davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1945-07-07
Dr.J.E. JeIfze Thrills
Large Audience

At the Columbus Ave. A. M. E.
Zion Church, DR.. A. A. Perry, ID.
pastor on Thursday evening,
June %, a song recital was given
by Or. John E. Jeltze, inter-
nationally known baritone gospel
concert artist. A large audience
attended and demanded many
encores. DR.. Jeltz has a very rich
baritone voice, good diction, ex-
cellent command of tone pro-
duction, wide range of voice,
a natural feeling for rhythm and
is also one of the best and most
widely known ministers of the
gospel. Howard Hubbard plan
list, and Cora Arnold, organist,
played well. The recital was un-
der the auspices Of Bethel Bap-
fist Church Of which DR.. Jeltz is
pastor. william Andrew Rhodes,
composer and music education
advisor, was chairman of the
committee.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1945-07-07

Commencement week exercises.
She was invited to sing at the
Commencement program, held in
the auditorium Of the Dunbar
High School on the evening of
June 20. Her selection was He
Shall Feed His Flock, from Han
ders Messiah"
At the Glass Night exercises
held on June is, she sang the
title role OF Carmen in LA Car
mencita," an operatic musical
presentation, based on Bizet's
Carmen, and for the same oc-
casion she directed the dancing
of the Glass Waltz, an artistic
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1945-07-07
United Holy Church
In Annual Meet

The United Holy Church Of
America is holding a seven-day
conference at the Fourth Metho-
dist Church, Shawmut ave, and
Williams st with Bethel Taber-
nacle Of Boston, Rev. James M.
Sneed acting as host.
It is the goth annual con-
vocation of the United Holy
Church. Sessions will continue
from July through July II with
a program of exercises scheduled
for nearly every hour Of each
day and evening.
The opening sermon delivered
at the evening service on July S
was by Bishop E. B. Lyon Of
Philadelphia. Notable speakers to
address the gathering are Bishop
G. J. Branch who will deliver the
annual message at noon on Sun
Continued on Page Four
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1945-07-07
Fl. DeVens WAC's
Guests Of TOyPOst

The annual dance of Pat. Toy
Post No. 95S, VIEW. held Tues
day, June 26, in Butler Hall, 1895
fremont st, was featured by the
presence of fifteen lovely WAC's
from Fort Devens. They were
special guests of the Post and
came through the cooperation of
Lieut.. Governor Bradford, The
young ladies, a segment of the SO
colored WASs stationed in Lowell
Hospital, drove down in their COM
modious up to date service auto,
more like a luxurious train COM
partment, and greatly enjoyed
their trip. On all sides were heard
complimentary remarks about the
exemplary manners displayed by
the visitors.
Tasker Crosson's orchestra fur
nlshed the music for dancing.
Present also were number Of
soldiers from the Ruggles St.
USO. The proceeds of the dance
went to swell the funds the Post
uses to buy gifts for patients in
several nearby hospitals. The COM
imander, Robert Taylor, and COM
mittee chairman, William Robin
lson, were assisted in the arrange
ments by the Post Auxiliary with
Mrs. 0berline Lamb especially
looking after many details.
/ The Pat. Toy Post expresses its
thanks to Lieut.. Governor Brad
ford for his interest and coopera-
ton in the annual event.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1945-07-07

Miss Harriet F. Perry, daugh-
ter of Mrs. Lillian w. Perry OF
3 Braddock pix Boston, who for
the past year has been a resident
of Washington, D. c., was grad
uated from the Dunbar High
School of the same city in June,
1945.
During the school year, Miss
Perry's interests at the high
school have been many and
varied. She has regularly played
the cello in the high school or
chestra and sung on many of
the school programs.
Outstanding among her actiH-
ties was her participation in the
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1945-07-07
LOPES EXONERATED IN McCRATH MURDER CASE
Injured In Train Wreck

dish. Soldiers, WAC's and army
nurses helped with the rescue
work.
Mrs. Springer was one of the
four women more seriously in
jured and was for several days
under care at the Myles Standish
camp hospital. She was cheered
by visit of Mrs. Blanche Harris,
her business associate, and Mrs.
Portia Craddock also Of Boston,
who fastened to the hospital as
soon as they learned of the
wreck and Mrs. Springs injuries.
The accident occurred last Sun
day about z pm. Mrs. Springs was
on her way to visit her sister in
New Bedford, where she now is.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1945-07-07
BY ABE ATTUCKS

