davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1944-05-13

from farm, forest and sea plants.
The doctor went on to explain
that his method would supply the
worlds fuel needs by simpler and
cheaper methods than other syn
thetic ways.
He puts plant wastes in a cooker,
which causes them to burn internal
ly. consuming their own internal
oxygen. When the oxygen is gone
they become hydrocarbons The
stuff that oozes Out Of the cooker
is a jellyAike mass which ne
termed diesel fuel needing no fur
Their refinement. When hydrogen is
added-presto-we have oils, gaso-
line, coal or coke.
DIR. Berl states that by this proc
ess enough gasoline could be made
to run 81, 900, 900 automobiles for
year.
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1944-05-13
Strawstacks May Rival Oil Wells
As Source OF Gasoline LIN Future

You put the lumber the bean in hereand
fuel there This in short is what DIR Be of
the Carnegie Institute Technology in Pittsburgh telling the
world the other day when he said that after Is years of expert
ments he had developed for making gasoline and coal
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1944-05-13
Petroleum Industry TO Spearhead
Drive Against Gas Ration Rackets

WASHNGTONThe petroleum industry has officially opened
illegal traffic of gasoline raong coupons by appointing
1an committee sharpen public consciousness the
of mushrOoming black market gasoline the United States
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1944-05-13

Wives of oil men remind them
They must change their pants
downstairs.
Wives hate men who leave be-
hind them
Oil stains on the bedroom chairs.
Montana oil and mining journal. [volume] (Great Falls, Mont.) 1931-1953, 1944-05-13

Above, Clarence Haniey, assistant
attorney general, who has an
nounced his candidacy for assOci-
ate justice Of the supreme court.
He has ben assistant attorney gem
eraI for seven years and previously
practiced law at PlentywOd and at
Butte.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-11-25
Beta Mu Fetes
High School
Honor Students

Beta Mu chapter Of Alpha Ksp-
pa Alpha sorority 10 planning
something new in the way Of en-
tertainment for Thanksgiving fes-
tivities. A Betty Coed. Joe Col.
lege Swingout" is the title of the
dance to be given on Nov. "a. at 8
pm.
AS guests OF honor for the eve
ming, Beta Mu Is asking the typi-
cal girl and boy from Miller, Cass,
Northern. Northeastern, North
western and Perehing High schools
to be present. On last Sunday
evening these students, who were
chosen according to scholarship,
leadership and personality. were
honored at tea given at the
Women's building of Wayne uni
versity. This dance, which will be
method of ORIGINATING the high
school student into college social
affairs. is informal and is to be
given at Wayne university gym.
All high school students are in
vited Ellen Page and Lois War
rem are co-chairmen OF the dance
committee.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-11-25
Social Panorama
By VIvlENNE

| Michael Aston, Barhur Boddie.
Carolotta Jason. George Cathcart,
Judy Osburne, Marie Scruggs and
Gabrielle Brady.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-11-25
PERSONALS
SILVER ANNIVERSARY


Lovely silver embossed invita-
tons are in the mails TO the 25th
wedding anniversary Of Rev and
Mrs. Charles Andrew Hill He is
the minister OF the Hartford Ave-
nue. Baptist church and chairman
Of the Citizens Committee.
BEREA MINISTER
Rev. and Mrs. S Marion Riley
and their daughter, Mr.. and Mrs
Booker Tubbs. Mr. and Mrs. Lewis
Gilbert and others were dinner
guests at the home OF Mrs, Anna
Cooper Sunday.
IN ILLINOIS
Mr. and Mrs. William Dyer are
visiting friends and relatives i'm
Illinois and Tennessee for two
weeks
ON SICK LIST
Mr.. and Mrs. Lewis Gilbert OF
Kendall avenue were both i'll last
week. Mrs Gilbert Is still con-
fined 10 her home.
IMPROVED
Mrs. Audrey Boulding ~ LaBclle
avenue who has been i'll for some
time is greatly improved.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-11-25

