davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1945-07-07

community leaders 70 inform them
Of the program and activities Of the
National Foundation as well as the
services which are available TO the
public
Within past years scores OF Ne
gro polio victims have been hos
pitalized a. the polio unit al TuS-
keeee Institute In addition many
others have received treatment
within their own states. al local
institutions. through the county
chapters Of the National Founda-
ton for lnfsntlle Paralysis.
These chapters were organized
To- the purpose ~ upholding the
National Foundation pledge that
no victim 81 in'antile paralysis
shall 70 without care and treat
rrent for lack Of funds. regardless
q age. race. creed or color.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1945-07-07
Man Gets Old
Job And $4,000

James Franklin. janitor OF a
large daily paper, who was fred
last summer following his arrest
on a criminal charge. was reinstat-
ed in his old job and granted $500
in back pay through the efforts Of
executives OF the Newspaper
guild.
Franklin was acquitted on the
charge in Recorders Court and
sought back pay and reinstate-
ment in his old job with the news
paper. He was aided in his fight
by Donald F. Schram. president 81
Local ~ Of the American News
paper guild. CIO. and Paul Weber.
executive secretary OF the guild
local.
Franklin. n member OF the news
maintenance unit OF the guild, had
been employed for ten years as
ianitor OF the large daily paper.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1945-07-07
CurtuiI Train
Reservations
For Civilians

WASHINGTON - The Office of
Defense Transportation announced
last week issuance OF an order pro-
hibiting railroads from selling or
allocsting space on any passenger
train more than five days in ad-
vance Of the departure time OF the
train, instead OF the present 30-day
advance limit The order became
effective at midnight, Eric day.
June 90.
Col. J. Monroe Johnson, ODT
director. said the action was taken
TO assure the maximum utilization
OF the limited amount OF space now
available to civilians as a result OF
the greatly increased demands for
military transportation
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1945-07-07
Navy STARTS
IMMIGRATION OF
ALL RECRUITS

GREAT LAKES, IlL-The policy
81 maintaining a special training
program and camp at Great Lakes
for Negro general service recruits
will be discontinued July in ac-
cordance with the provision OF a
directive issued by the Bureau of
Naval Personnel.
Pursuant to this directive. in
duction centers will assign Ne
gr0es to recruit training on the
same basis as white personnel.
All recruits. except those classi-
fed as illiterates. will be assiEend
TO the nearest recruit training
command.
HLITERATES. both Negro and
white. will be ordered to the Naval
Training and Distribution Center,
Camp Peary. Williamsburg, Va
Previously all Negro general serv-
ice recruits were sent TO Great
Lakes.
The recruit training commands
have been directed 10 assimilate
Negro and white enlisted person.
mel alike. At the Naval Training
Center. here. Negro and white re-
cruits will be assigned 10 the same
companies. The barracks. recrea-
ton halls and other facilities of
the Center will be available to all
personnel.
Already. Camp Robert Smalls
which heretofore was used exclu-
sively for the training OF Negro
personnel. has both Negro and
white recruits Negroes are also in
training in Camps Downes, Hull
and McDonoush which formerly
had only white recruits.
The Bureau Of Naval Personnel
directive was issued in order to
obtain the maximum utilization Of
naval training and housing facili-
ties and in execution Of the navy's
established policy OF nondiscrimi-
nation and equal handling Of all
personnel wearing the navy uni
form.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1945-07-07
Mother 3 Sons
Held By Police
EorHaDing Gun


Thirty-ei ght-year-old Mrs. Helen
Ford, OF 1888 Chestnut street, three
sons and two other youths were
held for questioning this week by
police who recovered an Army
sub-machine gun at her home.
Police say the gun had been
stolen from a war loan d j sp y
window in a large department
store.
Investigating a series OF rob-
berries. police held Mrs. Ford, her
two sons. Herman Ford 10, and
Ernest Davidson. q, Of 20l5 Gin
ton street, and Sylvester Foote, II
OF 1882 Madison. Names OF the
two juveniles were withheld by
the Michigan Chronicle.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1945-07-07
Had Army, Navy
Clothes, Z Held

