davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1944-04-30

giers, respectively The third along
what is often only series of moisture
basins, runs south of Tripoli and east
Of the Ahaggar Range, which is mid
desert. The fourth, which is the least
used, most theorized about and poten-
TALLY the most important, is the Wadi
Tamaraset.
This almost entirely subterranean
stream rises in the Mauritanian Noun
tains on the edge of the westernmost
bulge OF Africa and goes east for TOO
miles It's moisture reaches into the
depression of el Djouf, 10 miles wide
and 500 miles long, which extends al
most to the Taouadenni salt mines To
its moisture is attributed the occasional
brief and almost magical bursts of
greens which, springing from wind
borne seeds are often burned away
within few hours after appearing
above the sand
Despite these longinterval flashes of
vegetation ell Djouf, "the furnace is
listed as "uninhabitable." This furnace
ties up with story of German intrigue,
which may be true, and which they are
still laughing over in Birkra: One of the
first projects Of the Germans in French
Africa after the fall of France was to
send geologists and we'll diggers into
ell Djouf. They hoped to use the Wadi
TamaraSet as route to Dakar and as
a source of minerals Four good wells
were the result. The geological findings
are, Of course, German secrets.
Germans Handed Out Money.
At the same time the Germans dis
freshly printed French money. They
were especially generous toward the
Tuaregs, who. strategically located il
Evening star., 1944-04-30

and "bottleneck" has been created
which prevents the advancement of
officers from the middle grades. Nat
urally, with the expansion expected in
the Foreign Service generally, postwar
promotions will be necessary all along
the lines
But these measures, MIR. Shaw points
out, are of an emergency nature. de-
signed to meet immediate postwar prob
lems Looking further ahead during
the decade of international turmoil
which is bound to follow the war, the
State Department foresees the need of
hundreds of American young men to
form the modernized, democratic For
eign Service outlined earlier in this
article.
Many of them, he believes. will come
from the veterans of the Army and
Navy. They will be realistic-tested in
the crucible of war and thoroughly
awake to the world about them. Others
will come from the ranks of boys now
in college or in various military train
ing courses.
Mr.. Shaw foresees large need for
specialists in the Foreign Service Not
all of them, as in the past. will be
Evening star., 1944-04-30

of 1931-will help to meet the temporary
emergency. 1t would authorize the
State Department TO take into the For
eign Service for emergency duty for not
more than four years personnel of other
government departments (on volun-
tary basis, of course) who had been
Federal employees for five years previ-
ously. The department may recruit
some experts in foreign trade, agricul-
ture, mining and other specialties on
this basis.
Also, the bill would allow the State
Department to give permanent commits
sions in the foreign service to some of
the 438 officers now in the wartime
Auxiliary Foreign Service, who can not
be retained on their present basis for
more than six months after the end of
hostilities. The number who can be
so commissioned under terms of the
measure would be limited to 5 per cent
of the entire Foreign Service.
More, the bill would make more room
at the top in the Foreign Service by
increasing the percentage of officers
who could be promoted to the upper
brackets of Class l and Glass 2. Now
promotions to these grades are closed
Evening star., 1944-04-30

estimates that among the men who
have entered the service within the
last few years, fully half have worked
for all or part of their educations.
Personnel Shortage.
Immediately after the war. Mr.. Shaw
predicts, the foreign service will have
to recruit far more candidates than
have ever been accepted in any single
year. He expects that several thousand
men will take the examination, as was
the case after the World War, when
special examinations were held in Paris
for members of the AEF Even so,
he expects a serious personnel shortage
Evening star., 1944-04-30

