davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Milford chronicle., 1945-03-23

Monday, March 10th II Was also
announced the organization viii
sponsor a covered dish supper IN
the lodge hall ON March 18th
PFC Cornelius LcGatcS. age 2G
in July is the son of Mr.. ana Ma.
William LcGatcS aud reside ON 4
farm about three miles Wc-l of
Farmineton but their mail j. re-
ccivcd throu2h HARRINGTON Post
Office Private Ic';atcs attended
Farmin2ton schooi and before EN-
terms the army WdS tu!ploYcd hH
the Diamond State Nurseries near
Milford. he is not married. He ON
tered the service in March l9ii
and was sent TO Fort Dix. New .Icr-
Scy and Camp Jackson. South tHi-
Oina Tor his trainlu@ in The iulan-
try, he went overseas in NuNcmhor
1871. He was wounded on january
18th. Of this year in the Bci@lWu
sector. Ills parents received a lcl
ter on March 10Th which stated hc
was imprOl inG but made no ncIl-
tiOn of the extent Of his iUiNrics
He has two other brothers in the
service, Pfc. Norman LcCiatcS who
left with the l9>}h Rc2im"nt and
Sergeant Lawrence l.cGalcS who
also left with the l9Nth hu has
SinCcreturucd and is now at Brad
ley Field, connecticut.
The Lentcn Study group of Tri-
nifty Methodist Church Viii meet on
Thursday evening 1T 80 p. IN at
the home OF Mrs. William Sncath
on Wcincr Avenue with AIr~.
Sheath and Mrs Jeanette Potter as
leaders The meeting next WocN
will he held at The church ou
Thursday night followed bl llol!
Communion
Mrs. Randall Knox Jr las re-
turned from Atlantic city while
Captain Il H. kuoN Ir, has been
ASSIGNED to Tampa. Florida
Lieutenant q. = and Mrs II g..
Tee OF 81. Alhans, New YORK are
Sprndin@ This week with the form
crs parents Ar. and Mrs. ii. e..
Tee.
Mr. and Mrs. Harvey Camper.
Miss Anna Camper ANA Mrs. Nir-i-
MIA Clarkson were Niluin"tun vi
sit0rs last week.
Mrs RIOS" Shucuhcr" spcm tli"
week end with friends III Wiluin@-
ton.
Mrs Harry g. Zee Sr.. was Il
Wilmington Visitor Iast saturday,
The Misses Doris EJH4hloy ana
Eloise Price >rrnl Ihc Wcvh end
with friends in NiIHiu>rou
Mrs. Harriet IIorrln. Of Wi
minGton spent The Vreh uith hrr
parents, Mr.. and Mr.. l.. \. Gallo.
way.
Mrs John Na~tcn wa It wcck
end visitor with her dau4htcr. Mis-,
BarharaMastcn in BaIimorr
Mr. and Mrs. Crawford Eailcv
and Mrs. Ronrrr Mustard of
Gcor.ct0Wn called upon friends
here SUNDAY afternoon
Mr. and Mrs Herman Roach ol
Georgetown We're &HcSt~ Oh Mr.. and
Mrs. Fred Bailey Sunday
Mrs. Charles \. Taylor and Mrs.
Frank Taylor and son Of Denton
Milford chronicle., 1945-03-23

Sunday of Mr.. and Mrs. Hudson.
Mr.. and Mrs. Milard West ana
children spent the Weekend with
Mr.. Vests aunt. Mrs. Raymond Nc
Mullen. and family At Newark.
Mrs Eleanor Long LEFT Saturday
morning for Texas. where she VIII
spend some time with her husband.
Robert Long who is in training
there
Avory Lockwood Of California.
is spending his furlough with his
father. and sister Mrs. Theodore
Hickman and family.
Mr.. and Mrs. Elmer layiicld
spent Saturday night in Whining
ton
Mrs. Clifton Bennett and Mrs.
Raymond Calhoun were guests of
Mrs. Benefits brother. Mr.. and Mrs.
Fred West. near town.
Mr.. and Mrs. G. V Townsend and
Mr.. and Mrs Charles Steel at
tended a dinner at Mr.. and Mrs.
! Edgar TOwnscmd's home in Wy
nmin&.
Milford chronicle., 1945-03-23
GREENWOOD

