davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-07-07
Gunner Completes
JOth Air Mission

6 Sgt William s. Gstesy son
Of Mr.. and Mrs. Andrew Gatesy,
Sass Vanderbilt, has finished his
5Oth combat mission since Feb
ruary as engineer-gunner on a
B-24 Llberator. IL was announced
today from headquarters Of the
18th Army Air Force in Italy.
He wears the AIT Medal and six
Oak Leaf Clusters
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-07-07

The stars Just seem to be all
wrong for the Trombleys.
Last May, their youngest daugh-
ter. Dorothy, was born amid con-
siderable transportation difficulty.
Shortly after that. Perry from
bley, 81. and the father of three
other children, was indicted into
the navy.
Everything went along all right
for Mrs. Bernice Trombley. p,
who lives at 1888 Bradford in the
William J. Mckeever housing
project. She managed 10 get along
on the first allotment check for
$40 from the navy department.
EXPECTED CHECK
She expected another check
about July ! but none arrived
The food was low and she had
given up her job in a war plant
when Dorothy was born.
James. 4, Cecilia, 3, and Mildred
% months, needed food. There
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-07-07
Sick Soldiers Luck Is ALI Bad
International Sound Photo

wrong direction and didn't show
up. Perry finally persuaded a used
car lot operator to take Bernics
to the hospital.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-07-07

was no money. so Mrs. Trombley
went 10. the Red Cross and eX-
planned the situation. The Red
Cross bought her a few groceries
and instructed her to go to the
city welfare department.
The welfare department prom
ised her more groceries if the
check failed TO arrive. Last night,
she had received neither check nor
groceries and her cash had dwln-
died 10 90 cents.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-07-07
HUSBAND IN HOSPITAL

Her husband is in the Great
Lakes naval hospital suffering
from yellow iaundice.
When Dorothy's birth was inn
mlnent in May. the Trombleys had
no car. The husband found neigh
Dor with enough gas 10 start for
Harper Hospital. But a blowout
stopped them. Perry called for an
ambulance.
The ambulance driver got the
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-07-07

Soldiers Buy War Bonds, I
Evening star., 1944-02-05
CoIIegeQ Quints

BY the Associated Press.
East.
Coast Guard Comm, SO; Trinity. l5;
Davidson, co. Charleston College 2s.
Rider. so: Queens, A..
Ursinus 81; swarthmore, Al.
Purdue, SO; Ohio State. 40.
South.
Kentucky, 38; De Pauw. SIS.
Georgia, 40: Lawson General Hospital, SO
A 4 s.nbTaseS 30
oeoraia Tech. 81; Mercer. IS.
Midwest.
Haskell Inst. 43; Wentworth NJ. A., 80.
Fort Sheridan, 63; Northwestern o. Navy
poane, Is; Harvard CNebr) Air, 43.
Alma, Al: Central Michigan, SO.
Detroit. -; Western Ontario, %.
Simpson. 30: Penn Gowa). 46.
wisconsin 90; Northwestern. ~ 1.-TWO over
Camp Grant. 81: Navy Pier, "a,
Indsna r. abrs.s State se a Illinois 45
Southwest
Oklahoma Aggies. 4s; Norman Nav., .5.
Arkansas, 45; Baylor u, 2S.
New Mexico, 81; Texas Tech, SO.
Colorado College, 7e; Greeley State. "a.
Butte Boosters, 81; Montana Mines. 4s.
Golorado Mines, 80: Denver, 81.
MsttelnstSn, .stern q; 0TeFs9n ststs So
wsst Indies.
.. Il Puerto Rico. 80; o. q havana. IS
Evening star., 1944-02-05
MIS-. Gains Slender
Lead in AAU Boxinu

