortly afterward at
a national meeting. A preamble
was written which has guided the
actions of the Brotherhood of
Railroad Trainmen for So years.
The Brakemen changed their
name to the Brotherhood of Rail
road Trainmen (BRT) in 1886 at
the sixth annual convention. Now
the BRIT claims 225,000 members
in LOIS subordinate 10 d G 81
throughout the us. and Canada.
1t is one of the largest railroad
unions in the world with re-
sources of over $5O,O0O,000 and a
membership of yard masters,
switchmen, switch tenders, tower
men, conductors, train-baggage
men, brakemen, dining car stew
ards, and bus drivers.
The BRIT is the largest of the
three main railroad brotherhoods,
the switchmen and firemen being
the other two.
Eden has seen four presidents
at the head of the BRIT. S. E.
Wilconson was the first national
leader, a switchman from Peoria.
He was followed by Patrick Hen
ry Morrisey who worked on the
Chicago-Alton road for many
years. w. G. Lee, freight brake
man from the Sante Fe R.R. was
followed by the present chief ex-
ecutive, Alexander Fell Whitney
who was once freight-brakeman
and conductor on the Chicago
Northwestern line.
~
EDENS points with pride to
the leadership of the BRIT which
has come from the rank and file
and he also points to the militan-
cy of the union in all strikes. In
his many files and scrap books,
the old time railroad man relates
the war records of the BRIT mem
bership and tells of the woman's
auxiliary of the BRIT and a lodge
of women members who were adj
mitted during the war from the
Pennsylvania R.R.
Edens is still a very active
member of his local - Hobbs
Lodge No. 4, WHICH is the largest
1odoa IL, thic mart of tho coIIntry
The Chicago star. (Chicago, Ill.) 1946-1948, 1946-08-31
HEAR OUTSTANDING
LABoRnLEADERS

GRANT CAKES, International President
United Farm Equipment & Metal Workers, Clio
ERNEST DE MAIO, District President,
United Electrical Workers, CLIO
HERBERT MARCH, District President
United clearinghouse Workers, CLIO
FRANK MARSHALL DAVIS
Editor, Chicago Star
The Chicago star. (Chicago, Ill.) 1946-1948, 1946-08-31
X ENTERTAINMENT X GAMES
X WIN STRACKE AND OTHERS
X CONTESTS X PRIZES

z BANDS with z Different styles
of Music
BILL LEoNCHIK
and his All Nations Dance Band - playing folk
and dance music of many nations, also
THE RHYTHM BUILDERS
atomic Rhumba-B0ogie-Jive
Evening star., 1946-09-15
HER AWFUL SECRET
Continued from preceding page

Miss Hazleton scribbled on piece
of paper. Here. Give this to your
mother to take to the drugstore
Apply it directly. The important
thing about poison ivy is to keep it
from spreading You mustn't touch
it with your -.
WHAT"
Il said you can keep poison ivy
from spreading if you don't touch it
with your fingers. I'll bandage it
now so that
The nurse stopped talking because
she saw that the little girl's.Gp was
trembling. ''Oh, it's not as bad as
all that" she said, and smiled
reassuringly. Then she bandaged the
wrist. smiling again.
The little girl ran out of the Office
without saying anything. and hur-
RED to a place under the large
main stairway where no one could
see her
Her hold over herself relaxed all at
once, and she began to cry hard.
She cried for a long time, until all
the tenseness of the waiting had
gone out of her body. Then, sud-
denly, she didn't want to cry any
more. She ran up the stairs two at
a time, and in the empty corridor
above she stopped at the drinking
fountain.
Evening star., 1946-09-15

