davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1944-08-27
French Scientist Fled Paris f.
BY 7Hcking Nnzis1 He Reveals
Laboratory Looted,
Experiments Used,
Dr.. du kouy Says

With the news OF a liberated
Paris. DR.. Pierre Lecomte du Nouy
disclosed how he escaped with his
wife from Nazi-held Paris two
years ago.
The French scientist said yester-
day he had grown so accustomed
to being wary every moment-liv-
ing under constant threat and fear"
that he had felt reluctant to talk
freely before.
Pretending that his wife was ex-
tremely i'll with tuberculosis, DR..
Du Nouy said, he persuaded the
Germans that he needed to take
her to the mountains. 1t was a
chance that worked. Seven out of
10 times the enemy checked for
doctors certificates. Luckily, DR..
Du Nouy's was one of the few cases
not investigated.
In Vichy, he said, they did every
thing they could to help me come
to America"
The Frenchman explained that a
large number of ti-collaboration-
lists had remained with the Vichy
administration. They stuck 1t out
for their country" although they
disapproved )of Vichy policies, and
did a great deal of good in the
way Of distributing food fairly and
improving health conditions"
When the Germans occupied
Paris, DR.. de Nouy, who is biolo-
gist and physicist, was one of the
first persons they visited. As di-
Evening star., 1944-08-27

Pfc. John H. Sanford, jr., %, was
reported missing in action June 7
during the invasion of Normandy,
He Is the son of Mrs. Hildred San
ford, who lives at 3l0l Esther place
Sc, and John Sanford.
Pvt. Sanford was a member of
the National Guard and joined the
regular army Immediately after
Pearl Harbor. He was sent over
seas two years ago this month, and
was last heard from on Mothers
Day. He is a graduate of Congress
Heights High School.
Prisoners
Staff Sergt. Bernard ID. Spicer, Is,
reported missing June II during in
fantry fighting in France, is a Ger
man prisoner, his wife, Mrs. Edna
Spicer, Upper Marlboro, Nd, has
been notified.
A native of Upper Marlboro, Sergt.
Spicer attended Marlboro High
School. He was operating a gen.
eral merchandise store a. Rosary
vile, Md, when he entered the Army
In October, 1941. His wife came to
live with her parents, Mr.. and Mrs.
Wallace Plots, when Sergt. Spicer
entered the service. She is employed
at the Seat Pleasant Bank. A
brother, Corpl. Edgar Spicer, is in
the South Pacific.
Sergt. Lewis F. Cockerill, 20, son
OF Mr.. and Mrs. w. H. Cockerill of
1913 North Eighteenth street, Ar
lington. has been reported a prisoner
Of war in Germany. He was re-
ported missing in action over As
chersleben, Germany. June %.
The last word the family had from
Sergt. Cockerill was written the day
before his plane was shot down. At
that time he had been overseas ~
days, and had completed two mis-
sions.
He attended Washington and Lee
Evening star., 1944-08-27
Public Asked 10 Foreqo
Extra Labor Day Travel
BY the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
BALTIMORE, Aug. 26. - Extra
Labor Day traffic would swamp rail-
road facilities and delay and hamper
essential travellers, Col. J. Monroe
Johnson, director of the ONCE Of De-
fense Transportation, declared today
as he asked citizens to refrain from
making pleasure trips by train or
bus.
Only actual service with the
armed or business directly connected
with the prosecution of the war
justifies taking up space on trains at
this time," he said. ;h I
The country's railroads. now have
reached the full limit of their pas
senger capacity and month after
month are carrying more passengers
than they did in 1943, Col. johnson
reported.
Evening star., 1944-08-27
Bard Says Brewster
Is Seeking 10 Incite
Men Against Navy
BY the Associated Press.


