davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Wilmington morning star., 1943-08-30
GERMANS USING
new SHIELD TO
STOP RED PUSH
OLD STYLE REVIVED
Latest Attempt To Slow
Russians Brings Back
Crusader Memories

MOSCOW, Aug. 29-(P- The
latest device the Germans have
produced in their efforts to defend
themselves against the Red Ar
my's summer offensive is por-
table armorplated shield some
thing like the Crusaders used to
carry.
The shields, measuring 30 by so
inches, are placed about every
100 yards of front at most import
ant points and German troops hide
behind them to fire on advancing
Red army men, according to Prav-
da, official Communist party news
paper.
The Germans have also produced
steel and concrete boxes, holding
six or seven men, which serve as
|readymade Notifications, Pravda
reported, adding that more than 7(
Of these were found along two and
a half miles of the Donets basin
front.
Several of these boxes are some.
times placed on top of each other
to form a multiple-st -storied pillbox
Pravda said the Germans fire
machine guns and rifles through
CRATES at the bottom of the boxes
in close range combat and oper
metal windows to fire small calibre
cannon when fighting at long range
The newspaper added that spec
ial squads equipped with armol
piercing weapons were formed tt
overcome these boxes.
The Wilmington morning star., 1943-08-30

The Curtiss Seagull is said to be
the fastest battleship and cruiser
based plane in operation with the
u. S. Fleet
The Wilmington morning star., 1943-08-30
COMMUNIST GROUP
CHEERS new PLEA
FOR SECOND FRONT
Deputy Says Unless Move
Made Now 1t Will Be
"Seccndary Front"

ALGIERS, Aug. 2e-(P)-A dec
laration by Communist deputy
that the "second front must open
in France or it will be Sec
ondary front" was cheered today
by $500 Communist sympathizers
attending a party meeting in an Al
giecs theater.
Henri Portalet, who was given a
mandate by the French Commun-
list party last spring to contact the
French government in North Afri-
ca and who spent three months
recahing here via Spanish pris-
on, told the throng:
"In F~ance there is the equival-
ent of 100000 parachutists wait
ing behind German lines to strike a
blow for liberty. Ninety-five per-
cent of the French people are unit
ed against Hitler and the Vichy
traitors.
France is open to Allied in
VdSlOll lOIll I'LL &C SCdSs VO Wv ilOI
believe it impossible % open a Sec
ond front there. We Communists,
are willing to take a back seat if
our party hinders the union of the
French. On the other hand, if our
part is an element of union we will
do all in our power to achieve it.
Our only aim is to serve France.
Pourtalet, who had been receiv-
ed by Gen. Henri Giraud, Gen.
Charles de Gaulle, Robert Muir
ply, American minister to French
North Africa, and Harold Mac
MILAN, British resident minister
for Allied headquarters in North
Africa, denied that the Communist
party was seeking a blood purge
of it's political enemies. He added
that "we ask that bad Frenchmen,
pro-Germans and collaborationists
be put where they can't hinder the
French war effort" N
The Wilmington morning star., 1943-08-30
German Lodges Protest
Against Swedish Vessels
Nazis Claim Country Breaks
Neutrality Regulation
(By The Associated Press)

The German government an.
nounced tonight that it has made
representations to Sweden PRO
testing against neutrality viola
tions by Swedish fishing vessels
which enterd the prohibited zone
of the Skagerrak," the Berlin ra-
dio said Sunday.
"The Reich government express
ed the expectation that persons
responsible for neutrality viola
tions will be taken to account by
the Swedish government" the
broadcast said.
Sweden on Saturday lodged 4
protest to Germany against the
sinking of two Swedish fishing
vessels by German warships off
the northwest coast of Denmark
on August Is.
The Swedish protest said the
government did not agree to a
German proclamation of blockade
in the international waters Of the
Skagerrak and refused to admit
that German vessels in the pro-
hibited zone were entitled to fire
on fishing vessels without warning.
The Wilmington morning star., 1943-08-30

east; B and c worth 2 IL gal
Ions in IL Northwestern states;
three gallons in Midwest, South
west, Southeast; four gallons in
Rocky Mountains and far West.
FUEL OIL-Last years period
S coupons good through Sept. 30.
new seasons period 1 coupons
good through Jan. 8, 1914, worth 10
gallons per unit. (Note: Most
coupons worth several "units
each.)
The Wilmington morning star., 1943-08-30

