davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1945-10-12
This Changing World
By Constantine Brovn

President Truman does not want the
top-f11ght generals and admirals who
have contributed so much to the vic
tories of the American fighting forces
to retire without . at least token"
demonstration of gratitude from their
Government
Gen. Marshall, Chief of Staff; Gen.
Arnold, commander of the air forces,
and Admiral King, commander in chief
OF the naval forces, have already asked
TO be relieved of their duties. The
Presidents Chief of Staff, Admiral
Leahy, is expected to follow suit in the
near future.
Last December these officers were
given the rank of general of the Army
or admiral of the fleet. But the pro-
motion was wartime measure and is
only temporary.
A bill granting permanent rank to the
five-star generals and admirals has been
passed by the Senate and is now before
the House Military Affairs Committee
for consideration. For reasons which are
best known to himself, the committees
chairman, Andrew j. May, does not
appear to be in hurry to report out
the bill to the House. 1t was briefly dis
cussed once when it came from the
Senate, but was set aside to make
room for more important matters"
The officers concerned are ready to
retire according to the provisions of the
law But President Truman feels that
they should not be permitted to do so
without more than an official thank
you" from their grateful Government.
Should the bill, which probably would
require only few minutes discussion,
be further delayed by the committee,
Gen. Marshall and Gen. Arnold will re-
tire as major generals while Admiral
Leahy and Admiral King will retire
with the rank of rear admiral. The
same will apply to Gen. Macarthur,
Gen. Eisenhower and Admiral Nimitz
when their time on active duty ends
The confirmation of these seven off,
GERS to the permanent higher rank would
not involve any additional expenditure
to the American taxpayer. The newly
created temporary rank substantially
increased the income of these officers
Evening star., 1945-10-12
On the Record
By Dorothy THOMPSON

ties, for life or death, then Shake
speare's words will come true The
great globe itself, yea, all which it in
herits, shall dissolve, and, like this in
substantial pageant faded, leave not
rack behind"
At present, the world is divided into
two great powers: The United States
and the Soviet Union. 1t will not mat
ter for Great Britain who wins any fu-
ture war. No country except the United
States could dare a war with the So
Vlets; no country except the Soviets
could dare war with the United States
The crux Of the future peace thus lies
in relations between the United States
and the Soviet Union. Little is being
done to improve these relations from
either side. To assess blame gets us
nowhere; the blame lies in the lack of
imagination Of both. The Russians will
have no security zone" if five or 10
years from now we should attack them
without warning. We would have no
security zones if the reverse should
occur.
Fear lies at the root of all unwisdom.
But thsre is a way out. 1t is easier for
the mind of man to find than the secret
of what causes the sun to shine. 1t
does not lie in trust" "co-operationo
or consultation it lies in control-not
diplomatic control, but technical control.
X
The United States should Immediately
ofter the Soviet Union federative mill
tary alllance-and offer it at the same
time to all nations on earth. 1t should
offer to defend Soviet territory against
all attacks, asking the same in return.
1t should offer the Soviet Union access
to all our scientific knowledge; in return
for one restriction: An international
commission reporting to the Security
Council, and largely composed of scien-
lists and technicians from all nations,
and especially the small ones, must have
access to every Soviet plant and war in
stallation, as it should have access to
those OF America and every other nation.
1t must thus be made impossible not
only Tor other nations, but especially for
the Big Three, to go to war against each
other, by attack without warning.
We have talked about peace based
on force. There is no such thing. There
can only be force based on peace. Peace
means control. Control cannot be left
TO the whims OF sovereign states, nor
to conferences of foreign ministers, nor
to security councils.
The United States needs all that Gen.
Marshall recommends to make it highly
advisable for nations, in their own in
terests. to bring the San Francisco char
ter into line with reality.
We must begin, repeat. at the central
point of greatest danger-we must offer,
not an agreement" but a mutual
weapons-control plan to the Soviet
Union.
(Released BY the Bell Syndicate 1ncN
Evening star., 1945-10-12
Governors or WarriOrs2
By Raym ond Moley