National Training School mittmen
have a slight edge in the race for
team honors after taking five of last
nights opening bouts In the annual
District AAU boxing tournament at
Turner's Arena. Pete's A. C. boxers
won four bouts to press the leaders.
Biggest upset of the program came
in the 135-pound encounter when
Bill Spence of Merrick Boys Club
knocked out Pete Takeshorse of N.
T. S. in 1:35 of the second round
Three other matches ended in tech
nical knockouts.
s. outpointed Albert Fitzpatrick tMerricki,
! Merrill De Atley Pete's. A. c. Knocked out
mnute ames Maa5ldez seeond roung Mgashinston B. CO.
12e.pound elasswBernard shatz Mount
Hainier Fnnrrirr B. g. outponted Frank stockstill
Doned Richara sS woodWsrd nodsen h {MeTriei out
r. s. outpointed George Bond 1st.M M Mary's Us
Donted 9isK 5G5n ssrase Masep Rsses g out.
T: 50: william Spence 1Merrick9 5iHas Knocked ss
9Ht aH9t Pete Pete, Jakeshorse IN. r, S., 1 minute
Pete,s A g. won by forfeit from Ernest
T 1Ms5I,cE3 81 won BY forfeit from Paul Higgins
l47-pound elass--Rob Newberry (Apollo)
stopped Bob Baldwin est. Mary's), 81 sec
onds, second round: Richard Brown CWa sh-
e1h 6aviS SauP3asd RPqads psies fss LeathsrS "a s
stopped Aubrey Mayhew (Merrick), i min
ute SO seconds, second round; Ted McIn-
toSh Shrr,1!, N, T. s. outpointed Billy Affron
Evening star., 1944-02-05
Armstrong Softens
Hanbury
Continues Work

Henry Armstrong, already
trained to a fine edge for his To-
rounder against Lew Hanbury on
Monday night at Uline Arena, is
cancelling sparring sessions sched-
uled for today.
Instead the former triple cham
pion will do a bit of shadow boxing
and light bag punching merely to
remain loose when he goes through
his PAGES at ! o'clock at the Liberty
A. c. gym.
1--WE hard bout ahead with a
tough young boy" the Hammer
said, land I don't want to go stale.
I've been bearing down harder than
I thought for the last couple Of days
and I'm going to let up little
now"
Hanbury, who has his workout
scheduled at $3.50 today, will con-
tinue the heavy schedule he has
maintained all week. This includes
sparring against Vic Creelman and
Jimmy Jerico plus the usual rope
skipping, shadow boxing and bag
work. Both will take it relatively
easy tomorrow and Monday, how
ever, as they await Monday nights
bell Hanbury figures to weigh
around 1877 or 1873, while Armstrong
will be down to 140 or 141.
Evening star., 1944-02-05
Fields, Shea, Camera ofD.C.
Feared by Table Net Aces

