davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1945-03-06

The twin Russian thrusts to the Bal
tic through Pomerania have accom-
plished several purposes:
Cd The threat of German counter
attack against Zhukovs right flank has
been virtually wiped out;
co Considerable numbers of German
troops in Eastern Pomerania, the Polish
Corridor and Danzig have been isolated,
except by sea, and will probably be re-
duced to mere pocket around Danzig
and Gdynia, just as the Germans In
East Prussia have been reduced to q
pocket around Konigsberg;
90 The Russians have reached the
lower Oder in the vicinity of Nipper-
wiese.
This last is probably the most sig-
nificant accomplishment for the imme-
diate future. 1t forecasts the coming up
of the Russian armies to the lower Oder
along its whole length from the area Of
Frankfurt to the outskirts of Stettin
(presuming long defense of the latter
town by the Germans). Thus the Rus
slams are on the point of achieving their
broad offensive front of some $50 miles
on the Oder-Neisse line from the sea
southwark to the, vicinity of Goerlitz.
Behind that line their communications
are no longer blocked by German
garrison in Poznan; Glogau still OBJ
structs a major railway, but Glogau is
much less important in this sense than
Poznan.
This situation should be compared
with the western front, where the
Anglo-American armies now are COM
ing up to the Rhine on an 80-mile front,
perhaps soon to be extended to almost
100 miles II German resistance in the
city Of Cologne gives way--as 1t now
seer1s to be doing. Behind that line
Allied communications through the port
Of Antwerp are open, and have been
open since November.
As already observed Ii, these articles,
the defense of long river line is not
an easy task.
To these difficulties seems likely to
be added yet another. The Germans
hitherto have contriyed to meet their
enemies in succession: they have fought
desperately and on the whole cleverly
to create situations which would per-
init them to deal with eastern and west
ern offensives at different times. Now
they seem virtually certain to have to
deal with simultaneous major Often
sives-with the British and Americans
coming over the Rhine at the Same
time that the Russians come over the
Evening star., 1945-03-06
Physical Fitness PROGRAM

AS ranking minority member OF
the House Subcommittee on District
Appropriations, Representative Karl
Stefan of Nebraska took a leading
part in enlarging the physical fitness
program in the Washington public
schools. He recently inserted in the
Congressional Record a special re-
port from Superintendent of Schools
Robert L. Haycock which shows that
in spite of shortages of instructor
personnel the program has been
highly successful and after the war
will continue to receive emphasis as
an important part of school training.
Since Pearl Harbor the program
has been directed. in the case of
boys, toward preparing them for in
duction and the physical condition
ing that follows. But it now includes
all high school boys and girls, and
over $1,000 of them have had the
advantages of the training since our
entry into the war. Positive results
are being recorded, to show the
physical improvement in children
directly attributable to supervised
exercise. Tests have been designed
to indicate a youths performance in
relation to normal standards, what
he is expected to be able to do at a
given age and the extent to which
he benefits from training.
Whether or not the Nation adopts
q system of compulsory military
training after the war. there is little
doubt that physical education will
receive more attention in the pre-
paratory schools than ever before.
One explanation offered for the
large percentage of reflections of
young women for the military serv-
ices is the lack, generally speaking,
of physical training. The Commit
tee on Physical Fitness Of the Fed
eral Security Agency, for example,
finds that fewer than half the girls
in 900 school systems receive any
physical training the last two years
Of high school. A survey by the
American Youth Council indicated
that 81 per cent Of young women
Evening star., 1945-03-06
The FrunkIin Attitude

