davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1943-10-31

Since 1917 the United States ioined in
these coalitions and was the determining
factor IN the victory. But the United
States is democracy which takes
long time before it decides to ioin in
battle. And by the time America is in
the midst of the battle many of the
continental nations have been devastated
ana crushed to such an extent that it
must take several generations before
they can get back on their feet. To the
average European America still is far
away IN spite of the airplane and all
lhe modern inventions and in spite of
the fact that America soldiers now are
hghtlng all over the globe.
The Europeans are insular. They
know that America is far away, across a
vast eXpanse of water. They know that
Russia is nearby on land and can rush
her troops and her planes at a moment S
notice to save them.
De GaulIe Is an Example.
Inc case OF the French leader Gen.
Charles de Gaulle probably is the best
illustration of the situation. He belongs
to the very conservative cast of the
French military officers. The "de" in
his name indicates that he springs from,
arlStlcratlc ancestry. Gen de Gaulle,
however, is 100 per cent in favor of a
full future collaboration between France
and Russia and a complete isolation
from the British and Americans who
have given him the opportunity of re-
creating the French armies.
1t is not his particular resentment to
the way the governments of Britain and
the United States have treated him that
Is the fundamental cause of his definite
switch to Moscow, but the realization
that If France wants to be sheltered
from another aggression in another
generation she had better be interlocked
with Russia. And his views are reported
to be shared by at least 10 per cent of
the French people.
similar situation exists in Czecho-
sloVakla, Bulgaria and is likely to pre-
vail eventually in some form or other
in the rest of the countries of Europe.
lhe governments in exile, particularly
those from Eastern Europe which are
under the impression that the Atlantic
Charter and Americas political philoso-
ply will return them to their countries
are naturally strongly opposed to the
SoVletlzation' of Europe They look
to the United States to live up to her
pledges. And there is no question that
the American Government would like
10 see the old status quo re-established
in Europe
But from the practical point of view
the question arises as to whether there
is anything that we can do. except trv
and prevail on Russia to keen within
her boundaries
Ihls would apply, OF course. on our
associates aims regarding territorial
'readJustment' in Poland and Finland
Mr.. Hull's arguments that in modern
days strategic boundaries are no guar
antee for peace are not likely to be taken
too seriously by Miscow.
Furthermore, there is no valid arpu-
ment which the American Government
can use to prevent the new governments
OF Europe from accepting in fact, if not
IN name, the sovereignty of Russia after
the defeat Of Hitler Nobody believes
that this country would risk another war
70 halntaln status quo In Europe.
Evening star., 1943-10-31
RUSSIAN PRESTIGE UP IN SMALL NATIONS

short interval until they get back on
their feet physically.
But after while the old jealousies
and hatreds are bound to crop up again.
We have a vivid example before our
eyes at this very moment For more
than two years Yugoslavia has been
exploited by the Germans and deprived
of all her essentials to feed and clothe
her people
Two separate groups of insurgents
were formed in Yugoslavia- led bv
hlng Peters minister of war, Gen.
DraJa Mlhailovich, the other headed bv
an appointee of the Soviet government.
Drug Tito Although the Germans have
not Yet been defeated and still hold
IugoSlaVla under their boot the two
leaders still are engaged in DESTROYING
each other while fighting the Nazis.
This remarkable situa ton is ascribed
to the tact that the two guerrilla leaders
are representing factions with opposing
ldeologles. Tito is against the monarchy
and strongly in favor Of a form of gov
ernmcnt in his country similar to that
IN Russia. Mihailovich represents the
old regime which desires reinstatement
of the Kargeorgitch dynasty.
Europeans Want Security.
And what is happening in Yugoslavia
today is likely to happen in most Euro
pean countries in the near future.
1t would be mistake to think that
the Europeans are not interested in Sc
curlty Quite the contrary. Each coun-
try wants to be as safe as possible
against the attacks of greedy neighbors.
This explains the system of alliances
which have been current on that conti-
nent for so many centuries.
The desire for security also explains
the demands for strategic frontiers We
near so much about. This desire, against
unexpected aggression, also best explains
the present pro-Soviet trend throughout
Europe.
For the first time in her history Russia
has demonstrated that she can wage
successful offensive war. Hitherto the
Russians have been considered invincible
IN their own country. Napoleon broke
MS spear at Moscow and his doom came
rapidly thereafter: But never until now
has Russia won an offensive war.
IN her long struggle with the Ottoman
empire her diplomats won the wars bv
brlolng the corrupt Turkish pashas. The
SWedes under Charles XII defeated the
Czarlst armies but were defeated in turn
once the youthful King penetrated deep
INTO the steppes of Russia.
In modern days the japanese and the
Germans defeated the Czarist armies.
but neither attempted to enter the heart
OF the Muscovite Empire as Hitler has
done-and lost.
Look to Russia.
1t Is easy to understand how the
desperate, starved and downtrodden
European nations are now looking to
Russia as the only possible guarantor
OF their security. Looking realistically
at Europe today, we see that with the
exception of a few countries most of
them are eager to accept Russia's
supremacy.
The British, interested chiefly in the
maintenance OF an empire, can do little
for war-ridden Europe. The people be-
lieve that in the future, as in the past,
the British government will try to muster
coalitions against aggressor nations.
Evening star., 1943-10-31