The " 5. e : W Grace N,rh-
odj<t Church viii meet WITH Mr..
ana Mrs. C. II Spence uyNt Tucs.
day ,lcn" Marcia -,
Miss l.id1 Lynch. oi MlIwe"Dou.
is -prudua somr Iimc With hor
muth,r Arthur. aud Llnly near
toun
Mas. $. $ Wlor,a w.. Il w,,k
cud 4ur-l oi Mr.. and NGs T. II.
EuWnus. ncJr Scllntd
Nr+ oscar I."liand Jud Grand
son. Eothy. visited IA WlImHaton
on Saturday,
VI. and Nn+. Harold johnson ol
Wjmuelou. spent lhc ureh end
with Nh. and N,a. N = Lord
Nr nud Ane Leon l,uboc. ol
Philadelphia. uctr Ncoa.oud euce,.
of lhrr mu'hcr NGs Lortc john
SON.
Me- aud Mrs Clarence O,heIDrrc.
of NcWlrk were guests OF relatives
hcrc over the Ncrh-,ud
Mrs Blunclp Todd ana Mis- El
81, Wiley visited Alr. and N'.s. 4
l.. Johnson ANA Mrs. Hcu Allcu ON
Sunday.
}I. and Nrs Homer Lynch vis
rpd Mr ana Mrs Arthur Lynch
AND SISTER ON Sunday
AII and NIS Roy Smith spent
Friday ir Nilmu4lou
Mr. l.v~t,r Smith and Alfred
Smtrh Wcrc homr over the wcca
"nd With thcjr purruDs Mr. and
Mrs. Hoy ~u.Ih
AIr ANA Mrs Charles ronaway
spout lhy N~ch end IA thrIr col
ta@, Ut Oah Iich1rd
Nohc1 Colrc enlisted in IN,
Navy and is NOW stationed III
E1iunr.d4r Md tor his boot
uuuiu@
HIy cooA has enlisted in tn,
Navy Au Co.l, and leaves ON
March 1lh Ion memphis. Tcuu
SraHiry Tomp-up Hiny cook
Hobty Graham, Nelson ToIbrl
and rhlhby Nichols .ponl ~andl,
lr E"hohuIh Bcdch.
Milford chronicle., 1945-03-23

/ -
Milford chronicle., 1945-03-23

THIS Nogm u,a'h.t na pIh
-"t tn" people busy with jholr
.ardoH plaulma. yard clc3una and
l'gn"Is with thcn larm Worh
Mrs. Harry TnrbcrI spent ihg--
day in Philadelphia.
Mrs Charles O'l:c sp.ut san
day With her murh.r. Mas VI \
Wcbif.ut Oakley II MAS nor holh
day ud sur ,clrhratvd il hy ia
tume all ui h,r chlduu and
2lHdrh,l'jro0 a. t,npljn" d.t
nDr With o}t lIhlu4 -uoG to ,.t
m'mdjua three hi@ ,ah.s ur lc.
cream. AnD .nj"Nua the day.
they all ler wishing hes many morr
happy birthdays
m tJNaJd Anthony al Cuup
Mcadt Md spout ", Wreh rud
with ba Wilr ana nrlr d4n-hI"e
ais" il'e polrml= H. Nun loiucd
him Thursday and bolh rrrHluod
together ON Saturday
Mrs Momis Meredith and daUah-
t"r Faye. epont Saturday in Sails
bury.
Mr.. and Mrs. R,rsr Warrm4ron
spout the week -cnd in pcm~El-
wanna VISITING Airs. Wmrlu-ton'
brother and family.
Mrs. Grace Scythcmorc and SON.
Glen of Soatord. spout part "f tn"
week. with her sister, Mrs Charles
O'Iilcr.
J"" IIyns"n is surrriua with
mtuIps
Ehr Reynolds. 81. WAS home
from work pat Of last Wcch with
tho grippe
Mr. and Mr.; Harvey Srpurr and
S"iE 81 H'rhcl spout Sunday with
Milford chronicle., 1945-03-23
More Comfort Wearing
FALSE TEETH

