davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
.OPAClaiirns
Sugar Racket

Washington, June 1-AP- The
oPA cracked down hard today on
"chiseling Of home canning sugar
for other purposes"
Some chiselers are stopping to
falsify their applications in an ef
fort to get sugar that they know
they won't use In canning" Price
Administrator Chester Bowles said
in a statement announcing "dras-
tic program to put an end to this
sugar racket"
Bowles said the sugar supply is
sufficient for home canning re-
quirements. "but there will not be
enough IL the chiseling continues"
Last year, Bowles asserted. many
persons who had no intention OF
using sugar for canning applied for
sugar for this purpose and In 50
doing literally robbed our country
Of a substantial part Of our limited
sugar supply"
The same thing Is happening
again this year. he said, adding:
"The home canning sugar racket
must be stopped"
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
School Bond
Sales Good

With Ypsilanti High School lead
ing with s42,s50. the City Public
Schools have sold more than $780,
900 worth of Series "E" bonds. 1t
was disclosed at noon today with
reports coming in to Supt. Ernest
H. Chapelle's Office. The actual
figures are $53,250.
An enthusiastic bond rally was
held Thursday with the Student
War Council in charge. President
Leland Towner presented Supt.
Chapelle. Miss Gertrude Murray.
chairman for High School Bond
soles, Principal N. G. Wiltse and
Olin c. Eckley OF the local pub
licity committee. Home Room POS
with Miss Bernice Davis in charge,
still leads with total sales of $13,-
900 which represents participation
by 43 out of SO students in the
room. Quota was $500. Another
Home Room to place on the Honor
Roll was No. pol with Mrs. Jack
Lockwood in charge. Quita was
$3.50 and sales $4,000.
Mr.. Eckley speaking for the city
committee, said he'was not there 70
pep" them up but to congratulate
them on the magnificent Job they
were doing in asking people
throughout the city to invest in the
finest security in the world today.
U. s. "E" Bonds. He expressed
confidence that before the week
was over the high school quota
would be met.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
Six Hundred Planes Raid Osaka
City Levy Lowered BY SIS, 800.
''This is About Bread With Butter on it"

What kind" he wanted to
know.
Amy kind" | said.
81 got all kinds" he said. He
did, too. | said I'd have a package
OF camels. He said wouldn't ]
like two packages? said | would.
He said as a matter OF fact he
got pretty burned tired Of hand
ing out cigarets a package at
time. A waste Of effort. Wouldn't
! like a carton?
Smokes by Carton
So | walked out with my
smokes under my arm-Pm still
telling the truth and nothing but
and pretty soon it was time
for lunch.
The bill OF fare said q took
notes) filet mignon. sirloin
steak, lamb chops. southern fried
chicken and roast turkey. set.
tied for the chicken and 1t was
noble eating. $1.25.
Then | took the ferry across
the Elizabeth River to see the
Panama hat chap peddle a rail
road and | don't care whether
you believe me or not: The news
stand was piled high with choco-
late bars, chewing gum and Gig.
arets. Nobody was lining up for
any OF these things and IL 1t
hadn't been for the sailors you
wouldn't have known there was
a war on.
The financiers, including Otis
A. Glazebrook, Jr., OF New York,
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01

who brought the $50, 100000 with
him, weer standing around the
platform talking about you-know.
what: Norfolk beef steaks.
Deluxe Beer
After a couple OF hours OF pal.
aver Glazebrook's committee OF
bond holders bought their rail.
road from the elderly auctioneer
and IL was time for a beer. ]
had a bottle OF one OF those de-
luxe brands / hadn't seen in two
years.
For dinner ] tried another res.
taurant. Nobody introduced me.
| didn't bride anybody. The menu
said sirloin steaks in melted but
ter, 81. had one OF same and |
don't think | ever tasted better
steak.
But No Scotch!
By now, as you may have gath.
cred, | was feeling too full TO
worry much about the reason
why. did talk to a Norfolk news
paper man, though, and he said
there never had been a shortage
of anything in Norfolk except
Scotch whiskey.
He said his wife never had to
serve him macaroni. He said he
understood the concentration of
Navy people in town caused the
government to shake its stumps
in a provisioning way. He said
Norfolk was a wonderful town.
Amen. said I, wiping the butter
off my chin.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
Elmer Knight
Dies In Action