Two teen-age youths were held
for investigation this week after
army and navy clothes had been
found in suitcases which they were
carrying.
Held were Donald Royal, II. OF
20037 Roselawn and James Ander-
son. Is. of 1858 Woodrow avenue.
Police disclosed that they had sew
eral army Jackets and sailor suits
in their possession.
Police were investigating a pos
sibility that the clothes had been
stolen.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1945-07-07
GEORGIA CHIEF
EXECUTIVE HITS
FEP c IN TALK

E4E-noG he'd Coy rs ANAL
Is under Are from northern white
sn6 Negro nerais because Of his
puSsytoouna on iscisl .Ssues.
While in Louisville. Ky, last
week Governor Arnall vas quot
ed nv the Louisville Times a.
saving what the he'll difference
does II make n YOU All down
and eat With Negroes visit them
In their homes, and talk to them"
THE STORY. we.i,er BY Fritz
LORD Vas carr 81 beneath the
heading. ANA Asks Equality
what Difference Does : Make i
You Fat We Negroes lie IN
cure
Later Ana charged that No
was uSa 4o'oa and ne T.mes
tlsneed the leading 90 Arnal
trEes Rights Rscis, Problems arc
Only EcoroN4c Gcorg!s.S Governor
Asserts IN ln'e-v'eV.'
ArnAIl further declared that
I'VE oppose the FEPC ~ unwork-
able and as an irritant Ia har-
mouious racial relations.
We in the south by heritage
and nv tradition believe that seq
reEstion IL conducive 70 the wei
fare NJ both the white and col
Ord races"
SPEAKING in Detroit on last
Thursday night. Governor Arns!l
called for full employment as inc
main step forward 10 aid IN the
solution o. the social and political
problems NJ the nation.
TIE governor IN his southern
drswl told how ne had been able
80 abolish the poll FAX IN Georgia.
bit fastened 10 add that he did
not favor Federal measure 10 do
ths. same.
THE ABOLITION ~ the Infamous
Georgia chain gang system and
the revision OF the Georgia school
and university system so as 10 give
back 10 II the prestige which was
lost under Gov Eugene Talmadge.
were listed by Governed Arnall as
two OF the reforms carried out in
Georgia.
Appearing on the program with
Governor Arnsll was Gov. Robert
Kerr OF Oklahoma and Governor
Williams Of South Carolina. Gov
ernor Kerr in his remarks said,
The world and the nation are
s,ill trying 10 achieve the equality
OF Thomas Jefferson and the
struggle goes on" Kerr cited the
Emancipation Proclamation OF Abb
raharn Lincoln as a milestone IN the
tight TO achieve this equality.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1945-07-07
HELD For LARCENY

Recommendation OF warrant
charging Robert Bridgeforth Jr,
30. address unknown. with grand
larceny was made this week by
the prosecutors Office after Wei
come Rivers. %. OF $50 Frederick
had reported the loss OF $40 TO po-
lice last week.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1945-07-07

n ~ q ~ ~ IL
in IN gu + n ing
will appear on
the sixth an
nual American
Negro NJ uslc
Festiv at
O ! Y m p ! a,
Thursday night.
July rs.
He is Chief
Petty Officer
Graham J a c X
son, Negro nu-
81 CT n. W n o
played the mi
nor strains Of
DNnrakh LArRn.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1945-07-07
Youth Held Here
For Ind. Police

Lawrence Z Black. 20 Of $500
L.dder stree, Indianapolis, Ind
v - held D. police here WIS VeeE
for -vestiRs'ion II frst degree
burglary charge ~ Indiana polls
Black was arrested ~ locsi po.
he - 5oa 2'r street arc held for
indiana authorities.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1945-07-07
Say Meat-Leggers' To
Face Loss OF Autos

Motorists who attempt TO snug
gle meat into this country from
Canada in their automobiles were
warned this week by US. Gus
toms officials they face conhsca-
ton OF their vehicle should they
be caught.
II the owners want 10 redeem
their confiscated autos they must
pay the appraised price on the
current market. The contraband
meat will also be confiscated.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1945-07-07

