davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Detroit evening times., 1945-09-09
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Evening star., 1945-08-27
Questions About Japan

To the Editor of The Star:
Ever since news of the Jap surrender
offer, sense of uneasiness has filled
me and other citizens of like mind.
Perhaps some enterprising reporter
could get from those in authority the
answers to such questions as:
Why hasn't the remainder of the
Jap feet, submarines and all, been re-
quired already to come out and give up?
Why hasn't the Jap air force been
required to pile up all its planes on
specified airfields so that we can come
over and destroy them?
The result seems to be that we must
depend upon Jap good intentions not
to attack us when we land our occu-
patton troops.
Are we really desirous of leaving the
Jap Emperor in charge of powerful
offensive weapons? Surely. we cannot
want him to be able to wage war
against another nation? Is he to be
enabled, then, to keep down his own
people who may wish change of gov
ernment?
Perhaps there are satisfactory an
swers to these questions, but we poor
civilians still are wondering. j. K. w.
Editors Note These and other
details doubtless will be concluded
after the surrender.)
Evening star., 1945-08-27
The Atom and the Navy

Although it's long-term implica-
tions bear upon virtually every field
of human endeavor, and although
it Immediately affects all present
concepts of land and air power. the
development of the atomic bomb
coupled with radar-Seems to have
an especially profound and revolu-
tionary meaning for navies, specifl-
cally for our own Navy, which is by
far the mightiest in the world.
The situation can be summed up
in this simple question: Has the
atomic bomb, together with its kin
dred contrivances, made our sea
power obsolete in terms OF the fu-
ture? Some unnamed naval author
tiles are quoted as saying that they
already have the answer to this
question in the form of powerful
new defensive developments, includ-
ing a ship borne gun capable of
locating and destroying anything in
the air at a range of ten or more
miles with almost foolproof accu-
racy."
Be that as it may. other authori-
ties make the fiat prediction that
we are nearing the day when giant
rockets with atomic warheads can
be sent with precision against any
target-including fleets-in any part
OF the world from any part of the
world, and some Of these are bound
Evening star., 1945-08-27

to get through. and one might be
enough to wipe out an entire task
force. In the circumstances, we may
regard 1t as probable that within
the next year or so our Navy will
have to organize a formation of
older battleships, carriers, cruisers
and destroyerS, take it far out to sea,
abandon it there, and let one of our
bombers unleash an atomic bomb
against it. OF course, owing to the
suspicion that there Is terrible
affinity between water and this
widest force Of nature, great pre-
cautions would have to surround
such test, and presumably it would
not be attempted without scientific
assurances against the possible dan
ger Of causing protracted period
of radioactivity in a vast area of
ocean,
But if the test can be safely made,
then 1t must be made. For it will
tell us just what a single atomic
bomb will do to fleets. In the opinion
of some experts. any sea armada OF
the sort that has made magnificent
history in the Pacific will be COM
pletely or very largely disintegrated
or "vaporized" if caught within the
deadly embrace of such an explo-
sion as erased Hiroshima. This is a
matter which must be demonstrated
one way or the other; we need to
know the answer for the proper
guidance of our naval planning.
Certainly, looked at in any light,
the atomic bomb deeply changes
the status of sea power, and by the
same token, of course-if perhaps
to a somewhat lesser degree it
changes army and air force con-
cepts. Indeed, so ar-reaching Is
its effect on military science as a
whole that the best minds Of the
Nation must now give the most
serious thought to the idea of
unifying all the armed services
under a single department OF de-
fense. The present way OF doing
things will be the old way in the
new age ahead.
Evening star., 1945-08-27