Thor Ha1 of Washington is seed
ed No. and Lou Pagliaro, former
national champion, No. 2 in mems
singles OF the Star-sponsored East
ern table tennis championships to be
held over the next week end, but
either may be fortunate to reach
the final.
This, according to Guy Irving
Burch, tournament chairman. who
today eagerly scanned the list of
prospective contestants in what
promises to be one of the hottest
table tennis events the country has
known.
The field in mems singles is dotted
with formidable dark horses. mot
the least among whom is Wash
ington's own Stanley Fields, former
city champion. Fields some time
back served notice on aspirants to
the 1914 Eastern crown by shellack-
ing none other than Hazi, defend
Evening star., 1944-02-05
Putting Puts RevoIta
Two Strokes Ahead
In Phoenix0pen
By the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
PHOENIX, Ariz., Feb. 5.-Johnny
Revolta, his putter ablaze, paced the
field today at the start Of the second
round In the 72-hole, 5000 Phoenix
Open.
The Evanston, Ill.,, pro fired a s.
under-par 66 in first-day play yes
terday. Two strokes behind Revolta
were two comparative newcomers to
play-for-pay ranks, Les Kennedy OF
Saylesville, r. l., and Barney Clark
OF Denver. They played together In
marking up their 68s.
Craig Wood, the Mamaroneck,
N. Y, veteran, was in fourth place
with SO, swing ahead Of Sammy
Byrd Of Detroit, W.. A. Stackhouse
Of Seguin, Tex. and Tony Penna Of
Dayton. Ohio.
Leading the 40 amateurs were the
veteran Harry Todd of Dallas, Tex,
with a par II and Ralph Wolf Of
Monterey Park, Calf, who took u.
Harold (Jug) McSpaden Of Phila-
delphia scared to g.. "a when his
game went to pieces on the back
nine. He and Byron Nelson Of
Toledo. Ohio, who stroked a II,
were the clubhouse favorites before
action started. Tied with Nelson
was Ray Mangrum of Los Angeles
who came in with fine 80 on the
last nine after taking 80 going out.
The 1-over-par group at 70 in
cluded Harry Cooper of Minneapolis,
Joe Kirkwood of Philadelphia,
Jimmy Hines of Amsterdam, N. Y,
Milt Coggins of Phoenix, Jack Har-
den Of Ell Paso, Tex, and Bob Ham,
ilton, Evansville, Ind.
While the 32-year-old Revolta.
holder of the Professional Golfers
Association and Western Open titles
in 1895, was finding the local greens
to his liking, many of the players
notably McSpaden and Byrd-ex-
perienced difficulty on the coarse
grass putting surfaces,
Evening star., 1944-02-05
BY the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
PITTSBURGH, Feb. s. There
once was football coach who
preached that the best ofense
was good defense, but he could
pick an argument today with the
management of the Pittsburgh
Pirates.
At least, that's what Prexy Will
liam Benswanger OF the Buccaneers
says.
Benswanger, surveying the
Pirates chances during the rapidly
approaching major league season,
believes he has one of the best
defensive teams In the National
League, but adds:
1--WE need hitting if we are going
to stay in there fighting at the
top like we did most of last season. y
In other words the Bucs are missing
those two steady 300-plus batters,
the Waner brothers.
Benswanger has seven veteran
pitchers, an outstanding defensive
outfeld and veteran infield, but,
on the record lacks the punch at
the plate to offset the power that he
and the rest of the league-fears
st. Louis, Cincinnati and probably
Brooklyn will start serving up next
April.
Bucs Strong on Mound.
He also has a number Of rockies,
including 18-year- old Harry Amato
outfielder picked up from the cham
pion Springfield, Ohio. club.
On the mound will be Truett
Banks (Rip) Sewell, who won q
games last year with his "blooper
ball; Max Butcher, Long john
Gee, Hank Gornicki, Wally Hebert
Bob Klinger and Nick Stringevich
all holdovers, in addition to Art
Cuccurullo from Albany, Jim Hopper
from Toronto, Elwin Roe from Co.
| lumbus and Jim Walsh from York
| Pa. and Albany.
The loss of Elbie Fletcher, first
baseman, now in the Navy, will be
blow to the infield, but Benswan-
ger feels the acquisition of Babe
Dahlgren from the Phillies and the
return of Lee Handley, who has
been with Toronto because of an
ailing arm, will give him as good
an infield as there will be in the
league.
Il don't know what the infield will
look like by the time the season
opens, but with Pete Coscarart, Bob
Elliott, Frankie Gustine and AL
Rubeling, I don't think we'll have
anything to worry about on the de-
fensive side" he said.
Outfield Strength at Hand.
In the outfield, Vince Di Maggie
will be back for the center garden
spot, with Jim Russell, Frank Col
man, Johnny Barrett and Tom
Evening star., 1944-02-05
Barons' Hockey Win String
Menaced by Reds, Bisons
Ey the Associated Press.

Ey the Associated Press.
Cleveland risks It's eight-game
winning streak in the American
Hockey League twice over the week
end. The fast-stepping Barons,
beaten only once in their last Is
starts. are favored to make it nine
in row against Providence tonight,
but it may be different story when
they invade Buffalo on Sunday night.
The rise of the Bisons, under Eddie
Shores capable handling, is not
quite the equal of Cleveland's streak,
but as it happens the Bisons are the
last to have inflicted a defeat on
the Barons.
Buffalo, beaten only by Cleveland
and Hershey in IL starts, faces an
other difficult task tonight in meet
ing Hershey on the Hershey ice.
Hershey tops the Eastern Division
with 81 points with the Bisons in
the runnerup SPOT with Al,
Evening star., 1944-02-05
6. W. WaIlops Fairfax
Reaches for Title

