davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Apache sentinel., 1945-02-09
March of Dime" "
Receipts Soar

Exactly $662.69 has been reported
in to the Special Service officer as
Fort Huachuca's collection durirG
the March of Dimes drive. which
lasted from January 18 through
January 81, with all organizations
reports not yet received.
Of this amount, the Sou military
and civilians contributed $4O1 20 and
the 372nd Infantry Regiment handed
in $261. 40
Final compilation will be COM
pleted on February Is, at which time
detailed figures of the amounts
raised by particular organizations
will be reported
The Apache sentinel., 1945-02-09
The Negro Speaks

This is the tale of the Negro,
Beginning in ages past,
Written with the blood of yOar
fathers,
Who struggled, their freedom to
grasp.
With the muffIed sound of shuf-
fling feet,
To the tune of the clanking chain,
This is the tale of the Negro,
OF what he has struggled to gain.
1t starts with Crispus AttuckS,
Who died for liberty,
And Negroes fighting in 1872,
That America might use the sea.
Negroes fighting in the Civil War,
To unite us as a Nation,
And for another, greater cause
Their own Emancipation!
1t goes to the Spanish American
War,
Negroes up San Juan Hill,
Dark of skin they may have been,
They were Americans still.
Then came the First World War,
And off to France they went,
They drove the Hun back to the
Marine,
Drove him back past Ghent!
In Europe, in the Pacific,
Still for freedom he strives,
And the Nazi claim, "The Blacks
are SOFT"
Was diSprOved with German lives!
With the muffled tramp of martial
feet,
Feet no longer chained,
This is the tale of the Negro
Of what he has fought fOr-and
gained!
BY Mario Mann,
Sophomore,
Huachuca High School.
The Apache sentinel., 1945-02-09

was IN the drink "a hours be-
fore being picked up by an
American destroyer. He sur
vived this experience without
injury, thanks to his parachute,
Mae West jacket and rubber dinghy,
only to break his ankle in an auto
mobile accident in Africa later.
Lit. O'Neil was shot down over
southern France three days before
the Allied invasion of that territory.
He thinks, however, that he shot
down the German pilot who got him.
He was found by friendly French
family who looked after him through
the underground until American
forces arrived.
Capt. JamiSon was shot down
while on a patrol mission over the
Anzio beachhead; but was able to
make a crash landing on an Ameri-
can field.
Capt. Rogers and Capt. Wiley
flew 95 and IS missions, respectively,
in their P-40s before returning to
this country.
. Graduation exercises at Douglas
include Glass 44-2-J, night fighter
trainees as well as BIS transitional
students. The exercises will be held
at 09O0.
In the Picture
The five veteran Negro fliers pic
tured above, with the Commanding
Officer of the Douglas Air Base,
Colonel H. F.. Dyer, third from left
and with squadron leader, Capt.
James White, fourth from left, are:
from left to right, Capt. Clarence C..
JamiSon, Capt James T. Wiley,
Capt. John W. Rogers, 1t. George r.
Boiling and 1t. Robert O'Neil.
The photograph is printed cour-
tesy Douglas Flight Pattern.
The Apache sentinel., 1945-02-09
NEGRO HISTORY WEEK

DR.. William A.. Hinton, M. D., Har-
ward, was for some years Chief of the
Wassermann laboratory of the Massa-
chusetts Department Of Health and was
teacher in the Harvard Medical
School. He devised the Hinton Modifi-
cation Of the Wassermann test now
widely used throughout New England.
DR.. Charles Drew, M. D., McGill, now
professor of Surgery at Howard Uni
versity, Washington, D. c., set up the
blood plasma bank for the American
Red Cross in World War II.
Gives Sense of Achievement
Negro History week finds its great
est sphere of usefulness in tying up the
many contributions of the Negro in, the
past to his present day achievements
These examples quoted represent but a
small fraction of his accomplishments
This fact has been brought out quite
recently as the Period of Reconstruction
has been delved into by historians Of
both races. From accumulated evidence
it appears thatsthe Negro politicians Of
that period were no better and no worse
than contemporary politicians of that
day and time. In the Convention of 1868
in South Carolina in which over three
fourths of the m m b r hip were
Negroes, the Convention voted to abol-
ish duelling, Imprisonment for debts,
advocated universal suffrage for black
and white alike in order to emancipate
the poor whites as well as themselves,
wrote the first divorce law Of this coun-
try, advocated universal free education
for both races and the election of judges
The Apache sentinel., 1945-02-09