Refusal of the Brewster Aeronaut-
ical Corp. to pay retroactive wage
claims of its workers indicates "a
desire to incite a controversy be-
tween the workers and the Navy
Acting Secretary Of the Navy Ralph
A. Bard declared yesterday.
He made the statement in let
ter to Preston Lockwood, president
Of the corporation, adding you
should Immediately pay the just
claims Of your workers." which Mr.
Bard said totaled approximately
81 500, 900.
Mr.. Lockwood at Long Island City
N. Y, said he had not received Mr.
Bard's letter. but added:
Il am greatly surprised at and dc
not agree with many OF the state
ments as read to me. All I can say
at this time is that Brewster has
not attempted to incite a controversy
beween its employees and the Navy
Department. Nothing was further
from our minds"
The company. he said, probably
will issue more detailed statement
later.
Want Million From Navy.
Mr.. Bard said he had been in
formed that checks had been drawn
by the corporation for payment OF
abount $500 900, but that you re-
fuse to issue these checks and make
payments unless the Navy Depart
ment first advances you another
million dollars in CASH"
Naval spokesmen said that pay
ment by Brewster from its own
assets Is the only possible solution
for the wage Garner" "y,a.a7,- e.sif,
MIR. Bard declared that the COM
pany. which manufactured Corsair
fighter planes until its contract was
terminated several weeks ago, had
been advanced large amounts OF
public funds and asserted "it Is
shocking that you should continue to
maintain a large stan Of highly
paid corporate officials with these
funds from the public treasury and
at the same time refuse to pay the
just claims Of labor"
His letter, the Navy disclosed
was written after Richard Frank
ensteen, vice president Of CLOS
United Automobile Workers had
discussed with naval officers Fr-
day the workers claims which are
based upon decisions Of the War
Labor Board.
During the period in which the
corporation was engaged in pro-
duction Of Navy planes, Mr.. Bard
asserted, 1t was fully financed" !"
Evening star., 1944-08-27
Two Women Freed
After Questioning
In Williams Staying
~ the Associated Press.

- taSc AesoClAte0 EtcoS.
CHICAGO, Aug. 26.-The myste.
rious Drake Hotel murder case, re.
vived by q talking nfe-term con.
Uct, appeared no nearer solution
tonight than 1t did the night of
January 10 when the well-to-do Mrs.
Frank Starr Williams was shot in
her apartment In the hotel.
The police seized two sisters. one
a former Drake key clerk, held them
several hours for questioning, then
released them at habeas corpus
hearing.
Wilbert r. Crowley, assistant
States attorney, said his interroga-
ton covered the same field 1t did
IN February when the sisters, Mrs.
Ellen Bennett Larkworthy, Al, and
Mrs. Anna Valanis Minck, 80, were
questioned and released. Their sto-
ries today did not deviate from their
original accounts and Mr.. Crowley
made no immediate plans to question
them again, he said.
The investigation turned to the
women, both with police records,
after the convict, Walter Brown.
told Mr.. Crowley the pistol with
which Mrs. Williams was slain
might have been one he said he
gave to Policeman Adolph Valanis.
gun collector and brother of the
women. The policeman denied that
Brown, boyhood friend, had given
him pistol
While the inquiry continued In
Chicago, other policemen were do
ing literal. spadework on the case
around Bloomington, ILL.,, 126 miles
away. 1t was on a farm there,
Brown said, that he fired into the
ground to test pistol he purchased
from two men in Bloomington about
II years ago.
If recovered, these slugs win be
compared with those. taken from
Mrs. Williams body to see whether
they were fired by the same .3s cali
Der Iver-Johnson hammerless re.
volver.
Mrs. Patricia Goodbody, daughter
OF Mrs. Williams, said she and her
mother were attacked by a middle
aged woman who fed through a
hotel corridor. No motive for the
attack, from which Mrs. Goodbody
escaped unscathed, has been de.
termined.
Evening star., 1944-08-27

