davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1946-09-02

OF the PiayWrlgntS company IN new
York, by men who decided to get
together and make the kind OF
movies they wanted to make.
One of these latter is Liberty Films
in which Frank Capra and several
other talented film makers are in
volved. Another is Enterprise Pic
lures, formed year ago by Charlie
Enfield and David LoeV, Enfield, at
the time was man who had lust
decided not to be head of the Warner
Bros. publicity department any
longer, in spite of an offer by the
studio to raise his S3,500-a week SAL
ary. Loew was an independent pro-
ducer, among other things having
been co-producer of so Ends Our
Night, and Moon and Sixpence."
With the signing a week ago of
Norma Shearer, not seen on the
screen since she made We Were
Dancing" and Her Cardboard
Lover" in 1912, Hollywood looked up
and decided that the partners had
selected the proper name. for their
cinema venture Since Joan Craw-
ford's rather spectacular comeback
last year, producers have been urging
an end of retirement upon Miss
Shearer, longtime stablemate of
Miss Crawford's at Metro Goodwin
Mayer A number of people thought
she might return, if she returned at
all, to Metro, since she repeatedly
owns sizable amount of stock in
The company. Her signing with En-
terprise is not too surprising, though,
as Mr.. Loew is a former associate
Of Irving Thalberg, Miss Shearer's
late husband.
Enterprise started being enter
prising with its first move, which
was to acquire Arch of Triumph"
the Erich Maria Remarque novel
which virtually cried for translation
to the screen. Then they took over
studio while others were combing
The town for studio space unsuccess-
Evening star., 1946-09-02
Norma's Back and Enterprise
Adds Her Name to Its List
By Harry Macarthur

New firm names in the finn
euecy OF Russian yetoes recent months Up until the Government
decided manipulation
evasion these
wherein couple of stars and together
than the much higher income
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-07-04
GRAIN
CHICAGO GRAIN

CHICAGO. July 3-(P-Oats fu-
lures prices took a beating Wednes-
dav as traders sold because they
feared they might be caught by new
OPA legislation and a price roll
back.
Oats were off more than 2 cents
a bushel at times, with only the
july contract selling above the o:d
OPA ceiling of 88 cents. Barley
was bid rs cents lower and only
corn. relatively scarce. was up the
5 cent daily trading limit 1or Tie
third straight day.
Also inspiring selling were weak
ness in cotton, shell egg futures
and Winnipeg rye futures. and a
private crop forecast for bigger
oats and wheat crops than previous
ly had been estimated.
Oats closed rs to IL cent lower
than the previous finish, July 92R,
corn was up 5 cents, January BIOL
y, and barley was rs off, Novem-
Der $1.42A.
Cash grain prices were steady to
strong. No. 2 yellow cor Was bid
at $2.15 to $2.25, up about 5 cents.
and oats at $1.05. Cash traders
would not be so likely to be caught
by a price rollback, and it also was
reported that contracts contained
a cancellation notice in this event.
The government weekly weather
and crop summary said rapic
growth was noted over a large par
of the corr belt during the las
week. because of warm. sunny
weather and generally adequate
moisture.
Open High Low Clos.
CORN
Jan 1872 1871 1917 1871
Mar 1.61h 1919 1917 1871
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-07-04
BOND MART LIGHT
TURNS ON RAILS
Specific News Develop.
ments Sway Dealings
On Narrow Market

