davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16
Kiwanis Told
Future Duties

Kiwanians today were addressed
by the Lieutenant Governor OF the
organization, Earnest Allison, OF
the Plymouth Club. who reviewed
aims and detectives Of the club in
past years. and the clubs duties
and obligations for the future.
He stressed the fact that the
club had devoted all OF its facili-
ties to the winning OF the war so
far, and that there should be no
let-down until the complete defeat
OF the powers OF evil have been &C.
complished. but at the same time
to recognize the fact that when
this has been accomplished, the
real work in winning the peace will
have just begun.
He volunteered the opinion that
See XIV ANIS-Paqp <
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16
BY DEWITT MACKENZIE


This column ventures the view
that it's unsafe for the Allies not
to treat the members Of the Ger
man high command as war Grim
inals and In some way remove them
from circulation, because IL these
professional war-mongers are al
lowed their freedom they'll be up
to their deviltry again.
The situation Is doubly danger
Gus, we added, because the German
people aren't repentant. They're
bitter in defeat and would provide
fertile soil for another crop of
Prussisn aggression. This brought
me a telegram from a newspaper
publisher suggesting further dis
cussion Of the point.
Well. II strikes me that the first
thing the Allies have to do is rid
themselves OF any notion that they
entered the Reich in the role Of
gallant knight rescuing beauteous
maiden from the dragon. Hitler
didn't ravish Germanis. She ac-
companied him willingly-or let's
say she didn't resist.
Profitable Job
Just before the war toured
the Reich and It was my observe
ton that while there we're Ger.
mans who hated Hitler, and others
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16
Two Distinct
Commissions
Function
tBy Associated Press)

The Allies faced a confused and
delicate situation in the Austrian
province OF Carinthia today as a
result of Yugoslav demands on that
area.
In the provincial capital OF Klag-
enfurt two distinct military admins.
trations now are funetioning. While
the tenseness there is not as great
as in Trieste, 1t is obvious that
some agreement must be reached
between the British Eighth Army
and Marshal Tito's partisans as to
who will occupy the area.
One Yugoslav proclamation, past.
ed beside British announcements
on many walls throughout Klagen-
furt. said that Tito's forces entered
Carinthia ito guarantee for the en-.
tire Slovene Austrian population
true and popular democracy. free
dom and prosperity in a new, vic
torious and strong greater Yugosla-
via" The partisans have not yet an.
nounced how much OF Austria they
hope to include in Greater Yugo-
slayia."
Slovene Fringe
Crainthia had population OF
i05.129 in 1888, and II embraces an
area Of $3.50 square miles, with a
definitely Slovene fringe In thee
southeastern rural areas. After the
tts~e wqrld. Mar these SSSXenes in
a plebiscite voted to remain part Of
defeated Austria rather than join
the Slovenes In Yugoslavia.
. italian Premier lvanoe Bonomi
declared that the territorial ques-
ton OF Trieste should be discussed
by Italians and Yugoslavs When
the Passions OF war are spent" He
added that the issue must not "be
prejudiced by acts Of force" Allied
warships moved to Trieste in an
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16

Rummage Sale Friday May IS $50
N. Huron upstairs. Denton NJ. E
Church. Adv 5lI'
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16
U. 8. WEATHER REPORT

Lower Michigan: Fair north.
cloudy south portions, rain south
east portions. tonight; little change
In temperature, Thursday. partly
cloudy: warmer south portion.
Highest temperature yesterday,
4s: lowest. 3S.
Highest temperature one year
ago today, II; lowest, 81.
Highest temperature this date In
last 70 years, 81 in 1906; lowest.
- in 1895.
The sun sets today at s:46 and
rises Thursday at sos.
The moon rises today at 1888 n.
m. and sets Thursday at 1851 a. m.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16

LONDON-AP- Gen. Eisenhow-
or called on Prime Minister Church
III at 10 Downing Street today.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16

LONDON -AP-- German "
weapons killed 5000 persons, in.
jured $1,000 and destroyed 10000
homes in Antwerp during the Nazi
campaign to knock out the port
city. the Brussels radio said today.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16
Congress Today

(By Associated Press)
Senate
In recess until Thursday.
House
Debates bill to finance business
censuses for postwar use tnoon).
Ways and Means COMMITTEES
considers tariff reductions Q0.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16

st. Luke's May Breakfast Fair and
Bake Sale at ~ noon Thursday,
May IL. at Church House. Tickets
for sale at Clark's Shoppe. Adv. SIG
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16

