davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1945-06-18
BY THE HASKIN SERVICE.

By THE HASKIN SERVICE.
Q. When were gold coins first
used in England?-C. B. w.
A. The ancient Britons made
their first gold coins about $50 BIC.
When Julius Caesar invaded the
country about the middle of the
first century BIC. he found gold
coins In circulation.
@. Was Kenilworth, ILL.,, named for
Sir Walter SCOTS novel?-F. r.
A. Yes. Some Of the streets COM
memorate characters and places
mentioned In the book, whose scene
is laid in Kenilworth Castle in War
wickshire, England.
@. Can goldfish survive after
having been frozen solidly in the
ice of an outdoor pool?-E. L. H.
A. Fish, like other cold FLOODED
animals. including reptiles and am
phibians, are poikilothermic-that
Is, their body temperatures are d.
rectly Influenced by the temperature
of the surrounding medium. Con-
sequently they can be subjected to
very low temperatures and still sur
vive. However, If q fish were placed
in ice for sufficient length of time
it undoubtedly could be frozen to
death.
@. If a soldier has served over
seas as clerk in an office does he
receive stars for serving in such
areas as North Africa, Italy and
France?-J. K.
A. A soldier serving with the
headquarters of a division is given
combat credit for those battles In
which he personally participated.
@. Can q man in the Marine
Corps transfer to the Army when
his four-year enlistment is up?-
E. E.
A. The Marine Corps headquar-
tiers says that when a mans enlist
ment period expires now he is not
automatically discharged: he must
stay in the corps for the duration
VA VAC Wd2 d1l0 OLA lIlOlllllc tllS1 G.
after. He cannot transfer to another
branch Of the service without first
being discharged from the Marine
Corps.
@. Do all national service life
insurance policies expire in Novem-
Der, 1945?-B. Y.
A. National service life insurance
under present law expires five years
after the date on which it becomes
effective, unless converted to a per-
manent plan. Only those effective
in 1910 expire In 1945. It is understood
that the administrator of veterans
affairs will recommend to Congress
the enactment of remedial legisla-
ton in the event the war continues
beyond the present five-year term
period Of these policies.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1945-06-18
Trucks Slow
To Resume Trips as
Army Aids Drivers

BY the Associated Press.
CHICAGO, June 1s.-Chicago's
trucking operations, partially Grip
pied by a work stoppage which began
at midnight Friday. slowly began re-
sumption today, with soldiers &C
companying some drivers on early
runs.
The soldiers were called in by the
Once Of Defense Transportation to
prevent the work stoppage-the
second in less than a month-that
has stemmed the flow Of food and
vital war goods In the Midwest.
Early reports indicated not all
trucks were In operation, despite the
presence Of more than $500 sol
diers, called in at the request Of
Ellis r. Longnecker, Federal man
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1945-06-18

eral representative Of TeamsterS'
Joint Council Is OF the International
Brotherhood of Teannsters (AFL),
called = general membership meet
ing to pledge union support to the
oDT and the Army in keeping trucks
moving, and to discuss means of pro-
tecting members who return to work.
1t was the second time within q
month that truck delivery had
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1945-06-18
Iager OF the 1Hoo oovernment-seized


&yer CI Wss AUVV OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES
lines.
Few Trucks Make Trips.
A spokesman for. the Chicago
Carriage Co.-which represents sew
-eral hundred OF the truck lines
said mot very many" trucks were
operating on the early shift and
that I'VE don't know" what the
Army has in mind.
A single soldier was sent with
each Of the i've OF the 20 Keeshin
Motor Express 90. trucks which
made an early morning run.
Meanwhile Mr.. Longnecker, who
assumed managership of the 1,700
lines under presidential authority,
had asked for the names OF strikers
with the view Of possible reclassifi-
cation by their draft boards.
Union to Back ODT.
The ODT and Army made no
statements on how many drivers
had returned to their Jobs today.
Ofacials Of the two unions involved
also gave no early estimates OF the
number Of men back at work. !
In addition, Henry r. Burger, gem
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1945-06-18

