davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1943-04-10
CAMBRIDGE CHURCH CELEBRATING
ITS 53rd ANNIVERSARY

Fifty Third Anniversary OF
the Massachusetts, Ave Baptist
church, Norfolk and Hamp-
shire SITS, Cambridge, beginning
April 5 is in progress until
April II.
The following ministers par
ticipated in the week Of service.
Revs. A. J, Spratley, R. M.
Owens, C. H Foggie, R. Stokes.
Sunday, April IL, an inter
esting programme has been
planned. The Rev. B. J. Lowry,
D. D., pastor of Zion Baptist
church, Brooklyn, N. Y, will
preach the anniversary sermon
and speak again in the even
ing. He will be accompanied by
Mrs. E. Lowry and Rev. J. E.
Robinson, Mrs. Lucy Brigham
and Mr.. Smith, members of DR.
Lowry's church.
In the afternoon, the mayor
of Cambridge, Hon. John H.
Corcoran, City Councillor Hy-
man Pill and DR.. ]. ]. Cassidy
will speak. There will also be
vocal and instrumental solos.
On Monday evening April IL,
the anniversary committee has
planned a victory supper. All
members and friends of the
church are asked to be present,
Special soloist for Sunday
morning Miss Ruth Plenty.
Rev. E. E. Thompson, former
pastor of the church, will be
present to render the morning
prayer.
The Mass. Ave. Baptist
church is one of the oldest
churches in Cambridge and was
the first colored congregation
to build its own edifice, which
was located at Pearl and Front
SITS. The structure was erected
in 1895 at which time it was
the Mt. Olive Baptist church.
It became the Mass. Ave. Bap-
list church in 1909.
The present pastor is the
Rev. A. L. Lowry, native CT
Brooklyn, N. Y. He was grad
uate Of Andover Newton Theo-
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1943-04-10
Star Concert
Continued from Page On

NNO'SbTtWSu bOHL FuyS OHeJ
April is.
Sharing the spotlight with
Kirby and his brilliant orchestra
will be the Boogie Woogie plan
lists, Albert Ammons and Pete
Johnson, stars on many earn
egie Hall concert programs and
Coffee Concert programs, who
are heard every Tuesday on a
coast-to-coast broadcast and
lovely Una Mae Carlisle, com
poser Of such hits as Il See a
Million People" Walking by the
River" and many others.
The Russian War Relief which
will be given a part of the pro-
ceedS will have girls in Russian
Costumes as uShers and pro-
gram girls. Many of the Rus
sian seamen who are in port will
be guests Of honor as well as the
fighting men of our forces.
This will be Kirby's last BoS-
ton appearance before he's in
Quoted into the Army, and his
one great ambition before enter
ing our armed forces. In all
probability his entire band will
enlist with him in order to keep
the greatest little band in the
land in tact for the duration.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1943-04-10
Louisa Lewis.
CONTINUED from Page One),

Continued from Page One)
1868. Her family later resided
in Chelsea for a number of
years and after the passing of
her husband Mrs. Lewis moved
to Boston to reside with her
tep-daughter, Mrs. Mary Mont
gomery, following which she
moved to 33 Newcomb Street in
Roxbury. Intensely religious,
Mrs, Lewis was a devoted mem
Der of the Trinity Baptist
Church of Boston and her strong
faith enabled her to endure
much sickness and pain, for she
was a patient sufferer on two
occasions at Boston City Hos
pital as a result of accidents.
Rev. o. W. ChiIders, pastor of
famous Charles Street Church
who conducted the funeral serv-
ices, said that Mrs. Lewis was
one of a long list of Colored
citizens who had brought honor
and prestige to the West End
where SO many fine citizens who
had resided, including doctors,
lawyers, clergymen and business
leaders and where such famous
Race champions as Frederick
Douglass, Sojourner Truth, and
many more had made inf1uen-
cial contacts here in Boston.
She was a member of the Equal
Rights League and a helpful
co-Worker in activities foStered
by Editor w. M. Trotter. High
praise for Mrs. Lewis was read
in a resolution at the bier by
the Ideal Hour Club of which
she was a member. Left to
mourn are two step-daughters,
Mrs. Henrietta Lewis Smith and
Miss Ida Lewis of w. Medford
and a host of friends. Burial
was at Mount Hope.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1943-04-10

