davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star., 1943-02-01
Viereck Conviction
To Be Argued Today
In Supreme Court
Appeals Tribunal Upheld
2-to-6-Yeur Sentence
As Nozi Agent
Py the Associated Press.

Py the Associated Press.
The conviction of George Syl-
vester Viereck on a charge Of failing
to give the State Department full
information concerning his alleged
activities as a NaZi agent in this
country was up for argument today
before the Supreme Court.
He was convicted in District
Court and sentenced to from two to
six years in Federal penitentiary.
The verdict was upheld by the
United States Court of Appeals
here.
The Justice Department contends
Vierick registered as an author
and journalist and did not dis
close any of his activities in the
political affairs of this country
Wendell Berge, assistant attorney
general, said in brief that Viereck
had taken over company which
published books highly critical OF
British foreign policy" organized a
MAKE Europe ray war DeOtS COIH-
mittee.' and "frequented the Senate
and House Once buildings. especially
the Offices of the late Senator
Lundeen of Minnesota and Rep
resentative Hamilton Fish of New
York"
O. r. Mcclure, Washington at.
torney, asserted that Viereck shoulo
not be punished because he hap
pened to take what became the
losing side of the great issue" as t
whether the United States shoult
enter the war.
Viereck was described by his at
torney as an American citizen VIII,
was not an agent for any German
| principal at the time the United
States declared war on Germany.
Evening star., 1943-02-01
.OPA Bans Advance
In Crude Oil Prices
As Unjustified Now
Says Present Scale
Will Absorb Increases
In Production Costs
BY the Associated Press.

By the Associated Press.
The ONCE of Price Administration
ruled today against any general ad-
vance in crude oil prices, as mot
justified at this time"
The agency said it made the state
ment because of widespread pub
licity attending the gathering pres
sure" for a substantial increase in
crude oil prices.
Some sections of the Oil producing
industry have suggested as much as
so cents barrel increase in present
prices.
General increase in crude prices.
OPA asserted, would add heavily to
the consumers fuel bill and danger
ously threaten price control, since
Oil is a basic commodity in the
domestic, industrial and military
economy
Present Scale Adequate.
OPA said survey by the Tariff
Commission Of crude petroleum
prices and costs indicated that con-
unuation Of present crude prices, in
Guiding the special price increases
already granted in some fields and
lor various areas, would enable the
majority OF producers to absorb any
increases in production costs and
MAINTAIN a margin of profit which
must be considered adequate in
wartime"
OPA said its decision did not
mean that the door has been closed
! against consideration OF local. re-
glonal Or area price problems aris-
ing from abnormalties, undue hard
snip arising from oil shortages and
uneconomic structures"
To raise all prices to relieve the
exceptional producer. OPA said
would disrupt the entire price struc-
ture of the entire petroleum in
dustry and would not be justified
by any evidence which has been pu,
forward to date"
Transit Bottleneck.
OPA estimated that each cent pe,
barrel added to the price of crude
oil would add sl4,00o,00O a year to
the Nations fuel bill.
The agency took the position that
increased supplies of oil cannot al
ways be obtained by means OF a price
increase. 1t added:
Higher prices Of oil, for instance
will not relieve the Eastern fuel OF
and gasoline shortage. That is
largely transportation bottleneck
Precisely similar conditions hole
where increased production is linn
tied by available equipment or the
ALLEGATION Of strategic materials"
Evening star., 1943-02-01
38 Bombing Attacks
On Nazi Territory
Made in Month
Latest Is gath RAF
Assault on Hamburg,
Starting Big Fires
In Stars and Stripes.
BY the Associated Press.