Mrs. Elmer Knight received word
Thursday that her husband. Pfc.
Elmer Max Knight. was killed In
action on Luzon. May IL. He was
born in Spencer, January "a. 1912
and moved TO Houghton Lake in
his childhood. He lived there all
Of his life until 1910 when he came
to Ypsilanu. He worked for the
Michigan State Normal College in
the Maintenance Department until
his induction into the armed ser
vices, April IS. 1912. He married
Mrs. Naomi Freel. Ypsilanti, az
Houghton Lake, March II 1912.
He received his basic training al
Camp' Forrest. Tennessee, and his
advanced training at Fort Lewis.
Washington. He spent five months
at the Great American Desert
Training Camp in Los Angeles,
from where he was sent to san
Francisco. He was sent overseas
July 4, 1913. He was stationed
overseas in Hawaii, New Guinea.
Netherlands, East Indies and Lu-
zon. participating in combat in the
last two areas.
He is survived by his wife. one
step-son, Robert Freel, his parents,
Houghton lake, one sister Dora
Knight, Houghton Lake, and one
brother, Kenneth, who is employed
by the Michigan State Normal Col
lege.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01

Intervention Of Britain. with the
moral support OF the United States.
John Bull stepped in to halt the
fighting-and he was wearing his
guns loose in their holsters.
At the same time British Prime
Minister Churchill told General
De Gaulle in Paris that once fir.
ing has ceased and order has been
restored we shall be prepared to
begin tripartite discussion here in
London" This means that the
United States and Britain are ready
TO sit down and thresh the Syrian
difficulty out with France. That's
the language Of peace.
Bloody Lesson
This bloody lesson may have .
salutary effect IN another way. II
shows that the great powers intend
TO maintain order. 1t shows that
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
Biggest Funds
For Police,
Streets

Ypsilanti city council Monday
evening will take formal action on
a city budget which will require
a tax levy $25.300 less than last
year. This years total tax levy
is $3.50, 400 as compared to $2ss,700
a year ago.
Tentative figures we're compiled
at a meeting OF aldermen in city
hall Thursday evening at which
proposals submitted by City Clerk
Harvey C. Holmes we're approved
with two exceptions. Twelve hun
dred dollars was added to the park
fund 10 care for an overdraft in
recreation and a like amount was
subtracted from the contingent
fund.
Two new items appear this year,
$4,000 toward construction OF a mu-
nicipal garage and $4,000 for city
pension fund.
Estimated expenditures for the
police and justice department were
the highest on the list. $4,000 but
income in that department will
make II necessary TO raise by taxa
ton only $4,000. according to the
figure arrived at by Mr.. Holmes
and Chief OF Police Dan E. L,
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
Soldier Cleared
in Attack Case

Army authorities are continuing
the investigation OF an attack or
Mrs. Myrtle Suffer, 215 N. Hamil-
ton ST., having proven Pfc. John
Kish OF the Willow Run Air Base
was not in any way connected with
the crime.
Sworn statements from friends
proved that he was with them from
early in the evening, until long
after the time of the attack.
Kish was taken into custody
when Mrs. Suffer identified Kish as
the culprit. John E. Davis, 712
Washtenaw Ave, had been stand
ing in front OF a down town tavern.
when Mrs. Suffer pointed out Kish
and said that that was the SOL
der who hit her" Davis said, "all
/ know about this matter was that
the injured woman pointed out
Kish as the soldier who hit her.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01

San Francisco. June LAP -
Prospects for settlement Of the
Franco-Syrian dispute combined
with reports OF iInproyeds Anesi-
rNp-So viet relatiohs today ii EShts
en- dsiS6ntes' hopes Tor IN early.
iRccseaShI windnp Of the United
Nations Conference.
Forceful leadership by the big
sponsoring powers is regarded
among United States degeates as
the means for shaking the confer
ence out Of its Laying committee
work and whipping the charter for
a new league into final shape.
Time at Hand
Many delegates are saying pri-
vately that the time for action to
that end is at hand and the place
to begin is among the Big Five. The
United States sought agreement
with British, Russian, Chinese and
French spokesman on half a dozen
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
State Board
Informed Of
City Dispute

City officials have been informed
that the state LABOR mediation
board has received formal notifica-
ton that a dispute exists between
the municipality. and members OF
{ , State, County and Municipal
Workers Union. ~
According to q letter sent the
state by Foss Baker. Detroit, secre-
tary treasurer OF the state union.
the points at issue are: time and
Ga half for all time over 40 hours:
500 and exclusive bargaining
rights: union shop; and assign
ment Of dues by the check of sys-
TEN.
The state mediation board plans
to have a representative at the
regular meeting OF city council
Monday evening.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
BY DEWITT MACKENZIE