George Washington High OF Alex
andria is assured of no worse than
g. tie for the Northern Virginia Glass
A League basket ball championship
and probably will be favored to
clinch the crown when it tangles
with Washington-Lee, Its lone re-
naming rival, which it already has
defeated once, when they tangie
next week.
Playing without the direction OF
Coach Rasty Doran, who underwent
an appendectomy two days ago. tne
Presidents routed Fairfax High, o9-
IL. at Fairfax last night. Steve
Chalmers tossed in "a points to lead
the attack as the Presidents gained
a 34-9 halftime lead and never were
threatened.
Evening star., 1944-02-05

ing titleholder In the coming tour
nament.
Fields, master of defensive play,
absorbed Internationalist Hazi's
lightning smashes and set him down
with only one game in four. In the
navy, Fields is on a three week fur
Tough and in recent informal play
at the Columbia Table Tennis Cen
ter, presided over by his wife, has
been impressive.
Also to be reckoned with by Hazi
and Pagliaro are Richard Miles of
New York, ranked No. 5 nationally
and Pvt. Somael of the Army, rank
ed No. in the United States, who Is
coming up from Camp Mitchell, N.
G. Somael, a New Yorker, paired
with Sol Schiff to win the Eastern
doubles title last year.
Other Washingtonians highly re-
spected by the favorites are Jimmy
Shea. youngster, and Joe Camera,
a newcomer to the CAPITAL,
Evening star., 1944-02-05
Megaw, Hyattsvi|Ie
Pin Events Draw

The 10th annual Red Megaw
tournament, named for one of the
Capitals leading bowlers, was to
get a big weekend duckpin card
off with a bang this afternoon at
Queen Pin, while a second attrac-
ton, starting at 7::30 tonight, will
bring together at Hyattsville Recre-
alton the elite Of Washington and
Baltimore women pinspillers in a
team match to aid the Mile of Dimes
paralysis fund.
Tomorrow Silver Spring drives
will be the mecca for f1ocks of duck
pin shooters when the Montgomery
County Council of the American
Legion stages its annual Mile oi
Dimes tournament, which looms as
the biggest event of its kind ever tc
be held. Several years ago it drew
30l contestants, which at the time
was a national record entry for
handicap tournament.
With Art Felter of Baltimore the
defending champion, one of the
largest turnouts of Oriole and Dis
trict sharpshooters is expected for
the Megaw 7-game event. Balti-
more rollers will be seeking their
10th victory in II major tourna-
ments this season while the bowler
who may give Washington It's first
win this season is none other than
the veteran Megaw.
The Southeast bowling sage who
is the second oldest member Of the
all-star District League, being top
ped in service only by Nick Cha
conas, Arcadia captain, is on the
beam these days. Last Sunday he
finished third in the Maryland
State Open at Baltimore, averag-
ing 1873 for six games and came
back with a brilliant 687 in a mixed
doubles match at Columbia several
nights later.
Two of the strongest woman
teams ever to represent Washing.
ton and Baltimore will battle al
Hyattsville. Lorraine GULL, Lucy
Rose, Frances Wilson, Bing Moer
and Caroline Hiser will be pitted
against the Oriole combination OF
Ruth zentz, Ardrey Mullaney
Betty James, Elizabeth Barger and
Ethel Brewer,
Evening star., 1944-02-05
Defeat by Wisconsin,
Loss Of Graham Hit
Wildcats Hopes
By the Associated Press.


CHICAGO, Feb. 5.-Northwest-
ern's Big Ten basket ball title hopes,
which received a stiff Jolt yesterday
with announcement OF the impend-
ing Navy transfer of Otto Graham
were at even lower ebb today. The
Wildcats were dropped from the
leagues elite unbeaten circle last
night by Wisconsin in a double over
time thriller, 50-47.
Meanwhile, undefeated Purdue
rang up its seventh straight con-
ference win over more or less IA
vored Ohio State five which pre-
vlously had lost only one of six loop
engagements, and Michigan did the
expected In whipping Indiana for
the first time since 1898.
Both Come From Rear.
Both Wisconsin and Purdue over
came halftime leads to finish on top.
1t was the conferences first dou-
BILE overtime this season and gave
the Badgers their fifth victory In
seven starts.
In tonight's Big Ten show In
diana remains at Michigan, Purdue
will try to make it two straight over
Ohio at Columbus and Northwestern
should come back with an easy vic
tory over Minnesota in the first
game Of Chicago Stadium double
header.
Iowa, only major unbeaten team
in the Midwest, should have no diff
f1culty chalking up its seventh con-
ference win at Chicago's expense.
Irish Meet De Paul.
Outside Big Ten circles De Paul
and Notre Dame provide the top at
traction. The Irish, who blow hot
and cold in alternate games, had
won only 7 Of 13, but among their
victims have been De Paul's only
two conquerors Valparaiso and
Marquette. The Hilltoppers, how
ever, trounced Notre Dame soundly
the last time out, 6O-43, while the
Blue Demons were tripped up in
their only meeting with Marquette,
51-49. If Notre Dame remains con-
sistent it will be on the losing end
tonight simply because it's the Irish
turn to lose, following their victory
over Bunker Hill. Coach Ed Krause' S
boys to date neither have won nor
lost more than one straight.
Evening star., 1944-02-05
Crack GooIies Oppose in Clash
OfCutters and St. Hyocinthe

