davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1946-09-25
Moscow Tactics in Austria

The gravity of the differences ex-
listing between the Russian and
western occupational authorities in
Austria has been revealed in detail
by no less a. parsonage than General
Mark w. Clark, the American COM
mander in that unfortunate coun-
try. Speaking ION the record" be-
fore the Overseas Writers of this city,
General Clark pulled no punches In
setting forth his bill of complaint.
In order to appreciate fully the
seriousness of his charges, they
should be considered against the
diplomatic and factual background.
AS far back as the big Three" Con-
ference at Teheran, it was spe-
cifically agreed between America,
Britain and the Soviet Union that
Austria should be re-established as
an independent state; that the
forced union with Nazi Germany
should be considered null and void,
and that therefore Austria should
be considered in the category of a
liberated" country rather than as
an Axis satellite. These principles
were reaffirmed at the Berlin Con-
ference, Immediately after the close
of the war Therefore, although
Austria was militarily occupied by
zones, with joint high command
set up at Vienna, the policy behind
those measures was presumed to be
very different from that animating
the technically similar occupation of
the conquered Reich.
Nevertheless, despite all previous
commitments and pronouncements,
the Russian military authorities
have consistently violated both their
spirit and their letter. General
Clark points out that the Russians,
who happen to occupy the chief
food-growing areas of Austria, keep
all the crops for their big army of
occupation, refusing to honor their
obligations to contribute to the
needs of the other zones. So glar-
ing is this default that UNRRA is
considering action against Russia
for its misconduct in this respect
In this same category is Russian
monopolizing of the output of the
Zistersdorf oil fields, again in COM
plete violation of sharing agree
ment with its allies.
Equally fragrant has been Russia s
whole economic policy regarding the
requisitioning of property under a
blanket claim for German" assets
which is specious and farfetched.
Russian exactions have reached such
a pitch that General Clark says we
Evening star., 1946-09-25
New AirmoiI Development

A new chapter in the history of
airmail begins today with the re-
inauguration of the five-cent rate
for letters authorized by Congress
several months ago. New stamps
and new stamped envelopes are to
be released, special demonstration
flights of flying post offices" and
flying mail cars" are to be staged,
and appropriate speeches are to be
delivered for the benefit of public
interested in the latest development
of postal transmission.
The public thus referred to, of
course, is about as large public
as well could be imagined. 1t in
cludes practically every citizen, GER
tainly every taxpayer. Airmail from
its start has been financed as rail-
road and steamship progress was
by Government subsidy. The first
airpost flown in the United States
was joint enterprise of the Post
Office Department and the Army.
An experimental Zine" was estab-
lished between Washington and New
York In May, 1918, and for three
months thereafter mail cargoes were
transported in planes operated by
War Department personnel. The
objective sought may not have been
obvious then. Indeed, it may not
be understood by every bystander
even now. But the fathers of avia-
tion knew what they were doing.
They realized that the advancement
OF postal communication and the
overall purposes of national de-
Evening star., 1946-09-25
New Commerce Department
By Raym ond NJ oIey

great need OF providing better contacts
between the department and business,
large and small. This will occupy Har-
riman so completely that the political
world is not likely to hear much from
him. But his labors in his department
will benefit the country.
Despite the vast amount of rumor
to the contrary. it is probable that
neither the decision to fire Wallace
nor to appoint Hartman was made
from Paris. We have no reason to
doubt the word of Press Secretary Ross
about the Presidents conversations
with Paris. The more reasonable view
is that President Truman, after a
nights sleep, saw what almost every
one saw hours before, that to retain
Wallace would weaken his negotiators
all over the world, that he never should
have permitted Wallace to speak on
foreign affairs and that the Wednes-
day conference was weak and still
more disastrous
The fact that he made so many
mistakes Is no less glaring nor is it
any less damaging to Truman's prestige.
And it is not credible that Messrs.
Byrnes, Connally and Vandenberg-
even the politically minded James A.
Farley-suggested Hartman as a sub
stitute. The President had sufficient
acumen left to see that a former busi-
nessman with some afflliation with the
administration was an obvious choice.
The choice of Hartman was the result.
The rift in the Democratic party is
wide and deep. 1t can be assumed that,
whatever may be said publicly. the
people who were closest to President
Roosevelt are sympathetic toward WAL
lace 1t must be remembered that
Wallace is not the first but the last
Rooseveltian to leave. Morgenthau,
Ickes and others left in no pleasant
mood. There will be little enthusiasm
this fall among thousands who sup
ported Roosevelt two years ago. And
enthusiasm is what wins elections.
(Released by Assoeiate Newspapers, Incl
Evening star., 1946-09-25

