davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1945-02-28

Anxiety about the peace. which can
not be denied to exist, is due, believe,
to the extraordinary nature of our
times. Before this war actually began,
the world had been, for a full decade,
in a state of ferment and CONFUSION
Various strictly national attempts were
made to mitigate the problems or sup
press them by naked force. Then the
all-embracing war, far from solving the
problems, has accelerated them every
where, added new problems, and sug-
gested new directions. However and
whenever hostilities may cease, we shall
not have peace until the ferment has
subsidized into those forms Of life which
will endure with reasonable stability
To foresee these forms is beyond
the mind of any human being. The
shape of things to come cannot, there
fore, emerge from blueprint, but from
innumerable attempts to establish pat
terms in innumerable fields. Therefore,
speculations about q peace table fall
short of either the needs or realities Of
our times. Actually We have seen, and
Will continue to see, q whole series of
peace conferences Our hope Is that
within the next 10 or 20 years the new
pattern of life will take form out of all
these conferences and the play of public
opinion upon them. The prerequisite for
this is that the actual power in the
world, as represented by the Big Three,
will continue unitedly to guard these
processes without freezing them by
the exercise of naked force, realizing
that our age Is Of transition and change.
Il r.
OF the many conferences-Bretto
Woods was one; the UNRRA confer
ence, the business conference ut Rye,
the air conference in Chicago, the ILO
conference in Philadelphia, and the
international Trade Union conference
now going on in Britain are others-all
are attempts to find the pattern of
peace.
The fact that few, If any of them, we're
wholly successful does not detract from
their supreme significance.
We realize today that peace Is not
merely agreements reached between DO
htical powers, but is collaboration and
harmony between international func-
tons. 1t is posSible-and it is even
probable-that when the final pattern
OF peaceful international society
emerges, Teheran, Dumbarton Oaks,
Mexico City, Yalta and even San Fran
cisco will appear of lesser rather than
greater Importance. For the real prob
lens OF human society are: How can
the people of this world be fed? How
can currencies be stabilized? How can
workers mutually raise their standards
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1945-02-28

going through the straits into the Black
Sea to assist Russia when she was hard
pressed by the Nazis Is regarded as Z
sufficiently strong argument for such
standardization and naturalization Of
the straits.
Now that Turkey Is in the war on the
Allied side, she can expect to have full
representation in the organization which
will supervise these waterways. Thus it
is expected that the question of the
straits will find an international solu-
ton rather than become one-sided
settlement
Moreover, Turkeys place in the con-
declarations being planned In the Middle
East and Southeastern and Eastern
Europe has become more defined.
When these matters were discussed In
Moscow there was = question Of whether
Turkey should join the Islamic confed-
Grafton to which she belongs geographic
cally and religiously or whether she
should, because Of political consider
atoms, be placed in the Slavic confedera-
ton. The fact that Turkey will continue
to have physical possessions in South
eastern Europe, where she established
leTSeu SEVERAL CcIlLuIlcS ago Dy conquest,
seems to indicate that she will be given
4 place in the Slav confederation as q
political and economic unit.
1t is believed in diplomatic quarters
here that as soon as the war is over and
the various groups of nations are actu-
ally organized in considerations it would
be more advantageous for the u S. S. r.
to have under her tutelage a compact
group extending from the Black Sea to
the Adriatic.
Marshal Tito is extremely active work
ing out details for the Slav confederation
which will consist of Yugoslavia, the
newly created Macedonian republic and
Bulgaria. This confederation represents
some 10000, 900 persons. BY adding
$4,000, 900 more who live in European and
Asiatic Turkey it will become = powerful
unit in world affairs
At the same time Turkey, with far
more extensive territories in Asia Minor
will become natural link between the
Slav federation and the one which Is
expected to be created In the Middle
East.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1945-02-28

