davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-09-23
With AAF ON
AFRICAN And
ITALY FRONTS

WITH 18TH AAF IN ITALY
Negro troops are serving on all or
Uncle Sans far-flung backgrounds
and among these are the many bat
talions serving as air base security
units for the United States Army
Air Forces. One Of these units.
commanded by Major Halsey Z
Harrison. OF New York City. has
a commendable record of IS months
overseas service.
Trained at Camp Rucker, Ala.
the airield defenders saw service
first in North Africa. moving with
the AAF from Oran TO the Cape
Bon peninsula. They were In the
first convoy 10 steam into the har-
Dor at Naples and since that time
have been in various spots in Italy.
primarily with B-A Lioerator
groups.
Equipped to fight IL out with
Garand rifles, As caliber pistols.
carbines and bayonets. the troops
primary duty is a defense against
hostile infiltrations by paratroopers
or spies For twenty-four hours q
day every day in the week, they
stand guard over the valuable air.
planes and the extensive airfield
equipment They also patrol the air
base area and check all traffic stem
ming in and out of the base.
Although Italy doesn't offer much
in the way Of extra-curricular en-
tertanment the men get in a lot
OF sightseeing. Rome being tho
most popular city to visit. They've
made the proper adjustments.
stated their commanding officer.
land we are seldom troubled with
disciplinary problems. They're a
6na lot 4"
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-09-23
West Point Cadets Are
Taught By Negro Soldiers

said Firby With little practice
he'd made a good duck man."
It's Adams had Q1te a cargo one
dsy2a major general. brigadler
general. eigh, full colonies and
seven lieutenant colonies Most of
these officers had never had a duck
ride before Corporal Adams ad-
mitted he was "a bit nervous" be-
fore they started off
The three demonstrators COM
pleted their work with the cadets
IN August but then spent three more
weeks al West Point teaching en-.
listed men IN an engineer outfit how
TO operate the amphibious trucks
These men will become the demon
strators for successive West Point
classes
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-09-23
DSR Employee In
Solomon Islands

A SOLOMON ISLANDS BASE,
South Pacific-Corporal Alex Nc
Duffie, a bus driver OF Detroit,
Mich. is now on duty here with a
quartz master truck company OF the
Army's Services of Supply forces
in the South Pacific
His organization maintains the
transportation facilities for valuable
material shipped to the South Pa
cific. Corporal McDuffie's work con-
sists OF both administration and sup
ply.
The brother OF Mrs. Geneva Nc
Collins, and Miss Mary A. McDuffie.
ISL EaS' Willis, Detroit Mich. Cor
poral McDuffie entered the army
November. 1892, and came overseas
IN August. l943. He received train
ing al Camp Maxey. Texas.
Corporal McDuffiie attended Aus
tin high school. in Knoxville. Tenn.
where he majored IN modern me-
ohanics. Since coming overseas he
has met friend from Detroit, Pfc
Ern cst l. Moore. who is also serv.
ing with quartermaster corp.
outfit.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-09-23
Negro Soldiers
Feeding PattOn's
Tanks In Drive

HEADQUARTERS, EUROPEAN
THEATER OF OPERATIONS -
Loading high grade gasoline on
small coasters al invasion ports in
England. Negro soldiers of an Army
Transportation Corps Port company
are feeding the lie blood for Lieu
tenant General Patton's tanks now
advancing into the German home
land.
These soldiers unload the Jerry"
cans of gasoline from British rail-
road wagons that roll up 10 the
ships side. Then they slide them
down a roller conveyor and wooden
slide into the hold of the vessel. II
is dangerous job. for the ships
hold is filled with gasoline fumes.
The slightest spark from jostiing
the cans makes the interior as
trescherous as mine-strewn mo
Mans Land"
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-09-23
Announce Civil
Service Openings

