davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1945-07-19
On the Record
By Dorothy Thompson

Senator Wallace H. White, jr.. of
Maine, and others who have had the
courage to demand a definition of "un-
conditional surrender" as 1t applies to
Japan, will, I think, demand in vain.
Certainly the Presidents We day state
ment that unconditional surrender does
not mean the determination or enslave-
ment Of the japanese people" is quite
meaningless.
Historians may some day note that
while representatives of the United Ma
tions were framing a charter in San
Francisco whose opening paragraph as
sures the protection of human rights,
an American President had to assure
the world that we are not engaged in
determination" or "enslavement" of
defeated enemies. The world in which
we live Is in great state of ethical
confusion, probably the worst since
western man emerged from the Dark
Ages, but 1t is something new for
American leaders to give solemn as
Surances that they do not intend to
commit crimes.
Amy government wanting peace will
not be encouraged by such statements.
determination" and "enslavement" are
open to many interpretations-as the
Poles know. So are free elections"
The word democracy" has also lost
its meaning, since 1t is possible to asso-
ciate 1t with forms of society in which
there is no personal or political freedom.
A nation whose industries can be so
strangled that it Is impossible to produce
peacetime commodities to the capacity
OF Its skills and energies, and which is
consciously reduced to subsistence level,
can, and will, consider itself "enslaved."
Hunger, unemployment, and civil war
are also means of determination" We
are taking and considering odd ways of
''re-educating" defeated enemies to be-
come peace loving" democratic" and
good"
There should, in reason, be immedi-
ate peace with Japan. since Japan is
already thoroughly defeated Whether
the japanese will fight on until the
islands are destroyed, and many more
young Americans are dead, depends.
however, on the degree of japanese
desperation. Assuming that Japanese
leaders are not inSane-which NAV be
false assumption in world that ap-
pears largely insane-it would seem
that straightforward formulation of
exactly what we are fighting for might
end the Far Eastern war. But I doubt
whether we know.
II we want Japan to retire from the
South Pacific and sink her fleet; If we
want to establish reasonable controls
against rearmament G say reasonable"
controls, for it can be argued that
Evening star., 1945-07-19

under the direction of nine members
of board appointed by the Pres
ident, serving without compensation.
and an executive officer who would
be chosen by the nine directors and
paid a salary for handling admins
trative matters.
The suggested national research
foundation, it iss indicated, would
require an appropriation of $33, $780,
900 for the first year. As the work
expanded, it naturally would cost
more. BY the fifth year the budget
would be about $122, 100000. The
larger part of the money would be
used to provide scholarships and
fellowships. In summation of the
benefits, DR.. Bush says: Advances
in science mean more jobs, higher
wages, shorter hours, more abundant
crops, more leisure for recreation,
for study, for learning how to live
without the deadening drudgery
which has been the burden of the
common man for ages past"
With the sentiment thus expressed
there will be general agreement
among thoughtful citizens. If some
of them object to "a national policy"
and prefer private financing for
science, they have both the right
and the duty to bring forward their
own proposals.
Evening star., 1945-07-19

in the civil war in Spain. He will also
not forget the role of the blue" division,
sent by Franco to fight with Hitler.
Stains position Is that Fascism will
not be exterrninated in Europe SO long
as vestiges remain in Spain, and that,
with share of the Mediterranean, he
will be in position to finish the Job by
diplomatic pressure. Also, he will be
able to make sure that Russias exit
through Gibraltar will not be barred by
hostile Spain.
RuSsias demands upon Turkey for
free use of the Dardenelles can hardly
be denied. Turkey deserves little con-
sideration after its greedy opportunism
in the war. The Arab world is not
unsympathetic to Russia. And the
reality of Britain'S lifeline can be main
tanned, even after Russia moves into
second place in the waters between the
three continents. This will be major
question at Potsdam, which will require
sympathy and mediation by the United
States 2
lReleased by the Associated NEWSPAPERS Inc \
Evening star., 1945-07-19
FuithfuI Fido
From the London Times.

