davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1945-11-02
Lord Gort Quits
Palestine Post;
Strife Spreads
Coiro Arabs Riot in Z
Strike; Jews BIomed
| By British OfficioI
By the Associated Press,

Do Iuc hsooClAteu ETeSS.
LONDON, Nov. 2.-Field Mar
shal Lord Gort resigned today as
High Commissioner of turbulent
Palestine as the British govern
ment laid the blame for terrorism
there on Jewish elements and
strife spread to Egypt.
Colonial Secretary George Hall
described the most widespread and
highly organized sabotage in the
history of the country as a "dast-
ardly series of outrages" resulting
from very careful planning by
Ia very considerable organization
among Jewish communities.
Mr.. Hall told Commons Lord Gort
resigned because he was Ill and
that successor would be named
as soon as possible. j. v. w. Shaw,
chief secretary, will administer the
Palestine government in the interim.
General Strike in Egypt.
In Egypt general strike Of anti
Zionist elements protesting the Bal
four Declaration deteriorated into
rioting, street fighting and attacks
on Jewish and foreign interests.
Disturbances centered in Cairo
and Alexandria, Crowds of rioters,
protesting on this 28th anniversary
of the Balfour Declaration promis-
ing the Jews national home IN
Palestine, hurled stones and bricks
at Jewish and all other places bear
ing foreign names. Egyptian troops
patrolled the streets, firing into the
air to disperse crowds.
Arab sections in Palestine also
started a general strike against the
Balfour Declaration and Zionist
aims. Saboteurs cut Palestine rail-
roads in 153 places. At least four
saboteurs were killed, two while try
ing to set off explosives at the Haifa
oil refinery.
Attempt to Quell Riots.
In Cairo and Alexandra, police
and f1remen Joined Egyptian troops
in attempting to quen riots. Ameri-
can service troops were ordered to
! lCiiidhl III tllCh bdIldCAo. 0obkfu
trucks cruised Cairo. ordering Brit
ish troops to leave the streets.
Ambulances carried scores to hos
pitfalls from the scenes of rioting In
Cairo. Numerous arrests were made
by helmeted troops, armed with
clubs and rifles,
/ The demonstrators left paths OF
broken glass from store windows In
their marches from Mustafa Kemel
Square to Abdien Palace.
In nearby Egypt, anti-zionist ele.
ments started general strike il
] Cairo on this anniversary of tn.
4 Balfour declaration, demanding thai
the Jews be awakened from thei,
dream of a home In Palestine.
! Street fighting broke out. Polica
fired in the air attempting to dis.
4 perSe crowds.
Demonstrators went through the
Cairo bazaar, breaking windows and
Evening star., 1945-11-02

looting Jewish shops. The largest
Jewish department store in Cairo
was set ,afire, but the blaze was
quickly extinguished by fire bri-
gades.
Outside the Azahar mosque police
used tear gas to disperse crowds
who stoned the officers.
Communications Halted.
All communications In Cairo had
been halted as demonstrators pa
raded the streets carrying signs
reading Down With the Zionists."
Delegates of five Arab associations
presented note to all foreign diplo-
mats which said:
I'VE beg to inform your country
all the Arab world is starting today
this active struggle against the
zionistS. who will threaten the Arab
world by their presence in Palestine.
We demand that the British govern
ment halt atrocities and unjust
treatment against Arab leaders and
Immediately release the leader Of
Palestine, Grand Mufti Hail Amin
al Husseini-now prisoner Of the
French in Paris.
I'VE demand the British govern
ment stop helping the Jews from
behind curtains and also disarm
Jews in Palestine, protect Arab
rights in Palestine and Immediately
half Jewish immigration to Pales-
tine. The Arabs are competent to
help govern Palestine"
Regrets Resort to Force.
Mr.. Hall expressed regret "that
there would be this wanton resort
to force while the British were
examining all means to solve the
jewish Arab problem. He said there
were sufficient forces in Palestine to
jSee pAT ,ESTTNE Pace A.11
Evening star., 1945-11-02
PimIico Results

