davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Dirva = Field. [volume] (Cleveland, Ohio) 1915-current, 1943-10-29
THE PERISCOPE
By sARUNAS.

RUSSIA and postwar Europe is
ably discussed by Vera Micheles
Dean in Foreign Policy Reports:
No. IL. She notes the Russian de-.
sires to incorporate territory not
her own and says:
"There can be no stable society
of nations if each of the victorious
great powers seeks to capitalize on
the common victory to aggrandize
itself at the expense of smaller
and weaker neighbors, or to inter
fere irresponsibly in their affairs.
The Atlantic Charter attempts to
create a safeguard against such
developments, and it's provisions
against territorial aggrandizement
and interference in the affairs of
other nations are reiterated in the
Anglo-Russian alliance of May 26,
1912. 1t is therefore essentia, that
those in all countries who are con-
cerned about postwar reconstruc-
tion should oppose territorial ag-
grandizement by any one of the
powers, including Russia, and in
sist that the problems created by
the co-existence, side by side, of
great and small nations should be
adjusted through orderly processes
of negotiations and mutual adjust
ment".
Dirva = Field. [volume] (Cleveland, Ohio) 1915-current, 1943-10-29

Mayor Frank J. Lausche,
tautiniQ grupiQ Clevelande pa
sididziavimas, laimejo tarptau-
TIM pripazinima uz savo inspi-
ruojanciq karo meto vadovybe
Shame dideliame kosmopolitiS-
kane mieste. Suv. Valstiju
Valdzia, kooperuodama su Bri-
tn Karo lnformacijos Ministe-
RIA, iSrinko j kaipo tipiSka
Americas mayora atvaizduoti
Amerikos gyvenima Britu Sa-
lq zmonems.
Savo drasia if inteligentiska
vadovybe, Mayoras Laus S che
padare Clevelanda vienu is ge-
riausia tvarkomQ miestu sioje
Salyje. Jis nupirko miestui
gatvekariQ sistemq ir ja tinka-
mai Sutvarke.
10 agresyve finansine war
ka jO administrative, Cleve-
lande numaz6jo taksai nuo
$31.9O Xxi S31.30, kuriuos mo-
kama uz 81 meta. Kita meta
Clevelando namV savininkams
taksQ rata bus apie S30.50.
Toliau Mayor Lausche dir
ba numazinimui taksu nanny
savininkams Xxi $28.O0 - pa
clos zemiausios ratios DaStaru
laikQ miesto istorijoje.
kadangi Clevelandas yra zy-
mus karo productions centras
Mayoras Lausche sudare Oar
DO Tvarkymo Komiteta, kuris
jo vadovyb6je, iSsprende apie
100 nesusipratimu tarp darbi-
ninkQ If darbdaviu if veik pa
nalkino karo meto industrinius
streikus CleveIande.
.jis veda miesto planaVima
praktiSka programa priziur0ii.
mo nesveikQ, if sudarC Demo.
kratijOs Praktikavimo k0mite
ia sulaikymui rasiniu nesusi.
pratimu Miesto reikalus We.
da teisingai If ekonomi$kai ne.
ziurint kainu kilimo ir suma.
zeiimO VirS LOGO miestO Valdy.
bos istaigose tarnautoju skai.
Claus.
Dirva = Field. [volume] (Cleveland, Ohio) 1915-current, 1943-10-29

IN REGARD to the Baltic States
Vera Micheles Dean says:
Following the outbreak of World
War ii, the Soviet government pro-
ceeded to acquire air and naval
bases in the Baltic countrie S
through mutual aid treaties. All
three treaties declared that their
realization did not affect the SOW
ereignty or political and economic
systems of the Baltic States. The
mutual aid treaties were accompa-
MED by arrangements designed TO
increase Russia's trade with the
thee Baltic States. Less than a
year later the Soviet Union invaded
Lithuania on June Is. Persons op-
posing the Soviet invasion were ar
rested or deported. On July IA
and Is the three countries, in
'rlebiscites' held under Soviet aus
pices, voted for the inclusion of
theit territories in the Soviet I'M
ion, after the leaders of opposition
elements had either fled, been
placed under arrest, or deported.
The United States did not recognize
Russia's occupation of the Baltic
States, which are still officially re-
presented in Washington. Spokes-
men for the Baltic States in this
country content that their people
will never accept incorporation in
to the Soviet Union whose cultural
and economic standards they regard
as inferior to their own.
AT THE MOSCOW conferences,
the Newsweek says, the American
Dirva = Field. [volume] (Cleveland, Ohio) 1915-current, 1943-10-29

