davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1943-12-06
Bowling Scores

A Trenton rally prevented Ypsi-
lanti from gaining more than an
even break in bowling in the Travel
ing League Sunday night at Tren-
ton.
The Trenton team rolled 1902 In
the final game of the match to
take, not only this game, but high
total OF pias for the series. This
was after Beer Cooler had taken
the first two games.
NJ. Klein of the Trenton team
had high series OF CPS and Shell
don Roll OF Ypsilanti had 1874. POS,
and POI for an even 600 series.
Jake Stewart of the local five
rolled the high game with a siz-
cling 237. The other 300 game
for Beer Cooler was John Smith s
204. There was a total OF eight
900" games rolled by the Trenton
bowlers
BY breaking even in last nights
match Beer Cooler may have slip,
ped further behind the league lead
ing Livonia team. The leaders
bowled against the last place Mel
vindale team Sunday at Livonia
Ypsilanti averages previous to Sun.
day night:
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1943-12-06
Ask Adam
By STANLEY

you nearly ran into that ditch and
knocked the breath right out of
me-"
Sorry. Are you hurt"
II don't think so. / can tell you
better in the morning"
II wonder what that car was do
ing in that old road" Jack said,
frightening his headlights so that
he could see the rear end of the
vehicle that was speeding down the
road ahead Of him. ut leads to the
old Johnson farm, and no ones
lived out there in years. And with
no lights, either"
Ruth sat up and peered through
the windshield. 1T has no license
plate. jack" she cried suddenly.
Look
Jack stepped on the gas, and his
own car shot forward. Ruth was
right. The rack to which the rear
license plate should have been fas-
tened was empty.
Gosh" he said tensely. II WON
der" Then he stopped short.
you wonder WHAT" said Ruth,
staring at him.
Nothing"
Don't be silly, Jack-you start
ed to say something" Ruth
searched his face. you mean you
think maybe there's something go
ing on that shouldn't"
Something like that, yes" said
Jack. driving without lights, and
no license number"
You mean you-you think II has
something to do with the-the fac
tory. and that note?"
Jack nodded. II. might have
Jack stiffened. Anyway, I'm going
to have look at the old johnson
farmhouse the first thing tomor-
row." He found himself remember
ing a movie he had seen in which
a lot of acknowledgements, high
explosives being manufactured in
a deserted house-had taken place
Maybe I'm just being jittery," he
added in a moment. but there's no
harm in investigating.
But, Jack, something might
happen TO you" exclaimed Ruth,
laying her hand on his arm.
Please don't so alone. Let me &c
with you"
"Tll take someone" said Jack,
probably Adam North. But I GER
tainly won't let you 60"
"Darni" said Ruth
Jack gave her a quick smile and
pressed down a bit harder on the
Ito BE Continued)
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1943-12-06
Bow to Giants, l4lO Before
3l.3O8 Fans in New York Tilt

sammy Baugh to oyertake him.
ward cuff kicked the extra point
Baugh completed Is out OF g
passes for 92S yards to move ahead
OF Sid Luckman OF the Chicago
Bears in the league passing stand
ings, but except for the Redskins
one touchdown drive most OF Sam
my's passes were short ones.
Bob Masterson kicked a field goal
for the Redskins near the end OF
the first period. then Andy Farkas
ploughed over from the l-yard line
in the third after a 63-yard march
down the field. Masterson making
the conversions Paschal in the
same period broke away for gains
OF rs and IS yards before going
over from the l.yard line for the
Giants. Cuff kicked the extra point.
This left the Giants trailing only
3 points and Paschal eliminated
this deficiency in the final period.
The Packers Victory was wit.
messed by 34,294 fans, the largest
crowd ever 10 attend a professional
football game in Philadelphia, Hut.
son, besides catching the two
touchdown passes, kicked a field
goal and five points after touch.
down, running his seasons total 10
III points.
Jack Hinkle. Phil.Pitt right half,
took the league leadership for
ground gaining away from Harry
Clark OF the Chicago Bears with his
SO yards for a years total OF 57l
against Clark's 500.
Hinkle made one OF the Eagles
touchdowns, Tony Bova 2 and Err
ME Steele one.
Besides Illusions touchdowns,
others were made for the Packers
by Tony Canadeo, Lou Brock and
Irv Comp.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1943-12-06