ships for Negro and white students,
finance research porblems and interest
themselves generally in every phase Of
American life.
Many Negroes are admitted to pro-
fessional societies in Northern Schools
where scientific achievements are rec
ognizsd and rewarded without regard
to race, creed, or color, and often oc-
cupy positions of distinction in these
organizations by vote of their member
ship.
Advance in Professions
There have been many outstanding
Negro physicians since the pioneer days
Of James Derham and John DECREASE
in the last century. During the Civil
War DR.. A. T. Augusta, a graduate Of
bhe University of Toronto, became the
first Negro to hold positionas surgeon
in the United States Army. He was later
brevetted a 1t. Colonel.
DR. Charles B. Purvis, a graduate
Of Western Reserve University, also
became surgeon in the Army.
DR.. Dan Hale Williams, graduate
Of Northwestern University in 1883,
founded the Provident Hospital in Chi
cago and the first training school for
Negro Nurses in this country. He was
member of the Illinois State Board of
Health for four years. In 1893 he per-
formed the first successful operation on
the human heart and published the case
in an article now on file in the office of
the Surgeon General.
DR.. Solomon G. Fuller, graduate of
Boston University in 1897, later served
.his alma mater as professor of Neu-
rology.
The Apache sentinel., 1945-02-09

into being, representing nearly every
denomination for co-ordinated efforts
in attacking problems mutual to them.
In 1906, the First National Negro
College Fraternity was founded at Cor
nell University, Ithaca, N Y Since then
there are five more national fraternities
and five sororities to which nearly
every Negro who has ever attended col
lege belongs. These organizations indi-
vidually or through a Pan-Hellenic
Council maintain scholarships, fellow
The Apache sentinel., 1945-02-09
Ace Fighters Finish Bomber
1ruinine Courses at DAAF

Five of the BIS pilots who will graduate Sunday night
from Douglas Air Base Douglas Arizona classes bomber
plotting and night flying flyers from the 332nd
99th fighter roupshree of them having been shot
actual combat and all of them having the Air Medal
their exploits Italy and Germany
Captain Janison, 1t. Boiling 1t ONel were shot
down combat 1t Boiling had bail out over water and
The Apache sentinel., 1945-02-09
AN APPRECIATION

The Editors wish to express
their appreciation to Col. M. o.
BOuSfield for his assistance in
contributing the essay on Lincoln
and to 1t. Col. Roscoe Giles for
his contribution on Negro History
Week.
The Apache sentinel., 1945-02-09

instead Of by appointment.
The primary object of the WEEK
will be attained if by intensive partici-
patton by all elements Of the population
the verify of the statement of DR.. Du-
Bois will be emphasized when he said,
"For herein lies the tragedy of this age,
not that men are bad, for who are good;
not that men are ignorant, for who are
wise; but thatmen know so little of each
otherw
The Apache sentinel., 1945-02-09

EtS
s &s4
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1945-01-04
Car Fire Put Out
By Extimguisher
Ry Courier Correspondent

WHATELY-When William MaIu-
mats car caught on fire in Nashua
Wednesday morning, his call for help
brought a quick response from a
Farmers Union gas station attend
ant, who brought an extingulsher
ana quickly put out the flames: Tne
motor backfired as Mr.. Malunat was
backing from the curb, causing the
blaze.
In the past two and a half
years 10000 shipments Of human
blood, serums and vaccines re-
curing temperature control have
been carried in Church refriger-
ated containers, each with a
capacity of 80 bins, indicating the
Unprecedented response OF blood
donations IN the war effort.
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1945-01-04
CLENTANA
BY Mrs. Ruby Stein

