davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1945-11-01

after American civilians replace the
military men governing at present,
our armed forces will be on hand
to. cope with any trouble making
Germans.
General Eisenhower's comment on
the temper of the Germans is con-
tained in his regular monthly report
on occupation. Some Of the unrest,
he says, Is caused by idle German
youths and returning soldiers and
has involved attacks on individual
American troops. Most of the trou-
BILE, however, springs from German
resentment against displaced per-
sons, whom General Eisenhower de-
scribeS as the chief source of law
lessness. He does not minimize the
seriousness of the situation Appar-
emily it is likely to get worse before
it gets better, which suggests that
our armed forces will have to stand
guard there for some time after
our civilian authorities assume con-
troll.
Evening star., 1945-11-01
This Changing World
BY Constantine Brown

An imperial force composed of Brit
ish, Australians, New zealanders. Cana
dians and Indianssis expected to land in
Japan early in January to participate
in the occupation Of Japan in accordance
with the Potsdam agreement.
This force, which represents the COM
ponent parts of the British Empire in
the Indian Ocean and the Pacific, will
be numerically small The British gov
ernment has decided to send only token
detachments' merely to show that it
has an effective part in the affairs of
Japan.
For the time being there is no definite
indication as to what Russia will do.
According to unconfirmed reports, If
other matters such as the question OF
control commission are settled, two
Red divisions also will be dispatched to
Japan.
But while the British imperial force
will be distributed over many centers
in the islands and will work shoulder
to shoulder with the American army of
occupation, Moscow wishes to place her
entire force on Hokkaido Island and
wants no other troops to be stationed
there.
The Russian government has no OBJ
jections to the presence Of a few Amer
ican officers, especially designated by
Gen. Macarthur and who will be at
tached to the headquarters of the Rus
sian commanding officer The Russian
commander will be responsible to Gen.
Macarthur, whose instructions he will
be supposed to follow. But the Russian
divisions wish no other interference.
The request that Hokkaido be placed
under Russian occupation was prompted
by the fact that it is the northernmost
island in the Japanese Empire and
with the Kamchatka Peninsula, the
Kuriles to Sakhalin Island and the Soviet
controlled Asiatic mainland, completes
a strategic arc which makes the Sea
Of Okhotsk into a Russian sea.
Some quarters envision a Moscow de-
sire to maintain a prolonged occupa-
ton of the third largest Japanese is
land with the assistance of a hand
picked local government.
Ofhcials in Washington are not pre-
pared to discuss the question, since
the Russian participation in the occu-
patton of Japan depends on the solution
of the control commission problem
which has stalemated all other decisions
of the Big Five.
Evening star., 1945-11-01
Where the Issue Lies

The letter from Joy E. Morgan,
printed in an adjoining column, is
a strong statement from one spokes-
man of the opposition to universal
military training and. probably ex-
presses sentiment which is held by
many Americans. But it does not
seem to The Star that the basic
issue, as between universal military
training and continuation Of past
policies relating to national defense,
has been touched by DR.. Morgan.
That basic issue was very we'll stated
by President Truman in his message
to Congress last week in the para
graphs which follow:
Never again can we count on the
luxury of time with which to arm
ourselves. In any future war the
heart Of the United States would be
the enemy's first target. Our geo.
graphical security is now gone-gone
with the advent of the robot bomb,
the rocket, aircraft carriers and
modern airborne armies.
THE surest guaranty that no
nation will dare again to attack us
Is to remain strong in the only kind
OF strength an aggressor can under
stand-military power.
ITO preserve the strength of our
Nation, the alternative before us is
clear. We can maintain a large
standing Army, Navy and air force.
Or we can rely upon a comparatively
small Regular Army, Navy and air
force, supported by well trained
citizens, who in time of emergency
could be quickly modified"
1t seems to The Star that this is
the question for Americans to decide
and that the weight OF experience
favors the program outlined bv
President Truman.
Evening star., 1945-11-01