AT THE MOSCOW conferences,
the Newsweek says, the American
Evening star., 1943-09-19
BV Robert ShOsteck

Walks along nearby woodland trails
take on a renewed interest with the ad-
vent Of autumnal weather and the trans
formation of the forest foliage into
harlequin of color. Add to these attrac-
tlons the scenic beauty and wild grandeur
OF much of our surrounding countryside,
and the many reminders of our rich his
torical heritage, and you have the basic
reason for the popularity of hiking dur
ing the fall months.
The rugged primeval areas of the up
per Potomac, little changed by man
through the centuries, are accessible by
streetcar and bus. On either side of the
Potomac one may still follow the portage
or hunting trails originally blazed by our
Indian forebears. Scores of miles of other
nearby woods trails, many along pictur-
esque and swift streams, bring the hiker
INTO communion with nature while af-
fording healhtful and enjoyable pas
time.
The best-known path around Washing
ton is the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
"toWpath" along which once trod patient
mules towing barges of coal and grain
from over the mountains. This wide
footpath, which parallels the Potomac
from Georgetown northwestward, is too
well known to require detailed descrip-
ton. Much less known however, are the
numerous trails which branch off at va
rious points above the city.
Cabin John Run
The Cabin John Run Trail along the
east bank of the run is easily reached
from the end of the Cabin John carline.
This turbulent stream is popular with
nature-study enthusiasts because of the
abundance of wild flowers and bird life
and its superlative scenic beauty. This
run, named after piratical old Captain
john" is part of the Potomac parkway
system for one-half mile upstream. One
crosses Booze Run midway along the q
mile jaunt to River road. A short dis
Evening star., 1943-09-19

once again reaches the towpath and
pauses atop Outlook Rock for a pano-
ramic view of the Potomac Gorge.
A short walk along the Canal brings
one to Loop 2 which follows the bend
in the river channel and latterly ascends
to an old farmhouse in an abandoned
field. Loop joins the towpath where
the Cupid's Bower Channel sweeps in
close to the canal
The blue-blazed trail of LOOP 3 Is
easily picked up as it follows the river
to the left and enters upon Bear Island
This former island is unique in this
region becauce of its beds of native
prickly pear cactus and its huge pot
holes. These are great cauldrons in the
native rock cut by silt-laden river
Whirlpools millions of years ago. Some
OF the holes are several feet across and
or 10 feet deep.
The route is entirely along the islands
rocky plateau, which supports only
sparse growth OF pine, cedar and oak.
One thus has an uninterrupted view of
the palisades of the Potomac and of the
raging falls just above the head of the
island. The blue blaZes lead away from
the river and along the edge of the dry
channel back to the Canal. Here one
may pause for rest at the spring near
the picturesque lockkeeper's house at
Lock 16. The return trip of miles Is
along the towpath to the streetcar ter
minus at Cabin John Brodge.
Along Northwest Branch
We leave the Potomac Valley and
turn northeastward to the trail paral-
leing the gorge of the Northwest
Branch. This area is readily accessible
via the -Four Corners busline. The
path is reached from the filtration plant
and follows the west bank upstream and
the east and west bank downstream.
The downstream route is through a very
picturesque gorge where the geologically
minded hiker will notice many interest,"
ag rock formations. Glistening pockets
Evening star., 1943-09-19
BY Robert EunSon and Arthur Burgess.
Associated Press Stan Writers.

HEADQUARTERS 7TH AIRFORCE.-
When the last japanese Zero disappears
into the sea and the last Mitsubishi has
crashed into the dust, the 7th Air Force
School will be to aerial gunnery what
M. l. T. is to engineering and Johns
Hopkins is to medicine.
The students at this postgraduate
school have labeled the place "the Col
lege of Samurai determination" and to
say their graduation exercises are unique
would be an understatement.
Part of the last class raided Wake
Island.
This school was responsible for two
thirds of the % confirmeds and prob
ables shot down by our gunners over
Wake" said Brig. Gen. Truman H.
Landon of Carlinville, ILL.,, commander of
bomber operations in the Central
Pacific.
Our gunners were having so much
fun on that raid that after the bombs
were all gone they begged the pilots
to fly back again, just to dogfght the
Zeros.'
Intricate Sighting
Topping off the thorough classroom
training that each man receives, is
course that puts to practical use the
intricacies of the Sperry computing
sight, manipulation of a ball turret
and lessons learned from the recently
developed Waller trainer.
This practical side, devised by the
officers in charge, embodies the use of
bombing planes that still are good for
flying, but outmoded by newer designs
For example, there's a Bit with
Japanese flags chalked up all over one
side and B-24 that has seen action in
several campaigns.
In front of one hangar is the belly
section of wrecked B-24 It's labora-
tory for student gunners who need to
know more of the feel of standing back
to back with another gunner and shoot
ing 50-caliber machine gun out of an
opening no larger than dresser mirror.
1t also is used for instruction in the
proper loading of bombs.
Inside the hangar is the tail from a
dismantled plane. Tail gunners can be-
come more familiar with the space they
have to work in and still not have to
wait for the opportunity to go on a reg
ular mission.
determination is aided by the Sperry
computing sight, the turret gunners
counterpart of the famed Norden bomb
sight.
This amazing sight is an instantaneous
optical computing machine. It tracks
the target, judges wind velocity and the
speed Of the plane. It is one of the
greatest advances in aerial gunnery in
recent years.
Advanced Gunnery
Success or failure of q bombing mis-
sion often depends on the gunners. And
the training course Is designed to give
the advanced gunner, as we'll as fighter
pilot, practical five weeks course with
as little theory as possible.
Evening star., 1943-09-19
Nearby Woodland Trails for Autumn Hikers