LONDON --AP- Gen. George S.
Patton, Jr, commander OF the U. s.
Third Army, arrived in London to-
day.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16
Flashes of
Late News

WASHINGTON -AP- The War
Production Board today lifted its
ban on the manufacture OF golf
clubs for civilians, but said IL
probably would not mean an i'm
mediate flow OF clubs.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16

LoNDoN-AP- A dispatch
from the v. 8. Third Army
a'ont to the London News
Chronicle reported today the
capture Of Col. Gen. Ernst v.
kaItenbrunder. chief aide TO
Gestspo ChieftaIn Heinrich
HImmisr. The dispatch said
that ksltenbrunner was taken
by American troops and Aust
rian patriots In q fortified Al.
pine chalet at Ault Aussee In
the Tyrol. A special agent Of
the American Both Division led
the hunt. the story said.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16

O.E.S. Rummage Sale Friday and
sat. - and 10. Masonic Temple
basement. 3 q. MT p. IN. Adv. oil
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16

LOS ANGELES --AP- Barbara
Adams, IT. who admitted, according
TO Police Capt. Thad Brown, that
she had killed her mother. Mrs.
Maude Adams. 81, last Saturday
was a ward of Juvenile court to-
day and will be examined later by
three court.appointed alienists.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16
slovene Fringe

See EURoPE-Page 5
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16

See CONFERENCE.-THE 5
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Bob Hope was scheduled to leave
Washington today after busy Wis
II during which he gave President
Truman and his family private
showing OF the act he performed
in foxholes for CTS over the
worlds battle fronts. A spokesman
for Hope disclosed that he gave
the White House performance at
request OF the President following
the Sunday night show officially
opening the Seventh War Loan
Drive.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16

SALT LAKE CITY APP Clos
ed since Pearl Harbor. the doors
of the famous Salt Lake City Taber.
nacle OF the Latter-Day Saints
(Mormon) Church will be thrown
open to the public Friday when fu-
neral services for the church's late
President Heber ]. Grant will be
held.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16

PORTSMOUTH. N. H.-lNS -
Two more German submarines, the
U-122s and the U-s73. which have
surrendered at sea, we're reported
headed for anchorage today in the
Portsmouth ~harbor. Surrender OF
the two additional UIboats followed
the arrival OF the Nazi raider u
sos yesterday under heavy naval
guard.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16

LONDON --AP-- Swarms OF
midget U.boats were used by the
Germans in q futile attempt to
hamper the flow OF Allied supplies
across the English Channel and
North Sea. About 100 OF the tiny
subs have surrendered. a joint ad-
miralty and air ministry statement
disclosed last night. Al least 81
Rad been sunk os cuptured.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16

See PROTEST-Page 5
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16

See KIwANIS-Page
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16

LONDON INS-The entire Ne
therlands cabinet resigned today
but with the announcement that
the Dutch prime minister will con-
time to deal with routine matters
at Queen Wilhelmina's request IN
til a new cabinet is formed
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16

WASHINGTON UP-Fuel Ad-
ministrator Harold L. Ickes was
trying today to out-sit President
John l.. Lewis OF the United Mine
Workers and anthracite coal pro
ducers as the strike by $4,000 Penn
sylvania coal miners appeared des-
tined TO run its third full week.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1945-05-16

,CHICAGO-INS-Aircraft mang-
facturers looked today to the
American farmer as a potential
Market for so per cent Of personal
planes to be sold after the war.
according TO the Air Transport AS
ISOLATION. in industry group.
Detroit evening times., 1945-04-15
-Resfriek's+BIG q

TheHa cAbinsiA hArs
long been known for
their beauty and dec
orAtiye qualities. The
finest you can buy.
Get yours todayl
Detroit evening times., 1945-10-07

Velopment. The suits became known as cups,
swords, coins and baons in France and Italy, and
dogs, stays, ducks and falcons in Germany. Early
in the 18th century, the French established the suits
they still identified-hcarts, symboliZing
the church; diamonds, representing the vassals;
clubs, signifying the huSbandmen, and spades, in.
dicave Of the knights.
Court cards. known today face cards, were
unfamiliar until Europeans introduced them, stand
ardizing a deck at 50. The Spaniards added jacks
and kings and the French, the queens
Doubleheaded cards appeared in Germany
around 1770 But it wasn't until many years later
that they used generally.
Meanwhile - and before cards had dozens of
uses aside from gaming and fortune.telling
Louis XIV became King of France in 1913 while
Detroit evening times., 1945-10-07

