davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1944-09-02
|AlcOrn Announces
Its Opening

ALCORN, Miss. The opening
dates of the varied program of AL
corn A. and M College were an
noumced last week by the presi-
dent, P. S. Bowles. Freshman Week
will begin September IA Accord
ing to information from the office
of the registrar, over 100 young
men and women who have grad
uated from the various high
schools over the State will present
themselves for orientation into the
college. Several perspective fresh
men have arrived on the campus
already to take jobs by which they
may earn some of their college
expenses.
The students will be initiated in
to activities which will also help
them choose the division of the
college in which they will study.
In addition to the general col
lege program, there are unusual
opportunities at Alcorn for stu
dents who are interested in Agri-
culture, home economics, mechan-
ic arts-including many different
trades, and teacher education.
Registration for upperclassmen
will be held Monday, September
IS. The eld-timers will be pleased
to find that many improvements
have been made at the institution
since the closing of school. Prom
inent among these are the
strengthening of the faculty, the
installation of a new team line to
furnish heat to the dormitories,
and the building of a dairy barn.
Faculty members will meet in adj
vance of the students to hold the
annual institute which will last
three days, September, 11-13
The College summer school
closed last week The enrolment
included in-service teachers, regu-
lar students working for credit,
teachers in vocational trades, and
secondary school principals. The
College cooperated with the State
Department of Education, the
General Education Board and the
Secondary School Study to operate
two workshops-one on campus
and one at Magnolia, Miss. The
workshops were directed by Mr.. w
N. Jackson and Mrs. c. d. Thomp-
son, respectively. Both groups en-
rolled 100 participants, bringing the
total summer school enrolment up
to approximately 500.
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1944-09-02
State Doctors
Attend National
Medical Meeting

JACKSON, Miss. - Eleven Miss
issippi doctors, several of whom
were accompanied by their wives,
attended the annual meeting of the
aticnal Medical Association
which met in st. Louis, Mo, Aug.
ID to Is.
Those who attended the meeting
were: c. B. Christian and w. E.
Miller of Jackson, H. L. Knaive,
laurel, L. 2 Brooks, Meridian, I.
L. Zuber, west Point, w. A. Zu-
Der, Tupelo, R. E. Woodruff, Aber-
deem, T. X. M. Howard, Mound
Bayou, A. w. Dumas, Natchez, N.
L. Barnett, Belzoni and Chas.
Holmes, Greenville.
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1944-09-02
Half Million Left
By Numbers King

fects, including jewelry, automo-
biles and jewelry. A nephew, Ed
ward p. Jones, Jr.. was bequeathed
$4,000 and the like, are valued at
$15O,OOO. A recent opening Of three
safety boxes disclosed and additio-
nal $1,000 In jewelry.
His wife, Mrs. Jean Jones, was
willed $4,000 cash and $4,000
trust fund automobiles and jewelry
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1944-09-02
CATCHINGS IN SECOND

CATCHINGS IN SECOND
CHICAGO EXTRADITION TRIAL
CHICAGO, Ill. = Federal Judge
Elwyn Shaw granted writ of
Habeas Corpus and order the de-
PENDANT discharged when the state
of Mississippi made its second at
tempt to the extradition of Juhn-
ME Catchings, Negro, alleged STAY
er of Copiah County Constable
at his home in Hazelhurst, Mis-
sissippi last year.
Having previously failed to ex-
tradite Catchings on the murder
charge the state made its second
attempt at extradition by charging
that Catchings had violated the
State Selective Service law.
In granting the writ of Habeas
Corpus Federal Judge Shaw said
that the indictment for violation
Iof the State Selectiyc Service Act
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1944-09-02
Marines Baptised
In Saipan Fire;
Officers Pleased
BY MARINE FIRST SGT. DAVID
M. DAVIES
Distributed BY The Associated
Naurn DxaCCl
Negro PreSSl

