davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1945-11-22
Objective in japan

Edwin S. Pauley. the Presidents
special representative on repara-
tions, says nothing surprising when
he declares that Japan will probably
be in no position to pay very
much to indemnify us for our war
costs. Now in Tokyo. he has con-
suited with General Macarthur and
made preliminary survey of the
country's resources, reaching more
or less self-explanatory conclusion
that the place is largely a rubble
heap, literally and figuratively, and
that we cannot squeeze much from 1t.
In the circumstances, according to
Mr.. Pauley, the United States is
likely to receive only insignificant"
payments, and there is question
whether japan will even be able to
foot any great part of our occupa-
ton costs. These costs, he says, will
be charged against the japanese be-
fore everything else. Next, they will
be called upon to pay for essential
imports. Then, third on the list of
priority demands will be the repara-
tions themselves, which may amount
to not much more than inferior ma
chinery. In short, since the war has
left the country pretty much without
resources and since it will be a
"have-not" for a long time to come,
we can expect precious little in any
form, cash or material.
Nevertheless Mr.. Pauley makes
clear that just as in the case of Ger
many, "a stern but fair" policy will
be followed to take from Japan
everything that can be taken with
out interfering with the principle Of
letting the people maintain peace
time economy in which they will be
permitted a standard of living as
high as, but no higher than, the
standard of neighboring countries
victimized by their aggression. Much
of the country's machinery-which
would be useless to us will be
shipped to China and the Philip
pines to help rebuild war-wrecked
industries. and all equipment that
has been used for arms-making will
be removed or destroyed.
Reparations as a whole and Mr..
Pauley estimates that the United
States is theoretically entitled to IS.
per cent of them presumably are
to be worked out in consultation
with China. Britain. Russia and the
other countries which fought Japan,
but 1t seems clear that there will be
only relatively negligible amount
to prorate. The main American and
Allied objective, however. ought to
Evening star., 1945-11-22
The First Thanksgiving Day

The Indian summer haze ,Uds gone, and
frost
Had come to paint the hills NTH
scarlet brush;
The barking OF for came from the
tcood,
And cornstalks ratified In Nouembers
hush. 81
The gates Of the stoeAade mere safely
against the yet untrapersed triIder-
ness: 81
The Pilgrims botoed IN prayer GroGA6
the board
They broke their bread, and aske6
for God to bless
The plates OF corn, broipned turkers
from the tuild, n
The blne-sheened grnpes, and sld&s
OF penison- BE-
These proofs that He had blessed their
hopeful toll, 81
And gipen them his fruitful benison.
The tapilight came to end their day 03
prayer ~
Beyond the pirgin clearing they hst
he1Dn,
NesO England Skies above the darkenS6
ridge, 70
Grew pcrm NTH light phers sail1
the harvest moon. &c
Evening star., 1945-11-22
The Operators Go Back

With Washington's second wildcat
transit strike apparently collapsing
under the impact of Government
seizure of the lines, some serious
thought should be given to the
implications of this type of union
responsibility.
In his singing rebuke to the
strikers, President Truman described
their action as "a blow at the sane
tity of labor agreements" and said
that 'Xhe action of this union brings
discredit upon the whole body of
organized labor" That is true, but
it does not go far enough. Actually,
the local transit strike also reflects
discredit on, and reveals the serious
weakness of, our whole system of
collective bargaining.
The law applicable to collective
bargaining lays down certain stand
ards of conduct for employers and
provides penalties for those who
fail to meet the standards. But it
sets out no standards of conduct
applicable to unions and provides
no penalties whatsoever for union
activities which reduce collective
bargaining to mockery.
Until this weakness is recognized
and dealt with by Congress. it is
idle to hope for any peace or stability
in industrial relations. And it is
difficult to see why union man,
unless he is seeking some selfish or
improper advantage, should object
to the imposition of appropriate
standards on unions.
Spurred to action by the local
transit strike, the House Rules Com
mittee yesterday reported out bill,
which, with other things, would
establish penalties for strikes in
violation of contract. In its en-
tirety, the bill may or may not be
desirable. Certainly it needs more
careful consideration than it has
received. But the significant thing
is that its opponents in the House
sought to combat it by raising the
familiar cry that its provisions would
"stab labor in the back"
So far as compelling respect for
contracts and imposing reasonable
standards on unions are concerned,
that protest is utter nonsense. If
organized labor, on the whole, is
not indulging in the practices at
which the bill is aimed, the great
majority of workers would not be
affected by it at all. 1t would reach
only the irresponsible union ele-
ments, and any man who undertakes
to put the selfish interests of these
groups ahead of the interests of
the people of the country actually
is proving himself to be an exceed
ingly poor friend" of labor.
Evening star., 1945-11-22
Bluff Thut FuiIed

