davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-11-18

any discrimination. they are to be
.reinstated with full pay.
.. The company is TO call to-
gether all foremen and inspectors
and warn them that discrimina-
ton against Negroes must be dis
continued.
3. The company is to call in
leaders. with raises in pay to in
Struct all newcomers on polishing
job.
T. Everybody is 10 return to
work to give management and la
Dor a chance TO work out the first
three points.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-11-18
Packard
lContInued From Page u

officials hold that the work Of the
FEPC will be nullified for the fu-
ture il the principle Of last hired.
first fred" is adhered to in the
strict sense Of the word. inasmuch
as the seniority of these workers
began when they were put into
the plants at a relatively recent
date.
There are those who say that
seniority is the cornerstone OF the
organized labor movement and
therefore must not be tempered
with on any account.
There are others, however, who
argue for the relaxation OF some
Of the principle OF seniority in or
der to save Negroes in industry.
Right Is Not Enough
The Daily Worker for Oct. 7 ex-
pressed the point Of view OF many
Negro workers when it said in
effect that the right TO a job is
one thing. but il is no good il we
do not give jobs TO those who
have a right to them. II said fur
Their that something must be done
il the Negro is to be kept in in
dustry. Cutbacks in industry must
be proportional, and by that Is
meant lay-offs in any plant or de-
partment of plant must be in
proportion TO the number OF
workers OF minorities in the
plants or departments.
Many Negroes feel that II is not
their fault that they don't have
seniority, inaSmuch as the war
emergency brought them in. but
they feel just as strongly that APP
plication of strict seniority will
take them back to where they
started.
The believers in strict seniority
base their argument upon three
points:
/. 1t is the cornerstone Of the
labor movement.
2. Workers with seniority will
be made responsible for the faults
Of management in not hiring Ne
groes in the first place.
3. Easing of strict seniority will
do more to hurt minorities than
otherwise
Middle Ground
There are labor officials who
believe that there is some middle
ground between the extreme
views on seniority which would
serve as a basis of compromise.
Those who take this view say
that definite knowledge Of the
type OF seniority and the job dis
tribution OF minorities must be
had.
In some instances departmental
seniority would not help wherein
plant-wide seniority would. il all
Of the Negro workers were inte-
grated into all departments. II the
workers were located in one or
two departments, departmental
seniority would work in their IA
vor. wherein plant-wide seniority
would finally wipe them out.
The strike that recently &C.
Cured at the Packard Motor COM
pany definitely brings 10 the fore
front the overall problem which
faces minorities in the postwar
Period.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-11-18
Strike
9Continued From Page ~

1Continued From Page ~
10 give new men full benefit Of
their knowledge. would be dealt
with.
The three thousand Negro work.
ers returned to work on the basis
Of the following four points:
!. The negotiating committee
will begin immediately with man.
agreement discussions for the rein
statement OF men who were put
of polishing Jobs. IL there was
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-11-18
Race Bias

urdsy afternoon, possibly having
the Hi-Y and Girl Reserve serve
punch. tentatively approved.
Please reply.
do you approve Of my action?
what proposal have YOU
Would you force through the
coed activity and leave out Negro
boVs,"
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-11-18
Klan--
CONTINUED From Page u

conservative thinking on social,
economic and political subjects.
Dr.. Mekeel observed that With
an the last century the nation has
witnessed the rise Of three nation
a. hate organizations which did
great damage 10 democracy the
Know-Nothings before the Civil
War. the American Protective As
sociation before the Span h
American War. and the Ku Klux
Khan developments which fol-
lowed the First World War. ~
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-11-18
MEDICAL STUDENT
TO HARVARD

