davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1945-02-23
Munpower
Continued From First Page }

in Jail for violating War Manpower
Commission hiring rules. When it
was voted on Wednesday evening,
some committee members thought
they were applying these penalties
to employers and employees.
Chairman Thomas told reporters
yesterday, however, the consensus
of the members is that, as written,
the penalties are confined to en-
ployers.
Would Issue Certificates.
The fine or imprisonment is in
addition to direct financial loss If
an employer hires a worker in vio-
lation of rules. The bill also pro-
vides that wages paid to such
worker would be eliminated from
operating expenses for income tax
purposes, and cut from contract
payments due the employer by the
Government.
Under the Senate pill VINO would
issue certificates TO employees who
are eliminated from nonessential
plants by lowered ceilings, and who
accept essential WORK These certi-
f1cates would entitIe the holders to
seniority rights for unemployment
in their. old jobs after the war.
There Is no penalty in the Senate
bill, however, for workers who quit
essential jobs. In the case of men
of military age, draft boards could
continue to reclassify men If they
leave job for which they were
given occupational deferment.
The committee, however. ac-
cepted a separate formula for deal
ing with farm labor-a new Tydings
amendment, designed to halt the
induction into the Army of any
more essential agricultural workers
unless requirements are available.
Draft boards are forbidden to
consider the relative essentially of
the man to the Army as against
his farm work. This is designed to
keep men on the farm regardless OF
| physical condition, but the amend
ment also provides that If a farm
laborer has been found unacceptable
to the armed, forces, he could not
leave farm work without draft
board permission, subject to heavy
fine or Imprisonment
The distinction drawn between
farm labor and other workers Is
likely to produce considerable de-
bate next week.
Senator Maybank, Democrat, of
South Carolina urged today that re-
calcitrant employees, as well as en-
ployers. be penalized under the Sem
ate bill. Senator Maybank said he
believes everybody should be treated
alike.
Il think any employe who will
fully violates the law should be
penalized," he told reporters.
I'VE treated the rich man and poor
man alike in the draft, and we
should continue that principle In
this law
On the theory that Something is
better than nothing" Senator May
bank said, he would not insist on
such a change If 1t seemed likely to
defeat the bill,
Evening star., 1945-02-23
|1rusiY Who Escaped
l0n Bond Buying Trip
Sought in Tub Staying
BY the Associated Press.

Dy Tue ASSOCiAteu fteSS.
CHICAGO, Feb. 23.--An escaped
convict who had been serving 80 to
go years In Michigan for kidnapping
and armed robbery was sought to-
day in connection with the hotel
bathtub death Of Mrs Blanche
Zimmerman, Chief of Detectives
Walter Storms announced.
Capt. Storms identified the man
as Joseph Medley, 43, alias j. H.
Gardner. The captain said FIVE
witnesses had positively identified"
Medley from pictures as the man
who rented the hotel room in which
the woman's body was found Feb
ruary Is.
Capt. Thomas Duffy and 1t. Philip
Breitzke Of the homiside squad said
Medley's picture and f1ngerprints
had been sent to New Orleans police.
where an attempt was being made
to link Mrs. Zimmerman's death
with that of Miss Laura Fischer,
former New York textile worker, In
bath tub on Christmas eve. The
two deaths bore many points Of
similarity.
In the case of Mrs. Zimmerman,
a further examination of the vital
organs is being made, but an autopsy
eliminated the usual. poisons, elec-
trocution, or drowning.
At New Orleans, Detective Chief
John j. Grosch said descriptions of
the men who rented Chicago and
local hotel rooms showed several
resemblances. The New Orleans reg
istration was under the name Of D.
j. Stafford, but the Chicago room
was in the name of man giving a
Dallas, Tex. address.
Capt. Storms said Medley escaped
from Southern Michigan Prison at
jackson on November ~ while on q
trusty's trip downtown with $70O be-
longing to other convicts and guards
who were investing in War Bonds.
Medley, he reported, was con-
lvicted March 81, 1884, Of kidnapping
and robbing Louis E: Brooks, wealthy
Marshall, tMich.) manufacturer.
Evening star., 1945-02-23
Doriot Reported Killed
By Allied Divebombers
By the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
LONDON, Feb. 23.-Jacaues Do
riot, French arch-collaborationist,
was killed when Allied divebombers
attacked his automobile in South
ern Germany, the Berlin radio said
today.
Doriot, leader of the French Peo-
piles party, had been mentioned
repeatedly as most likely to sue
coed Laval during the Vichy regime.
His stormy career began as .
Communist In the House Of Depu-
ties 20 years ago. He attempted to
merge the principles Of Communism
and Fascism. openly approved COLI
Elaboration with Germany and
urged French declaration of war
on Britain and the United States.
Evening star., 1945-02-23
Aerial
Continued From First Page.)