Who brings his popular dance band Horticultural Fri
april 20 TO play for dance the orchestra leader
o. ms race to win license arpane Clinton
e ana Buddy Rogers who
sport wings For about three months
iew his own ship to engagements purchased Beanca in
July cracked It and injured himself slightly night land
ing at Terry Fork Ohio in September onid be re-
alton. P ~ '"e "ui-
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1943-04-10
Bullock
CONTINUED from Page one)

CONTINUED from Page One)
Katherine Wright, at 1O1 Mum
roe st. Their son, Matthew, Jr.
is in the armed forces and
their daughter, Julia, is on the
staff of Hampton Institute, as
a librarian.
There had been much specu-
lation as to who would be ap-
pointed in Mr.. Mitchell's place
and the removal of Mr.. Bullock
from the Commissioners office
will probably leave that place
vacant, meaning a loss of an
appointment.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1943-04-10
where IS OUR CAPTAIN !?
By ST. CLAIR KIRTON

Go the memory of VIM Monroe TrOttef list Anniversary
of his Birth.
Our ship is at sea- great storms are ahead,
Where % where is our captain?
Ihe billoWs they roll on every known side,
The lights on the buoys are red
Our captain, intrepid and dauntIess was he;
a pilot trustworthy and true
Were he only here now to chart our course
He'd steer US away from the shoals.
For great are the stakes which Justly are ours,
Bought With our martyrs blood,
At Boston, Pearl Harbor, in every great war.
None can question our loyalty.
Where! 0 where is our captain?
WI WHO will brave the wrath Of the deep?
Who, like Trottef Of old, will champion our cause
When this mighty conflict is Ger?
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1943-04-10
KIugh-

Continued from Page one)
his father had pastored for
many years.
David Klugh was young
man Of the most exemplary
and religious character. Ham
pered all his life by i'll health
he had yet striven to carry on.
had studied for the ministry at
Gordon College and had served
a congregation in New Hamp
shire.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1943-04-10

q, Olive and Pulpit Repairing
Clubs; Thursday, Apr %, Sun
day Schol and BYPU; Friday,
Apr %, Entire church family.
The guardian. [volume] (Boston, Mass.) 1901-1960, 1943-04-10
Churches
FIRST A. M. E. SOCIETY
OF BOSTON

RoTbury
Req. OIiUer w. H. ChiIderS,
Pastor
Sunday,Apri II, will be the
Annual Ushers' Day. There will
be three services. The Usher
Boards, Mrs. Alice Mendes,
supervisor, and Ralph Epps,
president, will have charge. At
1890 AM. the pastor will preach
on the topic, "The Dream of
Pilates Wife" continuing his
series of pre-Easter sermons on
the general topic, Personalities
of the Passion" There will be
special musical numbers in ad-
dition to the choir.
At $3.50 o'clock a fine musical
service, including the Attacks
Chorus and st. Paul's A. M. E.
Church choir, will be held and a
Community Service, with Rev.
C. H. Foggie, of Rush Zion
A. M. E. Church, as the preach
er, will be given to a number of
invited Usher Boards and other
organizations.
At the evening hour there will
be a Grand Candle-Light Serv-
ice with penty Of music by the
choir assisted by the Celestial
Choral Society. The pastor will
deliver a short sermon based
upon the novel by Lloyd Doug
lass entitled "The Robe of
Jesus
Dinner will be served by Mrs
Victoria Setback for those who
desire to spend the entire day
at the Church.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1943-02-27
Warren Police
Raid Hot.5pot
Three Held fov
Investigation

