davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1946-08-18

ton of general anesthesia by Wells
and Morton.
Early in the war. the Navy real
lied it could not accommodate its
eye casualties with the limited sup
ply Of glass eyes at hand. The old
saying, Necessity is the mother of
invention" proved in this instance
to be the spur to group of officers
at the Navy Dental School in
Bethesda, Md.
The school. now commanded by
Capt. C. v. Rault and developed to
give postgraduate instruction to
Navy dental officers, for some time
has held leading place in dental
research. It's reputation for alert
ness to the need for changing tech
nical procedures brought about by
scientific advances is we'll known.
Research Men Find
New Techniques
1t Is not surprising then, that a
group of these officers, with the
natural inquisitiveness of research
men, should successfully develop a
new technique in the making of
artificial or prosthetic eyes, as they
are called in medical terminology.
|. The scientific literature, both of
this country and abroad, disclosed
rudimentary efforts to utilize new
plastics In eye prosthesis. The
Army had been doing work along
i this line. In 1914, Phelps j. Muir
phey of the Navy Dental School,
and Leon Schlossberg of the Navy
Hospital Corps, now director of the
Medical Artists Division, synthesized
these suggestions into practical
reality.
A joint paper they published, which
appeared in the December, 1914, Navy
Medical Bulletin, describes the re-
suits of their work, In which the
combination of dental technique and
medical artist skill produced plas-
tic eye more satisfactory in its es-
thetic requirements than any type in
use.
1t remained for DR.. Murphey's
successor, Comdr. John Victor Mir
amen, director of the Eye Prosthesis
Division, to bring the delicate pro-
cess of making these custom made"
eyes to perfection. DR.. Niiranen is
not only a perfectionist; he is
natural artist as well.
1t is not only the high degree of
perfection involved, but also the
knowledge of muscle tissue and
the adaptation Of prosthetic mate
rials to it, which trained dentist
knows so well, that differentiates
the Navy-type eye from the stock
type manufactured by optical COM
panies.
Asked what improvements the
plastic eye holds over the glass-type
eye, DR.. Niiranen explained that, for
one thing, 'the glass eye may last
from six months to two years, but
the plastic eye will last indefinitely"
He also stressed the adaptable
qualities of the new eye, pointing out
that the plastic eye. because it Is
made from an exact impression of
Evening star., 1946-08-18

spection with Army tools. They
waited seven days for clearance in
Cayenne, passing the time shooting
alligstors. In Belem, Brazil, this did
not satisfy aviation authorities and
they were held up another II days.
Brazilian fields generally had gas on
hand, but some places they had to
wait five hours for Standard Oil
agent to come out to sell it to them.
In Rio de Janeiro arrangements
were made with Standard Oil for
quick refueling from there. The last
leg of the flight was the longest
about 400 miles from Montevideo,
Uruguay, to Buenos Aires.
1t was after dark when Mr.. Car
rasco landed in Buenos Aires. Some
body told him he lacked a permit to
land in his own country. He brushed
the man off and went home to bed.
Carrasco learned to fly as an ex-
change student in 14-month
civilian pilot training course given
by the Roscoe Turner Aeronautical
Corp, in Indianapolis. Later he
worked as writer and translator
there for Eli Lilly, pharma
firm.
He fondly recalls the wild western
coast of Mexico and the tiny, lovely
palm studded islands off Panama,
and says he would make the same
flight again if he had the occasion
But he advises novices against it.
ITS not impossible" say Carrasco,
''but it takes a little bit of knowl-
edge"
Evening star., 1946-08-18

brain child OF Albert B. Wells, chair
man of the board Of the American
Optical Co., Southbridge, and his
brother, j. Cheney Wells, collector
of early American clocks.
Demonstrating more vividly than
history books how hard-working,
ingenious Yankee craftsmen helped
make possible today's industrial
wealth are such buildings as the
Cheney sawmill and the huge
Gebhard barn crammed with early
agricultural implements. The barn
was built in New York State about
1900.
Other important features Of the
village are the shoe shop, the print
shop where David J. Duguette, the
museums printer turns out leaf
lets on an old Colo 1ial hand press
and the busy cabin etmaker's and
refnisher's workrooms.
Albert B. Wells amassed most of
the antique furniture and equip
ment Of the villages two dwellings.
the two-centuries-old Stephen Fitch
houses, moved from Willimantic.
Conn, and an old salt-box-type
house that once stood in East
Brookfield.
Evening star., 1946-08-18
Human Hurdles Dot the Airwavs

