davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1945-09-27

ABOARD THE USS STEMBEL -
Harold w. Shipley, seaman, second
class, whose wife and family reside
in Funkstown, and John w Wallick,
Jr., seaman, first class, son of Mr..
and Mrs. John W. Wallick, 123 East
Washington street, Hagerstown, are
aboard this destroyer, which recent
ly locked on the West Coast, after
serving with the Bird, 5th, and 7th
Fleets in some of the major battles
of the Pacific.
The STEMBEL, arriving at
major port for the first time in Is
months, destroyed four enemy
planes, sank three Jap ships and
participated in seven bombardments,
taking part in the most strenuous
duty in the Pacific.
She has the enviable record of
never losing man in action
The STEMBEL left the States in
September, 1913, and went directly
into the action in the Marshall
Islands and Truk. She took part in
the invasion of New Guinea, fought
at Guam and Leyte, Lingayen Gulf,
and Okinawa.
Climax to the STEMBEL'S Pacific
operations came July IA, when she
participated in the initial Smelling
of the japanese home islands in the
Kamaichi area. She was ordered
home after completing her 10th
major campaign
Seaman Wallick phoned his par
ents as soon as his ship locked and
told them that he hoped to get home
on leave next month.
Seaman Shipley arrived home on
Tuesday on leave and reports back
to his ship on October 6.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1945-09-27
Local Sailors On
New Super Carrier
Page Davis and Paul NalIey
Aboard USS Midway, Worlds
Largest Carrier.

NEWPORT, R. 1. - Page l. Davis,
&c, ships serviceman, second class,
USNR, of Sharpsburg, Md, and Paul
Nally, 81, fireman, first class, of
Route 2; Williamsport, Md, have
been assigned-duty-aboard the USS
MIDWAY, first of the Nays new
super carriers.
The MIDWAY is named for the
famed Battle of Midway, in which
American forces turned back Jap
anese fleet in one of the decisive en-
gagements of World War II. She is
the third vessel to bear this name.
The original MIDWAY, an auxiliary,
was renamed the USS PANAY in
April, 1943 The second MIDWAY,
an escort carrier, became the USS
ST. 10. in September, 1914, and was
lost during the Battle for Leyte
Gulf in October of that year.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1945-09-27
More Local Men
Are Indicted

Board l announces that the fol-
lowing Hagerstown men, having
passed their final physical examina-
tons, were indicted into the Armed
Forces on September Is, 1945.
Marine Corps
James o. Presgraves, 718 Salem
Ave.
Army
Conrad E. Meats, 600 George st.
Virgil L. Hawkins, 841 w. Wash
ington St.
Preston H. Knodle, 145 Ray st.
Frank McClay, 1872 Virginia Ave.
Martinsburg, w. Va.
Carl G. Robson, 80 West Side Ave.
Earl Patrick Baker, 20 Summit
Ave.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1945-09-27
William Middlecamp and Carl
Carver Homeward Bound On
Famous Battleship.

ON THE USS SOUTH DAKOTA,
OFF JAPAN - Two Hagerstown,
Md, Navy William z. Middle
camp, 10, fire controlman, third class,
and Carl Junior Carver, rs, seaman,
first class, are homeward bound
aboard this battleship, which was
one of the first to enter Tokyo Bay
for the formal capitulation of Japan
and which was used by Fleet Ad-
'miral c. W. Nimitz, Commander-in-
Chief, Pacific, as his flagship for the
occasion.
Middlecamp is the son of Mrs. Vir-
ginia Middlecamp, 1041 Pennsyl-
vania avenue, and Carver is the
husband Of Mrs. Lena Mae Carver,
348 South Cannon avenue, and the
son Of Mr. and Mrs. Carl Letter
Carver, 210 North Potomac street.
The SOUTH DAKOTA fred the
first salvo of the first bombardment
of the japanese homeland when it
blasted the steel center Of Kamaishi
on July A. Then she struck Honshu,
Hokkaido, northern Honshu, the
Kobe-Kure area, Hamamatsu and
made a return visit to Kamaishi
The battleship fought at Savo, Two
Jima and Okinawa, and is credited
with having shot down 30 Jap planes
during one action.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1945-09-27
Two Hagerstown
Men On Bennington
Paul Miller and Kenneth Fleag-
lie Aboard Carrier In Tokyo
Bay.

