davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Daily Alaska empire., 1945-03-19
SENATE IS TO INVESTIGATE
 FOOD SUPPLY
Government Officials Pre- dief Less Meat Until
 War Is Won

WASHINGTON, March 19.- The Senate voted unanimously today for an investig@ ton of food shortages and proposed an effort to find a solution to the frightened supplies of meat and other commodities. The resolution was approved by q voice vote, without debate.
 The resolution provides $5,00O to finance hearings before the Senate Agricultural subcommittee and it covers not only food but shoes, tires and manpower.
 There may be more of a squeeze cn the home front as the battle lines approach Berlin and Tokyo. Govern ment officials frankly predicted this, saying there will be little if any relief as long as a two-front war continues. They added that civilian meat allocations have been cut to the lowest point in 10 years for the April-June quarter. It is not ex- pected to be increased before the war is won.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1945-03-19
FOOD CRISIS THREATENS
 IN BRITAIN

LONDON, March 19 Public agitation mounted as persistent rumors of an impending food crisis appeared. The rising tide of civilian alarm might fierce some announce n.ent from the House of Commons shortly
 The disclosure from Washington that the United States planned to cut Lend-Lease meat supplies 87 per cent during the next quarter, used q mild sensation in Eng land.
 London papers pointed out the rev allotment of 25,00O,ooo pounds in the next three months, con- trasted to 100000. 900 pounds in the present quarter, would break down the ration of American meat to less than one ounce per person per week.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1945-03-19

year to make it conform to a mea- sure passed by the Senate and now before the House. to increase the pay rates of all department heads. In accordance with another Senate bill, an appropriation of S3,000 was inserted for salary of counsel to draft bills for the Legislature.
 The Senators then Topped S450 off the salary proposed by the House for an Assistant Attorney General and changed the title of the job back to Clerk" The fund for the Board of Law Examiners, which so far has never been used, was halved, being set at S250. An increase in the fund for purchase of additional law books was asked on the floor by Attorney General Henry Roden and was granted from $40o to $1 900.
 Total appropriations, as left by the Solons when they went to lunch, were: Governors Office, s25,4o0; Attorney Generals Office, $26,750.
 It was explained by Senator Shattuck that the Finance Com mittee had endeavored to set it's proposed amendments so that all salaries of help should reflect in- creases of 25 per cent above 1939- 1941 rates. Where salaries for jobs created since then would be left, as is. Where any wage rates have been raised since 1941 by jess than 25 per cent additional increases up to that level would be recommend ed. Any increases of more than 25 per cent would not be cut. The procedure, he pointed out, would rut salaries of Territorial em- ployees in line with onesfourth in- creases granted to Federal job holders.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1945-03-19
ONE ALASKA
 AIR ROUTE
 APPROVED

EDMONTON, Alberta, March l9- The inland air route, connecting Edmonton and the United States through Edmonton, is 20 per cent shorter, and there fore, 20 per cent faster and cheaper than any other route, delegates at an aviation conference here said.
 The Conference decided this is the route which should be de- veloped first, because the already established military route could be put into operation as civilian route quickly. with but little in- crease in equipment and personnel.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1945-03-19
C0RDElE Hl!Ii 10
 pEcE.vE PENSION

WASHINGTON, March 19-Eli- gible for many years, Cordell Hull has at last permitted his name to go on the Spanish-American War Veterans pension rolls.
 The pension amounts to $75 monthly. It was learned he had applied for the pension, after being urged by friends to do so, about three months ago, after stepping cut of the $15,oo0 year job as Secretary of State
The Daily Alaska empire., 1945-03-19
STUDY CLUB OF
 JWC WILL MEET

