davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1945-12-06
This Changing World
BY Constantine Bro,Un

The Moscow note rejecting the Amer
ican suggestion that all American,
British and Russian forces be with
drawn from Iran by January / came
as no surprise to Secretary of State
Byrnes and his advisers. The contrary
would have been surprising.
An Iranian cabinet crisis, which
would place at the head of the govern
ment men who are in complete SYM
pathy with the Russian aims in The
Middle East, is expected In the near
future. This new government. while
maintaining nominal independence,
Is expected to approve the move for a
complete autonomy of the democratic"
party in. the Iranian Azerbaijan.
The Teheran government realizes it
would be useless to oppose Moscow and
feels that the verbal support 1t is re-
ceiying from the United States can be
OF little assistance against the we'll
armed Russian divisions established in
the north.
American observers take realisric
view OF the whole matter The rote
sent to Moscow was intended princl-
pally to place the government OF this
country on record that 1t intends to
live up to its given word, but it is not
prepared to go any further. The ex-
pectations of the theoretical diplomats
that the whole question might be taken
up again at the United Nations meet
ings is considered as wishful thinking.
1t Is probable that when the representa-
tives OF the United Nations meet and
get down to fundamentals" sucn as the
violation OF the territorial integrity of
one Of its members, the Iranian govern
ment will not bring the matter before
the assembly or the security council.
In the meantime, military and diplc-
matte observers stationed in such
sensitive" areas as the Middle East
and Eastern Europe report that the
distribution Of Red Armies would indi-
cate that the Soviet expansion Is now
headed toward the southeast.
Russian forces possessing the most
modern type of lease-lend equipment
which was not used in the war against
Germany are reported stationed in the
Odessa area. The officers and men are
highly trained for "blitz" operations.
The inference from that concentration
is that Russia is preparing to bring to a
head in the near future her Con-
troversy" with Turkey.
Evening star., 1945-12-06
Army Thinking
By Maj. George FieIdins Eliot

The Pearl Harbor Investigating Com
mittee Is hammering away, trying to
f1nd out why it was that the War and
Navy Departments were not more def
mite and positive about seeing to it that
the base and feet at Pearl Harbor
were properly alerted against the pos
sibility OF japanese attack.
In these matters, hindsight is always
better than foresight.
1t is easy enough for critic to sit
basking in the clear light of after
knowledge and say what should have
been done. 1t is not always so easy
for the responsible officer to determine
what he should do in advance of the
event.
For one thing. he does not know what
the enemy Is going to do. If he makes
up his mind that the enemy is going to
follow such and such a course, and the
enemy does something else, he is in
serious trouble.
This appears to have been the case
at Pearl Harbor.
The war plans and intelligence branches
OF both the Army and the Navy had ap-
parently come to the conclusion that
the most probable enemy action" would
be an attack southwark from the Japa-
nese main islands: An attack directed
against the Philippines, possibly against
Malaga.
Maj. Gen. Sherman Miles, then AS
sistant Chief of Staff for Military IN
telligence, has testified that In his "es-
innate OF the situation" dated Decem-
Der S, he included the likelihood of such
operations to the southwark, but did
not mention Pearl Harbor as point of
possible enemy offensive action, Asked
why, he said that Pearl Harbor at
tack was inherent" in the situation,
was accepted. so to speak, as remote
possibility. but apparently not consid-
cred likely enough for specific mention.
This did not, apparently. satisfy the
Congress member who was questioning
him. 1t should not have satisfied him,
for it is. faulty method of reasoning.
But the fault is not so much that OF
Gen. Miles as it is of the way In which
he and all his generation of Army Of
ficers had been taught to think.
4
The fault lies in the so-called method
OF intentions"
Two schools Of thought" says q bro
chure on military intelligence published
by the Command and General Stat
School In 1887, "exist In modern armies
u regard to intelligence. Thsss may
D called the method of intentions and
Evening star., 1945-12-06
Buck Home

ne parked my car today In a CITY lot
Back from the skies of Chino
And filled the gas tank at Q vnloos
pump
Home from q troptc tsls;
His are the hands that cut the rosebud
paper
And run its ribbons up q faded soou.
And slap the tDhtte paint sottly on =
house
LIKE sounds OF tDdtsr ldpptng q cisd.
less shore.
He Is ths grocer measuring out
potatoes
Back from, the hills OF Rome
The netD mechanic IN a shop dotcn
HighD1y 10
Home from the sky's blue edge:
Back to the beautiful lost, the ye.
n1embered leastness,
TO day dear bought for peace;
Horse shoes Tonight In the south end
lot on Main Street
Back from Bizerte; home to Lost Muls
Fi6ti
uABELE BRYANs LoNoENLow.
Evening star., 1945-12-06
JAW Letter Mystery

