davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1944-05-12
PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT OF
SCHOOL BOYS AND GIRLS

is carried on under conditions deter
mined not to be detrimental to theil
health or well-being
Some states have established mini
mum-age standards similar to those
set in the Fair Labor Standards Act
but for many this is not true. Only
Is states have 16 years as their basic
minimum age for employment; IA is
the more common minimum both for
leaving school for work and for jobs
outside school. Most of the states
limit the hours of work to day
for both boys and girls under 16, but
there is less regulation of hours for
the 16 and 17-year old. Most states
restrict in some measure employment
of children up to 16 during night
hours, and fewer number of states
regulate night work for the 16- and
17-year-old group.
Enforcement of these standards,
even in wartime, is essential, not only
from the standpoint of children but
also for the future of the country
oil WILL d5l0c tudl lHcy ISp-
resent the minimum safeguards that
must be placed around the employ
ment of children. Yet they are not
being fully enforced. Many of our
young people are working below the
legal age limit. They are working ex-
cessively long hours and at night.
They are on jobs beyond their
strength and they are on dangerous
jobs.
Inspection reports now coming into
the Childrens Bureau, which is re-
sponsible for enforcement of the child
labor provision of the Fair Labor
Standards Act, show that young boys
and girls are working around mines,
work barred under the act to those
under Is. Boys and girls in their
early teens, some even younger, are
found working in lumber camps and
around saw mills, in canneries, pack
ing sheds, and industrial homework
In agriculture, against which neither
state nor federal laws up much of
barrier to child labor, employment of
very young children is common, with
little attempt being made in some
areas to enforce even the school at
tendance laws.
The examples cited are from areas |
of employment in which violations
have always been frequent, for even |
in peacetime infractions are higher |
there than elsewhere. Now. however |
violations of another kind are coming
to light. Children are being employed |
on hazardous jobs around woodwork
ing machinery, on motor vehicles, and
in shipyards and other places where
few boys and girls were employed be-
fore the war. Much of the work is
Not long ago, young
BOY, working under IS in a shipyard,
was electrocuted. Others are being
crippled and manned.
When these accidents take place,
and the violation is discovered, the
excuse invariably is that the young
applicants word about his age was
aiken, and no further legal proof was
asked, yet both state and federal laws
provide for age certification-the en-
,loyer's protection against uninten-
ional employment of under-age min
RS. Moreover startling contrast
nay develop when younsters illegally
Employed are injured. In some states
he employer is liable for double in
emnity, but in others the boy or girl
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1944-05-12
office of State Auditor
STATE OF MONTANA
Insurance Department
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
AND AUTH ORIZATION
WHEREAS, The Newark Fire Insu

WHEREAS, The Newark Fire Insur-
ance Company
Has filed in this department a sworn
statement of its condition on December
81, 1913, in accordance with the provi-
sions of the Revised Codes of Montana
1885, relating to insurance organiza-
lions; and whereas, said statement
shows that said insurance organization
has complied with the Laws of this
State;
THEREFORE,, in pursuance of law,
I, JOHN ]. HOLMES, State Auditor and
Commissioner of Insurance, do hereby
certify that the above named insur-
ance organization is authorized to
transact the business of Fire insurance
in this State until the thirty-first day
of March, 1916.
1 further certify that their statement
shows that on December 81, 1943, the
actual amount of Capital-U. S. Deposit
to be $4,000, 100000; the aggregate In
come for the year 1943 4,223,011.64;
the aggregate Disbursements for the
year 1943 s3,772, 437.76; the aggregate
Assets are s11, 655, 662.S7; the aggregate
Liabilities, except Capital, are s4,SS4,-
1885; the Surplus over all liabilities
is $4,770,S72.82; the Surplus as regards
is S6,770,S72.S2.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, l have
hereunto subscribed my name and af-
fixed my official seal, at the State
Capitol in the City of Helena, this
first day of April, 1914.
JOHN j. HOLMES, State Auditor
and Commissioner of Insurance
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1944-05-12
office of State Auditor
STATE OF MONTANA
Insurance Department
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
AND AUTHORIZATION