we must not let 60 OF the securities
we have found necessary to preserve
our lives and liberties until We are
quite sure We have something else to
put in their place which will give us an
equally solid guarantee
This general proposal is not new. 1t
fits in with the plan of former Presi-
dent Hoover and former Ambassador
Hugh Gibson for provisional peace"
and predictions of Sumner Welles and
others that there will be long armi-
stice' before the final peace treaty Is
signed. And it points the way of a
forgotten resolution passed unani-
mously by the Senate and House and
signed by President Taft 80 years ago.
This resolution, approved June 10, 1910.
provided:
That commission of five members
be appointed by the President of the
United States to consider the expe-
diency Of utilizing existing interna-
tional agencies for the purpose of linn
1ting the armament of the nations of
the world by international agreement
and OF constituting the combined
navies of the world an international
force for the preservation of universal
peace, and to consider and report upon
any other means to diminish the ex-
penditures Of government for military
purposes and to lessen the probability
of war"
No Commission Named.
The commission was not appointed.
President Taft discussed the legislation
with Elihu Root and Nicholas Murray
Butler, among Others but the resolution
was for only two years, a period which
elapsed before he could make his
selection.
The dusty records show that the orig
inal idea for the legislation came from
former President Theodore Roosevelt,
who probably got his inspiration from
Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan,
the great American naval strategist and
scholar, whose ideas still dominate
American and British naval thinking.
The proposal under study now by
American authorities is almost pure
Mahan, who was an ardent advocate of
American British naval cooperation
Aside from the transitional division of
the postwar world by oceans, a contin-
uation Of the combined chiefs of staff
would call for mutual or reciprocal use
of naval and air bases throughout the
world Also under survey is the posi-
bility of the use of Russian and Chinese
forces to police areas contiguous to
their territories
Mr.. Churchill spoke at Harvard after
the Quebec conference, and there is
evidence that the proposal was dis
cussed by the American and British
principals and their experts there. The
recent decision that the United States
will soon start work on three huge air.
craft carriers, which will take two years
to complete, may we'll have been an
other step in the plan.
The details, of course, must be tenta-
tive and subject to the fortunes of war.
Under one theory, the United States
would establish bases throughout the
Pacific and that whenever a joint op-
Grafton of American and British ships
was required to put down threatened
aggression all vessels would be under
American command, and that when
American war vessels went into the
Evening star., 1943-10-31
BY Senator Richard B. Russell.
Chairman of the Senate War Fronts

