Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-05-23

tant professor of history at
Stanford University of Califor-
MIA, who went through hundreds
Of historical and chronological
writings to trace these benefits
back to the "barbarians," the
people of Siberia and Northern
Europe so named by the Romans.
The same researches added an
imposing list of gadgets that
came to life in the same period.
They include trousers and the
wearing of furs (the Greeks and
Romans didn't get much beyond
tunics, togas and tin hats); cloi-
some jewelry, felt-making, skis,
soap. butter, coopered barrels
and tubs; the cultivation of rye.
oats and hops; the stirrup,
(which made the horse etymo-
logically responsible for chiv-
airy" and, perhaps, the all
important heavy plow with coul-
ter, mouldboard and horizontal
share, which permitted more eff
ficient farming. Also the distil-
lation Of alcohol, so long
thought 20 be an art borrowed
from Islam, is, now believed TO
be a Western European inven-
ton"
Some Of Prof. Whites other
findings were the fore-and-aft
rig which permitted the full
pivoting Of sails next to the mast
50 they could be set within a
wide range for use in headwinds
Their hkencsscs appeared in
Ninth Century Greek art works
and in Italian objects of the
I Twelfth Century Then they
spread TO all the coasts Of
Europe and played It great part
/ IN speeding up commerce, and in
stimulating exploration. Until
this rig was developed. mariners
were unable to tack effectively
against the wind and it marked
an epoch in the history Of labor
by gradually eliminating the
/ galley.
"Gunpowder, the compass and
printing with cast or movable
. type says Professor White,
probably We're not derived from
The Far East. The latest opinions
credit them 20 Europe"
The WhccIbarroW appeared in
Western Europe in the Thirteenth
Century and said the professor.
1t cut in half the number of
laborers needed 10 haul small
loads by substituting a wheel for
the front man Of a hand-barrow "
Buttons were known i'm
ancient times. hat their potent
alltics for styling clothes We're
( not realized until 1900. when they
started the greatest revolution
/ in the history Of costume"
The horse collar came from
smith or Tenth Century bar
hariaus Until then only the OK
yoke was known But 1t couldn't
bo used ON horses. because Il
strauClcd them. The rigid collar
against the shoulders increased
the horses pulling power 300 10
100 per cent The tandem har-
ness appeared about the same
time Previously the pulling
r power or animals couldn't be
multiplied in a straight line be-
cause one beast Of burden could
not be hitChed ahead Of another.
The tandem harness, therefore,
made it possible TO combine pull
ing power. The horseshoe was
another contemporary Of the
horse collar 1t, too. helped in
crease the horses pun. Taken
together, these three inventions
suddenly gave Europe a new sup
ply of non-human power at no
increase of expense to labor.
The udder was first pictured
~ Belgian craftsmen about llsO
Professor White says that au-
thoritics disagree as to its revo-
lutiOnary importance. but he
cites one who believes it in
creased the size and efficiency Of
ships.
The crank appeared after the
barbarian invasions of Roman
territory. Professor White rates
1t as second only to the wheel
in mechanical Importance. The
piston rod and the crankshaft
are among its variations.
The Stanford teacher suggests
that the development Of the
heavy plow and the adoption of
the revolutionary three field"
system IN agriculture in the
Eighth Century were responsible
for shifting the focus Of history
from the Mediterranean area to
Northern Europe.
Previously farmers had used
the two-field system, each year