davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-05-06
TODAY and TOMORROW
Bv WALTER LIPPMANN

| American republics were badly
advised. For in using their voting
strength at the outset in order to
force liberated Europe and the So
Wet Union to accept a country
with so bad a war record as Ar
gentina, they have called attention
dramatically to the fact that the
voting power of the Americas is
out of all proportion to their po-
Htical weight in the world, and to
their contributions to security in
fighting this war or in preventing
another.
The vote in the conference on
Tuesday was a pre-vieW OF where
power will reside in the general as
smbly. Let us not have any IL
lusions that the Soviet Union, that
France, or the other important
continental countries which are
near to Germany, will vest in
such an assembly any real authori-
tv in matters affecting their vital
interests. The assembly may be
based on the sovereign equality
of states but, as the events OF
Tuesday demonstrated, it will be
dominated by the American re-
publics with the help of British
votes whenever the United States
draws upon its political credit in
the British countries.
Moreover, the event will dimin-
ish the authority Of the whole or
ganization. For what Mr.. Stetttin-
JUS demonstrated, quite uninten-
tionally no doubt, was that the
mechanism Of this organization
can be used to short-circuit diplo-
matte agreement among the lead
ing powers, that in the hands OF
men who lack experience and wis
dom and are impatient and not
objective, it may not reinforce d.
plomacy but destroy diplomacy.
AS a result the powers will be
more than ever determined to
keep the things that really matter
most to them away from the or.
ganization. For matters of great
moment must be handled not by
showdown, roll calls. victories
God save the mark-but by di
plomacy which is based, as Field
Marshal SHUTS put it so sagely If
his address, on the intention tc
make the right Of unanirity, to op.
crate as "a duty to unanimity.' -
The first week of the conference
has shown that the United Ma.
tons are not yet ready to dis.
pense with the kind of authorita
tive guidance which Roosevelt
Churchill and Stain supplied
Their unity still depends on the
heads Of states; it cannot yet be
left to subordinate officials, ever
such high ones as foreign minis.
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-05-06
Temporary Housing
For Marine Family
Groups Is Planned

NEW BERN, May Sin an eff
fort to relieve crowded living con-
ditions through this area, temper
airy housing units for transient
family personnel soon will be
erected at four Marine Corps auxi-
liary air facilities, it was announc-
ed today by Representative Ora.
ham A. Barden from Washington.
Secretary of Navy James For
restal has approved the procure
ment and erection of II Homoja
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-05-06

SAN FRANCISCO. - Whsn Mr..
Stettinius mounted the rostrum
and demanded an immediate vote
on the admission of Argentina, he
adopted a line of conduct which,
Il it becomes our regular line, Will
have the most dangerous con-
sequences. M. Molotov had asked
for more time in which te seek
= Diplomatic settlement. Ths ques-
ton before the plenary session
was whether to grant this request.
It was not whether Argentina IS
Fascist state and, therefore,
more or less elibible to member
ship than the unreconstructed War
saw government, or than the Uk-
rainian and White Russian Repub-
lies. The question was whether
these issues about which the Al
lies disagree should continue to be
dealt with by diplomac. which
aims at agreement or should be
settled abruptly by an open test
of political power in the farm OF
q SUOWUOWll VOtC'
On. this question Mr.. Ststtinius,
to the establishment and dlsnay
of every experienced observer L
have talked with, took the posi-
ton that his diplomacy vas ex-
hausted and that there must be
a showdown. He got the showdown
and he won. But when he exam
ines the result, he will vish he
had paused long enough 70 rea-
LIE what he was doing.
The debate itself was a clear
warning not to force showdown
that afternoon. After M. Molotov
had asked for more time, there
were five speeches. One was by
M. Spaak, of Belgium, who sup
ported the plea for time to seek a
diplomatic settlement. The other
four were by Colombia. Mexico,
Peru and the United States. All
four demanded an immediate
showdown by vote. Thus the only
countries hitch demanded q
showdown were in tn. Western
Hemisphere. No European coun-
try, no British Empire country, no
Asiatic country, argued for the
American demand. That should
have been enough to make Mr..
Stettinius pause.
The first vote. Whica was the
crucial one because it dealt with
the question of diplomacy or g
showdown vote, was carried by a
majority composed Of the Ameri-
can and British nations. Of the
Big Five who are TO be permanent
members Of the Security Council
only Britain supported the United
States. France and China did moi
support US. Ar41 the Soviet Union
of course, WIS opposed. Morrow
er. with the exception Of the Meth
ends, not ore single liberated
country Of Europe supported US.
Mr.. Stettiplt.s carried the vote by
a large majority because the Brit
ISL Empire nations, excepting New
Zealand ANgned themselves with
the Ann nm republics. The com
bination had lot of votes but.
unhappily, the nations which did
not support us were the very ones
with whom, through whom, and
by whom peace, when it is made.
will have to be maintained.
The United States, it is said,
was compelled to force the issue
because the Latin-American repub-
lies insisted upon the admission Of
Argentina as the price Of their
agreeing to the Yalta decision to
admit the Ukraine and White Rus
STA. They had the votes, nearly
half the votes in the conference,
and they exercised their political
power.
If this is what happened, the
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-05-06