The Study Club sponsored by the Legislative Department of the Juneau Womans Club, will meet tomorrow afternoon at ? o'clock, in tie penthouse at the Alaska Elec- tric Light and Power Co.
 Mrs. James Cole will speak on the topic of Public Welfare Legis- lation." Mrs. Thomas Parke is chairman of the J.W.C. Legislative Department.
 All women n of the Gastineau Channel area are invited to at tend this meeting.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1945-03-19

at every turn the finest chance this world
 You've been asked to invest in War Bonds which, when held to maturity, pay you back S4 for every $3 you put in. Through the Payroll Plan, it's been made easy for you to buy those Bonds automatically-to save bigger amounts with greater regularity than most of us were ever able to save before.
 In the last three years in short -.
 You'Ue had the chance of lifetime to accu- mulate money! Money for your old age money for emergencies money to set you up ln 6usl-
The Daily Alaska empire., 1945-03-19

by President Roosevelt to succeed the late Major General Harry Watson as the Presidents aide Col. Park was Assistant Military Attache at Moscow and Kuibyshev from 194l to 1943
 Maj. Gen. Watsons former post as secretary to the President re- mains unified.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1945-03-19
AgsisiSni Military
 Aide Named by FOR

WASHINGTON, March l9-Col. Richard Park, Jr, Assistant Mill tary Aide at the White House for the past year, has been named
The Daily Alaska empire., 1945-03-19
WHITING HERE

Joseph Whiting has returned to neau and is staying at the Hotel meau.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1945-03-19

House did any noticeable amount of fur fly in the upper chamber this forenoon. To comments by pro- Governor Senators that war had up- red entertainment costs as well, and that the Senate itself had passed a rill to raise the tax on liquor, came reply from Senator Frank Whaley, a member of the Finance Committee, the recommendation of which were the basis for Senate action this morning. Fighting the war over Martini cocktail" doesn't gain much ground, was the gist of the Meme Senator's remark.
 Finance Committee Chairman Senator Allen Shattuck pointed out
 hat the Governors entertainment 'und had been increased from $2,000 10 S3,00O in l941 and another 1000 dded for the last biennium; despite which a deficiency appropriation of s1 coo has been asked for the past two years. Senator Shattuck declar- d his opinion that Legitimate use of the entertainment fund should net exceed S3 900" He later changed "legitimate' to proper" as a "milGer word.' Senator o. D. Coch- ran questioned that there is an ob- Igation on the Territory to appro- priate any entertainment fund for the Governors use. Additional fire was directed at the S1,600 which the Auditors accounts showed as having teen spent fer liquor from the fund for the preceding biennium.
 S4,000 To Entertainment
 When the smoke had cleared, the Finance Committees recommenda- ton of $4,000 for the entertainment fund was accepted. by to ' vote.
 Then the Senate turned its at tention to the Attorney Generals Office, with the Attorney Generals own salary being upped to $6,25o per
The Daily Alaska empire., 1945-03-19
FROM PORTLAND

Evelyn H e SD c h, of Portland, Ore, is registered at the Gastineau Hotel.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1945-03-19

TWINK, for a minute, about what's hap
 pened to most of us at home in the last three years
 Chances are, you've had all the work you could handle at higher wages than ever before. In spite of higher taxes and somewhat higher prices, you've netted more hard cash than ever before.
 You've made more money-you've had less time to spend itand, for a couple of years now, there's been less and less stuff to spend it on.
 On top of that, you've had thrust at you
The Daily Alaska empire., 1945-03-19
FROM KETCHIKAN

G. F. Williams, of Ketchikan, is a guest at the Baranof Hotel
The Daily Alaska empire., 1945-03-19
FROM OREGON

Walter Fleet, of Klamath Falls, Ore. is a guest at the Gastineau Hotel.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1945-03-19
STOCK QUOTATIONS

NEW YORK, March 19 = Closing quotation of Alaska Juneau Mine stock today is 2, American Can 94h, Anaconda 322s, Beech Air craft 11h, Bethlehem Steel 73la, Curtiss Wright 6, International Harvester 781a, Kennecott 375s, North American Aviation 10b, New York Central 249s, Northern Pa- cific 211a, United States Steel 63h, Pound $404.
 Dow, Jones averages today are as follows: Industrials, l5789; rails, 52.50; utilities, 28!07.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1945-03-19

ness money that can help make this healthy; prosperous country for your boy when he comes home from Warl
 Did you grab the chance? Have you been backing this war to the limit with your dol lars-have you been buying all the War grim death?
 If you have-fne
 If you haven't-well, it's not too late start right no,O. But you ought to get il pitch doubly hard, to make up for lost tim and money!
The Daily Alaska empire., 1945-03-19
RACE HERE

Arriving from Sitka is Mel Race, who is staying at the Baranof.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1945-03-19
TEWs RETURN