who fear that an armed conflict with
the western powers might be fatal to
the u. S. s. r. because of the power Of
the bomb.
The British journalist popped the
question and got the proper reply
which will have wide repercussions in
the U. S. S. r. Stain does not believe in
the magic power of atomic bombs
which are intended for intimidating
weak nerves but cannot decide the out
come of a war since atomic bombs are
by no means sufficient for this purpose"
In this respect he seems to agree with
some responsible American military men
who have been quietly warning the
superoptimists that while the atomic
bomb, If possessed by another power,
could create an unbelievable havoc in
any highly industrialized country such
as the United States. 1t would have
slight effect on vast countries such as
the u. S. s. r. or China.
In his reply to the British correspond
ent, the Russian Prime Minister at
tributed the irresponsible talk about
another war in part to the desire of
the western powers to put brake on
rehabilitation and thereby evade the
quick growth of unemployment Sta
lin knows only too well, for instance,
that the United States, which had over
100000 men under arms on We day,
has today less than 10 per cent of that
number in all armed services. He also
knows that in spite of the gloomy fore
cast of the American liberals" few
months ago, there is no unemployment
at this time although our armed forces
have been thoroughly demobilized. Fin
ally, in replying to the query as to
whether the democratic and commu-
mist systems could live in peace side
by side, the Russian leader said, "Un-
doubtedly, yes This answer was a
surprise to all those who have been
following his utterances since the end
of the war against the Axis. In past
months Stain has stated in many of
his speeches that the two systems could
not live together and that the aggres-
sive capitalism imperialism of the west
was one of the most deadly enemies
of Communism.
Thus, while the Interview given
last Monday by the Russian Prime
Minister may be widely exploited as an
indication that Russia Is ready and
willing to remain peaceful and that the
war rumblings heard in the last two
months were of apitalist-imperialis
manufacture, responsible officials in
Washington consider Stalin's state
ments as additional ammunition for the
intense appeasement campaign now be-
ing prepared in the United States.
Evening star., 1946-09-25

The extent to which President Tru-
man, by his appointment Of w. Averell
Hartman, has repaired the self-in-
tiicted political damage of the Wallace
affair will not appear for a while. Praise
for the new appointment will pour in
from those who want q qualified man
for Secretary of Commerce. But such
people are not those who made the
left-wing margin which won for the
Democratic ticket in 1910 and 1914.
That group will still be angry and re-
sentful and cling to the view that the
President has turned to the right.
1t may be expected that Messrs. Tru-
man and Hartman will strive to show
labor that the Democratic party is its
best bet The new Secretary of Com
merce may be good at that, for his
views ON economic matters are far
from those of the average conservative
businessman. He was for years, one
Of a small group of men with business
background whom President Roosevelt
excluded from his frequent denuncia-
alton. He Is strong advocate of in
ternational trade and business regula-
ton. He believed in most of the New
Deal reform-at least in the early days.
He will not publicly disagree with the
administration on labor policies.
y \
Mr.. Harriman's biggest job will be
something which may attract little at
tention. The Department of Commerce
has been gradually going to pieces for
nearly IA years. The first Roosevelt
appointee, Daniel c. Roper, was a
weak man; the second, Harry Hopkins,
was sick man; the third, Jesse Jones
was busy man, and the fourth, Henry
Wallace, was to many businessmen, a
wild man. The department needs new
blood, new methods, new definitions of
authority and, above all, new ideas.
Now, since congressional committees
are to be streamlined, there is need for
better liaison between Congress and
the Commerce DEPARTMENT There is
Evening star., 1946-09-25

must make the browbeaten Austrian
government large loan, regardless
of whether working agreement is
reached with Moscow, on penalty of
seeing Austria entirely incorporated
in the Soviet economic system. Be-
sides all this, there is the violation of
inter-Allied agreements regarding
the political status of Austria, this
violation covering a wide field.
The logical deduction from Cen
eral Clark's survey is that, in Aus
tria as elsewhere, Moscow acts as it
pleases, with regard for neither its
formal obligations nor the interests
and feelings of its western allies.
Evening star., 1946-09-25
This Changing World
By Constantine Brovn

