davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08

TIVE picture that energies is
L one in which armies and
navies play essentially auxiliary
roles. the most decisive actions
taking place in the skies. Al
though Gen. Arnold does not
say so explicitly. the context Of
his long and detailed report
shows that only artificial limita-
tons Of range keep this from
being a purely aerial war.
The air forces report makes
curious reading in the light Of
President Roosevelts pointed
omissions in his Christmas Eve
broadcast.
The President. il will be re-
called, declared that he was adj
dressing our soldiers and sail
orS and marines and merchant
seamen in every part of the
world
New teehHie54l ally soldiers = sail
orS and marines also include
airmen Since there is no sep
arate and independent air de-
partment. fliers in the army are
soldiers. flers in the navy
are sailors an extraordinary
fact which historians of this
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08
0NToDERN war Is a war for


Ni air bases" Gen Arnold,
commander Of the army air
forces, declared in an official re-
port 10 the secretary of war
made public this week
This is terse and true sum-
mary Of the revolutionary
change that has overtaken the
science of war-making since
World War l. The essential
struggle is no longer for terri
tory, naval baStions or control
Of the seas. but for airfields
closer and closer 70 the enemy's
heart and for command of the
air.
At another point Gen. Arnold
attests that the primary oblec-
tive Of Allied forces in the South
west fPfA4tAtffttee * 40 advance e,t4f
own network OF airbaSeS deep
into the japanese perlmeter.
The whole report, indeed is
filed with the proofs that war
fare has been transferred from
the surface Of the earth 10 the
skies.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08
MAJOR DE SEVERSkY

conflict will no doubt note with
amusement.
But one can readily imagine
that airmen in every part OF
the world listening TO the
Presidents message WINGED at
this omission.
The official American view,
now as at the start Of the war,
is that air power is not yet ma
ture and. therefore, not entitled
10 an equal position with the
older services. The American
public tends to think of Gen.
Arnold as an equal member OF
the uppermost command. be-
cause his name and his picture
are constantly IN the forefront
of international conferences.
The President evidently wished
to diSpel this popular illusion.
THE Presidents careful formu-
tatfon Is not accidental. II
was made az a time when our
strategic air forces were seeking
by direct action 10 defeat an
enemy a type Of strategic Of
fensive which navies no longer
can even claim TO undertake
There we have the gist of the
contradiction which makes il so
hard 70 understand The conduct
of this war. A military force
that is capable of major stra-
tegic actions on its own, and
that in all other actions is sup
poSedfy an equal member OF a
team yet does not enjoy stra-
tegic recognition or autonomy.
next article will appear Mon
day. 81. W.
Distributed by McNsgsnt synd Inc.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08
One Word Led fO Another
BY ARTHUR "BUGS" BAER

COP Rides Aqa'n-the Wrong Horse
Looks to me that the Republicans are starting 1914
right with what they did wrong in 1910
Three Of the biggest COP leaders are tangled LID Like
necktles II a harroom fight. And nobody Will let 90
These fellows are too important to mention. But
look back at their records and YOU will learn each
has been defeated for the presidency.
What the COP reduifes-Fiert now is -neo-pasma
-sFe4vbtooi- pleads for corpuscles and gets
germs
The COP requires innoculatiun. Not Infection
Here's something to remember in patchwork poll
tics You cannot repair the future with chunk of the
past.
Let bygones be bygroans and start like all over again.
One hope Is worth dozen memories
First, let concede that Republicans since 1882
has marched up the feed trough sauted the sentry and
said Friend of the camp"
II is II long dreary, deporked years since the
-GA4la& t-r---c7trzr trrat
generation of Democrats has been born and raised in
Washington? generation that thinks its Jefersonian
parents the reservation
Let's shave the long white Whlskers off the Young
Republicans Don't forget that repeated mistakes no
cheaper because they are secOnd-handed
Three Enoeh Ardens bit too rich mixture I
don't mind the 1892 Enoch looking through the window
But the other two never lived there
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08