Granger came out, pattlng her dress
delicately, and the little girl went in
and softly closed the door behind her.
Hello" said Miss Hazleton. "Sit
down there She indicated white
metal stool that turned like a piano
stool.
The little girl sat down 1t seemed
very foolish to press her tongue
with a wooden stick and peer into
her mouth, but she waited patiently
until it was done
IHEN she held out her hand, back
up, so that the blotch showed. She
did it aggressively and finally, like
a surrendering general offering his
sword
MY goodness said Miss Halle
ton. The little girl saw it in her eyes;
you couldn't fool Miss Hazleton.
"Where did you get that?"
IL don't know"
Have you been playing in the
woods up on the hill?"
Yes. Is that where | got it?"
she asked.
Probably" The nurse pursed her
lips. Has it spread to any other
part of your body YETI"
Not yet"
How do you feel?"
The same, so far"
Evening star., 1946-09-15

She turned the faucet as far as
it would go, and watched the water
leap up in high, strong arc and
splash noisily onto the floor.
When she heard footsteps, she
stopped.
When she was at her desk once
more, Edna Granger's hair reminded
the little girl of what she had done
in the arithmetic test A terrible,
biting sense of guilt rushed through
her
She was back again with the
living.
At once she knew what she would
do, what she had to do. The geogra-
ply test was on the board, and she
picked up her pencil to begin it.
The first question read. Name the
capitals of the following states:
Colorado, Maine, New Jersey and
California"
That was easy. Any fool knew the
capital of Colorado was Denver. She
sighed little as she did it, but there
was nothing else to do. She wrote,
Colorado. Capital, Boston,
Already she could feel the guilt
sliding away from her.
She paused long enough to scratch
her bandaged hand, because it had
started to itch.
Then she went back to her paper
and wrote boldly, Maine. Capital,
Sacramento" The End
Evening star., 1946-09-15

The beauty of this Westclox is far
more than skin deep! For this
dependable watch is Westclox
quality through and through.
Kodiak mirror., 1946-07-13
CATHOLIC CHURCH

CATHOLIC CHURCH Father Louis B. Fink, s. J. Sunday Masses:
 Church 500 x 10:30 am
 Hospital 6:30 am Weekdays:
 Hospital G,30 am HOiydRys:
 li legal holiday, same order as
 sundays; if workday, Church aa 500 & goo am Evening Dey ;'ns;
 7.3O Ro ary & Benediction, Snndays, H2lydays, First Fri day, Holy H0uR:
 Hospital, ? to 3 pm every Fri day Confessions: 2 60 8 pIu, Saturdays, eve of HOlydays, eve of First Fridays; and before each Mass |Adnlt Study Club: 7s30 pm Wednesdays |Chldren's Study Groups:
 According to age; see the Sis aeTs
Kodiak mirror., 1946-07-13
COMMUNITY BAPTIST
 CHURCH

CHURCH Roy. Gregory s. Morony, Pastor
 Sunday July 14 hOl5 Sunday School. Classes for
 all ages. lll5 Morning Worship Sermon Cbrists Transforming Friend
 ship B 30 Christian Fellowship League
 J. O. Y.
 Intermediate, High School and Young People'sgroup J;30 Evening Gospel Hour Sermon: Unexpected Endlngs Tuesday: BOO Camp Fire Girls 5:l5 Boy Scouts Troop 625 Wednesday, T:30 Mid-week Service:
 Prayer and Bible study Frs8sy:: Z:SO Church Choir
Kodiak mirror., 1946-07-13
PRAISE CHAPEL Rev. John Marshall

neV. JOnn MarSnall Sunday School l0:40 Sunday Morning Worship l1:40 Sunday Evening
 Byangelistic Service 700 Wednesday Evening
 Prayer & Praise 700 Monday & Friday Evening
 Class for Young People zoo
The Union County journal. [volume] (Marysville, Ohio) 1875-1951, 1946-04-18

ium is expected to be filled to
capacity for Union Good Friday
services, which will be held from
l to 2 p. m. Friday.
Stores of the community are ex-
pected to be closed during the ser
vices.
In charge of the service will be
the Girl Reserve club of Plain City
high school, The Rev. B. A. Middle
ton and the Rev. F. M. Patterson
will both assist in the services.
Other numbers will include vocal
music by the High School Girls
chorus, and the Plain City Girls
Sextette, and an instrumental bell
solo by Susie Clark.
Dencin Austin and family, of
Carol, were guests Sunday of Mr..
and Mrs. Martin Van HooSe. Mr..
Austin celebrated his 80th birth
day.
Mrs. Rosa Overfield, OF Column
bus, visited this week with Mrs.
Ida Mccullough.
Mrs. Anna Koon has returned
to her home after a three weeks
trip through the south. She ac-
companied her Son-in-law and
daughter and Mr. and Mrs. Frank
Gibson, who have purchased a
home at Beaumont, Texas, and will
The Union County journal. [volume] (Marysville, Ohio) 1875-1951, 1946-04-18
Plain City Section