In any event, cards were well
distributed over Europe during
the 14th century.
Italy makes out a good case
as the port of entry, for Venice
was an important coastal city
for the sailing ships from the
Far East and the Near East
bearing merchants, soldiers and
fortune-telling gypsies.
Some say the traders or the
warriors or the soothsayers car.
ried the cards from Persia or
Arabia. Court de Gebelin, writ.
ing in Paris in the 18th century,
traced the origin of the Euro
pean importations TO Egypt. AS
de Gebelin deduced it, the early
cards bore all the symbolism and
mysticism of tn G Egyptians
while retaining the Oriental
magic of the numeral seven and
the fatalism of 13.
BY whatever route cards got
into Europe and regardless OF
when, the Europeans made def.
mite contributions to their de
Detroit evening times., 1945-10-07

A GEOGRAPHICAL series of the world was
~ printed in England in 1878, devoting the b
suit to Europe, the diamonds to Asia, the spa--DS
10 Africa and the clubs 10 America AS described
by Catherine Perry Hargrave in her book, ~ His
tory of Playing Cards and a photography of Cards
and Gaming" published by Houghton Mfnin Co:
For Americans, particularly the club suit is
most entertaining. The king is John " of Portugal
and the card is appropriately given to description
cf Brazil, which was part Of his domain. The queen
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-10-14
GIGANTIC GERMAN
MIGRATION BEGUN

FRANKFURT, Oct. 13.- R A
huge migration involving the trans
planting of some 10000, 900 Ger
mans to new homes and the res
toration of several hundred thous-
and to their former homes is under
way.
Gen. Eisenhower headquarters
said today that 100000 Germans
from Czechoslovakia Sudetenland
already have entered the American
occupation zone.
Movement of 10000 Germans
from what now is the American
zone in Austria back to their homes
in the Reich also has started, Of
ficials said. Most of these people
will go into the Russian, British
and French zones in Germany since
U. S. authorities already have dis
patched from $4,000 to 10000 to
their former homes in the Ameri-
can zone in the Reich.
Sudeten Germans arriving in the
American zone are being distribu-
ted as equitably as possible among
German towns. They are turned
over to German welfare agencies
and burgomeisters with instruc.
tons that they be given whatever
shelter and food is available.
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-10-14
COMMISSIONERS SALE
OF REAL ESTATE

Under and by virtue of the power and
authority duly given by judgment Of
the Superior Court of New Hanover
County in that proceeding therein pend
ing entitled "City of Wilmington, North
Carolina, New Hanover County and c.
r. Morse, City-County Tax Collector VS..
M F. Williams and wife, Minnie E. Will
liams.' the undersigned Commissioner
will ON Monday, November IL, 1915, at
u o'clock noon at the Courthouse door
of New Hanover County, offer for sale
and sell at public sale to the last and
highest bidder for cash subject to con-
firmation by the Court, the following
described property lying and being in
the City of Wilmington, N. c.
BEGINNING at a point in the Eastern
line of Fifth Street one hundred thirty
seven n37, feet North of the Northern
line of Wooster Street; running thence
Northwardly along said line of Fifth
Street; sixty-one (61) feet; thence West
wardly and parallel with Wooster Street
one hundred and seventy-three (173) fee,
feet and three 49, inches; thence South
Wardly and parallel with Fifth Street
Street: sixty-one (61 feet thence East.
and parallel with Wooster Street, one
hundred and seventy-three 173) feet
and three ~ inches to the Eastern line
OF Fifth Street to the beginning. Same
being part of Lot in Block So, accord
ing to the official plan of the City Of
Wilmington, N. c.
to deposit 10 per cent of his bid with the
Commissioner.
Dated and posted this the 4th day o.
October, 1915.
CLAYTON c. HOLMES,
Commissioner
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-10-14
Wildcat Division Vets
Plan Dedication Rites

RALEIGH, Oct. 13.-(P-Veter-
ans of the Wildcat Division of
World War I are planning in CO.
operation with the State Depart
ment Of Archives and History, a
dedication ceremony of the exhibit
of war trophies which the Wild
cat Division of World War II has
sent from Palau, it was announced
today by Banks Arendell, Nation
al Commander of the Wildcat Vet
Grams Association and DR.. Chris
TOPPER Crittenden, director Of the
State Department of Archives and
History.
The Exhibit, which is now being
assembled in the hall of history
will be dedicated by Governor R.
Gregg Cherry on November 4.
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-10-14
COMMISSIONERS SALE
OF REAL ESTATE