-; He VIII take his family with
him 10 Arizona
\. X X
MRS. FANNIE B PECK
VII! leave this Tuesday for 81
Louis for much needed
rest She will remain for ar
indefinite stay.
MARGUERITE SHEPPARD
IS oelng married this week at Lan<.
ing 10 STAFF SGT. NELSON
WOODFORD. who is stationed A,
Fort Benning.
Heard but unconfirmed tina,
Pretty JUNE BALDWIN
and JOHNNY ROXBOROUCH
are married.
OLA MEREDITH OF Chi.
cago has been the house gues,
OF DR.. and Mrs Walter Hines
Tor the past week Left on
Saturday night.
X X 4
ETHEL CARMICHAEL &c
Just back from a visit 10 Chicago
rNEz KING is verv proud
OF her CORDE' bag which she made
herself and which IS very
pretty and has the professional
look We are begging her TO
make US one
WARREN and RICHARD CAR.
TER brothers and sons
off Mr. AND MRS. BURNELL
CARTER both in the armed
forces hadn't seen each other
Tor months and months met
quite by accident in France
they wrote their mother, that they
actually wept Must have been
thrill unsurpassed.
X X X
SGT AL WALLACE has
been SO good al sending us me-
mentos OF all the Interesting places
ne has been 10 most recent
is portfolio OF pictures OF the
historical places in and about Paris
X X X
Have a sweet letter from
BETTYE BLAND who is al
Wherefore this term SAYS
she has gotten herself adjust
ed and is crazy about the place
She is member OF the Pyramid
club there belongs TO the dra-
matte club is majoring in
music and sings with the
school band THE WILDER.
FORCE COLLEGIANS More
power 10 Bettye.
* X y
The annual basketball game on
Thanksgiving night between the
Brewster Team and the Harlem
Globetrotters will be played as
usual with a good girls prelimin-
airy . The Ypsi Girls and the
Brewster Girls at the Brews-
ter Recreation Center See
you all there.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-11-25
CLUBS
THE DUCHESS OF WAYNE
SOCIAL CLUB

Met at TIE home OF Mrs. lola
Turner, 1920 Antietam street with
Mrs. Annie Leske. president in the
chair. II was decided that the club
would make It's contribution to
the War Chest through the John r.
USO. Plans were outlined for the
clubs Christmas party. which will
be at the home OF Mrs. Ida j. Turn
er. S770 Harding. vice president
The next meeting will be held al
the home Of Mrs. Jessie Ponder.
1910 z. Vernon Highwa. All men,
bers are urged to be present and
on time.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-11-25
cIaudins MeReynoIds
Honored At Shower

Mrs. Claudine McReynolds vas
honored at a prenatal shower oy
Mrs. Rose Walker OF 1858 John r.
street. The honoree was dressed in
flattering black. Lovely cut flowers
decorated the home.
Among the many guests bringing
lovely. dainty gifts in pink. blue
and white. for the heir-to-be were:
Mrs. Frances Porter, Mrs. George
Sharpe, Mrs. Ruth Washington.
Mrs lreen Robinson, Mrs. Terese
McCoai. Mrs. Lille Hines, Mrs.
Rose Cade. Mrs. Alice Rankin, Mrs.
Louise Jones, Mrs Otha Johnson.
Mrs. Alma McReynolds. Mrs. Annie
Thompson Mrs. Florence Wofford.
Mrs. Pearl Ham, Mrs Thelma
Howard, Mrs Annie Sloan, and
Mrs. Ruth Watkins.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-11-25

