davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1945-03-09

Rhine and might well cos
him his national socialist divin-
ity.
However the Gauleiter. set
ting a pattern which other Nazi
leaders will have ample oppor-
tunity TO emulate, undoubtedly
did get away with his share of
worldly baggage. After all, Eo
had made his marks in the world
and knew what TO do.
He kept prodding the popu
lace TO resist the attackine
Americans until March 3 when
the last issue of his daily news
paper "Kolner Nachrichten' APP
peared with the heading:
Cologne Must Live - Col
ogne Will Live"
PLAYED SURE THINGS
Before Herr Grohe became a
fugitive he had big powers, but
when the American payoff
squeeze began he. didn't hang
around TO help his distressed
people. He was strictly a percen-
tage leader.
He lived in a spreading con-
crete home in the Lindenthal
section where most Of Cologne s
81 millionaires were reported to
have set up their own Nazi
shangri-la.
Allied bombs did much TO
shake Herr Grohe's confidence
in his cause. They ripped away
the two top floors of his home
and drove him underground.
Like most of Cologne's popula-
ton he became a basement
dweller, but on a luxurious
scale. His underground retreat
had rich furniture. special
folding bar we'll stocked with
German liquors and fine piano
over which hung frowning
portrait of Beethoven.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1945-03-09
Joe
Continued from Page l

Continued from Page l
business is falling off rapidly as
its Rhineland real estate invest
ments hit a skidding market.
TAKES LOOT ALONG
II was too bad that Herr
Grohe couldn't take his concrete
house along when he hitch-hiked
across the Rhine 10 pass on per-
sonally TO boss Adolf the bad
news that the American army
had cut him out of consider
able revenue by its drive to the
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1945-03-09
Will
Continued from Page /


TO St. Mary'S Catholic Church
in Hillsonburg, Ont, and $500
to its pastor, Rev. FIR. j. A.
O'Neil, personally. FIR. O'Neil
was made executor of her Ca
madam estate, and Russell adj
ministrator of that part of her
estate in the United States.
Also receiving various small
er requests of personal effects
and money were number of
nepheWs and nieces of Lake &C.
neva. Wis, and Newark, o.
The hearing on claims will, be
held in late May or early June,
probate officials state.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1945-03-09
Bridge
Continued From Page

OOHtIHuCW TIUTH dSC
would be so completely success
full.
II expected to see it blow up
right in our faces" he said.
Within two hours hundreds of
prisoners were laying down
their arms and confusing the
situation by cluttering up the
position on the east bank while
it was still barely foothold.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1945-03-09
Supervisors 10 Hold
March Meeting Monday

Macomb County Supervisors
will hold their regular March
meeting Monday at 10 a. m. on
the ninth floor of Macomb Coun-
ty building, County Clerk Guy
L. Brown said today.
Smyrna times., 1945-01-04
CARL C. CONLEY AMONG GROUP
TO RECEIVE CONTAMINATION

Dor. These operations were carried
out under the most trying circum-
stances, many of which had not
been previously experienced. The
perseverance, fortitude, and alert
ness displayed by you in the face
of difficulty and danger while in the
performance of your duties has
brought credit and honor to your
ship and reflects credit upon all of
you. You are hereby commended
for the prompt, thorough, and eff
ficient manner in which your ship
carried out the difficult operations
called for during this period. The
performance of duty by you was in
keeping with the traditions of the
naval lservice and reflected credit
thereon" Conley entered the Navy
in February, 1943, and received his
"boots" at Great Lakes III. He
trained at Little Creek, Va, and
Fort Pierce, Fla.
Smyrna times., 1945-01-04
PARTY FOR GIRL SCOUTS
Red Rose Patrol Were Entertained
With Covered Dish Luncheon

