davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1945-08-04
This Changing World
BY COnsf0ntiNe BrOtCn

puppet state, Bulgaria, with some of
Turkish Thrace, thus giving Bulgaria
seacoast on the Aegean. Finally, Rus
sia wants the return Of the strategic
provinces of KarS and Ardahan in
Eastern Turkey, which she ceded to
Turkey following the World War. These
provinces have great military value
and could command military access to
a large part of the Near and Middle
East.
This is where Britain comes into the
picture-for the British Empire long
has considered these areas her sphere
of influence The triangular interests
of Turkey, Russia and the British En-
pire, If not solved at the Potsdam Con-
ference, will have to be dealt with again
before concern about the Near and
Middle East is dissipated.
The failure of Potsdam to settle this
question, of course, does not impair the
prestige gained by the detailed treat
ment of the German problem. But
while most interest has been focused
on this major matter, it is evident that
on still other matters, the Big Three
came to no agreements.
inals. The wording of the communique
is reserved and measured and quite
obviously indicates that the views ex-
changed were by no means identical and
that differences were not harmonized.
This comes as no great surprise, since
Justice Jackson's recent warning-that
the United States would proceed alone
If the other powers could not finish
preparations-has been widely noted.
Differences on judicial procedure and
on the definition Of the term "aggres-
sion" as a basis for war guilt are re-
portedly among the differences which
have arisen.
One clause in the communique has
stimulated much speculation. 1t says
that the conference examined a pro-
posal by the Soviet government con-
corning trusteeship territories" and fol-
lows with an explanation that "it was
decided that the disposition of any
former Italian territories" should be
settled at the peace conference involv-
ing Italy.
1t Is believed in some quarters that
Russia thus sought to put the control of
Italian territories in North Africa under
some form of international commission,
of which she would like to be member.
Thus, Russia would have a further
voice in Mediterranean questions. Her
ambition to participate in the interna-
tional government of Tangier recently
drew attention to her interest in these
questions.
1t will probably be a cause for re-
joicing in liberal and labor circles that
no mention was made of forced labor
for the Germans. This question pro-
foundly disturbed the British at the
Yalta meeting, and it may be that Brit
ish objections either eliminated this
much-advertiSed Russian demand, or
forced some compromise, the outlines
of which are not visible in the commu-
niuue
Evening star., 1945-08-04

This nonpartisanship, in an effort
to bring order to American industrial
relations, has manifested itself in an
other direction. Two Republican Sem
ators, Ball of Minnesota and Burton
of Ohio, have joined with Senator Hatch
Of New Mexico, Democrat, in the intro
duction of a comprehensive bill to estab-
lish more definite labor policy for the
Federal Government. All three of these
Senators were sponsors of a resolution
long before Dumbarton Oaks Conference
was called, looking to international
peace.
If there should also be a show of
nonpartisanship among the representa-
tives of labor and management who
will be called upon to confer on in
dustrial peace, there will be a real
chance of success. Senator Vanden-
berg, in his letter to Secretary Schwel-
lenbach, has put it succinctly. He said:
Now that we have laid the ground
work for external peace with justice,
there remains the necessity to find the
basis for peace with justice on the home
front. We must create a mutually
equitable relationship between capital
and management, on the one hand, and
Va kdAALAC0 Oli tllC OtllCL ildllQ-
protecting the legitimate rights of each,
and always consulting the general well
fare-to the end that needless strife
shall not impair reconversion and per-
rnanently jeopardize the country and all
its citizenship"
4
Leaders of organized labor and of
management and capital already have
expressed their approval of the United
Industrial Peace Conference" suggest
ed by Mr.. Vandenberg. 1t is to the
vital interests of both that peace be
preserved, as well as to the interests
of the entire country. The conference,
if it Is properly constituted and con-
Quoted by men of good will, can ac-
complish tremendous amount of good.
If peace with justice" can be had on
the industrial front great stride will
have been made.
Senator Vandenberg put his finger on
the essential when he asked: rs it not
possible that such a conference could
escape from intrenched rivalries long
enough to deal fundamentally with the
equities which are prerequisite to the
healthy pursuit Of better times for all
and for all American" The answer must
come from the conference itself.
Evening star., 1945-08-04
Erosion Again

