davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1944-02-12

operations of the mining enterprise.
Thus, through the cooperation of
Anderson, his creditors and the
acumen Of officials of the banking
department, the phosphate mining
industry in Powell county and the
state of Montana was saved from
destruction in its infancy. The or
iginal agreement appointing Buley
trustee became the trust agree
ment" under which the mines are
still operating, although the mines
themselves are now owned by Mon
tana Phosphate Products Co,
corporation of which r. B. Shelledy
is president. All of the mining ac-
Invites at the three mines are I'M
der the general supervision of
William Anderson Sr
Phosphate Production Increases
During the five-year life of the
trust, phosphate rock production
has increased steadily from 10000
tons per year to an estimated 200,-
600 tons in 1874. Buley hopes to
complete retirement of all creditors
claims within the year.
Approximately 100000 tons of
mineable high-grade ore is still in
the Anderson mine. 1t is mined
underground by the room and pillar
method, employing drilling and
blasting in the slopes, which some
times reach the length of 200 feet.
The ore Is dragged from the face
of the stope by means of four and
five foot scrapers. Thence down the
Slope to the ore chutes where it is
loaded into mine ears and trans
ported by horse-drawn trains of
five to eight cars to the tunnel por-
tails where it is loaded into ore
bunkers. Trucks haul the ore APP
proximately Tx miles to the load
ing platform.
The Graveley mine at Avon is
operated on the same principle and
the ore loaded at Avon. The Luke
mine is recent acquisition of the
Montana Phosphate Products Co,
Inc, formerly owned by the Min
eral Hill Mining Co. At the present
time the work on the Luke is con-
fined to reopening the mine, re.
pairing such buildings as were
there previously, building new ones
preparatory to making more extern
sive operations. The Luke mine
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1944-02-12
More Zinc Ore Found
BY Diurnond Drillinq

Diamond drilling by the bureau
of mines in Pend Oreille county In
northeastern Washington has added
100000 tons of zinc and lead ores
to the nations known reserves of
war minerals Earlier exploration
and development by some of the
mine operators in the district,
known as the Metaline area, had
revealed more than 100000 tons
of zinc and lead ores.
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1944-02-12
Answers Your Questions
on Prospecting

This complete. procticol pockstsized guide
book gives many focts helpful TO the pros.
pector. miner. and field engineer. Covers
equipment and methods. geologic and min
erulocic ddto. identification of important
minerals. and scores Of relutsd f4cts for
practical use.
Handbook for pSospecsors 0nd
Operators of Small Mines
BY ~. w. Won nerns- See sha@s aaau
- WIFE Aid TO Pronpeesors
941 pd9ss' s4-oo L1sss Pertaining to
Asvisso DY Mining
Geology Ia Proa-
Simply and concise pectino
ly. this book pre- Ouicrnns
SENS evesylning me Sumplin7 end Az
use In the field. nom
..-..ss-.-.s ). - Ores
field tests. Practical MoFkstn ond
uses OF geology und Prices
minernlogY Gre sx- Irsctment
ploined. Minerals Developing and
ere covered haIly cs Ecufppanu
TO thsir occurrences. Glossary OF Terms
ond vuiuss Us@d In Mining
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1944-02-12
BLACK MARKET F0UGHT

A special notice to be inserted
in newIyissued gasoline ration
books will tell the holder that EN-
dorsement Protects You and Helps
Lick the Black Market"
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1944-02-12

