davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27
Truman Makes
Round Of Visits

INDEPENDENCE, Mo, Dec. 26
(AP)-President Truman went
merrily about celebrating the
Christmas holidays today as his
home folk showed every DISPOSE
ton 10 allow him to do it in his
own way.
His round OF yuletide calls
spread to Kansas City, where
friends were invited to drop into
his office in the federal building
for an exchange of season greet
ingS.
Mr.. Truman covered plenty of
territory upon his arrival here
yesterday by plane from Washing
ton through sleet and storm. He
went Immediately by automobile
over icy pavements for a 25-min-
ute visit with his mother, 93-year-
old Mrs. Martha +. Truman, at
nearby Grandview.
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27
Big ; Reports
Today on Pdcts

MOSCOW, Dec. 26 (AP)-The
Big Three foreign ministers, after
a long Christmas Day session,
arranged today to announce the
results of their 1l-day conference
(which achievements were re-
liably reported to include con-
crete agreements on several vital
world issues.
Leon Pearson, international
News Service staff correspond
ent in Moscow, quoted authori-
tative quarters as saying that
the communicate would cover
such items as the atomic bomb
and peace agreements.)
A British source said the COM
munique would be issued at 6 p. m.
(Detroit time)
The three foreign ministers al
ready have reached an accord on
the procedure for drafting the
European peace settlement.
Authoritative quarters said u.
S. Secretary of State Byrnes was
highly pleased with the results OF
his discussions with Soviet For
.eign CommiSSar Molotov and Brit
iSh Foreign Secretary Bevin.
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27

Troopships arriving in u. S.
home ports today included the
foIloDings
AT NEw YORK-ClAymOnt YictorI. 1-eIl
troops. including headquarters and HeAdquAZ-
ters Company, Second Battalion, 257th In
iantry Regiment Companies ID and X. 35eth
Infantry Regiment; Company and Service
Company, 9b9th Infantry Regiment. iolst
Engineer Combat Battalion.
Frederick Victory, ] ,652 troops, including
ssisi Anti-AiTcraft Artillery AIR Warning
Battalion. 463d QuartermaSter Laundry Com
pany, 362la Qaartermaster Truck Company,
50sth ouartsrmaster Railroad Company.
35O9th Ordnance Medium Auto Maintenance
companies.
NswbuTn Victory. i,5s3 troops, including
2olth and 656th Port companies: 599th
Ordnance Company 356lSt Heavy Ordnance
Company 5OOth Port Battalion.
sIist Medical Collection Co. 5s2d Medium
Division. e05lGt, s97sth QuatsTmastsr Truck
companies iAoth Ordnance Heavy Auto
ii% Wilson vIetory' sr''qn I5os troops, including
Service Co. 555th Port Co.
Josiah Bartlett. d S7s troops ineloeing
9llth Ordnance Co. Alfred Moore, $50
troops. including Companies G.. l. and NJ OF
s57th Infantry Reglment AthOs II. 3io74
quarters and special troops Second Battalion.
1lSth Infantry Regiment, l60th Station
Hospital and miscellaneous troops.
Miscellaneous troops an following. USS Gen.
Bliss, 3 34S. william and MARY Victory,
/ ,527. n. J. Reynolds, Al, Clarence kinE
IS, Leonardo Romero, a. walter n. Moore,
Is, NeEley Cochran. Is. VILE 0'AnVers, lat.
Al NEWPORT NEWS-WestminsteT Victory.
.518 troops, including i26th Anti-Aircrail
Artillery Gun Battalion, John Jay, SIS troops
Including l3lst-F Field Artillery Battalion,
La Crosse Victory, 1883 troops including
S92d Air Engineer Squadron.
Matthew Maury, SAT troops including 59sth
Bomb Squadron. Alexander &. Bell, S62
troops including service company, Cos. and
II. 357th Infantry Regiment miscellaneous
troops on following. James MeHenry, 81
Thomas kearnS, "a, RedstOne seam, 8,
Al BosTON-Lineoln Nietory. i,535
troops, including Esd ON Railroad co
3el4th ON Gas supply Co, 763d Railway
Shop Bn.-TranS portAtion- Corps, -
Miscellaneous troops on following Irwin =.
Cobb, IS: John ~ Moffitt, as, WreatOn
Victory, .554: RAlFlan Victory, 2e,
AT SAN FRANClSCo-Misce ellaneOus per
sonnel on following Highland, 1880 army.
FLINT, 325 navy.
Ar LOS NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. person
mel on following, EVanEeline, 1000 army,
Meteor, i.7o5 army,
AT SAN DIEGO-Seventeen small craft
carrying 675 men are scheduled 20 arrive.
AT IACOMA-ISS- -AIlinEtOn.-9A9- Army
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27
'BIuebedrd' Case
Statement Due