The Century Club was decorated
for the Christmas holidays and
with the logs burning in the large
fireplace, the Red Rose Patrol,
Smyrna Girl Scouts were enter
tanned at a covered dish luncheon
last Thursday afternoon. The pro-
gram for the afternoon was in
keeping with the Christmas season.
To the tune of Jingle Bells, Santa
appeared, accompanied by his help
ers, the Senior Scouts of Lone
Troop. Thelma Dulin, dressed in
traditional costume of>the jolly old
saint, distributed the gifts. The
patrol leaders of the Red Rose
troop then presented gift to Mrs.
Thomas Russell, leader and Irene
Mofitt and Jean Ellen Russell,
junior assistant leaders. This
month the weekly meetings viii be
devoted to activities of the Star
Finder Badge. Observations viii
be made of the stars, planets and
consultations which appear in the
January sky.
Smyrna times., 1945-01-04
TOWN FUTURE
ROTARY TALK
Discussion On"POst War Plan
ming" Given by Members,
Led by c. l.. HarmOnsOn
HOUSING NEEDED

With a forward look for the flu
ture of Smyrna, the Rotary Club
members heard an address Thurs
day night at The Wayside Inn by
Charles Leland Harmonson, attor-
ney and past president of the Club,
on Postwar Planning" Mr.. Har-
monson also led a panel discussion
by members. He told of the ad-
vantages and disadvantages that
have confronted this community
since Civil War days. During the
discussion speakers suggested that
manufacturing interests should be
encouraged to come to the town
and that the building of new
homes, especially in newly-acquired
tracts, should also be expanded.
Town Council should be urged to
cooperate in the extension of sew
er, water, and electric lights to
meet conditions which will arise,
other members adised. Harvey C.
Jones past president, said that new
business and new housing develop
ments are needed. DR.. v. Lay
Phillips spoke of the necessity for
the Identification of the town to
attract newcomers. Contrasts were
made by DR.. w. c. Deakyne of
towns of the size of Smyrna and
their plans for modernization and
development. Harry o. Bostick,
president, presided.
Smyrna times., 1945-01-04
FIRE RECORDERS REPORT
Julian Staats Submits Yearly Re
port of the Various Fires

The following is report of the
fire recorder for the year 1914 of
the Citizens Hose Company, No. 1,
as recorded by Julian R. Stats:
Number of alarms, 81; kind of fires,
stores, 3; grass, 6; restaurants, q;
dwellings, "a; trucks 9; out build
ings 5; church, 1. cause of fires:
dirty chimneys, ID; accident, l.;
unknown, IL; overheated stoves, q;
locomotive, 2; cigarettes, 3; rub
bish fire 6; carelessness, 8; over
heated motors, 4. Rural alarms,
25; number of men attending, 693;
miles travelled, 280; hose in service,
10000 feet %-inch, $50 feet 1A-
inch, $500 feet 21a-inch; ladders
raised, 332 feet; pumping time,
441a hours; loss: rural, $6,580; city,
$13,935; total, S2O,515. tools in
use: AK, 10 pike pole, IL; bar, 10;
lights 13.
Smyrna times., 1945-01-04
T-SGT. BURSLEM HONORED
Receives Nations Highest Organ
ization Award; Bomber Group

Tech.-Sergt. Bert T. Burslem, a
specialized radio-section-chief in a
B-24 Liberator bomber group of
the 18th Air Force in Italy is one
of 4 Delaware men recently author
lied to wear the Distinguished Unit
Badge. He is a son of Rev. DR..
and Mrs. G.. A. Burslem of st.
Georges and at one time lived in
Smyrna. He was educated at Not
tingham Academy and prior to en-
tering the service in October, 1941,
was a student at the University of
Delaware, and has been overseas
since February of last year. The
nations highest organization award
was made to him as a member of
the 465th bombardment group for
it's outstanding performance on a
mission against the Floridsdorf oil
refinery at Vienna last July.
Smyrna times., 1945-01-04
DRAINAGE FOR
BETTER FARMS
Russell E. Wilson Makes Tour
of Maryland and Delaware
Observing Drainage
UTILIZATION OF LAND