Under and by virtue of the power and
authority duly given by judgment OF
the Superior Court OF New Hanover
County in that proceeding therein pend
ing entitled "City of Wilmington, North
Carolina, New Hanover County and c.
r. Morse, City-County Tax Collector vs..
George Dudley and wife, Hattie Dudley,
and Metropolitan Trust Company Build
ing & Loan Association, Mortgage, the
undersigned Commissioner will on Mon
day, November IL, 1945, at y o'clock
noon at the Courthouse door Of New
Hanover County, offer for sale and sell
at public sale to the last and highest
bidder for cash subject to confirmation
by the Court, the following described
property, lying and being in the City
CT Wilmington, N c.
BEGINNING at a point in the South
ern line of Queen Street, 1853 feet East
OF the Eastern line of 18th Street; thence
Eastwardly along said line of Queen
Street 40 feet; thence SouthWardly 81
fee, thence Westwardly 40 feet; thence
Northwardly &c feet to the point of
Beginning Same being part of Lot l
in Block 69, according to the official plan
OF the City of Wilmington, N. c.
The successful bidder will be required
to deposit 10 per cent of his bid with
the Commissioner.
Dated and posted this the 4th day OF
October, 1945.
CLAYTON c. HOLMES,
Commissioner.
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-10-14
18e.-Legal.
COMMISSIONERS SALE
OF REAL ESTATE

Under and by virtue OF the power ana
authority duly given by judgment OF
the Superior Court of New Hanover
County in that proceeding therein pend
ing entitled "City of Wilmington, North
Carolina, New Hanover County and Z.
R, Morse, City-County Tax Collector VS.;
Thomas D. Harrison" the undersigned
Commissioner will on Monday, Novem-
Der IL, 1s45, at IL o'clock noon at the
Courthouse door of New Hanover Coun-
ty. offer for sale and sell at public sale
to the last and highest bidder for cash
subject to confirmation by the Court,
the following described property lying
and being in the City Of Wilmington, N.
c.
BEGINNING at point in the South
ern line of Queen Street % feet East
and running thence Eastwardly along
Queen Street SO feet; thence Southwark
" 100 feet, thence Westwardly 80 feet;
thence Northwardly 100 feet to the Begin
ming, the same being part of Lots l and
2, in Block 10. according to the official
plan of the City of Wilmington, N e.
The successful bidder will be required
to deposit 10 per cent Of his bid with the
Commissioner.
Dated and posted this the 4th day OF
October, 1945.
CLAYTON c. HOLMES,
Commissioner.
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-10-14
RESALE OF REAL ESTATE

RESALE OF REAL ESTATE
WHEREAS, on September IA, 1945 the
undersigned Commissioner did proceed
to sell, at the Courthouse Door of New
Hanover County, at twelve o'clock neon,
the lands and premises described in the
Complaint in this action, at which sale
the property was struck off and sold to
Fred Brown, at and for the sum of
$223. 90; and
WHEREAS, since said date a raised
bid has been made in this cause and
the Clerk of the Superior Court of New
Hanover County has directed the under
signed to resell said property
NOW, THEREFORE, the undersigned
in accordance with said direction, here
by offers for sale, on Monday, October
20, 1945, at the Courthouse Door of New
Hanover County, at twelve O'Clock noon,
the following described tract or parcel
of land:
BEGINNING at the intersection of the
Southern line of Wooster Street with
the Eastern line of Sixth Street and
runs thence Eastwardly along said South
ern line of Wooster Street thirty six
and two thirds feet (36 2-3D; thence
| Southwardly and parallel with Sixth
Street sixty six feet (66D; thence West
wardly end parallel with Wooster Street
thirty six and two thirds feet (36' 2-3) ;
to the Eastern line of Sixth Street; and
thence Northwardly along said line Of
Sixth Street sixty six feet 1857 to the
Beginning. The same being part of Lot
l. in Block So according to the officia
plan of the City of Wilmington, N. c.
will start at $245.30. -. =
This the 18th day of October, 1945.
MARSDEN BELLAMY
Commissioner
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-10-14

