davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1945-08-08
Use of Atomic Bomb Is Cheaper
Than TNT, Army Officer Says

than Is shown In the expenditure
of $1,000, 900 ,000," he observed.
Safety Records High.
Col. Nichols said the safety rec
ords for the Manhattan district
was better than for Army engineer
ing construction as a whole, and
that discharges of personnel for Sc
curity reasons had been small.
Col. Nichols also commended the
hundreds Of organizations and
thousands Of workers who made
possible the utilization Of atomic
power against Japan.
Explaining that In normal times
research In physics and chemistry
would have led to the utilization of
atomic power in is or 20 years, the
colonel stated that combined efforts
of many workers and organizations
had compressed the time required
to three years. He said this saving
In time also had resulted In saving
money.
The people and organizations
scientific, engineering, contracting
manufacturing, procuring and other
working in harmony among them
selves and with Government agencies
deserve unlimited credit for the
successful accomplishment Of this
task" COL Nichols declared.
Among those Col. Nichols named
as having made contributions to the
development Of the atomic bomb
was Lts Col. r. w. Lockridge OF
Hyattsv4le, who is technical as
sistant TO the area engineer at
Santa n, n. Mex. The laboratory
where the bomb was assembled i
located 4ear there.
Evening star., 1945-08-08

The Mehring q Hanson Co... II
II street NE, started making parts
for the Manhattan Engineer Dis
trict, overall name applied to the
atomic bomb project by the Army.
The company normally is q me-
chanical contractor with a force of
about IS. But this was increased to
$50 for the job. Mark P. Skinner,
plant manager, estimated today that
subcontractors had 100 more work
ing on the project. An example of
the subcontractors is William E.
Kingswell, Inc, 3707 Georgia avenue
NV. which put about SO workers
on the job for time, according to
c. w. Marshall, superintendent.
Other subcontractors included No
land Co., Lofstrand Co, S. E. Dock
stader Co., H 81 H Machine Co.,
Southern Iron Co., j. & M. Aitchison
Co, H. C. McGrady Co., Harwood g.
Nebel Co., Hajoco Corp, Thomas
Summerville Co., Washington Wood
working Co.. Park Transfer Co. and
Capital Tool Co.
Evening star., 1945-08-08
17% Smaller Cotton Crop
Forecast for This Year
BY the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
The Agriculture Department today
forecast a cotton crop for 1945 of
1918, 900 bales of 500 pounds gross
weight based on information as of
August l.
This would be IT per cent. or
2, 2,096 900 bales, less than 1914 pro-
duction and 2,l59, 900 bales less than
average production for the 10-year
(1934-1940 period.
The indicated lint yield per acre
Of 1887 pounds Is 80 pounds above
average and has been exceeded in
only three years-l944, 1912 and
1897.
Allowing for average abandon
ment of acreage in cultivation as of
July /. the acreage for harvest this
year is computed at 18,034, 900 acres
10 per cent below acreage har-
vested in 1914 and the smallest
during any of the past so years.
Evening star., 1945-08-08
Parents of Bombordier
IMPRESSED BY Mission

MOCKSvILLE, N. c., Aug. 8 R.-
Mrs. w. S. Ferebee, mother of Maj.
Thomas w. Ferebee, bombardier on
the plane which dropped the atomic
bomb on Japan, said last night: II
think it's just grand that my son
had part in the raid"
She and Mr.. Ferebee didn't know
their son participated in the raid
until they were informed by the
Associated Press.
I'VE read yesterday about the
bomb" Mrs. Ferebee said, "and we
had an idea he might have been in
on the raid"
Mr.. Ferebee, who couldn't hear
over the long distance connection,
said via his wife, I'm proud of
Thomas and so glad he wasn't hurt. "
Mrs. Ferebee is SO and Mr.. Fere-
bee 54.
They live on a farm 7 miles from
Mocksville and have IL children.
Evening star., 1945-08-08
BY HOWARD w. BLAKESLEE,
Associated pYesS Science Editor.