New York has been the most
populous state since 1920.
The Wilmington morning star., 1943-08-30
RATION ROUNDUP
(By the Associated Press)

MEAT, CHEESE, ETC.-Book 2
red stamps T, U, V and W expire
August 81; x and Y also valid and
remain good through October 2.
PROCESSED FRUITS AND
VEGETABLES - Book blue
stamps R, S and T valid through
Sept. 20; U, v and W also valid
Sept. through Oct. 20.
SUGAR-Book l stamp IA good
for five pounds through October;
stamps Is and 16 worth five pounds
each for home canning.
SHOES-Book l stamp 18 good
through Oct. 81.
GASOLINE-In East No. A
coupons worth three gallons; No.
IA worth four gallons in Rocky
Mountains and far West; three gal
Ions in Midwest, Southwest, South
The Wilmington morning star., 1943-08-30
Chapter 25

An opportunity to write a happy
ending to a story was a rarity IN
the dark days Of 1912. 1t had been
rarity for me for six years.
while covering the war in Repub-
licaa Spain, the fall of France, and
the invasion of Russia. l had a
fine chance to write one, however,
to the story of Allied relations IN
the summer and autumn OF l94z.
The relations between the Sow
let Union and her western asso-
ciates had encountered difficult
ties, amounting by then almost to
crisis. The trouble had begun
soon after Foreign Commissar
Molotov returned to Moscow IN
June from his trip to London and
Washington, bringing an agree
ment on the urgent tasks of c-e-
ating second front in Europe
in 1922 The Soviets made clear
Immediately that they considered
that agreement, or at least want
ed to consider it, promise OF a
second front. The Allies looked on
it as an undertaking to consider
the possibility of second front. AS
the days passed, with danger
mounting in the east and still no
second front in the west, the Rus
SLAMS started to harp at their
friends.
The hard feelings, which were
made evident during Prime Min
lister Churchill's visit to Moscow
in August, Wendell Wilkes visit
in September, and il Stalin's let
ter to me in October, came to a
head in mid October ove~ the case
of Rudolf Hess. II was the action,
rather, than the words, of the Al
The Wilmington morning star., 1943-08-30
LEGION OF MERIT

LONDON, Aug. 29.-lR-The o.
S. Army's Legion of Merit has
been awarded to Brigadier Dom
aid Campion of the British army
for outstanding service IN work.
ing with American officers on the
supply program for the United Ne.
tions.
The Wilmington morning star., 1943-08-30

LANDING OF AMERICAN
TROOPS IN FRENCH NORTH
AFRICA
Copyright 1943 by Henry C. Cas-
sidy; Houghton, Mifflin Co.. dis
tributed by AP Features.
The Wilmington morning star., 1943-08-30
MOUNTAINS CROSSED

SOMEWHERE IN NEW GUM
EA, Aug. 28-Delayed)-R-Un-
dersecretary Of War Robert Pat
terson and 1t. Gen. William Knud-
sen, director of war production,
and party flew twice across the
towering Owen Stanley range to-
day to view recent battle areas
and Allied installations.
The Wilmington morning star., 1943-08-30
PRIESTS TRANSFERRED