In the course of a thoughtful
appeal the other day for an enlight-
ened American policy on postwar
international trade and for prompt
creation of world security organ
izatiQn, William L. Bait, vice chair
man Of the War Production Board,
harked back to what Ben Franklin
said more than $50 years ago in
proposing unanimous adoption of
the Constitution. However old they
may be, the words seem so opposite
to the hour that they merit the
widest possible currency:
I confess that there are several
parts OF this Constitution which / do
not at present approve, but am not
sure shall neUer approve them: But
having lived long, I have experienced
many instances of being obliged by
bette1 information or fuller consid-
Grafton, to change opinions even on
important subjects, which I once
thought right. but found to be other
wise. 1t is therefore that the older
I grow, the more apt am to doubt
my own Judgment, and to pay more
respect to the judgment of others
''' doubt too whether any other
convention we can obtain may be y
able to make better Constitution.
For when you assemble number of
men to have the advantage of their
joint wisdom, you inevitably assemble
with those men, all their prejudices,
hoi. 81
their local interests, and their selfish
views From such an Assembly can
a perfect production be expected?
Thus consent, Sir, to this Constitu-
ton because I expect no better, and
because / am not sure it is not the
best. The opinions I have had of its
errors, sacrifice to the public good.
This country and the world have
arrived at one of the most fateful
points in history, when the charac-
ter and duration of the next peace
will be determined by what the diff
ferent nations do. or fail to do, at
the coming San Francisco Confer
ence and at similar meetings flowing
from that. Ben Franklin's words,
accordingly, might we'll be taken to
heart by all of us. 1t is wiser, GER
tainly, to be satisfied with achieving
the possible than to insist upon
achieving the ideal at the risk of
achieving nothing whatever, the
overriding consideration of our time
being that the peoples and gSH-
ernments Of this planet-to para
phrase another Franklin observation
must all hang together somehow,
however imperfectly, or assuredly
they will all hang separately.
Evening star., 1945-03-06
Letters to The Star
Mr.. La Roe Cites G. Family to
Illustrate Housing Problem
To the EDITOR Of rhe STAR:

To the Editor Of The Star:
In our profound study Of the housing
problem there is danger that we may
overlook the human aspect. Let me
give an illustration:
The c. family is having a cruelty
hard struggle. There are eight chill
dren and the ninth is on the way,
defying q recently announced principle
that only the well-to-do should have
large families. The mother is i'll and
must make frequent trips to a clinic.
The fathers earnings are less, than the
familys minimum requirements. He
works on a project SO far out in Mary
land that transportation from the Dis
trict of Columbia is difficult. The mother,
in spite of her condition, has been
working to supplement the inadequate
family income.
Well, this family lived in q poor Sec
tion downtown where the houses re-
War Housing Center and various social
agencies made desperate efforts to find
them home, but in vain In lieu of
a home they were placed in two trailers
over in Virginia, where they are now
stranded, still farther from the fathers
work, far from the clinic and far from
the District schools, and without friends.
AS If to add insult to injury they must
pay $40 monthly for the storage of
furniture which cannot be accom-
modated in the trailers. So there they
are, without a home and with expenses
far greater than their income And the
mother soon will have to be hospitalized.
Meanwhile, the witnesses before con-
gressional committees argue the rela-
tive merits of public and private hous-
ing, and men attempt to shape the legis-
lation to their own advantage.
I wish the Savior could suddenly ap-
pear as witness at one of those hear
ings. WILBUR LA ROE, Jr.
Evening star., 1945-03-06
Telephone National 5000.
The RIGHT Man

