davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1945-09-21

group in America that has no
status beyond that Of wards Of the
government.
In the great national emergen-
cies such as the one this nation has
just gone through, some of the re-
strictions based on color or in en-
ployment are lifted and some of
our capable and qualified people
are allowed to work in the places
where they are barred from during
peace time. But we are not seeking
such temporary advantages. The
things we want are permanent. We
must think in the light of "what
will tomorrow bring?" and in
thinking in this way, we will find
that through being bound closer
together through bonds of nation
alism and the desire of self-deter-
mination within the framework of
American democracy we might
achieve our goal far more quickly
than it appears now.
Most Negroes have been educated
to be. ashamed of Africa as a
homeland. It is common to hear
highly educated Negroes declare,
81 don't know anything about
Africa. I was born here in Ameri-
ca. This is my home and this is
the land that my fathers fought
and died for and I intend to get
from it what is due me-" Others
poke fun at African culture, Afri-
can art, and only give lip service
to racial Identification with
Africa when national emergencies
arise in which British might go
on record as barring native Afri-
cans from London or fiogging ma
tive African soldiers or working
them to death for a pittance day.
All this must be undone. It is a
false misconception. While none of
US have any intentions of picking
up and going back to Africa, be-
cause, incidentally, there is no
place there for US since the white
man has taken over all its inhabit-
able parts, We can think of Africa
and keep Africa in mind as a native
land, sort of Zion as exemplifed
in the Jewish philosophy of the
national homeland in Palestine.
Don't worry, the Jewish people
have the same fight among them
selves over the question of nation
aism and internationalism as we
do. The same goes for other races,
but usually the nationalists in these
racial groups win out. Only the
American Negro laughed at Africa
and proclaimed it's kinship with
America through the use of the
hyphenated word American-Negro.
Sometimes it might be good to
wonder and think on this one phase
of natiOnalism: do you know that
we really would not be able to have
any sort of Negro businesses, in
surance companies, newspapers,
grocery stores, hotels, or what not
if We were accepted and integral
ed as Americans?" In other words,
this very newspaper which you are
reading would not exist if we did
not have to accept a certain amount
of natiOnalism, which involves also
the acceptance of segregation. That
was a reason for the resignation
of DR.. w. E. B. Dubois from the
NAACP several years ago after
he found that a complete integra-
ton program of the organization
he helped to found would not apply
to the case of a people in need of
work, food, and security, first.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1945-09-21
BIRTHDAYS

One of the most popular col
umns in the paper is the space
devoted to birthday greetings.
If you live in Minneapolis tele-
phone the birthdates of your family
and friends to Miss Booker, Md
way 8340. Mrs. Crews will take
the dates in st. Paul at Cedar
1922.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1945-09-21
CARD OF APPRECIATION

We wish to thank Rev. and Mrs. A. F.
Martin, officers and members of the Be
thesda Baptist Church and friends for their
prayers, visits, calls, beautiful flowers, and
many of cheering and get well wishes
thanks and deepest appreciation which
words cannot describe nor fulfill. Special
thanks to: Misses Betty Brown, and Vera
Anderson; Mesdames Emma Cadle, Bessie
Gresham, Leola Young, Edith McGraw,
Nettie Smith, lone Brown, Safronie Allen,
Florence Rocklin, Geraldine Hall, Gladys
Martin and Donald McGraw. Your kindness
shall never be forgotten. Thank you one
and all for your care during my serious
illness.
Mrs. Sarah (Sally) Benson,
Bethesda Baptist Church Clerk, and
husband. Charles Ransnn
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1945-09-21
Press Stories Pessimistic;
.COmmends Paper on Views

Editor: I am a weekly reader of
the Negro press, including the
Afro-American and Chicago De-
fender. I think these papers are
doing a good job but they give too
much space to the pessimistic
news against the Negro. It is very
depressing. think they should also
give attention to some of the con-
structive work being done in the
inter-racial field in the country.
That is the reason I find your pa
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1945-09-21
Reader Who Met Booker T.
Sends Donation to Paper

Editor: notice by your fine,
democratic paper which you sent
me-that you quote Booker T.
Washington. I had the great pleas
ure to meet Mr.. Washington some
thirty-fve years ago when I had
the honor to shake hands with him,
and was given the opportunity to
tell him how much I enjoyed read
ing his magnificent book, Cup
From Slavery"
I also received your second paper,
and I am enclosing a small check
to encourage you in your splendid
humanitarian work.
Sincerely,
Minna Reiff,
1853 18th Avenue N. E.,
N. st. Paul.
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1945-09-21
CARD OF APPRECIATION