DALLAS, Tex.---Two European
war veterans, Leutenants Russell
Stokes Of Medford, Mass, and
James Bowen of Chicago, H.,
were enroute to the Ashburn Cen
eral Hospital at Mckinney when
it happened. Texans ordered the
soldiers to eat jim crow. They
refused. Trouble.
where Do We Belong?"
Riding the Texas electric R. R.
to the army hospital, the two un-
formed army officers, Lieut..
Bowen a battle ribboned veteran
army engineer of the German
front offensive, and Lieut.. Stokes
a battle decorated Italian cam
paign veteran of the famous 92nd
Division Buffaloes whose brother
was killed fighting for democracy,
reported both were seated quietly
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1945-07-07

Mrs. Ethelyn Springs, attrac-
tive hairdresser, co-proprietor of
the Beauty Box, 781-A fremont
st, suffered broken arm and
finger, bruises and decorations
when a Boston-New Bedford train
of the New Haven railroad was
derailed by an open switch near
Taunton, killing the locomotive
engineer and fireman and injur-
ing Sd passengers.
The locomotive and seven of
the eight coaches were thrown on
their sides and the victims, many
of them hysterical women were
lifted from the overturned cars
and rushed by ambulances to the
base hospital at Camp Miles Stan
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1945-07-07
Graduates From
Radcliffe At ~

One Of the youngest students
to graduate from Radcliffe Col
lege is 19-year-old Miss MurieI
Vincent who received her ABB de-
gree at commencement last week.
She majored in English.
Miss Vincent is the daughter Of
Mr.. and Mrs. Cornelius Vincent Of
Atherton Pl., Roxbury.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1945-07-07
Mrs. Roosevelt
On NAACP Board

NEW YORK - Mrs. Eleanor
Roosevelt is to serve on the Nat
ional Board of Directors of the
National Association for the Ad-
vancement of COlored People, it
was announced this week, and will
meet with the other members in
its session set for September. Mrs.
Roosevelt has made it clear over a
period of years her advocacy of
equal rights and privileges for
colored people.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1945-07-07
BOSTON BAKED
BY MABE KOUNTZE

mEEHEM aMRM IN HI MEMKEME m
81 don't know the method of
drawing up An Indictment
against a whole people"
Edmund Burke.
GOV. T0BIN has not delivered
the bacon on FEPC which is some
thing GOV. DEWEY performed
in New York under rival adj
ministration. This has now become
a test of Tobin's influence in
Massachusetts.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1945-07-07

THE SOUTH doesn't need to
secede from the Union anymore.
Dixie is now running the show. If
any seeding is done it'll have to
be by the north. And nobody will
CONTINUED on Page ~
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1945-07-07
BATTLE-DECORATED OFFICERS
INUNDATED N TEXAS CAR
Chicago And MedfOrd Veterans
Refuse To Move Back" Inch

near the border-line of Jim crow
car. 1t was June 20, the car was
not full, and there were at least
five empty seats up front for the
'whitefolks." But curt command
by the conductor upset the serene
scene: "Git back where you be-
longw
CONTINUED on Page Four
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1945-07-07

BOSTON representatives in
both houses stood by Tobin for
FEPC to the tune of 80 out of 81
in the Lower House and ALL of
the seven Hub men in the Senate,
of both parties. But IN the House,
Tobin couldn't carry outside of
Boston, including Springfield,
Worcester, Brockton and other
small towns. In New York, Dewey
united all parties, districts.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1945-07-07

THE FEPC has now been
thrown overheard by BOTH ma
jor political parties. The COP
was bad but Democratic"
Senator Bilbo of Mississippi was
ten times worse. What we need is
a good American Third Party. Or
perhaps, just lot more good Am
orleans.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1945-07-07

r. Simpson, retired professor Of
German Of Howard University,
and first colored woman in this
country to earn a Doctorate of
Philosophy.
Detroit evening times., 1945-04-08

