davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1945-07-29

big nations get out of line, there's
war anyhow.
The Security Council will have IL
members. The Big Five will always
be on 1t, the other six will be elected
to two,year terms by the General
Assembly.
General Assembly. y
All the member nations will be
represented here, free to talk about
and make recommendations to the
Council on any matters within the
scope of the Charter. The Assem-
bly's power is the power of public
opinion. The theory is that would
be aggressor would be held back by
organized world discussion against
him. 1t can recommend the use of
force.
Economic and Social Council.
There were many at San Francisco
who thought that in relatively
quiet world, this agency may be the
most important of all. This l8-mem-
ber Council can set up commits
sions to study land expose) condi-
tions affecting reconstruction, trade,
Evening star., 1945-07-29
United Nations
In Brief
BY the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
The United States is now
committed to membership in
the worlds most ambitious or
ganization-an association of
United Nations pledged to work
for enduring peace.
Briefly, these are the four
main bodies through which
these nations will work for that
goal:
/. The Security. Council. It
will be composed of the Big
Five powers, plus six smaller
ones. 1t is the big stick Of the
organization. AS a last step
it can call out the armies.
naVies and air fleets of the
members to stamp out aggres-
sion with force.
2. The General Assembly.
Every member nation has a vote
and voice. 1t can discuss and
make recommendations on any
thing within the scope Of the
Charter.
3. The Economic and Social
Council. 1t can study and lay
before the world its findings
on such social and economic
problems as food, labor, trade,
education, communications and
health.
4. The International Court
Of Justice. 1t will always he
in session, Is judges appointed
for nine-year terms to pass on
disputes between nations.
Evening star., 1945-07-29
Liberated Areas Face
Riots Unless Aid Is
Sent, owl Reports

Unless help Is rushed to liberated
areas Of Europe, thousands Of per-
sons will starve and freeze to death,
the ONCE Of War Information said
last night. f
ITEMS of thousands of others will
be hungry, and cold" the Govern
ment agency said. They viii be job
less. II no help were forthcoming
from the outside, they would almost
certainly riot because authorities
cannot enable them to get the vital
necessities Of life"
The o. w. rs conclusions. 1t said
In a statement, were based on the
studies of various missions which
have analyzed the European situa-
ton at first hand. 1t embodies It's
conclusions in a report carrying out
White House instructions to ac-
quaint the American people with
the crucial nature of living copdi-
tions in Europe.
1.-The economy Of Europe has been
running down hill fast" the Owl
continued. Production is already
at .unpcdfhDly iOW iCNCiS. E@SCA WAnA
continued lack OF food and In
centive goods for workers, trans
portation for materials and, chiefly,
lack of coal, it would continue to
fall steadily"
Minimum import needs are
reckoned at 10000, 900 tons of coal,
IA 900 900 barrels of petroleum pro-
ducts, 100000 tons Of food, $75,-
O00,00O worth of medical supplies,
millions OF yards of textiles, several
thousand locomotives and tens of
thousands of railway cars, the owl
said.
The United States is participat-
ing in the rehabilitation Of the
liberated areas through the United
Nations Relief and Rehabilitation
Administration.
To help solve the fuel problem,
Solid Fuel Administrator Ickes has
announced that this country ex-
poets to send 100000 tons of coal
to Europe this winter.
Evening star., 1945-07-29

used in the future will be imple-
mented by executive agreement.
Second, it advises the Senate
that the agreements will be sent to
the Congress for joint action.
Agreements, Not Treaties.
Third, it adds tremendous
strength to the position that so
many Senators have taken, namely,
that these supplemental agreements
are not treaties.
Fourth, that frank and open
declaration of the President will
help remove fear and doubt among
the United Nations with respect to
what is the proper constitutional
process.
Fifth, the declaration, along with
treaty ratification, will materially
strengthen the Presidents hand in
the remaining days of the Potsdam
Conference.
Sixth. 1t assures to the American
people that the President believes
the San Francisco Charter is one
of substance and strength and not
one OF form and utility.
Donnell Raises Issue.
Senator Donnell, Republican, Of
Missouri strongly dissented. how
ever, saying that these agreements
should be in treaty form. and insist
ing that this issue would be raised
when the President submits the
agreements for approval.
Several Senators who have been
critical of the Charter, among them
Senator Wheeler, Democrat, of
Montana, maintain that these
agreements must be handled as
treaties, and have indicated that
the agreements will be scrutinized
carefully-and perhaps attacked.
The United Nations Charter was
brought to vote after week of
debate in the Senate, in contrast
to the nine weeks of debate from
September Is to November 10, 1919,
when the Senate rejected the
League of Nations Covenant.
The League Of Nations lost two
ways in the Senate. The first, on
a vote to adhere with the Lodge
reservations (to which the late Pres
ident Woodrow Wilson would not
assen) by Al "ayes" to 81 noes;
and second, on vote to adhere
without reservations by 38 ayes"
to SO noes"
Five Voted in 1919.
Only five of the Senators, who
took part in these League of Ma
tionS votes, are members of the
Senate today, and only one of them,
Senator johnson of California, was
listed as opposed to the Charter.
The others are Senators McKellar
of Tennessee and Gerry of Rhode
Island, Democrats, who supported
the league without reservations.
Evening star., 1945-07-29
Much Remains to Be Done Before Nations
Can 0 perote Under Charter Provisions