SAN FRANCISCO, Dec. 26
GNS)-DiStrict Atty. Edmund G..
Brown was expected to throw
new light today on the career Of
Alfred l.. Cline, whose name has
been coupled with the sudden
deaths of at least eight women
throughout the nation.
Brown said he would make an
announcement today concerning
newly discovered documents in
volving the deaths of Cline's COM
panions.
Cline is held by San Francisco
police to answer TO Dallas, Tex,
murder charge.
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27
Warn Motorists
To Stay Off Roads
CONTINUED from Page one)

low the holiday average. Eight per-
sons were charged with driving
while intoxicated on Christmas
Day and eight more with reckless
driving.
The Automobile Club of Michi-
gan was swamped with more
than 1900 calls from stranded
motorists, many of whom had TO
wait three hours and longer for
service trucks. Some trucks were
unable TO cope with the iced
streets.
The club dispatched a rescue
squad" to aid another truck near
Wayne County General Hospital
which had skidded into a ditch
while trying to pull the first of
dozen cars and two buses out.
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27
Rail Line
Cleared

DENVER, Dec. 26 (AP)-Traf-
fic was resumed today over
Denver and Salt Lake Railroad
tracks. blocked % miles west of
Denver yesterday by a rock slide
which derailed an engine and
stranded several hundred service
men on two troop trains at Pine
cliffe, Colo.
No one was injured on the
train en- route from Denver to
Craig. railroad officials said.
The troop trains arrived in
Denver early today after the
tracks had been cleared.
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27
NOSanaritanS
Vet Hifchhiker Robbed
by Z Autoisfs

CADILLAC, Dec. 26 (UP)--
Two men in army uniforms, who
gave an cx-soldier ride near
Midland and then robbed him OF
S72 at guns point, were being
sought today by state police.
Vitus Crandail Of Pontiac,
former air forces gunner whose
plane was shot down over Ger
many. where he vas taken prs
oner, told state police that one Of
the two men pulled pistol on
him when the car neared Cadillac
yesterday. They took his money
and then drove him back toward
Midland where they ordered MIN
10 leave the car.
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27
Senator Asks
Strike Penalties

WASHINGTON, Dec. 26 (AP)
"A suggestion that labor unions
be made liable for damages re-
sulting from strikes in violation
Of contracts came today from
Senator Wiley (R) of Wisconsin.
THAT should do away with
irresponsible strikes" Wiley
said, adding he believed such a
step alone would practically
solve the strike problem.
The Wisconsin senator said he
intends to discuss his proposal in
the Senate when Congress recon-
venes Jan. Ia. Labor legislation
is one Of the big items on the
schedule for the returning legis-
latOTS.
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27
Chang tOBurn Opium
Seized From Japanese

PEIPING, Dec. 26 (AP)--Eight
hundred thousand ounces Of opium
confscated by Gen. Chiangs
headquarters after the Japanese
surrender in Peiping will be
burned publicly in the great fore
court of the Forbidden City on
New Years Day.
The generalissimo ordered the
public ceremony, after a meeting
of municipal government officials,
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27