Head" engines of twenty years ago
-. the ones that established new
high standards of performance
among American cars and trucks.
Like the soldiers who man them,
Chrysler Corporation engines are,
today, doing a military job 6.
Defense and Attack reflect
their power and efficiency.
TVn. in Major Bo~., every ThOrssoy. cas-. srH, tWI
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1943-12-06
Rangers Drop
18th Contest

The poor old New York Rangers
maintained their pace today by
dropping their 18th straight game
in the National Hockey League. The
Rangers lost this time, to in
Chicago TO the BlackhawKs. II
looked for time TO the fifteen
thousand odd spectators that the
Blue Shirts would win their first
game OF the year but last minute
rally by Fido Purpur and George
Allen placed the Hawks in the lead
as the final gun was fired.
Meanwhile. in Boston. the Mont.
real Canadiens were stopped by the
Bruins % 1t was the first defeat
OF the Canadiens this year as they
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1943-12-06
CHATTER TWENTY ONE

NEITHER Ruth nor Jack spoke
for some time. They just sat there
in the car listening to the small
night noises about them noises
that were hard to define; little
mysterious whisperings, chatter
ings, and rustlings, as though some
tiny race OF humans was busting
about, planning, scheming. And,
rs Jack listened, he thought OF all
the other young men who were
sitting In cars with their girls
some in uniform, some soon to be
in uniform. And all of them plan
ming, or begging, or wondering
a little confused, uncertain about
the future OF the world as we'll as
their own futures. Boy meets girl
all over the world. Boy says
goodby to the girl-all over the
world. Maybe they'll come back,
those fellows - maybe not. But
none of them wanting to shirk. All
of them. like himself, knowing that
their futures would be even more
uncertain II they didn't get out and
do something about the unholy
mess.
He turned to Ruth, held her close
for moment.
Anyway. sweetheart" he said
huskily. you can't keep me from
hoping. Maybe you're right about
not marrying, but something tells
me we ought to be as nearly nor
NAL in timer like these as we can
And a fellows wanting to marry
the girl he loves is certainly nor
NAL"
"Of course II is. And / am glad
you feel that way, Jack. Only
only I think waiting might be bet
ter for us BOTH" Ruth continued.
Feeling uncertain about you, Jack
and still experiencing what you
call a hangover from a schoolgirl
crush where Adams concerned-I
think we ought to wait until you
come back"
But suppose don't come
back ?" said Jack.
Don't, please" Ruth covered
her face again.
There, there" Jack comforted
TIL be back"
He handed her the handkerchief
again. Here. keep it," He watched
her dab at her eyes, and thought
her lovely even when she wept III
you don't want me to talk any
more about marrying you. won't.
1t doesn't seem to get me anywhere
anyhow"
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1943-12-06

Ruth smiled and pushed back
her disheveled hair.
You're sweet, Jack" she said
Il honestly wish I could fall so
madly in love with you that I'd
make you rush me to a minister
this very night"
Thanks said Jack, but II
wishes were-were Cupids nobody
would be single" He started the
engine again. Shall we go back
now"
II think we'd better" Ruth said.
Its awfully latc-and, as usual,
we have lot before us when morn
ing comes" She paused a moment
and then said, I'll probably have
to run the office by myself tomor-
row."
why so?" said Jack as the car
moved.
Susan Potter's coming down to
start the cafeteria work and
she'll probably want Adam right at
her elbow until things get going"
Seems funny to think of Su-
sans working in factory-even in
cafeteria"
Il don't think It's a bit funny"
said Ruth. II think it's going to be
a nuisance. Something tells me it's
just a fad with Susan, and she'll
tire after she has everyone upset
and everything disorganized."
But I thought organizing was
what she was going to do"
1T is-only-oh, well, there's no
need crossing bridges"
How do you know Susan Potter
isn't being patriotic?" said Jack.
Maybe she wants to feel she's
helping-just as you feel"
Maybe so" said Ruth. But
what about Bill?"
"All right. what about him.
"Hows Susan going to look
after him and her home, IL she
works at the factory during the
day and rehearses in the eve
nings?"
i wouldn't know. Anyway. It's
her problem, not yours"
Just then a car without lights
dashed out from a seldom-used
road, and Jack had TO give his
steering wheel a quick turn to
avoid being hit.
We'll, III be darned!" he ex-
claimed.
What happened?" said Ruth,
picking herself up from the floor,
where she had fallen.
That cael Didn't you see itf-
NO" said Ruth IAN I know In
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1943-12-06