communications, education, health
and other matters where disputes
and low living standards breed trou-
BILE. 1t can make recommendations
only, but 1t can make them in a way
that bad-acting nation might well
respect.
International Court of Justice.
This is 15-judge court with nine
year terms for members. Its job Is to
try to settle disputes between ma
tions according to law. United Ma
tions members don't have to lay
their disputes before the court, but
If they do they are expected to ac-
cept its decision.
Regional Defense.
This is sometimes called the self
defense clause" 1t permits regional
associations of nations to 60
promptly 10 the aid of any of their
number attacked by an aggressor.
The Association would report to the
Security Council on what it was
doing, pending the Council moving
in to take charge.
Trusteeships.
This section was SO worded that
the United States may retain COM
plete control of strategic bases it
deems necessary for protection
Okinawa ii it wished some depen-
dent areas will be placed under in
ternational control. There is 4
pledge to work for eventual self
government" for colonies. A fight
to pledge eventual Independence"
lost at San Francisco.
New Members.
"Peace-loying states" may come
in. But the conference at San Fran
cisco voted its determination to keep
out any regime established with the
aid of the Axis. Franco Spain was
the openly-named target.
Evening star., 1945-07-29

District Committee, said. Il have
great faith in the ultimate success
Of the new organization. because I
believe that the peoples of the so
nations which are signatory to the
Charter will support it. and that it
will be improved as time passes.
Another world war would mean the
destruction Of the human race"
Senator Enender, Democrat. Of
Louisiana said:
"By voting for this Charter we are
embarking into new fields Of inter-
national affairs, and II we are to
help save civilization 1t is our bound
en- duty to take leading part, as a
member Of the world organization,
In an effort to prevent future wars.
$50 long as I am privileged to
remain a member Of this body I
shall leave nothing undone to imple-
ment the Charter we are about to
ratify, to the end that this troubled
world shall never venture into an
other global war"
Bridges Urges Caution.
Senator Bridges, Republican, Of
New Hampshire, announced his sup
port of the Charter, but said that
the plain fact is that "in the Char
ter we have an instrument, for ar
resting acts of war by countries
which lack the power to make
war"
He insisted that the United Statec
must proceed under the Charter
with the utmost caution" He COM
planned that the veto power extend
ed to the permanent members of
the Security Council. the United
States, Britain, Russia, China and
France. against the use of force to
preserve peace makes it unlikely
the council will exert force in a ma
jor international dispute.
Senator Taylor, Democrat, of
Idaho, struck an unexpected note
when he said; II have been a lit
tie bit worried because Edward r.
Stettinius, jr., (picked by President
Truman to be the American repre-
sentative on. the Security CounciD
has been associated with United
States Steel" He added that steel
manufacturers had something to
do with wars.
Immediately, Chairman Connally
Of the Foreign Relations Committee,
leaped to his feet to declare that
Mr.. StettiniuS had severed all con-
nection with United States Steel
and other corporations.
II can assure the Senator that
Mr.. Stettinius is in wholehearted
sympathy with the objectives of
the charter" said Senator Connally.
Mr.. Stettinins, former Secretary
of State, headed the American dele
cation at the San Francisco Confer
ence which drafted the Charter.
Senator Taylor then declared !:
Certainly I shall never again ques-
ton his sincerity of purpose or his
fitness to occupy his new position" :
Evening star., 1945-07-29
By the Associated Press.