The Vocational Services Depart
ment Of the Detroit Urban League
announces the following city Civil
Service openings; telephone opera
tor c; food service helper d: cook c;
attendant nurse c; laundry worker
D; house maid D; steam fireman B:
florist: senior veterinarian: second
cook: associate forester Qandscape).
Persons interested in the above
listed positions are advised to con-
tact the Detroit Civil Service Com
mission. 10th floor. Water Board
Building. 735 Randolph street. or the
Detroit Urban League. 208 Mack at
John r streets.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-09-23
Ask Congress To
Consider Bills

NEW YORK. - kilograms from
the NAACP to Majority and Minor
ity leaders OF both houses of Cong
ress. requested they resist all efforts
10 adjourn before the enactment of
legislation guaranteeing certain op-
poriunity rights TO minorities.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-09-23
Narcotic Charge
JailS Three Men

Three men were arrested this
week for investigation Of narcotic
charges. They are Walter Bridge
water. IS OF i224 McG-sw whom
police say had IS marihusns cigar
cites on his person Wesler Knox,
%. OF Sos E Columbia ard Walter
r Brown. 10. Of 9ls Adelaide street
whom police say loaned MS auto 10
done peddlers
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-09-23
Detroit Youth In
477th Promoted

The commanding officer. Goldman
Field. KY. has recently announced
the promotion OF Percy L Hart to
private first class for outstanding
performance of duty. Pfc Hart is
reproduction clerk in the head
quarters. 47Tth Bombardment
Group. He is the son of Mrs Thomas
Hart residing at ST. E Warren ave-
nue.. Detroit. Mich.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-09-23
AT KEESLER FIELD

KEESLER FIELD. Biloxi. Miss. -
Pvt. Howard Houston Hood Jr., son
Of Howard H. Hood Sr.. 1913 Maple
avenue. Plymouth, Mich. has re-
ported to Keesler Field to take the
Army Air Forces Training Com
mand examinations TO determine his
qualifications as a pre-aviation
cadet
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1944-09-28
ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE

In the District Court of the Seventeenth
Judicial District Of the state OF Mon
tana. in and for the County of valley.
In the Matter Of the Estate or j. T.
Kotaki. Deceased.
A. Il. Friedlund. the adminiStrator
with the will annexed of the estate OF
!. T. Kotaki. deceased, having filed his
petition herein praying for an order OF
sale of certain part of the real estate
Of said decedent, for the purposes
therein set forth; it Is therefore or
dered by the Judge OF this Court, that
all uprsons interested In the estate OF
said decedent appear before this Court
on Monday. October q. 1914. At ten
O'Clock in the forenoon of said day.
at the Court Room of the above named
District Court. in the Court House IN
Glasgow, Valley County. Montana, to
show cause why an order should not
be granted to the said administrator
with the will annexed to sell so much
Of the real estate OF the said deceased.
at public or private sale, as prayed
for in said petition.
II is further ordered that 2 copy. oi
this order he published in The ''las,
gov Courier a newspaper printed anu
published in Glasgow. Montana. Tor al
least once Il week for two consecutive
weeks. and that copies thereof be served
upon heirs of said deceased who are
residents of Valley County. Montana
Dated September III. 1871.
JOHN HURLN,
Judge of the District court.
James r.. Shea. Attorney for AdinlnlS
traitor with the will annexed, "laS
gov. Montana. sept - 90
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1944-09-28
NASHUA
BY Mrs. George Fisher