with their animals, is an extreme illus
tration of what has been going on in
Africa for years. 1t shows how difficult
it is to know its resources and actual
needs. For decades statistics have been
published on many phases of native life,
but the means of verifying these figures
are insufficient
Much was made, for instance, by
French statistics over the fact" that in
1887 Morocco had 10000, 900 sheep, and
in 1927 only 100000. This supposedly
showed that the natives gambled heav-
lily on the rainfall, and often lost.
Aside from the suspicious rotundity of
these figures, there is the other point
that the tax menace was more acute for
declared livestock in 1927 than 40 years
earlier. In land in which nomad
may have to take his flocks 500 Or 1000
miles before marketing them, and may
hold them intact for several years, esti-
mates of numbers are always only esti-
mates. Similarly as to population sta
tistics there is more tnducement for the
native to vanish than to declare himself
at census Time.
Population Figures.
The population of the Maghreb, Al
geria, Morocco and Tunisia has been
placed at 100000, but many recent
investigators believe it is 20 per cent or
even 80 per cent above that. And what
of food supplies? Here, too, there must
be much guessing. Apparently the
food situation is better than early esti-
mates indicated. However, it is not GER
tain that the problem will not be a
serious one within the next few months.
In any case increased availability of the
caravans will make it possible to bring
food from Egypt and Nigeria if it is
necessary.
Inclosed within the Semitic and Ne
groid population of North Africa (the
Arabs of course being in the majority
are more than 100000 Berbers, who
dIC SCIlCl any ICSdINtCt IlOotly 1CIdbCI
to the CaucaSians, and who play an in
dividualistic but definitely secondary
role. Three branches of the Berbel
family living some distance apart, are
the Kabyles the AureS and the MZabS
All are MoslemS. but in each case they
are restless or even heretical religioniStS
The Kabyles especially that section
called La Grande Kabyle by the French
as a tribute TO their fighting France
number about half million They ART
crowded into a mountain baStion east O.
AlgierS only 55 miles long and IS mile
wide, making them one of the few
crowded groups in spacious Africa They
have broken with Mohammedan tradi
ton by allowing their women to e
about unveiled. But they also violat
Evening star., 1944-04-30
New Order of 'Americanized Diplomacy Planned
By u. S. State Department for Postwar Decade

a CORDS of several hundred experts,
many of whom were professional diplo-
mats. Presumably the same need would
arise again.
The war has already imposed a Sc
we're strain on the Foreign Service, Mr.,
Shaw points out. No blanket military
exceptions have been granted foreign
service officers, and each case is con-
sidered on its own merits. So far, at
triton among the professional officers
has not been heavy. There are now
814 compared with norm of 800. How
ever, officers can't function without
staffs of clerks and other assistants.
And the State Department and foreign
service as whole have lost or expect
soon to lose a large segment of their
personnel.
Manpower losses in the State Depart
ment, including women who have en-
tered the WACS, WAVES or Red Cross.
total 492 The Foreign Service has lost
or expects soon to lose Gncluding men
classified I-A) some Asa officers, clerks
and specialists.
Growing Wartime Stats.
Although 33 diplomatic and consular
missions in enemy and enemy occupied
countries have been closed, releasing
their personnel. there has been tre
mendous growth in the wartime staffS
assigned to Latin American nations,
London and vital listening posts like
Stockholm. Lisbon and Berne. For ex-
ample, the American Embassy in Lon
don, with normal peacetime staff of
1876, now employs 273 persons; in Rio
de Janiero the staff has grown from
Al to 210; and in Stockholm from "a
to 1l3
After the war, these staffs will be
reduced, and some personnel from them
will be assigned to the 33 or more new
missions that will be opened, Mr.. Shaw
points out. But these people will fall
far short of meeting the expected man.
power needs of the Foreign Service.
A bill now pending in Congress-an
amendment to the Foreign Service Act
Evening star., 1944-04-30
Underwood q underwood Photo.

oS0IC.-Underwood ~ underwood Pnoto.
graduates o. liberal arts courses. Some
will be agricultural experts, some min
ing specialists, some economists, some
specialists in labor relations. Indeed,
Mr. Shaw believes that thorough un-
derstanding of labor economies must be
part of the stock in trade OF the post
war diplomat.
1t is likely, he says, that a new form
of examination will be drafted for these
specialists, who are expected to comprise
about one-third of the postwar Foreign
Service and will be assigned to work
on their specialties after two years Of
general service. They would be given
weighted credit in their specialties to
compensate for lower requirements in
such traditional subjects as history,
economics, languages and international
law.
So, Mr.. Shaw points out, the post
war Foreign Service will offer career
for wide variety of intelligent, aggres-
sive young Americans who would not
have been fitted for or interested in
diplomacy back in the days when twas
parlor game for "gilded youth" The
old order has changed.
Evening star., 1944-04-30
Harris d Ewing Photo.

during the year or SO that will be re-
quired to qualify and train the new
applicants
Unfortunately this "manpower crisis"
will come in the immediate postwar days
when the demand for foreign service
officers will be at its peak. With the
coming of peace, the United States will
have to establish embassies, legations
and consulates jim more than score
of enemy and enemy occupied nations
where there are none now. If there is
full-dress peace conference like that
at Versailles after the World War, the
dent Wilson took with him to Paris
Evening star., 1944-04-30
BY Maj. Randolph Leigh.