county. The story of the discovery,
development and the present pro-
duction Of these mines Is an inter
esting one.
At the present time, only three
mines in Montana are producing
phosphate in large quantities. They
are the Anderson mine near Gar
riSon. the largest producer, and the
Graveley and Luke mines near
Avon. However, there are immense
deposits throughout the state of
Montana still undeveloped
The history of the Anderson
phosphate mine tells the story of
the phosphate industry in this
state from the time of the first
discovery of phosphate float to this
years expected production of 200,-
600 long wet tons of 2,240 pounds
each.
Deposit Discovered In 1920
In 1914, Mr.. and Mrs. William
Anderson moved from Spokane to
the old Knop ranch, which they
had purchased for SIS, located
just below Garrison. Early in the
1905 Anderson discovered float on
Brock creek on his property, indi-
eating the presence of phosphate
rock thereon. Knowing that such
float might indicate the presence
of phosphate deposit on the prop
erty, Anderson traced the float to
its source and discovered a large
deposit of high grade ore
At that time, the value of phos-
plate rock was largely unknown.
However, Anderson developed the
mine and shipped the first ore from
it. Phosphate rock in those days
was desired by smelters for expert
mental work in their laboratories,
and later was sought by smelters
reducing copper, lead and zinc ores
as a means of providing an eco
nomic use for the excess sulphuric
acid produced in connection with
the reduction of such ores.
Enterprise Meets Reverses
During the days of the depres-
sion, the Anderson phosphate enter
prise met with reverses common to
all industries of that period. For
time II looked as though the en-
terpriSe would die in its compare
tive infancy.
The state banking department
was a substantial creditor of the
enterprise owing to the fact that
It was managing the liquidation of
one of the Deer Lodge banks that
had substantial claim against the
mine
Realizing that a forced hquida-
ton of the enterprise would not
only result in substantial loss to
the creditors but would also prob
ably destroy what gave promise of
being a new industry for Montana,
the department, under the direction
of w. A. Brown, gave a great deal
of time and effort to consideration
Of plans whereby the industry
might be saved and the creditors
fully paid.
The plan finally adopted was one
advanced by ]. A. Buley of the
banking department, who devised q
plan whereby the enterprise could
be continued under the supervision
and direction of a trustee working
sout of the department.
BuIey Presents Saving Plan
Buley presented his plan tC
Brown, who gave his enthusiastic
support to 1t. A definite trust agree
ment was then drawn up by At
torney Sam c. Ford, present COVER
nor of the state, who at that Tins
was counsel for the banking de
partment BY the terms of THU
agreement. Buley was appointe<
trustee for the creditors of William
Anderson IN connection with tn,
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1944-02-12

Powell County Site of Montana's
Three Largest Phosphate Mines

Status Of Powell county the of Montanas three most I'M
phosphate mines summarized article in the Silver
State Post of Deer Lodge which follows:
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1944-07-06

A midwestern farmer smiles with
satisfaction as he reads the figures
ON check received for his produce.
Agricultural income is now two to
three times the 1889 level, but this
happy situation won't last, econo-
mists warn. Unless this middle
aged man Is fortunate, however, his
savings will dwindle away, and he
will face old age without security.
sums. And yet very few people ever
get benefits because they don't work
in covered employment long enough
or often enough to qualify for the
monthly payments. The inclusion of
farm people under the program
would at once both rectify the in
justice to these workers and plug
a big gap in the social security
program.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1944-07-06

Young and strong, this Maryland
farmer shouldn't need retirement
benefit payments for many years
unless sickness OF an accident
should incapacitate him. But the
time will come when he will be too
old to work. During his good years,
he should have a chance to accu-
mulate a retirement fund through
Social Security. His family too,
should be protected under the sur
vivor's benefit provisions. Under
present provisions, however, the
farm family is excluded from the
system.
insurance program Of the Social
Security act applies. These workers
are building up rights to monthly
insurance payments when they grow
old and retire, and for their fami-
lies, when death comes to the bread
winner.
Others, not so fortunate, look
upon the group that has social insur-
ance protection somewhat enviously.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1944-07-06

Following World War I liberty
bonds dropped in price because they
were freely negotiable were not
supported by the government. and
were subject to the influence Of
changes In demand as holders
wished to use the money invested in
bonds for other purposes. Today
farmers can buy government bonds
with assurance that their savings
will be returned to them intact, and
with interest in most cases.
SIT would be foolish for farmers
to bid against each other for n
limited amount Of goods when by
waiting a while they can buy all
they need. Nor is. there any use to
bid UP the price Of land. The offer
Of higher prices doesn't produce any
more land or any more wealth. just
more debt and hard times later
on" Jordan pointed out.
''Not only will heavy purchases Of
war bonds help keep the army Of
liberation rolling forward and the
goods going to support ous allies,
but the purchase of redeemabls
government bonds in times Of un-
certainty such as the present is good
business in the strictest sense Of the
terra" -r~raar concluded.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1944-07-06

