davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1945-06-01
BY EDWARD d. BALL.

OopJt1BHI, I03oI Uy IIe ASSUcIHteQ FreSS.
LIDICE, Czechoslovakia, June L.
At the lower end of a gently-sloping
wheat field. polka dotted by a mil
lion red poppies, is a freshly painted
sign saying: Here used to stand the
village of Lidice.'
The little sign in the wheat be-
side a dusty, rutted clay road is
the epitaph of Lidice. a quiet little
Czech village erased from the earth
by vengeful Germans.
All the world heard about Lidice,
as trumpeted by the Nazis them
selves following the assassination OF
Hangman Reinhardt Heydrich In
Evening star., 1945-06-01
High Court Rejects
Appeal by QuisIing

BY the ASSOclated Press.
OSLO, June IA Norwegian high
court today rejected Vidkun Quis-
ling's appeal from a lower court
order holding him for trial on
treason charges.
The former German-supported
puppet Premier of Norway is ex-
pected to 60 to trial within two
months.
Evening star., 1945-06-01
Big 3 Commanders
Muy Meet in Berlin
= the Associated Press.

~ xhSSOCIdIcu ItSS.
LONDON, June IA British
Foreign Office spokesman said to-
day conference of Gen. Eisen-
hover, Field Marshal Montgomery
and Marshal Gregory K. Zhukov,
Russian commander at Berlin, was
likely ANY day now" probably in
the German capital.
Evening star., 1945-06-01
Brakeman Loses Leqs
In Railroad Yard Accident

Warren Biniom. Is, brakeman
at Potomac Yards, Alexandria, had
both his legs cut off today when he
fell between two cars which were
being shunted in the yards.
He was taken to Alexandria Hos
pital, where his condition was de-
scribed as critical. He lived in a
bunkhouse at the yards.
Evening star., 1945-06-01
Late Bulletins
Brewster Cites Rumors
Of Liquidotions' in Berlin

Senator Brewster, Repub-
lican, of Maine said today that
high London and Paris au-
thorities had heard reports
that the Russians are "liqui-
dating" professional people
in Berlin and other occupied
German areas they control.
He said the liquidation" re-
ports mentioned lawyers, busi-
nessmen and "other profess
sionals."
ID More Jap Ships Sunk
United States submarines
have sunk IA more enemy
ships, including a destroyer
and four other combat vessels,
in Pacific waters, the Navy
announced today.
Evening star., 1945-06-01

TDo additional men from
the District area haze been re-
ported killed in this Dar. See
"On the Honor Roll" Page Az.
Evening star., 1945-06-01

(See OKINAWA, Page abb
Evening star., 1945-06-01

(See SYRIA, Page A-13D
Evening star., 1945-06-01

(See WAR LOAN, Page A-130
Evening star., 1945-07-04

Washington is hearing new crop of
rumors that the Japanese have made
peace oyertures.,
The State Department denied last
week that any such approaches had
been made, while some Senators, in
cluding Senators Capehart and White,
maintain that they have it on good
authority that the Japs are willing to
talk peace" Besides the Senators, there
are at least two cabinet members who
say they know Of peace feelers.
1t appears that both the State Depart
ment and the Senators and cabinet
members are correct. There has been
no direct approach from any Japanese
quarter, but there have been a number
OF indirect "Soundings" to the American
and British governments from Tokyo
with the intention of learning whether
it would be worth while to make an
official approaches
Despite the high-sounding words
their propaganda machine, the Japs ar
more jittery than ever over the ap
preaching assault on their home islan6
and the Asiatic mainland.
There is nothing extraordinary in til
peace soundings which the State De
partment feels duty bound to deny unit
they have become accomplished facts
The department denied similar storie
in l943 few weeks before the Italiar
surrender.
When the true story OF this war /
written, many years hence, 1t will b.
revealed that the Germans made al
least half a dozen separate approaches
either to the United States and Great
Britain or to Russia with a view to
bringing the war to an end. AS matter
OF fact, the first peace approaches from
the Reich were made long before we
entered the war. soon after Polands
collapse. They were rejected by the
British because the proposals provided
that Poland lose her independence and
sovereignty to her conquerors.
y
None of these peace approaches was
disclosed by the interested parties lest
the morale of the warning nations be
weakened by the feeling that the war
could come to an end before a final de-
cision had been reached.
Hence, nothing official will be known
until japan makes an open plea for
peace and all the details for an armi-
arranged
AS things now stand, the situation
seems to be as follows:
The Japanese are scared. Their mill
tary observers in Germany have painted
a fearful picture of the devastations
wrought on the Reich by the Allied
bombers. The Tokyo government well
knows that continued resistance not
only will bring utter defeat to Japan
but also will destroy all of the empires
economic life and social structure.
Evening star., 1945-07-04

