davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ohio Waisenfreund. [volume] (Pomeroy, O. [Ohio]) 1874-1953, 1944-09-06

Benn ou anoeren @utes tuf, miro
oas l1nglid oi9 berl9onen.
Ohio Waisenfreund. [volume] (Pomeroy, O. [Ohio]) 1874-1953, 1944-09-06

&er nur auf ieinen 9orteil BE-
oa9t it, i9aoet geipiB anoeren.
Ohio Waisenfreund. [volume] (Pomeroy, O. [Ohio]) 1874-1953, 1944-09-06

8er ni6t arbeitet, Jon au6 ni6t
eiien; tper aber iiiet, obne au arbei.
ten, oem ge6eibt es ni9t.
Ohio Waisenfreund. [volume] (Pomeroy, O. [Ohio]) 1874-1953, 1944-09-06

8or5eit, Dor oem emit Die 8olter ait.
terten. 8er tpeiB? SelbIt bic &onigs.
lei@en Der alten Aegppter bat man
aus ibrer Observation-Disclosures &ube
aufgeitobert un6 in ale g8elt 5er~
itreut. - SortieBung folgt.
Ohio Waisenfreund. [volume] (Pomeroy, O. [Ohio]) 1874-1953, 1944-09-06

8er nidt beten mag, min au9
ni6t ielig tperben.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-10-21
MRS. BETH j n E
RAPS DIES COM.
IN RED SMEAR

WASHINGTON, d. c. Mrs.
Mary Mcleod Bethune. president
of the National Council Of Negro
Women. and q member of the
National Citizens Political Action
Committee. this week labelled Dies
committee charges that 81 PAC
members have Communist connec-
tons typical" OF reactionary cam
psign technique. which seeks to
make Communism an election
issue.
She said that recent accusations
by J. B. Matthews. Dies commit
tee research director, offer a typi-
cal illustration OF the resctionary
technique ito defeat PAC's cam
paign to get out large vote. to
help return President Roosevelt TO
Office and to elect a Congress that
will support his wise, courageous
leadership"
Not Campaign Issue
Although they know Commun-
ism is not a campaign issue" said
Mrs. Bethune, by constant repe-
tition of the idea that it is, they
hope to brighten independent
voters into the camp of Governor
Dewey and the Republican Old
Guard"
Mrs. Bethune asserted that she
was an independent voter and that
she believed most Negroes were
the same. However" she said.
Il speak only for myself when l
say that | do not believe political
independents will fail to vote for
President Roosevelt because the
Dies Committee once again raises
he hoary Bolshevik DOGGY"
In Chicago, Willard S. Town
send. Clio Transport Service EN-
loyees president and another Of the
81 PAC members listed as hav-
ing Communist connections. said
that the Dies Committee charges
against himself were so silly that
they needed no public refuta-
ton"
In Right Direction
Il am associated with several
organizations" he said, but no
one has been able 10 convince
the Communist party or myself
that my activities have been in
their interest" Townsend added
that the Chicago Tribune's deep
concern over the progress of
National Citizens PAC left him
confident that I'VE are heading in
the right direction"
DR.. Robert c. Weaver. PAC exc
cutive board member and director
OF the Mayors Committee on Rs-
cial Relations in Chicago. said he
felt flattered 10 And his name
listed among so many distin-
guished and representative Ameri-
cans" by the Dies Committee in
vestigator. He said he once be-
longed 20 the Washington Book
shop. one OF the IS organizations
listed by Dies as Communistic, but
recalled that il was "a cooperative
organized so the members could
buy books al a discount"
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-10-21
NAACPAttacks Vote
Registration In La.