tance to the left, just beyond Stoney-
hurst quarry, is the famous spring bear
Ing the same name.
The return trip can be made along the
winding and narrow Seven Locks road
which intersects Conduit road about one
half mile from Cabin John Bridge.
Rock Run Trail begins at Lock II. IL
miles up the towpath from Cabin John
Bridge. The path alternates along either
SIDE OF the stream for several miles,
reaching into the gold mine country Just
beyond the power line clearing. Nu-
merous open cuts and several shafts still
remain as mute testimony of the aspi-
ratlons of those Civil War veterans who
staged miniature gold rush" after the
close OF that conflict. One lateral shaft
which opens just off the trail is accessi-
BILE for several hundred feet. In addi-
ton to these mines, Rock Run is we'll
known for its ferns, orchids, laurel and
Its scenic setting in boulder -strewn
valley. The easiest return route is left
on the "Brickard road" reached by the
dirt road fording the run Just beyond
the power line. Brickyard road leads
into Conduit road which one crosses to
regain the towpath.
Billygoat Trail
The famous Billygoat trail parallels
the Potomac River for about miles,
from Carderock Bridge to near Great
Falls. Considerable caprine agility is
required to negotiate the latter half of
the trail, but one is well repaid by the
magnificent vistas obtainable along most
of the Bear Island part of the route. To
reach the Billygoat one follows the tow
path for 212 miles from Cabin John
Bridge to the Army camp at Carderock
The trail begins here, leading of to the
left, downhill to Stubblef1eld Falls. The
path Is readily identified by the blue
blazes on trees and rocks at frequent
intervals.
Loop Is completed when the hiker
Evening star., 1943-09-19

with supplies dropped dead in their
tracks as they were led over the trail
less mountainside. Only men were hardy
enough to act as burden bearers.
The hill was taken after acts of hero
ism described In previous stories which
constitute the outstanding glory of the
45th. To the right there was flanking
movement which captured Mistreeta and
secured the mountain road net.
With Motta di Affermo taken the little
coast city of San Stefano fell without
blow, except from landmines planted
days before. In many cases the hands
that had concealed them on both sides of
the long, blown bridge were lifeless now.
Some of their corpses, dead for days,
were lying about San Stefano streets.
These mines cost the infantry COM
pany which entered the city heavily. The
colonel in command, dirty and bearded
from week in the waterless hills, boldly
established himself in the city hall and
ordered policeman to bring him i'm
mediately the towns best barber. His
men crowded around anxiously as this
dignitary Piled his razor. After all San
Stefano had been an enemy town and q
Fascist center. 1t would be easy for the
razor to slip. But 1t didn't.
At San Stefano ended the 45tf,s 300
mile campaign from Scoglitti. It had
made practically semicircle OF the
whole island. The men were tired unto
death. The Sd Division, brought up
to relieve them, was passing through.
The 45th was withdrawn back to now
peaceful Cefalu. =" -t"
It's only future role in the campaign
was an uneventful amphibious landing
at Barcelona. This had been planned to
take place behind the German lines. The
Sd Division had moved ahead so rapidly
that the enemy were miles beyond the
beach where the landing was made.
Beyond that the 45th shared the honor
OF the capture of Messina with the Sd
Division when one of its infantry
marched simultaneously into the dead,
unresisting city. The whole 45th then
moved back to a land peaceful as
country Sabbath where it's men are
cleaning up and resting in fragrant
lemon groves and beside sandy beaches.
They are satisfied that they played a
major part in the conquest of Sicily and
that history will recognize duly their ex-
ploits
District OF Columbia, Virginia and
Maryland officers in the division are:
1t. Karl S. Umberger, Rural Retreat.
Va; 1t. Thomas B. Finan, 10I West
Monument street, Baltimore, '38 George
town law graduate; 1t. Irving J. Rooney.
2640 McElderry street, Baltimore; 1t.
Joseph B. Thomas, 608 South Washing
ton street, Winchester, Va; Capt. Will
liam L. Wingfeld, Ashland, Va; Capt.
John H. Kilmer, 1921 North Taylor street,
Arlington, Va; 1t. Irwin H. Penn jr.,
Buffalo Spring, Va, and 1t. William H.
Wikoff 3211 Tennyson street.
Evening star., 1943-09-19