From the London Times.
The airman's greatest enemy had been
conquered by British enterprise and
British perseverance, and 1t was clear
military gain that every pilot taking
off could feel relieved Of a long standing
anxiety. Thanks to Fido, which the
airman interprets as standing for Fog,
intense, dispersal Of Rundstedt's Ar
dennes offensive Of December, 1914. was
brought to standstill largely by air
action, in spite of dense and widespread
fog, on which he relied to keep British
bombers grounded. Fido Is being in
stalled at the great new civil airfield
of Heath Row, and will doubtless be-
come the standardized equipment of
every civil airport. One of the chief
dangers to civil flying will thus be elm
mated. The greatest credit is due to
the workers who achieved this benefi-
cent success, which has been due to
perseverance and sheer hard, dogged
teamwork.
Evening star., 1945-07-19
Conscription and History

To the Editor of The Star:
A review Of the history of peacetifne
conscription in Europe might enlighten
democracy and would substitute for our
democratic institutions the very totali-
tarianism they profess to combat. The
arguments advanced for a permanent
system of compulsory peacetime con-
scription are unrealistic and deceptive.
On its record, this method is failure.
No war ever has been won by nation
that had peacetime conscription except
Russia-and she was an ally of the
United States, a nation which never has
had peacetime conscription and never
has lost a war. Looking back at the
record, what tipped the scales in Rus
sia's favor? Did not the guns, planes,
tanks and ships produced by free Amer
lea spell victory for the Allies and defeat
for the Axis nations? Although Russia
adopted peacetime conscription in 1874.
yet Stain himself conceded at Teheran
that Capitalist production is winning
this war;
Germany adopted peacetime conscrip-
ton after her victory in the war of
1870 and from that day on has expe-
rienced only defeat. Today, the Germans
emphasize that the industrial production
Of the United States spelled the doom
of the Third Reich. France adopted
peacetime conscription in 1889 and since
that time has never known victory in a
major conflict. In the final showdown,
peacetime conscription in Europe neither
kept the peace nor won a war. Tragi-
cally, the advocates Of peacetime con-
scription would have us initiate and
adopt this method of failure. F.S.
Evening star., 1945-07-19
Tell Jupun Whut 1t Means

From the New York world-Telegram.
Neither Britain nor America contem-
plates the sack of Japan. Neither would
reduce the Jap merchant marine to
point that would prevent the importa-
ton Of necessary food, or Of raw ma
terials to make possible peacetime in-a
dustry. Allied unconditional surrender
terms, certainly less ruthless than what
the Japs expect, may, if detailed now,
greatly expedite Jap calculation There
fore, it seems vitally important to tell
the Japanese people specifically and
quickly just what unconditional stirren-
der actually means. There is plenty or
fanaticism in the Japanese Army as
evidenced by the crazy banzai charges;
the human torpedoes and the suicide
dive bombers. But there is no master
hypnotist urging the nation on to its
complete humiliation as was the case
with the Germans and Hitler. ~
Evening star., 1945-07-19
Doomsduy Picture

The magnitude of Japan'S punish
ment can be better visualized if we
keep in mind the size of the target
area. 1t is strikingly small area.
1t encompasses the entire homeland,
but it measures only some $4,000
square miles. Lying from north to
south, it is made up of four main
Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku
and Kyushu. Hokkaido is smaller
than our State of Maine, and Ore
gon, New Jersey and Maryland. re-
spectively, are bigger than Honshu,
Shikoku and Kyushu If Maine,
oregon, New Jersey and Maryland
were linked all together. if their ag-
gregate population were over TO-
100000. if they were full of crowded
and highly combustible cities. and If
mighty fleet were bombarding them
daily from end to end while massive
air armadas rained thousands of
tons of fire bombs upon them, we
should have a reasonably accurate
idea of what the Japanese are ex-
periencing. In the opinion of one
expert, so badly battered is the
whole region that no objective in
it-as an individual objective-is
worth a thousand-plane raid, even
though the time is at hand when
it will be possible to visit the coun-
try with $1,000 land-based bombers
in single day, not to mention car
rier aircraft. The picture is an
awesome one. Never in the history
of the world has there been any
thing like it, Never has any coun-
try faced such concentrated fury
as Japan faces now. 1t is a scene
from doomsday.
Evening star., 1945-07-19
Letters to The Star
Wants Points System for Navy
and for Marines

