davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1944-06-04

cars and lorries. BY years Of deyelop-
ment the reciprocating engine-that is
to say the ordinary arrangement Of
cylinder, piston, connecting rod and
crankshaft-has become so perfect that
challenge from an entirely different
quarter seemed unthinkable It was as
fantastic to many people az the posi-.
ointy OF an airplane flying without an
airscrew.
All the publicity that has now been
given to Jet propulsion has, in my opin-
ion' given rise to the impression that the
new power unit viii be used solely for
propulsion of aircraft by a hieh-spe
Jet OF hot gases. That certainly Is its
immediate importance, but actually the
gas turbine has much wider sienifi-
canoe. And 1t is about the gas turbine
that want to talk.
Enormous Power.
The outstanding feature of this r..
markable British development is the
practical realization OF small light.
rotary engine of enormous power. The
dictionary meaning Of a turbine is 4
rotary engine driven by water or
steam" but that definition will need to
be nodernized to include gas.
A friend recently asked me to de.
scribe gas, turbine unit in 40 words.
1t simply cannot be done, but / offer a.
simple analogy. You know that in the
case OF water wheel driven by a rush
ing mill stream, power is taken from the
shaft 1t rotates, to grind corn. And YOU
VIII also be familiar with the reverse ac-
tion-the paddle wheels of a steamer
which in this case are driven by engine
power applied to the axle shaft, Notice
IN the first case the wheel is driven,
in the other 1t drives.
"A compressor and turbine are much
the same, save that a tornado of air
does the work. In this case the so-called
paddles consist of many curved blades
disposed around the axle after the
manner OF ventilating fan. Imagine
tnen series of these fans (the COM
pressor at the front end of a shaft
and another series (the turbine) at the
opposite end. They are all inclosed In
tubular metal casing. In the middle
Is combustion chamber for the con-
tlnuous burning of fuel (parafln, for
example,, and there you have in ef-
1ect. the turbo- compressor unit.
The action is as follows. Air is drawn
Evening star., 1944-06-04

stands, tramps, pie women and lob
byists."
Demonstrating the improvements
wrought by the intervening years, VIII
liam J. Donaldson, superintendent of
the House press gallery, and Harold r.
Beckley, superintendent on the Senate
side Of the Capitol, will swear that they
haven't stumbled over a peanut stand
or a pie woman for ages.
Time also has worked quite a change
in the methods of handling news.
Bill" Donaldson, who has been super
intendent of the House gallery since
1918 and was page before that, recalls
4 period when two or three telephones
furnished the quickest method Of trans
mission for dispatches. and James D.
Preston, who retired as Senate super
intendent few years back, after service
that started In the '90s, saw the first
typewriter brought into the gallery as
an experiment"
Evening star., 1944-06-04
"A. P. Photo.

Government press agents" often criti-
cised fall into the same classification as
the rest Of the race, good and bad, with
the former far in the ma ajority. Many arc
former newspapermen who never forget
their early training, and spare neither
time nor pains to see that particular
subject is presented to the public both
accurately and effectively. Some of their
fellows who came into press relations
work without newspaper background are
equally valuable. Then Jnere are Others.
They usually are "in conference"
Further Progress
There seemingly have been additional
developments not SO generally recog-
nized. One Washington newspaper re-
Gently assigned girl reporter to police
headquarters, believing the experience
would be helpful. Returning to the
ONCE, she said the desk sergeant had
kissed her. That never happened to a
male reporter.
Evening star., 1944-06-04

The years also have brought a couple
of related developments-Gove
handouts" the trade term for news
releases, and press agents." which have
an important place in the news scheme
despite their critics. That news re-
leases often are anything but that, is
not to be denied, but in the complex
machinery of Government today, the
public is served far better from the
standpoint of getting accurate informa-
ton, when an agency lays down facts
on paper, than under system that de-
pended entirely on word-of- f-mouth.
Even In the Supreme Court now,
printed copies of the decisions are made
available as soon as the delivery of the
opinion In each case is started, which
represents so per cent gain over the
days when reporters just hoped they
heard what the justices said. The re-
porters still have to try to figure out
what the opinions mean.
Evening star., 1944-06-04