NEW YORK Prompt invest ga
ton against jim-crow vote registrs-
ton practices in Louisiana. was
urged by the NAACP Special
Counsel Thurgood Marshall. in a
letter 10 Attorney General Francis
J. Biddle In his communication
which followed receipt OF sffidavits
reporting the refusal Of rcgiStra-
ton 10 Joseph A Nicholson, Ed
ward Hall and Billy Wright OF St.
John the Baptist Parish. August 8.
1914, Mr. Marshall said, We have
carefully surveyed the voting Situa-
ticn in Louisiana and for the past
several years Negroes have beeu
prevented from voting IN Louisiana
by means OF the discriminatory reg
lsirstion practices. rather than by
the practice Of the white primary.
Discriminatory reglStr ton
practices are even more dangerous
than the white primary. and for
that reason. We strongly urge that
these complaints be investigated
ard prompt action taken |; should
also be pointed out that these dis
criminaiory registration practices
are prevalent throughout the State
Of Louisiana
Attorney A. p Turcaud and
Joseph A Thornton OF the New Or
leans Branch NAACP forwarded
copies of the complaints 70 the
national office.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-10-21
Made Big Strides
In Citizenship,
Says S. HHnan

NEW YORK - Long strides
toward the abolition OF two-claSS
citlzenship-tirst class for the ma
tive white and second class for the
Negro and the foreign born" was
declared by Sidney Hillman. CIO
Political Action committee chair
man. here last week TO be one ot
the greatest single contributions
Of President Roosevelt 10 the de-
velopment OF America.
II there is 10 be progress through
out the world. the chairman SAID
in an address 10 a Columbus Day
dinner OF the Free Italy-American
Labor Council. United States must
have a government that will con-
tribute steady progress" toward
the greater perfection OF political
and economic democracy.
"A government OF the few for
the few. a government which is
against the common man here at
home. will not be government
that will help the common man in
other countries" Hillman asserted.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-10-21
Prosecutor In
Report On Anti
Negro Charges

FORT LAUDERDALE-W. Gerry
Miller. county prosecuting attorney
OF Browsrd county. Florida. an
nounced the completion OF his in
vestigation Of charges made by the
Workers Defense League that ~
Negroes were falsely arrested for
vssrancy and fined without trials
by the sherif-s Office in Fort Lsud-
erdale, Fla. Mr. Miller made his
investigation at the request OF Gov
ernor Holland OF Florida. who had
been requested by Rev. Aron S.
Gllmsrtin. chairman Of the Work
ers Defense League, 10 make a
thorough investigation of the ter
ror against Negro inhabitants" and
asked for removal OF all members
Of the sheriffs Office who took part
in these unlawful activities"
Governor Holland has not vet an
nounced his decision and is keeping
Miller's report confidential until he
does.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-10-21
Asks Postmaster
General To Act
In Los Angeles

Los ANGELES. Cslif.-Charges
OF racia discrimination in up
grading and preferred assignments
by the Los Angeles post office
have been brought 10 the attention
OF Postmaster General Frank c.
Walker by the legal department Of
the national Office NAACP.
Complaints registered against the
practices OF the local p. o. were
first fled by the National Alliance
Of Postal Employees. with the
FEPC committee in November l943
and supplements added in Deem
Der la+3 and January 1914. AS
pointed out in the NAACP letter.
however. all were ignored. In plac-
ing the matter squarely inv the lap
OF the postmaster general. for &C
ton. Edward Dudley. assistant
NAACP counsel. said. over long
period of years there has been an
apparent and planned attempt -
deprive each and every qualified
Negro clerk advancement 10 the
position Of foreman simply because
OF his race. To be most specific
there are approximately a total OF
$50 foremanShip positions in he
Los Angeles post office district.
however during the entire history
OF this department only two Ne
groeS have been promoted 10 this
position and these promotions have
been made AT Station * sub-poSt
which is located in the very heart
OF the Negro business district OF
Los Angeles and the personnel Of
which is almost exclusively Negro.
We urge that the responsibility
Is one resting with the postmaster
general TO declare policy against
discrimination in job advancement
and REQUEST that his Office maze
its own investigation and upon fini-
ing the facts. as SO stated. take
the necessary Steps to remedy this
un-American situation
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-10-21
HOME RULE
OPPOSED BY
NAACP BOARD