WHEREAS, The New York Under
writer's Insurance Co.
Has filed in this department sworn
statement of its condition on December
81, 1913, in accordance with the provi-
sions of the Revised Codes of Montana
1895, relating to insurance organiza-
tions; and whereas, said statement
shows that said insurance organization
has complied with the Laws of this
State;
THEREFORE,, in pursuance of law,
I. JOHN ]. HOLMES, State Auditor and
Commissioner of Insurance, do hereby
certify that the above named insur-
ance organization is authorized to
transact the business of Fire insurance
in this State until the thirty-first day
of March, 1945.
further certify that their statement
shows that on December 81, 1943, the
actual amount of Capital-U. S. Deposit
to be $4,000, 100000; the aggregate In
come for the year 1913 $2,563,943.52;
the aggregate Disbursements for the
year 1913 S4,469.58; the aggregate
Assets are $l0,660, 313.06; the aggregate
except Capital, are $780,
621.98; the Surplus over all liabilities
Is S5,554, 691.0S; the Surplus as regards
is 4,691.0S.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, 1 have
hereunto subscribed my name and af-
fixed my official seal, at the State
Capitol in the City of Helena, this
first day of April, 1914.
JOHN ]. HOLMES, State Auditor
and Commissioner of Insurance.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1944-05-12
BY KATHARINE F. LENROOT
Chief, Children's Bureau
u. s. Department of Labor

For years to come, after this war
workers, young in years but old in
defeat, will be turning up at factory
gates. In time the excuse they have
to offer for their limited education
will have little meaning = when |
was at the age when l should have
been in school l was working. The
war you know"
Yes, he was one of the several mil
lion young workers now employed
who normally would have been in
school Before the war, less than a
million between the ages of IA and
II were working. Today, even with
school in session, the latest count in
dicates that 2,75O,OO0 are employed
and by summer the total is likely to
reach or exceed 100000, last years
figures. In 1910, only 200,000 of these
young workers were under Is; today,
more than three-quarters of million
are in that age group and its numbers
are increasing out of proportion to the
reserve of 16- and 17-year olds want
ing jobs is about exhausted.
The social consequences of this ire
mendous rise in the number of chill
dren employed, particularly the IA
and 15-year Odds, will be felt long after
the war is over. One aspect of their
going to work, however, must be made
the community's concern now, and
that is the rapid rise in illegal en-
ployment. In fact, it is now of such
proportions that labor leaders are re-
ferring to the "black market in chill
dren." And labor is perhaps in the
best position to appraise the situation
for it has first-hand knowledge of
where and how these boys and girls
are employed.
True, employers by and large have
made a commendable effort to uphold
child-labor standards, and in many in
stances they have tried to adhere to
a standard higher than that required |
by law. But the situation being what
it is, with young folks bent on having
jobs and workers being hard to find,
too many employers take a chance on
the laws catching up with them"
And to look at the problem from the |
viewpoint of the law, neither state nor
federal offices have inspection staffs
large enough to keep a strict watch |
over all places where children are now
employed. Consequently, those who
are charged with responsibility for
the enforcement of child-labor laws
must depend to great extent upon
local communities to see that they
are enforced
Such laws as we have, both state
and federal, are not severe and their
will mot take from the
labor force any who are irreplaceable.
Sixteen is the general minimum age
set in the Fair Labor Standards act,
the federal governments "yardstick."
1t applies to those employed in or
about an establishment producing
goods for shipment in interstate COM
merce Under this law, Is is the
minimum age for those employed in
occupations found to be hazardous by
the chief of the Children's Bureau. {
of IA and 15-year olds !
is permitted in non-manufacturing oc- {
provided the work does not
Interfere with school attendance and {
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1944-05-12
office of State Auditor
STATE OF MONTANA
Insurance Department
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
AND AUTHORIZATION

WHEREAS. The Phoenix Assurance
Company, Ltd.
Has filed in this department a sworn
statement of its condition on December
81, 1913, in accordance with the provi
sions of the Revised Codes of Montana
1895, relating to insurance organiza-
lions; and whereas, said statement
shows that said insurance organization
has complied with the Laws of this
State;
THEREFORE,, in pursuance of law,
/, JOHN J. HOLMES, State Auditor and
Commissioner of Insurance, do hereby
certify that the above named insur-
ance organization is authorized to
transact the business of Fire insurance
in this State until the thirty first day
of March, 1915.
l further certify that their statement
shows that on December 81, 1943, the
actual amount of Capital-U. S. Deposit
to be $500, 100000; the aggregate In
come for the year 1913 $4,597, 279.4S;
the aggregate Disbursements for the
year 1913 $4,322,922.79; the aggregate
Assets are $8,200235.05; the aggregate
except Capital, are So, 3d.
254.6S; the Surplus over all liabilities
is $2,3S0,9S0.37; the Surplus as regards
is $2,8S0,9S0.37
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have
hereunto subscribed my name and af-
fixed my official seal, at the State
Capitol in the City of Helena, this
first day of April, 1914.
JOHN J. HOLMES, State Auditor
and Commissioner of Insurance.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1944-05-12
office of State auditor
STATE OF MONTANA
Insurance Department
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
AND AUTHORIZATIONS