beaver mouton and deep mouton
cuffs. Her becoming hat was a
wide brimmed affair with q face
veil.
DR.. John w. Edwards and John
Jr., left Saturday for an extended
visit to Washington, D. c.
X \ y
NOTES
Mary Talaferro and Marian
Gresham are both sporting suave
Persian lamb coats.
X X X
Pretty Josephine Edwards was
wearing a luscious full length sill
yer fox coat Saturday night. Her
husband, DR.. John Edwards. pre-
scented it to her as a complete sur
prise.
n \ *
Saturday was Maggie Bugs
and so her husband,
Prof Bugs, presented her with a
lovely minK-dyed muSkrat Mag
gie confessed that il was a COM
plSlG SUI Pl lSC, dlln SllC ildd GSCii
yearning for one so long
X X X
Sgt. Henry Ward and his wife,
Dorothy, are furloughing here.
The sergeant has been stationed in
Illinois.
y y n
NEW ARRIVAL
Slas William Polk Jr.. made his
debut to this old world Saturday,
Nov. 10, at 1925 am. His parents
are the well-knoWn Silas w. Polk
Srs. Mother Frances and little
Polk are doing nicely.
X X X
Al ND!
Nathaniel and Justine Leach ad-
vised this reporter she would be
sued for libel il she didn't clarity
that statement, made a few issues
back. Oh well. such is the life OF
a columnist. Anyway, the Leaches
plan to move into their brand new
home shortly.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-11-25
HOLIDAY GUEST

Mrs Chloe Gillian. OF Spring
field Ohio. arrived in the city
Monday 20 spend the holiday with
her sister and brother-in-law, Mr..
and Mrs Thomas Gillian Sr.. 1887
Maple street, and her niece and
nephews. Mr. and Mrs. Isaac Jones
and Thomas Gillian Jr. all OF 1887
Maple street While in the city
Mrs. Gillian will visit old friends
In Windsnr
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-11-25
MILITARY NOTES, ETC.

Bet the proudest family in the
city is the Hunton family. They
received word last week that
Stanton had been promoted TO a
first lieutenant Stanton is the
son OF Mrs Irene Hunton and
brother Of Julia Brady.
* X "
Sgt. Hank" ROBBERS family re-
coived notice that he is stationed
in "Merrie" England
x !: X
Jolly Pvt. william Bill" Kemp
is here on furloush.
And Hewitt Brown has been
promoted 10 seaman first class.
Congratulations.
X X X
TONI ENTERTAINS
Exotic, dark haired Toni Ba-
QUOT Webster entertained her club,
the "So-Differents." that person
able group of young matrons who
have been going strong for about
eight years.
Toni received her guests in
DldCk anu luSAllld pdl ullldN " III q
bow in her tresses 20 match Black
satin sandals completed her cos
tune.
A True and False" game kept
the guests and members guessing
answers but Julia Brady Louise
Marshall and Blanche Lew S
emerged winners after some tense
moments. Their rewards we're
beautifully decorated crockery
oven sets. After a hilarious Ses-
SION. the cute hostess served a
lovely shrimp salad complemented
with all those palatables that go
with sea food
x X X
JACK AND JILLS
This mother and child group
met as usual at the Urban League
Saturday with the young folk
holding fourth. Several members
OF the very younger set were at
tired in the very latest in what
the smart youngster wears.
Seen at this affair were: Nicoli
and Alfred Gaskill. Claudia Love,
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-11-25
Ezz21
By GLADYS
ALPHA WIVES BRIDGE GALA AFFAIR


mace ot the recent ALPHA AUXILIARY
BRlDIE PARTY held at the Fraternity house
a truly gala affair The smartly dressed femmes OF
the sotgnee set crowded into the house so that
eight O'Clock corners were tardy and some OF whom
got no places to play Finally tables placed even
In the basement rumpus rooms. for the overflow
Prizes were given highest scorer in each individual
section Saw LOUISE TAYLOR AND EDNA TONDEE
with huge boxes . and given one for our
section which contained a luncheon We lat
er learned that nine prizes IN all were presented
TEENE JOHNSON had everything under con-
troll in spite OF the large number and managed to be
very chic IN black frock with Mexican motif and
large black nail studded sombrero and nail studded bag
match learned in the cool of the morning that she
had made the very delicious chicken salad which we
actually eulped down il was good.
Ply Ills GOLDEN looked very pretty in a winter
white Gabardne topped with her leopard coat
LOUISE EDWARDS AND PAULINE MILTON
left az 1870 in time TO get the boat for Cleveland
hoth were smart in suits l,ouise's gray pin stripe
with which she wore natural snake skin sandals Pau
lines was stunning brown check worn OF course
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-11-25
BENEDICT OF THE WEEK