ON THE USS BENNINGTON IN
TOKYO BAY, Sept. (Delayed) -
Two Hagerstown, Md, Navy men,
Paul E. Miller, 80, aviation metal
smith, third class ,USNR, whose
wife, Mrs. Ethel Miller, lives at 1872
South Potomac ST., and Kenneth
Fleagle, %, musician, first class,
USNR, 634 Highland Way, served on
this aircraft carrier when she en-
tered Tokyo Bay.
The BENNINGTON, commission
ed last August, opened her fighting
career with a raid on Tokyo, took
part in the Two Jima and Okinawa
campaigns and then roamed the East
China Sea and the coast of the Jap
anese Empire from Kyushu to Hok-
kaido.
Planes from the BUSY B" were
the first to bomb the Jap battleship
Yamato. They shot down 1877 planes
and destroyed 200 on the ground.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1945-09-27

from 10 o'clock until four o'clock
each day. They will interview APP
plicants for the Regular Marine
Corps only.
Young men from II to Is years
OF age with no previous military
service and all men under 80 with
prior military experience, but who
have not been separated from SER
vice for more than one year are
eligible for enlistment.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1945-09-27
DUR ELY
4 Official
Correction
By BALLOT BOX

Correction
In my story of the Liquor Board
appointments last week, | said that
the Democratic County Central
Committee had recommended Harry
r. Newcomer to replace Robert Nc
Cauley This was just a plain boner
on my part, as of course it was
Harry E. Newkirk
Put down the name of H. l.. Mills,
prominent Hagerstown business
man, as a strong possibility for the
Republican nomination for Cover
nor
| have known for some time that
Mr.. Mills was keenly interested in
the 1916 elections, but l always be-
lieved that if he ran for office next
year, it would be for Senator and
not for Governor. However, while
was in Baltimore last week, / was
amazed to find Mr.. Mills looming
up as a very strong choice for the
Gubernatorial nomination.
Those to whom l talked feel that
the split in the Republican ranks
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1945-09-27
Retailers Bureau
Meets Tomorrow
Holiday and Store Hours To
Be Discussed By Members.

After recessing for the summer,
the Hagerstown Retailers Bureau
will resume its regular monthly
luncheon meetings tomorrow, in the
Crystal Room of the Hotel Hamil-
ton, the meeting being scheduled to
start at 1905 p. m.
The main subject for discussion
will be the much debated question
of holiday and store hours and
full attendance is requested, in order
that a membership-wide opinion
may be obtained.
A. H. Warne, president of the
bureau, will preside.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1945-09-27

has Widened considerably since the
1914 elections and particularly since
Mr.. McKeldin won the Baltimore
mayoralty election, and they are
openly saying that there is no pos
sibility of bringing the McKeldin-
TAFT and the Robinson-McFaul fac
tons together.
The feud between these two fac
tons has, in fact, gone SO far that
there is already strong talk of re-
placing Galen TAFT as chairman of
the Central State Committee and re-
placing him with someone who can
keep the Party in line.
There are many who feel that,
with these conditions existing wirh-
in the Party, Mayor McKeldin can
not possibly be elected, and they
are openly advocating Mr. Mills who
is known for his fortnight demands
that the government be returned to
the people, as a candidate who
would be acceptable to all and could
carry the State for his Party.
1t is too early, of course, for any
definite predictions, but l again re-
mind you put down the name of
H. L. Mills as a strong possibility for
the Republican Gubernatorial nomi-
nation.
i A political group in Baltimore,
calling themselves the Maryland
declarations of Republicans, recent
ly sent out QUESTIONABLE contain
ing Is questions. These 18 questions
were all couched in language that
quite blatantly invited replies I'M
favorable to the McKeldin- TAFT fac
ton in the Republican Party - here
is one of them: 'In your opinion
does Republican, making the over
whelming majority of appointments
from the opposite party, reflect upon
the competency of the men and wo-
men of the G. o. P. to hold such
appointments"
But here's the laugh in the whole
thing.
This carefully prepared and
pointedly anti McKeldin-T TAFT ques-
tionnaire was not mailed to even a
cross-section of the registered Re-
publicans in the State, but only to
a pre-selected group of 2500
have made it my business to ask
dozens of Republicans Gall prornin-
ent and all friendly towards Mayor
McKeldin and Galen Tait) and,
needless to say, the QUESTIONABLE
was not mailed to single one of
them.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1945-09-27
Three Local Men
On u. S. Carrier
Vernon Itnyre, John Miller and
Charles Spielman Aboard USS
Bon Homme Richard.