Associated Press science Eoitof.
NEW YORK, Aug. S.-Here Is a
layman's description Of the scientific
terms which have been used In dis
cussions of the atomic bomb which
was dropped on Japan:
Atoms are the units OF which all
matter is made. There are 90 differ
ent kinds of these atoms, one for
each of the 90 chemical elements
These 90 elements range from hydro
gen, nghtest in weight, to uranium,
which is the most massive. In be-
tween lie carbon, tin, iron, gold, ra-
diurn and all the other known SUBJ
stances In the universe.
Same Kind Of Particles.
Every one Of these % different
kinds OF atoms is made Of exactly
the same kind Of small particles.
The only difference between one
atom and another is in the number
Of particles. Hydrogen. for example,
has three particles and uranium
more than 100.
The particles are electrons, which
are negative bits OF electricity, pro-
tons. which are positive bits Of elec-
tricity, and neutrons, which have
no electrical charges. Protons and
neutrons are nearly 1000 times
heavier than electrons.
Every one Of the 90 atoms is made
In the same pattern. Each one has
3 center like the sun with electroa1s
circling around 1t ~ the earth and
other planets circle around the
sun. Tho atoms sun Is made up Of
protons and neutrnns. The PARTICLES
In each atom are held together BY
Evening star., 1945-08-08
0PA 10 Set Auto Prices
In About Two Weeks
ny the Associated Press

ny the Associated Press.s
The OPA has promised a decision
in about two weeks as to whether
prices for new passenger cars will be
higher than those Of 1912.
Price Administrator Chester
Bowles late yesterday denied reports
the agency already has decided
against any price increase for most
manufacturers.
However, Mr. Bowles authorized q
spokesman to say there is no pos
sibility of an increase as high as rs
per cent This statement, 1t was ex-
planned. was aimed at reports that
an increase of that size might be
allowed.
While ruling out that possibility,
the spokesman emphasized OPA has
reached no decision about prices for
new models expected to go on sale
soon.
Mr.. Bowles previously had said he
expected most consumer goods to re-
turn to the market at l942 price CELL
ings. In saying this he did not ex-
clude automobiles.
Even II OPA should allow manu-
facturers an increase. there is a pos
sibility retail prices Of new cars
would be held at or near levels of
three years ago. This would be
achieved by requiring dealers to alb
sorb all or part of any price boost
granted to producers.
Evening star., 1945-08-08
4-Year-0Id Girl Dies
After Tooth Extraction

A 4-year-old child died yester-
day in dentists Office after having
a tooth pulled. police report. The
child. Marlene Hurvitz, daughter
of Mr.. and Mrs. Sam Hurvitz, 724
Otis place NV. had a malignant
tumor on the side of her face which
had loosened a tooth, according to
the dentist, DR.. Sterling v. Mead,
1l49 Sixteenth street NV.
1T was not an anesthetic DEATH
DR.. Mead said. The child had come
out of the anesthesia. She died Of
shock"
Coroner A. Magruder Macdonald
issued certificate of accidental
death,
Evening star., 1945-08-08