Even the AAF pilots who dropped arms
to the Maquis have never met their one
time comrades in arms. nor Is there any
liaison instrument-to take a simple case
that could arrange a meeting.
Briefly, there Is no liaison instrument,
such as planning and executive agency.
for the creating and carrying out of
programs for understanding and good
will at either the simplest or higher
levels-ss joint dances, hobbies, sports,
publications, lectures and courses on
postwar American, French and Euro
pean problems.
Yet in Britain, North Africa and the
Near East are hundreds of thousands
of Americans, most of whom are excru-
ciatingly bored, who. far from being
trained through a favorable experience
to larger and warmer view of United
Nations. are being turned by the way of
their life into isolationists, for isolation
ism, not cooperation, is the program by
default
Soon four OF the United Nations
armies win be occupying the four Ger
man zones, where they will be forbidden
to fraternize with Germans. The fact
is, they will fraternize only with the
Germans, for there is no instrument or
plan for determination with each other
Our men cannot be divided in Germany
from the Germans. Forbidden fruit is
sweet, and 1t would take larger body
than the German Gestapo to keep them
from girls and from other Germans.
On that subject / will have more to
say later, but Americans have been eff
fectiyely prevented from fraternizing
with any Englishmen. Scotsmen, French
men and Russians engaged in the same
job. 1t would be possible to establish
rest and recreation centers where the
zones meet, open to the men of all four
armies, but there are no plans of such
sort.
The result of the lack of plans for
bringing together the actual persons of
the United Nations Is that Americans
abroad are growing increasingly anti
British, anti-French and antieverything
except things American and vice versa.
Evening star., 1945-07-04
Surrender Terms

Because Senator White of Maine
has been a vigorous and consistent
supporter of the administration in
its prosecution of the war, his plea
for a definition of the conditions on
which Japan will be permitted to
surrender is entitled to full con-
Sideration.
BY no stretch of the imagination
can the Republican Senator from
Maine be regarded as an advocate
of a negotiated peace" He be-
lieves that Japan's surrender should
be unconditional, but he is also of
the opinion that the time OF sur
render might be advanced if there
could be something in the way of
an official statement setting forth
our concept of the meaning of
unconditional surrender.
The President has said that un-
conditional surrender docs not
mean the determination or the en-
slavement of the Japanese people"
But there has been no statement OF
what it does mean. In Senator
Whites opinion, definition should
run something like this: ''Uncondi-
tional surrender means the accept
ance by the vanquished of the will
of the victor. 1t demands the total
loss of Japan's fleets, the disarma-
ment of its other military forces,
the surrender OF its conquered lands,
the destruction OF its war productive
agencies, the complete control by
the United Nations of its economic
capacity for war, and the punish
nfent of Japan's war criminals. 1t
does not involve the destruction of
the home or the family life of the
japanese, interference with the reli-
gious beliefs OF the people, abandon
ment OF its agricultural activities
Evening star., 1945-07-04
On the Record
By Dorothy Thompson