NEW YORK, July 3.-(P-The
attention of a narrowly Irregular
bond market focused Wednesday
on obligations of several railroads
in reorganization which were al
fected by specific news develop
ments.
A wrangle appeared to be brew
ing over the question of excluding
the New Haven and Denver q MO
Grande Western roads from the
provisions of pending federal legls-
lation.
Bill Passes Senate
The Wheeler reorganization OIL
has passed the senate with an
amendment exempting the D R L
& w. in the house. Some congress-
men backed a similar exemption
for the New Haven, thus making
an issue of the entire problem.
Trade in New Haven liens wa
at a virtual standstill. The conver'
tibles gained 1-8 at 81 80 while
the As of '56 dipped IA to 81. Mos
others we're unchanged.
Rock Island Active
D R C & w bonds added maJol
fractions in lively trade.
Fastest business was done II
Rock Island convertibles Whlcf
moved up l 1-8 to 38 7-8. A fedora
court recently sent back a reor
ganization plan to the 1CC for TUT
Their consideration.
Others ahead included Lehlgl
Valley stamped As at SO 1-8, Louis
vile & Nashville 2 TBS at lOl l.
and Missouri Pacific general As a
so.
Frisco Down
Lower were Frisco "A" As a
ST 10, West Shore IS at 81 7-8. Bos
ton & Maine Is at SO "a, Alton 3
at Sc SO, and Hudson & Manhattan
incomes at 33 IA.
In the foreign list Greek par
paid IS dropped IA to 10 "a.
U. S. governments, especially Il
the longer maturities, continued t
improve on substantial turnover Il
the over-the-counter market. Tn
Victory Loan Dec 2 LIS were BIZ
at around 104 3-32ds for a ne
gain of 4-32d. Only a few federal
changed hands in the Stock Elk
change.
Turnover dwindled to $3,334,0O'
from So, $40, 900 Tuesday.
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-07-04
RICHMOND LIVESTOCK

RICHMOND, Va, July 3. -(P-
Observation-Disclosures $1.O0 high
er than Tuesday; good and choice
barrows and gifts 120 lbs and up
$3.50 (flat); 100-12O lbs $1,000;
good sows, all weights $3.50; good
stays $500.
Cattle-Receipts fairly light on
most slaughter classes; market
quotable steady on COWS and bulls;
good cows mostly $12.00-13.50 50. COM
NOR and medium $40. 00-12.00, can
ners and cutters $7.50-9.50; good
heavy bulls ST. .00-14.00; medium
and lightweights $10.O0-12.00; veal
ers fully steady, mostly $500
down, few choice higher.
Note: The local stockyards will
be closed July ~.
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-07-04
Stock Market Quotations
(Y THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
LIVESTOCK
CHICAGO LIVESTOCK

CHICAGO, July 5. - up Ali
livestock moved at steady to strong
prices Wednesday in the early
hours of the market, but later
weakened under the influence of
Washington reports OPA might be
extended another year.
Fed steers held their record peak
of $3.50 and heifers jumped over
previous marks to a top Of $21. so.
Hogs climbed so, SO, rs cents a
hundred pounds over Tuesdays
average, only to lose part of the
advance by the close after topping
at $3.50. Light sheep supplies
boosted prices as much as $1.O0
higher to $500 and $2O.O 90.
Some dealers held their hogs
beyond the $3.50 market peak in
hopes of higher levels, but when
reaction set in those held over
were on the short end and approx
mately 1000 head remained unsold
at the close. Shippers took 5000 of
the $4,000 salable head, and pack
ers brought in another 5000 on d.
rect consignment.
A few lots of choice sorted light
weight hogs brought the $3.50 top,
good and choice 16O-pound items
took $3.50 to $17.00, while 28O
pound weights and up brought
$3.50 to $16.85. Most good and
choice soWs merited $500 to $16.-
90.
Most fed steers ranged between
$500 and $4,000 and heifers $3.50
to $20.50. Yearlings and light steers
and heifers closed weak to so cents
lower, but cows were firm. bulls
active, and vealers steady.
The top price on lambs went to
good and choice native springers
and was paid by city butchers and
traders. Good and choice clipped
yearling wethers with No. ] pelts
brought $15.85, while fat shorn
ewes maintained their 1925 level.
Total receipts were $4,000 cattle,
500 calves, and 1000 sheep.
(USDA)-Salable hogs $4,000. to-
tai $4,000; market generally so to
rs cents higher than Tuesdays
average, closing slow with part of
advance lost; good and choice 16o-
Id and over 6.5O-17.00 u; few lots
choice sorted lightweights to 1880;
top 1880; most sales $50 pounds
and up 1850 to 1876; weights I'M
der 100 pounds scarce; most good
and choice sows 1880 to 1900. APP
proximately 1000 remained msold;
shippers took 5000.
Salable cattle IL, 900, total H.
300; salable calves 900, total 600;
all grades medium and weighty
steers steady, fairly active; top
$3.50; yearlings and light steers,
including light heifers and mixed
yearlings, closed weak to SO cents
lower; top heifers with weight 81
so; most fed steers 19.00-22.0 90; heif-
ers 17.50-20.5 so; COWS scarce, firm;
bulls strong, active; vealers stea-
dy at 1900 down; general market
more nearly trade for grades than
recently, with weight, however, at
normal premium.
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-07-04
Mild hregularity Rules
Lings On Stock Mart