FIRST RACElPurse, S1.S00: 4-year.
olds and up; claiming; lts miles.
Marquest fMartin) 1910 $50 $40
Great Play (Claggett) 910 53(
Coosa Cherry 35(
vsletta H, Earth. Forest Ranger, Over.
gold, Bective, Mango, Merry Elein
SECOND RAcE.Purse; $4,000: maider
Hadrian fMcCreary) $50 40 $40
Git (Young) 1850 TO- 36
Stanley (Snellingsl $50
Time, 1:14.
Also ran-Lucky Hit. Doug Crate. Woo
ne, Transhot. Sweep Play. The Fakir, Pal
errno, Sir imp. and Waveriy.
DAILY double paid S81 .20.)
THIRD RACE+Purse. $500: 4-year-
pids and up; steeplechase: miles
Little Sammie (Roberts) $50 $50 2.40
Dancing Archie ueonar6 4.50 2.6q
Abidale fMcCSovern) 2.40
Also ran-Rice Cake. Meeting House.
Evening star., 1945-11-02
Jap Stockholm Legation
Sealed BY Allies
BY the Associated Press.

STOCKHOLM, Nov. a.. Repre-
sentatives Of the American, British.
Russian and Chinese Legations
sealed the Japanese Legation In
Stockholm today, In line with Gen.
MacArthurs order closing al Jap.
anese diplomatic outposts.
An Allied official said the Lega.
tion appeared to have been emptied
of all papers and documents, which
apparently were burned.
Evening star., 1945-11-02
By the Associated Press.

rage A-l6
By the Associated Press.
Administration leaders looked
hopefully to the Senate today to
strike a free press" amendment
from an UNRRA appropriation
bill.
The amendment was written into
the $3.50, 900 900 bill, by 188-to-168
vote, after prolonged debate climax
ed when Republicans booed House
Majority Leader Mccormack.
Republicans made a party issue of
the provision and backed it almost
solidly when the vote came late yes
terday.
1t would deny any of the new
funds to liberated nations which
don't allow United States newsmen
free opportunity to report activities
of UNRRA.
Opposed BY UNRRA.
The amendment, by Representa-
tive Brown. Republican, of Ohio,
was opposed before the Appropria-
tions Committee by UNRRA and the
State Department. They asserted
it might cripple the program of the
relief agency.
There was a strong possibility an
attempt would be made to write a
similar restriction into another
UNRRA authorization bill on which
the, House Foreign Affairs Commit
tee soon will start hearings.
The new measure would pave the
way for another United States grant
of 81 ,350, ,000, 900 to UNRRA, in addi-
tion to 100000, 900 already supplied
and the $3.50, ,000, 600 in yesterdays
bill.
Hoots came from the Republican
side when Mr.. Mccormack declared
the Brown amendment would "deny
relief to human beings" He pleaded
for defeat of the proposal on hui
manitarian grounds, saying people
can't live on freedom of the press
but must have food and shelter and
clothing"
Fear Distrust of u. s.
The Democratic leader and others
warned that approval of the amend
ment might cause distrust of the
United States. .
But Mr.. Brown and Republicans
who backed him hammered away
with the contention no government
would permit their people to be de-
prived of UN2RA aid simply be.
cause of the limitation. If they
did, Mr.. Brown said, the responsibility
would not be this Nations.
The Ohioan, newspaper pub
Usher, pointed out that the amend
ment did not undertake to impose
a general free press on nations re-
ceiving UNRRA aid.
Without the amendment, he said
there is no way of knowing whether
United States relief dollars are being
spent properly abroad.
Evening star., 1945-11-02
Roosevelt High Pupil!
Pledge S15O,00O for
Victory Loan Drive
Bond Buying in District
Hits ST 500, 900 Mark on
Fourth Day Of Campaign