bananas, but Nicaragua collected a
IS per cent gasoline and oil tax.
In Panama, the Army had granted
permission to fly over the Canal, but
at Albrook Field, Balboa, a CAA in
spector said that meant nothing to
him.
He required them to telegraph
Washington for permission to get
out Of the Canal Zone and had them
arrested on charge of entering the
zone without CAA clearance. They
lost five days and had to put up $50
bail apiece-later refunded and the
charges dismissed. They paid s25
overtime to customs inspector at
Turbo, Colombia; landed In Barran-
quilla broke and had to wait eight
days while Mr.. Carrasco wired for
money.
Evening star., 1946-08-18

He had planned to send me to
the bank to open my account, but
decided that would be too much re-
sponsibility in the beginning for a
novice. He also decided against a
joint account. preferring not to jeop-
ardize his good standing at the
bank. His entire salary would be
deposited to my account to handle
all our expenses. he explained.
Now it's up to you to spend care
fully" he warned.
Il will" I replied eagerly.
We were off!
Evening star., 1946-08-18

she had kindly taken in and paid
for when my husband and were
out of town.
Should I make out the check to
you. or to cash, or what?" I asked.
Make it out to my husband"
she said. Il wouldn't even know
how to go about cashing It,"
There's nothing to it," I said.
Just indorse it, and"
She looked perplexed. "Indorse?"
II had to explain to her how to in
dorse a check.
Not long ago I asked three bank
employees, all of whom were in a
position to know, whether men or
women overdraw more frequently.
The answer was unanimous.
"Women!"
It's the Women Who
Cause the Headaches
One of them said, "One woman
can cause more headaches around
here than so men put together.
They can't even add and subtract,
and the questions they ask us!
Another bank employe blamed it
entirely on carelessness. They
know better" he said. They just
can't be bothered. At bridge table &.
they might be sharp, but they don't
seem to waste any energy when 1t
comes to keeping their accounts
straight"
For surviving the trying ordeal
when I was learning the funda-
mentals, my husband ought to have
some kind of medal. 1 think that
at one time or another made every
possible mistake anybody could
make.
Every week dozens of persons open
new checking accounts for the first
time in their lives. So far as I've
been able to learn, few banks offer
any instruction as to how to use .
checking account properly. Seems
to me they should stHt a school
Evening star., 1946-08-18
Lands Plane on Road
When Field Disappears

They were navigating with mag
netic compasses and old charts with
no radios In the planes. At Tembla-
dor, Venezuelan oil field, they found
charter emergency landing field
was no longer there and were forced
to land on an oiled dirt road. Three
hundred curious people crowded
around the planes, and that night
the fiiers slept under the wings to
keep guard.
They landed at Army airbases
down through the Guianas and were
Evening star., 1946-08-18
& Ewins Photo.

heat, the stone bakes hard and the
wax melts, emptying through small
tubelike opening. 1t is replaced with
acrylic, which hardens under damp
heat. The result is the sclera, or
white portion of the eye.
Skilled Artists
Make New Iris
In the meantime, the patient Is
sent to the Medical Artists Division,
where an iris to match that in his
remaining eye, is painted by highly
skilled medical artists.
Perhaps the success of these Navy
eyes may be attributed to the team
work which exists between the den
tai officer and the artists, who, pre-
vious to their training at the Med
ical Center, have fine artistic
background. Richard Matthias, q
hospital apprentice 1/c, is a typical
example of the artists who are alert
to the perfectionist demands of
their work. They will do job over
and over again If it does not come
up to specifications. The color must
be perfect match.
In the final stages of making the
eye. the position of the iris is To-
Gated on the sclera by the artist, as
a guide for the dental officer who
grinds off this portion to leave room
for the finished iris. The artist then
paints tiny blood vessels on the
sciera. With the finished iris and
an overall coat of clear acrylic it
will be fused into final product.
The patient must make many trips
to the doctor before his eye is fin
tished. He must be hospitalized
veteran to receive this particular
service, so he is on call at any time.
This requirement must be made, DR..
Niiranen explained, because of the
small staff and individualized pro-
cedure" of making these eyes.
To date, 248 Navy and Marine
veterans have received new plastic
eyes, and of these DR.. Niiranen alone
has taken care of 125 since January.
1945. That includes the making Of
two eyes for each patient, one for
dav use and one for night use.
The veterans, too, are proud Of
their new eyes. A majority of them
lost eyes from exploding shell frag-
ments, hand grenades and antiper-
sonnel bombs. Others lost them
through occupational accidents and
wound infections. In one unusual
case, a sailor, stationed on Pacific
island, lost his eye from snake
bite.
With each one who leaves the
Medical Center goes feeling of Ella
ton and pride that the Navy has
given him the best.
And we'll might Admiral Aexan-
der G. Lyle, chief of the Navy
Dental Corps, and holder of the
Congressional Medal of Honor in
World War I, be proud that his
branch of the service is instru-
mental in rehabilitating the vet
Grams of this war.
Evening star., 1946-08-18
THE suNDAx uNDAx STAB Ts Washington D. C. c-'
Navy Dentists Make Artificial Eyes