with any OF the other performances
this season.
Prominent among the invading
Canadian service stars will be two
of the Dominion's finest defensemen,
G. Clare Martin, formerly of the
Boston Bruins, and Joe Kavanagh,
who will be given a trial with the
Chicago Blackhawks after the war.
The Coast Guardsmen, who have
won successfully over H. M. S. York
All-Stars, Ottawa Commands and
the Philadelphia Falcons here, will
bring back such popular players as
Art Coulter, New York Rangers;
Alex Motter, Detroit Redwings, and
Capt. Johnny "Cnoo Choo" Mariucci,
Chicago Blackhawks. Ossie As
mundson, Ed Barry. Bud Cook, Billy
Purcell, Gerry Dupuy and Charley
Pitt are other players with the Cut
ters.
Evening star., 1944-02-05
Fights Last Night
BY the Associated Press.


BosToN.--Coley WEIGH. 1914. Port
land Ne. stopped Henry Ghmielewssi'
s4 fSsslsha NeWsrE H oStponsed Mafss G54ss EsTis
NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. Dorazio. 1877,
Jones, 1s4, McKeesport.. Pa. go:
frankie Davis. 154, Philadelphia. out
pointed frankie Grasso, LAT, Phila-
oeisols RoRFoGk, o1}; va-Frank wills, 1917,
15124, New York. qW; Corpl. Ed Leo,
Lee Rosen, 1904. Baltimore (6).
ST: LOUIS.-Joey Pirrone, 1864,
Cleveland. outpointed Gene Spencer,
130, Chicago 10): Deacon, Nathan Io-
4sS7eai W9RcEsTAEh 1saA chsfsso Msss4Tommy S Bell,
Jolson, 14S: New orleans i1O); Tony
Gouveia, 146, Taunton, and Johnny
Lug; foI14svr1n 1AS; Taunton. R eE dseT sG; ~.
1eYizvills eg Gutpoipsed nssS Jimmy Fitz'ames
SAN FRANc1seo.2Ai spencer, 1s5,
Garcia. I37. San Francisco (9),
I21!a, Mexico City. won over Joe
Eoost0; En6cso't 70; "a; Pasadena by technical
AnsfiSui SAN pfEGo.-youns fgsioy Manuel, 147.
Mexico City, and Terry Gibson. 145.
Los Angeles. drew d0).
-. PORTLAND. Oreg.-Joe Kahut, ITO.
Wood6urn; Mood ibuiIc GREG Y,rsI outpointed Pedro
leo. i, and joey Bolan. 128. Portland.
Evening star., 1944-02-05
Peacetime Problems
Lands
Is Key Figure
BY the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
NEW YORK, Feb. 5.-Baseball
gropes into its postwar future today
and nobody knows what Commits
sioner Kenesaw M. Lands and the
Minor Planning Committee
are going to find.
While peacetime problems of
absorbing servicemen and shutting
league boundaries are high on the
list of 'musts," diamond figures here
for a series of meetings running
through Tuesday appear more inter-
ested in the immediate future of the
game.
Although the planners" are slated
to do their job today, series Of
committee meetings is likely before
any definite solutions are found
This work. for the most part, will
involve some legal hocus pocus of
baseball's own code which always
has been a mystery to Mr.. Average
Fan.
All III LdHOlS hanOS.
After much talk about farm
system m-independent showdown the
boys have called off their dogs and
no open hostilities are expected.
Commissioner Lands holds the key
to the situation, as usual, and can
stir up an uproar if he chooses to
make free agents of many national
defense list players as often rumored.
Minor league representatives held
preliminary session yesterday un-
der Chairman George Trautman of
the American Association and big
leaguers held informal get-togethers
throughout the day. AS President
Ford F'rick of the National League
put it after a short talk with Sam
Breadon of st. Louis, IF there is
anything big coming up, don't
know about it."
The International League meets
today to adopt its usual 154-game
schedule and the Eastern has
charted an important session to-
morrow at which the defunct
Springfield (Mass) franchise prob
ably will be shifted to Williamsport,
Pa.
Yankees Purchase Ed Levy.
After THE New York baseball
writer's dinner tomorrow night at
which Bill Dickey and Branch
Hickey will be honored, the four
day program ends with a National
League meeting Tuesday and prob
ably an American League session.
Manager Joe Mccarthy of the
Yankees arrived from his Buffalo
home for a series of conferences
and the champs stepped out with
an announcement that Ed Levy was
bought outright from Newark for a
trial in left field.
One new minor league has made
plans to join in the 1914 swim, the
Glass D Ohio State. Although a
definite organization meeting won't
be held until February 13, President
Donnelly says he has GAINESVILLE,
Newark, Lima, Marion, Springfield
and Middletown ready to go.
Evening star., 1944-02-05
Mile With Star Field
Racing Twins Color
Mi|Irose Meet