Her" is u pleasant WY la oNorcunir
loose plate dj~romtolt FNSrEI.TiI.
an improved powder. spunhisd on
upper and lower rlat,s hold; llem
iirmcr 50 THAT th"N t,, nutc COM
Portable. 30 gunnY, e""cy. TaetN
taStc or feeling. It'~ alkaline lp0l.-
acidl. DOCS not -uui- CHECKS "ptlt.
odor" Cd"nfur' hr-:thl G.t f.Ar-
TEETH today at any drug stor..
Milford chronicle., 1945-03-23

Mr.. and Mrs Edgar Horshman
and son. Elton, spent the weekend
with relatives near Salisbury.
Milford chronicle., 1945-03-23
DAGSBORO

Ne. aud NI. Eli CamphclI wishes
ru rMuuh the Dd4@b0ro and Mills
boiu pm, Companies for their
Qu,ck service rendered Saturday
uonua ~ tho tuuc OF the fire in
lu,u houc
Ma and Mrs Matter Timmons
,uD .glllucd al djuucr ON Sunday.
Nh ANA Mrs Ionic Hcunctt and
.ou ClHt"n. ot Clark~villc. Mr. and
N5~ Harvey pliS,N called ON them
'ldaN c}culu2.
Miss Sarah 'lmuOuN was Il Sun
day Guest Of Ali~~ Durle Parsons.
Mn aud Trs. s'"dda Mitchell, of
Willard Md called on Mr.. and
Mrs Norman Davidson. Sunday.
Mr. and Mrs. j. Mdr1lu Timmuns
spent Sunday NIGHT with Mr.. and
NIs. Harley NIchcrs
Me-. William Wyatt. of George
town. spent Saturday night with
hi s"u-lu-laW and DAUGHTER. MIR.
and Mrs Harold Hudson. Miss
Ruth johnson Was Il dinner guest
her sister, Mrs. Charles Prettyman.
Mrs Blanche Mills has been en-
tortajnin2 her sister. Ma2@ic. her
dau2htcr. Kathryn, and grandson.
DickY. AL OF Salisbury.
Miss Annie Sniilh and Miss Lou
isc Hopkins. of Chaplainin, were
Greenwood Visitors Sunday.
Palmer Hatfield has been spend
iu2 a lcW days with his parents
Mr. and Mrs. William Hatfield.
Milford chronicle., 1945-03-23
REDDEN

There viii ne services at Ne
CoIlcy's Church ncNl Sunday as
follows Sunday School at p. m.
Preston nouoNan superintendent.
proarhu@ 1T . =. m by Kcl. Bar
loW.
Nr. and Mrs Goyc Nyyrold.
W,f" Tuesday cNcuin2 2u.st4 ~
Nh and Mrs. Howard lHutou
Mr and Mrs WilhcrD NHrch,ll
and family were Monday rNcou@
GUESTS OF Nh and Nr- Chllo.
Donovan aud family
Mrs Clara Wet and dau4bt"G.
Kay. were Thursday clrniu- 4ur~le
of Mr. and Mis- Joe ljlnuau and
lMmly
MI, and Nrs Preston Donovan
and family called ON hor parents.
Mr. and MIS- Charles Burton on
Saturday atD,luooH
RcN and Mrs. Walter BARLOW
and Mr.. ami Mrs. TlmumIs. ol II
lcudalc, were Monday cyruina
guests of Mr.. and Nrs Howard
Burton
Mr and Mrs. Fred Rust and SON.
Lester were Saturday evening
Guests of Mr. and Ahs. Charles
Rust and family
AIR. and Mrs Paris lhirlou Wcr,
Sunday dinner CHESTS ol Nr and
Mrs. Charles DouoyaG.
Milford chronicle., 1945-03-23

spent the week. end With the torm.
cr4 dau-hlcl. and >ou-iu-laN. Mr.
and Mrs Edear HALL.
The Junior class ot HARRINGTON
IIi@h School Viii present = rhlcc
act comedy "Iraiict Romance" b.,
IauGia Harris in the school audi
torimu on Friday. March 9@rd At
500 p. ul. Miss I.oftt'1 paakry ana
Miss Icuud nickrd2or are co1chc-.
Mrs Miridu kinard is actjn4 a+
ciii" of This play Those inrludrd
in the east are: Salcmma Wyatt.
\jlccn Galloway. Ncld4 RWh Nauc
Horit StdrhrN. Phyllis Au-u~
I'hcima ~holI, Narha PcrL. Ger
ttadc Ha\na. IjlIjm Short and
Yntllu Gl;lf
It. Stephens hurch. Fleming II.
Sunday, MARCH -. raIu Sunday
?:l1 u. M morHiu@ prayer and
sermon pistributior Of palm
Holy Wcch: "Wednesday. L.cntou
srrvlc" 30 j. m, Thursday. ilul>
Communion ,:l5 q. m.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-06-18