SS lHt ASSOCldLeQ fTeSS.
There is still much to be done
before the United Nations organi-
zation can get moving on its job
of saving succeeding generations
from the scourge of war"
Here's a sum-up of what's needed
to start, and what's within the scope
of the new World League, once it
has started.
Getting Started.
Britain, Russia, France and China
and % of the other As member ma
tions must ratify the Charter as
the Senate now has done for the
United States. This may take many
months.
A preparatory commission, meet
ing in London early in August, will
carry on until the first meeting of
the United Nations. Still to be
decided Is where this will be. It
probably won't be Geneva, scene of
the futile League of Nations. At the
San Francisco Conference, there
were people working for Philadel-
phia, San Francisco and the Black
Hills country of South Dakota.
Before the organization gets its
military teeth, there must be agree
ments between its Security Council
and member nations on what armed
forces they will make available for
suppression of aggression at the call
OF the Security Council.
President Truman will have to ask
authorization for the use of United
States forces by the world league as
necessary. This request will be in
the form of legislation, needing a
majority vote of both House and
Senate, rather than as a treaty re-
quiring two-thirds Senate approval.
High ranking military men of all
the United Nations-a sort of world
nigh command-will figure out re-
spective shares in the total force to
be held available.
This matter of using force. how
ever, is stipulated in the Charter as
a last resort, The organization S
various agencies are supposed to
head of the necessity.
Security Council.
This is the inner, powerful agency
in which the Big Five powers hold
the much-argued veto power"
President Truman has named Ed
ward r. Stettinius, former Secre-
tary of State, the American repre-
sentative on it.
If peaceful settlement of a war
threatening dispute fails, the Secu-
rity Council steps in. 1t may take
actions including demonstrations
blockade, and other operations by
air, sea or land forces of members
of the United Nations" But any
one of the Big Five can veto the
use c. force. Critics say that makes
Jne peace-keeping dream an empty
one. Backers say U the Charter
would never be ratified by great
sovereign states unless they could
veto action against themselves, 90
that the big powers are the ones
who are going to have to make 1t
work, and 90 that II one Of the
Evening star., 1945-07-29

exhaustive criticism of the document
on Friday. ,-. .
Senator Taft, Republican, of Ohio
argued that the chief value of the
new organization for peace lay in
the fact that it provided constant
council table at which international
questions may be discussed.
IF men of ability and good faith
sit about this table," he said, this
organization can 60 far toward pre-
venting war"
Senator Walsh, chairman of the
Naval Affairs Committee, declared
1T is my Judgment that the Ameri-
can people should join with other
peace-loying peoples in every effort
to prevent future wars, and, accord
ingly, I am voting for the ratifica-
tion of the United Nations Charter.
He warned, however, that the rati.
fication of the Charter does not nec-
essarily assure peace. I'VE must
not suppose that military and naval
preparedness has become unneces-
sary and undesirable.
There will be no world peace, Sen
ator Morse, Republican, of Oregon
said, unless oppressed peoples are
made free" He gave Korea as ar
example. What happens to Korea ;
he continued, will determine
whether there is peace in the Pa.
cif1c." If the United States does not
soon recognize the Korean provi-
sional government, he said, Com.
munist government will be revealed
in Korea and will be recognized by
Russia.
Morse Wants Stronger Court.
Senator Morse strongly urged, too
that the jurisdiction of the new In
ternational Court of Justice, pro-
vided In the Charter, be strength
ened and widened. He argued that
freedom for the world is not pos
sible through war but must come
eventually through the court room
He proposed that the United States
take the lead in making the juris-
diction of the new court compulsory
instead of voluntary, rs it. now
stands in the court statute attached
to the Charter.
Senator Bilbo, Democrat, of Mis-
sissippi. chairman Of the Senate
Evening star., 1945-07-29
Statement Read.