Prime Minister Stains mo war to-
day" interview granted to the Moscow
correspondent of the London Sunday
Times would be far more reassuring to
the harassed world if the questions put
tc him in writing had been less parti-
san. The phrasing OF the several queries
has led diplomatic observers here to
the conclusion that they were framed
by the Moscow press bureau.
The Russian leader seldom grants in
terviews, particularly to the representa-
tives of the capitalist press. At long
intervals he permits" a. trustworthy
correspondent to ask him a number of
questions which are drafted by the in
terviewer with the assistance OF men,
bers of the Russian Foreign once. The
questions must be in keeping with what
ever ideas the Soviet government wishes
to spread throughout the world and
must be in line with the main topic of
propaganda.
An impartial interviewer would have
been more concerned, for instance. with
the presence of some 1000, 900 Soviet
troops, fully equipped and supported by
q strong aviation in the sensitive spots"
OF Europe than with the presence of
some 30 900 American Marines in China.
Yet the British Journalist carefully
avoided asking Stain whether the pres
ence of huge Russian forces in Europe
and Asia might contribute to the exist
ing nervous situation. Instead, he asked
whether he believed "the earliest with
drawal of all American troops from
China to be vital for the future peace"
The answer, of course, was, Yes, do"
X X 4 X
The campaign for the withdrawal Of
the relatively small American contin-
gent in China has been one of the main
propaganda themes of the Communists
in this country. Those who follow closely
the subversive activities in America know
that in the propaganda program estab-
lished IN July by the Communist party
this matter was given particular at
tention. The key party members re-
ceived instructions to start IAN In
tensive campaign In favor of the
withdrawal of our armed forces from
the areas where they may interfere
with the Russian interests. The imme-
diate objective is to get all American
armed forces out Of China In order to
strengthen the hands of the Chinese
Communists in the civil war which is
impending there"
Prime Minister Stain decided to al
leviate the fears of some OF his people
because the United States still has the
monopoly on the atomic bomb. Ac-
cording to reports which are considered
fairly reliable, there are some military
and political men in the Soviet Union
Evening star., 1946-09-25
| Heard Men ToIkino

/ heard men talking in strange tongues,
and yet
They used the simple English phrase.
Absurd,
I said, as pointless laughter; thus beset
I hunted for a soldce In each Dord.
And then knew that no one under.
stood:
Unlistening eyes and pacant faces
The man and more the beast-untu I
could
But toonder at this babbled loneliness.
Shutting out tcords, I softly closed the
door,
But silence shouted In my teemino
mind
Drums beat, parades, and closcns danced
past, before
Hung the sctndoac open, raised the
blind,
And listened to meodosr lark srtol
The unipsrsal l0aguags OF tbs soul.
CULLEN JONES.
Evening star., 1946-09-25

Jews all over the world-in the United
States and the Soviet Union, in South
America and Australia, no less than in
Palestine-will begin at sundown this
evening their celebration of the Jewish
New Year, "Rosh Hashana"
The ancient Jews, a pastoral race, con-
sidered the new year as beginning in
the fall Of the year, when the corn was
ripe for feeding and the new seed was
TO be Sowed. Many other ancient peoples
dated the new year from the spring,
when new life began in the fields and
tine forests. There is some evidence to
indicate that the Jewish people while
in exile In Babylon followed the Baby
lonian custom Of considering the new
year as beginning in the spring.
The Roman year for long time began
in March, so that September, October,
November and December really were.
as their names indicate, the seventh,
eighth, ninth and tenth months, respec-
lively. 1t was julius Caesar who made
January the first month of the year
in the Roman calendar
The Jews traditionally believed that
at the beginning of the year the Lord
judged all His people. The Rams Horn
(Shophar) called the people to Judgment.
Those completely good were blessed.
those completely bad were condemned.
For the great majority in-between, the
chance for redemption came with con-
triton 10 days later at the most solemn
Jewish holiday, the Day OF Atonement.
II X
For religious purposes the ancient Jews
began their day at sunset ended it
when three stars appeared in the sky.
The exact day on which the New Year
was celebrated depended on when the
crescent Of the new moon was observed
in the heavens. The observation had
to be confirmed by the council of elders,
the Sanhedrin, in Jerusalem; then mes
sengers were sent to the people outside
of the capital.
1t would frequently take some time
for the messengers to reach the distant
areas. People i'll these began to celebrate
the New Year two days at about the
time when the new moon was due to
appear, SO as not to miss the right day
IL the messengers arrived late. Then the
habit spread of celebrating all holidays
except the Day of Atonement for two
days. The Day OF Atonement, "Yom
Kippur," is celebrated for only one day
It is day OK complete fasting. The
orthodox or conservative Jews will cele-
Evening star., 1946-09-25
Niagara Reacts