NASSAU. Bahamas.-George B.
McPhee, who has been selected as
the recipient Of a scholarship fund
by the Exumian Elevating Scho-
larship fund, which will enable
him TO attend Harvard Medical
school, left Nassau last week for
the United States.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-11-18
Worker
CONTINUED From Page ~

kCouunue0 rEVm $50 ~
the fatal accident were Marlowe
Crawford, of 1919 Oakland; Oath
err Spears, Of AIS Holbrook. apart
ment l12; Manon Lester, Of 5947
Rivard street, apartment 10; Leo
Bennett, OF 5754 Brush. apartment
10; Anna Harris, Of 957 Watson,
passenger in Lanes auto; Mary
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-11-18

Lester. OF 1913 Brush street. and
Louis Patton, Of 666 Alfred street.
owner OF a vehicle parked near
the accident scene
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-04-15
Death Penalty OF
Lynchers Asked
By Negro Group

NEW YORK-Punishment for the
lynch murdcrers of Pvt. Raymond
MacMurray in Alabama on March
IL. was asked of Secretary of War
Henry Stimson. and Attorney Cen
eral Francis Biddle, in kilograms
sent this week by Miss Thelma M.
Dale. secretary of the National Ne
Efo-Cehgfess.-------
Pvt. MacMurray was shot to death
by police while being transported
for ssfekeeping" from Gadsden,
Ala. to Birmingham. He had been
charged with rape" Evidence has
been uncovered by Louis E. Burn
ham. secretary OF the Southern Ne
gro Youth Congress. and Oscar
Bryant. MIC Southern organizer, TO
indicate he was not even in Gads-
den when the alleged rape was COM
mitted. Other evidence, pointing to
cold-blooded murder of MacMurray.
has been presented to Stimson and
Biddle by Mr.. Burnham.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-04-15
WIFE, II, HELD.
SHOT HUBBY IN.
EAMiLYBRAML

A T-yesr-old wife. who accuses
her 52-year-old husband of nagging
her about "going out with other
men," was held by police this week
in the serious shooting OF her hus-
band.
Robert Lee Rogers Of 1888 Sher-
man street was taken TO Receiving
hospital for treatment OF a gunshot
wound to the right shoulder and
abdomen.
Police learned that the alterca-
ton started. according to Mrs. Ari-
IONA Rogers when her husband
accused her Of going out with other
men.
She stated that she took the gun
from the bedroom and was on her
way out OF the house when he fol-
lowed and kept accusing her of
being unfaithful. When he again
accused her of not being a good
wife and threatened to strike her,
she drew the gun from her coat
pocket and shot him, police say.
Police are holding her for in
vestigation Of felonious assault.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-04-15
Haiti Liberia India To Be At International Labor Meet
HOLD CONFAB
ON APR. 20 IN
PHILADELPHIA

Haiti. Liberia. Irsq, Iran and IN
Ola will be included among IN,
countries represented a the TWEEN
ty-sixth session OF the international
Labor conference which opens a
Temple University in Philadelphia
on April 20, the International La
Dor Office announced this week. !
Is expected that more than Al
countries will be officially repre-
scented at the conference.
The Internal, snail Labor confer,
encc. the world organization fo'
labor and social conditions. is con.
,ened annually. When possible. BY
The International Labor OTganizs.
ton, an association Of nations cS.
tsblished in 1919. and financed by
governments. It's purpose is "a
secure international collaboration
in improving labor and social con-
ditions throughout tne world and
90 eliminate standard cond;-
tions which cons: itUte al obstacle
20 the progress OF nations via
high standards.
The United States. which will
be represented through Us Official
delegation sppoin,ed by the Presi-
dent. became Nom Der OF the In
ternational Labor Organization in
1884. and has made an annual con-
tribu:ion which is regularly ap-
propriated by CONGRESS through the
State Department. Secretary Of La
Dor Perkins and Senator Thomas
OF Utah are the L. S. delegates.
Through its governing body. the
International Labor Organization
directs he affairs OF the lnterna-
tionai Labor Office. The Interna-
tional Labor Office is world center
OF information and research on So
Ciaf ana economic problems It's
experts frequently lend technical
assistance 10 the governments OF
the world on labor and social prob
lens. For example. when Social
- Security established in the
United States. experts from the In
ternstional Labor Office assisted the
government in the framing of the
legislation.
Representation at the lnternat-
sonal Labor conference is on a tri-
partite basis Unlike other inter-
national parleys, the conference is
attended not only by representa-
tives Of government but by repre-
sentatves OF labor and employers
as well Each delegation Is COM
posed OF two delegates represent
ing government, one delegate rep
resenting labor and one delegate
representing employers. In addi-
ton. most countries also send ad-
visery TO the conference and these
are divided on the same basis.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-04-15
Henry Lee Moon
N AIMED To Staff
OF Clio Committee