At the October meeting OF the
NAACP executive board, the
NAACP went on record opposing
home rule for Wayne County. II
was declared by board members
who discussed the current propo-
sal for an amendment to the State
Constitution for Home Rule, that
under the existing proposal as
outlined in the petition, il is more
than likely that the election of a
charter commission will be on an
"st-large" basis.
Members declared that the pres
ent city government is elected at
large and Negroes as we'll as other
minorities are denied q proper
tionate share in the city govern
ment. In the county government.
many OF the Offices such as sheriff
employ many Negroes. On the
other hand. Negroes have served
many times on the county board
OF supervisors. whereas. in the
city government. the first Negro
has yet TO be elected to the coun-
Gil.
The board urged mo" vote on
home rule.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-10-21
Boy IS, Friends
Are ReportedAs
Missing By Kin

Police are searching FOR a 49,
year-old bow who along with three
other teen age companions was re-
ported missing from their Eight
Mile Road homes last week.
Earl Price of 1899 Ilene informed
the Chronicle that his l3-year.old
son. Earl Donald Price, has been
missing since late evening last
Monday. He was described as small
built, brown eyes. q birthmark on
the left cheek and wearing a cream
colored sport coat. brown hat and
pants./
Anyone flowing the where
abouts OF this boy are asked 10
notify Earl Price at 1860 Ilene. or
Michigan Chronicle at once.
Price disclosed that one Of the
three other boys reported missing
along with his son is Donald Stew
art OF the Eight Mile Road vicinity.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-10-21
Mass Meeting
Gets Response

WASHINGTON. d. c. Perma-
nent status for the Fair Employ
ment Practice Committee is the
theme OF q mass meeting scheduled
for 4 pm, Sunday. Oct. p. at
Metropolitan A.ME, church. 1918
M" street NV. Speakers will in
clude Walter White. executive sec
rotary Of the National Association
for the Advancement OF Colored
People. and Philip Randolph. presi-
dent. International Brotherhood CT
Sleepin Car Porters.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-10-21
Man 81, Dies In
Aportm PENTHOUSE
Blaze Last Week

An apartment house fire last
week resulted in the death of Peter
Devoe, 81. of 958 Division street,
whom police say died from the
effects OF second and third degree
burns OF the body.
Fireman called 10 extinguish a
blaze at 954-58 Division street, re-
covered the body OF Devote from
an attic at 958 Division street. II
is believed that he was trapped by
the flames and was overcome by
smoke in the building.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-10-21
The Voice Gave
$500 To PAC
AtN.Y.LuncheOn

NEW YORK - Frank Sinatra.
popular singer, announced a con-
tribution Of $500 10 the National
Citizens Political Action committee
at a luncheon OF the Women's Di-
vision Of New York Citizens PAC
here this week.
The contribution included $4,000
from Sinatra and $500 from Mrs.
SInatra. As the Hatch Act limits
individual contributions 10 $1,000,
Slnatras donation 10 PACs cam
palgn TO elect President Roosevelt
and a progressive Congress was the
maximum permitted under law.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-10-21
Expect 5000 In
Navy Day Parade
Here Fri, Oct. ~

A parade Of more than 5000 uni
formed men, representing prsc-
tically all military installations in
the Detroit area, will highlight one
Of Detroits most colorful Navy
Day celebrations Friday, Oct. q.
The parade will be followed by
a ceremony on the steps OF City
Hall 10 be attended by Rear Ad-
miral Randall Jacobs, USN, chief
Of the Bureau Of Personnel. Wash
ington. and other high ranking
officers.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-10-21
ADD SECRETARY TO STAFF

NEW YORK-The addition OF n
Secretary OF Veterans Affairs To its
staff 10 safeguard the rights Of
CTS and members Of their families
has been approved by the NAACP.
In this way il is hoped that the
association will be able 10 render
ineStimable service TO all member
OF the armed services. coming to
its bureau for solution OF their
problems.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-10-21
The New York Age
To Support FDR