socket is then made from the i'm
preston in dental stone. pliable
material which becomes as hard as
rock. From this, the dental tech
nician can make wax model of the
eye In order to get as close an adap-
tation as possible of the eye socket.
The wax model is fitted to the
patient so that the visible portion
may be shaped to duplicate the con-
tour and appearance of the natural
eye. The internal surface, already
fitted to the muscular contours. Is
not touched.
With the help Of his dental as
sistant. John Seasoltz. hospital ap-
prentice lIc, DR.. Niiranen then
places the wax model in a quad
rangular mold. filled with dental
stone and seals it. Subjected to
Evening star., 1946-08-18

probably that department store bill
we'd received that day which made
his eyes pop.
The propositlon-or command
had me little punch drunk for
awhile. But after I got used to the
idea I even became enthusiastic.
Maybe it was because some one at
last had enough confidence in me
to believe I could actually grasp
something mathematical.
At any rate, pounced on my new
checkbook as If it had been a sap
phire necklace the day my husband
brought 1t home.
Evening star., 1946-08-18
Veteran Handicrafts
By Mary Prim
Assoeiotsd Press Sto# Writer
STURBRIDGE Ma.

- ORMER GIs are learning to
n make a living in the atomic
Il age with handicrafts Of $50
years ago. Their classroom Is old
Sturbridge village, 500-acre re-
construction of a New England town
in the prefactory era.
The village recently was opened
to the public as a living museum. !"
1t has 20 authentically furnished
and stocked mills, stores and dwell
ings and is growing with the help
of CT and trade school apprentices.
There is only one hitch:
Finding old-time craftsmen to
teach them is really tough" sighed
Joseph B. Hoyt, old Sturbridge
village official.
The six veterans of the current
trainee group are studying house
construction, carpentry and cabinet
making, he said, adding:
IF only we had gunsmith and a
blacksmith we could take on more
trainees.
Forge and Shop
May Get Craftsmen
Meanwhile the village is plan
ming to reconstruct genuine old
forge and a gunsmith's shop in
hopes of flushing couple of re-
tired craftsmen who will take over.
That happened once before when
an old-time grist mill was set up.
Not long after, Charles Elmquist,
one Of New England's few surviving
grist-millers, was persuaded to come
to the village from his home in
Milford, Conn.
Miller Elmquist, hair, face and
overalls powdery white, now spends
his days grinding wheat flour right
before the eyes of summer visitors,
who may purchase it by the sack.
The village store, complete with
yard goods, patent medicines, shoes,
hardware and gin-or at least
bottles for it--also is back in busi-
ness to a limited extent.
Visitors may buy herbs and
homemade candy" Mr.. Hoyt said.
Malcolm Watkins. the museum
curator, had to work up campaign
among his assistants to protect the
village store stock from collectors Of
antiques. The majority are bent on
buying the old coffee grinder the
chemists display of bottles and the
tall silk hats in the small-paned
shop window.
Built around a typical New Eng
land common in q 500-acre tract
Of meadows. woodland and lake
shore, old Sturbridge village is the
Evening star., 1946-08-18

won't irritate the tissue. won't break
when dropped on hard surface and
won't corrode from tear fluids, which
etch and discolor glass eyes
Nor do they have the glare
characteristic of glass eyes" he COM
mented, reaching over and selecting
from tray, one of each kind for
demonstration. The contrast was
striking. The plastic with its mini
mum light reflection qualities, looked
just like the real thing.
A Sailor walked into the room,
wearing one of the new eyes, hardly
noticeable had it not been pointed
out.
The method of making these eyes
is amazing With the exception of
the plastic acrylic, all equipment and
materials used in preliminary steps
Evening star., 1946-08-18
"I'd 90 merrily on :.
tossing off checks here and
there"