ON THE USS BON HOMME
RICHARD OFF JAPAN (Delayed)
Vernon L. Intyre, fireman, second
class, USNR, 623 Maryland ave,
John H. Miller, fireman, first class,
USNR, husband of Mrs. Eleanor
Miller, 9O1 South Potomac street,
and Charles R. Spielman, seaman,
first class, USNR, husband of Mrs.
Helen Spielman, 226 Locust street,
are serving on this aircraft carrier,
which has been assigned to duty as
part of the U. S. occupation fleet.
For As days preceding the end of
the war, the vessel steamed up and
down the japanese coast as the 3rd
Fleet staged Is air raids and five
bombardments on the Jap home
islands-and fired her guns only
once. That was when the almost
perfect air covered permitted a Jap
suicide plane to sneak through, only
to be shot down just short of an
other carrier.
GOSH" yelled one of the men as
he seized his helmet and dashed for
his gun mount, ''the wars overt
would kill me to get killed now"
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1945-09-27
MARINE RECRUITERS
COMING NEXT WEEK

On Monday, October LIST, a party
of Marine Corps Sergeants will ar
rive from Baltimore for a five-day's
stay in Hagerstown, for the purpose
of recruiting young men for the
Regular Marine Corps.
The Recruiters will be on duty
in the Hagerstown Post Office from
October LIST until noon October 5th,
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1945-09-27
Auditorium Plans
Are Well Advanced
Representative Of Steel Mil
Meets With Promoters And
Architects.

Plans for the new Auditorium and
Arena are SO far advanced, that
representative of the steel mill that
will supply the steel for all the
framework and the stands, was in
Hagerstown on Tuesday to consult
with the promoters and architects
regarding the plan and design of the
structure, which will be freproof
throughout.
The Globe-Independent has been
advised that construction is expected
to get underway in the near future.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1945-09-27
Rattlesnake Killed

One of the largest rattlesnakes
this section has seen in years was
recently killed ON Sugar Loaf Noun
tain by M. S. Stottlemyer, New Mar
ket. The reptile measured 40 inches
in length, and GA inches around
the middle. 1t had twelve rattles
and a button.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1945-09-27

Dispute Settled
Strike Vote Called of Follow
ing Joint Meeting.

The strike vote at the Pangbosn
Corporation plant, scheduled for last
Monday, was called off following a
meeting of officials of the corpora
ton and representatives of the
UWA-CIO negotiating committee,
held over the weekend.
At the meeting, the Interpretation
of the National War Labor Boards
directive relating to wage structures
at the plant was amicably settled,
thus voiding the necessity of strike
vote.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1945-09-27
Mainly
About People