across the Coral Sea to Gen. Mac
Arthurs headquarters in New Guinea.
Returning to Australia, we landed at
Brisbane, from which city, after visit
to Sydney and Melbourne, we took off
for New Caledonia. We came home
across the Pacific, stopping at FIJI
Islands, Samoa, Christmas Island and
Hawaii on our way to Los Angeles,
whence we took the last long jump
across the entire United States to
Washington.
This represents the route taken by
which we left Washington. The party
did not stay together throughout the
entire trip, but went to different places
within each area visited in other planes.
The large plane IN which we left WASH
ington flew nearly $1,000 miles, and
members of the committee travelled sew
eral thousand miles in other planes
when visiting points where a four
motored plane could not land. About
one-eighth of the total time of the trip
was consumed in travel through the air.
Most of the remaining seven -eighths was
spent in an earnest effort to gather
information.
Sought First Hand Data.
Upon my appointment as chairman of
the committee, l announced that we
were in no sense committee on the
conduct of the war, and that l did not
consider it within our province to under
take to advise or interfere with Allied
military and naval leaders in their direc-
ton of the strategy of the war. I did
feel that the committee could perform
a very useful function for the Senate by
securing flrSthand information from the
various theaters of operations as to the
provisions being made for the health
and Wel-belng of our troops, as we'll as
tlndlng out what the men were thinking
and talking about the condition of their
morale, the suitability of the tools of
Evening star., 1943-10-31
By Raymond p. Brandt.

While the Senate debated this week
whether the Connally postwar policy
resolution should be amended to in
clude specific mention of an inter-
national police power technical naval
authorities were studying the practical
bllity of continuing the present division
of the worlds oceans between the United
States and Great Britain during a
transition period until an international
authority can be established and proved
competent to put down future aggres-
sion
Under arrangements made by Presi-
dent Roosevelt and Prime Minister
Churchill and the combined chiefs Of
staffs, the United States Navy exercises
general jurisdiction over the Pacific
Ocean and the Western Atlantic, while
Great Britain controls the Eastern At
lantic and the region roughly between
Gibraltar and Singapore. The exact
location of the North and South At
lantic line is a naval secret, but it can
be pointed out that Britain, by an
ancient treaty with Portugal, recently
took over bases in the Azores and the
United States has more easterly bases
in Iceland
II plans for the transition period sur
vive study. the combined chiefs of staff
of the United States and Great Britain
will continue the direction Of military
power over these regions. not through
an AngloAmerican alliance, as proposed
by Republican Gov. Thomas E. Dewey
OF New York but by an understanding"
or doctrine similar to the Monroe
Doctrine
When Prime Minister Churchill spoke
at the Harvard degree ceremonies last
month many persons thought he def
nitely proposed an alliance with this
country. He did not use the word
alliance, but said:
AT the present time we have been in
continued vigorous action, the British
and American Combined Chiefs of Stats
Committee, which works Immediately
under the President and myself as rep
resentative of the British war cabinet.
This committee, with its elaborate or
ganization of staff officers of every
grade, disposeS of all our resources and
in practice uses British and American
troops, ships, aircraft and ammunition,
just as If they were the resources of a
single state or nation. -.
Bound to Keep 1t Working"
Now, in my opinion, it would be most
foolish and improvident act on the part
OF our two governments or either OF
them to break up this smooth
and immensely powerful machinery the
moment the war is over. For our own
safety as we'll as {or the security of
the rest of the world we are bound to
keep it working and in running order
after the war, probably for good many
years, not only till we have set up some
world arrangement to keep the peace,
but until we know that it is an arrange
ment which will really give us that pro-
lection we must have from danger and
aggression and which already we have
had to seek across two vast world wars.
I am not qualified, of course, to Judge
whether or not this would become a
party question in the United States and
I would not presume to discuss that
point. am sure. however. that it would
not be party question In Great Britain.
Evening star., 1943-10-31
Finds Troops Well Cared For
And Ready for Task Ahead

On Thursday Russell
nittee of five which
fronts reported to the Senate the committees
With the Statistics
information the
the Senate, meeting
Because the Senate behind
OF what the Senator said
perhaps misnterpreted.
The text of what he did which herewith
readers to form their estimate his
exceptions representing differences opnon
men believed represent
Evening star., 1943-10-31
BY Constantine Br01un.

