davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1945-01-02
Time Factor in War
By Maj. Georfe Fielding Eliot

already on the way to the new area,
this is particularly important In case of
q fluid situation when the enemy Is adj
vancing and no one Is quite sure just
where he may be encountered. Each
infantry division has cavalry armored
reconnaissance troop, and each infan-
try regiment has motorized intelli-
gence and reconnaissance platoon.
These units will be on the move well
before the bulk of the division, racing
toward the new front to find out what
the situation is and to prepare the way
for the remainder of the division.
In two hours more-that is, six hours
der to move at division headquarters
it should be possible for the leading ele-
ment of the division to pass the IP.
dnitial poinD designated in the move
ment orders.
A good deal depends on the roads
available. In situation involving a
possible meeting or engagement with the
enemy the ideal condition Is one which
permits the three combat teams of the
division teach including an infantry
regiment, field artillery battalion and
company Of engineers) to advance on
three parallel roads. This provides for
a considerable measure of initial de-
ployment and permits great flexibility
in meeting any unexpected situation.
Unfortunately, it is rarely possible to
do this, especially when a quick and
unexpected move has to be made. The
division commander takes the roads as
he finds them and does the best he
can. II his division has to be strung out
in column on q single road he knows
that unless he encounters the enemy
early In the morning OF given day he
will not be able to get his whole division
into action that day.
But allowing six hours for all prepara-
ton, and perhaps some additional time
for the issue Of extra ammunition, and
for the completion of reconnaissance
missions, he can, as the division starts
to move, begin to think about the prep
aration OF combat orders In accordance
with the developing situation.
When he hiss begun his move, he
must then ask himself what he is going
to do when he encounters the enemy. It
will take him from six to 10 hours to
deploy his division for combat once he
has found the enemy and decided what
he Is going to do.
Assuming that 20 to Is mile march
can be mase In q 10-hour day, there-
fore, 1t would be conservative assump-
ton that division 20 miles away could
be moved to meet : sudden enemy thrust
and deployed Tor hattie In about a.
hours-perha : little less, perhaps
3 little more. .s 8
(copyrisAt. 1914,
Evening star., 1945-01-02
The Political Mill
By Gould Lincoln

Like 1t or not, this country is making
big strides under the present admin
istration toward the closed or union
shop throughout industry. President
Roosevelt. in the early days Of the Ma
tional Labor Relations Act, said that
neither the Executive nor the Congress
had any idea Of forcing closed shop
on employers and workers.
In these war days, however, the War
Labor Board, created by him and sane
toned by Congress, has again and again
forced on employers and on employees
a first step toward the closed shop-the
maintenance of membership plan. Under
this plan workers are compelled to pay
union dues-if they are members of a
union-or lose their jobs.
This issue has been brought promi-
nently into the limelight because of the
resistance of Montgomery A Ward,
under the direction of Sewell L. Avery.
to an order of the WLB which calls for
the institution of maintenance Of men,
bership. Mr. Avery put 1t succinctly
when he said:
The President has ordered the Army
to restrict the liberties of Wards en-
ployes by imposing upon them the closed
shop in the form of union maintenance.
This is the final step in the coercion
used by the administrative agencies Of
the Government to force the closed
shop upon employers and employees
throughout the Nation"
Mr.. Avery yentured prediction that
when the country awakens to the extent
of this coercion it will rise In indigna-
ton" Whether this prediction Is correct
or not remains to be seen. The facts
are, however, that the imposition Of the
maintenance of membership has been
widespread and is becoming more so,
through the activities Of the WLB urged
on by labor leaders.
Already approximately 1900 orders
for the maintenance of membership have
been issued by the War Labor Board
and its IL regional boards. 1t is esti-
mated that more than 1,750 900 employees
are involved in these orders, covering
all kinds of plants in so-caled essen
tial industries" and having something
apparently-to do with the war effort,
even though not engaged in war produc-
ton. For example, some of these orders
have covered editorial stats Of news
Evening star., 1945-01-02