PARIS.-From Europe, the San Fran
cisco World Charter seems to read like a
document issued from some ivory tower
on another planet. 1t is scheme for
ending war and assuring international
collaboration. but there can and will be
no real internationalism until there are
real internationalists
The world is not moved by paper
formulas or agreements, but by the loves,
hates. passions and opinions of men. For
the vast masses of men opinions are not
the creation Of careful thought, but are
the experience of life translated into
prejudice in one direction or another
Everything apparently has been
thought OF in this war except one thing,
and that is the psychological factor. We
have an owl and within it department
concerned with psychological warfare
whose primary concern has been to
break down enemy morale and promote
relations between the fighting Allies. But
the psychology Of war is not that of
peace and our postwar lack in psyche
logical considerations is working, I be-
lieye, to restore enemy morale and to
deteriorate relations between the Allies.
l even vainly have searched, for in
stance, for single authority whose
business 1T Is to aid British. French,
American and other Allied soldiers to
understand better each Others habits,
customs and problems and to provide CO.
operation at the level of the much touted
common man. In effect there is not only
nenfraterniZation order between the
American-British armies and all Ger
mans, but also among the Allies. This is
not the result Of policy, but the result of
the lack OF any instrument to create
determination.
-
Our men camped in France are like
alien occupants. They have their own
biliets, messes, rest camps, amusements
and publications with no contacts with
Frenchmen or Englishmen. Their in
terests and contact with French life is
through the bars. the black market and
restaurants for men able to afford them
and the women of easier kind There is
no inter-Allied community of any kind
Evening star., 1945-07-04
Mr.. Hopkins RESIGNS

This is not the time to attempt
any comprehensive appraisal of the
contribution which Harry Hopkins
has made to this country through
twelve years Of depression and war.
During the New Deal era he was in
the center of controversy which
still distorts the picture of his activ-
tiles. And since the war began he
had functioned in an atmosphere
of secrecy which precludes any
worthwhile evaluation of his ac-
compliShmentS. 1t Is safe to say,
however, that when all the facts
are known and the score is bal
anced, Mr. Hopkins will be seen, not
as a sinister figure lurking in the
shadows of the White House, but as
a competent and loyal helper to
whom the late President Roosevelt
looked for, and from whom he re-
ceived, very material assistance.
There have been many attempts,
silly and otherwise, to analyze the
relationship between Mr.. Roosevelt
and this son of an Iowa harness
maker who moved through the
channels of social work to a position
of very great influence as principal
confidant- and adviser to the Pres
ident. The best one, however, has
come from Mr.. Hopkins himself. In
1888, after he had been nominated
as Secretary of Commerce, he told
Senate committee: Il have been an
administrative appointee of the
President I work for him all the
time I believe in him. If the
Senate confirms me, it knows in
advance that it is confirming some
one who is devoted to the President
and the things he stands for. 1t
has been easy for me to be loyal to
the President, for I believe in those
things"
That is truthful statement, and
it explains why Mr.. Hopkins, in
twelve-year span which saw so many
others come and go, always remained
close by the side of the President
And, in addition to considerations of
health, it may suggest another
reason why he has now decided to
withdraw from the White House
circle.
Evening star., 1945-07-04
This Changing World
Bv Constantine BrofCn

Wherever the Japanese look-east,
west, north and south--they can find
nothing but enemies They cannot hope
to succeed-where the Germans failed
in breaking up the Allies and dealing
with them separately.
The heads of the japanese government
the rank and file of the population
counts even less than In Germany--are
anxious TO call off the war and pay the
price which must be paid by defeated
nation.
According to some Americans who are
in position to know what the japanese
would accept as peace terms after the
usual Oriental bargaining, Japan is will
ing to surrender all its conquests on the
Asiatic mainland, including Korea and
the Kwantung Peninsula, surrender the
inundated territories obtained from the
western powers after the World War and
night even go SO far as to return For
losa to the Chinese.
But nobody in Japan, not even the
pponents OF the military clique who
ave kept discreet silence since 1881
hen Japan entered Manchuria, is will
lg to subscribe to an unconditional sur
.nder which in their opinion must mean
ne abdication of Hirohito and his
nasty.
After Germany's unconditional sur
ender in Berlin, the State Department
sued the following statement: by the
declaration made in Berlin on June 5
he governments of the United States,
United Kingdom and the Union OF Soviet
Socialist Republics and the provisional
government of the French Republic have
assumed supreme authority with respect
to Germany" The Japanese interpreted
this to mean not only that Germany had
lost all the territories the victors wanted
to take away from her, but that the
German people themselves had ceased to
have anything to say about their own
country so far as a government was
concerned.
According to available information
which may or may not be accurate, the
Japanese leaders are willing to surren-
der all their ill-gotten gains. including
what was given to them after the World
War by the Allies. They are said TO be
ready TO accept full Allied control over
their remaining industries and proceed
toward total disarmament provided they
are not required to accept unconditional
surrender. which in their opinion means
the end of the dynasty.
Japan's brokers" are said to empha-
size the fact that the japanese are fully
prepared to commit mass suicide by
fighting the invasion forces and that
nobody but Hirohito himself can give
the order to cease fire. And he won't be
advised to take this step unless America
and Britain, while imposing heavy peace
terms, agree to call the armistice any,
thing but unconditional surrender.
Evening star., 1945-07-04
Some More Eucts