Sketches by Glib Crockett.
on hand so I wouldn't have to write
so many checks.
Things went along fairly well for
awhile until the day the optical
company phoned. My check for
$3.50. they informed me, was no
good. The insurance company called
later the same day to say that my
check had bounced and what did I
intend to do about it?"
Not being up on such matters, ]
nervously wondered when the cops
were going to close in on me and
whether I should skip town and 60
back to mother or take the rap.
I must have looked pretty dismal
when my husband walked in. He
laughed when I told him what had
happened, and explained that I had
simply overdrawn my account by
Evening star., 1946-08-18
By Nathan ootis
Assoeiafsd Press Sfoff Writer

~ EOPLE who own airplanes
- and are planning interna-
tional pleasure flights would
do well TO heed the sad
story Of Alberto Carrasco.
The 26-year pilot, Buenos
Aires born and United States trained,
flew more than 10000 miles from
st. Petersburg, Fla, to his home
town In a surplus Army trainer,
and 1t was no picnic.
Natural barriers, aside from
weather, were q cinch, he says, but
human hurdles-rules and redtape
and petty officials-were another
thing.
Mr.. Carrasco told OF the troubles
he'd see when he came back to New
York with crew of the Brazilian
airline, Aero Navigation de Dodero,
to ferry a newly bought DC-4
passenger plane to Buenos Aires.
axes IU lays
For Two Weeks Trip
On most of that first homeward
fight, Mr.. Carrasco had with him
his one-time instructor, Octave de
Temple of Plainfield, Ind. The men
piloted two Fairchild PT-19s which
Mr.. Carrasco had bought from the
Reconstruction Finance Corp. at Sky
Harbor in Indianapolis. The PT-l9
is . low-wing monoplane with a
six-cylinder, 175-horsepower engine
and 106-mile- -an-hour cruising speed
without human and meteoro-
logical interference Mr.. Carrasco
figured he could have made the trip
in IA days, because he spent only
125 hours in the air. The way 1t
was, the flight took him 100 days
from January to April 10. He lost
eight days because of weather, He
lost IS days waiting for permission
to fly.
The surplus trainers cost him some
5000 sale price of about $1,000
each plus license fees and the like.
With no other expenses but gasoline
and oil, he could have got them both
home for 81 900. Landing fees, over
time to customs men, hotel bills in
Cured In enforced waiting and other
such items ran the cost up to 81 900.
Bad weather slowed Mr.. Carrasco
on the Gulf Coast and he spent six
days getting from st. Petersburg to
Brownsville, Tex, where Mr.. de
Temple joined him. There were
weather delays in Cayenne, French
Guiana, and in Caravellas, Brazil.
Wait Is Days
For Export Licenses
Between Temblador, Venezuela,
and Georgetown, British Guiana,
they battled a 35-mile AN hour
headwind over about 300 miles of
jungle. They burned out exhaust
stacks because the only gas they
could get had an octane content toe
high. Mr.. Carrasco broke landing
gear spring and had sparkplug
trouble.
In Brownsville, Mr.. Carrasco had
to wait Is days. paying for outdoor
storage of the planes, for export
licenses on the planes and clear
ances from the Civil Aeronautics
Administration and Mexican Di-
recion de Aeronautical Civil.
Flying over Mexico. they paid
landing fees up to $25 and customs
and immigration authorities called
out to inspect the planes demanded
"all the time overtime" as Mr.. Car.
rasco put 1t. San Salvador officials
were helpful and in Costa Rica, the
United Fruit Co. gave them free
Evening star., 1946-08-18
.Official U. s. Navy Photos.

are the same as the dentist uses in
making impressions and dentures.
An initial impression is taken of
the eye socket with alginate, mate
rial used in making partial dentures.
No anesthesia is needed, as patients
have no complaint of pain or dis
comfort. The alginate is as soft as
toothpaste, and when it sets. has the
same consistency as rubber.
A positive duplicate of the eye
Evening star., 1946-08-18

the muscle tissue of the eye socket.
will utilize every bit of motion left
in the eye. "A glass-type stock eye
won't do this" he added. because
of its lack Of form-fit contours and
the fact that it cannot be reshaped
should any changes occur in the eye
socket"
He also pointed out other differ
ences that make the new acrylic
plastic superior to glass. Plastic eyes
Evening star., 1946-08-18
By Betty TrexIer