Monday
Mrs. Robert Goodrich and
granddaughter, Betsy Lynn Chap
man, arrived in Plain City, Mon
day. They will spend the weekend
with Mr.. and Mrs. Robert E. Chap
man and son, Bobby, and then will
return to Marietta. Betsy Lynn is
staying with her grandmother for
a number of weeks.
Mr.. and Mrs. Charles o. Guy
and son, Bobby, came to Plain
City, Tuesday morning. Mr.. Guy,
who is secretary of the Associa-
ton of Commerce in Lima, will at
tend a meeting of the Safety Con-
gress at the Neil House, in Col
umbus, for three days.
Good Friday Services
Plain City high school auditor
The Union County journal. [volume] (Marysville, Ohio) 1875-1951, 1946-04-18

it has been announced by Richard
A. Lumpkin, president of the AS
sociated Public Utilities.
The transfer will become effect
i've May 16
Offices of the Associated Pub
lie Utilities will be moved from
Columbus to Marion where the
General Telephone Corp. has its
headquarters. Other exchanges op-
Grated by Associated Public Util-
tiles subsidiary, Ohio Standard
Telephone CO., include Brookville,
Jackson, Oxford, Pomeroy, Car
rolton, Minervy, Waverly, Wells
ton and New Lebanon.
A. ID. Caldwell Dies
AFRO d. Caldwell, aged sc, wide
Unknown farmer of Plain City Rt.
3, died at his home a mile south
of New California, on Route 33 at
1920 a. m. Wednesday, following
long illness.
A native of Greenfield, he was
born Nov 5, 1864 and was a son
of Allen and Elinor Vinegar Cald-
well, both deceased. He lived most
of his life in Union county.
Surviving are his widow, Josie
M. Caldwell, a son, Anderson Cald-
well, Oklahoma City, and two
grandchildren.
Services will be held in the Mil
Ter funeral home at 2 p. m. Fri
day, conducted by the Rev. ]. D.
Vance. Cremation will follow.
Friends may call at the funeral
home in MarySville.
The Union County journal. [volume] (Marysville, Ohio) 1875-1951, 1946-04-18

Mrs. L. B. Robinson entertained
the Fortnighty club at her home
on Friday afternoon.
Miss Shirley Robinson, of Mon
roe, Mich, will arrive Wednesday
evening to spend a few days with
her grandmother, Mrs. Elizabeth
l.. Robinson.
Mr.. James w. Strapp sr., spent
the weekend with his son, James
w. Strapp jr. and family. in Col
umbuS.
MIR. and Mrs. Floyd Wright en-
tertained Mrs. Mayme Hybarger,
of Alhambra, Calf, for dinner
Friday evening. Mrs. Hybarger is
the mother of Mrs. Bob Wright
and returned to her home Sunday.
Mrs. Floyd Wright nd Mrs.
Lloyd Den were in Columbus,
The Union County journal. [volume] (Marysville, Ohio) 1875-1951, 1946-04-18
make that their home.
White Elephant Sale