By the Associated Press
NEW YORK, Feb. 5.-Two sets Of
swift twins are an unexpected fea-
ture Of tonight's Millrose track
meet in Madison Square Garden.
Ross Hume of Michigan Is the
Big Ten indoor mile champion and
will oppose such nationally known
runners as Gil Dodds and Bill Hulse
In the race for the Wanamaker
trophy. In addition, he and brother
Robert make up one-half of the
Wolverines 2-mile relay team, fav-
orite in that event.
New York University presents the
other pair in Maurice and Stanton
Calender and they will combine
with two other Violets for the 1-mile
relay team. The New Yorkers are
in the same race with Army and
Notre Dame in what may be the
fastest heat Of the night.
Mile, 600 Share Spotlight.
Despite his Midwest honors, Ross
Hume is no better than a fourth
place choice in the mile run against
Dodds and Hulse, both of whom
have travelled the distance in the
Ineighborhood of 4:06. Don Burn
ham, Darmouth's medical student
and the collegiate champion, looms
as third best.
The mile, traditionally the fea-
ture Of the Millrose games, is shar-
ing some of its spotlight this year
with the Mel Sheppard 600, in
which Jim Herbert will be trying
for his fifth title. His four rivals
are Bob Ufer, another Wolverine;
Joe Nowicki of Rochester, Johnny
Fulton of Stanford and Charles
Grohsberger Of Dartmouth.
Only two of the 1943 winners, Pvt.
Barney Ewell, once of Penn State,
in the sprints and Bill Vessie in
the high jump, are back to defend
their titles.
Vessie, however, now is a naval
trainee at Dartmouth after having
won the event q year ago as .
Columbia Lion.
Relays Draw 50 Teams.
Fifty-two different relay teams
are ready for their baton carrying
on the 11-lap track. The 10 COL
lege aggregations In the 1-mile event
will run in five sections while the
nine 2-mile outfits will compete
in two heats.
The remainder are military, AAU
or prep school ouartets and will race
in events restricted to their own
classes.
Evening star., 1944-02-05
Little Hoyas Shatter
Saint Streak, Dewitt
.Upsets landon

st. Adams basket ball winning
streak is ended after four straight,
with Georgetown Prep responsible
for an upset yesterday as it topped
the Saints, 42-37.
Another upset was registered In
private school competition yesterday
as Dewitt turned back Landon, 37-26.
Prep was ahead all the way in
yesterdays game at Garrett Park,
with, Tony Boyer pacing the Little
Hoyas into 26-13 half-time margin.
The Saints staged comeback in the
second half with Cotton Smith set
ting the pace, but couldn't quite
overhaul the Preps.