OF course, there is nothing new
about erosion. The top soil of the
earth has been washing into the
seven seas for hundreds of hundreds
of years. Nothing can stop the
movement of water downhill, and
where water goes there also will go
grains or pounds or tons of sand and
mud, the quantity depending upon
the force Of gravity in application.
Yet it is, not only gravity that
transports fragments of the surface
of the globe from one place to an
other. Water has a dynamic of its
own. It rushes as well as falls, and
anybody who has travelled along the
Atlantic Coast between Georgia and
Connecticut since Saint Swithin's s
day has had opportunity to witness
the whole dramatic business going
on in a much bigger way than usual
But the heavy rains of July were
not unprecedented and people Ger
tainly did not need them especially
in order to find out what muddy
water in motion looks like. Some
who never before had paused to
think of the problem involved, how
ever, may have become interested
In it this summer. An entire hill
side marching-as several are along
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
between Washington and Laurel-is
an intriguing spectacle. If enough
Of them moved, the general contour
of the planet would be changed.
Men of science reply that that is
exactly what is happening. Every
continent is sliding into the uni
versal ocean. But living generations
OF Americans need not worry about
an eventual inundation of all the
land areas under the sun. The pace
of erosion never was too rapid. Even
the most disastrous floods, like those
which have occurred in the Ohio
and the Mississippi Valleys, are rela-
lively inconsequential as viewed
against the background Of unlimited
history.
It is rather the balance of nature
that merits thinking about. The
mountains Of Abyssinia, for example,
have been contributing to the Delta
Of the Nile for perhaps half a mil
lion years. Yet the mountains have
not been destroyed completely.
Neither has the Delta choked the
whole Mediterranean. The steady
rising Of the italian peninsula may
be one result Of the shifting OF
weight In Egypt and the discernible
Evening star., 1945-08-04
Nothing Secret

President Truman's fiat statement
that he had made no secret agree
ments of any kind" at the PotSdam
Conference will further disappoint
those who had thought, apparently
on the basis of sheer wishtulness,
that some understanding would be
reached in regard to Soviet partici-
patton in the war against Japan.
The Presidents statement, OF
course, does not necessarily mean
that Russia will continue in her
neutral role. But when his dis
claimer of any secret agreement is
added to the failure Of the Potsdam
communique to shed light on the
future lineup in the Pacific war,
there can be no legitimate inference
that, words to the contrary, plan
of concerted action has been worked
out among the Big Three. In this
situation, instead of building up
expectations of assistance which
may not be forthcoming, it seems
clearly desirable that we, with our
active Allies, should plan on war
to the finish with Japan which can
be and will be won with or without
Soviet military support.
The communique issued after the
Potsdam meeting concluded with
the cryptic announcement that dur
ing the conference there were meet
ings between the chiefs of staff of the
three governments Russia, Britain
and the United States) on military
matters of common interest" What
these matters may have been is left
to conjecture, but an Associated
Press dispatch from the cruiser
Augusta, on which the President is
returning to this country, conveys
the additional information that
during the Berlin conference the
American and British chiefs of staff
held daily meetings to perfect details
in the coordination of British and
American forces Gin accomplishing
a total defeat of the Japanese mill
tary and naval forces, the uncondi-
tional surrender of Japan at the
earliest possible date, and the liberia
ton of Japanese-occupied territory"
These discussions resulted in certain
proposals which have been approved
by the President and the Prime
Minister.
1t has been announced that Mr..
Truman will make a report to the
people of this country when he gets
home, but it is not likely that he
will divulge more as to the nature
of these decisions which have been
made to hasten the total defeat of
Japan. AS is the case with the
possibility of Russian intervention,
the world will learn about them
when the time comes to put them
into effect
Evening star., 1945-08-04
What Price Automobiles?
BY Raym ond MOIev

