davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1944-12-22
Flyer Unit
Faces COLLAPSE

Continued from page one)
against the entire corps of white
pilots and ground crews.
Isolated
Intellectual isolation produced by
having all Negroes in one organi-
cation away from every other
fighter pilot group.
Differentials are applied in the
judgment of performance by the
air corps command.
These criticisms have not i'm
paired the organizations morale.
The fact is that it is very high. But
it is doubtful whether it hinges on
the declared detectives of the war.
More than likely it is a group 10y
atty. tied loosely to aspirations for
their race. For each man has pride
in his part in the common under
taking. He wants Negro pilots to
excel. They reason that they have
a job to do and cooperation is nee
essary for success, but they have
moments when they feel the whole
effort is worthless.
l talked with a Southern born
pilot. He was somewhat bewildered
about the slogans of democracy and
it's practice. He said:
Back home I've seen a white
man kick a Negro till his nose bled.
Sometimes l don't know why l fly,
but guess l want to do my part
to prove that Negroes can do their
job as we'll as whites"
The postwar period and their
place in it is their main concern
today. Most of them now hope to
make aviation their lifetime career.
They will be a fercely disillusioned
group if there is an attempt to
force them back into the Jim Crow
mold.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1944-12-22
Oppose Bill Validating
Delayed Confessions

Washington, D. c. CNNPA).-
Opposition to the Hobbs Bill, H. R.
$500, introduced by Rep. Sam
Hobbs ID. Of Ala, which passed
the House by no-record vote Dec.
-, 1914, designed to nullify the
decision Of the U. s. Supreme Court
in the celebrated McNabb case by
declaring valid confessions in Grim
inal cases Notwithstanding delay
by police officers in arraig9ipg the
defendant before a committing
magistrate or other judge, was ex-
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1944-12-22
SPORTLIGHT

us that the basketball teams made
quite a showing in the first week
of competition in the city league.
Eddie Saunders Intermediates won.
These boys will play Bayport Hi
Tuesday. Martin Weddington's Jun
iors won, but the Seniors were less
fortunate as Jimmy Griffin's seven
baskets went for naught since the
boys went down to So. st. Paul
Police 1898. League games will be
discontinued until after the holi-
days. Halle Q. and Phyllis
Wheatley will play their annual
holiday basketball game at Wheat
ley Gym Dec. %.
In a recent interview with Jack
Horner, ace sportscaster for KSTP,
Paul Robson stated that he
thought that football played in the
Big Ten was better than elsewhere.
He even spoke of the blocking and
tackling in this League. That COM
ing from a man, once an all-Ameri-
can, is quite a tribute to Big Ten
officials. Mr.. Robson spoke further
of his son, Paul, Jr., who just
turned II years old last election.
Paul, he said, is a very keen student
in athletics. By that he meant this:
The boy never goes into a game
until he has thoroughly studied his
opponents weakness or its
strength and how he can best adapt
himself to overcome same. AL
though Paul does play football, he
added, track is really his weak
ness. Young Robson has crossed
the bar over six feet.
Well, anyway, here's wishing all
of our dear readers the Merriest
of a Merry Christmas.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1944-12-22

pressed this week by the NAACP.
In a statement submitted to men,
bers of the Senate Judiciary Com
mittee, to which the bill was re-
ferred, Leslie Perry, of the Wash
ington Bureau NAACP, cited case
after case that the NAACP had
taken to the U. S. Supreme Court
where Negroes in the South had
been held as much as 10 days with
out opportunity of consulting their
friends, relatives, or attorney and
beaten and whipped until they CON
fessed."
"The entire experience Of the
NAACP over a period of 35 years"
Perry declared, "shows how often
law enforcement officers yield to
the temptation to solve crimes by
extorting confessions of guilt by
means of force, violence, and ter
ror, and how difficult it is to pro-
duce conclusive proof of such con-
duct.
This is especially true where
the accused comes from the under
privileged classes, or is a member
of a minority racial or religious
group. Today A states and the Dis
trict of Columbia have statutes re-
quiring that persons arrested be
taken promptly before commit
ting authority. If the Federal Gov
eminent sets the precedent by null
lifying it's statute-it will open the
fiood-gates to the wholesale depri.
walton of rights of Negro defend.
ants in Southern states"
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1944-12-22

work with each other but people
have not been educated in schools,
churches and in community life to
appreciate other peoples.
What can we do about this stu
alton? Humphrey pointed out that
we could tell government officials
when we know they are wrong.
Legislation against discrimination
won't end it but it will serve to
focus public attention upon it.
Demonstrations and militant lead
ers help. Segregation is not the
solution. Assimilation and integra-
ton are what we should strive for
in a democracy.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1944-12-22
Hubert Humphrey
Speaks TOMpls.
NAACP Meeting
WE'RE ALL AMERICANS
By Marjorie Curry