Co., American Telephone, Interna-
tional Harvester, Oliver Corp. and
Woolworth.
American Wooden Off
American Wooden common was
off l at $61.s7 and the preferred
3 at $171 when a stockholders
meeting was adjourned without
acting on recapitalization. Com
monwealth g. Southern came out
on one II, 000-share block and end
ed unchanged at S..
Losers included Republic Steel,
Youngstown Sheet, General Motors,
Chrysler, Goodrich, Sears Roebuck.
North American, Electric Power &
Light, American Water Works,
General Electric, N. Y. Central
and Southern Pacific.
Bonds followed a slim course. At
Chicago hog and lamb quotations
advanced while cattle remained
around their tops of Tuesday. Corn
was up the limit of 5 cents a bushel
and oats down l 1-8 to l ga. Cot
ton was 40 cents a bale lower to
As cents higher.
Improved in the curb were Mon
treal Light and Catalin. Easier
were Electric Bond & Share.
Claude Neon Lights, Textron and
North American Light. Turnover
here was 270, 1000 shares against
$50, 900 Tuesday.
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-07-04
DRY GOODS

NEW YORK, July Cotton
textile mills remained withdrawn
from the market Wednesday pend
ing further action in congress on
a price control program. A slow
down in industry operations due
to annual vacation periods also
accounted for the lack of offerings
at this time.
The wool good market was quiet,
with a good part of the fall allot-
ments of goods already released.
Prices on spring and summer lines
for 1947 will be governed by cost
factors at that time, mill spokes-
men said.
Only regular allotments of rayon
goods appeared in that market.
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-07-04
CASH GRAIN

CHICAGO, July 3. -R)- Wheat:
All grades nominally quoted; red
hard, yellow hard, and mixed $2.15
to $2.18; there were no sales. Corn:
No. 2 yellow $2.15 to $2.25 nominal;
No. 3 yellow 1924 IL to 1926; No.
4 yellow 1924. Oats: Ne. ! hard
mixed S1.05; No. 1 hard white
$1.05. Rye: No. 2 grades quoted
$2.25 nominal for five-day delivery.
Barley: Mailing s1.34-1.52 IL NOM
inal; feed $1.23-1.33 IL nominal.
Lard: Cash 1878; loose 1925; leaf
1880.
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-07-04
N Y. BUTTER

NEW YORK, July 8. up -
Butter prices in the wholesale mar
kets averaged Is cents a pouno
higher Wednesday in the first OF
fetal posting of quotations SINCE
the elimination of price controls.
Dealers asserted that producers
would absorb the two cent differ
ence between Wednesdays price
increases and the Is cent govern
ment subsidy which expired with
o. P. A.
Under o. P. A. ceilings butter
was priced to retail at about &c
| cents a pound. Wednesdays whole
sale price increase will mean
retail price of about 70 cents {
pound in legitimate markets.
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-07-04
CHICAGO POTATOES

CHICAGO, July 3.-(P-NUSDA)
Potatoes: Arrivals 1872; on track
229; total U. S. shipment 1,055.
Supplies moderate for red stocks;
demand good, market firm. For
white stocks demand moderate;
for California market slightly
stronger; for Missouri and Kan
sas Cobblers market firm for bes'
quality.
California Long Whites $500, Ore.
gon Bliss Triumphs S $50; Arkansa:
Bliss Triumphs $3.50; Washington
Red Warbas $3.50 TALL U. S. No.
quality. Missouri Cobblers I'm.
washed $2.00-2.40, washed $2.75
and Kansas Cobblers unwashec
$2.05-2.15 Gall generally good quail
ity).
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-07-04
N. C. PEACH