A wide variety of articles has
been obtained already for the
White Elephant sale which will
be held Saturday afternoon at the
Allgeyer Implement Co., sponsored
by the Plain City Lions Club. The
sale will begin at p. m. and pro-
ceedS will be used to purchase
health and germicidal lamps for
the school.
Additional articles for the sale
are being sought by the club and
anyone who has items to donate
is asked to call J. II. Miller, chair
man. The articles Il be picked
up by members of the club and
taken to the sale.
Thomas and Page, Plain City
auctioneers, will handle the sell
ing, with w. S. (Brigg) Mercer,
John Michaels and Russell Per-
kins as clerks. The lamps desired
cost approximately $40 each, in
stalled.
Phone Exchange Sold
The Associated Public Utilities
Corp, Columbus, has sold the
Plain City and MeChanicSburg tele-
phone exchanges to the General
Telephone Corp, New York City,
The Union County journal. [volume] (Marysville, Ohio) 1875-1951, 1946-04-18
= WOODSTOCK
Word From Son

Word From Son
Mr. and Mrs. Fred Nance re-
ceived a cablegram, Friday, from
their son, Pfc. William Nance,
from japan, that he was sailing
the 18th of April. He has been in
the Pacific area for fifteen months.
Moved
Mrs. Bertha Forsythe moved
Saturday from the late Kent Lin
coin home to the property, she re-
Gently purchased from James
Westfall on South Main street.
Finger Cut Off
Ronald, three year old son of
Donald Corbett, had the end of his
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-12-15
CHRISTMAS CAROL
SERVICE PLANNED
Will Be Presented AT First
Presbyterian Church This
Afternoon

A Christmas carol service will
be held at the First Presbyterian
church this afternoon at 5 o'clock,
the Rev. William Grove, Jr., min
lister, announced yesterday.
The prelude by Edwin Clark,
o-ganist, will begin on the Skinner
organ at 4:45 o'clock with the
composition, Fantasia IN Old
English Carols" by Foulkes. The
service will be entirely of Christ
mas music, consisting of several
numbers of outstanding beauty by
the chancel choir, and OF. familiar
Christmas hymns and carols sung
by the congregation.
The choral program will be as
follows: Behold a Rose Of Beau
ty" by French, "A Joyous Christ
mas Song and ANGELS We Have
Head on High by the same COM
poser; as well as THE Searching
Carol by Marryott; Christmas
in Sicily" by Pietro Yon; and
Luther's famous lullaby, away
in a Manger''.
The morning service at 11:15
o'clock will be climaxed by the
sermon For Days of Anxiety, a
meditation appropriate to the adj
vent season. A variety of seasonal
musical numbers have been plan
ned for this service by Mr. Clark.
including Handel's How Beauti-
full are the Feet Of Them that
Publish Glad Tidings'' sung as a
soprano solo by Mary Eunice Toy;
and two 18th century carols: "Peo-
pie Look East" and Behold a
Rose Of Beauty. "A brief recital of
Christmas compositions will be
played on the organ by Mr.. Clark.
beginning at ii o'clock, including
Good News From Heaven" by
Pachelbel and Pastoral Sym
phony' by Handel.
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-12-15
o

SHELBY, Dec. 14-R-Exami-
nation of the handwriting of Peter
Stuart Ney, Carol;nas schoolmas-
ter who died 100 years ago, has
convinced John Fraser, a hand
writing expert, that the school
master was the same person as
Napo.eon's Marshal Michel Ney.
The controversy has intrigued
Carolina historians for years.
The schoolmaster is buried in
the cemetery of the Third Creek
Presbyterian church in Rowan
county.
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-12-15
ElECTRONIC UNIT
AUTHORIZED HERE
imminent For W, eekly
Drills Expected In Will :
mington Soon

uilmington's Organized Naval
Deserve division will participate
!. fine Sixth Naval districts &C.
AVIATION of E l e chronic Warfare
o~ornnanies, 1t. Henry c. Post,
sistrict, representative, said last
night.
Equipment tor companies with
II the district is expected at an
rIv date, following which radio
dri1ls will be conducted at weekly
MEETINGS of each unit, the report
said.
The local unit has been author
lied Is e%lectronic te~chnicians, and
d radiomen, 1t. Bost pointed out,
md will conduct drills in cooper
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-12-15