Let US visualize the manner In which
this principle Is applied to an aircraft.
Imagine large tubular casing, open
each end and extending the full length
OF the aircraft fuselage. Air enters at
the nose and is expelled from the tail
nozzle. Arranged In this tube is a ro-
tary air compressor, which takes in the
air and delivers it at higher pressure
to part OF the tube serving as a COM
bustion chamber. Liquid fuel is continu-
ously sprayed into the combustion cham
Der and continuously mixed and burnea
with some Of the air From the COM
bustion chamber the hot mixture of air
and combustion gases, at relatively high
pressure, passes to the turbine entrance.
The excess air is added to the gas to
lower the temperature sufficiently to pre-
vent damage to the turbine blades. In
forcing its way through the turbine the
gas-air mixture creates mechanical
energy in rotating the turbine wheel,
and this energy performs the work of
driving the air compressor to supply
more air to maintain combustion. The
eflux from the turbine issues from the
tail nozzle as q high-velocity Jet and, by
reaction. propels the aircraft. BY high
velocity" is meant approximately the
speed Of sound-about TAO miles an hour.
OF course, the velocity can be varied, but
In flight 1t should be about one and a
half times the forward speed of the
aircraft.
No Spark Plugs.
What about ignition? There is no
timed, periodic ignition with spark plugs
and magnetos. For an initial start
there Is an electric plug which glows
like the element in domestic fire or
toaster. Once combustion has started,
the mixture burns continuously after
the manner of the oil burner of do
mestic boiler. Remember there are no
separate explosions
How Is the aircraft maneuvered on
the airfeld without any slpstream
from airscrews to provide an air flow
past the control surfaces? Quite simply.
The Jet thrusts the craft from the rear
and the pilot steers by means of the
nose wheel of the tricycle. undercarriage.
Do pilots like jet-propelled machines?
Most decidedly. Highly experienced and
highly critical test pilots say they are
easily flown, very responsive to controls,
and so smooth and vibrationless in oper-
alton that they prefer them to orthodox
types. Military men indorse these
characteristics and are enthusiastic
about the speed, climb and perform
ance generally.
Evening star., 1944-06-04

Presidential news conference; the ap-
pearance Of Britain's war leader at a
joint session Of Congress: announcement
of another victory for Allied arms;
pronouncement on voting rights by the
Supreme Court that is to be denounced
as challenge to white supremacy in
the south-its all part Of the swiftly
shifting news scene in Washington.
which today gets an attentive eye from
the whole world.
It hasn't been too long since Wash
ington was just another capital, If Its
importance were considered solely from
news standpoint. Today, as a global
nerve center, the tiniest happening is
likely to have interest somewhere,
whether 1t is Chungking or q Mid
western whistle stop, and press wires
Evening star., 1944-06-04

high. jinks and other accouterments OF
conventions in normal, peacetime years
would be out. Well, almost out. Econ
omy was the watchword Economy and
speed. Everything strictly business
Write the platform. Nominate the
candidates And 60 home.
Chairman Robert E. Hannegan of
the Democrats has announced that the
convention will conclude within the
week. Some people sneered. But the
party stan members here say he's right.
At least they hope he's right.
The Republicans will meet In Chicago
June rs ct Chicago Stadium. The
Evening star., 1944-06-04

Democrats will assemble In the same
place about three weeks later, July 10.
Stating the Show
Chicago Stadium, it appears, is just
q huge, empty building with few stock
fixtures. Estimated seating capacity,
10000 plus. You could do almost any
thing in it-play football, have a track
meet, perhaps run chariot races. For
the conventions all the props must
be arranged. Hence, the chance for
economy.
The Republicans will set the hall up
in convention style and leave their
fixtures for the Democrats. who VIII
split the expense with them. The
Democrats, however, will have to do
little refurbishing on their own, as
they will have l,l76 delegates and the
same number Of alternates ttotal,
2,352), while the Republicans, with
different system of apportioning dele
gates, will have only 1059 principals
and the same number OF alternates
(total, 2,118).
Each alternate as we'll as delegate is
entitled to a seat on the floor: So the
Democrats will have to provide more
seats. The Republicans, with 2a4 peo-
pie less to seat, will use the extra space
for bigger platform.
Advance Sidelishts
The Republicans. with their con-
vention only a little over three weeks
away, are further advanced with de-
tailed planning than the Democrats.
whose Committee on Arrangements
will meet in Chicago on June Is. They
supply the following sidelights on their
plans for the quadrennial battle-royal
of American politics:
Most of the Republican staf is al
ready out in Chicago getting the con-
vention hall ready reserving hotel
rooms, printing programs, arranging
for ushers and police and doing the
thousand-odd things that convention
stage managers" must do. About IS
or 10 people remain in the Office here.
The Republicans will take over Chi
cago's giant Stevens Hotel-3.2O .2O0-odd
rooms-as will the Democrats later.
They have reserved every chamber In
the hotel except those occupied by
permanent guests, as we'll as other hotel
rooms in the Loop district.
Strange Bedfellows
The Stevens has run into an odd
difficulty. Early in the war it was sold
to the Army and most of its furnishings
were moved out. A few months ago
the Army no longer needed it and sold
1t to another management, which had
to scout about for furniture in a scarce
wartime market. One of its difficulties
has been to find twin beds, the Re-
publicans told us. The present outlook
is that some OF the delegates either
will have to bunk together or sleep on
cots.
AAlc ItCPuUAlCdllS hIe CApCCtulk tiic
biggest press and radio coverage in
history. Plans are being made to ac-
commodate more than 1000 members
OF the working press, plus magazine
and feature writers. Some $50 radio
commentators, representing chains and
important stations, have applied for
places in the broadcasting booths. COM
pared with only so at the last Repub-
lican convention.
Getting the Story Told
This business Of keeping the Ameri-
can public in touch with goings-on at
the convention demands q tremendous
lot Of arranging, Providing seats for
the Newspaper and radio men Is just
Evening star., 1944-06-04

