davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1945-10-24
Legal Landmarks
By Ray,n ond Moiey

authority to order such acts But he
helped to promote the cataclysm which
included such acts and he helped know
ingly and voluntarily. Hence, he shares
the guilt.
1t is important to keep this in mind,
because there are many Americans and
Englishmen who view the ex post facto
angles of this prosecution with great
misgivings. They say that membership
in the Nazi movement was not crime
under any law in the beginning. Hence,
to call it a criminal conspiracy after
the act is violation Of Anglo-Ameri-
can justice. But considering all the
evidence, the original Nazi movement
was, in fact, an act of aggression against
nations with which Germany had bound
itself in legal obligations. Hence, the
form Of Indictment has saved, in great
measure, the principles of our law.
The indictment also introduces in a
new and forceful way the principle
that an individual must be held ac-
countable for the acts Of an organiza-
tion which he has joined freely and
voluntarily. When free man Joins an
organization, he surrenders q part Of
his freedom to that organization. He
should. in justice, be held responsible
for what that organization does. He
cannot take the cowardly course Of
hiding bShind leaders. For if he were
not follower, they would not be leaders
and have the power Of leaders. This
principle needs more and more empha-
sis everywhere.
Released By the Associated Newspapers Inc)
Evening star., 1945-10-24

the dynamic materialism OF communism
the dynamic idealism of Christianity in
practice and it is rapidly rendering
communism old-fashioned, not new" or
radical"
Its titular head is Georges Bidault, but
its actual leader is a remarkable young
man OF "a, Maurice Schumann, who
escaped from France to join De Gaulle in
London, was one Of the most effective
Free French broadcasters from there,
afterward fought in the liberation move
ment, is much decorated, and describes
the M. r. P. as "a funny combination of
Fabianism (the handspring of British
socialism, and British tory reform
he might add, with textbook by ST.
Thomas Aquinas, not Karl Marx. 1t is
Catholic, France being predominantly
Catholic country. but church afiliation
neither opens nor bars its gates. 1t has
run two Methodists as candidates in this
election.
Some day its members may know that
the German resistance movement. the
facts about which are shrouded today
in a conspiracy of silence, but which
furnished hundreds of martyrs who
walked calmly to the gallows feeling it
worth while thus to die against national
socialism, were mostly permeated by
identical concepts. This was particu-
larry true of young man, who, though
his sentence and death were suppressed
by the Nazis, is becoming new German
myth; young Count Helmuth Won
Moltke, who died ''for Christian civiliza-
ton and new social and moral order"
\ Il
The NJ r. p, which has suddenly
jumped so sensationally into a neck
and-neck position with the Communist,
says it Is not directed against COM
munism or Russia; it is willing to COM
pete with the former and cooperate
with the latter, but also prepared to do
without them. 1t is subjected to the
Communist charge of Catholic -Fas-
cist," but its leaders can all point out
that they were anti-Fascist at Munich,
and anti-Fascist during all the period
Of the Russo German pact.
The M. r. p. and the Socialist CO.
alition, who together have strong ma
iority, orient themselves spiritually to-
ward Great Britain, especially since the
labor victory there, and, in the second
line toward the United States.
Socialism is indeed sweeping Europe.
as must have been expected. An old
world has died. But what kind of social
ism. in what spirit, directed toward
what goal of totalitarianism or democ-
racy, and with what means of terror or
persuasion has become the real issue
In the East it is being imposed by
terror on populations seething with
revolt, In the West, from Britain to
the Rhine, it seems to be coming in
another way
(Relessed by the Bell Syndicate, mcl
Evening star., 1945-10-24
Valuable Dutu