Negro Press
WITH THE u. S. MARINES ON
SAIPAN ISLAND-On June Is at
about a. m, we arrived at this is
land of Saipan The naval gunfire
was still blasting and an occasional
rumble could be heard as anmuni-
ton or fuel dumps were hit. Our
land forces had not struck. Aboard
ship there was feeling of tense
ness, yet strange feeling of con-
fidence and anxiety TO "get there
and get it over with"
At a. m. we got word that
the initial wave had landed and
was proceeding 90 objective No.
l. Then word came for one pla-
toon of this company to go over
the side. Naval gunf1re from the
heavier vessels, battleships and
cruisers, was directed either into
the hills or to the northern end
of the island; destroyers and the
lighter craft were lying in close
and concentrating their fire on
the low-lands. 1t was open
house" for our light bombers. Shell
after shell was thrown into the
Jap sugar mill, located almost on
the shore line. Already it looked
like an "erector set" after being
banged around by 10 year old.
We were attached to regiment
which was ordered TO hit blue
beach l." beach about ones
half mile long.
This beach was directly. behind
the town of Charen-Kanoa, flank
ed by a pier which led to the
sugar mill on one side and an
other marine unit on the other.
The approach to this beach was
made difficult by coral reef
which extended about 300 yards
out to sea. Landing craft boats
the only channel through which
they could come around the reef
was a Jap artillery concentration.
So the troops were transferred
from landing craft boats to am
phibious tanks on the other side
of the reef, then proceeded over
the reef and to the beach.
At $40 q. m. this beach was
hit. The amphihions tanks ran In
to heavy mortar and artillery fire.
Losses were heavier than expected.
;, Continued on Back Page)
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1944-09-02

CHICAGO - CAMP A will
amounting to more than 100000
was bequeathed to the wife and
close kin of the late McKiSsack
Jones, of Chicago sportsman, killed
recently in an auto accident
While Mac, youngest of the
three Jones boys, left a cash sum
of $4,000 to go cut through speci-
fed channels. other personal eff
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1944-09-02
MANY HIGH CHURCHMEN TO
ATTEND IMPORTANT
-y~y~ vvrnr CEDT ~
HELD AT OPENING
OF CAMPBELL COLLEGE


JACKSON, Miss.-A three day
youth congress and missionary
convention of the eighth Episcopal
District of the AME Church, COM
prising the state of Mississippi and
Louisiana, will be held at Camp
bell College here Sept. Al, stimuli
taneous with the opening OF the
institution. With plans for the
meeting having been adopted at
the early summer session OF the
Presiding Elders Council the
amount of effort and interest
throughout the district indicates
that the meeting will be to Jack
son and Campbell college the
greatest meeting in the history OF
the eighth district.
Under the plans adopted by the
Presiding Elders COUNSEL every
church in the district will be rep
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1944-09-02
Bishop Gray At
Saint Marks

The Rt. Rev. Duncan M Gray,
d. D., Bishop of the Episcopal
Diocese of Miss, will confirm a
class and preach at st. Marks
Episcopal Church, Sunday, Sept.
srd, at II o'clock. Members and
friends are urged to hear him,
A BUXTON Keeling, Rector
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1944-09-02

NEW HEBEIDFS SOUTH
PACIFIC - Private Ulysses Rumph,
son of Mrs Mamie Rumph of Mar
shallville, Ca, has been stationed at
this island base for the past four
teen months. He is truck driver in
Quartermaster Truck Company
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1944-09-02
By
HARRY S.
McALPIN
WHITE HOUSE
CORRESPONDENT
For
Atlanta Daily
World & N.N.P.A.
Discovers Army
Versatility