buildings to provide 80 family
housing units at each of the four
air fields at Kinston, Bogue, At
lantic and Pollocksville, the con.
gresham said.
The amount to be expended or
each of the four groups will be
S97, 900; or a total appropriation
of $500, 400.
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-05-06

countries, emergency Scouting, pio-
neering, signaling, first aid, camp
ing. and other phases of the Scout
program. 49,,
The New Hanover high school
hand. under the direction of 1t.
.. J. Lacock, played an opening
concert and other numbers during
the performance.
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-05-06

tiers. who SO quickly tend to be-
come enmeshed with controversies
their DEPARTMENTS specialize in,
and to lose sight of the forest fol
the trees.
When M. Molotov leaves, as he
will shortly, the Prime Minister
and the President will need tt
talk seriously with Marshal Stalir
so that together they may fine
ways to steady and guide the very
uncertain management OF thi!
conference.
Copyright, 1915, New Yrok Tri
bune Inc.
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-05-06
SCOUT CIRCUS
IS A SUCCESS

Plans for a Scout Circus in 1916
areunderway following the sue.
cessful completion of Wilmington $
first such affair at the Legion Sta.
dunn Friday night, it was announc.
ed yesterday by Carol Tinsley,
assistant Scout executive.
In cold but fair weather, Scouts,
Cubs, and Sea Scouts dramatized
history of camping, Cub activ.
tiles, Sea Scout ceremony, fire bull.
ding, games, Scouting in other
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-05-06
COWS HAVE TO WATT

&C. coL LIN! Il Pa, Nav 80 -.
The ahbi that he was -. .,>
nome to milk the cows ;'8' 5 3y5fl
keep state police from s~~s a.aa''
Roy Merle Hess On 9,.ss.ai
charges en- I Hess, Clicked a. a 9o' gS5.'
an hour, was committed ~ :. 'H3-sl
for five days in dafarI. - lal
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-05-06
MODERN GENERATION

SAN DIEGO, Cal, May 5-WD-
Mrs Bertha M. Croft, SO, wastes
no time in getting to her war job
here. Come time to 60 to work in
the morning, she rides to work
with her neighbor-on a motor
cycIe,
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-05-06
2 BIRTHDAYS FOR TWINS

DALE, Pa, May 5 -U.D- The
twin daughters of Mr.. and Ms.
Arthur Horner will celebrate their
birthdays two days apart. The first
girl was born at IL am. Sunday
morning and the second at 4 am.
Tuesday.
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-05-06
Il Ruptured
Try This Out