Mr.. and Mrs. Art Lawrence and
daughter we're callers in town Tues
day afternoon.
John thinner and daughter Helen
were in town Tuesday evening,
Helen left wednesday morning 70
visit friends in Froid.
Callers in Gleptana Saturday az
ternoon we're Louis Heigle, Peter
peterson, Mrs. Celenire Belle, Adore
Bouchard, p. w. Bailey and Mr.. n
Mrs. George Greenwood.
Barbara Lou and LaMonte Stein
went to Richland Wednesday for a
few DAYS visit with their aunt and
uncle. Mr.. and Mrs. Boyd Kundsen.
Mrs. Bouchard and o Adore
and Mrs. Celenire Belle were callers
in Glentana and Opheim Wednes-
day. -,
Mrs. Vernon Johnson and family
visited at the Otto Bullock home
Thursday.
Andrew Stolen was a caller in
Opheim Thursday.
Miss Anna Schuster spent several
days last week visiting her niece,
Mrs. Sam Woods, the former Doro-
thy Schuster, at Great Falls. She
also visited at the home of her
brother, Jack Schuster, and family:
Mrs. Mark Hill and family visited
at the Martin Sauber home Ihurs-
cav afteroon.
MI. and Mrs. George Dyrland en-
tertalned the Rev. FIR. Anthony
Sorger. and MI. and Mrs. Lloyd Sor-
and family at Sunday dinner.
Mr.. and Mrs. Knudsen OF Rlcn-
land visited at the Roman stem
home over the week end. i
Mr.. and Mrs. Phil SimShaw ana
son Vernon were shoppers in Opnelm
Thursday afternoon.
Mr.. and Mrs. Clinton Nelson ana
and MI. and Mrs. John Fuchs
we're callers in town Thursday.
Lloyd Sorepson was a caller at the
Hubert Gunderman home TUESDAY
Roger Simshaw, Sonny Alderman,
and Eddie Pelham helped George
Dyrland pen his calves THURSDAY
Mr., and Mrs. William Niehoff and
and Mr.. and Mrs. G. N.
a~alvorson spent New Years day
With Mr.. and Mrs. V. j. O'Brien n
Cd New Years day.
Mrs. Henry Greenwood ana sons
we're callers in town THURSDAY al
Mr.. and Mrs. S. N. Stein were
in Opheim and Glent2na
saturday afternoon.
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1945-01-04
Montana Farmers Again Turn
Out High Crop Yields in ~

Observation-Disclosures crop produc-
ton was again large in 1874, but
hail storms and other damage fac
tors prevented final harvestS, in
most cases, from equalling or eX-
ceeding those of 1913. Corn, sugar
beets. winter wheat, alfalfa seed,
sweet clover seed. apples and cher
rieS fulfilled their earlier season
prospects and came out above their
1943 out-turns. Below their l943 pro-
duction were oats, barley, spring
wheat. flaxseed. peas, beans, po-
tatoes, mustard seed and hay.
The 1914 growing season began
with less favorable moisture condi-
tons than a year earlier, but heavy
late May and June rains arrived in
time to bring early esson prospects
up to the level of 1913 except in a
few north central counties. Later
some unusually severe hail and wind
storms in central and eastern Mon
tana did c damage in concen-
trated areas. In south central Mon
tana other hail storms injured sugar
beetS and beans.
Sawfly damage was heavy in parts
of northeastern Montana in spring
wheat fields where much of such
damage was not apparent until
harvest, due to the good stands of
grain.
Final wheat production at Z 1884,
600 bushels was lower by nearly g.
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1945-01-04
Opheim College
Student Dubbed
Super.S aperman
By Courier Correspondent

~OPHEIM.-.John ArneSon, son of
Mrs. Amanda Arneson of Opheim
and a navy officer trainee at the
University of Washington in Seattle.
has been nominated as super super
man" in an article in the univer-
sity Daily.
Arneson scored ola points out of
a possible 100" in strength tests
given at the university, it stated.
His average was almost Is points
above the second highest.
"Arneson did AZ squat thrusts in
one minute for SO counters, 2l2 sit
ups for 100, 80 push-ups for another
100, l29 squat-thrusts for 100 and
still had energy left for II pullups
good for SO points," the Daily e
ported.
He is a l941 Opheim high gradu-
ate and will complete his course at
the university in February.
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1945-01-04
Standing Canvas
Is Presented to
Helena Library