WHEREAS, The New Hampshire
Fire Insurance Company
Has filed in this department sworn
statement of it's condition on December
81 1913, in accordance with the provi-
sions of the Revised Codes of Montana
1895, relating to insurance organiza-
tions; and whereas. said statement
shows that said insurance organization
has complied with the Laws OF this
State;
THEREFORE,, in pursuance of law,
I, JOHN j.. HOLMES, State Auditor and
Commissioner of Insurance, do hereby
certify that the above named insur-
anee organization is authorized to
transact the business of Fire insurance
in this State until the thirty first day
of March, 1945.
l further certify that their statement
shows that on December 81, 1943, the
actual amount of Capital s3,000000.00;
the aggregate Income for the year 1943
S6,321,6S6.1S: the aggregate Disburse-
ments for the year 1913 $6,06l, 047.08;
the aggregate Assets are 19,304, 1890;
the aggregate Liabilities, except Capt.
tai, are S7,693, 926.70; the Surplus over
all liabilities is SS,610,532.90; the Sur
plus as regards policyholders is SILL
610,532.90
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have
hereunto subscribed my name and af-
fixed my official seal, at the State
Capitol in the City of Helena, this
first day of April, 1914.
JOHN j. HOLMES, State Auditor
and Commissioner of Insurance.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1944-05-12
office of State Auditor
STATE OF MONTANA
Insurance Department


WHEREAS, The North Star Reinsur-
ance Corporation of New York, N. Y.
Has filed in this department sworn
statement of it's condition on December
81, 1913, in accordance with the provi-
sions of the Revised Codes of Montana
1895, relating to insurance organiza-
lions; and whereas, said statement
shows that said insurance organization
has complied with the Laws of this
State;
THEREFORE,, in pursuance of law,
L, JOHN j. HOLMES, State Auditor and
Commissioner of Insurance, do hereby
certify that the above named insur-
ance organization is authorized to
transact the business of Fire insurance
in this State until the thirty first day
of March, 1915.
1 further certify that their statement
shows that on December 81, 1943, the
actual amount of Capital-U. S. Deposit
to be $1,000, 100000; the aggregate In
come for the year 1943 $4,641, 212.11;
the aggregate Disbursements for the
year 1913 S4,24025141; the aggregate
Assets are s8,103,441.34; the aggregate
Liabilities, except Capital, are s4,911,-
658.44; the Surplus over all liabilities
is $2191,782.90; the Surplus as regards
policyholders is s3,191, 1890.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, / have
hereunto subscribed my name and af-
fixed my official seal, at the State
Capitol in the City of Helena, this
first day of April, 1914.
JOHN j. HOLMES, State Auditor
and Commissioner of Insurance.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1944-05-12
Legal Advertising
office of State Auditor
STATE OF MONTANA
Insurance Department
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
AND AUTH

WHEREAS, The Paramount Fire In
surance Company, New York, N. Y.
Has filed in this department sworn
statement of its condition on December
81, 1913, in accordance with the provi-
sions of the Revised Codes of Montana
1885, relating to insurance organiza-
tons; and whereas, said statement
shows that said insurance organization
has complied with the Laws of this
State;
THEREFORE,, in pursuance of law,
I, JOHN ]. HOLMES, State Auditor and
Commissioner of Insurance, do hereby
certify that the above named insur-
ance organization is authorized to
transact the business of Fire insurance
in this State until the thirty-first day
of March, l945.
I further certify that their statement
shows that on December 81, 1913, the
actual amount of Capital-U. S. Deposit
to be $500, 100000; the aggregate In
come for the year 1943 1854. 20; the
aggregate Disbursements for the year
1913 $50, 403.71; the aggregate Assets
are s61S,7S6.73; the aggregate Liabili
ties, except Capital, are 60,216.3S; the
Surplus over all liabilities is $685.
570.35; the Surplus as regards policy
holders is s55S,570.35.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have
hereunto subscribed my name and af-
fixed my official seal, at the State
Capitol in the City of Helena, this
first day of April. 1914.
JOHN ]. HOLMES, State Auditor
and Commissioner of Insurance.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1944-05-12
office of State Auditor
STATE OF MONTANA
Insurance Department
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
AND AUTHORIZATION