Roosevelt High Schools $50
students yesterday pledged $780,
600 for the purchase of Victory
Loan bonds in honor of the go
Roosevelt graduates who died in
the war.
On the fourth day of the cam
paign, the pupils subscribed specifi-
cally for so of the $4,000 hospital
bed units for wounded veterans
Decalcomanias bearing the schools
name will be affixed to each bed
In the seven previous war loan
drives, Roosevelt students invested
$500, 900 in bonds.
Roosevelt's pledges were made
yesterday at a huge rally at the
school. Capt. Robert Turner, a Ma
rine officer with three years service
in the Pacific ocean areas, addressed
the student body. He is a Roose-
velt graduate.
Other speakers were Donald H
Brown, who is IN charge of the
schools Victory Bond campaign
and Miss May p. Bradshaw. school
principal. Mrs. Howard s. LIE Roy
chairman of the education division!
OF the District War Finance Com
mittee, presented the school with
q photo of the ambulance plane
their War Bonds bought in the last
drive.
$1,000, 900 District Sales.
Individual sales of Victory Bonds
in the District rose today to s., 3,100,-
600, an increase of $1,70O 900 since
yesterday, the War Finance Com
mittee announced.
The new total accounts for "a
per cent of the 1900, 600 quota in
the drive.
Sales of E Bonds, which are in
cluded in the overall individual fig
ures, rose to $1,700,000, an increase
of $1,200, 900 over yesterday. Thus
E Bond sales so far amount to g.;
per cent of the District quota o1
$27, ,0O0, 900, the committee an.
nounced.
Patterson Spurs Drive.
AS national Victory Bond sales
continued their favorable patterr
with $229, ,000, 900 reported sold dur.
ing the first three days, Secretary
of War Patterson made this Vic.
tory Loan statement today:
"We must face the. fact that ever
at this moment we have more thar
100000 patients in Army hospital
both in this country and overseas
The Victory Loan is your finest op
Iportunity to show your gratitude TO
the victory they bought with thei
sacrifice.
Revolution met this morning il
a v Bond rally at 1882 Mas
sachusetts avenue NV. Yester
day, employees of Rich's Sho
| (Soa yyTTrTOpv LOAN Do0o A1o
Evening star., 1945-11-02
Pope Sees Senator Thomus

VATICAN CITY, Nov. R.-
Pope Plus XII granted an audience
today to Senator Elbert D. Thomas,
Democrat, OF Utah, chairman of the
Senate Military Affairs Committee.
Maj. Gen. Ralph Smith, American
military attache in Paris, also was
present.
Evening star., 1945-11-02
SENATE Confirms Condor
AS Standards Bureau Head
By the Associated Press.

~ tne Associated Pre9S.
The Senate today confirmed the
nomination Of Dr. Edward q. Con-
don Of Pennsylvania Is director Of
the National Bureau Of Standards.
Aacceeding Dr.. Lyman J. Briggs.
Senator Overton, Democrat, Of
Louisiana obtained unanimous con-
sent to waive Senate rules for de-
lay on nominations and to notify
President Truman immediately Of
1.-THE action taken.
Evening star., 1945-11-02
Chinese Troops Begin
Landing in Manchuria;
Reds Due 10 Withdraw
Chunskine Forces Pour
Ashore at Two Ports
From U. S. Transports
BY the Associated Press.

CHUNGKING, Nov. 2.-Chinese
government troops, pouring from
United States transports, began
reoccupation landings today at
two ports in Manchuria on the
same day the Russians were
scheduled to begin withdrawing
from the country, the Army
newspaper Sac Tang Pao re-
ported. Japan wrested Man
churia from China in 1881.
The landing points were on op-
posite sides of Liaotung Bay.
On the west side, Generahssimo
Chang Kai-shek's men went ashore
at Hulutao, 10 miles northeast OF
the scene of clashes between his
soldiers and Chinese Communists in
the area of Chinwangtao.
On the east side, the troops were
landed at Yingkow, 100 miles south
west of Mukden and 140 miles north
of Port Arthur.
Both Yingkow and Hulutao have
rail connections with Mukden. The
landing at Hulutao places Gen.
Chiang's men near rail lines to the
rear of Chinese Communist forces
which are opposing any overland
movement of Central Government
troops toward Manchuria through
North China
Three Armies Supply Troops.
The Army newspaper said the
troops of the 18th, 10th and 94tn
Chinese Armies were taken to Man.
churia in American transports from
Haiphong, Indo-C China and Hong
Kong.
The government soldiers will be
moved north in strength this month
to permit complete withdrawal Of
the Russians by December /, said a
semiof1icial dispatch from Tientsin
Meanwhile, as scattered fighting
occurred in II northern provinces o1
China, central government cabi.
net spokesman charged anew thai
the Chinese Communists had threat.
ened to fire on any government SOL
diers landed from American ships
in Communist liberated areas" He
said the Communists issued the
warning during peace negotiation.
in Chungking.
After the first such charge, it wa.
denied by one of the leading Com
munist negotiators, Gen. Chou En-.
lai.
Shansi Governor Accused.
A Communist statement today
charged that Gen. Yen Hsi-shan
governor Of Shansi Province who i.
visiting Chungking, collaboratee
with the Japanese both during ane
after the war.
The statement accused him dur.
ing the war Of receiving Japanes,
military representatives to discus.
cooperation against the Commu
nists. It also charged that aftel
Japan's surrender joint force o
Gen. Yen's troops and the Japanes'
used poison gas in compelling tn,
Communists to lift the siege agains
four towns and to abandon tw'
others in Shansi.
The Communists demanded tina
the government dismiss and punisl
Gen. Yen.
Evening star., 1945-11-02
Free Press Provision
In UNRRA Bill Faces
Showdown in Senate
Administration Hopeful
Upper Branch Will Kill
House Amendment