The removal of Gen. Patton as ad-
mln1Strator of Bavaria conveys two
sound lessons. One of these is that the
qualities which make good tank gen.
eral are not suited to civil administra-
ton and that the people who put Gen.
Patton into an impossible position are
more to blame than the general him.
self.
But this leaves us just where we were.
We have crying need of civil and
semimilitary administrators and we
have no policy of choosing top men
suited to these tasks. The lesson con-
veyed by John Hersey in "a Bell for
Adano" is still unanswered. If we are
to be world power, we must find many
little and big Maj. Joppolos somewhere.
The British, in modern times, and the
Romans, long ago, developed a compe-
tent class OF men for the administra-
ton of colonial areas and other foreign
assignments. These men were hybrids.
They combined the techniques of poll
tics, business, the police and the mill
tary. They knew how to get on among
strange people, to get economic ma
chinery running, to prevent sedition
and disorder and to win foreign friends
for their home government.
* X
After the earlier days of Give and
Warren Hastings, Britain developed a
distinguished class of administrators.
In the main they have been career
men trained in schools at home and by
years of service abroad.
The United States has arrived at
world responsibilities so rapidly that
foreign administration has been left to
chance. Occasionally a William H.
Taft or Leonard Wood appeared and
won honors as proconsuls. But this was
more by chance than by design.
Under the stress of this war an ex-
cellent start was made in several Army
and Navy schools for administrators.
The Army, at Charlottesville, and the
Navy, at Columbia, offered valuable
training
The present need is not only to de-
velop many young men for career, but
for men of large experience and COM
petence for jobs like the one in Bavaria
and for many subordinate positions
under Gen. Macarthur. Schools will
Evening star., 1945-10-12

Gen. Marshail's biennial report is one
OF the greatest documents of this war.
1t is pleasure to read a document of
SO lucid combination of thought and
language.
But 1t is a SOLDERING and disquieting
message The tendency of our people
to regard victory as self-sustaining needs
correction. We came within an inch of
extinction; there is no guaranty that
history may not repeat itself; there is
certainty that If it does, no miracle will
save us. Gen. Marshall calls for a per-
manent peacetime citizens Army, and
a great Federal foundation for the pro-
motion Of scientific research. In the
world as it is, he is right. Strength at
any and every moment is the minimum
safeguard
The most terrible thing about modern
war Is its defnitive nature. No one
since antique times-haS, until our own,
spoken Of wars of survival" Nations
have been defeated and yet have -four
lshed: they have not been thrown for
ever upon the scrapheap of civilization.
But the reality Of our times is win or
perish.
1t is, OF course, possible that another
war would record the monomaniacal
story OF Moby Dick and the white whale,
IN which the victor was destroyed with
the death throes of the vanquished.
Both in the Rearl Harbor report and
in Gen. Marshalls is implied the di-
lemrna of democracy in todays world,
The advantage is with the, aggressor.
If war looms, one must strike first, de-
cislvely and without warning.
Gen. Marshall says-and repeats it
THE only defense against this kind of
warfare is the ability to attack" Later
he repeats: "The only effective defense
nation can now maintain is the power
of attack"
What he does not say, but what is
implicit, is attack without warning" "
for the new weapons can knock out a
country's power of attack in few short
moments or will be capable of
doing SO in few short years.
The United States may then have the
worlds largest and strongest Army and
industry. She will not have the power
to attack without warning if she re-
mains democracy. That power resides
only in countries under political-mili-
tary dictatorship.
General Marshall sincerely expresses
his hope for peace through a United
Nations organization. But, like our
Russian ally, he does not recommend
depending on it-in its present form.
If man does find the solution for
world peace it will be the most revolu-
tlonary reversal of his record we have
ever KNOWN" he writes, pessimistically.
1t would indeed be a revolutionary
reversal, but If man is unable to reverse
his previous record in the face of the
huge reversal of his previous possibili-
Evening star., 1945-10-12
More TWAS?