y
We have created the atomic bomb,
and used it to help win a war, to save
American lives which might otherwise
methods.
Now we are afraid of the thing we
have brought into being.
Why?
Basically, because we are afraid that
1t may be used against us: that 1t may
fall into the hands of those who would
employ it to blackmail and enslave the
world, or that in blind fury mankind
might destroy itself completely in the
sudden outbreak of atomic war due to
fear and the stark necessity of striking
first.
How are we going to prevent this
from happening?
We have the secret now. not the secret
Of atomic force itself-which many SCI
entists in many lands know great deal
about-but the secret Of how to con-
troll and use that force as q weapon.
We Americans share that secret only
with the British and the Canadians.
We know they will not attack us, and
they know we will not attack them.
Why? Because all three countries are
countries where the people rule, where
the officials of government from top to
bottom are public servants, not masters.
Moreover. they are countries where
there is freedom of the press, Of radio.
Of communications. The people know
what is going on, at any rate in time
of peace. There is no censorship. There
is no possibility that an attack might
be planned and suddenly directed
against another country without every
one knowing what was in the wind.
~ X *
But we are also, all three countries
alike, members Of the United Nations.
The United States and Great Britain
are permanent members of the Security
Council; Canada is likely to be men,
ber of that council also. The question
arises, shall we place the secret OF the
military use Of atomic force at the i'm
mediate disposal OF the Security Coun-
Gil, or shall we keep that secret to
ourselves for the time being?
If we place the secret at the imme-
diate disposal Of the council, it will be-
come available to the other powers who
are members of the council-France.
China and the Soviet Union. Theoreti-
cally they will be restrained in its use
by the principles OF the United Nations
Charter. But that charter is an un-
tested safeguard. warns the voice Of
caution. Great hopes are vested in it,
but we have yet to see how it will
stand up under strain.
On the other hand, scientific advisers
tell us that We cannot hope to guard
our secret forever. In two to I'VE years,
Evening star., 1945-08-27
On the Record
By Dorothy Thompson

1 HOWpSOn
government are OF equal importance in
influencing the outcome of elections,
but two are pre-eminently so: Informa-
ton Cor "education"D, which governs the
channels Of public opinion, and interior,
which governs the police. 1t was Hit
ler's insistence on a Nazi being given
the latter post in coalition" govern
ment under Schuschnigg which marked
the doom OF Austria. 1t is these that
the Communists have struggled for and
won in the Eastern European provision
al governments. Their power is great
er than would seem to us, because no.
where in Eastern Europe has political
life ever been free from state pressures,
and at no time have conditions for po-
liticial activity been what they are in
the west.
These conditions are. first. personal
freedom-habeas corpus Free elections
are nisnomer in countries where men
can be arrested or deported for political
attitudes or suspicion of them. Free
dom from terror is the sine qua non of
democracy and terror has not been
eliminated in Eastern Europe, but mere
ly redirected
Second there must be freedom of
propaganda in all forms of public ex-
preston. Eastern Europe has always
had some form of government censor
ship of the press. it even existed in
prewar Czechoslovakia.
Third, the police must be. in partisan
political matters. neutral body. But
nobody will pretend that Tito's police,
or Groza's in Rumania. or Vulgaris' in
Greece are neutral. The real power in
these countries is, moreover, the occupy
ing armies. So their neutrality also
comes in question.
Fourth. the contending parties must
be able to check each other on the COM
pilation Of voting lists and at the polls.
In many Eastern countries it has been
traditionally the function of the state
to watch the polls and it Is to get that
right that there are struggles for and
within the provisional governments.
Fifth, the radio-a state monopoly in
all the European countries contemplate
ing election-must either ban partisan
discussion, as has at times been done,
or admit contending parties on an equal
footing.
And sixth, and most important of all.
the government that comes to power as
the result of elections may not even
If it represents an overwhelming ma
jority, suppress minority opposition in
its continuing struggle to become ma
jority. The very essence Of democracy
is the protected rights of political mi
norities. giving the people the chance
to change even a government that they
have themselves elected.
tReleased by the Bell Syndicate. Inc)
Evening star., 1945-08-27