On October /, 1885, the U. S. Post
Office inaugurated its Special De-
livery service and it was a "red-
letter" day for Edward M. Med"
Fechtig, a retired postal clerk now
residing at the Maryland Hotel
On that day, back in 1885, Ned,
then Is years of age, was appointed
Special Delivery messenger at the
Hagerstown Post Office and on that
day, also, he had the honor of de-
livering the first Special Delivery
letter in Hagerstown, the letter be-
ing addressed to Benjamin A. Gar
linger, who conducted a horse-t trad
ing mart at a livery stable located
back of the present Montgomery
Ward building.
Ford Bryan, Merrill Hays, Ben
Pruzan and Max Shoff must be slip
ping. 1t was our understanding that
the monthly luncheon meetings of
the Retailers Bureau had been
abandoned, due to the fact that our
-Four Horsemen"-one of whom
rides jeep - were taking good care
of the bureaus business, during
their morning get-togethers at Nc
Crory's lunch counter.
But, much to our surprise, we re-
ceived a card from the bureau on
Tuesday, advising us that the lunch
con meetings were being resumed.
c. William Ecton, ce-president
of the Maryland State Firemen's AS
ISOLATION, tells us that, despite the
fact that there will be no parade at
the Firemen's Convention here this
year, it is going to be one of the
best in the Associations history. A
fine program has been arranged for
the two-day meeting, which gets
under way on October 3, with Mayor
Richard Sweeney making the ad-
dress of welcome Many prominent
Maryland citizens will be present,
including Governor Herbert R.
O'Conor, Congressman j. Glenn
Beall, State Comptroller Willard
Tawes and DR.. H.. c. Byrd of the
University of Maryland. Phil Ryan,
of Mt. Rainier, is president of the
Association.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1945-09-27

The lack of housing in Hagerstown
is causing skilled workers to refuse
employment at Fairchild Aircraft
plants
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1945-09-27
Noted Speaker For
Chamber Dinner
Merryle Rukeyser To Be Guest
Speaker AT c. of c. Annual
Dinner. {

H. L. Mills, president of the Ha-
gerstown Chamber of Commerce, an
nounced yesterday that Merryle
Stanley Rukeyser, Americas fore
NOSE economic commentator, has
been secured as the guest speaker
for the Chambers annual dinner,
which will be held, this year, on
Wednesday, December IL.
Plans for the dinner are already
under way and full details will be
announced in the near future.
The globe-independent. (Hagerstown, Md.) 1943-19??, 1945-09-27
Read
THE WAR MEMORIAL
on Page a.
Two Local Sailors
Back From Pacific
Official Navy Photograph

Harold Shipley, of Funkstown,
and John Wallick, Hagerstown,
Dock On West Coast On USS
Stembel.
Evening star., 1945-08-16
| Fall of Japan
Celebrated by
Chinese Here

Firecrackers popped, painted drum
doomed and a many-legged dragon
danced in the 600 block Of H street
NV. yesterday afternoon. Nearly
all of Washington's Chinatown
population lined the street to cheer
the end of the war that has devas-
tated their ancestral land for eight
years.
White neighbors and Chinese
Americans from other sections OF
the city swelled their ranks. Placards
representing a gigantic Uncle Sam
and skull-capped China squeezing
a diminutive Japan between them
decorated store-fronts on the street
Special permission to discharge
flrecrackers, forbidden elsewhere in
the District, was granted for the
occasion by the District fire marshal.
Metropolitan police closed the block
to motor traf1ic between II am. and
2:30 pm. to give the celebration free
play.
Frank D. Fong of 912 L street
NV. was in charge of the program.
An Oriental bystander at the fes-
tivities pointed out China had more
than four more years of war with
the Japanese than any other nation,
which justified an extra celebration.
The war began formally in Asia with
the Marco Polo bridge clash near
Peiping in July, 1887. Actually the
japanese had begun their aggression
six years earlier, however. with the
seizure of Manchuria and an attack
on Shanghai.
Evening star., 1945-08-16

More than 120, 900, 900 gallons Of
gasoline were used to keep planes
and trucks of the 5th and 18th Air
Forces and Far East Service Com
mand units on the move for the
period January-July, 1s45. Buy more
War Bonds.
Evening star., 1945-08-16
China Calls U. 5. Might
Potent Factor in Victory

Ey the Associated Press.
CHUNGKING, Aug. 1.-THE Chi
nese Foreign ONCE declared last
night that the Overwhelming
might" of the United States was
"one of the most potent factors" in
the Allied victories in Europe and
Asia.
In victory statement that also
praised the aid of Britain and Rus
sia and the leadership of Gen.
eralissimo Chang Kai-shek, the
Foreign once said United States
moral and material support had
earned the everlasting gratitude Of
the Chinese people"
The statement said China was
deeply grateful to Britain for her
"unstinted sympathy and assist.
ance" and to Russia as the first
nation to give active aid to the Chi.
nese people in their resistance to
Japanese aggresxion."
So far as China itself Is concerned,
victory would not have been possible
without Chiang's leadership. the
statement declared, adding that
present and future generations Of
the Chinese people would honor the
generalissimo as "the savior Of their
fatherland."
Evening star., 1945-08-16

