davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1945-06-23
Hosty Action Vetoed

Although it is easy to understand
and sympathize with the desire for
prompt Senate approval of the
United Nations charter, it is to be
expected that those who have been
pressing for ratification by July Is
will heed the admonition from San
Francisco that this is totally i'm
possible"
There is no doubt that this reflects
the opinion of the members of the
American delegation to the United
Nations Conference who will be
called upon to take the lead in
plotting the charter through the
Senate-Chairman Connally of the
Foreign Relations Committee and
Republican Senator Vandenberg of
Michigan. It is also probable that
most if not all of the other members
of the American delegation share
this view.
They have wxked long and hard
to formulate the charter which will
be submitted to plenary session of
the conference for formal approval
on Monday. It is by no means a
perfect document. But when one
considers the conflicts of interest
and the divergent attitudes which
had to be reconciled at San Fran
cisco there is no hesitancy in saying
that the conference has been a
success-a success in which the
American delegation, under Secre-
tary of State stettinius, has played
a conspicuous if not controlling
part.
Naturally, they do not want to put
this achievement in jeopardy by an
ul-considered attempt to rush the
Evening star., 1945-06-23
VonderIyn's Landing

Thousands of people, it safely may
be assumed, have viewed the inter-
probation of the Landing of Colum-
bus in the rotunda of the Capitol
without having paused even for a
moment to think about it. But when
the picture accidentally slips from
its frame and falls face down upon
the floor, it becomes an item of
current news and at least for a while
the public will notice and perhaps
ponder its meaning and significance.
Completed and installed Just
ninety-nine years ago, the Landing
composition was the work of John
Vanderlyn, who also was responsible
for the full-length portrait of
George Washington in the House of
Representatives. He was a native
OF Kingston in Ulster County, New
York, allegedly born October IS, TITS.
Legend tells how the boy, while
working as a blacksmith and wagon
decorator, met Aaron Burr and was
encouraged by him. More certainly
established is the fact that he was
employed by Thomas Barrow, a
print-seller in New York, between
1892 and 1894. Burr sent him to
Philadelphia to study under Gilbert
Stuart and later to Paris, where he
may have been pupil of Antoine
Paul Vincent. In 1901 he returned
to America and painted two views of
Niagara Falls which were engraved
and published in London in 1904.
Meanwhile, Vanderlyn again went
abroad. In Rome he met Washing
ton Allston, who became his intimate
friend, and created his "Marius
Amid the Ruins of Carthage" which
made great stir" at the Paris
salon. The height of his popularity
was reached with his "Ariadne" in
1872. He executed a portrait of
Zachary Taylor, which now is in the
Corcoran Gallery, and many other
portraits of celebrities which were
considered satisfactory in their day
and still are important as "docu-
ments." But his fame was fading.
A quarrel with John Trumbull about
the decoration Of the Capitol brought
him much distress and sorrow. The
hiring Of French artist to assist
him on the Landing was bitterly
Evening star., 1945-06-23
A Problem of SpeIIino
BY David Laurence
From the Manchester IN. H) ONION

from the Manchester IN. H.) Union.
Maybe we're old-fashioned, but we
like to see words spelled as they were
when we went to school, not elided or
telescoped. Or, If it's smart nowadays
to streamline them, why not be con-
sistent?
Take that word alright" which keeps
cropping up. If it's all right to spell it
alright, then let's follow through and
make anything that's all wrong alwrong,
and do it every day and alday. Per-
sonally, we think the whole idea is alwet
And there are "someday" and "any-
place" Then why not somenight, some
morning, someafternoon, someevenine
and so on? And If tbs alright to 20
anyplace. how explain 1t when there's
noplace to 60?
Not that it matters much, anyway or
noway. But If this is an attempt to re-
vive the simplified spelling which proved
to be hop 80 years ago, we're agin it,
And somedays it gets our goat.
Evening star., 1945-06-23