Russell E. Wilson, soil conserva-
zionist of the United States De-
partment of Agriculture, has re-
turned from a recent observation
trip through the Eastern Shore of
Maryland and lower Delaware, and
within few days will go to West
Virginia for further observations
of the different types of soil con-
servation work which is being con-
Quoted by this federal agricultural
agency. While on the Eastern
Shore of Maryland, Mr.. Wilson Wis
tied a number of farms on which
drainage bitches, contours and con-
tour strip cropping, water conserv-
alton, permanent pasture seedlings,
grassed waterways, wildlife refuge
paintings and other conservation
practices have been established.
Attention was given also to the
methods followed in developing
farm plans for soil conservation
and the best utilization of the land,
also the use Of drainage equipment
in those areas. In discussing this
soil conservation program with
farmers it was learned that they
are very much interested in the en-
tire program as they see the re-
suits of this work in saving the
fertile top soil on their farms from
being lost by erosion and the lack
of proper drainage. Although the
program of the Soil Conservation
Service embodies all phases of con-
servation practices, one of the chief
problems facing land owners and
tenants in the lower part of this
Peninsula is the establishing of
adequate drainage systems on these
farms, and there is also some evil
dence of wind and water erosion
which likewise results in serious
damage to the top soil. In hilly
and rolling country, however, farms
are laid out in contours and ter
races with strip cropping and
grassed waterways in order to pre-
vent water erosion and the loss of
productive soil along with holding
a sufficient quantity of water on
the land to insure maximum crop
production.
Smyrna times., 1945-01-04
FIREMEN ELECT
NEW OFFICERS
Citizens Hose Company Elect
Stout Bickling President,
Julian Stats Fire Chief
OTHER OFFICERS NAMED

At the annual meeting for the
election of officers of the Citizens
Hose Company, held Monday even
ing at the Fire Hall, the following
officers. were elected for the ensu-
ing year: President, ]. Stout Bick-
ling; vice-president, Frederick
Slaughter; secretary Nelson M.
Stats; treasurer, John c. Man.
nering; fire recorder, Harry Pusey;
fire inspector, John II. Long; fire
chief, Julian R. Stats; first assist
ant chief, E. Temple Heinold; sec
ond assistant chief, Harold HUFF
schmidt; Chaplain, Rev. Frederick
M. Barton; Trustees (3) Clifford
Jones, Wilson FAIRIES, and John j.
Hurd. Board of Trustees: ]. Stout
Bickling, Nelson M. Stats, Julian
R. Stats, Reynolds Bradley, Har-
CID Hufschmidt, John Mood, Tem-
pie Heinold, John c. Mannering,
John Hurd, Clifford Jones, Homer
Shorts and Wilson FAIRIES. Retir-
ing from office after long and
creditable record of "a years of
service is Fire Chief John D. Nor
ris who refused to let his name be
brought up for vote. During these
many years of service Mr.. Morris
has been recognized for his ability
in directing the men at fire. Sue
ceeding him is Julian R. Stats, as
stated above, who has long been
a member of the Citizens Hose Co.
This company is volunteer group
of men who are ever ready to an
swer the call of the siren, night or
day, when fifire threatens to de-
stroy someone's property.
Smyrna times., 1945-01-04

Carl c. Conley, Cox'n, has re-
turned from thirteen months over
seas and is spending thirty-day
leave with his parents, Mr.. and
Mrs. Floyd E. Conley of Clayton.
Conley served aboard an LIST
which operated in the Battle of
Normandy and the invasion of
Southern France. The group re-
ceived concentrations from their
group commander for their fine
work in the above battles. The
concentrations read: "Oonce again
the splendid performance of duty
on the part of All Hands attached
to this command has brought
credit and honor to your ship and
directly reflects credit upon each
of you. Your ship delivered vital
men and material to Port du Bouc
and acting as Mother Ship" there
and later in Marceilles Harbor.
You were the first ship to enter
Port du Bouc and Marseilles Har-
Smyrna times., 1945-01-04
Formal Debut Made at Dance

Miss Margaret Fay Schantz,
daughter of Mrs. Charles A. Owens
and the late Charles w. Schantz
former superintendent of the Smyr-
ma Schools, was presented to So
ciety on Saturday at the annual
Charity Ball and Debutants Cotil-
lion at the Bellevue-Stratford
Hotel, Philadelphia. The debutante
was entertained by Mr.. and Mrs.
Owens at supper before the dance.
Miss Nancy Fehr and her sister,
Mrs. John Gaibbel, entertained Miss
Schantz at luncheon at the Phila-
delphia Art Alliance on Saturday.
Miss Schantz wore white tulle, an
off-the-shoulder model, and stood
in the receiving line at the cotillion
with Mrs. Owens.
Smyrna times., 1945-01-04
DEATH RECORD OF WEEK
Mrs. Mary Bamberger, 20, Passed
Away Friday, December 29th