~OME people are allergic to
matches, chocolate or wool.
~ Others don't get along we'll
with pollen or dust. I am al
lergic to anything mathematical.
Though it never made me break out
in red blotches. mathematics has
caused me many headache.
In fifth grade they dubbed me
worst imes-table -reciter in the
class. In junior high school the
algebra teacher threw up her hands
she couldn't even make it sink in
that *" was the unknown quantity.
My worst fear was that some dsy
I might have to work in a depart
ment store where I'd have to figure
out the cost of, say, five-eighths of
a yard Of pink satin ribbon at S
cents per yard.
At a bridge table I nervously
tossed the score pad to the nearest
player.
In group, If some mathematical
wizard got going on one of those
IF John had 10 apples how many
did jake have?" problems, made
a hasty exit.
And the list of grocery store clerks
who wanted to hide when they saw
me coming-it would probably reach
to Bikini. I held up many grocery
line trying, in my snail-like fashion,
to hand over the correct amount of
cash.
Placing the Money
In My Hands
So you can readily see what an
awful shock 1t was the night my
husband said:
"You are going to take over our
money mattersi"
We had been happily slipping choc-
olate floats at the neighborhood drug
store when he let that one drop. I
don't know what brought it on,
though I have = hunch. It was
Evening star., 1946-08-18

The first week / was so overcome
by my strenuous new duties ! for
sock all other interests to spend
most of the time figuring out what
to pay that week.
Should I let the insurance go un-
til next week and make down pay
ment on the sewing machine I
wanted? Should I pay the gas, light.
milk and laundry bills. or lAve some
of them until next week?
The decision turned out to be the
wrong one. I conscientiously paid
all of them. AS result. we couldn't
even take in movie the following
week and went meatless for three
days.
tried again.
| Was Left With
Too Much Money
The following week I paid only
small grocery store bill, which was a
mistake. 1t left me with too much
money on hand and itchy fingers to
dispose of it.
I couldn't resist the black dress
in the department store window, or
the earrings and bracelet at the
jewelry counter. I even let the clerk
talk me into buying hormone cream
which I probably really did need
to remove the aging look brought on
by my new financial worries.
My husband almost took the
checkbook away from me that time.
I had upset the budget all over the
place. However, I begged for one
more chance and got it. =
I went into the job with even
more vigor.
enthusiastically I wrote check
after check for everything-no mat
ter how small-58 cents to the egg
man, 79 cents to the dry cleaner,
so cents for cigarettes.
It was my mother who finally in
formed me that each of those checks
was costing . nickel to write; that
1t would be much wiser to keep cash
Evening star., 1946-08-18

making a mistake somewhere in my
figuring.
"I'll bet even Einstein makes mis-
takes in his checkbook," he said.
Sure enough We discovered 1 had
made an error in subtraction
somwhere along the line.
One of my worst failings-the
one that got me into the most trou-
BILE, was that when writing out
checks I often forgot to make a
record of the amount on the check
stub. I'd go merrily on my way,
tossing off checks here and there,
only to find I had overdrawn
again.
That worked in reverse, too. Two
different times deposited money
in the bank that I neglected to
make a record OF in the checkbook.
Thinking we were pretty we'll broke
we stayed clear of concerts, dinners
out and other entertainment for
while. When I discovered there
was an extra $95 in the bank I had
forgotten to record We made up
for it by having spree.
Another mistake I made was to
tear up Cancelled checks sent to
me by the bank. I since learned
one should hang onto them for
a while.
What Did ! Know
About Money?
These were only a few Of the
blunders made during apprentice
ship as the family bankef. You
may be thinking. But how could
any female old enough to be mar
ried be so stupid and ill-informed
in this day and age?" My excuse
is only that I was bride who had
very little experience in handling
money.
I have since known other women
who have done similarly stupid
things. I once made out a check to
neighbor for our LAUNDRY, which
Evening star., 1946-08-18
By Ruth Dean

~ NE OF the most unusual and
significant success stories to
~ come out of the war is the
contribution made by den-
tistry to the field OF eye prosthesis,
contribution so revolutionary 1t has
changed the whole artificial eye in
dustry.
Contrary to the popular concep-
tion that dentistry has only con-
cerned itself with filings, extrac-
tions and dentures, this profession
has been responsible for numerous
contributions to the field of biologic
investigation. Unforgettable in SCI
ence is its contribution to human
ity in the discovery and demonstra-