Mr.. Coleman's letter, printed else
where on this page today, asks that
another editorial be printed about
the teachers salary bill based on
all the true facts"
There are too many to include
them all, but perhaps the most i'm
portant facts are that time marches
on and the bill is still resting in
Representative Feighan's subcom-
mittee, to which it was referred after
its introduction on June in the
hope that it would be passed before
the end of the fiscal year. The Star
is anxious to see the bill promptly
enacted.
Some other facts are that work
commenced on this bill in october
of 1943, when the superintendent of
schools invited the Joint Legislative
Council, representing thirty-nine
public school employe organizations,
and others, to help write the bill.
Local 27, the colored school teachers
union, worked with the council
year and half and found it "a very
democratic organization" and be-
came party to the bill. Local 8.
in the white schools, preferred not
to work with the council.
In March of 1914 meeting of the
Board of Education was called to
discuss the bill with school organ
izations in order that it would rep
resent "a cooperative effort : to
the best advantage of the pupils of
the Washington schools" The Leg
islative Council reported that pro-
posed new scales for teachers had
been accepted without a negative
vote" The representative of Local
8 said that the union had not drawn
up a definite scale and there were
certain principles" it would seek to
have incorporated when the time
comes" and that I'VE are not oppos-
ing the salary schedules as drawn
up by the council"
The Board of Education approved
the schedules in June, 1914, and the
bill was submitted to District budg-
citing authorities. In February of
1945 the budget officer announced
certain changes, which he said had
been agreed to by the school repre-
Sentatives. In the same month they
were approved by the Board of Edu-
cation. The Commissioners approved
the bill May 8.
When hearings began in mid-June,
Local 8, which had declined to join
the cooperative effort to write the
bill, produced as witness the ma
tional president of the union from
Cleveland, Mr.. Feighan's home town,
and argued for changes which would
have meant rewriting the bill at an
added cost to taxpayers which has
not been estimated. Cleveland. in
cidentally. does not have the system
for which the union argued. One
change, tacitly accepted as COM
promise, has already added $300,000
to the bills cost
1t seems to The Star that as this
Evening star., 1945-07-04

latter ports fall to the Chinese. None of
these ports have good communications
with the interior of China they are cut
OF by the coastal mountains, and have
neither railways or good roads leading
from them.
The two coastal areas where good
communications do exist are those OF
Shanghai -Hangchow and OF Canton
Hong Kong. The dif1culty with land
ing in the Shanghai -Hangchow area is
that here it is easy for the enemy to
concentrate to oppose us. He has at his
disposition the railway from Peiping to
Marking, and thence to Shanghai he
has also the Yangtze River, where his
system OF river transport is highly de-
veloped, and which can be fed from
North China by way of Hankow.
The Canton Hong Kong area Is less
favorable to the enemy. His sea COM
munications with these ports have been
interrupted His only means of reinforc-
ing the coastal area from North China
Is along the Hankow-C Canton railway,
which Is subject to attack by air and
by Chinese guerrillas. Some reinforce
IiciltS ulBlit Uc SCLt lIOIl 1llOO-IAliild
by way of the Si-kiang River, but the
presence Of Chinese troops in the Nam
ming area renders this lile precarious
for the Japanese, and In any case Indo-
China is not one of their main centers
Of power
In reverse, however, the picture is q
very different one. II the Canton
Hankow railway and the system of
branch railways and roads leading of
from 1t were in Allied possession, and
could be fed through the ports of Can
ton and Hong Kong, we should have re-
established full and fruitful communica-
tion between American and British
forces on the one hand and the Chinese
government forces on tine other. The
Japanese, lacking both extensive air
power and guerrilla aid, could not inter-
rupt these interior lines once their troops
were driven from the key positions
which control them, such as Hengyang
and Changsha.
II, therefore, our purpose Is to link
up with the Chinese, it can best be
done by taking Canton and Hong Kong,
and then advancing inland along the
Canton Hankow railway.
tCcpyrisht, 1e4S1
Evening star., 1945-07-04
The China Coast
By Maj. George Fielding ELiof