manpower. Therefore, If japan tries
to hold any territory outside Of japan.
1t must be done by sending Japanese
soldiers out of the main islands in
ships, and maintaining them by the
same means. Nowhere, save in Man.
churia, does Japan hold any non.
Japanese facilities which can supply her
outlying forces
These basic facts indicate what the
loss Of command of the sea plus the
very heavy losses inflicted on Japanese
merchant shipping, mean to the defense
OF the Japanese islands. The imperial
navy has now been reduced to the
point where 1t can operate only on 4
raiding basis, and within the radius
OF action OF its shore CHASED aircraft.
1t can serve only rs q part Of the
local defense of the inner seas-the Sea
of Japan and the East China Sea
which Japan must continue to control
If the main islands are not to be COM
pletely blockaded.
Outside the inner seas, the waters
surrounding Japan are now under the
control OF the American Navy.
Japanese ability to operate ships out
OF the eastern harbors Of Japan II
seriously menaced by the American ad-
vance to Two Jima, and the whole
eastern seaboard Of the japanese main
islands, fronting on the broad Pacific,
is exposed to direct attack.
-
The two earrier-based raids on the
Tokyo area and the long range attacks
from the Marianas are q clear tndica-
ton Of what can be done In the future
toward reduction Of Japan's industrial
potential and fighting power.
Thus the Japanese war machine Is
doubly menaced: BY the cutting on of
its sea-borne supplies Of raw materials
and by the destruction from the air
OF the industrial facilities In Japan
itself
Furthermore, 1t is quite clear that
whenever the American high command
considers the risk worth while the Japa-
neSe main islands can be invaded from
the sea. This would be an operation
Of tremendous scope. It would commit
the American Army to. the task OF de-
feating the japanese Army on the lat
ter's home grounds.
It would, therefore, hardly be UNDER
taken until such time as there was rea-
son to believe that Japan's ability 70
resist had been drastically reduced.
tCopyrisht. 1e4S)
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1945-02-28
rom the New York Herald Tribune.

from the New YORK Herald Tribune.
President Roosevelt has requested Of
hciak at home and abroad, military
and civilian, to refrain from specula-
tive public statements Indicating an
early termination Of the war; because
Of the Ill effects OF such statements on
war production. Doubtless this caution
IS needed. The cumulative effect last
fall OF optimistic words CAS- well Al
acts) was bad, although one would be
hard put to cite single statement which
was not frankly speculative and prop
erly qualified rs = guess, surmise or
mere hope. The most hazardous Of pit
falls IN such statements is mention OF
particular date or number OF days. To
specify when Is to transmute any
speculation or expression OF hope into
authoritative prophecy. Conversely, no
device Is better designed to underline
urgency than mention Of time limits.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1945-02-28

combat area, the italian people
cannot fail to be pleased by this
large restoration OF independence.
They have not yet regained their
position as a completely sovereign
nation, of course, but the new con-
cessions certainly constitute an i'm
pressive step in that direction. The
development is bound to have q
psychologically wholesome effect;
having suffered previously in the
last five years, Italy. on the basis
Of the good will shown by the Allies,
must now feel that it can look for
ward hopefully to rebuilding.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1945-02-28
Churchill on Poland

IN MS lengthy and typically force
full address to the House of Com
mons yesterday, Prime Minister
Churchill UNDERSTANDABLE devoted
special attention to defense of the
Big Three's Polish settlement, by
far the most controversial of all the
decisions reached at Yalta.
In Britain, quite as much as in
America, the settlement has been
attacked from many directions on
the ground that it violates the At
lantic Charter, jeopardizes the fu-
ture independence of Poland and
leaves Stain the winner taking all.
Against such criticism Mr.. Churchill
has now counterattacked frontally.
To begin with, he declares, had it
not been for the "prodigious efforts
and sacrifices" of Russia, the Poles
would have been doomed by Hitler
to destruction or permanent ser
Witty. As for the Curzon Line for
mula, under which Polish eastern
territory will be absorbed by the So
Wet Union, it represents, in his
judgment, "the fairest division
which can be made" with Poland
receiving large compensating awards
of German territory.
But more important than the ter
ritorial aspects of the Yalta settle
ment, according to Mr.. Churchill,
are the political arrangements. Ac-
tually, he says, if the Polish exile
government in London had not been
so uncompromising in the past, it
would have entered Poland with the
Red Army as the liberating author
ity, and the Soviet-sponsored Lub-
lin regime would never have come
into being. As worked out at the
Crimea Conference, the proposed
polish Provisional Government OF
National Unity" is designed to re-
place these rival groups and will be
pledged to hold free and unfet-
tered" elections at the earliest mo-
nent. Mr.. Churchill emphatically
asserts that the independence and
sovereignty of Poland are thus guar
anteed and that Russia's good faith
In the matter is not to be doubted.
Critics Of the Polish decision
probably will not be greatly i'm
pressed by Mr.. Churchill's argu-
ments or his categorical denial that
the settlement represents "ques-
tionable compromise or yielding to
force and fear" Yet 1t cannot
be denied that his words ring with
sincerity when he declares that he
believes Russia's claim to land east
of the Curzon Line to be "just and
right" and that he regards the
agreement as a whole-territoria
and politicians honest and fair.
Moreover, the enormous complex
ties of the problem merit sober and
objective consideration and the
critics must ask themselves wheth-
er they have any better or more
workable alternative solution
Mr.. Churchill emphasizes the fac
tor of good faith. If there is enough
OF that on the part of all interests
concerned, then the formula for Po-
land, whatever serious misgivings
1t may now cause, may yet operate
to every ones satisfaction. Good
faith is the essential precondition-
not merely as regards the future of
the Poles but as regards all inter-
national agreements for a peaceful
postwar world. With it. the poor
est of plans might work; without
it, the best might fail.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1945-02-28
A New-WorId Charter