An oil painting by william CBilD
Standing. Indian artist and for
many years a Valley county resident,
has been presented by him to the
state historical library in Helena.
Standing now makes his home in
Poplar but until recently lived in
Oswego community. His paintings
have been exhibited in Glasgow and
several local residents own originals
done by him. Standing also has ex-
hibited in eastern galleries.
The Indian artist also illustrated
a book written by James j.. Long on
the story of the Assiniboine tribe.
Long. who lived in Oswego for many
years also, is now with the Indian
service at Poplar.
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1945-01-04

LOST: One red steer branded lazy
A Bar C on left thigh. Angelo
Christiano, Glasgow. 1-ltp
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1945-01-04
Big Sewing Quota Means More
Red Cross Volunteers Needed

A quota of 400 kit bags and bath
robes assigned to the Valley county
Red Cross makes the need urgent
and immediate for more volunteers
for sewing work. it was stated this
week by Mrs. 1. w. HUMPHREYS,
chapter sewing chairman.
Sewing hours are Monday or
Wednesday from 2 to 5 at the Red
Cross room in the new county build
ing on courthouse square," Mrs.
HUMPHREYS said.
volunteers IA choose the day
that best suits their plans.
I'VE also ask those who we're as
signed yarn to turn in sweaters just
as soon as possible"
Mrs. HUMPHREYS stressed that
there is now greater need than ever
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1945-01-04

FOR SALE: Diamond willow fence
posts. All prices. Angelo Chris
tiano. GLASGOW. 1-1tp
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1945-01-04
Glasgow Breuities

Mr.. and Mrs. o. C. Kuehn re
turned Sunday from Spokane, wher,
they spent a few days visiting.
Charles H. McChesney, Saco Di'
vide rancher, was a Glasgow callel
Friday.
Glenn Thompson of Kalispen wa:
a holiday guest Of his stepfather anc
mother, Mr.. and Mrs. E. B. Seaman
MI. and Mrs. A. B. Friedlund left
Tuesday for Great Falls OF a bus
mess trip and to attend the Menu
hin concert.
Miss Louise Benson, daughter OF
Mr.. and Mrs. c. L. Benson, went tc
Williston Wednesday to visit rel
atives and have glasses fitted.
Miss Ella Grayson of Rudyard
spent New Years here with her
mother, Mrs. Elizabeth GraySon,
and sister G%wendolyn.
James T. Garneau of Three Forks,
left Wednesday after visiting since
Saturday with his sister, Mrs. Bur-
ton Davenport. and family.
Miss Betty Jane Rave, daughter
of Mr.. and Mrs. Sam Rave of Glas-
gov. left Saturday morning for
OpOhdAC " q 49,
course at her home here.
STOP THAT NOISY TYPE
WRITER-Kil Klatter pads will add
to comfort and efficiency. Get them
at The Courier Office.
John Play, who has been m
ployed at Hanford. Wash, for the
past year spent the holidays IN
Glasgow with his wife and child
rem.
Private James Wilson. s~on-in-law
of the Rev. and Mrs. Grant S. Moore,
is reported i'll with pneumonia in
an army hospital in washington, d.
c. His condition is not considered
serious.
Staff Serg. and Mrs. John Kamla
left Wednesday afternoon for Wend-
over. Utah, where he is stationed in
the air corps. They spent a ten day
furlough here with his mother, Mrs.
Anna Kamla.
Miss Frances Hallett and Miss
Shirley Baynham we're home for the
first three days of the week from
Great Falls, where they are cadet
nurses in training at the Montana
Deaconess hospital.
Herbert Kasseth, son of John Kas-
seth of Peerless, left here Wednesday
by bus to resume his studies at the
Polytechnic institute in Billings.
Ensign Harry Hall, who had spent
a leave with his parents. Mr. and
Mrs. Arthur Hall, left Tuesday for
a navy station in Washington state.
Miss Betty Ann Molvig, who is
employed at a Great Falls airbase,
spent from Thursday to Monday
visiting her parents, Mr.. and Mrs.
Nelson Cotton. pioneer Milk
river farmer, has returned from
Rochester, Mimi, where he was
examined at the Mayo clinic. He
accompanied a shipment OF stock
on the trip east.
Mr.. and Mrs. Luther Play and
family of Nenmiscan. Alberta, Can
ada, left Monday for their home
after spending a week in Glasgow
visiting Mr.. and Mrs. John Play and
family. The men are brothers.
Private Mabel Skov arrived here
from Portland to visit her
mother, Mrs. Minnie Woodmark.
Private Skov, a member of the WAC
S on her way to Fort Benning, Ga.
Corp. and Mrs. Forrest Smith left
Tuesday after spending several days
here visiting his mother, Mrs. For
rest Smith, and family. Corporal
Smith is now stationed at Fort
Meyers, Fla.
Lieut.. Mitchell Etchart left Tues
for Taft Calf, where 1,
ne is stationed at Gardner field,
after spending five days visiting his
mother. Mrs. John Etchart. and his
brother and sister-in-law, Mr. and
Mrs. Gene Etchart. I
Pfc. Robert L. Tryon of Fort Mis-
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1945-01-04
ENSELEIT HONORED

