Evening star., 1945-06-24
Parley Builds Sway Plan for Peace
United Nations Charter Provides Preventative Surgical
Ru Gould Linc0Ln

, bones on which the final structure has
been hung The conference has added
much. 1t has humanized it. 1t has de-
veloped and added to the principles and
objectives of the organization. It has
written, also, into the charter an en-
tirely new chapter on trusteeships, the
system of handling territories of de-
pendent peoples. 1t has provided for
the establishment of an entirely new
international court of justice, with a
statute of its own, abandoning the old
World Court Of the League of Nations.
A most important change from the
Dumbarton Oaks proposals is shift of
emphasis from the use of force to the
use of pacific means to maintain world
peace. AS the charter has developed
during the weeks of consideration in San
Francisco the powers and functions of
the general assembly have been in
creased; the economic and social coun-
Gil has been materially broadened in It's
scope. During these intimate contacts
around the conference table, the ma
tions have worked together. They
have been doing constructive things If
they can so continue so much the bet
ter for the world and peace. Peace is
not a static condition. Creative work
must go forward. In this lies the hope
of the new world organization. The
present good feeling among the dele
gates of so nations gathered here is
symbol, happy augury for the fu-
ture.
In this shift from an emphasis on
the use of force to maintain peace, the
United States has played 4 leading
part. 1t is however not alone RESPONSE
BILE for this change. Many of the me-
dium and smaller nations have helped
to carry the ball, and so have the other
great powers.
Two basic defects in the new organi-
zation are found in the lack of balance
Of power between the big nations and
the smaller nations in the security
council and in the general assembly.
In the security council the power of the
big nations, the permanent members of
the council with their individual veto,
places these big nations in completely
dominating position. In the general
assembly, where each nation, no matter
how small, has an equal vote with the
biggest and strongest the balance Is all
in favor of the smaller nations Neither
body is truly representative in a demo-
cratic sense for these reasons. 1t is q
condition which may be gradually i'm
proved as the organization progresses
over the years.
Can Help Keep Peace.
Despite these defects, the organization
can move ahead to improve world con-
ditions and help keep the peace. 1t is
like boat loaded heavily in the bow
and in the stern. The boat can proceed,
but its progress, because 1t is lower in
the water and not so efficient, may be
slower.
Much has been written about the con-
f1icts which arose in the conference be-
tween the United States and Russia.
Three were of paramount importance
and in each the United States won a
real measure of victory. The first was
over regional arrangements, involving
the inter-American group. Russia, at
the outset of the conference, gained as
sent to have exempted from the author
ity of the security council her BIZ
lateral treaties with other nations to
defend herself from any future aggres-
sive action by the Axis nations. This
left Russia where, as a permanent men,
ber of the security council, she could
veto any action of the inter- American
group in case of treaties or actual at
tacks in the Western Hemisphere, while
Russia was free from the operation of
necessary to take under certain condi-
tons in Europe or Asia.
1t was essential that the United
States and the Americas recapture like
powers of action. In the end, while
Russia strongly resisted the wider free
dom of action proposed by the United
States for regional groups, formula
was agreed to which is entirely salts
factory to the Americas.
Aimed at Franco.
The second point of conflict between
this country and Russia arose from the
latters insistance that the big power
veto in the security council apply to
discussion of any international dis
pute that might be brought to the at
tentlon of the council. The deadlock
was broken finally by withdrawal of
Russia from her stand. The third point,
and the most recent was Russias de-
mand that the right of discussion in
the general assembly be limited. This
was settled by compromise, in which
Australia played an important part.
One action the conference took may
turn out to be the first test of the power
of world opinion, exerted by the new
United Nations. In one of its COM
mission meetings declaration was ap-
proved and made part of the record that
no government which had been estab-
lished with the aid of Axis armed forces
should be permitted to become men,
ber of the United Nations. The blow
was directed straight at the Franco
government in Spain and the puppet
government of Manchukuo. BY this
declaration the United Nations served
notice on Spain it must rid itself of
Gen. Franco or remain forever outside
this family of nations.
An entirely new chapter on the trus-
teeship system to deal with the old
inundated areas, territory wrested from
the Axis powers in this war and other
areas which may come within the sys-