Mrs. Mary w. Bamberger age 20,
passed away at her residence on
Frazier Street, Smyrna, Friday,
December 29th following lengthy
illness. She was a daughter of
John w. and Annie Callers Duling
of Millington. Funeral services
were held Tuesday afternoon at 2
o'clock at her late residence with
Rev. Robert E. Green, pastor of
Asbury Methodist Church, in
charge, assisted by Rev. ]. w.
Parkins. Burial was in Odd Fell
lows Cemetery. Surviving are her
husband, David L. Bamberger;
three children John Bamberger of
Cheswold; Olan Bamberger and
Mrs. Harriet Roger, both of Smyr-
ma and 8 grandchildren. One broth
er, Olan Duling, and one sister,
Mrs. George Jones, both of Milling
ton also survive.
Smyrna times., 1945-01-04
DIR. GILLILAND BUYS HOME
Purchased Home of William H.
Lurty on South Street


DR.. A. V. Gilliland has purchased
thru the real estate agency of G.
Harvey Wright the house now oc-
cupied and owned by William HI.
Lurty, corner of South and Union
Streets. DIR. Gilliland will take
possession April 1st. Mr.. WrigAt,
has also sold the farm near Clay
ton of DR.. Gilliland to Clarence
Burris of Wilmington; the farm of
F. A. Mcfarland near Clayton to
James E. Kershaw of Wilmington;
a house on South Street belonging
to Carroll Stats to William Norris
of Smyrna, and the farm of Her
man Stats near Smyrna to G. ].
Hearder; William Stats house on
Mt. Vernon street to Herman
Stats of Smyrna; house on Fraz-
ier street occupied by Wallace
Elterich and owned by the Mrs.
Sadie Farrell estate has been sold
to George C. Rothwell.
Smyrna times., 1945-01-04
CHURCH WEDDING SATURDAY
Marianne Webb and Sgt. Ralph l..
FAIRIES to be Married i'm st. Peters


FAIRIES to be Married in st. Peters
The marriage of Miss Marianne
Merritt Webb, daughter of Mr.. and
Mrs. Henry C.Webb, The Barracks,
Smyrna to Sergt. Ralph L. FAIRIES,
u. S. Marine Corps, son of Mr.. and
Mrs. Clarence d. FAIRIES, Whining
ton will take place at st. Peters
Episcopal Church on Saturday,
January 9th at four-thirty o'clock.
The Rev. Paul Kellogg, rector of
Christ Church, Dover, will officiate.
Miss Nellie Wallace, Smyrna will
be maid of honor and only attend
ant. Mr.. Donald Webb, Whining
ton, cousin of the bride, will act as
best man. The ushers will be Corp.
Havard Pennebaker, U. S. Marine
Corps, of West Chester, Penna.
and Mr.. Robert FAIRIES, Whining
ton, brother of the bridegroom.
Miss Webb was graduated from the
Women's College, University of Del
aware and is a member of the fac
ulty of The Hewlett School, East
Islip, Long Island, N. Y. Sergt.
FAIRIES was graduated from the
Pierre dupont High School, Will
mington, and was employed at the
dupont Experimental Station be-
fore his enlistment in the U. S.
Marine Corps in September, 1941.
He returned on Christmas Eve af-
ter two and one-half years in ac-
tive service in the South Pacific.
Smyrna times., 1945-01-04
WOMAN KILLED
IN AUTO CRASH
Smyrna Man Driver of Car
Which Was Hit by Navy
Man Home on Leave
EIGHT ARE INJURED