Neft) An elderly woman cashes
her old age insurance check in a
New York bank. Since February 1,
1910, persons over IS are eligible to
receive the benefits of Social
Security payments, even though
they have worked only a short time
under the system and have contrib
uted little to the fund.
(Right) This New York couple
was the first to apply for monthly
payments to which they were entitled
under the Social Security system.
The checks A~~-- - a~w out I'm 1910.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1944-07-06
AN Difficulties of Administration Can
Be IrOned Out

{ Wages today are high, and
jobs plentiful, and there is a
ready market for all farm
produce and manufactured
goods. Most people probably
realize, however, that the
present prosperity is a result
of the war, and that a down.
turn is almost certain to come
with peace. There may be no
depression, at, least not for
several years, but the present
very high level of activity is
not likely to be maintained.
But in any case, there comes a
time in everyone's life when he has
to slow down. Whatever stage the
business cycle is in, those who
are unable to work get no income.
Everyone who has to make his own
living must be somewhat concerned
about the future.
A very large group Of wage and
salary earners have found a partial
answer to these troublesome ques-
tons. They are the workers in pri-
vate industry and commerce, those
In so-called covered" employment,
to whom the old-age and survivors
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1944-07-06
War Spurs Construction
- Of Low-Cost Housing

More than $500 federally financed
houses now occupied by war work
ers in "A public housing projects in
New York, New Jersey and Penn
sylvania will be converted to low
rent housing and slum clearance
purposes after the war, according to
Information to the national associ-
alton of housing officials.
Now operated by local housing
authorities in % localities in these
states, the projects originally were
pi-aEed for peace-time low-rent
housing. When the war emergency
arose, congress authorized develop
ment of the projects for persons
engaged in national defense aetivi-
ties" Federal loans covered all the
cost Of such housing.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1944-07-06

full, or at the end Of its period Of
validity, he would bring or mail it
to any Office of the board so that
1t could be added to his record.
With the stamp system the
small farmer would find it unnec-
essary to keep books or file reports
about the wages of his paid help. On
the large farm the stamp method
could be used for temporary or
casual workers not carried on the
regular pay roll. Wages paid in the
form OF room and board and the
like might be included in the work.
er's total wage, and the value set
on them could be based on data
gathered and published from time
to time by the department of agri-
culture. So
Farm people have every claim to
be included under the old-age and
survivors insurance program. Their
claim is all the stronger because
many of them are already partly
under the system. In the wintertime,
or in other off-seasons for farm
work, many farm people work in
industry and pay premiums on So
cial insurance. In lifetime, their
payments amount to substantial
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1944-07-06
Invest Savings in War Bonds
To Avoid Losses on PRINCIPAL

While farmers face numerous pro-
duction hazards that cannot be
avoided. they don't have to fear
loss of principal If they invest their
wartime savings in war bonds, G. L.
Jordan, professor of agricultural
economics, University of Illinois col
lege Of agriculture. points out.
During the later stages of great
wars caution is doubly important.
War demands create abnormal price
relationships, not only between diff
ferent commodities but between
land and farm products. It is in
such times as the present that buy
ing power should be accumulated
and conserved" Jordan said.
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1944-07-06
Benefits of Social Security Could Be Extended to
Farm Owners and Their Employees, Officials Say