The falls on the American side of
the Niagara River have managed to
keep an almost straight face under
the enraptured gaze of generations
Of honeymooners, but this sort OF
thing can become exceedingly wear
ing after while, even to a cataract.
This has nothing to do, of course,
with the conflicting reports about
the big convulsion which the falls
area suffered last week.
First reports were that the scenic
wonder had undergone an earth
shaking slide because of the steady
erosion which has been causing the
falls to recede toward Lake Erie,
foot by foot. for thousands of years.
The Canadian falls have back
tracked more rapidly in recent years
than those on our side of the river,
with the result that the Canadian
side has become horseshoe shaped.
There have been several serious rock
slides on the American brink in the
past quarter century without any
appreciable alteration of the contour.
And 1t seems now that the falls
have not materially changed their
aspect as a result Of the latest
shakeup. The roar heard by resi-
dents was just "brontide," or
seismic reverberation, which means
that Niagara Falls will continue as
before to draw thousands of newly
weds and other sight-seers for
countless years to come. That is as
it should be. It must be expected,
however, that occasionally the
mighty falls may react with a wry
expression and even a roar or two.
Evening star., 1946-09-25

fense were linked, and the Govern
ment agreed with them.
Congress permitted reduction of
air postage from eight cents to five
cents because it hoped thereby to
increase. popular use of airmail
facilities. II that hope is justified, a
further decrease may be authorized
Meanwhile, the whole progress of
aviation in the United States will
be accelerated in the ratio of air
post utilization. A basic principle of
economic law is involved in the cir
cumStanceS.
Evening star., 1946-09-25
A Difference
From the Manchester Guardian.


They (the Russians) are at 1t again
now. Indian, Egypt. Germany, the
Mediterranean British policy Is at
tackled and, one must add, traduced with
venomous persistence. 1t is quite true.
Of course (as Communists are fond of
pointing ouD, that many articles critical
of Russian policy appear in the British
press-some of them, perhaps. almost
as unjust. But there Is wide differ
ence. In this country many articles
are also written in defense of Russian
policy Mis-statements can be and are
countered And at least in the more
responsible papers every effort is made
to explain and understand the Russian
point of view In the Russian press no
attempt is made to explain or under
stand or correct Abuse is consistent
and unanimous, and so long as it con-
tinues Russian friendship can mean
little,
Evening star., 1946-09-25
Tulkinq About War