The success of the Tennessee VAL
ley Authority constitutes a persua-
sive argument in favor of similar
developments elsewhere. AS Presi-
dent Truman declared Wednesday. in
his address dedicating the Kentucky
Dam-which virtually completes the
TVA construction program - the
great Tennessee undertaking is no
longer a controversial experiment.
Instead. to all but small minority
of Americans, it stands out as a
mighty achievement in Harvesting
the forces of nature for the we'll
being of vast section of the coun-
try.
Flood control, the development of
transportation over the inland wa
terways of the South and Middle
West, the generation of power, soil
conservation, the encouragement of
diversified industries, the expansion
of recreational facilities and the
opening up of new opportunities for
great numbers of people-these are
the benefits already realized in full
or in part through IVA. The whole
project, as President Truman sees it,
has been an excellent example of
common sense hitched up to mod
ern science and good management" :"
But the Tennessee is the only river
in America thus entirely controlled,
and the President insists that the
time has come to do the same thing
elsewhere to convert the idle and
wasting resources of other valleys
into jobs and better living"
In the sense that if iva has
worked well similar projects else
where should work well. too, the
Presidents logic is sound. AS he
himself says, however, the valleys
differ, and each of them raises it's
own questions involving economic
feasibility and the role of private
Evening star., 1945-10-12
More on Youth Centers'

WORE On Outn AenterS
To the Editor of The Star:
Thank you for publishing our letter
of September IS.
Just What Do We Want?" Well,
here is what we want A place where
Joe and Don can dance with Rosemary
and Irene. Where Bill and Todd can
play pool. Or where the gang can throw
party for their hero of the last foot
ball game. Dances, parties, games, get
togethers-thats what we want.
But where we could have that fun is
question!
Wait a minute, sir; there could be a
place. We could have that fun, but we
must organize to do it.
A vacant store would do the trick,
located in each of the D. c. school zones.
And what we could do to that store!
Among us there are fellows who like to
draw and others paint. Girls love to
paint. Put them all together and you
really could fix the place up. With
funds chairs, pool tables and juke
boxes could be purchased.
Funds is small word, but it has a
big meaning.
There is a very rough idea of my
plan for our youth centers." Won't
you help us In organizing it? Youth
is all for it. BILL BAER.
Evening star., 1945-10-12

while they were on active duty. About
$3.50 was added to their base pay as
an allowance for expenses connected
with their position. But if the tenn
porary rank rs made permanent and
they ask to be retired, they will receive
the usual pension based on years of
service in the Army and in the Navy.
The British have always showered
their victorious generals and admirals
with honors. They are raised to peerage,
given the rank of admiral of the fleet or
field marshal. Frequently a substantial
purse" is added by the House of Com
mons to complement these otherwise
empty honors. Field Marshal Douglas
Halg, for instance, was voted $3.50, 900
gift by the grateful nation after he was
elevated to the peerage. Lord Haig was
a member of the family of the WELL
known whisky distillers and was very
well off.
The Russians have no temporary ranks
as we have in the American Army and
Navy. The commanding officers who
distinguished themselves either on the
battlefield or by their work as war plan
ners have already been made field mar
shals, showered with all kinds of deco
rations and orders and given extensive
privileges. Marshal Zhukov has more
medals than even the former Reichs-
marshal Goering ever dreamed of
having.
1t is only in the United States, the
richest country in the world, that the
officers who deserve the well done" of a
nation have hard time winning even
token" appreciation.
Although the Senate acted speedily on
the bill and his colleagues in his own
committee and in the Naval Affairs
Committee have urged him to dispose of
this legislation Mr. May is taking his
time and is giving precedence to other
more controversial matters. 1t may be
some time before partisan matters are
reported out. The bill giving the seven
top American generals and admirals a
permanent rank is not partisan and
could be reported out without any
lengthy discussion. But Americas war
planners have neither a lobby nor do
they represent other voters than them
selves-so this case must wait,
Evening star., 1945-10-12
New Posts for War Leaders
the St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