stretching from Leipzig to south ol
Nuremberg.
Among the first places identified
as targets were Crailsheim, Kitz.
ingen, southeast of Wurzburg; Ans
bach, Newmarket and Treuchtlingen
all functions through which German
troops and supplies pass on the way
to the Russian front.
About 10000 sorties were flown
by dusk yesterday. probably exceed
ing the size of the attacks when
$4,000 sorties were flown in a full
"a hours on D day.
Some Fly Several Missions.
American, British and French
tactical planes-light, medium and
fighter bombers-based on the conti-
nent few more than $500 sorties
with some planes making two o,
three missions and racing up anc
down hundreds of miles of railroads
These tactical outfits claimed the
destruction of 200 locomotives, 841
freight cars, 800 motor vehicles and
IS bridges. Rail tracks were cul
temporarily at 279 places at least.
Allied losses, excluding those oi
the 18th Air Force in Italy, totalee
eight American heavy bombers, fiv,
American medium bombers, n hgh
bombers and 10 fighters. Losse,
among Italian-based planes were 2;
an overall total Of 81.
50 Locomotives Destroyed.
Among targets of the 18th Al,
Force in Germany yesterday wer,
Immenstadt, Memmingen, Kempten
Rosenheim. Landshut, Plattling
Grazing, Weilheim, Altenmarkt and
Partenkirchen.
{ In Austria the Italian based planes
attacked Spittal, K1agenfurt, Pichel
Lienz, Piesendorf, Reutte. Sillian
Jenbach, Worgl, Rattenburg. Rod
stadt, Bischofen and st. Johann.
The destruction of SO locomotives
and so cars was claimed by the 18th
Air Force. with almost every raj
line leading into and out of Munich
hit.
Evening star., 1945-02-23
Mon Dies After FuII
From Second Floor Porch

Joseph s. Gravenor. 81, OF 100
Twelfth street Sc, died in Casualty
Hospital today Of injuries received
yesterday when he fell about 10
feet from the rear porch on the
second floor Of his home while
throwing . large packing box into
the back yard.
Mr. draYenor suffered head In
juries, possible fractures Of both
arms and legs and internal injuries.
Evening star., 1945-02-23

The War Bonds for babies cam.
paign Is still popular. Over 500, 900
Walt Disney certificates for babies,
showing all the famous Disney
characters, have already been dis
tributed.
Evening star., 1945-02-23

"Wishful thinking wont win the
war-buying bonds win do much
more"
Evening star., 1945-02-23
Film Union Honors
OfficiuI for Service

Thomas A. Reed, third vice presi-
dent Of Local 224, International AL
lance of Theatrical Stage Employees
and Moving Picture Machine OPP
orators, was presented with an hon.
orary life membership card last
night after 30 years of service with
the union.
During that time he served as
president. treasurer and business
agent The presentation was made
at dance and buffet supper held by
the local in Masonic Hall, Georgia
and Concord avenues NV
Evening star., 1945-02-23
3 Legislators Differ
|0n De GauIIe 5nub
BY the Associated Press.

~ tac AsSoSisScu EEees.
Three members of Congress held
varying beliefs today as to whether
Gen. Charles de Gaune snubbed
them on recent trip to France.
According to Representative Price,
Democrat. Of Florida, the French
leader passed within Is feet of the
legislators at an airfield near Paris,
but turned down request to talk
with them.
Mr. Price told newsmen Gen. de
Gaulle told his interpreters to in
form us If we wanted to see him
we would have to make an ap-
Fpointment to see him at his Paris
of1ce-15 miles away"
Representative Larcade. Democrat,
of Louisiana said he agreed with
Mr.. Price generally, but he didnt t
think the general had snubbed
them.
Mr.. Larcade's Interpretation OF
the incident, which occurred In
October, was that one De Gaulle
aide approved meeting, but that a
higher official overruled him.
1T is true that he passed within
approximately Is feet of where we
were standing, but I know it to be
certain that he was not appraised
of our presence" Mr.. Larcade de-
clared.
He added that later the general
wrote him a letter expressing his
great disappointment at not having
met the delegation. and expressing
his warm friendship for our country
an its citizens" Sd
Representative Wickersham, DEM
ocrat, of Oklahoma commented that
'at the time felt very peeved and
thought We had been snubbed, but
based on the generals letter, I now
think that his aides just failed to
tell him We were there and took 1t
upon themselves to keep us from
talking with him then"
Evening star., 1945-02-23