Arrested when Warren town
ship police raided an alleged
blind pig and gaming place at
3 a. m. today, three men were
lodged in the county Jail to
await justice court arraignment
this afternoon.
Warren Township Police Com
missioner Verne LumeX led the
on Woods Hamburger
Stand on Dequindre between 10
and IL Mile roads. Lumex said
he released 35 frequenters found
around two crap tables.
Held for investigation in the
county Jail are Sam Cooper, %,
2065 Virginia Lane, Warren
township: Steve Gurne, So, 1925
Cass avenue, Detroit, and Casper
Mangiaracina, 43, of 5727 Bald
win avenue Detroit.
Lumex said the raided place
is one story cement block
building about 80 feet long. The
raiders seized beer and whisky
and SOS in cash.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1943-02-27
Strife Faces
Labor Board
Widespread Protest
Hompers Body

WASHINGTON, Feb. Ftp
The War Labor board today
found itself faced with irkefxal
strife, union protests and outside
criticism-just as Congressional
interest in wartime labor prob
lens began to perk up. o.
In the midst of consideration
of a West Coast aircraft case, an
outright revolt appeared to have
developed within the board, led
by Labor members who protest
ed that what they termed dicta-
ton by Sterilization Director
James F. Byrnes.
AFL members were reported
last night to have declared in
executive session that messages
from Byrnes' office had reached
the point where they felt the
board no longer could function
democratically. One non-labor
member also was quoted as say
ing he objected to being told in
advance how to vote.
simultaneously, CIO men,
Der, R. j. Thomas, publicly criti-
cized DR.. George w. Taylor, vice
chairman of the board. In a
statement issued at CIO head
See WLB-Page 2
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1943-02-27
Ron1rlleI Burns
Stores, Falls
Back on Sea
New Axis Thrusts
in Northern Tunisio
Shattered by Allies

ALLIED HEADQUARTERS IN
NORTH AFRICA, Feb. ~ up
- Allied forces continued to
pursue Marshal Erwin RommePs
fleeing troops in the area north
of the town of Kasserine and
fresh Axis attacks in the north
ern sector of Tunisia were re-
pulsed, a communique announc-
ed today.
THE lull in the northern sec
tor was broken yesterday by a
series of enemy attacks in the
areas of Djebel Mansour, Bou
Arada and south of Medjez-el-
Bah, all of which were success
fully repulsed by Allied forces, "
the communique said.
400 PRISONERS
More than 400 Axis prisoners
were declared taken in the re-
pulse of tank-supported enemy
attacks in the Mateur-Beja Val
ley, about Is miles northeast of
the village of Beja. The enemy
was reported to have suffered
heavy casualties"
"In one enemy attack seven
enemy tanks were destroyed for
the loss of one British tank" the
communiQue reported. IT h
fighting continues"
Gen. Sir Bernard Montgom-
ery's British Eighth Army was
reported to have planted its for
ward c e m n Il Immediately
south of the Mareth Line in
southeastern Tunisia without Sc
rious opposition.
Allied fighters and fighter
bombers made attacks on con-
centrations of Axis vehicles and
tanks to counter thrusts by the
enemy in northern Tunisia, the
communique said.
WRECK TRAIN
Allied fighters were reported
to have destroyed a railway To-
connective during an offensive
patrol near Tozeur, in the CEN
trail sector. Allied light and
medium bombers continued to
See TUNISIA-Page z
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1943-02-27

Die Under
NaZi Heel

LONDON, Feb. 81 - (P) -
Nearly 100000 persons had
been executed or had died in
prison in nine Nazi-occupied
countries by the end of 1912, the
interallied information commit
tee of the United Nations said
in a statement today.
The statement said the figure
was based mainly on German
announcements.
Suggesting that the real total
is higher. the statement said the
Germans frequently concealed
executions and Gestapo-caused
deaths were never revealed"
Poland, where 100000 Jews
were said to have been killed or
permitted to die in concentration
camps, had the highest figure for
all the occupied countries with
an announced total of 100000
deaths.
Other totals include: Yugo-
slavia, $4,000; France, $4,000;
Greece, $4,000; Czechoslovakia,
2.463; Netherlands, 1900; Bel
GUM. 1913; Norway. lao. and
Luxembourg, 129.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1943-02-27
Allied Airnlen
Range Pacific
Score Direct Hit
on Big jap Ship

