davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1944-11-28
Test Of Plan 10 Extend
Social Security Is
Urged in District
BY J. A. O'LEARY.

A suggestion that Congress
might use the District of Colum-
bia as an experimental area to
try out broad extension of the
Social Security Act to cover all
wage earners was made before
the House Ways and Means Com
mittee today by M. Albert Linton,
president of the Provident Mu-
tual Life Insurance Co. OF Phila-
delphia.
Mr.. Linton was testifying in favor
of postponing the automatic dou-
bling of payroll taxes for old-age
insurance until further study can
be made, of the old-age insurance
system.
The fact that the Government may
have to add subsidies from general
taxes to the social security fund in
"a later generation prompted Mr..
Linton to point out that the need
for such subsidy emphasizes the
Importance of extending coverage
of the system to include large groups
of workers not now covered, espe-
cially workers on farms and in
Ihomes, and employees of nonprofit
organizations and governmental
units
Would Include Servants.
Mr.. Linton explained later that
he was thinking chiefly of domestic
servants in suggesting the District
experiment. If stamp book method
of keeping track of domestic en-
ployment could be worked out in one
small area, he said he believed 1t
could be applied later to farm labor
Representative Cooper, Democrat
Of Tennessee recalled that when So
cial Security was first introduced
all OF these groups were considered,
but Congress recognized the diff
ficulty of finding a practical way
of including the casual worker and
the farm laborer
Mr.. Linton said he realized the
difficulties involved in trying to ap-
ply social security to $4,000, ,000
persons in one move, and added:
Gould you try it on the District
of Columbia, and then If you find
it works, apply it to the whole
country?"
Small-Scale Trial Urged.
The witness added that he was
merely suggesting that Congress do
what large corporation does with
a new program. namely try it on a
small scale first
Questions of other committeeman
indicated there is still considerable
skepticism in Congress over the
feasibility of applying social security
to agricultural workers. One diff
Guilty with trying out a broader
social security program in the Dis
trict of Columbia would be that
there are only a few farms left
within District boundaries,
Mr.. Linton testified that doubling
of the payroll tax would impose an
unjustified burden on white collar
workers while wartime wage controls
are in effect. He urged freezing of
the tax at the present l per cent
rate on employer and employe for
another year.
AS the committee entered the sec
ond day of hearings on the pro-
posed legislation to postpone the in
crease, scheduled to take effect
January /. Representative Knutson,
of Minnesota predicted
the votes are available to halt the
increase. Administrative forces are
working for compromise increase
to II. per cent.
There are indications also that
the movement for another post
ponement has been given impetus
by the fact that the new Congress
will be asked early in l945 to con-
slider a broad expansion of the whole
social security program, which would
involve different tax rates.
Evening star., 1944-11-28
Here the shipping
me gross tons in thousands):