y.
The British government has given
notice that it will not recognize as
democratic or representative" any gov
ernment in Bulgaria elected under pres
ent conditions or the existing electoral
law, thus backing the United States.
The King OF Rumania has asked the
British and Americans to join the Rus
slams to aid In creating really repre-
sentative government in place OF the
Groza regime.
The British and American govern
ments have invited Russia to participate
as an observer of the Greek elections.
The Russians have refused on the
ground that "the atmosphere under
which Greek elections will be held
threatens miscarriage of the free will
of the Greek people
The Potsdam communique again re-
minded the provisional government Of
Poland that it had agreed to free and
unfettered' elections on the basis Of
universal suffrage and secret ballot in
which "all democratic anti-Nazi parties
should have the right to participate"
Secretary Byrnes has reiterated that
the Allied press snail have free access
to the countries where these elections
are held.
But whether free elections" will mean
democracy is grave question.
The modern coup detat' which es-
tablishes despotic totalitarian regimes
understands the exploitation of the
democratic process. The technique Of
capturing the state through the instru-
ments of democracy is as follows: Get
into the most advantageous position in
the state previous to elections. Use that
power to rig or influence the elections.
Being elected, use the power of the state
to end all further opposition. That is
the modern" revolution. 1t was the
technique of the Fascists and Nazis, and
it seems to have become the technique
of the Communists The only Commu-
mist state in existence was not thus
created but by direct seizure of power.
No further such direct seizure is COM
patible with inter-Allied pledges, so the
European Communists are apparently
copying the techniques perfected by
Nazi-ism.
The western Allies put great stress on
provisional governments being widely
inclusive of all anti-Fascist political
elements. What, however, is Fascist"
is open to wide Interpretation.
In Eastern European countries to be
Communist is interpreted as being
Fascist, on the ground that Hitler was
Communist. That millions of peo-
Pile are Communist for exactly the
same reasons they were anti-Hitler.
namely that they are antitotalitarian, is
not given consideration.
Not all the Offices in a provisional
Evening star., 1945-08-27
Fishing for q General
From tn. ct. John relesraph Journal.

From the st. John telegraph Journal
As far as we can gather from what
we have read about Gen. Eisenhower,
he is a quiet man who-when he has a
chance-likes to get away by himself,
or with a few intimates, and take HE
easy. Also, he has a fondness for the
out-of doors, the wide-open spaces, and
the restful but exciting sport of an
Cling This being so, We think he would
enjoy joining our list of distinguished
visitors here in New Brunswick, where
lot of other famous citizens of the
United States have found happiness and
contentment. We could offer him
salmon and trout fishing, salt water and
fresh water bathing. yachting and golf,
unsurpassed scenery, unequaled climate,
and. at mealtime, such delicacies as
st. John Harbor salmon. North Shore
lobster, steamed claims and other rare
and wonderful foods indigenous to this
particular part q the country.
Evening star., 1945-08-27

flags. Britain naturally desises to
resume the administration Of the
colony which the British have fos-
tered and financed with a degree Of
success admitted by the generality
of visitors and by most permanent
residents without regard to national
distinctions. On the other hand,
both Generalissimo Chang Kali
shek and the Communist leader,
Mao Tse-tung, also would like to
govern the city. What decision
finally will be accomplished is any
body's guess. Meanwhile, Hong
Kong definitely is problem Of uni
versal significance. 1t bears COM
pariSon with New York and San
Francisco as a place of consequence
to all peoples.
Evening star., 1945-08-27
Hong Kong

Hong Kong means fragrant la
goon," but the island was a dismal
place before the British occupied it
q little more than a century ago.
The climate was hot and humid, the
sWamps nlalarial, ground for the
cultivation of food crops scarce, the
Nper portions of the hills barren
and bleak. Only few poor fisher
men regularly inhabited the shores.
Pirates made the whole neighbor-
hood dangerous to persons worthy
of robbing. It was the colonists
from England who created most of
the beauty, prosperity and relative
security of modern times. The Jap
anese first began to want the terri
tory as early as 1898, and their greed
for it was predicated on the value
af the Improvements achieved by
the hated Anglo-Saxon foreigners.
:, T,ne enough, the interest of the
British in Hong Kong originally was
purely selfish. They used the islands
principal harbor to shelter opium
ships as far back as 1921, and they
still entertained no notably altru-
istic ideas about it when they forced
China to cede the area in 1S41 after
winning the discreditable Opium
War" But their policy of keeping
the port free to the vessels of all
nations was liberal and progressive
in character and has yielded con-
structive results generation after
generation. Gradually, the colony
became "the main entrance" to
South China. Half a million differ
ent craft anchored in the busy
roadstead in an average year be-
fore the Second World War. Even
after Britain, at the Washington
Conference in 1921, agreed not to
fortify the city of Victoria and the
Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong
continued to be important in the
strategic geography of the Pacific.
A like observation applies to the
future. The new industrial picture
Of the Orient, beginning with the
signing of articles Of capitulation by
the ENJOYS of japan, will include
the delta of the Canton River and
all of its environs. Hong Kong Is
sure to be center OF world COM
merce under any nag or group Of
Evening star., 1945-08-27
Benefits of PLANNING