EiliIlStOIi leiu, leAdSb tiie
reduced pressure of the
38,000.foot level is now
known to reveal potential
tooth troubles that cant
be detected even with the
aid of X-rays.
X-ray diagnosis can spot
many hidden infections
but often cannot detect
troubles in the inner pulp
cavity of a tooth before
ii begins TO ache. The
pulp area of a tooth is
usually too transparent to
mean much on an X-ray
photograph, say the ex-
pertS in a recent report
TO the American Dental
Association.
Military aviation led to
the new findings. Air
Force pilots with suppos-
edly perfect teeth kept
coming back from flights
and reporting severe tooth
aches.
One airman said he had
Detroit evening times., 1945-04-08

Finally in the inner every TOOTH pulp cavity
containing the the blood Infection
in the pulp cavity major of toohache
checked leads TO tooth extraction
The new way of spong omorows toothahes today best
applies this
tiny air bubbles which lurking
tooth When the bubbles toohache
In the future when stick head
chamber 10 have teeth examined dentists
have whole of diagnosc charted
particular trouble Already they know symptoms
dental aches and pains Here the list which Orban
Rchey have devised
Unprovoked pain especially night sign unSuspcctcd
infection in the pulp cavity If untreaed will
absccss and end up in tooth extraction.
- SCnsitivity heat but cold-Or relief
cod-mcans dead nerve and dead pulp cavity
g. Prolonged from cold applications indicates
ton in the pulp.
Toothache when eating hole filling
s. Pain under pressure irritation around the
g. Pain in tooth ascent when rcduced
Detroit evening times., 1945-04-08

Decomposition Chamber
Tests on AviatOrs Con-
firmed the Low Pressure
Theory; Now Post War
Dentists Expect to Adopt
the Technique.
Detroit evening times., 1945-04-08
InternHtimal


relief
trouble
Another pilot said his
ntolerabe 10000 confirmed his
toothaChe and
How reduced make the
AL teeth have three
Detroit evening times., 1945-04-08

the pulp is alive but has infection.
z. Pain on descent from simulated
high altitude flight means the pulp
is alive but the nerve is dead
8. The quicker the pain comes in
ascent, or the quicker it is relieved in
descent, the worse the infection.
Detroit evening times., 1945-04-08
Climb AW0u
2fSbot |00th0C|lie
By ROBERT ID. POTTER
Science Editor

BECAUSE aviators with
when
defective will spotted
Detroit evening times., 1945-08-24
2.6OO Troops
ArriVein L.. -.

NEW YORK, Aug. 23-tUP)-
More than $500 troops arrive to-
dav aboard three transports.
The Costa Rica Victory docks
with 1923 soldiers, including part
Of the 18th Airborne Division;
the third Battalion Of the 5l5th
Parachute Infantry, and the 7l3th
Airborne Ordnance Maintenance
Co.
The Peter Minuit arrives with
735 rotation and discharge troops.
The Sea Serpent docks with
seven ColonelS and eight other
soldiers aboard.
Detroit evening times., 1945-08-24
How n ankS
Come Home

NEW YORK. Aug. % tlNS)-
The following Michigan service
men are scheduled 10 return 10
New York from Europe today
aboard the Peter Minute
sgt. Eusens s, Guide, a27 Marlborough
Sr csrmslo N LAmAneusa Grand RAPIDS
First SIT Kenneth p rfyuF Aihian
~, Joseph MousCn. sn2o Har-ins.
81 ga,rra P. T1a-u. 7faa wsrsia-
ryt CHARLES y Dufrs b. 1855 r'smc'.
cast Marvin T. Gc-nuir Gund Rapit,
F.ut - Arthur d bsrkc'. l'elo "a'a
F'si II Hi'ssrd MsucH. oo7a Crane.
s5-tas r. cerrs a Busch Grand RAPIDS
7 ~gt, tau O Burgess -"+t Stm.'.A'
ss, Jrrame , MHano. 1879 is7piH.
SsL wulnm c. NaA'ce. lzoo4 rra'rie.
So Raraaa rsira. s2as TFers.iase.
~, n.re rcnfora Kingston
So Charles 81, Sincisir. lel3o war
sfi 4, tlanara J. rropel, 17sst At ~
sit. Leanara ". wadoS. asa Garyin.
80 s,su'ey KosinsH Garden CITY
p Srt. Lawrence c, Van Amncrg, Traverse
s sgt Raymond Pcrtst. 42l4 Auendaie.
u1ro.t
so Can l. Wotlstz. 1909 Trumo4il,
So Henry c. MIIcf. 1907 Pstoskoy.
Detroit
So WAITER H. TuBlo, Eg69 Central
Detroit
The Fayetteville Victory is eX-
rected 10 dock tomorrow with
more Michigan men aboard. They
Detroit evening times., 1945-08-24
% of States Wounded
Reach Percy Jones