United States losses were a
nounced by the War Shipping A
ministration as follows:
Evening star., 1944-11-28
5,758 Vessels Lost
By Allies and Neutra|s
Since Start Of War
BY the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
Shipping losses of the Allies
and neutralS from the beginning
of the war through l943 totaled
.5,758 vessels aggregating 22,161,- :
600 gross tons, it was announced
officially today.
The British government released
through the Office of War Informa- =
ton a year-by-year breakdown of
losses by Britain, the Allies, includ-
ing the United States, and neutrals,
presumably in the service of the
United Nations. simultaneously, the
War Shipping Administration an
nounced United States losses totaled
1853 vessels aggregating 3,3ll 900
gross tons.
The British report of naval losses
was part of White Paper detailing
facts and figures of Britains war
effort.
In the period covered by the an
nouncement, the United States con-
structed about 10000 900 deadweight
tons of merchant ships, roughly off :
setting the losses.
The Maritime Commission in it's
construction reports used dead
weight tons as a measuring stick,
while today's report spoke in gross
tons. A merchant ships dead
weight tonnage is somewhere in the
neighborhood of 80 per cent greater
than its gross tonnage.
Losses Severe in 1912.
Gross tonnage-The entire
capacity of ship expressed in
units of 100 cubic feet to the ton;
deadweight tonnage-the carry
ing capacity of ship, including
supplies as well as cargo, ex-
pressed in long tons, 2,24O
pounds
The report covered losses to en-
emy action, as we'll as marine cas-
ualties resulting from perils of the
sea.
No figures were given on losses
for 1914, but the ration of construc-
ton to losses is known to be ex-
tremely favorable.
Losses were severe in 1912, fol-
lowed by vast improvement in 1943.
In 1912 1859 vessels aggregat ting
1885, 900 tons were lost, 422 of them
American ships aggregating 2,053.-
900 tons. Losses dropped to 812
ships aggregating 3,646,000 tons in
1943.
The combined losses of Britain,
the Allies and neutrals in 1912 far
outstripped United States construc-
ton, and may have exceeded all
construction available to the Allies
since this country had the ajor
role in merchant shipbuilding.
Picture Changed in 1s43.
Against total losses of $685., 900
gross tons in 1912, American ship
yards turned out 8,089,732 dead
weight tons. Translated into gross
tons, this construction amounted to
something less than 6,500,000 tons.
BY 1943 the picture was changed
entirely. Against losses of 3,646, 900
gross tons this country produced
10 ,238 ,626 deadweight tons. or about
13, 100000 gross tons, for net gain
exceeding 5000, 900 gross tons.
This favorable ratio presumably
is continuing into 1914
The United States began losing
ships in 1889, the first year of the
war in Europe. Between September
and December of that year four
American vessels went down.
Here are the shipping losses a
fnen fWeiphts arc pr0SS toms II, thu,
Evening star., 1944-11-28
Lack Of Quorum HoIts
Press Club Meetino

A meeting of active members of
the National Press Club, called to
vote on proposed changes in mem
bership rules. was forced to recess
last night until December Is be-
cause of lack of quorum.
The proposed constitutional
changes include a provision to bar
Government public relations chiefs
from becoming active members of
the club in the future because of the
growing number of such officials
They would be admitted henceforth
only as nonactive members.
Evening star., 1944-11-28
Polish War Relief

Usable used clothing is
urgently needed by the Polish
War Relief for the destitute In
war-ridden Poland, it was
pointed out today.
Donations will be received at
the offices of the Polish EN-
bassy, 2640 Sixteenth street
NV, telephone Adams $500.
If there is difficulty in deliver
ing parcels please telephone
Adams 0338. or Adams $500.
Evening star., 1944-11-28
Condy Pennies Buy Bond

SALT LAKE CITY (P.-Sally Nc
Clurg. II, carried her coffee jar con-
taining 1875 pennies to school to
exchange for a War Bond. She has
been saving a penny a day since
May, 1943-when she swore of her
daily all-day sucker.
Evening star., 1944-11-28
SWPC Stock Bill Approved

Ey the Associated Press.
The House Judiciary Committee
Yesterday approved Senate passed
bill to increase the capital stock of
the Smaller War Plants Corp. from
$3.50 100000 to $3.50 900 900.
Evening star., 1944-07-09

couple Washington fighter pilots have begged Noz pIone
Copt Ronki himself ond his home front
fighter records when he knocked down five planes
Only other the European theoer hove tied those
O doy bottle Gcmony Moy Il
which his five Copt Ronn with such deody
precision hot the DROP three other Nozs who boiled
shot Modestiy he didn't claim those three kills
but who record tho would have the AA and
RAF to shoot ot-eeht in day.
from euenon oopton ond oword Of the Distinguished
hove the IS old hundertot pilot tho
Frankfort His five comed kills that doy brought
his toto ond June the doy otter the French
TO- With 70 combat completed Cop Ronkn
Medal Oak leo
Evening star., 1944-07-09