Caravans are coming back-perhaps
only 'for the duration" Nevertheless
more camels and other pack animals
are moving over the long reaches of
the Sahara today than at any time for
decades. The reason, of course, Is that
the war has deprived Africa of the full
use of modern transportation facilities.
For centuries camels carried to Tim
buctoo the cotton and the wood, the
dancing girls and the piratical loot of
the north, and took back the gold and
the ivory, the grain and the slaves of
the coast of Nigeria-to those basic nee
essities of the two regions trade en-
bellishments were in time added, until
Timbuctoo, "the port of the desert"
became a fabulous commercial center
yet no port ever seemed to deserve
the name less than Timbuctoo, situated
on the river Niger, 1900 miles from the
sea-. with, its face turned toward the
Sahara and its back toward the jungle.
1t may seem strange that caravans
can vanish and then reappear on call
actually, they have been in existence
all the time on reduced scale. They
have always carried salt from the great
mines at Taouadenni almost in mid
desert, 1000 miles northward into the
Atlas Mountains and 2,400 miles east
ward into Libya. They have never
stopped carrying the dates from hun
dreds of oases to Oran and Algiers for
shipment to Europe and America They
have carried grain to countless out of
the-way places, and have carried pre-
cious rugs thousands of miles, taking
back sewing machines and radios.
Two Million Camels.
Yet many of the present-day cara
vans did not exist as such five years ago.
Where did the extra camels come from
SO miraculously? They have been kept
together in herds, for milk and for
private transport. A man who knows
the Sahara we'll tells me that there are
probably 1000 900 camels In Africa to-
day!
Keeping these animals as grazers has
cost the Tuaregs-the masters of the
desert routes-nothing. Camels, in
herds rustic their own food and even
in caravans they feed themselves to a
large extent in rest periods Further
more, the Tuaregs pay no wages to their
drivers, who are members of the serf
tribes which owe them service
On>the supply side that is the mat
ter of the immediate availability of the
camels, it is somewhat as If America
unexpectedly needing oxen again on a
big scale, should turn to her beef anc
dairy herds. However the camels o-
the Nomads have never, as grazers. beer
pampered as our livestock are today ant
both sexes serve in caravans.
-Four Caravan Routes.
There are four principal caravan
routes to Timbuctoo, each following tn
course of wadi, or irregular and eve,
intermittently visible stream. The frs
two. along the Wadi Saura and tn
Wadi Rhir, go down from Oran and Al
Evening star., 1944-04-30
the March Afrcas

tradition by denying women the right
to inherit property.
Slavewomen
Among them, indeed, women are
practically slaves. They are sold by
their fathers to their husbands at an
early age, and are subject to severe
punishment if they rebel or try to leave.
The moral code outlined in their
"kanouns" is rigorous, adultery being
punishable by death. Custom limits a
man to four wives at one time with the
right of immediate divorce. A woman
cannot secure divorce and if repudi-
ated cannot remarry until her new ad-
mirer pays her dissatisfied husband the
price which he puts on her.
The Kabyles have many Greek words
in their vocabulary. 1nstg leading tribe
is called Agamemnon. The place at
which the tribes met In 1746 to vote
the disinheritance of women is known
as "The Little Stones Of Agamemnon.
Each delegate added q stcnc 10 the pile,
saying This for the women who seek
to overthrow this cannon" The pile
remains intact. Kabyle women are
strongly loyal to their oppressive code.
Although thousands of the Kabyles I'M
migrate yearly, the women are almost
never among those going out. These men
not only refuse to allow women to inherit
property within the tribal areas but
likewise deny them the right to inherit
from outsiders. Originally designed to
prevent the alienation of tribal land, the
cannon has been used in recent years
to defend purity, or at least similarity,
of blood
The Kabyles raise small grain crops,
fruit and a limited number of sheep
and goats on their unfavorable hillside
soil, shut in by the towering peaks of
the Djurdjura Mountains. They took
to these mountains centuries ago to de-
fend themselves against successive waves
Of invasion.
The French finally overcame them
early in 1854 to 1871, but found them
so determined to maintain their own
local customs that they have been al
lowed practical independence in tribal
laws and Observation-Disclosures the
ferocity of their institutions
The Aures live $50 miles southeast OF
AlgierS, in another mountain district
which, however, they have been only
partially successful in defending They
have preserved their independence by
fleeing to and finding sustenance in g
remote and uncovered region, rather
than by the vigor of their resistance
when actually invaded
The men are far less truculent thar
the Kabyles. The women on the othel
hand are coquettish. In fact, they arr
probably the first women to be founc
anywhere, since they are allowed tc
take on or discard husbands at will anC
without any legal or social penalties
Thirty Husbands
Many of the younger ones have hac
as many AS 80 husbands, though thi
rapid marital turnover is luxury O
the prettier ones principally. The dark
eyed, fair-skinned dancing girls o
Aures, who are heavily clothed whel
giving public performances and wea
Evening star., 1944-04-30