miles, or so per cent, of the city's
builtup area of So miles were COM
pletely destroyed by the atomic
bombing mission. Five major in
dustrial targets within this area
were destroyed. Additional damage
was shown outside the completely
destroyed area"
There was no hint from USASTAF
when the next atomic bomb would
be dropped, but Washington and
London toyed with the theory that
Japan soon would be given q final
unconditional surrender ultimatum
before the next atom is dropped
Gen. Spaatz did say that the Japa-
nese would be warned by leaflet
that they could expect more such
raids.
Gen. .Spaatz. obviously highly
elated, termed the new weapon ''the
most revolutionary development in
the history of the world" and said
"it would have shortened the war
I'm Europe) six to eight months"
There would have been mo need
to have had D-day in Europe" If the
bomb had been developed earlier,
Maj. Gen. Curtis LIE May, his chief
of staff, said.
Capt Eddie Rickenbacher, World
War ace, quickly predicted that
aerial assaults alone would knock
Japan out of the war.
But here on Guam, where the war
is very close and the amazing atom
is in the II still can't believe it,
realm, some military personnel
adamantly maintained it would be
the infantry who would win event.
ual victory, and on the ground.
The Navy Department. in an OFF,
cial statement. said 1T is too early
yet to tell what effect the atomic
bomb will have on japanese morale.
We may have to destroy four or five
cities before they actually believe
we have such a bomb"
DR.. George Willard Watt, Univer-
sity of Texas chemist who helped
develop the bomb, asserted it could
destroy "all life on Japan in a few
days it may mean - that the
atomic bomb will be a threat COM
pelling world peace" He expressed
doubt that the Japanese could de-
velop such a weapon to attack the
United States and pointed out that
Germany had failed to do so, al
though the Nazis had made a start.
Brig. Gen. Thomas F. Farrell,
Albany, N. Y. another who helped
find way to use the mighty atom,
disclosed that only last March a Nazi
atom bomb laboratory at Orienen-
burg, Germany, was completely and
absolutely destroyed" by bombing.
He further said that the date
for the first atomic bombing was
Evening star., 1945-08-08

set more than a year ago in order
to lay out a schedule for complet-
ing the project, which cost s2,0o0,-
600 900.
Pilot Tibbets and others on the
mighty m-carrying B-29, named
the Enola Gay for Col. Tfbbets'
mother, said the Hiroshima explo-
sion was tremendous and awe-in-
spring"
Although some details of the
atomic bomb have been disclosed,
many were withheld. Gen. Spaatz
answered many inquiries at a press
conference here definitely no."
Navy Capt. William Sterling Par
sons, who designed the bomb and
made the Hiroshima flight as
''weaponeer," said it was not con-
trollable like an ordinary bomb, but
that he could give no details.
The Japanese said it was para
chuted, and that it exploded be.
fore it reached the earth. There
was no confirmation here.
DTAWS NO hCh-ACk.
The Enola Gay streakeds across
the target without drawing any
antiaircraft fire.
Capt. Parsons said that after the
B-29 dropped the atomic bomb I'VE
made as much distance from the
ball of fire as we could.
1--WE were at least 10 miles away
and there was visual impact even
though every man wore colored
glasses for protection. We had
braced ourselves for the shock and
Tibbets said close fax and it was
just like that-a close burst Of anti
aircraft fire.
I'VE stayed around two or three
minutes and by that time the smoke
had risen to 10000 feet. The town
was entirely obscured.
Only Col. Tibbets, Capt. Parsons
and the bombardier, Mai. Thomas
w. Ferebee. Mockville. N. c., knew
the secret of their mission.
Evening star., 1945-08-08
Bomb News Surprises Even Men
At Base Where Plane Took Off