appearance recently, but the Japs-as
In the case Of the Germans during the
latter stages Of the war In Europe
are not expected to be able to produce
then In suf1cient numbers to interfere
seriously with our bombing missions.
According to available estimates, Ja-
pan has about 1,500,0 trained troops
In the homeland. Another large force,
which may be described as a home
guard. is ready to support the regulars
In trying to prevent the invasion. This
represents q much larger force than the
Germans had In France But their
ability to maneuver large bodies Of men
is greatly reduced because of the mar
rowness Of the territory which must be
defended. Oversaturation with man.
power in small area is a disadvantage
rather than an advantage particularly
when these men are exposed to wither-
ing bombardments and strafings from q
much superior air force.
The American aviation will likely
follow the classical pattern of lombard
ment which was developed in Europe,
and will cause complete disruption of
the enemy's lines Of communication.
This will result In a lack of mobility of
the japanese forces while our own will
have the advantage of the initiative,
which means that we can select the
point where we will strike.
X X
The shores Of Kyushu, like those of
the rest Of the Japanese islands, are
strongly fortified. But again, previous
experience has demonstrated that no
shore defense, regardless of its strength,
can long resist the bombardment of the
heavy guns from the naval units engaged
in supporting the amphibious operations.
The most formidable array of battle
ships, heavy and light cruisers and de-
stroyers will convoy the landing barges
and transports to whatever point the
American high command may have
chosen as its invasion gate into Japan.
AL of them will have a protecting
umbrella of planes of all types based
either on land or on large number of
carriers. The occupation of Okinawa
has given us base about as effective
as England was when the Allies landed
in Normandy.
The japanese high command is aware
that this summer and fall will be the
most fateful in the empires history and
the severe attack of jitters which has
gripped the Tokyo clique is fully under
standable.
Evening star., 1945-06-23

and we hope to keep them that way, so
as to destroy them in detail The fall
of Okinawa will enable American air
and naval forces to close the Yellow Sea
and the Strait of Korea to Japanese
shipping, except for few ships which
may sneak along the coast. Indeed, a
great deal has already been done to
interrupt Japanese ship movements in
these waters. 1T Is not, however, pos
sible to stop large-scale movements from
the ports of Eastern Korea across the
Sea of Japan to Japanese west coast
ports, even though the entrance to the
Inland Sea can be partially blocked by
mines.
Hence it is still possible, even likely.
that the Japanese may be carrying on
a partial redeployment of their own,
moving troops from various mainland
locations to Japan proper.
These considerations might seem to
urge a move into Japan now, instead
of move to China first. The Japanese,
at any rate, seem to be convinced that
we shall shortly invade the southern
most of their main islands, Kyushu,
which lies only 325 miles from Okinawa.
If they really mean what their radio
keeps saying about this, it would follow
almost certainly that they have concen-
trated all the good troops in Japan for
the defense Of Kyushu. It would not
necessarily follow, under these circum-
stances, that we would 60 to Kyushu
at all. There are other possible loca-
tions for q landing which are within
our reach from Okinawa.
II II 4 Il
One other consideration should be
kept IN mind: An invasion of the Japa-
nese home islands would be the most
serious military enterprise we have
yet undertaken in the Pacific. The seven
:. divisions we used on Okinawa will have
] to have considerable period of rest and
refitting before they can be used again;
three or four divisions are still busy In
the Philippines: It is not at all certain
that we have enough troops In the Pa
cific area over and above these two
groups of divisions to undertake an
invasion of Japan right now. II that
is so, then there would seem to be no
reason why we should not, while as
sembling more forces, undertake sec.
ondary operation on the Chinese coast
II it offers compensatory advantages
and does not seriously interfere with
the build-up Of the main effort.
tcapyright. 1a4t.)
Evening star., 1945-06-23
Eisenhower's FGirness
From the st. Louis Post-Dispatch,

From the b. Louis Post.D1spatch.
Gen. Eisenhower has taken just and
considerate step in ordering that no
combat soldier who has fought in both
North Africa and Europe shall be sent
to the Pacific. Such men may be kept
in the Army Of Occupation II they
haven't enough points for immediate
discharge, but they won't be called on
to Tight another campaign.
Like Gen. Marshall. Eisenhower IS
deeply concerned with redeployment's
human problems. His instructions to
his generals to use human understand
ing" In applying the established policies
bespeak the stature of . great general
Who u also . great man.
Evening star., 1945-06-23
Next Pacific Landing
By Maj. George Fielding Eliot