LONDON. Feb. 1.-Allied bomb
els closed the first month of l943
with list of 38 bombing attacks on
Germany and German occupied
territory, including the two daylight
visits to Berlin Saturday for a
bombing celebration of the 10th
birthday anniversary of Adolf Hit
ler's regime.
Despite January's bad weather,
the bombers attacked industrial and
military targets of the Reich IT
times by night and 81 times in day
light. The United States 9th Air
Force wound up its January activi-
ties last Wednesday with its first
raid on Germany proper. The Ger
man naval base at Wilhelmshaven
was plastered with bombs, nearby
Emden was raided and % Nazi fight
ers were reported shot down.
The RAF made its oath assault on
Hamburg Saturday night. spreading
roaring fires in this North German
center of shipyards, submarine sheds
and aircraft plants, the Air Ministry
said.
Early reports today indicated the
bombers were inactive last night
presumably because of bad weather.
The Strait of Dover was churned
by gales up to 10 miles an hour and
hail, rain and lightning added to
flying difficulties. The German Air
Force stayed at home, too.
1t was considered here that of the
38 raids in January. the two daylight
attacks on Berlin Saturday probably
will be longest remembered in Ger
many. 1t was the first time Berlin
had been raided in daylight. The
first visit at II am. made Reichs-
marshal Hermann Goering delay his
address to the army an hour and
the second, in the afternoon, pune
tuated propaganda minister Paul
Joseph Goebbels' reading of Hitlers
proclamation on the dangers of Boil
shevism.
Evening star., 1943-02-01
Stimson Writes 10 Parents
.f ! in Armed Forces
BY the Associated Press.

BY The Associated Press.
Secretary of War Stimson has
sent a letter of appreciation to Mr..
and Mrs. Andrew H. Holloman of
Frederick, Okla, whose seven sons
are serving in the armed forces.
Such patriotic devotion must re-
feet the loyalty and patriotism
which they have learned at home -
Secretary Stimson wrote.
The seven sons are Mai. Delmar
w. Holloman, field artillery, Miami
Beach, Fla; Capt Robert H Hollo-
man, field artillery, reclassification
center, Omaha, Nebr.: First 1t
James H. Holloman. Dental Corps,
Camp Swift, Tex; First 1t. Ira j.
Holloman, Quartermaster Corps
with flying training detachment
Vernon, Tex. Assistant Surgeon AL
fred l.. Holloman, United States
Public Health Service. Washington;
1t. ]. g. Haskell A. Holloman, Navy
Pvt. jeff J. Holloman. basic train
ing at Fort Sill, Okla.
Evening star., 1943-02-01
New Nazi NavyChief
Warns Of Intensified
U-boat Warfare
All Germun Sea Power
Will Be Concentrated
In Attacks, Doenitz Says
BY the Associated Press.

BY the Associated Press.
LONDON. Feb. GERMANY men,
aced the Allies today with the threat
of greater submarine war, backed
by the total power Of the Nazi Navy
Her warning OF what the Allies
were expecting. desperate effort
to win the war by an all-out cam
paign against Allied supply lines,
came with the elevation of Grand
Admiral Karl Doenitz to command
er in chief OF the German Navy.
Doenitz, master of submarine
warfare, hoisted his new flag-a
black cross on a white field-over
mis- headquarters yesterday and the
German radio broadcast his dec
lsration:
II will put the entire concentrated
strength of the Navy into the SUBJ
marine war, which will be waged
with still greater vigor and deter
mination than hitherto.
Fight to Finish Promised.
THE entire German Navy will
henceforth be put into the service
of ineXorable U-boat warfare. The
German Navy will fight to finish"
Doenitz. originator of the wolf
pack attacks by U-boats against
Allied conveys. succeeded Grand
Admiral Erich Raeder, who, it was
reported, would become Adolf Hit
ler's first adviser on naval affairs"
Last month A. v. Alexander, First
Lord of the Admiralty, told the men
of Britain's home fleet that this is
the crucial year in which the enemy
has made up his mind to have
last throw in the battle of the seas.
The enemy is now using new u
boats in larger packs and with new
tactics"
A part Of the Allied campaign to
wreck the German plans has been
the heavy aerial attacks on U-boat
bases both in France and Germany.
But this is recognized as only one
step in the effort to keep Allied sup
plies flowing.
Nazis Pressed to Find Crews.
The pace of Allied sinkings OF u
boats has presented Germany her
self with a desperate problem in
the matter of qualified submarine
crews.
Already boys as young as Is and
II have been reported being taken
into the service, and observers said
the concentration of the entire Ger
man Navy in the service of U-boat
warfare might entail the transfer
to submarines Of sailors from bat
tleships and cruisers.
Delegates attending an interna-
tional seamen's conference in Lon
don adopted resolution yesterday
calling for greater protection for Al
lied conveys.
"A considerable proportion of the
loss of shipping, life and cargoes,"
the resolution said, lis due to the
inadequacy of protection and the
tardy arrival Of assistance when in
sufficiently protected conveys are
attacked
Evening star., 1943-02-01