. just by serving Mueller's Egg
Noodles ~ the main dish for
dinner, you'll save = dollar COM
pared to complicated, expensive
meals-n you have IN average
family. Serve them twice q week
Evening star., 1945-02-23
Akibo Club to Hold Donce

The Akiba Club Of the Adas
Israel Synagogue will hold Purim
dance in the synagogue, Sixth and
I streets NV, at $50 pm. to-
morrow. A queen will be selected
land crowned during the festival.
Evening star., 1945-02-23
Russiu
Continued From First Page !

niQue said Russian shock troops had
smashed a break in the wall sur
rounding the citadel In Poznan
Polish fortress city ringed by Rus
sian troops far behind the front
lines.
Premier Stain said the Red Army
had brought down upon the enc
my "a blow OF unparalleled force
along the entire front from the
Baltic to the Carpathians" in their
winter assault.
I'm stiff fighting" he said, $50
Wet troops have advanced from the
frontiers of East Prussia to the
lower reaches of the Vistula for 27C
kilometers (l68.7 niles; from the
Vistula bridgehead south of Warsaw
to. the lower reaches of the Oder
for $40 kilometers 1852 miles) and
from the Sandomierz brideghead te
the depths Of Silesia for 480 kilo-
eterS 600 miles). )"
Milford chronicle., 1945-11-16
Tall Cedars Set
Ceremonial Date
Lodgemcn Lay Plans For Election
Event ON December &

Arrangements Tor Il ceremonial
combined with an annual election
of officers. To be held December i
in Milford were made last week at
q meeting of the executive commit
tee of Evergreen Forest No. 10.
Tall Ccdars of Lebanon, of Kent
and Sussex Counties. in the James
Restaurant in Harrington. The
committee enjoyed steak dinner
before discussing business.
Maj. James w Cannon. Grand
Tall Cedar of the forest. presided.
Those attending included: Past
Grand Edward B. Green, George
town; Senior Deputy Gilbert NJ.
Wilthanks, Iewcs; Junior Deputy
|. Robert Wiley, Millville; Scribe
{. ID. HOllmueller, Milford; Treas
urer Edwin p. Mssick. Milford :;
Chaplain Joseph NJ I.ank. Milton ;
Past Grand c. Clifton Maull
Lewcs; Captain George b. Atkins
Milton: Prof. Chester StrOup
Georgetown; Robert D. Prcttyman
Milford: ,Ioroy Dennis. Georgetown
and Col. Robert G.. Houston
Georgetown; Past Grand Master /
Scott Purse. ScafOrd; District
Representative VI. Warren +
Moore, Harrington; John W. Wclci
Of Milford; Emerson Kccler
Georgetown; Shocklcy Doughcrty
Houston: Dallas Dennis. George
town; William +. Hobbs. George
town; Norman Baylcs, I.ewcs; ant
Theodore H. Harrington.
Milford chronicle., 1945-11-16
State Guard Seeks
Army Equipment
IntirmaricS. Repair shop. Buses
RequiSitioned BY Adiutant General