~ az " i
Maybe In the long run the Fran
co-Syrian upheaval will prove to
be a good thing. for II demonstrates
anew that the whole OF Europe and
the Mediterranean countries are
as inflammable as finder and that
anybody who flips a lighted match
carelessly aside these days is beg
ging for catastrophe.
One doesn't mean to be cynical
In this observation for It's q cruel
thing that this reminder should
have to come through more blood
shed. But we must know that
we've come mighty close to another
great conflagration. You can't re-
kindle the fire anywhere withou
the terrible danger OF 1t spreading
And Syria isn't the only danger
spot by a long shot. Europe is full
Of delicate political situations. any
one OF which could easily precip-
itate fresh tragedy. The present
affair seems at this writing to have
been got In hand through the stern
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
Smoke Swirls Fiue Miles
Above Production Center;
Ground Gained on Okinawa
China Plans
Counter
Drive
(By the Associated Press)

Wy luc AobOCldlbW IIeSSl
New fires kindled today In a 500
plane raid on Osaka, industrial
metropolis of Japan. added to the
Sc square miles previously burned
out OF Nippon's war production GEN.
tiers as Allied forces pushed the
enemy back on all fronts and re-
grouped for greater assaults
against the island empire.
Smoke swirled five miles above
Osaka after successive waves of
more than 450 Superforts, escorted
by $50 Mustang fighters, loosed
5000 tons of incendiaries in a day
light strike. The raid was in the
same strength as Tuesdays flam-
ing blow against Yokohama which,
photographs disclosed today, swept
over SO square miles, virtually de-
stroying the principal portion of
the port city.
This air-brought havoc was
matched by sensational ground
gains on stormy Okinawa, 325 miles
south OF Japan. and bitterly won
y - 6, Y SCATTERED. eee,Saa ~
Close Ring
Five American divisions on Oki.
nawa, killing Japanese at the rate
OF 1000 a day, closed a double
ring around Shuri, falling keystone
OF Il , enemy's broken defense line.
At Chungking, a Chinese spokes.
man promised a grand counter-of.
fensive earlier than originally
planned" as japanese halted their
extensive northward Withdrawals
on the continent at least temper.
arily. South China columns ex-
banded their breach In the enemys
fndo-China corridor to 146 miles
and seized two bitterly defended
cities.
On the temporarily quiet south
east Asia front. the Allied Com.
mand announced a new army, the
British 18th. was being formed TO
operate from recently captured
Rangoon in south Burma, whence
1t may we'll spearhead the drive
into Thailand and down the Malay
Peninsula TO Singapore naval base.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
UPF1EAVAL MAY BE GOOD

must expect to encounter many and
harsh difficulties before real peace
can be secured.
Rests on Three
Probably the Syrian imbroglio
also will lend force to the argu-
ment that the peace of the world
must. for the time being. rest main
" on the shoulders OF the Big
Three-America. Russia and Brit
ain. That perhaps isn't An ideal
situation. but Il 10 based on the
horse-sense that this trio OF great
powers are the ones which have
the physical strength to maintain
order so long as they stand to-
gether.
II is a reassuring circumstance
that I'm the present instance this
strength Is maintaining the ideals
of the Atlantic Charter. Unoffi-
cial circles IN Paris are calling the
British action power politics. but
enc doubts whether little Syria
will regard the mattel in that light.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
. ~. " ~ ~ .,IN-I
Powers
Defeat

Washington, June 1-AP-The
administrations request for new
tariff cutting power may be turn
ed down by the Senate Finance
Committee.
This forecast was made today
by a majority member Of the COM
mittee,. considering the proposal
linked to legislation renewing the
reciprocal trader aereeneuts ret
Renewal of the act itself j regsrd'
szses q foregone conclusion.
The senator. who asked not to
be quoted by name. said all the mi
nority members and perhaps three
or four committee Democrats would
vote against the new tariff author
fly.
Administration supporters would
not rest with any committee turn
down, however. The section might
be restored to the bill by an amend
ment from the floor.
The House last week passed the
legislation without change after
President Truman termed the tariff
proviso necessary "for the sue
cess OF my administration"
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
L. of NJ. Plans
Higher Tuition