Crawford has watch that does
not run Joan doesn't want II
to run as the hands are perma-
neu1ly fixed at the hour and
minute she met her present hps-
band. A very romantic idea BY
the way, what time Of the day
was 1t when YOU first met your
wife?
ELLIOTT NUGENT. Making
II The hit 81 his career IN tho
sensationally successful comedy.
The Voice Of the Turtle he
has been on the stage 80 years.
Mr. Nugents first New York
stage appearance was with Lynn
Fontanne in Dudley" Inciden-
tally. Miss Fontanne has been
on The stage 80 years.
~ 1917. during World War L
L in France. Frederick Charles
Firth Of Leeds, England, be-
came deaf and dumb as ths
result Of being near an eXplod-
ing she'll. Recently Firth was
hit by an automobile and
promptly recovered both speech
and hearing
Recalls the nm, Random
Harvest" in which the hero, a
Shell-shock victim, was hit by
an automobile and recovered
his memory. That part Of the
film story was based on fact
II would seem that there should
be some other way for man
10 he cured Of the results Of
shell shock than by beng hit
by An automobile Perhaps some
prescribed treatment could bring
about the same results.
I know Of man who vas
cured Of a spinal ailment by be-
ing hit on the head with ham,
-fr4-fa--II This wax-nnt- accidental
II was prescribed treatment
A surgeon handled the hammer.
Copyright. ls4A. BY King Features
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08

~ NiAfo fFrs
I r GIN CARL ANDREW
II SPAATZ mas devoted most
~ hIs adult life 10 an effort 10
trafr-4-rr aIr power from 2
question marx 20 q sure thing
lie SCARED nto newspaper
headlines n 1923 when ne took
the army plane Question Mark
alo's on rcfucL-ng endurance
ITChI and he'd n there ~iX days
20 p record His ass slant was
Young army captain named
Ira Eakef I3ofh boys have done
rather wei in flying circles
since
SpIatz comes up from the
Mediterranean 10 command the
strategic bombing NJ Germany
for second front GcneralissIr1o
DV Chr y Eisenhower. con-
vnced no has erased that CUES
ton marx on American ar
power.
II adequate air power can he
applied against the heart OF A
nation no other force rs neceS-
sary ne asserted after Pantel-
lsrIa hoISted tho white fling 70
ar power una SISTED IN June Of
last year Nothing that has
occurred m tho course Of the air
War since that time has caused
HIM 70 change the idea -one
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08
AON BROADWAY

Trade Mark Registered. Copyright, 1874
Conn. Can you imagine FDR
doing thats
Lincoln seized the copper
head Nanlandigan and shipped
him from his Ohio home to the
Confederacy. They didn't want
him and reshipped him 10
Canada"
"Supposing FDR seized some
81 our cOpperheads and shipped
them To Germany. Wouldn't
that he wOnderfuls-H. VI. W,
Miami Beach"
Autobiography: A Broadway
booking agent Inotedr for his
rodent-like past was asked
why he hired an assistant noted
for being even RATHER.
ION" was tho reply, hes the
heel I used TO he.
FORM Of crTtrTvrrT- FED trwts
has letter from soldier
overseas which SarcastlCally
SAYS.
whats doing back on the
ho-hum front"
/ rrotc 70 Sou'a CLANS n ,crop
Yop mp and send gan home
tod1B;
I guess bf TdU't ge' my note
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08