One OF Lne points QeVelOpeQ Dy
Admiral Richardson in his testimony
before the Pearl Harbor Investigating
Committee, If 1t is properly evalu-
ated, can serve as a useful object
lesson in the shaping OF future
American policy.
The late President Roosevelt,
according to the admiral's testimony,
insisted upon basing the Pacific
Fleet at Pearl Harbor in the belief
that its presence there might deter
the Japanese from further aggressive
moves. This was opposed by Admiral
Richardson, who contended that the
japanese, being fully aware that the
fleet was not ready for action, would
not be restrained by It's presence in
the Pacific.
This opposition to the Presidents
views cost him his job as feet COM
mander, but events were to prove
him right. The presence at Pearl
Harbor Of a fleet that was not ready
to fight did not deter the Japanese.
On the contrary, their first move
was to knock it out, although, as
Admiral Richardson said, that might
have happened even If the fleet had
been pulled back to the West Coast
in line with his own wishes.
The real lesson in this Is that it Is
futile and dangerous to attempt to
bluff a strong and well-informed
potential enemy. The Presidents
gesture at Pearl Harbor may have
bluffed the people OF this country.
Certainly, as Admiral Leahy's testi-
mony indicates, few Americans real
lied that the feet was not ready for
action. But 1t did not bluff the
Japanese, and, in the future, we will
be guilty Of probably fatal blunder
If we attempt to support vigorous
foreign policy by a mere show of
military power.
This was what General Eisenhower
had in mind when he told the Amer
lean Legion that "to be strong
nationally is not a sin; it is a
necessity" True military strength,
as distinguished from a pretended
strength, will deter aggressors.
Hence, the real sin in the world of
today is to be weak, and it is that
sin of which we will be guilty If we
neglect our military strength and
still aspire to be a major power.
Evening star., 1945-11-22
Division of the Fleet
By Maj. George Fieldinf Eliot

Evidence introduced at the Pearl
Harbor hearings has now progressed
to the point at which certain tentative
comment becomes possible.
So far, attention has chiefly been d.
rected toward two points, as far as
strategy is concerned. First, the di-
vision Of the fleet between the Atlantic
and Pacific Oceans, violation of ac-
cepted naval doctrine to be justified
only by extreme necessity. Second, the
decision Of President Roosevelt to keep
the Pacific Fleet based on Pearl Harbor
despite Admiral Richardson's insist
ence that 1t should return to West Coast
ports in the spring Of 1910.
The facts as to the division Of the
feet have not been fully set forth IN
the testimony. Confining this analysis
to capital ships, there were a total OF
II battleships and Z aircraft carriers
in commission in the United States
Navy on December Z, 1941. OF these,
nine battleships and four aircraft car
riers were In the Pacific; eight battle-
ships and three aircraft carriers in the
Atlantic.
In numbers, this represents an almost
equal division. But Of the ships in the
AtlduClC. tIlIcc pdttlSlupS (NcW YOTk,
Texas, Arkansas) were verging on obso-
lescence and could have accomplished
very little in feet action, two battle
ships North Carolina, Washington and
one aircraft carrier Hornet) had Just
been completed at East Coast yards
and were still in the "shakedown" stage.
A%A
Discussion Of the propriety Of divide
ing the fieet therefore must center on
The three remaining Atlantic battle
ships udaho, Mississippi, New Mexico)
and the aircraft carriers Ranger and
Wasp. All Of these, except the Wasp,
had been transferred from the Pacific
to the Atlantic In order to give some
secure base for our increasing RESPONSE
bilities in protecting transatlantic con-
voys. The Wasp, completed In 1910,
had been kept in the Atlantic for the
same reason.
1t was felt that in case we should be
drawn into war with Germany over the
U-bCat sinkings, as we had been In 1917,
there must be some security against the
possible appearance Ia the Western At
lantic Of German surface Warships. The
German Navy possessed at least three
fast battleShips and two so-called
pocket battleships";; some OF III Of these
might break through the British screen,
Evening star., 1945-11-22