High School in Alexandria. HI
joined the air force in September
1943.
STAFF Sergt. Charles C. Tuttle, q
son of Mr.. and Mrs. Amos Tuttle
Laurel, Nd, reported missing June
10 during infantry fighting ir
France, is a German prisoner, his
parents have learned.
A native of Baltimore, Sergt. Tut
tie came to Laurel at an early age
He is a graduate Of, Laurel High
School and was employed as a car
penter by the Baltimore a. Ohio
Railroad when he entered the service
in February. 1910. He had been q
member of the National Guard since
he was 18.
While in school, Sergt. Tuttle
was active in sports and was q
member Of the baseball and soccer
teams there. A brother, Marine
Pfc. William j. Tuttle. has re-
turned to action in the South Pa
cific after being wounded July 4.
Decorated
Commodore Cortlandt c. Bauxh-
man, SO. has been awarded the
Bronze Star Medal for meritorious
achievement as commander OF the
Naval Operating Base, Londonderry
Northern Ireland, prior to and
during the invasion of the Cont
nent of Europe, the Navy announced
yesterday.
Commodore Baughmans wife
Mrs. Ruth D. Baughman, resides al
1000 Cathedral avenue NV.
According to the citation, he
maintained his base at a high
degree of efficiency and readiness
for the repair, refit an dmainte-
nance Of ships and craft escortine
Atlantic conveys and those which
were committed to the task OF the
assault on France"
Evening star., 1944-08-27
Brig. Gen. S. (. Anderson
Is Given Promotion

by tne Associated Press.
HEADQUARTERS U. s. 9th AIR
FORCE IN ENGLAND, Aug. 2e-
Brig. Gen. Samuel e. Anderson
head Of the 9th Bomber Command
has been promoted to major general
it was announced tonight by Mai
Gen. Hoyt S. vahdenberg, 9th All
Force commander.
Gen. Anderson, SO, is q native of
Greensboro, S. c.
Evening star., 1944-08-27
Weather Report

District of Columbia and Mary
land-Cloudy and cool with rain
today and tomorrow, rain prob
ably ending by tomorrow night.
NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. rain, cooler
in central and east portions today.
Occasional rain tomorrow, probably
ending by night.
River Report.
Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers
clear at Harpers Ferry. Potomac
clear at Great Falls.
Evening star., 1944-08-27

FREE FRENCH GIVE THANKS HERE-Representaves of the
Free French missions in Washington yesterday their
compariots in Of thanksgiving liberation of Paris
at st. Matthew's Cathedral Shown steps of the
cathedral after the services right Capt Antoine
Moand Col Victor Morzon Nine Hoppenot Henri
Hoppeno head Of the Washington delegation the French
Committee of National Liberation. thanksgiving Photo
Evening star., 1944-08-27
Ak4k1rk5k1k1k1kkk'
Sunday, August 27, 1914.

OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES
~ lbs. Of waste
paper will make
2,911 eartens con.
tsfning ten car
6idSes for innat-
ing He boets. Save
waste paper!
hkkAJkJktJkJk5k1kJk
Evening star., 1944-08-27
Missing

Second 1t. Paul w. Wood, jr. has
been reported missing in action in
the European theater. He Is the
son Of Mrs. Irene M. Wood who
formerly lived at 343 Orange street
Sc.
Sergt. Robert E. Adams, son of
Mr.. and Mrs. Dorsey Adams, 44is
Third street NV. has been reported
by the War Department missing in
action. The sergeant was previously
reported missing In The Star on
July 2S.
Evening star., 1944-08-27

Record Until 10 PM. Saturday.
Hihest, 70, at $50 pm. Yesterday
year ago. &C.
ago, rs.
Record Temperatures This Year.
Highest, eS, on June 49,
Lowest, II, or January 9.
Tide TAhlas.
tFurnished By United States Coast and
(3c0detir a.YrvavN
Evening star., 1944-08-27
Pfeclpitstion,

Monthly precipitation in inches in th<
Capital (current month to datel:
Evening star., 1944-08-27

Report Until 10 PM. Saturday,
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-10-30
Baruch Worried
About. Election

peace proposals that have.
aroused other sections. partlc-
ularly the East
I CANNOT bring myself 10 be-
i lieve IL but the authority /
respect most on Kentucky says
Dewey by $4,000. This same
authority predicted the aston
iShing Republican gubernatorial
victory there several months in
advance.
Keep Missouri doubtful and
possible for Roosevelt because
the Truman-Hannegan boys will
do the counting, and the count
ing could have as much 10 do
with the result as the voting.
Mr. Roosevelt always was
hailed as the luckiest politico
alive. He could ride 10 a speech
in pouring rain. only TO have
the sun energies at precisely the
proper moment. His luck has
been a White House byword.
This campaign has shown
some signs of CT anges. The
weather broke badly for his
New York triumph. Delays in
the European campaign came at
the wrong time for campaign
laurelS.
The Jap fleet defeat broke
better. but the revolution in
Spain was distinctly untimely in
view of religious sensitivity over
the rise of Russia and the Hill
man-Browder connection with
the campaign.
Clearly more oats are de-
veloping for Dewey, more this
ties for Roosevelt.
Distributed by King Features synd Inc.
Reproduction In whole or IN part
strictly prohibited.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-10-30
BY PAUL MALLoN