which he has he'd INCIDENTALLY
since ne ft.l under the spell Of
Gen Billy Mitchell as a young
officer.
INF0RNED persons believe the
Il -heapy bomber force which
VII be available 20 Spaaiz in
Britain. soon 20 include The Bog
S4per-bomhcrs. VIII satisfy him
as adequate or course ne
wll not be- asked 10 reduce Ger
many by air assault alone
HIS task VIII be 20 wage a
war without front 20 pour de-
sfrIcuon through he open roof
- -. - $3.50 -------.ll 49,
before. during and after Essen
hover hurts MS massive and
forces across a bridge az ships
against the German land de-
lenses
The man behind 'uS 10tr cen
tu-Y WarWakn- concept is no
winged au'omaton hui an eN-
trrp1o.\ human hEH-Stake poker
player fond Of stunning
guitar 10 accompaniment Of
group singing and addicted %
buckets Of coffee and chains IF
ClgaretS when under pressure
one 90 tho FIRST American
fherS Of World War I he Cou-
handed the training center AT
1sSoudon. through which yli-
tually every American pilot and
mechanic was filtered
He emerged a rahld fan for
Air war and was delighted ~
demonstrate IL with FLYING
circus ~ army planes after 'he
war Then followed command
ofyariou> army flying fields and
training ccntcrS until he and
Faker took the Question Mark
Up for ITS endurance record
While Faker held the controls
Spaatz would WEgle the rcfucl-
ne hose leaning far out of the
supply batch At one point I'M
the flight the Question Mark
lerked away from the refuCIng
ship drenchlng Spaatz with high
Octane gasoline which wound
have scared his skin Without
hesitation ne stripped off his
soaking clothes and resumed re-
fue+inG stark naked
LIE WAS one OF the first off
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08

dren Will -interfere with their
display and climbing UP the
social ladder Desire for in
fuence IS the biggest desire in
human nature
Answer to Question No. s
His Holiness deserves praise
for this courageous pronounce
ment Teachers of every faith
and race should refute this de-
structiye doctrine. Education
should teach brotherhood, not
tho eXaltation of any superior
race % This does not mean
social equality Of the races. but
that brotherhood and UNDER
standing of each race hy all
others is the only way 70
world Of democracy opportu-
nifty and peace
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08
Answer to Question No. !

Answer to Question No.
Decidedly yes because beauty
and brains tend 10 60 together.
True you see many brainy
people whom YOU say are not
beautiful but that is because
YOU are comparing them with
men and women of Unusual
beauty This is not fair. as
peCially in Judging the beauty
Of women. Each should he com
pared with homely women. not
with beauties, When YOU say
man is braIny YOU are not COM
pairing him with Shakespeare
but with stupid people Just
think this over next time YOU
rate a womans beauty or
brains.
Answer to Question No. ?
Influence Most people want
money mot for us own sake but
for they influence Twill buy
The late J David Hogsct busl-
mess pSycf1oiogtSt asked tHou-
lands -of-Cu1piuYCS 20 rank Is
desires in the order they
thought the most important,
Thew invariably placed money
and wages far below desire
10 be understood and approved
~ their fellow men and The
management Pay was rated
eleventh II is deep fact that
one reason rich people have So
few children Is they think chill
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08
IN their FIRST IN ssiouS
Women lore the lover,
And ~ the etA@ts
They iors Tore.
La Rouchefoucauld.

NJ la Rochefoucauld made
the foregoing observation lin
1868 a. y some lao years ne
fore Byron wrote.
I'm her first passion "A woman
loves her lover. In all others
all she loves IL love"
The thought has A nice poetic
SWING TO II. but II IS not true.
MANY barber shops have IN
vi troduced the dollar hair
cut. That price is too high
Seventy-fiVe cents rs about
right The dollar haircut may
inspire many men 10 buy clip
perS and 10 cut their own HAIR
with the aid Of their wives or
secretaries.
Have heard Of some unusual
grounds for divorce but The one
that sticks most IN my memory
/, that Of a woman IN California
VINO asked for A divorce on the
grounds that her husband woke
their year old baby At 3 m the
morning and fed II sardines and
Salaml.
THERE are "a thousand and
L one good ways 10 get z huS-
band. according 70 A western
expert on the subject. This OK
pert appears far in advance Of
our mules & men department
which Al this time has only 367
good ways TO get husbands in its
files.
AS 10 the general subject Of
getting a husband | am IN
formed an enterprislng woman
Of South Dakota once advertised
for a husband and received more
than a thousand proposals
within two weeks The lady's
advertisement which appeared
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08