Surgical dressing hostesses the past
two meetings we're Mrs. Lena Scholl,
Mrs. Robert Rave, Mrs. Harriet Car
yer. Mrs. Otto Useman and Mrs. ia
cob WeinmeiSter Glasses were re-
sumed two weeks ago and workers
are needed.
Private Joe Morrison, who has
been stationed at Camp Roberts,
Calf, completed his training there
and came to Nashua to visit for a
few days. He is married and has two
daughters.
Mrs. Hans Bergstrom has as her
guest her mother, Mrs. Rocksey
Kunison of Froid. Overnight guests
at the Bergstrom home last We'd
nesday were her sister, Mrs. John
Lundin of Sheyenne. N. D., and her
brother-in-law and sister, Mr.. and
Mrs. Julius Lee of Billings.
Mrs. Elmer Doherty of Corbin, KY,
who had been visiting her sister,
Mrs. Hiram Peters, returned home
last week.
James Demko of Port Orchard,
Wash, arrived last week and has
enrolled in high school as a sopho-
AAAOACs a 10 oNagAAA6 aN Nh0 oNAAOOA
dormitory He is the son of Mr.. and
Mrs. Mike Demko, former residents.
Miss Olga Groseth of Scobey, who
spent a few days visiting her sister,
Mrs. d. E. Hawbaker, returned home
last weekend.
Robert Metzger, brother of Ed
Metzger, who came to assist with
the harvest work at the Metzger and
farm on Kintyre flat, re-
turned to his home in Carlinville,
III. Friends of Mr.. Metzger who ac-
companied him here to help with
the harvest were Gilbert Ruwe and
Lee Edman, who also returned.
John Jensen, who resides in Nc
Cone county, returned home Satur-
lay from st. Paul, where he accom-
a shipment of cattle. He also
vent to Detroit, Mich, to visit a
sister, whom ne had not seen for
more than 20 years.
The John Brenden family has
moved to the residence of Orval
of Seattle, which they re-
.ently purchased. The Holmquists
,uilt this house when Mr. Holmquist
vas in the barbering business in
Nashua.
The Lutheran Ladies Aid will be
Entertained Wednesday afternoon at
he church parlors by Mrs Theodor
Aaberg, Mrs. Arne Ulvestad and Mrs.
frank Emerson.
M. Kaufman has purchased the
on Front street known as
he George Demko building and is
emodeling rooms over the building
or an apartment which Mr.. and
1rs. kaufman will Occupy.
Mrs. Raymond Luebs commenced
Iuties as clerk at the Farmers Union
market.
The Girl Scouts wish to thank the
farmers Union market and Elmer
Iauger of the Saveway store for
donated 300 pounds of waste
at to their organization. The funds
re being used for their treasury.
The Boy Scouts collected a truck
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1944-09-28

their offices for a term of four a.
years"
Section 4. That Section 6 of Article
XVI Of the Constitution of the state
Of Montana be, and the same Is hereby
amended so as to read as followS:
Section g.. The Legislative Assembly
may provide for the election Of County
Auditors and FOR appointment OF such
other county. township. precinct and
municipal officers as public conven
fence may require and their terms OF
office shall be as prescribed by law,
not in any case to exceed four (p
years. except as in his Constitution
otherwise provided"
Section .. This amendment shall be
submitted to the qualified electors of
the State of Montana by being. placed
on the official ballot provided by Sec
ton 67S of the Revised Codes of Mon
tana, 1885. and as provided by law,
and there shall be printed on such
ballot the title of this act and he
following words:
u MENT
n AGAINST THE ABOVE
u AMENDMENT
The elector shall designate his prefer
ence for either Of the propositions by
marking an "X' before the proposition
for which he desires to vote.
Section g.. The vote cast for and
against lnt HMfntlulfnA HtIfln BAN
posed shall be counted, canvassed and
determined by such officials and in
such manner as provided by law, and
II a majority of all votes cast at such
election for and against such amend
ment shall he in favor Of such amend
the Governor of the state shall
so declare by public proclamation. and
the amendment shall he in full force
and effect as a part of the Constitu-
lion from and after the date or such
proclamation.
Section :. This Act shall he in full
force and effect from and after its
and approval.
Deposited with the Secretary of state
March IL. 1913, by the Governor with
approval.
UNITED STATE OF AMERICA,
STATE OF MONTANA. SIS.
I. Sam w. Mitchell. Secretary of
of the state OF Montana, do
certify that the foregoing is a
true and correct copy of an Act en-
IAN ACT FOR THE SUBMIS-
SION TO THE QUALIFIED ELEC-
TORS OF THE STATE OF MON
CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF
Of oFFicE FOUR YEARS FOR
COUNTY AUDITORS. COUNTY AT
.ORNEYS. JUSTICES OF THE
PEACE. CoNSTABLES, AND GER
AIN AMI AffOlN iEIt
OFFICERS, NOT ENUMERATED IN
SECTION 4 AND > OF ARTICLE XVI
)F THE SAID CONSTITUTIONS, AS
AMENDED BY THE ADOPTION OF
rHE PROVISIONS OF CHAPTER %
)F THE SESSION LAWS OF 1881
so AS TO MAKE SUCH OFFICES
CONFORM TO SUCH AMENDMENT
~ THE AMENDMENT OF SEC
rIONS 10 AND 20 OF ARTICLE
VII AND SECTION 6 OF ARTICLE
XVI OF SAID CONSTITUTIONS. RE
,ATING TO THE TERMS OF OF
'ICE OF COUNTY AUDITORS,
'OUNTY ATTORNEYS. JUSTICES OF
'HE PEACE, CONSTABLES AND
IUNICIPAL OFFICERS"
IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF. | have
set my hand and affixed the
treat Seal of the State of Montana.
[ Helena, the Capital. July %. 1874.
SAN W. MITCHELL,
Secretary OF State.
13t-Aug 3 e Oct 26. incl
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1944-09-28