HINSDALE - Apprentice Seaman
Max Enseleit, home on leave from
navy college training at the Univer-
sity OF Idaho's southern branch in
Pocatello, was honored last Thurs
day evening with a party given by
his, aunt, Mrs. Theresa Tuttle, at her
home north of Hinsdale. A large
group Of young people and several
adults attended
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1945-01-04
Raiders to Play
Malta Mustangs
There ON Friday
BY Courier Correspondent

HINSDALE - The HinSdale Red
Raiders will resume their season
basketball schedule Friday evening
with a return game with the Malta
Mustangs on the Malta floor. The
Raiders lost to the Mustangs by
one point, 80 TO 33, in an earlier
game on the Hinsdale floor.
The next home game for the Hins-
dale team will be played Jan. II with
Dodson. A total Of IL games remain
on the schedule.
In four games played so far this
season, the Raiders have won two,
with Opheim and Nashua, and lost
two, with Malta and Saco.
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1945-01-04

son. Also visiting Mrs. Munson and
her daughters, Mrs. John Marsan
and Mrs. Leslie Lynch, on Christmas
day were her son-in-law and daugh-
ter, Mr.. and Mrs. Fay Davis, and
children, Rita and Jimmie, of
Union, MINI. All were guests at a
Christmas dinner at the home of
Mr.. and Mrs. Marsan.
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1945-01-04

100000 bushels compared with ear
lier prospects However, it compared
well with the 77,023, 900 bushels pro-
duced in 1943. Oats at IS, 900
bushels compared with 17,920,00 o in
1913; barley production amounting
to 100000 bushels in 1914 was only
slightly under the 17.l04, 900 bushels
grown in 1913.
The potato crop of 2,520,000
bushels was only slightly under the
2,645, 900 bushels OF 1943 as was
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1945-01-04
Too Late to Classify

FOR SALE: Three DeIcO light
plants-two large four cylinder
plants, 80 volt with batteries; n
small 80 volt plant. Write or call
L. E. Stratton, clerk, School dis
trict No. 2, Frazer, Montana 1-2tc
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1945-01-04

to supply men in the armed forces
or wounded veterans. Volunteers
will be welcomed at the sewing room,
she said.
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1945-01-04

also the hay crop Of 2,433, 900 tons
compared with the l943 crop of D.
$4,000 tons.
Corn at 3,308, 900 bushels was
slightly above the 1913 crop OF g.
200 600 bushels; alfalfa seed at
100000 bushels was well above the
l943 crop of $1,000 bushels; sugar
beets at 100000 tons had a good
margin over the l943 crop of 58l, 600
tons.
The 1914 value of main crops was
S179, 668, 900 compared with the 1943
value of $188, 1877 900 and the 1882
average of s66. LOG, 000.
British sailors neckerchiefs were
changed to black in 1905, to com
l.Aw,A-Nz 49, I--kI - - nV-I--..
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1945-01-04
NOTICE 70 CREDITORS