I am deeply sppreciative of those who
were SO kind to me during my recent ILL
ness. Special thanks to Mrs. Primeth Cook.
Mayme Battles and Matte Young for their
kindnesses, also thanks to other friends
for their beautiful gifts and cards, during
my illness at Fairview Hospital.
Mrs. W, A. Ross
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1945-09-21
Gardner Writes On Need
OF Negro Nationalist
By DAN GARDNER

Of all the in the great minority groups that make
these United States the Negro the only that puts
American first before his in hyphenated relationship
to the land of his BIRTH BY that mean say American
Negro but the German says the Jews say
the Chinese says American, the
St. Paul recorder. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1945-09-21
per a welcome one, as it gives US
some hope for the future.
Sincerely,
Mrs. Berthe ]. Hamacheck,
Minneapolis.
Minneapolis Man Protests
UncOuth Public Behavior

Editor: I would like to send in
my protest against the public be-
havior of some uncouth Negroes
who are doing all Of US harm. Why
do they have to laugh so loud and
raise their voices as if they were
trying to talk to someone in St.
Paul? We are judged as a race by
our behavior in public places, so
why can't we do something about
the ignorant, loud-mouthed type
who make the white man think we
are all a bunch of simple-minded
clowns?
Bonnie johnson,
Minneapolis.
Evening star., 1945-10-18
De GauNe Tells Voters
He 'IIYieId IdWarPowers
By the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press
PARIS, Oct. 18.-Gen. Charles de
Gaulle told French voters in radio
address last night he was ready to
relinquish the emergency powers he
has held since June 18, 1910, and
asked them to declare for "a new
republic" in the general elections
next Sunday.
In the elections France and her
colonies, wit hthe exception of Indo-
China, will elect 500 delegates and
at the same time decide by ref
erendum whether the elected candi-
dates shall form an assembly to
draw up new constitution or con-
tinue under the constitution of 1875.
Another question in the referen-
dunn asks-in the event a new con-
stitution is decided upon-whether
the constituent assembly or a gov
ernment like the present provisional
one shall hold power for the SEVENTH
month period of the assemblys de-
liberationS
Gen. de Gaulle. while refraining
! from taking political sides, urged a
new constitution and approval of
constituent assembly with limited
powers for the seventh-month Pc 4!
riod.
Under his provisional government,
Gen. de Gaulle said, France has
come back from military defeat to
victory.
Economic life is getting under
way; the food situation is getting
better; ships arrive; foreign COM
merce is commencing; the difficult
ties disappear little by little" he de-
clared.
Evening star., 1945-10-18

hunger, torture and epidemic dis
eases.
The German government and the
German high command impris-
oned' prisoners OF war In various
concentration camps, where they
were killed and subjected to in
human treatment -. Members OF
the armed forces OF the countries
with whom Germany was at war
were frequently murdered while In
the act OF surrendering. The mur-
ders and i'll treatment were con-
trary to international conventions
&ss
American prisoners, officers and
men, were murdered in Normandy
during the summer of 1914 and In
the Ardennes in December, 1914
American prisoners were starved
beaten and otherwise mistreated
in numerous stalags in German
and In the occupied countries, par
ticularly in l943, 1914 and 1945.
Hostages Taken and Killed.
The defendants adopted and put
into effect on wide scale the prac-
tice of taking, and Of killing, host
ages from the civilian population
These acts were contrary to inter-
national conventions. $50
The defendants ruthlessly ex-
plotted the people and the material
resources of the countries they oc-
cupied, In order to strengthen the
Nazi war machine, to depopulate
and impoverish the rest of Europe
to enrich themselves and their
adherents, and to promote Ger
man economic supremacy over Eu-
rope.
In further development of their
plan of criminal exploitation they
destroyed industrial cities, cultural
Evening star., 1945-10-18
Indictment of StoH Officers
Result of u. S. Demands