Three persons were killed and
eight injured as a result of an auto
collision at Danser's Corner on the
Harding Highway near Penns
Grove Monday morning. Mrs.
Amelia Jones, Sd, of Townsend,
died from skull injuries in the
PENIS Grove ambulance en- route
to the Salem County Hospital. Mrs.
Mabel Bozarth, %, of PENIS Grove,
an expectant mother, died in the
hospital shortly after her baby was
born dead. The cars were operat-
ed by George Cropper, Sc, of Smyr-
ma, and Frank Bozarth %, cook
in the U. S. Navy, husband of the
dead mother, who is home on leave.
Mrs. Jones was a passenger in the
Cropper car. Bozarth was taken
to the Naval Hospital in Philadel-
phia suffering possible skull frac-
ture and back injuries. His condi-
ton is serious. Cropper is being
treated in Salem Hospital for in
juries to the right leg and mouth
decorations. Others in the Cropper
car were: Mrs. Minnie Cropper, So,
Smyrna, mouth decorations and hip
injuries; Christina Cropper, 10,
Smyrna, fractured right shoulder
and decorations of the head and
wrist; Reba Jones, 19, and Lenora
Jones, IA, both of Townsend, cuts
and bruises. Others in the Bozarth
car were: Mrs. Anna Bozarth, 43,
of Vineland, pelvis injuries and
shick, and Mary Grasee Bozarth,
10, bruises and shock. The Dan
ser's Corner Harding Highway in
tersection has been the scene of
many serious accidents.
Smyrna times., 1945-01-04
STATE AUDITOR
PICKS STAFF
Conwell Named Deputy and
Mrs. Ruth Pyle of Smyr-
ma ON Clerical Force
CLERK FOR TREASURER

Wilbur E. Jacobs of Harrington,
who took office as State Auditor on
Tuesday, January End has announc-
ed that William w. Conwen of
Milton has been named as deputy.
Mr.. Conwell was the Democratic
candidate for state insurance COM
missioner in the 1912 election, and
has been serving as deputy to the
clerk of the Orphans Court and
Register in Chancery of Sussex
County. Born near Milton in 1878,
he began his business career in
1898 as a clerk in the Lewes Ma
tional Bank and two years later
was appointed manager of the
branch established in Milton. He
served in that capacity for II
years. In 1907 he formed the firm
of Conwell and Company which en-
gagged in waterfront construction.
Mr.. Conwen supervised many i'm
portant projects for the Army,
Navy, and Emergency Fleet Cor
poration in the Hampton Roads
area of Virginia during and after
World War /. He continued in the
general contracting business until
he retired a few years ago. He ac-
cepted the Sussex County post at
the beginning of 1941. Mr.. Jacobs
also announced that the following
women will form his clerical force
Mrs. Lottie Johnson, Dover; Mrs.
Ruth Pyle, Smyrna; Mrs. Edith
Riley, Georgetown; Mrs. Fay Whit
tington, Dover; Mrs. Mary Hurd,
Harrington, and Mrs. T. j. Robbins,
FELTON,.
Treasurer Names Staff
Jesse S. Cooper, Wilmington, who
was sworn in as state treasurer on
Jan. 2, said that Mrs. Soulie Gray
will be his chief clerk. Miss Mar
garet Simpson, present deputy
state treasurer, will continue in
that office during January pending
the selection of a new appointee.
Mrs. Gray served as chief clerk un-
der former State Treasurer Peter
S. Collins, and was employed in the
state auditors office under the late
James w. Wise. Mrs. Beatrice
Hubbard of Dover, formerly assist
ant director of the titling depart
ment of the Motor Vehicle Division,
will be appointed clerk in Mr..
Cooper's office. Another clerk is
also to be appointed.
Smyrna times., 1945-01-04
RATION POINTS
NOW ON MEAT
Some Cuts Have Zero Value
While All Others Go on
Point Value
CANNED MEATS PT.-FREE

Meat points are in use again
thruout the country as of 12:01
Sunday and while all stores have
not received new charts on point
values for processed foods and
meats there are cuts of seven
meats remaining unrationed as the
new point values go into effect, as
follows: Beef: Tongue, heart, and
sweetbreads. Lamb: All cuts of
utility grade (Grade c., all grades
of cuts listed on the OPA point
chart under "other cuts" I. E.
breast and flank neck, shank-bone
in, lamb pattie.s ground from lamb
cuts with zero point values), liver,
heart, sweetbreads, tongue. Nut
ton: All grades, all cuts. Veal: All
cuts of utility grade, all grades of
"other cuts" ii. e. breast, neck,
flank, shank, and hee meat, patties
ground from zero point value veal,
heart, tongue, sweetbreads. Pork:
Other pork cuts" except spareribs,
ii. e. fat backs and clear plates,
hooks, jowls, knuckles, regular
plates), hear, tongue, liver. Can
ned meats; Chilli con carne, meat
loak deviled tongue, meat spreads,
potted and devilled meats, tamales,
tongue. Fats and oils: Shortening,
salad and cooking oils. Among
the other processed foods remain
ing unrationed are: Grapefruit
juice, orange juice, lima beans,
beets, carrots, greens, mixed veg
etables, pumpkin, squash, canned
soups, baked beans, tomato paste,
tomato pulp or puree.
Smyrna times., 1945-01-04
STORM HITS ICE PLANT
Severe Damage to Garage Section
of Plant and Trucks