If the forces that seek to put govern ment into the medical business, would, instead, help the medical profession per feet plans by which industries and indi- viduals would be covered by voluntary programs for prepayment of medical and hospital bills on monthly basis, they would be upholding the American tradi- tion of private initiative, saving the tax payers countless millions of dollars, and what is most important, they would be encouraging rather than discouraging the expansion of medical service on more sound basis than in any other man. ner
 Fortunately, the medical profession, industries and individuals have already worked out prepayment plans under which millions of people are now being cared for and millions more are being added as rapidly as they understand the advantages of such system. They are acting as free citizens on voluntary basis, and not under state compulsion with new and arbitrary tax assessed against them whether or not they so de- sire it.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-06-18
News by Leaks

The alleged acts of the Navy officer, two State Department employees and three writers arrested on espionage charges may be indefensible, but they scarcely can be called unusual.
 Dissemination of news through leaks' is standard Washington practice Prob ably there isn't recognized correspon- dent of reputable publication in the na- tion'S capital who has not had access to some sort of restricted or secret informa- ton at some time since the war began. This does not mean that there is always an actual transfer of documents, as it is charged took place in the State Depart ment case. But it is quite usual for Wash ington reporters to be told confidential, off-the-record news or be shown docu- ments that cannot be published. There are two basic reasons for this practice In the military field, it is because correspon- dents and their publishers have earned and maintained a reputation for trustwor- thineSS.
 Since censorship is sometimes overly cautious, military and other departmental officers often indulge in private and en- tirely discreet condolences which add to a writer's background knowledge and help him to evaluate the news released for pub lication. Until now, there have been no governmental charges that these confi- dences have been abused
 There is nothing either secret or confi- dential in the news that personal and po- litical differences exist among members of various departments of government And in those differences is found the other source of leaks These are passed along by officials seeking to expose or discredit a colleague or a policy, either through malice or a sense of duty. In some in- stances these leaks" have performed a distinct public service. As for the case in question, it is not clear that any military security was involved The New York Times story of the investigation leading up to the arrests makes this interesting ob- servation
 Tt was learned that had not the text of secret document been printed verbatim, the six arrested persons might have es- caped detection . If the wording had been changed, it might have been impos- sible to say whether an illegal disclosure had been committed D Evidently it was the carelessness of the accused, and not the information they disclosed that got them into trouble.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-06-18
H Voluntary Medical System

T H is interesting to note that most of ehe talk and agitation about so-called ptate medicine and Socialized medicine, comeS from sources tha. seek to curry public favor, and too often votes. The people are led to believe that they will eet something for nothing under govern ment control and subsidized medical and hospital plans.
 The movement so vitally affects all bhe people, and it is so important that all individuals have proper medical at- tention, that the principles involved in plans to socialize medicines are apt to be overlooked. Fortunately, there has been resistance to the specializing process Cor medicine, because of the well-ground- "a fear, born of experience, that under Bureaucratic control, mediocrity is pro- noted as individual initiative is stifled.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-06-18