OF mica are numerous here, as are the
conspicuous dikes of quartz. The trail
affords easy going beyond the swim
pool. Laurel and virgin hardwoods pre-
dominate in the valley for the miles
to Blair road. There are numerous camp
fire sites en- route and one good spring.
Takoma Park is IL miles to the right
along Blair road.
The trail upstream follows the ar
tiflcial lake created by the dam near the
highway. One can follow the path for
miles to the point where the branch
takes an eastward course. Nearby is the
site of the Gilbert mica mine which was
operated in the 1906 The area is read
lily recognized by the sheets and flakes
which are strewn about for several
acres. suggested return route is east
cross-country to Kemps Mill road, which
merges with Old Bladensburg road, lead
ing into Four Corners.
Creekside Trail
While that portion of Rock Creek
Park within the confines OF the Dis
trict is very well known to most resi-
dents, the creekside trail which extends
for over Is miles into Maryland is known
to only a few. The mile section from
the District line to Garrett Park road is
still virgin forest for most of the way.
Ancient sycamores, tulip trees and
birches canopy the winding stream and
add to the scenic beauty of the route.
The hike ends at the Garrett Park Road
Bridge, where bus for Washington can
be boarded. The trail beyond this bridge
leads on to Rockville, and it is over
grown and brambly in spots.
If this account of hiking opportunities
has whetted your appetite for wood
land jaunt it Is suggested that you con-
suit any one of several hiking guides
which are available at all branches Of
the Public Library. These guides give a
detailed description Of routes and tell
you how to reach the starting points Of
trips.
Evening star., 1943-09-19
The Last Word in Aerial Gunnery

Is criss-crossed with squares, rectangles
and circles. After little practice the
average gunner can follow these vary
ing lines swiftly without slipping Oh
them.
Movie TARGETS
Then the student. who often as not
already has seen service. fires another
beam of light at motion pictures Of air.
planes. AS the beam is green, the
gunner wears green goggles to force him
to look at his sight and not the line
of fire. Hits or misses are automatically
computed.
The plane comes speeding at the
gunner from out Of nowhere on the
screen and the camera operator, at the
touch OF switch, can change the color
of the sky to approximate dawn. noon
with glaring sun, sunset and dusk.
all to put the student under as close
to actual conditions as possible. As In
the real thing, the gunner has only q
few seconds in which to get in q burst
at the on-rushing enemy plane on the
screen.
Later, after study In a recognition
class, gunners and bombardiers are taken
into an adjoining room where a typical
enemy task force in miniature awaits
them in showcase.
The ships are placed on sea made
OF colored paper and even the horizon
is painted in on the showcase sides.
The student is given five minutes to
take look and return to class to report
how many ships he noted and their
types. Submarines are the most difi-
. cult to spot. even after a few minutes
glance two feet above the table.
On trainer-f1ghter range housed In
hangar, the student sits in Link
trainer, the make-believe airplane that
never leaves the ground. Here the pilot
gets workout with high powered BB-
guns which he fires at toy train moving
at varying speeds around curving track
100 feet ahead of him.
Training Climax
A high-class shooting gallery, where
small steel airplanes glide along like ducks
In the gallery back home, also get the
euliAlCl dItctltlOll WIFI q .IZ-CauOeT
rifle, but the climax Of training comes
whe nthe gunner sits in Waller trainer,
another make-believe airplane.
nthis trainer he fires beam of light
at motion picture targets projected onto
a theater-like screen that can accom-
modate a panorama of the sky, or an
angle of 100 degrees. Each camera throws
q motion picture of one section Of the
sky onto the screen, where all combine
to give the wide expanse.
With planes diving out of the sky In
realistic manner across the huge screen,
the gunner goes to work with his light
gun, following the enemy across the
heavens while his score is automatically
computed at the instructors table.
This idea came from Nelson Rocke-
feller enterprise whose development was
stopped by the war. This machine was
to have been used in the Radio City The
ater, but the 7th Air Force got 1t In
stead.
Evening star., 1943-09-19