PRzEsLIcA. PFC, HENRY W. Sls3 Nc
PYTfL. CPL. ROMAN A.. so75 TrovbndEs.
RUsiEcKI. PFC. JOHN NJ. siis william
son Dearborn
sIMKO PFC. JOHN JR., s4oe ThAddeuE.
VICTOR. 1T THOMAS NJ, s09S Curt.
Wn SON PVT EUGENE. 1868 Walnut,
Wyapd0ttp
Detroit evening times., 1945-08-24
New Warship Completed

PHIL ADELP HIA. Aug. %
INSl-The Havy,s newest l3,000-
ton heavy cruiser, the USS Macon,
will be commissioned Sunday in
the Philadelphia navy yard.
Detroit evening times., 1945-08-24
DETROIT AREA

BURKETr. PFC. JAMES r., 1871 Pen
ninEtUn
CHRONerFR FLIGHT OFFICER TRUMAN
r 2ll5 emerson. Wayne.
pERn1NGroN, Prs, FRANCIS T. 1871
IMRIE PFC. DONALD y, ssl2 Columbus.
MARTIN. S SGT RAYMOND G. Pontiac.
IABDDA PFC MITCHELL A., 7i09 Miller,
phMER. 1t. Join a. JR, sol LothrOp.
Detroit evening times., 1945-08-24

s set Albert ~ Antoine Detroit.
SCI Fcrndrr haIk0virh Detroit
-frrurTTf X. Fafiln. perniL
q I Bernard Gallup Detroit
= Osborn %. Johnson Lansing
z 4 Wesley r. KreE Detroit
T. Thomas A Garrett Gcncsrc County
2 Martin F Gibbons. Detroit.
Frank Peters. Detroit
= Thomas J Iogby Detroit
Pc william c. Christie Detroit.
Pfc Robert Recs Detroit.
Pvt. Eric Y Keil Detroit
Pvt. Franklin l.. Knils. Ann Aroof.
Detroit evening times., 1945-08-24

The world at your door! Phone
Cherry $500 10 order The De-
troit Times delivered daily to
YOUR home.
Detroit evening times., 1945-08-24

BATTLE CREEK. Aug. %
Admission Of p Michigan men
was announced today at the Percy
Jones Hospital. Detroit area men:
Detroit evening times., 1945-08-24

One Michigan man. a former
resident Of Dearborn, is named
among the 10l casualties an
nounced by the war department
today.
No list OF casualties was re-
ceived from the navy department.
The next Of kin have been noti-
fred and have been kept informed
of any change IN status.
Detroit evening times., 1945-08-24
ARMY DEAD
PACIFIC ARIA