From the st. Louis Post-Dispatch.
Among the benefits of empire is the
possibility of providing honorable posts
and useful duties for military leaders
no longer needed in action. Thus,
Britain sent Lord Wavell to be Viceroy
of India, and now Field Marshal Alex
ander Is named Governor General of
Canada.
America has no equivalents for such
posts. Making Gen. Eisenhower Gov
ernor OF Alaska or Puerto Rico would
be a definite come-down and a waste
OF leadership. We don't want empire
as an outlet for such talents, or for
any other purpose, but we do have
great military chiefs whose capacities
should be put to constructive use when
their jobs OF fighting and governing
are over.
Evening star., 1945-10-12

From the Manchester Guardian.
1t has been noted regretfully in some
quarters that women form so small a
proportion of the candidates in the gen.
eral election. John Knox would have
thought even this number dispropor-
tionate. In his well-known diatribe
against woman's rule he said: ITO pro-
mote woman to bear rule, superiority.
dominion or empire above any realm.
nation or city is repugnant to nature.
contumely to God, a thing most con-
trarious to His revealed will and most
approved ordinance; and finally it is the
subversion of good order, of all equity
ana justice. For their sight in
ciVl regiment Is but blindness, their
strength weakness, their counsel foolish
ness, and judgment frenzy, if it be rightly
considered" John Knox died in 1872:
II he were alive today how he would re-
Jolce at Lady Astor's retirement,
Evening star., 1945-10-12
Letters to The Star
Wants Unemployment Compensa.

Wants Unemployment Compensa.
ton for Federal Employees
To the Editor of The Star:
Twenty-Five hundred WPB employees
were terminated on September 80. BY
october 81, 1900 more will be unem-
ployed. To date, less than rs per cent
of these workers have been able to
obtain other jobs. Many have been
promised positions in Federal service,
but cannot be hired until Congress has
approved the postwar budgets of the
governmental departments. Consequent
ly, WPB employees face a period of
unemployment of several months and
do not have any means of support to
carry them through this reconversion
period.
The suggestion has been made that
these persons withdraw their retirement
funds. They can, if they have been
working for the Government for less
than five years; but if they do so, they
will suffer a "break-in-service" which
means that they cannot be rehired in a
comparatively simple method but have
to be re-examined and reclassided by
the United States Civil Service Com
mission and they have to return the
money withdrawn before they can start
work.
Therefore, the only answer to this
problem unemployment compensa-
ton for Federal employees. Persons in
private industry have had unemploy-
ment insurance for years and 1t is a
sad reflection upon Congress to dis
regard President Truman's recommen-
dation that Federal employees be given
the same protection.
LILA o. POLLIN,
Chairman, WPB, Br., UFWA.
Evening star., 1945-10-12

races" A similar observation might
be made of political economy-"the
study of the wealth of nations, not
of a single nation" But universally
cannot be taken for granted. DR..
Goodrich concluded: "We must
examine and continually re-examine
the entire range of our work to make
sure that it does serve these
universal ends, and that it serves
them in ways that are relevant to
changing world"
All civilized individuals have the
same duty, each in his or her own
place and fashion. Is that not true?
Evening star., 1945-10-12

enterprise. Presumably the debate
over these will have to run its course
before action is taken, one way or
the other, on the Presidents pro-
posed program. Only one principle,
of course, should govern the decision
between the pros and cons-the SIM
pie and all-important principle of
doing what is best for the Nation as
whole, irrespective of other in
tereStS.
Evening star., 1945-10-12
The Bonk of EnqIund