Democracy is a yardStick by
which we measure achievement"
declared Hubert H. Humphrey, Jr.,
at the regular monthly meeting Of
the NAACP held at the Phyllis
Wheatley Auditorium, Dec. II. i
"The term democracy is a reli-
gious one, a belief in an idea about
man. Man has dignity because he
was created in the image of God.
He has freedom of conscience and
is capable of thought and reason.
Men all have a common father
God" said Mr.. Humphrey.
We need TO examine the Decla-
ration of Independence in order to
understand democracy and the kind
of governmental foundation we
wish to build on. If we had COM
plete democracy it would mean
complete everything and removal
of all kinds of inequalities. Hum
phrey pointed out. Although we
have not achieved this it is the goal
toward which we work. The Eman-
cipation Proclamation. the 18th,
14th and 18th amendments were
steps toward democracy as was the
F.E.P.C., Humphrey declared.
There is a direct relationship
between international affairs and
what goes on at home, he said. How
can we talk about rescuing Greeks
from British imperialism and still
practice exploitation of persons
within this country? was the ques-
ton the speaker asked.
The problem of war brought into
clear focus the energies used to
meet this emergency. War revealed
the industry of this country, its
wealth, the ability and soundness
of our government. 1t has also re-
vealed our prejudices, Humphrey
pointed out.
Mr.. Humphrey gave as an ex-
ample the Baltimore situation
where with $4,000 Negroes they
wanted to import labor. They were
-seId Iepun pug El!sseoeu 40 peoIOI
sure to hire Negroes for skilled
and semi-skilled jobs. Workers can
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1944-12-22
St. Paul Elks to Give
Riddles Christmas
Party Dec. rs

The Gopher Lodge No. 1O5, and
Como Temple No. 1913, will play
host at a Christmas party for the
kiddies from 2 pm. to 5 pm,
Christmas day at the Gopher Lodge,
588 Rondo Ave.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1944-12-22

SuSu a SLAAONNA
little fighter dis.
pose Of his OPP
ponents with so
m u c h ease, as.
does this little.
fighter from down.
St. Louis way. 1t.
is indeed a pleas.
ure to W a t c h
him box. Since
turning pro his
record speaks for
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1944-12-22

Choir Gowns. Black. Long Sizes. From
From 5000. Taken from rental stock.
Descriptive catalogue mdiled. LindnsT.
l53-RS West 33rd Street New York City.
Minneapolis spokesman. [volume] (Minneapolis, Minn.) 1934-2000, 1944-12-22

Again we are forced to jump on
the Charley Riley bandwagon.
Why? Well, we have never seen
-,,,b n smooth
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01
UneScOrt
Girls Face
Ban at Bars

In an effort to stamp out an
increasing amount of disorderly
conduct, women's division police
chief Eleanor Hutzel recon-
mended today that separate
rooms be provided for unescorted
women patronizing saloons.
Writing to Police Commissioner
Ballenger, Miss Hutzel said:
my study reveals that tho
remedy Il not to permit women
TO drink at bars when they arc
unescorted and to prevent un-
escorted women from entering q
drinking room in which there
are men,"
Miss Hutzel asked Ballenger to
study her proposal with a view
to recommending to the liquor
commission that provisions be
made for separate rooms, much
after the system long in effect in
Canada.
Under Miss Hutzels proposal,
man could meet his wife or
sweetheart in saloon but until
he arrives she must stay In the
room in which only women are
allowed. The policewornan said
she had utterly no complaint
against escorted women or
against drinking in general
Many complaints against unes-
corted women In saloons have
been lodged by the health depart
ment, Miss Hutzel said. particu-
larly in regard to soldiers health.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01
Church 0rgdnist Free
On Murder CHARGES