FROM LOUISVILLE Ky.-This
trim 10 Godmon Field, just OUT
side of Louisville, has opened my
ewes to a thing which has peen
apparent to most OF us, but never
before has teen SO wildly IN
pressed upon me.
have been amazed at the
versatility of Army officials from
the chief of staff down to post
commanders, and taking In all the
intervening ranks.
While the stunning progress OF
the war is tribute to one type OF
versatility on their part, that
ISN'T the type I mean.
They are tine most versatile
group of men in the worlc Wnen
dealing with rules ant; regulations
promulgated ny the War Depart
ment and laws affecting the OPP
Grafton OF that Department. Partl-
cdldrlv is this true when these
laws. rules and regulations have
a direct bearing on the Negro SOL
der.
ARMY is STRICT
When Congress passed Sen Taft's
amendment 20 the soldier voting
law prohibiting distribution OF
political propaganda, the Army
was SO strict and technicnl IN It's
Interpretation that a modiflcation
had to be put through Congress IN
order to let the boys read news
paper.
But when Congress, In lS4o,
PASSED an amendment to the Sc
Continued on Back Page
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1944-09-02

in 1899, and attended Slater State
school, Virginia Union university
in Richmond, and City college In
New York. His religious studies
were done at Union Theological
seminary.
Jackson advocate. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1939-current, 1944-09-02
Bv ERNEST E JOHNSON

WASHINGTON-(A N P)-That
there has been a "clear abroga-
ton" of the Presidents anti-dis-
elimination order in the execution
of the more recent order of War
Mobilization Director James Bur-
mes designed to cope with man.
power shortages, is being more
widely felt here in certain adj
miniStrative quarter
The Byrnes order. dated Aug.
4, established machinery for the
limitation of referrals to less es-
sential jobs by the United States
Employment service in favor of
industries more important to the
war effort. The order placed cell
ings on the former and made pos
sible the looping off of excess per-
sonnet.
USES OBSERVES ORDER
Meanwhile, the Uses has been,
presumably, observing the practice
of referring qualified workers to
job openings irrespective of race
or color in accordance with Exc
cutive Order 9346. Where firms
have been discriminating against
Negroes and other mInorities, those
firms have been denied service by
the agency.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-02-15
Head Of Legion
Here Tomorrow

lllghhghune a threc-daN tour OF
Michigan CITIES, Warren II Athcr-
ton. national commander OF The
American Legion. will appear in
Detroit tomorrow as guest OF the
Ford Motor Co, the OptimlSt Club
and Legion leaders
4 testimonial breakfast viii be
given IN ms honor Al the Book
Cadillac. and al noon. the OpU-
miyTS and Legion Will sponsor
Jointly a public luncheon m the
Grand Ball Room of 2 Notcl
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-02-15
Vinegar Rejects Bid
To Head Vets Group

u health and press Of business
tod3y were given as the reasons
Tor ths refusal >of Charles T.
N.nc1ar to-aSSumc the chairman
ship of Mayor JenucS veterans
rehabilitation committee.
Ehc commiuec appointed by
JcfucS at tho request OF Gov
Kelly viii act as a clearing house
n fhc rehabilitation of returned
ScrVCeUcu. Thc FIRST meeting of
thr group viii bc held next week
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-02-15
Service Notes:
Service Notes;
Il From Sfdte
Win WinqS at
Arkansas Camp

IN a c'1s, NJ advanced VIn
engine pilots graduated ~ e.tfNe-
vhlc ARK rr ~ hhr--tn t-ru.
II of them second lrH'.nH-'> ana
firht officers Auw fn. Detroit
area The Michigan ws0 r0 "a
Its. Joseph \ Lang 1889 san
Juan Richard Gurman, ai}
Naruuctte William J krehaum,
1872 Brltaoc Daniel SHERIDAN.
11Sf4 Marx Richard q ~hoop.
Pa Haest}a AarEeR 4 HHdneF,
ISIS Burcfte H. G. OrliSld, 5000
-GriNdalr- Fi1trrrt ~ NtrUthurU-
2240 Fcrr1 paris Flight officer
Robert Vi Keller. 1917 Glendale
I'd Its. David G.. Mariner. -lol
Ridge Crosse Pe-Hte Ba>tisR ~.
Miller, East Detroit Robert Pitts
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-02-15
II SIBERIAN