The wisdom of the policy of plan
ming, during wartime, for major
postwar capital improvements is ex-
emplifled by the readiness of the
municipal authorities to proceed
Immediately with construction of
the South Capitol street, or Victory
Bridge, over the Anacostia River,
now that the War Production Board
has lifted it's restrictions on ma
terials.
The planning and the appropriat-
Ing for this bridge took place during
the war years, with the knowledge
that construction would have to
await the end of the war. But by
doing this several years of prepara-
tion are behind us now, and the
work will begin at a time when the
employment it represents will be
most beneficial.
There are many other municipal
undertakings in a comparable cate
gory-some of the most immediate
being construction of the new ele-
waited K street viaduct and its ap-
proaches to the Francis Scott Key
Bridge in Georgetown, depression of
the same highway under Washing
ton Circle, the Klingle Road Bridge
over Rock Creek and the Dupont Cir
Gle underpaSs. Plans for the last
named are undergoing some revi-
sion, but the project itself has all
necessary approval. Some $2,0OO,-
900 worth of street improvements
are also ready and waiting the
proper time for release.
An unfortunate delay has held up
similar planning for the new bridge
or bridges to replace the Highway
Bridge. The controversy over the
single or double span Is still in the
lap of the House Interstate Com
merce Committee, which suspended
Its hearings after proponents of
the two-span plan had testified. 1t
Is to be hoped that this committee
will complete its investigation and
make a decision Immediately after
Congress reconvenes, so that this
important undertaking can also be
put on the list of Improvements
awaiting availability of materials.
During the war an understaffed
municipal architects office has
been kept working steadily in prep
aration of plans for many other
construction projects. A substantial
backlog of approved items, includ-
Ing school and library facilities, is
ready. In addition the debt-free
municipality has an earmarked
fund of $1O,OOO,OOO for other post
war construction, and should be in
good position to take advantage
of whatever Federal loans are
available for public works.
AS many other municipalities and
States have followed the same
planning policy, postwar construc-
ton will take up part of the slack
in employment following the Shut
down of war activities.
Evening star., 1945-08-27
This Changing World
BY Constantine RroWt


get about 20 of the 90 destroyers which
America will dispose of. For a number
Of years China has had difficulty with
guerrillas along the Yangtze River, and
most Of the destroyers probably will be
used in curbing the guerrilla bands.
Also they might be employed to keep
down the Chinese Communists. The
Communists have no naval force and
few large weapons, and If they are to
be kept In check the destroyers could
have large part in this work.
Just what, If any, cruisers are to 60
to China has not yet been decided.
However it is reported that eight light
cruisers of the Omaha class and possibly
the two heavy cruisers of the Salt Lake
City class are to be disposed of by our
Navy.
In keeping with her plans to avoid
any possible trouble in the Pacific in
the future, the United States also in
tends to sell battleships to Chile and
possibly Peru, and, as for the Atlantic.
she will let Brazil have battleship.
Disposition of these vessels by the
United States Navy will in no way
affect the efficiency of our feet and,
besides helping out-in a neighborly
. way-the other countries involved, it
will serve to strengthen this hemi-
spheres defenses, regardless of where
these defenses may lie
v
With the passing of the months, 1t is
to be expected that our fleets role in
the Far Pacific will be increased with
the return to British waters of many of
Britains vessels. The British have had
more than 200 warships in the Pacific
in recent weeks and they have served
we'll with us, according to the best naval
authorities. But their number is not
expected to be kept at that figure. and
as they leave we will have a greater
burden in policing the expanses of the
Pacific
Evening star., 1945-08-27
Secrets and Fears
BY Maj. George Fielding Eliot