James Copeland. 43, OF $500 Col
fax, a war worker. was arrested
this week as he attempted 10
smuggle IS pounds OF meat and %
pounds OF poultry across the bor-
der in secret compartment in his
automobile.
Customs officials said that Cope
land told them he intended to use
the meat in his barbecue stand at
4077 Tire He faces an ar
raignment before US. Commits
sioner j. Stanley Hurd.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1945-07-07

Cleveland. CO.
lumbus, Gin
CHM att. In
d ian ap lis,
Gary. Milwau-
X ee. Chicago,
end Buffalo.
Because the
summer months
ere the peak
2 p j d e m j C
months for in
tantlie pdrdlN-
Bis. MIR. By
NUNS tour is a
timely one. He
will contact or
peniZationS and
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1945-07-07
Arnall Under Fire For Pussyfootng On Racial Issues
New EsA Official Named

WASHINGTON, ID. C.-(ANP)
Reuben Simmons Of southeast
Missouri has been named 10 the
post of assistant to the admins
traitor OF the Farm Security Ad-
ministration.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1945-07-07
Charles Bvun1,
Polio Sp eaker
Here July 9-I1

Carries H. Bynum, director OF
Negro activities Of the National
Foundation for lnfantile Paralysis,
VIII visit Detroit, July Gil. De-
troi, is a major point in his itin-
ersry which includes Pittsburgh,
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1945-07-07

BOSTON. (ANP) = DR.. William
Worthy, prominent political figure
here. was nominated this week by
Gov. Maurice j., Tobin to be trustee
OF the Walter z. Fernald school, q
state institution. -
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1945-07-07
Graham jackson
Will Play Music
At The Festival

The man whose personal fare
we'll TO the late President Franklin
d. Roosevelt stirred the heart Of
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1945-07-07

Representing Michigan the sixth
Talent contest by the American Negro Music Festival
In Chicago. Sunday July g. will be vivacous
selby Mrs seby golden voiced this
expense trip and the title Miss Michigan Chronicle by
Chronicle when she the state finals Mchigats
Search contest recently held Bethel
First second and third place
appear in Music Festival programs Chicago
Louis and Detroit The Detroit program scheduled July
2S at Olympus. - Photo by Bradley.
Evening star., 1945-10-12
BY the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
Rockingham Parks officials an
ticipate New England's first $4,000
900 betting day today when the
Salem, N. H, track holds its annual
National War Fund Columbus Day.
double header" Six races were
held this morning and the usual
eight were slated in the afternoon.
Gunner ISidnra Rfeher Ira inpr
Evening star., 1945-10-12
OUTDOORS-w;th Bill Leeteh

Point. The squirrel crop in this
section is so abundant that farmers
had had standing corn pretty
badly chewed up by the bushytails
where the fields are in juxtaposi-
ton to the woodlots, and permission
to hunt should not be hard to OBJ
tain. One of our friends got his
limit in less than 20 minutes down
near Hollywood. If you use shot
gun, don't use smaller than No. 6
shot "Fours" are better. You don't
need express loads, but a modified
or full choke barrel helps, especially
as the foliage still is heavy.
We already are being importuned
for information on duck blinds avail
able and places to hunt quail nearby,
although the seasons for these sports
are a month or more off. We're not
asking any of our readers to dis
close information on that favorite
covey of birds, but we would ap-
preciate sincerely having more than
the meager data on hand on duck
blinds for rent in Maryland and
Virginia so we can pass this infor-
nation to the boys. If you're going
to have a duck blind for rent this
season, even occasionally, or if you
know of one for rent, won't you
drop us line giving the details?
incidentally, if you're planning a
shooting trip to Currituck, better
make your reservation. Rupert
West, district game protector, re-
ports through Bill Sharpe that many
of the guides in the Currituck area
are booked even now solid for the
1945 season.
Evening star., 1945-10-12
Two Big Field Trials
On This Week End
Al Nearby Spots