LONDON, Aug. 29.-lR-The Ger
man news agency DNB reported
from Pieping today that the jap
anese had transferred 461 Catho-
lie priests and nuns of Allied ma
tionality from an internme1t
camp at Weishien in Shantung
province to Peipilg where they
would be allowed 'to pursue their
religious activities.
The Wilmington morning star., 1943-08-30

lished in the Soviet press Novem-
Der 2. Although it did not refer
directly to the points at issue, it
did indicate Britain's strong atti-
tude. 1t caused much comment in
Moscow.
British Ambassador Clark Kerr
called on Stain November 5 and
talked with him for two hours.
was told he brought nothing to
gladden. Stalin's heart
With matters at this impasse,
Stain made his November 6 ad-
dress to the meeting of the Mos
COW Soviet, on the eve of the an
niversary, in the great council
chamber of the Kremlin. The Sow
let position seemed to have soft
ened, the situation looked a little
better.
Stain criticized his allies infer
entially, blaming the German
gains during the summer on the
absence of a second front in the
west.
When. however, he came TO the
essential point - would there, or
would there not be second front
he was more hopeful: 'Yes,
there will be, sooner or later there
will be one. AID it will be not
only because we need it, but, and
above all, because our allies need
| If mn lass Than we do
There can be only one coaclu-
sion,' Stain ruled, namely, that
the Anglo-Soviet-American coali'
ton has every chance Of van
gushing the Italo-German coali-
ton, and certainly will vanquish
it,
The Russians realized they had
made blunder by pressing the
Hess case too hard, in words
which one should not apply to an
ally.
Then came the news which al
tered the situation completely. 1t
was conveyed to the Russians by
brief message at the top of the
back page of Pravda, November
8:
LANDING OF AMERICAN
| TROOPS IN FRENCH NORTH
AFRICA
Copyright 1913 by Henry c. Cas-
sidy; Houghton, Mifflin Co., dis
tributed by AP Features.
The Curtiss Seagull is said to be
The Wilmington morning star., 1943-08-30
EVACUATION ORDERED

STOCKHOLM, Aug. 2s.-tREThe
newspaper Allehanda reported to-
day that the Germans had decid-
ed to evacuate non-essential per-
sons from Munich, Ludwigshafen.
and Hanover because of Allied
bombings Of German cities.
Evening star., 1943-06-13

unnAd Of
fin or
shoh 10
in q is n L white
from to
color o diamonds o
0 G. not it lose up Oper cent 0
form t stone o 1IonceO ObvoEky rrsed
INC blu purchase
the grdng
cu gem The Soh Hoh eptotcn weero
IS your right t choose O diamond
your rot I o know
IS NJ blue white" k YOU'RE oil H-rprrt
od dpendu Got 6 for
q fne diamond
Evening star., 1943-06-13
REGULAR $3.50 DECORATORS
HEADBOARD BED ENSEMBLE

Think of what a pair Of these
gay, colorful headbourd beds will
do for your bedroom. Your
choice Of 3 Of our most popular
styles at this low price. Exciting
floral tufted headboards, Simu-
lated tufted leather or striped
damaSk, with super quality, hand
tied steel coil box spring on legs
and heavy inner roll mattress. a
complete :}-pc. ensemble for only
$3.50. Another spectacular
Peerless value.
Evening star., 1943-06-13

poy doy in the SoIomons. The
readiness Of motives in the islands
TO lend hond as stevedores ond
in other work hos meont more
time on the fighting front for
American soldiers. Here q biq
work crew eothers to receive the
weekly woee Of five shiIIines for
work as stevedores on GuodoI-
eonol. Slgnal Corrs Photo From owl
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-03-21

ttt,--9Ht-ty'- hrs defense.
Thc charges We're true, said
Llmpa XVII He had brewed the
drug and become "A tiger But
once hc had become a tiger. he
had suffered rcmorsc. He wished
to resume his human form
But there was no one TO whom
he could appeal 20 brew the drugs
which would make him a human
being again Therefore. he had
killed Geta Bees buffaloes in the
hope that the cattlcman would
recognize him i'm THE tigers body.
When this failed in desperation
he had Killed the buffaloes OF
four OF the other Mois who had
been searching for HIM
Then, he declared, he bad
ruAmcd- from -Mei village to
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-03-21

