davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1944-08-21
On the Record
By Dorothy Thomson

What is actually developing is no
universal doctrine, but a series of Nom
roe doctrines. with Germany, signifi-
cantly enough, the one country on
which nobody can agree and which
all three, therefore, hope to make into
political vacuum.
All this is far cry from a world
organized under the Atlantic Charter,
the Four Freedoms-"everywhe in
the world" IF. D. R)-for peace under
law, mutually enforced When the
Atlantic Charter was formulated, it
seemed too vague. but 1t is the ten COM
mandments compared with what we
have now. 1t is sad comment OF hu-
man nature that the ideals which one
holds when losing, are so easily scuttled
when winning.
Unofncial spokesmen for the admin
istration are, of course, conducting a
systematic campaign against ideal
lists" as though belief in principles were
in some way 'unrealistic." But any
form of any kind of organization, pre-
supposes principles. Without principles
there can be no law. Even to put down
aggression you have to define what ag-
gression is. That seems simple, but 1t
is actually difficult. We are enforcing
sanctions against the Argentine, but she
has INDUCED in no aggressive action.
We demand solidarity and take pre-
ventive action on the basis of substan-
tial evidence Of bad intent. But our
action is arbitrary under international
law as it exists today. And. as have
said before. an attempt to enforce
peace will, unless the enforcement
agencies are instruments Of world law,
lead not to peace, but to perpetual war.
And in this, Mr.. Dewey is correct and
history will be his vindicator.
On the other hand, the assumption
that the small governments are nobler,
wiser, or more principled than the big
three is not sustained by their state
ments. In the present state of mind
of the Allied governments. great and
small, We are no more likely to get
the kind of world organization that
Mr.. Dewey wants by including them
than by excluding them. If we are
going to enforce law, then everybody
must help make it and enforce it. even
the weak But II we are only going to
enforce force then only the holders Of
force will count.
There are certain principles in hu-
man conduct as clear as mathematics
and If it is idealistic to observe them,
it is idealism to say that two and two
makes four. They don't always make
four when certain kinds of realists
tamper with the books.
(Realeased BY the Bell Syndicate, 1nc)
Evening star., 1944-08-21
Mr.. Dulles

Relatively few of his contem 90
raries may enjoy the personal
acquaintance of John Foster Dulles,
but Governor Dewey's adviser on in
ternational affairs enters the fore
front of American public life from
background of considerable distinc-
ton. He is grandson of John
Watson Foster, lawyer, soldier,
editor, diplomat, Secretary of State
in the cabinet of President Harrison
and the author of series OF studies
Of statecraft unequaled for their
high authority. 1t likewise happens
that he is a nephew of Robert
Lansing, Secretary OF State in Presi-
dent Wilson'S time.
Mr.. Dulles, a native of Washing
ton, grew up in the tradition of both
relatives. 1t probably is not too
much to say that he literally was
born to his work. He also profited
from the strong Presbyterian ideal
ism of his father, the Reverend
Doctor Allen Macy Dulles, professor
of theology at Auburn Theological
Seminary from 1904 until his death
in 1880.
But the qualifications of Mr..
Dewey's friend for conferring with
Secretary Hull were neither inherited
nor automatically acquired from his
environment. He has made himself
rather more definitely than most
men do. Educated at Princeton and
the Sorbonne, he was major in the
United States Army, an assistant to
the chairman of the War Trade
Board and counselor to the Ameri-
can Commission to Negotiate Peace
between 1917 and 1919. Later, he
was American representative at the
Berlin debt conferences and, most
recently, chairman of the Federal
Council Of Churches Commission on
Just and Durable Peace. His
philosophy concerning harmony be-
tween nations has been discussed in
War, Peace and Change" and
number of pamphlets widely cir
culated.
Mr.. Dulles himself, however, has
not sought public attention. He
earns his living as lawyer and a
bank director. At hfty-five, he still
is young, eager to learn, certainly
not dogmatic in the sense of having
immovably fixed notions. His pro-
posal for postwar amity, announced
in January, contemplates fellow
ship" or federated commonwealth"
of states. To that end he urges
economic cooperation and super
Evening star., 1944-08-21
Mission to Chino