and radio span the miles within Sec
onds.
Even purple interludes In the careers
Of Capital citizenry of more or less
prominence draw attentions from the
outside now, a celebrated black book"
which figured In the recent District
Court trial Of some soiled doves threat
ening for while to rank with the best
sellers.
Changing Scene. ~.
This change has been a continuing
process. but 1t has been most pronounced
since the days of the First World War.
A comparison of the Congressional
Record of quarter OF a century ago
with the current issue furnishes eloquent
proof. Then there were about 220 news
papers and press services represented by
some 400 men and exactly two women
covering the news of the Capital.
Reuters, the British press service; Lon
don Morning Post and Times. Petit
Parisienne and the Toronto World were
the only foreign news outlets listed.
Today, approximately $50 newspapers
and press services have more than $50
reporters assigned to the Capital and
other news hot-spots, the listing includ-
ing 80 women. Represented also are
about 80 foreign outlets, with London
coverage for five dailies, topping this
group.
Radio also has a. large force on duty
ftsa IA SaN
the Presidents press conference as press
and radio" conference-and a sizable
block of trade papers likewise have staff
representatives here, as war production
activities have greatly widened the field
for them.
How Many Words?
The total wordage sent out by these
groups In the course of q day Is any
ones guess, but 1t runs into the hun
dreds of thousands Of words.
And added to all this are the pho
tographers and news reel crews who
cover the same beats as the news
gatherers.
One of the phenomena OF this full
Towering of the Capital as news CEN
ter has been the distad invasion. The
war. Of course, has brought in many
women as replacements for CT con-
freres-those in the congressional press
galleries are only a part of the total
here-but even before the war, the
skirted fraternity was preaching the
male line in many directions. Further,
they've managed to gain exclusive entree
to one news source-Mrs. Roosevelts
periodical conferences being "for women
only"
The First Lady broke this rule on
one occasion, admitting the men who
cover the White House to session just
after she had toured the South Pacific
last year. The innovation lacked some
thing of being bowling success, the
men being bit dubious about joining
in the major line of questioning. which
had to do with the effect OF the arduous
journey on Mrs. Roosevelt's weight. Let
1t be said, however, that Mrs. Roosevelt's
press conferences run a close second tc
those of her husband in interest. and
often, in Importance.
Roosevelt Conferences
The Roosevelt news conferences estab.
lishsd Landmark in Capital journalism
and that holds good for both sides Of
the family. Mrs. Roosevelt tossed prece
dent out the door and made a dead
letter Of the unwritten law that FRS
Ladies, like small children, are sup
posed to be seen but not heard. b.
inaugurating her meetings with tn,
press. while the Presidents conferences
Evening star., 1944-06-04

are comparable to nothing ever seen
here before.
Traditionally. Presidents had their
favorites in the newspaper profession
who had the run Of the White House.
Then Theodore Roosevelt enlarged on
this practice by holding himself avail
able to one and all It was necessary,
however, to make engagements some
time in advance. and formal attire was
de rigueur for newsmen calling at the
Executive Once.
President Wilson made a stab at hold
ing press conferences. but the effort
didn't last long, and it was not until
the Republican '2os that the mass turn
outs of the press began to be q regular
part of White House routine. It was
Evening star., 1944-06-04