PUBLIC sALE-Two dairy, farms, equip
ment: fssd ,aa snd young stock saH Saturdnay n,
Farm. 3 miles from centerville. Va; | mil'
OF road to Warrenton on Route 500, l
120 acres, new 40-cow dairy barn complete
Groom house: some farm eauipments hal hall
l. / and 2 are facing highway, - mi: from f
National Battlefield Park, next to historic
s,enf ne s HGss sa 81 ssens H Gd hSqSs Es1 i
acres, 40-cow dairy. barn with all dairy
equipment, complete farm equipment, s-rm
modern mode 'N All necessary csa % eutbuildinss 3
l acre, 4-room house. new: facing Route
600. 8, Miscellaneous farm equipment
Holstein heifers; 30 Hereford heifers, q
horses, hogs. Terms: Real estate, y cash:
adaeesv balaaes at and At rsrsonsl
Auetioner: + s. GIipgen: Entire ssls to
CUE. owner Phone Fairfax 5s-J-S
THOMAS, J, OWEN 4 son, auctioneers.
435 Southern Building.-Trustees' sale Of
desirable two-story detached frame, dwell
@ B. yts Of so dssd 81 rust
recorded in Liber No. 7755, at folio 81
e. the Lang RsoGTds Of the District Of
ausns Ap p is y sns ssh oeocf aaD Dm o.
part OF tract OF land called peters Mill
the same at the southwest corner Of the
part of said tract conveyed to Conway
Tibos BY deed recorded in Liber 735 at
District Of Columbia and running thence
north 61h' west, S212 feet to q private
road; thence with said road. south 3OH'
west 5sss feet; thence south 6Ih' east,
thence With the said lne, north sou.
east, 5SSs feet to end OF the third line Of
said TibbS' lot and thence with said line
to the point of beginning: the said de.
assessment and taxation as Parcels 1917.
PPenosit Of $s6o rssulI:d ~ TINS Of ssi:
thirty days from date of sale, otherwise
the trustees reserve the right to resell the
Ing purchaser. after fiye days advertise
ment of such resale in some newspaper
published IN the District Of cellmbia,, or
letting feitins DEPOSIT trustees may Iut aV.i them e
selves of any, legal or equitable rights
particulars at time Of sale: All convey
ancing, recording and revenue stamps. etc,
at cost Of purchaser. w. G. SCHAFHIRT,
SAMUEL SCRIvENER. Jr.. Surviving
Trustees aul $40, % 2427
Evening star., 1945-11-15

Discussion group, $40 o'clock.
Marshmallow roast, NCCS-U6O, 1914 N
street NV, 8 o'clock tonight.
uso. sis Tenth street NV NV. $50 $40 s'eioeE
tontght
Dramatic reading Of Saul Tchernickov-
sky's epic poem ''Baruch Of MAyence,i By
serEt. shoiom Kahn, JCCs- -U5O. Sixteenth
and 9 streets NV, $40 o'clock tonight.
Omcers: Dance, Junior Omcers Of wash
ington, o'clock tonight.
Service personnel may obtain more in
formation BY calling the United Nations
snss aWinr Mst,onai s Si, sy0S or nny Of " lo
343l. National O6l4 or Executive O42s.
Colored personnel may call U8O, Decatur
1864, or War Hospitality, Decatur 1888.
Determine what you can invest in
Victory Bonds, then invest 1t.
Evening star., 1945-11-15
\X}&;:ii /; s.