as the Bismarck In fact attempted to do
in May, 1941, and almost succeeded.
Considered from the point of view OF
the Pacific war only, the division of the
neet was cardinal error But it was
urged that the vast distances of the
Pacific would give us time margin in
which to deal with any Japanese danger;
there was preconceived idea-unfor-
tunately erroneous-that initial jap.
aneSe offensive moves, If they came,
would be directed toward the Philippines
ana Malaga only, and 1t was intended to
reinforce the Pacific Fleet with the
North Carolina, Washington and per-
maps the Hornet as soon as these ships
were ready for action. Meanwhile Ad-
miral Ernest j. King, who then COM
manded the Atlantic Fleet, pleaded
forcefully his need for at least nucleus
OF surface fighting power to take care
OF his increasingly heavy responsible
ties, which might at any moment be-
come the responsibilities of actual war.
As to the propriety Of keeping the
Pacific Fleet based on Hawaii as deter
rent to the Japanese, there seems little
doubt that this decision was correct In
abstract theory, but erroneous under the
given conditions. President Roosevelt
was well-read student Of naval STRAIT
egy. He was familiar with the writings
Of Mahan. II he permitted himself to be
persuaded to violate Mahans dictum
against dividing the feet, he did not
forget Mahan's views on the advantages
Of an advanced position: Behind your
feet, resting thus on secure positions
and closely knit 10 the home country by
well-guarded communications, the OPP
erations Of commerce, transport and
supply can 90 on freely. into such
sea the enemy cannot venture In force
about equal to your own because In the
very act Of venturing he exposes his
communications, and, in case Of reverse.
he Is too far away from his home ports"
But, as Admiral Richardson pointed
out, the Japanese government was
military and not q civilian government.
It was dangerous to assume that the
Japanese would be deferred by q deet
which. presumably, they knew to be
undermanned, unprepared for war and
lacking the training which 1t would re-
quire Ia order to undertake sustained
offensive. The correction Of these de-
fects would have been the real de-
tcopsright ls4s.l
Evening star., 1945-11-22
For History to UnruveI

In his mastery opening statement
to the international tribunal at
Nuremberg yesterday, Mr.. Justice
Robert H. Jackson, chief United
States prosecutor of accused Nazi
war criminals, explained that eve
are not inquiring into the conditions
which contributed to starting this
war. They are for history to un-
ravel."
We must also leave for history to
unravel some of the complexities
presented by this proceeding. They
do not lie so much in the legalities
of the undertaking as in the posi-
BILE fruits of that bold concept which
Justice Jackson has endeavored to
plant-that individuals, under in
ternational law, are from this time
on liable to punishment, as common
criminals, for the parts they play
in preparation of newly defined
Grimes against the peace" and
"crimes against humanity"
It may be that in times to come
q grateful world will look sback on
this symbolic proceeding at Nuern-
berg in much the same light that
we now regard the precedents writ
ten at Runnymede and at Phila-
delphia. But for the present we
must keep before us the danger
which Mr.. Jackson has himself rec
ognized and anticipated-the dan
ger that instead of establishing
new concept of international law,
the judgment of the world will be
that the only lesson taught at
Nuremberg was the old lesson that
the victors always have and always
will be the judges OF the van
Quished.
Mr.. Jackson referred to that dam
ger after the four powers had
agreed, in London last August, to
the Charter under which the trials
are now being held. He referred to
1t again yesterday, when he said
that personal punishment, to be
suffered In the event war is lost,
will not be enough of a deterrent
to stop those from engaging in ag-
gressive war who believe they can
win. II they are to live, the new
chapters of international law writ
ten at Nuremberg must be accepted
by the peoples of the world. while
this law is first applied against
German aggressors," Mr.. Jackson
said, "the law includes, and il it
must serve a useful purpose it must
condemn. aggression by any other
Evening star., 1945-11-22
This Changing World
By Constantine Brovn