NEW YORK - For the second
time in its 60 years OF publication.
the New York Age. oldest Negro
newspaper in the city, is support
ing the Democratic candidate for
President. The Age announced sup
port OF President Roosevelt in its
October 4 issue.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-10-21
soID TIES; HELD FOR OPA

For repeatedly selling reckties
without the proper authority, police
arrested Clarence Howard. "a, OF
282 z. Garfield street last week Cor
investigation by the OPA. police
records disclosed this week
Howard was arrested at AL
Brady street
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-10-21

NN~Nu E"HE P~kN N"T
in day and night shifts Moved 10
southern England. the unit began
operation of large marshallinR
area. at which troops were concen-
trated prior 10 embarkation for
France When relieved from this
assignment some weeks later, the
company was highly praised by The
commanding officer Of the area. Its
success in this and other operations
is attributed by All officer to close
cooperation and harmony between
officer and enlisted men. and the
respect slown 10 officers by en-
listed personnel.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-10-21
Canada Lee In
Vote Plea For
Roosevelt Nov. Z

NEWARK, n. J. - Canada Lee,
Broadway star and member Of
the National Citizens Political As
ton committee. said in a radio
address here Sunday that failure
TO vote is vote for Dewey. the
man who thinks a Gallup Poll S
more important than a poll tax,
a man who puts personal ambitions
above the rights of all workers to
fair play and fair practices"
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-10-21

November 7 is V-daY on the
Home Front. Be sure 10 Vote
for the reelection of President
Roosevelt.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-10-21
HOW TO COLOR
HAIR TO Black
BEAUTY OIL No Cast

rhis New Solid CHI
9 n . m poo Discovery
rintr Jet Black Cake
safely tints faded. dull
ufelsss. ugly hair 70 Q
right jet blaek And
gives lovely lustrs - ~
Z washes out dirt. lesss
iaAdru6 and grsssss.
Lovely. youthful. radi.
ant Jet black hair 10
attractive - hsips girls
win love! Al you nss1
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-10-21

Win men and men win love! All you nee
IN DARK Drsvn Bhads.)
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-10-21

''' ee s.s: Il II 35|i|a
SEND NO MoNEY!s,..::,, 90,
plss postage on positive assurance Of sat.
tsfaetion In days or money back. We pap
today to rIHfz CO.. aiS n. Miehissn
Dept. sN - ChicaEe. Ill.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-10-21

Pure. white. petroleum Jelly Of the
finest quality. A wonderfully sooth-
tng help for minor cuts. wounds.
scrapes. chafes. and abrasions. One
Of the worlds fastest selling and
outstanding values at low price.
The Wyandotte news-herald. (Wyandotte, Mich.) 1943-1963, 1944-12-18

the plaster that came down from
the ceiling. We thought he was hurt
at first, but it must have been crum-
bled before 1t hit him. What a mess!
Plaster, glass and dirt all over beds
and clothes, but we were thankful
that we didn't have to dig our way
out Of a rubble of rocks and bricks.
II grabbed my helmet and rifle
as did many others and we walked
down the railroad track to the ,lace
where the damned thing landed.
1t wasn't any farther than-for ex-
ample-going from Tracy's gas sta
ton over to Hill and Six Mile road.
Trees were uprooted. branches all
over and very little left Of the "buzz
bomb" However, I found a couple
pieces of it for souvenirs. Tomorrow,
when the light is better, I'll 90
back and take a picture of it.
something evidently happened to
the gyroscope in the bomb, for when
I first saw it, it was just Swimming
over the ground, but going like a
rocket. If it hadn't hit the trees
on the side of the rise in ground,
1t might have plowed into q beau
tiful home made Of stone that was
right in its path. When we came
back to our buildings, everyone was
out cleaning up glass. Many Of the
windows in beer joint, which you
The Wyandotte news-herald. (Wyandotte, Mich.) 1943-1963, 1944-12-18
|CI. Has Aisle Seat for Flying Bomb Landing Just
300 Feet from Quarters Somewhere Near German Front