learned today.
Behind this preparation is the
realization that long-rang bomb
ers. rockets and other strides IN
aviation are transforming the
Arctic into a new world cross
roads and a new front line OF
American defense.
B-29S TO HELP
Plans are in the formative stage
today for a new undertaking, un-
der which fights of B-29 Super
fortresses will frequent the top
of the world. flying to the North
Pole 10 learn all that can be
learned Of the weather, land, re-
sources. ice formations. seas and
sea currents.
There are still huge areas north
of Alaska about which little or
nothing is known. Large unknown
land masses may be found there.
But the most immediate goal Will
be 10 obtain weather information.
Cold air masses which affect
the weather in the Atlantic ana
Pacific build UP in the icy vast
ness of the north. In their gen
eral movement towards the south
east, these air masses cause
storms when they meet warmer
currents moving northward from
tropic or temperate areas.
WEATHER DATA VITAL
Experience of the war has
shown that oceans, once a buga-
boo Of aviation, may be flown IN
safety if adequate weather intel
ligence is available. Experts say
The same will be true in the
Arctic.
During the war the army air
force weather service established
more than 300 weather stations at
home and nearly 100 abroad to
provide weather information
mainly 10 insure safety in air
operations. With the wars end,
many Of the observation stations
abroad are being turned over to
foreign governments 10 operate
under the international program
agreed upon at the Chicago avla-
ton conference.
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27

civic leaers, Catholic priests and
Protestant missionaries decided
that $4,000 ounces would be suf-
fcient TO preserve for medical
purposes. Some $4,000 ounces
had been seized.
The opium will be burned at
the court where emperors of old
administered justice from the
dragon throne, and where Jap
anese formally surrendered on
Oct 10
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27
THE WEATHER

Detroit and vicinity: Snow flurries Colder
tonite sid Thursday. Lowest tonite about az.
shippers forecast: Protect shipments during
the next SO hogSs for: North. Is degrees.
west, 90; east, "a: south 40.
DETROIT DATA
Temperatures Tuesday; Highest. 80 degrees
lowest, 2s, mean, "a
Departure from normal temperature Tues
csy-+f@ degrees
Departure from normal temperature since
Jan. /: +345 degrees
Temperatures -eRe year ago today; highest.
I6 degrees. lowest, 8 mean -io.
Temperatures this date IN past 73 years
Highest. 55 degrees In 1883. lowest, a In
1924
Relative humidity Tuesday; l:3o a m.
o2T. 7: 80 a. m, 94%, 1870 D. m, 97%;
7.3O ?. m, 93R.
Precipitation in last "a hours ending 81
$50 a. m. today: rs inches
Departure from normal precipitation since
Jan. /. +333 inches.
Degree days for Tuesday. Dec. as: 81.
Normal for Dec. as. 2s.
Accumulated degree DAYS this month: 1899.
Normal degree days for December: ille.
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27
Soldier in Iron Lung
Arrives From India

DENVER, Dec. 26 (AP)-Cpl.
Walter II. Hargrave of Topeka,
Kan, completed an 11,000-mile
plane trip today in an iron lung
from India where he was stricken
with infantile paralysis,
Hargrave began the flight from
Calcutta. India.
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27
Jap Paper Penalized

TOKYO, Dec. 26 tAP)--A "a
hour suspension of the Daily Ise
Shimbun for violation Of the AL
lied press code was announced to-
day by Col. c. w. Wadsworth,
head Of the civil censorship de-
tlchment.
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27
BONUSES AT CHRYsLER


The annual concert of the
Wysndotte First Baptist Church
choir will be held at s p. m. to-
morrow in the church auditorium.
Second and North Line, Wyan-
dottR.
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27
Work Starts on School
Detroit Times Albion bureau

MIDLAND. Dec 25--ConStruc-
ton has been started on a two
story addition TO ST. Brigid's
School al Larkin and Gordon
Cost is estimated at SS0,000.
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27

and As. respectively, topped the
list.
The off-again, on-again freeze
was general throughout the state,
all roads extremely dan
gerous," state police reported. II
not only slowed motorists to a
snail's pace but disrupted Dus
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27
Short Cut 10 Be Fortified
Arctic BuIWarkS
Started by Army

WASHINGTON, Dec 26 (UP)-The army airforces is
already at work plans to protect this country from aerial
attack via the short cut route the Arctic was
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27
pa ACCIDENTS