of Commtns to nationalize the Bank
of England implements the Labor
party's most outstanding pledge in
the electoral campaign which re-
suited in it's overwhelming victory.
The Transformation of the bank
from a private to public institu-
ton will, indeed, be landmark IN
the process of socialization which
appears to be radically altering Brit
aims economic life away from in
dividualistic capitalism toward state
ownership or control. Nothing bet
ter typihes the old order in Britain
than the Bank of England, which
has been a phenomenon essentially
unique in financial history.
The bank was founded in 1894 as
an emergency measure to raise quick
money for an English government
financially hard-preSsed at a critical
moment in its long struggle against
the France of Louis XIV. Within a
fortnight the then amazing sum OF
100000 pounds sterling was raised
as a loan to the government, and in
reward for this record achievement
the loan agency was established as a
self-governing and self-perpetuating
institution with special privileges
which, though a private bank, made
it the peer of state banks elsewhere.
From the start it managed the ma
tional debt. For full century it
has had the unique right to issue
legal tender notes. Until recent years
it has been the virtual arbiter of the
financial life of Britain and, indi-
rectly, of the worldwide area sub
ject to the pound sterling. To be
sure, it's powers were delimited by
the terms of it's charter, but that
charter has never been drastically
revised. Within charter limits, the
freedom of action enjoyed by its
governor and board of directors,
primarily responsible to its stock
holders, has been technically un-
trammeled.
Nevertheless, while legally intact,
the powers of the Bank of England
have for some time been effectively
in process of curtailment. This
process became evident during the
world depression of the 1930s when
Britain's economic necessities led to
growing unofficial relationship be-
tween the bank and the treasury.
That relationship went much fur
ther during the recent war years,
when the bank yielded consistently
to the treasury's Interpretation of
the public interest. even to its own
private detriment. 1t is thus moot
point whether formal nationaliza-
tion will be so revolutionary a
change in actual status as is widely
supposed. Like so much else in
British life, legal forms persist long
after the substance has vitally
altered.
IL SIlOulu, VI COuISe, De ullueISGOOu
that the naturalization bill does not
entail conflscation. The stockholders
are to be fully reimbursed by is
suance of government bonds yielding
interest equivalent to that earned by
their bank stocks. This feature is
criticized by the radical wing of the
Labor party, but there is scant like
lihood that it will be altered by a
cabinet pledged to act by evolu-
tionary rather than revolutionary
methods.
Evening star., 1945-10-12
The Practical Golden Rule

President Truman, in his informal
talk the other day at Charlottesville
Mo-, advocated nothing new when
he urged that the Golden Rule be
adopted as the guiding principle of
international relations. The idea is
central to and as old as Christianity
itself, and men have been preaching
it for centuries. Indeed, by an in
teresting coincidence, within hours
after the President had spoken in
Missouri, General Eisenhower, in a
transcribed broadcast from Ger
many, said the very same thing to
a Freedom House dinner in New
York.
do by your neighbors as you
would be done by" If the preach
ment were practiced. this world, as
the President declared, would be
"the greatest place the sun has ever
Shone on" But the trouble is-and
General Eisenhower remarked upon
it-that human nature is in many
ways perverse, that there is blind
ness among men, that in our selfish
ness and in our willingness to let
others assume obligations that we
should assume, we pay little more
than lip service to the Golden Rule.
We have been living in an intensely
pragmatic era, and somehow the
teachings of Christ have been over
looked in it, in the sense that al
though we may be inspired by them
when we go to church on Sunday, we
seem generally to honor them, dur
ing the rest of the week, more in
the breach than the observance.
The question is whether men or
nations will ever come to realize how
practical is the good-neighbor ad-
monition and how all would profit
If only it were concretely applied to
the everyday life of the world. On
the international scale both the
President and General Eisenhower,
as if feeling that human nature will
always be what it is and that moth
ing less than a miraculous spiritual
regeneration can change it, would
be wholly nonmyStical about the
Golden Rule. Their view of it is that
it is something that should appeal
to every ones self-interest as the
one principle-and the only one
that can preserve peace, and that
unless and until it is put to work,
America, no less than other coun-
tries, must stand armed in an at
mosphere of tension caused by the
fearsome potentialities of radar and
the harnessed atom.
The Golden Rule. as the President
sees it, is must" for mankind. In
his words, when nations decide that
the welfare of the world is much
more important than any individual
gain which they themselves can
make at the expense of another
nation" there will be the finest and
prlgnIeSG peace IN history. do by
your neighbors as you would be done
by" The practice of the principle
is more imperative now than at any
time since it was first uttered. I'VE
can't stand another global war. We
can't ever have another war unless
it is total war, and that means the
end of our civilization" And Gen
eral Eisenhower is of a like mind.
The trouble with Christianity as
Chesteron observed, is not that it
has not worked, but that it has not
yet been really tried. In the new
era of electronics and atomic power,
nothing could be more practical or
more urgently needed. Now as never
before, the time is here to try it.