Four Army buses and equipment
tor Il complete military motor Hc-
hiClc repair SHOP and for two mill
tary infirmarics have been rcquiSi-
tened from Fort DUPONT for the
postwar Delaware National Guard,
The acquisitions were made by
Bri@.-G"n. Paul r. Rinard the ad-
iutant general. under the authority
Of the adiutant general of any state
to requiSition equipment of a post
declared surplus if the equipment
can b" used hy the military or2ani-
Iati0n of tn" state. Fort DUPONT
has been declared surplus as Ot
December 81
II the acquisitions are granted
tho equipment will he available fOr
use by the Delaware state Guard
Th" state also will receive all the
furniture and equipment of the OF
iiccrs' club at Fort DuPOn'
through the courtesy of col. Ran
d0lph Russell. commanding officer
who is president of the club Whil'
the states military ORGANIZATION
has no place to use this Cquipmcn
CTurn to Page 3. PIcaspI
Milford chronicle., 1945-11-16
Raymond Hamilton
Wins Citation
Flight officer With 30Sth Heavy
Bomber Group Cited For Hcroi>m

Home. after serving ten months
as a pilot in China with the l4th
Air Force. is Flight officer Ray
mond Hamilton, holder of the Dis
tinguishcd Flying Cross. the Air
Medal. the DISTINGUISHED Unit ti-
tation with one Oak Leaf Cluster,
two battle stars on his ASiatiC-Pa-
citic Theatre Ribbon, the Philip
pine Liberation Ribbon and the
American Theatre Ribbon.
We reprint the following letter
from his commanding officer:
Headquarters 30S Bomb Gp.
Office of the Commanding officer
A. p. O. i32, co p. NJ.
New York. New York
| September 1913
Flight Officer Ray Hamilton to
day WAS authorized to wear the
Distinguished Unit Citation Will
one Oak Leaf Cluster for his wOrl
as a pilot of the 30Nth Heavy Bomb
Gp. The record of his outfit. whicl
has twice hCCn cited for its hCrOi
achievement stands ont as one q
the most spectacular war tales L
emerge from the ASiatic-PaCiti
Theatre.
Milford chronicle., 1945-11-16
Price Controls
Now der
Bitter Attack
Manufacturers Demand
Removal BY February
Is To Assist In Recon-
version.
Bv iSSo,iaffd Press

Washington. ID. {. The National
Association of Manufacturers last
Friday urged removal of all OPA
price controls by next February -
as an essential To quick reconyrr-
sion
The association c0ntcnd"d before
a House committee that operation
of plants ready for pcaCctimc pro-
ductiOu is being seriously delayed
through the cumbcrSOmcness of
the price control administration
and the uncertainty OF its final ter
mination date.
This view was expressed by John
Aircy. president of the kingsecley
Corporation of Ann Arhor. Mich.
in testimony prepared for the com
mittec ON postwar economic policy
and planning.
Uncertainty Of Profits"
Some manufacturers. he added
cannot afford to maXimize opera
tionS already started because of the
present uncertainty of profits ol
the extent of losses. Such uncer-
tanty is still greater in planning
expansion.
"Industry finds itself caught il
a squeeze resulting from the ris'
in costs OF production and the re
StrlCtiOnS upon prices.
CTurn to Page 3. fIcaSC)
Milford chronicle., 1945-11-16

III clipping from the Army news
paper Liberty Torch. now publish
ed in Japan
IT was sent to the family by Staff
Sergeant Frank Han of Milford.
now in the Far East friend OF
tn" dead sergeant.
The article stated: The Oscar W.
French Memorial Hospital. in what
was formerly a Japanese hospital.
IS now being operated at Asahigawa
for he benefit Of troops in the 305th
Infantry Area The institution.
with a 200 bed capacity. is being
operated by the Clearing Company
Go. -, "02nd Medical Battalion.
Section Leader
The hospital has been dedicated
To the memory of Sergeant Oscal
W. French. who lost his life on l.
Shima. He had been Il section
leader of Company u.
Sergeant French had been Will
the division since Fort jackson
days and was popular with his fcl
low soldiers and his officers. e
The Oscar w. French Mcmoria
Hospital is located in a city viii
a normal population of $1,000.
CTurn to Page 3. PLEASED
Milford chronicle., 1945-11-16
Del. State Hornets
To Play Blueheld
Diamond Classic Will Is" Played
ON Dover Gridir0n