The American Chemical Society
has taken reasonable position in
appealing to the Office of War Mobi-
lization and Reconversion to speed
up the release of. reports on scien-
tific, industrial and chronological
processes employed in enemy coun-
tries during the war. There are
thousands of such reports. according
to the society. and although many
Of them have been made available
to other Allied countries. they have
been withheld so far from the United
States. The reason for this prob
ably has been lack of shipping facili-
ties. but the society seems to be on
sound ground when it says that
there should be sufficient cargo
space now and that the documents
should be packed and shipped from
abroad without further delay. There
can be little doubt that this great
mass of material constitutes one of
the important prizes of victory and
that American industry, given the
opportunity to study it. will be able
to CLEAN information of considerable
value in reconverting to peacetime
production. Certainly, If other Al
lied nations have had access to this
data, it should be made equally ac-
cessible in this country. The Amer
ican Chemical Society's request
merits the promptest possible action.
Evening star., 1945-10-24
Note to Posterity

AS if the human race did not have
enough to worry about and brood
over, along comes DR.. c. H. Curran
of the American Museum of Natural
History to tell us we had better
watch out for DDT. This potent
new insecticide, he says, is won
derful liquidator of indoor and out
doors pests, but he warns-in con-
firmation of earlier reports along
the same line-that it has one re-
grettable fault: If it is used indis-
criminately over wide areas, it will
kill of the good insects as well as the
bad, upsetting the delicate balance
of nature and thus fearsomely af-
fecting the process of pollination
and the growth of fine things like
apples and roses. In fact, he de-
clares, If DDT is not carefully ap-
piled, it can be as dangerous as the
atomic bomb
This fits in very nicely with the
Evening star., 1945-10-24

despite their compact with Herriot,
is to be found In the rebuffs France
received in London at the hands OF
Soviet Foreign Commissar Molotov.
In spite of the crushing military de-
feat suffered by France in 1910 and in
spite of the hardships which they are
now undergoing. the French people have
never lost their national pride. French
men are convinced that France Is still
a great power.
The United States and Great Britain
did much to bolster this feeling when
both governments insisted that France
become one of the Big Five.
At the Foreign Ministers Conference
in London, however, the Russians, who
had been the first to recognize Gen. de
Gaulle's Free French organization as a
de facto government, decided to slap
down the French by refusing to let them
join the United States. Great Britain
and Russia in drafting the peace treaties
in the Balkans.
This was a well-calculated diplomatic
operation. The French even today en-
JOY greater prestige in the Balkans
than all the other great powers together.
The roots Of Frances political and in
tenectual influence can be traced back
many centuries. This influence, the
Russians fear, may run counter to their
plans in Central and Southern Europe
The brusque manner in which Com
missar Molotov told the French to mind
their own business had strong repercus-
sions among the French electorate, and
is said to have had a definite bearing
at the polls The Communists, who are
known to take orders directly from Mos
COW, were better organized than all the
other parties Many official observers
who have kept in close touch with
French affairs predicted a great victory
for them. Gen. de Gaulle himself is
said to have been skeptical that his
platform would be accepted by the
French electorate and is reported to
have made preparations to withdraw to
modest home along the Marine River
to write his memoirs.
But the situation dramatically changed
after the national pride Of the French
people was offended by the Russians in
London.
Political observers are convinced that
the results of the elections will make
France nobody's puppet-and eventually
will have deep repercussions throughout
Europe.
Evening star., 1945-10-24
On the Record
By Dorothy Thompson