on President Truman's announce
ment were two Associated Press
wire photos showing an aerial view
Of the Oak Ridge eTenn.) factory
where the atomic bomb was de-
veloped and q map with an arrow
pointing to Hiroshima.
The bulk Of the four-page morn.
ing paper was devoted to the atomic
bomb.
After the first reaction OF sur
prise to the tremendous new force
unlocked by scientists, servicemen
and war correspondents asked
themselves what the atomic bomb
viii mean In the future.
The general view was It was 4
good thing Allied researchers de-
veloped the bomb ahead Of the Ger
mans
Many felt that, although the
deadly weapon would speed victory
In the Pacific, In the long run II
would be CT Joe who would stu
have to 60 into Japan to bring
about the deciEnn.
Evening star., 1945-08-08
Santa Maria Arrives
With us Veterans
By the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
NEW YORK, Aug. S.-The troop
ship Santa Marta arrived today
with 215 veterans, most. of them
members of the l,927th Ordnance
Ammunition Company of the 9th
Air Force.
Two other troopships arriving
are the William H. Jackson, with
416 men, and the Paul Hayne, with
81.
Also included among the personnel
OF the Santa Marta were elements
of the 199th, 20lst and 202d Laun-
dry Detachments of the Quarter
master Corps.
At Boston. the Examiner Is due
today with the 303d Signal Company
Wing, 196th Quartermaster Laundry
Detachment, 459th, 468th, 469th,
470th, fist and 472d Military Police
Patrol Detachments; tooth Military
Hospital Ship Platoon, Infantry Re-
organization Detachment &C." Infan-
try Reorganization Detachment "K."
Evening star., 1945-08-08
Justin Dart Refuses Offer
OF Ward S Presidency
By the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
BOSTON, Aug. 8.-Justin w. Dart.
president of United Drug, Inc. to-
day refused an offer from Sewell
Avery to become president of Mont
gomery Ward & Co.
Mr.. Dart, head of the drug mer-
chandiSing, manufacturing and
chain store system at 81, said in a
statement:
Because I can not properly
leave United Drug g-Rexall at this
time. ! have declined the Montgom-
cry Ward proposal.
II am grateful to Mr.. Avery and
the Montgomery Ward directors for
their generous offer"
The plan for Mr.. Dart, former
general manager of the Walgreen
Drug Store chain, to become head of
Wards was announced several
weeks ago by Mr.. Avery.
Mr.. Dart has been president of
United Drug. whose total sales
reached nearly $3.50. .00o, 900 In 1914,
since late in I943.
Evening star., 1945-08-08
Senator Wiley Proposes
'LWinq Memorial to Ace

Establishment of a living me
mortal" to the late Maj. Richard I.
Bong of Poplar, Wis, was proposed
today by Senator Wiley, Republican,
of Wisconsin.
Such a memorial, Senator Wiley
suggested. might be the naming of
Wisconsin airport after the hero.
The accomplishments of Maj.
Bong, he said. have thrilled and
inspired all our people All Amer
ica mourns his untimely death"
Evening star., 1945-08-08
Woman Who Showed
How 10 Split Atom
|Unexcited by Blast
sy the Associated Press.

81 the Associated Press.
STOCKHOLM, Aug. 8.--Dr. LiseI
Neither, the Austrian woman
mathematician whose name will be,
linked In history with the atomic
bomb. was not particularly excited
about the news-at least, that was
her first reaction.
She regards herself as q pure
scientist" the T-year-old DR.. Nett
ner indicated to the Associated
Press In an interview by telephone
from Leksand in Central Sweden,
near where she is vacationing in 4
small boarding house.
Her sole interest in the atom, she
said, had been from scientific
and theoretical standpoint" And
she had no idea that her pioneer
ing work in the early .1930s-w which
showed for the first time that the
uranium atom could be broken down
would help in the development of
the most destructive explosive force
yet discovered.
Later In the interview, however, ).
DR. Neither acknowledged that the
development Of the atomic bomb
might have widespread effects on
the future of civilization and said,
in her opinion, new elements and
energies would be released from
the atom through further expert
mentation.
Foresees Power Machine.
She forecast the development Of a
power machine" but said the
atom-splitting action would have to
be slowed down to something less
than the explosion point before this
would be practicable.
In her early theoretical studies in
1895, she said, she and a German
scientist named Hahn didn't think
at all about splitting the atom"
But she conveyed the information
she and Hahn had collected to her
nephew, DIR. Otto Robert Frisch,
who began practical experiments.
DR.. Frisch later went to England
and in 1913 to the United States,
working for a time at an expert
mental atomic laboratory in Santa
Fe, N. Mex.
DR.. Neither, who Is Jewish, said
her own part in atomic experiments
virtually ended in 1898 when she
was forced to leave Germany and
facilities there because Of Nazi anti
Semitic laws. She resumed atomic
work only few months ago, she
said, at the Royal Swedish Academy
Of Science where she is an expert
mental physicist.
Evening star., 1945-08-08
BY the Associated Press.