Dog owners and trainers, who gave
fine example of tracking down
luscious slabs of roast beef at their
annual dinner last night, turned
their aristocratic CANNES lose today
In quest of championships in the
33d annual fall meet Of the National
Capital Field Trial Club. If the dogs
are as successful with their quarry as
their masters were with the beef
it'll be a close contest.
Drawings were made last night for
the derbies, which opened the pro-
gram this morning. The trials were
being held at Frank F. Wilson's
farm, Lay Hill, Md, and will con-
tinue through tomorrow Derbies
were restricted to dogs whelped after
January /, 1914.
All-age stakes were scheduled this
afternoon with the shooting dog
event for nonwinners of age-stakeS
on tap tomorrow.
A last-minute change In judges
put that work in the capable hands
of Contee L. Adams of Hamilton,
Va, and E. E. Huffer of Herndon, Va.
Ford E. Young, secretary-treas-
urer of the club; Ringold Hart,
Henry baltimore, DR.. Joseph Mad
den and more than a score of dog
fanciers from this section turned out
for last nights festivities. Young
has seen and participated in all the
trials since the association first
came into being and is as enthusi-
astic as young Peter Nibley, who
broke into competition last year by
placing third in the derby.
Some two-score dogs were ex-
pected to make their run in today's
events with a similar number ready
for tomorrow.
Meanwhile, Maryland fox hunters
scheduled their annual field trial
Sunday at 2 pm. over Walter John
sons acres at Germantown, Md,
an da sizable turnout was expected.
Evening star., 1945-10-12
Hospitals 10 Benefit
From Big Dog Shows
Tomorrow, Sunday

Washington and Alexandria and
the buses In between have blossomed
out with placards about two dog
shows at the Alexandria Municipal
Ball Park tomorrow and Sunday.
Many of the Washington stores are
devoting window display space to
dog show trophies and dogs, be-
cause a large percentage of the
proceeds from the Old Dominion
and Mount Vernon Kennel Club
shows is earmarked for the Chill
dren's Hospital here and the new
wings OF the Alexandria Hospital.
These are the largest local shows
since the beginning of the war. Well
over 400 dogs have been entered for
the Mount Vernon event and over
500 for the Old Dominion show on
Sunday.
For the second successive year
Shetland sheepdogs lead. Since the
national speciality show of the breed
is being held in conjunction with
the show, record entry of so dogs
will be on display. Other leading
breeds include cocker spaniels, box
ers, Scottish terriers, miniature
schnauzers and bulldogs.
The American Legion has taken
over arrangements for feeding all
corners. In addition, doughnuts and
apples will be sold by pretty girls.
Profits from these sales will be
added to the hospitals funds.
Evening star., 1945-10-12

Fishing in the Chesapeake has
taken sharp upturn this week, and
excellent catches of rock and trout
are being made daily, especially in
the area around Breezy Point and
Kenwood Beach, where a large
school of rock has been on top each
day. Also some fine trout and rock
have been taken in the lower Pa
tuxent by rowboat fishermen, both
trolling and bottom fishing all the
way from Sand Gates to the mouth
of the river. Peeler and soft crabs,
also blood worms are the bats which
trout, spot and perch are taking
avidly. Trollers mostly are going
right down to the bottom with
plenty of lead ahead of bats such
as the Huntingdon drones and
Nungesser spoons.
With continued fair weather, both
the Shenandoah and Potomac
Rivers should be in good shape for
small-mouth bass fishermen this
week end. The cool nights usually
start the fish to feeding well, and
clear waters should be the rule,
especially above the Monocacy,
which, because of its well-known
proclivity to get up on its ear at the
slightest provocation, makes pre-
dictions on fishable waters below
its confluence with the Potomac
somewhat of a gamble.
Squirrel hunters who have found
nearby woods pretty well worked
over, should try the wooded areas
along the western shore of the Pa
tuxent between Marlboro and Cedar
Evening star., 1945-10-12