All is confusion in the correspond
ence sector of the embattled United
Automobile Workers, CIO, front over
the growing mystery of who signed,
or did not sign, the very polite letter
telling the General Motors Corpora
ton what welcome" and "gener-
Gus" surprise was it's proposal to re-
sumo manufacture of parts needed
by other companies. The disputed
letter, sent over the name of r. j.
Thomas, president of the UAW, was
q welcome surprise to General Mo-
tors, from all accounts. It proved to
be a surprise, also, albeit not well
come one, to the man whose name
was affixed to the bottom of the
missive. But that is getting ahead Of
developments.
1t seems that the questioned docu-
ment was released to the press by
the publicity department of the au-
tomobile union, whose members are
on strike against General Motors. 1t
received quite play" in the news
papers last Sunday-apparently as
the union, press agents had hoped it
would. Many of the strikers ex-
pressed their disapproval of it, how
ever, and on Sunday afternoon Mr..
Thomas, without renouncing author
ship, sought to clarity" certain pas
sages in the letter On Monday, as
full-f1edged rebellion within the
ranks of the union appeared to be
in the making, Mr.. Thomas called in
reporters and made confession. He
had not written the letter. He had
not signed it. He had not even seen
1t or heard of it before it was spread
on the front pages of the news
papers. He would never have COM
posed such a letter under any
circumstances. Somebody in his
publicity department had prepared
the thing and put rubber stamp"
signature on it.
It was the reporters turn to be
surprised. Their curiosity aroused,
they dug up some additional facts
that surprised them further. Exami4
nation of the original letter at the
General Motors headquarters dis
closed that the signature was not a
rubber stamp" one, as Mr.. Thomas
supposed, 6ut a pen-and-ink one
that compared very favorably with
Mr.. Thomas genuine signatures on
other documents. 1t also was re-
ported that the letter, after being
composed by one OF Mr. Thomas
press agents, in Mr.. Thomas alb
sence, was read and corrected" by
Walter P. Reuther. vice president of
the UAW. in charge of the strike
against General Motors. But Mr..
Reuther told correspondents he dis
approved of the letter. All in all, the
reporters out in Detroit have reason
enough to be going around in circles.
And lost in the confusion at UAW
headquarters is the welcome" and
generous" offer of General Motors
that started all the trouble in the
first place.
Evening star., 1945-12-06
The Political Mill
By Gould Lincoln

President Truman took his Democratic
supporters In Congress completely by
surprise on Monday when he sent a
message to both Senate and House
urging legislation to help put an end to
intolerable conditions growing out Of
labor-management disputes.
For years, the Roosevelt administra-
tion turned deaf ear to proposals for
legislation designed to minimize work
stoppages and to bring labor unions
under some measure of responsibility
and control. 1t remains to be seen how
promptly Congress will act.
While Mr.. Truman's recommendations
were hailed in Republican circles as a
step in the right direction, Senator VAN
denberg. Republican, OF Michigan, and
Senator Taft. Republican, of Ohio, were
OF the opinion that they did not 60 as
far as they should. Senator Vandenberg
has maintained that legislation must be
enacted placing mutual responsibility
upon labor unions as well as on manage
ment To- live up to contracts freely
entered INTO through collective bargain
ing. Indeed, It is expected that will
be basic proposal in the Republican
program as it deals with industrial
disputes.
The nub Of the Presidents proposed
legislation Is the establishment of fact
finding boards to investigate major labor
disputes, with period of 80 days after
a case has been turned over to such a
board in which it will be unlawful
either to strike or for management to
cause lockout. Certifcation of labor
dispute to fact finding board would
come from the Secretary of Labor.
Failure Of the Labor MANAGEMENT
Conference, called by the President, to
reach any agreement on machinery for
keeping industrial peace-particularly
during this important period of recon-
version to peace time industry-was the
reason for this prompt action by the
President. He was correct, when he said
in his message: The American people
have been patient" while waiting for
labor and management to set their
houses In order. Since they proved
themselves unable, or unwilling, to reach
agreements at the conference which sat
IN Washington for weeks, the President
declared it has become the duty of the
Evening star., 1945-12-06