To the Editor OF The Star:
I should like to call attention to the
injustice existing today In the matter
OF releasing men from the armed forces.
Why should only Army personnel enjoy
a point system?
Although I admit that numerical
strength should be maintained, high
percentage. including most of those in
key positions, who would be eligible for
release under an IS or even 100 point
system could be replaced by subordi-
mates. These men, in turn, would be
replaced by their subordinateS. and so
on down the line to new men who
should be drafted to make up for the
losses of men discharged. think this
small draft Of men would not be any
strain upon manpower at this time.
Retaining nonprofessional personnel
in the service beyond certain time is
not likely to benefit the service Rather,
a point of diminishing return will be
reached After four or five years serv-
ice, the time lost from career, family
or personal future becomes so impor-
tant that the concern of most individ-
uals is solely to get out of the service.
Surely If the Army can lower its point
quota, the Marines could adopt one as
high as or higher than the original
Army points. The recently announced
system of discharges from the Navy, as
it now stands, is only start and not
sufficiently comprehensive. The impor-
tant thing is that some definite point
system, even a strict one, would provide
relief for the men with greatest service
and give them something to which they
might look forward.
Recognizing that the total number of
men in the Army cannot be employed
effectively in the Pacific, and that the
numerical strength of the Navy and
the Marine Corps still is needed in the
war with Japan, wish to recommend
for discharge Hotpoint standard for
the Navy or the Marine Corps, with
points earned in the same manner as in
the Army, and outright release of men
before the end of the fifth year in the
service. MARINE SERGEANT.
Evening star., 1945-07-19
Whippoorwill

When a long, hot summer day is
done and the shadows deepen over
pasture. field and meadow. there
comes the time when familiar,
throaty call rings out from the wall
behind the barn. 1t is brisk, musi-
cal, repetitious song that matches
ones mood when the shades are
drawn over the earth and the frogs
are playing their monotone flutes
and the firefiies are lighting their
red dots of light over the lawns and
gardens.
Antrostomus vociferouS matches
his name. He is big, rough-feath-
cred fellow with stringy, uneven
length briStleS fringing his wide, un-
calmly mouth. His cloak is a mot
tied affair of reddish brown, black
and flecks of light gray. The ends
of his long tail quills are creamy
white. One strange thing about
Antrostomus is that he prefers to
stay back from the SeacoaSt and
half a mile or more away from
rivers. Because he is bird of the
night many superstitions have ac-
cumulated concerning him. There
are those who believe he heraldS
bad tidings, that he has an occult
power to predict the future. The
early Dutch settlers of the Hudson
River Valley believed that no frost
came in the spring after. the bird
returned from the southland.
But the whippoorwill does not
mourn unseen" nor forever sing "a
note of wall and woe" He is a
helpful fellow, flying low over field
and garden, catching enormous
numbers of insects in his fiytrap
mouth.
Whippoorwills are bit careless in
household affairs. Two creamy white
eggs splotched with dark spots are
laid on the ground or in a stump
But the birds song is cherished
part of the countryside symphony
As the countryman sits in his IA
Evening star., 1945-07-19
Spain and Monarchy

The speech delivered last TueSday
by GeneralisSimo Francisco Franco
before the national council of the
Falangist party may be variouSly
interpreted. It's outstanding feature
was that Spain is entering the pre-
paratory period for a return of the
monarchy. No precise date was fixed
for the change. while the character
of the proposed restoration appears
somewhat contradictory. Franco be-
gan by stating that the succession he
had in mind was to be traditional"
That is the phrase employed by the
ultraroyalistS. who want a revival
of the absolute monarchy of olden
times. However Franco went on to
say his proposed restoration would
be "in accordance with the wishes
of the people and would not entail
the loss of continuity. The inStitu-
ton we are to forge must prove
stronger than the mistakes which
may be made by individual rulers.
lie UGSG law Will NC VI 1lO dNdAA ~
the Falangist spirit weakenS,"
Those qualifications are certainly
at variance with the "traditionalist"
dogma, which is that of a monarch
ruling by divine right and amenable
neither to popular pressure nor to
parliamentary procedure. Further
more, a monarch ruling in accord
ance with the Falange, which
Franco specifically declared must
not be weakened" would be essen
TALLY a figurehead, much as the
King of Italy was during the Fascist
regime set up by MuSSolini.
This is asSuredly the opinion of
the Don Juan, heir presumptive to
the throne, whom Franco would
have to accept as his candidate
unless he wished to ALLEVIATE the
royaliSts who have been some Of
his staunchest hackers in the civil
war against the republic. Last
March, Don Juan issued statement
from his place of exile in Switzer-
land wherein he asserted that the
Franco regime is modelled on the
Axis totalitarian system and is con-
trary to the character and tradi-
tion" of the Spanish people. Don
Juan concluded by calling upon the
GeneraliSsimo to resign, warning
that Spain was in danger of another
civil war. 1t is interesting to note
that Franco did not mention Don
Juan by name in his advocacy of
a monarchical restoration.
Most foreign observers interpret
Francois speech as move to main
tain himself in power rather than
a genuine effort to promote revival
of the monarchy. His trump card
consists in his possession of the
governmental machinery, backed by
a veteran army and the well-organ-
lied Falange party. To overthrow
him by outside pressure would prob
ably entail renewal of civil strife
which would come at a dangerous
moment for most of Europe. Fran
co.'s monarchiSt gesture is thus cal
culated to avert, or at least to
postpone, international action re-
garding him and his regime. 1t is
in the nature of oil thrown on
stormy waves. How efflcacious the
treatment may be remains to be
seen.
Evening star., 1945-07-19
This and That
By Charles E. Trdce,oeH.
BETHESDA, Md.