load of paper for the scrap drive
and this was taken to Glasgow Sum
day.
Beulah Tihista left Thursday for
Bozeman, where she will begin train
ing for the nurse cadet corps. She
graduated from Nashua high school
in 1913.
Harvesting of beets has begun.
The yield is reported as very good
and the beets are large.
Serg. Gottleib Schmitt of Great
Falls was here for a few days at
the home of his parents, Mr.. and
Mrs. Krist Schmitt.
Several members of the Luther
league will have charge of the serv-
ice at the local church Sunday
morning. At this time the candles for
the service men will be re-lighted.
Mr.. and Mrs. Alfred Lee and their
daughter, Mrs. Wayne Manson, who
are temporarily residing in Glasgow
were in Nashua Saturday. They left
Bozeman on business.
Bobby Baker, who was here work
ing at the R. Burger farm, returned
to his home in Hinsdale Wednesday.
Hubert Brogan, who had been in
st. Paul, where he accompanied cat
tie shipped by the Farmers Union
Livestock company, returned home
last week end. From st Paul he went
to Moline. Ill. to visit his aunt, Mrs.
Charles Boucher.
Seven carloads of livestock were
shipped Thursday by local stockmen.
Anderson, H. E. Hill, Amos
Anderson and Pierre Tihista &C
companied them.
The Altar society was entertained
Thursday at the Catholic hall by :
Mrs. H. E. Hill and Mrs. j. d. Irwin.
The society decided to have its an
lual bazaar and chicken dinner,
Thursday. Oct. 10. A large number
Of invited friends was present dur
ng the luncheon hour. The Rev FIR.
E. Foley and the Rev. FIR. Bernard
ieisen of Glasgow were present.
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1944-09-28
NOTICE


Pursuant to an order made by the
State Fish and Game Commission a.
their meeting held August . ana ~
1914. in Helena. Montana, Valley county
shall be open to the trapping OF MINK,
otter and RaccOon from November IL
to December 81. 1914. both dates IN
elusive. and open to the trapping OF
Muskrats from March /. 1919. to April
II. 1915. both dates inclusive.
All Federal and state Preserves are
closed to trapping n hunting eA'tt.
state Fish and Game Department, as
far as State Preserves are cOncerheu'
or Federal Refuge Managers as tar as
Federal Preserves are concerned. =,
The Commission. having gathered an
possible information regarding u.
population of fur bearers. believes that
a longer season on any Of the above
animals would cause undue depletion
to the species and 10 accordance WIN
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1944-09-28
CHAPTER 232