childrsn's Art Center, 1910 / street NV,
Frasonard drawings. Philips Memorial
Gallery. II am. to pm; through satur-
d'y sta ana sn e sunfsx n discover, of
graphic once Of Navy secret" and con
navy Coast 'e Guard Yq and Marine CORPS war
photographs throush December 5 and rare
books and manuscripts through January
10 pm. Mondays through Fridays, q am.
to 8 pm. Saturdays and 1870 am. to
10 pm sundays. - r
sIDHs sfoas ans ssss by s't5e
b11uss nS students, s sse .p9
to 4:30 pm. Tuesdays through Saturdays
and to 5 pm. Sundays.
National Collection Of Fine Arts. Natural
History Building, Smithsonian Institution,
Q am, to 4:30 pm. daily through Novem-
Japanese and German surrender docu-
ments, papers and museum pieces Of late
sshb and naonsl
to af5 pm p.m s Sundays nh ' through November '
combat artists. National Gallery Of Art, 10
m. to 5 pm. Mondays through Saturdays
and i. to 10 pm. Sundays through Decem-
Oil paintings by Jack Perlmrtter. sne-
cialist x l/c, Y. s. N. r., Barnett Alden
Art Gallery, l27 Randolph place NV, q
to 10 pm weekdays and 2 to pm. SUM-
days through December.
Chrysanthemum exhibits, Dumbarton
Oaks garden, 1890 am. Ito noon Wednes-
day and = to 5 pm. Saturdays and Sun
days through season.
Drawings by Pietro Lazzari: Public Ii
brary, Eighth and K streets NV, q Am.
to p pm. weekdays and . to pm. Sun
I days through January 3.
BINGO.
B'nai Birth girls, Eighth and Shepherd
streets NV, pm. tonight.
MEETING.
Equality Walter Reed Post No. 2S4
WV: social, 713 d street NV, 8 o'clock
tonight.
| MUSIC.
Marine Band, Marine Barracks. l. .. m
| tomorrow.
FOR SERvICEMEN
Dance. Washington Labor Canteen, 1912
Eighteenth street NV. o'clock tonisht
The Wyandotte news-herald. (Wyandotte, Mich.) 1943-1963, 1945-02-01

MANS OVERCOAT. 1907 wool,
size 40. Like new. 1922 9Th after
6 p. m. t33tSB)
The Wyandotte news-herald. (Wyandotte, Mich.) 1943-1963, 1945-02-01

REMINGTON portable typewriter,
$4,000. Call 245O, shoe department.
(33l5B)
The Wyandotte news-herald. (Wyandotte, Mich.) 1943-1963, 1945-02-01
BUSINESS SERVICE
PERSONAL
CARD OF THANKS

Daughters of Richard Mexicotte
wish to extend to our Friends and
Neighbors our most heartfelt thanks
for the kindness shown us during
our recent bereavement.
Special thanks to Father Zindler.
Daughter, Mrs. Paul Baunoch
and family
The Wyandotte news-herald. (Wyandotte, Mich.) 1943-1963, 1945-02-01
CARD OF THANKS

We wish to extend to our friends
and neighbors our heartfelt thanks
for kindness shown us during the
illness and death of our little boy
Denny.
Mr.. and MIS-. Atlas Cross
and Duncan
Evening star., 1945-04-03
Take Ny Word for 1t
By FRANK COLBY.

From ON &c j. u. r, Iermlnal
Island: 1 believe your readers will
be interested in the correct nau-
tical pronunciation of the word
tackle, as in block and tackle" In
the Navy and merchant marine the
word is pronounced: TAY-kl.
From B. N. K, Cleveland: Please
correct the common error Of refer
ring to the forbidden fruit, which
Eve gave to Adam. as an apple. The
Bible does not name the fruit, but
refers to 1t as only as fruit pleas
ant to the eyes" See Gen. SO.
AnsWer-Correct. The erroneous
apple is perpetuated in the term
Adams apple as a name for the
larynx pronounced: LAR-ingks,
According to an old superstition
when Adam tried to eat the apple,
piece of it stuck in his throat, anC
all men thereafter have hac
Adams apples" as reminder to
humanity of the original sin.
A week or so ago. this modest de-
partment confessed its inability to
find the origin of the symbol tCQl
used in teletype transmission in the
meaning of correctly quoted.
Thanks to Kent Cooper, executive
director of the Associated Press, the
mystery is solved.
Mr. Cooper states that, as far back
as his memory goes, the symbol has