A resolution presented by the
United States delegation to the In
ter-American Conference at Mex
leo City is designated as an "eco-
nomic charter of the Americas"
That is an ambitious title, but a
reading and analysis Of the text
shows that it is not misnamed: for,
if adopted and duly implemented,
1t would bid fair to transform the
entire economic structure OF the
New World in highly constructive
sense.
Perhaps the most hopeful aspect
of the resolution is that itsis not
a mere series of pleasing generali-
ties but comprehensive program,
wherein each basic principle is am
plified by specific recommendations
The range of the program itself is
wide, both topically and in time.
Chronologically it embraces alike
the war, the interim and the post
war periods. Topically it includes
an extensive series OF phases, the
chief factors being the raising of
living standards. through develop
ment Of natural resources, increase
of industrialization, improvement of
transportation, modernization of
agriculture, development of power
facilities and public works, encour-
agement Of private investments of
capital and improvement Of labor
standards and working conditions.
The root objective behind this
program is the economic synchro-
nization of the Americas. Hitherto
there has been a glaring antithesis
between the national economy of
the United States and those of near
ly all its Latin American neighbors.
Broadly speaking, Latin America
has never emerged from the status
Of economic "colonialism." It has
remained acutely dependent upon
foreign markets for its salable
products, which are almost exclu-
sively raw materials. Only in recent
decades have there been, in a few
instances. developments of manu-
featuring on a scale sufficient even
partially to satisfy local needs. The
upshot has been that Latin America
has experienced disastrous economic
fluctuations. During both the world
wars the sudden interruption of &C
cess OF major foreign markets has
piled up unmarketable SURPRISES,
while the correlative interruption of
manufactured imports from abroad
has caused acute scarcity and price
imitation. Equally disastrous has
been the effect of worldwide eco
nomic depressions, notably that of
the 1930s, when dizzy drops in price
levels were equivalent to naval
blockades.
Resting on such insecure founda-
lions, Latin American economies re-
tanned many of the evils inherited
from Spanish colonial times, such as
economic and social backwardness,
poverty, exploitation of the masses
by ruling groups, and political in
stability leading to chronic revolu-
lions alternating with dictatorial OPP
preston and corruption. The "eco-
nomic charter" which our delega-
ton has just laid before the Inter-
American Conference, points the
way toward better era for Latin
America in constructive and mu-
tually profitable cooperation with
the United States.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1945-02-28
Wants Infallible Science

To the Editor Of The Star:
The weather forecast for February 10
read: Cloudy today; some cloudiness.
windy, much colder tonight, tomorrow"
But the following morning We awoke
on . snow-ccvered landscape and 1t
still was showing at ; pm. This Is
symbolic Of many other reports. I
wish some one could explain Why Ne
cannot have better weather reports
L. II. w.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1945-02-28
By DSpid laurence