NEW YORK-lNS-Priyate build.
ing interests we're charged today
with attempting to "scuttle" the
entire postwar public housing pro-
gram. Charles Abrams, board mem
Der OF the National Public Housing
Conference. Inc. said the Lanham
Act, which provides low cost war.
time housing. with being the great.
est monument to public apathy"
and the first step toward liquidat.
ing public housing"
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1943-12-06

MAssILLON, Oh!o.-CP-rhree
unidentified persons were dead to.
day and ~ others injured as the re-
suit OF an accident involving two
trains and an automobile near Mas.
sillon, Ohio. State highway pa.
trolmen said the dead were occu.
pants OF the auto which was
wrecked by Pennsylvania railroad
train. While the wreckage was be-
ing cleared away a second passen-
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1943-12-06
BY international News servicel

tBy international News Service
The Washington Redskins who
had expected TO coast into the
Eastern Division. championship OF
the National Football League wers
not even certain today they would
be in the play-off for the national
title.
Victims OF a IA to 10 upset by
the Giants before 5l.30S unbelieying
Polo Grounds patrons In New YORK
yesterday. the Redskins still have
TO play the Giants again next sun
day in Washington.
Should the Giants pour 1t on
again, that would mean a tie with
New York for the Eastern Division
leadership and a play-ott to deter.
mine which OF the two teams will
come TO Chicago for the league
championship game in Wrigley
Field against the Chicago Bears,
Western Division leaders.
The title game Is scheduled for
Dec. 10, but II the Giants and Red
skins are compelled TO play off tie
the championship will be decided a
week later.
While the Giants were defeating
the Redskins, the, Green Bay Pack
ers were beating the Phil-Pitt
Eagles at Philadelphia, IS to 2s with
Don Hutson offsetting an Eagle raj
ly by catching two touchdown pass
es In the final period. Hutson an
nounced it was his last pro game.
The Giants were trailing the Red
skins in the last four minutes al
New York to 10 when Bill Pasch
al, l95.pound rookie from Georgia
Tech. broke through the Washing
ton line and staged a 54-yard sprint
for the goal line which he achieved
in spite OF the desperate efforts OF
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1943-12-06

CHICAGo-iNs- The resigna.
ton OF one Chicago Selective Serv.
ice board over the drafting OF faith
ers while nonfathers are occupa-
tionally deferred and the reluct'
ance Of other boards TO call faith.
ers were disclosed today. Paul G.
Armstrong. state director OF Selec'
tive Service, told the Chicago AS
ISOLATION OF Commerce that he had
prevailed upon the resigned Chi
cago board to remain on the job.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1943-12-06
League Standings

Neutrality-suspicious. Knox. Secre-
tary Of the Navy: 1T is clearly
realized that 1914 might well pro
duce some of tho heaviest naval
fighting this war has yet seen. for
many major elements Of the Jap
fleet have not yet seen action"
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1943-12-06

New York Herbert II. Lehman.
di ector general OF UNRRA: at
would be worse than folly. 1t would
be to invite world catastrophe.
for the United Nations TO conquer
the Axis and be unprepared to
BRING succor and assistance to the
men. women and children who
have kept their hope and cherished
thier love OF liberty through the
years OF Axis oppression.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1943-12-06
Sports Roundup