With the heavy deluge Of rain on
Monday a freak wind hit the Ice
Service Plant at Clayton about 2
p. m, lifting the roof from a build
ing rs x 40 feet and carrying it 20
feet where it was dropped on
twelve trucks, two of them new
ones, causing damage of $500 or
more to the trucks. At the same
time the heavily tarred roof of the
ice plant was ripped and torn off
causing another $1,000 damage.
Workmen are busy clearing away
the debris and until this is finished
Mr.. VIM. ]. M. Wroten, owner of
the plant will be unable to determ-
inc the exact amount of damage.
which is covered by insurance.
No other section of Clayton, as far
as is known, was damaged by the
storm.
Smyrna times., 1945-01-04
Church of the Nazarene

Church of the Nazarene, Rev. ]
w. Parkins, pastor, makes, the fol-
lowing announcements: Prayer
meeting Thursday, 7:30 p. m. Mis-
sionary meeting Friday, 7:30 p. m.l
at the home of Mrs. Still. Sunday
services as follows: Sunday School
9:45 am; morning worship, 10:45;
evangelistic service and praise
meeting, 7:30 p. m. Church board
meeting Monday, 7:30 p. m.
Smyrna times., 1945-01-04
BUYS Plumbing Business

John w. Sudler, who because of
poor health is retiring from the
plumbing business in Smyrna, has
sold his entire supply and plumb
ing equipment to G. Clark Burge,
Jr., of Middletown. Mr.. Burge will
take care of all calls for work from
his place in Middletown as noted
in his advertisement esewhere in
this issue.
Smyrna times., 1945-01-04
Native of ChesWold
RUSSELL MOORE MISSING
Graduated From j. B. M. High
School Glass in June 1943

UIhGudUtu TTOI1 u. ID. N. f1ISli
School Glass in June 1943
Mr.. and Mrs. Rollin Moore re-
ceived a telegram from the U. S.
Army service Tuesday at noon
saying their son, Russell G. Moore
was missing in action, since De-
cember 10th, 1914. Russell was
graduated with the June class 1943
and September 10th, 1943 at the
age of 10, entered the U. S. Army
to receive his basic training at
Camp Van Dorm, Miss. In Febru-
ary, 1914, he was transferred to
Camp Breckenridge, KY, and on
March 27 left for overseas duty.
He was awarded the sharpshooters
medal at Camp Breckenridge and
since being in battle in France has
been awarded Infantry Combat
Medal and Silver Star for gallantry
in action and the Purple Heart for
wounds received in battle.
Smyrna times., 1945-01-04
Dover Hotel Under New Manages

E. Jackson Webber of Wilkes
Barre, Pa, took over on Monday
the operation of the Richardson
Hotel in Dover. Mr.. Webber goes to
Dover from the Westmoreland Club
of Wilkes-Barre, which he managed
for the last five yearl Lieut.. E. S.
Ryan, owner of the Richardson, is
now on duty at the U. S. Hotel
Chamberlain at Old Point Comfort,
Va. Mr.. Webber, who has had
wide experience in the hotel field,
is member of the Cornell Society
of Hotel Men, the Club Managers
Association of America, and he was
formerly secretary of the Associat-
ed Hotel Credit Managers of New
York City.
Smyrna times., 1945-01-04
ID. A. r. Meeting

The meeting yesterday of Eliza
beth Cook Chapter, D. A. r., was
held at the home of Mrs. Howard
Poole at Middletown. A part Of
the program was devoted to discus
sions of Approved Schools" of
which Mrs. Poole is chairman.
Delegates were also elected to rep
resent the chapter at both State
and National meetings.