MT. and Mrs. Bob lew, who have been south for several weeks, have returned to Juneau.
The Daily Alaska empire., 1945-03-19

RrY WAR BONDS
The Daily Alaska empire., 1945-03-19

Empire Want-ads bring resultsl
Detroit evening times., 1945-10-22
Easyto Make
Peach Pudding

PEACH PUDDING delight
sounds exactly like what it is.
Here again peaches put in their
appearance 10 make a pudding
pleaslngly different. With the
abundant new crop Of peaches
harvested, canned and available
on your grocery shelves, you can
always have them at your finger
tips ready for use. This pud-
ding is another of those easy
to-make favorites.
Detroit evening times., 1945-10-22

HERE'S A gift idea that
spells good sense, little ex-
pense, One yard or less makes
each apron and your handwork
gives them quality.
Embrolder these aprons
they are lovely for gifts Pat
tern COS has transfer of 6 mo-
tlfs 4x6ia 10 9lax10Ia inches,
directions.
Send - cents in coins for
every Laura Wheeler Pattern.
Write name and address plainly.
Only IS cents more brings you
our newest Needlecraft Cata-
log the 1916 edition =
1l2 illustrations of designs for
crochet. knitting, quilts, en-
broidery. toys, handicraft -. a
free pattern for cuddle toys
printed right in the catalog
Send your order 10 the Laura
Wheeler Pattern Department,
The Detroit Times. Detroit 81,
Detroit evening times., 1945-10-22
Sorority Affair

Most Of those At the theAter
went over 10 the luncheon.
At the speakers table were
Dots" sorority sisters D.. mem
bers OF Kappa Alpha Theta a.. H..
Mrs. Floyd Straith, president
Mrs. Sterling Sanford
Mrs. Philip Worcester Mrs.
Gervys Grylls /. Mrs. William
CheSbrough -. Mrs. Walter
Pear Mrs. Francis Phelps
-. Mrs. Guy Wedthoff Mrs.
Clarence Fox e. Mrs. Charles
Metcalf Mrs Kenneth Nc
Lean Mrs. William Sands
Mrs Max Tunnicliae Mrs.
Luther Leader and Mrs. A.
Arnold Appleford -.
In one large party were 4.
Mrs. Joseph p. Sullivan. Mrs.
Carl Behr. Mrs Matthew Carey
AES- Theodore -Q1il.S------
Mrs. J Gordon Hill Mrs.
Carroll Boutelle and Mrs. Don
aid Melville 49,.
Mrs. Victor Koch. Mrs Elmer
Tuttle and Mrs. Peter Markey
lunched together -.
Detroit evening times., 1945-10-22
Msv, p, moAs,n Womsn
In Mayfair
THE CHAPERON

THE CASS TOWN HALL
Friday morning lecture series
had a thrilling opening -.
The theater was packed with
women and few men
who went 10 hear war CORES
pondent Marjorie Avery speak
-. on "Jeeps and Typewriters."
Dot" spoke again at the
luncheon in the Book-Cad-
illac-in her honor and later
in the day at the tea given for
her by the Women't Overseas
Service League at the City Club
-. and II seemed that she could
go on and on indefinitely
telling interesting stories -. and
never repeat
Her talks were even better
than her articles. because they
were more intimate
With her sense of humor,
saw many funny xitua-
tions against the back
ground of hardships and suffer-
ing
She was as attractive as ever
-. even IN her war correspond
ent's uniform and just as
feminine and completely un-
Spoiled by all the aduiation she
has received since her return.
Detroit evening times., 1945-10-22
Daily Bathing
Is Beauty Ritual

ONE or the most important
beauty treatments in our lives
IS our daily bath. Without our
bath that refreshes and re-
moves the dirt and soil of living,
all other beauty tasks would be
no good al all
So, for that important ritual,
choose soap. a bath oil and a
bath powder with a truly last
ing fragrance. a scent that will
-tsslitffes- -te-et4f- clean bodies and
spread the aura of cleanliness
about us for hours 10 come.
Mist of dawn is the cool. ex-
quisite name OF a bath ensemble
available now. It's fragrance
cant be pinned down TO one
floral scent As 10 iS a combIna-
ton OF many lis perlumery iS
subtle and luxurious and after
using u you'll emerge from your
bathing rounune feeling InvIg-
GRATED and very, very alluring.
Detroit evening times., 1945-10-22
SmithAIumnae TO Give DCW+o Hear
Hans Kohn Luncheon Council News