contracts involve profits. Civilian pro-
duction will involve initial losses. The
job Of balancing war profits and civilian
losses in q given year is practically an
impossible one, since the rate of tran
sition is not uniform as among COM
panies and can hardly be predicted.
-
If the OPA sets prices applicable to
the industry as whole, weaker COM
panies will be badly squeezed. If each
company is dealt with separately, the
public will be subsidizing the weak ones.
If ceilings are set by models, some manu-
facturers point out that nothing will be
the same but the name. One manufac.
turer was asked If he would accept the
1912 price on Model x. What Model
X?" he answered. I'VE will not be
making that model again. There will
be hundred changes"
II the OPA sets prices on finished
cars and lets parts prices 60 natural,
the car manufacturers, who are fierce
competitors and tough buyers, will hold
prices down themselves. Such a policy
might work In the automobile industry,
but it probably would not work in many
others
II the Government should decide that
automobile price fixing is too hard to
work out and decides on no controls,
there will be demands for similar treat
ment by hundreds Of other industries.
Finally, II delay and hesitation are the
rule, civilians will be denied their needs,
and unemployment will pile up
This complex situation faced by the
OPA is only one side Of larger situa-
ton with many, many more sides. Prec-
edents set here will apply to hundreds
of other articles. And no one knows
better than the OPA how dificult it Is
to set precedents and to hold them.
When we bring government into busi-
ness, We weave tangled web.
Neleased by The Associated Newspaper, Inc)
Evening star., 1945-08-04
Sight

SOULS eyes gro,o dim, the eyes through
,Ohich are seen
The things that mortal sight to nsa1
denies,
Unless their uision be kept sharp and
keen ..t
By the Leaf ,0hich does the hand
epitomize,
By trillium, udgrant In the ,oood, the.
blade,
And pine the cloud reclines upon to
rest,
By nseddo,o nests the bobolinks hare
made
Near cottonDoods By Gypsy streams
possessed.
These are the things, and Others sinsilar.
Which are as lens through tohict may
be discerned
The Artists Hand that fashioned the
first star,
And from dark nothingness and chaos
turned
Out the green earth with boa0h and
song to frame
The gracious picture tphere is signed
His name.
EDWARD D. GARNER
Evening star., 1945-08-04
Russiu and the BoItic

The agreement arrived at by the
Potsdam Conference concerning the
division of the German province of
East Prussia between Poland and
the Soviet Union is of much more
than local Importance. The logical
inference is Anglo-American acqui-
escence in Russia's contentious on
other matters not specifically men
toned which will result in virtually
complete Soviet dominance over the
Baltic Sea.
So far as the East Prussia parti-
tion is concerned. Russia gets prac-
tically the entire sea frontage of the
province, including both the port of
Koenigsberg, the local metropolis,
and the mouth of the Niemen River.
Poland gets only the thinly popu-
lated hinterland. Furthermore, the
provisional" Russian border agreed
on at Potsdam puts the Russians
only about 80 air-miles from Danzig
at the mouth of the Vistula River.
= However, that is a point of minor
significance; because. after acquir-
ing all Of Eastern Germany to the
Oder and Neisse Rivers and expelling
millions Of Germans therefrom. no
Polish government can ever venture
to take an independent attitude to-
ward the Soviet Union. Thus, Po-
lands new frontage on the Baltic
can be considered as under Russian
remote control.
RuSsia's acquisition of the north
ern portion of East Prussia likewise
implies Anglo American acquies-
cence in the Russian contention that
Lithuania is organically part of the
Soviet Union; otherwise, the trans
ferred area would be sundered from
Soviet Russia by Lithuanian terri
tory. And what is true of Lithuania
logically applies to the two other
Baltic States, Esthonia and Latvia,
which were declared incorporated
into the Soviet Union during the
period Of Russo-German accord pre-
ceding Hitler's invasion of Russia in
the summer of 1941. Those annexa-
tions have never been recognized as
valid by the American Government,
which still maintains technically
full diplomatic relations with the
former regimes of the three coun-
tries. now in exile though claiming
their independence and denouncing
the Russian action as illegal. For
that matter, Britain has likewise
hitherto not recognized those Baltic
annexations to the Soviet Union,
Evening star., 1945-08-04
Wor Criminals
From the Manchester Guardian.