Government to act Therefore. he
recommended the enactment of legisla-
ton by Congress to provide adequate
means for settling industrial disputes. :"
Whether Congress will conflne itself
to legislation such as the President
recommended will develop as the issue
is pressed. 1t has long been clear that
Until the laws are amended to make
labor unions responsible, to make unfair
labor practices by unions illegal as well
as unfair labor practices by manage
ment, there was little chance Of indus
trial peace. With the laws weighted
entirely in their favor, the unions have
run wild in many instances
When labor legislation is taken I'D
for consideration in both Houses, stren-
uous efforts will be made to correct
inequalities that now exist. Organized
labor has been adamant against any
legislation in recent years. That it will
resist strongly present proposals for new
laws Is taken for granted. The labor
lobby, particularly that of the CIO. Is
one OF the strongest ever set up In
Washington-andt throughout the coun-
try. 1t has not hesitated to threaten
members of Congress who do not 70
along with its wishes with defeat at the
polls. In violent language, Mr.. Murray
has now broken with the administration.
President Truman was quick to seize
the ball after the failure Of the Labor
Conference. A drastic labor bill had
been reported to the House by the Rules
Committee, after having been drafted
by the House Military Affairs Commit
tee. The chances were that, should the
bill be called up. it would pass the
House. Indeed. some Of the Democrats
who wish to hold the labor vote closely
to themselves in next years elections
already were counting on the measure
receiving large Republican support. plus
the support of conservative Democrats
from Southern States. AS they figured
1t, If the bill passed with the majority
OF the House Democrats in opposition,
1T would be good politics-for them
since the labor vote would then be cast
for Democratic candidates for the
House, and the Republicans would lose,
as they have during the last IA years.
Some of these Democrats fear now that
Mr.. Truman may have upset the apple
cart for them.
Evening star., 1945-12-06
DR.. Longmuir's Idea

There is much to be said for DR..
Irving Langmuir's recommendation
that periodic demonstrations be
staged in the future to see to it
that the nations and peoples Of the
world never forget the fearsome
nature OF the atomic bomb. The
passage of time tends to blur and
soften the realities of the past. Our
recollection Of the preternatural
Hiroshima and Nagasaki explosions
certainly does not stimulate the
same mental reaction in us today as
we experienced when they actually
took place. and as the months and
years roll by, our awareness in this
sense is likely to grow progressively
weaker unless there is some organ
lied effort to keep it alive.
Because Of this, DR.. Langmuir's
idea merits serious consideration.
Plans are already being made for
an elaborate test to determine the
effect of atomic undersea and above
surface explosions on ,navies. and
when this is staged the world will
have a graphic reminder of the
Apocalyptic implications of the ter
rible new power now available to
man. But the future is long. and
after this experiment is completed,
the international memory may we'll
need further jogging through just
such means as Dr. Langmuir pro-
poses. In the circumstances, there
is reason at least to study the FEAST
bility of having the United Nations
perhaps once in every five or ten
years, on August 8, the anniversary
OF Hiroshima-explode one of the
bombs in a way that will promote
the fullest possible appreciation
among governments and peoples of
how indescribably catastrophe an
other major war would be.
It may be, of course, that interna-
tional action of this sort will have
ITO be ruled out for political or other
reasons, but on off hand conSidera-
ton it seems to make more than a
little sense. The end of civilization,
the end Of the human race, is liter
ally implicit in the harnessed atom,
but that fact may easily lose its
awesomeness between now and the
next century II 1t is merely ex-
Evening star., 1945-12-06

hind its efforts In 4 manner that
will be above party considera tions.
The delegation will have no au-
thority to make definite commit
ments. It's mission will be frank dis
cussion and first-hand information.
In those conferences with Indian
political leaders, the idea will be
stressed that neither Labor nor the
opposition will tolerate attempts to
achieve Indian objectives by revolu-
tionary methods. The path of order
ly evolution is still held out as the
only one to be followed. And the
chief obstacle remains, as always,
the divisions among Indians them
selves.
Evening star., 1945-12-06
Lobor's Program for Indio