NUREMBERG, Germany, Oct. Is
R).-The indictment of individual
German general staff officers as
war criminals resulted entirely from
American demands, and Russia.
Great Britain and France opposed
the action, it was said authorita-
lively today.
Justice Robert H. Jackson's in
sistence that aggressive warfare
constituted an international crime
eventually won over two of the
countries, but one still held out,
it was stated. The lone holdout
power was kept secret.
The objection to indicting the
militarists, it was said. was that
they were merely soldiers who
obeyed orders.
Mr.. Jackson himself, said the Ger
man general staff was not indicted
as a body because it was never g
definite organization and had nc
fixed membership. 1t was not ar
entity any more than is'the gradu-
ating class of the West Point Mill
tary Academy an entity. it was
contended.
It was only after overcoming sus-
tanned opposition by the Russians
British and French that it was
agreed to include Field Marshal
Wilhelm Keitel. chief of the higf
command, and Col. Gen Alfred
Jodl, chief Of the army staff, ir
the indictment. it was learned au-
thoritatively. --se
The first vote on including indi-
vidual members was to 3. Mr.
jackson, it was learned, finally won
the argument on October 4 wher
the four powers voted 3 to / tc
indict individual members of the
high command.
One high-ranking American sai6
that while Keitel and Jodl were
named in the first indictment, other
members of the German genera,
staff will be reached" in subse-
quent trials"
Evening star., 1945-10-18

crimes against humanity during a
period OF years preceding 9th May.
1945, in Germany and in all those
countries and territories occupied by
the German armed forces since 1st
September. 1889, and in Austria and
Czechoslovakia and in italy and on
the high seas.
The prosecution will rely upon the
facts pleaded under count three as
also constituting CRIMES against hui
manity.
The Nazis murdered among others
Chancellor Dollfuss, the Social DEM
ocrat Breitscheid and the Com
munist Thelmann.. They imprisoned
in concentration camps numerous
political and religious personages,
for example, Chancellor Schuschnigg
and Pastor Niemoller. -
Thousands of Jews were gassed
weekly by means of gas wagons
which broke down from over
work. s**
Wherefore, this indictment is
lodged with the tribunal in English,
French and Russian, each text hav-
ing equal authenticity, and the
charges herein made against the
above-named defendants are hereby
presented at the tribunal
Robert H. Jackson, acting on be-
half of the United States of Amer
lea.
Francois de Mention. acting on
behalf Of the French Republic.
Hartley 'Shawcross, acting on be-
half of the United Kingdom Of
Great Britain and Northern Ire
land.
r. Rudenko. acting on behalf of
the Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
publics.
Evening star., 1945-10-18

monuments, scientific institutions,
and property Of all types In the
occupied territories to eliminate the
possibility of competition with
Germany.
From their program OF terror
slavery, spoilation and organized
outrage, the Nazi conspirators Gre
ated an instrument for the personal
profit and aggrandizment Of them
selves and their adherents. -
An immense amount of property
of every kind was plundered from
France, Belgium, Norway, Holland
and Luxembourg.
The Nazi conspirators destroyed
1,670 Greek Orthodox Churches,
237 Roman Catholic Churches, 81
chapels, $50 Synagogues. etc. They
broke up, desecrated and sense
leSsly destroyed also the most valu-
able monuments Of the Christian
Church. -
The defendants wantonly de-
stroyed cities, towns and villages
and committed other acts OF devas-
tation without military Justification
or necessity
Throughout the occupied terri
tories the defendants conscripted
and. forced the inhabitants to labor
and requisitioned their services for
purposes other than meeting the
needs Of the armies of occupation
and to an extent far out of proper
tion to the resources of the countries
involved. All the civilians so con-
scripted were forced to work for the
German war effort. - =
COUNT 4-CRIMES AGAINST
HUMANITY.
(Charter, Article 6, Especially 6-C)
Statement of offense:
All the defendants committed
Evening star., 1945-10-18
Two Bosic Points
Are Laid Down for
War CrimesCourt
~ the Associated Press.

l'y the ASsoclated Press.
In the Nuremberg war crimes
trials, two basic points have been
laid down for the courts guidance
by the four powers. The first stipu-
lates that waging a war of aggres-
sion Is a crime. The second pro-
vides that common knowledge may
be accepted as evidence.
Those engaged in the preliminary
work noted that one of the factors
which had delayed the start of the
trials was difficulty in deciding what
procedure and legal basis would be
used. Here is trial to be con-
Quoted in four languages by law
yers representing four countries
each with different legal system.
Justice Jackson, chief United
States counsel, said last June in
his report to President Truman
on trial preparations that the posi-
ton of this country is that a war
of aggression is a crime, "and that
modern international law has abol-
ished the defense that those who
incite or wsse 1t are engaged in
legitimate business"
Evening star., 1945-10-18
German General Staff
Held Too NebuIous'
TO Indict as Whole
BY the Associated Press.