II. sHtNbAN II. NDkMiR
ert q. Smell, 1243s Joseph Cam
pau, eleventh armored division.
To technical sergeantS = SgtS.
Norman IA. Splittgerber. CTS
LenoX, European Army Phillip VI.
Fisher. 1885 W. Boston, Eighth
AAF England Elliott r. Parish,
1924 McGraw. John r. Clark.
12l44 GrCenlaWn. New Guinea.
TO STAFF SERGEANTS
To staff SergcantS Sgts. Ellis
J. Schwab. 70l Liddesdalc Euro
pean army Edward I. Formiller,
1860 + Forest Alexandria. La.
AAF Ralph H. SchwarzkopL
Saginaw. AShcvllc. y c weather
wing Albert J. Bishop. 2Ol36
Cameron. stanley Zaborow>ki.
1850 LaWndale. Eighth AAF
Bomber Command England Ed
ward r. Hoefiein. 1923 Wayburn.
Daniel Field Ga John T. Clark.
12144 Grccnlawn, John VI. Sunich.
2l6l Anderson south Pacific.
Chester =. Waraksa, 3001 Carpcn-
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-02-15

ter Camp White Ores Andrew
A. Clara. 1874 Wanda Asheyillc
y c.
To sergeant, Cpl>. Robert \.
BorChardt, 1880 Marx Twain
Panama Canal Zone Frank J
kiick 1926 NcDoucalI CamD
White. ore PVT William \.
N9kes, l3~ liIlldac Emgamllle
Cecil W Amick. 72s Emerson
England Edwin 7 Gaikouvvld,
1870 Mch rie5 Buan Tc> AAF
Eugene Radding. ela ErgLcVuud
AlcNandra IT,. AAF ~toncr }
Rozema lo4l6 Van Dyu Bia
Spring Tt>. thF Albert VI
Sharon. $50 Efa' A.autar-
PROMOTED TO CORPoRAI.S
To corporal, Pics g. {. Letter.
Pos bovek Eighth AAF Ere-
land Angelo g. Alcpako,. 4s4l
Grand River E0wuu> tarrtr-
group Clarence g. Nictlke. l5U14
S'oI' Eighth aiF Bomber Con
mand jaime, (. Alegaui. 400
Wolf Rome " & AAF Georg,
! Leesnau. 1913 junction Euro
pear arms
ID tecnE or. fourth grade
Tech. Louis Lalkowitl. 1Ga1 Rtn-
tor r. Mason ca John g.
Jackson 1895 Cheaeo European
army
Fo t9eFrn tts ergl
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-02-15
Gets 1O-Yedr Term
For KiIIinq Of Wife

Frank Poly 50 today began a
lO-year term IN Jackson prison
for The killing of his wife. Eliza
beth, IN their home m ll64S S.
Telegraph He was sentenced by
Circuit Judge Mol ON d man
elAughtpr CHARGE
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-02-15


lev. Bav City Martin 4. Perono,
Flint Richard Peterson, Grand
Rapids Kenneth r. Druckenbrodt
Kalamazoo Clarence F. Inman,
Jackson Richard T. Hoey. l7t0
Beauletd Ferpdsle Virgil g.
Peck. Ann Arbor Kenneth =.
Parks. $3.50 Oakshirc Berkeley
Nick VI. Paquet. E>canaba and
Flight Officer Roy \. Page,
BreedSville
ARMY PROMOTIONS
To lieutenant colonel Mai
George r Riggs, Detroit PatteT-
son Field, O
To captains Its. Albert Rol-
lingS. 1870 Mansfield. European
Army Arthur j. koScinski. 679
Webb. Eighth Bomber Force. Eng
land Charles W. Negener. 375S
Nlckshurg. TWcllth- AAE.- Medl1eL-
ranean area. Samuel StuIberg,
1907 Fairfield Finney General
Hospital
To first giiculenantS ID Its.
James l.. LANG, 1899 HlllcrcSt.
Eighth KAF Bomber Command.
England. George II, sherman,
Hiss f3urrS,- eTgt7ttt 4 4 ts0HTteT
Command Louis !. Ahee. ll3I
LakeView Camp Ellis III.
To master sergeant. sgt. Rob
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-02-15