and would set standard for every G. Is conduct in Germany.
 However, the document has been held up indefinitely by cer- tain appeasers in the Army and certain U. S. diplomats abroad.
 One difficult problem now arising out of the hard peace policy for Germany is what to do with German scientists.
 The Technical Industrial Dis armament Committee is now making soft-peace report re- garding these scientists. despite the fact that they contributed so greatly to loss of Allied property and life. This Committee, com- posed of ten top U. s. scientists. is not ready to clamp down on German research. Instead. Ger man research, according to the IT'D. will be able to continue Its eXperimenta-perhaps on muni- tions, explosives. rockets. syn thetic gas. and other 'ersatz" ma- terials of war.
 I'D is recommending merely that German scientists and re- search specialists be licensed and registered. There is no pro- vision that their work be scrut- inized from time to time. or that Allied observers inspect their laboratories.
 While it is recognized that the regulation of scientists Is an ex- tremely difficult problem, never theless the hard-peace group in Washington feels that German scientists can be the cornerstone of preparation for the next war. They believe the whole question should be examined very carefully and the facts made public.
 POLL TAX MARATHON
 Three New York Congressmen staged a movie-thriller race against time to record their votes for the poll tax repeal
 The three-Emanuel Celler,
 Charles Buckley and Walter Lynch. all Democrats-had been in New York over the weekend and along with half a dozen other Congressmen, left New York on an early train Monday sched- uled to arrive in Washington at noon. Just after leaving Balti- more, however, their train was blocked by wreck
 Most of the passengers settled down, but the three New York CTS questioned the train crew and discovered they might be hung up for a couple of hours.
 Determined to cast their vote, they left the train, slid down 50-foot embankment, walked couple of hundred yards to secondary highway and stopped the first car that came along a semi jalopy.' The driver was on vacation, was going to school to pick up his children, had no desire to visit Washington-about 40 miles away.
 We've got to be in Congress to vote on an important measure" the Congressman urged. Finally he yielded. and broke all speed limits driving them to Washing ton. (No one can be arrested while driving Congressmen to the Capitol on official buSineSs.)
 The 38 miles were covered in under 45 minutes. The driver
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-06-18

We begin the last week of school with practically all graduations lined up The teachers and school heads have con- pleted their jobs for the year. They can now relax a bit following valedictories and salutatories and class songs The teachers breath a sigh of relief as they write down the last tabulation in their registers. School days gre over for two months and long vacation lies ahead. Now is the time for the wise cracks lucky teachers! pretty soft! what luck! and all that. However, we feel the time worn cliches about the teachers and what soft time they have are out of place. So we say, happy vacation for one and all
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-06-18
"A Thought for Today
A Leader and His Men!

The returning welcome for General Dwight D. Eisenhower is more than Just . gesture for a gallant leader It IS symbolic of the victory over the scourge of fascism in Europe and it's threat ot world encirclement and poisoning.
 It is symbolic of a welcome to all the gallant men who fought under the con- nnand of their brilliant, unSelfish leader and who scored the victory over our enemies No one more than General Eisenhower himself would doubt this latter truth.
 These men and their honored leader have laid the groundwork for the re- building of peace They will not stop there but will, as civilians, demand Of the rest of the world an earnest effort toward the solution for lasting peace.
 The Generals own words most aptly paraphrase what these men seek:
 Prom the standpoint of the soldiers, they are tired of this war. They are not articulate about it, but know one thing; they have an earnest hope for peace. It is my conviction that they believe if the same forbearance and goodwill is ap- piled all through our countries, the United Nations, in meeting the problems of peace, we ought to be fully as success full in that peace as we have been III this war.
 "Now there is one thing you have in war that you do not have, in such pro- portion, in peace. You have unification, compelled by very threatening danger. In other words, Franklin's old saying, If we don't hang together we'll hang sep arately", applies in war more definitely than it does in peace.
 ''But if he (the Allied soldier) can, he will express to you-in dozens of different ways-that he really believes he has won a peace that he is certainly praying will be preserved"
 We must strive toward the unification fin. peace so aptly cited for our attention by General Eisenhower. We must have the forbearance and goodwill as nations in peacetime as well as in war. We must, to avoid mockery.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-06-18
LIES THAT WILL NOT DIE