LOS ANGELES, Oct. 81 (INS)
Courtney F. Rogers, church or
ganist once under death sentence,
today was free OF charges that he
murdered his parents, c. c. and
Lily Rogers.
Superior Judge Thomas L. Am
brose ruled that the state had
failed TO establish a case and dis
missed the jury at Rogers fourth
trial. Rogers was accused of
chloroforming his mother and OF
burning his father to death in
1871.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01

broken 18th Army in the Neither
lands is fleeing so fast that Allied
forces chasing itsalong a 30-mile
front appear to have lost contact,
one battlefront dispatch said.
IN FULL FLIGHT
Flight of the Germans to the
Moerdijk bridge and to ferry
escape routes into central Holland
has created scenes reminiscent OF
the German retreat across France
They are going back In
droves," one dispatch said.
They are even using peram-
bulators among the conglom-
GRAFTON Of transport 10 get
themselves and their equipment
away"
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01
DEwEY's MOTHER ATTENDS
Patriots in Tirana

LONDON. Oct. 81 QNS)--Al-
bantam patriot troops were re-
ported locked in battle today with
retreating Nazi hordes in the
suburbs of the capita city OF
Tirana. liberation of which is ex-
pected TO be announced In the
next few DAYS.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01
Nimitz Names Sharp
Boss Of Mine Craft

PACIFIC FLEET HQ.. PEARL
HARBOR, Oct. 81 (UP) Adm.
Nimitz has appointed Rear Adm.
Alexander. Sharp of Welcome, Nd,
to fill the newly established post
of commander of mine craft, Pa
cific fleet, the navy announced
today.
The announcement said estab-
lishment of the new command re-
fleets the growing importance of
mine craft in the Pacific war"
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01
Legislature
To Decide on
10 p. m. Vote

Gov. Kelly today ordered
the Legislature to convene
in special session at noon
Friday to extend the voting
hours in Wayne County for
Tuesdays election.
II was expected this unprece-
denied step by the governor
would make 10 ,. m. the closing
hour, with permission for all to
vote who are then in line. The
law would allow the commission
here to designate the closing hour.
The present closing hour, fixed
by statute, is 8 D. m.
Gov. Kelly wrestled with the
problem until 3:l5 a. m. in the
Book Cadillac Hotel before de-
Gliding TO summon the lawmakers
TO Lansing. The huge registration
in Detroit warranted drastic ac-
ton, he decided.
CONFERENCE is HELD
With him when he reached the
decision were Oakley K. Distin,
city election supervisor; Secretary
of State Herman Dignan; Auditor
General Vernon J. Brown; John
Dethmers.- nominee for attorney
general, and the governors
brother, Emmett Kelly.
The governor predicted the
measure would be passed and
signed within a few hours Friday
afternoon.
Gov. Kelly thought he had dis
posed of the problem last week,
when the Detroit election COM
mission advised him that the ex-
tension of voting hours would not
be necessary.
STAND Is REVERSED
But the commission, composed
of Councilman Lodge, Recorders
Judge Maher and City Clerk
Leadbetter, reversed itself yester-
day afternoon. Busy at that time
with Gov. Bricker in Flint, Kelly
Immediately sent Dethmers and
Secretary OF State Dignan to De-
troit to consult with city officials.
Distin explained to the gov
ernor at the early morning con-
ference today that seven precincts
have more than LOO voters, Is
have over 1000, so over 900 and
$50 have 800. The average pre-
cinct. he said, should have about
$50 registrants.
Kelly pointed out that Detroit
registration has increased 1000
over 1910, and that seven ballots
will be given each voter here.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01

PEARL HARBOR, Oct. 81 (UP)-New American air
blows in the Philippines boosted the toll of Japanese ships
sunk damaged in nine days of the second battle Of the
Philippines to between 81 and ga today and feet sources put
enemy casualties ia the disastrous naval defeat at Is 000to
l35 900 men.
A Pacific Fleet communique disclosed that carrier
planes from Adm Halseys Third Fleet had added four
six ships and 90 enemy planes to their bag with forays
Saturday and Sunday in the Manila, southern Luzon and
Cebu areas of the Philippines.
At least three cruisers hit, probably sunk An
oil tanker also hit at Manila while patrol planes sank
three enemy coastal cargo vessels near Cebu.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01

The Wayne County Board Of
Supervisors today approved low
ering of Detroit's county tax rate
for-the coming fiscal year by
slightly more than IL cents per
81 900 assessed valuation.
The new rate will be a fraction
less than A.9e as compared TO the
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01
$2,673.O48
lin Chest

The Detroit Community War
Chest drive today scared to the
S2,673,04s mark or 32.4 per cent
of the $s,25o,Ooo total. This was
an increase of $646, 948 over yes
terday. Details on Page 10.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01
637.544 NaZis
Taken Inn France