BERLIN. Oct. l8.-Only "a choice
segment" of the German general
staff was named in the war crimes
indictments because "the so-called
general staff is too nebulous an or
ganization to be indicted" a spokes-
man for Justice Robert H. Jackson
chief American prosecutor, said to-
day.
"Other military leaders not named
in the Nuremberg indictment will be
tried for war crimes with specific
geographic locations" the spokes-
man added.
In Nuremberg it was stated the
indictment of individual staff Of
ficers resulted entirely from
American demands, opposed by
Russia, Britain and France
General Staff Not Clear Cut.
Explaining why the general staff
was not indicted as group as was
done with the IS elite Guard, the
spokesman said:
There is really little similarity
between the SIS and what is gener-
ally referred to as the German Gen.
eral Staff. The SIS was a clear-cut
organization and the General staff
was not. When charging a group
you have to have a real group. So 1t
was decided to select from the Gen
eral Staff choice segment out of
which we can make a real entity"
The spokesman declared there was
"a lot of misunderstanding" about
the German General Staff which, he
said, really was pretty nebulous."
The part of the General Staff
selected for trial at. Nuremberg was
designated as the General Staff
Corps" :" ,...+ .vg ~" .s
That term merely.is our designa-
ton of the ones we picked to prose-
cute the spokesman explained.
Pretty Delicate Subject"
, the Spokesman-one of Mr.. Jack
sons aides-refused to state the
attitude of prosecutors of the other
three powers on the issue. He said
that was a pretty delicate subject
on which only Mr.. jackson could
speak. Mr.. Jackson was in Nuern-
berg.
Another source, with good military
Evening star., 1945-10-18
Maryland Welfare Aid
Reaches Monthly Peak
By The Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
BALTIMORE, Oct. 18.-Payments
for all types of assistance by the
State Welfare Department in Sep
tember rose to monthly peak Of
S647 ,046 for the last IL months, State
Welfare Director j. Milton Patterson
announced yesterday.
Last August, the department paid
s638, ,899, and last July 1884 1858. In
the preceding months, back to Sep
tember. 1914, the monthly totals al
ways exceeded the 100000 mark,
Mr.. Patterson said.
Evening star., 1945-10-18

LOT Dy JIle NdZl cOnSplratOfs
through their attacks on Austria
and Czechoslovakia was actively
launched by their attack on Polano
in violation OF the terms of the
Briand-Keliogg pact, 1928. After
the total defeat of Poland, - the
Nazi conspirators caused the
German armed forces to invade
Denmark and Norway on the 9th
April, 1910; Belgium, the Neither
lands and Luxembourg on 10th
May, 1910; Yugoslavia and Greece
on 9Th April. l941. All these in.
vasions had been specifically
planned in advance. -
On June %, 1941, the Nazi con-
spirators deceitfully denounced the
nonaggression pact between Ger.
many and the U. S. S. r. without
any declaration of war, and invaded
the Soviet territory, thereby begin
ming a war of aggression against
the U. S. S. r.
After the initiation of the Naz
wars of aggression the Nazi con.
spirators brought about a German
1talian-Japanese l0-year military
economic alliance signed at Berlin
on 9th September. 1910.
Taking advantage of the wars oi
aggression then being waged BY
the Nazi conspirators, Japan com.
menced an attack on 7th December
l94l, against the United States oi
America at Pearl Harbor and the
Philippines and against the British
Commonwealth of Nations, Frencl,
Indo-China and the Netherlands ir
the Southwest Pacific. Germany
declared war against the United
States on 18th December, l94l. - =
COUNT TWO DEALS WITH
GRIMES AGAINST PEACE"
COUNT THREE-WAR CRIMES.
(Charter. Article 6, especially
6 CB A..
Statement of the offense.
All the defendants committed wal
crimes between 1st September, 1899
and 9th May, 1945. in Germany and
in all those countries and terri
tories occupied by the German
armed forces since 1st September
1889, and in Austria, Czechoslovakia
and Italy. and on the high seas.
All the defendants, acting In con-
cert with others, forrnulated ard ex.
ecuted a common plan or conspiracy
to commit war crimes az de ined ir
Article 6 tB) of the Charter. Thi,
plan involved. among other things
the practice of total war" includ-
ing methods of combat and of mill
tary occupation in direct conflict
with the laws and customs of war
and the commission of crimes per-
petrated on the field of battle during
encounters with enemy armies, ano
against prisoners of war, and ir
occupied territories against the
civilian population of such terri
tories.
The said war crimes were com.
mitted by the defendants and b.
other persons for whose acts the
defendants are responsible tundel
Article 6 of the Charter as suct
other persons when committing tht
said war crimes performed their act.
in execution of a common plan ant
conspiracy to commit the said wal
crimes, in the formulation and ex.
ecution of which plan and con.
spiracy all the defendants partici.
pated as leaders, organizers, in,
stieators and accomplices.
These methods and crimes con.
stituted violations of internationa
conventions. of internal penal law
and of the general principles o.
criminal law as derived from tht
criminal law OF all civilized nations
and were involved in and part of {
systematic course of conduct.
Murder and Ill treatment o
civilian populations of or in occupied
territory and on the high sea.
Evening star., 1945-10-18