the desert, were expected to be the
rallying center for Pan-Islamic move
against Egypt. The Tuaregs took the
money, but used it to bring sheep and
camels from the breeders on the north
ern edge of the desert
Only one movement by the natives
seems to have been the reward of the
immense Nazi-Fascist activity in this
area-and it was westward, instead of
Evening star., 1944-04-30
Among the 'Bellhops.'

President Roosevelt, plqued recently
by Republican sniping at his foreign
policy-or lack of one as some critics
charged-spoke caustically OF people
who got their knowledge Of such matters
from "bellhops."
The President may not be aware OF
it. but there is one former "bellhop'
who should know more about American
foreign policy than the average man.
He Is a young foreign service otficer
who prepared for his examinations
which he passed with high marks
while "bellhopping' in a Washington
hotel And, MI Shaw says, ne has
made a hrst-claSs officer.
The present Foreign Service EXaml-
nation Board, he points out, far from
disdaining the social background OF
the boy who worked his way through
school, as was the case some years ago,
is impressed by the fact 1t indicates,
Mr.. Shaw says, that the candidate is
ambitious and 'geared to reality" He
Evening star., 1944-04-30

toward Egypt, and, apparently, an eff
fort to get away from the war instead
of into it,
Shortly before our troops landed in
Africa in November, 1912, eight families
of Tuaregs, numbering with their de-
pendents more than 200 persons, struck
out into El Djouf. 1t must have been
venture of which the leading spirits had
long dreamed and to which they had
given much thought. In any case, with
nearly a thousand camels and several
hundred hairy (nonWool- -bearing) sheep
in which the Tuaregs have specialized
for survival in the hottest regions, they
struck out into the Inferno.
Evening star., 1944-04-30
Mystery Region.

NIyNISTy NVgIOH.
No doubt they would not have at
tempted it without the extra supplies
and animals and the new wells which
available Certainly they would not
have done it without The added incen-
tive of his effort to dominate Africa
Meager reports indicate that they came
through rather we'll, and are established
in the Mauritanian Hills. If that is
true they might well serve as a nucleus
for the inevitable future exploration
and exploitation of the earths No.
mystery region.
The vanishing of this band of Tuaregs,
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-10-08
Dressed Exercise

If YOU don't have time to
do your exercise before
dressing, here is a simple
but good waist rcducer that
can be done with your
clothes on any time during
the day.
- Sit in a chair and place
a book on the floor at your
right. Bend over and pick
uP the book with your right
hand. Stretch il up over
your head, pushing the
book toward the ceiling.
Stretch up with the left
hand, take the book and put
il on the floor at the left
side of the chair. Pick up
the book with the left hand
this time and repeat the
exercise, stretching as
far as possible each time.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-10-08
Top TrimmerS

TO REDUCE the measure
ment Of the upper arm,
lie flat on your back, fin
gertips on the shoulders,
elbows in at the ribs. Raise
the elbows up in the air.
Spank the upper arm down
on the floor as hard as you
can. Repeat four times.
Then. fingertips still on
shoulders, bring the elbow $
out shoulder level and re-
peat arm spanking four
times. And now, keeping
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-10-08
Exercise

can 90 at nome.
Exercise
4 OOK into your full-length
- mirror and determine
what part Of your anatomy
needs reducing.
To cut down on over
fat thighs do the scissors
kick exercise. Lie on your
back arms out shoulder
height at each side. Keep
your shoulders on the floor,
toss your legs straight up
in the air. With your legs
straight, cross your legs -
then fling them apart, scis-
sors fashion. Cross and
part repeatedly until tired.
If your waist and hips
bulge, try the tango exer-
else. Lie down on the floor
on your back. Kick your
left leg as high as possible
In the air and do not bend
ii. Now cross this leg over
the body and touch your
left foot 10 the floor near
your right hand. Feel the
pull on your waistline?
Now kick this leg i'm the
air again, and then, ever
so slowly, lower it 10 the
floor. DO the same eXer-
else with your right leg. and
repeat the exercise 20 times,
alternating sides.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-10-08
Watch Those Curves

fingertips on shoulders,
bring elbows up as near the
ears as possible. Repeat
this exercise four times. EX-
ercise vigorously but never
OVcrdO.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-10-08
BY URSULA TROW