(Reproduction Risht. Reserved, y
Evening star., 1945-05-25

day that SIX members Of the Bull
garian Legation staff had refused
orders to return to Sofia and sew
cred all connections with their
country's diplomatic service.
Evening star., 1945-05-25

| tional problems came from the
American delegation, with the lin-
derstanding that there would be no
effort on the part Of the council
or any OF its commissions to propa-
gandize or interfere in the domestic
affairs Of nations.
U. s. Proposal Withdrawn.
The committee refused to change
an amendment previously adopted
which called for the promotion of
higher standards of living and Of
full employment" The American
delegation asked that 1t be modified
SO that It would merely call for the
promotion of the solution of the
problem Of full employment. 1t was
feared that a direct charge to pro-
mote tfull employment might be
construed as an attempt to interfere
with the domestic problems Of
nationD
The American proposal was finally
Withdrawn, but the committee de-
cided to make clarifying state
ment for the record on this subject
A resolution was adopted as follows:
THE committee recommends that
In its report to the Commission on
Structure and Procedures the fol-
lowing statement be embodied:
Members Of the committee are in
full agreement that nothing con-
tanned in chapter 3 can be con-
strued. as giving authority to the
organisation to intervene in the
domestic affairs Of member states"
A separate prohibition already
has been written into the charter
against interference in domestic
affairs of nations.
Council Power Approved.
The committee approved a long
series of powers accorded the eco
nomic and social council, including
the power to make studies and
recommendations regarding subjects
intrusted to 1t, to carry out recon-
mendations Of the general assembly,
and to assist and furnish informa-
ton to the security council.
A Greek amendment to give the
council some responsibility for re-
constructing war-wrecked countries,
and a French amendment to allow
it to promote orderly distribution of
raw materials over the world, were
turned over to q drafting subcom-
mittee.
The comittee has still to pass on
a British proposal to name the
International Labor Organization as
a related" organization to the
Economic and Social Council. This
is opposed by some Of the other
countries on the ground that it gives
special recognition to one labor
Evening star., 1945-05-25
Islands from June Il to August 1

Islands from June II to August /
1914.
Other Medals Received.
Capt. Walter l.. Dyer. Broadmool
Hotel, was awarded a Gold Star ir
lieu of the fourth Bronze Star Media
for heroic achievement while in
command, of a group of destroyers
during action against Japanese
shipping, shore installations and
concentrations in Ormoc Bay. Leyte
Philippine Islands on the night OF
December 1-2, 1914.
Comdr. Thomas K. Bowers, 2700
@ street NV, received the Bronze
Star Medal for heroic achievement
as gunnery officer attached to a
warship, in action against major
units of the japanese fleet during
the battle of Surigao Strait on Oc-
tober Is, 1914.
1t. Comdr. Donald J. Melvin. 1905
Gibson place. Falls Church. Va, was
awarded a Gold Star in lieu of a
second Navy Gross for extraordi-
nary heroism as commander of a
torpedo squadron attached to an
aircraft carrier in action against
Japanese feet units east of Luzon
during the second battle Of Leyte
Gulf, October Is, 1914.
Evening star., 1945-05-25

the big power voting proposal for
the past two weeks There the test
will come.
To block the small nation amend
ments the big powers need at least
II votes-their own five plus IL
others. The word today is that they
have at least that many assured.
After that point, however, the shoe
will be on the other foot. The big
nations will need two-thirds to win
affirmative approval of the Yalta
formula.
That means the small nations
may have to decide, in effect,
whether they want a United Ma
tions organization with the veto or
no organization at all
The tentative statement drafted
by the United States, Britain, Rus
sia and China. as the original back
ers of the Yalta formula, is about II
fparagraphs long and designed. .sth
the opinion of its authors, to put
the veto issue into perspective.
Arguments Presented.
1t argues:
l. Even though the formula re-
quires animity among the big
powers on decisions regarding the
settlement Of disputes, it Is an ad-
vance over the old League OF Ma
tions procedure which required
unanirnity among all member ma.
ftions. E4 -
2. The. six small nations 5oa sti1e
11-mefnber security council would
have some veto authority them.
selves. Affirmative votes by two OF
them would be required to make up
the specified majority of seven.
3. If the Big Five, representing
about half the population of the
world. did not have the veto, then
half the worlds peoples might be
outvoted on the council by nations
representing a much smaller frac-
ton Of the population
The argument advanced for re-
tanning the veto over investigation
and peaceful settlements of dis
putes is:
Those steps in any case may be
preliminary to a decision to use
force. The great powers, therefore,
should be in agreement from the
inception of any trouble.
Action on Proposal Delayed.
While the behind the scenes ar
gument ragged over control of force,
another conference committee de-
cided yesterday to defer until its
next session a vote on a French and
Australian proposal that the Sc
Icurity organization should always
Evening star., 1945-05-25
Lincoln
Continued From First Page.)