WASHlNGTON. oct. 3O-Oats
w and thistles from the POI
litical feedboXes:
Elder financial philosopher Of
the administration Bernard Ba-
ruch told senators he, too, is
worried about the election. Not
that he deeply doubts Mr.. r.
Will pull through somehow. But
he does not know. is not sure of
the precise condition OF the
electorate.
For the first time in history
the top men know little more
than the bottom. How could
they-with 100000 unpollable
votes in the army, the threat of
secret negative ballotlng, the
tremendous shifts of war
worker populations, and the
polls showing the critical states
Of New York and Pennsylvania
divided almost $3.50.
ALL my inner lines hint Penn
~ Sylvania will so surprisingly
for Dewey, despite the polls and
the Go, which together are
giving the edge conclusively to
Mr.. Roosevelt. An unusual job
of organizing has been done
there by Gov. Edward Martin.
a DISC, Purple Heart major gen.
eral of Spanish. World Wars
l and III service. The CLOS or
ganizing has been flashy. The
Martin work apparently has
been effective.
Incomplete published regis
tration figures show 762,842
majority for the Republicans.
While the state has voted for
Roosevelt with majority regis
tered Republicans in the past,
such a heavy reversal of regis
tered sentiment is not indicated
by any noticeable development
this time
Both the Republicans and
Democrats offer apparently gen
uine claims for New York. Any
objective analysis would leave IT
close.
In the last few days the New
Deal Democrats have developed
an idea they will get a majority
upstate, but this is opium
smoke. There is inner talk. fur
thermore, about the ardor of
Tammany.
What is left Of that local
Democratic machine got to-
gether with the Communicated
American Labor party on some
congressional candidate. but
with how much remaining
tongue in cheek no one knows.
IF ROOS ELI wins, the
l. CLOS Hillman can become
boss of New York. Quite a few
Tammanyites will hardly wish
TO clear anything with Sidney.
The best Democratic author
ity here on doubtful Massachu-
settS Democratic mind YOU
says Dewey will carry it, as will
Saltonstall running for the
Senate) although the guberna-
torial race is in doubt. He
counts on a split in the Irish
vote and the popular organiza-
ton of Gov. SaltonstaIl.
If Dewey wins two Of these
three states, Pennsylvania, New
York and Massachusetts he will
win the election. The profess
sional wagerers, however, are
still laying Is to son Roosevelt
nationally believing as does Mr.
b aruch h, that he will pull
through somehow.
The Ball DETECTION in Mime
sofa is not likely TO count in the
results for this reason:
While Gov. Stassen was one Of
Wilkes best friends he could
not carry the state for any one
but himself. If his influence was
so limited. how can one of his
have any important
influence?
Most authorities count the
state for Dewey on the farm
vote plus GOODNESS toward world
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-10-30
VITA Milk Official
Quits 10 Run His Farm

The War Food Administration
announced today that Robert +.
Rich, milk market agent of the
Detroit, Flint. Lansing and Sagi-
naW-Bay City markets had re-
signed 20 return 10 hIs New York
state farm
Rich. who has been with tho
WA for two and a half years.
VIII go 10 Buffalo 10 manage ms
own Wllber Farms Dairy.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-10-30
Draft 0bje(tor
Arrested Again

GRAND RAPIDS, Oct. 30-A
former college instructor. paroled
from prison 10 enter conscien-
tious DIRECTORS camp. is under
arrest here today because, il was
charged, he insisted on doing
chemical research instead of the
manual tasks assigned him at
Camp Germfask.
According TO Joseph F. Deeb.
u. S. district attorney. Donald
Devault. a chemical engineer who
was professor and research asso-
ciate at California and Stanford
universities, was sent TO the con-
scientious DIRECTORS camp after
serving eight months in Mcneil
Island prison for a draft law vio-
lation. He set up a makeShift
laboratory at the camp, Deeb said.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-10-30