ALLIED HEADQUARTERS IN
AUSTRALIA, Feb. 81 - R =
Allied airmen scored direct hit
and two near misses with 500
pound bombs on Japanese
merchant vessel in the harbor
of Wewak, in northern New
Guinea, in wide ranging attacks
on enemy shipping, air fields
and supply lines on that island
and nearby New Britain, an
Allied Headquarters commune
que said today.
The communique said Heavy
Damage" was inflicted on the
supply ship while other allied
planes scored Damaging near
misses" on three smaller Jap
anese vessels of 1000 tons or
less at Powell Point. New
Britain.
Heavy bombers ranged over
enemy targets from Gasmata,
New Britain, where two waves
of planes caused wide damage
to the runway and dispersal
areas, to Lac on the eastern
New Guinea Coast where the
airdrome was bombed and ma
chine-gunned.
Allied planes over the Lac
and nearby Mubo areas struck
at japanese supplies.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1943-02-27
ODE HER TAIL

don't know how we made it. The
fact we prayed might have had
something to do with it. We
were walking on a thin line for a
while. I'm becoming a firm be-
lever in the saying God bless
Boeing.'"
Southern Comforts" wings
were pcppered with nasty, jag
ged holes and there was a hole
n foot long in the cowling of No.
3 engine. When she came in oil
was streaming off her like water
off q damp spaniel.
A deadly 20 millimeter she'll
ripped into the nose compart-
ment. clipped the Navigator,
Lieut.. James Moberly of Mober-
ly. Mo-, right on his steel helmet
and knocked his head down SO
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1943-02-27

LONDON, Feb. q - (P) -
A furious battle was reported in
progress in the Donets Basin of
Southern Russia today as Adolf
Hitler sought to stem the disas-
trous defeats his troops have suf-
fered by throwing all available
tanks into a series of counter as
saults in the Kramatorsk region
120 miles northwest of Rostov.
The Russians said they were
holding these attacks and taking
a new toll of German men and
equipment.
The midday communique of
the Soviet Information Bureau
as recorded by the Soviet radio
monitor here said all counter
attacks had been repulsed. After
killing 1000 Germans in a two
day struggle, the Red Army
forces added another 800 Nazis
to this death toll overnight, the
communique said.
FIGHT SAVAGELY
Eighty miles east Of Krama-
torsk, in the Voroshilovgrad re-
gion, more German tanks were
thrown against the Russian tide.
but six of these were destroyed
and the Soviet tankmeA routed
a battalion of motorized infantry
and advanced, it was announced.
The Germans, it was stated.
are trying tc break through to
a large populated place in the
Kramatorsk area. but the place
was not identified.
Fourteen German tanks were
reported destroyed in one Sec
tor of this area and the COM
munique said considerable loss
es we're inflicted on motorized
infantry.
NEW RED GAINS
Farther north, west of khar-
kov where the Red Army is
pounding westward toward the
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1943-02-27

hard his helmet split the desk.
The tailgunncr, Frank Hilsa-
beck of McCook, Nebr., had an
other shell rip into one side tail,
pass a few inches from his back
and tear out the other side.
Other members of the crew
were co-pilot Lieut.. William j.
Lakey of Los Angeles, Bomba-
der Lieut.. Berth Wells of Van
Buren,, Ark, Radio-gunner Sgt.
Douglas Glover of Houston.
Texas, Ball Turret Sergt. Ray
Armstrong of Baltimore, Waist
gunner Sergt. James Patterson
of Boise City, Okla, Waist gun
ner Sergt. Frank Corser of Bing-
hampton, NJ. Y, and top turret
gunner Scrgt. Stephen Gogolya
of Pittsburgh.
Sergt. Stephen krucher Of IS
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1943-02-27
State Dairy
Output 5Iumps
Crop Survey
Report Made