Rather than have no criticism
at all. / prefer 20 tolerate de-
structiVe criticism"
SOUNDS in the Night;
> In the Satire Her face
wore out two bodies
At Tony Pastors: She's
turned more heads than sue
cess.
At Ruby Foo's Den. NAH
morale has gone from goose
steps 10 gooSe-pImples.
At Cafe Madison Il don't
know her name but her fate Is
familiar"
AZ the Mayan They stayed
married until doubt did them
part"
I'ttAA r1rt Philadelphia shrow
L who bulldoled walters. train
men and passengers on The
Mlami-bound Champion on Dec.
II rs now known wherever she
darcS SHOW her face in Miami
Reach since This columns Pull
man Nlguctte appeared ..
shes the one who demanded the
adjacent compartment, which
was occupied 10y a woman con-
YalcSCInC from uneumnnla
~ don't care ~ she il sick"
she screamed. II hope she dies"
The column now learns that
hor husband IS m ms hotel room
IN Wonder how she'd Like
II II the pneumonia victim S hus-
band kicked on their door and
screamed
II don't care N she Is crazy,
! want IN see N the straight
Jacket fits"
Copyrght nv Daily Mirror Inc
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08
Quick Answers

1-Cnr za"Which is the common
cold
? LepEe.y
8 Bee And also Ike The
human. j. steals another :
a Springs
500 miles
6-Lentils a kind Of beans
COPY Er' 1914. hy king Fss'l'ss
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08

a headache az fsceache-or
broWaChe
Upset OF any Of the endocrlnes
thyroid adreualS. pituitary.
gonads may increase pressure
Of the blood vessels inside the
skull and BRING on headache
NcnopauSe headache is OF this
character
Not long ago ] had All the
chronic headaches IN A biz clinic
sent 70 me FOR study Elghty
per cent Of them were nerves or
migralne
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
X. II Would man 30 years
Of age who has, had a hernia
since the age Of z and rad three
operations be eligible for the
draft
Answer No.
T. can vaucose veins he
removed successfully Is II A
serious operation
Answer l. IS usually not nee
essary 70 submit 20 operation
The Wodern injection treatment
IS successful IN nIne out OF 20
cases
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08

one of the first n things to
owner of the Ziegfeld Thearer)
will be SUMMONS In con-
nection with a woman I who
Aallegedly fell and broke her
. (and Leg while leaving
ht theater recently.
American experts IN South
America report a heavy flow
OF hot refugee coin from
Yurropc This goes into gems
or anything lying around loose
thatll not dry up or wear
out.
When a ship starts leaking
the rats always Scram A
famous Wall Street family IS
almost on the rox They are
liquidating rs much Of their
holdings As possible IN haste TO
pay creditors End avOtu front
page unpleaSantneSs
What about the ship loaded
with L. s. medicines food and
clothing sponsored by the san
Francisco Press Club for inn
prisoned YankS in The Philip
pines? Why did IL never sail?
o.. The ship was the Kanan-
gOora Can any one AZ The
Red Cross or Stale dep eX-
nlain7
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08

he can. He knows that II they
are given long hours with moth
ing TO do. morale will sink and
striking force viii lag
WILL.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08
DEAR BOSS

DEAR BOSS
NOT five minutes ago l saw
the windup Of a slambang
basketball game III never for
get Here on our own base. the
navy Seabee team came from
behind after trailing $3.50, with
PIP minutes TO play-and won.
36-35. only six seconds before
the gun.
Losers? The army of course.
The game was played in
building SCARED and married by
a patched roof and shrapnel
gashes in the walls. out Of
this the navy has built
fine sports center Excellent
lights with perfect blackouu,
bieacher seats, public address
system. all the trimmings have
been installed - ,-..
Close 10 thousand people,
soldiers. sailors and civilians.
including young Sicilian girls
and their parents, saw the
game
They are still over there dan
chg and before the lights 60
out VII have refreshments
probably that old American
favorItc not dogs
Just a short distance from
here IN the mountains Of Italy
mon are dying. We're having a
picnic of II here you might say.
II wasn't so long ago that We
landed here just five months
snd a day Since that time our
forces have funcuoned with
such efficiency that now We are
able 90 occupy our idle time
with something besides working
and fighting
Uncle sam has policy Of
keeping his serVcenen as well
entertained and well occupied as
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08
INVASION LEADERS
By BOYD LEWIS