The Far Eastern Advisory Commission
met in Washington on Tuesday and after
brief ceremony adjourned until Mo-
vember 6. The adjournment, proposed
by the Chinese representative, Anbas-
sador Wei, had been prearranged to give
more time to President Truman and
Secretary Of State Byrnes to confer"
with Moscow Mr. Truman is now hope
full that solution can be found whereby
the United States, without yielding too
much OF It's position in Japan, will be
able to make suff1cient concessions to
Moscow to bring the u s. 8. r. back into
the fold Of international consultation
and cooperation.
These conversations have now pro-
gressed suficiently to permit the Amer
lean policy-framers to hope that Russia
will be back within short time.
According to some responsible oficials,
the control commission demanded in
London by Foreign Commissar Molotov
may be created under different name
and in different form. 1t would leave
to the Allied supreme commander, on
paper at least, all the rights and pre-
negatives he now possesses. but would
give the Russians regional supremacy"
in Northern Japan.
Official Washington quarters. which
are aware that Russia does not seek
face-saying devices and is not inter-
ested in academic diplomatic successes,
believe that this solution is now being
considered in Moscow and might be
accepted by Premier Stain.
In such event, Russia will be willing
to send a representative to the new
organization and also to the Advisory
Commission, whose role is academic at
best.
The British government is reported to
be even more anxious to have this matter
settled at the earliest possible moment.
Great Britain has a smaller stake, eco
nomically, politically and strategically,
in Japan and China than has the United
States. Her principal political interest
at present is in the Middle and Near
East and in Eastern Europe.
The British policy-framers hope that
II Moscow receives satisfaction in the
Far East, Russia may adopt more con-
ciliatory attitude toward Britains inter-
ests in the other areas. Hence the
British Foreign Offices desire that the
Japanese control problem be solved at
the earliest possible moment.
Evening star., 1945-11-01
Governing Germany

At first glance there may seem to
be conflict between General Eisen-
hower's report on growing German
unrest and President Truman's state
mept that our military government
In Germany may be turned over to
American civilian authorities next
June. Actually. however. there is
no such conflict. because the shift
to civilians will not mean the end of
occupation by our armed forces. If
the Germans get out of hand, those
forces will still be available to estab-
lish order.
The Presidents statement on the
governmental change is based on a
recommendation made in letter to
him by General Eisenhower himself.
Such a change, according to the gen.
eral, although 1t will have to be
worked out in conjunction with the
other occupying powers, will be de-
sirable "if for no other reason than
because of its conformity to the
American principle of keeping the
Army as such out Of the civil gov
eminent field" Russia, Britain,
France and the United States will
have to reach special agreement
II the shift is to be made stimuli
taneously in all four zones, but he
believes, in any case, that American
civilians could take over in our zone
not later than next June /, by which
time the groundwork will be well laid
for the transfer.
At the same time, General Eisen-
hover makes clear in his letter to
the President that the civil govern
ment OF Germany is matter entire
ly separate from the occupational
duty of the Army-a duty to main
tain the power needed in the Amer
lean zone to enforce Allied laws and
regulations and American policy as
long as the United States Govern
ment deems necessary. Thus, even
Evening star., 1945-11-01
The Tiger on TriuI

Manila is the scene of "war GRIM
inal" trial which is notable In several
respects. The defendant is none
other than General Tomoyuki Yam
ashita, supreme commander of Jap
anese forces in the Philippines dur
ing the entire period of American
reconquest of the archipelago and
previously the conqueror of British
Singapore which made him Japan's
number one army hero and earned
him the sobriquet of "The Tiger of
Malaga" 1t is therefore eminently
fitting that this outstanding product
of japanese militarism should be the
first to be brought to book in the
Philippine capital and metropolis,
the scene of the worst and most
widespread atrocities committed by
the japanese soldiery.
However, this Is not an ''atrocity"
trial in the usual sense. Unless there
is available evidence not yet dis
closed by the prosecution, Yamashita
will not be charged with specifically
ordering the acts of torture, mutila-
tion, rape and other atrocities, some
too disgusting to mention in print,
carried out by the Japanese armed
forces on Filipinos and Americans in
many parts of the islands. What the
prosecution does contend is that the
acts thus listed and substantiated by
reliable evidence, totaling as they do
more than $4,000, could not have
escaped Yamashita's notice but that
he neither reproved them nor did
anything to stop them. Further
more, the prosecution contends that
these outrages followed such pat
tern as clearly to indicate that they
formed a definite Japanese military
policy, whether or not documentary
evidence can be adduced to support
this thesis. General Yamashita is
therefore charged with personal re-
sponsibility for the war crimes COM
mitted by those under his orders.
Such charge is unique in modern
times, no commander of Yamashita's
rank having been thus held crimi-
nally responsible for atrocities prac-
ticed by his men. The theory of mill
tary law has hitherto been that high
commanding officers could not
countenance or condone such actions
by those under their authority. The
factual record of the japanese armed
forces, not only in the Philippines
but in every theater Of action. from
China to New Guinea, so fiagrantly
violates every canon OF civilized war
fare that the legal presumptions of
the military code should obviously be
altered to deal with such cases. In
this respect the Yamashita trial
breaks new legal ground.
There is here an interesting par
sllel with the war criminal" trials
Evening star., 1945-11-01