been suspended. On May a. the
ODT seized about 100 lines UNI
der presidential order, following Z
week-long strike by the independent
Chicago truck drivers union.
Friday, drivers Of the Independent
Union, together with the teamsters,
voted sos to 128 to strike. Only
those employed by noriseized firms
were eligible to vote.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1945-06-18
The Great GameofPol
L. S. Offered Too Many 'Maena Cartas,
Based on Federal Funds, Writer Saws

publicists, they all have two other
points In COMMONLY none OF them
knows, even approximately. how
much money their plan will cost;
ca none of them knows-or even
suggests-where the money is to
come from. But, to the Magma
Carta boys, those are Just details.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1945-06-18

ing among them
and the need
for co-ordina-
ton Is apparent.
For an o ther,
they are becom-
ing so shrill that
listening to them
is not easy-is
even slightly
painful.
At the mo-
ment, there are
at least three
distinct Magma
Carta group s
an d proposals.
Henry Wallace
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1945-06-18
By Frank r. Kent

The Magma Carta" boys seem to
be OVERRIDING 1t just a little. For
one thing, they are becoming so
numerous that confusion Is spread.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1945-06-18
Answers to
Questions

A reader can get the answer to any
question Of fact BY writing The Eve
street NE. ' Wsshinston T. 5. Z. Please
inclose 3 cents for return postage.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-07-23
SS Waterbury Troop Ship
(continued from Page D

in recognition of her contribution to the war effort Mrs. Bergin is a widow with six children, three ot her five boys being in the service all having served overseas. She IS employed by the American Brass Company doing essential war WorK and has been very active In the company's bond drives.
 The s. s. waterbury Victory" is a cargo ship of 1o,7oo deadweight tons cargo capacity, designed to compete with the most modern merchant ships after the war. The waterbury Victory" has an overall length of 455 feet, inches; a mold cd breadth of 62 feet and depth from keel to midship main deck or SS feet. She will be driven by a G. 900 h.p. steam turbine engine with an average speed of over 15 knots. Her normal crew will consist of ap- proximately SO in addition to Navy gun crew of about 20 Navy personnel.
 Due to the pressing need for troop transportation by sea, the first as- signment will find the Waterbury Victory" acting as a troop trans port. Following it's completion at the Bethlehem-Fairf1eld yard, the ves- sel will be sent to an East coast yard for conversion work to provide fa- cihties for carrying our soldiers from the European theater to this country. The vessel will be so de- signed to enable her to carry cargo to Europe and return with troops.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-07-23

(Continued from Page D county were stranded in their iso- lated homes or on higher eleva- tions, and the Red Cross workers were assembling food and medical supplies and setting up temporary shelters.
 Gov. Maurice J. Tobin ordered the state guard out following a re- quest from police Chief William J. Royal of Williamstown, flood mar shal for his district,
 Highway officials ordered out road crews and announced that temporary bridges and pontoons would be thrown across streams where bridges have been washed out.
 Communications Served
 A detail of 30 state policemen ar- rived in the county to aid in set ting up highway detours and help local police.
 All communication with Hancock was served except for the state po- lice radio.
 At Lanesboro, cement-surfaced route ' was interlaced with wash outs and ordered closed to traffic. Municipal authorities estimated damage in the town at $75,OO0.
 New York State police were or dered to the state border and other troopers spec to Stephentown, N. Y., where damage was said to be heavy.
 Telephone lines between Pittsfield and WilliaLlStown and New Ashford were down and the trunk highway between Pittsfield and New York State was closed to traffic.
 The known victims of the flood were identified as George McSee, 70, and Roy Moon, 30. both of Han- cock. They were drowned while helping a friend remove furniture from his house, which was lifted from its foundation and later top- pied into the Green river.
 BeloiIn now has more horses
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-07-23
Higher Taxes For Post-Wor
(Continued from Page D