BRITISH NEWSPAPERS HIT Mo-
lotov refusal to relax censorship.
Page Ais
Evening star., 1945-11-02

tSee MERCER, Page Aid
Evening star., 1945-11-02

See PEARL HARBOR, Page A-4.
Evening star., 1945-11-02

tSee LABOR, Page A-19D
Evening star., 1945-11-02

(See INDONESIA. PAGE A-2.l
Evening star., 1945-11-02

See PALESTINE, Page A-2)
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1945-12-01
THE POLICY RACKET MAKES
ITS DEBUT In LITERATURE

10 tho methods and social i'm
rlicsiions Of a chance TAKING
game chat is PLAYED in some form
frcm sonth 10 north and from
coast to coast.
The author Lewis a y celd-
we'll a thicaeoeon has been
WORKING actively on the novel
Tor the past four wears. althossh
the idoa for the story was con-
cciyed some 10 years ago when
he wrote his masttfs t'.csis A.
Northwestern university on the
subject OF policy study that
attracted considerable attention
- that time. lie has hat no al
yloc and suggestions Of numerous
scholars in the Development 81
tho hook which will be out on
December Is.
The publisher Now Nislas Ma
ea3'nel predicts that the book Viii
become best seller as judged
frcm pro-prhicstion orders and
the enthusNsfic comments Of
fhese who had the privilege OF
reading tho original manuscripts
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1945-12-01
MAN HELD IN
WE'VE SPILLINC
MURDER

James dickson As, Of 1851
Log Cabin nsR conductor
pleaded not guilty. SATURDAY io
murder charges before lrdg
Joseph A. Gill, il Recorders
court
Dickson Is held for the fatal
NOV is shooting pf lanes Lewis
q OF 1886 18th street Witness
rs said That Dickson shot Lewis
because he slapped him after the
defendant spilled some vino on
him The altercafiSn took ilace
III Ito Harlem bar AZ 1877 18th
street
lalee ellis sent Dickson 90 the
ctnniy Jail to await examination
set for Novemhc' 2c lie IS being
held without pono.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1945-12-01
NEGROES FIGURE
h LOOMING STRIKES

WASHINGTON. ID CAMP
threatened strikes in government
klsierias bring Negro workers
H. 10 lace with trying situa-
|or Hundreds OF Negroes eat
kss n these cafetcrias, depend
h npon them for food. All three
|slv meals are taken by many
i these low-cost. non segre-
k'ea .rsiitutions scattered all
|rr the city in government build
BIS The threat OF strike not
EF briugs them face to face
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1945-12-01
New FEPC Tactics

WASHINGTON tANP) - The
|ifonal Council for a Permanent
|EPC in a bulletin released Mon
b. announced its decision to take
i step, unprecedented in the his
~ o. legislation directly affect
b mlnorities. Of seeking a vote
! he permanent Fair Employ
|irt Practices Commission bill in
b senate first. With the release
rs bulletin. the National Coun-
/ Initiated its countrywide drive
y senate action. This call 10 &C
n has gone to seventy national
Plantations collaborating closely
|rh the National Council, IT'S more
pr 100 local council affiliates. and
thousands of members through
= the country.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1945-12-01
NAACP Xmas
Seals On Sale