Thus every week those men, who have
had practice under almost every con-
ceivable condition with guns varying
from BB-rif1es and shotguns to small
cannon, graduate into the elite gunner
classification.
Aerial gunnery schools in the United
States currently are being patterned
after the 7th Air Force School. Mai. Gen.
Willis Hale Of Washington, D. c., COM
mands the school. Col Arthur B. Vustis
OF Lennox County, Va. veteran avia-
tion ordnance man and West Pointer,
is second In command.
In setting up the school, Col. Custis
selected group of five Army Air Force
officers who had had previous experience
with the Raj and the RCAF They are
Maj. Stuart S. Knickerbocker, 80, Chi
cago now assigned as director of train
ing; Maj. James Kirkpatrick, "a, Boise,
Idaho; Capt. Bernard L. McCaskill, jr.,
81, Greenville, S. c.; Capt. Jessie P. JET
fries, SO, Santa Cruz, Calf, and First
1t Raymond A. Lupton, az, Newark, N. j.
The ground school faculty is headed
by Capt. Harold E. Kratzer, a., Mesa,
Ariz. Many Of the instructors have been
trained here and then retained to coach
other students in the proper handling Of
their weapons.
Adept Marksman
Training has proved one point If a
man can shoot well on the ground at
one type of gunnery, particularly skeet
or trap shooting, he is likely to be good
at other types
The skeet and trap shooter has q try
on an orthodox range, but that is only
the beginning. Facing him is mile long
moving-base range where clay pigeons
come at him from behind, front and side
while he stands in truck travelling from
Is to 80 miles an hour He can't shoot
these shots by formula. Oftentimes If
he doesn't score hit a darting clay
pigeon will force him to duck.
Among the this school instructors
on the skeet and trap range are Capt.
Rowland Jones, New York City, and
1t. Schley Howard, 80, of Decatur, Ca,
former attorney who has won sew
eral skeet titles. Howard has been shoot
ing since the knee-pants stage and in
1886 won the national 500-bird mara
thon.
Zero Target
Near the skeet range Is railroad
course over which the framework Of q
Zero is towed at varying speeds.
The student gunners use flexible gun
mounts, waist guns, tail guns and turrets
mounted on the ground and on trucks.
The idea is to teach gunner or fighter
pilot to get machinegun bullet and
Japanese pilot occupying the same
place at the same time.
On this course the gunner is taught
to follow his target along, lead 1t and
shoot without stopping. Strong empha-
sis Is given tracking.
Manipulation of the ball ttrret In
cludes long sessions with guns shoot
ing beam Of light onto wall that
Evening star., 1943-09-19
A Rich Prize.

There were thousands of tons of bombs,
high in the fields roundabout. There
we're also thousands of barrels of gaso-
line. The port had been the air arsenal
of the island.
Three days later, after being stalled
at the deep gully of the dried-up Drillo
River, the infantry regiment pushed on
and took the town of Biscari. There
again they met elements Of the Hermann
Goering Division and there was q weird
battle in an Italian graveyard.
These Sicilian graveyards, usually on
hinsides, with their high yellow walls.
massive family tombs with fantastically
carved designs, and cedars shading the
crosses, form characteristic part OF the
landscape everywhere. They are CEN
turtes old, some of them on the sites OF
Roman burial places. They will linger
long In the minds of 45th Division men.
Graveyard Snipers.
In this graveyard on the edge of Bis
carl an unknown number of Germans
took refuge and started sniping from
the shelter of the tombs. Mortar fire
from 1000 yards away was poured over
the high rock wall to clean out this eerie
nest OF death. Biscari itself was i'm
portant, as had been Camisso because
OF Its excellent airport. After the grave
yard battle two companies found two
deep gulches separated them from the
coveted held. They were able to cross
these only by clearing up the hills above
the moi enemy snipers and machine
gunners
Meanwhile an infantry regiment was
Marion progress., 1943-08-19
HARD TO PLEASE

It is almost laughable to hear
critics declaim against the Allied
policy in North Africa, with their
emphasis upon Darlan, the mistak-
es of policy and the mess that the
State Department has created in
regard to foreign affairs.
The record discloses that the
North African affair was a tremen=
dous success. The concentration OF
land, sea and air power which pre-
ceded an invasion executed at low
cost, followed by the victories in
Tunis and the invasion of Sicily
count for something in the present
war.
Critics of our war program are
hard to please. Regardless of what
is undertaken and accomplished
they know how it could have been
done better It's lucky they were
absent from the creation, or we
might have a different world.