Cannon inserted in the record a statement showing that 90 cents of every dollar expended now goes to war purposes, that less than 4 cents is for interest on the mounting na tional debt and about 2 cents for ron-war expenditures.
 He said that in 1889, fixed" gov- ernment expenditures amounted to 24 per cent of the non-war ex- penses, but now they are more than 70 per cent"
 Fixed" commitments include refunds on taxes, veterans pensions and benefits, social security, high way grants and other miscellaneous grants and contributions.
 Increase of Public Works
 "Controllable" items such as pub- lie works, work relief, youth aid, operation of government depart rsents and agencies have been held to 6 strict minimum during the war, Cannon said, but are bound to jump after the war.
 He said fixed" commitments were $4,800, ,000, GOO last year and estimated $6,600 100000 for i946. "Controllable" expenditures were s2,O00, ,0O0, ,000 last year and he esti- mated them at $2.350, 100000 for 1e46.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-07-23

ate.
 Prosecutor Gen. Andre Mcrust has told the French press he will demand the death penalty.
 Mornet, the man who convicted Mata Hari, the famed woman spy of World War I, will accuse petain:
 Of having broken Frances pledged word to Britain by signing a separate peace with Germany af1 ter the defeat In June, 1940.
 Of having collaborated politically and industrially with the Nazis to the detriment of the Democratic na1 tionS.
 Of tolerating anti British and anti-American propaganda in the so-calied free zone" of France.
 Of countenancing. even makine speeches. favoring Frenchmen gos ing to work in Germany.
 Of having offered Germany ths aid ol French troops in repelling ths Allied invasion.
 Petain was accompanied to hiz new cell by Madame Petaia, his lwite, two doctors, and Q nurse.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-07-23

step with the enemy. History will judge how much I did to save France by thus fighting with the enemy"
 Warming to his description of himself as a man serving France and the Allies while heading the Vichy regime dominated by the NaziS, Peeain cried:
 If you condemn me, let this condemnation be the last one. You will be condemning an innocent man.
 T will not ask for the mercy of the court, because a Marshal of France does not ask for pity. I throw myself back on the French people for their judgment"
 He said he had served France all his life and T serve 1t still in the present. have given France the gift of myself, and will continue to serve by telling the truth in this court"
 In Military Dress
 Petain walked in wearing his Field Marshal's uniform with seven brilliant stars and looked somewhat bewildered and dazed. Upon enter ing he started first toward another exit and then was guided by gen. darmes toward the prisoners stand.
 Madame Petain did not accom- pany him as had been expected. Petain was escorted by two police- men with about IS others standing nearby.
 The courtroom was suffocatingly packed and jammed with 600 spe- cially picked gendarmes tightly guarding all the doors to make cer- tain there was no last minute at- tempt on the Marshars life. Ninety newsmen, including 40 from the entire foreign press. crowd ed tigltly into the minute panelled courtroom while over 100 others waited in the press room outside to receive stenographic reports from time to time.
 A 100 carefully handpicked in- vited guests stood damned tightly together in the back of the room as the temperature scared. Former Leaders Present
 Former French Premiers Paul Reynaud and Edouard Daladier, as well as former President Albert Lee brun, arrived at the Palais Dc Jus. tice shortly before l p. m. and were given seats in the rear of the court room among the other witnesses who were separated from the gen. eral public by barricades.
 These three figures the third Re- public were greeted by camera flashes as they entered the room. All persons upon entering had to pass three successive cordons of gendarmes who closely scrutinized both tickets and personal identity cards.
 Red-robed high court Judge pi. ere Moutgibeaux sat in a high backed armchair at the middle of one end of the court flanked on either side by 12 special jurors with eight others waiting as substitutes if needed.
 Mornet, 72 years old, wore black gown as he sat to the right of the judge and jurors with Petain and his defense lawyers to the left.
 The court was so packed that Petain was practically sitting in the laps of the pressnien.
 The rumor racked about he court room that despite the specially hired 500 gendarmes guarding the Palais De Justice seven prisoners had escaped last night.
 Presiding Judge Mcntgibeaux opened the trial by saying 1t was one of the greatest trials in history
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-07-23

and that every measure would be taken to preserve dignity and se- curity."
 The judge said, We are judging the man who in his long life has been the object of both love and hate. We are here to judge him and he will be judged as well.
 He said everything would be done to insure normal atmosphere for tn trial.
 Defense Lawyer Fernand Payen, former president of the Paris Bar Association, fired the opening gun for the defense by attacking the competency of the court
 He said. "In America such case iS tried in the Senate. in England it is tried in the House of Lords. In France, it should be tried in the Senate, not in this court"
 Payen based his defense on the argument that the Third Republic still exists and that the constitution of 1875 says that the chief of state Is accused only by the Chamher Of Deputies and tried by the scn-
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-07-23
Ratification Of Charter
(Continued from Page l)