mittee, Mrs. Smith does her own
housework and is studying Chinese
with view towards helping in the
rehabilitation of China after the
war.
Bernard J. Nees, president of the
Junior Board of Commerce, said
the award will be made each week
Any man, woman or child may be
a V-Man-the sometimes unsung
heroes on the home front.
The campaign, as Mr.. Nees out
lined it, is to recognize the out
standing voluntary contributions of
these "V-Men' and at the same
time encourage more participation
by others in war work.
The Junior Board ,V-Man Com
mittee includes Roger league
James Jones, Winfield Weitzel
Fred Holladay. Sterling Stonden-
mire. Duane Paul, Charles Suter.
George De Franceaux. Carl Ford
Henry Friend, William Herman and
Cary Nichols.
Evening star., 1943-02-01
Benjamin Bridges
Seeks Leesburq Post
Special Dispatch to The Star.

SpecIaI Dispatch to The Star
LEESBURG, Va, Feb. 1.-Benja-
min Bridges Of Leesburg announces
his candidacy for member of the
Board of Supervisors from Leesburg
magisterial district, subject to the
Democratic primary in August. The
incumbent NJ H. Whitmore, has de-
clined to run again.
Evening star., 1943-02-01
Calvert Agent Chosen

PRINCE FREDERICK. Md. Feb. |
(SpeciaD Mrs. Florence Buchanan
of College Park has been named
county demonstration agent for
Calvert County.
Evening star., 1943-02-01
Courthouse Clock
StroddIes Issue of
Shift to Central Time

P, the Associated Press.
BAXLEY, Ga, Feb. l.
The venerable Appling County
Courthouse clock is playing no
favorltes among citizens who
disagree on the wisdom of
Georgia's transfer from East
ern to Central War Time.
The hands point the hour of
Central Time. but the chimes
strike the Eastern War Time
hour.
Evening star., 1943-02-01

Uncle Sam will keep 'em fying if
the spirit of his citizens will keep
'em buying bonds.
Evening star., 1943-02-01
SCHOOL OF FOREIGN SERVICE.

Bachelor of Science in Foreisn Service.
Briefs, Henry w koburger C W Jr
CaTraNay. William MCGOWAN Robert l..
ChrlStmau. w S NcGreth. f c
Crowley, EoWIn d Markey, F l.. ir.
Dawson, Peter Hal Malurl Robert j
DuireSne, Joseph M!nnls, william G.
De Ham, George Morrison. John b
Besariy, H. F. SClnto. Frank J.
Hoiion. n E, il Stevenson, T j, II.
James ". c, u SVeig. Martin
Jones, Franklin c. Zimmerman, II. +.
Bachelor of Science in Business and
Public Admin stration.
Behrendt. Waldcmar Kcayns. F. IT,
Boeken. RICHARD c. Mclaughlin, E B.
Cslaf, Frederick A. Maloy. ". j, II.
Cobb. Hugh Hunter Moroucy. Robert F
CuSacE. Raymond J MoyeT. Eugene Carl
DAVIS Horny W. Ofutt, Richard H
DUnne, Gerald T. PerpiCh, George r
Eakle, {. o, r Schlsd'. GCorge J
Felomsn. Leonard Sehmeltzer, J. E, "
GelgeI, Frank j. Schmidt, Charles l..
HOLSTER, Robert p. ScrusgS John c.
Hofssn, John c. Sole, Emilio z
Joharsen. ". r ZLch, Frank M y
Kane James F, tr.
Evening star., 1943-02-01
OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.