Inc uniformly favorable reactlOn
to the nomination of Judge Fred NJ
Vinson to head the Federal loan
agencies establishes two things:
First, that the President has made
an excellent selection, and second,
that Judge Vinson, by his unselfish
devotion to the public interest, has
made a name for himself that few
men in official life can hope to equal
The President turned to Judge
Vinson as head of the loan agencies
after Congress had taken these func-
tions away from Henry A. Wallace,
his new Secretary of Commerce. In
the Senate fight over the Wallace
nomination, which was concerned
primarily with the fate of the loan
agencies that had been entrusted to
Jesse Jones, party lines were split
and the President met his first rebuff
at the hands of the new Congress.
In view of this, the reception that
his nomination of Judge Vinson has
received is the more remarkable
Senator Bailey, one of the Demo-
cratic leaders of the fight against
turning the loan agencies over to
Mr.. Wallace, says that Judge Vinson
is a very fine and able man." and
that he will vote for his confirma-
ton. Senator Pepper, who led the
fight in behalf of Mr.. Wallace, de-
Scribes the nomination of Judge
Vinson as IAN excellent appoint
ment." Mr.. Jones, who was unwill-
ing to yield his place as loan ad-
ministrator to Mr.. Wallace, regards
the selection of Judge Vinson as
an excellent appointment" And
among the leaders of the Republican
opposition to the former Vice Presi-
dent, Senator Vandenberg says that
he is pleased" with the selection of
Judge Vinson, while Senator Taft
calls it good nomination"
These comments are an impressive
tribute to Judge Vinson as a public
official, and they indicate that his
nomination may well be confirmed
without dissenting vote. ~ But--the
fact that this choice is SO obviously
a good one means that the President,
having named an excellent loan
administrator, will not find it easy
to fill Judge Wilson'S place as
stabilization director.
1t was in the role of sterilization
director that Judge Vinson rendered
what is perhaps his greatest service
to the country. Charged with the
duty of holding the line against
imitation, he showed marked firm
ness in resisting the wage demands
OF influential labor leaders, and re-
fused to be swayed by personal
attacks. II the President in pro-
noting him to the direction of the
loan agencies has chosen the right
man for that job, which is unques-
tionably- the case, he will be hard
put to find suitable replacement
for the former Kentucky Congress-
man in the ranks of those who are
trying to stabilize wages and prices
in the face of increasing
pressure.
Evening star., 1945-03-06
Praise for Negro Press

To the Editor of The Star:
During the past week the Negro press
has been celebrating its l18th birthday.
The first Negro newspaper was
launched by John Russwurm and Sam
uel E. Cornish in 1927 and named Free
dom's Journal
The Negro press was born in the
struggle against slavery as an arm of
the Abolitionist propaganda organs of
the North. There were "a such journals,
prior to the Civil War BY 1870 there
were 10 established Negro papers. BY
1880 there were 81. and by 1890 l54. In
1912 there were 2l0 weekly or biweekly
papers.
More than 1000 900 colored Americans
read these papers weekly. About one
third Of Negro urban families subscribe.
To most colored families the Negro
paper is an additional paper through
which they learn what colored people
are doing and what they think and feel,
service denied to them through the
current white dailies Particularly dur
ing this war it has been only through
the Negro press that colored families in
many sections of the country could
learn OF the splendid combat and other
war services rendered by their sons,
fathers. brothers or daughters.
The Negro press has been character
lied as the greatest single power in the
Negro race" In directing the channels
of thought and action through which
the Negro can expecteto become accul-
turated, the Negro press is more effec-
tive than the school or the church. It
Is more consistent and more thoroughly
IN agreement on policies than any other
section of Negro leadership. The press
serves to keep in line" spokesmen and
accommodation" leaders of the race.
This press has been termed by Editor
Young OF the conservative Norfolk
Journal and Guide, "a special pleader:
an advocate of human rights" 1t con-
stantly plays up the breach between the
ideologies of religion and democracy
and the practices by Americans with
regard to Negroes, and keeps Negroes
alert and aggressive toward the eventual
healing of this breach.
The Negro press essentially is pro
test institution. 1t Is growing on the
rising tide of color-line protest in
America and the world today. For Ne
groes who are almost completely frus-
trated, the expression of their hopes
through the Negro press serves as a
safety valve to prevent overt action.
Whereas the press of foreign-speaking
minorities tends to subside as these
minorities become aSsimilated in the
upper and middle classes of America,
the Negro press tends to grow strong
er. since the Negro as yet remains with
out the melting pot" in color-caste
status.
1t is in hope of eventual release from
this status that the Negro press is
battling and celebrating its 118th birth
week. E. B. HENDERSON,
Evening star., 1945-03-06
DefIution
rom the Brsntford Expositor