Millions of men and women in war
torn Europe and the Far East face
starvation and death from disease un-
less they get help. It's situation
which this country, all other members
of the United Nations which escaped
invasion in the war now ended. and
even those which suffered the actual
physical ravages of war. must face.
There is no way Of dodging the issue
except the unthinkable way of allow
ing these people to die.
The organization set up to meet the
situation-the United Nations Relief
and Rehabilitation Administration.
headed by former Gov. Lehman of
New York, has just made its appeal to
Congress for s550,000,000 to keep open
the pipe line of food and relief to these
desperate people This will complete
this country's promised contribution Of
per cent of its estimated income for
the year i943-a contribution totaling
$l,350.O00,000 and of which $500 0,000,-
coo already has been appropriated by
Congress.
Forty-five nations, as of September
IS, had promised contributions amount
ing to 81 ,8S2, ,760 900, including those
which had been overrun by war. The
lions share is the contribution of the
United States. Next is the United King
dom-Great Britain-with 1882. 400 900.
Canada is third with $50 1863 900, Aus
tralia fourth with s38, 400 900, and Brazil
fifth with s3o,ooo,ooo.
The same yardstiek-1 per cent of
national income-was followed for con-
tributions-except that the contribu-
tions from the invaded countries. which
included Russia. France, China, the
Philippines among others, are contribu-
tions for administration.
These sums are not going to be sufa-
cient to turn the trick of relief and re-
habilitation. The UNRRA's first Job
was in Greece-beginning in 1914
where it literally saved the people from
destruction. not from war but from lack
of food, clothing and transportation.
Since then UNNRA has been active
in many parts of Europe and is now
turning its hand to the liberated areas
of the Far East. The additional $780,
100000 from this country makes it pos
Evening star., 1945-11-01

about to begin at Nuremberg. There
are, however, important distinctions
between the two. In the first place,
Yamashita is being tried by an ex-
clusively American military court on
charges which stem from acts ira
ditionally deemed in violation of the
laws of war. II convicted, the prece-
dent established will be one of mill
tary law and will not touch the issue
of preparing war of aggression
which is the chief innovation planned
by the international tribunal at
Nuremberg in it's arraignment of civil
as well as military leaders of Nazi
Germany.
Evening star., 1945-11-01