Racheior Of Arts
Br.nnon, Gerard NJ McMsin. James A.
Callahan. E j. ir Murner. Peter
SsI9G GsrdneT EsIR9 & " NNspPnS NspIer Rober Rfe G.
Godfrey, James r. Rohrey. John c.
C;ormsn, f j. jr Ross John B
Gulltole. joseph v Ryan, John W.
Guyer. George r. SCHWARTZ J. A Jr.
Hslhsan. Thomas w Sewell John ".
Kehoe. W. A, jr Sullivan, William N
Herman. Leslie w. Touhy. John H.
McLaughhn J M Walker. John r
ScMshon, Paul B, Yeaeer, E. H, II,
Bachelor of Science in Pure Science.
Darsan. John Grove Patten, Ralph r
Dooley. w T. II. Potterfield T G
Fomon, John j 0uirk. Edward J.
Marlsnd A E jr SaWada Edward A
Meyer Richard J. schuette. Q r, II.
Michsud, J T schwartz, Robert )
Opinsky, Morton Spencer, william 2
Bachelor of Science in Sooiai Science.
Agneu Edward J Kohl John Lee.
Aud. Richard MEG Le BurTe, Leon A.
Barrett. John F, y. Lindsay. r z. IT,
Bornhe!mer. W r. McArt. F, =.
Bunje. Carl F Mcclure. Hunter, u
Clesry. Frank l., II McLalRh!ln, J A j
DAILY, Robert McLsushhn. " c
DoInteid. FRANK J. Mendez, MsnHel A
ESsn John Jules Murphy, F 6 u
Erickson, s W ODonneN W F
Fish. James / n. POnSelle. T G.
Fleming J T. IT. Ragan. W F
Garvey, BARLEY r Renehan Peter G
Carvey, Martin Leo RlpsndeN. s J
asshssl asftnsSi Frank b i3f5fS smth Joha il'o r.
HiSslns. Robert W. Sorce. Ross y.
Iaporowski. S A. Uniscke. John F.
Kehoe ] F jr, Walsh. Richard ).
Kelly. Dsn!ei J. Wldmayer, L A !,
Kins. James A. YOUNG james
k!ns William p ZIn'ak, 3. j. it,
GRADUATE SCHOOL.
Master of Arts.
Arnorld. JACK c
Marshall Vincent De p
Evening star., 1943-02-01
Tuesdays
Special
Luncheon

Plan to enjoy it with your
fr,ends-for you will-prepared
IN the Madrillon manner; snd
served in the charming Madril.
Ion environment. -
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1943-03-02
new DELINQUENT TAX LAW
Is KEEPS CLERK SAWYER BUSY

County Clerk Ross c. Sawyer
is busy man today because of
the new delinquent tax law,
which shortly will go into effect
in Monroe county for the first
time.
This law has teeth that are as
barred and as sharp as the teeth
of a snarling wolf, and delin-
quent taxpayers all over the state
are awakening to that fact.
Every day delinquent taxpay-
ers call at Mr.. Sawyer's office
to clear up their property, and,
in many cases where that is not
done, tax certificates are being
extensively purchased.
Discussing the latter phase of
the tax situation, a Key Wester
remarked today in the office of
an organization that is trying to
benefit the community in every
way possible:
There seems to have been
something of an unwritten law
among Key Westers not to buy
certificates on the delinquent
property of other Key Westers.
but / maintain that any Key
Wester, who steps up to the line
and pays his taxes regularly.
rates pat on the back if he
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1943-03-02

buys certificates on the property
of another Key Wester who has
not enough civic pride to do his
duty to help to pay for the func-
tioning of our state and county
governments.
Why should the taxpayer
who meets his civic obligations
have any consideration for the
taxpayer who spurns his civic
obligations? Besides, the greater
the number of delinquencies,
the larger the amount the faith
full taxpayer has to pay, year
after year, to make up for the
losses of revenue that delinquents
should have paid
But they'll pay now or lose
their property My prediction is
that, when normal times come
again, this new law will result
in decreasing the amount of
taxation on realty throughout
the state, because of the greater
equalization of the receipts OF
revenue from taxation.
Those delinquents who are
laying low in the hope of being
benefited again by a law similar
to the Murphy act, viii have to
toe the mark now just the same
as the consistent taxpayer has
been toeing it for many years"
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1943-03-02
PAPY STILL URGES
STRICT ECONOMY
FOR COUNTY UNITS
OFFICIAL REFERRED TO IN
RECENT STATEMENT cLARI-
FIEs MATTER ON FEES
COLLECTED