Committe went the task of formal y presenting the charter to the Senate. He planned to speak only briefly, having presented his case for the charter in detail shortly af- ter his return from the San Fran cisco Conference.
 The only question as the Senate began formal debate on the treaty vas just when it would reach the final vote for ratification.
 Barkley said there was a "good likelihood" that 1t would come by Friday. Sen. Robert A. Taft, R., O.. believed 1t might be as early as Thursday.
 Barkley said that beginning to- morrow the Senate would meet at Il g. m. an hour earlier than usual in an effort to make certain work is completed this week. If neces- sary, he will call Saturday ses- sion as we'll
 Clear Sailing
 At any rate, administration lead- CTS were confident of ratification without amendment or reservation Ana the Speed-up schedule for de- hate reflected their determination to subject the charter to none oi the prolonged wrangling that helped kill the covenant of the League ot Nations.
 A principal function of the weeks debate will be to write into the per- manent record of the Senate inter- pretations of the terms under which the United States agrees to entel a world organization to keep tht peace, using force if necessary.
 Analysis
 Those interpretations, explored during committee hearings. include the following conclusions:
 l. The charter leaves uninpairee the Monroe Doctrine.
 ?. The United States retains the sovereign right to withdraw at any time on good reason.
 3. The United Nations Security Council can propose. but not i'm pose, regulation of armaments o1 the member nations.
 4. Plans for a trusteeShip sys- tenn for non-self-governing terri tories provide complete protection for the military and strategic in. terests of the United States in Pa. cific islands captured from the Japanese.
 5. The United States retains com plete authority over the terms ane conditions under which it will make available a military contingent to bt ordered into operation by the Sc. curity Council to halt threat o. future aggression.
 The power of the American del. egate on the Security Council tt cast vote which would put Amer. ican troops into action is expected to be one of the principal issue of discussion.
 Most Senate leaders are agreed however, that this is a domesti, question to be settled by subse' quent legislation instead of mad, a reservation to the charter.
 Some proponents of the charte have advocated that the delegat' be required to get authorization fol such a vote from the President O the United States and that tn, President simultaneously motif. Congress when, such authorization is given.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-07-23
Petoin PIeo For France
(Continued from Page D

ICOIlLlIlu6u lIOIU rage U weygand) and Marshal Petain" a dominating section of the cabinet decided that it was useless for France to continue the war and re- signed. Petain was called to power and without further delay the marshal entered into negotiations with 8 view to concluding an armis- tice.'
 Petain, the charge said, undoubt- edly had hostile feelings toward the Republic and felt it necessary to in- stall an. authoritarian regime.
 Petain was accused of having dose relations with collaborationiSt Fer nand De Brinon and Otto Abetz Nazi ambassador to France.
 He also was accused of being close to leading members of the Cagoul- ards" whose object was to over- throw the Republic and replace 1t with a dictatorship like those of Rome and Berlin, for which purpose large stores of arms had been inn- ported from Italy and Germany"
 Petain Colin
 During the preliminaries, Petain sat in the prisoners box staring straight forward. He slumped in his high backed chair and occasionally stroked his white rnustache.
 He looked much thinner than he was at Vichy three years ago. But he walked firmly without support, although a slight tremble of the hands was noticeable. He wore the full uniform of a marshal, bearing the military medal as the only deco- ration.
 At the opening of the trial the fudge took the formal evidence oi Petain's identity and ordered:
 "The accused will arise. What are your names and titles?"
 Philippe Petain. marshal oi France" he replied firmly. Then he sat down.
 At one point while the prosecutor was speaking in reply to the de- fense charge of incompetence oi the court, there was a stir of whis. pering at the back of the room.
 T invite the fifth colunnists tc cease demonstrations" Mornet cried pointing dramatically toward the back. He went on vii Aout further interruption.
 Demonstra ations
 Demonstrations against Petain broke out, and the red-robed jus tice, Pierre Montgibeaux ordered the courtroom cleared and a little later suspended the hearing. Pro- ceedings were resumed after brief delay.
 Petain opened his own plea at 3:20 p. m. He rose to speak, al- though the judge gave tine 89-year- old marshal. permission to sit. His voice rang clear and firm.
 T will not answer any questions, ? he began. T did the necessary act in order to save France and to help the Allied victory by proclaiming the arrnistice.
 What would the Allies have done if DeGaulle and the Allies had landed in France and found noth- ing but ruin and cemeteries? used the powers given me like shield to safeguard the interests of France.
 History Will Judge
 T did 90 so far as to sacrifice my reputation, although I had knives st my throat disputing every
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-07-23