crAEsp SAMMY NJ. sgt Son of Mrs
Rose shaksg, Z1lS Holly. Dearborn,
~~~ Thursday. Aug. %. I945 ~~-
Detroit evening times., 1945-08-24
HEAVY MAcKINAWS

Burly heavyweight h t
that's a sure guard
against cold. Styled with
slash and flap pockets.
Bold plaid lined with
cotton flannclette.
Detroit evening times., 1945-10-21

PEACETIME MANUFACTURERS Of
eye glasses and other facial gear will
have charts to consult when stand
ardizine their products TO fit any
one OF the nine faces predominant
Detroit evening times., 1945-10-21

among male Americans. Capt. Frank
Pierce Qeftl. a No. 3 type. here tries
on a mask while Capt. Paul Gilmont
and pretty assistant record data
on one Of the Army test forms.
Browning chief. [volume] (Browning, Mont.) 1941-1953, 1945-10-12

al bodies in turn sometimes combin-
ing with national associations. But,
in any case, the local group retains
voice in the broadened organiza-
ton through the selection of dele
gates.
While membership fees, stock
sales and reserves provide working
capital, co-operatives borrow on a
large scale to finance operations, a
study of the Farm Credit admins
tration in 1899 revealing that ap-
proximately one-haf of the co-ops
then existent resorted to loans.
. While figures show 1890, 900 men,
bers of 10000 farm marketing and
purchasing co-ops, the actual num-
Der of individuals participating in
the movement may be considerably
less since person may belong to
more than one organization.
With 1922 units and $780, 1000
members, the farm marketing CO.
operatives do by far the largest bus
mess, with 1894 activities total
ling almost $4,000, 900, 900. Handling
of dairy products accounted for
$702, 900; livestock, $3.50, 1000, 900 ;
grain, dry beans and rice, $452, 000,-
900; cotton and its products, $685.
100000; fruits and vegetables, $780,
100000; poultry and eggs, $13O, 00O,-
900; tobacco, $12O, 900, 900; wool and
mohair, $107, 100000; nuts, $49,-
100000, and miscellaneous, $115,-
100000.
For the 2,77S purchasing co-ops
with 1850, 900 members, total bust
ness for the 1894 season was
placed at $3.50, 1000. Seventeen
major regional procurement organ
izations alone secured $l51, GAG, 900
of feed; $50, 7O2 1000 of gas, oil and
grease; SIG, 871 1000 of fertilizer, and
SIT, 1893, 900 of seed.
Never as successful in the U. S. as
in Britain, American urban or con-
sumner co-ops are insignificant
alongside of the farm organizations.
1t has been figured that there are no
more than 400 units at the most with
10000 members doing about S., 900,
Browning chief. [volume] (Browning, Mont.) 1941-1953, 1945-10-12

general recognition for establishing
the three general principles under
which co-operatives widely function
today. These principles include:
l. One vote to each member re-
CARELESS of stock holdings.
2. Distribution of net savings to
patrons in proportion to their pur-
chases.
8. Limited fixed interest on cap
ital shares instead of variable and
unlimited dividends.
Organization of farm co-ops is rel
atively simple, with the pattern
moulded to give each member an
equal controlling interest in the
operations. Upon subscribing for
capital stock or paying member
ship fee, the local group then adopts
bylaws and elects board of direc-
tors. A manager is hired, policies
outlined and facilities secured. Al
though in charge, the manager re-
mains under supervision of the di-
recting board.
In addition to observing the Roch-
dale principles in voting, savings
distribution and stock payments, To-
cal groups often confine ownership
to farmers raising products handled
by the coop; restrict securities
transfers, and limit the amount of
shares member may hold.
While co-operatives are generally
organized on the local level, they
usually affiliate with regional
groups to obtain maximum eff
cheney of operation, with the region
Browning chief. [volume] (Browning, Mont.) 1941-1953, 1945-10-12
Tax Question Spot|ghts Spectacular Growth Of
Co0perative Movement in u. ). in Recent Years

900 business annually. Though con-
sumner labor co-ops have failed in
the past, the CLOS entrance into the
field on limited basis bears watch
ing anew, with the union tactics ap-
parently aimed at making up future
tighter wage rates by reducing
staple living costs.
In singing the praises of farm CO.
ops, advocates describe the move
ment as a means of putting the
country's gigantic rural plant on a
more efficient basis, with resultant
profits to the producer.
This increased efficiency can be
attributed to both the size of cooper
atives and the nature of their own
ership. By banding together, farm
ers are able to purchase goods at