Well liked Saint Clair Billups
Jr.. OF Scotch avenue is the son
OF Mr.. and Mrs. ST. Clair BillupS
Sr. BillupS was born in 1918 and
is one of four children.
ST. Clair graduated from Wayne
university in l94l, obtaining a B.A.
degree AT present he is employed
as teacher at the Lincoln school.
Modest st. Clair is an excellent
dancer but claims just TO be aver
age. He likes girls who have nice
eyes and OF course they must be
smooth" and dance gracefully.
He is a member of the Kappa Al
pha Psi fraternity and is keenly
interested in athletics.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-11-25

| MlCndel AIStOn, Barhur BOddie
Cdrolotta Jason. George Cathcart
Judy Osburne. Marie Scruggs and
Gabrielle Brady.
x * X
ROMANTIC NOTES
The marriage Of Thomas Mitch
ell and Miss Marian White. who
were wed last Sept. 3. was an
nounced this week. Miss White is
the daughter of the Rev. and Mrs.
j. B. Hughes, and the groom is the
son Of Mr.. and Mrs. Emmett
Mitchell OF Ward. w. Va. The
young couple will make their
home with Mr.. and Mrs. Waymon
Mitchell, 1864 Oakland avenue.
4 X X
TRAVELLERS
The Willis Colemans OF Alger
avenue, with Willis Jr.. left Fri
day night for sojourn in Column
bus, Ga. They will visit Willis
parents.
Atty. Joseph Craigen, that we'll
known man around town. is in
New York. He left Tuesday and
will visit friends there.
x X *
The Gil Edwards, Boynton Mil
tons, Walter HarmonS, Hazel Rox-
borough, and the Ben Brownies
left Thursday night by boat for
Cleveland 10 attend the Illinois
Ohio State game. And speaking OF
football games, we understand
several Detroiters plan to attend
the Michigan-Ohio State game in
Columbus next Saturday.
X X X
Mrs. Willis Ward was simply
dashing in that lovely coat. 1t was
a soft yellow with a plastron Of
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-11-25
STICK TIGHT PALS

Met at the home of Lula Shining
ton, 433 Kirby. The next meeting
will be held at the home OF Mrs.
Pittman, 22l E. Warren avenue. All
members are urged to be present.
The Michigan chronicle. [volume] (Detroit, Mich.) 1936-current, 1944-11-25
STORY OF A
PROGRESSIVE CLUB

The "Vulpine Club" organized
by energetic M. NJ. Bonner, is a
group of civic-minded young peo-
pie who are going places. This
group has helped in the War Bond
drive since its inception and this
year they plan TO double the
amount they raised last year.
On Friday night. at II pm. this
group broadcast over station WJLB
appealing to the citizens of De-
troit TO support the sixth War
Bond drive. Accomplished Ernes-
tine Postles was the capable mis-
tress OF ceremonies and did a
grand job. Marvin DuPre sane
two timely vocal selections and p
Rosemond Davis gave an interest
ing address. The Honorable John
j. Maher spoke briefly and pre-
sented charming Mrs. Bonner with
a check for 81 900. NJ. NJ Bonner
is president OF the group.
Congratulations, "Vulpines." anc
continue your excellent work.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-09-17
Jack o. Jobs

IN the town of Warsaw,
Mo-, Earl Bradshaw is
referred to as the one
man answer to the man
power problem. Right now
Earl is running for county
assessor and, il elected, this
will be his thirteenth job.
Mr.. Bradshaw does every
thing from delivering mail
to selling real estate.
Eight years ago Earl quit
farming to settle in town.
He got a job as a rural
mail carrier, covering "a
miles each day. Finding a
little extra time on his
hands, he became custodian
of the community building.
Then someone was needed
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-09-17
Relieving Thirst
Without Liquid

