davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1945-06-08

The fact that President Truman has
approved Senator Wagner'S Senate bill
$50 and also measure to grant relief
for unemployment due to reconversion
at the rate of $25 week for 26 weeks
does not make these measures two parts
of the same thing. But Jealous advo-
Gates of all and sundry Government aid
will try to make them seem so.
Before Congress gets down to busi-
ness on either one, the public ought to
get the distinction.
$3.50 is miscalled a employment
BILL. The term full" employment is
false promise which was stimulated by
the loose campaign speeches Of Candi-
dates Roosevelt and Dewey and ex-
Candidate Wallace in 1914, This bill is
similar to the measure submitted last
December by Senators Truman and
Murray "for the purpose of stimulat-
ing discussion" The idea, now spon-
sored in $3.50 by Senators Wagner,
Murray, O'Mahoney and Thomas OF
Utah, is the expression of philosophi-
cal intent. It would provide machinery
for exploration. It commits Congress to
nothing beyond an intent.
The machinery suggested is that the
President send to Congress each year q
budget of national production and en-
ployment This budget would offer pre-
dictions of expected expenditures of all
sorts for the fiscal year, including esti-
mates of spending by consumers, in
vestors and the Government. Then
there would be extensive examination
of these figures at hearings before
joint committee consisting of members
from the Finance, Labor, Appropriations
and Tax Committees of both houses.
All possible means of stimulating con-
sumption, production and employment
would be examined.
The assumption in the bill and in
Judge Wilson's letter supporting the bill
is that the amount of production de-
pends on the amount of an existing
market. It does not grant that mar
ket may be created by the thing pro-
duced.
The market, according to the Wagner
Vinson theory, cannot be left to chance
It must be guaranteed In advance. And
Evening star., 1945-06-08
Job for General Bradley

The only misgivings that could
arise in connection with the Presi-
dents appointment of General Omar
N. Bradley to be administrator of
veterans affairs relate to his re-
moval from the high command
before the war is over. But that
also occurred to President Truman,
as long ago as the middle of May,
and the appointment was made only
after consultations with General
Marshall. 1t is a splendid appoint
ment. 1t symbolizes the transition
in administration of veterans
affairs from veterans of the First to
those OF the Second World War. It
places the vast new responsibilities
inherent in the "GI Bill of Rights"
in the capable hands Of manwhose
stature, in the estimate OF the Amer
ican people as well as of the soldiers,
grew with each new European vic
tory. OF all our generals, Bradley
seems to have won unique position
for himself in achieving such uni
versal respect for his capabilities
as soldier and such affection for
his character as a man. The Presi-
dents gracious references to General
Hines place added emphasis on the
logic OF the Bradley appointment.
General Hines came into the Vet
erans' Bureau twenty-five years ago,
to straighten out rotten, scandal
Gus mess. He has been fine, clean
administrator. He would be the first
to recognize the appropriateness Of
reorganization at this time in
preparation for the new tasks that
another war has placed on the
bureau.
Evening star., 1945-06-08

Russia occupied the northern por-
tions Of the country and Britain the
south. During the past year Soviet
diplomacy has sought to perpetuate
its special position in Northern Iran,
and it is most unlikely that Britain
would evacuate its present sphere of
occupation unless Russia did like
wise. We may therefore witness
sort of latter you, my dear Gaston,"
attitude on the part of London and
Moscow, with Iran unable to do
much more than argue and protest.
Iran is merely one phase in a
complicated diplomatic game being
played by Britain and Soviet Russia
all the way from Trieste and Salon.
ika to Iran and the borders of India.
On the adjustment of that entire
series of issues the evacuation of
Iran is likely to depend.
Evening star., 1945-06-08
On. the Record
BY Dorothy Thompson

SOMEWHERE IN BAVARIA. - One
cannot be long in occupied Germany
without realizing the immediate need
for political and economic general staff
for occupied Europe. No democratic
Europe can emerge nor can any order
be properly administered under the pres
ent setup. 1t is as jumbled mess of
competing Jurisdictions as the American
trade union world.
Theoretically the military job, now
that the war is won in the European
theater, is simply security or policing
But commanders with their fighting job
completed claim authority over civil gov
ernment for which military governors,
however specifically, have been trained
and over political policies theoretically
in the hands of civilians.
Certain matters in administration
seem to fall under no specific RESPONSE
bility, one being the problem of dis
placed persons. I previously have esti-
mated them at 100000 and I think
that is an understatement. They were
taken under the wing of the regular
military as our armies SWEPT over
Europe, but the military now wants to
disgorge them. and the military govern
ments, with their hands full do not want
them.
Insofar as these displaced persons or
ganiZed military units of Axis satellites
they are war prisoners under the control
OF their own officers. But large num-
Der of these people already are in civilian
clothes, and thus at large as slave work
ers. many of whom turn out to be volun-
tary slaves either housed In stalags
where the Germans put them near their
work places or makeshift camps erected
by us and controlled by self-appointed
leaders, If at all.
Some military governors want no con-
troll over them and say after all they
are free men. But no CT Joes are per-
mitted to roam the country at will and,
until these displaced persons are back
under jurisdiction of their own govern
ments, they are our responsibility We
are feeding them with German rations
supplemented in some cases from our
own stocks.
And the problem of returning them to
Evening star., 1945-06-08
Jupun's Air STRENGTH