He reported tho 10th pone letter porents Mr. ond
Mrs. Choe Ronkn 1902 SE which he mode the mild
undersotemen u hove oed toke Of myself He odded
You flight leader the eoder three other pones
hove three other Of woch for while look for
enemy pones"
Born Washington Cop Ronkn finished his public school edeotion
Eoen High School, He then studied for while before enlist
the Army March, 94l He accepted
July 92 ond his months Ioter at Luke Field A
He hos hod 10 months combo Europe Ronkns
Louise Ro"k" lives 1901 Eighth SE ond employed
Justice Department.
This Of decorated fighting
Newmon Sudduth Of The Stors stoH.
Evening star., 1944-03-16

training for the Army Service
Forces.
Eight of the WAC recruits who
have enlisted in the Army Air
Forces are Pvts. 1nez Blair, 351s
Alton place NV; Irene M. Bliss,
1923 Fourteenth street NV; JOS
ephine S, Boyle, 1904 Connecticut
avenue, Chevy Chase, Md; Nina
E. Collins, 1020l Old Bladensburg
road, Silver Spring, Md; Enrichett
DeGange, 1000 Sixteenth street
NV; Margaret E. Gohl, 1902
Seventeenth street NV: Marian
E. Macintosh, 3517 South Dakota
avenue NE, and Mary c. Mitchell,
506 Third street Sc.
Nine who have enlisted in Gen.
eral Assignment for the WAC are
Pvts. May E. Bagwell, 1909 Van
Buren,, University Park Hyattsville
Md. Constance E. Beach, l4O9
| Wayne street, Alexandria, Va; Mar
garet S. Callen. Newsburg, Va;
Gertrude M. Haffner, 81 r street
NE: Barbara R. Henderson, 2l3
Fourteenth place NE: Alma E. Nell
son, 1923 Military road NV: Mar
jorie A. Purcell, 1920 Deleheld place
NV: Jacqueline G. Scott, Raleigh
Evening star., 1944-03-16
y DC: WOMEN -
. " UNIFORM s

Hunter College here for their basic
indoctrination. They are: Della
Evelyn BLY,, %, sister of Mrs. w. w
Brannon, 1927 Columbia road NV;
Dorothy Ann Gould, 81, daughter
Of Mr.. and Mrs. Walter Raymond
Gould, It'll Thirty-seventh street
NV; Mary Elizabeth Harrison, 81
daughter of Mrs. w. T. Harrison
3508 Taylor street, Brentwood, Md.
and Catherine R. Wagner, daugh-
ter of Rear Admiral and Mrs. Frank
D. Wagner, 2l23 California street
NV.
Miss BLY,, who attended Central
High School, formerly was employed
as clerk-typist. Miss Gould, a
graduate of Western High School
formerly was employed by the Wal
Manpower Commission as a clerk
typist. A former teacher at the
Matthews-Woods School, Miss Har-
rlson is a graduate of the University
of Pennsylvania. Miss Wagner, who
attended schools in California. for
merly was employed as clerk
typist for the Third Naval District,
Seattle. Wash.
FORT OGLETHORPE, Ga
Eighteen women from the Washing
ton area have begun their basic
training here at the Third WAC
Training Center. Pvt. Mary H,
Abel, 1914 Oates street NE, is
Evening star., 1944-03-16
Masonic Rites Planned
For Edwin f. Morqon

Masonic funeral services for Ed
win F. Morgan. IS, expert account.
ant for the Maritime Commission
will be held at II am. tomorrow
at the Hines funeral home, 2901
Fourteenth street NV. The body
will be cremated and the ashe.
sent to Duluth, Mimi, for burial
Mr.. Morgan, who died Saturday
had been with the assistant general
auditor Of the Chicago, Burlington
& Quincy Railroad for many years
before entering Federal employ. He
was member Of Almas Temple OF
1.-THE Shrine and lived at 1901 Nine
teenth street NV.
Evening star., 1944-03-16


who is a graduate of Scarritt Col
lege, Nashville, Tenn, and Smith
College, formerly was employed by
the American Red Gross as super
visor of Home Service in the Boston
branch Office. Miss Dyer, who at
tended Roosevelt High School and
Columbus University, formerly was
employed as a secretary for the
Washington Refrigeration Co. ! A
former home economics teacher at
a high school in Bridgeport, Ohio,
Miss Lane attended Mckinley High
School, Maryville College, Maryville,
Tenn, and the University of Ten
nessee.
BRONX, N. Y.-Four women from
the Washington area have enlisted
in the WAVES and will report to
Evening star., 1944-03-16