the beginning of it. Miles Of telegraph
wire must be set up Hundreds of
messengers must be provided. Elab-
crate equipment must be installed for
the radio men, and living arrangements
provided for. all.
No welcome" sign will be put out
on the Republican doormat this year.
Advice to the joy-seeking roisterers.
the n-who-wants-to-be- e-on-the-in-
side and the usual convention hangers
on is: Stay at home. Read your news
papers and listen to the radio"
The once of Defense Transportation
Evening star., 1944-06-04

Have jet-propulsion plants a useful
application in peacetime2 Certainly.
They would be most desirable for high
speed, high altitude passenger aircraft
and for huge transport planes.
Thus you will appreciate that the
Coventry engineer, Frank Whittle, has
turned page in the history of the con-
quest of the air.
Even technical people unconnected
with aeronautical engineering had not
anticipated a new form of power unit
which could challenge the highly sue
cessful engines that propel our aircraft,
Evening star., 1944-06-04

has arranged for q few special trains
and for special cars to be attached
to regular trains to take delegates,
.alternates and others having legitimate
business at the convention to Chicago.
Entrance to these trains and cars can
be gained only on certincation by the
committee.
In the case of newspaper corre-
spondents. they must be approved BY
the Standing Committee Of Core.
spondents of the Senate and House
Press Galleries. The rule is to certify
only those working newspapermen who
represent dailies with minimum cir
culation of 3,000 The Radio Press
Galleries and the Periodical Press Gal.
leries pass on broadcasters and nnaga.
zine writers.
Throwing the Rascals Out
Gov. Earl Warren of California has
been chosen keynoter of the Repub.
licans. The usual role of keynoter Ia
to urge his colleagues to throw the
rascals out" and paint the sky with
rosy promises of the country's future
under his party's administration. 1t
is performance as hoary as American
history, and no keynoter has ever failed
in this duty.
Permanent chairman of the conven.
ton will be Representative Martin,
Republican, of Massachusetts,. He takes
over after the keynoter has finished,
and then the convention gets down
to the serious business of selecting pres-
idential and vice presidential candi-
dates.
The Republicans promise one politi-
cal innovation this year. For the first
time women will have an equal share
with men in drafting the party's plat
form. The Resolutions Committee will
include one man and one woman from
each State.
There'll Be Democrats, Too
The preview of the Democratic con.
vention this year is almost q carbon
copy of the Republican, except, as
noted, they haven't yet gone so far In
their plans.
The Democrats, too, will stay at the
Stevens and have preempted all pos
sible rooms in Loop hotels. They, too.
will have special trains, limited to
people on official business. They, too,
will have a keynoter and permanent
chairman though their names are not
known yet
But the Democrats can offer ons
attraction which the Republican billing
lacks-the prospect Of heated fight
over the seating of one of their largest
delegations, the 48 from Texas.
And Tales From Texas
Texas Democrats split the other day
over the question of sending q delega-
ton instructed to vote for q prominent
man in Washington. (We promised in
the beginning to name no candidates)
Unless the Lone Star staters sign Q
peace pact before coming to Chicago,
the convention will open with a heavy
weight slugging match which must be
fought out in the Committee on Gre.
dentials between two separate delega-
tions, each of which will demand to
be seated. There's blood on the moon.
So that is the picture of the con-
ventions as seen from Washington to-
day. No month-long struggle to ths
chant of "Twenty-four votes for Un-
derwood." No Three Long Years" to
the tune of Three Blind Mice" Few
banners and fewer bands.
In other words, no competition for
Billy Rose and Hollywood.
Evening star., 1944-06-04
Business, Not Ballyhoo,
Keys Show at Chicago
BY Joseph H. Baird.

jazz bushes oraoy
certify and less balyhoo.
pthny
And,
skethed
mttees
matter entirely.
We
machinery
journaisma
mention candidate
.
Well Maynower
red brick home that
story
Evening star., 1944-06-04
Covering News
Fronts inWashingtOn
BY Joseph A. Fox.


tesephrased $50 and
furiousky
uhdns gallant
soldiers and flyers ="
Speakers desk short sy figure Brain
In
blood ueins"
telephones
landed
clock the hgh-censed the Supreme Court sits registers
their places hu the before him
q man OF his color 49,"
Evening star., 1944-06-04