Modern Protecti on Provides Great
Comfort and Holding Security
Without Torturous Truss Wearing
An "eye-opening" revelation in SEN
sible and comfortable reducible rupture
protection may be yours for the asking,
without cost or obligation. Simply send
name and address to William S. Rice,
Inc, Dept. se5-L, Adams, N. Y, and
full details of the new and different
Rice Method will be sent you Free. With
out hard flesh-gouging pads or tormeH.-
ing pressure, here's a Support that has
brought joy and comfort to thousands
by releasing them from Trusses with
springs and straps that bind and cut
Designed to securely hold rupture
up and in where 1t belongs and yet give
freedom of body and genuine comfort.
For full information--write today!
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-05-06

Milk stains are best removed
from cotton and line fabrics by
washing.
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-05-06

PRODUCTS OF THIS
COMPANY WHICH
ARE HELPING TO
SHORTEN THE WAR:
AEROsOL lNsEc1tclDE BOMBS
AIRCRAFT CONTROL LUBRICANT
AIRCRAFT ENGINE OILS
AIRCRAFT PARTS
AN1-AlRcRAFT GUN
COMPONEkTS
ANn-ICINC FLUID
AUTOMOTIVE GASOLINEs
AUTOMOTNE GREAsES
AVIATION CASOLlkES
BUNA N (PERBUNAkl RUBBER
BUNKER FUEL OILS
BUTADlENE
BUTYl RUBBER
CABLE OILS
CANS
CATALYSTS
COMPASS FLUID
COMPRESSOR OILS
CONTAlNER LINING
CUMEllE
CUTTING GASES
CUTTING OILS
DIESEL FUELS
DIESEL LUBRICANTS
DI-IsOBUTYLENE
EMULsIFlED CUTTING OILS
ENGINE OIL
ETHYL ALCOHOL
ETHYL ETHER
ErHYLENE
EXTREME PRESSURE LUBRICANTS
FlH
FOG OIL
GEAR OILS
GRAPHITE cREAsES
GRINDING OILS
HEAVY DUTY LUBRlCATnG OILS
HYDRAULIC BRAKE FLUID
HYDRAULIC CONTROL OIL
HYDROGEN
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
ILLUMINATING OILS
INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANTS
INDUSTRIAL FUELS
INSECT REPELLENTS
INSECTICIDES
INSTRUMENT OILS
INSULATING OILS
ISOPROPYL ACETATE
ISOPROPN ALCOHOL
JET PROPULSION FUEL
KEROSENE
LAUNCHING BASEKOTE
LAUNCHING GREASES
LOW TEMPERATURE GREAsEs
MACHINE GUN LUBRICANT
MEDICINAL OILS
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
MOTOR OILS
NAPHTHENlC ACIDS
PACKAGE COATING
PAINT THlNNERS
PARAFLOW
PARAPOID
PARATONE
PETROLATUMs
PHENOLS
POLYBUTEkES
PRESSURE GUN LUBRICANTS
PYRETHRUM CONCENTRATE
QUENcHING OILS
RAILROAD JOURNAL GREAsEs
RANGE OIL
RECOIL OILS
REFRIGERATOR on
RIFLE BORE CLEANER
RUST PREVENTIVES
SIGHTING SYSTEMS
SODIUM SULPHONATE SOAPS
SOLID SAFETY FUEL
SOLVENTS
SPARK PLUG LUBRICANT
STEERING ENGINES
SUPERCHARGER OIL
TEMPERING OILS
TENTAGE TREATING
COMPOUND
TOLUENE FOR INT
TORPEDO TAIL PACKING
COMPOUND
TRANSFORMER OILS
TURBINE OILS
UNDERWATER GEAR CREASES
WATERPROOF GREAsEs
WAKES
WHITE OILS
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-05-06