The Japanese cannot inventory
their air strength without feeling
a deep and depressing sense of in
feriority. According to the Office
OF War Information, in a report
based on information from the
Army and Navy. they are hope
lessly outclassed by us both in
quantity and quality.
Our Navy alone has total of at
least $1,000 combat planes, and our
Army, of course, has many more
than that, while all told our air
personnel-crews and maintenance
forces number about 1,3O0,OOO
Against this, the japanese have in
the neighborhood of only 1000 air
craft fit for fighting in their army
and navy combined, with attached
personnel of only 100000. AS for
producing requirements for the
more than 1000 planes they are
losing every month, they can turn
out at most no more than 1,5OO
monthly.
Qualitatively, the story is much
the same. Their night combat tao
tics have become more proficient
and their aircraft have shown some
improvement, but the latter, de-
spite some reports to the contrary,
are no match for ours, and their
attacks in the dark are described
by the Owl as being a mere "nui-
sance." Another significant def
cheney is that their pilots rate poor
ly, the best of them having been
shot down long ago.
The outstanding factor in Japan's
Air Force today, says the owl, is
that it has been forced by our su-
perior offensive strength to 60 over
to the defensive and place main
emphasis on the production of
fighter craft as against other types.
AS President Truman has declared,
it has been driven back across the
Pacific to it's home areas and the
density of its opposition has there
fore increased despite its numerical
losses, but though it is still capable
OF putting up a strong defense in
this limited region, it's overall po-
sition is weak and it is too small,
according to the Owl, to mount
adequate power at all critical points.
AS for suicide attacks-replacing
conventional" daylight raids, which
have been virtually abandoned
these have been frequent and de-
termined and have inflicted consid-
erable damage and casualties on
Evening star., 1945-06-08
Apple Tree Tent

The ridgepole shines a. NTH bright
green enamel;
Across it, 0lintino In the summer sun,
Is a oonsy cdnpds, silpery transparent %.
1t seems that out OF atr tt has been
There pegosd to trembling lsdves 1t Is
shelter
Against the mist and pellets OF the
rain;
There plainly dressed In black. the
strange tent maker
Ws6Des dreams inside caterpillar
brain.
The dreams by tar surpdsse TIE Kmpi6
beauty
OF ,Do1,der OF sheer caterpillar cloth.
For they are dreams OF futtsrins wings
OF pelpet
The ,porm iDiH havs tchsn II bscomAs
9 moth.
Ho0x MYRA PHILLIPS.
Evening star., 1945-06-08
This Changing World
By Constantine Bro,un

= There are some good reasons which
have not been disclosed to the public
why the American generals have oc-
casionally treated with courtesy some
OF their German prisoners, such as
Field Marshal Won Rundstedt, Gen. Jodl,
Admiral Doenitz and other top COM
manderS of the defeated German forces,
including even Reichsmarshal Goering.
Many of the phases of the war on the
western and eastern fronts are still
a mystery to the American and British
general stats. From the military point
of view, it is difficult to understand
why the Remagen Bridge incident oc-
CURED. 1t is equally as hard to under
stand what happened after January on
the eastern front. We knew that the
Germans had, large forces, at least L.
100000 men, behind strong fortifca-
tions west of the Vistula River. Yet only
sporadic resistance was offered by ia
natical SIS troops. The Germans were
not sufficiently short Of ammunition to
explain their sudden collapse to the
satisfaction of the British and Amer
ican commanders. According to intel
ligence reports, they even had sufficient
troops to stage a counteroffensive as
late as February.
Obtaining inside" political and mill
tary information about what went on
in Hitler's army and in German diplo-
matte quarters can be of the greatest
value to the students of this war. The
Ter, Goebbels, Mussolini and Ciano, are
dead. Consequently, the world will be
deprived of the real diplomatic history
between 1888 and 1945
Some Of the Allied leaders hoped that
the men principally responsible for the
war would live to be tried and tell the
whole story in public hearings. These
men, however, have cheated the gall
lows and the real drama and intrigues
which were played during the last II
momentous years will have to be pieced
from small bits of informa ton and
conjecture. From this point of view,
many American political men regret
that the men are dead
The military operations of the war
in Europe were closely connected with
political developments of which our
general staff has only a dim picture.
1t is conceivable that Hitlers top men
who have commanded army groups on
all fronts may have some positive in
formation which could be of tremendous
value to this country, which hopes it
will not be called again to fight another
world war.
The American generals, who have
served cocktails, wines. cigars, cigarettes
and some choice food to their former
enemies, did not do it out of the kind
ness OF their hearts, but because they
believed that it is easier to catch flies
with molaSses than vinegar 1t is an
old technique which has always been
employed by an efficient intelligence
service.
Evening star., 1945-06-08
War Criminal Trials