WHY Detroit Edison Will Contest
THE new UH|L|NTAx
10 OUR CUSTOMERS
bose recently beenle by the City Of
gross Company, oreod
orges toxpoyer City shall the vohdty
OF this should know why
We oknq this because of any desire TO be
engage prolonged delaying Ieeol but
because the proposed unustfd
injury Company prompt the
properly We solely the of money
involved more 100000 onnuoyl
establishing voidry Of utility
ordinance ofer found be voGd there would
the funds oIeody poid
The oovs S nots simply money romhe ederoI
Government to the cty-F THAT WERE THE CASE WOULD
ONLY NEUTRAL STAKEHOLDER Actually the
poyment City every dollar gross
SoOoooOO annually While payment City
would reduce Federal Income Toxes by about $4,000 would
result additional burden the Company Of about
100000 annually
The hos not increased income Our business
but many
shorpy increased for the purpose financing
the poyos-you-so The result is
81 100000 in proposed utility
100000 This $4,000 represents nearly quarter
OF ne for l943.
For the City materially the Componys corning level
rodcs the Michigan law permitting utility reasonable
method ond Of this kind would
diversion OF Federal n
In Of these focs. the ordinance singles out
Company other the entire burden Of this fee
compelled TO challenge validity
AS TO rates:
July Michigan Public Service Commission, offer
thorough study Of soid
I'VE find tho for electrical service by The
Edison Company reasonable rotes"
Our Tor residence the lowest IN the
Componys hiaoy-hof mvcho in the ostw
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-02-15
AS TO our rates:

Lost July the Michigan Public Service Commission, offer
thorough study OF our rotes, sold:
I'VE find thot for electrical service by The Detroit
Edison Company reasonable rates"
Our tor residence the lowest in the
Componys history-ho much in the ost war
The CIO news., 1944-09-25
Oil Unions
AT New High

Fort Worth, Tex, Sept. 23-In
his keynote speech at the opening
Of the 18th annual convention of
the Oil Workers Intl. Union meet
ing here, Pres. o. A. Knight told
the delegates that the unions
membership is at new peak and
that prospects for continued prog
ress during the coming year are
splendid.
In 10-point program presented
to the convention for action,
Knight called for:
Support for the reelection of
Roosevelt; all-out production and
no strikes; wage increases to main
The CIO news., 1944-09-25
EZE2zZZZzIZz2ZZZZzEEz9EzZ

tain living standards; uniform
wage rates throughout the petro-
leum industry; national contracts;
adequate representation on all gov
ernment agencies concerned with
labor's participation In the war;
a postwar security program; back
ing Of the CLOS program. and an
increased organizing drive.
Natl. Director William B. Tavlor
The CIO news., 1944-09-25

In a report TO the convention tolt
Of attacks being made on the union
by the most vicious anti-labol
force in Texas" the Texas Rangers
I'VE must meet this issue and
bring to the attention of Texas
citizens the situation with respect
to this new assault on the demo
cratic rights of the oil workers OF
the nation" he said.
The CIO news., 1944-09-25
Organizing
BY ALLAN S. HAYWOOD
CIO Vice-PreSidenf and
Director Of Organization