Estate OF SeIene NOrdrum IiUIIU"I-'
deceased.
Notice L. Hereby Given. by the I'M
dersigned O.. II. Sethne A~dministra-
tor of the Estate of Selene Nor
drum Hultberg. deceased, to the credit
ors Of and all persons having claims
against the said deceased, to exhibit
them with the necessary vouchers within
-four months after tae first publica-
tion Of this notice, 10 the said Ad-
ministrator at the law office of Thomas
Dignan at Glasgow. Montana. the place
herein designated for transaciing bust
ness OF SAID estate in the County of
Valley.
Dated January 4. 1915.
o. II. Sethne, Administrator
Of the Estate of Selene Nor
drum Hultberg. Deceased.
Jan. 4 Ills -
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-11-30
State Roads 
 Many Highways
 Closed by Snow
(By United Press)

The seasons first snow, drifted feet deep, closed many roads in Connecticut today and made driving conditions hazardous as the weather man predicted the storm would last all day. No deaths were reported due to the storm, but many persons were injured in highway crashes.
 Gusts of wind continued to pile snow into high drifts filling in roads in some sections as fast as they could be ploWed out.
 State police reported many minor accidents during the night, as chainless automobiles skidded and slipped on the snow-packed hills. At Windsor, motorist Joseph zdun, Suffield, hopped out of his stalled automobile just before a northbound train bumped 1t of a grade crossing.
 Pleading for extra caution among drivers, Highway Safety Director William M. Greene warned that, statistically, 30 highway deaths could be expected during Decem- Der.
 High tides were reported along the shore. closing smoe shore roads temporarily.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-11-30
Retail Trade Up In New EnqIond

Boston, Nov. 30 - (UP) - With Christmas shopping already at such high level that department stores are reporting many items sold out, and teh loss of one shopping day offset by food buying for Thanksgiv- ing, New England retail trade vol- tune rose in the past holiday week some 3 to per cent above 1944. Dun and Bradstreet, Inc, reported today.
 Sales of women's wear increased seasonally, but Jagged behind year ago, however, demand for mems clothing remained high. Thanksgiv- ing buying boosted grocery and meat store volume over the levels of the previous week and a year ago.
 Wholesalers noted moderate ex- pansion, but merchandise was still short despite slight increases in the output of many industries. Strikes and labor shortages continued to be an important factor.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-11-30

mented that it was difficult to hear Mrs. Butterfield and that it may not have been possible to take down everything she testified.
 Mrs. Butterfield was granted her husbands half-interest in their property at 37 Newton terrace as al- imony. She also will be allowed his equity on three oil trucks. The court ruled that alimony payments of $25 weekly would take effect Dec. 2.
 The couples property was recent ly involved in a foreclosure judg- ment. A $5 900 suit Mrs. Butterfield is bringing against her husband is still pending. She stated from the witness stand today that the suit Is brought to recover funds she had expended on their nome, since her husband became neglectful.
 Other witnesses were Gladys Will Hams, who resides with Mrs. But terfield, Mrs. Ethel Wesson of 57 Columbia boulevard, and Arthur Hayes of 230 Plank road.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-11-30
Hayseeders at Lions Meeting

Hill Billy selections were, the or der of the day yesterday afternoon as the Scovill Hayseeders Band en- tertained members of the Lions Club at their weekly meeting in The Elton.
 The Hayseeders, according to Jack Madden who Is in charge of the music makers, were responsible for the raising of great part of the S1O,O00,0 900 worth of bonds bought by Scovill employees since 1941.
 President Raymond E. Snyder said that a ladies night program and reception for District Governor Har- pld Ashley, club member, will be held Jan IS.