Officers returning from the European
battlefront explain that in modern COM
bat, particularly when armored forma-
tions are involved. the confusion is such
that it is difficult to differentiate be-
tween your own forces and the enemy's.
But after a few days in Washington
some Of them who come in contact with
the various postwar policy-framers de-
clare that the confusion on the battle
front is a picnic compared with what
happens in the minds of the political
men who are trying to discover the solu-
ton to permanent peace and world re-
habilitation
President Roosevelt. Vice President
Wallace, the State Department, Congress,
Government agencies and a number of
unofficial but influential persons are hard
at work to formulate plans whereby the
world will become a quiet and peaceful
place after the war is over
At present the attention of the world
Is centered on Moscow, where the con-
servatiVe American Secretary of State
Hull. the empire minded Foreign Secre-
'oiS fAiluiioily lIutIl anu lIlC 4NdtlOlldllSG
Russian Premier Joseph Stain. are in
conference planning among other things
blueprint for the postwar world
Whether the results Of their labor will be
satisfactory to the people of this country
and Europe is another matter
Stain Favors Red Pattern.
Premier Stain is chiefly interested in
the economic and political reconstruction
of Europe on the Russian pattern. For
elgn Secretary Eden is interested in all
these matters, but the chief interest of
his government is the preservation of the
vast British Empire and its centuries
long economic interests Secretary Hull
is interested in global peace, a reconcilia-
ton of the British and Russian view
points and q general agreement of all
the nations in the world based on their
preWar sovereignty, territorial integrity
and a general cooperation among all
without any particular alliances between
the United States and one or two spe-
cific countries.
Mr., Hull is said to believe that plans
proposed by so many Americans and
recently by his former Undersecretary
of State, Sumner Welles, for an alliance
between the United States, Russia, Brit
ain and China to preserve world peace
would smack too much of the holy
alliance which defeated Napoleon in
1914 and ran Europe for some 30 years
oy the means of benevolent autocracy. 1t
imposed forms of government on the
various people of Europe who we're as
confused then as they will be at the
end of the present war.
The various American peace planners
are serious minded people who, how
ever, look at the situation from the
point of view of the American philosophy.
It is hard for the average American to
realize that Europe still is an agglomera-
ton of nations with hatred and suspi-
cion against each other.
Difficult to Understand.
It is difficult for him to visualize that
treaties and agreements alone will not
settle their difficulties and that the su-
preme solution offered by some of our
peace planners-to feed the starving
countries of Europe-will not bring about
peace.
1t might keep the Europeans for a
Evening star., 1943-10-31

Leaving Washington on July 25, we
flew via Presque Isle Maine. to an air
base in Newfoundland and from there
we proceeded to another airtield in Lab
rador used by planes flying across the
Atlantic for delivery to England. From
this field in Labrador we flew across the
aWesome ice cap and peaks and glaciers
OF Greenland, following the Great Circle
route to field in Iceland. From Ice
land we went to the United Kingdom.
where we spent a number of days, prac-
tlcally half the time with our 9Th Air
Force. From gigantic airport in South
west England we took off at midnight
one night for Marrakech, in North
Africa. We spent more than a week in
the North African theater of operations
and visited all the important cities along
the Mediterranean, as well as CaSablanca
on the Atlantic, and all the troop con-
centratlons that are scattered along the
entire rim Of North Africa, as we'll as
the scene of the fighting there last
spring, Leaving Cairo, we travelled across
Arabia to Basra and Abadan on the
L NAbtoil NIuII' lIltIt, III d Cllf1laIP so
hot that the actual temperature recorded
by thermometer defieS belief, our men
are assembling and delivering to the
Russians vast quantities of war materiel
under lease-lend.
Over the Burma Hump.
From this theater we proceeded to
karachi, in India, and thence across
India by New Delhi and Assam Province
and over the Burma Hump into China,
visiting Running and Chungking Com
iDg back out of China we proceeded to
Calcutta and from Calcutta across the
Bay of Bengal to Ceylon. From Ceylon we
crossed the Indian Ocean to Carnarvon
on the west coast of Australia. We were
told that ours was the first land plane
ever to make this flight across the Indian
Ocean. We visited Port Darwin and
TOWNSVILLE, from which place we flew
Evening star., 1943-10-31

Continued on Page C-3, Column 81
Evening star., 1943-10-31

areas scarcely a
q a Y p a S S e S m
which there is not
some story in the
newspapers about
black markets. 1t
would seem that
they are f a irly
prevalent all over
t h e country, a S
prevalent as boot
leggers in the days
of prohibition. In
New York City
b ! a C k m a r k e t
prices are even
Evening star., 1943-10-31