1t is not surprising that the an
nouncement of Donald Nelson's visit
to China to discuss economic prob
lens with Generalissimo Chang
Kai-shek should have resulted In
speculation that he Is being leased
out" as the head of the War Pro-
duction Board.
This speculation is based on
the division within the administra-
ton on the question of reconversion
to peacetime production. Mr.. Nelson
believes we should begin now on a
program Of gradual and limited re-
conversion as military cutbacks
make men and materials available
for the production Of civilian goods.
This is opposed by the military men
and by some Of Mr.. Nelson's asso-
ciates in WPB, who feel that such a
move at this time would be prema-
ture.
Despite these objections, however,
Mr.. Nelson issued an order a few
days ago authorizing the production
Of number of civilian items pro-
vided they do not use up materials
or manpower needed in the war
program. This seemed to be a VIC
tory for Mr.. Nelson, and it was pre-
sumed that the President had sided
with him.
But the trip to China casts con-
siderable doubt on that assumption.
The White House announcement
specified that Mr.. Nelson will be in
China for several months" all
though when the trip was first pro-
posed it was understood he would
be back within a month. While Mr..
Nelson is away WPB Vice Chairman
Charles E. Wilson, who originally
opposed the reconversion plan, will
be acting chairman of WPB.
Thus, if this be the intent, the
stage is set for shelving Mr.. Nelson's
project for the next several months,
however long that may prove to be.
The test, of course, will consist Of
what happens while he is away. If
Mr., Nelson's policies remain in force
there will be no reason to suppose
that he is being sent into exile by
the President. But on the surface
OF the matter, at least, the outlook
for Mr.. Nelson is not bright.
Evening star., 1944-08-21

Says Indians Aren't Different
TO the Editor Of The Star:
In The Star for August ls Herbert e.
Wilson says: The American Indian
prefers the primitive life"
1t Is surprising how that notion con-
tinues to exist, with practically no basi,
I'll fact. I wonder whether Mr.. Wilson
has seen Indians eating ice cream and
not dogs, riding in automobiles, opening
cans OF peaches and other fruit?
Our most remote Indians. Navaios
and Pueblos, for example, gladly listen
to the radio and see movies. I know
because for years I travelled to Indian
reservations all over the United States
Certain artists and "sentimentalists"
nave tried to keep Indians primitive as
a part OF wild-life conservation-j,st a
we don't want buffaloes to become ex-
tinct.
But Indians prefering primitive life
simply do not exist. Try to find a
dozen of them who would forsake civili-
zation and live in q remote forest IN
pre-Columbian style.
GEORGE F. MILLER.
Evening star., 1944-08-21
Justice iuhrino

1t was not an accident that JUS
tice Oscar H. Luhring should have
been held in such high esteem by
his associates in the courts of the
District and the members of the
District Bar.
He was an able and a conscien-
tious workman in the law, judge
who was ever ready to assume his
full share of the heavy burden of
work in the local courts until his
health began to fail nearly two
years ago. He was conSiderate as
well as courteous in his relations
with those who came in contact
with him. But beyond all of these
things he had quality of warmth
about him, sympathetic under
standing of the failings of others,
that endeared him to his associates
on the bench and to the lawyers and
the litigants whose troubles brought
them into the courtroom over which
he presided for fourteen years.
There is tendency sometimes to
appraise the merit of trial judges
by their record in the appellate
courts, by the number of times they
are sustained or reversed, and by
this standard Justice Luhring was
an able judge. But this test is not
a conclusive one. When a man is
serving in the District courts, where
his contact with the public is direct
and personal, he needs something
more than knowledge of the law
that will survive the courts of ap-
peal. In the flgurative sense, he
must be able to come down to the
people who have brought their trou-
bles to him, to understand the emo.
tions and the prejudices which have
brought them into court, and, in
many instances, to point the way to
adjustments which conform more to
the spirit than to the letter of the
law
1t was because Justice Luhring
possessed these qualities as we'll as
a trained legal mind that he was
able to contribute so much to the
court on which he served. His
death leaves vacancy that will not
be easily filled.
Evening star., 1944-08-21
This Changing World
BY CONsf0nfiNs Bro,Cn