GUAM, Aug. 8.-Thousands OF
servicemen In the Marianas-take-
on site of the first atomic bomb
dropped on Japan-received the big
news with awesome wonder.
The first news came in dispatches
radioed from San Francisco and was
a complete surprise to practically
every one on the three islands Of
Guam, Tinian and Saipan.
Only q picked few knew exactly
what the special flight to Hiroshima
meant to the world.
The atomic bomb was the center OF
discussion at mess tables and ON
GERS clubs where men tried to be-
come scientific detectives to answer,
II possible. some of the questions
cloaked with top secrecy.
Navy News, with 4 circulation Of
12,500 on Guam, devoted ; inches
Of the M-inch nrst page to . three
line headline: 20. 8. Perfects, Al.
ready Uses Atomic Bombi"
Parallenng : Washington story
Evening star., 1945-08-08
Plane Bearing Body
OF Maj. Bong Arrives
al Duluth Airport
BY the Associated Press.

7
SUPERIOR, Wis, Aug. "a CL54
four-engine transport bearing the
body of Maj. Richard I. Bong, win
ner Of the Congressional Medal of
Honor and most of the other dec
orations of valor a grateful Ma
ton could bestow, arrived at the
Duluth (Minn) airport today after
an overnight flight from Long
Beach. Calf.
Maj. Bong, Americas top ace, was
killed Monday in California, when
his jet-propelled Shooting Star ex-
ploded.
Aboard the plane were the youth
full, grief stunned widow; her broth
er, Jerome Vattendahl, and Mai.
Earl Kingsley, Maj Bong's buddy
of cadet days. Col. K. C. McGregor,
commanding officer of the 9Th Fer
rying Group, was honorary pilot
and head of an escort of seven
majors and a colonel, all combat
pilots. Also aboard was Mrs. Clar-
ence Toy, wife of Maj. C. J. Toy of
the Western District Air Technical
Command.
Funeral services were planned this
afternoon at the Concordia Luther
an Church in Superior with the
Rev. Arvid F. Hoorn of Poplar's
Bethany Lutheran Church officiat-
ing. 1t was at the Superior Church
that Maj. Bong was married last
February TO-
At the airport, the casket was
lowered to the ground by hydraulic
device which the Army flew in from
Wilmington, Del, in another trans
port.
During the morning 27 transport
planes bearing military personnel
arrived at the Superior and Duluth
Airports. Brig. Gen. G. B, -Saville
of Washington was delegated by the
War Department to make final ar
rangements A column of Army
trucks from Camp Mccoy, Wis, met
the cortege and escorted it to
Superior
Six Douglas County servicemen
home on leave, all schoolmateS and
boyhood friends of Maj. Bong, will
be pallbearers.
Evening star., 1945-08-08
Former D. {. Man Named
broadcasters' Official

A. D. (Jess) willard. general
manager of the Columbia Broad
casting Systems radio station WBT
in Charlotte, N. c., and former head
of Station WJSV here before it was
changed to wTOP. has been named
executive vice president of the Ma
tional Association Of Broadcasters,
it was announced today.
Mr.. Willard will assume his new
post November /, NAB officials here
said. An Associated Press dispatch
from Charlotte said he will receive
a salary Of $25, 200 a year "to direct
the affairs of the home ONCE of the
NAB in Washington" Actually, 1t
was pointed out here, he will serve
as assistant to the president of the
broadcasters' organization.
Evening star., 1945-08-08
EorIy PorIey With Russians
On Bomb Predicted in London

change in administration: Air Mar
shal Sir Charles Portal and Field
Marshal Sir Alan Brooke. Gen.
Ismay was head of Mr.. Churchill's
war staff.
Meanwhile, the bomb was the one
big topic in diplomatic and mill
tary circles, among industrialists,
scientists and f1nanciers, and with
the man in the street.
Sir John Anderson, lord presi-
dent of the council in the wartime
government which directed British
scientists in atomic bomb research,
said in a broadcast that the per-
fection of the bomb might be the
realization of maniac dream of
death, destruction and dissolution"
unless it is handled in the future
with craftsmanship of the highest
order
There could be no higher task
for statesmen of the United Ma
tions gathered around a conference
table," he said.
The Financial News said editorial
ly that the harnessing of atomic
forces might be the first step
towards a new industrial era that
will mean complete realignment of
economic power between nations. I"
Even permanent peace brought
about by universal fear of the atomic
bomb as weapon would pro
duce far-reaching economic conse-
quences," the paper said, predicting
that it would allow governments to
keep their defense costs at lower
figure than would otherwise have
been necessary"
Reverberations were felt on the
London stock market, where pros
poets of shorter war against Japan
brought about a general show OF
strength in stocks.
Evening star., 1945-08-08
First Three Finalists Named
In Beauty Contest