Chicago-INs-Carence OF the Los An
Chicago hospital to-
suffering which contracted at the recent
baseball meetings New York.
tabuaors Baltimore begins count
poll
juvenile and handicap winners
probably will be made late this month
Kansas City Mo, and Ab,r
condition today from injuries SUI
riding Hpodromo de
colided yesterday
~ OF his
Athletic Union today after win
closing OF
55th convention yesterday
rk-U weeks mediocre boxing bouts
Beoise New
Williams Chicago Phiadel
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1943-12-06
Church Briefs
EvanaellstIe Mission

Tuesday, $3.50 a. m.-Regular I'm
ion Prayer Service.
Wednesday, 1880 y. Mold
Time Wesley Prayer Meeting"
Friday. 1880 .. m.-Special Evan.
gslistic Service with the Rev Ford
Hendrickson, pioneer missionary
from South America. the guest
speaker. Rev. Herdrickson is re.
turning 10 South America the nrst
OF the new year,
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1943-12-06
Trenton

Trenton
NJ. Klein SOS. II Hallick 5I2. G.
Walters SCI, J. Doherty 607, !.
Harlesk $40; totals, 9il, 9n, 1902.
2SSi.
Ypsilantl
S. Roll 500. J. Max 545. J. Smith
sos. J. Stewart 1913. c. Anguras SCI:
totals 946, 952, 959. 1857.
The Ypsilanti daily press. (Ypsilanti, Mich.) 1928-1962, 1943-12-06
@NAMamuav MnyvuwyMM

AMERICAN soldiers know these
Chrysler Corporation engines.
They have sat behind them, driven
them, and serviced them in the
cities, villages and on the farms at
home.
Now, in the war, the boys who
grew up with these engines show
their knowledge of them, and their
affection for them.
They are the direct descendants of
the famed, original ChrysIer Red
BACK The ATTACK
Evening star., 1943-09-15
Heroic Deeds Mark
Tank Units Part in
Attack on 5a|erno

BY the Associated Press.
ALLIED HEADQUARTERS IN
NORTH AFRICA, Sept. 15.-Eight
United States tanks-survivors of
terrific hail of fire from German
88-millimeter guns encountered be-
fore they even got ashore-fought
their way up the beaches of the
Gulf of Salerno and had a big role
in beating off the first German
counterattacks on the American
beachhead a few hours after the
landings on September 9.
The deeds of the little unit were
related by Master Sergt Dave Gold
ing, a Stars and Stripes war cor
respondent, in delayed dispatch
from the landing area.
Two of the units tanks were
knocked out aboard the tank land
ing craft by the 88s' fire and two
more were lost on the shore. The
others rallied by 7 am. and Sergt.
Goiding related, rolled on to the
little railroad whistle stop of Alba
nella, destroying three tanks, one
pillboX and one ammunition truck
EN- route. The outfit also captured
two German tanks in good condi-
ton"
Luckiest Man.
The tank company's luckiest man
was Capt Martin J. Peterson, of
Kansas City, who was blown out of
his tank turret when German shell
pierced the side of the landing craft
and then the tank itself.
Inside the tank the flames ran
around in circle twice and the
next thing I remembered was that
I was on the deck" Capt. Peterson
told Sergt. Golding. THE first
thing I noticed was that my glasses
were folded in place and unbroken.
Then I sat holding my head and
wondering when the ammunition
would explode"
The shell killed two others of the
tanks crew, wounded another two
and killed several sailors.
When it was obvious that the
flames were out of control another
tank pushed the blazing bulk into
the sea.
Three Aided in ReScues.
Three men distinguished them
selves in rescue work, Sergt. Golding
write. Sergt Raymond Geibel of
Pittsburgh went into the flaming
tank twice to pull out the wounded.
Sergt. Carmen Guarino of New York
City and Pfc. Thomas WetherWood
of Bayville, Greg, assisted him.
Two other tankmen were praised
for their GOODNESS and courage by
Battalion Comdr. 1t. Col. Percy Per-
kins of Pennington, Ga. Pfc. Ray
mond Booker of New Bedford, Mass,
was in a tank which was hit ON the
shore but he jumped out and hoped
into another tank, yelling Let's CO.
The other was Staff Sergt. John
Duignlan of New York City, who
ignored the intense shelling to drag
several wounded men to safe places
on the beach.
Evening star., 1943-09-15
Psychiotrist Named
For Juvenile Court