Order 10c United States War
Savings Stamps from your De-
trOit Times carrier. He'll de-
liver them 10 your home.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-10-30
Famous Doctors Quick Relief

Forget you have cornsl Use DR.. Scholl's
Elmo pads-thin, soothing, cushioning.
protective. Instantly stop painful shoe
friction; lift pressure. Separate Medi-
cations included for quickly remov-
ing corns while you work, walk OF play.
Cost but q trife. Sold everywhere.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-10-30
Army Promotes
Z From State

The war department today an
nounced the temporary promo
tons of y Michigan officers.
They are
LIST Lieutenant TO Captain
william Hickey. 95l + Grand boulevard
Detroit.
Robert Dowen. i4lS Parker. Detroit
william Dickey. $40 Gladstone. Detroit.
Corneal Hotrop. Fremont
Donald Hobeck Ludingtnn
Kenneth DoWncS, Rockford.
I'd Lieutenant 10 LIST Lieutenant
william Hufstader. Atlas
Martin Bader. 1880 Prairie Detroit.
Gregory Miller. Grand Rapids.
Richard Grove Grand Rapids
Miles Patterson. Kalamazoo
D1rothsa Lawrence. Royal Oak
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-10-30
CLOTH WINDOW SHADES

There's no need for old cracked shades to mar
the appearance of your windows when new
ones are so inexpensive. Firm cotton muslin.
all 36-in. wide, SIT, 10-in. long Well special
order shades TO At your windows various prices.
DRAPERY INSTRUMENTATION BAsE-rARMER
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-10-30

Prices Subject 10 5% Sales Tor
Browning chief. [volume] (Browning, Mont.) 1941-1953, 1944-06-30

Late word received by Mrs. r.
L. Abbott from Bozeman is that
the condition of her mother, Mrs.
F. C. Collins. who recently suf-
fered a stroke of paralysis, re-
mains the same. Because of help
shortage at the Yegen Hotel Mrs.
Abbott is unable to make the trip
to Bozeman.
Supt., and Mrs. F. H. Mcbride
and Bonnie Stribbling. Agency
filing clerk, spent the weekend
in Canada.
Stacks and slack suits. Econ
omy Shop.
CANDLES Store repairs an makes OF
radios. refrigerators. gas and electric
washers and bicycles. tt
Browning chief. [volume] (Browning, Mont.) 1941-1953, 1944-06-30
Petty Officer Ben Weter
Here 30-days Leave

First class Petty officer Ben
Weter, whu has been in the navy
for the last q months, arrived
last Saturday from Seattle on 30
days leave. i t being h 8 first
visit since he enlisted.
Relatives, vino are joyous at
his arrival, are his parents, Mr..
and Mrs. J. NJ. Weter, and others
who include Mr.. and Mrs. D. E.
Watson and Mr.. and Mrs. Cleo
Cleo Weter.
Petty Officer Weter has a mag
nificent record of service in the
Pacific war zone, his experiences
being at Guadalcanal, MarshslIs
and other major Pacific locations
where war has been at inferno
heat.
Browning chief. [volume] (Browning, Mont.) 1941-1953, 1944-06-30
Events In Brief....

Robert Starr arrived home from
H OF Springs Tuesday evening,
where he h a d been for three
weeks to benefit from hot baths.
Trik skirts by Koret in sum.
mer shades. Economy Shop
! Mrs. Robert Starr, daughter
frankie and babe Carol Ann plan
to leave July 7 for Colorado to
visit for a month. Both Mrs.
Starts relatives an d Frankie's
husbands relatives will be those
visited. The destinations include
Denver, Palisade. Collbran and
Craig.
Jumpers with rodeo border at
the Economy Shop.
Mr.. and Mrs. H. J. Owen of
Bartlesville, Oklahoma, are re-
siding at the Yegen Hotel, plann-
ing to be Browning residents dur
ing the time seismographic work
is being on the Reservation. he
being in charge of the operations.
Care for children afternoons
and evenings. July 2 and 3. 25
cents per hour per child. Call
57-W or inquire at Glacier Studio
in advance.
! WiIlepa Handy.
E. l.. Olson's father from Og.
den, Utah is here to spend t h e
summer with him.
Cpl. Keith Thompson, son of
Mrs. G. Thompson is home on
furlough from Alaska.
Florence Bear. daughter OF
Mr.. and Mrs. Thomas Bear, who
graduated from h e Flandreau
Indian School this spring has en-.
listed in the WACs and reported
at the training center from Elan.
dreau.
Browning chief. [volume] (Browning, Mont.) 1941-1953, 1944-06-30