The returns from the French elections
may well furnish us a clue, not only to
the sentiment of the people in France,
but over large parts OF Europe as well.
The most sensational gains were made
by two parties: The Communists and the
new Popular Republican Movement
the M. r. P.-the only political group re-
born to tremendous vitality out Of the
resistance. These two parties almost
exactly balance each other. The figures
as this column goes to press are The
Communists won 152 seats, the NJ r. P.
1873. The Socialist coalition OF the old
parties-Blum Socialists and Herriot
Radical Socialists-won but 143 seats all
together and minor parties account for
the balance.
The Communists, however, while max
ing great gains, were defeated on the
main issue of their campaign: The con-
centration of all power in the Assembly
where they could more easily ma
neuver-instead of strengthening the ex-
ecutive On this issue, both the Radical
Socialists and the Communists were de-
feated.
The Communist gain is not surprising.
The Communists unquestionably fur
nished one of the most fanatical ele-
ments OF the resistance everywhere, after
Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet
Union. The training of its members in
guerrilla tactics during the Spanish civil
war, the sabotage tactics with which
many were familiar as part of the class
war, the authoritarian party discipline
which is military advantage and the
fanatical zeal with which Communists
are imbued made them formidable mem
bers of the underground, not only in
France, but wherever there was a re-
sistance movement.
The defeat of Hitler, so largely con-
tributed to by the achievements of the
Red Army, filled European Communists
with unconcealed jubilation that the
disappearance of Fascism would open
the way to a sweep of the continent by
Red Marxianism.
Nevertheless, something else was
growing up in the resistance movements
everywhere-the conviction that all to-
taliarianisms Of whatever color had
something kindred in spirit, if not in
aim, that would lead to the extinguish-
ment of European civilization.
There, therefore. has arisen a move
ment, which is Socialist also, which also
demands the naturalization of the basic
resources and key industries, which re-
pudiates the old "burgeois" order in
which money and private gain were i'm
pelling motives, but which sets. its social
ism in the framework of spiritual
renaissance around basic Christian prin-
ciples and their transmutation into a
new moral order as the necessity of any
vital new social order It opposes to
Evening star., 1945-10-24
superiors, and they cheerfully ad-

superiors, and they cf1eerfully ad-
mitted the fact.
The mastery of such tremendous
volume of material was an exhaust
ing ordeal. To accomplish 1t Mr..
Burlew drove himself to efforts
which broke his health and now
have caused his death. Perhaps he
was unwise in burning the candle
at both ends. If so. his country as
the beneficiary of his sacrifice should
not complain.
No formal biography of Mr.. Bur-
lew is likely to be written, yet it
would be difficult to think of any
other man who so richly earned
such monument. His career as
camera artist alone justified his
existence. The more ordinary voca-
ton to which his energies were
devoted was better publicized, of
course, but it was not more inter-
estlng to a student of his life.
Evening star., 1945-10-24

prescient H. q. Wells sepulchral
prediction of last Sunday that "the
end of everything we call life is close
at hand and cannot be evaded
there is no way out, around or
through the impasse. It's the end"
Never was there a period when poor
mortal man heard so much talk of
imminent doom as he hears now.
Never will notwithstanding that
there is going to be posterity-be
able to say of us that we were
carefree lot. War, the turmoil of
these first days of peace. the heav-
ing of the political and social seas,
the angry clash of economic forces,
the unique and appalling menace
implicit in electronics and the har-
messed atom-all this has been given
to us in our time, and not even DOT
can be viewed complacently.
Never, no never, has the collective
head Of humanity been battered by
so many problems as batter 1t today.
Posterity - again assuming that
there is going to be one-will surely
have to hand it to us for having
been far and away more entangled
in works of genius than any of our
antecedents. Indeed, If we manage
to straighten everything out before
Mr.. Wells prediction can come true,
this presumable posterity will have
somuch to thank us for that notice
should be served on it now never
to belittle us too greatly or scoff at
the fact that occasionally we sought
escape in such things as sports spec
tacles, the comic strips and the
dream world of the movies.
Evening star., 1945-10-24
Full Moon

Such moons as this make young hearts
dream OF lope,
Old comrades think OF happy, By.
gone days,
And long -stilled voices phisper through
the air
While memory treads dim forest ,oogs.
The Woodland is a place OF secrecy,
Where shadoto trees stand etched In
silDer light
Across the hills the echo of the hounds
Upon a trail floats through the night.
This moon OF beauty Is hunters moon:
Small fores, haste stDift- footed to
your lair,
The predatory oUl is on the ping--
o restless, fedUling birds. be,pdrei
EDITH TATUM.
Evening star., 1945-10-24