another until finally he found
a hut where the restorative brew
was being prepared He had
drunk this eagerly, become a
man again and Immediately had
set out for his own village to
make amends for his sins.
The Mois listened Eraveiy,
This, they believed. was some
thing that could happen TO any
of them. Geta Bee was quick
10 cancel the five dollar debt
and said hc was sorry that ne
had been the cause of il all
Il don't know whether this
man, Limpa XVII, was one of the
most skilful liars 1 ever met, or
if there really was something to
this tiger transformation bust
TOSS, SAID MOussand
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-03-21

take after cats the instant they
get a look al them. most animal
breeders and pet fanciers have
discovered that there is no fric-
ton whatever when the two are
brought up together
There have been any number
of eat and dog friendships but
perhaps the one that comes near
est 10 "a state OF animal bliss rs
this one between the fluffy tam
and-Whte Lady and the hig and
husky Skippy SO dependent ou
each ather-are- tiey-thai pir0t7r-
raphcr Smith often wonders how
on would feel if anything hap
poued 10 the other
The advice Of other pet owners
who have mot f. similar situation
is 90 get "a new one 20 take both
the human and animal minds off
thcir Erlet
Whenever Lady is ready 10 Init
the hay for the night or wants
10 take an afternoon cat-uap
-SivrTTy gently settles down next
TO her, and throws q protecting
T1aw ovcF bCr back. And Heaven
help any other dog that comes
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-03-21

accused -Impa- kNl-nf- having
taken the magic drugs which
turned him into a tiger and in
that form had slain the seven
buffalocs.
One of the Mois remembered
that Limpa XVII had been seen
digging in the jungle the day
before he had disappeared. OBJ
yiously, it was pointed out, he
was digging the roots which
would turn him into tiger
Confronted with this additional
evidence, Limpa XVII admitted
that he did become a tiger. SO
the villagers hailed him off TO
the white mans court. demand
ing justice.
After this testimony, Moussaud
asked Limpa XVII what he had
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-03-21

~ AIt' ...'t IN 'AIt ..... b iht4.' ga
~ seven primo hutlalocs be
lt-4etne -riurrs or tho VII
laga fine You the SUM Of II
-piaStrcs or silver dott7rg
So ended ono OF The strlnEcst
cases Of law which jacques Nous
sand. "a colonial administrator IN
the MOI country OF AunanL
( French mdo-Chul ever was
Icallcd upon 90 decide IL also
twas his last case Tor shortly
| thereafter when the Japs de
sccudcd upon the country he fled
To the iungles and after months
of hardship recently reached Cal
cutta.
An authority ON the little
| known MOI country, for years
Moussand has beer i friend OF
-thc supcrsttIon-rlddeu and timid
Mois. probably knowing them
better than any other white man
except Father Kcmhn, a French
priest who spent his life trying
to convert the Mois from thor
fantastic uger-worship.
when | first went among the
Mois from Hanoi. Moussand re-
calls Eastern AMMAN was over
run with tigers II still is. l
was authorized TO offer a bounty
Of 10 piastres for each tiger
killed, but there wasn't Moi
who was willing 20 collect such
a bounty. for tigers We're re-
garded as sacred.
What is more. as Father KEN
lin pointed out, the Mois believed
the soul Of a tiger sometimes
would appear TO a man in his
sleep and offer him his friend
ship IN a sort of mutual assist
ance pact.
Not only do the Mois believe
that the souls of the bravcst
members of their tribe 90 into
the bodies of tigers after death
but also the roots Of certain
trees. carefully brewcd will per
nit a man 20 turn himself into
tiger. Few Mois will risk this,
however, for fear that their
friends would be afraid TO APP
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-03-21

THE AMERICAN WEEKLY
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-03-21

G I1r ny American W~tE d
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-03-21
Blind Men
Drive Cars!
77We OF TaAe?