Creary scored double at Jamaica
yesterday. They teamed up with
BERTHE S. in the fifth and Flying
Fort in the seventh.
Edwin Molesworth won his first
race as a jockey by guiding Top
Sergeant, $40.40 outsider, to vic
tory in the second at Jamaica yes
terday.
The Hipodroma de las Americas
track at Mexico City opens its
fourth season today. Maj. Ednyfed
H. Williams, chairman of the IlH-
nois Racing Commission and presi-
dent of the National Association of
State Racing Commissioners, was
an honored guest at the opening
ceremonies.
Lyle Phillips forgot his Air Power
was entered in the Bennington Al
loWance Purse at Rockingham yes
terday, so he wasn't around to sad
die the 4-year -old before the race.
AIR Power, under J. Owens, went to
the post at 81 to / and won by 8
lengths, paying Sill, $38 and SIT
across the board.
Winners of featured races yester-
day included:
At Jamaica: BERTHE S. (an entry with
moon Maiden), $500.
AZ Hawthorne: Volcano, $3.50.
AT HOLLYWOOD Miss D0reep Iop aotry
with Sea Spray, $500.
AZ Rockingham: Air Power, Sill.
AZ Pascoag.: Mariana P, $500.
q @ @Mheeling: Discar, 7,60.
Evening star., 1945-10-12
Capital Area CANNES
Score~at Richmond
BY r. r. TAYNTON,

Special Correspondent of The Star.
RICHMOND, Va, Oct. 12.-Wash-
ington- drowned dogs that journeyed
to Richmond for the 18th annual
dog show here were among the
many pre- winners. Chief among
them were DR.. John j. Elvin's bull
dog Oh. Elvinar's Falstone Torpedo,
which placed best of breed and first
in the group yesterday, was chosen
as the best dog in the show on the
day before. Another best of breed
winner on both Gays was Keith
Merrill's boxer, Baron Trevor of
Tredegar. And still another best of
breed winner on both days was
James Flaherty's collie, Lochreagh
Lancer, which finished the necessary
points for the title.
Young Florence Montfort, also
from the Washington area, had a
best of breed winner in the working
group in her German shepherd,
Faust, of Parrylin, which is well
known to Washington fanciers for
his excellent work in the obedience
trials. The Washington n-oWned boxer
placed second and the shepherd
fourth in the group.
DR.. William D. Claudy's Cocker
Spaniel, Alderbrook Powdered Lade,
was winners bitch in parti-colors,
Dr. Louis Cornet had the Einners dog
the reserve winner in dachshunds
in his Rotcod V. Tenroc and Karl
V. Tenroc II. L. A. Deslus of Arling-
ton had the winning dog in Dober-
man pinschers in his Satan of
Arlington. Winners bitch in elbows
was Mrs. John Anderson's Ching
Chez Chan and best of breed in
miniature poodles was Mrs. Ray
Wilmotte's Sea Fren Harum Scarum,
which placed second in the nom
sporting group to the bulldog.
Evening star., 1945-10-12
Queen Isabella, Butler Chase
Spice Card at Laurel Today

Willie Jones of Charlottesville, Va,
will saddle a powerful pair in the
Butler If he starts both Rouge. Dra-
gon and Mercator. The later re-
Gently won the Grand National in
New York.
Elkridge, Bill Coffman, Great
Flares, Boojum I'd, Shotlo. Float
ing Isle, Royal Archer and Bisby are
other Butler eligibles, all capable Of
winning under their weight arrange
mentS.
One of the biggest disappoint-
ments of the 1945 turf season, Me-
gogo, owned by the Christiana Sta
BILE, failed again yesterday at Laurel.
He went to the post favored, but ran
fourth behind Salvo, Lord Calvert
and Concordian in the Village Purse.
The 4-year old gelding by Menow-
Negoporte won $67 500 while captur-
ing of % races as a 3-year-old, but
has yet to win this year in II out
ingS.
Evening star., 1945-10-12
Sports Program
For Local Fans
TODAY.
Football.