Hotel, and Willabelle Wasson, 1874;
Fourteenth street NV.
CAMP EDWARDS, Mass.-Sergt
Technician Elma D. Cross. 1907 M
street NV, has been awarded the
Good Conduct Medal for efficiency
in performance of duty and gooc
conduct here where she in on duty
with a WAC detachment.
Evening star., 1944-03-16

I n e y ar e h.
Ruth Schreiber,
daughter of Mr..
and Mrs. H. V.
Schreiber, 5507
B r. GA d Branch
road NV; Inez
S h i ley Dyer,
daughter of Mrs.
E. H. Robertson,
M C l. e a n, V a.,
and M ar ] or / e
w e S t l. a n e,
daughter of DR..
c. H. Lane, 3013
Central avenue
NE.
Misc Cbreiber
Evening star., 1944-03-16
Businessmen to Meet

The Federation of Businessmen
Associations will meet at 8:l5 pm
tomorrow in room W-24 at the
Statler Hotel at regular business
session, Arthur F. Carroll, jr.. sec
retary, announced today. There will
be no guest speaker.
Evening star., 1944-03-16

NORTHAMPTON. Mass. - Three
women from the Washington area
recently completed their training
here at the Naval Reserve Midship-
mems School and have been COM
missioned ensigns in the WAVES
Evening star., 1944-03-16

Replieo PeorI Earrings ). sim
uloted Of course, but they look
like cultured pearls! Set in
lO-korot white eoId---5.00
PIas I0lo Tax
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-02-26
Rites TO be Monday
For Christian Paul

Ann Arbor. Mich, Feb. 26-Rev.
Theodore Schmale will officiate
at funeral services Monday after
noon at 1870 in the Muehlig chap
Ell for Christian F. ". Paul, so.
who died Friday at his home, 3l3
S. Seventh St. He had been i'll but
short time.
Mr.. Paul was born Nov. 5, 1868
in Saline Township but had been
a resident of this city for many
years. He married Miss Wilhel
nina Zick in 1891 and she sur
wives him as do one daughter, Mrs.
Bert Taylor, Williamsburg, Mich,
one granddaughter, four great
grandchildren and one sister, Mrs.
Martha Bahnmiller, Freedom Town
ship.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-02-26

Brussels, a graduate Of the City
of London College and was the
first woman graduate from Brus-
sells Academy OF Journalism. From
l936-l940 she was the Brussels cor
respondent for Time. Life and For
tune magazines. She escaped from
Belgium a few days after the sec
ond invasion of her country, spent
seven months. in the south Of
France and came 10 the United
States at the end OF 1910.
She has lectured extensively
both on the east and west coasts
and contributed to leading Amer
lean newspapers and magazines.
Madame Barzin has her own short
wave broadcast to Belgium four
times a week.
Madame Barzin comes as the
guest Of the Ann Arbor and Ypsi-
ianti Business and Professional
Women's Clubs and the American
Association OF University Women.
There is no admission charge.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-02-26
Livestock