With the occupation Of Paris, the
Allies, and particularly the American
Government, will be faced with their
first major political problem in liberated
territories.
From available reports 1t appears that
Marshal Petain intends to remain 1T
Versailles, where he Is said to be resid-
ing, when the American and British
forces enter the French capital.
The Vichy government, In spite of its
relationship with the Germans, Is con-
sidered from the international law point
Of view as the legal government of
France. Marshal Petain has derived his
power from q national assembly which
handed him the administration Of the
country on July 10, 1910. He Is the head
Of state by the virtue of q vote of that
assembly.
The American Government has recog.
nized the legality Of the Vichy govern
ment. President Roosevelt accepted M.
CASTOR Henri Haye as the FULL -fiedged
Ambassador OF the French state and
sent Admiral william D. Leahy as
American Ambassador to Vichy. These
omtcal relations continued until Novem-
Der, 1912. when the French government
broke of diplomatic relations with the
United States after we invaded North
Africa. Washington has never disavowed
the juridical existence of the Vichy
government and has never allowed the
diplomatic representatives Of the Al
giers administration to take possession
Of the French Embassy in Washington.
The interests of France are still en-
trusted, In accordance with diplomatic
usuages. to a neutral state-Switzer-
land. The military and civilian tepre-
sentatives Of Gen. de Gaulle have pri-
vate offices in Washington and are not
entitled to any diplomatic privileges.
Under these circumstances 1t appears
logical that Petain will be considered by
Gen. George s. Patton as the head of
the French state in whose political af-
fairs we as nberators have no business
to interfere. What will happen after
the liberated areas are placed under the
control Of Gen. de Gaulle's appointees
is purely French matter which has
nothing to do with the American MILL
tary commander.
There is much speculation in Wash
ington as to what Petain might do in
the event he remains in the liberated
area.
Evening star., 1944-08-21

mainly Of civilians, especially youths
and young men who fled from labor
conscription and took refuge in the
wilder and more inaccessible parts
Of France, particularly the noun
tains of Savoy and the rugged hill
country Of Southern France known
as the "Massif Central" The
Maquis, significantly named after
the dense brush thickets Of Corsica,
which 'harbored the famous bandits
Of that hot-blooded island, has
neither the training nor the equip
ment needed to face the Germans
in open combat. Its function has
therefore been primarily sabotage
OF communication lines, destruction
Of military stores and harassing
raids on small isolated German de-
tachments of occupation. The
Maquis has likewise terrorized or
liquidated "collaborationists" among
their own countrymen and has
sometimes successfully fought the
Vichy gendarmes and militia.
Beyond these concentric circles of
organized resistance is a vast outer
fringe OF popular revolt, ranging
from improvised minute men" to
the popular millions of men, women
and even children aiding their pa
triot fighters and the Allied deliy-
erers in numberless ways, from
cutting of German stragglers to CIV
ing valuable information and Offer
ing food and wine. The entire pic
ture is one of all France except its
traitorous minority erupting in a
vast explosion of patriotic exalta-
ton. The psychological as we'll as
the military effect upon the half
beaten Germans cannot fail to be
great indeed.
Evening star., 1944-08-21