EDITOR -AOTE-Thi.-,.-
the nth IN a series Of ds-
patches on the leader. 81 the
forthcoming SECOND front in
Udsron Of Europe.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08

THE morning Mail Dear Mr..
l. W: was Just wondering,
after reading Carl Sandburg's
hook. The War Years, what
some germ sheets would say II
President Roosevelt did some Of
the things the hallowed Lincoln
did.
Lincoln suppressed some
newspapers, including one In
~. y. G., and one in Hartford,
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08

HEADACHE IS said 70 account
Ii for A. least 20 per cent n
absentcelsm from routine duties.
. The head is very delicate
rometer of health There are
Few infectious diseases that are
not ushered IN by headache.
Nearly any arrangement Of tho
bodily economy may be signal
lied by a headache
n the environment il not con-
ducive 70 smooth hySiologic func-
tionlng Of the body the head
gives he warning
The stuffy, orerheated office
or the noisy schoolroom. even
the automobile Journey in fresh
air which flashes objects past
the eyes demanding a dozeu re-
Housings a minute all result in
The red signal NJ headache
The headaches mentioned in
The above paraEraph are arute,
due 70 temporarily acting causes
They are not particularly puz-
zlng snd they yield n simple
analgesics such aS aspirin.
phenacetin or ace'anilit.
TVTF headaches that reCuLre
4 skill and attention to treat
are the chronic. regular or re-
current headaches These may
be classified as follows
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08
Il. ". DURLENG
ON THE SIDE

pis'rfoutsA oy K.ng Features syah lne.
in The Lake Preston. {. p News
read As follows
n mean business II there il
any young man In mis- county
thar fas a. much sand in him
as pound Of plug tobacco I
want Ia hear from him. / have
n tree claim and homestead.
Am good cook and not afraid
OF work and will do my part III
any man with a like amount II
land and decent face and car
caSS wants "A good wife, can
NIL the bill" Address a. c.. Box
81. Preston s. y.
QUERIES from clients.
" q II IL is a girl my wife
wants 20 name the child Mapau-
rcen ! want 20 name IL FL.
Eenia. Have there 1en many
famous women named EugenIa
a Offhand ! can not think
Of any famous Eugeuiss There
was once 4 SoClalte named
tugenla Kelly who used 10 get
her picture .n the papers oCca-
Sionally The, empress who was
responsible for that peculiar hat
some women wore 10 years or
so ago-7vsy named Eugene Any.
way Eugenla is nice name l
like II better than MavOureen.
4 SAN FRANCISCAN says
n she knew man from
Moody Tex, named Alexander
GTumpleton. Ruffleton Shuttle
ton Ova Dave Whiitleton SulN-
nav Benjamin Franklin Elmo
Ruth.
Bugs Baer IL my pin-up boy
and I am almost In love with
you. too" says A young Detroit
woman II is gratifying 10 note
Mr.. BaerS career as a pin-up
hoy continues as ttsttai- He was
Broadway Roses pin-up boy in
the last war.
Among her souvenirs Joan
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08

LETTERS FROM TIMES SOLDIERS
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08

Rather than have no criticism
at all. prefer 10 tolerate de-
structiVe criticism"
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08

EDITORS NOTE-Thn is q
letter to the gang at the Office"
from one Of the so editors, re-
poyters and photographer Who
have gone into service from the
Tm,es editorial department. The
writeri Chief Yeomon VIII
fdT6y, Sports Tsporter Who Uds
IN Sicily at the time Of writing.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08
READ FASTER and BETTER

copasht. .st, John ? Oh. o.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08