If any Allied landings on the Chinese
coast are attempted within the imme-
diate future. what purpose can such
operations seek to accomplish?
For one thing, they might seek further
room for the deployment of Allied air
power for operations either against the
Japanese mainland or for attacks on
Japanese troops and military establish
ments in China itself American air COM
manders have stated recently there are
now available (including Okinawa) Suf-
flcient sites for air bases for all the
strategic air power that we need for
direct attack on Japan. Such estimates
are not, of course, infallible; it may turn
out that we need more room even for
the B-29s But If we do not, there
Is still the possibility that one of the
best uses we can make of other types
of bombers is to employ them against
the Japanese in China; also we need to
keep the Japanese air bases in Formosa
continuously out of business. and the
Chinese coast affords the most con-
venient location for bases for this latter
purpose
Beyond the possible need for new
air bases, there is the general ques-
ton of support for our Chinese allies.
Their main source of outside supply
is still through Burma, plus the .hump"
air route from India. The combined
capacity of these supply routes, even
after the reopening of the port of
Rangoon and the Burma railways, is
strictly limited. which means that the
scope of the operations dependent on
these routes must likewise be strictly
limited. 1t has long been recognized
that the problem Of really large-scale
aid to our Chinese allies, the building
up of great Chinese Army in partic-
ular, can be accomplished only when 1t
becomes possible to open sea communi-
cations to Chinese ports.
r. ~
But this, of course, must mean Chinese
ports whose interior communications are
in Chinese hands; that is, we must not
only be able to go to given port, but
when we get there we must be able to
deliver our supplies to the various mill
taTy and civil agencies of the Chinese
government for which they may be des-
tined. Thus 1t does lis little good to
make large deliveries, let us say to Foo
chow. The same thing applies to Wen
chow, or Annoy and Swatow should these
Evening star., 1945-07-04

and It's other peaceful industries,
and the loss thereby of the livelihood
of the millions of people of the
Japanese Empire
These are tentative suggestions,
of course, and there may be details
which should be added or subtracted.
But in the main they constitute as
severe a peace as we are apt to
impose upon a beaten Japan, and,
with the exception of provision for
reparationS, they are as severe as
the terms which, in the end, seem
likely to be imposed on the Germans.
In any event, they form basis for
discussion. And If the President,
in collaboration with the British
and the Chinese, should deem it
advisable to advance something of
this sort by way of a definition of
unconditional surrender, and If it
should be rejected by Japan, 1t is
difficult to see how our position
could be prejudiced. On the other
hand, If it should be accepted
great many American lives might
be saved through shortened war.
BY this time the Japanese must
know that they have no choice
except surrender or war which
will be prolonged to their utter
destruction And there is some
evidence, notably in the unprece-
dented number of individual sur
renders on Okinawa and Luzon, that
their morale is cracking. If this
process could be expedited by
statement of surrender terms which
would counteract the propaganda of
japanese war leaders without In
anywise detracting from our objec-
tive to destroy Japan as military
threat, the war, instead of being
fought out to the bitter end, might
be materially shortened. The posi-
bility, at any rate, is one which
deserves, and which undoubtedly is
receiving, the earnest attention of
the President and our military
leaders.
Evening star., 1945-07-04

bill has received almost unanimous
support from the representatives of
the school personnel, officials and
the local community, tactics which
delay its enactment in the hope of
getting something else are ill-advised
and prejudicial to the best interests
of the school system and its corps
of hard working teachers.