nomic questions are frequently the
cause of war and we are seeking to
minimize these causes and encourage
cooperation among the nations"
Representative Eaton, Republican,
of New Jersey had this comment to
make:
Perhaps 1t is an unfortunate CO.
incidence that this measure should
come up for a vote during the
United Nations Conference. But the
Congress of the United States still
has duties to perform in the inter-
est of the country 1t represents. I
can see no reason why in consider
ing this measure 1t should be
charged with interfering with the
conference.
The trade agreements bill, If en-
acted, not only will permit a lower
ing OF tariff duties by so per cent
below duties in effect now, but 1t will
place in the hands Of the Govern
ment a valuable bargaining weapon
In dealing with other nations.
There is nothing In the bill which
make mandatory lowering OF
duties They will be lowered only
when this would not injure American
industry and agriculture, it was
pointed out, and in exchange for
concessions made to us by other ma
tions.
Would Make Task Easier.
| Success of this measure would
make the task Of the American dele
CATION easier. it was said, and con-
versely, its failure would make that
task more difficult. in dealing with
the other members of the Big Five
as we'll as with the Latin American
and other nations. The psychologi-
cal effect of victory for the measure
would give the conference a lift.
The British are about to have an
election campaign and this countrys S
attitude toward trade barriers may
have an important bearing on the
issues which are presented In that
campaign. France is pictured as
already tending toward nationalism
in matters relating to its domestic
economy. Russia is anxious for
trade, and more particularly for
credits.
The conference Committee on
Economic and Social Affairs made
considerable progress yesterday. 1t
has written into chapter 9 Of the
world organization charter, which
provides for an economic and social
council, amendments which call for
the promotion of the solution of
cultural and educational problems.
The proposal to include educa-
Evening star., 1945-05-25

Drummond avenue, Chevy Chase
Nd, was awarded the Navy Cros
for extraordinary heroism as com
mander OF the cruiser Birmingham
during rescue operations OF the USs
Princeton. following the bombing Of
that vessel by japanese aircraft ir
the battle of Leyte Gulf on Octo.
Der "a, 1914
Rear Admiral Vincent R. Murphy
1912 Klingle road NV, was award.
ed the Legion of Merit for out.
standing services as war-planS of.
f1cer on the staff of the commander
in chief of the Pacific Fleet from
April l to July 2, 1912. He also wa.
awarded the Bronzez Star Media
for service as commander Of tht
battleship Alabama.
Capt. William G. Greenman, l41l
South Twenty-flrst street, Arling-
ton, was awarded the Legion ol
Merit for services as head of the
advanced base planning section ir
the headquarters Of the Pacific
Fleet from September II to Decem.
Der 81. 1943.
Capt. Robert B. Pirie, 1884 Valley
drive, Alexandria. Va. received the
Bronze Star Medal for services al
chief of staff and operations officer
for the commander of an air support
group during the assault and cap.
ture of the Southern Mariana
have air, land and sea forces at Its
call for instantaneous action.
The Dumbarton Oaks formula
provided only that air forces should
be held in constant readiness, al
though other land, sea and air con-
tingents would be promptly avail
able.
Committee action also was de-
ferred on a Uruguayan amendment
to the Oaks plan which would pro-
vide for dividing the world into
security regions, let each region
have a military staff and let the
military staff committee of the
world security council be composed
OF the chiefs of the regional staffs
The great powers are reported op-
posed to this plan.
The move against future secret
treaties was made in the conference
Committee on Legal Problems. 1,
approved a provision that treaties
made by member nations after crea-
ton Of the world organization would
have to be registered and made
public If they were to have any force
within the organization.
Evening star., 1945-05-25

elected every wear