SUPREME HQ., AEF, Oct. 81
(INS)-A total of 637 ,544 prison
ers has been taken by the Allied
armies in France since D-Day, a
greater enemy force than Hitler
now is using to defend Gerrnany's
western front, a semioffcial tabu-
lation revealed today.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01

The cruiser believed sunk had
been damaged previously, pre-
sumably during one of the three
main sea battles in the central
Philippines last week, and had
sought refuge at Manila.
One of the other two cruisers
was hit by two 1,0oo-pound bombs
off the Cavite naval base and
damaged severely. The tanker also
was damaged by a 1,000-pound
bomb.
SCORE OF LOSSES
The attacks sent the second
battle of the Philippines into its
ninth day and raised the toll of
japanese shipping to:
81 SHIPS sUNK-Two bat
tleships, four carriers, six
heavy cruisers, three light
cruisers, three small cruisers or
large destroyers, six destroyers
and three coastal cargo vessels.
IA SHIPS SEVERELY DAM
AGED AND BELIEVED SUNK
One battleship, four heavy
cruisers, two light cruisers and
seven destroyers.
21 TO % SHIPS DAMAGED
Six battleships, four to six
cruisers, 10 destroyers and a
tanker.
Halsey's planes, estimated by
the japanese to total more than
200, also started several large
fires and destroyed II or more
planes on airfields near Manila.
japanese planes twice at
tempted to intercept the Third
Fleets carriers off southern
Luzon, but paid with at least Sc
planes. Another 10 enemy air.
craft were shot down by search
(Continued on Page 2. Col. 81
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01
Tax Cut for Detroit
Approved by County

rate last year of $50 per $1,000.
This will raise a total of SD, 004,-
ala in taxes, or 1853 per cent of
the total county tax.
Earlier. the county budget for
the year beginning Dec. l, was
passed at $27, $50. 1855 by a vote
of SO to ].
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01
FOR Son in Pacific

WASHINGTON. Oct. 81 QNS)
Navy 1t. John Roosevelt, young
est son of the President, has been
with Adm. Halsey for over six
months on a Pacific aircraft car
rier. Mrs. Franklin d. Roosevelt
disclosed today.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01
Allies at Mas:
Nazi Army Nees

SUPREME HQ- AEF Oct. 81 (NS)-British Second Army
troops today reached the River Mas pursuit broken
retreatng Holland under impact of terrific Allied
offensive thrust.
The Germans pulled up stakes southwestern Holland and
began retreat that promises early valuation of the
of Antwerp great supply base for millions of Allied
awaiting the order for general push into Germany.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01
(Tsxt Of Coz. Bricksr's address. Page IL.
Other Bricker stories. Pages 2 and ID
BY FRANK NORRIS

thusiastic thousands who filed all
but a few top gallery seats at the
far ends of the huge building.
DEwEY'S MOTHER ATTENDS
Among the first Detroiters to
welcome Gov. Bricker on the
platform were Mr.. and Mrs.
Henry Ford. They had arrived be-
fore the vice presidential nominee
and were greeted by a thunderous
ovation when escorted to front
seats on the stage.
Also in the front row were Fred
CONTINUED on Page Three)
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01
Hitler Due at Front

LONDON, Oct. 81 (INS)-Pos-
sibility that Hitler Is likely to
visit the western front was re-
ported today by the London Daily
Sketch. quoting q Dutch under
ground source.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01
Assassins Fooled

PARIS, Oct. 81 (UP)-The
newspaper Populaire said today
that former Premier Joseph Paul
Boncourt escaped an attempt on
his life Saturday night at his
country home at Meyer.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01

1t. Gen. Dempsey's British Sec
ond Army forces reached the
Mas in a rapid thrust north from
captured Capelle, and converging
columns now are closing in on
the German escape bridge at
Geertruidenburg.
Second Army patrols are less
than 1000 yards from the latter
town and the escape road leading
to the bridge is probably under
fire.
British forces also reached
Ramsbonk Just short of the Mas
bridge and captured Oudenbosch
north of Breda.
FIGHT AT CAUSEwAY
Fighting was reported at the
end of the causeway linking the
islands of Walcheren and Beve-
land to the north. Engagements
also continued throughout the day
in the Mijiel area, with no gains
made by either side.
While spokesman at Gen. Eisen.
hower's headquarters confirmed
the general German Withdrawal
toward the Mas (Meuse) River
a Reuter- correspondent with 1t
Gen. Dempsey's Second Army
said:
Not only has the battle for
southwest Holland been won,
but the battle for the important
supply port of Antwerp has also
been won.
THE roads to the north are
black with German vehicles
Joining In the professions Of
retreat"
German Gen. Van Zangen'!
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01
DOn'tLet ThenlD Down