TODAY.
Football.
United States Merchant Ma
rine Academy at Maryland, 8.
Interhigh series, games at $3.50.
Tech at Roosevelt.
Western at Anacostia.
Wilson at Eastern.
Bethesda at Fairfax, 1870.
Georgetown Prep at Loyola Of
Baltimore, 3.
Dewitt at st. Adams, $3.50.
Sherwood at Friends, $3.50.
st. Johns VS.. Coolidge at Gen.
trail, 4.
Central VS.. Woodrow Wilson of
Portsmouth, Va, 4.
George Washington Juniors at
Jefferson, 3.
Mount Vernon at George Wash
ington, 8.
TOMORROW.
Football.
Westinghouse at Woodberry
Forest, 2::30.
st. James at Landon, 2:30.
Episcopal VS.. st. Christopher's
at Richmond, 3.
George Washington at James
Monroe of Fredericksburg, 2.
Bulls Prep at Staunton, 2;30.
Calvert Hall at Charlotte
Hall, 2.
Evening star., 1945-10-12

LAUREL, Md, Oct. 12.-America s
topflight fillies and mares, as well
as this country's foremost steeple-
chase performers, will be on exhi-
bition here this afternoon.
Ten fllies and mares are due to
fight it out in the fifth renewal of
the $4,000 Queen Isabella Handi-
cap at 11s miles. A like number
of jumpers are eligible for the
5000 Butler Memorial at 2 miles.
A year ago Warren Wright's Calu-
met Farm, represented by Twilight
Tear, won the Queen Isabella. He
is shooting for today's ten grand"
added money with Miss Keeneland
and Good Blood, either capable of
heading the procession.
Opposing are such tried and
proved performers as Edward Riley
Bradley's Be Faithful, Cain Soy
Stables Good Morning, Mrs. E. H.
Augustus Fiddler's Bit and J. l..
Friedman's Milcave.
Evening star., 1945-10-12
Nelson Leaves Field
Far Behind With 66
In Seattle Open
py the Associated Press.

SEATTLE, Oct. 12.-Byron Nelson
played the kind of golf yesterday to
which he and the world have become
accustomed, prying the lid off
Broadmoors par 10 and losing 1t in
the fog as he scored a 31-31-62 in
the s10,250 Seattle Open tournament.
AS the second round of the 72-hole
event opened today, Nelson was so
far in front the rest of the touring
professionals needed bloodhounds to
learn which way he had gone.
Ed Furgol and Chuck Congdon
had 68s and Jimmy Hines of Chi
cago started the day with &c.
The Nelson ball had eyes for the
cup-eagle eyes at two holes.
But even his terrific 31s did not
stand up as best effort for nine holes.
Fred Wood, after underclubbing
himself all the way around the first
nine for a 40, romped home in 30
with four brides, under the back
mines par for a 70.
Evening star., 1945-10-12
Helps the Farmer Feed Your Family. s.

ance to wear, and other special properties to
important parts like motor blocks, trans
missions and shafts.
In these and countless other ways, Nickel
is your Unseen Friend. It's as much part
of your daily life as the lead-in wire in your
electric light bulb.
THE INTERNATIONAL NICKEL COMPANY, INC.
New Fork IS, Ny.
international Nickel refners of Ecks,
and the Platinum metals producers TNCO
Alloys including M0NEL and NCoNEL.
20 41Nv6ke/
...Your Unseen Friend
Copyright
rhs international Esekd Company Ine.
Evening star., 1945-10-12

Owner Isidore BIeber, Trainer
Hirsch Jacobs and Jockey Conn Nc
Evening star., 1945-10-12
War Fund Races May Bring First
|2-MiIIion New England Betting

Creary scored double at Jamaica
yesterday. They teamed up with
BERTHE S. in the fifth and Flying
Fort in the seventh.
Evening star., 1945-10-12
Nelson, McSpuden Turn
To Bio Come Huntinu

SEATTLE, Wash, Oct. IL Dr.
Golfers jug McSpaden and Byron
Nelson will swap their clubs for
rifles next week on big-game hunt
ing trip in the rugged Selway coun-
try Of Idaho. Their companion.
Ralph Whaley. Seattle engineer and
amateur golfer, will use a boWnand
arrow.