Mr.. Dewey made an admirable state
ment the other day regarding the post
war organization for peace. His warn
ing is important whether Mr.. Dewey is
elected or not, for he spoke for the
Republican party. whose power in the
next Congress will be suficient to pre-
vent any international treaty going
farther than this statement. 1t there
fore effectively sets the limits of
Americas negotiating power in this
moment.
/ am not sure that there Is much
difference between Mr. Dewey's concept
of world organization. and Mr.. Hull's
Mr.. Hull has so far been the spokesman
for the administration in this matter.
and his public statements are not in
conflict with Mr.. Dewey's view.
On the other hand, what all of us
are constantly seeing. are actions de-
veloping regardless of verbal policies,
and official statements modifying previ-
Gus ones Mr. Churchill months ago,
threw the Atlantic Charter into the
wastepaper basket He did SO by warn
ing that none of its provisions applies to
our enemies-despite the fact that In
passage after passage, the Atlantic
Is
either statement of principles of uni
versal validity. upon which a future
world law might be based, or is exactly
nothing at all.
Mr.. Hull has denounced as energetic
ally as Mr.. Dewey. the idea of govern
ing the world by spheres of influence.
Nevertheless, that is exactly what is de-
veioping. We cannot set the exact
frontiers of these spheres, but we can
see which powers are going to have
them
Gen. SHUTS has suggested that the
small Northern European countries
should join the British Commonwealth;
Russia has made her territorial claims
clear, but not yet clear is the extent to
which her subspheres will reach. The
Italian armistice terms are a complete
secret, almost year after the signing,
but we may be certain that the final
settlement will concern British interests
in the Mediterranean.
Meanwhile, the French, Belgian,
Dutch and Polish governments IN eA.-e
are airing claims to historically Ger
man territory and whether or not they
will be granted would seem to rest upon
their willingness to act as British or
American subspheres. These countries
cannot otherwise defend newly con-
quered territories. Poland, if she takes
the German territories which she
claims, will have to hold them by So
Wet support and will, therefore, if she
takes these territories, become Soviet
satellite. The others will be dependent
on Britain and America
Evening star., 1944-08-21
Wants CIO.PAC Studied

To the Editor Of The Star:
There seems to be considerable con-
fusion in the thinking of some of your
correspondents and columnists concern-
ing the CIO Political Action COMMITTEES
Its head, Sidney Hillman, and Com
munism A recent writer to this
column accused Mr.. Hillman of Com
munisim because he seems to be In
agreement with the present party
hne,D although, as Lowell Mellett DEM
onstrated, that was not the case a few
years ago. Use Of this criterion would
make all those who now favor an all
out war effort Communists, since this
seems to be the present Communist
position. Likewise, It would apply the
same label to the 1910 "isolationists,
since their attitude on the war at that
time rather closely resembled the Com
munist thought Of that period.
1t seems to me that q more valuable
procedure for all concerned would be
an examination and discussion Of the
assumption and aims Of the CIO-PAC
rather than IN indiscriminate appli-
cation Of vague political labels.
RICHARD v. KAsIUs.
Evening star., 1944-08-21

The most plausible explanation offered
by former high ranking French ofIicials
who ned from the vichy regime but have
refused to recognize Gen. de Gaulle rs
the legal representative Of France Is
that Petain will summon the National
Council formed on February 20, 1e43,
and of1er his resignation. These French
men say Petasn agreed to become the
head OF the French state when the
national Assembly gave him all the
powers he required. He accepted what
he described Is . mission" when the
Germans were at the height OF their
power and were believed to have won
the war. Now that the Germans are
being defeated and France Is being lib
Grated by the Allies, Petain may regard
his mission" as ended and ask the
National Council to take over the powers
1t bestowed on him q year ago. The
council may be presided over by men
with unstained regulations such as the
former Prime Minister Edouard Herriot
or the former president of the Senate.
Albert Jeanneny. The National Council
has the power to restore the constitution
OF 1875 and order new elections. It also
might decide to appoint an interim chief
Of government in the person of Gen. de
GAulle himself.
Many observers here believe that such
gathering would wish to see Gen. de
Gaulle rs the head of 4 constitutional
government In order to ascertain wheth-.
er the stories told about his "dictatorial
tendencies" are correct or not. Nothing
can prevent the leader of the Free
French from prosecuting traitors and
collaborationists through the courts in
accordance with the laws of the revived
French republic.
Reports from London that It will be
some time before Gen. de Gaulle makes
his ofdcial appearance in Paris tend to
confirm the belief that the American
Government intends to keep its pledges
to the French people that it will not
impose on them government formed in
exile. but will give them the opportunity
to express their wishes freely.
Whether this point OF view, which is
supported in high American quarters,
will prevail remains to be seen. It de-
pends largely on the attitude of the
British government and on its protege,
Gen. de Gaulle, whether important DO
litical complications will appear after
the liberation of the French capital.
Evening star., 1944-08-21
Supply and Endurance
Mai. Georee Fielding Eliot