A small lots surplus property
sale will begin at Seymour John
son field tomorrow morning at 8
o'clock, Captain T. H.. Eubanks,
salvage officer, reported.
Property in the sale consists of
dishes, desks and chairs, filing cab
inets, tables, bathrobes, towels,
tools, garden hoses, clocks, and
dental operating lamps.
Inspection period will be from
8 to 4 o'clock, Dec. 1920, Capt.
Eubanks said.
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-12-15
SUITS
BEING STUDIED

ATLANTA, Dec. N-R-The
Atlanta Journal said today
damage suits that may reach
more than 81. 900, 600 were be
ing prepared by attorneys for
persons related to the 121 dead
in the Winecoff hotel fire.
The attorneys said action
was being delayed only by diff
,ficult in properly identifying
the defendants.
Two. suits totaling $40, COO
were filed Friday in Fulton su-
perior court.
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-12-15

alton with 10 other cities in the
Sixth Naval district.
According to a dispatch from
the district headquarters in
Charleston, an Glectronic compa-
ny will consist Of 40 men with
radarman, radioman, and cleo
tronic technician ratings, ana five
officers with rank Of 1t. Com
mander, or below.
The Skyland post. [volume] (West Jefferson, N.C.) 193?-1988, 1946-04-25

to be home soon.
The Skyland post. [volume] (West Jefferson, N.C.) 193?-1988, 1946-04-25

for a period of over three years
in Washington asa member Of
the Presidents appeal panel in
the Selective Service System. He
was appointed chairman of the
commission last July by Gov
ernor Cherry, who announced at
the time that Fletcher would re-
tain the post unil he reached the
age of IS next July z, when he
wished to take advantage of the
States retirement system pro-
visions.
Fletcher's headquarters will be
in Raleigh. He will pass on APP
peals from former servicemen on
The Skyland post. [volume] (West Jefferson, N.C.) 193?-1988, 1946-04-25
NOT CONVICTED
OF FALSE PRETENSE

In giving a summary of the
court proceedings, last week, it
was inadvertently stated in this
paper that Sanford Wyatt was
convicted of the charge of false
pretense. This information was
secured from court records, in
complete at the time.
The case of Mr.. Wyatt was mol
pressed and taken out of the
hands of the jury. Wyatt was
ordered by the Judge to pay costs,
to take the horse back and to re-
fund the purchase price. He was
not, however, found guilty of
false pretense. This paper is
glad to make this correction.
The Skyland post. [volume] (West Jefferson, N.C.) 193?-1988, 1946-04-25

Misses Bonnie and Cleo Dick
son, who are teaching at Hun
tersville and Mount Pleasant, re-
spectively, and Sergeant Charles
E. Pratt, of Concord, spent the
Easter holidays with Bonnie's
and Cleo's parents, Mr.. and Mrs.
c. M. Dickson.
Mr.. w. o. Dickson has been
confined to his room for few
days, but seems to be a little bet
ter at present.
The Skyland post. [volume] (West Jefferson, N.C.) 193?-1988, 1946-04-25
COL. FLETCHER TO
SERVE VETERANS

Continued from Page y
Compensation Commission, will
become acting chairman.
Fletcher will succeed Gale K.
Burgess, who is resigning from
the VA post to resume the prac-
tice of law in Raleigh.
Fletcher has been chairman of
the commission since 1941, except
The Skyland post. [volume] (West Jefferson, N.C.) 193?-1988, 1946-04-25
Len In Service

- E. G. Miller, Jr., arrived at
EaH4 Bragg, Wednesday, and ex-
neeeS 10. arrive home this week,
mis- parents, Mr.. and Mrs. T. G..
HEIReE. learned yesterday.
The Skyland post. [volume] (West Jefferson, N.C.) 193?-1988, 1946-04-25

ne Carl r. jackson has ar
ETved In Yokohama, Japan, &C
cortfng to information received
IN = telegram by his parents, Mr..
ard Mrs. r. B. Jackson. He is
staflaned with the occupation
ECrrs
The Skyland post. [volume] (West Jefferson, N.C.) 193?-1988, 1946-04-25