Detroit, Mich. Feb. 26-CATTLE.
Choice l,O22 ID. steers topped al
$1,000. Most good fed steers and
yearlinss, scaling 900-1,lO0 lbs.
brought S14.75-lj.5O; medium to
good kinds. S13.50-145O; common
and medium. mostly $11.0013.00.
Cows drew very urgent demand
throughout. only possible exception
being medium grades selling around
S9,0J-l0.00. Prices ruled 25-5Oc
higher. Beef COWS bulked at $500
1850; a few good cows $11.0O.
1900; Gamers and cutters mainly
s6.50-S.25: little under S675 late.
Bulls were quite active. strong 10
soc higher. top $500 freely: bulk
sausage bulls. $9.50-1 80. Stockers
and feeders bulked at $l0.00-1950;
fully steady prices.
CALVES Good and choice veal.
ers sold freely at a popular price
OF Sl700. Top was $3.50 paid spar
ingly. ommon to good grades
turned at Sl3.0O-1C.O0 and culls at
S.00-12.00.
HOGS-Compared with last
weeks close. hogs scaling 2004OO
lbs. are 10-l5c higher and sows sos
higher Hogs under 200 lbs. held
firm. City butchers paid $14.10
sparingly for rail-shipped hogs seal
ing 2C)-225 lbs. Practical top on
2O0-225 lbs. was s14OO; bulk 225-33O
lbs. 1890: good and choice 165-190
lbs, s12.75-13.75 most 140-160 lbs,
S11.50-12.00; some 10000 ID. heav-
les made s13.O0-13.25. Sows bulked
at s12.0O-l2.50 and stays at $1,000
1850.
SHEEP: Extreme top reached
$500 Tuesday. Other strictly
choice fed lambs made S1G.75-16S5:
bulk good and choice late at $1,000
1850: most common to good at
S13.00-15.7J; culls mainly $S.oO-19.
Sheep held firm all week: bulk
good and choice fat ewes, sS25-9.0
common and medium, $700-S01;
culls, S5.50-65O.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-02-26
Dr.. Ruthven EuIoeized,
Given Honorary Degree

Ann Arbor, Mich. Feb. 26-At
the commencement exercises con-
Quoted at the University of New
Mexico in Albuquerque the honor.
airy degree of doctor Of laws was
conferred on DR.. Alexander G.
Ruthven, University Of Michigan.
Dr. Ruthven was cited by Pres
ident James F. Zimmerman of the
Western University as a leading
scholar and professor in the sci
ence of zoology. competent direc-
tor for many years OF the zoologi-
cal laboratories of the University
Of Michigan. distinguished leader
of various scientific expeditions to
North. Central and South Amer
lea devoted advocate OF peaceful
international relationships and
honored president OF one Of our
great state universities, recognized
educational leader in the United
States.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-02-26
Water Survey Being
Made in Ann Arbor

Ann Arbor. Mich, Feb. 26-Har-
rison II. Caswell. water depart
ment manager, announces that
thorough survey Of Ann Arbor's
water system is underway to make
sure that there is no danger OF
pollution. Sewers will also be
checked during the same survey 20
avoid menace to health from that
source.
Buildings within the city are also
to be examined to be sure that
cross connections are made prop
erly. Changes will be recommend
ed where necessary to insure safe
drinking water TO householders.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-02-26
Rural Events

TODAY
BegoIe
The Y'Cs Club will meet with
Mr.. and Mrs. Orlo Hurst.
Whitaker
Fourth Quarterly Conference at
Evangelical Church, 1880 p. m. Rev.
W. H. watson will preach.
TUESDAY
Willis
Father and Son Banquet, Metho-
dist Church, p. m.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-02-26

APPLES-McIntosh No. /. $3.50.
$50; Northern Spies No. l. $3.50.
$50; Greetings, No. |. s3.00.3.jO
Steel Reds. No. /, s3.50-3.96 d..
TURNIPS-Topped. bu.. sl25-1.7a
CELERY CABBAGE-No. /. bu
S1.50-2.00.
BEETS-Topped. bu., No. l, sl.75.
200.
BROCCOLI-No. l. bu. $3.50.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-02-26
Whitaker

Whitaker. Mich, Feb. 90
Mr. and Mrs. Homer Wolford,
Ypsilanti, visited Friday with Mr..
and Mrs. Harley Dysinger and
daughters.
Mr.. and Mrs. Fred Griffen and
sons, Wayne. spent Tuesday with
Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Williams
and family.
Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Williams
visited the Bomber Plant Sunday.
Mr.. and Mrs. Will Mason, May
bee, spent Monday afternoon with
Mr.. and Mrs. o. f. Vedder.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-02-26
Wife Preservers

Rotate the use Of bed sheets Oh tie bed
by putting the bottom hem al The top OF
the bed every other week. Tie hard wear
comes where the shoulders ard elbows
dig in Ii you do this your sheets viii last
longer
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-02-26
Detroit Cash Grain