An Act for the Submission to the
Qualified Electors of the State OF
Montana of an Amendment to the
Constitution of the State of Montana
Making the Terms of office -Four
Years for County Auditors, County
Attorneys, Justices of the Peace, Con
stables, and Certain Elective n APP
pointed Officers. not Enumerated in
Section 4 and , of Article XVI OF
the Said Constitution. as Amended
by the Adoption of the Provisions
of Chapter 93 of the Session Laws OF
1887, so as to Make Such Offices Con-
form to Such Amendment by the
Amendment of Sections 10 and 20 of
Article VIII and Section 6 of Article
XVI of Said Constitution, Relating to
the Terms of Office of County Audi
tors, County Attorneys. Justices Of
the Peace, Constables and Municipal
Officers.
BE 1T ENACTED BY THE LEGISLA-
TIVE ASSEMBLY OF THE STATE
OF MONTANA:
Section 1. That Sections 10 and 90
Of Article VIII and Section 6 of Article
XVI of the Constitution Of the State
Of Montana, be amended as hereinafter
provided. and that the question of such
amendment be submitted to the quail
flied electors of the state Of Montana
at the General Election to be held in
November, 1874.
Section .. That Section ~ Of Article
VIII Of the Constitution of the State
of Montana be, and the same is hereby
amended. so as to read as follows:
Section 10. There shall he elected
at the General Election in each county
of the State one % County Attorney,
whose qualifications shall be the same as
are required for a Judge of the District
Court. except that he must be over
twenty-one (21) years of age. but need
not be twenty five (2N years Of age
and whose term OF office shall be -four
90 years. and until their successors
are elected and qualified. He shall have
a salary TO be fixed by law, One-half
% OF which shall be paid by the
and the other half by the county
for which he is elected. and he shall
perform such duties as may be re-
quired by law"
Section 3. That Section 20 Of Article
VIII of the Constitution Of The State
Of Montana be. and the same is hereby
amended. so as to read as follows:
"Section 20. There shall he elected in
each organized township of zach county
by the electors Of such township at
least two o. Justices of the Peace.
who shall hold their offices. except as
provided in this Constitution.
for the term of four a. years. Jus
tees courts shall ave such original
Jurisdiction within their respective
counties as may be prescribed by law,
except as in this Constitution otherwise
provided; provided. that they shall
not have jurisdiction in any case where
the debt. damage, claim or value OF
he property involved exceeds the sum
Three Hundred Dollars (SSO0.00).
There shall also be elected in each
organized township Of each county, by
he electors OF such township. at least
two (2) Constab;es. WHO shall hold
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1944-09-28
BEAVERTON
Marjorie j. Burchette

Mr.. and Mrs. Frank Rottenger of
Seattle and Mrs. Ed Record of Doni-
phan, Mo, arrived from wisconsin,
where they have been visiting rela-
tives, to spend a few days with Mr..
and Mrs. G. c. Accola. Both are for
mer Montana residents.
H. K. Brooke shipped cattle to
Chicago. John accompanied them.
B. j. Menge has been cutting al
falfa seed for his neighbors.
George Accola purchased a 1912
model combine from Robert Rosser
of Chapel, Neb., last week.
Mr.. and Mrs. Hugh Smith were
Saco callers Thursday.
Johnny Albus from Lincoln, Neb.,
is home on a two-week furlough to
visit his parents, MI. and Mrs. Joe
Albus.
Mr.. and Mrs. R. A. Sudduth and
R. w. Hight were Glasgow callers
Saturday.
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1944-09-28
Church Services