The report rendered to President
Truman by Supreme Court Associate
Justice Robert H. Jackson sets forth
the scope and methods by which the
United States Government proposes
to bring to justice those persons in
Nazi Germany who, by all civilized
standards, are provable to be COM
mon criminals" For some time past,
negotiations have been proceeding
between our government and other
members of the United Nations to
this end, the American proposal
being for the creation of an interna-
tional military tribunal to try those
individuals whose crimes were not
confined to particular area. The
outstanding culprits are the leaders
of the defunct Third Reich, civilian
as well as military, who planned
the program of limitless aggression,
launched 1t, and ordered or con
Sentingly" executed the inhuman
methods by which it was carried out.
I'VE will accuse" says Justice Jack
son, "a large number of individuals
and officials who were in authority
in the government, in the military
establishment. including the general
staff, and in the financial industrial
and economic life of Germany"
This is obviously an innovation
in internatio procedfre. Hitherto
war planning and war making, while
increasingly reprobated by enlight-
ened standards, have been deemed
nonjusticiable prerogatives of sover-
eighty. After World War One. for
instance. the Treaty of Versailles
specifically condemned Germany for
having started the conflict and the
representatives. of the postwar Ger
man government were compelled to
admit this responsibility. But this
OF itself did not entail the criminal
liability on the leaders who prepared
and Waged it. The war criminals" of
that day were those only who were
charged with having committed Of
lenses against the international code
of war to which Germany itself had
subscribed.
Today Justice Jackson specifies
two categories of of1enses previously
unknown to international practice.
These are: "InvasionS of other conn
tries and initiation of wars of ag-
gression" and atrocities and Of
fenses, including atrocities and per-
secutions on racial and religious
grounds committed since 1888" This
last category certainly breaks new
ground in international law, since
it attempts to penalize acts COM
mltted in peacetime within the
borders of Germany upon German
nationals.
Evening star., 1945-06-08

their home is complicated by the growing
unWillingness OF many to leave since they
are leading the carefree, workless life of
gypsies. certain of bed and board, but
wandering like medieval Landsknechte
killing game on preserves. carving out
the steaks and leaving the rest of the
carcass, lootlng peasants, stealing horses
and having a wonderful time
And general political policies which
exist are strictly negative All political
activity, even including mention of poll
tics in sermons in the churches, is
prohibited. If any German wanted to
call mass meeting to denounce the
Nazis and their crimes he could not.
All military governments have been
ordered to GUST local Landraete and find
substitutes, but directives are to keep
subof1lcials unless there are specific
charges against them. Even police COM
missioners appointed under the Nazis
are kept. And how does military gov
ernor find substitute for a Landrat?
He calls in fifty local notables and asks
them to pick some one. Now the notables
are either NaZis or collaborators, and if
they do not pick Nazis they certainly
pick some one who will consider their
interests, which is an odd way to intro
duce democracy.
The reason given for the suppression
of all political activity is the fear that
the Communists will get busy. Whoever
thought that up has no conception of
the political movements of the Nazis
They are tremendous organization,
trained in secret conspiratoria methods
and the Communists also know how to
organize under suppression. Priests who
are close to the people have told me the
Nazis are continually holding secret
meetings. They doubtless will emerge
eventually, not under the name of Nazi,
but under some other title and banner
1t is precisely democratic movements
that cannot exist without free air and II
policy continues only In politics, Ger
many will be conspiratorial.
Although correspondents are critical
of the military governments, the trouble
is at the top, not among the majors and
captains carrying out orders or making
their own policies in default of orders.
Evening star., 1945-06-08
Breton Woods