Representative Bernie Papy
flushed a rabbit when he spoke
about county official who re-
ceived more than $500 in one
month, chiefly from fees, as the
salary of the office is only $3.50
monthly.
The man concerned said that he
received $805 one month, but that
it included fees for three months,
and he asserted there was no truth
whatever about the sum exceeding
$1,000, as another county official
later informed Citizen reporter.
However, Mr.. Papy still sticks
to his assertion that the county,
should economy be strictly prac-
ticed, could get along on its pres
ent income without raising taxa
ton, despite the loss of race-track
money.
More Key Westers today are
paying taxes than during any 9TH
err time In the history of the city,
Mr.. Papy d6clareds and If care is
exercised now in making expendit
lures, as it has to be exercised IN
hard times, ne firmly believes
that the county can make both
ends meet without having to re-
sort to increasing taxes.
''Taxes will eat us up Mr..
Papy said. IF we are not careful.
All of us should gladly pay federal
taxes, whatever they may be,
and they are going to be high and
still higher, and because of that
burden we uncomplaiRingly as
sumo to win the war, city or coun-
ty taxes should not be increased
also"
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1943-03-02
AMERICAN TROOPS
MAKING HEADWAY.
BRITISH IN TUNISIA STOP
AXIS TROOPS IN THEIR
ADVANCE
.By Associated Press,

ALGIERS, Mar. 2. - Allied
headquarters reported today that
American troops have made
gains 20 miles southwest and IA
miles north of Kasserine Pass.
The British in north Tunisia
have stopped the Axis troops in
their advance in one sector, and
in dogfights in that area the
Germans lost q aircraft, and
10 others were so badly damaged
they Withdrew from the fights.
General Bernard Montgomery's
Eighth Army continues to pound
the Mareth line with heavy ar
tillery. The. heaviest bonbard-
ment is occurring at the northern
sector of the line, through which
Montgomery expects to pass to
hammer at Marshal Erwin Rom
meTs rear.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1943-03-02
Jap Fleets Sighted Lurking
Off Of N6ugCUinGa Coast
- - - - s~~<W - ~ 81 -
KNOX CLAIMS AXIS
STILL HAVE LARGE
NUMBER OF SUBS
fBx A..ecIated Pre-rl

WASHINGTON. Mar. a.
Secretary of the Navy Frank
Knox said today that the enc
mY's submarine warfare is not
getting any worse, and that
while the Allied Nations are
pleased over that condition.
the u-boat menace still
continues to be one of the
chief problems of the war.
The Germans. he stated.
probably now have between
400 and 400 submarines.
though some quarters place
the number between 500 and
500. There is a possibility.
he said. that Hitler may be
building submersibles fast
er than the Allies are sink
ing them.
A reporter asked Secre-.
tarY Knox if he considers
the Italians are good fight
ers. and he replied that they
are. when their hearts are in
the fight. but tina the Ital-
ians have no relish for the
present war and are. there
fore. disconnected TO be fight
ing in a cause that does not
appeal TO them.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1943-03-02
Berlin Bombed Heavily
By Allies; 50 Persons
Killed, zoo Wounded
NAH SIXTEENTH ARMY In AREA
OF LENINCRAD CRUSHED; ELEVEN
THOUSAND ENEMY TROOPS KILLED
tBy Associated PresxD

MOSCOW. March Marshal
sixteenth army Leningrad fodsys romnanaue
l10oo sending te others
ing back in disorder.
victory added
the being relieved
Tmoshenko onslaught viii
two in the next few days that Finland WI
isolated from her powerful fighting partner.
1t surnised in military circles
henkos victory peace
Fighting IN the Donetz BASIN northwest Of Khakov resulted
Russisn according advice
resulted in the Russians losing elsewhere
Ukraine the Reds enemy
Dneiper In of those
ured by the Reds. the comnunique concluded-
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1943-03-02
A SQUARE DEAL