Around the Blackfeet
Reservation
(By Members of the Extension Staff

OOO>~>~>-> ~>>~>0OOj
Members of the Squaw Flat
All Club. their friends and par
ents picnicked on Milk River
last Sunday. The members in
clude Shirley and Kenneth Gal
breath, Ruth McGovern. Avalon.
Marvin, Ada, Laura and Richard
Sollars, Aaron and John Fitz-
gerald and Clifford Walters. One
aim of All Club work is to pro-
vide wholesome recreation along
with work that club members do.
600
Applications for 1922 head of
I'D or repayment cattle have
been filed by 129 individuals &C.
cording to Patsy Cavanagh, Tri-
bal credit committee clerk, while
the number of cattle being re.
paid by persons whose contracts
are due is only about 600 head.
Thus, the number available
for issue this year is little more
than one. sixth of the number ap.
piled for, but will assist some 30
families to get a start toward be.
coming established in the cattle
business.
There are now about 10000
Ipdian-owned beef cattle on the
Reservation. Most of these herds
we're started with repayment cat
tie issued on a contract requiring
the repayment of one yearling
heifer for each animal issued.
900
The national slogan adopted
by All Club this year is Feed
Fighter" A recent survey of
Reservation clubs indicates that
the following HI members are
among those who will produce
1862 pounds of beef or mutton,
760 pounds of poultry or 470 doz.
en- eggs. which are equivalent to
the amount of food necessary to
feed one fighting man:
Jessie Heavyrunner. | / e n a
Heayvrunner, Joe Nightshoot,
Earl Butterfly. Joseph Weather.
wax, Archie St. Goddard Jr.,
Johnnie Powell, Robert Powell.
Joseph Crawford, Gabriel Spotted
Eagle, Lila Steele. Laura Longer
baugh and Warren Cassidy. All
of these boys and girls own beef
cattle except Lila Steele who is
growing 10 bum lambs and Laura
LonGenbauRh and Warren Cassi.
dy who have poultry projects.
900
Glacier County is behind sche.
dule on the 5th war loan drive
This county in previous drives
has been well in the lead. Az
parently it will be necessary for
everyone to buy all the bonds he
can afford if the people of Gla-
cier County are to do their share
and reach their goal. Everyone
who is loading wool during the
next two or three weeks should
remember that it is every citi-
zen's duty to invest all money
he can spare in war bonds. Buy
ing bonds is not sacrifice but
the safest type of Investment. In
dian OWED wool will probably
bring not less than $3.50 900.
Fleeces already loaded are weigh.
ing out very we'll.
Browning chief. [volume] (Browning, Mont.) 1941-1953, 1944-06-30
Col. Allen of Butte To
Be Indicted Into Tribe

Col. Charles J. Allen. who is
stationed at Butte. will b e in
Quoted into the Blackfeet Tribe
July 4. arrangements for which
have been made by Dick Sander
vile. Col. Allen will arrive in
Great Falls from Butte the pre-
vious day and will b e accom-
panied here the following morn.
ing by c. F. Staples. manager
o f the property protection de-
prrtment of the Anaconda Cop.
per Company.
Browning chief. [volume] (Browning, Mont.) 1941-1953, 1944-06-30

LIES CONE back from the
L L bloody battle of Tarawa.
He's faced death every moment
OF the way. Will he say, "I've
done my part. Pm through? Of
course not! For he is an Ameri-
can fighting man. He'll 60 back
again and again-nntI the job
is finished.
Your job isn't finished yet,
either. Four times America has