davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1944-03-07
Judicial LEGISLATION

The pointed language used by
four members Of the Supreme Court
in dissenting yesterday from
majority opinion in a banking liabil-
ity case is evidence of an increas-
ingly serious division among the
members of the Nations highest
court. .
This latest controversy turns on
the old issue of whether the court
is making its own law without
benefit of congressional sanction. In
yesterdays dissenting opinion, writ
ten by Justice Jackson with the
concurrence of Justices Frankfurter.
Roberts and Reed, it was charged
that "the court is not enforcing a
policy of Congress; it is competing
with Congress in creating new regu-
lations in banking" The minority
also accused the majority of the
court of protesting" to impose its
ideas on double banking liability as
a matter of legislative policy when
it cannot cite so much as statu-
tory hint" of such a policy.
1t need hardly be said that this
disposition of the majority to write
its own law Gf one accepts the
correctness of the minority view is
a serious matter, for judges, if they
are minded to do so, can easily frus-
trate the will of legislative body.
Seven years ago this was a burning
issue. At that time the "old court"
had invalidated much of the New
Deals legislative program, and the
President had come forward with
his Inflated bill to "reorganiEe" the
court. His supporters were earnestly
charging that the men who then
composed the majority of the bench
were usurping the function of Con-
greSs and making their own law.
They said that this was a grave
threat to our national existence,
that our form of Government could
not function with such an ire
SponSible court, and that something
had to be done about it.
Where are these highly articulate
opponents Of judicial lawmaking
today? We find Justices Jackson,
Frankfurter and Reed remaining
true to their convictions. But what
OF the rest of them? Do they dis
agree with the contention of todays
minority, or have they merely found
it easy to remain Indifferent now
that the pinching shoe is on another
foot?
Evening star., 1944-03-07
Letters to The Star
Opposes Excessive Leniency
for Conquered Italy

To the Editor of The Star:
The policy adopted by the United
States and Great Britain with regard
to Italy was, and presumably still is, one
of military expediency. The permanent
recognition of the regime of the Italian
King and Badoglio is, of course, impos-
sible. We must not lose sight of the
fact that Italy is conquered enemy
AS nation she is equally guilty with
Germany in bringing about this atrocious
war and 1t is somewhat incongruous to
talk about Furnishing German war
criminals if the Italian criminals are to
go unscathed. Had our invasion of
Sicily and the Italian mainland resulted
in failure. Mussolini, the italian King
and Badoglio would still be riding high
with Hitler. The downfall of Mussolini
was not brought about by any revolution
OF the Italian people. 1t was caused
by the fear of Ciano and those asso-
clated with him of German domination.
They fully realized that the Allied in
vaslon of Italy would be successful and
their choice lay between acceptance of
Allied or German rule They wisely
accepted the former and Ciano paid with
his life for so doing. The submission of
the King and Badoglio was made in
order to save their skins.
1t is absurd to imagine that a regime.
which, for years had acquiesed in. if not
actively supported, Mussolini's Fascism
could change in moment into friendly
ally of its former enemies. The Leopard
cannot change his spots and the spots
on the italian skin were very black. The
Italian people cannot be absolved from
blame While II ic tr,1a
held IN virtual subjection by Mussolini
they could rejoice over the barbaroIs
conquest OF Ethiopia and, without any
sign OF revolt, submit to being drafted
INTO the army to fight the United States,
Great Britain, Yugoslavia, Greece, etc.
we read about the underground activities
OF the French, Belgians, Dutch and
Norwegians, but where are the under
ground activities OF the Italians? If the
war could have terminated in victory
1or the Axis, what would have been
Italy's demands? How would France
and the Adriatic countries have Jared
and what would have been the situation
in Africa?
or course, we have no desire to ex-
terminate either the Italian or German
peoples but both should be compelled to
make some reparation for the damage
they have done and in both countries
such persons as are dangerous to the
peace OF the world should be liquidated.
Italy is in the position of a reprieved
murderer and the treatment meted out
to such a one is some form of COM
mutation, but not absolute liberty to
embark upon further crimes.
CHARLES H. MOORE.
Evening star., 1944-03-07