Key Fz-zE
We win deErnd sxrzz 81
citizens who need q 1zxP
Key ssa&
efforts
Landlords
Eowsvez
eun4zzs1
in
vaIue officials repressnfns xhe GA
urentro = 81
your name
show you low ~ intend &c obtzin juz<zrs-
JOSEPH
~ Dsx1zn g.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1943-03-02
BUILDING AND
REPAIR WORK
SLOWED DOWN
CAUSED BY pRIoRrTIEs SET
UP rY WAR PRODUCTION
BOARD FOR THIS DIS
TRIcT

Ralph Russell, building inspec-
tor in Key West, said today that
applications for permits for pro-
posed buildings and for repairs
to buildings have died down to
practically nothing because of
the priorities set up in this dis
trict by the War Production
Board.
At the Chamber of Commerce.
Secretary Stephen c. Singleton,
stated that, because of the con-
dition now existing in Key West,
due to the WPB's orders. build
ers and other residents inter-
ested in construction of houses,
are anxiouly awaiting the ar
rival here of H. E. Enyeart, pri-
critics manager of the WPB in
this district, with offices in Mi
ami.
When Mr.. Enyeart said he
would be here last week, caller
after caller visited the Chamber
of Commerce office inquiring
about him.
Secretary Singleton says he
expects to receive a wire from
Mr.. Enyeart, containing the in
formation Of the time he will
arrive here, and that he, Mr..
Singleton, has invited Mr.. En-
yeart to attend the luncheon of
the Key West Rotary Club on
Thursday.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1943-03-02
REGULAR FORMS FOR REGISTRATION
OF INDUSTRIAL USERS FOR RATION
BOOK NO. TWO ARE NOW AVAILABLE

istrations of white people viii
be conducted in the Key West
High School auditorium and for
colored people in the Douglass
Public School.
II is not known, even approxi-
mately, how many residents
failed to get Book No. g 1t IS
required, in obtaining that book,
for the applicant to have Book
No. l. A good many Key West
ers, who did not have the latter
book, were unable to obtain
Book No. 2. So No. / and No. !.
will be given to those residents
next Friday.
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1943-03-02
Prospects Loom Brightly For
Formal Opening of Improved
Overseas Highway Labor Day
Grand Celebration Will Be
Held In Connection With
Outstanding Event OF
Present Year.

Thomas Johnson. chairman of
the State Highway Department.
came to Key West unheralded
last Saturday and remained here
until yesterday. and while he
was here he told Major George
Breidenback. USA. who took MIR.
Johnson for d ride through the
keys. that all the bridges that
are now being constructed viii
be completed by Labor Dav. at
which time he hopes that a biz
celebration can be held in con-
neciion with their formal open
ing. Mr.. Johnson was accom-.
rsnied by Mrs. Johnson.
The Johnsons arrived here with
L. c. Hasler. mayor of Pensa-
cola. who is being quietly
sroomed for governor. and Mr..
Haqler is Mrs. Breidenback S
first cousin. so he and the John
sons were guests at La Concha
Hotel of Major and Mrs. Breid-
enbaek while they were in Key
West.
II thought Key Westers would
be delighted to know that the
bridges will be finished by La
Dor Day" Major Breidenback
said this afternoon. so came
down here to give you the good
news. ! took Tom Johnson for
ride through the keys. and he
assured me he is confident that
the bridges will be completed by
Labor Day. unless. of course. la
Dor trouble should develop. and
there is no reason now to be-
lieve that any such difficulty
will arise.
He told me that work is pro-
crossing rapidly and will con-
tinue 10 progress. so that he has
reason TO believe all the
bridges viii be rtadY TO be
opened to the public by Labor
Day. A great work is going on
at every key where bridges are
being constructed. and. may
add. ii is being done rapidly and
efficiently"
The Key West citizen. [volume] (Key West, Fla.) 1879-current, 1943-03-02
SENATOR PEPPER KEEPING RIGHT
BEHIND FUND FOR new HOSPITAL

Atlanta, and bv the United
States Public Health Service.
The last information Mayor
Willard NJ Albury, who started
the movement for the hospital
and has followed the application
closely through every channel,
was that it had been turned
over to FWA engineers for their
approval.
DR., Gilbert Osincup, represen-
tative in Florida of the United
States Public Health Service. has
assured Mayor Albury the likeli-
hood is the project will he APP
proved.