sum. Four times q year the en-
ployer sends both contributions in
to the federal government. Together
with the money he sends a report
Of the amount of wages paid the
worker, to be duly entered in his
social security account in Balti-
more, Md. On the basis Of these
wage records, the insurance bene-
fits are figured.
Farmers Could be Protected.
Could the system be applied to
farm people? Farmers are scattered
over a very wide area. Could the
premiums be collected without the
costs of administration mounting un-
duly: high, considering the small
amounts paid in? And how would
farmers figure out what their pre-
miums ought to be, seeing that lots
Of them don't keep any books?
The Social Security board is con-
fident that the extension of the old
age and survivors insurance system
to farm people is now feasible. Ways
have been devised to overcome the
difficulties.
AS basis for determining farm
ers' social insurance premiums, the
reports they are already making to
the government for income tax and
other purposes can be used. For the
farmer who is not required to file
income tax returns. would figure his
income on the basis of the estimated
market value Of his services" In
doing this he could guide himself by
the wages received by his highest
paid farm hand. II he employs no
labor, the monthly wage rate for
farm labor in his locality would
serve.
Farmers could pay their pre-
miums at times most convenient for
themselves. Some might find it con-
venient to pay lump sum annually,
and others might prefer to pay in
four annual quarterly installments.
Low-income farmers could pay their
premiums in social insurance
stamps If they chose. They would
buy these currently and put them
in a social security stamp book
which could be turned in from time
to time as payment toward their
premiums.
Collections Through Stamps.
For farm help, the stamp method
might be best, the board thinks. The
farmer could buy social insurance
stamps from any post Office or rural
letter carrier, and insert them in
the stamp books furnished him by
his workers when he paid their
wages. Half the cost Of the stamps
would be deducted from the work
er's wages as his social security pre-
MUM. When the workers book was
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1944-07-06

4AAC 0OS4o4 OCCUIlLy UOdIQ ISCG1VGS
many letters from the self-employed
professional people, small bust
ness men, gas station operators,
restaurant keepers, operators Of
cleaning and pressing shops, Of
beauty parlors, and so on. wanting
to know why they can't get old-age
protection. They pay premiums for
their employees insurance, but
themselves cannot build up rights to
benefits. "Why this discrimina-
tion?" they ask. ''We have no more
security than our employees.
Few From Farmers.
Very seldom among these letters
from the self-employed is there one
from farmer. Yet farmers have
fully as much reason to seek social
insurance protection as others of
the self-employed. The notion that
farmers are an independent and
self-sustaining group is no longer
true. It Is hangover from earlier
times, when most farms were self
sufficient. Today farmers are much
more vulnerable. They have to buy
more and sell more; operating
costs are higher, and falling prices
often mean serious losses.
Then too, sections differ as to
agricultural prosperity. North and
south, west and middle-west are
widely unlike, while in each there
are plenty Of spots that present
quite different picture from the rest.
In 1889, the last year before the
war BOOM" nearly one-haH Of the
farm operators in the country had
gross annual money income yield
following for food consumed by the
farm family of less than 5000: two
thirds had less than ST., 900, and SO
per cent had under $4,000.
It is difficult for farm owners to
save much out Of these small cash
incomes. Even a farmer with an
average net income Of 1000 a year
finds it hard to put much aside for
old age or misfortune The constant
demands for maintenance Of fer
tility, repairs, buying machinery
and livestock, and so on, all re-
quire cash, and there Is often little
left at the years end to build up a
retirement fund. Often, when the
farm operator has to quit work, his
family is in difficult straits, and may
have to depend on public aid or
charity.
The tenant farmer and the farm
laborer generally are in worse cir
cumstances than the man who owns
his land, once they have to quit
working. With little or no savings,
the tenant and the farm hand who
cannot earn anything are soon hard
up indeed. They and their families
suffer humiliation and want.
War Changes Things.
The war, Of course, has made a
great difference in the farmers stu
alton. The incomes Of many are
double, In some cases treble, what
they were before. But the war-and
perhaps our present prosperity-is
temporary.
Farm people were left out Of the
social insurance program not be-
cause they were thought to be al
ready secure. The reason for ex-
Guiding them was that in 1885 the
program was new and the admins
trative hurdles looked very high.
But now the Social Security board
is convinced that old-age and sur
vivors insurance can be admins
tered for farm people simply. at
Dickenson County herald. [volume] (Clintwood, Va.) 1939-195?, 1944-07-06