You're right, LIS true Rcmcm-
her last time a passing car
,rla,hed q puddle of dirty road
muck against your windshield
NourolIdullvir,rhlaje>o1nt
Clorthatsmc5r They even make
ttvor>, You're ,.alrt..sp
bind. On tou>ot moving traffic.
Cra't see -..-r-r-
Naall never Zoe binder 60. or
more scared,
Nh take such aocdlee,
chances
sma,helolr anj broken bones
,olly hep oale lltler and the
Lp.Nuur nation Mood, you snj
your car-ho,n YOUR bcst-tor
Victory.
SO ncAt ume YOU huy-Eas zee.
ask y0UT SCfvT-CWan To Put ON Tor
YOU pair Of Keen new RAIN
NASTIB Wiper Blades.
Ooc-pic,c nodded virgin rub
Der Ten keen wiping edges ...
Original equipment for years ON
m5uyhirh grade makcSotcarsand
Trucks. I>rd faHaA-the-wofld
today on our fighting ships and
t4HA ard tfttek ttfe4l t,t1trt,rryt00-
RAIN-MASTERS cost mighty
little 4 roy to Use IN any storm.
Most good gas stations have them,
Tear this out and put il with your
pocket money e.. TO help you
remember,
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-03-21
THE RECORD SINCE PEARL HARBoR

The Home Front framing our people
20 meet the needs OF war Millions OF
First Nj Course, Hundreds of thousands
trained orr Home Nursing and Nutrition
Cour..- Thousands enlisted as Nurses
Aides and 900 Motor and Clntccn and Staff
Assistant G4lp---
More than one million and a half blood
donations through Red Cross collection
centcS and the distribution of the hte
saving PIasma wherever needed
Chapter Production rooms from coast
to-coast providing surgical dressing, for
thew wounded. kt bag, for thc.fshtsrs and
tons %, clothing tor r.hsf
The Red Gross record 90 tI, war is one
that we Americans may wgIfbr PROVED of
and support
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-03-21
I:NIIllL,I3l;
Your Natural Beauty
brought out. with aid Of
MerCOlized
Wax Cream

Toy this famous Skin
b each and BeJutifcr,
Hf-....tr Wax C..a~.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-03-21

For the Armed Forces - More than
one million and hall service men have
fete,vrd, tHr0rrh tire Fttd STAFF, prlcti-
cal help in per '0al problems. The Red
Cross IS vth tH,m IN training and 10 the
front For morale and recreation, over ono
hundred Rcd Gross Clubs haze L4cn-c-.
tabIEhcd for overseas troops. here are
NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. inthchcId
Civilian Relief ibout SIXTY million
dollars m varre.efjl, been administered
'n every allied country Food, clothing,
medicinal supplies hive gone TO Great
Britain. Ru, CHINA, Africa for Polish
and Gret rr..s.. and many others
thousand. ~ r..aaes 70 prisoner, at
war have been safely delivered through
cooperation WITH tic International Red
Cru>,.n >tf UHl
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-03-21

On every front the Red Gross presses forward.
Each day the need increases for your support.
Your Chapter is raising its Second War Fund in.
March. Give more this year - give double if
You can.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-04-13
Brown Studies
Price Violations

Price Administrator Prentiss NJ.
Brown has under consideration to-
day a many-pronged plan designed
10 wipe out black markets and
OPA price violations by laying
down the law on would-be racket
GERS.
The proposal came from Thor
aid p. Wuori. chairman of Local
Board No. 33S2-13. of 5139 F..
McNicholS, and head Of unit of
the AFL street car mems union,
who declared in n letter that pres
ent OPA laws lack teeth" invite
violations and tend to lower
morale"
Wuori asked Brown TO place en-
forcement OF OPA regulations in
the hands Of local boards which,
he asserted. ARE closer 10 the site
of the trouble and who can read
lily correct, chaStise and punish
violators."
Enforcement Of price control
regulations now is in charge OF a
small unit Of district and state
OPA Investigators.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-04-13
Draft Officials
ToFd(e Judge in
failing Student