Chronic infections - gall
bladder cr pelvic organs in
- gr,-.,,
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-01-08

NJ la Rochefoucauld made
the foregoing observation lin
1865 a. - some lao years ne
fore Byron wrote.
Smyrna times., 1944-01-20

that three-fourths of the congrega-
ton wouldn't have missed walking
through the snow for something
pretty.
Cemetery Hill was a popular
spot, and was good sledding-and
by golly, the writer speaks from
experience! Nothing could keep us
home after church. Sunday papers,
letters to write-odds and ends to
clear up-all went begging. 1t was
a beautiful day, crisp and clean and
sparkling, so with Floogie and But
tons we took a nice long walk,
stopping off at Cemetery Hill to
beg ride on one of the kids sleds.
Floog sat on the back and steered
(polite word for it,, we sat on the
front and broke the tumbles, and
Buttons acted as convoy. Probably
the kids wondered why two old
fools and an old dog had to horn in
on their fun, but they were nice
about it.
Mimi Poole was very recently
given a cowgirl suit by her father.
She told her grandmother, Mrs. E.
P. Collins, that she was going out
to Uncle Alec's farm to ride a COW.
Naturally cowgirl is girl who
rides cows!
Smyrna times., 1944-01-20
SMYRNA AND VICINITY

In almost every house on Mt.
Vernon Street there are grip pa
tients.
William Hilyard died at his resi-
dence near Kenton, on Wednesday
last, aged 65 years. Interment
Saturday at Bethel Church.
The store of Titus I. Hobbs, on
lower Main Street, is being prepar-
ed by new paint, etc., for the occu-
lpancy of John H. Farrell, who will
move in from the country in few
weeks.
c. H. Register has in his posses
sion a silver piece of money that
was known in its day as the tip
lpenny-bit", in current use forty and
fifty years ago, and worth 6A
cents. This coin, which is Spanish,
bears the date of 1855. 1t was
given to him recently with some
other coin in payment for meat.
w. Geo. Lees severed his business
relations at the dry goods store of
Mrs. l.. A. Cotton last week, and
has been succeeded by her son, j.
Harry Cotton. Mr.. Lees left to
form a partnership with A. E. Fow-
Ter in the mercantile business.
The Wilmington Minstrel Com
pany gave an excellent show last
Wednesday night. The solos of
Messrs. Eugene Start and Horace
Harrison were especially enjoyed.
They being once Smyrna boys of
course added a double interest.
The following are the new offic-
ers of the Citizens Hose Company,
No. L: President, H. B. Grieves;
vi ,e-president, Thos. Jefferson; Sec
Rotary, Walton Busted; treasurer,
Thomas Mccoy; chief, ]. E. Carter;
list assistant, Frank Boyer; End, c.
F. Kennedy; fire recorder, George
P. Graham; directors, j. Edward
Beck, H. B. Grieves, ]. H. Speak
man; janitor, N. Pratt.
The little folks up Commerce
street gave a magic lantren exhibit
tion at the residence of Clifford
Hoffecker last Saturday evening.
Creamery butter took drop last
week in the city market from SOC
to 26c per pound, and retail price
in this town dropped from 35c to
Csc. Country made butter dropped
also to 20 per pound.
Mr.. G. B. Taylor was given a sur
prise birthday party last evening at
his home on lower Main street. The
evening was very pleasantly spent
with games and music, after which
the guests were invited out to the
dining room where they did justice
to the good things spread before
them by the caterer, Richard
Brown. Those present were: c. c.
Adams and wife, Samuel ]. Rey-
nolds and wife, Misses Ethel Coop
er, Elizabeth Denney, Lucy Taylor,
Mary Lopez, Katie Kennedy, Mar
ion Stevens, Mrs. Jennie Cosden, H.
B. Stewart, Edw. M. Boyd.