From the Manchester Guardian.
Mr.. Justice Jackson's report to the
President on the trials Of the major war
criminals puts forward a strong and
definite policy, which, just because it
raises many difficulties, should be thor
oughly discussed. He is dealing only
with the chief accused, those mainly
responsible for "a grand conceeted pat
tern to incite and commit the aggres-
sions and barbarities which have
shocked the world" BY what law shall
they be judged? "Those acts which
offended the conscience of our people
were criminal by standards generally
accepted in all civilized countries" ;"
Clearly the appeal here Is to that de-
veloping law, the law never written but
craven in the hearts OF men, the law of
nature. While the doctrine Of the
natural law has an honorable ancestry,
there is always q danger in appealing
to conscience for legal sanctions, be-
cause consciences are varying things,
subject to emotional excitement.
Evening star., 1945-08-04

The pathetic struggles Of the OPA
over the fixing of prices on forthcom-
ing new automobiles suggest how much
easier it is to get government into pri-
vate business than to get it out. The
car-pricing example illustrates the pains
that are ahead In months to come with
many other kinds Of business.
1t has been announced that the CELL
ing has been fixed for WHY'S Overland
jeeps. But these cars have been in war
production, and the revised model is
new to the civilian market.
The OPA has approached the task of
fixing the prices on models discontinued
during the war with the boldness and
confidence OF wren trying to steal
food from kingfisher. Questionnaires
went out on which manufacturers OF
parts labored for periods as long as
six weeks. Conference dates with the
large manufacturers were set and then
postponed. A meeting In Washington
was held, and the manufacturers found
that the OPA experts were able to speak
only in lofty generalities.
Then "task forces" Of Washington
functionaries appeared in Detroit and
sat down with manufacturers account
ants. These labors went on and on.
Now the task forces" have returned
to their base In Washington.
The reasons for the difnculties in
fixing prices on the new cars are not
hard to see. Some producers OF the
many parts which 60 into automobiles
have gone into other lines Of manufac-
turing. Other manufacturers Of parts
don't know whether they viii make
the same products again. AL their basic
elements of cost have changed-wages,
transportation and materials.
In most cases, manufacturers. both
of finished cars and of parts, must move
into civilian production gradually. War
Evening star., 1945-08-04
The Coast Guard

The Coast Guard is 155 years old
today. and stronger and more effec-
tive than ever. With its $4,000 off,
GERS. its $4,000 enlisted personnel
Gncluding 10000 SPARS) and its
$4,000 temporary reservists. it has
carried out one Of the most varied,
far-ranging and productive jobs of
the war. In peacetime it is an arm
OF the Treasury. charged with the
responsibility of maintaining the
safety Of life at sea and enforcing
the maritime laws. But ever since
Pearl Harbor-just as in every past
struggle America has had with for
eign enemies-it has been an inte-
grail part of the Regular Navy. In
addition to it's usual duties. includ-
ing the iceberg patrol and the pro-
lection of seal herds, it has guarded
our home ports against fire and
sabotage, sped arms cargoes to the
battle fronts, manned landing
barges in every important amphibi-
GUS operation all over the world,
served invaluably on troop trans
ports, and done valiant convoy work
in the submarine infested seas. In
combat all the way from the green
hell of Guadalcanal to the desolate
white silences of the Arctic, suffer-
ing many casualties in its ranks and
producing more than a few heroes,
it has more than lived up to the rich
and proud traditions it has accumu-
lated since that August 4 in 1890
when it was created as our first
armed naval force. "Semper Paratus"
is its motto, and always Ready" it
is. whether in the thick of battle
or in the sometimes maddening
monotony of it's normal routine.
Evening star., 1945-08-04