WHEAT-No. ., Sl.70as.
OATS-Eo. .. white. No-S1c
MATING BARIEN--range, $L.i4
1.52; barley needles. S1.96.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-02-26
Prof. Bragg TO Retire
From U. Of M. Faculty

Ann Arbor, Mich, Feb. o6-Prot.
Edward Milton Bragg, head of the
department of naval and marine
engineering at University of Mich
igan will be retired next week
when he reaches the age OF 20.
He was born in Massachusetts
Feb. %, 1874, and received his ed.
ucation at Massachusetts, Institute
of Technology. He also served on
the faculty there and later entered
the active practice Of his profes.
sion before joining the faculty at
University OF Michigan.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-02-26
Business Women to Sponsor
Lecturer OH War HerOines

ty Barzin, noted Belgian writer and
lecturer. when she will speak at
the Rackham Building on Wednes-
day. March Is, in Ann Arbor at
Sis. Her subject will be Amer
lea Through Belgian Eyes, and
will be illustrated with short films
of tropical interest
Madame Barzin is a native of
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-02-26
Daily Market Report

CABBAGE-No. /. bu.. Sl.50-e.OO.
CARROTS-Topped. No. / bu.'
$l.75-200.
CAULlFLOWER-Bu. No. !. $500.
CELERY-No. /, Michigan squares,
$500.
KOHLRABl-No. /. doz. Lchs. 75c'
81.
ONION S--Dry, No. I. 80 lbs. S2.59'
PARSNlPS No. l, S3.0O-3.50.
POTATOES-No. ]. 100 lbs. $3.50
2.75.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-02-26

Ann Arbor. Mich. Feb. 26-Her-
Dimes OF the undergrouud,-those
women OF Occupied Europe. who
daily endanger their lives TO aid
the underground movement by CIV
fng money. food and vital infor-
nation.
Such stories of inexhaustible pa
Hence will be told by Madame Bet
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-02-26
Vegetables

Vegetables
RUTABAGAS-No. /. bu., sl-l.50.
Hubbard. No. /. bu.
sl50-2 90
Bradley beam., 1944-06-03
FINANCE FLASHES
By Cpl. Ira Askin

Willard Brandt has just joined our ranks, and Pete Gayeski, the taxi driver, and Mike Purdis, our old standby, have returned from school. Glad to have you with us, men.
 Will someone please tell Mike that the time to worry is not when she's writing three letters to his one, but when it is vice versa.
 And now, what you've all been waiting for, that popular feature, The Pfc. of the Week.
 By popular demand we have sel, ected Pfc. Clark Garner, better known as Gabby. Clark halls from the warmer regions known politi, cally as Georgia. The proud own- CT of a car, Garner can be seen vending his way nightly toward the bright lights and gay life of that metropolis of New England Hartford.
 Garner is an all around good Finance man, being familiar with most of the Sections. At the pre- sent, his talents have been put at the disposal of the Commercial Section, but his real genius may be found in the field of his pet hobby. As a photogenic artist, Clark can't be beaten. Who cares if it takes half an hour to set up his apparatus preparatory to talk ing "snap shot" It is the arti- stic result that counts. And the artistic manner is certainly his in his own strong and silent way. If you don't believe us, just follow his trial of broken hearts.
Bradley beam., 1944-06-03

The walkie-talkie"-knapsack- type radio station-will flash the first reports of the invasion to be relayed to the American public. These portable sending and receiv- ing radio sets will be in the van of invasion. They will enable Signal Corps soldiers to keep commanders and through them, the folks back home-up to the minute on deve- lopments.
 During the landing at Salerno, Italy, the Signal Corps amphibious trucks went ashore early to furnish radio communication for General Clark who directed the operations from a ship offshore. This ship-to- shore contact was particularly val uable during the critical first twelve hours.
 War Developed News Flashes
 Wars have promoted rapid com munication down through the ages, says a bulletin from the National Geographic Society. The ancient Greeks had signal systems for transmitting messages between cities, spelled out in lights. Mes sages have been exchanged be- tween ships and shore for centu- ries by means of flags and lights.
 Smoke signals were used by Flu ropeans centuries before the Amer ican Indians were found sending