Ffeldtng EH0f
they estimate, others will be able to do
what we have done with atomic energy.
To be brutally frank about it. this means
that the Russians will by diligently
going to work at it, be able to produce
and use atomic bombs in about that
period of time.
So the world power situation boils
down to this: The English speaking
powers have an immense but temporary
advantage. We have the atomic bomb.
We also have the sea and the air power
so that we can take this bomb, and all
the other weapons in our arsenal, any
where we want to. Our long range
aircraft will even reach into the heart
of the Eurasian continent. As to the
rest of the world, it is our oyster. No
power save Russia has the smallest
chance Of resisting the Anglo-American
combination. The problem of preserv-
ing peace and security-that is, of pre-
venting the outbreak Of another war
is just the problem of whether we can
find way to get along in mutual con-
fldence, respect and growing friendship
with the Russians. or whether we can
not prevent our relations with the Rus
sian people from deteriorating into sus-
picion, distrust and finally enmity.
The immediate problem Is. how shall
We use the temporary but enormous
advantage which the atomic secret gives
US?
Shall we frankly hand 1t over, shar-
ing it with all? To do that would be to
throw away the power 1t may give us to
achieve our ends-which are the ends
OF peace, security and freedom. To
refuse to do it may be the beginning Of
period Of distrust, secret arms COM
petition and in the end-war.
Y
1t seems to me that the answer lies
IN the reason why we are not afraid
of the British or the Canadians. We
are not afraid because we know what
they are doing all the time, and, of
course, because we know they are going
in the same direction that we are going:
their ways are our ways.
We do not know what the Russians
are doing and we are not sure that their
ways are our ways. If we did know
what the Russians are doing, If there
was free access, free travel and move
ment in and out of Russia, If they per-
mitted our newsmen to send uncensored
dispatches from any Russian town. If
they had free press and free radio
or at least placed no barriers to ours
within their area Of infiuence-we would
feel quite differently about them.
Let us. then, use our present superior
bargaining position to get free access
to the rest Of the world. Let there be
no secrets, on our part OF on any one
else's.
tcspyrisht ielS.1
Evening star., 1945-08-27

Although the Chinese Communist
willingness to confer with Generalissimo
Chang Kai-shek on China's internal
situation is in no way connected with
Americas plans to assist Chang in the
future, 1t Is important, nevertheless,
that our Navy Is making arrangements
to turn over some of its Oldest warships
to the Chinese.
China, who was at war with Japan
for eight long years before the capitu-
lation, never did have a very strong
navy, but whatever it did have was
wiped out long time ago. 1t Is OBJ
vious that, If China Is to have a hand
in trying to keep Japan from attempt
ing to rise again as a great naval force,
she will need to obtain ships from some
country, and that country Is the United
States.
The Chinese Naval Mission has been
in Washington for some time studying
the organization of the United States
Navy, and 1t is reported that probably
one Of our older battleships will be sold
to China, along with a group of the
older destroyers.
China has been in negotiation with
her Allies regarding the role she is to
play in controlling areas in the vicinity
of the Japanese home islands and she
reputedly will occupy Port Arthur, joint
ly with the Russians; Hong Kong, joint
ly with the British; Formosa, which is
to be under the World Security Organi-
zation, and Annoy, the Chinese treaty
port.
To carry out her obligations China
will require possibly at least one battle
ship. The United States is reported
planning to dispose of five battleships
the Nevada. New York. Texas, Arkan-
sas and Oklahoma-and it is expected
that one OF these will go to China
Further It Is said that China will
Evening star., 1945-08-27
Song From the Attic
Window

Up among the chimneys
/ hear the tDinds talking:
Down between the buildings
Where feet are Ualkino,
No one stops.
No one looks,
No one tits his ear;
But songs are very near.
Up here!
SWdying on the roottops
Are lines and tackles;
Where frantic, s,oinging hruyes.
In clothespin shuckles.
Whirl and dance,
WdDe and prdnce-
S,Dollen NTH the airs!
But no one epen stares-
Nor cares!
OF across the fdt roofs
The minds 90 racing.
Truck around the dormers.
Cluck along the cusinel
Wild and strong,
All day long,
Shout their dashing tunei
Musical the roottops,
Night-noon-
High above the city streets
J When tDinds are singing,
And dotDn betDeen the buildinos
Go the dull feet. ringin1i
RAMONA GRAHAM