The name Of Georges Clemenceau
came directly into the trial when
Defense Attorney Jacques Isorni
read q flattering statement about
Petain made by Frances first World
War Premier.
Clemenceau's son rejoined: IF my
father were alive today he would
certainly regret having ever nomi-
Evening star., 1945-07-29
Ancient Ritual Marks
Selection Of Speaker
In House Of Commons
Ry the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
LONDON, July 28.-Hundreds OF
new members Of Parliment will be
fascinated by the ancient, cere-
monious ritual Of opening . new
session.
Although Commons doesn't hold
its first business session until August
8, organization meetings requiring
three days will start next Wednes-
day.
The first business will be to elect
q speaker, whose job combines
duties comparable to those Of the
speaker OF the United States House
Of Representatives and the Vice
Presidents work as onlciating onicer
in the Senate.
He presides over Commons but.
like the United States Vice Presi.
dent, may not vote unless he chooses
to in case Of a tie. He may or
may not be q member Of the ma
jority party. In the United States
the speaker of the House Is chosen
at a caucus Of the party In power.
Procedure Outlined.
The quaint procedure for picking
a Commons speaker is this:
The bewigged clerk of Commons,
Sir Gilbert Campion, without say
ing a word, will point out member
of the Labor majority, who will
rise and propose speaker.
although Col. Clifton Brown is
a Conservative, 1t Is probable that
he will be invited to again take
this important non-party of1ice in
which he has been outstandingly
popular" wrote z. p. Stacpoole.
British Press Association political
writer.
Then, according to tradition which
Is centuries older than the landing
on Plymouth Rock, the proposed
speaker must pretend to demur and
resist the suggestion that he should
take the chair" Mr.. Stacpoole wrote.
When the proposer and seconder
advance toward him he will seem to
push them of with his hands, then
finally-amid cheers-will let them
conduct him to the chair.
Opposition Downed.
If anyone attempted to intervene
or propose a second candidate, opin-
ion of the rest of the House prob
ably would force. him to sit down
and keep his mouth shut.
"In Commons a chorus OF growls
Of disapproval can sound very in
timidating," Mr. Stacpoole observed.
A two-day procedure then follows
in which all members viii sign the
Commons book and take the oath.
They also will shake hands with the
speaker, who will be trying to mem
oriZe the names and faces of the
hundreds Of new members.
The job of making mental notes
Of the new members will be more
prodigious than that Of any speaker
in recent years because Of the large
turnover of seats effected by the
landslide shift in parliamentary
control.
This is freshman's parliament,
and instead Of new members feeling
out of place and embarrassed 1t will
be the old stagers who will be con.
scious that they are in a rather pa.
thetic minority" wrote Mr.. stac.
poole. Even the all-knowing po-
licemen and attendants in evening
dress will be bafiied for a few days
by the hundreds Of new faces all
around them"
Evening star., 1945-07-29
fMandeI Murder Blame
Placed on Pefain by
Son Of CIemenceau
BY the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
PARIS. July 28.-Michel Gle
menceau, son of Frances World
War leader, today indirectly
accused Marshal Petain of the
responsibility for the murder OF
former Colonial Minister George
Mandel, celebrated martyr OF
French anti-Nazi resistance.
Accusing Petain Of handing Man
del and former Premier Paul Rey-
maud over to the Germans, Glenn
enceau said, "Mandel's murderers
have been executed" Then, turning
and looking squarely at s9-year-old
Petain, he added:
But the question is. who is re-
sponsible for this crime?"
The son Of Georges Clemenceau
the Tiger" Of France in 1918, went
on.
France demands justice from a
marshal of France for the mockery
of justice shown these two men,"
Four Others Testify.
On the sixth day Of the dramatic
trial Of Marshal Petain, charged
with plotting against his country
and having intelligence with Ger
many, four other persons testified
against the former chief of the
vichy state, bringing the prosecu-
ton near the end of its case. Prose-
cutor Andrew Mornet said he hoped
to conclude the examination Of his
witnesses by Monday night.
Stories Of murder, conspiracy and
international intrigue marked to-
days sessions in the ancient Palace
Of Justice. The 24-man jury heard
Gen. Paul Andrew Doyen, a member
of Frances 1910 Armistice Com
mission, charge Pierre Laval with
primary responsibility for Vichy's
cooperation with the Germans.
The jury also listened closely
while trim, pretty Denise Petit, a
girl wearing the uniform of the
French Woman's Army, related de-
tails of what she said was plot
Matched in 1899 to overthrow the
French Third Republic and put
Petain at the head of Dictator
ship. -e,.-.s. s-.
. Mandel Killing Recalled.
Mandel, Minister Of Colonies in
the cabinet Of former Premier
Edouard Daladier, was arrested by
the Vichy government which Pc
tain headed after the fall Of
France. He was taken from his cell
in Sante Prison to be killed on July
Z, 1914.
Two men already have been exc
cuted for the murder of the man
who defied Petain, refused to agree
to an armistice with Germany and
told his captors: II will show you
Frenchman who knows how to
die"
After Clemenceau finished his
testimony regarding Mandel and
Reynaud, a juror sprang to his feet
and asked the aged marshall's ex-
PLANTATION of the whole story.
II have no intention of answering
question I can not understand,
Petain said.
This question is not difficult tc
understand" Presiding Judge Pau
Mongibeaux said. But Petain, stone
faced and seemingly uninterested
would not reply.
Statement Read.
The name Of Georges Clemenceau
came directly into the trial when
Defense Attorney Jacques Isorni
read q flattering statement about
Petain made by Frances first World
War Premier.
Clemenceau's son rejoined: IF my
father were alive today he would
L-s al. l.
Evening star., 1945-07-29