LANSING, Feb. 81 - (F) -
Michigan creamery butter and
'cheddar cheese prod uct I o n
Slumped during January, due
mainly to increased consumption
of the fluid milk market, the
Federal-State Crop Reporting
Service said today.
The State produced 100000
pounds of butter last month, a
declined of two per cent from
December and IL per cent less
than the l0-year average Janu-
airy production, the service re-
ported. Michigan cheese output
in January was 10000 pounds
drop of 6 per cent from the
previous month, but 83 per cent
above the 10-year average.
Although the demand for fluid
milk for manufacture of evapor-
atcd milk, fluid cream and ice
cream has dropped considerably
compared with year ago, a
Government subsidy of more
than three cents per pound for
cheddar-type cheese and a
three-cent increase in ceiling
prices for other cheese types
have handicapped butter cream
cries in competing for present
milk supplies, it was said.
A larger than usual proportion
of the total milk supply, howev-
err, is being taken by heavy fluid
milk consumption, the service
r.iI
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1943-02-27
British Pilots
5hatter Big
German City
Sworms Of Raj
AerioI Monsters
Blost Rhinelond
BY RICE YAHNER

LONDON, Feb. q - R -
Hundreds of Raj bombers at
tackled Cologne last night in the
greatest raid upon that Rhine
land industrial center since the
1,000-plane assault last May,
maintaining a savage around
the-clock pounding of axis tar
gets from the air.
The Cologne raid in the al
lied offensive, to which the
United States air forces heavy
bombers contributed q powerful
attack upon the U-boat base Of
Wilhelmshaven by daylight yes
terday, was officially described
as very heavy"
Ten bombers were lost In the
attack upon the Nazi center,
whose 100000 population and
vast war output have shrunk
considerably under aerial as
Saults.
'"The weather over the target
was clear, apart from Q ground
ssAasc, : and 1oct resulsA were
SEEM" the air ministry's COM
munique said. Bombs also were
dropped on detectives in western
Germany.
STRAFE RAILWAYS
Aircraft of the fighter COM
mand attacked railway targets
during intruder patrols over
northern France" +
This was the 18th raid of the
war upon Cologne. Since the
1.000-bomber attack there last
May Germany is reported to
have given first priority to re-
pairs and rehabilitation of that
capital of the Rhineland. Lon
don sources said Cologne evac-
uation program had reduced the
population to about SOC, 900.
A German broadcast record
ed by the Associated Press said
the British blow was on western
Germany.
The British dropped high exc
plosives and incendiaries and
caused damage to several hos
pitfalls" and losses to the civilian
population, the broadcast said.
In their steady shutting over
axis territory British light bomb
ers, with American and allied
fighter support struck three
times at Nazi-held Dunkerque
while the fortresses were re-
turning from Wilhelmshaven.
The latest blow at Germany
itself followed by less than -
hours a shattering 20 minute
raid on the Nazi industrial CEN
See RAF-Page 3
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1943-02-27
Aid 10 Spain
Pr0voke5 Row
legislators Demand
Probe Of Program

WASHINGTON, Feb. 27 Up
Demands for legislative
probe of American shipments to
Spain were heard today along
with reports that such shipments
are part of an exchange plan
aimed to keep vital war products
out of Axis hands.
The Barcelona statement yes
terday of u. S. Ambassador Carl
ton j. H. Hayes that America
has been exporting considerable
oil, cotton, food, industrial
chemicals and other products
brought these reverberations in
the Capital:
l. The State Department de-
clared the oil for Spain came
from the Caribbean and not
from the United States and was
hauled in Spanish tankers;
2. Senator Russell Cd Ga.)
called for a congressional inves-
tigation of the situation, with
Senator Wheeler (D-Mont.) ex-
pressing hope that the ship
ments did not find their way
Into Hitler's hands;
3. Authoritative sources said
the entire trade program be-
tween the United States and
Spain not only was helping keep
that nation neutral but also was
literally lifting vital war ma
terials out of Axis hands.
LIST SHIPMENTS
Hayes listed oil among other
shipments sent to Spain from
America, and added that oil
products available in that coun-
C>> en- AvNy Du~-
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1943-02-27
Reporter
in Raid Over
German Base