st. R%aphael's Church-Eyery Sunday
Masses at Glasgow at 7:3O and 1880
Masses at Fort Peek AT Q. Week days
Masses every day at $50.
Congregational Church - WOrldwid,
communion service at II. solo by BOl
Roberts. The choir will sing the Litany
OF the Cross from the services of tn,
riverside church in New York City,
special ceremony by Pilgrim Fellow
ship. Church school NJ 10. Nursery class
al II. Church picnic at KiwaniS Rub
house In the afternoon.
Christian Fellowship - Civic center.
Sunday school at 10. Worship at II.
~EvangcliStic service at =. Christian
Young Peoples Fellowship Tuesday AT
). cottage prayer meeting Thursday AT
\. Abe TeichrOw. candidate for mission
airy under the Sudan Interior mission.
will he speaker for the greater part
of October.
First Baptist Church - Bible schOcl
al ~. Worship service at II. Anthem
by the choir. story to junior Worship
erS by Miss Patricia Farrell. Sermon
hy pastor: Gods Quest" Celebration
of Lords Supper. Junior youth fellow
ship al $3.50. SingSpiratiOn and sermon
service AT 30. (NOtc the hOur.l Mes
sage by Mr.. Widen: why Are Not
Folks Christians :" Midwcpk Bible stu.
dy II prayer service Wednesday at
: so in pastors study.
Opheim Gospel Tabernacle. Assem-
blies of God - sunday school AT ~.
Morning worship AT II. Prayer meeting
TucSda yat =. Watch for further notice
about young peoples meetings.
Opheim Lutheran Church sunday
school AT 9:45. Services at II. Confir
nation class at : Wednesday. Bible
study at :. Wednesday. Confirmation
Saturday at III. Luther league.
Oct. ;. az :. Services al Peerless ut 3.
Christian Science SOciety-Services in
hall. Second avenue south and
Seventh street. Sunday at II. Subject
IL lesson sermon. ''Unreality." The
public is cordially invited tn attend.
First Lutheran Church Sunday
at 9:4a. Worship, candlelighting.
at II. Luther league outing al $50.
saturday at ~.
Nashua Lutheran Church Worship.
a youth service with candlelighting. AT
,. Sunday school at ~. COnfirmands
Wednesday at 4:15.
Bethel at Grain-SecOnd sunday nj ..
Annual business meeting.
Fort Peek Lutheran-Sunday school
ii II. Worship first and third Sundays
lt 7:30.
Ltrslnn sunday school - Sunday
at ~. Morning Worship AT IL.
christian fellowship program at =.
Glasgow Gospel Tabernacle of the
of God. so Fourth avenue
south. Special sunday school rally AT
n. Morning worship AT II. EvangcliStic
at I:4l. Prayer service AT y.
Young peoples service Thursday at s.
!. II. Arncson. minister.
Church of Nazarene. Nashua. Sunday
ichuul AT > 30. Worship service AT $50.
Milton u. Register. speaker We'd
leSday evening. Prayer meeting and
bible study. T:f1. w. &. Mckay. pas
ar. MI are welcome.
Glasgow Nazarene Mission. Sunday
chnnl AT ~. Worship services at II.
services AT T:45. Rev. Milton II.
;cgiSter. speaker Thursday evening.
meeting. 7:4J. All are welcome.
The Glasgow courier. [volume] (Glasgow, Mont.) 1913-current, 1944-09-28
FOR SALE

Steel rims to fit 825 and 90ox20 tires
complete with lock rims, Sc.
Shovels. no handles. Buy several al
this price. You can afford to put
handles on. 15c each.
Shovels with handles. 45c each.
Now is the time to safeguard your
home with chimney tile, 7x7 in
2-foot lengths, new material at
one-half of present price. Csc a
foot.
No. 9 bare copper wire at a great
saving. Can be used for 32-volt
and 6-volt light plants. In lengths
of 1876 feet. Can be bought while
'the supply lasts at 1c a foot.
Oakum, finest jute fiber, for caulk-
ing, ID. &c.
Wood blocks for use with rope. Also
steel blocks for wire rope; In sin
giles, doubles or triples. Some steel
snatch blocks. Priced low for quick
sale.
28-inch steel pipe, IL feet 6 inches in
length; can be used for culverts
Or well curbing. So foot.
6 and 7 inch pipe in 20 to 22-foot
lengths; good well casing. A good
buy at Csc a foot.
Poles, nice size to handle for cor
rails; 20 and % TT, S1.95 to S2.75
each.
Good timbers, 7x8, 8 #. long; good
for corner posts and foundations.
75c and 85c each.
Timbers, 8x1O, II to IS feet long. A
few left at 81 each.
Iron, all kinds; flat, plate, round,
angle, T, I-beams. Per Id. 21ac.
Rods, threaded both ends, Sin. and
q in, in following lengths, "a in,
48 in, sc in, at 4c ID.
Aluminium pitchers, hold 5 quarts;
a useful utensil to have around,
can't break. Your pick at Csc each.