s. - AN 1& ~ #h 81, E
AS PART OF A GREAT AND VITAL WAR INDUSTRY
Standard Oil Reports:
ITS ACTIVITIES FOR 1914
EXCERPTS FROM THE STOCKHOLDERS
*%1 s "% ss% % are = = s
The Petroleum Industry Record companies we'll
parable feat response Of
greatest volume oil Company history"
Company oil
crude output aas over the Company than ss
for Many
conditions
this indicate
crude supplies viii be ample for years.,
for Planes
leadership
Company
the production OF a n ~ h m o % % 4 d 9 f
Allies the bulk of produced through
production
Peseet Facilities Invaluable in
Employees
which has been maintained since long before Pearl II About halt the employees
formerly
ebenem
Copies of the full report take nsss
available tber cmnanv considerations LONG, ~ tho
of paper shortages only the return
limited quantities and the Armed
printed Address Room ce OIL z reserves postwar prod
1926, OPPORTUNITIES ahead with organization which
Plaza, New strengthened empeesinwrv-
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-05-06

In addition 632 veterans not formerly with US
have been employed"
The Future-"supplying the petroleum needs
of wartime will continue to take priority over all
other Company considerations so long as the
conflict lasts. Nevertheless .. thought is being
given to postwar problems such as the return
of our men and women now in the Armed Serv-
ices oil reserves, reconversion, postwar prod
ucts -. The Company will be prepared for the
opportunities ahead with an organization which,
strengthened by the return of employees in serv-
ice, will be better equipped than ever to serve
the public both at home and abroad"
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1945-03-15
Veteran of Six
Invasions Home
on 3O-Day Leave

WARREN-Motor Machinists
Mate SIC Robert Crowder
Smith is enjoying a thirty day
furlough at the home of hi. par
ents, Mr.. and Mrs. Sam Smith of
Washington Avenue.
He is wearing six service stars
which show his having taken
part in six invasions during his
fourteen months duty in the Pa
cific area with the Fifth Am
phibious Force.
The invasions in which he
took part were Kwajalein, Enc
witok, Saipan, Guam, Leyte and
Luzon. Following the Guam in
vasion the crew were given a
four day holiday at a rest camp
in Hawaii.
Their ship was sunk on Jan.
20 off Luzon in the China Sea
at which time Bob lost all his
possessions, in C u d n 6 many
priced Jap souvenirs.
He will report to Norfolk,
Virginia for re-assignment,
March 25th.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1945-03-15
Zimmerman Death
Termed Accidental
Nude Womon's Deoth
Linked TO Drinking

CHICAGO, March Is --(R)-
A coroner's jury has decided the
death of Mrs. Blanche thinner
man, 80, whose nude body was
found in q hotel bathtub Feb.
IL, was accidental, but police to-
day continued their search for
an escaped convict for question
ing in connection with the event.
The jury decided yesterday
Mrs. Zimmerman had died ac-
cidentally after hearing a report
by DR.. Samuel Levinson. coron-
er's physician, describing the
cause of death as "benzedrine
intoxication with the presence
OF alcoholic stimulants."
Police Lieut.. Philip Breitzke
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1945-03-15
Airport Jury
Weighs verditl
Necessity Phoss
Believed Decided

That the Circuit Court jury
considering Detroit's plea for an
airport site in Macomb County
has already determined the
project to be a necessity was
assumed in many quarters
Wednesday after the Jurors had
made full days detailed exam
ination of Warren Township
properties involved In the pro-
posed condemnation.
However, no official statement
or expression has been given.
The presumption of experienced
observers is that If the project
had not been deemed necessary.
the jury would not have toured
the airport site.
Judge Alton H. Noe, who pre-
sided over the seven-months
condemnation case said Wednes-
day that the jury Is celebrating
and has not given any indica-
ton of its progress. He said II
necessity were determined. the
jury need not report this finding
until it concludes by turning In
valuations established for the
1873 parcels involved in the suit.
FINE RECEPTION
In commenting on the case,
Judge Noe expressed his great
satisfaction" with the reception
and consideration given jurors
while inspecting property in the
proposed airport area Tuesday.
The Judge said he had been in
formed that property owners
readily admitted the judicial in
spection party to their homes
and did much to make the jury's
work easier and agreeable.
Judge Noe reiterated his request
that property, owners and spec
tators refrain from discussing
the case or any phases of it with
| jurors.
The jury. under foreman Os-
car DeDecker, of Mount Glenn
ems, the only man on the slate,
has been accompanied on its
rounds by Court Officer Clar-
ence Shirley, Chief Deputy Cor
nelius Gudenau, Jr., and Mat
ron Gladys Burr, deputy sher-
If.
VISIT OLD AIRPORT
Last week the jury visited
Detroit City Airport, Gratiot at
Corners avenue, inspected the
groundworks and also enjoyed
an aerial view from the lofty
control tower.
On Tuesday they made de-
tailed inspection Of properties
in the southwest corner of the
mile square site bounded by De-
quindre and Eight Mile roads.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1945-03-15
Manpower Control Bills
Still Poles Apart