The Delaware State College
Hornets" will meet the Blucfold
state College Big Blues" at Do
yer ON Thanksgiving Day. Novcm
her % According to Tank" Con
rad, Dclawaro's famous coach, this
battle will inauguratc the 'Dia-
mond State Classic" to be played in
Delaware each THANKSGIVING.
Blucticld is a time -hOnorcd mem
b"r of the Colorcd intercollegiate
Athletic Association having woI
both conference and national cham
pionShips Delaware is the mos
recent addition to the conference
and this battle will figure in {. |
A. A. standings.
Delaware travels to Winston
Salem to meet the strong Winston
Salem Teachers College Bulls OIL
November II and will end its 1874;
football season on Thanksgiving
against Bluefeld.
Milford chronicle., 1945-11-16
Odd Fellows Visited
Chester, Pa, Lodge
We're Royalty Entertained Last
Thursday Evening; Turkey Served

Ncr" Royalty Entertained Last
Thursday Evening; Turkey Served
Twenty-six members of Crystal
Fount Lodge, No. 10. l. O. o. F.. of
Milford. chartered bus last
Thursday evening and visited Ches-
ter Lodge of Chester. Pa
The Milford group left this city
at approximately $50 y. m. and
arrived in Chester before . O'Clock.
whore delicious turkey dinner was
awaiting their arrival
Following the meal the group
was royalty entertained by the
members of the Chester Lodge.
They left at late hour for Mil
ford, after having enjoyed one of
the best evenings in their life
time.
Last Monday evening the iniatory
degree WAS conferred on two can
didatcs.
Next Monday evening. according
to Wallace +. McFaul. degree mas,
ter, the first degree will be re-
hCarS"C All members of the dc
gree team are urged to be preSen
for this important practice.
Activities of the winter season
have begun and every Monday eve
ming there is a special program pu
on in the new temple on NOrtl
Walnut street All odd Fellow
are cordially invited to attcnt
these meetings.
Milford chronicle., 1945-11-16
X OF aria n S
Enjoyed Fine
Talk Monday
Colonel Ralph S. Baker
Was Guest Speaker On
Past President Harry
]. Pettyjo johns Program

Colonel Ralph S. Baker, we'll
known Georgetown attorney and
political leader before the war. and
commanding officer of the 26lst
Coast artillery, Delaware National
Guard. was the guest speaker at
the weekly dinner meeting OF the
Milford Rotary Club on Monday
evening.
Colonel Baker was presented to
the membership by Past President
Harry J. PettyjOhn, who had the
program for the evening.
In his address Colonel Baker told
of the price OF an armiSticc. the
lives. the treasure. etc. that must
be poured out to secure peace. He
compared the casualties of Amer
lea in this war with all the other
wars. including the war between
the States. and showed this past
war to have been the most costly
of all.
The colonel also paid tribute to
Lieutenant John Onn Snyucr, ol
tIurn 10 Page 3 rirAs.I
Milford chronicle., 1945-11-16
Blue Cross
Week Has Been
Proclaimed e
By Gov. Bacon
Celebrates Tenth Ami
versary OF Founding
OF The Blue Cross
Plan OF Hospital Ser
vice.

This week has been proclaimed
hy Governor Walter Bacon as Blue
{ ross Week in Delaware. in honor
oi the tenth anniversary of the
Blue Cross Plan of hospital service
in this state.
In November. 1898. the first
group enrolled for Blue Cross ser
vice. 1t was composed of employees
OF the Equitable Trust Company in
Wilmington.
Now 100 900 persons or 10 per
cent of the population of Delaware.
receive protection from the state
wide Plan. which is one of S5 simi-
lar organizations in the nation
serving 10000 .000 persons.
Group Hospital Service. Inc, is
the non-pr0fit organization which
handles the service in Delaware
Its main office is at 9O2 Orange
street in Wilmington. Another of
ilce is on Pennsylvania Avenue in
SeafOrd.
The service is sponsored by the
major hospitals of Delaware The
Medical Society OF Delaware has
approved the Plan and at its last
session urged extension of its
covcraGC. Governor Bacon's pro-
CiamatiOn follows:
Whereas. November |. 1945.
marks the completion of 10 years
OF service by Group Hospital Ser
(Tum to Page 8, Pleased
Milford chronicle., 1945-11-16
Sussex Schools Going
All Ont In Bond Drive
Report Issued This Week
BY Afflcrbach Is Very
Gratifying