A letter from the fighting front
| in Belgium to George Hargrett
arrived here recently, describing
the actions Of the flying bombs"
The description is as follows:
Somewhere In Belgium
November z, 1914
How would you like to hear an
eye witness account from one who
saw Flying Bomb" land not over
800 yards Ca good golf drive) away
and live to tell about 1t? We are
all very fortunate to be alive tonight
and I don't believe single one was
cut by flying glass either, which
under the conditions Is in itself a
miracle.
1.-THE other day when I said that
I'd like to see one of those things
land, was only kidding. Well, ]
got my wish, and I never want to
see another.
"As I was reading ! heard one
coming, way in the distance, SO I
just sat there, listening to it, as is
the usual thing. We get so we can
tell by their noise about where they
are. However, this one kept getting
louder and louder until the noise
was almost ear-splitting, so !
| jumped up and ran to the win
dow as did some of the others. Just
as I was looking out saw this
internal machine shooting flames
from the rear and just clearing the
telegraph wires along the railroad,
but the rise in the ground was too
much and it landed right in the
middle of a clunp of trees which
were just a good golf drive away.
Everything seemed to disappear in
to huge billowy flames that rolled
over the ground and then a brown
smoke rose from the scene. BY the
time I'd seen the flames, I dropped
to the floor and Rugged it as tight
| ly as ! could. The conclusion wasn't
far after the explosion and the glass
from the window and a lot of other
stuff blew over the top of me.
Everyone seemed to do the right
thing at the right time and we
were mighty lucky. A lot Of others
dropped to the floor. Machera made
it across the room in nothing flat.
Leo, being under the impression
that it's only when the noise stops
that you have to worry, walked over
to couple of French windows.
Luckily. they weren't locked, for
instead Of breaking, they blew right
open in front of him. Harold was
shaving and he got away from the
window in time, but he didn't miss
The Wyandotte news-herald. (Wyandotte, Mich.) 1943-1963, 1944-12-18

probably have a picture Of by now
were blown out. Quite Q few said
the building rocked back and forth
but I don't remember that. AL
remember was the flame, the terri
fic explosion and the place being
filled with glass and plaster. This
Is just one Of the things that make
Us hate the Germans"
The Wyandotte news-herald. (Wyandotte, Mich.) 1943-1963, 1944-12-18

Electric "digesters" on warships
dispose of garbage which, if cast
overheard might attract submarines
The Wyandotte news-herald. (Wyandotte, Mich.) 1943-1963, 1944-12-18

The American Red Cross has ship
ped 10000 fishing kits to our SOL
diers.
The Wyandotte news-herald. (Wyandotte, Mich.) 1943-1963, 1944-12-18

You can remove egg stains from
silver by rubbing 1t with a cloth
that has been dipped in wet salt.
The Wyandotte news-herald. (Wyandotte, Mich.) 1943-1963, 1944-12-18

Deaths from diphtheria were up
so per cent in the first nine months
Of the year.
The Wyandotte news-herald. (Wyandotte, Mich.) 1943-1963, 1944-12-18

Through the first nine months
" 1914 there were 83,544 babies
horn h Michigan.
Evening star., 1944-07-06
Au-purpose:

Osteo-poth-ik "MoeNeiI" rich
looking, rugged tan or black Scotch
groin leather shoe with equal empho-
sis on style and wear. Double sole
with custom heeI----------S1O
striped Socks belong in al
most any setting from business
to informal DRESS Backgrounds Of
black. brown, blue and green cotton
Airblsse Stamps I or :, sot detached from
Ration Book 5. are required for Ostso.t .totk.ik
Shoes.
Evening star., 1944-07-06
Informal Dress:

Informal Dress:
Osteo-poth-k "Ten Eyck" hand
some blend Of weII-styIed comfort
with excellent appearance a
straight tip design in black or tan
Norwegian calf Custom heel $40
Clicked lisle Hose (cotton and royon)
in nooth-fttine, fuIl-foshioned style
. q host Of color backgrounds.
Evening star., 1944-07-06
Out.Of.dOOl-s Wear:

OUAU.OA.WOO1S > VVO0xs
Osteo- poth-ik morse" dianfed
yet bruto||y rugged on excellent
shoe for country and walking wear.
Selected hand stained Leather cof-
skin. Double
L L'onond pattern Short Socks with q
IBID overploid striking sports note
for informal outdoor wear. Cotton, f5c
Evening star., 1944-07-06

Friday and Saturday. Last Days the 5h War Loan Drive and
Individual Bond saesAre Laesns Far Behind Help Your Country
Help Yourself Buy Every Extra War Bond You Can Now
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1944-07-22

nave nOtlCeQ IN your puDllcaIlOn
of July s, on page 8, an article
headed "Bureaucrats Still Waste
Needed Gas"
| am not familiar with the waste
of gasoline in other states by fed
erai and state agencies, but ! am
very familiar with the saving of
gasoline and transportation equip
ment through the use of pooled
travel of both state and federal
agencies in the state of Montana.
This program was inaugurated by
this office in January of this year,
and a constant increase in pooled
travel has been shown each month
up to June, and our figures for
that month are not available as yet.
Montana has been given credit
for the finest conservation of travel
program of any state in the Union
by those who are nationally IN
charge of the program. Coordinators
are set up ct strategically' located
points in the state, as is indicated
on the enclosed card. Any govern
ment employee or state employe an
ticipating travel advises the CO.
ordinator that If transportation is
not available, he will use his own
car or the public transportation
system; and, If another state or
federal employee is travelling to the
same or more distant point, he too
JARVIS & TAYLOR-B. REED NO.
G SW SW NV 8-27-5W
Drilling. 2560. EN-, 2501. Oil show, 25f1-
2517
Reagan Structure
REAGAN EFT AI-TRIBAL fs4 NO. s.
SEX NWk 27-37-7W
Shut down, $500.
sage Creek Structure
SMITH GULICK-sORRENsON SMITH
NO. T.
c NEH NWH 22-37N-7E
1000 feet of water at 414O. Running 8
inch to test show, Alto.
Seven-MiIe Structure
DICKERsON-FEK NO. T.
Sc NEA SWh B-0S-81E
Standing.
Vananda District
BERT-NELsON on DIS. COFFEE NO. T.
NV NEH NWA 34TN-38E
Standing, 6s7.
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1944-07-22

Wells drilling in the Montana
portion of the Elk Basin field re-
ported progress during the week as
follows:
CARTER-HENDERsON EB-2
NE Sc NV 3S-9S-23E
Resuming, 46i5.
CARTER-HEHDERBON ER-3
M SW NV 35-9S-23E
Drilling, 31S7
sTANOLIND-ELK NO. i2
NV Sc 35-9S-23E
Drilling, 1892
srANOLIND-ELK NO. "a
Sc Sc NV 35-DS23E
Drilling, 1853
sTANOLIND-ELK 8 NO. is
C NE Sc 359S-23E
Spudding.
sTANOLIND-f TIP EUGENE LISA
NE NE NV 34-9S23E
Cementing. 5057. T. D., 5O65.
sTANOLTND-NO. Il. p, U. 8. A. NO.
G SW SW 36-9S-23E
Location. (FIRST REPORT)
sTANOLIND-ZAERR NO.
NE SW Sc 34-8S23E
Drilling, 4145.
OHIO-MACK II NO.
G Sc Sc Sc 35-9S-23E
Drilling, 1863.
as that coffee, smell?"
ut is and you do"
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1944-07-22
Some Bureaus Don't Waste Gas,
State Salvage Chief Contends

Some federal bureaucrats waste gasoline but this
of and federal agencies in Montana according the
following letter from Kelley executive secretary of the Mon
Salvage committee. Says his letter