The bureau recorded 2i0 non
injury and "a injury accidents in
Detroit for Christmas Day. That
there were so few injury collisions
was attributed to reduced driving
speeds.
During the previous 24-hour
period, the APB reported l81 nom
injury and 60 injury crashes.
The number of arrests was be-
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27
BROADCASTS RULED

Under this overall plant, broad
casts for propaganda purposes TO
foreign wave lengths would be
"co-ordinated." Assignments of
secret agents from any branch of
government would be "co-ordi-
mated" And wartime usage of
that word coordinate" has come
TO mean direct or order"
The movement for an overall
intelligence agency viii come be-
fore Congress after recess.
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27
Talks Resumed
By GIN, JAW
Waqe Discussions
OFF Current Agenda

O1I SuTTelI N96lOG
General Motors Corp. and the
UAw-CIO resumed negotiations
today for the first time since they
appeared before the Presidents
fact-finding committee in Wash
ington last week.
BY mutual consent discussions
on the unions 30 per cent wage
demand have been postponed in
definitely and todsy's discussions
win be restricted TO local union
demands.
RESUME PICKETING co.
Each GM local has individual
problems and company and union
officials will endeavor 20 formu-
late a program for discussing
them individually al today'S meet
ing.
Union pickets, withdrawn in a
Christmas truce with the corpora
ton. resumed their stations today.
Supervisory employees were sd-
mitted freely 10 all Flint plants
save Buick, where they were re-
quired first TO obtain passes at the
JAW hall.
200 PASSES ISSUED
A union official estimated that
200 passes were issued
II. II. Curtice, Buick general
manager, was turned back by
picketS when he attempted TO
drive his automobile into the
plant garage He left-his -eaF-tH
the driveway and walked TO the
administration building,
q. w. Young, assistant 10 Cur
tice. was more successful. Twice
Young tried 10 park his car IN
the garage. Twice he was re-
PEELED.
FINALLY GETS IN
The third time he circled the
meager group of pickets and
entered the garage. Once past
them, they made no attempt 10
modest him as he proceeded from
his garage TO his own office.
PicketS also resumed their
march at Lansing GM plants.
There was no incident there as
office workers, under the protec-
ton of a circuit court restraining
order, returned TO their jobs.
UAW leaders predicted conf
dentally that within two weeks
amounts conservatively estimated
at 100000 would be pouring
into the GM strike fund weekly
from various locals in the Detroit
area.
Several locals already have
agreed 10 81 assessments of men,
bers to help carry the fight.
The sum, they added, does not
include amounts received from
local unions out OF the metro
politan district.
SEEK $l,O0O,0OO
The prediction was taken as
support OF the recent claim of
George F. Adde's. secretary-treas-
urer of the UAW, that he would
raise an aggregate OF $l,000,000
10 support the strike.
Negotiations between the UAW-
CIO and Kaiser.Frazer Corp. will
be resumed tomorrow when the
company is expected TO present
counter demands TO unions pro-
posals Of last week.
Elsewhere on the labor front,
negotiations between the Ford
Motor Co. and the union. which
recessed last Wednesday for the
Christmas holidays, will be re-
Surned Jan. 8.
BONUSES AT CHRYSLER
The Chrysler Corp. where
UAW-CIO members have worked
without a contract for the last
month. issued Christmas bonuses
Monday without the formality of
Of collective bargaining.
Bonuses are given in lieu of
1916 vacation pay and the union
issued a protest TO the company,
claiming the granting of the
bonuses Is a bargainable issue
The company countered that il
has no contract with the union
and therefore is not obliged to
negotiate the amounts Of bonuses
20 be paid.
Choir Gives Concert
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27
Diplomats Seen
In Power Plot
D,,roi, Times washington Bur..s

WASHINGTON. Dec. 26-Bits
of a jigsaw puzzle. contained in
news developments of the last 10
days, begin to form a picture by
which the state department will
become a super-g ov ernme n I
agency if no brakes are applied.
Under this developing plan, the
state department can assume a
role similar to that of the Russian
political commissars, in dealing
with other American cabinet
headed departments on any pre-
text in which foreign affairs can
be considered to be even in
affected.
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27
OVERALL UNIT