The long and detailed document
which indicts "a Nazi leaders, as war
criminals will be one of the landmarks
in the long history of law. In some
respects, it is to be hoped that it will
not set precedents. In others, lit rep
resents great progress. In every way,
the people who drafted it deserve great
credit. For it was not an easy job
which faced the four prosecutors
They came from four countries with
wholly different standards OF Justice.
The British and American systems are
and laws have made considerable differ
ence. The Russians and the French
follow the distinctly different conti-
mental pattern, but the revolution has
brought important notifications in the
Soviet. Considering these differences,
the joint product is extraordinary.
The approach to the fxing Of respon-
sibility on these war criminals is, more
over, refreshingly new. The war which
broke out in 1899 is viewed as the
outcome Of a criminal conspiracy to
commit crime against peace in whose
course specific crimes against estab-
lished law were committed. The point
here Is not unlike the Indictment Of q
person for manslaughter, when the only
act voluntarily committed Is the mis-
demeanor of driving beyond the speed
limit. A killing caused in such situa-
ton, while unprecedented, nevertheless
imposes large measure OF punishment
on the person who causes it.
Here is a group of defendants who,
in one way or another, promoted sthe
pun poses Of the Fuehrer. The Fuehrer
intended, by one means or another, to
carry on aggression. The movement
or conspiracy thus set in motion a series
Of actions which brought on var In
that war, illegal acts were peril ned
Hence. guilt for what happened ii. he
war is attached to all those who :
ticipated in the original Nazi moveme
It may be that Schacht murdered no
prisoners and tortured no Jews. AS a
matter Of fact, he did not even have
Evening star., 1945-10-24
This Changing World
By Constantine Byown

The fourth French republic, which
was born last Sunday, is colored with q
healthy pink. The Communist party
emerged as the strongest individual
political group, but the Socialists
headed by Leon Blum, and the Christian
Socialists-now known as the MRP and
headed by Foreign Minister George
Bidault-have an overwhelming COM
bined majority.
The Radical Socialist party of Ed
Guard Herriot, once the most popular
political leader of France, was badly
defeated.
The political situation in France can
be summed up as follows:
Internally, the French people have
given a mandate to their representa-
tives who are to draft the new French
constitution to 60 as far as they like In
the matter of socialization. This means
that laws providing for the nationsliza-
ton of the banks and the large indus
tries will be put into effect. But the
private initiative Of the little fellow"
will not be impaired in any way. Neither
will there be any collectivization OF the
farms. The followers Of Blum and BIZ
dault have pledged themselves to pre-
serve the individualism of the farm
owners.
In foreign affairs, and this is more
important to the outside world than
Frances domestic affairs, the policy of
the Blum-Bidault groups which row
have an overwhelming majority will be
to restore France as an important world
power Both leaders oppose any policy
OF subservience to another power and
expect their country to play an impor-
tant role on the international stage.
The victory of the Leftist Socialists
who are supporting Gen. &c Gaulle is
more victory of French common sense
than personal triumph of the head of
the French provisional government.
1t is true that in the past IL months
Gen. de Gaulle has made much prog
ress in "humanizing" himself. He has
learned to smile and while not losing
his stubbornness, which had thrown him
into many difficult situations, he also
has learned to compromise. His dicta-
torial complex, which was more on the
surface than underneath, has gradually
disappeared under the severe knocks he
has received since France was lib
ated.
But the fundamental reason why the
Communists failed to win at the polls,
Evening star., 1945-10-24
(. K. BurIew