NEW YORK CITY--Henry Lee
Moon has been appointed 2 the
Political Action committee Sidney
Hillmsn announced here last week.
Mr.. Moon, former newspaperman,
has been employed the last six years
as a racial relations adviser for
various governmental agencies.
Mr. Moons new position will in
volve working with trade unions
organizations and the press in an
attempt to bring out large number
Of voters for the November cleo
tons and large vote for pro-
gressive candidates according to
Mr.. Hillman.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-04-15
Ek,s Anniversary
Program April 10

J. K. Graham and Bro. Hoosie
Tells.
April IA: Heart OF Detroit Lodge
Bro. Hassic Hubbard. exalted ruler,
and Florence Ames Temple.
April Is: II Horsemen Lodge.
Bro. Reese. exalted ruler, and Lady
Camille Temple.
April l6: Sunday Will be joint
session with Anniversary. Civil
Liberty. and Education Department
in a service at Chapel Hill Baptist
church, Williams and w. Kirby
streets. Rev. c. NJ. Newton is pastor.
Speakers for afternoon will be DR..
j. l.. Leach, FIR M. G.. Dade. William
Patrick Jr.. Mckinley Dickens and
c. Gilchrest and other grand lodge
officers.
Social session will follow each
night.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-04-15
Georgia Youths
Ready To Test
Texas Decision

BRUNSWICK, Ga.-A group OF
30 teen age Negro students were
registered as voters here last week
in what was seen as a test Of state
Democratic party regulations re-
stricting Georgia's primary voting
10 whites.
The students. who were accom-
panied by teacher. visited the
county tax office in a group. Under
Georgia's new election law 18-year-
olds may vote. The tax office re-
ported that other Negroes had req
istered and paid back poll taxes
during the week following the de-
cision Of the United States Supreme
Court giving Negroes the right to
vote in the Texas Democratic pri-
mary.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-04-15

The public IS invited to attend
Pride OF Michigan Lodge No. 875
and Beulah Land Temple, I.B.P O.E.
OF w., big educational and anniver-
sary week Of speaking and music to
be held at the Elk's rest, 1901 Nc
Graw at Mckinley beginning Mon
day, April 10 10 l6. at pm. sharp.
April 10: Anniversary Night. Bro.
c. LeBron Simmons and 3. j. Bry-
ant.
April IL: Education Dept Bro.
Charles Berry and T. j. Williams.
April IL: Motor City Lodge. Bro.
Andrew Smith. exalted ruler. and
E. v. Kelly Temple.
April 49, Civil Liberty Dept. Bro.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-04-15

MRS. SALLIE v. cRITZ
Who died March 81 at $40 pm.
Mrs. Criix was born August 3.
ls47 in Springfield. Conway
County. Arkansas. where she
spent her young life. In 1867
she was married to William M.
Crits and went to Searcy. White
County. Arkansas where she
was converted and joined ST.
MarY's CINE. Church and lived
there until 1893. Mrs. Critx then
came 10 Detroit and joined ST..
Paul's A.M.E. Zion Church.
Some years later she Joined
Bethel A.M.E. Church. She was
the mother of four children. ten
grandchildren and five great
grandchildren. Funeral services
were held at Bethel A.M.E.
Church Tuesday, April ( The
deceased was the mother-in-
law of Mrs. Julia Crifx on Med.
bury where she made her home.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-04-15