BETHESDA, Md.
Dear sir:
Il think you can satisfy our curiosity
about the identity of a lone bird which
begins to sing every evening at dusk
in the woods near our house, and con-
tinues far into the night.
"We have never seen him, but he
trills, whistles and MARBLES quite beau
tifully, and seems never to STOP Be-
cause he initiates a cardinal almost
exactly, and at other times sounds like
wild canary, we might think he was a
catbird Cor mockingbird) if he did
not always sing at night
1--WE will be very grateful if you can
tell us what kind of bird he is.
Most sincerely, K. M W."
- **
REMINGTON, Va.
Dear sir:
will you please help me identify a
bird which seems common in this
vicinity.
This bird has a yellow breast, a
brown or possibly greenish back, and
the neck and head seem gray.
There is no white on the wings or
elsewhere. 1t is small with slim grace
full lines and is about 51a inches long.
This bird seems to have four songs or
calls, much like the description of the
Baltimore oriole given by Chester Reed,
but these birds are smaller than the
oriole.
There is pleasing but plaintive
whistle. Wherever I go on the farm
I can hear the whistle or call of this
bird but have never heard it before
this year. Sincerely, j. B. G."
Il -
ROCKVILLE, Md.
Dear sir:
Il read with interest your column
in which you wrote that Dr. A. would
like to locate Baltimore orioles nest.
There is a pair around our place
that 1 hear every day and have seen
many times, but have not tried to To-
cate their nest, having more urgent
things to do.
IF DR.. A. wishes to spend the time
necessary to see and hear these birds,
send him along
1--WE have brown thrashers, catbirds,
Knockers, two or three pairs of robins,
towhees, many Sparrows, chats and
Maryland yellow-t throats on the place
but the bluebirds (the first time in
10 years. have not occupied any of our
nest boxes.
Cordially yours, E. C. p"
kk
Our first correspondents bird must
be mockingbird.
Our Remington correspondents species
is puzzler, and if any reader thinks
he knows what it is we will be grateful
to hear from him.
A possibility is the Connecticut
warbler, which has a gray head and
neck, brown back and yellow under
parts.
1t is 5 to 6 inches long, and has a
loud characteristic song, which has
been hkened to the syllables "Freecher-
here, freecher here, freecher here,
freech."
This bird has white eye ring, and
is walker.
The joker is that the Connecticut
warbler usually breeds in Canada, al
though sometimes as far South as
Minnesota and Michigan.
1t might be one of the vireos, but
we cannot place it from our correSpon-
dents description.
AS for the mockingbird that fellow
loves to sing at night, and initiating
the cardinal is one of his specialties.
He has at times even Knocked the tone
~of the old-fashioned, tinny sounding
phonograph, or even the notes of the
piano.
The Nashville warbler somewhat
meets the description Of our Virginia
correspondents bird.
Evening star., 1945-07-19
Asks About Allies and Greece
To the Editor Of The Star:

To the Editor OF The Star:
The commercial journal Profit. pub
lished in Athens, exposing the present
economic straits of Greece, concludes
its comments in substance, as follows:
"The Greeks are grateful for the food
and clothing contributed by England
and America through UNRRA. But
they would be more grateful if the
Allies would return to them their pos
sessions. which the Italians, Germans
and Bulgarians have confiscated and
carried away. They would prefer to
have those possessions returned as they
were, If possible, or in kind, or their
equivalent in money"
According to Ex-Premier Tsouderos,
"the gold, precious stones and art treas
ures, hidden by the Germans in mines
discovered by the Allies, represent in
part the dowries of millions of Greek
girls and their family savings-the per-
sonal property of the inhabitants of
Greece, as well as of the other con-
quered European countries which have
been Systematically plundered by the
Huns and their partners in crime. Part
of that gold, now in the hands of the
Allies, belongs to Greece and should be
turned over to her, since 1t was stolen
from her, not from England and
America"
Profit further remarks that If the
Allies would do justice to Greece by
rendering to her what is hers, she would
not be in financial chaos She would
not be obliged to beg help from England
and America and impose on her desti-
tute citizens heavy taxes which they
are not able TO pay.
There is no doubt that if this cry
from Greece could reach the American
people, they would sympathize with
that little nation which in 1910 pre-
ferred to die fighting for freedom
against Italy, and again in 1941 against
Italy, Germany and Bulgaria. In 1910
France already was in the dust and
England in danger of invasion and
catastrophe. Then the United States
was still neutral, while Russia was
lying low-both unprepared against
triumphant Germany. And yet Greece
dared to cast her lot for England, trust
ing only to God! She fought for the
Allies for seven months until she fell
in; Thessaly as she fell in Thermopylae
long ago. Her example inspired the
world and her sacrifice has been ac-
knowledged of decisive value. Are the
Allies going to turn their faces away
from her now?
SOTERIoS NICHOLSON.
Evening star., 1945-07-19
Fleet in Hidinu

Inc announcement tnat american
carrier planes have discovered and
attacked remnants" of the Japa-
neSe fleet hiding at the Yokosuka
naval base in. Tokyo Bay indicates
that the enemy's navy no longer
has the means of making even a
last-ditch stand in defense of the
homeland.
According to recent American
estimates, the Japanese had left
fewer than ten carriers, including
escorts; from four to six battleships,
and skeleton force of cruisers and
destroyers. At best, and given the
most favorable conditions for at
tack, a fleet of such dimensions
could hope to do no more than
inf1ict a maximum of damage and
go down with guns firing in any
engagement with the overwhelming
naval power which Britain and the
United States have brought to bear
against Japan. And if the word
remnants, as used by Admiral
Nimitz, means that most or all of
these remaining Japanese units
have been found and hit by our
carrier planes, then it follows that
the long arm of retribution has
overtaken the Mikado's navy and
exacted the full penalty for the
treacherous and foolhardy attack
on Pearl Harbor three and a half
years ago.
In this war the japanese Navy has
been a dismal failure. This has
been due in part to inherent weak
ness, and in part to faulty strategy.
AS to the first, the japanese have
learned, and it is to be hoped that
we have learned, that a second-best
navy is little better than no navy.
In the early stages of the war the
Japanese Navy was successful be-
cause it was stronger than any force
we could interpoSe against it. But
as the balance Of power has shifted,
the enemy feet has grown progress
Sively and relatively weaker, and
since the battle of the Philippines
last october it has been hopelessly
inadequate to the task of opposing
the steady advance of American
naval power
But it may well be that the Japa-
neSe might have done better had
their naval concepts been different.
Historically, Japan in time of war
has looked first to its ground forces.
The navy, primarily, has been re-
garded as an instrument for getting
troops to their destination and then
protecting their lines of communica-
ton. Unlike the British and our
selves, they have not used their fleet
to seek out and destroy an enemy
navy. They have preferred instead
to use it as covering force, and, if
compelled to give battle as in the
war with the Gar, to await the
enemy in japanese home waters.
In this war, however, that strategy
has not paid dividends Three years
ago an aggressive Japanese Navy,
equipped for overseas operations,
might have been a deadly menace.
But, lacking the purpose and the
means of carrying the war to us, the
japanese fleet has been steadily
pushed back, and even in its own
waters it has been unable to escape
the destructive force of our far
ranging land-based and carrier
based planes.
If the result of this is that the
enemy fleet is no longer capable
of giving battle, but must submit
to the ignominy of destruction un-
der its camoufiage nets, the Japa-
nese admiralS are merely reaping
the harvest which they richly de-
serve. And we, in turn, are given
a better understanding of why we
must insist on keeping a navy
second to none"