Ann Arbor, Mich. June L UP
The University Of Michigan said
today a new schedule Of tuition
fees, which is expected TO increase
the receipts by approximately 10
per cent, will be substituted the
beginning Of the fall term, Nov. !.
According to University officials,
the action was taken TO help meet
increasing costs Of operation due
to generally increasing price lev
els. The additional fees also will
help to smooth out certain Unequal
tiles in the differential between
resident and nonresident fees in
the various units of the University.
officials explained.
The differential between resident
and nonresident fees now ranges
from so TO 80 per cent.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
This Country
toKeep Meat

Washington, June up The
government will cancel all lend
lease and foreign relief meat ship
ments during July, August and Sep
TENDER, 1t was learned today.
The action was expected to in
crease slightly the share OF U. s.
civilians.
Removal Of meat from lend-lease
for a period OF at least three
months will affect Russia more
than anyone else. During April,
May and June the Soviet Union
was assigned 300,000,000 pounds
out OF the lend-lease total OF $685.
OF 200 pounds. mostly canned
"tushonka", a beef and pork com.
bination.
Ofiicials said the denial OF meat
for foreign relief would come as a
grave disappointment" TO liberat,
ed peoples. The onlv meat exports
in July. August and September
will be for the U. s. Armed Forces.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
War in Brief
tBy Associated Press,


Osaka, Japan - Superfortresses
dropped 5000 tons of incendiary
bombs on industrial, waterfront
and transport area targets in fourth
OF multi-ton fire raids against Japa.
nese war centers.
okinawa - Organized japanese
resistance appeared ended; Shuri
Garrison surrounded: Tenth Army
infantry and Marines pushed ahead
after scattered groups; 61,519 Japa.
nese- killed in two-months cam
paign.
ManIis--Jspanese launched num-
erous small but fierce counter-at-
tacks against Americans on Luzon
and Mindanao Islands Japanese
bloodily repulsed attempting to
cross Cagayan River northern Lu-
zon.
china--Chinese army spokesman
reported capture Pinyang, widen
ing break in Japanese north-south
Chinese corridor TO las miles; gen.
eral counteroffensive by Chinese
predicted shortly; Chinese drove
against important Japanese base az
Shaoyang (Paochang) in Human
province.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
Sugar Quota
ThiirdLess

Due to increased applications for
canning sugar in this area. and to
the short supply. the district Of
fee OF the OPA has ordered the
local Office to reduce rations here.
A cut OF 1i3 was put into effect
today with the issuance OF the June
quota. This means that each per-
son may receive a maximum Of ten
pounds OF sugar for canning. rath.
err than the Is pounds that was
originally planned.
II any sugar should be left at
the close OF the program in Octo-
Der, the office will receive applica-
tons for additional sugar.
Application forms are in the local
Office now and will be mailed to
those who left their name and ad.
dress.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
Leuantine Crisis MAY be Settled

Paris, June 1-AP-A French
government spokesman denied to-
day that French commanders In
syria had been given instructions
to "eease fire., but said they had
been instructed to deal with the
situatlon as they considered best,
and ain q eonciIitatory spirit"
Washington, June 1--AP-- The
United States Is resdy.to sit down
with France and Great. BritsinsiH
an snort TO untans1s ths insoiysd
and expIosive Levsntine situation.
The possibility Of such consul
tations, suggested yesterday by
Prime Minister Churchill, was
strengthened by the disclosure
here that President Truman ap-
proves Of British intervention In
Syria and Lebanon where French
troops have clashed with native
forces.
The fact that Mr.. Truman Is
backing the British In order to
avoid further bloodshed-was reveal
ed by Acting Secretary Of State
Grew. He reminded France at the
same time that American war ma
terials lend-leased to hght the Axis
were not intended for use in the
levant.
Firm Note
Churchill told Gen. Charles De
Gaulle, provisional French presi-
dent In . firmly worded note that
once firing has ceased and order
has been restored we shall be pre-.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
Judge Breakey
to Take Oath

James R. Breakey, Jr., newly ap-
pointed Judge Of the 22d circuit
court, will be sworn in as Judge
Tuesday morning at 10 O'Clock in
the court room OF the court house
in Ann Arbor by Judge Robert NJ.
Toms of the Wayne Circuit court.
who has been substituting in the
Washtenaw court for the past
month.
An informal ceremony is to mark
the event.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
U. s. WEATHER REPORT