State Department policy-framers have
been keeping their fingers crossed since
the Iranian minister called to remind
the American Government Of the pledge
given his country on December /, 1913,
that the sovereignty and the territorial
integrity Of Iran would be respected.
Besides President Roosevelt, Premier
Stain and Prime Minister Churchill
signed the pledge.
Inter departmental conferences are
now taking place at frequent intervals to
establish whether the Iranian rebellion
can be described as an attempt to inter-
fere with the territorial integrity Of q
member OF the United Nations or
whether It is domestic matter in which
two political factions are fighting for
power.
The Iranian government has intimated
that the rebellion in Northern Iran was
fostered by the Iranian Communists,
who only recently changed their name
to the Democratic party" This organi-
zation, according to the assertions Of the
Teheran government, is entirely under
the influence of Moscow and the rebel
lion was possible only because the Red
Army provided its friends" with arms
and ammunition.
The ranks Of the rebels, the Teheran
government says, have been swelled by
brawny Russian immigrants" who chose
to 60 into the Persian Azerbaiian only q
few weeks ago, under the protection Of
the Red Army, which still controls the
area.
These circumstances, which have been
partially confirmed by reports from
Americans In Iran, are regarded by the
Iranian government as definite breach
Of the 1943 pledge. Consequently 1t feels
free to call on the governments which
gave the pledge to intervene and prevent
the dismemberment of the country. The
Iranian government also has pointed out
that unless Washington and London re-
mind Moscow Of its pledges, the chances
are that the entire country soon might
become another satellite of the U. S. s. R.
by the establishment of the Democratic
party" as the government Of Iran.
~
The State Department finds itself In
a dilemma. Most of its officials are con-
vinced that the Teheran administration
has presented its complaints correctly.
For three months American diplomats
on the spot and American officials loaned
Evening star., 1945-11-22

to the Iranian government have been
sending reports warning about an out
break In Azerbaijan. Moreover the Te-
heran government is not seeking to pro-
woke Russia in any way. It has complied
with all the requests from Moscow, but
has maintained rather stih attitude
every time the question Of Trans sover-
eighty appeared to be involved.
The Russian government has adopted
the position that the troubles In Iran
have been caused by an ill-advised pol
icy Of the Teheran government towards
the growing liberal" party, which has
been thriving particularly in the north
where the rich landlords have refused
to end the age-old feudal system.
The separatist movement is consid-
cred by the Soviet officials as purely
by the signatories of the Teheran
pledges would mean an Allied inter-
ference with the sovereign rights Of
the Iranian peoples" Russia has al
ready disclaimed the accusation of in
tervention In the Azerbaijanese troubles.
Some policy trainers in the State De-
partment are reluctant to accept the
Teheran version against that from Mos
COW, although they are fully aware that
much Is to be said In favor Of the legit-
innate government Of Iran.
But they point out that this country
cannot afford at this time to offend or
annoy Russia on matter such as this.
Since early in October the Soviet gov
ernment has been unco-operative In the
settlement Of many international prob
lens. The administration in Washing
ton is still hopeful that in the near
future we can persuade the Soviet gov
ernment to join the other Allies again.
High-ranking policy trainers believe it
would be unfortunate II the Iranian
problem were permitted to interfere.
Hence, they are inclined to consider the
Iranian troubles merely as domestic
affair which should not involve the
signatorieS Of the Teheran agreement.
The supporters of policy of not Of
tending Russia maintain that the Te-
heran guarantee was not given to any
particular Iranian government but to
the 1ranians themselves. And, they say,
there is no indication that the Commu-
mist party Of Iran does not actually
represent the wishes OF the Iranian
people.
Evening star., 1945-11-22
Sees Political History Repeating

Sees Political History Repeating
To the Editor Of The Star:
The greatest threat to our security is
at home in the political field. There the
coalition Of the conservative Republic
ans and conservative Democrats has SO
undermined our two-party system that
for all practical purposes there exists
only one major political party. This
coalition has so thwarted the purposes
Of the two-party system that 1t has be-
come merely device to divide the po-
.litical spoils while carrying out pro-
gram that the people never voted for.
Such q situation, however, Is not new
Id our American political life. The pres
ent Republican party came into being
when older party lines were split and
factions voted contrary to the party
platforms on which they were put into
office.
Indications OF the seriousness OF the
situation can be found in the failure to
establish an equitable solution to the
problem Of prices and wages, TO effect
. speedy reconyersion to peacetime pro-
duction, to speed the returning and re-
leasing Of our. war veterans, and to curb
racial and religious prejudice Is ex-s
emplified BY the burning Of the @crosses"
BY the Ku Klux khan In Georgia.
RICHARD STEIN.
Evening star., 1945-11-22
The Political Mill
By Gould Lincoln