HAMLET, July 3.-R)-lNCDA-
USDA)- North Cardinals peach
situation was not quite as stror<
Wednesday as earlier in the week,
according to early morning re-
ports. Demand remained fairly
good for large size, good quality
peaches. Buyers are holding off on
small sizes. Some rain fell over
the area Tuesday night and pick
ing will be delayed some. North
Carolina shipped a total of 26 cars
of peaches Tuesday.
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-07-04
NEW ORLEANS MJDDI,INC

NEW ORLEANS, July 3.-P)-
The average price of midoling Is
l6 inch cotton at ten designated
southern spot markets Wednesday
was Is cents a bale lower at Il. 90
cents a pound. Average for the
past 30 market days was 29.45.
Mlddling 7-0 inch average was
1927.
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-07-04
N. C. O MARKET

RALEIGH, July MCDA
Hog receipts light. No quotations
available Wednesday at Rocky
Mount and Fayetteville. Al Clin-
ton, the market was strong, with
tops at 1850 for good choice 100
to 300 lbs. butchers. Sows 1880 to
1900. All offerings 100 at Smith
field. At Richmond the market was
stronger, with good and choice
barroWs and gifts.
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-07-04
Declines Outnumber Gains
On SIowest Trading In
Eleven Months
MARKETS AT A GLANCE

MftIhG1S al "A 0Af1INNG
NEW YORK, July 3 - B -
Stocks-Irregular; price change.
narrow.
Bonds-Quiet; prices narrowly
uneven.
Cotton Lower; commission
house profit taking.
CHICAGO
Oats-1 1-8 to l "a cents lower;
believe price consrols will be re.
instated.
Hogs-50 to IS cents higher, fair
ly active; top $3.50.
~Cattle-Mostly steady and active;
top s22.5o.
NEW YORK, July 3.-Pe Mild
i%rregularity ruled Wednesdays
stock market in the slowest deal
ings for the past eleven months.
P~re-holiday listlessness prevail
ed from the start as many Wall
streeters prepared to adjourn un-
til next Monday. All United States
markets will suspend for Inde-
pendence Day Thursday but the
stock exchange will reopen for the
final session of the week Friday.
While a few pivotals managed to
stiffen at the close, declines out
numbered advances. 1t was the
only 999 issues registering. OF these
narrowest market since March II,
372 fell and 316 rose. The Associat-
ed Press 6O-stock composite was
UP / of a point at 1913. Transfers
of $50, 1000 shares compared with
760, 900 Tuesday and were the
smallest for a full stretch since
August 6, 1915.
Buyers Cautious
Speculative and investment eau
ton again was blamed by brokers
partly on uncertainties regarding
whether the o. P. A. will be
brought back to life and price
controls reinstated or a free mar
ket' permitted to function.
National Distillers was UP l IA at
S92. 81. a peak for the year. Ameri-
can Smelling added ! IA at $68.75
and Johns-Manville l at $152. Minor
plus signs held by U. S.
Steel. U. S. Rubber, Santa Fe,
Northern Pacific, Chesapeake &
Ohio, Baltimore & Ohio, Texas
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-07-04
POULTRY

RALEIGH, July 3. -P9- NC
DA)- Poultry and egg markets
steady with demand fair. U. S.
grade A, large AZ. Fryers and
broilers strong SO to 81.
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-07-04
NEW SPOTS

NEW ORLEANS, July 3.-(P-
Spot cotton closed steady and I'M
changed here Wednesday. Sales
636. Low middling 25.80; middling
31.O5; good middling 31.45; receipts
1929, stock 228, 1922.
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-07-04
WASHINGTON

Washington-U. S. grade A, large
A. Roasters, flyers and broilers
43 to As.
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-07-04
WHAT STOCKS DID
COTTON
f YORK COTTON

NEW YORK, July 3-P)- Cot
ton futures prices moved up brisk
ly late Wednesday on more agrees
sive mill buying, along with short
covering prior to the holiday. Final
prices were at or near the best lev
els for the day.
Futures closed 40 cents a bale low
er to As higher.
Open High. Low Last
Jly 31.00 31.O4 1880 31.O0 off 7
Oct BLOC 31.14 30.61 BLOB off 8
Dec 31.16 31.25 30.78 31.21 off q
Mch Bit 1923 BOTS 31.26 up 6
May 31.14 31.25 5000 31.25 up
Jly 1896 31.05 30.68 BLOB up 9
Middling spot Ism off 9.
Nominal; b-bid.
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-07-04
NAVAL STORES