TORPEDOED s g a m @ n ,
and aiTmcn shot down
at sea, who have made
the discovery that they can
quench their thirst by soak
ing their bodies in water,
haven't hit on anything
new. Benjamin Franklin
made tn at observation
nearly 200 years ago.
At the Franklin Institute
in Philadelphia, there is a
carefully preserved letter
that the famous statesman
wrote in 1761 to a Miss
Mary Stevenson, in which
he said:
Il have often observed
myself that however thirsty
/ may have been before
going into the water to
swim, / am never thirsty so
long as l am in the water.
These imbibing pores are
very fine, however. perhaps
fine enough in filtering TO
separate salt from water.
Il imagine that if people
at sea, distressed by thirst
when their fresh water is
unfortunately spent, would
make bathing tubs OF their
empty water casks and, fill.
ing them with sea water, sit
in them an hour or two
each day. they might be
greatly relieved"
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-09-17
The Busy Candidate
Already Has a Dozen
Different Jobs.

TO take tickets and keep
score at the local bail park.
Earl was the logical choice.
Two stores hired him TO
make deliveries. Then the
local post office wanted to
know if, in addition TO his
rural route, he wouldn't be
the special delivery mes
Senger for the town.
Sure, said Earl.
The Baptist Church need
ed a janitor. Earl took il
on, sandwiching it in be
tween another janitorial
Job at a restaurant.
One of his chores calls for
periodic trips out TO the
Lake of the OZarks TO read
the water-Stage meters.
In between, he finds time
TO run around doing odd
carpentry work, and find
ing buyers for houses.
Earl admits he's got a
hankering to get that coun-
ty assessors berth.
But if | don't" he says,
philosophically, I've got
enough TO keep me busy"
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1944-09-17
CONVA[ESC|NG?
This Az D
Vitamin-Tonic
To Help
Build You Up!

To recover more quickly after minor
illness or cold, try the way many
doctors recommend! Simply take
good-tasting SCOTS Emulsion daily!
If there is deficiency of the natural
Yitamins A g. d in the diet, SCOTS
will help you build stamina, energy
and resistance to help speed
convalescence. Try it and see!
Buy economical SCOTS Emulsion.
I'd At all druggists!
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-09-13
Gas :Quota to
be. Unchanged

Washington, Sept. SAP No
changes in gasoline rationing can
be expected before the end of the
war in Europe. the Office OF War
Information said today in a 1000
word report on the crude oil and
gasoline supply.
How much additional gasoline
will then be available for civilians
will depend on how much the Army
and Navy will need after Germany
surrenders. Estimates now are be-
ing prepared by military authors.
ties, OWL said.
The report says that when more
civilian gasoline does become avail
able, the rations for trucks and
buses will be increased first.
Next in line will be "B" card
holders who use their cars In the
course OF business-not merely be-
tween home and work-and who
aren't getting as much as they
need.
It Is planned TO equalize the
maximum "B" rations in all reg ons.
an action that would particularly
help eastern "B" drivers who use
gasoline in their work The East's
"B" maximum now is as miles II
driving a month; Midwest AIS
miles; West Coast 400 hiles. Not
all "B" drivers receive the maxi
mum, and not all would benefit by
a boost in the ceiling figure.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-09-13
Local Fifty Plans
Town Hall Series
See PACIFIC-Page 6