Dr. William Emmsff Cd. william
H Lawsons Cd. DOS He practicing 1908 Broadway
Suites 2o 2o2 with his father Dr. William Lawson veteran
and Americas first colored
cembsr from Northern Illinois College opomsrY He
his inernshp staff member of The Northern Illinois
Clinic where he experienced all
ons Dr. Lawson Michigan State Board
opometrY selected member Michigan
cey Of Opometrists and the American Optomeal
After the Dr. William E. Lawson plans take
work in Arieskonia Dartmouth College of Orthopcs.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-04-15
Hold Funeral Rites For
Old Citizen Of Everett

EVERETT. Wash.-Funeral serv-
ices for Phillip Taylor. 40-year-res-
ident Of this city, were held recent
w.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-04-15

AGENTS WANTED
WANTED: AGENTS AND JoBBERs SELL
gnsrsntecd hair growing sids; free csts
Cog. Dept. AID. AMANDA.L Co.. $40 Cot.
taFs Grove Avenue, Chicago Is. Illinois. IF
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-04-15

REAL ESTATE FOR SALE
ron SALE; so. OF e3Rp ST.: A GOOD
f-flat frame; good location; and Q
rooms; steve heat; 81. 500 will handle. Write
Chioase Defender. Boz 2oi.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-04-15

BRICK BUILDING BARGAIN
CORNER RIvARp AND ALFRED
. xss-. Store front steam heat. garare.
DOUBLE LOT. CASH or IHsTAILNENT
For Information
Call Oh. 1906 - 274O Rivard
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-04-15

DETECTIVE SERVICE
DETEcTIvEs-woRK HOME. TRAVEL.
experience unnecessary. write WAGNER
D-i2S West s6th. New YORK. II
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-04-15
Help Wanted Male

Construction Iaborers. War Housing Project.
Dequiudre and siI Nile Road.
w. E. WOOD co.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-04-15

CASH - CASH - CASH
Highest Price For Your Car
CARVlN MOTOR SALES
sss z. Vernon Highway--cL. A7t
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-04-15

HELP WANTED - FEMALE
Girl after school. Saturday off 3 hours Sun.
aay. light housekeeping. $40 weekly. Apply
1rs. Ksr. 2sSs Fullerton.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-04-15
FURNACE REPAIRED

CLEANING; new parts and part, for AL makes.
Zee ether sd for special offer on New Fur.
aacss. Call Mad. 1925.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-04-15
LOVELY HOME

400 HORTON
1EMopELED. 8 APIS. Z ROOM FLAT
Completely furnished. spoties clean. New
stoves. Refrigerator, Income $500 Per
month. ehovn by appointment. ETA Ed
WARDS, Call I'm. s.4f4s.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-04-15

CHURCH PIANIST
Chsristsr wishes position. Capable OF taking
full eharre. Temple 1886.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-04-15
CLASSIFIED
FOR SALE

DHorHTxMooD FLAG postcards shewiss
proposed UNITED NATIONS FLAG in five
may b had in quantities postpaid a. fol.
ksvs, . fer ioc, 10 for Csc % for SOC; 90
Ger el.oo: $50 for $500 and 1000 for $40.
osnd fer some today and help promote unity.
equaifty. freedom. peace and brotherhood.
Send cein, stamps or money order to WORLD
PEACE ASSOCIATION. Jenkins. Minnesota.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-04-15

FARMS AND LAND FOR SALE
- ACRE rHT. FARM. Ice. HOME. FUR:
spplss. 800 pear. 500 peach. 20 plum. 10
skieksas. spray ris I equip. l mi. from
town SO, 900. half cash. A. H. CLARKE
8EAITY CO.. 30. Haven. Mich.
Evening star., 1944-08-16