the preconception that the revolt could
not succeed. They disregarded the re-
ports from agents OF other departments
which indicated very clearly the course
events were actually taking. Conse-
quently they were suddenly faced with
the fact that the faction they had OPP
posed was nevertheless the government
OF Brazil. For years this embittered re-
lations with Brazil.
We cannot afford the luxury Of in
dulging erroneous preconceptions in the
future. The results Of such errors may
well be disastrous and irreparable. Hence
our central intelligence agency must be
Independent Of all the departments
charged with the formulation and exc
cution Of policy. It's sole mission must
be-get the facts! The facts-regard-
less OF whose preconceived ideas they
may upset. regardless Of how distasteful
they may be to any one, or how they may
alter cherished hopes for this or that
policy.
OF course, we should not do away with
the State Departments own sources Of
information, through its various missions
and its special agents. We should also
keep the intelligence services of the
Army and Navy hard at work, and the
information branches of the Treasury
and the Commerce Departments. The
reports Of all these agencies should be
at the disposal Of the central intelligence
service, which should coordinate and
eyaluate them in connection with its
own sources of information. It is to be
hoped that the exchange of information
with British intelligence services may be
continued on the same full frank basis
that obtained during the war.
The end result of all these processes
should be summary Of intelligence
to be laid by the central agency every
day before the President and the de-
partments concerned. The intelligence
agency should, in preparing this report,
have absolute freedom OF action and Of
opinion. It should not be constrained by
the views of any cabinet ofiicer or de-
partmental bureaucracy. It should be
independent. Of feelings and Of pref
udiceS.
No other course Is consistent with the
national security. We must have wise
and far-seeing national policies in order
to meet the heaviest responsibilities that
have ever been laid on any nation in
all history. We can only have such poll
cies If we have facts on which to base
them facts presented without fear.
favor or affection.
tccpyrisht. 1s45.t
Evening star., 1945-11-01
A Backward Step

Tne Board or Education may wish
to reconsider its rather precipitate
decision to excuse members of the
high school cadet corps from the
physical fitness courses. It was
essentially an unwise decision. Fur
thermore, it seems to have been
based on a faulty premise. For
relatively few boys in the cadets
have taken advantage of the oppor-
tunity to drop the physical fitness
classes.
Members of the board evidently
felt that the per cent decrease in
enrolment for the cadets in the
white schools this fall may have been
caused by compulsory attendance in
physical education courses. They
went further than the proposal OF
the high school principals, that two
OF the three classes in physical edu-
cation each week be made optional
for members of the cadet corps.
But as matter of fact there
should be no conflict of any sort
between the physical education
courses, if they are properly con-
Quoted, and service in the cadet
corps. OF the two, physical education
is the more important. 1t is de-
signed to reach every pupil, is sup
posed to be arranged to meet the
needs of different groups of children
and should result in the early
detection of physical defects which
respond to treatment. 1t is more
far reaching in its objectives than
military drill, which offers less in
the form of supervised exercise and
body building than in the rudiments
OF military discipline.
The Star, 1t is believed, was in
strumental in seeing the present
physical fitness courses installed in
the schools and with others, like
Representative Stefan of Nebraska
and Senator Overton of Louisiana,
is interested in their full develop
ment. The Board of Education,s
action seems to minimize the Inn
portance OF physical education, and
In that respect especially is disap-
pointing. For both the physical fit
ness program and the cadet training
should be made so attractive that
no extra inducements would be
necessary to encourage participa-
ton. The real trouble may be that
both have suffered from supervisory
. personnel shortages during the
war and both need a pretty thor
ough overhauling.
Evening star., 1945-11-01
The Hunters

The ,oorld Is still and ,phite and filled
i0ith hush
OF silence broken only by the sharp
Crnckle OF ttcigs upon each tree and bush
And the iohisper OF iDtnd that makes
harp
OF pine boughs on the summit. Nou
the too
Seem strange In white immensity OF
space
Like some fairy world made oper. piroin-
ftetD,
The streaks that mark the young lads
freckled face
Were made By tears, for he has come to
knoio
That life, one moment beautiful and
feet
Could leaue dark stains OF death upon
the sro,D
NoiD clearly marked By prints OF MOP.
ing feet.
And pet, his shoulders lift up tall and
straight
Beneath his gun. He knosos certain
pride
Because he stands at last at nanhood's
gate,
So he matches his fathers footsteps,
stride for stride.
ALMA ROBINSON HIGBEE
Evening star., 1945-11-01
Facts Without Fear
By Maj. George Fielding Eliot