WASHINGTON, March IS -
R)-Poles apart, Senate and
House versions of manpower
legislation went before a con-
ference committee today, waved
along by Republican assertion
that the move means a hopeless
stalemate.
The House, by a vote OF 2f1
to 1T, refused yesterday to ac-
cept q milder Senate substitute
for it's own work-or-jail bill.
The vote bundled up the whole
manpower controversy and sent
it to a committee of Senate and
House members charged with
working out a compromise.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1945-03-15

said his homicide detail was still
seeking Joseph Medley, who e.
capped from a Michigan peniten-
tiary. He has been sought also
in connection with the death of
Miss Laura Fischer, Of New York
City, whose body was found un-
der similar circumstances in New
Orleans in December.
Medley has also been charged
with first degree murder in the
death of Mrs. Nancy Boyer,
Washington. d. c. socialite who
was found shot in her apartment
March 6.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1945-03-15
Youths Under FL
Face Service
I'm Infantry

WASHINGTON. March l5-(P)
The army's growing need for
young infantrymen to replace
combat losses will take practic-
ally al inductees under FL for
the next three months.
Beginning today. the army and
navy announced jointly, the only
exception 90 army assignments
for men drafted in that age
bracket, will be the comparative
few who qualify for such spec
ialized naval programs as radio
tchnicians and combat aircrew-
men.
Routine manpower needs of
the navy will be met from the
21-to-38 age brackets during
the three-month period of the
agreement.
The move is another step in
the army's efforts to increase Its
source Of supply for infantry
men. In recent months the serv-
ice has combed all its other bran-
ches.
Last nights announcement
made no mention of, and pre-
sumably does not effect. the
navy's policy of enlisting IT,
year-olds.
About 10000 youths reach
their 18th birthdays monthly
and the recent division has been
approximately $4,000 to tn e
army, and Is, 900 to the navy.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1945-03-15

Protect yourself now with high
est quality inexpensive Trieo
blodss-ussd az original equip
mont by Leading cor monuioe-
tuners. Flexible in hsot or cold
will not drag. stall or stick
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1945-03-15