The appointment of Gen. Joseph w.
Stilwell to the command of the 10th
Army on Okinawa has been widely ac-
cepted as indicating an early landing
on the Chinese coast. This is because
of Gen. Stilwell's experience in warfare
in China, and his knowledge of the
Chinese people and Army.
We should. however, generally be
major strategical move which is eccen-
tric-that is, which diverts considerable
forces from the main objective. On
the face of it, large-scale landing
In the immediate future on the coast
of China would be eccentric. The main
objective of our war in the Pacific is the
destruction of Japanese military power
in the Japanese main islands, the source
of all Japan's strength. The base at
Okinawa is within striking distance
of those main islands. Therefore to
60 elsewhere from Okinawa than to
the main islands is a diversion Of
strength from the main objective.
\ n \
But that is to assume that the time
is ripe for such move. Has Japan
been sufficiently "softened up" by bomb
ing and blockade to permit direct
invasion to be attempted? That Is
one consideration. It must be con-
sidered in connection with the enemy's
distribution Of forces. Not very long
ago there were comparatively few COM
bat divisions in the japanese main
islands, and they not of the best quality.
Shifts Of strength have probably taken
place since tnen-to what extent, 1t Is
impossible to say, though doubtless our
intelligence officers are well enough
informed on the subject.
Can we gain an advantage by strik-
ing now. will we catch the japanese
unprepared to meet us by reason of not
having enough troops in home garri-
sons? Obviously, the major objective
Of the japanese. If they have reason
to think an invasion of their home.
land Is imminent, will be to get every
available soldier from the mainland into
japan itself for home defense, and
especially their better-class combat di-
visions. II we can hit them at home
before these moves are completed, or
while they are in progress, then the
sooner we strike the better for US.
As the oficial War Department re-
lease On the redeployment from Europe
observes, the japanese forces are divided
Evening star., 1945-06-23
The Problem of Spoin

The international status OF the
Spanish regime headed by General
issimo Francisco Franco was posed
squarely as an issue by the unani-
nous vote of the delegates at the
San Francisco Conference barring
Spain from membership in the
United Nations so long as the Franco
regime is in power.
That, at least, was the clear mean
ing and intent of the motion spon-
sored by Luis Quintanilla of Mexico,
though its actual phraseology did
not specifically mention Spain. The
wording was that no government
which came into being with the mil
itary aid of the Axis powers shall
be admitted to the United Nations
organization. and Manchukuo, the
puppet creation of Japan, was like
wise debarred.
The first thing to be noted is that
the textual restriction to regimes
whose existence is due wholly or
partially to Axis military aid consid-
erably narroWs the issue involved.
For instance, it technically averts
criticism for having admitted to
membership the Farrell-Peron re-
gime in Argentina. which clearly
did not owe it's existence in any de-
gree to Axis military aid. In the
second place, it avoids the larger
issue of the theological character of
existing regimes throughout the
world. The logical basis for argu-
ments against the admittance of
both those regimes is that they are
equally Fascist" in character. In
deed. spokesmen for Soviet Russia
have made the same charge against
the existing governments of Portu-
gal, Switzerland and the Polish
government in exile at London.
The San Francisco Conference prob
ably acted wisely in restricting the
issue to Franco Spain and Manchu-
kuo. Otherwise. charges of "Fas-
cism" might have been multiplied,
with embarrassing consequences.
Now that the Franco government
has been debarred from membership
in the United Nations and has been
unanimously stigmatized as being
tarred with the Axis brush, the next
question is what, if anything, is to
be done about it. Unlike Manchu-
kuo, which is a mere Tokyo satel-
lite, wholly dependent upon Japa-
nese military support, Franco Spain
is going concern. with a large vet
eran army, fairly well equipped and
seemingly capable of maintaining
internal order. Senor Quintanilla
specifically denied the wish of his
government for Intervention in
Spain's internal affairs. The di-
lemma is, of course, the elimination
OF the Franco regime without pre-
cipitating a new civil war in Spain,
which could produce most danger
Gus repercuSsions throughout both
Europe and Latin America. At so
crucial a moment in world affairs.
Franco Spain is problem which
obviously needs most delicate han
ding
Evening star., 1945-06-23
This Changing World
By CoSstantixe Bro,Dn