ings, can, hardly be said to augur
well for the idea of genuine postwar
collaboration among the United Ma
tions. In this instance the idea just
simply does not seem to be working
out, and there is no use trying to
blink that fact. Coupled with other
events elsewhere, it clearly indi-
Gates that when they meet again,
President Roosevelt, Prime Minister
Churchill and Premier Stain will
have very delicate and very serious
job to do if the current Allied politi-
cal deterioration is to be checked.
For the sake of the next peace we
must hope and pray that every effort
they make to this end will bear rich
fruit
Evening star., 1945-01-02
Unhuppy Auqury

It is scarcely to be doubted that
the Lublin Poles, in declaring them
selves to be the Polish provisional
government, have MQscow's full ap-
proval. In view of the recent collapse
in negotiations between Russia and
the Poles in London, the develop
ment is not surprising, but 1T is
discouraging nevertheless, since it
brings nearer the time when we shall
probably see what Prime Minister
Churchill has called "the unhappy
spectacle" of the Big Three openly
divided on the question of which
group legitimately represents Poland.
The general assumption is that
the Soviet Union will soon extend
recognition to the Lublin Poles, but
1t is considered doubtful that Britain
will and it seems almost certain that
the United States will not. Both the
Churchill government and our own
have consistently recognized the
Poles in London as the sole existing
Polish authority, and even though
that authority may have some Seri-
Gus shortcomings, there is little like
lihood that it will suddenly lose
Anglo American support merely be-
cause of what the Soviet-Sponsored
Lublin group has done. So the pros
pect is that as far as the political
status of Poland is concerned. Mos
COW, London and Washington are
about to follow different paths.
This is an extremely unfortunate
situation, not only because it may
encourage civil strife among the
Poles themselves inside Poland. but
also because it will place the Big
Three in the position of having failed
to act in unison in the first impor-
tant test of Allied cooperation out
side the military sphere. Whatever
may be the merits of the Lublin
groups arguments and of Russia IS
claims, the fact remains that The
problem has SO far been worked out
in unilateral manner and that the
impression is growing = rightly or
wrongly II that the Stain govern
ment is more interested in setting UP
puppet regime in Warsaw than
In establishing truly strong and
independent Poland.
This impression, together with the
unilateral character Of the proceed
Evening star., 1945-01-02

place, by force II necessary, other Dar-
lans In key positions In the very country
they are nberating. The Paris press
insisted that the crises which exist today
in Belgium, Italy and Greece are the
result OF bourgeois" control Of policies
in Washington and London.
Obviously, because Of the new treaty
of alliance with the q. s. 8. r., the French
writer's or the political censors who are
turning on the green or red lights did
not mention the fact that In the coun-
tries liberated" by the Red armies no
government can exist unless 1t is fully
approved and installed by the Russian
military commander and unless it is fol-
lowing the policies ordered by Moscow.
American diplomats who wish to
minimize these trends and still believe
that eventually the old close relation
ship with France will be re-established
say that such outbursts as those in the
Paris press are natural. The French are
now fighting principally political war.
Less than $4,000 soldiers are actually at
the front fighting the common enemy.
Since their government Is satisfied that
Germany Is going to be defeated by
the other Allies and France will receive
large share of German territory, the
main preoccupation of the French peo-
pie should be the reorganization of the
world along new lines.
X
After the 1910 disaster and the sub
sequent years of servitude to the Ger
mans, the French feel that their previ-
Gus political systems and
democratic republic-have failed and
something else must be tried. The in
spiration for the new experiment comes
from Moscow. This the government of
France has shown not only by signing
very comprehensive defensive-offen-
sive treaty of alliance with Russia, but
also by its refusal to negotiate a similar
pact with the British, who were more
responsible than any other government
for the establishment of Gen. de Gaulle
as head of the French government.
Recently returned Americans say that
France, like the rest Of the countries
which we are now liberating, is bound
to be antagonistic to the bourgeois
American government for q while at
least
Evening star., 1945-01-02
In Remembrance Of Me-