Ebert kelSer BurleW was an ideal
civil servant. Born at Sunbury, in
the mountains of Pennsylvania,
largely self-educated, he came to
Government employment in Wash
ington by way of clerkships in
railroad office, a bank and two
publishing concerns. His first Fed
eral appointment was to desk in
the Adjutant Generals division in
the War Department, where he
served from 1910 to 1914. Then for
nine years he was in the Post Office.
He followed Hubert Work to the
Interior Department in 1923. Presi-
dent Roosevelt nominated him to
be First Assistant Secretary under
Harold L. Ickes in 1887. The promo
tion was = deserved reward of
merit. Confirmation by the Senate
did not come for more than three
months, but the delay was purely
political in character.
And Mr.. Burlew himself was not
much of politician. His critics
sometimes complained that he could
not be persuaded to be accom-
modating." What they meant was
that he did not discriminate be-
tween parties nor between contest
ing individuals. During his third
Of century of labor in the Nations
Capital he was confidential secre-
tary to four cabinet members. But
1t would be more accurate to say
that he was the mentor, counselor
and guide of those officers. He knew
more about the efficient operation
et the Government than any of his
Evening star., 1945-10-24
Evolution or Revolution

AQmlrdl hlng gave pOlnIeQ express
sion in his testimony yesterday to a
thought which must have occurred
to many others in connection with
the proposal to unity the Army and
Navy under a new and single de-
partment. Strange as it may
seem," he said, 1--WE are here this
morning, less than three months
after the last of our enemies capit-
ulated, discussing proposal to make
a revolutionary as distinguished
from evolutionary-change in the
military organization which, in less
time than was believed possible, at
tanned complete victory in the great
est war of history
Admiral Kings use of revolution
ary," to describe the nature of this
proposed change in winning COM
bination, is well chosen. The fact
that it is revolutionary would not
condemn the change if there were
convincing evidence of desired i'm
provement. The evidence. however.
is based on speculation. And as
against this speculation we have, as
Admiral King stated, the tangible
experience of recent victory to sup
port continuation of the basic sep
aration of our War and Navy De-
partments.
In his testimony against the mer-
ger plan, Secretary Forrestal argued
in favor of what seems a far more
practical method of integrating all
the elements concerned with nation
al defense-the Army and the Navy
being only two of them. That is the
establishment of National Securi-
ty Council. representing not merely
the War and Navy Departments, but
the State Department and a pro-
posed National Security Resources
Board as well, together with con-
tinuation, with statutorily defined
functions, of the highly successful
Joint Chiefs of Staff
There seems to be a tendency,
In governmental reorganization
schemes, to look on mergers and
consultations as the cure-all. But
the result. as often as not, is the
creation of unwieldly Capitalization
In place of unwieldly decentraliza-
ton. The essence of sound admin
istration is found in systematized
coordination, rather than in con-
tinued consultations. The British
discovered that principle and applied
it effectively, not only to national
defense but to civil administration,
In the years following the Boer War
and have developed it to a high de-
gree of efficiency. The Joint Chiefs
of Staff applied the principle to the
military forces during this war, and
Admiral King injected an interest
ing note in his testimony yesterday
when he said that when the his
tory of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
comes to be written, the record will
show how many proposals-includ-
ing some of my own-had to yield
to the cogent reasoning of one or
more members"
Just as the job of Secretary of
National Defense seems too big to
be held by one man, SO the respon-
sibilities of national defense seem
too great to be encompassed within
single department of Government.
Adequate machinery for co-ordinat-
Ing all the branches of national de-
fense under the direction of the
Commander in Chief, rather than
physical merger of the military serv-
ices under single man, would rep
resent the logical evolution of war
taught ideas.
Evening star., 1945-10-24
Looking Forward
.om the Victoria Colonist

From the Victoria Colonist.
This may be peace, but many are
waiting for the days when they can live
in the the home they own, buy what they
desire without asking any ones leave,
fire public servants who would Be public
3lasterS.
Evening star., 1945-10-24
Hard to Get Used To

From tn. Vancouver Province.
Don't be too discouraged by all the
contemporary discounts and disturb
ances. Remember We aren't used to
Evening star., 1945-10-24
Lesson Leurned
By David Laurence

From the winnipeg Tribune
Let's everybody agree now that In the
peace ahead no scrap uranium Is to be
sold to shady customers abroad
Evening star., 1945-10-24
Member Of the Associated Press.

Entered at the Post Once, washington, D. c.,
as second-class mail matter