The japanese military clique IL hav.
Ing much worse case Of filters than
the German high command had over
year ago when it realized that an
Allied invasion from England was in
evitable.
Hasty preparations are being made
by the Japs to meet the American at
tack which the enemy high command
seems to think will be directed against
the island of Kyushu.
The Japanese generals and admirals
realize that their soldiers will be able
to stand their ground with more de-
termination than the Germans, who did
not share the belief of their Asiatic AL
lies that the supreme happiness in life
is to die for the head Of the state. This
philosophy. which is deeply imhedded
IN the minds OF every subject Of En-
peror Hirohito, may cause the American
forces heavy casualties but will not
prevent the collapse Of Japans military
power. 1t has been amply demonstrated
in this war that no country without a
superior navy and air force can pos
sibly prevent amphibious operations.
The Japanese will be able to offer q
stih resistance when we begin our
principal operations which will lead to
their utter defeat. But they have neith-
er navy nor an air force to raise
sufficient doubts as to the success of
our invasion.
The Japanese Navy has dwindled
down to practically nothing. Although
our Navy has had some heavy losses
particularly in damaged ships-in the
last five months, it is so far superior
that the enemy fleets presence in its
home waters is not material factor.
In fact, some of the American naval
strategists consider the Jap fleet less
of threat than were the German SUBJ
marines last June.
A few Jap battleships, cruisers and
destroyers, which are hiding in the
home waters, might attempt suicide
sortie and thus fulfill the most ardent
hopes of the American naval men.
The Japanese aviation has done us
much harm through their suicide bomb
1ngs OF our surface vessels. But the
enemy's aircraft production has been
severely curtailed and the japanese
now have a much smaller number of
suicide planes than two months ago, A
new type of excellent and very ma
neuverable combat plane has made its
Evening star., 1945-06-23
War Criminal Trials

Justice JackSon'S announcement in
London of a United States plan to
prosecute Germany's arch war Grim
inals in one collective trial conforms
in general with the theories he out
lined earlier this month in his first
report to the President as chief
counsel for the United States in the
forthcoming trials.
International law" he wrote at
that time, sis not capable of develop
ment by legislation. for there is no
continuously sitting international
legislature. Innovations and re-
visions in international law are
brought about by the actions of
governments designed to meet a
change in circumstances. 1t grows,
as did the common Jaw, through
decisions reached from time to time
in adapting settled principles to new
situations. Hence am not disturbed
by the lack of precedent for the
inquiry we propose to conduct"
Nor should the absence of prece-
dent be disturbing to any one. The
contemplated trials of individuals.
singly or collectively, are as much to
advance a new conception in inter-
national justice as they are to bring
retribution to those found guilty. AS
Justice Jackson wrote, the doctrine
that head of state is immune from
legal liability is as obsolete as the
doctrine of divine right of kings. But
coupled with that doctrine of immu-
nifty of the head of state is an
other. which argues that orders from
an official superior protect one who
obeys them. "It will be noticed that
the combination of these two doc
trines." Mr. Jackson pointed out,
means that nobody is responsible.
Society as modernly organized can
not tolerate so broad an area of
official responsibility"
The trials, as now contemplated,
will be trials of organizations as we'll
as of individuals. Findings in the
main trial that an organization is
criminal in nature will be conclu-
sive in any subsequent proceedings
against individual members. The
individual member will thereafter be
allowed to plead only personal de-
fenses or extenuating circumstances
and as to. those defenses he
should have the burden of proof"
The precedent to be established in
these trials is that men who identify
themselves with such criminal Or
ganizations as the Nazi government,
the SIS troops, the Gestapo and that
master aggregation of war criminals
the German general staff - are
under indictment, in the eyes of the
world, for acts (which have been re-
garded as criminal since the time of
Cain and have been so written in
every civilized CODE" A demonstra-
ton of such a theory is as necessary
to future peace in this world as the
new charter soon to be signed at San
Francisco. For there can be no real
hope of peace until aggressive war is
recognized and condemned as crime
and those who plot aggressive war
are treated as criminals. "It is high
time" as Justice Jackson wrote,
"that we act on the iuridical prin-
ciple that aggressive war-making is
illegal and criminal"
That the trials themselves must
not affront the American conscience
nor leave a record of which our chill
dren need be ashamed are conSid-
erations which, it may be taken for
granted. will always be uppermost
in the mind of the respected chief
counsel for the United States.
Evening star., 1945-06-23
Letters to The Star
Praises DR.. Byrd's Services and
Achievements
TO the Editor Of The Star:

TO the Editor Of The Star:
I have been reading in your paper
about the controversy with regard to
DR.. H. c. Byrd, president Of the Uni
versity Of Maryland, and cannot help
but interpose few words in his behalf,
since 1t was my pleasure to be asso-
ciated closely with him as q student
for two years and an employe for five
years. It was during these five years
as secretary to the controller, Harvey
T. Casbarian, that I had an opportunity
to learn just what DR.. Byrd was doing
for the University of Maryland, and I
believe that safely can say that he
has done more to advance the univer-
sity during his administration than ever
has been done before. This was not
an easy job.
1t was through DR.. Byrd's untiring
efforts that the university was given q
PWA grant which enabled the univer-
sity to build 10 new and modern build
ings and additions to several others.
These buildings include the addition
to the Engineering Building, the new
Home Economies Building, the mfr
mary, new boys dormitories, the Admin
istration Building at College Park, the
Medical Building, addition to the nurses
homes, and addition to the university
hospital at Baltimore, and several new
buildings and additions to old buildings
at the colored branch at Princess Anne,
Md. The author personally knows that
DR.. Byrd worked day. night and Sum
days until he received this grant.
The above is just an example of one
of the many things that DR.. Byrd has
done during his term as president.
There are many others too numerous
to mention. Possibly should not be
writing this letter, but 1t just doesn't
seem fair that faculty members and
students who are or have been enjoy
ing the benefits of DR.. Byrds untiring
labors should be criticizing him so
harshly. I personally know that DR..
Byrd has had business opportunities
much more attractive than the presi-
dency of the University Of Maryland,
but he often has said that he has
grown with the University Of Maryland
and his heart and soul will always be
there. I also would like to point out
that even though he may expect q
great deal from his employees, he never
expects as much Of them as he does
of himself and he is more than appre-
ciative of every effort that is put forth
in behalf Of the university. H. M. S.
Evening star., 1945-06-23
Negro Soldiers Applauded
To the Editor of The Star.

Negro Soldiers Applauded
To the Editor of The Star:
Not long ago, Congressman Rankin
made slurring reference to the seeming
preponderance of casualties among
white soldiers and the fewer deaths and
injuries listed for Negroes in the Armed
Forces.
But release recently issued by the
War Department shows that the 332d
Flying Unit has lost 81 boys by death
in action. Six have received Purple
Heart citations. Twenty have been re-
ported missing or prisoners Of war.
Sixty-four were awarded the Distin-
guished Flying Cross. There were $50
men serving overseas in this unit, and
they shot down 100 enemy planes.
Meanwhile, the policy of the Armed
Forces by which the great majority of
American colored soldiers were used as
engineers to build roads, bridges and
air fields, to work at docks and in trans
portation, kept many out of the front
lines despite their wish to serve in COM
bat units. 1t also is true that the fall
lions of Negro youths was responsible
for thousands being too illiterate to
serve in the Armed Forces or to do
jobs requiring at least a fourth-grade
education.
Since SO many pictures of casualties
are not published. and for lack of
Identification as to race, the general
public does not know how many coll
ored boys have been killed or injured.
Nearly 800 men were blown to bits in
one catastrophe on the Pacific Coast
when the ammunition they were load
ing exploded. Many local boys were
killed in flying accidents out Of the war
zones.
Regardless of comparable. casualty
lists, the generals who have commended
Negro soldiers universally have testi-
fed to their bravery and their fighting
ability. This Is why every one of the
$4,000 boys drafted from Washington
deserve recognition as heroes.
E. B. HENDERSON.
Evening star., 1945-06-23

criticized as "a fraud" Large pano-
ramas Of Athens, Mexico City and
other great towns which he produced
for exhibition In City Hall Park in
New York brought him little money.
"ais affairs" says the Dictionary Of
American Biography, went from
bad to worse" On September Is,
1852, he was found dead in his room
in a hotel in his native Kingston.