Evening star., 1945-06-25

AotCA, WIN PAoy SN
leading role ir
81 N the drafting ol
s''s''' both the ole
Marshal smsts. covenant anc
the new charter, told the Associated
Press the new document is better
than the old in recognizing thest
points:
Il. That force is necessary te
maintain peace.
=. That only the combined force
Of the great powers can guarantee
the world against total war, ano
that, therefore. great power unity i:
a necessary condition for worl6
peace
''3 That the other nations, &C.
cording to their measure, should
bind themselves to supply forces
against aggression.
-. And that smaller defensive
groups should be encouraged, under
the world organization, to help in
maintaining the peace in their areas
so long as the organization itself
does not take defensive action"
Link Between Old and New.
Because he stands as the principal
living link between the men who
created the League of Nations and
those who drafted new world order
here, Marshal Smuts was asked by
the Associated Press to write an
analysis of the two and of the San
Francisco Conference itself.
The League covenant was written,
he said, at the worlds high tide in
idealism." 1t was based on the idea
he said. that nations sitting at a
round table could settle disputes
pacifically "and organized force
might not be necessary to prevent
aggression
"A universal veto "a requirement
that all nations vote unanimously
and the absence of force were thus
Marshal Smuts continued. An all
in universal League was arrived at
and smaller leagues or groups for
peace were looked upon with dis
favor, as an encroachment on the
universal reign of the League.
e5-Year Lesson.
To-day we can appreciate why It
failed. For we have learned much
during the last 25 years, years in
which the hopes and visions of the
last peace have suffered a sad
eclipse We have seen military
force rise to unheard of heights.
The rise of Hitlers Germany has
been a revelation of evil in human
nature and of war power such as
had never been seen before, and
his example has been followed by
Japan and others"
The new charter, he declared, is
based on our terrible experience
since the last war, and it corrects
the covenant precisely in those
points where it had admittedly
failed"
Marshal Smuts warmly defended
the veto authority given to the Big
Five under the charter and asserted
that some of the points which
caused the greatest debate at the
San Francisco Conference really
were mot those of greatest impor-
tance."
Personally have not attached so
much importance to this veto cues
tion," he added, "and I do rot ex-
pect dire consequences from its ex-
ercise.
Fair Use Of Veto Expected.
THE necessity of great power unity
rs a protection against chaos is sd-
mitted, and I see no reason to anti
cipate that the veto will be used
or arbitrarily by reasona BILE
and responsible bodies like the great
powers. 1t is precaution, and a
necessary precaution, for keeping
the great powers together. and it
would be senseless on their part to
abuse it and thereby break up the
itself.
THE heat and the length of the
veto debate has been out of all pro-
portion to it's intrinsic Importance
If the veto Is an evil, it is q nee
essary evil in the interests OF world
peace, which would benefit none
more than the small powers now
ob1ecting to its application"
Marshal Smuts answered with a
sharp negative his own question of
whether "in laying so much en-
phasis on power and force, have we
renounced the idealism and human
vision of Is years ago?"
Great Milestone of Progress.
He said that the charter, even
more than the covenant, provided
for human welfare and progress and
mentioned specifically the economic
and social council and the chapter
on trusteeship
The new ocument. Marshal
SHUTS added. wisely mixes realism
with idealism" and is surely a
great milestone along the path of
human progress"
The San Francisco Conference
was anything but a joyride" for the
30 national delegations, he said. He
paid particular tribute to Secretary
OF State Stettinius as being respons-
ihle for much of the success of the
conference" and declared the United
States delegation was the largest
and best equipped, very different
from that which accompanied Wood
row Wilson to Paris"
He concluded with these words:
The great human family was
there and one hopes that from their
joint and earnest labors something
has been born for the future which
will helk to lift the heavy burden
from mems minds and hearts"
| Jap With Cap Pistol
Shot as He Charges