WHEREAS, The Netherlands Insur-
ance Company
Has filed in this department a sworn
statement of its condition on December
81, 1913, in accordance with the provi-
sions of the Revised Codes of Montana
1895, relating to insurance organiza-
tions: and whereas, said statement
shows that said insurance organization
has complied with the Laws of this
State;
THEREFORE,, in pursuance of law,
I, JOHN J. HOLMES, State Auditor and
Commissioner of Insurance, do hereby
certify that the above named insur-
anee organization is authorized to
transact the business of Fire insurance
in this State until the thirty-first day
of March, 1915.
/ further certify that their statement
shows that on December 81, 1943, the
actual amount of U. s. Deposit to be
$500, 100000; the aggregate Income for
the year 1913 S532,474.14; the aggre-
gate Disbursements for the year 1943
1898, 054.39; the aggregate Assets are
$I,7S3,6i9.99; the aggregate Liabilities,
except Capital, are s734,3125S; the Sur
plus over all liabilities is s549,307. Al;
the Surplus as regards policyholders is
$1,049,307.41.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, 1 have
hereunto subscribed my name and af.
fixed my official seal, at the State
Capitol in the City of Helena, this
first day of April, 1914
JOHN j. HOLMES, State Auditor
and Commissioner eff Insurance.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1944-05-12

is barred from workmen's compensa
ton rights because these rights apply
only to those legally employed
| In these last two years we have lost
much ground in the long struggle to
throw safeguards around the employ
ment of children. Standards built up
over the years are being gradually
broken down. But we're fighting a
war, we are told by those who would
shrug away responsibility. The short
age of labor however, does not war
rant letting down the bars at present
controlling the employment Of chill
dren under 16 nor allowing the en-
ployment of even the older ones on
jobs that have a serious hazard to
health or safety. On this point all
government agencies concerned are
agreed
What may seem like manpower
shortage is often only failure to use
to advantage the manpower and wom-
Empower available. For example, not
long ago considerable pressure was
brought on the Children's Bureau to
allow young children to work in a
seafood-packing plant in coast town
when the "catch was running high"
No other labor was available, we were
told. But the town was filled with
young wives Of servicemen idle all day
long. Had they been made aware
that the choice lay between their help
ing out and the children being taken
out of school to save the catch, surely
they would have had only one answer
In other instances the youngster
often gets the job for no better reason
than that he is there, asking for it. |
Sometimes he is taken on in prefer
ence to an older worker because "kids
are easier to handle" Furthermore, |
we have not seriously asked ourselves |
up to this date whether or not much |
of the work being done, and more to |
the point, much of the work being |
done by children, is really essential |
Not all boys are leaving school to |
build airplanes, nor are all the girls |
in parachute factories, nor
are many at work that is even re-
motely related to war production. For
the most part these youngsters are
On simple, routine jobs that pay rela-
lively little, and they are receiving
4 minimum of helpful supervision
For such jobs, jobs with meager flu
.ure, all too many of our boys and
girls are leaving school and others,
n q ~nn ,o1A @1l
program and full work program, are
alling behind in their studies.
What can be done?
The first thing to be done is to see
hat child-labor laws are more strictly
enforced. Pressure of public opinion
must help in this instance, just as it
s helping to curb other "black mar
,ets." More, where standards are
learly inadequate, as they are in
tates, voluntary adherence to higher
tandards must be obtained through
community action.
The exploitation and abuse of chill
ren in industry and agriculture is
lot dead issue, as many before the
var were inclined to consider it,
linking that the long battle against
t had been won or was about to be
nded in victory. No justification for
UGH complacency ever existed, but
ow the situation is so serious that a
II forces must join ranks again in
he common effort to hold ground 8
gainst further loss. The war must ;
ot hn used az an excuse IN fIO1lt orr +
laws.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1944-05-12

office of State Auditor
STATE OF MONTANA
Insurance Department
CERTIFICATES OF COMPLIANCE
AND AUTHORIZAT