The first three finalists In the l945
Miss Washington" beauty and tai
ent contest were chosen last night at
the Atlas Theater, 1881 H street NE.
They are Miss Betty Marie Stats,
18, of 1413 Staples street NE, .
night club singer; Miss Frances
Manning. 20, Of 270l Forty-third
place Sc. a secretary for the Navy
League of the United States, and
Miss Mildred Kirke, 40, OF 81 At
lantic street Sc, q secretary for a
local wholesale food broker. The
trio viii be interviewed over Station
WWDC from to S:l5 pm. to-
morrow. #
Evening star., 1945-08-08
gy the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
OAK RIDGE, Tenn, Aug. g.
The bombing Of Hiroshima, Japan,
was not an isolated case" and the
Army has available as much ma
terial for atomic bombs as it had
counted on at this time, Col. Ken
meth D. Nichols, superintendent OF
the Manhattan Engineering District
where the ingredients of the missile
are made, said at press conference
yesterday.
The colonel also told reporters
that atomic bombing is cheaper
than TINT as an explosive.
Figuring the cost Of the 1000
bombers it would take to drop q
similar destructive charge, atomic
bombing is cheaper both In costs
and in mems lives" he said. There
must be considered the number Of
men that atomic bombing enables
to stay far behind the lines"
Construction Continuing.
He also said construction is con-
tinuing at Oak Ridge where, 1t was
disclosed Monday that the bomb Is
being manufactured at the Clinton
Engineer Works In what the Army
has designated as the Manhattan
Engineer District.
The 37-year-old colonel held the
first press conference Of his life
in room marked by a detailed
map Of Japan. covering much Of
one wall. He explained to the news
correspondents that scientific de-
tails Of the atomic bombs must re-
main secret for the present.
But what we have produced here
has done more to help end the war
Evening star., 1945-08-08

itself was rocked as II an antiair-
craft shell had burst close by.
Crewmen Cry my God"
Although all crew members were
wearing dark glasses, the visual
impact" of the explosives great
flash was so tremendous that some
cried My God" in sheer amaze
ment.
Gen. Spaatz, although disclosing
results of the worlds greatest wea-
pom, made his initial announcement
simply in these words:
Reconnaissance phi tog apis
made over Hiroshima on the morn
ing of August show that Al square
Evening star., 1945-08-08
Plone Communicates
For U. S., Pacific Sought
a, tie Associated Press

d, tie Associated Press.
The Civil Aeronautics Admins
tration is seeking men and women
to fill jobs as aircraft communicators
in the United States. Alaska and
Pacific islands.
Salaries range from $2,414 for
communication trainee to S4,378 for
chief overseas communication.
For the Alaska jobs, 20 per cent of
the communicators chosen for the
training may be man and wife with
out children.
Evening star., 1945-08-08
Hiroshima

Continued From First Psge.)
The Nome nugget., 1945-03-02
HEARING INTO WOMAN.S DEATH IN FIRE

A questioning was held in the office of Jack DoWd, the U. s. Commissioner to determine the identity of the charred body found last Wednesday when fire destroyed the home of Nels Lar sen.. The questioning of Al Reeder and Nels Larsen revealed both Lydia Norton and Jennie James were in the house at HOO pm. Nels Larsen had gone to town and was not at home when the fire started.
 Al Reeder testified that the fire started from an overloaded stove and he tried to put it out but when it got beyond contol he ran across the street and turned in the alarm.
 The fact that Lydia Norton has been located would indicate the body was that of "Whiskey Jennie James.
 Both men said there wehe no children in the house