(Abope Left)
Tots Chesterfield
,cith Leggi,ags euddly
fleece Of 81 % wool and 1920 re-
used wool. Double-breosted, too,
with flop pockets, nnotchino Upper
Ieeoinos. Powder blue ond olive
green; sizes 4 to 6-----l9.95
Childres's Goats. Second Floor,
The Hechf Go.
Evening star., 1944-08-16

A Chesterfield Adored by kindergarten ces and beoue
Coot the houfor houhe Chesterfield Because marches
trinity Gloss off importantly doe Because it's reeoH
tailored compliment both tweed and eoco focks Be-
eouse its shoulders slide eomooby over the sleeves Of
stopping collection Of Chestered fashioned Of supe fob
in the eoors of the season!
Evening star., 1944-08-16
(Above Right
Misses Chesterfield

80. Of handsome all wool Melton
cloth, with striking fIonoe pIeots
ot shoulder. Block, eroy and
tuchsio; sizes for misses s--&SS
Better Goats. Third Floor,
The Hecht Co.
Evening star., 1944-08-16

(RighD
J,lsaiOr* Miss Ches.
tes'field tIeecy oil wool
KooIo Poco-nottily tailored in
block, red or green, with royon VEL
vet collar; sizes 9 to l5---&3S
'Remember-Junior Miss is q size
NOT an ooe.
Young Wnshingfonias Shop,
Third Floor, The Hechf Co.
Extreme RighD
Miss Tee,, Chester
field dooper all wool tweed
with monnish flop pockets, soft
velveteen collar. Choose it in
heather tones Of blue or brown;
sizes 10 to l6 in group 29. .9S
Miss Teen Goats, Second Floor,
The Hecht Co.
Bradley beam., 1944-01-15
Boeliing
Pin Loop Race
 Iightens As Ordnance "A" Wins Two

The Ordnance "A" team downed the Detachment CT maple topplers in the first two matches of their series last Wednesday night but the C-men won the third string and held onto their precarious second place spot in the Bowling League. Donovan was the leading Ordnance man with string of 304 for his three games. It was his effective ness in the clutches that helped the Blockbusters to come through with their two wins.
 The Detachment CHI team de- feated the much-trampled Ordnance "B" team in two out of three of their contests largely through the efforts of Kost. The latter had a total of 345 when the reverbera- tions had ceased and his record is one of the highest yet amassed in the league.
Bradley beam., 1944-01-15

Finance VI. Ordnance "A" Detachment CT vs. Detachment CHI
Bradley beam., 1944-01-15
29th HOOPSTERS SPLIT TWO GAMES

On Monday night, a strong Hartford "Y" five handed the 29th basketball team it's first defeat of the season, by 46-41 count. Both teams were evenly matched at the outset and at the end of the first quarter the score was tied at 5-all. However, at the half, the Y led, 21-17, due to Scott's uncanny knack of finding the cords with nearly ev- cry shot. Johnnie Gutkowski kept the 29th in the game with his adept ball handling and shooting.
 The second half found the Air men back in stride and when the third quarter whistle had blown, the 29th was leading 34-29. Scott took charge during the final period and swished shot after shot thru the cords to seal the verdict in The score: favor of the Y team.
 10th
Bradley beam., 1944-01-15

Bradley Fields basketball team opened it's season in a blaze of glory by defeating the well-sea- soned Yale AAFTTC five by a score of 45-42. The game was a thriller from the opening whistle and the fighting Bradleyites went all-out to bring back the victory.
 At the close of the first half, Yale was on the short end of a 23-16 margin and never caught up. Nicholson was the big gun of the evening with 16 points snapped through the hoop. Johnson, spun 14 points through the cords during the contest, II of which came in the final half. Wards first half play kept the Bradley men on top. Bet ringers 10 points and Wargo with 9 kept the contest from being one sided.
 The score:
Bradley beam., 1944-01-15
 29th Takes Lead by Trimming Finance