Men are dying to protect your right to vote.
Are you going to let THEM down?
Don't waste this precious privilege. Go to
the polls next Tuesday and express your prefer
ence for the men you think should lead your fed
eral and state governments.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01
FREEDOM STRANGLED

FREEDOM STRANGLED
He charged that President
Roosevelt is political prisoner
of Communists who surround him
and that the New Deal does not
believe in the profit system of
free enterprise.
Citing from the record, the
! forceful, colorful candidate SUBJ
United names and dates and spe-
cific incidents to prove his Charge
that American freedom Is being
strangled by Red web.
A riotous reception was ac-
corded Gov. Bricker by the en-
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01
WW.B BrOadcasts
Dewey's Speech

Gov. Dewey's campaign
speech In Buffalo tonight
will he broadcast over sta
ton WWJ ut . o'clock.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01
Enemy Naval
Loss, $4,000
COMPLETES MARKETS
PAGE 70

WASHINGTON, Oct 81 (INS)-The navy announced
today that u. S. submarines have sunk 18 more Japs-
ships, including destroyer, In the Pacific and
Far Eastern waters
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01
JAPS FORCE FILIPINOS TO FIGHT YANKS

NEW YORK, Oct 81 QNS)-The Japanese-con-
troed puppet government of the Philippine Islands today
announced the creation Of Filipino home guard in "every
province and chartered city" to aid the Npponese in
their fight against the advancing American armies.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01

CHUNGKING. Oct, 81 iEP) Mai Gen. Chennaulfs -
14th Air Force bombers disrupted vital lire of Japanese
transportation in China by destroying the Hankow-
Pepng railway bridge the Yellow River In northern
HOnan Province, IL announced today.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01

LONDON, Oct. 81 (UP)-More
than $50 of Britain's biggest
bombers bombarded burning
Cologne with 100 tons of bombs a
minute last night in the sixth at
tack in Sc hours of an offensive
admittedly designed to obliterate
Germany's fourth largest city.
Berlin also was hit during the
night, but the main Raj raiding
force rocked Cologne with 5000
to $500 tons of bombs.
More than half the built-up
area of Cologne already had been
destroyed when the Raj began
its current series of attacks last
Saturday with the heaviest raid
of the war on the Rhineland in
dustrial capital, main base for
German armies arrayed against
the American First Army, only IS
miles to the west.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01

E315l|7ESI$:
OLD STRIKE MEETING TONIGHT

MESA TO HOLD STRIKE MEETING TONIGHT
A general meeting of 10000 Detroit members of
the MESA will be held tonight, it announced at
MESA headquarters here this afternoon The member
ship will decide IL strike vote is to be taken early
story Page A.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01
DO INDIANA RUBBER WORKERS STRIKE

employed at the T. s. Rubber Co. Ball Band plant in
Mshawaka were idle today the result of what Clio
union officials termed a wage dispute.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01
In the Times TODAY

DIR .. G. IOOLE. DENTIST
ITO W. Lafayette, at Michigan, opp. CITY
Han. Hours Sc. Tel. ca s6ess-Adgs
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01
Times Photo

% ;
Gov John w. Bricker speaking at Olympia and
emphaticaly putting point in his campaign
attack against fourth term for President Roosevelt
(Tsxt Of Coz. Brickers address. Page H.
Other Bricker stories. Pages 2 and ID
BY FRANK NORRIS
Cimaxing triumphant tour through the very heart Of
Mchgans Democratic Gov. Brcker Republican
president fervd Oym
night that the nation stands this election the
threshold of Communist domination.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01

Your Copy Reserved Every DayI
Have the TIMES
Home Delivered
DIAL CHI $500
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01
u. 5. Bonnbers
Smash Huge
Reich Canal

LONDON, Oct. 81 QNS)-U. S,
Eighth Air Force headquarters
announced today that Liberator
bombers preached the vital Nit
telland Canal at Minden. Germany
midway between osnabruck and
Hanover.
A study of reconnaissance pho
ttograp3s showed IS feet of TIN
canal wall destroyed BY D direct
hit. draining three miles of the
canal and leaving at least 30 tugs
and barges stranded, the com
munique said.
The canal is the most impor-
tant east-west internal waterway
in the Reich. 1t links central anc
eastern Germany with the RUIN
valley and the Rhineland.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-11-01

Continued on Page 2, Col. 81