MRS. HENRY BOURNE JOY
and Mrs George w Moran, past
presidents of the Michigan So
ciety, Daughters of the Colonial
Wars, will give reports from the
National Council meeting when
the society meets Thursday at
the YWCA.
Mrs. Harold NJ. Hastings will
preside. Mrs. Allan b. Crow will
present program on early
American music. Miss Elizabeth
Owen and her mother. Mrs.
Elijah II. Owen. will sing songs
of the colonial period.
Detroit evening times., 1945-10-22

HANS KOHN of Smith College history de-
partmeni will be the speaker Wednesday morning
at Fisher Town Hall Mr.. Kohn will be guest Of
honor afterward at a luncheon in Huyler's
LAiglon W.
The speakers table will be turned over 10
the following members of Smith alurinae Mrs.
Colin Campbell president OF the Smith College
Club of Detroit and Mesdames Robert Kelso,
Carl Grawn, Stanley Mackenzie Russell Dexter.
Victor Adams. Wallace NJ. Foster, Daniel w.
Potter, Robert Alspaugh George Schem Alex
ander Stirling Edgar w. Averlll and Misses
Margaret Swan, Elizabeth Smith and Kathleen
Morrison
Detroit evening times., 1945-10-22
Then City Club

Mrs Heinrich A. Pickert and
Mrs. Ralph Booknyer dashed
from the luncheon 10 the City
Club 10 supervise the last min
ute arrangements for the Wo-
mems Overseas Leagues tea &.
Mrs. Pickert presided AZ the
coffee urn. and Mrs. Fred T.
Murphy poured tea al the pretty
table which had large ar
rangement of yellow and bronze
chrysanthemums in the CEN
ter ..
Mrs. a. { Button preSi-
dent of the Women'S Overseas
Service League. received with
Mrs. William J. Chittenden and
Mrs. Bookmyer -.
Detroit evening times., 1945-10-22
Peach DELIGHT

cup sliced canned peaches
cups milk
s tablespoons cornstarch
! cup granulsted sugar
4 teaspoon salt
I egg yolks
= cup ground unblanched
almonds
l teaspoon vanilla extract
Drain peaches. Heat 3 cups
F14ill< e-heiliHs Combine -eeFA-
starch. sugar, salt and egg
yolks with remaining l cup milk:
beat thoroughly. Add almonds.
Stir mixture into hot milk. Bring
back 10 boil and continue cook
ing and stirring until thick. Re-
move from heat, add peaches
and flavoring and stir 10 blend.
Cool. Serves s TO S.
Detroit evening times., 1945-10-22
View Water Colors

Many fashionables wended
their way 10 the Detroit Insti-
tute Of Arts -. to see the exhi-
bition of the Msydell water coll
orS which was formally
opened yesterday . with a tea
sponsored by the Garden Club
Of Michigan ..
Mrs Sidney r Miller Jr.~
Miss Sarah Sheridan. Mrs Gra-
ham J. Graham and Mrs. Edgar
Fhon1 poured.
Detroit evening times., 1945-10-22
Hears About Son