My good friend John Bartlett. always at my side, though tattered and torn, tells me that Sophocles got of this one: "A lie never lives to be old.' Well, that one has sur- vived more than 2000 years. Almost daily, in the mail, some one asks how much salt peter to give to curb, control or suppress
 sexual desire, or how it is admins istered in the army, the navy OF various institutions. There is n6 ground for the notion that sals
 peter (niter, potassium nitrate, nitrate of potash has any such effect. It is not used and never has
 been used in the army, the navy,
 prisons or other institutions, as an anaphrodisiac. What keeps this lie alive?
 A lie that still breathes feebly
 but has steadily waned in the last
 twenty years, is that of marking" the unborn baby. This lie would die
 out in a short while, I believe, If school children were given a fair ,, deal in education. No one who has an elementary knowledge of em-
 bryology-of the child's develop
 ment before birth - can take any stock in the old wives tales of
 barking" To worry about the pos- sibility of marking" the unborn
 baby is to betray ignorance. Belief in or fear of marking" is
 surtax or penalty imposed upon
 prospective motherhood by our
 nineteenth century educational standard.
 This groundless fear not only im- pairs the expectant mothers health and happiness as any morbid worry
 does, but in great many instances interferes seriously with those ev-
 eryday activities which keep 8
 woman fit for easy labor and early
 involution or return to normal. I'm
 my opinion-remember I'm just 8
 one-horse- and buggy doctor-belief
 in and fear of marking" the baby
 accounts for a great many cases ot difficult and complicated childbirth and many more cases of sub-involu- tion or delayed return of pelvic
 organs to normal and consequent prolonged disability.
 Another name for marking is
 "perenatal impression" A woman is just as susceptible tA
 shock from injury, fright or a re-
 pugnant spectacle when she is with
 child as at any other time. But shs
 ought to know that however great
 her own suffering or injury may be, short of loss of life, her baby
 is virtually immune and invulner- able.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-06-18
The Crime of War

The United States has taken the lead in correcting one of the staggering contra dictions of modern history Through it's chief counsel for the prosecution of Axis war criminals, Justice Robert H. Jackson, this government is now on record as stat ing that aggressive war is crime. Throughout the civilized world, the plan ming and execution of individual murder Is punishable by death. But in some parts of the civilized world, the planners and ex- Oc1ltorS of the mass murder which is ag- gressive war have been honored as heroes by their countrymen and sometimes given the highest position that those coun- trymen could bestow.
 1 International law has encouraged this Andulation during the last century by ad uniting no difference between aggressive and defensive war. Nations have con- demned war as an instrument of policy. But they have not seen fit to brand the ag- gressor's tactics for what they actually are: murder, Kidnapping, piracy, rape, ar- Von, burglary, assault.
 Now the United States has declared, Through its chief counsel in the matter, that not only is aggressive war crime, but that the creators and prosecutors of aggressive war are criminals who must stand trial for their lives. It is far past time that this was said, but it is well that it has been said at last. This dec- Haration, concurred in by other nations, gan become part of international law which, as Justice Jackson points out, is the result of agreements, customs and decisions, not legislation.
 So there is no need to fear lack of prec- edent. Neither is there need to fear that this declaration will conflict with the United Nations organization Rather it should add another bulwark to the de- Tense of peace.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-06-18

We quote a paragraph from the Old Farmers Almanac clip sheet which might be applicable today. It goes under the heading "War Time, and the sub- stance of it is: "One of the best kinds of preparedness in the case of our muni- cipalities, and of our Nation and States, too, for that matter, would be that of getting out of debt." But how do coun- tries get out of debt today helping other countries to get out of debt?
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-06-18

absent W l t h or without leave. On the day somebody threw a luncheon for the new Sec retary of the Sen
 ate, Leslie L. Bif- file, S e n a t 0 r George was the only D e m o c r at pr e S e n t on his side of the aisle, while five lonely Republicans lis-- ened to Senator Harold m a k es a heavy speech on the Big Five Seto.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-06-18

more often to the so-called filter ate. Wisdom is the capacity to know life, and especially to know the meaning of life. If a man knows only books, he does not have wisdom. If he knows only what his personal am- bition leads to. he has never gone far enough to find wisdom. But if he is not able to read. yet knows that life is an opportunity to learn how to live in a universe presided over by Almighty God-that man has wisdom.
 The trouble with so many of our
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-06-18

enable him to make the best ef-his opportuni- ties. But no one ever received wisdom in col- lege. Wisdom is something which comes from God.
 He gives it sometimes to the college bred. but just as often, and perhaps
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-06-18

There will be great joy in many homes after July when the boys in the Ninth return to. this country Reports say that the Third, Seventh and Fifteenth will remain in occupied zones until Decem- ber The Third and Seventh are to re- main as long as the American zone of Germany is occupied.