Many men are able to work even
in old age, like this sturdy Florida
farmer. He knows, nevertheless,
that he will have to quit In q few
years, or maybe much sooner. If he
could anticipate 3 regular flow Of
Social Security checks he could face
the future with much less concern.
low cost, and without being unduly
troublesome to them.
What would it mean to farm
operators and farm hands to have
this insurance? It would mean the
same protection it means already
to those who are under the system.
A couple Of examples will illustrate
the protection old-age and survivors
insurance offers.
Back in 1896, when Harry J. was
nearly go. he got himself job with
a construction company. After eight
years, he wanted to stop working
and retire to his small place in the
country. He hadn't felt he could do
so. however, because he wasn't sure
he could earn living from farm
ing his few acres. Upon inquiry he
found that his monthly retirement
payment would be about $27, since
he had earned an average of $500
month. His wife, who was also past
IS, would get half that much; so.
that would make the family income
over $40 every month, sufficient for
their needs.
Widow Got $40 Month.
Mr.. c. was newspaper linotype
machine operator and had always
earned high wages. He hoped to- give
all five children good education.
The two elder ones were attending
the university. Suddenly Mr.. c. got
pneumonia and died within a week.
The widow was left with three
children still at school and no in
come save what Mary and Jean
could earn by leaving school and
taking jobs. She went to the Social
Security field Office, thinking that
perhaps there would be a small
lump sum going to her, probably be
no more than a couple of hundred
dollars. She was amazed to learn
that she was entitled to monthly
payments for herself and the three
younger children! She received
about $40 month under the old-age
and survivors insurance program!
Mrs. c. is one Of 1885, 900 persons
workers past 65, their aged wives,
widows, and children and depend
ent parents-who today are receiv-
ing monthly payments on account of
old-age and survivors insurance. To
date the system has paid out nearly
half billion dollars.
The mechanics Of old-age and sur
vivors insurance are simple. Every
pay day every worker in covered
job pays, under present rates, per
cent Of his wages as a premium on
his old-age and survivors insurance.
This Is deducted from his pay by
his employer, who pays an equal
Evening star., 1944-03-30
BY FREDERIC ]. HASKIN.

ny rhLDEhlO j. dAShlN.
@. What is the death rate among
the soldiers overseas?-O. w. B.
A. The average annual death rate
overseas has been only / man in
1900.
@. What flower is said to indicate
the presence of iron ore beneath the
surface of the ground?-E. L. H.
A. In South America it frequently
happens that orchids grow in soil
where beds of iron occur.
@. What was the first important
event to be made into a news reel?-
Of G. B.
A. The earliest preserved motion
pictures Of major event are those
of the Inauguration of President
Mckinley in 1897.
@. How does the present butter
ration compare with prewar con-
Sumption?-M. E.
A. Each civilian will receive IL
pounds of butter in 1914 compared
to 1858 pounds in prewar years.
@. How many statues are there
Iof Abraham Lincoin?-P. P.
A. There are 54 widely recognized
statues of Lincoln, of which IL are
|replicas.
@. What kind of wood did Stra-
dwarf use for his violins2-N. D. L.
A. Stradivari generally used
maple backs, sides and heads, and
a fine quality of pine for the bellies.
After 1884 he substituted a finer
quality of imported maple, together
with poplar and sycamore.
Q. Please explain the significance
OF the insigne of the I'd Coast Artil-
lery Regiment.-M. r. F..
A. The War Department saws that
the insigne depicts the defense of
Fort Pickens, the only fort south of
Fort Monroe which remained loyal
to the Federal Government through
out the Civil War. The crest of the
coat OF arms shows the American
eagle sitting On the center of the
Confederate satire, which device
appeared on the battle flag of the
Confederacy. The Latin motto
means Faithful Beyond End"
O. What is the difference between
the terms pension and compensation
as used by the Veterans Bureau?-
A. r. B.
A. Compensation is term used
to describe monetary benefits pay
able on account of service connect
ed death or disability resulting from
service in the First World War. Cor
responding benefits payable on ac-
count of service other than in that
war are termed pensions. The
latter term is also used to describe
nonservice- connected monetary ben
ef1ts, including those payable to First
World War veterans.
Evening star., 1944-03-30
Streetcor Operator Held
In Deuth of Miss Schultz

Thomas N. Henderson, SO, of the
1400 block of Newton street NV,
a streetcar operator, was held In
81 900 bond yesterday in Municipal
Court on a charge of negligent
homicide in connection with the
traffic death of Miss Mary Schultz,
63, of 3114 Mount Pleasant street
NV.
A streetcar operated by Henderson
hit Miss Schultz Sunday in front
of her home, police said. Hender-
son requested jury trial, but no
date was set.