PERHAPS the most inter-
ested person in the theater audi
ence was Mrs. Albert A. Grif-
fiths who got first-hand news
concerning her son. Capt Fred
erick Griffiths, whom DOT en-
countered in Normandy after
D-Day
Mrs. Charles A. Dean Jr. :.
Mrs. Frederick Sloan Ford and
Mrs. Lloyd Hooker arrived to-
Mrs. James Turner was with
her daughter Mrs. James
Farley McClelland Jr. -.
And Mrs. Alvan Macsuley with
her daughter Mrs. Howard
Mrs, Graham j. Graham and
Mrs. David Ballentine came in
from Bloomfield Hills Mrs.
Graham outstanding in a smart
black and white striped cape
jacket worn with a black skirt
and gray felt hat banded IN
black
Among others noted as they
hurried into the theater were
Mrs. Standish Backus .
Mrs. Charles II. Hodges Mrs.
William K. Blodgett and her
daughter, Mrs. Earl Yahff /. /.
A trio including Mrs. Frederick
Farr, Mrs. Barkley Sibley and
Mrs. S. w. Dalrymple Mrs.
Longyear Palmer Mrs. Dex-
ter NJ. Ferry Jr... Mrs. Charles
Y. Judson and Mrs. James Lee
-. Mrs. John Emery Mrs.
Alexander Blain Mrs. Her
man Koestlin Mrs. Stephen
Stackpole -. Mrs Allan Shel-
den Mrs. George Russell
True and Mrs. Donald c. Hel-
lister Mrs. c. Henry Hecker
., Mrs, Harold Browne
Mrs. Homer Warren Mrs.
George K. Lawson Mrs.
Lsanard psaume and Monica
Weadock Porter Miss Mar
gsret Holden and Mrs. Ben
)amin Addison
Detroit evening times., 1945-10-22
Sigma Theta
Dance Tonight

SOME $50 GUESTS of Sigma
Theta Phi will gather in the
ballroom of The Whittier tonight
for their Autumn Nocturne
dance. Al Cox and his orchestra
viii provide music for the event.
which will be chairmaned by
Irene BarbaS.
Detroit evening times., 1945-10-22
Mrs. Joys Guests

Mrs. Herman Sartorius of New
York and David w. Hickey Of
Atlant, Ga. :. have returned to
their respective homes after
q visit with Mrs. Richard p. Joy
Of Lake Shore road, Crosse
Pointe
Detroit evening times., 1945-10-22
Northerners TO Dance

FORMER RESIDENTS OF
Kingsford and Iron Mountain
will give dancing party Nov.
3 at Forest Lake Country Club.
Charles Orekar of Patton ave-
nue. is in charge of reservations.
Detroit evening times., 1945-10-22
Your DaiIy
Horoscope

Look in the Section ia Which
YoVr Birthday Comes, aud
Fu,d Whot Your Outlook Is,
According 10 the St0rs. ~.
Detroit evening times., 1945-10-22

Obr BiTthd0y Z o M es, uHd
FUd Whot Your Outlook Is,
4 According 10 the .St0rs. ~,
MARCH 2I TO APRIL 90
Aries-Same sort OF day as
yesterday, warning against inn
patience, irritability, mental
strain. Spend day as a Sunday
should be enjoyed in healthful
pastime. Attend church.
APRIL 2I TO MAY 20
Taurus - Take everything in
Taurus true philosophical stride.
Relish a visit with God at church,
your family, a fne book or good
theater entertainment. Rest, i'm
prove a hobby.
MAY 2I TO JUNE 81
Gemini - Neither stimulating
nor unfavorable, but does sane
tion extra care IN health matters,
strenuous activities. Take middle
course and be on safe side.
Remember your spiritual needs.
JUNE 22 TO JULY %
Cancer - Dig out your most
entertaining tricks-they will be
a tonic for you and others.
Don't give gloom a peek-in.
Work, recreation 5 h ould be
guided by sane moderation.
JULY ~ TO AUG. 2e
LeO--Your generous sense Of
-hum5r and eutertaIHiHK-gIfts
VIII DO wonders now. They will
kayo anxiety, or any dismal ten
dency that may crop up. Go to
church, enjoy your family. bene-
t1ciai sports.
AUG. % TO SEPT. Rs
Virgo Sunshine, kindness
make one forget woes, lift
shadows and give renewed hope.
Let there be only sunshine and
kindness in your heart this good
Sunday. This can be prayer TO
God.
SEPT. 24 TO OCT. 2S
Libro - Friendliness and sim
.cerity we often keep for lust
few. Show both generously now,
as Is tfbfa's natural way. They
may be just the boon for some
perplexed or lonely soul today.
OCT. 81 TO NOV. 22
Seorpio--Be steadfast, sturdy,
in your religion, belief in your
country. Rest well earned iE the
sweetest; temporal things are
fimEypthose things with spirit
ual values are worth living for.
-AQH 70 Dee ea2-
SdgittdriUs-Don't let discon-
tent snag you, Step ont into
Gods sunshine, notice the mag
nifcent blessings free all about
trees, flowers; freedom, free
dom of thought, action.
DEC. % TO Jan. n
CopricorH-Note Scorpio and
Sagittsrius. You can find COM
fort, encouragement therefrom.
II not working. let your day have
prayer, rest, pleasant but whole
some diversion.
Jan. 22 TO FEB. 20
Aquori1s-If you've wanted a
day for study. reading, improv-
ing talent or hobby, here il is!
II work is on your program,
YOU may need extra urging from
within 10 stick, make good.
FEB. Zf TO MARCH 90
Pisces-Let your intuition and
innate business aeumen dictate
now. Pick way carefully in
delicate situations and you won't
need 10 retrace steps or regret
foolish mistakes.
YOU, BORN TODAY: Liter
airy, artistic talent. Especially
suited to surgery, physics, diplo-
macy, law. High ideals and
moral standard if true to God
given assets. Fondness for pleas
ure, luxury could be big failing!
II ee d not fatterers. Become
skilled-you can 20 high degree.
Copyright. 1945, by KinR Features
Imperial Valley press., 1945-04-26