Until yesterday it would hardly
have seemed possible that the House
would take an all but unanimous
stand (the vote was 345- -to-18) in
behalf OF any program which had
aroused as much debate within this
country as the Breton Woods
proposals.
There may be several explanations
OF this oneSided victory for inter
national economic cooperation. For
one thing, many aspects of the pro-
gram are complicated and technical.
All of these were fully explored in
the hearings by the House Banking
and Currency Committee, and it is
reasonable to suppose that, once the
committee had finished" it's work and
sent the legislation to the floor, the
House members were reluctant on
the basis of relatively inexpert judg-
ment, to overrule the considered
findings of the committee.
The vote also may be construed
as signifying disapproval of at
tempts to picture the Breton Woods
plan as an instrument for strength
ening Russia at our expense. This
was the contention of some of the
opponents of the proposals, but they
we're overwhelmed in the debate and
in the final balloting
Most encouraging of all, however
Is the plain indication that virtually
all of the members of the House,
regardless of party or past beliefs,
now accept the view that the United
States must assume the responsible
ties that 60 with it's position as a
great world power. After the Bret
ton Woods proposals have been
finally ratified, and approval by the
Senate is almost foregone con-
clusion, the bridges of economic iso-
lation will have been burned And
from that, it is but a step to full
fledged participation in the political
decisions which will shape the fu-
ture of the world.
1t is possible, of course, that time
and unfortunate experience may
produce a change of heart in this
country. But as of today, the Amer
lean people, believing it to be in
their own interest to do so, are
prepared to do their part in re-
ordering a ar-Shattered world And
that, basically, is why there were
only 18 dissenting votes when the
Breton Woods plan came before
the House
Evening star., 1945-06-08
Iran Speaks Up

It may be just coincidence with
the. Syrian flare-up, but there GER
tainly appears to be definite time
illness in the identic notes sent by
the Foreign Minister of Iran to the
British, Soviet and United States
governments asking them to with
draw all their troops from his coun-
try in the near future.
The request is based upon the
terms of the Anglo Russian -Iranian
treaty of alliance signed in January,
1912, to which the United States
subsequently adhered through its
guarantee of the treatys terms in
the special agreement made at the
conclusion of the Teheran Confer
ence between Churchill. Roosevelt
and Stain. In recognition of Trans
services to the common cause, the
Big Three, who had met at the
1ranian capital, specifically pledged
themselves to respect and defend
Trans independence and integrity,
and admitted Iran to the United
Nations. The wording of the original
treaty engages the withdrawal of
Allied forces from Iran mot later
than six months after all hostilities
between the Allied powers and Ger
many and her present and future
associates have been suspended by
the conclusion of an armiStice or
armiStices or on the conclusion of
peace between them, whichever date
is earlier" The Iranian Foreign Min
lister is thus on solid legal ground
when he calls attention to the fact
that the war in Europe is definitely
over and that the Allied occupation
forces should therefore begin pack
ing up.
AS matter of fact, the Americans
began to move out even before the
end of the European war. They were
virtually all engineering and supply
troops, sent there in order to operate
the Iranian railways, which were
a vital communications route for
lease-lend supplies to Russia until
the opening of the Dardanelles and
the Black Sea rendered the Iranian
route superfluous. And the last
American technicians will soon have
left Iran for more useful labors in
the Far East.
However. the Iranian government
may not find it so easy to get rid of
its British and Russian visitors. For
more than a century, Iran, formerly
known as Persia, has been buffer"
area between Russia and Britain.
The Anglo-Russian armed interven-
ton in Iran in the autumn of 1941,
though Immediately designed to in
sure supply line from the Persian
Gulf to the Soviet Union. followed
pattern made familiar by similar
nterventions In the past, whereby
Evening star., 1945-06-08
Draft of 18.Year.Olds
To the Editor Of The Star:

To the Editor Of The Star:
Radio Station WMAL recently broad
cast a mans voice on the S:45 am. pro-
gram, the voice reporting as I cut in
that there is new ruling by selective
service. Men between 80 and 81 will
now be exempted and by next fall the
men" reaching 10 would fill IS per
cent of the draft calls.
Passing this topic, the mans voice
news"
Would the editor and other readers
please pause here and reread the pre-
vious sentence. Is It not the candid
truth7 Is it not the voice of a high
percentage of self-styled men who are
either too cowardly, too comfortable, too
greedy for business advancement, or
otherwise devoted to self-perservation,
to serve in the military branches? So
the great big he-men Of the country
the masters of finance, the noble lords
OF business, the gluttons of the dinner
table and the "smoothies" in general
arrange to call the 18-year-olds men"
and send them out.
would blush for shame for the race.
except that I have been blushing for
the race ever since the Congress made
1s-year-olds to be men by fiat and by
law, and to no effect!
This evening there comes to hand
news story that my son has earned
medal. The story says he is 81. But
he's only 20, and will not be 2l until
August. He may be killed by August.
He was declared a man at 18 and taken
from school. The story in the paper
was mailed out by public relations
oficer Of the Army to try to soft-soap
me, my family and my friends The
man who wrote the story in all prob
ability was entirely able bodied, but
had crawled into bomb shelter for
the duration. Protected by his type
writer from facing the enemies of man
kind, he spends his days concocting
euphemistic fantasies for the gullible
There I 60, beginning to blush again
for the race! I ask you, do you think
America Is ascending or descending in
the scale of human worth? I'm surely
discouraged by some of the things going
on, such as those above recounted.
COUSIN TO WEAKLINGs.