lower prices, and group distribution
results in smaller overhead and de-
creased handling charges. By own
ing the business, of course, coop
orators avert dealers margins.
Though tax-exempt co-operatives
have been the target of competitive
businesses complaining of their tax
preferment, R. Wayne Newton,
manager of the National Association
of Co-operatives, declares that the
increased return of farmers results
in payments of higher individual
income taxes. At the same time,
Newton says, the larger profits en-
able operators to spend more on
merchandise in the local communi-
ties.
Charges that co-ops are making
huge profits on their operations only
serves to emphasize the size of mar
gins formerly enjoyed by private
dealers, Newton AYERS. By banding
together for cooperative operations,
farmers have tended to offset their
previous disadvantage of being COM
Browning chief. [volume] (Browning, Mont.) 1941-1953, 1945-10-12
Study Co.Ops

Cooperative principle and the
technique of cooperative action by
rural and urban dwellers were given
extensive study in religious training
schools sponsored by Catholic and
Protestant groups throughout the
United States this summer.
Between June and September 81
rural life schools and institutes for
Catholic priests and teaching sisters
were scheduled by the National
Catholic Rural Life conference. Not
less than 10000 priests and nuns
were to be contacted.
Browning chief. [volume] (Browning, Mont.) 1941-1953, 1945-10-12

PEELED to sell their products on
flexible open market and buy on
more or less rigid retail price level,
he further states.
In spearheading the opposition to
tax-exempt co-operatives, the Ma
tional Tax Equality association
points to the fact that coop reserves
retained after patronage refunds re-
main untaxed, thus enabling them
to do business at lower cost while
also permitting continuing expan-
sion. AS result, the NTEA asserts,
co-operatives are growing at a rate
of 10 times that possible for tax
paying enterprises.
Not only that but many tax-pay-
ing corporations have shifted to
tax-exempt status either through &C.
QUESTION by co-operatives or by the
voluntary action of stockholders,
NTEA declares.
AS examples, NTEA president,
Ben McCabe, cites the northern Cali
fornia holdings of the Red River
Lumber company, bought by the
Fruit Growers Supply company, a
subsidiary of the California Fruit
Growers exchange, with a loss to
the U. S. treasury of nearly $1,000,-
900 year in tax revenues; the
Ohio Cultivator company of Belle
vue, Ohio, purchased by the Ma
tional Farm Machinery Cooper
alive Inc, with loss of about $780,
900 annually to Uncle Sans Golfers,
and the Globe Refining company of
Mcpherson, Kans., taken over by
the National Cooperative Refinery
association.
Against the background of al
ready established co-operatives and
the shift of some tax-paying enter
prises to non-paying coop basis,
McCabe also cites the possibility of
the growth of labor-sponsored con-
sumner organizations, which would
remain tax-free on two counts: one,
because ownership would be vested
in tax-exempt unions, and two, be-
cause they would distribute earn
ings before computing their levies.
Browning chief. [volume] (Browning, Mont.) 1941-1953, 1945-10-12

Business Week magazine says it is
rumored that Kaiser is going to turn
out prefabricated moving picture
= theaters at $4,000 complete. Holly
wooden frames?
According to YANK, the army
magazine, Jap chow is worse than
that served in American outfits
where the cooks are recruited from
the motor pool.
Browning chief. [volume] (Browning, Mont.) 1941-1953, 1945-10-12
Private Business Complains of Disadvantages;
CoOps' Volume Tops Five Billion Dollars
By AL JEDLICKA

When bill this of the
major propositions discussion will be
eavs Under of established taxayng enterprises
the solons be expected comb the situation thoroughly
the rapid growth of cooperaves the century only
the question equality but also of maintenance of
But though the question of taxation itself appears head
the cooperative question other
y rooted underlying principally the
Browning chief. [volume] (Browning, Mont.) 1941-1953, 1945-10-12
TOURIST CAMP FOR SALE

Are you planning on a tourist camp? Now
is the time to acquire one; Il you want a
here is your opportunity: A western type
camp. located in guich. with plenty OF
western atmosphere. There are twenty
highway. Sixteen cabins. It's a prize To-
cation. This camp can easily be expand
ed to 100 cabins and should be, because
the possibilities for this camp are album
dant. Don't answer this ad unless you
mean business. Box 1792, Rapid City, 8. D.