Revision of the Federal labor laws, In
the opinion of many members of Con-
gress, Is the only solution Of the desper-
ate situation which the strife between
labor and management has imposed on
the country.
The issue Is squarely before the
Truman administration and the Con-
gress. The President. If he will, can
take the lead in proposing legislation
and undoubtedly its course would be
speeded In Congress. The alternative is
for legislation to be advanced by the
two houses Of Congress themselves, In
the hope that 1t would be approved
when 1t reached the White House.
In order to give the President, and
also his Labor-Management Conference,
full opportunity to work out plans for
peaceful settlement of industrial dis.
puts, members of Congress, who have
long been impressed with need for labor
legislation, have postponed forcing con-
sideration Of bills to improve the labor
laws.
4
iaw amendment is contained, for ex-
oAAAP4Gs 4AA LAC odA~ouI Dill,
introduced many weeks ago in the Sem
ate by two Republicans, Senator Ball
Of Minnesota and Associate Justice Bur-
ton of the Supreme Court, then Senator
from Ohio. and one Democrat, Senator
Hatch Of New Mexico. Convinced that
legislation Is more than ever necessary,
both Senator Hatch and Senator Ball
are laying plans for hearings on their
measure.
How soon they will act depends largely
on the course which the present labor
situation takes. In any event they do
not intend to have these hearings post
poned later than the first of January.
Labor was quick to denounce the Ball
Burton Hatch bill, which it has termed
iniquitous. Labor, however, is against
any revision of the present labor laws
or any new laws which in any way
seek to curtan the freedom of organized
labor to do anything it desires. An ex-
ample of labor's attitude is found in its
opposition to the Hobbs bill to bring
labor unions within the scope of the
Federal anti-racketeering law.
Under existing law, unfair labor prac-
tices may be charged only against
management-not against labor unions.
There is no provision making labor
equally responsible with management
Evening star., 1945-11-22

be achieved readily enough. In Mr..
Pauley's words, this will be to de-
industrialize and demilitarize the
country in such way as to render
1t permanently incapable of waging
war. This is more important than
the forcing Of cash or material pay
ments; II we can have it. the long
term peace Of Asia and the world
will be well served.
Evening star., 1945-11-22
Approves Patent Office Articles

To the Editor OF The Star:
have noted In the Congressional
Record reprints Of articles from The Star
by Francis P. Douglas, dealing with the
highly unsatisfactory situation created
by the division Of the Patent ONCE
between Washington and Richmond. I
am gratified that Senator Briggs recog-
nized the Importance of this question
and had these articles reprinted.
From bitter personal experience, can
vouch for the accuracy of the articles
and, like all patent lawyers, could set
forth in detail many specific examples.
We have found that the efficiency of
our associates searches in Washington
has been impaired greatly by the divi-
sion Of the Patent Once and by the
closing of of so large a portion of the
search room, which was none too large
to begin with.
My trips to the Patent Once obviously
are made more expensive and far less
satisfactory by the necessity Of going
both to Washington and to Richmond.
This Is particularly true because of the
very unsatisfactory transportation facil-
tiles between the two towns. Next week,
for example, have case to argue in
the United States Court OF Customs
and Patent Appeals on Wednesday and
have some few matters which I could
probably take care Of in an afternoon,
If the Patent Office were in Washington,
but it will now be necessary for me to
spend at least day making trip to
Richmond. There seems to be every
reason to believe that there will be a
tremendous increase in inventions (Mr.
Douglas points out that the increase
in patent applications already is very
much in evidence), so that it is to the
interest Of patent lawyers, the Patent
oface and, above all, of the general pub
lie to move the Patent ONCE back to
Washington and give 1t adequate facil-
tiles, both as to space and personnel.
JOSEPH J. GRAvELY.
st, Louis,
Evening star., 1945-11-22

From the Montreal Star.
And behold 1t came to pass that a
green fellow read in black and white
that things looked dark. The news
made him blue, for behold, he was yell
low.
Evening star., 1945-11-22
CoIorful
By David Laurence

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