army failed to tell the ODT, the railroads or the navy how many troops it was bringing back and when.
 Sen. Harley M. Kilgore, D., W. Va, said Johnson and the ODT got the required information only last SatS ur,iay after the committee made representations to Secretary of War Henry L. Stirnson.
 ODT Uninformed
 Sen. Homer Ferguson, R., Mich, said that in the past the ODT has not even received notice of troop landings, making 1t necessary for Johnson to get 1t from other sources"
 'The army knows how many men are in Europe, how many ships it has and how many railroads are available" Ferguson said. All that has to be done is to coordinate.
 Chairman James M. Mead, D., N. Y, has suggested that the other united nations chip in with ships to speed redeployment.
 Rotation Method
 Meanwhile, other steps were being taken by the army and ODT to con- serve sleeper space and discourage civilian travel.
 The army is presently trying out an experiment of rotation sleeping" on a troop train en route from Camp Kilmer, N. J., to Fort Sam Houston. Texas. Soldiers will alter nate sleeping in the Pullmans and sitting in coaches.
 The ODT further discouraged civilian travel over the weekend by prohibiting organized group travel and the sale of railway tick cts or space on railroads to travel agencies.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-07-23
.opping-Up p ByAussies
(Continued from Page D

-. (COnClnueQ rom rage U by the raid in which over 20 Libera- tors dropped scores of 100-pounders.
 Jap Supply Terminal
 Tobili is the Tomini Gulf terminal for the Japanese supply route across the narrow waist separating the northern Sectin of the island from its southern section.
 Fifth Airforce Liberators on night patrol bombed the Japanese naval base at Mako, on Formosa, without observing results while Seventh fleet mariners bombed and strafed junks, luggers, and barges along the ASiatic coast.
 A Seventh Fleet mariner damaged at least 36 barges; junks and lug gers north of Hongkong while an- other mariner bombed and Strafed seven other large junks near Hong Kong. This same mariner caught a large sea-going tug and left it burn ing.
 Many Dead Japs
 MCAI lIluI SpOhCoIldI1 odAN o' 629 dead Japanese were counted last week in the Philippines, with the vast majority on Luzon. He said the Sixth Infantry division had cap- tured Banaue in northern Luzon after an eight-mile advance and that Philippine Army units had taken Polls Pass. Only 12 Americans were killed in the Philippines last week, with two others missing and 48 wounded.
 MacArthurs spokesman also an nounced that counted Japanese dead on all the Borneo fronts had reached 4,378 with Al prisoners.
 There were 287 Allied soldiers killed, 12 missing and 1851 wound- ed.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-07-23

NOSA4eesAeNS $NOAAA = ~oS ~S ''leisurely'' in granting releases to eligible men and that his mall on the subject was growing daily.
 Senator Homer E. Capehart, R., Ind, also reported receipt Of 'stacks of complaints"
 According to the reports I get" he said, enlisted men were never consulted in working out the dis charge system - although the Army claims 1t is based on just what the men wanted"
 Senator Lister Hill, D., Ala, said he found little fault with the plan. If men from Alabama are dissatis-. lied, he said, T haven't heard much about it."
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-07-23
NOT MODERN INVENTION

The machine gun Is not a mod ern invention. A patent was issued in 1718 on such 8 gun, with sep- arate chambers to fire "round bull lets against Christians and square bullets against Turks"
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-07-23
FOOD oDDITY

The chief classifications of meat" in itself a four-letter word, are all spelled with four letters: Beef. pork. lamb. fowl. game and fish.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-07-23

Spain is still producing less wine than before the Spanish Civil War. as Ccmfwy
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-07-23
Moy Extend rovel Ban

(Continued from Page D
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-07-23
Army Point System Cut

cccntinued from Page I)
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-07-23
Flash Flood Toll Heavy

(Continued from Page D
The Waterbury Democrat., 1945-07-23

Belgium now has more horses than sheep.