The British Labor governments
decision to send an all-party parlia-
mentary delegation to India in the
near future for discussions with In
dian political leaders may be inter-
preted as clever maneuver in a
tense situation.
Ever since Labor's accession to
power in Britain. India has been an
increasingly hot potato on its politi-
cal plate. Traditionally committed
to radical handling of the Indian
problem, the Labor cabinet has
found itself bound by the necessities
of the case to follow substantially
the same policy adopted by the CO.
alition government during the war.
That policy is embodied in the offer
OF Sir Stafford Cripps, four years
ago, to grant India virtual dominion
status as soon as the Indians them
selves were able to agree upon con-
structive and orderly method of i'm
plementing the offer.
However, the inveterate divisions
within India, especially those be-
tween Hindus and Moslems have
hitherto made it impossible to carry
out the preliminaries to any such
arrangement. Nevertheless, the La
Dor victory in Britain encouraged ex-
tremists in India to hope that wider
concessions could be extorted, and
leaders of the Hindu-dominated
Congress party have been openly
threatening revolt, declaring Britain
to have become third-rate power
incapable of maintaining its au-
thority over India The recent riots
provoked by the treason trials of the
japanese "Quisling" Indian National
Army were symptoms of the sedi-
tious temper in Congress circles.
The Labor cabinets proposal to
send a nonpartisan delegation to
India attempts to do two things. In
the first place, it affirms its inten-
tion to grant India self-government
as soon as this can be done In order
ly fashion. Secondly, 1t attempts to
soiidify British public opinion be-
Evening star., 1945-12-06

The Ankara government Is adamant
In Its refusal to yield the Ardahan and
kars areas and, while willing to neutral
ize the Straits, is still opposed to giving
Russia air and naval bases in European
Turkey. This assumption of our OBJ
servers is strengthened by, the fact that
there are 81 Red divisions in Bulgaria
American observers cannot give ar
adequate explanation about the reasons
why the Russian government, after the
defeat OF the Axis, Is still maintaining
an imposing force in Europe. There are
for instance, l,500 900 soldiers in Austria
Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Romania
Ihese men are mostly Second-class
troops with poor equipment.
In YugoSlavia, Marshal Tito Is
strengthening his forces by calling ESQ.,
600 men to the colors. Because he lacks
officers with experience in organization
and command in modern war methods
the bulk of his general staff has been
loaned to him from the Russian army
= ~
The number of Russian forces in Ger
many cannot be definitely ascertained
But 1t Is known that the divisions which
had shown signs of lack of discipline have
been replaced by first-class men pro-
vided with new war material manu-.
factured in Russia There Is little. II
any lease-lend equipment among the
Russian troops in the former Reich. The
tanks which have been seen by Ameri-
cans are all Russian-made and painted
white-the camouflage used last year by
the Red army in fighting in the SHOWS OF
Northern Europe
A conservative estimate places the
number OF Red soldiers in Europe OF
within Russia on the borders of the
satellite states, at more than 5000, 900
According to some explanations, these
men are being kept in the liberated areas
because they can be better provided with
food than they would be in their own
homeland. They live on the liberated
countries which are compelled to pro-
vide their guests with food and shelter
before taking care of their own people
Other observers who have returned
recently from the Russian occupied zones
assert that this large force Is being
maintained in the event the other major
powers disagree with the contention OF
the Moscow government that Russia q
security demands the further expansion
OF the Soviet borders to areas which
have not yet been liberated of fascism. u
Evening star., 1945-12-06
In Union There Is STRENGTH