WASHINGTON, April &c.
fUP)-A spokesman for the
Big Four" Meat Packers
told senate food investigators
Thursday that all the detectives
in the world" couldn't stop the
black market in meat now.
Judge James D. Cooney of Will
son and Co.. Chicago, said he was
net surprised at ALL that a sub
committee headed by Sen. Burton
K. Wheeler (D0 Montana, found
that 80 per cent of meat sold in
Pittsburgh is black market.
He added that the Washington
black market is only slightly less, -
and that in New York and Boston
it might be a little bit worse than
here"
Meat black market operations
are tremendously profitable" Coo
ney said.
You could do all the fuSsing
around you want and hire all the
detectives in the world he added,
but you'd still have the same sit
Imperial Valley press., 1945-04-26
Tax Reduction
Bill Awaits
Senate Action

SACRAMENTO, April 26.
(UP)-Sponsors of contin-
ucd state tax reduction
Thursday sought to follow
up their decisive victory in
tie assembly by pressing for early
senate action on bill cutting the
sales tax to per cent and retain
ing lowered hank, corporate and
personal income leyies for two
years.
The bill passed the assembly
Wednesday by a vote of 65 to l3,
with one Republican and II DEM
ocratic no votes. It's passage
en6ed six weeks of debate in the
lower house.
Walter j. Fourt tRD, Ventura,
author of the assembly measure,
said he would seek prompt consid-
Grafton of his bill by the senate
revenue and taxation committee.
Tax reduction bills originating
in the upper house were placed on
the inactive file after they were
tied to a $100,000,000 cities and
counties subsidy measure.
Sen. George Hatfield (RD, New
man, author CT the subsidy bill, de-
clined to say whether he planned
to attach a similar rider to the
F'ourt bill.
Meanwhile, the assembly govern
mental efficiency and economy
committee failed to recommend a
full employment bill sponsored
by 38 Democrats.
The senate social welfare COM
mittse gave favorable recon-
mendation to a bill defining agri-
cultural labor according to present
federal Social Security laws.
Spokesmen for organized labor, op-
posing the bill, said it would de-
prive 100000 packing shed employees
and others CT unemployment COW
erage.
Imperial Valley press., 1945-04-26
Gate Crosher
Speaks Russ
BY NICK BOURNE

SAN FRANCISCO, April Is
CUP)-One of the best ways to &C
places and see things at the United
Nations conference is tc know a
little Russian.
You don't need to know much
Russian, just a coupe Of words
preferably "khotite reeva."
It's pronounced "coy = tee tab
peevah" and means have a beer. y
1t got one man into a pl,nary
session of the conference, and,
what's mere, a chance to see Mr..
Dingle Foot.
MAGIC WORD
"Khotite peeva" was magic
word for the gate crasher. He
learned it at a Russian restaurant.
1t worked on the police lines around
the outer fringec of the civic center
where the opera house and Vet
Grams Memorial buildings are con-
ference headquarters. 1t worked
en- the military police WEo stand
stiff and White-helmeted at all the
doors. The opera ushers appeared
somewhat startled at the words but
gave in quickly.
Mr.. Dingle Foot, parliamentary
secretary of the ministry Of eco
nomic warfare, and his brother, Mr..
Continued Oh Page 2, Column -