SAVANNAH, Ga, July 3.-P
Turpentine SO; offerings Is. Sale,
1900; receipts 90; shipment 85,
stocks 1858.
Rosin offerings and sales 40.
receipts 256; shipments ro9e,
stocks 7,737.
Quote, prices unchanged.
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-07-04
DAIRY PRODUCTS

CHICAGO, July 3. -fP)- B+ta,
firm; receipts 259, Eggs, firm,
receipts 1896; prices u~ncharged
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-07-04
NEW ORLEANS COTTON

NEW ORLEANS, July 3 -(PH
Cotton futures recovered most OF
the earlier losses here Wednesday
on holiday covering. Closing prices
we're steady, 80 cents a bale lower
to Is cents higher.
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-07-04

STOCK AVERAGES
Compiled by Tie Associated Press
JULY 8
On TX TX 6O
The Wilmington morning star., 1946-07-04
BOND AVERAGES

Compiled by the Associated Press
IuIy q
Evening star., 1946-02-11
Mrs. Lora Cook Dies;
Honorary OAR Head

Mrs. Lora Haines Cook, honorary
president general of the National
Society of the Daughters of the
American Revolution, died yester-
day at her home in Cooksburg, Pa,
according to the Associated Press.
During her term as president gen.
eral OF the OAR from 1923 to 1926,
she was instrumental in formulat-
ing plans for building Constitution
Hall, which was completed in 1929
The auditorium site was dedicated
April 10, 1926, during her admins
tration.
Mrs. Cook was born in Lloydsville
Ohio, and educated at Pittsburgh
Female College, the New England
Conservatory of Music and George
Washington University. In 1897
she married Anthony Wayne Cook
She served on the executive COM
mittee appointed by the President
for the celebration of the 200th an
niversary of the birth of George
Washington, and was on the Board
of Directors of the Thomas Jeffer-
son Foundation and the Summer
Political Institute of the University
Of Virginia. and was a member OF
the Valley Forge Park Commission
Mrs. Cook also was a member oil
the Colonial Danes of America, the
Daughters Of Colonial Wars of Mas.
sachusetts, the Daughters of Found
ers and Patriots of America ano
the Columbian Women of George
Washington University.
She is survived by a son, An.
thony Wayne Cook. jr.. and two
brothers.
Evening star., 1946-02-11
]. {. Williams Dies;
Retired Rail Official,
Former NeWsman

John Cassel williams, 86, retired
Southern Railway official, died Sat-
urday after a long illness at his
home, 2001 Sixteenth street NV.
Funeral services will be private.
Mr. Williams had been a resident
Iof Washington since 1887, when he
came here as a reporter on the
Washington Post. He entered the
employ of the railway as a special
Representative in 1907 and retired
in 1910 as manager Of its develop
Iment service.
Mr.. Williams was born January 2,
1860, at Circleville, Ohio, and was
graduated from Kenyon College at
Gambler, Ohio. He began his news
paper work as a member of the staff
of the Cleveland Herald in 1884 and
later was reporter on the Cleve-
land Plain Dealer. After coming to
Washington he was successfully a
reporter on the Post, Washington
correspondent of the Baltimore Sun
and the New York Herald.
In 1901 and 1902 he served as Sec
IcIhIy Oa Illc Oiiltcu C1dtcS OclCSd-
ton to the second Pan-American
Conference at Mexico City. From
1902 to 1906 he was Washington cor
respondent for the New York Jour-
nal of Commerce.
Mr.. Williams was senior warden
emeritus of st. Stephens Episcopal
Church and was member of the
Board of Governors Of the. old Press
Club and member of Delta Tau
Delta Fraternity.
He is survived by his widow, the
former Miss Mary Abercrombie
Saxton; a daughter, Miss Louise
Cassel Williams of Washington, and
a sister, Mrs. Clara w. Bragdon
Grand View, Wash.
Evening star., 1946-02-11
Mead Would Use Ships
As Veterans HospitoIs