AFTER lying on the
~ beach and slipping
4 y chocolate malteds
all summer long you're sur
prised that you're a size
too large for last falls
clothes? There's no use
scolding. Let's do some
nhing constructive about 1t.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-10-08

First of all. for a few
weeks don't eat rich pud-
dings, pies, candies and
other desserts. Don't touch
them, Don't eat between
meals. Eat three meals a
day, but don't eat every
thing in sight. Leave the
table as soon as you have
barely satisfied hunger. Eat
no starchy foods, cut down
on cream and butter. For
get how good ice cream is.
II can be done, il you care
enough. Also one OF Amer
ica's famous beauty and re-
duCing salons suggests
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-10-08

To Make Over-Fat Thighs
Smaller Lie Flat on Your
Back and DO the Scissors
Kick Exercise.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-10-08
Let your smile bring new happiness!
Help keep it sparkling with
lpono and Massage!

MORE POWER TO YOU, Plain Girl You don't
1N1 need TO have real beauty TO make you click.
Learn from the girls who have the most fun
girls who find happiness, romance. Yes, learn
that you can cast a spell uItb a smile!
SO smile plain girl, smile But be sure your
smile is radiant, heart-warming in its charm.
Remember, though, that such smile needs
sparkling teeth. And teeth that are sound and
bright depend so much upon firm, healthy gums.
Never ignore "Pink Tooth Brush"
If you see pink on your tooth brush see your
dentist at oneei He may tell you your gums are
>cn>itive-that modern. soft foods have robbed
them of exercise. And as so many dentists do,
he may very likely suggest the helpful stimu-
lation of Ipana and massage"
For Ipana Tooth Paste not only cleans teeth
but, with massage, helps the gums as well. So
massage little Ipana onto your gums each time
you clean your teeth. Circulation speeds up in
the gums-helps them 10 new hrmness
Start today with 1pana and massage Help
keep your gums frmer your teeth brighter,
your smile more appealing.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-10-08

these exercises which you
can do at home.
Proletarec. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1906-19??, 1944-05-17

Pc analizi teh krogov Sc je vr-
sill razvoj jugoslovanskega odpo-
ra ' dveh delhi. Prvi del je do
zivel uporno gibanje proti vse-
mu, kar je bio v zvezi S pref
snjim rezimom, XII je bill odgovo-
rem "a diktaturo in vojaSki pro-
pad Jugoslavije. To je bila doba
drzayljanske vojne, znana kot
borba med Titom in generation
Drazom Mihajlovicem, vojnim
ministrom v vladi kralja Petra
in vodjem gerilcev v Jugoslayiii.
Ia doba Sc je sedaj koncala, je
bio poudarjeno, in druga doba,
doba zdruzene obce borbe proti
tujemu vpadniku pod vodstyom
"Osvobodilcev'', je sedai ma
potu.
Proletarec. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1906-19??, 1944-05-17
Korupcijo v ItoIiji
DELUXE vzIic AMG

Zaveznisko vrhovno powell
stvo v juzni Italiji, S svojo civil
no podruznico AMG, Sc nj v IL
trebljevanju korupciie Sc pray
mic obneslo. Sele poslednie case
je nalozilo spekulantom, XII pro-
dajajo ameriSko tito in moko
trikrat drazje kot ie dolocena ce-
ma, nekaj kazni. Dali bodo OBJ
veljale, je odvisno, koliko vpli-
va imajo ka~znjenci med onimi,
XII ma ameriski nacin Scitijo svo-
je raketirstvo S podkupninami.
Trije bogati italijanski pre-
kupci, HI so trgovali z ameri-
skim suknom in drugim naSim
materijalom "a obleke, SO bill
obsojeni cd AMG v zapor. OBJ
sodba je bila stroga S stalisca, da
DO morda ostrasila druge slicne
raketirje.