Do you not hear then, sobbing In the
night,
Young tD0nen's uoices, echoing Gbove
The battles discord. crying out for lope
StiH untnlfned? Can you not see the
light
Reflected from a million mothers tears?
And do you kno,r the sound lame man
makes
Learning to iDdlk again the hand
tDhich shakes
Reaching for bread :. young eyes re-
fecting fears?
The earth Is baptized pith the blood
OF those
We lore; is tortured BY the brand OF
Mars.
Our ctildren's children. binding up the
scars,
win Judge US By the telltale path no
chose.
This Is our crucial hour, this the dayl
The help ipe lend will speed the prayer
ipe prayi
EVA GRANT MARSHALL.
Evening star., 1945-01-02
Confusing Two Problems

Senator Capper is right in advo-
eating study of the voting status
Of citizens living on Federal reserva-
/ tions before any attempt to deal
/. with the question by constitutional
. amendment.
(. Senator Burton has suggested that
! the proposed Sumners-Capper con-
.stitutional amendment to give
: Washingtonians the right of repre-
4. sentation in Congress and the elec-
toral college be broadened to extend
the franchise to those citizens who
have lost 1t by reason OF residence
on Federal reservations.
But even a superficial study of
the status of these citizens indicates
very plainly that the remedy for
their condition lies with the States
, in which Federal reservations are
. located rather than through amend
, ment of the Constitution. Some of
the States treat residents of Federal
: reservations as citizens of the State
, In voting. Others make a distinc-
ton. Senator McCarran probably
sums up the matter in saying that
as a rule a person neither gains nor
loses State residence rights by
moving to Federal reservation.
a One thing is very clear An at
tempt to define the voting status
of the citizens of Federal reserva-
tions lying within the States, if
undertaken through the Summers
Capper amendment, would kill that
amendment. AS Senator Hatch very
clearly pointed out in his interview
with The Sunday Star, the States
are too jealous of their own prerog-
atives to approve any such method
OF qualifying voters within their
boundaries.
An entirely different situation ap-
plies in relation to residents of the
District of Columbia. The Constitu-
ton, written long before any area
had been ceded and set aside as a
Federal Capital under exclusive con-
troll of Congress and without knowl-
edge of where this District would be,
omitted to provide for the voting
rights of its future residents, prob
ably with the thought that the
ceding States would take care of the
matter as a condition Of cession.
It is this omission which would be
remedied by amendment of the Con-
stitution, and in the remedy pro-
posed by Representative Summers
and Senator Capper there is no con-
f1ict with the exclusive control OF
the District by Congress nor any
impairment of State sovereignty. No
new State would be created. No
existing powers of Congress or rights
of the States are affected, no constl-
tutional principles are infringed.
The question of the status OF resi-
dents of Federal reservations has
little in common with the disfran-
chisement of residents of the Dis
trict of Columbia, and the remedy
for one condition would not apply
to the other.
Evening star., 1945-01-02
Our Submarines