Pfc. Dalton Miller, son of Mr..
and Mrs. Edd Miller, of Tucker
dale, is now on his way to France,
according to reports received
here.
The Skyland post. [volume] (West Jefferson, N.C.) 193?-1988, 1946-04-25
BOY SCOUTS TO
ATTEND CAMPOREE
Continued from Page ~

Continued from Page ~
worthwhile camporee.
Last year, the Watauga District
came down to Ashe county and
joined with the local troops in a
successful camporee on Negro
Mountain. The prospects are
fine for another successful camp
Gree this year, officials stated.
The Skyland post. [volume] (West Jefferson, N.C.) 193?-1988, 1946-04-25

Sgt. James Eller, son of
Mr.. and Mrs. James Eller, Of
Marion, Va, formerly of Stur-
gills, is now in Italy and has
been promoted to the rank of
sergeant. He writes that he
is getting along fine and hopes
to be home soon.
The Skyland post. [volume] (West Jefferson, N.C.) 193?-1988, 1946-04-25
Red Cross Dance
This Saturday

A dance will be held Satur-
day night at 9 o'clock at the COM
munity building for the benefit
of the American Red Cross, it
was announced this week.
It will be formal and informal,
and the public is cordially invited
to attend.
The Skyland post. [volume] (West Jefferson, N.C.) 193?-1988, 1946-04-25

Cecil A. Elliott, Halo, son Of
Mr.. and Mrs. o. L. Elliott, of Cres-
ton, is now home on "a 30-day
leave. He will return to his
station at San Francisco, at the
termination of his leave. He
expects to be discharged some-
time in June.
The Skyland post. [volume] (West Jefferson, N.C.) 193?-1988, 1946-04-25

decisions regarding their service
mems reimbursement allowance
claims and direct the processing
The Skyland post. [volume] (West Jefferson, N.C.) 193?-1988, 1946-04-25

fOrc.x
The Waterbury Democrat., 1946-04-02

few years ago I was cast as Mother Mary"
 Turning to radio, Miss Marsh found that type casting followed her. She played mother parts in William Farnum's Drums" and Kay Van Riper's English Coronets" before becoming the radio parent of Louise Erickson in NBC's Date With Judy"
 Because his 12-year-old cat, Ern- fly, acts as silent critic of every song he composes on the piano, Maestro Meredith Wilson is writ ing a tune called Emily" ("Enily" won't be identified as 8 cat, how ever).
 As soon as Meredith starts play ing on the piano, Emily perches herself on top. If the cat yawns and hops down before the number is finished, Meredith knows he's on the wrong track.
 Hal Peary, "The Great Glider sleeve" on NEG Sunday nights, was wearing dark glasses because of an eye irritation. Walter Tetley, who portrays Leroy, placed tin cup be- side Peary's chair during rehearsal. Cast members, quick to take the cue, dropped coins in the cup each time they went to the microphore. Peary pretended not to notice but finally he leaned over, picked up the cup, counted the change and announced, "A very good days work now I think I'll try CBS."
The Waterbury Democrat., 1946-04-02
House Passes Bill
 To Bury G.I. in U. $.

Washington, April 2(UP)-The House today passed a bill to pro vide for burial in Arlington Nation al Cemetery of an unknown serv- iceman of World War II.
 The body of the man selected would rest in a tomb beside the ur1- known soldier of World War I. :.
 Tn selecting body, the armed forces would be required under the biil to keep secret whether the url- known was a soldier, sailor, or Ma rine.
 The bill avoided use of the term "Unknown Soldier as was done in honoring the unknown dead of the first world War on grounds that use of the word soldier was irl- appropriate because the unknown dead included the heroes Of all services.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1946-04-02

Ed Sullivan, Broadway columnist, toastmaster and master of cere- monies of many vaudeville shows, begis a weekly series of quarter hour commentaries over WATR tonight at g D. m.
 The broadcast will be known as The Ed Sullivan Program.
 Sullivan, whose column is printed sn 30 newspapers with total cir- culation of ten to twelve million readers, got his start as a Broadway columnist, as Walter Winchen did, on the Evening Graphic, a New York tabloid tha went out of business IA years ago. His first newspaper ex- perience. however, was acquired