connections, said a number of Amer
lean military leaders were opposed
to the prosecution of purely military
leaders. The attitude of some Amer
ican generals runs along this line,
he said:
Suppose we had lost this war
and the Germans came along and
indicted all Our generals, who were
purely military men. That would
be putting our necks in the moose. "
Henderson daily dispatch., 1945-06-16

should reserve iujz Hsu- ll this nat
Ter until inc facts are known He
proposed that both Roosevelt anC
Hartford be called before The COM
mIttee.
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1945-12-20
V3QV9G&VQQ3Va1
Scout Winter
Camp will
Open SATURDAY

Warm cabin, no mosquitoes are
among the attractions for 20 Glas-
gov Boy Scouts from Troops 81 and
80, who will attend a winter camp
on Treasure Island at Fort Peck
beginning Saturday morning and
closing Sunday afternoon.
Originally scheduled to open Fri
day, the camp will begin the fol-
lowing day to enable Scouts to COM
plete school schedules and attend
Friday nights basketball game. They
will leave by bus from the Silver
Service station at Ills Saturday
morning.
In charge of the camp will be
Field Executive E. A. Gilbertson.
Scoutmasters Howard Nelson and
DR.. K. r. %Steffensen of Glasgow and
A. S. Becker of Fort Peck.
Fishing, cooking meals with re-
Hector oven, pitching tents in snow
and ether winter Scoutcraft is on
the program, along with the tradi-
tional Primrose bowl shinney
game, always a fight to the finish.
Camp schedule will be interrupted
Sunday for all boys to attend
church.
The Medicine Lake troop held a
week end camp on the island Sat
urday and Sunday with Is Scouts
attending. Scoutmaster Roy Homme
vas in charge, assisted by Mr.. Gill
bertson, Mr.. Hendrickson, Mr..
Becker and Capt. E. II. Kloss.
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1945-12-20
JONDAHL IS
AIR GROUP
PRESIDENT
Aviation Chapter Is Urging
Opening of Field to
Civilian Filters

Robert Jondahl, former army
pilot, was elected president of the
Valley county chapter of the Mon
tana Aviation association at a meet
ing in the Glasgow Chamber of
Commerce office Tuesday night.
Named to serve with him as Of
ficers are two other former air
forces filters - Kenneth Kjelstrup,
vice president, and Francis Irle.
secretary-treasurer. Directors are
Paul j. Campbell, Harold Price of
Fort Peck and Eldon Larson of OPP
helm.
The organization is writing to
members of the Montana congress
sional delegation in Washington
and to all agencies having control
in any way owe surplus army air
ports in an effort to secure the
Glasgow port for immediate use for
the people of northeastern Montana.
The meeting also signaled the
launching of a membership drive.
The aim is to secure as members
all residents of the county who are
interested in airport development
and flying.
Officers commented that 1T is the
desire of the Valley county chapters
to see airportS built in Opheim,
Nashua, Hinsdale and other sur
rounding towns. Aids to aerial navi-
cation and safety in flight are other
immediate goals of the Montana
Aviation association"