AAC o6oSI fatiOllS Oll UllC SuDJCCt VI
war and peace by Henry Wallace,
Premier Stain and Anthony Eden
add up to composite picture that
may be expected to confuse and
bewilder most of us.
In his July letter to the President,
Mr.. Wallace was apprehenSive lest
the facts of our military program
lead the rest of the world to believe
that We are merely paying lip serv-
Ice to peace. These facts, Mr.. Wal
lace wrote, make it appear either
ID that we are preparing ourselves
to win the war which We regard as
inevitable or CD that we are trying
to build up predominance of force
to intimidate the rest of mankind
He also expressed concern lest the
policies of the western powers should
appear to the Russians to have an
aggressive intent and a design to
re-eStablish the encirclement of
Russia with unfriendly neighbors
Finally, he called for progressive
leadership to arrest the new trend
toward isola ationism and a disastrous
atomic world war"
Next to be heard from was Mr.
Eden, wartime Foreign Minister of
Britain's Conservative party. He
went further than Mr.. Wallace. as
serting that present relationships
contain an Imminent threat of
war" and calling for a new ap-
proach" to Russia by Britain and the
United States. Mr.. Eden might have
been more helpful had he been will
ing to specify what he meant by
new approach" and if he had not
seemingly refused to countenance
any criticism of British imperial
ISM as contributing to friction with
Russia.
Premier Stain apparently dis
agrees, in part at least, with both
Mr.. Wallace and Mr.. Eden He does
not fear new war "One should
strictly differentiate," he said, "be-
tween the hue and cry about new
war which is taking place now and a
real danger of a new war which
does not exist at present" He does
not believe that the United States
and Britain are striving for ''capi-
taliSt encirclement" of Russia, and
he 1noc not ho1iava fhou oo,111 OIL,
ceed if they tried He is not alarmed
about the atomic bomb, which he
regards primarily as intended for
"intimidating weak nerves." He con-
cedes that monopolistic possession of
the secret of the atomic bomb does
create a threat, but he sees at least
two remedies-CD that monopolis-
tic possession of the bomb cannot
last long and (2) that it's applica-
tion will be prohibited
If there seems to be an area of
conflict between these statements
and the expressed views of Mr.. Eden
and Mr.. Wallace, they are also diff
zulu W lCCOIlCllC Will oOlllC vi IllC
past remarks of Mr. Stain. In Feb
ruary, for instance, he said that wars
could not be prevented under "the
present capitalistic development of
world economy" and in May he told
the Russian people that "interna-
tional reaction" busy with intrigue,
ais Matching plans of new war"
Still. a troubled world may prop
erly find a measure of reinsurance
In Premier Stalin's latest remarks
Perhaps they are indicative of turn
for the better But the true test, as
always, lies in acts, not in words. The
shape of the future will be deter
mined, not by what the leaders of
the great powers say, but what these
leaders, and especially the Soviet
leaders. do.
Evening star., 1946-09-25

A woman recently fell into the
Grand Canyon and lived. Presum-
ably she had a close shave from all
those old razor blades alleged by
gag writer's to have partly filled the
CANYON.
Evening star., 1946-09-25

Market report: Sharp rises in tenn
perature and prices accompanied by
dropping stock prices and tools of
workers.
Evening star., 1946-09-25

More evidence that democracy
lives. While Athens, Greece, prepares
to crown King, Athens, Tenn, is
still crowning the Mayor.
Evening star., 1946-09-25

President Roosevelt. Indiscreet?
To the Editor OF The STAR
Reading Elliott Roosevelt's articles in
Look" the thought occurred to me
that aside from the uncomplimentary
remarks that seem to have been made
about two of our Allies-China and
Britain-and the very complimentary
remarks about the other ally. Russia,
the President certainly was out of line
discussing these things with his son.
There is code Of ethics, to say
nothing of good common sense,
which keeps professional men from dis
cussing their business, ar perhaps I
should say the business of their clients,
with any one, even their own families.
The only excuse one can see for Elliott
being present at these meetings is the
rather weak one Of fathers natural
desire to let his son in on some Of the
big moments Of his career. Certainly
he was not needed and his rank (Which
no one questions was unmeriteO did
not give him that privilege.
But since the President did see fit to
discuss important affairs Of interna-
tional Importance with son, who has
never been noted for either good judg-
sment or dependability, believe 1t should
remain . secret,
Most certainly 1t places the father In
. bad light In this angle among sew
sral others. MRS. A.
The Omaha guide., 1946-07-27
NEGRO SCIENTISTS
ACHIEVEMENTS
BENEFITS MILLIONS

How Percy L. Julian, grandson
of an Alabama slave, fought his
way through the handicaps of race
prejudice to national eminence in
the scientific world, is told by Paul
de Kruif in the Readers Digest for
August.
De Kruif's article saws Of DR..
Julian: 'Honored as one of his
country's greatest scientists. he
has brought the female hormone.
progesterone, within reach of all
expectant mothers threatened with
the loss Of their unborn babies:
and his research has made possible
the large scale production of the
male harmone at a price within
reach of the millions who need it.
As director of research of one of
Americas great corporations, he
is responsible, also, for the devel-
opment of important industrial
products ranging from a new coat
ing for paper to new method for
snuffing out gasoline and oil fires