FROM the Brsntford Expositor.
There is always something to prevent
newspaper editors from becoming con-
ceited. The Cincinnati Times-Star re-
Gently received and printed this letter:
Il have a complaint to make. My father
has been making me copy the first edi-
torial every night, to help me with my
writing. Sometimes your editorials are
too long, SO could you please make the
first editorial the shortest one?"
Evening star., 1945-03-06
Security VOTING


dure in the United Nations Security
Council is disappointing in that it
reflects an unwillingness on the part
OF the great powers to subject them
selves to the restraints which they
intend to impose on lesser powers.
Any permanent member of the
council-the United States, Britain,
Russia, France or China-will be
able to prevent the proposed new
security organization from deter
mining that there is threat to or
breach of the peace Any of these
countries also will be able to prevent
the use of force or the application
OF sanctions against an aggressor.
The practical effect of this can
best be illustrated If we assume that
the Security Council had been in
existence decade or more ago, with
Germany, Japan and Italy as perma-
nent members. BY exercising the
veto power which the voting agree
ment reserves to permanent men,
bers, Japan could have prevented
the security organization from tax
ing any effective action when
Japanese troops invaded Manchuria.
Similarly, nothing could have been
done about Italy'S invasion of
Ethiopia, and the Germans could
have marched into Poland with i'm
punity so far as the council was
concerned. 1t is generally agreed
that those acts of aggression indi-
vidually and collectively produced
this Second World War. Yet the
organization which is expected to
prevent third world war, had it
been in existence at the time, would
have had little chance of preventing
the present war.
This voting arrangement un-
doubtedly is another Yalta com
promise" in which President Roose-
velt and Prime Minister Churchill
felt constrained to yield to Marshal
Stains point of view, for the ap-
proved voting procedure is essen
TALLY that which the Russians
advocated at Dumbarton Oaks. At
that time the United States and
Britain were said to favor provision
which would deny a council vote to
any nation accused of aggression.
When the Russians refused to accept
this, the matter was held in abey-
af1ce, and constituted most Of the
40 per cent" area in which the
President said no agreement had
been reached.
AS in the case of Poland, however,
this presumably is the best agree
ment that could be worked out at
>Yalta, and it is undoubtedly better
than no agreement. There are GER
tain things that the council, by
majority vote, can do to guard
against war. If aggressive tendencies
should develop among the smaller
nations these can be curbed, and it
should be possible to organize the
moral force of world opinion, for
what that may be worth, against
aggression by any of the permanent
members.
More than that, in all probability,
the council will not be able to do.
The fact is, however, that if any of
the major powers should resort to
aggression the other powers could
hardly hope to take restraining
action in any circumstances without
precipitating another global conflict.
That being the case, the defects in
the approved voting procedure may
be more apparent than real
Evening star., 1945-03-06
Big Three AS Chillers

To the Editor of The Star:
At the Yalta Conference Roosevelt.
Churchill and Stain issued the follow
ing statement: by this declaration we
reafflrm our faith in the principles of
the Atlantic Charter"
But at the same time while in session
at Yalta, the Big Three took from
Poland and gave to Russia practically
all of the territory Of Poland that Russia
demanded to swell the size of the already
enormous Russian empire.
1t would seem that this harsh act on
the part of the three great powers
toward a little nation would cause the
cold chills to run up and down the
spine of every other little country in the
world. WILLIAM H. HARGROvE.
California, Mo.
Evening star., 1945-03-06
Leuse-Lend
rom the Providence Journal.

xkOIi HIUFIuetlCe IUuTnHIs
There is the fiction, widely dissemi-
mated by the person who got it straight
from man who just came from Can
ada" that stores in the Dominion are
selling American butter bearing our
lease-lend label. The FEA bluntly dis
misses this libel with the declaration
that no lease-lend butter has ever been
shipped to Canada; in fact, all the
lease-lend butter that has ever left thi,
country has gone directly to Russia
solely for the use Of Soviet troops.
Evening star., 1945-03-06