that being President means. It will not
be so easy choice at that. Circum-
stances might arise that would make 1t
impossible for him to lay down the
burden. The world may be at war with
or without threat OF our involvement, or
some other acute emergency may
eventuate that would forbid a change
Of administration; and the man in the
White House Is not the kind of individual
who would let his personal desires inter-
fere with what seems to him his duty"
The kernel of Mr.. Michelson's guess"
is found in his final clause. It is Just
as potent today as it was four or five
years ago. 1t Is obvious that Mr.. Michel
son is guessing that the President will
run for fourth term Certainly if he
was right about the impelling motive
which caused Mr.. Roosevelt to run for
third term in 1910, that impelling
motive exists in greater degree today.
when the country is involved in a
desperate war. To this writer it has
seemed incredible that Mr.. Roosevelt
would even consider not running for re-
election-win or lose-if the war is
still on.
Second, with regard to President
Roosevelt's methods OF working. there
has recently been much speculation
about who writes his speeches and his
messages. Two messages to Congress.
recently, one calling the State ballot
bill for soldier voting fraud" and the
other vetoing the 1914 tax bill. stirred
this speculation to a fever heat. Mr.,
Nicholson tells how the President gets
the views-script too-of his advisers,
and then dictates his own version "oc-
casionally using one Of our phrases, but
generally culling the best ideas that
had been submitted AND putting them
views-and then rolls his own" That
Evening star., 1944-03-07
Just Another Dow

The President has designated
Sunday, May 81, as IT Am an
American Day" and in an accom-
panying proclamation has urged
that exercises be held throughout
the country ito assist our citizens.
both native-born and naturalized
to understand more fully the great
privileges and responsibilities of
citizenship in our democracy" The
President wishes to place emphasis
on the achievement of "the full
stature of citizenship" by foreign
born men and women and by the
coming of age of great numbers of
our youth"
But what would be the most
appropriate form of exercises to
commemorate 81 Am an American
Day" in the Capital of the United
States, where American citizens are
barred from achieving "the full
stature of citizenship" and live un-
der the most undemocratic form of
government in the Nation? We
know about the responsibilities of
citizenship without repre-
sentation, and going to war without
a voice in the government which
sends us to war. But how can we
celebrate the great privileges of
citizenship, when the most funda-
mental of them all is dapiodo
Real meaning would be given to
this Il Am an American Day" in
the United States by some practical
demonstration that we practice what
we preach, and by acknowledging
that we cannot lay claim to demo-
cratic government in the United
States as long as undemocratic
government exists in its Capital.
Evening star., 1944-03-07
Constantine BrO1Vn

OF the Dardanelles against repetition
Of another "Gallipoli" by the French
and the British
Saracoglu found these conditions in
compatible with the sovereignty Of the
Turkish republic, packed his bags and
returned to Ankara. EvG since the
Turks have been looking on Moscow
with suspicion.
The friendly talks between Prime Min
lister Churchill and President rnonu
after the Casablanca conference In Janu-
airy, 1943, resulted in a better relation
ship between Turkey and Russia. But
the element of suspicion was never COM
pletely eradicated At last December's
Cairo meeting of President Roosevelt,
Prime Minister Churchill and President
Inonu the matter of Turkeys active CO.
operation in the war was brought up
again. President Inonu Is said to have
raised the question Of positive guaran-
tees as far as Russia's possible expan-
sionist aims were concerned
From here on the picture is less clear
to usually well-informed diplomats. It Is
believed that some verbal assurances
may have been given and that on the
basis of those assurances Inonu may
have made some commitments. But he Is
said to have found strong opposition on
his return to Ankara, particularly from
his military advisers, on the ground that
neither Mr.. Roosevelt nor Mr.. Churchill
had given him any formal pledge.
In the light Of what happened to the
Poles and the Yugoslavs since last De-
cember the suspicious Of the Turks about
possible Russian aims were further in
creased. The result is said to have been
definite refusal of Ankara to use T,lr-
keys armed forces in the war unless
America and Britain pledged themselves
to protect Turkey against any possible
Russian encroachments. When this did
not materialize, the warm friendship be-
tween the Allies and Turkey began to
cool of.
Evening star., 1944-03-07

better able to evaluate the President
than Charlie Mike" as he was and is
known to newspapermen throughout
the country. For years he has been in
close personal contact with the Presi-
dent, has helped him write speeches and
given him information and advice about
political situations. In this chapter
Mr.. Nicholson has not only given his
estimate Of President Roosevelt but he
has also thrown light on the Presidents
future political plans and how the
President works. It is as revealing a
bit OF writing as has appeared in long
time.
First with regard to the Presidents
political plans. Mr.. Nicholson writes:
"As to Roosevelt's intentions, I am In
the same position as I was five years
ago, when I wrote:
"'Of course, I am entitled to guess,
and my guess is that Franklin D. Roose-
velt would take case Of hives rather
than four years more Of the headache
Evening star., 1944-03-07
Unanswered Questions