Appointment of DR.. Stanley
Geshell, "a, as psychiatrist for the
Juvenile Court was announced
yesterday by the Public Health
Service
DR.. Geshell. now on duty at the
Federal Narcotic Farm, Lexington,
KY, will assume his new duties
October l.
Juvenile Court Judge Fay l.
Bentley recently asked that a
psychiatrist be appointed to aid the
court in meeting problems of juve-
nile delinquency.
It's common sense to be thrifty.
War bonds help you to save and
help save America.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-12-10
WB Begins
Briggs Hearing.
Times Phot}

A panel of the War Labod
Board this afternoon was set I'd
hear testimony in the dispute bel
tween the Foreman's Association
of America and the Briggs Mani
ufacturing Co. Questions to be
heard will be wages, refusal OF
the company TO meet with q
union committee. seniority, sick
leave classifications. night work
bonuses and alleged inequalities
Of wages.
The panel will include the Rev
FIR. Albert II. Poetker. dean of the
University of Detroit. chairman
and public member; William M.
Brown, industry member, and
Stanley Nowak, labor member.
The panel was instructed by the
national WLB 10 consider all
disputes except the question OF
recognition of the union by the
company.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-12-10
Parents Forfeit
Custody Of Son
Who Killed Pal

ANN ARBOR, Dec 10-Level-
ing a singing blast al working
mothers of small children and
parents who "love them less than
money" Probate Judge Jay G..
Pray today ordered -year-old
Jackie Wall removed from the
custody of his parents AS a result
Of the fatal shooting OF a play
mate Nov 10.
III Is high time parents
love for their children exceeded
their love for money" Judge
Pray told the Sobbing parents,
Mr. and Mrs. Ebert Wall, 94S
Greenwood III I had my way,
no mother with small children
would be permitted TO work out
side her home"
PARENTS WORKING
Both parents were al work at
the time of the shooting.
Judge Pray ordered the boy TO
be sent 10 the Michigan Childrens
institute here for placement in
suitable homo until such time as
the institute feels his own home
IS adequate"
Teartully Mrs Wall held her
son close 10 her. internationally
urging him 10 have courage. as he
related how Barry RothStoin, L.
was killed when a detective gun
was accidentally discharged while
the boys were I'm the Wall home
alone, and how he frantlcally at
tempted 10 hide the body and
other evidence after the shooting.
When the decision was an
nounced. Mr.. and Mrs Samuel
Eothstein parents OF the dead
hoy. wept and expressed their
sympathy for the Walls.
SORRY FOR PARENTS
81 know my son il dead. hut
feel 80 sorry for YOU" Mrs
ROthsteln said
The elder Wall represented his
son as counsel, bar did not make
any comment during the hearing
Mrs Wall said that since the
tragedy She has nor reported for
work as "A rIvcter az the Willow
Run bomber plant but has not
turned IN her badge
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-12-10
Bandits Branded
Killers by ; Boys