NEW YORK The Goth an.
nual Christmas seal sale Of the
NAACP got underway last week
with the distribution Of one nil.
lion seals. designed by Louise JEFF
ferson, talented Negro artist. The
seals. in books Of 100 selling for
81, are on sale through branch Of
fees Of the NAACP and at the ma
tional Office. 20 West 40th street
New York Is. MY. Advance ord
ers include 100000 by the Wes'
Coast Regional Office in San Fran
cisco, and $4,000 by the Richmond
Va, and Baltimore, Md, branches
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1945-12-01
PHILLY PASTOR
REQUESTS BAN
ON STRANGE FRUIT"

PHILADELPHIA - (ANP) ~
Charging that thu play. Strange
Fruit is an open attack on
the evangelical church" the Rev.
Melvin N Forncy. pastor Of the
Third Baptist church. declared
Sunday that ne would ask Mayor
Bernard Samuel 10 ban the pro-
dnction here.
Il hope that IN aroused Chris
tian conscience will drive this
show cut OF Philadelphia this
week Rev. Foruay said in SER
mon az lis church. u intend to
call this matter TO the attention
Of Mayor Samuel. and knowing
the mayor as do. | believe he
will aci in bis official capacity
ard close the shcw"
The play opcued last Monday
al the Forrest theatre, and Is
scheduled Ia continue through
THIS coming week. bl'ior to It's
New York premiere.
Mr.. Forncy. son OF the lste Dr..
William e Fornay. militant lead
81 Of tho Lords Day alliance OF
Pennsylvania. asserted that We
allow too many Of the deprayed
minds OF moral degererates to
affect our thinking through their
books and PLAYS.
we must put stop 10 this
practice he said Tor II We lis
ten to depra,ed minds we will
have depfavcd societv ard a
moral aeseneracy. which we are
dangerously close 10 today"
In his sermon. he contendcd
that Philadelphia has sunk to
a new low IN, allowing the prescn-
talon II Strange Fruit which
he said he saw at last Saturdays
matinee after It's narsre was
drawn to my attention.
"The play" he said. could be
construed as being a direct at
tack upon the Evanyelical Chris
tian church The most important
experiences Of our christiqn life
arc held up to ridicule. Conyef-
sion is smeared salvation IS
smoked and church membership
is joke.
"0rc Of the characters in the
play--an rotter. at that
speaks Of Joining the church
while he is drinking Then. as he
is playing the part OF miserable
sinner dnine one Of the lowest
acts Of life, he states that he is
going 20 Join the church. and in
fcrs that he is going 10 live the
decent life This IS. Of course. a
farccr
After his sermon. Mr.. Forncy
iniica.od Lat he would rot only
seek Ian ON the play. but
would lead campaign for strict
or ceneofship Of future legitimate
productions mere
Vice president Of the Ministerial
urion ~ Philadelphia and vicini-
/ " IN INSTRUMENTATION group.
and successor to his father. who
Hiel In 1919 as general secre
tary Of tho Lords Day alliance.
he indicated that his stand in
regard n the PLAY would he sup
ported at the weekly meeting Of
the Baptist and Methodist con-
ferences here.
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1945-12-01

with a trying situation. but 1t
affoc's thousands Of Nccro work
crs emploeed in these places
Many are employed IS cooks
coln'crmen and women busmen
ana kitchen help Top jobs. stew
ards fvstesses and such are held
by whites. but the income repre-
scented ny NEGRO workers totals
many thousands Of dollars week
~
Oliver Palmer business agent
for me United Caiotviia and Res
iaurant workers. announced that
representatives az the union 5
2Sep membes will meet within
fow days With management re-
sontl'iscs OF Govern ment
Services Inc. and with labor de-
patrmont conciIisiors in an at
temnt 70 avert a threatened strike
which would affect "a govern
men bindings
Mr. Palmer explained the union
is concerned chiefly in rs de-
mand for paw raise with so
per cent OF the employees who
are in jobs OF the lowest classi-
icai.on and now receive qua
rantce weekly take-home pay OF
sl6>s
Government Services. Inc. the
employing company. has said IL
cannot grant the proposed raise
without relief from us present
price schedules Dallas II. Smith,
company personnel director. said
TIE cornany's basic position on
the question remained unchanged
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1945-12-01
Leaders Endorse
Health Plan