Up to the beginning of this war, the
United States Government had no cen
trail intelligence agency charged with
the sole duty of getting factual informa-
ton of what was going on in the rest
of the world.
When the war began. such an agency
was created, the ONCE of Strategic
Services. 1t functioned eficiently. But
it was a wartime agency, having no
permanent legal existence.
Now the war Is over, its functions
have been divided between the State
and War Departments. The Secretary
of State has been instructed by the
President to reorganize its research and
intelligence branches into national In
telligence service. When this has been
done, it is to be presumed that the
President will seek legislation to make
such service permanent part OF our
governmental organization.
But it is to be hoped that this central
intelligence agency, by whatever name
it may be called, will not continue to
be under the control of the State De-
partment, or of any other department
of the Government. 1t should be re-
sponsible to the President directly, or to
the President through a national secur-
ity council, if such council is estab-
liShed
The information secured by the in
teligence agency should be at the dis
posal of all the departments having to
do with the national security and for
eign policy, and at the disposal of the
President as well and In the same form.
This information may be vital in our
safety. 1t should not be subjected to
any departmental watering or alteration
, to fit preconceived ideas or internal
prejudices.
The peril Of the preconceived idea has
to be experienced to be understood. A
couple Of examples from history viii
make this clear.
just prior to Pearl Harbor. some one
in high places had the preconceived
idea that the japanese would strike
their first blows in the Far East, in the
area OF the Philippines and perhaps
Malaga. This erroneous preconception
colored all our military counterprepa-
rations. 1t had great deal to do with
the failure properly to alert the de-
lenses Of the Hawaiian Islands.
Still another example: At the time
of the military coup in Brazil in 1890,
which brought the Vargas regime into
power, the State Department based It's
policy (which included an embargo on
arms shipments to the revolutionists) on
Evening star., 1945-11-01
Believes Mr.. Lee Right

To the Editor of The Star:
I can't understand all the angry talk
about Adelbert Lees accusations Of high
school children drinking and smoking.
Surely, parents must realize how right
he is after reading what the Aussie
brides said OF us. Some divorced their
American husbands and hastened back
to Australia away from this land of
selfish people, where children Of "l3 and
IA smoke and drink"
MRS. 3. 8. YATES.
Evening star., 1945-11-01

A horse with eight hooves was
foaled recently. A more profitable
variety would be one with eight
necks, one behind the other, to help
out on those close finishes at Laurel
Evening star., 1945-07-09
Navy Squadron "a Back
AFTER $4,000 Combat Hours

Navy Composite Squadron 81,
which flew more than 10000 hours
of combat in 1000 sorties in four
major Pacific inyasions, is back
home for rest and reassignment.
In its tour, which included the
Leyte, Luzon, Two Jima and Oki-
nawa invasions, the squadron lost
II men killed or missing. -Four
others were wounded seriously.
One pilot, 1t. 0.g) Kenneth B.
Finka, Biloxi, Miss, was rescued by
the destroyer escort skippered by 1t.
Comdr. Franklin D. Roosevelt, jr..
after an open sea landing of Luzon
last January.
In all, 1t. Finka survived three
emergency night landings in the
open sea, the first two on successive
nights off Luzon. the third off Two
Jima.
Operating from Casablanca
class escort carrier, the squadron
was commanded by 1t. Douglas X
English, Northridge, Calf. The
fighter division, which shot down 1a
japanese planes, was commanded
by 1t. Thomas S. Sedaker, Schnec-
tady, N. Y.
Evening star., 1945-07-09

Ulrich Won Hassell, Mayor Kar
Goerdeler of Leipzig. Count vor
Schulenburg and Prussian Minister
Otto Popitz.
Unbroken in Spirit.
Father Buchholz said most o.
those condemned to death showec
an unbroken spirit.
When the first group of men con.
demned for the bomb plot, headed b,
Field Marshal Erwin Won Witzleben
arrived at the Ploetzensee death
cells, Father Buchholz and Chaplain
Poelscher mingled as usual with
them, Father Buchholz said. They
asked who was Protestant and whit
was Catholic and If the prisoner
wanted religious ministration. Sud.
denly warden came and told tn,
pastors they must desist "by direc
order of the Fuehrer, who has de.
creed denial of spiritual comfort a!
a supplementary punishment"
Father Buchholz related:
Everything possible was done Il
humiliate these men as they arrived
on August 8, 1914. They were put il
striped clothes and wooden slippers
which made them stumble. Naz
photographers gleefully snapped
such scenes. The condemned wer,
unshaven, many were bruised from
blows and all were more or les:
emaciated from hunger. SO that the.
looked anything but presentable."