Ever since the First World War the
Germans have been considered fore
most among all others in the grim
art of undersea raiding, but their
distinction in this respect is rapidly
being dissipated. 1t is being dis
/. sipated by our own American sub
marines, that great fleet of elusive
killers whose record in the Pacific
promises to become the most bril-
liant and deadliest thing of its kind
in history.
Since Pearl Harbor to date, wholly
apart from those which they have
probably sunk or damaged, these
killers have definitely sent to the
bottom no fewer than 80 Japanese
warships, including large aircraft
carrier, and 1856 noncombatant YES
sells aggregating more than 3,500,00O
tons, or about half Japan's estimated
prewar merchant fleet. This impress
sive record has been achieved at
cost which in the unfeeling arith-
metic of war is relatively small-34
American submarines, some of which
have been lost through accident or
through self-destruction to prevent
capture by the enemy.
Precise statistics on the number of
Allied ships sunk by Hitler's U-boats
are not available, but considering the
massacre inflicted on the latter and
considering also the vast distances of
the Pacific. it is probably no exag-
geration to say that the American
showing, proportionately, already
excels the German record, our losses
in submersibles being far less in
relation to the kills" achieved.
Moreover. with the Philippines and
other islands coming into our con-
troll, our submarine fleet is moving
into advance bases which make pos
Sible such a marked intenSification
in raiding operations that Japanese
sinkings from now on are likely to
increase on a constantly rising scale.
The officers and men who wear the
dolphin insignia belong to the most
tight-lipped branch of the Navy, the
dangerous nature of their service
demanding that all talk and pub
licity about it be kept to a minimum.
Yet, more than any other group of
Americans. they have hurt Japan
where Japan can least afford to be
hurt-in shipping. Their pre-emi-
nence in this particular is incontest-
able, since at least rs per cent of all
japanese merchant vessels sunk so
far have been sunk by them.
Evening star., 1945-01-02

This column often has taken occasion
to point out the tremendous Importance
of time in war. The battle now in
progress on the Western Front is an
occasion to emphasize this point again
When it becomes necessary to shift
considerable numbers of troops in order
to meet an unexpected move by the
enemy, great deal of time Is con-
sumed before troops removed from one
location can become effective In their
new zone of action. This time interval
is the enemy's opportunity; 1t is part
of the gain which he counts on-the
advantage of surprise.
1t is easy enough to shift pins on a
map, or draw new lines upon it. But
when. the decision. has been taken by
the commander, after considering all
the factors involved, it is quite another
matter for the troops actually to carry
out the decisions. Those decisions do
not have any effect on the enemy when
they are reached; they only begin to
trouble him when his advancing ele-
ments run into resistance-which gen.
orally means infantry backed up by
artillery and tanks, ready to contest
with him his ability to continue his
movement in the direction which he
desires.
Take the case of a single infantry
division, which 1t becomes necessary to
move, let us say, Is miles from its pres
ent location to new area into which
the enemy is advancing. After the de-
cision has been taken to move it, that
decision must be translated into the
form of an order, which is sent to
the division commander. What hap
pens then?
First, the division commander directs
his chief of staff to prepare detailed
plans for the movement and to issue
q warning order to the troops. II the
division Is in billets, it may be scattered
out over considerable area; more than
1900 officers and men and almost 500
vehicles are involved. It will take at
least IS minutes before the warning
order can be prepared and will reach
all unit commanders.
Meanwhile the staff Is preparing the
movement orders" process Of infinite
detail which takes about two hours,
and It will take at least another hour
for these orders to get to the subordi-
nate commanders. Thus q total OF
about four hours will be consumed be-
tween the receipt of the order to move
and the time the commanders Of the
component parts OF the division are
finally told in detail just what they
are to do.
This time, Of course, is not wasted.
From the moment the warning order
b received, each unit Is busy preparing
10 move. Reconnaissance parties are
Evening star., 1945-01-02
This Changing World
By Constantine ByosOn