Officials Of Draft Board Sc In
Dearborn must appear before Fed
eral Judge Picard April 10 TO
answer charges of overstepping
their authority in ordering arrest
of a tardy inductee.
The charges were made by
George Weber u, of S068 Homer,
a Wayne University senior. He
claimed that Detroit police ar
rested him in classes April z and
forcibly escorted him 10 the Undue
ton center.
u. S. A. Heggbloom, Weber's
attorney, claimed the arrest was
violation of selective service
regulations. He also claimed that
draft board officials refused 10
permit him to read their file on
Weber-also, he said, in violation
of federal regulations.
Weber, a Bible teacher at Cen
trail Methodist Church, claims
exemption from military service
as a conscientious objeeteF.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-04-13
Also Farmers With
Families and Fathers
Subject TO Exemption

munitions plants, airplane fac
tories. shIpyardS, etc.
Glass &c men are necessary
men engaged in agricultural oc'
cupation or endeavor essential &c
the war effort.
Class pa and Class 2-B mer
are deferred only until they car
he replaced by some person not
liable for military service and for
a period not longer than SIN
months at one time.
Glass &c are deferred indefi'
nitely by the so-called Tydings
Amendment to the Selective Serv-
ice Act-they cannot be indicted
into the military service as long
as they are found necessary ia
and regularly engaged in an essen
tal agricultural occupation or
cndeaVor.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-04-13
British War Costs 81 Billion

LONDON, April 13 QNS)-
British war expenditures now have
reached the "stupendous figure"
of So, 600 100000, with the nation
spending S60,000,00O daily, Sir
Kingsley Wood said today. "
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-04-13
rs Face Liquor Graft Quiz

Questioning Of at least p more
persons will be nvoossaiy 49,
the probe into graft and favoritA
ism in liquor distribution in Wayne
County can be concluded, ProSecu-
tor Bowling said today.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-04-13
JAW Local Hits Freeze

Local 212, UAW-CIO. today
called upon r. J. Thomas, presi-
dent, and Philip Murray, national
head of the Go. to fight Presi-
dent Roosevelt's wage freeze
order.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-04-13
Billion Saved on War Work

SAN FRANCISCO, April Is
Renegouatlor Of Of war
contracts has saved the l.. s. bill
lion dollars in the last 90 days
according % Col Albert I. Brown
rc director Of purchases for he
l. y ArIUl.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-04-13

Pictured, q wonderful swaeeer,
50 easy TO wear -. over q suit
or your prettiest dress! {.
Other styles in eoIorfuI tweeds,
nsvies or black in fitted or bory
styles!
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-04-13
WHAT HAPPENS TO IA

Q-When "a man is placed in
Glass IA will he be indicted
immediately?
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-04-13

For the "Inside News" Of
Washington, Follow Paul Nal
Ions Column In the Times.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-04-13
SUBJECT TO INDUCTION
Q-Are any men S8 years old
or over, liable for induction?

Q-Are any men DO years Olu
or over, liable for induction?
Ayes, men in Class Ali, 3S
through A years old. are deferred
from induction from military serv-
ice. il they are otherwise eligible,
only because neither the army nor
the navy are accepting men more
than 81 years old for induction,
with the exception OF certain
needed skills or waivers in the
cases Of "non-deferrables."
These registrants are being re-
classified in the same manner as
the younger registrants 10 deter
mine the availability Of each
should the armed forces change
their present policy. Men as to S.
years old (Class 4-A) were com
PEELED TO register on April n
1912, but the specifically exempted
/ by law from military service.
They have been classified &C
cording TO their civilian occupa'
tions. skills and aptitudes, but they
cannot be indicted into military
service unless Congress amend;
the law to so provide.
NON-DEFERRABLES
Q-What IL the status Of
registrants now engaged I'm nom
deferrable activities or occupa-
tons?
A-Registrants engaged in non
deferrable activities or occupations
have no claim for dependency
Ideferment. Those 1S TO 3S are
being reclasSified as 10 their fitness
for military service unless they
have registered with the L. S
Employment Service for transfer
to an essential occupation.
They then are given 30 days &c
conSummate the transfer. Regis.
trants 80 TO as will be reclasSifiec
in the same manner after May !
unless they have registered with
the USES, in which case they
too. will be given 30 days to get
into an essential occupation. The
army and navy are expected Ia
waive their age limitation in the
cases of nondeferrable regiStrants
who are SO years old or over.