statement that the judges at the
famous Riom trial In 1912 had
never sworn allegiance to Petain.
The state has only two more
witnesses to call against Petain.
They are former Premier Edouard
Herriot and Alice Mandel, daugh-
ter of the murdered French colon
ial minister. The defense Is expec-
ted to begin an examination of 46
witnesses Tuesday.
Evening star., 1945-07-29

Senator Walsh, Democrat, of Mas
sachusetts, who voted for the League
with reservations and against it
without, and Senator Capper, Re-
publican, of Kansas, who followed
the same course as Senator Walsh
Many Senators took the floor to
discuss the Charter in the final
hours Of the debate, but only one,
Senator LANCER, attacked it and de-
clared he could not vote for it. Sem
ator Shipstead, who cast the only
other vote in opposition, made an
Evening star., 1945-07-29

mated Petain as q marshal o.
France"
Gen. Doyen, who followed Glen.
enceau to the witness stand. testi.
fed that he was ordered by Petaini
government to continue the policy
Of cooperation with the German,
after Pierre Laval, Petain's right.
hand man, was arrested by the mar.
shall in 1910 and was removed from
the Vichy government.
Gen. Doyen revealed that tht
Franco-German armistice included
a clause asserting that Germany
was not defeated. in 1918 and that
France was responsible for the frs
World War. He said the clause wa!
inserted by German Field Marsha
Gerd von Rundstedt.
Under a Jurors questioning. Gen
Doyen said France agreed to pa,
Germany 400 0,000, GOO francs daily.
Plot Described.
Witness Denise Petit, who sale
she was private secretary to tn,
editor of an Italian language news.
paper published in Paris in 1889
asserted that her employer at that
time was in contact with Laval.
They spoke openly before me or
their plan" the girl testified. "Tha
was simply to overthrow the re.
public. They spoke of pinning tn,
blame for Frances military defeat
on the government"
She said that Petain was picked
to head the dictatorship" and thai
the marshal's name was very otter
mentioned by them in my pres.
ence."
Alleged talk of revolution In
France also was described by Pau
Winkler, director of the French fea-
ture news agency, who gave his ad.
dress as New York City.
Winkler told the court that wher
he fed France in 1910, passins
through Spain, he met a man on
the train" who described a dinner
at Hendaye attended by himself
and by Petain in November, 1899.
Petain Quoted.
Winkler said his train acquaint.
ance quoted Petain as saying: "Wt
have popular front government ir
France now, but you will see revolu.
ton next spring and everything will
be changed"
Winkler said he saw German
propaganda ministry instructions tc
in Paris forbidding them
to publish anything unfavorable tc
Marshal Petain."
The witness then touched on Prof
Louis Rougier. French philosopher
now in New York City. Rougier had
said in a sworn statement to be
submitted later to the court that
he engaged in negotiating a gentle.
mans agreement" between Britain
and Vichy. The British Foreign OF.
fice has denied the existence Of such
an agreement.
Winkler said Rougier visited hin
when the latter arrived In New York
He said he had been suspicious Of
Rougier because II couldn't under.
stand why university professo,
should be entrusted with a diplo.
matte mission"
Albert Lamarle, former counsel.
lor OF the French embassy in Ma
drid, testified that Petain prevented
him from publishing a tract quoting
from the writings of Nazi Propa-
ganda Minister Goebbels. He sale
Petain told him that this consti.
tuted a French Aggression"
Testimony Contradicted.
Lamarle also contradicted previ.
Gus testimony that Petain, while h,
was French ambassador in Madrid
had assisted in obtaining the lib.
Grafton of French members Of tn,
international brigade that fought ir
the Spanish civil war.
An unexpected witness at thu
trial was Supreme Court Judge
Pierre Frederick Caous, who ap.
peared at his own request to refuts