Since the return Of Gen. Charles de
Gaulle from Moscow, where he signed
an all-out treaty Of alliance with Rus
STA, the French press has taken an even
more critical tone toward the United
States than formerly.
This is regarded as an interesting
indication OF the shape OF things to
come. When newspapers In the United
States or Great Britain carry unpleasant
or antagonistic stories or editorials con-
corning other nations, they represent
the views Of the writer's or possibly of
the newspapers themselves. But articles
published in the press Of countries where
there Is strict political censorship and
where the writers are confined to ex-
pressing only the views OF the govern
ment, have totally different signifi-
cance.
1t has been known in Washington for
some time that a strong anti-American
propaganda was started in France even
before the invasion OF Normandy. And
1t was not the Nazis and the Vichy
government alone which were respon-
sible for such \ propaganda. Certain
sections OF the underground movement,
those which were more political than
militarily minded, had received instruc-
tions from their chiefs outside of France
to criticize severely the American poll
tcies and their authors.
1t was believed, however, that after
the liberation OF France, accomplished
principally through the efforts of the
American forces, there might be a
change Of heart as far as the "inspirers'
of the censored French press were con-
cerned. But nothing of the sort has
happened.
On Christmas Day three important
Paris newspapers, Ce SQir, Combat and
France -Tireur, celebrated editorially the
assassination OF Admiral Jean Francois
Darlan, whose collaboration with the
Allied forces which landed in North
Africa on November 7, 1912, had been
accepted by the American Government
for reasons Of military expediency.
These newspapers, representing the new
political forces Of France which are
centered around the FIJI, charged that
the Anglo-Saxons have not abandoned
the Darlanist policies and are trying to
Evening star., 1945-01-02
Making q New Stort

The great virtue of the report
which War Mobilization Director
ByrneS has submitted to the Presi-
dent and to Congress lies in its
candid recognition that more Strin-
gent controls are needed on the
home front.
This is fact which the admins
tration has been reluctant to face
and our war effort has suffered
accordingly. But now that new
start has been made, now that we
have recognized the inadequacy of
many of our voluntary" domestic
controls, there is reason to hope for
substantial Improvement
Mr.. Byrnes advances three main
proposals. First, he says, it may
be necessary" for Congress to
strengthen the authority of the War
Manpower Commission There are
many who believe that the necessity
for this has been abundantly DEM
onstrated. Without seeking to de-
tract from the good work that the
VINO has done, it can hardly be
doubted that its experience shows
the need for something more than
voluntary controls. Elaborate plans
and indirect pressures have not sup
piled the workers which the war
plants need. Percentagewise, the
deficiency has not been great, but
the plants which have suffered are
key plants and we know now that
we cannot afford even relatively
minor failures in recruiting war
workers If the men at the battle
fronts are to be supplied with all of
the equipment they need.
Mr.. Byrnes may have felt that his
second recommendation legis-
lation making it possible to require
4-Fs to perform war-useful work
would do away with the need to
strengthen the authority of the
VINO. About 100000 men have
been excused from military service
because of physical defects, some of
them of very minor nature, Many
of these AIS are not in war work,
and there is at present no effective
way of compelling them to under
take such work. But if a solution
can be found for the administrative
difficulties that would be encoun-
tered, there is small doubt that
enough of them could be brought
into war industries to overcome the
current deficit of some 100000
workers.
The third important recommends
tion advanced by Mr.. Byrnes was for
legislation empowering the War
Labor Board to enforce it's decisions
through the courts. Although the
WLB itself has opposed legislation
of this sort, there has long been a
self-evident need for it. Experience
has exploded the fiction that the
WLB can function as an advice
giving agency, leaving it to the
President to compel acceptance of
the advice in some cases and not in
others. AS Mr.. Byrnes said, the
"Petrillos and the Averys" should be
treated alike, and the country would
heartily welcome legislation to that
end.
There are other recommendation
in Mr.. Byrnes' report which should
commend themselves to a people
who can no longer doubt that much
hard fighting lies ahead. The three
which have been enumerated are
the most important, however, and
the real test of whether a new leaf
is to be turned in 1945 will lie in
our willingness or unwillingness to
put them into effect
Evening star., 1945-01-02

fraction OF the skilled personnel for
merly employed in the printing and
publishing business in Leipzig has
been lost in the war,
The lesson to be drawn from the
tragedy, as the editor of the Bulletin
sees it, is one which is basically reli-
gious in character: "We can only
strive earnestly to derive from these
tragic experiences the determination
and the wisdom to turn human
energies from total war to total
peace on earth and good will toward
men,"