Come out, come out, wherever
you are!" is the theme song, ad-
dressed to the japanese fleet, which
the japanese Army and the United
States Navy are chanting in unison
Evening star., 1945-03-06

their liking. Such freedom Of action
necessarily would be compromised II
they had accepted the role Of spon-
sor, even with reservations.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-04-19
BY FREDERICK c. OTHMAN

Washington, April 19-UP)-A guy who milks COW by machinery ain't no farmer, according to local 680 of the Teamsters' Union; he's mechanic who's got to pay dues.
 If he does the job by hand, that's different. He's only a farmer and Local 680, like the COW, isn't inter- ested.
 Dairy farmers now tangling with the teamsters figure that If the idea spreads all farmers eventually will be punching time clocks. GA tractors 8 machine too, isn't it? Sos plow). The Senate Agricul- ture Committee wants to know when does a farm become fac- tory, anyhow, while the War Labor Board, which has its own idea about this, is about to be called on the senatorial carpet to explain.
 Boy-Oh-Boy. Bet you never knew a glass of milk could cause so much trouble. Neither did the Senate, until Henry w. Jeffers and his son junior came down to get an official ruling on what kind of place they are running, anyhow.
 Jeffers, ST., said he'd been pro- ducing certified milk since 1898 on 2,40O acres at Plainfield, N. J. He said he mixed 1,5OO COWS day on merry-go-rounds that milked 50 cows every 10 minutes. He said it looked like a farm and worked like farm. He said he thought it was a farm until Local 68O of the
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-04-19
Machine-Milked Cows Causing Controversy

Teamsters dropped in from New ark, N. J., to announce that it was not either farm, but a factory.
 'These people said that so long as we milked COWS by machinery, the men who operated it were ma- chinists and the place had to be unionized," Jeffers testified.
 He refused to sign up, the team SterS declared boycott against de- livering his milk to New York, Phil adelphia and way points, and at the end of two weeks there was so much milk split and Soured at Plainfield that Jeffers put his name on the dotted line. He wasn't happy about it..
 He tried to get the War Food Administration to make a ruling The VITA said, un-uh. Then came the War Labor Board to announce that it would hold hearings on the unions claims on May l.
 And that's where the senate comes into this," said Senator George Aiken of Vermont. "The War Labor Board was set up by congress to handle industrial labor disputes. By taking jurisdiction here, it is classifying this dairy farm as a factory. It is changing the definition of what is farm"
 Yes sir, said Jeffers, and what made it odder still was the fact that another branch of the govern ment claimed his factory was a farm.
 Tt is kind of confusing" Jeffers testified. While the VILE is call- ing my place an industrial plant, the Selective Service Administration is calling it a farm, and exempt ing my workers from the armed services"
 That still isn't all, Charles w. Holman testified. He's secretary of National Cooperative Milk Produc- CTS Federation and he says that in America today there are 394,000 farms with milking machines on them.
 All factories which should be hiring union labor on eight hour shifts," he unused. Those farms which don't have milking machines, have cream separators. These are machinery, which should be operat- ed by machiniStS. Then there are tractors.
 These also are machines which usually are housed in the shed which used to house the horse around which this union was or- gani1ed originally"
 More later, on this one. Boy bring up a glass of milk with 8 union label.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-04-19
Shortage of

Doctors of military age now are being mobilized for the Army. A decree has just been passed for the conscription of medical men not mobilizable. As far as possi- ble, surgeons and specialists will be retained n eh it rhercsu2atv. be retained in their own towns but general practitioners will be sent to those devastated regions where medical care is lacking.
 The systematic examination of returning prisoners and deportees is the main reason for these con- Scription measures. The present plan of the Government, so far as these citizens are concerned, calls for 8 general examination within the first month of their return and a second examination three months later