The Daily Alaska empire., 1944-11-14
sQUABBLE ON TREATY
 INDICATED
Executive Agreements Substitution to Provide
 Spicy Debates
By CLAIR JOHNSON

ESy CLAlh JOltIN SON
 WASHINGTON, Nov 14-A full fledged squabble is under way about methods to be used in mak- ing Americas peace pacts. It is spiced by a proposal that "execu- tive agreements" be substituted fol treaties.
 Brought into focus by the Dum- barton Oaks security talks, tht issue faces sharp Congressional de bate.
 There are three major factions
 One would retain the long standing policy of the Presidents negotiating treaties which are binding only by consent of two- thirds of the senators voting Most senators appear to favor continual tion of this system.
 A Majority Vote?
 Another group would have the House share in the treaty-making power and would allow ratification by simple majority vote of both chambers. This plan has strong support among House members, in- cluding such figures as Chairman Sol Bloom, New York Democrat, oi the Foreign Affairs Committee
 A third contingent favors use oi executive agreements" by the President. The agreements woulc be subject to majority approval later in the Senate and House, but often might be consummated be- fore being submitted to Congress This idea has not received wide support. It is sponsored by a group headed by Senator Claude Pepper Florida Democrat, frequently ar Administration spokesman.
 The Executive Agreement"
 Some of those backing the "ex- ecutive agreement" plan contend il is already being used successfully They cite President Roosevelt's ex- change of 50 over-age destroyers with Great Britain for use oi western hemisphere bases. This trade was completed in 1940, anc 1t was several months later before Congress gave it's approval by pro- viding funds for use of the bases
 Pepper himself does not go this l far He says he favors a constitu- tional amendment to allow a ma jority of both chambers to approve the agreements. He contends, how. ever, that not enough time remains for such action and that If the United States is to win the peace and begin effective world collabora- tion it will have to be not by treaty of peace but by executive agreement"
 l,200 Executive Compacts
 The Floridan says the executive agreement lis historically as ole and almost as well recognized as the treaty" and says since the timt of President Washington there have been 1900 such compacts anc only 800 treaties.
 He offers his definition of ths agreements as "an instrument per taining to international affairs which the Senate and House art willing by majority vote to Urea as an executive agreement, binding upon this nation
 A treaty, he continues, lis sucl an instrument which the Congress will not recognize unless it is rati fled by two-thirds of the Senator voting"
 Congressional Authority
 Therefore, Pepper concludes Congress has the power. of sub stituting @ majority rule of tn Senate and House for the two thirds rule of the Senate"
 Chairman Tom Connally, Texa Democrat, of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, has hat printed, however, an analysis b, Harry s. Fraser, an assistant coun sel for his committee, which de fclares.
 If the subject matter of tn executive agreement correspond with or is analogous to that whicl was ordinarily cast in treaty forn by the nations of the world whel the constitution was adopted, i 1.4sl t. L. C.