The proposal for an overall in
telligence unit would make the
secretaries of state, war and navy
of a co-ordinating board,
with the secretary Of state as the
chairman.
Under this co-ordinating con-
troll, the FBI, military intelii-
gence, naval intelligence, and all
other investigating and fact-find-
ing agencies of the government
would come under state depart
ment influence, if not outright
control.
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27
TRAINS COMING LATE

Flights to the West, Southwest
and South have been resumed.
Airport officials said this morning
that traffic was about 25 per
cent of normal.
Trains were operating. but
were arriving from one TO six
hours late.
The death yesterday OF Mary
Jane Dougan, %. of Flint, struck
by automobile, brought the
outstate traffic toll to seven. Six
other fatalities occurred Monday.
State police said that highways
were little Travelled last night and
this morning and that no traffic
accidents were reported after
IL p. m.
Snow depths ranged from one
TO three inches in southern Michi-
gan 10 "a inches at st. fgnaee.
The accident prevention bu-
reau said traffic mishaps began
TO mount again late yesterday as
streets became covered with the
new layer of ice.
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27
SERVICE CURTAILED

Bus service north from Bay
City, Saginaw, Flint and other
central Michigan cities wa S
abandoned last night, but runs
from Detroit TO these cities and
return were not curtailed. East
and west runs, abandoned Mon
day night. were being operated,
but schedules were disrupted.
Bus terminals were cleared OF
Christmas travellers stranded on
Christmas Eve by schedule can
cellations.
Air traffic to the East, with the
exception of flights to Pittsburgh,
has been halted since Monday
The storm is moving eastward
and normal flying is expected to
be resumed later today in the
wake of the storm.
Detroit evening times., 1945-12-27
How Soldiers
Come Home

Troopships arriUins in u. S.
home ports today included the
following!
Detroit evening times., 1945-04-29
BY PRUDENCE PENNY

THERE may be no truth TO
Il the old adage that carrots
will make your hair curly, but
there is a great deal of truth
in the fact that they contain
many OF the essential vitamins.
Whether eaten raw or cooked
they are a palatable vegetable.
For a salad plate there is
nothing quite so tempting as
carrot strips, cold and crisp,
along side tossed salad green's.
AS an in-between snack, chill
dren's appetites will not suffer.
and the homemaker needn't
fear adding extra pounds.
With the liberal supply on
the market. help your family
become carrot conscious. Serve
them in any manner, but serve
them often.
Detroit evening times., 1945-04-29
Unusual Ways TO Serve Carrots

blanched almonds. I tablespoon
butter, y teaspoon salt. l tea
spoon sugar, l-l6 teaspoon pa
prika.
Wash, scrape and slice car
rots. Mix with almonds and let
stand for a few minutes. Melt
butter. Add milk TO beaten
eggs, then butter. sugar, salt
and paprika.
Combine with carrot mixture.
Brush inside of ring mold well
with shortening and pour in
mixture. Bake in pan Of hot
water in moderate oven 1850
degreeS) until firm.
Detroit evening times., 1945-04-29

spoons butter u teaspoon salt.
pepper and parsley.
Cook the carrots in a small
quantity of salted water, after
cleaning with a firm vegetable
brush. When partially tender
remove from water and put
into a skillet or baking pan in
which the melted butter and
honey are combined. Let bake
or simmer slowly over heat
until tender.
The carrots absorb some of
the honey mixture and take on
A beautiful glaze. Turn fire.
quently. They may be prepared
just as you make glazed sweet
potatoes, using brown sugar In
place of honey.
Detroit evening times., 1945-04-29

NO WOMAN can afford 10
be without a good, all-purpose
shirtwaist dress. Pattern 450S,
a smart button-fronter. comes
In A wide size range!
Pattern 4508 comes in sizes
Il. il, Is. lS. 20: 30. -. 81. 80,
38. 40. A.. Al, 46, AZ.
Send 20 cents in coins for
every Anne Adams Pattern.
Send your order 10 the Anne
Adams Pattern Department,
The Detroit Times. Detroit 81.
Detroit evening times., 1945-04-29
Carrot Souffle