The Community War Fund or
ganization brought together the
Community Chests of Washington
and the counties in the Metropolitan
Area in relationship which, with
perhaps some notifications, should
continue after the war fund organi-
zation comes to an end-some time
in 1946. Experience under the War
Fund has made the step now under
consideration. formation of a Fed
GRAFTON of Community Chests. inevi-
table. It is gratifying to note the
progress already made In discussions
among the chest and agency officials
and the acceptance which has been
won for the principle OF one Joint
agency to survey needs of the area
and direct one single campaign for
funds, each Community Chest-of
which there now are Ave in the area
to retain its identity and its au-
tonomy. AS practical matter,
Washington's population is divided
between the District of Columbia
and the rapidly developing suburban
areas in Maryland and Virginia and
to make separate undertakings of
their fund campaigns is to weaken
and confuse the effort. Most of the
breadwinners living in adjacent
Maryland and Virginia work in
washington, and large proportion
OF these workers are employed by the
Federal Government. As the War
Fund organization has demon
strated, one appeal-instead Of sepa-
rate. 1urisdictional campaigns-pro-
duces greater response from contri-
butors and avoids duplication. Aside
from this practical consideration.
however, there should be consistent
and unified effort throughout the
Metropolitan Area in the develop
ment OF the private welfare facilities
represented in the Community Chest
agencies. Discussion and pooling of
experience in this field, implicit In
the principle Of Chest organization,
is certain to be beneficial.
Evening star., 1945-12-06

the method Of capabilities the for
mer, which has been used in the Amer.
lean Army until recently, endeavors to
ascertain or deduce what the enemy
intends to do. From knowledge of the
hostile dispositions, it endeayors tn
reconstruct the enemy's intentions. II
information Is lacking, it establishes
the enemy's probable intention, in part,
by making an estimate of what seems
most advantageous to him but it
may result In reaching an unjustifed
and preconceived idea of what the
enemy will do, and failing to recognize
that other lines Of action remain open
TO him. The method Of capabilities
takes into consideration all the lines of
action open to the enemy. 1t does not
entirely discard from consideration any
one OF these lines of action until it ap-
pears that he is incapable of adopting
1t. even II he 50 desires :. this method
PROVIDES the commander with an accu-
rate limit concerning what the enemy
may do, and 1t is this quality of accuracy
which is its most desirable characteristic.
1t thus tends to avoid surprise"
The method OF intentions" was taught
In the United States Army school until
1882. when 1t was replaced by the
method Of capabilities. Gen. Miles
graduated from the Command and Gen.
eral Staff School In 1927 The chief OF
the war plans division at the time Of
Pearl Harbor, Gen. Gerow graduated
from that school in 1926.
That this faulty approach to the meth
Cd Of making sound military decisions
had much to do with the disaster at Pearl
Harbor. 1t is impossible to question. It is
not. remember. = matter OF the making
up Of minds that the japanese are def
nitely going to do so-ind-so. It Il 4
matter Of establishing q mental atmo-
sphere-the Japanese are probably going
to do so-and-so, 10 1t is more urgent
that we act effectively, as far al We can,
in that area.
And the enemy does something else.
kt X
It is this style Of thinking that caused
Gen. Miles to omit Pearl Harbor from
his estimate of the situation OF Decem-
ber 5, in which he was apparently con-
cerned with the enemy's probable In
tentions'-with the search for precision.
The fault, a. far rs this particular
aspect of the matter Is concerned, is not
that of any individual The fault lies
in fossilized method Of military think
ing and teaching. which ought to have
been abandoned long before IL vas.
tceDyEisht 1e4SJ
Evening star., 1945-12-06
1t Is a Mess, Anyway
To the Editor OF The Star:

10 tne Eoltor OF The Star:
Where are we drifting9
About AZ years ago a revival service
was being held miles east OF Mil
ledgeville, Ga. One young man became
deeply impressed and really was con-
verted to the way of Christ. A PRAYER
service was held before the regular
preaching hour, and this young boys
old uncle was conducting the prayer
service. The young man was 30 deeply
concerned that he felt sure that II
called on he could pray in public. The
young fellow started out with his pray
er, but the further he got the worse he
got mixed up, until finally he called to
his uncle: You'll have to take 1t, Uncle
Henry, I've got 1t in mess!"
As see the world situation, I think
the bigwigs of the larger nations should
go down on their knees before God, let
ting the spirit Of God be their inter-
prefer as was the case on the Day of
Pentecost and pray: Dear God, take
this world situation over for we have
got 1t In mess"
JAMES E. BRAswELL.