HJCIUtVx LtOb
with a quick-moving, quick-changing
situation such as that OF the battle OF
France at this moment.
But the basic factor of endurance has
NOT changed very much from former
times The human body still has its
limitations. It can endure fatigue, hum
ger, thirst, wounds, heat and even
despair-for a time. Then it breaks
down. The Germans who have con-
trived to escape one Allied trap only to
find themselves encircled by another may
be able to keep on going for a time
some of them. But others will not; they
will straggle from the ranks or be left
behind through sheer inability to keep
putting one foot before another.
To a man In such a state, the quiet
comfort Of prisoner of war camp, with
three square meals day and q bed to
sleep in under q peaceful roof at night
begins to look q lot more attractive than
the continuance of his present exertions,
especially when he can see nothing to be
gained by continuing. That is where the
factor of despair comes in.
For the human body, when it is phys
ically exhausted, can be driven onward
only by the human willard the will Is
largely controlled by the intelligence.
Once convince q man that no good end
is to be served by continuance Of his suf-
ferings, and his natural desire to end
those sufferings may prevail.
%t&
Consider In this light the feeling Of
the German troops who have fought
their way west past the blazing gateways
Of Falaise and Argentan only to find
themselves on jammed roads, blasted all
day long by Allied aircraft, with Allied
pursuit hot on their heels and the ru-
mors spreading down the column that
the accursed American armored divisions
are in front Of them yet again, that men
are dying like flies in attempts to cross
the Seine In barges-but why 60 on?
It IS for these reasons, rather than by
counting up the bag Of prisoners already
taken and the toll Of vehicles destroyed
along the Norman roads that the con-
clusion may be reached that the Ger
man 7th Army Is being destroyed
as military organization.
tcopyrisht. 1874. New York Tribune. fne.)
Evening star., 1944-08-21
MONDAY, August FL, 1914
Hazards of Secrecy

So great is the Importance Of the
conference which opens today at
Dumbarton Oaks that almost any
steps to assure its successful out
come would be justified. One of the
steps is to invoke extraordinary pre-
cautions against the leak" to news
papers of any news of the proceed
ings save that which is officially
authorized by agreement among the
three delegations. Newspaper repre-
sentatives, after the formalities of
the opening session are completed,
will be barred from the grounds,
armed soldiers will be on guard and
the delegates have been requested
not to talk to reporters.
If this step helps to encourage
harmonious and successful negotia-
tions, it will have been worth while.
But the value Of the secrecy which
is sought will have to be weighed
against other things. The food con-
ference last winter at Hot Springs
was placed in jeopardy, not by the
nature of the problems under dis
cussion but by the absurd restric-
tions established in the hope of
keeping them under cover, restric-
tions which Judge Marvin Jones, the
presiding officer, finally lifted on the
correct conclusion that they were
doing more harm than good.
Discussions like those at Dunbar
ton Oaks, involving many sensitive
issues, could not very well be con-
Quoted in public forum. There
must be an interchange of views,
the frankness of which cannot be
impaired by any fear that they will
be distorted or misrepresented
through improper publication. When
the conference ends, the results,
to be effective, must be made
public. Reasonable precautions for
privacy are necessary; and every
body understands the necessity. The
danger to be avoided is an appear
ance of the sort of secrecy which
breeds diStrust and suspicion, which
suggests undercover commitments
and becomes the source of whispered
rumors. An informed public opinion
Is as necessary for postwar COL
laboration as the agreements which
may be reached. The wisdom of the
arrangements at Dumbarton Oaks
will be tested by the methods chosen
to carry them out.