NEW YORK amp President
Harry s. Humans congressional
me. age on nationwide system
Of health Insurance last Monday
has been sointly endorsed by so
outstanding leaders. including Mrs.
Eleanor Roosevelt Gerard Swope,
David saruof Albert y. Lasker.
x.Mayor Florena II LaGuardia
and Mayor William ODwyer They
urged congress 20 act promptly on
the recommendation which has
since been embodied into bill IN
troduced by Sens. Robert F. Wag-
ncr ard James f. Murray, Mon
tana and Rep John Dingell, Of
Michigan
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1945-12-01
TWO HELD
In DARING
RAIL HOLD.UP

WASHINGTON lamp Two
Negroes are under arrest and a
third is sought by FBI men as
participants and lnstigators OF
the senatioral train robbery last
week. when a south bound freight
train Just out OF Washington was
robbed IN approved wild west
Fashion and an unidentffie d
amount of bonded whiskey re
moved from the car.
James Brown. IS. Of Baltimore
and Rufus William. 80. OF Alex
sndria Va are being held. Brown
was charged with grand larceny
and Williams with violation OF
the Virginia Alcoholic beverage
law
Williams was released in $4,000
bond Tor hearing Monday in
Fairfax county. Virgins.
MeanNhile. federal action
against the pair, charging them
with theft from Interstate COM
nerce appeared likely The FIJI
said il was wairiue the action
Of the L 5 aitcrncv before
Lodging detainers against the
men.
The hijacking occurred shortly
after 1870 m. Oh lonely stretch
~ track near Luton Va. Fri
day Railroad detectives said ono
or more Of the robbers had evil
IDENTIFY slowed away on tho train
an severed an air hose. causing
the brakes tc lock when the
freight train reached the desired
location.
The taxicab aud a truck we're
waiting on A nearby highway
Nhep the train stopped. it was
reported
TIE whiskey was shipped from
Brooklyn and consigned 10 the
Virginia Alcoholic Beverage Con
troll board Of Richmond
TIE arrests were made BIZ Capt.
raul s Pegelow in a swamp
near the n. + and =. railroad
tracks noar Lorton. Thfrtee n
cases Of the stolen vhiskey we're
recovered
The Lorton man said he was
cruising the highways in the VIZ
entity Of the train robbery when
he saw taxicab off the main
road on pathway that leads
into a swamp
Blocking the path with the
truck he was deivine. Pegelow
walked over 10 Tie taxicab. saw
!, contained some Of the stolen
vhiskey and placed the man IN.
de- arrest.
A trairman who alirhted &c
find n. cause " the delay no
ticed one Of the bandits carryin,
a machine gun. he said. and lie,
TO the highway To summon 20
lice. r. L. Harris conductor. sal,
when he approached the cal
which was carving the whiskey
three OF the men jumped int
the truck inev were loading anc
fled
Railroad officials refused r.
place any estimate on the quaint.
" Of whiskey stolen from the
train
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1945-12-01

CHICAGO -(ANPJ-- For the
first time the public will get a
closeup on the game that is
ever popular among Nesloes in
book entitled. The Policy
King The reader is taken he
hind the stage. so to speak. and
is gly..l dramatic Introduction
The Detroit tribune. (Detroit, Mich.) 1935-1966, 1945-12-01

with displaced In Europe been one OF the ma
"a, Of the United Nations Relief aud Rehabtiou "a
mlnraon since last spring Working with military, NNRA
has succeeded In repatrang than million persons M
rooted the and political aud religious oppression The
entails the Of the Displaced the super
. all OF activities ranging from health To educa IN
the picture above INNRA Camp Director Ron OF Washing
lam D. c. shown assisting Hungarian hoy refugee Who tainted
iron excitement arri'n at the Bari MIRA camp Mr. Bond
ns Mrs. G. L. Thompson Melbourne enue Detroit