Mediterranean on a similar mission thev
would automatically 60 under British
command. II Soviet Russia created a
large navy. which is unlikely during the
transitional period, she might be per-
mltted to patrol the Baltic or even the
Eastern Mediterranean. One bold spirit
argues that the United States should
have naval and air base at Dakar. on
the western tip of French East Africa,
with joint use by the British.
Under this plan the United States and
Great Britain would reciprocate the use
Of bases, such as the occasional use of
Singapore by American ships and Pearl
Harbor by the British.
This idea is not so revolutionary as it
would have sounded before the war.
Gen. Eisenhower was in command of
the fortress at Gibraltar for few DAYS
before the invasion of North Africa.
Administration advocates of the tram
sition plan, who must be nameless for
the present, claim that a large Ameri-
can-British naval force would not be
necessary to police the world, and that
all the old American battleships might
we'll be scrapped if the Anglo American
arrangement is continued The reason
ing behind this contention is that Ger
many, Japan Italy and France will have
= no fleets after the war. A mere show of
force, with the Americans and British
working together, they say, would be
sufnclent to put down any threats.
wars, confident, first that Britain would
not fight, and second, that the United
States would remain aloof. Both times
Germany was wrong, but it took the
British and Americans several years to
bring their full resources into the con-
flicts.
Could Halt War Spread.
AS proof of their theories. and again
this is almost pure Mahan. the advocates
cite the century of world peace between
1914 and 1914, when the British NAVY
was the greatest police power They
concede that a combined naval force
could not stop all wars, but assert that
these small wars usually for territory,
could be kept from spreading into
world conf1agration.
The transitional plan has not sd-
vanced far enough to attract critics.
But If the idea is officially and publicly
sponsored, 1t probably will be opposed
by the traditional opponents of COOP
Grafton with Great Britain, who may as
sert that the United States Navy will
be used to maintain the British En-
plre, especially British control of India,
The rebuttal of the American advo-
Gates is that Great Britain, the Neither
lands and Belgium probably will work
out their colonial problems along the
lines OF this country's graduated pro-
gram for liberation of the Philippines
As to whether this country would want,
or England and Australia would per-
NIT, American naval patrol of the
Southwest Pacific including Australia
and the Dutch East Indies, the American
planners say that this is a detail that
has not been reached.
The plan has not reached the stage
for presentation to the Congress or Off
cialiy to the public and its advocates
emphasize that 1t would be temporary
arrangement until something better il
provided"
Printed BY special arrangement With the q
Louis Post-Dspatch.
Evening star., 1943-10-31
A Voice From
IheCOuntrv
BY Louis BrOmfeId

This piece is to be about black mar
kets. You hear about them wherever
you go in the country, in small towns.
in cities, on farms. In METROPOLITAN
Detroit evening times., 1943-09-07
Paper Inventory
Is Ordered Cut

WASHINGTON, Sept. 7 UNS)
Adopting a recommendation of
the newspaper industry advisory
committee, the WPB yesterday
ordered publishers in % north
eastern and central states, includ-
ing Michigan, to reduce newsprint
inventories from 50 days supply
to 40 days supply and those in -
southern and western states 10
cut from 75 days 10 65 days
supply.
Recommendation for reduction
of newSprint inventories was adj
vanCed by the industry committee
as a step In solving the critical
supply situation. The comsnittce
also recommended a net reduction
of 5 per cent in neWSprlnt con-
sumption for the fourth quarter
of 1913.
Publishers are required TO re-
duce their September newsprlnt
delivery orders Immediately 10
conform TO the new inventory
restrictions.
Detroit evening times., 1943-09-07

All lNAI-lAEE A+S- sept -
uNS1 - John Cudahy, former
minister 20 ireland and amhas-
sa5r 90 Poland and Belgium. was
bucd Yesterday afternoon when
he was thrown from a horse
While making an inspection tour
of ms Brown Deer Estate near
milwaukee,.
Cudahy. who was - years old
suffered broken neck.
The accident was discovered hy
Ear. kramer of Racine, Wis
vine Yra7 visiting ffrafhy farm
kramer told authorities he saw
Cudaly riding m a hilly section
OK the estate about 8 p. m, 4 few
minutes later. he said. he saw