WHEREAS, The Phoenix Insurance
Company
Has filed in this department a sworn
statement of it's condition on December
81, 1913, in accordance with the provi-
sions of the Revised Codes of Montana
1895, relating to insurance organiza-
tions; and whereas, said statement
shows that said insurance organization
has complied with the Laws of this
State;
THEREFORE,, in pursuance of law,
7, JOHN j. HOLMES, State Auditor and
Commissioner of Insurance, do hereby
certify that the above named insur-
ance organization is authorized to
transact the business of Fire insurance
in this State until the thirty-first day
of March, 1945.
I further certify that their statement
shows that on December 81, 1943, the
actual amount of Capital-U. S. Deposit
to be $4,000, 100000; the aggregate In
come for the year 1913 $14,553, 838.06;
the aggregate Disbursements for the
year 1913 $4,000, $3.50; the aggregate
Assets are $70,610, 29S.67; the aggregate
Liabilities, except Capital, are sea-
53,624.72; the Surplus over all liabili-
ties is $40,956,673.95 the Surplus as
regards policyholders is S46,956, $685..
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, have
hereunto subscribed my name and af-
fixed my official seal, at the State
Capitol in the City of Helena, this
first day of April, 1914.
JOHN j. HOLMES, State Auditor
and Commissioner of Insurance.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1944-05-12
Legal Advertising

in this State until the thirty-first day
of March, 1945.
I further certify that their statement
shows that on December 81, 1913, the
amount of Capital-U. S. Deposit
come for the year 1913 s8,116, POI. "a !;
the aggregate Disbursements for the
year 1913 s7,131,67S.04 the aggregate
Assets are s29,054, 540.S2; the aggregate
except Capital, are $780,
314.S3; the Surplus over all liabilities
Is 1924. 225.99; the Surplus as regards
policyholders is s19,924, 225.99.
IN WITNESS, /, WHEREOF. I have
fixed my official seal, at the State
Capitol in the City of Helena, this
first day of April, 1914.
JOHN J. HOLMES, State Auditor
and Commissioner of Insurance.
The people's voice. [volume] (Helena, Mont.) 1939-1969, 1944-05-12
office of State Auditor
STATE OF MONTANA
Insurance Department
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
AND AUTHORIZATION

WHEREAS, The Niagara Fire Insur-
ance Company of New York
Has filed in this department a sworn
statement of its condition on December
81, 1913, in accordance with the provi-
sions of the Revised Codes of Montana
1885, relating to insurance organiza-
tions; and whereas, said statement
shows that said insurance organization
has complied with the Laws of this
State;
THEREFORE, in pursuance of law,
I, JOHN ]. HOLMES, State Auditor and
Commissioner of Insurance, do hereby
certify that the above named insur
ance organization is authorized to
transact the business of Fire insurance
The Wilmington morning star., 1944-12-20
PARIS PARIS PASTOR TO RFrr,,

10 LONDON, Dec. ls Nn %
" Very y.. Rev. F. W, BeeE M = :
cathedral Gath raj, of the Holy 1 Ahsr,'
r will re.u.n there 1 to1sty
June, 1910, after the fall IL II ne , let
4 he returned fSn Y25 70 London % 5 s,.a
lectured under ausnic.. SasFe
War Department. Of 1
BUY WAR BONDS AM ST.,
The Wilmington morning star., 1944-12-20
WOMANS SLAYER
HELD CAREFUL IN
HANDLING CHILD

LANDSDOWNE. Pa, Dec. IL
lPEDetectives concluded tonight
that the slayer Of pretty Mrs. Lor-
eta Cleveland took extraordinary
precaution against harming her
two-year-old daughter.
The brunette. 32-year-old wife
of a Marine Corps staff sergeant
was found dead in her duplex
apartment yesterday. Her skull
was crushed, and blood-stained
hammer lay nearby. Her throat
was slashed, and detectives later
found a bloody razor in the bath
room. Her head and shoulders
were stuffed into her kitchen stove
and gas seeped from the unlighted
burners.
Her daughter, Elva, lay semi
conscious in her crib in an adjoin-
ing bedroom when the killing was
discovered yesterday, nearly IL
hours, medical examiners said, al
ter Mrs Cleveland died. Chief OF
County Detectives Fred Jack said
the slayer apparently entered the
bedroom and opened the window,
then left and closed the door,
assuring that the seeping gas would
not take the child's life. She was
only partly overcome.