Three tablespoons butter, 4
tablespoons flour, | cup milk, l
cup mashed, cooked carrots, 2
teaspoons finely chopped onions,
] tablespoon chopped parsley, l
tablespoon chopped celery. II
teaspoon salt. 4 teaspoon pa
prika, 3 egg yolks, 3 egg whites.
beaten.
Melt butter and add -four.
Add milk and cook until creamy
sauce forms. Stir constantly.
Add carrots, Seasonings and
yolkS. Beat two minutes. Fold
In whites Pour into ring mold.
Set in pan Of hot water, bake
40 minutes in moderate oven
so degrees Unmold and fill
center with creamed asparagus.
Golden Carrots
Ten long slender. young car
rots, /. cup honey 2 table
Detroit evening times., 1945-04-29
Carrot Almond Rinq

Three cups new carrots, in
medium slices. 2 beaten eggs. l
cup evaporated milk, n cup
Detroit evening times., 1945-04-29
Ventilate Frames

AS TIE weather warns il is
most necessary TO ventilate cold
frames and hotbeds. Prop up
the sash a little further each
daV.
Detroit evening times., 1945-04-29
Golden Carrots

Ten long slender. young car
rots, = cup honey, 2 table
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1945-10-27
Reward Offered
By LID In Florida
Lyching Oct. II

NEW YORK-A reward of $500
FOR information leading 10 the ar
res; and convection OF the person
or persons who lyrched Jesse
Psins Negro youth. IN Madison.
Fla, sometime on oct II. and -
MS posted ms week bv the Inter
national labor Defense
PAYNE. VINO had pleaded rot
guilty 20 a charge ~ attacking 4
fVc-ycar-oli G,rl VAS taken from
&c Mad son jsll and shot 20 death
TIC ls.l next 20 the home Of
SAcriG Lonre DAVIS. was eft uN-
-ssrdod overnight He had been
O'oush' - Madison on the llth for
srrslSrTent after BENZ held N
r. ford state prison since his ar
est on july 4
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1945-10-27
Meeting On Restrictive Covenants Held At Church Sum-
Roland Hayes
ToAppearHere
In Song Recital

Roland Hayes. great American
tenor, will appear IN a recital at
the Masonic Temple. Sunday.
Nov II, under the sponsorship OF
the Detroit Branch NAACP. Half
Of the receipts win 20 toward the
branch's youth program.
Mr. Hayes appeared in Boston.
Oct. I. and Carnegie Hall, New
York, Oct II, and the accounts of
the critics in botn cities used su-
perlstlves 10 describe MS recital.
Fortunately. there as sinsin. and
singing, there are singers and sing
ers. There are also programs and
programs. The pleasure that was
10 be had IN Mr. Hayes recital and
Il Mas rare pleasure. was that Of
nearing songs for the most part
exceptional quality and interest
sung with such artistry. such SYM
pathy and insight. such communl-
cailvc power that the very soul OF
NC music was laid bare To the
listener wrote the critic IN the
Boston Post.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1945-10-27
Plymouth Forums
Open October 70

Rev Horace A White announced
this week that the Winter Lecture
Series Of Plymouth Congregational
church would open sunday.
Oct 90
For the first session George
Schermcr. director ~ the Inter
racial committee Or Melvin
Tumin and Or NcClunG lee Of
WAYNE university. d J J Nc
CICndon ~ INC NAACP and Gcor.c
CrocKe;; ~ The JAW Far Prac-
tees committee VIII JOIN n Dis
C'LS>lon Of the ,sCe situation IN Dc.
tro'' and the race strikes Of school
children ~ Chicago. Cary. ina
snc New York
The meetings wil'hcs n Al s IN
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1945-10-27
War Dept. Praises
Negro Con1batants

troops on platoon basis within
laycer white con- panes -athe than
complete Segregation q. large
units
Two hundred ard hf.v inter
views were made IN - r.tlc COM
nanies and Of 100 additional els,
Two o. the companies questioned
we're predoTinan'iv southern IN
BACKGROUND and other Southern
ers were included