The latest report of the Truman
committee strikes a generally op-
timiStic note which finds no little
justification in the record of accom-
pliShments for 1943.
In the production field, with
which the report was principally
concerned, the tremendous ad-
vances made last year are matters
of common knowledge All impor-
tant schedules were substantially
met. and much of this success, as
the report states, was due to the
accumulated efforts of the millions
of people who have each done their
share" The report also notes, how
ever, that during the year there was
a tendency" to quit employment in
war industries, and it is likewise
true that the defections of those
who quit their jobs piled an addi-
tional burden on the millions who
stuck to their civilian posts Be-
cause the report seems to under
emphasize this problem of turnover
in war plants, and because the
problem is apt to become more seri-
GUS during 1914. the committees
decision to oppose national service
legislation as being a device to get
results which can be more effec-
lively obtained "by other means
that would do less violence to in
dividual freedom" is not reassuring.
A more impressive picture OF what
this tendency to quit employment
in war industries" actually amounts
to was given last week by Secretary
of the Navy Knox during his ap-
pearance before the Senate Mill
tary Affairs Committee.
Secretary Knox testified that in
all American industry last year the
outright" quits-a term that ex-
cludes the men who were drafted
or discharged or laid off-averaged
five per cent a month. In other
words, so out of every 100 war
workers, for some personal reason,
quit war job during the year,
thereby making it necessary to find
replacements, and often to train
replacements, for them. Secretary
Knox estimates that if this trend
is allowed to continue it will mean
100000 job vacancies this year
100000 wasteful Interruptions in
the war effort while new men are
found and trained, transported and
housed"
IT we had an adequate national
service act. properly administered,
we would not be confronted with
this appalling war waste in 1914.
Therefore, if the Truman commit
tee opposes this legislation, and in
view OF the obvious failure Of the
so-called voluntary controls, it is
only fair to ask how it proposes to
deal with this problem. What are
the other means" of which it
speaks that can be substituted for
national service with "less violence"
to individual freedom?
This Is field to which the COM
mittee might well give more specific
attention. and it can add greatly
to its record Of public service by
seeking satisfactory answers to
these questions.
Evening star., 1944-03-07

ulOiIicIlt. L AIN QeS-
perately afraid that
out of this war there
may even come a
legend of the brood
ing American spirit,
grooming to itself,
endlessly sitting in
the corner, waiting
for the kettle to boil,
for the cat to jump.
Mr.. Churchill has
climbed down off the
fence. He has an
nounced that he
supports Russia's
claims to strong
Evening star., 1944-03-07

up against Germany and it's sat-
elites. The value of information
to the enemy is heightened by the
fact that he operates on interior
lines and can thus use it generally
faster than we can use information
about him gained in the same way.
Yet. SO long as these nations stay
neutral, there seems little that can
be done about it beyond seeing to
it that their neutrality is scrupu-
lousy observed.
Evening star., 1944-03-07
New Russian Drive