Calvin +. Afflcrbach. rural su-
pervisOr and chairman of the Vic
tory Bond Drive in Sussex County
Schools. issued last Monday the
second weekly report on quotas
obtained by the various schools. In
a letter to school superintCndents.
principals and teachers, he eX-
pressed his great appreciation of
the cooperation they have extend
ed in putting Sussex schools over
the top again and urged them to
continue their efforts until the
entire state quota is over the top
To date Sussex schools have OBJ
tanned 1024ct of their quota witt
sales amounting to $91 30S.f5 il
bonds and stamps. The quota al
lotted to Sussex was 500 900
Following is the report as is
sued Ivy Mr. Afflcrbach:
Turn To Page 3 PleaseI
Milford chronicle., 1945-11-16
r. L. Raushley ]. G. Townsend
Passed AwayPlans New
Last Friday Poultry Plan
Prominent Retired Far
mer And Livestock
Dealer OF Harrington
Was Ill a Long Time.

Il. Emmett Rauci"y az" - years.
retired farmer and live stock deal
rrs dicd At his home on Ccnt or
street. harrington. late last Fri
day afternoon. November .. of 4
heart attack Mr. RauGhlcv had
been under tn" care of his phySi-
elan for several years. He was
born in caroline County. Maryland
son of the late Joshua Burton and
Annie Maria Raughlcy He was Il
member Of Trinity Methodist
Church of Harrington. and a mem
bcr of the official board of that
church Nr Rdughlcy WAS one of
two living charter directors of the
WAS also trustee of the Potter Fund
in Kent county He was very ac-
tive in Democratic politics. but
never desired an office. but was sat
islicd if some friend landed an ap-
pointm"nt. Funeral services were
held in Trinity Methodist Church
on Tuesday afternoon at two o.
clock. The services were in CharG,
OF the Rev Thomas c. Jones. pas
tor, with inlcrmcnt in Denton (Md.
cemetery.
Directors of the Peoples BanI
served rs both active and honor
ary pallhcarcrS PallhcarcrS: Ly
man Hill. ,Jchu Camper. Fred viii
son. Edward Rash, Charles Peck
ST.. and B l. Shaw Honorary pail
bearers: S. |. Sapp. Jonathan Hop
kins, J Gordon Smith. and Wilbu
+. Jacobs Alfred RauGhlcy a bro
CTurn to Page 3. rlcasc)
Milford chronicle., 1945-11-16
Home Demonstration
Winners Announced
Winner Of Style Revue
Was Mrs. III. |. Wyatt
OF Pennington

Contest winners and Chairmen of
events have been announced for
the Kent County Achievement Day
of Home Demonstration Clubs. held
November s in Dover. The meet
ing was in charge of Mrs Clifford
Clark. president of the Kent COun-
ty Home Demonstration Council.
During the morning session. re-
ports of club activities during the
past year were given by the fol
lowing members: Mrs. Alice
Thompson. Andrewvlle; Mrs. Mel
lie Steward. Camerbury; Mrs. Kate
Thompson, Cheswold; Mrs. James
Wilson. Pennington; Mrs. Ralph
Moore. Fraziers; Mrs. Sallic Ford.
Harrington; Mrs. William Boyd.
Hazlettvillc; Mrs. Paul Palmer,
kenton; Mrs. Seldom Raughley.
Laws; Mrs George ClOthier. Eeip-
sic; Mrs. Hulda Willis. MillwoOd: {:
Mrs William McGee. Oak Grove:
Mrs Charles Handy, Smyrna; Mrs.
John Farrow, St Jones; Mrs. Clar-
ence Raughlcy. Victory; Mrs. o. B.
Williams, Viola.
Turn to Page g. Pleased
Milford chronicle., 1945-11-16
Merchants Will
Remain Open
Wednesdays S
New Plan Goes Into Eff
feet Next Wednesday,
November q, AT One
O'clock p. Nj.

Beginning next Wednesday. No
NcnIhcr 2lSt at one o'clock and con-
tinuing until further notice the
majority Of the stores in Milford
will remain open all day Wcdncs-
days
1t VAS decided to remain open
all day Wednesdays after a survey
was made hy the MerChantilc sec
tiOn of the Chamber of Commerce.
In speaking with officials of the
McrChantilc section of the Cham
Ter. it was learned that the action
was taken following the afOrcmen
toned survey was made. and when
il was learned that many of the ad-
joining communities were planninc
tG discontinue the early closing
at least until after the Christmas
season
Duc notice of any further change
in the local store hours will h'
-ivcn through the columns of this
paper.