Senior submarine skipper and
one of the seven men in the his
tory of the U. S. Navy to wear
both the dolphin of the submarine
service and the wings of the naval
air corps is Comdr. Richard S.
Andrews, whose wife, the former
Fanny Russell, and three children,
live at 10 North 18th street in Will
mington.
A graduate of the Annapolis class
of 1881, Comdr. Andrews has dur
ing the war served the Navy both
in the air and under the sea, and is
now among the three wearers of
both the dolphin and the wings who
is actively engaged in either serv-
ice.
Here on leave with his family
since Sept. IS while his ship the
U. S. S. Plaice, is beng overhaul
ed at Mare Island, Calf, Comdr.
Andrews will return to his submar-
inc command within the next few
weeks.
Shortly after graduation from
the academy, Comdr. Andrews
entered the submarine services and
served in that branch until 1886,
when the urge to go into flying
brought about his transfer to the
lighter than-air craft branch of
the Navy. For two years he speci-
allied in this craft, went on the first
flight of the Hindenburg, and at
the time of its explosion in Lake
hurst, N. j., in 1887, he was under
the ship, waiting to go aboard it.
In 1886 he was transferred from
the air corps to heavier cruiser
duty and for four years served
as gunnery officer and assistant
gunnery officer aboard the U. S.
S. Quincy, and during the early
stages of the war put into English,
Icelandic, South African and Azores
| ports.
Just before the Quincy sailed on
it's last cruise, Condr. Andrews
was transferred back to the naval
air corps, placing him in charge
of the flight program of all lighter
than-air craft at the Lakehurst,
training base. There, during the
peak of the submarine menace off
the Atlantic coast, he trained pi-
lots for anti-submarine patrol duty,
and in June, 1943 took command
of Air Ship squadron Is, patroHing
the Atlantic coast and Caribbean
area.
With the decline in enemy SUBJ
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-10-14
Peoples OAR Asked
By Negro Congressman

NEW YORK, Oct. 13-lR- The
Rev. Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.,
Negro U. S. Representative from
Harlem, announced today forma-
ton of a peoples DAR' as pro-
test against the action of the
Daughters Of the American Revolu.
ton in denying use of constitution.
al hall, Washington, TO Powell s
wife, pianist Hazel Scott.
Powell, a democrat, said the
peoples OAR" which he sale
meant "dr;ve against reaction
had telegraphed President Tru'
man to ask his leadership in re.
moving the hall from its tax-ex-
smpt status.
The new organization is com.
posed of Is persons affiliated with
the peoples committee, perman.
ent group under PowelPs leader
ship.
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-10-14
Hero Visiting Here
Holder OfDolphir, Wings

marines off the Atlantic coast by
early 1914, Comdr. Andrews was
again transferred to his submar.
inc command, this time to Pacific
waters. AS commander of the
Sk.p-Jack, the Red Fish and
Plaice, he led patrols into the in
land waters of the japanese en-
pire, and at the time of the Jap
surrender commanded a sub in the
East China sea.
Since he took over its command
in March, 1915, the Place has
been credited with the sinking and
damaging of approximately TO-
600 tons of enemy shipping, and
for its four successful patrols in
to enemy waters, the commander
and crew of the Place were award
ed the submarine successful COM
bat award, a sterling silver sub
marine with three gold stars.
A native of Santa Fe, N. NJ,
Comdr. Andrews plans to visit his
parents, Mr.. and Mrs. Frank E
Andrews, there next week on his
way to the west coast.
The Wilmington morning star. [volume] (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990, 1945-10-14
|AMVETS REJECT
LABOR PROPOSAL

CHICAGO, Oct. 13.-(R-A re.
solution labeled by veteran as a
direct attempt t'by unscrupulous
management to break up the closed
shop SYSTEM today was rejected
by the American Veterans of World
War II.
The resolution, introduced by the
Texas delegation, said: mo vet
eran shall be requested to Join
any organization as a condition of
employment"
Edwin Bruder, a Chicago dele
gate, criticized the resolution from
the convention floor and claimed
it had "the earmarks of manage
ment sponsorship.
A resolution offered from the
floor and unanimously approved
condemned Sin their entirety the
utterances of Sen. Bilbo of Mis-
sissippi referring to discrimination
of race, color or creed as being
dramatically opposed TO the prin-
ciple" of the organization.
The veterans also voted to form
on a nationwide basis a group to
be known as the "sad sacks" an
organization within the AMVET
national structure devoted exclu-
sively to "fun-making."
In other measures, the organiza-
ton favored elimination of age
limits governing educational bene-
fits provided under the CT bill of
rights and voted approval of na-
tional veterans emergency hous-
ing act.
The convention also voted to call
upon President Truman to name
World War II veterans secretary
of war;, secretary Of the navy and
to all policy-making positions in the
State department.
President Truman was named an
honorary member of the group.