LONDON, Feb. q - (Po -
Robert p. Post, New York Times
war correspondent, is missing
with one of the bombers lost in
yesterdays American air force
raid on Wilhelmshaven, Army
headquarters announced today.
The announcement said two
men had been seen to parachute
from the disabled plane in which
Post was riding as an observer.
He was one of six American
reporters on the raid.
Lieut.. Gen. Frank M. An
drews, commander of the Euro
pean theater of operations, made
the announcement.
Army officers were not with
See REP0RTER-Page 2
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1943-02-27
Girl War Worker
Found StrangIed
in lonia Alley

IONA, Mich, Feb. q - (P)
- Clara b. Johnson, ID year old
war worker, was found strangled
with a piece of her slip in an
alley here today.
Sheriff Leslie H. Murphy said
that she apparently had been
dead several hours and that her
feet were frozen. He said she
had been struck on the head
with a two-by-four found near
the body, and that apparently
when her assailant found her
still alive he strangled her. She
See MURDER-Page 2
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1943-02-27
BY GLADWIN HILL

UNITED STATES BOMBER
STATION SOMEWHERE IN
ENGLAND, Feb. 81 - (P -
Lady Luck was an unlisted pas
senger on the u. s. Eighth Air
Forces second fortress-Libera-
tor assault on Wilhelmshaven
yesterday. It was an expedition
Of close shaves.
The fortress southern COM
fort" which has missed nine Of
IL raids because she was shot up
80 badly on the other seven, got
back almost on schedule this
time although . four-foot square
vas clipped right out of the main
rudder by shrapnel.
That old North Sea looked
wider than tho Atlantic" Pilot
Lieut.. Hugh Ashcroft said. Il
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1943-02-27
Massed NaZi Tanks
TRY to Halt Reds
Furious Battle RACES in Donets
Basin as Germans Make Stand

Dnieper river in the face of in
creased Nazi resistance, new
gains were reported.
The communique said Russian
troops, after a stubborn fight,
broke into one community and
capture it along with a quantity
of German equipment. In anoth-
er sector of this front a company
of German Infantry was report
ed wiped out and four tanks des-
troyed.
Several populated places were
reported captured north of
Kursk, but these were not iden-
titled.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1943-02-27
l0,8OO Closed

LANSING, Feb. ~ - (R) -
The State Revenue Department,
foreseeing . halt during March
to rising State revenues, indi-
Gated today that tightening bus
iness conditions closed virtually
1880 business places during the
past year.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1943-02-27
Hold Athletes

STOCKHOLM, Sweden, Feb.
a. At least rs prominent ski
runners and jumpers have been
arrested in Norway because they
arranged sports meets without
the sanction Of the Quisling gov
eminent, reports from Norway
said today.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1943-02-27
License Tab Dead|ine
al = p. N. Tonight

Arthur Rose, manager OF the
branch secretary of States Of
flee at 156 South Gratiot ave-
nue., today warned motorists
that the deadline for. purchasing
renewal auto license strips is 8
o'clock tonight.
He estimated that hundreds of
car owners arc still without the
strips. His office will stay open
until the deadline is reached.
The daily monitor leader. [volume] (Mount Clemens, Mich.) 1942-19??, 1943-02-27
Doom Refugees

BERN, Feb. "a - R - A
dispatch to the Tribune De &C.
neve from Pau, France, not far
from the Spanish frontier, said
today that Vichy French author
tiles probably will return to
Spain approximately 100000
Spanish refugees who fled to
France during and after the
Spanish Civil War,