Last week saw the 18th go into undisputed possession of first place in the Inter-Squadron Basketball League by defeating Finance, 34-26' The 18th had too much experience for the Moneymen and the ball handling exhibition put on by the Airmen was dazzling to watch. Gut kowski and Pishioneri scored 2 points each for the 18th while Frank Nicholson tallied 10 for Fi- nance.
 A determined group of men from the 902nd Engineers defeated the basketeers from Detachment c by a 40-26 tally. Arnold, with 16 points and Hyatt with IA scored more be- tween them than the aggregate C. Men. Cole, the loser star forward, swished 13 points through the cords.
 The scores:
Bradley beam., 1944-01-15

Tuesday night found the 29th back in their winning stride once again when the Airmen downed a strong Plainville H. s. team by the score of 35-24. After being com pletely outplayed during the first half, the 29th hit their stride to win going away. Haigh played his usual fine game at center and was the top scorer of the contest with a total of 12 points.
 Majsak, the home teams left forward, sparked his team during the first half and was mainly re- sponsible for Plainville's early surge. His four field goals and two free throws gave him a total of ten points. Plainville led 9-5 at the half and then the fireworks started. Pishioneri and Salustri each sank several shots with Haigh inter gpersing a few for good measure. The 29th scored 30 points in the second half to sew up the ball game. The score:
Bradley beam., 1944-01-15
SKATING RINK
 TO OPEN ON BASE

The area to the rear of the Fi- nance Office and the Bank is to be- come an ice-skating rink in about 10 days. Flashing steel blades and the sharp, metallic sound of ice skates on smooth, fast ice will be seen and heard on some of these cold, moonlit nights. The spot is ideal and the ice-skating flag will be flying soon. Get your skates sharpened and prepare for some real sport on Bradley's own ice skating rink.
Bradley beam., 1944-01-15
Base Five Opens Season with Win;
 Downs Yale AAFTTC, 45-42

H 5 =
 Last Saturday night, the Bradley basketeers travelled to Bristol to meet the New Departure Endees. The fans expected and got a tight game. The final whistle found the two teams deadlocked at 40-all. As the whistle blew, Bradley was on the verge of a 4O-38 defeat but Frank (Merriwell) Michalson threw in a spectacular one-hand shot from out beyond the foul line, thus tie ing it up in knot.
 In the overtime period, Bradley went ahead on a bucket by Johnson but the Endees scored two and one foul shot just as the game ended with the score 45-42 in favor of the New Departure team. Johnson and Michalson led the scoring for Brad ley with IA and 12 points respec- lively, while Lynch was high man for the Endees with IA points. Six teen missed fouls by the Bradley quintet helped to bring about it's downfall but return game is be- ing arranged for the near future and the result should be reversed.
Bradley beam., 1944-01-15
FIRST ANNUAL
 BASE ELIMINATION BOXING TOURNEY

The First Annual Base Elim- ination Boxing Tournament is scheduled to begin Monday eve ming, January 24th, 1914 at 2C00 hours. The tournament is open to all military personnel and those interested to com pete for the numerous prizes offered by the Special Service Office should call Extension 438 immediately.
Bradley beam., 1944-01-15

The Finance Detachment was not scheduled, but bowled an exhibition series with the hitherto undefeated WAC keglers. Results are not available at this writing but if ex- tension 419 were contacted, your reporter is sure that complete ac- count can be given as to the result.
Bradley beam., 1944-01-15
TEAM STANDINGS

NEXT WEEKS MATCHES
Bradley beam., 1944-01-15

Referees: It. Johnson and Caroselli
Bradley beam., 1944-01-15
HOW TT BEGAN

Bowling is an ancient game. It was known under the name of "Bowles" more than two thousand years ago, and even today IS played widely in those regions by the French and Italians who call it "boule". The U. s. got it's first look at it when the Knickerbocker Alleys opened in New York on January l, lS40.