Local SOS Educational Depart
ment and the University OF Michi-
gan Extension Division announces
the beginning of Town Hall Ser
les, September Is at s p. M, TO
be held at the Local so Headquar-
tiers, 20 E. Michigan Ave-, Ypsi-
lanti, =. i. o.. -. ga
THE Town Hail. will be a group
participation activity in which sub
jects of public interest, such as.
Post War Problems, Recreation.
Cutbacks, Subsidies. Price Control
and Returning Veterans Problems.
will be discussed. Wesley Maurer.
representing the u OF NJ. Extension
Division, will introduce subjects OF
current national importance and
then the group will take over for
lively discussion. The new Edu-
cational Director OF Local 80. Ray
J. Pilon. stated that all towns peo-
pie. union members, students and
any interested persons may attend
THE Town Hall.
Plans call for noted speakers
well yersed in the topics under dis
cussion 70 be called in to add inter
est in these meetings and also for
motion pictures to be used as
medium OF introducing the subjects.
Later plans will include sympo-
Sums Of prominent speakers, the
educational director said
The Educational Department Of
Local so, Bomber Plant Local, has
also announced the fall schedule u
educational sessions TO be held for
the benefit OF their Union members
or anyone who is interested in at
tending. A most complete pro-
gram, presented at the Local so
Headquarters in Ypsilanti and run
ming Mondays through Fridays. in
cludes classes, round table discus
sion groups. and Town Hall meet
ing series.
Wednesdays and Fridays classes
See LOCAL FIFTY-Page
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-09-13
BY Dewitt Mackenzie

ASSOCIATED Press War Analyst
When we see Allied forces battl.
ms on the soil Of an already de-
feated and tottering Germany. It
gives to wonder that the United
Nations in such comparatively
short time should have achieved
this triumph over q militaristic ma
ton which came close to conquer.
ing much OF the eastern hemis-
phere-and maybe the whole world.
There are, OF course, many rea-
sons for our success but an i'm.
portant one is the superior skill of
Allied generals who at decisive
moments have outsmarted the best
brains that Prussianism could pro-
duce. In recording this we get
double satisfaction from the fact
that German military leadership.
taking II by and large, always has
been OF Ugh order.
No Light Claim
One doesn't make such a claim
lightly, and before setting Il down
in this column I checked II against
observations OF my friend Brigadier
General Horace Sewell, the dis
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-09-13
"A Books to be
Issued Thursday

Ypsilanti residents are reminded
that they may register for the "A
gasoline books Thursday and Fri
day at Woodruff, Prospect Harriet.
and Ypsilantl High Schools. Schools
will be open for registration from
9 a. m. TO 8 p. m.
Residents living in areas where
the local school will be used for
the coming year and in which no
teacher is employed should contact
the school director TO find out
where they should register.
Issuing OF the "A" books in the
rural districts Is being done today.
Registration hours this afternoon
and evening are Is p. m. and S.
$3.50 p. m.
An exception is Lincoln Consoli-
dated where distribution will be
September 21 from 2:30-5:50 p. m,
and 1890 p. m. in the evening.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1944-09-13
Nurses Will
Make Visits

At meeting OF the Ypsilanti
Visiting Nursing Agency Commit
tee held In the office OF DR.. J. j.
Woods Tuesday evening II was de-
cided TO reinstate the policy OF
bedside nursing on a fee basis.
The agency will again as in form
or months provide care for the
sick in their homes for all types
OF illness-medical, surgical, ma.
ternity, and communicable on the
visit plan by graduate, registered
nurses. The service is available
to anyone regardless OF race. creed
or financial status. The fee for
single visits will be one dollar
per visit. Free visits will be made
upon those who are financially I'M
able TO pay. These visits will be
financed by the Ypsilanti Commun-
fly Fund and the Willow Run Com
munity Council. To all patients
referred. a first visit is made, but
care is continued only under med.
ical direction. Those desiring this
service may obtain It by calling
the city health service.
The members OF the committee
OF the Ypsilanti Visiting Nursing
Agency are. the Rev. Gordon c.
Speer. chairman; c. T Waiting,
secretary and treasurer; Dr. J. j.
Woods, Spencer Davis. Maynard
Richardson, Miss Minnie Smith
Mrs. Clarence Starkweather and
Mrs. Vincent Boden.