Testimony Of three eyewitnesSes
10 the shooting of 15-year-old
Arthur Currie was being con-
sidered today by a nine-woman,
threc-man jury in the courtroom
of Recorders Judge Van Zile.
The three boys. Wlfred Suey,
II OF 1895 Parker; Philip Smolin-
ski, Is. of 5745 Parker. and Eu-
gene KoSciolek. %. SIP Parker.
were waiting for a red light at
Harper and Van Dyke. they said,
on the morning Of Sept 6 when a
Chevrolet coupe sped passed them.
followed by police car
II heard three shots and saw
the flame from the guns" Strey
testified. at il definite i'm my
mind that the shots came from
the bandits car"
After crossing the intersection.
the driver. SmolinSki. made a l.
turn, he testified, and came back
when the boys heard a pedestrian
shout
IVY buddy's shot"
The alleged killers in the case
David and Thomas Lamb and
Robert Gemmel Chicago hood.
lums, are charged with first de-
gree murder
Currie was standing on the Curc
Al Van Dyke and Harper when
the bandits, firing at police. passed
him A bullet entered his head
He died shortly after.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-12-10

Detr1t and Vtinty. Partly cloudy 'o-
Tieht Saturday no decided change IN
temperature. Lowest tonight about IS de-
gree
Shippers forecast: Protect shipments
duuns tbe neN' 36 hours isf. Nuftn. 10.
West 20 East - South = degrees
DETROIT DATA
Temperature AZ 80 m today: 80
degrees
Temperatures THURSDAY. Highest. AZ
degrees lowest. 80 mean. -
Departure from normal temperature
THURSDAY Plus : degrees
Departure from normal temperature
since Jan 30 degrees
Temperatures one year sgo today High
est IS degrees lowest. 81 mean 80
Temperatures this date m past II wears;
Highest SO degrees In 1911 lowest. minus
] In 1876
Relative humidity THURSDAY go a n,
50 $50 a. m ~ so p. m. So /;
3n 3 m o..
Precipitation in last q hours ending
~ So q m TODAY None.
Departure from normal precipitation
since Jan Z Plus 80 inches
sun sets today a. 6.ol g. m and rises
tomorrow a. 30 a. m
Moon rises today ~ 5.42 p m and
sets tomorrow A. $50 m.
Degree DAYS fGr Thursday Dec 2: q
Normal for Dec g. IS
Accumulated degree DAYS This month
2f3
Normsi degree days for Decemhcr. : .ita
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-12-10
1000 Near Dearborn
Ask for City Wafer

The Dearborn Township Board
has under Amusement today an.
other petition for water supply
for families in the area bounded
by Sylvia, Inkster Williams and
Van Born. residents of which re-
newed their l5-year fight yester-
day
Charging that many are COM
PEELED 10 carry water for miles.
the petition also cited health
hazard 10 more than 1000 per-
sons for lack Of an adequate sew
age disposal system The petition
was presented 10 I h c board by
Joseph CharnoSke
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-12-10
Meat Surplus Here
Revealed by Packers
(See Pictorial Review

While thousands of Detroit
families are skimplng on meat
diets 10 buy butter and cheese,
storage rooms of several large
Detroit packing houses are
TANNED with meats of all kinds,
it was revealed today
"If consumers had sufficient
ration points, there Is enough
meat available TO supply them
with from 20 10 % per cent
more meat than they are now
getting" representatives of
three large packing companies
told the Times today.
CHICKENS PLENTIFUL
A spot check Of Swift, Armour
the Detroit Packing Co. and
Malooly and AZar disclosed there
was an abundance of lamb, NUT
ton. pork, veal and beef Eighty
per cent Of the Malooly and Azar
meats, however, 20 10 the armed
forces.
Chickens also are plentiful bu'
there is a definite scarcity o.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-12-10
ChapIains Alaska's Santas

Three army chaplainS. riding in
commercial planes. have been
assigned TO deliver Christmas
presents to American soldiers
along 1900 miles Of Alaskan coast
line. Accompanying them will be
sgt Gordon Duchene, of 1920
Defer place.
Detroit evening times. (Detroit, Mich) 1921-1958, 1943-12-10
0ut-of- State Cars
Must Be Registered

LANSING. Dec. 10 Secretary
Of State Dignan emphasized today
that Michigan law provides for
immediate registration of out-of-
state motor licenses if the owner
intends 20 establish residence
here
A Jo-day exemption is provided
for these owners, but after that
date the motoriSt must obtair
Michigan titles and plates if hC
is still within the state.