c1o Reg Geo Craig Philadelphia reports Blaw Knox Co
Work. Pa, USACIo 1921, ALL. 313 Neither 49,
CIo sub-Regiona ardesty of Dallas Texas adj
Guberson Corporation Elm Street 24
Against 23o
Christopher Reg DR. in Tennessee reports:
er Co, Chemical Workers. Against H. UGCCWA
Field Representative Rep r Judd were in
C1o Rep Huntington W. Va reports West,
Electric Co., crosscheck resulted
Representative Irene Berman of the UE
Dir John j. MauriO Syracuse, reports:
Products ", resulted winning margin of
This plant under supervision
Equipment Workers. represented by Johnson
City, N ", CLIO Shoe Workers, 800
Reg Connecticut reports NoHal Tire and
Rubber Co., Conn., Workers. Union no.
VIM B. Taylor Organizing Campaign reports
Plants subsidiaries Corp
Chicago and Hammond Indiana
Packinghouse Workers
victories Canada
Campbell Soup Toronto, CIO Independent, SO.
Reg Fullerton Fulton reports
Creamees Moohead Mn Clo PackneOuse workers. 49, AF 49,
Philadelphia reports
tory: Steel Co, Nicetown Pa, CO-FAECT %; AFL
TriCiy Newspaper among main
commercial department employees The Albany
Knickerbocker News by a vote of "a to
subReg Dir Maurio of another
Rossi Macroni Co., Auburn Y CIO 81 Against g.
Sandefur Reg DR. Caronas reports following
Rubber waynesve
CIo Rubber Workers 1885, No Union 1913 Charlotte c. National
Carbon Co, CO Rubber Workers, 262; Against %1
The UAwc1o victorious the election held at the
Plant in Atlanta G by vote of 9l for Clo against 40 for No
Reg Dir Mccrone of Connecticut Bgeow Sanford Co..
Thompsonvlle, Conn, UOPWA-CIO, 81; No Union 80.
Convention of
the United Rubber which in New York
City, This their convention President Murray de-
vered stirring address and the convention also heard
splendid address Sidney Hman PAC The COnven
tn a-out general This organization has
the highest peak
The United their convention
held in Grand CO policies The
top International Officers reelected
The writer Cleveland, Ohio attending conference Of
the representatives Workers and will ad
dress the United Cas- Coke Chemical Workers who
In tiOn In the Cty o Cevelan
From Cleveland the writer will journey Birmingham to attend
and address the Alabama State IUC Convention.
The Waterbury Democrat., 1944-09-19
26,62O New Housing
 Units Constructed
1903 Now Under Construction to Meet Needs of War Workers in Connecticut; Hartford, Bridgeport Lead

John B, Blandterd, Jr, announced today,
 As of June 30, Mir, Hiandfegd re. ported 1908 additional new housing units were under construction, with work yet to be started on 6bi more,
 Because of limited wartime sup plies of critical materials, this houS- ing was designed to meet the needs of only incoming workS/a and the figures Include only housing built under national prierities, Hundreds of additional units started before prioflties went into effect also are housing war workers in Cenneeti- cut,
 Included In the newly constructed housing are 2l,es6 family dwellings, of which eiei were financed by private capital,
 Publiely.finaheed construction in. eluded l9,0e5 family quarters S. s48 deFmltery-type units for single workers and 286 step-gap units, primarily tralleFS, Most of the puh- llely-fineneed construction Is et temporary type and will Do removed after wartime needs have passed,
 Temporary family dwellings were built ct an average overall cost of 92,800 each, including sites and utilities, and consumed loss than one ton Of critical war materials, This represented saving up to 90 per cent ih such materials as compared with pFe.war permanent construction,
 In Hartford, AS of June 30, there were $500 units completed with 800 more either under construction or yet to be started, On the same date 6,049 units had been finished In Bridgeport and S5S were either be- ing built or soon to start, while In New London 2s20 units had been completed,
 At the same time many hundreds of war workers and their families have been housed In existing strue- lures through efforts of local War Housing Centers and share Your Home" campaign, Tn addition some e20 existing structures were convert. ed into quarters for war workers through both private and public financing,
 In the nation as e whole, war housing programs are being carried out in about 100 communities,
 Wherever migrating workers and their families could not be taken care Of through existing housing or conversion of existing dwellings Into additional units, new housing was scheduled,
 If there was Q reasonable belief that the community could absorb the housing after the war and pri. vate builders could meet wartime needs, privately-finaneed construc. ton was programmed, with FILA mortgage insurance providing pro- lection against wartime risks by builders and home. financing insti- tutions.
 Where private enterprise could not meet the need, pubilcly-finaIlc. cd housing was built Tn the past two years, most of this construction has been of temporary type to be removed after the war,
 On the whole, there Is about S6, 900 000, 900 invested in war hous- ing, of which about $4,000 900 900 is being carried by private capital with the remainder representing public funds.
 Throught the nation, some l,soo,- 900 new quarters for war workers and their families have been or are being provided in the program, while more than 2,000, ,000000 work CTS have been taken care of in ex- isting housing.