In this impression of a
transport plane (taken from
Mr.. Geofrey Smiths book,
"Gas Turbines and Gas Pro-
pulsion for Aircraft" pub
lished by Aerosphere) t,Oo en-
gi1eS drive small counterro-
tating propellers, and t,Do
produce propulsiue jets from
the trailing edge.
In by the rapidly rotating compressor
fans at the front and forced, under
pressure, into the combustion chamber.
Into the compressed air in this chamber
paraftln Is injected and ignited, and the
heat OF combustion causes expansion so
that the burning gases battle their way
through the only exit, the fixed nozzle
leading to the second group Of fans
that is, the turbine In so doing the
rapidly flowing gases by impinging on
the curved-or should say cupped p
blades cause the whole mechanism to
rotate at great speed
They finally discharge, like a high
speed Jet from fire hose, sufficient to
propel the aircraft by reaction. The
reaction is rather akin to the continu-
GUS recoil of gun. When under way,
efficiency is increased by the aircraft
itself collecting mass Of air through
the air inlet. Naturally, the faster it
goes the more air 1t scoops. This in
Continued on Page C-S.)
Evening star., 1944-06-04
What Jet Propulsion Holds in Store

Morked interest throughout the
United States and Canada ,Uos Gre
ated BY a joint statement issued By
the United States Army Air Forces
and the British Royal Air Force that
jet-propelled fighter aircraft had
successfully passed satisfactory tests.
Details OF this statement haze been
supplied by g. Geotrey Smith,
M. B. E, managing editor OF Flight
and OF Aircraft Production, and an
expert on all types OF 1irpldne en-
oines. At the request OF Oliper
Lyttleton. minister OF production,
Mr.. Smith Is now in the United
States In the interest OF interchange
OF technical information. :. s.
Many descriptions hare appeared
OF this turbine 5et-propulston unit.
but herewith is gipen an nuthoritd-
the tDord picture in laynsan's lam
guooe by Mr.. Smith, Uho held the
rank OF captain In World War !.
The tollo,uin1 Is condemnation OF
articles recently carried BY the Brit
ISL Broddcasting Company In Eng
land, but not In the United States
and Canada.
BY G. Geoffrey Smith, NJ. B. E.,
Managing Editor, OF Flight and
Aircraft Production.
People living or working near certain
factories and flying grounds in England
have during the past three years seen
strange planes having no airscrews fly
ing very fast and emitting a high
pitched whistling noise. Most people in
Britain, however, were completely sur
prised by the recent statement, issued
jointly by the RAF and the United
States Army Air Corps, that jet-pro'
PEELED fighter aircraft had already passed
the experimental stage.
The statement disclosed that the
pioneer work Of brilliant young en-.
gineer, Group Capt. Frank Whittle
RAF, has been crowned with success
His first turbine-compressor power plant
was running in 1887. In May, 1941, ar
airplane built by the Gloster Aircraft
Co. and fitted with Whittle plant was
flown successfully in England.
What, precisely, is jet propulsion? One
of the fundamental laws of the science
of mechanics is that "every force exert.
an equal and opposite force" The re.
action Of Jet of water is well known
for instance, the high-pressure jets o.
modern fire-fighting equipment otter
cannot be held and controlled by sin.
gle fireman. Perhaps the simplest H.
lustration is afforded by the sausage.
shaped carnival balloon. When the enc
nozzle is opened the air or gas escape.
as a Jet and pfopels the balloon aroune
the room,
The century voice. (Yazoo City, Miss.) 194?-19??, 1944-06-01

Official information coming from Tuskegee Institute
released through DR. T. d, Patterson, president confirms
the dismissal OF Austin w. Curtis IT,. employee Of
the school director of the George Washington Cary
er Foundation The discharge recommended by the Board
OF Trustees became effective April l.
Curtis had been employed Tuskegee for about eight
years and according contract made between Double
tav Doran & CO. Mrs Rockham Holt the late Dr. Cary
err and Mr. Curtis provided Mr. ROYALTY of Is
per made by the publishers to the contracting parties
with the Carver receiving 3 per and Mrs Holt
who wrote Dr. Carvers biography sc per DR. atter-
the effect that he couldn't understand how Cur
It's a Tuskegee Institute employee, would become entitled
to receive share equal that of DR. Carver in the sale
OF the internationally famous scientists biography. When