BY the Associated Press.
Use of surplus hospital ships a.
temporary veterans hospitals BY
berthing the ships at harbor pier,
and river anchorages is advocated
by Senator Mead. Democrat, of New
York.
las matters stand now, there is a
steadily growing need for hospita
facilities" Senator Mead said yes
terday. Those facilities now al
hand are inadequate and every day
the problem of providing hospital
beds for returning veterans be-
comes more urgent.
Il believe that by utilizing hos
pital ships. it might be quite pos
sible to afford relief in the care and
treatment of veterans during this
emergency period while the Vet
erans' Administration contemplated
building program is going forward
I am advised that both the Wal
and Navy Departments have al
ready declared excess to their needs
many hospital ships. with others
to be declared excess SOON
Evening star., 1946-02-11
Marshall Attends Talks
On Chinese Army Changes
By the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
CHUNGKING, Feb. l1.-Reorgan.
ization of the Chinese Army was
discussed today at a meeting o1
Gen. George C. Marshall and rep
resentatives of the Central Govern.
ment and Communist party.
Gen. Chou En-lai, who served
with Gen. Marshall on the commit
tee which negotiated the truce in
China's civil strife, represented the
Communists. The government rep
resentative was Gen. Chang Chih-
chung.
Both Chinese are members of
a three-man military COMMITTEES
which is studying reorganization
proposals. The third member Is
Gen. Chang Chun, governor OF
Szechwan Province, who is i'll at
Chengtu. Gen. Marshall is advisor
Negotiations also are in progress
here for conclusion of a friendship
treaty between China and Outer
Mongolia which, in October, voted
for independence in plebiscite con-
Quoted under terms of the Sino-
Soviet treaty.
Evening star., 1946-02-11
Kennedy Heads Red Cross
Drive for D. {. EMPLOYEES

J, Thomas Kennedy, superinten-
dent Of the Department of Weights,
Measures and Markets, has been ap-
pointed department chairman for
District government employees in the
approaching Red Cross campaign.
The appointment was made by
the Government chairman, Navy
Secretary Forrestal.
Executive vice chairmen who have
already accepted appointment to as
sist Mr.. Kennedy are Robert L. Hay
cock, superintendent of schools
Maj. Harvey G. Callahan, police su-
perintendent: Fire Chief Stephen T
Porter, DR.. George C. Rutland
health officer: Ray l.. Huff. director
of the Board of Public Welfare: Miss
Clara w. Herbert, librarian; Audi
tor A. r. Pilkerton, Geoffrey M
Thornett. secretary to the Board OF
Commissioners, Assessor Edward M
Dent, Purchasing Officer r. M
Brennan and Porter M. Lumpkin
chief clerk OF the Engineer Depart
ment.
Evening star., 1946-02-11
J. franklin Gross Dies;
Former Treasury EmpIoye

]. Franklin Gross, Sc, of 5000
Connecticut avenue NV. and Mi
ami, Fla. died Saturday at his
home in Miami after brief illness.
Mr.. Gross was retired Treasury
Department accountant and a for
mer member of the Elks. Masons
and the Columbia Country Club
here.
Born in Tennessee, he was en-
ployed by the Government in the
Philippines before coming to Wash
ington.
Surviving are his widow, Mrs
Kathryn D. Gross; on( brother and
seven sisters.
Funeral services were to be held
today in Miami.
Evening star., 1946-02-11
Sumner WeIIes AssaiIs
Interference in Argentina

Argentine dictatorship has been
strengthened and prolonged" be-
cause of interference by the United
States. former Undersecretary of
State Sumner Welles maintains.
Mr.. Welles. speaking over station
VOL last night, decried American
interferences lin matters which are
regarded by the Argentine people
as of purely domestic concern" He
said this country has carried out
measures which are generally re-
garded as coercive."
The present regime in Argen-
tina is one of the worst examples of
repressive and corrupt military die
tatorship which the Western Hemi-
sphere has seen in recent times"
he said. But our interference has
retarded, not promoted. a return tC
democracy in Argentina. AS a re-
suit, many elements among the Ar
gentine people have rallied in sup
port of a dictatorship to which they
were previously opposed"