Lower Michigan-Showers and
thunderstorms north and central
portions tonight. Showers north and
fair south portion Saturday. Con
tinued cool north, warmer south
portion.
Highest temperature yesterday.
IS: loves, 43.
Highest temperature one year
ago today, SO; lowest, 70.
Highest temperature this date In
last y years, 81 In 1884; lowest
80 in 1910.
The sun sets today at 9:01 and
rises Saturday at 5:5S.
The moon sets today at 1920 ..
m. and rises Saturday at 1925 a.
m.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
PLANS CONVENTION

Grand Rapids-The Convention
Bureau announced Thursday that
the Young Women's Christian As
ISOLATION would hold its first con-
vention in seven years here In
April, 1947.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
AUCTION CALENDAR

SATURDAY, JUNE 2. I O'Clock,
E.W.T. 7 miles west OF Saline at
1o3s5 Manchester and Saline Rd.
mile vest OF Bridgewster. So
Head Of cattle. 3 Unit Mccormick
Deerlna Mixer, Farm Tools.
Guy Thompson, Auetioneer. Ypsi
Phone 25te. 4o4 Ferris Street.
Russell Schultz, Prop. Ben Sim
ons, Clerk. Adv. 60lS
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01

WASHINGTON ms The
resignation OF Guy N. Gillette
az chairman Of the surplus
property board 10 reported to-
day to be due TO q sharp split
In board policy. Members OF
Congress studying reeonverslon
said Gillette disagreed with
his two fellow members, r. A.
Hurley and Edward Heller
over policies governing dlspo-
sition OF billions OF dollars
worth Of surplus property.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
Congress Today
(By Associated Press)
Senate


Senate
Continues debate on Interior De.
partment appropriation bill (noon).
Finance Committee continues
consideration OF reciprocal trade
agreement extension bill (l0).
Price Administrator Chester
Bowles testifies before joint COM
mittee on organization of Congress
G0).
Secretary Of the Treasury Nor
genthau appeals to Appropriations
Committee for funds to hire add
tional investigators. g p. MI
House
Routine session moon.
Appropriations Committee votes
on war agencies supply bill u0).
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
VOTE FOR BUILDING

Ann Arbor-Student Of Ann Ar
Dor High School voted Thursday TO
petition the board OF education 10
erect a new senior high school as
a community war memorial.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01
Flashes of
Late News

CALCUTTA-AP- Formation OF
a new army for operations in south.
east Asia was announced today by
Lord Louis Mountbatten's South
east Asia Command headquarters.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01

LONDON-lNS-The chiefs OF
the Allied Control Commission for
Germany, U. S. Gen. Dwight ID.
Eisenhower, British Field Marshal
Sir Bernard l.. Montgomery, and
Soviet Marshal Gregory X. Zhukov
will meet shortly in Berlin. 1t was
learned today,
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01

Wanted Girls White Roller Shoe
skates. size IA or s. Good condi.
ton. Phone s52J-1. Adv. 6O1S
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01

NEW YoRk-AP-The New
York Times said today In
dispatch from Its Buenos Aires
correspondent, Arnaldo Cortesl,
that "the Argentine govern
ment had no sooner declared
war on Germany and Japan and
signed the anal acts Of the
Mexico City conference than u
deprived the Argentine people
OF what small remains Of free.
dom they stlll possessed"
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01

CHAMBERLIN ROCK WOOL in.
sulation & Weather Stripping.
Charles B. cleary. Phone 1895.
Adv. 601S
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01

PARIS-AP--Col. r. Ernest Du-
puy said today the trials OF German
war criminals would be open to all
correspondents accredited to Su-
preme headquarters, under rules OF
courtmartial procedure.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01

INDIANAPOLIs-AP- Fire de-
stroyed nine buildings in the disci-
plinary barracks area at Fort Ben
iamin Harrison Thursday night
and the Indianapolis Star said at
least Ave prisoners were reported
=, Eye been sGpt as rf1thfg broke
ou, - ah
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01

See CONFERENCE.-The 5
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01

See LEvY-Page 5.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01

See PACIFTC-Page 5
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01

See CRISIS-Page 5
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-06-01

CHUNGKING-AP- Generalissi-
mo Chang Kai-Shek told the cen
trail executive committee OF the
Kuomintang Government Party
today that China's first task Is to
win the war and that she must de-
vote all her efforts toward that
end. ,.t,-. -. &C.. =