offensive in the Ukraine has the
makings Of major disaster for
Hitler's forces in Southern Russia.
In effect, with the Odessa-Lwow
railroad severed at Volochisk, the
Nazls have lost - at least tempo
rarily-the use of their last impor-
tant supply line in that vast Sec
tor, and if they are forced into a
general retreat, their main escape
route will be closed to them as well,
leaving them with no other avenues
OF entry or exit but the relatively
poor highways and trackage ira
versing Bessarabia and Rumania.
More than once in the past, of
course. the Nazis have managed to
extricate themselves from similar
situations, and since the new drive
is still in its developing phase, it is
too early to build our expectations
too high. Nevertheless, as evidence
that the Russians themselves are
attaching unusual importance to it,
20 salvos from 224 guns have thun-
dered in Moscow to celebrate the
initial breakthrough, and the 'front.'
line command-the first he has as
sumed since winning the battle of
Moscow - has been placed in the
hands OF the formidable Marshal
Zhukoff, Premier Stalins right
hand man as chief of the general
staff and Vice Commissar of De-
fense.
Another indication of the i'm
portance of these operations is the
fact that no fewer than seven gen.
erals are commanding under zhu-
koff and that Berlin reports the
breakthrough to have been effected
by more than 100000 Red Army
troops along 112-mile front. With
other divisions in position to strike
along the lower Dnieper, the Rus
slams thus appear to have begun a
final decisive drive to sweep the
enemy out of all of Southern Rus
sia, from Odessa northward to the
new battle line. Short of being en-
trapped and cut to pieces, Hitlers
forces face the prospect Of being
sent reeling in retreat to Bessa-
rabia unless they can marshal
enough strength to stop and throw
back Zhukoff'S advancing army or
unless the spring thaw comes with
its mud to bog down the fighting.
The Russians, however. are prob
ably equipped to cope with both
contingencieS-either the mud or a
counteroffensive-s that we NAV
see the Nazis driven completely out
of the lower Ukraine in the not dis
tant future.
Perhaps one of the most amaz-
Ing aspects of this new Russian
drive is that it has been launched
at a time when the Red Army is
busy pushing forward nearly every
where else along the eastern front
past the deep salient in Poland all
the way to the northernmost end
at Pskov and Narva. Russian
strength, in this sense, looks as linn
itless as it is versatile. and nothing
Hitler can do is enough to stop or
even appreciably delay its march
The Nazis, when they are not en-
circled and annihilated, do little
but fall back and back, and the day
does not seem far away when they
will have lost every inch of the
ground they once conquered in the
Evening star., 1944-03-07

saint and no devil.
He is just a human
being W it h many
virtues a nd some
faults, with a wealth
Of governmental eX-
perience. The cur
rent issue of the
American Magazine
publishes a chapter
of a book written
by Mr.. Nicholson.
It Is e n title d
Roosevelt The
Enigma"
Probably no man
in Washington Is
Evening star., 1944-03-07

or across the Ru-
m a n ian frontier.
once again t h e y
have created a situ-
a tion W hich is
charged with poten-
tial disaster for the
Wehrmacht.
1t remains to be
seen W h e t h er the
Germans can stave
off disaster as they
have done before, by
counterattack. They
cannot, t his time,
stave it off by we'll
timed withdrawal.
Evening star., 1944-03-07

heard soon. 1t Is
likely to show that
political rather than
military considera-
tions we're to blame.
According to dip
! o m a tic observers
who have followed
closely the Develop
ments which brought
Turkey so near the
Allied camp, neither
Prime M n | S t e r
Churchill nor Presi-
dent Roosevelt has
been able to give
definite assurance To
Evening star., 1944-03-07

Soviets at frightful cost in blood.
Sooner or later. the German people
must realize how truly horrible and
futile has been the adventure that
their Fuehrer led them into.
Evening star., 1944-03-07
The Political Mill

To Charles Nicholson, for dozen
years the shrewd director of publicity
for the Democratic National Committee,
President Franklin D. Roosevelt is no
Evening star., 1944-03-07
Nazis Face New Peril

Once again the Russians have re-
turned to their persistent effort to cut
off the German southern armies and
push them back against the Black Sea
Evening star., 1944-03-07
I'd Rather Be Right

Don't look now, but we are becoming
the enigma of the world. Russia, in
its most puzzling days, was hardly SO
mysterious as We are at the present
Evening star., 1944-03-07
This Changing World

The Turkish side of the story which
led to cooling of in relations between
the Ankara government and the British
and American governments will be
Evening star., 1944-03-07

K. P, officially, may stand for
kitchen police; unofficially, it seems
to mean Keep Peeling.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-09-13