UTICA-Two traffic accident
last Saturday resulted in Sigh
property damage to the cars in
volved. At AIS p. m. Howard
DuRussell of 3444 Schoenherr
road driving a Studebaker truck
attempted to make a left turn a
Auburn and Cass streets. He die
not see a car driven by Leo Stu.
sarzyk, 1880 Arcola, Detroit
until too late to avoid hitting IL
The grill of the truck was dam.
aged with minor damage 70 the
sedan. The accident happened
on the green light.
The three cars involved In
the second accident were driven
by Francis Hawaii of 1870
George Ralston. 81 E. Grand
Ralston 81 E. Grand. Highland
Park, and Lillian Nichols, OF
Utica. Ralston's car was damag-
ed front and rear and Mrs
Nichols third car in the COLI
sion, was damaged in the front
This occurred at the same inter
section.
Edward j. Malburg, 6405
Waldenburg road, was the hold
er of the lucky ticket on the
drawing for the old fire en-.
CINE, it was reported Saturday
The fire department boys are
rapidly getting their equipment
in order for more efficiency ir
fighting out the city fires. The
truck recently purchased will
carry a 1200-gallon water tank
Grade winners in the metro.
politan spelling contest, hello
last Friday are: Eighth grade
Nancy Jen Crissman, campaign
seventh grade Patty Graves con-
venient: sixth grade Jack Biggs
examine: fifth grade, Dale De.
Block. These winners and ter
from each grade will spell ir
the school match March 20.
Frank j. Pointer of Detroit
who has been absent the past
week on a business trip to point:
south, tells a graphic story Of
the flood as actually seen by
him. Pointer, driving home from
Georgia Thursday night, wen'
for miles through the flooded
area. At Owensboro, KY, -four
trunk highways were closed tt
traffic and Pointers car was the
only one through. For 80 mile:
he came through fast-runninl
water the road being marked by
stakes on either side. People
were living on the second floor:
of their home and getting about
with row boats.
The regular meeting of the
Board of Managers of the Uties
Library Association will be
held at the library Tuesday
March 20, 1945, at 500 p. m.
Helen Harvey had as hel
house guest over the weekend
Mrs. Jack Christensen of Crane
Rapids.
DR.. Howard Messmore Of
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1945-03-15
Around the Town at Utica

Grand Rapids, Is convalescing
It his home from an appended
.omy performed last week.
SCHOOL NOTES
Tuberculin tests were taken
in the 9th, 18th and 18th grades
at the high school this week, by
six teachers, II ninth grade
students SO of the 18th grade
ard Sc of the 18th.
Coach Clinton Swinehart,
Principal Wayne Woody and
nine members of the first team
in basketball were guests at the
Busch school in Center Line on
Monday night at spaghetti din
ner, thus cementing the good
relationship which exists be-
tween the two schools. Dinner
was followed by a program put
on by the boys.
The trophy won by Busch at
Ferndale in the district basket
ball tournament was on dis
play.
Tuesday night the 18th grade
beat the alumni in a game at the
high school with a score Of 49,
AS. Coach Swinehart was high
man for the alumni and John
Buhalski for the 18th grade.
Ten high school students will
help Friday in the waste paper
drive.
One of the large plate glass
windows was broken in one OF
the grade school doors Wednes-
day by the boys while playing
ball. The team agreed to pay for
it.
Two movies, Rolling Down
to Mexico" and Beetles" are
being shown this week.
A musical program will be
presented in the grade school
on Thursday afternoon, March
%, put on by the grade school
children under the direction OF
Florence Purdy.
Mr.. and Mrs Allen Houghten,
Mr.. and Mrs. Nate Curtis and
Mrs. John Wright attended the
wedding of Mr.. Houghten's
grandson, Sgt. Lincoln Herring
ton, and Mrs. Florence Stone,
of St. Johns Newfoundland,
which took place at the home
of the groom's parents, Mr.. and
Mrs. Mark Harrington, in Port
Huron, Monday night. Dinner
followed for the immediate fam
lily at the Chateau in Port Hur-
on. Sgt. Harrington is home on
a 21-day furlough after which
he will 90 for a rest period in
Miami Fla. His bride will &C.
company him,
ROTARY
Names were placed in nomi-
nation Tuesday night at the Uti-
ca Rotary Club for the various
offices of the club with cleo
ton coming up soon. The fol-
president, Carl Gladly; for vice.
president, Henry Scheper, Will
liam Kiekbusch; secrtary Leo
Kolowich Harold Engel, Leroy
Tyack; for treasurer, Sidney
Odgers, Charles Morowske,
James Merritt: board members
1.-TWO to be elected) DR.. D. B.
Wiley r. v. Gilchrist, Bruce
Collins, E. A. Schwarzkoff, DR..
A. F. Tews, James Merritt.
Farmers night will be held
April 3rd.
The Supervisors and clerks of