The Big Three, just finished meeting
at Potsdam, have issued detailed
communique, the outstanding fact of
which Is an agreement on the parti-
ton Of Germany. This sensational par
tition may be provisional, but as inter-
preted by some diplomatic observers, 1t
is probably permanent.
Whatever may be said for or against
this decision, opinion Is unanimous that
the communique Is much more salts
factory than the statements issued after
the Teheran and Yalta Conferences,
since the subjects covered are given a
detailed and specific treatment. In
many ways, the world now has
clearer outline of the intentions of the
big powers concerning Germany.
But there remain some questions
completely unanswered by the COM
munique. One is the possible entrance
of Russia into the Far Eastern war
although sophisticated observers hardly
expected any statement from the con-
ference on this matter. The problem,
however, which every one did expect to
receive some airing and on which a
statement is long overdue Is that of the
Near and Middle East.
One of the mysteries of the Potsdam
communique Is that 1t does not once
mention the Near and Middle East. This
pressing matter, about which Moscow,
London and Ankara have been arguing
behind the scenes for some months,
could hardly have been overlooked on
the agenda at Potsdam.
- y
After all, one of the principal motives
t1l ,knl L. Eov. I~N1l
ing this meeting was the desire to untan-
gle the complicated dispute concerning
the status Of the Straits Of the Dar-
danelles, Turkish Thrace and the Tur-
kish provinces Of Kars and Ardahan.
Winston Churchill had this particularly
in mind when he urged both President
Truman and Premier Stain to meet.
1t is known that Mr.. Truman made a
thorough study of these problems, with
the aid of many experts in the State
and War Departments, before he left
for Potsdam. With him went formi-
dable battery of experts on the Near
and Middle East. If Mr.. Truman had
nothing to say about these matters fol-
lowing the conference, it could hardly
be that he was uninformed.
Also, 1t Is assumed that incoming
Prime Minister Attlee was kept fully
informed about any developments con-
corning that part of the world by Mr..
Churchill. In the closing days of the
conference. when Mr.. Attlee took Mr..
Churchills place, he was undoubtedly
well prepared to deal with this as well
as other questions.
d
Nor is it possible that Soviet Russia
the historic problems Of Russia, whether
under the CZars or under the commits
sars. Russia today, as for many dec
AIDES past, wants at least some control
over the vital Straits of the Dardanelles,
which would provide her with an outlet
to the Aegean.
Russia also would like to reward her
Evening star., 1945-08-04
Prudence Demands 1t

Inc more extreme crlClclSm OF
the War Departments demobiliza-
ton policy-notably that of Senator
Johnson of Colorado. who would
promptly reduce the Army to 3,000,-
600 men-seems to be predicated on
the assumption that the collapse of
Japan is imminent and that the
simple and logical thing to do,
therefore, is to discharge millions of
soldiers without further delay.
1t is possible that the assumption
is right. It is possible that the Jap
anese will surrender unconditionally
in the near future. But possibility
and a probability are two entirely
different things. and in the judg-
ment of our top military leadership
which up to now has demon
Strated great deal of competence
prudence demands that our Army
be maintained at strength of just
under 100000. This number is
needed to permit the swift dispatch
of about 3,500,000 men to the Pacific
for direct action against the enemy.
Senator Johnson's figure, if we are
to believe those whose lifetime job
and responsibility is to plan strategy
and run armies, would be woefully
inadequate, upsetting all programs
for an expeditions victory over
Japan.
In this connection, it is worth
remembering that the bulk of the
japanese Army is still in being. Our
Navy may have all but destroyed
Hirohito's sea power, and our air
forces may be soaring the home
islands from end to end, but in
China, Manchuria and Japan proper
the enemy still has something like
4,000,000 troops trained and equipped
for instant battle. and since Japa-
nese fanaticism may we'll continue
to overrule japanese reason, it is
foolhardy in the extreme for any of
us in America to suppose-as if it
were a certainty-that little fight
ing remains to be done before Tokyo
yields and gives us total victory.
Accordingly, wholly apart from
the fact that wholesale and indis-
criminate demobilization at this
time could undermine troop morale
and create chaotic transportation
conditions, Secretary Stimson is on
sound ground when he says that the
Army's present discharge system is
essential to plans for all-out Often
sive operations to defeat Japan as
fast as possible. This ought not to
mean, of course, that there can be
no exceptions. The system should
be flexible enough to permit the
furloughing or release of manpower
critically needed in vital industries.
The Army already has begun to let
out men to cope with the railroad
jam, for instance, and if the coal
situation is really as serious as some
officials insist. the same should be
done with percentage of the
miners in uniform.
Otherwise, however, with Japan
: still to be beaten, the War Depart
ment seems altogether right in
turning deaf ear to cries for i'm
mediate, grand-scale rehabilitation.
AS Senator Thomas of Utah declares,
the general rush to collapse the
armed services" can serve only to
please the enemy; "it is high time
for the Nation to stop enjoying the
peace in Europe and to get on with
the grim war ahead"