Tiger has ever done in speed tests
in this country is so miles an hour
although the Germans claim for II
a top speed OF SO miles.
had never driven a tank before
yet the operation of the Hellcat Il
so simple that after a one-minute
demonstration of its controls
was able to drive 1t across the
proving ground at full speed. Not
counting some tricky skids on the
curves, it was as easy to drive as an
automobile. The bumps were alb
sorbed by knee-action devices.
The Hellcat is steered and brak-
ed by two simple levers. There are
three speeds forward and one in re-
verse. Running at high speed
forward, it can be stopped prac-
tically within its own length. and
can be put into full speed back
ward at once.
GIiders Can Carry Il
Stripped OF cargo and crew, It
weighs only IN tons and can be
carried in the largest British Gid
ers. 1t can ford enemy water
traps.
The Hellcat fires three types of
acknowledgements, smoke, and
armor-piercing. The latter can
knock out enemy strongpoints at
~ miles. At one mile range the
gun can be aimed like rifle and
fired point blank. The gun over
hangs the chassis, yet was able
to take the destroyer up and down
a 30-degree slope without trouble.
Originally. the Tiger had an So
nm. gun, but the Germans since
have installed a 75-mm. gun for
which they claim a muzzle velocity
OF $500 feet per second, using a
15-pound shell. Both the German
and American guns have muzzle-
brakes to shorten the recoil. Both
fire better from a standing posi-
ton but the American destroyer is
fitted with a stabilizer which per-
mits II to fight a running battle.
Set New Record
The designing, construction and
testing OF the Hellcat set new
record for ordnance strategy. When
the Tigers first appeared, the AL
lies had nothing to match 1t. The
War Department awarded a con-
tract to Buick. who. working in
cooperation with the Ordnance De-
partment developed the details and
completed the design.
Buick engineers studied the Tiger
then returned to their drawing
boards. The same workmen who
had made automobiles made the
tank-killer Edward T. Ragsdale
assistant chief engineer of Buick
proved the Hellcats versatility by
putting II through the most thor
ough tests.
The government on Jan %, 1913.
ordered quantity production of the
tank destroyers: the first Hellcat
rolled off the assembly line in July.
1943, and the production rate rose
to several hundred a month. All
the Allies have put In requests for
the Hellcats.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-09-13
Wings

Edward Avery received his pri
vate pilots license Tuesday from
Mr.. onnyerbecker at Lansing. Mr.
Avery also received his aircraft
AMI engine mechanics license.
Lewis Nelson. Ann Arbor, made
his first solo flight al McEnnan Air
port Sunday.
Word has been received that Jo-
seph A. Mueller has received his
wings and second lieutenant com
mission from Moore Field, Texas.
Captain Buss Wicketts was IN
Airport visitor Sunday and Monday.
Captain Wicketts is in the Ferry
Command, stationed at Great Falls,
Mont.
Edward Avery and Muriel Rum
sey flew to Lansing Tuesday.
Thomas Holiday flew his Culver
to Toledo Tuesday where he left 1t
to have the motor overhauled.
Charles Gault flew his Aeronca
down to bring him back.
Mr.. and Mrs. George Wood flew
to Lansing Thursday. Mr.. Rudy
Layher has purchased Mr.. Woods
share in the Taylorcraft.
Wellington White flew to Hance
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-09-13
Races Into Battle

The Hellcat is officially inscribed
on the books as the 76-millimeter
gun motor carriage, Mis-. 1t is a
mobile gun in an open turret on c
tank chassis. Its role is to race
into battle against enemy tank
formations and destroy them by
means OF its far greater speed, mo-
bility and fire power. In its bap-
tism Of fire in France, il proved
superior TO even the latest Tigers.
With a crew OF five, its anti-air-
craft machine gun, and a full load
Of ammunition, it weighs approx
mately 10 tons. Yet il can travel
So miles an hour. The fastest any
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-09-13
u. S. 'Hellcat' Destroyer
Wrecks Nazi Tiger Tanks

| tactical weapon designed to end
the dominance Of tanks in modern
warfare.
was a civil internee In Ger
many more than a year ago when
the Nazis threw into battle in
North Africa, Russia and Italy their
now famous Tiger" tanks.
knew 1t TO be powerful weapon
which took a heavy toll Of less
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-09-13

formidable tanks. | saw II in &C
ton in official German war reels.
| judged it TO be the outstanding
weapon introduced into modern
warfare in 1912.
On secret proving ground within
the Buick factory here, saw
Americas answer to the Tiger-a
faster. better armored, more power.
full weapon which can smash an
enemy strong point at ~ miles
range but which is at its best in
give-and-take battle at 1000 yards.
This weapon, which followed the
Tiger into action by less than
year, has already rendered the Ger
man tank obsolete.